LIBRARY

THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA

SANTA BARBARA

PRESENTED BY
MRS. NELLIE R. PREUSS

THE

TKUE GRASSES

BY

EDUARD HACKEL

TRANSLATED FROM

DIE NATURLICHEN PFLANZENFAMILIEN

BY

F. LAMSON-SCKIBNER

AND

EFFIE A. SOUTHWOETH

COPIOUSLY ILLUSTRATED

NEW YORK
HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY

1890

Copyright, 1890,

i!\'

HENRY HOLT & Co.

ORUMMOND & NETT,

Eleetrotypers,

New York.

*T ( V LIBRARY

* UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

SANTA

PREFACE TO THE TRANSLATION.

A WORK embracing the grass family as a whole, in all
its aspects, enumerating the best known economic species
and the uses which they serve, discussing their structure
and morphology and their arrangement into tribes and
genera with the characters of these pointed out in a man-
ner enabling one to classify any grass which may come
to his hand, is a desideratum in our literature and one
which has long been felt by many. Such a work is the
contribution made by Prof. Eduard Hackel, of St. Poel-
ten, Austria, to that great German publication on the
Natural Families of Plants (Die naturlichen Pflamen-
familieri) edited by Drs. Engler and Prantl. Prof. Hackel
stands without a peer among agrostologists ; his contri-
bution, therefore, has an especial value and may be
accepted as expressing the latest views of the highest
authority.

The work here referred to contains so much of prac-
tical as well as of scientific importance and interest that
its presentation in a form available to English readers
seemed highly desirable. A further incentive to the
preparation of an English translation was the fact that
at this time particular interest in the investigation of
grasses is being taken by the United States Government,
and on all sides eager demands are being made for
information relative to these plants. That this is so
is not remarkable when we consider the unrivalled eco-
nomic importance of grasses, furnishing as they do daily
food to man and the animals upon which he is most
dependent, as well as supplying a great variety of articles
used in manufacture, the arts, and medicine. While the
present work may not add to the interest in the subject
already existing, it cannot fail to afford information much
desired.

With a view to increasing the value of the work and
rendering it more serviceable to private students and

iii

iv PREFACE TO TUB TRANSLATION.

general readers, an introduction wherein is illustrated
the manner of using the keys of analysis in determining
genera is given, and a full glossary and index are added.
It is hoped also that the translation will thus be made
more suitable for use as a text-book in our Agricultural
Colleges, for which purpose the treatment of the struc-
ture, morphology, and physiology of grasses, given in
detail and fully illustrated in Part I, renders the work
especially well adapted.

Those familiar with the German will notice that in
translation occasional liberties have been taken with the
original by the omission of unimportant matter, inser-
tion of head-lines, etc. Except in the account of the
Bambuse*, all matter enclosed in brackets has been
added by myself. A number of notes and observations
have been added by Prof. Hackel, to whom the manu-
script was submitted for revision and approval before
being sent to the printers.

Following the number of each genus there has been
inserted, in parenthesis, its number in Bentham and
Hooker's Genera Plantarum, facilitating reference to
that work and at the same time showing the diversity
between the systems of classification adopted.

With few exceptions the illustrations are from electro-
types of the original woodcuts obtained from the Ger-
man publisher, Wilhelm Eugelmann, of Leipzig. The
figures illustrating the spikes of the cereals were redrawn
from the imprints in the original and reduced nearly one
half by photo-engraving. Figures 3« and 91" are addi-
tions, while figures 45a, 75o, and 78 were drawn especially
for the translation and appear here for the first time.

Thanks are due Mr. Charles E. Smith, of Phila-
delphia, for his kind assistance with the proofs, and
Dr. AY. J. Beal, of Lansing, Michigan, and Mr. C. M.
McCluug, of Knoxville, Tennessee, for their interest in
the progress of the work and material aid in its publica-
tion.

F. LAMSON-SCRIBNEK.

TMVKRSITY OF TKNNKSSKK.
KNOXVILLE, Feb. 1. 1890.

INTRODUCTION.

No introduction appears to be necessary further than
to give for the benefit of those unfamiliar with botanical
keys, an illustration of their use. For this purpose let
us suppose that we have in hand a specimen of Orchard-
grass. After examining it carefully and noting the char-
acters presented by the inflorescence, spikelets, glumes,
etc., we turn to the key to the tribes on page 34, and
read the characters under " A. Spikelets one- rarely two-
flowered," etc. In our specimen the spikelets are 3-5-
flowered, so we pass to "B," on the next page. The
characters here — "spikelets 1-co (many) flowered, . . .
rachilla articulated above the empty glumes, . . . with
distinct internodes between the flowers" (flowering
glumes) — are those of our plant, and we continue by
reading the characters following " a," all of which apply,
and then go on reading the characters following " a."
As those of our specimen are here included, the spike-
lets being upon distinct pedicels and disposed in a pani-
cle, we proceed to the next section of the key ; viz.,
" I. Spikelets one-flowered." As those in our specimen
are 3-5-flowered, we pass on to " II. Spikelets 2-oo flow-
ered." Our Orchard-grass falls under this section, and
as it possesses characters (flowering glumes longer than
the empty ones, and with a short straight awn from the
point) which exclude it from the next division, "1," we
try " 2," which leads us to tribe XI, Festucese, further
described on page 135. Carefully comparing our plant
with the more extended characters here given, we note
their agreement (or disagreement, as would be the case
if we had proceeded wrongly to this point).

Being satisfied that our plant must belong to the

vi INTRODUCTION.

Festucese, we now try to determine its genus by the key
which follows. The flowering glumes are not " divided
into three-to-many awn-like lobes," so we pass from "A"
to " B " on the next page, where it says " Flowering
glumes entire or two-toothed," etc. As those of Orchard-
grass are entire, we continue with the next division of
the key, " a. Rachilla or flowering glumes with long
hairs which envelop the latter." There are no such
hairs in our specimen, so we pass at once to " b. Rachilla
and flowering glume naked or hairy, hairs much shorter
than the glumes." These characters apply to our plant,
and as it has plumose stigmas projecting from the sides
of the flowering glumes, we pass from " a" directly to
" /?," the division having stigmas of this character.

In order to avoid repetition, we will simply quote
from the succeeding divisions of the key that which it is
necessary to read to complete the determination, placing
in italics the characters excluding from any one of them
the grass we are analyzing. All reference to the sub-
divisions under these last are of course omitted.

"I. Spikelets of two forms," etc.
"II. Spikelets all alike."

" 1°. Flowering glumes three-toothed,'" etc.
" 2°. Flowering glumes of some other structure."
"* Flowering glumes one to three-nerved,"

etc.

" ** Flowering glumes 3-5- to many-nerved,
with two or more of the upper glumes
empty," etc.

" *** Flowering glumes five- to many-nerved ;
each containing a $ flower or the upper
with only a $ flower, or empty." (Ex-
ceptions noted.)

" t Leaves broad, lanceolate or ovate, with
fine transverse veins between the longi-
tudinal nerves"
" ft Leaves linear or lanceolate, no distinct

transverse veins."
" O Keel of palea winged," etc.
" O O Keel of palea not appendaged."

INTRODUCTION. vii

" A Empty glumes three to six at the

base of each spikelet."
" A A Empty glumes two."

" X Plants strictly dioecious," etc.
" XX Plants hermaphrodite," etc.
" n Flowering glumes cordate

at the base."

" D D Flowering glumes not
cordate at the base. . . .
AA. etc." (referring to the
next series of divisions in
the key).
"AA. Spikelets closely imbricate, arranged in a

linear, dense false spike"
"BB. Spikelets densely imbricate, crowded in short

spikes" etc.

" CC. Spikelets in small fascicles which are united
in a glomerate or interrupted panicle."
" aa. Panicles one-sided. . . 252. Dactylis."

Our analysis by the key has thus brought us to the
genus Dactylis, No. 252, and on page 161 we find given
further characters belonging to it. We learn here also
that the genus contains but one species, Dactylis glomer-
ata L. or Orchard-grass, its geographical distribution,
that it is "a first-class fodder-grass, especially for heavy,
wet soils," that it is very productive, growing rapidly
after cutting, and endures shade. There is also a figure,
illustrating the inflorescence and a single spikelet, on
page 102.

Orchard-grass was selected to illustrate the use of
the keys not only because it is widely distributed, either
naturally or in cultivation for hay, and therefore readity
obtainable, but also because its analysis required such
an extended use of the key. There are very many
genera requiring much less reading in their analysis and
possible of determination far more quickly. The man-
ner of procedure is practically the same in every case.
While the keys are in the majority of cases a certain
guide in determining the genus, the statement made on

viii INTRODUCTION.

page 33 must be kept in mind when using them ; for in
the tribes as well as in the larger genera the characters
given are of necessity subject to many exceptions.

Under each genus will be found its distinguishing
characters not already mentioned in the keys, the num-
ber of species it embraces and their geographical dis-
tribution, also the names and uses of those species of
marked economic value. The somewhat extended ac-
count given of the Cereals and Bamboos, due to their
special importance, contains much of general interest.

THE TRUE GRASSES.

(GRAMINEJE.*)

PART I.

STRUCTURE, MORPHOLOGY, AND PHYSIOLOGY.

Special Characters of the Order.— Flowers hermaphrodite,
rarely unisexual, perianth none, in the axils of enveloping chaff-like
scales or bracts (flowering glumes), solitary or united into many-
flowered spikelets ; one bract (palea) usually two-keeled and opposite
the flowering glume ; one very small scale (anterior lodicule) split to
the base and usually herbaceous, above the flowering glume; rarely
with another entire scale (posterior lodicule) above the palea; oc-
casionally with the palea only, or even without that ; very rarely
truly terminal.

Stamens usually in a whorl of three (rarely two) members, some-
times in two alternating whorls ; the number of stamens in a whorl
is very rarely either much increased, or reduced by abortion to one.
Carpel single, standing opposite the palea. Ovary one-celled,
usually with two lateral, rarely with three or one, styles. Ovule
solitary, slightly campylotropous, without a funiculus and with the
micropyle turned downwards. Fruit usually a caryopsis rich in
amylaceous matter. The embryo, covered only by the pericarp, lies
outside of the albumen at the front and base of it. Embryo usually
small and straight with a shield-shaped cotyledon, in the anterior
cavity or furrow of which lies the plumule, having several rudimen-
tary leaves, and the radicle with its surrounding tissues.

* IMPORTANT LITERATURE :— R. Brown, General Remarks, etc., in
'Vermischte Schriften, I. p 107.— Palisot de Beauvois, Essai d'une Nou-
velle Agrostographie, Paris, 1812.— Kunth, Revision des Grammees, Paris,
1829, and Agrostographia give Enum. Graminum, Stuttgart, 1833.—
Roper, Beitrdge z. Flora Mecklenburgs, 2 parts, Rostock, 1844.— Payer,
Traite d' Organogenic de la Fleur, p. 701, Paris, 1857.— Doll, Flora d.
GrossJierz. Baden, and in Martius et Eichler, Flora Brasiliensis, vol. II.
parts II. and III.— Eichler, Bluthendiagramme, I. 199.— Hackel, Uhter-
sucfiungen iiher die Lodiculce der Grciser, in Engler's Bot. Jahrb. , I.
336.— Bentham in Journ. Linn. Society, XIX. p. 14, and in Bentham
and Hooker's Genera Plantarum, III. p. 1074.

2 THE TRUE GRASSES.

Herbs, rarely shrubs or trees, with closed-jointed stems (culms)
and alternate, sheathing leaves. Spikelets or solitary flowers usually
with empty chaff-like bracts (empty glumes) at the base, arranged
in panicles or spikes.

Organs of Vegetation. — THE CULM. — Grasses are either
monocarpic or, more commonly, perennial by means of a
rhizome which is formed by the cateuulate lowest inter-
nodes of the consecutive flowering culms and their leafy
basal branches. Aerial, woody, perennial stems, occur
only among the Bambusece. Perennial grasses may usu-
ally be recognized by the presence of sterile shoots which
grow from the lowest joint of the culm or proceed from
that of other similar shoots ; they often break through
the sheath of the subtending leaf while yet buds (extra-
vaginal shoots) or, more rarely, develop within the
sheath (iutravaginal). In the latter case the grass forms
dense and sometimes large but always isolated tufts.
For the formation of close turf (Grasnarbe), such as
the meadows of wooded regions present, only grasses
with extra vaginal shoots are adapted, since these shoots,
before they grow upwards, creep for a longer or shorter
distance below the surface, and the runners thus formed
quickly fill up all the available interstices of the soil by
their ramifications. All grass culms branch at least
from the lowest nodes, and these also have the power
of sending out secondary roots. Even aside from the
richly branched Bambusece > branches from the upper or
from all nodes occur in many tropical grasses, but in
those of the temperate zone of the Old World this habit
is rare. The culm is rarely filled with pith (e.g., almost
all Andropogonere, many Panicece, etc.) ; it is usually hol-
low, the central cavity resulting from the separation of
the original pith cells which have ceased to grow, and
the remains of these cells line the walls of the cavity.

The Nodes. — The pith cavity is always closed at
the nodes which are the larger or smaller swellings
at the limits of the internodes. The difference be-
tween culm-nodes and sheath-nodes is constantly over-
looked, but ought to be carefully noted. The swellings
that are visible externally do not belong to the culm,

STRUCTURE, MORPHOLOGY, AND PHYSIOLOGY.

FIG. 1. — A, Fragment of culm of wheat with
sheath-node, somewhat bent. B, Longitudi-
nal section of the same: sfc, sheath-node; hb,
point of insertion of the sheath. C, Andro-
pogon; the sheath s removed on the left side
in order to show the culm-node, hk ; sk,
sheath-node.

but to the base of the leaf -sheath ; they are to be
found in all grasses (Molinia excepted), at least so
long as the internode
above has not com-
pleted its growth ; but
when the base of the
internode, the portion
which remains longest
capable of growth, is
transformed into per-
manent tissue, one of
two things may hap-
pen : the tissue of the
sheath - node may re-
main turgescent and
capable of growth, then
no swelling is formed
at the base of the culm-
joint ; or a true culm-
node may be developed from one to three millimeters
above the sheath-node, assuming all the properties of
the sheath-node (see below), and at the same time the
latter shrivels up. This last is the case with all Andro-
pogonece and Panicece, and many Bambusece, as well as
with many single genera of other tribes (for example,
Stipa, Eragrostis, Pappophorum, Arundo, etc.). The
majority of Agrostidece, Avenece, Festucece, and Triticece
have only sheath-nodes ; and, finally, there are grasses
without any distinct nodes, such as have their branches
very thickly leaved, from the fact that in these the
sheaths of several internodes overlap each other, as in
many Bambusece.

The nodes are not, as is often supposed, to give
strength to the culm ; they are composed of a some-
what thin-walled parenchyma whose cells are strongly
turgescent and through which run delicate fibro- vascular
bundles with well-developed bundles of collenchyma on
the outside. Their function consists solely in the erec-
tion of culms that have become bent down. The paren-
chyma of the node is geotropically sensitive, and as

4 THE TRUE GRASSES.

soon as the culm is placed in a horizontal or oblique
position the cells of the node on the side turned towards
the earth begin to elongate, and consequently the lower
side becomes longer, while the upper side is shortened
and often wrinkled from the pressure of the opposite
side ; this continues until the upper internodes have re-
sumed the vertical position. Several nodes, however,
may share in this process at the same time.

Minute Structure. — In the tissues of the culm a
larger or smaller ring of sclerenchyma is especially prom-
inent ; it lies close under the epidermis, to which it is often
joined by rib-like sclerenchyma bundles. Similar bundles
accompany the fibre-vascular bundles both without and
within, or even form a ring about them ; the great firm-
ness of the culms is due to the mass of strongly developed
sclerenchyma. In pithless culms the fibro-vascular
bundles are usually arranged in two circles, one of
which is on the inside and the other on the outside of
the sclerenchyma ring ; in culms containing pith other
bundles are present, either scattered through the pith or
arranged in indistinct circles. Each bundle contains
two or three large, pitted vessels between which and
towards the centre is an air-passage resulting from the
rupture of an old, ringed vessel, as is shown by the pres-
ence, here and there, of isolated rings. For other por-
tions of the bundle, see explanation of Fig. 2.

The fibro-vascular bundles run parallel in the inter-
nodes ; the superficial ones join those of the lower inter-
nodes directly, the others take the form of a shallow
arch bending towards the centre (in culms with pith),
where they pass through several internodes, and finally
bend outwards to join the superficial ones. In the nodes
the bundles cross and interlace by means of small and
short cross-bundles, which pass from the axillary shoots
or buds towards the centre. In this way arise the dia-
phragms or plates of tissue which separate the pith
cavities of the iuternodes.

THE LEAF. — The leaves of grasses usually alternate in
two ranks 180° apart, and those near the ground often
form tufts or even fan-shaped bunches through the non-

STRUCTURE, MORPHOLOGY, AND PHYSIOLOGY. 5

development of the internodes. Such tufts are also found
upon the upper nodes and runners of some grasses, for
example Sporobolus, Cynodon, JEluropus, and Chloris,
whenever a well-developed internode is followed by 2-4,

FIG. 2.— Cross-section of a fibro-vascular bundle from the culm of Maize (X 550).
p p. Surrounding parenchyma (a, outer side; i, inner side), g g, Pitted vessels; /,
air-passage with isolated ring, r, from a former ring-vessel; v v, sieve-tubes.
The shaded cells in the circumference are those of the sclerenchyma threads ;
those between g and g are very narrow pitted vessels; s, a spiral vessel. (After
Sachs.)

shortened, nodeless ones. Every branch begins with a
two-keeled, rarely (Cynodon) two-cleft, membranous
prophyllum with its back towards the main axis, and is
followed by the other leaves in such a manner that their
median plane crosses with that of the prophyllum and
the leaf in whose axil the branch originates. The sue-

6 THE TRUE GRASSES.

cessive shoots are autidrom [a technical term of German
morphologists], — that is, if the first leaf of one falls to the
left of the subtending or supporting leaf, that of the next
falls to the right, etc., — so that the first leaves of all
branches fall on the same side of the main axis. The
same holds true, of course, in case of secondary branches
rising from the axils of these leaves even when the sub-
tending leaves are undeveloped, as is usually the case in
the inflorescence.

Every foliage leaf consists of at least two parts, the
sheath and the blade. A true petiole is inserted be-
tween these only in a few broad-leaved, tropical grasses
(Pharus, Phyllorachis, some Ischcema, many Bambusece,
etc.). The blade is always absent in hypophyllia and
prophylla, and in the floral leaves (called glumes or
bracts) it is either absent or transformed into a narrow
bristle-shaped appendage, the awn, which is sometimes
twisted or bent. The sheath surrounds the culm like a
tube, and the two edges usually overlap in front, the
covering edge being somewhat raised. In the successive
interuodes the raised edge is alternately on the right and
left. The sheaths of numerous grasses (all Sesleriece,
many Poce [pratensis L., trivialis L., alpina L.~\, Bromus
[inermis Leyss., erectus Huds.], Briza, Melica, Dadylis,
Glyceria ftuitans Brown, etc.) are, on the contrary, per-
fectly closed, but the young and still included inflo-
rescences, by forcing their way upward through these
narrow channels, usually cause them to split. The
sheath matures earlier than the internode above its in-
sertion, and consequently its stiffening tissues, viz., the
sclerenchyma bundles, are perfectly formed at the time
when the enclosed interuode in its basal portion is yet
tender and without firmness. The sheath is, in con-
sequence, a very important protection for the young in-
ternodes, and this function is performed even by the
blade! ess first leaf in breaking through the ground with
its hard point ; if the latter be cut away, the enclosed
shoot is not able to stand upright and reach the surface.

The Ligule. — At the point of union between the blade
and sheath there is at the inside an erect prolongation

STRUCTURE, MORPHOLOGY, AND PHYSIOLOGY.

of the latter (ligule) which is usually membranous, but
may be herbaceous at the sides. It originates from an
additional growth of the sheath upwards at the insertion
of the blade. If the
blade is narrower than
the sheath, then at
least the side portions
of the ligule are of the
same character as the
sheath, and are fur-
nished with fibro-vas-
cular bundles, while
the centre, upon which'
the blade rests ' while
in the bud, remains
membranous (see Fig.
3, B}. If the blade is
the same breadth as
the sheath, then the
entire ligule is mem-
branous (Fig. 3, A).
In the flowering glumes of many grasses — Avena and
Bromus, for example — whose blade has developed into
an awn (Fig. 3, 67),the ligular portion is much developed,
and the awn is then said to be on the back or dorsal (see
above). Flowering glumes with terminal awns have no
ligular portion ; there are also analogous cases in ordi-
nary leaves, for example in Panicum Crus-galli L. In
many grasses, especially in many of the Chloridece, the
ligule is transformed into a fine hairy fringe. The ligule
always embraces the culm very closely, and Schlechten-
dahl thought that its office was to keep rain or water
from getting between the sheath and culm.

The Leaf-blade. — The blade is usually elongated, nar-
row linear or linear-lanceolate, rarely, and only in tropical
species, ovate-lanceolate, elliptical, cordate or sagittate
(PJiyllorachis, etc.). In the bud the leaf is simply
folded (rarely plicate folded, as in Panicum plicatum and
related species) or rolled up from one side, the other
half being somewhat broader, and the sides by which

FIG. 3.— Point of separation of the sheath (s)
and blade (spr). A, in Dactijlis glomerata L.
B, in Ammophila arundinacea Host. I, Lig-
ule. C. Flowering glume of Bromus Alope-
curus Poir.

8 THE TRUE GRASSES.

the rolling up commences alternating from right to left
in the successive leaves.

Leaf Torsion. — The adult blade often exhibits tor-
sions ; all the broader leaves of Festuca, Holcus, Calama-
grostis, etc., are twisted to the left, at least in the upper
portions, those of Secale, Triticum, etc., to the right, and of
many Avenece in both directions, being twisted in one direc-
tion above and the other below. The leaves of many wood-
land grasses (Milium effusum L., Braehypodium silvati-
cum K,. & Sch., Festuca silv. Vill., Melica altissima L.,
Pharus latifolius L.), also of some narrow-leaved species
(Gynerium argenteum Nees., Ammophila arundinacea
Host.), are turned 180° at the base, so that the upper
and under sides are reversed. In this 'case the stomata
are only upon the original upper side. This phenome-
non is probably due to the influence of light (heliotrop-
ism) ; and this is more certainly true in regard to the
remarkable sleep-movements exhibited by the leaves of
Olyra Guyanensis (Strephium Guyan. Brongn.). In the
day-time the leaves of this grass stand out from the culm,
and the upper surfaces are turned upwards, but at night
they lie close to the culm and their surfaces are at an
angle of 90° from the position during light. This torsion
is effected by means of a very short petiole.

Nervation. — The nbro-vascular bundles (nerves) of
the blade either enter it separately and then run paral-
lel, or a number at first unite with colorless parenchyma
to form a strong midrib at their entrance to the blade,
later the single bundles separate one at a time and pass
towards the edge of the leaf. This arrangement gives an
especial firmness to the base of the leaf, which has to
bear the weight of the entire blade. Maize, Sorghum,
etc., are examples of this arrangement, which is espe-
cially frequent in tropical grasses. The nbro-vascular
bundles, at least the primary ones, are accompanied on
the lower or on both sides by bundles of sclerenchyma
which are frequently united into rings ; this happens
especially in those species with rush-like leaves, and
gives them their very stiff blades. The epidermis con-
tains very irregular cells whose walls in many cases

STRUCTURE, MORPHOLOGY, AND PHYSIOLOGY. 9

contain much silica. The bands of upper epidermis
that lie between the nerves often present wedge-shaped
cells ("' bulliform" cells), arranged in the form of a fan,
whose growth and expansion causes the blade to open
out; in those leaves which are folded in the bud these
cells are only to be found on each side of the midrib.
In grasses that do not have such fan-shaped cell-groups
the blades remain always folded or rolled up, or at most
open but a little, and consequently appear thread- or
rush-like (many species of Stipa, Festuca, and Nardus).
In others, especially in many of the Steppe grasses, the

FIG. 3a. — Transverse section of the primary vein of Festuca elatior, var. arundi-
nacea. Sc. selerenchyma; P, colorless parenchyma; Cb, bulliform cells. (After
Hackel, Monog. Festuc. Europ., Tab. II. Fig. 6.)

blades roll up whenever these cells lose their turges-
cence by excessive evaporation, but become flat again,
or at least half open, as soon as the air becomes moist.
This rolling up of the blade acts as a protection against
excessive evaporation ; for the lower side, which is then
alone exposed to the air, has especial protective arrange-
ments against transpiration in its strong cuticle, seleren-
chyma masses, etc.

The stomata of grass leaves usually stand in longi-
tudinal rows and are surrounded by four cells ; two large
secondary cells project beyond and cover two long and
narrow guard-cells, which are usually much narrower
than the first.

10 THE TRUE GRASSES.

Inflorescence. — Distinction must be made between the
special inflorescence, the spikelets — which will be re-
ferred to farther on — and the entire inflorescence. The
latter arises by monopodial division of the upper portion
of the culm, and the branching may be in different
degrees : when the primary branches form single spike-
lets and the lowest glumes of these are apparently
sessile upon the main axis, the inflorescence is a spike
(which is really compound) ; if the bases of these pri-
mary branches are naked, forming a pedicel, it is a raceme;
and if the spikelets are only upon secondary or farther
divided branches, a panide. The inflorescence is yet
more complicated in many Andropogonece, Panicece, and in
Maize, where the branches of the panicle bear racemes,
whose spikelets, however, are borne partly on primary
and partly on secondary branchlets of these racemes.
The primary branches of the whole inflorescence are
most frequently alternately two-ranked, and more rarely
(as in many Andropogonece, Panicece, Sporobolus, Eragros-
tis, etc.) spirally arranged ; in the latter case they are
often in whorls of from 2 to 4 members. The two-ranked
arrangement is often altered by the more rapid growth
of one side of the main axis (the side which is turned
more away from the earth in the bud) ; the spikelets ac-
cordingly move toward one side and the inflorescence
becomes one-sided, as is especially noticeable with the
panicles of Dactylis and Cynosurus, and the spikes of the
Chloridece.

This appearance is intensified by the relations of the
secondary branches. According to the laws of anti-
dromy (see page 6), the first secondary branches all
fall upon the same side of the culm ; since these mostly
arise near the base and are again branched, this side of
the main axis appears to be much richer in spikelets.
Where the secondary branches also arise near the base
and are as strongly developed as the primary ones, the
inflorescence regains a symmetrical appearance (Poa
prafeMM, P. trivialis). If the branches are short and lie
close to the main axis and all the internodes of the
branches remain short, the result is a cylindrical, false

STRUCTURE, MORPHOLOGY, AND PHYSIOLOGY. 11

spike or spike-like panicle (PJdeum, Alopecurus, etc.).
lu this case the primary branches are frequently grown
to the main axis, and consequently the secondary
branches appear to be arranged spirally on this (PMeum
pratense L.), while Ph. Boehmeri Wib. has free primary
branches.

The supporting bracts of the branches of the inflo-
rescence are usually entirely aborted, but on the lowest
branches they often occur as rudiments, rarely as well-
formed glume-like scales (Sesleria), and still more rarely
(Anomochloa, Phyllostachys) they are well developed on
all the primary branches. Frequently the leaf of the
culm or branch which stands next to the inflorescence is
in the form of a sheath enclosing the spikelets (Zea ? ,
Coix, Lygeum, etc.). The false panicles of some Andro-
pogonece (Andropogon, Nardus, Fig. 19) are interspersed
with leaves, and arise from branches supported by the
upper leaves of the culm, these branches in turn bearing
leaves and branching again.

THE SPIKELET. — The spikelets consist of an axis com-
posed of short articulations, two-ranked chaffy leaves
(glumes) (spiral in Streptochceta only), the first 1 to 6 of
which (usually 2) are sterile and known as empty
glumes or glumes only, while the following one to
many glumes (flowering glumes or lower palese) bear
in their axils a very short branch which begins with
a bractlet called palea (or superior palea) with its
back turned towards the axis, and ends with a flower.*
The end of the axis of the spikelet is either visible
beyond the upper flower (Fig. 84) or its growth is ar-
rested early ; in many one-flowered spikelets it is not
at all visible even in the earliest stage of them, and
consequently the flower is situated upon the end of the
axis. In this case there is no longer a true distinction
between empty and flowering glumes and paleas, for the
entire spikelet represents a single flower with many

* In the figures the entire inflorescence is always designated by A, the
spikelets by B, the empty glumes by C, the flowering glumes by D, the
palea by E. Compare Fig. 90.

12

THE TRUE GRASSES.

bracts (Anthoxanthum, Oryza, Andropogonece). However,
it is possible to demonstrate a perfect series of stages by
which one-flowered spikelets with a distinctly lateral
flower pass over into those with terminal flowers ; con-
sequently a palea and flowering glume can be distin-
guished in the latter by analogy.

The uppermost glumes of a spikelet are not infre-
quently empty, and in this case they are usually dwarfed

IT

FIG. 4.— I, Diagram of a many-flowered spikelet of Avena, Poa, Triticum; A, axis
(rachilla). II, Diagram of a flower of Bnmbusa with flowering glume and palea;
I,, posterior lorlicule. III-VII, Diagrams of an entire spikelet: h, /i, , etc., empty
Klumes; d, flowering glumes; v, palea; /, anterior lodicules. III. Strepiochceta;
A, B-F, small outer bracts; a-/, large inner bracts, the latter distinctly in two
whorls. IV, Andropogon; V, Coleanthus; VI, Oryza; VII, Anthoxanthum.

or anomalous (Melica, Fig. 80). The empty glumes are
lacking (Cokanthus), or scarcely visible as rudiments
(Leersia), in only a few genera ; there is rarely but one,
most frequently there are two, and more rarely more
than two, present. In the latter case those following the
second are described by most authors as sterile flowers
(e.g., in Panicum, Andropogonew, and many Bambusece),
a plan which we shall not adopt in our descriptions. It
is true that in closely related species (of Panicum, for

STRUCTURE, MORPHOLOGY, AND PHYSIOLOGY. 13

example) the third glume of some is empty and there-
fore a sterile glume, while in others it bears a $ flower
or merely a sterile branch with the palea, in which case it
becomes a flowering glume ; but this by no means makes
all Panicums two-flowered, any more than we would
call Leucojum vernum a three-flowered plant because
both of its empty bracts bear flowers in other species
of the same genus. In most and the best works (e.g.,
Kunth's, but not Bentham's) this third glume is called a
neuter flower ("flos neuter"), a term whose meaning
should be always present to those desiring to use these
works. The empty glumes are often very like the
flowering, but are seldom awned. The flowering glumes
assume many forms and are frequently awned ; they
almost always have a middle nerve. At their point of
insertion they frequently extend downwards a little on
the axis of the spikelet ; this portion which is grown to
the axis is separated from the free portion by a more or
less distinct furrow and is called the callus ; it occurs
also upon many empty glumes (Heteropogon contortus R.
& Sch.), is frequently hairy, and in the fruiting glumes
serves to fasten them to other objects. (Compare Stipa,
Fig. 44, cal.) The palea, which with its enclosed flower
stands opposite to the flowering glume, does not belong to
the main axis of the spikelet, but to the branch which bears
the flower. That this relation of parts may be gradually
obliterated in the one-flowered grasses, and that the
palea may be moved back upon the main axis, has been
explained above. As long as an axis or a rudiment of
one, at least in its earliest stage, is visible beyond the
palea, this latter possesses (like the prophylla of the
culm-branches) two keels, or at least two lateral nerves,
without a midrib ; only when all trace of the axis is
absent does the palea become from one- to many-nerved
(with a midrib) or nerveless. It is almost always of a
more delicate texture than the flowering glume, its edges
are usually turned in, and it has a furrow instead of a
midrib. The prophylluni of the culm-branches has no
blade, and the palea resembles it in being almost al-
ways (excepting Amphipogori) awnless ; and as the former

14 THE TRUE GRASSES.

is sometimes split in two parts ( Cynodori), so the palea is
often split at the time the fruit is mature (many Sporo-
bolus and Triticum monococcum L). This state has been
understood by some authors as originally bifoliate, and
false genera have been established upon it by some
(Diachyrium Griseb, etc.). The palea is completely
aborted in many Andropogonece and species of Agrostis.

Opposite the palea, and therefore above the flower-
ing glume, are, in most grasses, visible two small delicate
scales (lodicules) ; they stand close together, their front
edges touching, their bases somewhat grown together and
swollen with sap at the time of flowering (cf. Fig. 28, f;
Fig. 63, G). They are usually considered the two anterior
members of a rudimentary perianth, whose posterior
member (the posterior lodicule) is developed in Stipa
and many Bambusece. The author has endeavored to
prove that the anterior scales represent the halves of a
leaf which sometimes (Melica, Fig. 80, jP) remains un-
divided, and can be regarded as a second, and the
posterior scale as a third, palea.* The anomalous con-
dition of these paleas (in respect to the ordinary palea)
is explained by their biological properties. The rapid
swelling of the bases at least, causes the separation of
the flowering glume and palea, and consequently the
opening of the flower. In grasses where they swell only
a little the spikelets open but slightly, and where the
lodicules are membranous or entirely lacking the
spikelets remain entirely closed at the sides, and the
reproductive organs protrude only at the apex (com-
pare Anthoxantkum, Alopecurtis, etc.). The absence of
the lodicules is not necessarily a case of abortion ; for if
they are bractlets, a decrease in their number (as in the
Juncacere) is not very remarkable. Their large number
(8 or more) and apparent spiral arrangement is striking
in Ochlandra ; here their relations have, however, still
to be studied in living material.

All the leaf forms that have so far been mentioned
in the spikelet do not really belong to the flower ;

* For details see Engler's bot. Jahrbiicher, I. Bd., S. 33«.

STRUCTURE, MORPHOLOGY, AND PHYSIOLOGY. 15

they all lie (Streptochceta and perhaps Ochlandra ex-
cepted) with their median lines in one and the same
plane, and, as in the branches of the culm, this
crosses that of the subtending bract, which in this
case must be supposed. Where the entire inflorescence
ends in an apical spikelet its glumes are naturally
arranged like the supposed subtending bract, and there-
fore cross those of the lateral spikelets (e.g., Triticum
sativum Lam.). Several genera related to Lolium form
an exception to this ; in these genera the median plane of
all the glumes coincides with that of the subtending
bract. Hordeum and Elymus form another, but only an
apparent exception ; in these not only do the empty
glumes of the 2-3 lateral spikelets converge in front, but
their median plane crosses that of the flowering glume at
different angles (30°-90°). All these variations depend
upon mechanical causes, and are only to allow the
glumes of the double or triple spikelets to fit into a given
space, since the normal arrangement is present in the
solitary terminal spikelets of some species of Hordeum
(H. crinitum Desf., etc.) and all species of Elymus.

The succession of the flowering of the spikelets should
be especially noticed, since in panicles it usually occurs
about in that order in which the spikelets emerge from
the sheath of the upper leaf ; therefore the terminal
spikelets of the panicle and its branches flower first, and
from there downwards. In spikes the spikelets situated
just above the middle usually precede the others, as they
are best developed. In single spikelets, flowering passes
from below upwards ; in Panicew and Andropogonece only,
if a terminal $ stands below the apparently terminal $
one, it blooms later than the latter.

Organs of Reproduction. — THE STAMENS. — The androe-
cium consists of from one to two whorls, each com-
posed of from two to three members ; the stamens are
rarely (Pariana, Luziola, Oddandra) more than six (to
forty), and in this case apparently spirally arranged.
The first stamen of the outer, and usually the only,
whorl always stands above the flowering glume; this
is distinguished by the fact that it is earlier and

16 TUB TRUE GRASSES.

more strongly developed than the other two, which
stand in front of the keels of the palese. On the
other hand, this very stamen may be aborted and
only the two posterior ones remain (Diarrhena, Ortho-
dado)-, where the entire whorl is reduced to a single
stamen (Uniola, Cinna, many species of Festuca and
Andropogon, etc.) this is generally the anterior one,
but in Elytrophorus it is posterior. We find a typical
two-membered whorl in Anthoxanthitm, Hierochloa $ , and
Crypsis ; here the stamens lie in the mid-line of the
glumes, but in Coleanthus they alternate with the glumes.
Two alternating whorls occur in the majority of the
BanibusecK and in many Oryzece. Generally both whorls
have three members, but in Tetrarrhena and Microlce.ua
they have but two. Since the following (single) carpel
always stands above the flowering glume no matter
whether the stamens are in one whorl or two, when only
one is present the inner must be supposed.

The stamens always have slender, distinct, rarely
(Streptochceta, Gigantochloa, Oxy tenant-herd) monadelphous
filaments that are composed of thin-walled cells. In the
closed flower they are very short, but at the time of
flowering they elongate by the very rapid extension of
the cells. They remain straight for a time (Phleum), or
suddenly become tipped over in such a way ( Triticutri)
that the main mass of the pollen is emptied.

The elongated, usually narrow-linear anthers have
a very fine connective and are versatile ; that is, the
filament is attached below the middle (£ or ^) by a taper-
ing end. This circumstance assists in the scattering of
the pollen by the wind. Rarely the filaments are
attached at the base of the anthers (Coleanthits). The
pollen-sac usually opens by a longitudinal split which
proceeds from above downwards, more rarely (Andro-
pogonecK) by a hole at the apex, which is often continued
into a split. The pollen is very finely granular,
spherical, and perfectly smooth. It is discharged in very
abundant masses, and scattered by the wind (except in
the cleistogamic species).
I THE PISTIL. — The pistil 'arises from a single carpel

STRUCTURE, MORPHOLOGY, AND PHYSIOLOGY. 17

which always stands in the median plane of the spikelet
towards the front. It is composed of an ovary with one
ovule and 1-3 styles, each with one stigma ; the stigmas
may also arise from a single style or directly from the
ovary. If but one style with one stigma is present, it cor-
responds to the midrib of the carpel, and is to be regarded
as the blade, and the ovary as the sheath (Nardus). Many
times an apparently simple style arises from the union
of two (Zea, Euchlcena, and many species of Pennisetuni).
If there are, as is by far the most frequent, two styles or
two sessile stigmas, they are lateral, never posterior, being
either on the sides or the front of the carpel. Both may
be regarded as the developed side portions of one lamina
(or blade), the central part of which is at the same time
suppressed ; they are therefore analogous to the anterior
lodicules. If the middle portion is developed, we have
the three (free or partly grown together) styles of many
Bambusece and Streptochceta, where the third style con-
sequently lies in front. In many pistils (Briza media]
there is frequently a rudiment of a posterior style (often
provided with a stigma) which may be explained as a
commissural form like the ligule of Mdica uniftora Ketz.,
which is opposite the blade and rises from the united
edges of the sheath. The stigmas, easily recognizable
by their papillate cells, are rarely simple (barbellate)
(Figs. 73, 74), but are usually spirally branched ; in the
latter case the branches either come off in all direc-
tions— aspergilliform (Figs. 15, 18), — or only from two
sides — plumose (Figs. 80, 89, 95). From these branches
rise smaller papillae. The entire system of branches
has of course a large surface, and is especially arranged
to catch pollen carried by the wind.

Pollination. — As has been stated, grasses are fertil-
ized by the wind. Monoecious and dioecious species are
not numerous; but not a few are polygamous (many
Andropogonece and Panicece), and in these the $ flower of
a spikelet always blooms later than the hermaphrodite,
so that its pollen effects cross-fertilization upon the
stigmas of other spikelets or other individuals. There
are also many arrangements for cross-fertilization

18 THE TRUE GRASSES.

among the entirely hermaphrodite species. Many
genera (Alopecurus, Anthoxanthum, Pennisetum, Spar-
tina) are strongly proterogyuous ; in most cases, how-
ever, the anthers protrude earlier and discharge the
greater part of their pollen, especially by turning over
suddenly, before the stigmas are visible. When these
emerge at the sides of dependent or nodding spikelets
they are directed upwards, and consequently only the
pollen from flowers situated higher up can come in con-
tact with them. More rarely the stigmas project from
the apex of the spikelet, and then mainly in the proter-
ogynous and monoecious species. In some hermaphrodite
flowers cross-fertilization is so much the rule that they
have lost the power of effectual self-fertilization, as in
Rye. In the majority of cases, however, both kinds of
fertilization seem at least to be possible ; for example, the
species of Wheat are usually self-fertilized, but may also
be adapted to cross-fertilization, since their glumes are
open above, the stigmas project laterally, and the an-
thers empty only about £ of their pollen in their own
flower and the rest into the air. Cross-fertilization is
much more rare and difficult in Barley, and in certain
races like the six-ranked, the short-spiked two-ranked,
and the peacock Barley, the flowers, especially in our
climate, never open, and consequently cross-fertilization
is made impossible. Again, Leersia oryzoides Swz. and
Amphicarpum Purshii Kunth, are strongly cleistogamic ;
in both there are two kinds of inflorescence ; the con-
spicuous terminal panicle of the culm is perfectly sterile,
but the lateral inflorescence of Leersia, which remains
covered by the sheath, is abundantly fertile ; in Amphi-
carpum the fertile spikes are upon short scapes close to
the ground, and seem to be fertilized and mature under
ground. Diplachne serotina Link., Danthonia spicata
Beauv., Stipa juncea L., etc., are also cleistogamic species.
T/te Ovule. — The ovule is grown to the ventral suture
of the carpel without a funiculus. The point of union mav
be confined to a narrow place at the base, or may vary so
far as to reach to the other end of the ovule (Fig. 6, -A).
The ovule itself is hemitropous (slightly campylotropous),

STRUCTURE, MORPHOLOGY, AND PHYSIOLOGY. 19

with its micropyle turned downward and outward. It
possesses two integuments (Fig. 6, A, ilt tf), the outer one
of which has very delicate walls and forms a conductive
tissue for the pollen-tube upon the anterior side. It
disintegrates soon after fertilization.

The embryo-sac (Fig. 6, A, es) grows rapidly after fer-
tilization at the expense of the tissues of the endosperm,
so as to leave only 1-2 layers. At the same time it be-
comes filled with considerable albumen in whose cells,
the outer layer excepted, is deposited an abundant sup-
ply of starch. The ovule meantime grows rapidly in
length and later also in breadth, and finally fills the
cavity of the ovary so completely that any further
growth causes it to grow to the walls, and this fails to
happen only in a few cases. The embryo is at first a
many-celled club-shaped body whose vegetative point is
situated in a lateral depression ; the portion of the em-
bryo above this depression becomes the cotyledon, which
farther expands, becoming shield-shaped. Then the
borders of the depression in which the vegetative point is
situated rise up in the form of a collar, — the beginning of
the first sheath-like leaf, hypophyllum, and opposite
to it, later on, is developed the first foliage leaf. The
initials of the main root lie deep within the lower half of
the young embryo, so that the surrounding tissue grows
with the root for some time until the latter separates
itself from the tissue around it by forming a cleft. But
the entire radicle is still imbedded in it, and not earlier
than the seed germinates the root first breaks through
this tissue, called the coleorhiza or root-sheath (compare
c in Fig. 6, L, N). Upon the sides of the main radicle
2-4 secondary radicles are occasionally situated (ivt , ivy
in Fig. 6, F], and on the other end of the axis the begin-
nings of the foliage leaves increase in the bud to 3 or 4,
so that the germ of the grass at the maturity of the seed
has reached a high degree of development.

Fruit and Seed. — The fruit of most grasses is a cary-
opsis the thin pericarp of which is grown fast to the
seed. The pericarp here answers the purpose of the
testa, which is only very feebly developed ; it gener-

20 THE TRUE GRASSES.

ally consists merely of a few cell layers ; one, a very
thick- walled epidermis, and several of tolerably thin-
walled parenchyma with delicate nbro-vascular bundles,
and an inner epidermis that is frequently indistinct. It
contains no amylaceous material, and when the grain is
ground it, together with the adjacent layer of albumen, is
removed as bran. In many grasses the pericarp unites
more or less with the bracts, growing especially to the
palea, seldom to the flowering glume. Those caryopses
adherent to the bracts (e.g., most barleys) must not be
confused with those in which the bracts are close around
the fruit but not grown to it (for example, in Spelt, Tri-
ticum spelta L., whose fruit is often spoken of as ad-
herent). After long soaking in water the bract may
with care be removed even from the adherent fruit.

The following fruit forms are more rare in grasses :
Utricle — the pericarp thin, dehiscent, free from and sur-
rounding the seed ; for example, Sporobolus (Fig. 51, &, ,
&a), Eleusine (Fig. 71, Jc), Crypsis, and Heleochloa ; Nut-
fruits in some Bambusece (Dendrocalamus, Pseudosta-
chyum, Schizostachyum, etc.) and in Zizaniopsis ; Berries,
often as large as apples, as in the Banibusew, Melocala-
mus, Melocanna, and Ochlandra. The berries of Melo-
canna bambusoides are often from 8 to 13 centimeters in
diameter and are edible.

Upon the caryopsis is a place where the embrvo lies

«JL J^ covered only by the pericarp

• Hi •Hi an(^ plainl.Y visible on the out-
• I 1 II side (Fig. 6, B}. This place is
\jf •iB upon the front side (that is, the
w ^HJfr side facing the floral glume) of

A the base of the fruit. Opposite
to it, or on the posterior side,
the fruit bears a more or less
clear, sometimes puuctiforni
and sometimes elongated or

linear mark, the hilum, the place where the seed was
fastened to the wall of the ovary (Fig. 5).

Since the form of the hilum is constant in every
genus, and also sometimes in whole tribes, it is very im-

STRUCTURE, MORPHOLOGY, AND PHYSIOLOGY. 21

portant in identification, and enables us to recognize the
kind of attachment of the ovulum to the carpel even in
the fruit. A punctiform or only short oblong hilum at
the base of the fruit indicates a narrow, and an elongated
linear hilum an extended, attachment. If there is a fur-
row in the fruit, then the hilum is always to be looked
for in this, and moreover invariably on the side of the
palea, which must first be shaved off in those fruits
where the pericarp is adherent to the bracts.

The embryo is usually small, seldom more than half
as long as the fruit, straight, rarely slightly bent ( Oryza],
with the radicle turned downwards. Its most striking
portion is the scutellum (Sc in Fig. 6), which is regarded
(although not undisputedly) as the cotyledon. It is a
flat but somewhat thick body, roundish to elongated-
oval in circumference, lying close .on its inner side to
the albumen, with the plumule and radicle surrounded
by the coleorhiza situated in its somewhat shallow ex-
terior. The plumule lies free upon the scutellum, but
below the plumule the axis of the embryo is united with
it ; this is the point of insertion of the scutellum beyond
which it projects downwards and outwards as far as the
point of the coleorhiza (Fig. 6, E, H}. This descending
portion of the scutellum is grown for a longer (Wheat) or
shorter (Maize) distance to the posterior part of the cole-
orhiza, and its edges are either free at both sides (Triti-
cum, etc.), or they turn forward and grow so completely
over the coleorhiza that they entirely unite in front or
leave only a small cleft (Maize, L in Fig. 6, M, Sorghum).
If this is the case, it is only in germination that the side
portions are pushed back (Fig. 6, N) and the entire
embryo becomes visible. The inside of the scutellum
shows a peculiar kind of epidermis, the so-called cylinder
epithelium, of palisade-formed, cylindrical cells with
delicate walls. They are for the purpose of absorbing
the dissolved amylaceous material of the albumen. The
scutellum also contains a nbro-vascular bundle, and this
often has short branches. In germination it remains
within the pericarp.

In many grasses there is in front of the embryo and

22

THE TRUE OR ASSES

\

Fio 6. — A, Longitudinal section through the ovary of Barley (after Johannsen, "Das
Endosperm der Gerste"); ni. micropyle: /,, i,, outer and inner integuments; es.
embryo-sac. B. Fruit of Wheat from in front. C, The same from behind.
£>, The same with the embryo uncovered; P. the pericarp thrown back; sc,
scutelluin; K, embryonic bud and rootlet. E. The emoryo by itself, highly mag-
nified: sc, scutellnm; ep. epicotyl. F, The same in radial section. //, The same
seen from the side. J. Germinating wheat; c, the coleorhiza after being broken
through.

STRUCTURE, MORPHOLOGY, AND PHYSIOLOGY. 23

Fia. 6, Continued.— K, embryo of Rice, radial longitudinal section (Figs. B-K after L.
Richard, Analyse des embryons et endorhizes). L, Fruit of maize, longitudinal sec-
tion after Sachs, Lehrb. der Bot.); End, albumen; Sc. scutellum; St, epicotyl
joint of stem; iUj, the beginnings of roots rising from the epicotyl; w, main root;
c, coleorhiza: L. anterior edges of the scutellum; h, hilum. M, embryo of Maize;
L. anterior edges of the scutellum covering the plumule (after Richard, a, a, O).
N. The same germinating, consequently L are pushed to one side; c, coleorhiza
(after Mirbel, Ann. Mus. Nat.. XIII. pi. 13). O, embryo of Stijxt chrysovhyUa Desv.r
Sc, scutellum; K. plumule; en. epicotyl. P, The same seen from the side (after
E. Desvaux, Gram, et Gyp. chil., tab. 76).

24 THE TRUE GRASSES.

opposite the scutellum a small scale-like appendage, the
epiblast (ep in Fig. 6, E, 0, P). It is especially clear in
Stipa (Fig. 6, 0, P), and yet better developed in Zizania
(where it is as long as the plumule), but is entirely
lacking in many grasses (Rye, Maize, and Barley) ; gen-
erally it is merely a delicate formation consisting of
parenchyma witho-ut fibro- vascular bundles, and its
morphological nature is still doubtful. Yet the view
that it is a rudimentary second cotyledon is the most
reasonable, for among other things this makes compre-
hensible the surprising position of the first leaf of the
plumule just above (not opposite to) the scutellum. The
plumule of the embryo consists of a very short, often in-
distinct internode of the axis (epicotyl) and of two to
four leaves, and according to the development of the
former the plumule is sessile or petioled. The first
leaf, the germ-sheath, surrounds the others like a closed
tube, which breaks through the ground with its hard
point at the time of germination, and opens at its apex
after a time in order to allow the exit of the second leaf.
It is colorless or pale green or frequently reddish.
Many authors consider it a part of the cotyledon, a view
which is certainly incorrect, for in many grasses (all
Panicece, Andropogonece, May dew, many Festucece and
Hordece) it is clearly separated from the scutellum at the
time of germination by a distinct internode (epicotyl)
which is often much elongated (compare Fig. 6, L, st].
In others (Triticum, etc.) this epicotyl is very short or
entirely lacking, so that the back of the sheath may even
be grown to the scutellum.

The majority of grasses have only one radicle, and
grow therefore with a primary root ; in addition to which,
especially from the epicotyl new roots soon arise which
finally exceed the main root in growth. In several
grasses, especially in the cereals, and also in Coix
lachryma and others, the foundation of these secondary
roots is already laid before germination, usually in the
hypocotyl (the axis below the insertion of the scutellum) ;
seldom, and only io a rudimentary degree, in the epicotyl
(Zea, Fig. 6, L, iv^). The plane of these secondary roots

STRUCTURE, MORPHOLOGY, AND PHYSIOLOGY. 25

is parallel to that of the scutellum ; they can therefore
be seen only in tangential (Fig. 6, F] and not in radial
section (Fig. 6, G) of the seed. In germination, each root-
let independently breaks through the coleorhiza, which
surrounds each with a small sheath. Before the roots
break through, the elongating coleorhiza ruptures the

FIG. 7. — A, A cell in the albumen of Zea Mays filled with polyhedral starch-grains,
between which are thin plates of dried, finely-grained protoplasm, a-g, Starch-
grains from the amylaceous tissue of germinating maize seed. B, Starch-grains
(lenticular) from the amylaceous tissue of a germinating seed of Triticum vul-
gare ; the first action of the dissolving ferment shows itself in the distinct
lamination (X 800). (After Sachs.)

pericarp and sends numerous hairs from its epidermis,
thus fastening the somewhat superficially placed seed to
the ground. The embryo is rich in oils and proteids
and even sugar, but contains no starch. The albumen
consists of large, polygonal, parenchymatic cells which,
with the exception of the outer layer, are rich in starch-

26 THE TRUE GRASSES.

grains. Between these, which often fill nearly the entire
space, finely granular albuminous bodies are irregularly
distributed or formed into a network of delicate plates,
especially distinct in the peripheral layers. The inner
cells show them but little, and are still richer in starch-
grains. If the albuminoids so fill up the intervals be-
tween the starch-grains that the latter seem to be im-
bedded in cement, the albumen appears translucent and
the fruit is called corneous ; but if the union is less in-
timate, there remain numerous small air cavities, and
the albumen is opaque and the fruit is mealy. Both
conditions may occur in the same species or variety
(Wheat), and they seem to be occasioned by differences
in climate and soil. Corneous fruits are usually richer
in albuminoids than mealy ones of the same species.

Starch. — As to the form of the starch-grains, we must
distinguish between simple and compound. The latter
(Fig. 8, 6) are large and composed of many angular
granules, into which they often separate. Simple
grains are generally present with them. The simple
grains have central cavities and are either isodiametric
and polygonal (Fig. 7, A), or more rarely lens- shaped
with rounded edges, in the latter case often distinctly
lainellated and without central cavity. These lens-
shaped bodies are always mingled with many smaller
ones, while the isodiametric grains are of tolerably uni-
form size. These characters are constant within most
genera, and even within entire tribes ; they are therefore
important from a systematic view, although the}" are not
without exception. At the time of germination the
starch-grains become eaten through by the action of a
kind of ferment, so as to be full of holes before they fall
apart (Fig. 7. a-g\ The starch-grains of certain kinds
of liice (gluten rice), Sorghum (gluten sorghum), and
of Millet, Panicum miliaceum, do not turn blue upon the
addition of iodine, but red or reddish brown, and swell
up very quickly. According to A. Meyer this is caused
by their containing amylodextrin and dextrin. The
outermost layer and sometimes two or three layers of
the albumen (Fig. 8, 5) contain no starch but small oil-

STRUCTURE, MORPHOLOGY, AND PHYSIOLOGY. 27

drops, and still finer proteid granules are imbedded in
the very delicate protoplasmic net. They are often
called, but not properly, gluten cells : true gluten is not
to be found in a dry kernel ; it is first formed from one
of the albuminoids (Myosiu) by the addition of water.

FIG. S.—Avena sativa L. I, Cross-section of the entire fruit. .II, A small piece of
the peripheral portion, 1; 2, Pericarp; 3, Testa; 4, Remains of the nucellus; 5-7,
Amylaceous tissue; 5, Gluten cells; 6 and 7, Cells of albumen containing com-
pouud starch-grains— at 7 they are richer in albumen and poor in starch ; 8, Fibro-
vascular bundle of the seed-coat. (From Harz, "Landwirtsch. Samenkunde.")

Frequently we understand by gluten the whole of the
albuminoids, but these, as already shown, are not found
in the glutinous cells only. It has been often asserted
that bran and bran-bread (in wrhich the glutinous layer

28 THE TRUE GRASSES.

is not removed) are very nourishing, but through later in-
vestigations this assertion has been brought into question.

The so-called gluten layer is the outermost one
formed in the embryo-sac ; outside of it is to be seen a
generally indistinct, rarely very clear (Brachy podium and
Bromus) layer of cells, the remainder of the nucleus of
the seed ; outside of this is the testa, which has arisen
from the inner integument, the outer one having disap-
peared. Then follows the pericarp. (See above.)

Means of Distribution. — In all wild grasses certain
parts of the spikelet or of the entire inflorescence fall
off with the fruit. If the spikelet is many-flowered and
every flower ripens its fruit, then its axis breaks into as
many pieces as there are fruits, and every piece carries
a floral glume and palea. If the spikelet is one-flowered,
the axis of the spikelet may separate above the empty
glume, so that the floral glume and the palea fall off with
the fruit (Agrostece] ; or it may divide below the empty
glume, and the spikelet fall off as a whole (Panicece, An-
dropogonece, etc.). If the spikelets form a spike or a
raceme, it frequently happens that the axis of the latter
divides, so that one spikelet falls off with each joint
(many Andropogonece and Horde(e) ; short spikes ( Triti-
cum ovatum Godr.) fall from the culm as a whole. All
these arrangements are necessary for the distribution of
the seed ; they are lacking (with two exceptions) in all
cultivated cereals, but are present, on the contrary, in all
native races of the same species, so far as these are
known. Since these arrangements are very disadvan-
tageous for the complete gathering of the fruit, varieties
whose axes are less or not at all articulated will be pre-
ferred in culture, and will be finally fixed by natural
selection.

The bracts surrounding the fruit act as a more
strongly developed pericarp ; they protect the embryo,
which is near the surface, from too rapid wetting, and
keep the soluble contents from being soaked out ; and
when it is once soaked through, they also protect it from
drying up again. But they are especially important as
means for distributing the fruit. They decrease the

STRUCTURE, MORPHOLOGY, AND PHYSIOLOGY. 29

specific gravity, and consequently the seed is better
adapted for transportation by the wind (very small fruits,
like those of Agrostis and Eragrostis, which are light
enough in themselves, usually fall entirely out of the
bracts), especially if the empty glumes accompany it
and have a considerable surface (Holcus), or generally
the fruit-bracts are large in comparison with the fruit
(Brizci), the whole having the effect of a winged seed.
A still greater effect is produced when a large number
of sterile glumes, or whole groups of sterile spikelets
(Phalaris ccerulescens Desf.), fall off with the fruit. The
glumes or parts of the axis, if they bear long hairs, form
a peculiar winged apparatus (PJirag mites, Arundo, Cdla-
magrostis, very many Andropogotwce, especially those re-
lated to Saccharum ; Melica ciliata L., and Stipa pennata
L. (by its feathery awns), as well as many Aristida spe-
cies). Many grasses are also adapted to distribution
by the fur of animals, for either the bracts themselves
(Tragus) or the awns (Hordeum, Echinaria) are very
rough or have hooked bristles. In Streptochceta the
ripe fruit hangs from delicate spiral threads (the awns),
which are fastened together at the end of the spike ; they
are free below, and their stiff pointed bracts, bent out-
ward, act like fish-hooks by catching into the fur of any
animal that touches them in passing. The fleshy berries
of many Banibusece are evidently fitted for distribution
by animals, which neither destroy nor digest the seeds.
Not a few grass-fruits possess a powerful instrument in
the surrounding bracts for fastening themselves into the
ground. First we find the base of such bracts prolonged
into a pointed often prickly callus, which makes its pene-
tration easy, and above the point are stiff hairs pointing
upwards which make it difficult to draw out a bract that
has once penetrated the soil (Fig. 44, cat). A very
strong bent awn, twisted like a rope below the bend,
often acts as a motor. This awn is very hygroscopic ;
the coils unroll or unwind when damp, and when dry
they return to their former condition ; and every time
this happens the point of the bract is rotated with lateral
variations, especially when the upper half of the awn

30 THE TRUE GRASSES.

has a support (a neighboring culm or merely an un-
evenuess in the soil). This rotation and nutation, to-
gether with the action of the bristles, soon causes the
bract surrounding the fruit to bore deeply into the
ground (observed in several Stipa species, Heteropogon
contortus R.. & Sch., Avenafatua L. and A. barbata Brot,
several Aristida species from Brazil and New Holland).
If such boring fruits get into the wool of sheep, many
kinds will in a short time bore through the skin into
the intestines, where they cause fatal inflammation (ob-
served in Stipa capillata L. in Russia, St. spartea Trin.
in N. America, Aristida hygrometrica Br. in Queensland,
Heteropogon contortus R. & Sch. in New Caledonia). Fruit
may also bury itself without the help of twisted awns ; in
Triticum ovatum Godr. the spike falls off entire, and since
it possesses a very pointed base and numerous outward-
pointing rough awrns, wherever these find a hold they exert,
by every movement of the wind, etc., a pressure upon the
point, and this drives it into the ground. (Herbarium
specimens loose between papers, creep backwards of
themselves.) The entire inflorescence of Cornucopice
(Fig. 46) falls off at the time of fruit, and the stem then
becomes curved and very pointed at the end. Whether
this serves to bury it or to attach it to animals is un-
certain.

The awns of Avena sterilis L. have a peculiar use.
Two strongly awned fruit-bracts fall off fastened to-
gether ; in moist surroundings the twisted awns begin
to rotate their diverging upper halves, consequently they
cross and press against each other until the bracts are
forcibly separated, thus giving the fruit an impetus
which throws it for some distance.

Finally, we will mention a peculiar method of dis-
tribution, viz., distribution by means of leafy spikelets.
In many grasses, especially in high latitudes (south as
well as north) and upon high mountains where the
ripening of the fruit is often uncertain, it is not rare that
entire spikelets or single flowers with floral glume and
palea transform themselves into small-leaved shoots
which are provided at the base with the beginnings of

STRUCTURE, MORPHOLOGY, AND PHYSIOLOGY. 31

roots. When these fall off from their axes they take
root in the ground. In some grasses (Poa stricta Lindb.)
we know only this apogamic condition ; others are very
seldom sexual (Deschampsia alpina B. & Sch., Festuca
Fuegiana Hook.), or the sexual stage is lacking in cer-
tain regions (Poa bulbosa L.). Poa alpina L. and Festuca
ovina L. are always sexual in lower countries, but in
high mountains in the north are frequently asexual.
Such leafy panicles have a very curled appearance.

Geographical Distribution. — Grasses are found in all
parts of the globe, and belong to the outposts of phaeno-
gamous vegetation in the polar regions, as well as to the
limits of perpetual snow of high mountains. The great-
est number of species is found in the tropical zone, but
the number of individuals is greater in the temperate
zones, where they are closely united to form extended
areas of turf that cover large meadows. The formation
of meadows is dependent upon a uniform rainfall or con-
tinuous irrigation. Grasses also predominate in steppes
and savannas, but here they grow in scattered sods or
tufts and do not entirely cover the ground. The savan-
na grasses are characterized by the fact that they
often reach above a man's head and are reed-like. The
BambusecB of the lowlands form an important part of
tropical forests, especially in regions of the Monsoon.
Upon South American mountains the bushy Bambusece
form an entirely closed cover. Aside from the weed-
grasses that have been generally distributed by com-
mercial intercourse and colonization, there are several
species that are cosmopolitan (for example, Heteropogon
contort us R. & Sch., and Phragmites communis Trin.), and
still others that are native to both hemispheres (also to
both tropics). Several species from the northern wooded
regions (Deschampsia ftexuosa Trin., discolor R., atropur-
purea Scheele, Festuca ovina L., rubra L., elatior L., Poa
nemoralis L. and pratensis L.) are absent in the tropics,
and appear again unchanged in the antarctic regions ;
others appear in isolated places between on high moun-
tains of the tropics (Pfdeum alpinum L.) ; still others
(Alopecurus alpinus L., Trisetum siibspicatum Beauv.) ap-

32 THE TRUE GRASSES.

pear in varieties that may even be regarded as corre-
sponding species. Not less than 90 genera are common
to both continents ; among these are many that are ex-
clusively tropical, and besides ten are single types. No
one tribe is confined to one hemisphere, and no genus
of numerous species to any one floral region. All this
goes to prove that grasses are a family distributed very
uniformly, and that the separation of their tribes goes
back to very ancient times. To be sure, the single tribes
have varied under the influence of the later divisions into
zones ; while the Panicece and Andropogonece preponder-
ate in the tropics, they are put in the background by the
Festucece, Avenece, and Hordece in the temperate and frigid
zones. The eastern North American forest region has
preserved many more of them (and in general of tropic
types) than has the Old World.

Fossil Grasses. — It cannot be doubted that during the
past geological ages, and especially in the tertiary period,
grasses must have been widespread and abundantly de-
veloped. The numerous remains of grass-like leaves are
a proof of this, but any botanist who has made the matter
a study will regard as a complete failure the efforts of
some phyto-palseontologists to fix upon relations to liv-
ing species from the crushed and compressed spikes and
spikelets. The fragments described as Poacites Brongn.,
Arundinites Sap., Pseudophragmites Sap., Paleopyrum
Schmalh., may be entirely passed over ; but even others,
whose forms point towards the living genera Oryza, Pani-
cum, Uniola, and consequently may lead to conclusions as
to the reasons of the existing geographical distribution,
are not sufficiently characterized for the determination of
genera. There are still others which with good reasons
may be referred to Arundo, Phragmites, and perhaps to
the Bambusece. (Engler.)

Relations. — The grasses form a very isolated family,
showing close relationship only to the Cyperacefe, but
markedly differing in the structure of the fruit and em-
bryo (outside position, shield-shaped cotyledon, etc.).
The number of species is uncertain, since our knowledge
of them is made obscure by a mass of synonyms. There

STRUCTURE, MORPHOLOGY, AND PHYSIOLOGY. 33

are probably about 3500 well-defined species. As in
most isolated families, the subdivision of the grasses is
very difficult and nowhere consists in single characters,
but in a combination of them. No single tribe, no large
genus numbering over 50 species, can be definitely
characterized. The keys of analysis in Part II, espe-
cially the first, are therefore subject to many exceptions.

PART II.

KEYS OF ANALYSIS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND
GENERA.

NOTE.— The numbers in parenthesis preceding the names of the
genera refer to the corresponding genus numbers in Bentham & Hooker,
Genera Plantarum.

KEY TO 'THE TRIBES.

A. Spikelets one-, rarely tivo- flowered, lower flower when
present imperfect; falling from the pedicel entire or to-
gether with certain joints of the rachis at maturity.
Rachilla not produced beyond the flowers. Internodes
betiveen the different glumes or flowers not measurable.
a. Hilum punctiform. Spikelets not flattened later-
ally, but usually somewhat dorsally compressed
or else perfectly round.

a. Flowering glumes and palea (the latter often
wanting) hyaline. Empty glumes thick mem-
branaceous to coriaceous or cartilaginous, the
lowest the largest, with its edges embracing the
others. Spikelets generally in racemes or spikes
whose articulate axes break up at maturity.
I. $ and ? spikelets in separate inflorescences
or on different parts of the same inflores-
cence I. Maydese.

II. Spikelets either all £ , or $ and $ , and so

arranged in the same inflorescence that a $

stands near a 5 . . . II. Andropogonese.

ft. Flowering glume and palea membranaceous ;

empty glumes herbaceous, chartaceous or

coriaceous, the first generally the largest;

spikelets falling off singly or in groups from

the continuous rachis III. Zoysieae.

34

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 35

y. Flowering glume arid palea membranaceous,
empty glumes, herbaceous or chartaceous ; the
first empty glume smaller or narrower than the
following ones. Spikelets falling off singly
from the ultimate branches of the panicle.

IV. Tristegineae.

d. Flowering glume and palea cartilaginous,
coriaceous, or chartaceous. Empty glume more
delicate, usually herbaceous, the first usually
smaller. Spikelets falling off singly from the
ultimate branches of the panicle or continuous
(rarely articulate) rachis of a spike.

V. Panicese.
b. Hilum linear, spikelets laterally compressed.

VI. Oryzeae.
B. Spikelets l-oo flowered, the \-floiveredfrequently with the

rachilla produced beyond, the flowers, rachilla generally
articulated above the empty glumes, so that these remain
after the fall of the fruiting glumes. When from two- to
many-flowered there always are distinct internodes be-
tween the flowers.

a. Culm herbaceous, annual ; leaf-blade sessile, not
articulated with the sheath.

a. Spikelets upon distinct (sometimes very short)
pedicels, in panicles, spike-like panicles, or
racemes (without notches in the main axis).
I. Spikelets one-flowered :

1. Empty glumes four, palea one-nerved.

VTE. Phalaridese.

2. Empty glumes two (rarely none), palea
two-nerved. . . . VIII. Agrostideae.

II. Spikelets 2-oo flowered :

1. Flowering glume generally shorter than
the empty ones ; usually with a bent
awn on the back, rarely awned from the
point or awnless. When not awned
there are two nearly opposite florets,
and the rachilla is not produced beyond
them IX. Avenese.

2. Floral glume generally longer than the

36 THE TRUE GRASSES.

empty ones, unawned or with a straight
awn from the point (seldom below).

XI. Festucese.

/?. Spikelets crowded in two close rows, forming a
one-sided spike or raceme with a continuous

axis X. Chloridese.

y. Spikelets in two (rarely more) opposite rows
forming an equilateral spike (very rarely uni-
lateral) XII. Hordese.

b. Culm (at least at the base) woody, leaf -blade often
with a short, slender petiole articulated with the
sheath from which it finally separates.

XIII. Bambusese.

TEIBE I. — MAYDE.E.

The $ spikelets occupying the upper portion of the
inflorescence or of its divisions, the ? below. Grain
ellipsoidal or roundish, unfurrowed, with large embryo,
and enclosed in a hard capsule formed by the glumes or
part of the articulate rachis (Zea excepted), separating
finally as a false fruit. Starch-grains simple, polyhedral.
Culm tall, with pith ; leaves broad, flat.

EEMARKS. — Only the ? spikelets are arranged in true
spikes ; the $ spikes, so called, of Maize, etc., are, like the
spikes of Andropogonece, really racemes, since the spike-
lets corresponding to the primary branches of the axis
of the spike are distinctly pedicellate. But since these
pedicels bear secondary, sessile spikelets at their bases,
and these apparently are borne on the main axis, the
whole has the appearance of a spike. In Maydece the
term " spike" has been kept up also for the $ racemes
in order to avoid two different terms.

A. $ spikes numerous in terminal panicles, 9 spikes in the
axils of leaves subtended by large membranaceous bracts
at the base.

a. ? spikes of each leaf-axil free, articulated.

l. Euchlsena.

b. ? spikes of each leaf-axil grown together into a
continuous, compound and much thickened axis
(the "ear") 2. Zea.

B. $ spikes solitary at the ends of the branchlets, ? below,
1-2, each of them reduced to a single spikelet ivhich is

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 37

entirely enclosed by the ovate or spherical, ivory-like

sheath of the subtending bract 7. Coix.

C. $ and ? spikelets in the same spike (at least in the lat-
eral spikes}, the lowest empty glume of the $ spikelets
indurated.

a. The covering of the false fruit chiefly formed by
the rachis, its opening in front closed by the nar-
row empty glume 3. Tripsacum.

b. The covering of the false fruit chiefly formed by
the first empty glume, which is appressed to the
narrow joint of the axis to which it is attached on
the inner side.

a. The terminal spikes $ , the lateral ones androg-
ynous or $ 4. Polytoca.

ft. Spikes all monoecious.

I. Several $ spikelets above the $ , the latter
without membranaceous appendages.

5. Chionachne.

II. One $ spikelet above every $ , each of the
latter provided with an open membrana-
ceous appendage (the hardened outer
glume) 6. Sclerachne.

NOTE. — In the explanations of all the following figures the letters are
used as follows : A, entire inflorescence or part of the same ; B,
spikelet ; C, empty glumes (in order Ci, C2, C3, C4) ; D, flowering
glume ; E, palea ; F, flower ; G, lodicules ; J, pi°til ; K, fruit or grain.
Special letters are explained in the descriptions.

1. (37) Euchlama Schrad. (Reana Brign.). Two $
spikelets to each joint of the rachis (one sessile, the
other pedicellate), both two-flowered with membrana-
ceous glumes ; 9 in two-ranked spikes (apparently one-
ranked). These spikes are fasciculate in the leaf-axils ;
the joints of the axis to which they belong are trape-
zoids, so that as they fall off, the obliquity of the upper
surface of one alternates in direction with that above or
below it. The edges of the cavity embrace the first car-
tilaginous empty glume, forming with it at maturity a
smooth cartilaginous capsule or false fruit. Styles pro-
longed far beyond the leaf at the base of the spikelet, and
two-cleft at the end. Tall annuals with verv broad leaves.

38

THE TRUE GRASSES.

one species (E. Mexicana Schrad.) (Fig. 9) with
varieties (e.g., E. luxurians
in Mexico, "Teosiute").
Stems 2-7 m. high, very
leafy, and valuable for
fodder in warm countries ;
rarely blossoms in Eu-
rope, even in the south.
[Teosinte is cultivated in
the Southern States for
green fodder. It rarely
blooms, and matures its
seeds only in southern
Florida.]

2. (38) Zea L. (Mays
Gartn.). Habit, foliage,
$ inflorescence, arrange-
ment of the ? spikes in the
leaf-axils with membra-
naceous basal bracts and
the long projecting styles,
as in the preceding genus,
but the $ spikes (orig-
inally by monstrous or ter-
atological development?)
are grown together into
a spongy, continuous,
club-shaped body (the
"cob") upon which the

Fio. 9.-

elevation that is
limited by a long shallow
furrow on each side) correspond to a single spike of
EucMcvna. Grain developed at the expense of the other
parts, projecting beyond the thin bracts, which rarely
become coriaceous and enclose it.

One species (Zea Mays L.), Maize (Fig. 10), known
only in its cultivated state, but originating at all events
in tropical America, apparently greatly changed by cul-

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 39

FIG 10 -Zea Mays L. (Grosser parts after Maout and Decaisne, details after Nees,
Gen. I., 3. 4.)

40 THE TRUE Q BASSES.

ture. " Husk Maize" (see below) may approach the na-
tive form in its glumes, the occasional division into
more or less separated spikes, and an indication of ar-
ticulations in the inflorescence.

The present condition, perhaps an anomaly obtained
by culture, is lacking in every means of distribution,
and is therefore scarcely typical. The cultivation of
Maize has not only extended into nearly all tropical and
sub-tropical countries, but has also penetrated into
temperate regions (in Europe and North America, as a
cereal, as far as 48°, and as a fodder plant still farther
north), and around Lake Titicaca at 3900 meters above
sea level. Culm 1-5 m. high, 1-6 cm. thick ; leaves broad
with undulating margins and gently drooping ends.

About sixty varieties are known, differing from one an-
other in form, color, and size of fruit. The following are
the most important :

a) Common Maize. Ear 8-24 cm. long ; kernel me-
dium size, compressed from the back, rounded at the
point, generally yellow ; rarely white, red, violet, black,
blue, or variegated in the same ear.

b) Pearl Maize, very small, slender ; kernels scarcely
6 mm. long, round above, vitreous, very shiny like glassy
beads.

c) Horse-tooth Maize. Kernels large, strongly com-
pressed from the back, sides flat, base dimple dented or
creased. A very tall variety found especially in North
America.

d) Sugar Maize. Kernels much wrinkled, vitreous,
appearing like gum arabic when broken, containing,
instead of starch-grains, a soluble modification of starch,
together with a little finely granular starch. Cultivated
in North America.

e) Cuzco Maize. Kernels 2.5 cm. in length and 1.8
cm. in breadth, much compressed, tapering toward the
base.

f) Husk Maize, with herbaceous, ovate, pointed empty
glumes entirely covering the kernels. If the ovary of
yellow maize be fertilized with the pollen of a black

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 41

fruited variety, the resulting grain will be yellow with
grayish-black flecks.

Uses. — The very nourishing meal is sometimes made
into mush (" Polenta") by boiling, but its exclusive
use gives rise to a skin disease; it is also made into
cakes (" Tortillas"), and sometimes mixed with wheat
flour, or wheat and rye, to make bread (" Brown bread "
of New England). The unripe ears are roasted or
pickled in vinegar as a vegetable ; from the fruit the
natives of South America prepare an alcoholic drink
(" Chica"), another (" Pulque de Mahiz") is made in
Mexico by the fermentation of the very sweet sap that is
pressed out of the stem. In North America efforts have
been made to make sugar from this juice. The boiled
fruit makes an excellent food for swine and poultry, and
the entire plant, even the straw, is an excellent fodder
for cattle. The husks are used for making paper as well
as for hats, matting, and for filling beds, etc. The large
variety horse-tooth maize) as well as that with striped
leaves is used for lawn decorations in ornamental
gardening.

Maize was imported into Europe soon after the dis-
covery of America, at about the same time that Northern
Europe received Buckwheat from Central Asia and
Russia. In view of the wide distribution it had attained
when America was discovered, and the manner of its cul-
tivation, its culture in this country must be very ancient,
though older discoveries are wanting, since the finding of
maize-kernels in the renowned graveyard of Ankon in
Lima is not reliable, for determining its antiquity, for
those graves were evidently used after as well as before
the discovery of America.

3. (36) Tripsacum L. One to several upright terminal
spikes, besides those in the leaf axils. The $ spikelets
in pairs at each joint of the axis, two-flowered ; the ?
single, one-flowered ; styles connate near the base, stig-
mas long. Capsule or false fruit as in EucMcena, but
separating less obliquely ; at each side of the base of
the empty glumes (as in Eitchlcena] there is a cavity for

42

THE TRUE GRASSES.

the protruding radicle in germination. Tall perennial
grasses with rather broad leaves.

Species two or three, in sub-tropical America north of
the Equator. Tr. dactyloides L. (" Gama grass") extends

FIG. ll.—Triptacwn dactyloides L. R,
Joint of the rachis. (After Asa
Gray, " Man.," plate 14.)

Fio. 12. — CoixLacrt/ma L. (After
Mart, and Eichl.', " Fl. bras.,'1
II. II. plate 10.)

as far north as Illinois and Connecticut, growing in wet
places, and is used for fodder and also as an ornamental
plant. (Fig. 11.)

4. (33) Polytoca Brown. (CyathoracMs'Nees.) Terminal
panicle consisting of from three to many $ spikes. Fas-

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 43

cicles of spikes in the axils of the leaves composed of $
spikelets above and ? below; the latter with rather
long sterile glumes that are cartilaginous below and
chartaceous above, completely enclosing the narrow
joints of the rachis.

Species three, in the East Indies, one (P. macrophylla
Benth.) in Louisiade Archipelago.

5. (34) Chionachne Brown. Culm much branched,
branches terminated by spikes that are subtended by a
sheathing leaf. Spikes with 1-5 ? and many (usually
in pairs) $ spikelets. Similar to Coix (see below), but
the fruit capsule is formed by the first empty glume.

Species three, in the East Indies, Malayan Archipel-
ago to Australia.

6. (35) Sclerachne Brown. Like the preceding, but
the spikes, which are half enclosed in the leaf-sheath,
have only one $ spikelet, and the ? spikelet has an
appendage upon the first empty glume. Species one (S.
punctata Brown) in Java.

7. (32) Coix L. (Lithagrostis Gartii.). Culm branched
repeatedly, branches ending in one or two short, ivory-
like, nearly globose capsules with an orifice at the top,
and surrounding the ? inflorescences, each of which con-
tains one fertile and 1-2 sterile (often reduced to a pedicel)
spikelets ; the $ inflorescence projects out of the orifices
of the capsules, and is composed of spikelets in pairs.
The capsule is formed by the sheath of the leaf at the
base of the ? inflorescence, and often shows a rudimen-
tary blade. Glumes of the ? spikelets delicate ; style
long, stigma short, hairy.

Species 3-4, in India and China, and from there (C.
Lacryma L., Tear-grass ["Job's Tears"], Fig. 12) spread
throughout the tropical zone ; cultivated in China be-
cause the fruit is believed valuable as a diuretic and anti-
phthisis. In Catholic countries the fruit capsule is used
for rosaries.

TRIBE II. — ANDROPOGONEJE.

Spikelets in spike-like racemes (cf. remarks on May-
dece), two (rarely only one) at each joint of the usually

44 THE TRUE GRASSES.

articulate racliis, one sessile and one pedicellate, often
apparently three at the terminal joint. Raceme some-
times reduced to the terminal joint. Spikelets generally
one-flowered with three empty glumes, rarely a flowering
glume with a $ flower instead of the third empty glume ;
first empty glume always more indurated than the flow-
ering glume, the latter often hyaline, usually bearing a
bent or twisted awn. Palea usually shorter than its
glume, sometimes 0. Stamens three, rarely two or one.
Style free, stigma plumose. Grain uniiirrowed, embryo
nearly half as large as the fruit. Starch-grains simple,
polyhedral to roundish. Mainly natives of elevated
plains within the tropics, forming an important part of
the grasses of the savannas.
A. Spikelets homogamoiis, $ ; joints of the rachis not much

thickened, nor excavated for the reception of the spikelet.

(Saccharece.)

a. Axis of racemes continuous.
a. Spikelets solitary.

I. Spikelets on very short pedicels, disposed
in one to several slender unilateral racemes.

8. Dimeria.

II. Spikelets pedicellate, forming a narrow,
symmetrical, and much-branched panicle.

36. Cleistachne.

ft. Spikelets in pairs, rarely in threes, upon each
joint of the rachis.
I. Eacemes in a narrow spike-like panicle,

spikelets awnless 9. Imperata.

II. Racemes in broad often fan-shaped pani-
cles, spikelets usually awned.

10. Miscanthus.

b. Axis of racemes articulate.

a. Racemes solitary, terminal.

I. Spikelets in pairs at each joint of the rachis.
16. Pogonatherum.

II. Spikelets in threes at each joint of the axis.

15. Polytrias.

ft. Racemes two to many, digitate or approximate
on a shortened main axis.
I. Spikelets one-, rarely two-flowered ; when

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 45

two-flowered the first empty glume has a
median longitudinal furrow. . 13. Pollinia.
II. Spikelets two-flowered, first empty glume
without a longitudinal furrow.

25. Ischsemum (in part).

y. Racemes in a much-branched panicle upon an
elongated main axis, the lateral racemes sessile.

I. Spikelets awned 12. Erianthus.

II. Spikelets unawned. . . .11. Saccharum.

d\ Racemes ^usually short) in branched panicles

with elongated main axis, the lateral racemes

pedicellate 14. Spodiopogon.

B. Spikelets heterogamous or rarely homogamous, the joints
of the axis of the raceme (false spike) appressed or grown
to the pedicels of the primary spikelets, forming together
with the pedicels a hollow or excavation for the reception
of the secondary spikelets ; fertile glumes alivays awnless.
(fiottbcelliece.)

a. Joints of the rachis and pedicels complanate, not
pressing against each other, but opposite ; the £
spikelets sessile upon each joint of the axis and
their posterior sides pressed against each other,
embracing only by the edges. . 17. Ratzeburgia.

b. Joints of rachis and pedicels thick, appressed or
grown together, the £ spikelets single upon each
joint (very rarely in twos), entirely enclosed in
front.

a. First empty glume naked, awnless (at most
only the terminal spikelet caudate).
I. The first empty glume flat or simply con-
vex 18. Rottboellia.

II. First empty glume globose, with an open-
ing upon the inner side which is closed by
the joint of the rachis. . . 19. Manisuris.
/?. The first sterile glume of all or of only the
pedicelled spikelets awned or caudate.
I. Racemes simple or again disposed in
racemes (compound).

1. Spikelets, both sessile and pedicellate
(the latter sometimes apparently re-

46 THE TRUE GRASSES.

duced to a pedicel) with 1-2 short

awns 20. Rhytachne.

2. Sessile spikelets awnless, the pedicellate
with long awns. .. . . 21. Urelytrum.
II. Racemes digitate ; the first glumes of all the
spikelets long caudate-pointed. 22. Vossia.
C. Spikelets heterogamous, the sessile £ (rarely ? ), the pedi-
cellate $ , empty or wanting, very rarely all % or all
pedicellate. Joints of raceme not strongly thickened, nor
with excavations for the reception of the spikelets. (The-
lepogon excepted.)

a. Sessile spikelets two-flowered (Ischwmece).

a. Racemes reduced to the terminal joint with
three spikelets, and enclosed by a sheathing

leaf or bract 28. Apluda.

/3. Racemes with many joints.

I. Pedicellate spikelets developed, flower-
bearing.

1°. Sessile spikelets awnless, pedicellate
awned; first empty glume three-
toothed 27. Lophopogon.

2°. Sessile spikelets awned or with the
flowering glume at least mucronate-
pointed ; empty glumes not three-
toothed 24. Ischsemum.

II. Pedicellate spikelets, very rudimentary,
or reduced to the pedicel.
1°. First sterile glume pectinate-fringed at
least at the base ; racemes solitary,
spikelets awnless. . .25. Eremochloa.
2°. First empty glume not fringed ; racemes
two, closely appressed to each other;
spikelets usually awned. 26. Apocopis.
3°. First empty glume not fringed, trans-
versely wrinkled and tuberculate ;
racemes digitate ; spikelets awned.

23. Thelepogon.

b. Sessile spikelets, one-flowered ( Euandropogonece}.
Flowering glume of the pedicellate spikelets awn-
less.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 47

a. Axis of racemes indistinctly articulate, not
brittle ; spikelets all pedicellate.

29. Trachypogon.

/3. Axis of racemes distinctly articulate ; spikelets
both sessile and pedicellate.
I. First empty glume with a balsam-bearing
line within the side keels. Racemes soli-
tary ; spikelets awnless. 30. Elionurus.
II. First empty glume without balsam lines.
Racemes when solitary almost always
awned.

1. A false whorl of four or more staminate
or empty spikelets at the base of each
raceme. Racemes solitary, short, usu-
ally subtended by a sheathing leaf.

* False whorl composed of four $ , one-^
flowered or empty spikelets.

t $ spikelets with a pointed callus,

readily separating from the false

whorl. . . . 33. Themeda.

ft $ spikelets without a callus, falling

off together with the false whorl.

35. Iseilema.

** False whorl composed of 6-9 $
two-flowered spikelets.

34. Germainia.

2. No distinct false whorl of $ spikelets at
the base of the racemes, or where an im-
perfect one occurs, the racemes in pairs,
subtended by a leaf-sheath.

* Fertile glume awned from the back
or base ; leaves cordate at base.

31. Arthraxon.

** Fertile glumes awned from the point
or from a more or less deep cleft, or
awnless ; leaves not cordate at the
base 32. Andropogon.

1. SUB-TRIBE Dimerieae.

8. (82) Dimeria R. Brown. (Haplacline Presl., Didactylon
Zoll., Psilostachys Steud., Pterygostachyum Nees). Spike-

48

THE TRUE GRASSES.

Fio. 13.— Saccharum officinarum L. (After Bentley et Trimen, " Medicinal Plants.")

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA 49

F

FlQ. 13.— Continued.

lets one-flowered, linear, laterally compressed ; first emp-
ty glume keeled, flowering glumes awned. Stamens two.
Species twelve, in East Indies, S. China, N. Australia.

2. SUB-TRIBE Sacchareae.

9. (73) Imperata Cyr. Spikelets one-flowered, densely
clothed with long silky hairs. Empty glumes mem-
branaceous, narrow, the two outer with long hairs.
Flowering glume small. Stamens 1-2. Stigmas long,
exserted from the point of the spikelet.

Species five, throughout the tropical and sub-trop-
ical zones, also in warm temperate countries. /. arundi-
nacea Cyr. is cosmopolitan in its several varieties. It
forms the principal grass of the Alang Alang fields
in the Malay Archipelago, and furnishes material for
thatching roofs.

10. (74) Miscanthus Andersson. Distinguished from
the preceding by the broad panicle, three stamens, and
the flowering glumes more or less bifid and usually
awned between the teeth or lobes. Tall, the ample
panicles terminal and usually silky hairy, rarely naked.

Species six, in Southern and Eastern Asia to Amur.
M. Sinensis Anders. (Utdalia Japonica Trin.) with awued
spikelets, is a favorite ornamental grass, as also is the
more rare M. sacchariftorus Hack. (Imperata sacchariftora
Maxim.) with awnless spikelets, from Amur.

11. (75) Saccharum L. Panicles usually expanded, the
branches (racemes) many-jointed. Spikelets slender, the

50 THE TRUE GRASSES.

somewhat hardened first and second empty glumes with
long hairs (especially on the callus). Third empty glume
(often 0) as well as the flowering glume and short palea
hyaline. Anthers three. Tall grasses, usually with narrow
leaves ; the small spikelets surrounded by long silky hairs.

Species twelve, mostly in the tropics of the Old
World, only three (forming Sec. II) in America.

Sec. I. Spikelets all $ . Panicles expanded, axis of
racemes articulate. To this section belongs S. officina-
rum L. (Sugar-cane) (Fig. 13), which has a culm 2-4 m.
high, 2-5 cm. thick, with very juicy pith ; leaves long, 2—4
cm. broad ; panicles 40-80 cm. long, pyramidal, and the
third empty glume wanting. Native country not known,
probably from tropical East Asia, but now cultivated in all
tropical countries, especially in South America, and also
in South Spain. In many countries, especially in the
islands of the Pacific Ocean, it readily becomes spon-
taneous, and when this is the case it blossoms. For
culture varieties are chosen which have been reproduced
for centuries by cuttings, and consequently have become
nearly incapable of blooming. To propagate sugar-cane
it is sufficient to place a piece of the culm possessing
buds at its nodes, in a hole or furrow in the ground,
where it will root rapidly if sufficiently moist.

The different cultivated varieties are distinguished
almost entirely by the color and height of the culm.
The expressed juice or sap yields 17 to 18 per cent sac-
charose (crystallizable sugar), and the uucrystallizable
molasses that remains is used for the manufacture of
rum. In many countries the fresh culms are sold for
chewing. At present the colonial sugar industry is
somewhat on the decline, a condition to which the manu-
facture of beet-sugar and the attacks of certain insects
(Tortrix sacclmriphfiga, Coccus sacchari) have contributed.
S. spontaneum L. with narrower leaves and a developed
third empty glume is found from Sicily (where it is also
cultivated as a hedge plant) through the tropics of the
Old World, and is a component of the Alang Alaiig fields
of Sunda Islands (Malayan Archipelago), and of the grass-
bars of the Upper Nile.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA.

Sec. II. Sclerostachya. Like Sec. I., but the axis of
the raceme is continuous. Spikelets all pedicellate.
Species one, in Asia.

Sec. III. Eriochrysis (Beauv. as a genus). Pedicellate
spikelets ? , smaller ; panicle compact, interrupted ;
axis articulate. Species four, in South America and
Cape of Good Hope.

Sec. IV. Leptosaccharum. Spikelets single along the
axis of the raceme. Eachis not articulate. Species one,
in South America.

12. (76) Erianthus Michx. (Ripidium Trin.). Differs
from Saccltarum only by the awned spikelets. Reed-like,
narrow-leaved grasses with

the usually expanded panicles
clothed with silky hairs.

Species seventeen, in the
warmer countries of both
hemispheres. One species (E.
Ravennce, Beauv.) extends as
far north as upper Italy.
Also cultivated for ornament.
(Fig. 14.)

13. (78) Pollinia Trin. Ra-
cemes usually digitate, sel-
dom arranged in panicles.
First and second empty
glumes chartaceous or mem-
branaceous, the third hyaline.
Flowering glumes awned
from the point or from a
notch. Awns twisted or
geniculate, very rarely 0.

Species thirty -two, in the
tropical and sub-tropical re-
gions of the Old World.

Sec. I. Eulalia (Kunth as
a genus). Spikelets clothed
with silky hairs. Leaves nar-
row-linear.

Sec. II. Leptatherum (Nees as a genus, Nemastachys

FIG. 14. — Erianthus Ravennce Beauv.
(After Nees, Gen. Germ. I. 90. A,
Branch of the panicle.)

52 THE TRUE GRASSES.

Steud., Microstegium Nees). Spikelets slightly liairy,
usually only upon the callus, rarely upon the keel.
Leaves lanceolate, much narrowed at the base.

14. (77) Spodiopogon Trin. Racemes with long pedi-
cels, usually with only two to three pairs of spikelets ;
first empty glume keelless, strongly 5-9-nerved. Spike-
lets somewhat laterally compressed, awned from a deep
notch in the flowering glume.

Species five, in Asia Minor, Hiudostan, China,
Amur, and Japan.

15. (77o) Polytrias Hack. A low, prostrate grass with
shining, red-brown, hairy racemes, each joint of the
rachis bearing two sessile and one pedicellate spikelet.
Flowering glumes with a terminal awn.

Species one (P. prcemorsa Hack.), in Java.

16. (79) Pogonatherum Beauv. (Homoplitis Trin.).
Spikelets very small, the second empty glume and the
flowering glume with long delicate awns. Anthers two.
Delicate grasses.

Species two, in the East Indies ; one (P. saccharoideum
Beauv.) extends to Japan.

3. SUB-TRIBE Rottbcellieae.
Joints of the rachis and the spikelets usually naked.

17. (86) Ratzeburgia Kunth. Racemes (false spikes)
linear, flattened. Joints of the rachis curved above ;
first empty glume reticulately ribbed.

Species one (R. pidcherrima Kuuth), on the river
Irawaddi.

18. (84) Rottbcellia L. False spikes cylindrical or
slightly compressed ; first empty glume coriaceous,
covering the excavation in the rachis-joint ; spikelets
awnless.

A polymorphous genus with the following sub-
genera :

Sub-genus I. Coelorhachis (Brongn. as a genus,
Stegosia Lour.). Racemes solitary and terminal upon
the culm and its branches, articulate and joints read-
ily separating ; joints of the rachis hollow at the apex,

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA.

53

free, rarely grown to the pedicels of the lateral spikelets ;
spikelets usually one-flow-
ered, the pedicellate and
sessile ones alike, the
former rarely rudiment-
ary.

Species twenty, in the
tropics of both hemi-
spheres.

Sub-genus II. Ophiu-
rns (Gartn. as a genus).
Resembling Sub-genus I,
but the lateral spikelets

are absent or rudimentary, vm.w.-itottbaittia loricata Trin. (After
and their pedicels grown Mart et Eichl" " Flora Bras'" n' IIL)
to the rachis ; sessile spikelets one-flowered.

Species four, in the tropics of the Old World. In 0.
Icevis Benth. (Mnesithea Kunth, Thyridostachyum Nees)
there are frequently sessile spikelets, in pairs, upon the
lower portion of the false spike. Ophiurus may be cor-
rectly considered as an independent genus.

Sub-genus III. Hemartliria (Brown as a genus). Re-
sembling Sub-genus I, but the false spikes are more
compressed, not imperfectly articulate, and joints of the
rachis hollow at the apex. Lateral spikelets formed
like the one-flowered sessile spikelets, their pedicels
usually grown to the rachis-joints so that the spikelets
appear to be in pairs.

Species three, in warm countries extending beyond the
tropics as far as South Europe and Tasmania.

Sub-genus IV. Peltophorus Desv. (Manisuris L., not
Sw.). Like Sub-genus III, but the two contiguous ses-
sile spikelets are very unlike, the first sterile glume of
one having a broad margin (" bordered on each side at
the apex by a membranous wing" — Bentham) ; joints of
the axis easily separable, with two appressed cavities at
the apex.

Species three, in India.

Sub-genus V. Thyrsostachys. False spikes in a
bushy panicle. First empty glume of the sessile, one

54 THE TRUE GRASSES.

flowered spikelets almost inembranaceous, coriaceous
only upon the edges.

Species one, in Khasya Mountains.

Sub-genus VI. Phacelurus (Griseb. as a genus). False
spikes in simple racemes, sessile, rarely solitaiy. All
spikelets alike, two-flowered.

Species three, in the Orient, Himalaya, and East Asia.

19. (87) Manisuris Sw. Sessile spikelets one-flowered,
hollow-globose, pitted externally ; pedicellate spikelets
flat, $ , or empty, their pedicels grown to the rachis.

Species one (M. granularls Sw.), with leaves cordate
at the base. A weed in all tropical countries.

20. Rhytachne Desv. Axis of the false spike articu-
late, easily separable at the joints whose ends are at right
angles to the axis and without appendages. First empty
glume of the sessile spikelets rugose and with one or
two terminal points or tails. Pedicellate spikelets rudi-
mentary, awned.

Sub-genus I. Eurytachne. False spikes terminal and
solitary.

Species two, in tropical Africa ; one of them said to
occur upon the Antilles.

Sub-genus II. Jardinea (Steud. as a genus). False
spikes, several, in a simple raceme, pedicellate.

Species two, in tropical Africa.

21. Urelytrum Hack. Axis of the false spike articu-
late, easily breaking into joints whose ends are oblique
and provided with . -an appendage at the upper end.
First empty glume of the sessile spikelets smooth, awn-
less.

Species two, in tropical Africa to Natal.

22. (89) Vossia Wall. & Griff. False spikes digitate,
stout, compressed. Kachis-joiuts curved, notched, not
excavated. First empty glume of the sessile spikelets
smooth, and like the pedicellate produced into a long
straight point or awn 1.5 to 2 cm. long.

Species one (V. procera Wall. & Griff.), a tall, aquatic
grass, frequently floating. In western India, and in tropi-
cal Africa, where it occurs in the swampy lands of the
Upper Nile, forming, in company with Saccharum spon-

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA.

55

., the vast floating grass-bars which frequently
make navigation impossible.

4. SUB-TRIBE Ischaemeae.

23. (90) Thelepogon Both (fihiniachne Hochst.). Ra-
cemes digitate. Rachis flexuose, joints notched. First
empty glume tuberculate. Flowering glume strongly
awned from the notch.

Species one ( Th. elegans Roth), in India and Abyssinia.

24. (91) Ischgemum L. (Fig. 16). Racemes two to
many, digitate, rarely solitary. Spikelets broad, the
pedicellate like the sessile, but frequently unawned,

FIG. 16.— Ischcemum Urvilleanum Kunth. (After Mart, et Eichl., " Flora Bras," II,
III, re.)

rarely $ or empty. First empty glume coriaceous or
membranaceous, obtuse, often two-toothed. Flowering
glume awned from the apex or a notch. Mostly low
grasses with rather broad leaves. t

Species thirty -four, chiefly in Southern Asia and
Australia, very few in America and Africa.

Sec. I. Meoschium (Beauv. as a genus, Colladoa Cav.,
Ischcemopogon Griseb.). Racemes .two to many.

Sec. II. Sehima (Forsk. as a genus) (Hologamium
Nees). Racemes solitary.

25. (89) Eremochloa Base non Watson (Pectinaria
Benth. as a section). Racemes solitary, densely flow-
ered, unilateral. Spikelets broad, awnless. Delicate,
ornamental grasses.

56 THE TRUE GRASSES.

Species six, in East Indies.

26. (80) Apocopis Nees (Amblyachyrum Hochst.).
Racemes in pairs (often having the appearance of being
single). Spikelets crowded, the lowest sessile, & , aAvu-
less, the upper $ , awned. Stamens two. Delicate, low
grasses.

Species three or four, in East India, China, and the
islands of the Malayan Archipelago.

27. Lophopogon Hack. Spikes in pairs, appressed to-
gether, clothed with shining, rusty-brown hairs ; spikelets
crowded. (Characters in the key.) A low, delicate
grass with narrow leaves.

Species one (L. tridentatus Hack.), in western India.

28. (98) Apluda L. Racemes minute, enclosed in the
sheaths, fascicled ; fascicles in false panicles interspersed
with numerous leaves. Callus of the sessile spikelets
spherical, both the other spikelets (one $ and one rudi-
mentary) upon broad, flat pedicels.

Species one (A. varia Hack.), Avith many varieties
(spikelets awned or awnless), in East Indies, China, and
Australia.

5 SUB-TRIBE Euandropogoneae.

29. (92) Trachypogon Nees. The long, pedicellate
spikelet of every pair $ , with a long stout awn ; the $
spikelet subsessile, awnless. Racemes solitary or two
or three together, often clothed with silky hairs.

Species one ( T. polymorphm Hack.), in tropical and
subtropical America, Southern Africa, and Madagascar.

30. (83) Elionurus Humb. & Bonpl. Axis of the soli-
tary raceme obliquely articulate, densely hairy. First
empty glume bifid or two-lobed, fringed ; spikelets with
a strong balsam-like odor when fresh or after soaking in
water, and burning the tongue when chewed. [Two
species within the limits of the United States, viz., E.
tripsacoides H.B.K. (Rottbcettia ciliata Nutt.) and E. bar-
biculmis Hack. (Wright, No. 2106).]

Species fifteen, mostly in tropical and subtropical
America, some in Africa, western India, and Aus-
tralia. Savanna grasses, rejected by cattle. (The

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 57

strong balsamic products in these grasses may protect
them from being exterminated by grass-eating animals.)

31. (82) Arthraxon Beauv. (Pleuroplitis Trin., Batlira-
Utmi.m Nees, Luccea Kunth, Alectoridia Rich., Psilopogoa
Hochst.,Lasiolytrum Steud.). Racemes usually digitate,
delicate, often becoming true spikes by the abortion of
the $ spikelet together with its pedicel. Spikelets
awned, very rarely awnless. Delicate grasses.

Species nine, in the tropics of the Old World ; one
extends to Japan, China, and Asia Minor.

32. (94) Andropogon L. Racemes solitary or in pairs,
digitate or panicled, occasionally reduced to a few joints
or to the terminal joint with three spikelets. Rachis
and callus of the first empty glume usually hairy.
Spikelets usually narrow, the pedicellate $ , empty, or
reduced to the pedicel, its flowering glume awnless, but
the first empty glume occasionally awned. Palea fre-
quently small or 0.

A polymorphous genus, spread over all parts of the
world in the tropical and temperate zones ; the species
prefer dry places, especially savannas. The numerous
sub-genera form two distinct series.

Series A. Isozygi. The sessile spikelets of the lowest
pairs in each raceme like those above as regards sex,
form, and awns.

Sub-genus I. Schizachyrium (Nees as a genus). Ra-
cemes slender, solitary, usually smooth, terminal upon
the culm or its branches, the thickened joints of the
rachis with a cup- or tooth-like appendage at the apex.
Flowering glume often cleft nearly to the base, awned
from between the divisions ; second empty glume awnless.

Species twenty-seven, in the tropics, especially of
America, and as far north as New England (e.g., A.
scoparius Mich.).

Sub-genus II. Diectomis (Humb. & Bonpl. as a
genus). Like Sub-genus I, but the spikelets laterally
compressed, the second empty glume awned, the flower-
ing glume slightly notched at the point.

Species one, in tropical countries.

Sub-genus III. Hypogynium (Nees as a genus). Ra-

58

THE TRUE GRASSES.

cemes solitary, terminal upon the branches and culm,
subtended by sheathing leaves. Rachis slender, with-
out appendages ; flowering glume awned from the point
or from a narrow slit, or awnless.

Species five, scattered through the tropics (A. spathi-
florus Kunth from Paraguay to Cuba).

Sub-genus IV. Anaddphia (Hack, as a genus). Like
the preceding, but only a part or none of the sessile, $
spikelets are accompanied by $ ones.

Species one, in tropical Western Africa.
Sub-genus V. Arthrolophis (EuEastaxon Steud. as a
genus). Racemes mostly in pairs, rarely digitate or
panicled, the lateral ones sessile ;
joints of the rachis somewhat
thickened, not translucent.
Flowering glume usually bifid or
two-toothed.

Species fifty, the majority
American (A. Virginicus L.
["Broom Sedge"] and its allies,
A. provincialis Lam., etc.).

Sub-genus VI. Amphilophis.
Racemes digitate or panicled, all
pedicellate. Rachis-joiuts and
pedicels witli a median, longitudi-
nal, translucent line. Flowering
glume pedicel-like, tapering into
an awn.

Species fifteen, mostly of the
Old World. A. Ischwmum L.
(Fig. 17) of ('(Mitral Europe and

tWW/JT Asia, and A. xaccharoides S\v. of
% ^jmJK\ America, belong here.
Sub-genus VII. Sorghum
L- WJwl (Pers. as a genus, Blumeiibachia

Kol.). Racemes in panicles, fre-

Fio. 17.—Andropogon Ischce-

Germ 'i s»f)% ^pai^of quent;l.y w^n few (sometimes only
spikelets.' one) fertile spikelets. Rachis-

joints without a translucent line, empty glume usually
broad-lanceolate, finally indurated and shining.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 59

Species thirteen, A. arundinaceus Scop. (A. Halapensis
Sibtli.) (Fig. 18) with a compound panicle, 2-5 spikelets
in each raceme, and fringed lodicules. Scattered in
many varieties over the torrid and warm temperate
countries. This is probably the original form of the
cultivated Sorghum or Black Millet races (A. Sorghum
Brot.). In these the fruit and spikelets are. usually
larger and rounder, and the rachis is not articulate.
The most important are variety saccJiaratus (Sorghum
saccharatum Pers.), Sugar Sorghum, panicles looser with
drooping branches and red-brown spikelets ; var. technicu-s,
like the preceding, but the branches very long, exceed-
ing the shortened main axis ; var. vulgaris (S. vulgare
Pers.), with more compact panicles and light-colored
obovate spikelets ; var. niger, like the preceding, but
with black spikelets ; var. cernuus (S. cernuum Host.),
like vulgaris, but the culm is bent or recurved just below
the panicle ; var. Durra, with . more condensed panicles
and deltoid spikelets, etc. The culture of Sorghum
probably had its origin in Africa, where " Durra," as it
is called there, is now cultivated over the entire con-
tinent, and has become the most important cereal.
The natives also chew the stem, which contains sugar.
It is also considerably cultivated in India and China.
In Europe it is raised less for bread than for mechanical
purposes (especially the variety technicus) ; the panicles
are made into the so-called " rice brooms," and into
brushes, etc. Italy, South France, and North America
furnish the raw material in great quantity. In Ger-
many, Sorghum, like Maize, is only occasionally raised
for green fodder. In North America sugar is also made
from the culms, and for this purpose the variety called
Sugar Sorghum (S. saccharatum) is used less than cer-
tain kinds of the variety vulgaris. In South Europe
these industries may develop in the future. From the
fruit the Caffirs make "TiaUva" and the negroes "Merisa,"
alcoholic drinks. The fruiting glumes contain useful
coloring matters.

Sub-genus VIII. Vetiveria (Virey as a genus). Ra-

60

THE TRUE GRASSES.

FIG. IS.-

m Brot. A, the original form (A. Hnlnpensis Sihth ).

; after Reicheub ' Ic- im- D> ^ and '• var-

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 61

cemes very many, in whorls upon slender pedicels ; these
are arranged above one another, forming a panicle.

Species two. A. squarrosus L., fil. (A. muricatus
Betz., Anatherum muricatum Beauv.). Spikelets small,
narrow; empty glumes cartilaginous, beset with small
spines. Swamp plants, called in India " Khushus" or
" Bena," in the French colonies " Yetives." [Introduced
in Louisiana, where it has become spontaneous.] The
rhizome is very aromatic. In India the whole plant is
used in making the " Vessaries," or broad fan-screens,
which when kept wet and placed in a current of air,
cool and at the same time perfume the heated atmos-
phere of a room. When laid among clothing the rhizome
keeps it free from insects. In European drug stores it
is known as Radix Anatheri or R. Vetiverice, a stimulant
or antiseptic. It is also used in perfumery (Vitivert).

Sub-genus IX . Chrysopogon (Triii. as a genus ; Rhapliis
Lour.). Bacemes whorled, pedicellate, usually reduced
to one or two terminal joints. Spikelets somewhat
laterally compressed.

Species twelve (A. Gryllus in S. Europe and Asia,
etc.), with one exception (A. pauciflorus = Sorghum pauci-
florum Chapm.) from the Old World.

Series B. Heterozygi. Sessile spikelet of the lowest
pair or of several of the lower pairs (at least in one or
two racemes) differs from the upper pairs in sex and
awns, or is empty.

Sub-genus X. Dichanthium (Willemet as a genus, Le-
peocercis Triii.). Bacemes usually three to many, digitate,
all pedicellate or all sessile, not subtended by a leaf-
sheath. Flowering glume usually stalk-like.

Species ten, in the tropics of the Old World, two of
them (A. piptatherus Hack., A. Neesii Kunth) also in
America.

Sub-genus XI. Cymbopogon (Spreng. as a genus). Ba-
cemes in pairs, terminal upon the culm or its branches,
one sessile, always with 1-2 basal homogamous pairs
(of 2 $ spikelets), the other short pedicelled with or
without homogamous pairs, both together subtended by
a sheathing leaf, frequently arranged in a false panicle

THE TRUE GRASSES.

interrupted by leaves. Flowering glume usually two-
toothed, strongly awned. About forty species in the
tropics of the Old World (very few in America). Pre-
dominating grasses of the savannas of tropical Africa.
A. Nardus L. (Fig. 19), in Ceylon and Hindostan, also

FIG. 19.— Andropogon Nardus L. (After Bentley et Trimen, " Medicinal Plants.")

cultivated, has very large panicles, and is in all parts,
especially the spikelets, rich in a volatile oil, which
when distilled is known in commerce as Citronella oil ;
the closely related A. Schcenanthus L., distinguished by
a longitudinal furrow in the lower third of the first
empty glume, is the source of Lemon-grass oil. Both
are used as stimulants and anti-spasmodics for neuralgia
and rheumatism, and are also employed in the adultera-
tion of oil of roses. One variety of A. Schoenanthus is
highly valued by the negroes for stopping hemorrhages.
A. laniger Desf., from North Africa to India, furnishes
Herbn Schoenanthi or Junci odorati, and A. Iivarancusa

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA.

Blane, is in use in India as a medicine for cholera.
From the related A. refractus Brown, the Tahiti ilsanders
prepare a cosmetic oil (" rnonoi "). Exotheca Andersson
also belongs to this sub-genus.

Sub-genus XII. Heteropogon (Persoon as a genus).
Racemes solitary and terminal upon the culm or its
branches ; spikelets imbricated, the first to fifth pairs
homogamous ; awns large, and those of all the spikelets
often entangled together ; $ or ? spikelets with a pointed
callus.

Species five, in the tropics, one of which (A. contortus
L.) is cosmopolitan as far north as South Europe and
North America. The fruiting glumes of these species
easily bore into the skin and
flesh of sheep by means of their
pointed callus, and are thus a
source of injury, especially in
Australia. The awns may serve
as hygrometers.

33. (97) Themeda Forsk. (An-
thistiria L. fil., Androscepla
Brongn., Heterelytrum Jungh.,
Perobachne Presl). The racemes
are united into false panicles ;
they appear like a fascicle of
7-11 spikelets. Occupying the
middle of the racemes are 1-3,
loug-awned, $ spikelets; near
these and in a false whorl at
the base are the unawned $
spikelets ; the whole included in
a foliaceous bract.

Species nine, in the warmer
countries of the Old World.
Th. Forskalii Hack. (Anthistiria
tiliata of authors, not of L. fil.)
(Fig. 20) from Syria and Algeria

to Cape Of Good Hope and TaS- FIG. M.-Themeda Forskalii
. _., . . ., -„ Hack. (After Andersson, Mo-

mania. This is the " Kangaroo nogr., Androp. pi. 3.)
grass" of the Australian farmer, often almost exclusively

64 THE TRUE GRASSES.

covering wide-extending plains and mountain slopes in
Australia and South Africa.

34. (97 §) Germainea Balansa & Poitrass. Inflorescence
terminal, clustered, consisting of three central ? , loiig-
awned, one-flowered spikelets, and of 6-9 $ , awnless,
two-flowered ones.

Species one (G. capitata Bal. & Poitr.), from Saigon
to South China and the Khasiya Mts.

35. (97 §) Iseilema Anderss. Like Themeda, but more
delicate. (For characters, see Key.)

Species three, in India, one in Australia. (I. Wrightii
Anderss. has a scent like bedbugs.)

36. (59) Cleistachne Benth. Resembling Sorghum in
its habit and the hard empty glume, but without lateral

$ spikelets or their pedicels. Awns of the fertile glume
terminal, stout.

Species two, one in the East Indies, one in tropical
Africa.

TRIBE III. — ZOYSIEJE.

Spikelets solitary or in groups, usually one-flowered,
the flowering glume always awnless, membranaceous ;
the empty glumes of firmer texture and frequently awned.
Rachis continuous. Otherwise as in Andropogonece.
A. Spikelets in groups of from three to several at each joint

of the main axis ; each group fatting off entire.

a. Spikes in pairs, articulate ; spikelets 7-8 together.

37. Trachys.

b. Spikes or racemes solitary, continuous, terminat-
ing the culm or its branches.

a. Spikelets 3-4 together, each group surrounded
by an indurated, pitcher-shaped pseudo-invo-
lucre formed by the first empty glume of each

spikelet 38. Anthephora.

ft. Groups of spikelets without an involucre.

I. Uppermost spikelet of each group sterile.
Second empty glume coriaceous, with
hooked spines on the back. . 41. Tragus.
II. Lowest spikelet of each group sterile,
terminal one fertile, one-flowered with
delicate glumes 40. JEgopogon

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 65

III. Two outer spikelets $ , two-flowered ; one
inner $ , one-flowered. . . . 39. Hilaria.
B. Spikelets solitary, very rarely two upon each internod,e of
the rachis.

a. Empty glumes three, the third often having the
function of the flowering glume of a $ flower.

44. Neurachne.

b. Empty glumes two, these much longer than the
flowering glume.

a. Both empty glumes with hooked spines upon-

the back, awnless 42. Latipes.

/?. Both empty glumes with a fringed crest upon

the back, awnless 43. Lopholepis.

y. Both empty glumes smooth.

I. Empty glumes with long awns. 45. Perotis.
II. Empty glumes subulate, awnless.

46. Leptothrium.

c. Empty glume one.

a. Empty glume coriaceous, acute, awnless.

47. Zoysia.
ft. Empty glume with 3-5 awns. . 48. Schaffnera.

37. (64) Trachys Pers. (Trachyozus Keichb., Trachys-
tachys Dietr.). The outer spikelets of the clusters $ ,
the inner 1-3 £ ; the third glume very large, coriaceous,
all the others much smaller.

Species one ( T. mucronata Pers.), on the sea shores of
western India.

38. (63) Anthephora Schreb. (Fig. 21). Eachis strongly
flexuose, spikelets fitting exactly into the curves in the
joints. Pseudo-involucre below with 3-5 deep incisions ;
all spikelets £ , awnless.

Species five ; one in tropical America, the others in
tropical and southern Africa.

39. (60) Hilaria Kunth (Hexarrhena Presl, Pleuraphis
Torr.). Empty glumes of the £ spikelets two-cleft, with
one to several awns, those of the $ spikelets very obtuse,
short awned or awnless. Flowering glume awnless or
mucronate-pointed.

Species five, from Central America to California and
Texas.

66 THE TRUE GRASSES.

40. (61) JEgopogon. Humb. & Bonpl. (Hymenothteium
Lag., Schettingia Steud.). Fascicles of spikelets secund
along a delicate axis, finally pendent. Spikelets small,
usually awned.

Species two, from Brazil to California.

41. (65) Tragus (Fig. 22). The 3-5 spikelets of each
fascicle somewhat divergent. First empty glume minute,
sometimes wanting ; the second large, beset with hook-

FIG. 21. — Anthephora elegana
Schreb. L, Involucre. (After
Mart, et Eichl., Fl. br. II. III.
pi. 44.)

FIG. 22. — Tragus racemosus Hall.
(After Nees, Gen. Germ., I. 28.)

like spines. Flowering glume and palea smaller and
smooth.

Species (or varieties) two. Low, branching weeds,
in all warm countries. [Introduced about Philadelphia,
Mobile, etc.] The fruiting glume readily adheres to the
wool and hair of animals.

42. (66) Latipes Kunth. Spikelets curved, very spiny,
solitary or in pairs upon a very broad and flat pedicel,

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 67

filially bent downwards, and together with the pedicel
they easily fall off.

Species one (L. Senegalensis Kunth), from Senegambia
to the East Indies (Sciiide).

43. (67) Lopholepis Decne. (HoUbcellia Wall, in Hook.
Misc.). Spikelets very small, resembling a bird's, head.
First empty glume with a basal, knob-like protuberance
(the head), then suddenly bending outward and like the
second, assuming the form of a beak. Delicate, annual
grasses.

Species one (L. ornithocephala Decne.), in Hindostan.

44. (68) Neurachne Brown. Spikes elongated or short
and thick. Second empty glume largest and fringed
within the edge. Perennials with narrow and hard leaves.

Species three, in Australia.

45. (69) Perotis Ait. (Xystidium Trin.). Spikelets nar-
row, delicate, very long-awned, standing at right angles
to the axis of the long, linear spikes. Leaves short and
broad.

Species three, in the tropics of the Old World.

46. (70) Leptothrium Kunth. Empty glumes two,
otherwise like the next.

Species one (L. rigidum Kunth), in the warmer por-
tions of America.

47. (71) Zoysia Willd. (Matretta Pers., Osterdamia
Neck.). Spikes slender. Spikelets closely appressed.
Empty glume one, compressed, keeled, coriaceous, sur-
rounding the flowering glume and palea. Creeping,
maritime grasses with rigid aiid frequently sharp-pointed
leaves.

Species 2-3, in Southern and Eastern Asia, on the
Mascarene Isles, Australia, and New Zealand.

48. (72) Schaffnera Benth. Spikelets not in spikes,
but disposed in clusters in the axils of the upper leaf-
sheaths. Flowering glume with a single awn. A low,
anomalous grass of very doubtful position.

Species one (Sch. Mexicana Benth.), in Mexico.

68 THE TRUE GRASSES.

TRIBE IV. — TRISTEGINE.S:.

Spikelets all $ , 1-2-flowered, in panicled racemes ;
axis continuous. Empty glumes three, the third some-
times having the function of a flowering glume of a $
flower. Like the preceding tribe, this forms a transition
between the Andropogonece and Panicece. All tropical.

A. Flowering glumes of the Q spikdets aivned ; awns usually
geniculate and twisted below. . . . 49. Arundinella.

B. Flowering glume awnless (frequently, hoivever, the 1-3
empty glumes are awned).

a. First empty glume very small, appressed to the
one above 50. Melinis.

b. First and second empty glumes very small, resem-
bling minute scales ; spikelets in spikes.

55. Beckera!

c. First empty glume half as large as the second and
third, all awnless.

a. The long racemes of spikelets in distant whorls
along a common axis. . . .51. Phaenosperma.

/?. The short racemes of spikelets solitary along
the main axis 52. Triscenia.

d. First and second empty glume equal in length,
half as long as the third and the flowering glume,
all awnless ; spikelets minute. . 54. Thysanolsena.

e. First empty glume subulate, awn- like, projecting
beyond the others 53. Arthropogon.

NOTE.— Compare Tricholcena (Panfcw).

49. (51) Arundinella Eaddi (Ooldbachia Trin., Acra-
therum Link, Thysanachne Presl, Brandtia Kunth). (Fig.
23.) Spikelets pedicellate, usually in pairs upon the
branches of the panicle, pedicels of unequal length.
First empty glume shorter than the others, the second
frequently awned, the third awnless, usually inclosing
a $ flower.

Species twenty-four, mostly in the tropical regions
of the Old World, a few in South America [one in Mex-
ico].

50. (53) Melinis Beauv. (Tristegis Nees, Suardia

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA.

Schrk.). Spikelets very small, elliptical, naked; third
glume usually awned ; disposed
in somewhat compact panicles.

Species one (M. minutijlora
Beauv.), in Brazil, Ascension,
Natal, Madagascar. In Brazil
it is called " Capimmellado" on
account of its glutinous proper-
ties. It is prized for fodder and
is even cultivated.

51. (52) Phsenosperma Munro.
Panicles large, branches in
whorls ; caryopsis projecting -^
from the glumes half its length.

Species one (Ph. globosa), in
China.

52. (54) Triscenia Griseb. A
grass of doubtful relationship,
on account of the small embryo,
having nearly the same habit as
Festuca ovina. Panicles few-
flowered. Spikelets one-flow-
ered.

Species one ( T. ovina Gri- „

, xr. _. , FIG. 23.— Arundtnella Nepalensts

Seb.), in Cuba. Trin. (After Trin.,Spec. Gr. pi.

53. (55) Arthropogon Nees.

Panicles loose. Empty glumes coriaceous, the second
largest. One $ flower in the axil of the third glume.
Species two ; one in Brazil, the other in Cuba.

54. (58) Thysanolaena Nees ( Myriachceta Zoll.). Pani-
cles very large, with innumerable minute spikelets in
short racemes. Spikelets as in Panicum, but the flowering
glume is delicate and fringed with hairs.

Species one (Tk. acarifera Nees), "Tiger Grass," in
tropical Asia — a troublesome weed among cultivated
plants ; 2-4 m. in height.

55. (47) Beckera Fresen. Spikelets in numerous
spikes in the axils of the leaves. Third empty glume
with a long straight awn, flowering glume awnless or

70 THE TRUE GRASSES.

mucronate-pointed, three-nerved ; palea narrow, hyaline,
nerveless, two-toothed.

Species three, in Abyssinia. Position of the genus
doubtful.

TRIBE V.— PANICEJE.

Spikelets one- (or occasionally two-) flowered, the
second flower $ (very rarely £ ), in the axil of the third
glume ; arranged in spikes, racemes, or panicles ; axis
usually continuous. Flowering glume and palea of the
$ flower always firmer in texture than the empty glumes,
unawned (empty glumes rarely awued). Fruit as in An-
dropogonecK.
A. Spikelets all hermaphrodite.

a. Spikelets neither sunken in an excavation in the
rachis nor subtended by a large leaf-sheath.
a. Spikelets without any special covering consist-
ing of bristles or spines (sterile branches).

I. Empty glume one 56. Beimaria.

II. Empty glumes two, $ flower single.

1°. Lower empty glume with a swollen
ring-like callus. . . . 60. Eriochloa.
2°. Lower empty glume without a ring-like
and swollen callus.

* Spikelets in one-sided racemes or
spikes, these frequently in pairs or
in panicles. . . . 57. Paspalum.
** Spikelets in panicles.

O All the spikelets alike, fertile,
in terminal panicles.

58. Anthsenantia.

OO Spikelets of two kinds: first,
the sterile, borne on a terminal
panicle ; second, the fertile,
borne on short subterranean
branches. . 59. Amphicarpum.
III. Empty glumes two, and $ flowers two.

61. Isachne.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 71

IV. Empty glumes three, and $ flower one,
or a flowering glume with $ flower instead
of the third empty glume.
1°. First and second empty glumes with-
out a distinct callus, awnless.

* Flowering glumes without lateral
appendages or pits at the base.

62. Panicum.

** Flowering glume with membrana-
ceous appendages or pits at the

base 63. Ichnanthus.

2°. First empty glume very small, awnless,
the second apparently distant from the
first on account of a conical or pedicel-
like callus, and like the third (flower-
ing glume of the $ floret) more or less
awned between the cleft apex.

64. Tricholaena.
3°. First and second empty glumes awned.

* First empty glume without any dis-
tinct callus. . . .65. Oplismenus.

** First empty glume with a pointed,

pedicel-like callus. 66. Chaetium.

/?. Spikelets single or in pairs, subtended by an

involucre consisting of from one to many bristles

or spines (sterile branches) which are sometimes

grown together.

I. Spikelets falling at maturity, bristles per-
sistent 67. Setaria.

II. Involucral bristles falling off with the spike-
lets at maturity (cultivated forms excepted).
1°. Bristles numerous, rigid, thickened at
the base, frequently grown together.

68. Cenchrus.

2°. Bristles usually numerous, apparently
whorled, delicate, not thickened at the
base, often plumose. 69. Pennisetum.
3°. Involucral bristles numerous, forming
a paniculate, one-sided system of
branchlets 70. Plagiosetum.

72 THE TRUE GRASSES.

4°. Only one bristle below each spikelet.

71. Chamseraphis.
NOTE. — Compare Pennisetum, Sec. D.

b. Spikelets in small spikes, these surrounded by
large subtending bracts and united into a raceme.

72. Xerochloa.

c. Spikelets forming very short spikes which
are sunken into cavities of the one-sided, broad
axis 73. Stenotaphrum.

B. Plants monoecious, dioecious, or dichogamous, or the
spikelets partly neuter.

a. Spikes very short, consisting of one $ and two to
three upper, neutral spikelets crowded and united
into a one-sided spike with a leaf-like axis.

74. Phyllorachis.

b. One terminal, simple spike, consisting of one to
two lower $ and four to six upper $ spikelets upon
a broad (not leaf -like) axis. . . . 75. Thuarea.

c. Dioacious ; ? spikelets in heads with spiny subtend-
ing bracts, $ in spikes which are united into dense,
globular heads. . 76. Spinifex.

d. Mono3cious, spikelets scattered in panicles.

77. Olyra.

56. (1) Reimaria Fliigge. Spikelets one-flowered,
acuminate-pointed, in loose two-ranked, digitate spikes.
Flowering glume and palea slightly indurated. Stamens
two.

Species four, in tropical and sub-tropical America.
[One species, R. oligostachya Munro, in Florida.]

57. (2) Paspalum L. Spikelets one-flowered, usually
obtuse, in two- to four-ranked racemes or spikes, these
two to many, digitate or disposed in panicles, seldom soli-
tary. Flowering glume and palea cartilaginous. Stamens
three.

Species one hundred and sixty, in the tropics of both
hemispheres, but most abundant in America, forming an
important component of the pampas and campos.

Sec. I. Eupaspalum. The lower empty glume and
the flowering glume turned towards the rachis of the
spike or raceme. P. dilatatum (Fig. 24), with remote
racemes, is a good forage plant, like many other species of

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA.

73

the genus. P. exile Kippist, with digitate spikes, and
spikelets 2 mm. long, is found in
Sierra Leone, where it is culti-
vated (" Fundi" or "Fundungi "),
the fruit being used for food ; P
scrobiculatum L. (with racemes in
pairs, and roundish spikelets
having small pits at their bases)
is used in India (" Koda") for
food ; the rhizome of P. distichum
L. (with racemes in pairs, and
oblong, pointed spikelets) is used
in India as a medicine for in-
flammation of the gums and
against conjunctivitis, and in
the Argentine Republic for liver
complaint; and P. notatum
Fliigge for gonorrhoea. The few
species with only one empty
glume form the sub-section
Anachyris (Nees as a genus);
those with the axis of the spikes
leaf-like, form the sub-section
Ceresia (Pers. as a genus).

Sec. II. Cabrera (Lag. as a F
genus). Like Sec. I, but the
spikelets sunken in the notches of the axis.

Sec. III. Anastrophus (Schlechtend. as a genus).
Lower empty glume and flowering glume turned away
from the axis. [P. platycaule Poir., a forage plant in
the warmer parts of America.] The genus Lappagrostis
Steud. belongs here.

58. (3) Anthaenantia Beauv. (Aulaxanthus Ell., Au-
laxiaNutt., LeptocoryphiumNees). Spikelets as in Pas-
palum ; hairy, arranged in panicles ; flowering glume and
palea slightly indurated.

Species three, in the Southern United States and in
South America.

59. (4) Amphicarpum Kunth. Fertile spikelets cleisto-
gamous, upon filiform runners at the base of the culm ;

Paspalum dilatatum
Poir. (After Trin., Spec. Grain,
pi. 139.)

74 THE TRUE GRASSES.

runners with scale-like leaves. The open-flowered spike-
lets of the terminal panicle
sterile.

Species two, in the South-
eastern United States.

60. (5) Eriochloa Kunth.
(Hdopus Trin., (Edipachne Link)
(Fig. 25). Spikelets in ra-
cemes and these arranged again
in simple or compound racemes.
Spikelets, aside from the annu-
lar callus, as in Paspalum.
Flowering glume mucronate-
poiiited or very short-awned.

Species five, in the tropical
and subtropical zones of both
hemispheres.

61. (7) Isachne Brown. Spike-
lets in panicles, two-flowered,
the fruiting glumes with the
grain falling out of the persist-
ent empty ones.

Species about twenty, in
the warmer countries of both
hemispheres, especially of the

FIG. 25. — Eriochloa grandiflora _j£ , J .

(Trin.) Hack. (Helopus grandi- Old VY Ol'ld.
floras Trin.) (After Trin.. Spec.

Gram. pi. 278.) 62. (8) Panicum L. Spike-

lets in spikes, racemes, or panicles, one- to two-flowered.
First empty glume usually smaller than the second, and
this as large as the third, which has the same struct-
ure but often encloses a $ flower. Flowering glume and
palea indurated, awnless or very short-awned. Stamens
three.

Species about three hundred, in all warm and a few
in temperate countries. They form, with species of Pas-
palum, excellent forage in the savannas and campos of
South America.

Sec. I. Digitaria(Pe>T8. as a genus, Syntherisma Wa.lt.}.
Racemes (false spikes) simple, one-sided, digitate, rarely
scattered. P. sanguinale L. (Fig. 26), "Blutfenmch," is

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA.

75

a weed in gardens, but is cultivated in Bohemia upon
sandy soils, where the fruit is used for mush and por-
ridge ; in the Southern United States, where it is known
as Crab-grass, it is valued for fodder.

Sec. II. Trichachne (Nees as a genus, Adcarpa Raddi,
UrocMoa Kunth, Alloteropsis Presl, Holosetum Steud.,

FIG. 26. — Panicum sanguinale L. At,
Part of a spike enlarged. A %
nat. size. (After Nees, Gen. Germ.
I. 18.)

FIG. 27.— Panicum spectabile
Nees. A ±£ nat. size. (Af-
ter Mart, and Eichler, Fl.
bras. II. II. pi. 22.)

CoridocJdoa Nees, Bluffia Nees). Racemes or panicles
simple, usually with long silky hairs.

Sec. III. Tlirasya (Kunth as a genus, Tylothrasya
Doll.). Spikes with a broad axis, solitary. Flowering
glume of the $ flower frequently two-cleft.

Sec. IV. Echinolcena (Desv. as a genus). Spikes single,
divergent (Genus No. 17 of B. & H., Gen. PI. III. p. 1107).

Sec. V. Braclriaria. Inflorescence as in Paspcdum,
glumes awnless.

76 THE TRUE GRASSES.

Sec. VI. Echinochloa (Beauv. as a geims). Spikelets
iu three- to four-ranked racemes, and these again in ra-
cemes or panicles ; second and third glumes more or
less awned. P. Crus-gatti L., without ligules and with
naked nodes, is cosmopolitan, also cultivated for fodder ;
one variety (P '. frumentaceum Roxb.) is cultivated in India
for its fruit. P. spectabile Nees (Fig. 27), with a more
distinct ligule and bristly-hairy nodes, is an extremely
productive fodder-grass for tropical countries, and large-
ly cultivated in Brazil.

Sec. VII. Hymenachne (Beauv. as a genus). Spikelets
small, in spike-like panicles. Flowering gluine but
slightly indurated.

Sec. VIII. Ptychophyllum. Spikelets in false spikes
which are arranged in panicles ; axis projecting beyond
the spikelets. Leaves plicate, elegant in appearance.
P. plicatum Lam., from the tropics of the Old World,
is a favorite ornamental grass in greenhouses.

Sec. IX. Eupanicum. Spikelets all pedicellate, in
panicles, naked or with short hairs. P. Miliaceum L.
(Millet) (Fig. 28) has loose drooping panicles and ovate
spikelets ; first empty gluine half as long as the second,
flowering glume smooth and shining. Cultivated from
prehistoric times. Native country unknown, but prob-
ably the East Indies, where, and in China and Japan as
well, it is yet much cultivated. It is raised to a consid-
erable extent in South Russia and Roumania, but only
here and there in other parts of Europe. Several varie-
ties are distinguished by the color of the fruit and the
habit of the panicles. The fruit is mostly used for por-
ridge ("Brei"). P. altissimumJ&cq. (P. jtimentorumPers.},
" Guinea grass," is 2-3 m. high, spikes loose, upright,
spikelets, lanceolate, fruiting glumes with fine transverse
wrinkles. Native of tropical Africa. Cultivated as a
fodder-grass, especially in America, on account of its
vigorous and rapid growth. The rhizome of P.junceum
Nees is used in the Argentine Republic as a substitute for
soap for washing woollen goods. To this section belong
Coleatcenia Griseb., Otachyrium Nees, Streptostachys Desv.,
all more or less anomalous species.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA.

77

63. (9) Ichnanthus Beauv. (Navicularia Kaddi). Spike-
lets ovate or acute, short pedicellate on the branches of
the panicle, with one $ and one $ flower. Leaves broad-
lanceolate to ovate.

Species twenty, all in tropical America, one of them
also in India.

64. (8 §) Tricholaena Schrad. (Bhynchdytrum Nees,
Hochst., Monachyron Parl.). Spikelets in loose panicles,

FIG. 28.— Panicum miliaceum L. (After Nees, Gen. Germ., I. 19.)

broad, somewhat laterally compressed, very hairy, es-
pecially on the callus of the second empty glume.
The latter and the flowering glume of the $ flower often
thick -membranaceous ; flowering glume and palea much
shorter, chartaceous, shining.

Species ten, in all parts of Africa : one of them extends
to Sicil}T and western India, one of which is endemic, two
in Madagascar. Tr. rosea Nees, with reddish, silky hairs
on the spikelets, awns short or wanting, from the Cape

78

THE TRUE GRASSES.

of Good Hope, is an elegant ornamental grass, especially
for dry bouquets.

65. (10) Oplismenus Beauv. (Orthopogon Brown, He-
katerosachne Steud.). Spikelets one-flowered, in small
groups or clusters along the branches of the panicle,
turned to one side ; first and second empty glumes
always, and the third frequently, awned. Broad-leaved,
delicate grasses.

Species four, in the tropical and sub-tropical zone
(one species in South Europe).

66. (11) Chsetium Nees (BerchtoUia Presl). Spikelets
lance-awl-shaped, pedicellate, in close panicles, one-
flowered, all three empty glumes awned.

Species two ; one in Mexico, one in Cuba and Brazil.

67. (12) Setaria Beauv. (Fig. 29). Spikelets 1-2 flow-

ered, ovate, in a close, cylin-
drical or bushy panicle. Glumes
awnless, first empty glume short.
Flowering glume and palea ob-
tuse, finally hard and shining
or transversely wrinkled. In-
volucral bristles usually pro-
jecting beyond the spikelets,
rough.

About ten species, in all the
warmer countries of the world ;
some as weeds in the temperate
regions. S. glauca Beauv. (Fig.
29), with numerous bristles under
each spikelet, and flowering
glume with strong transverse
wrinkles, is cosmopolitan. S.
viridis Beauv., with 2-3 bristles
under each spikelet, and flower-
ing glume indistinctly transverse-
wrinkled, is widespread, and is
probably the original form of S.
Italica Beauv., Hungarian grass,
which is distinguished only by
its larger panicles and thicker and larger spikelets which

I-22-)

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 79

do not fall off at maturity. The fruiting glume has, at
its base, a smooth place enclosed by two slight longitu-
dinal swellings and is not shining, a character which
makes it easy to distinguish this species from the com-
mon Millets. Hungarian grass is extensively raised
in Japan, China, some parts of the East Indies and Trans-
Caucasia, where it forms an important article of food ; in
Europe its culture is less important, and it is mostly
used for food for fowls.

The sixteen varieties may be divided into two main
groups : large Millet, with long, usually irregular, nod-
ding false spikes, and " Mohar" (Hungarian), with short,
regular, upright spikes. The culture of Setaria Itcdica
Beauv. has its origin in prehistoric times. As early
as 2700 B.C., Hungarian grass formed one of the main
cereals of the Chinese ; it was sown in early spring by
the princes of the royal house themselves, just as the
emperor sowed rice with his own hand. Its culture
extends back to an early date also in Egypt, and in the
Lake Dwellings of the stone age it is found in such
quantities that it must be regarded as the main bread-
supply of the prehistoric peoples. Traces of its very
ancient culture are also found in other places (Hungary,
Upper Italy, etc.). Ixophorus Schlechtd. is a Setaria
with only one bristle.

68. (13) Cenchrus L. (Fig. 30). Spikelets narrow, each
one, or as many as two to three together, enclosed by an
involucre. The involucres in a spike or raceme. First
empty glume small, all awnless ; stamens three ; styles
mostly united below.

Species twelve, in the tropical and sub-tropical zones
of both hemispheres, and in America also in the temper-
ate zone. C. tribidoides L., bristles grown together into
a coriaceous and very spiny capsule. A troublesome
weed in North America. The involucre adheres very
strongly to the wool of sheep, from which it can scarcely
be removed, and in consequence materially injures its
value. It ought to be carefully rooted out in sheep dis-
tricts. It is also very troublesome to workmen who are

80

THE TRUE GRASSES.

barefooted, like C. myosuroides Humb. & Kunth, in South
America.

69. (14) Pennisetum Pers. Spikelets in racemes, spikes
or false spikes, narrow or ovate, single or in groups of
twos or threes, usually surrounded with many (rarely with
only one) dissimilar bristles. First empty glume very

FIG. 30.— A. Cenchrus echinatus
L. (After Mart, and Eichler,
Fl bras. ,11. II. pi. 43.) L, In-
volucre of C. tribuloides L.
LI, Cross-section of the same-
B, Sp. of latter. (After A.
Gray, Man. pi. 14.)

FIG. 31 . — Penn isehnn Prieurii
Kunth. (After Kunth. Revis.
pi. 119.)

small, flowering glume shorter than the second empty
glume. Styles often united, projecting from the apex of
the spikelet.

Species forty, mostly in tropical and sub-tropical
Africa ; one in Southern Europe, and a few in America
and Asia.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA.

81

Sec. I. Pennisetum (Eriochceta Figari & De Notar. as a
genus). Bristles numer-
ous, all, or only the
middle ones, bearded.
P. villosum Brown, from
Abyssinia, with broad
spikes, is a favorite or-
namental grass under
the false name of P.
longistylum (which be-
longs to Section III).

Sec. II. Penidllaria
Willd. (as a genus). Dis-
tinguished from the pre-
ceding section only by
the artificial character
(probably due to cultiva-
tion) of the permanent
involucre. P. typhoi-
deum Rich. (Penicill. spi-
cata Willd.) " Pearl Mil-
let" (Fig. 32), the original
form and native country
of which are unknown,
has a culm 1-2 m. high,
and fruiting panicles 8-20
cm. long, 2-4 cm. thick,
and bearded. This is an
important agricultural
grass in Central Africa.
The fruit is used for
Mush (" Kuskus"). It is
also grown in Arabia Fe-
lix and the East Indies.
[Cultivated in the South-
ern United States for
fodder.]

Sec. III. Gymnothrix

~Be&UV.(Oxyanthe Steud.). Fle- ^--Pennisetum typhoideum Rich.

All involucral bristles naked. P. latifolium Spr. (Gym-

82 THE TRUE GRASSES.

nothrix latifolia Schult.), with culms 1-1.5 m. high, leaves
broad-lanceolate, is an ornamental grass used for cover-
ing roofs of houses in the Argentine Eepublic, where it
is native ; P. Japonicum Triu. ( Gymnoth. Japonica), a low-
growing species with linear leaves, is also an ornamental
grass. Amphochceta Anderss. includes a species with
spikes in panicles ; Sericura Hasskarl, is a Malayan
species with very long bristles.

Sec. IV. Beckeropsis (Fig. & De Notar, as a genus) has
only one involucral bristle to each spikelet ; spikes
in panicles. Distinguished from Chamceraphis by the
persistent pedicels of the spikelets.

70. (15) Plagiosetum Benth. One to two, narrow,
acute spikelets within each involucrum.

Species one (P. refrcuctum Benth.), in Australia.

71. (18) Chamseraphis Brown (Paratheria Griseb.).
Spikelets lanceolate, in simple or slightly branched
racemes, on short pedicels which fall off with the spike-
lets. First empty glume very short.

Species five ; four in tropical Asia and Australia, one
in the West Indies and Brazil.

72. (20) Xerochloa Brown. Subtending bracts of the
spikes husk-like, distichous ; axis of the spike short, with
a chaff-like continuation beyond the spikelets. Spikelets
two-flowered ; flowering glume of £ flower very narrow.

Species three, in Australia.

73. (21) Stenotaphrum Trin. (Diastemanthe Steud.).
Spikelets 2-4, forming a short, partial spike, embedded
in the alternate notches of the broad rachis of a spike-
like panicle ; axis of the spike with a chaff-like prolonga-
tion. Spikelets two-flowered, first empty glume small.
Creeping grasses with compressed culms and flat, diver-
gent leaves.

Species three or four, one of which, St. Americanum
Schrank (Fig. 33), is widespread in the tropics and sub-
tropical regions, and is useful for holding the sand on
the banks of rivers. The rhizome is used in South
America as a diuretic. The other species occur on the
islands of the Indian and Pacific oceans.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA.

83

74. (22) Phyllorachis Trimen. Each partial spike with
one fertile spikelet, and 2-3

sterile ones reduced to single
glumes ; axis prolonged. First
empty glume minute, bristle-
like, the third glume largest,
with a palea in its axil. Be-
sides the terminal leaf-like
spikes there are solitary, long-
pedicelled spikelets in the
axils of the leaves.

Species one (Ph. sagittata
Trim.), with sagittate leaves,
found at Coanza in Angola.
Belationship doubtful.

75. (23) Thuarea Pers. (Mi-
crothuareia Thouars, Orintho-
cephcdochloa Kurz). Spikes
surrounded by a sheathing
leaf ; at maturity the dilated
base of the axis envelops the

1-2 £ spikelets, and the rest A

Of the axis, Stripped of its FIG. SS.-Stenotaphrum Americanum

spikelets, forms a beak which ff£at /L^t *S$uS™
bores into the ground. A creeping maritime grass.

Species one (Th. sarmentosa Pers.), from Ceylon to
New Caledonia.

76. (24) Spinifex L. (Fig. 34). The $ spikes with
projecting rachis, in dense heads with subtending bracts
at the base; spikelets two-flowered; ? spikelets one-
flowered, with the pungent-pointed, subtending bracts
projecting far beyond them.

Species four ; three in Australia, the fourth from
there to Ceylon and Japan. At maturity the entire ?
head falls off and is carried away by the winds or floats
on the sea, and finally presses itself into the sand by
means of its bristles and falls in pieces. The species are
an important agent in binding the drifting sands of the
coasts. Leaves usually with hard, rigid points. This

84

THE TRUE GRASSES.

genus should not be confused with the " Spinifex" of
Australian travellers (see Triodia).

Fio. 34.— Spinifex hirsutus Labillard. $ plant above, ? below. (After Labill.,
Sent. PI. N. Holl. pi. 280, 231.)

77. (25) Olyra L. (Lithachne Beauv., Strephium Schrad.,
Raddia Bertol.) (Fig. 35). All the spikelets one-flowered,

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA.

85

the $ upon the lower portion of the panicle or in separate
panicles, without empty glumes;
flowering glume narrow and
acuminate -pointed ; ? spikelets
ovate ; empty glumes two, her-
baceous, pointed or awned ;
flowering glume much shorter,
cartilaginous. Lodicules three.
Leaves broad, netted-veined,
often with short petioles.

Species twenty, all, with the
exception of one in Africa, from
tropical America.

TKIBE VI.— ORYZEJE.

Spikelets $ or unisexual,
one-flowered ; flowers apparently
terminal and enclosed by a
flowering glume and a palea
which is usually one-nerved.
Empty glumes two or none,
very seldom numerous. Sta-

mens frequently six. Stigmas FlG. 35._0,2/ra micrantha Humb.
more or less elongated, fruit fflLS^^ftrtSL''!
usually with a small embryo 12->
and long, linear hilum. Starch-grains compound.
A. Spikelets unisexual ; plants monoecious ; anthers six or

more.

a. Spikelets in short, solitary spikes, terminal and
axillary 78. Hydrochloa.

b. Spikelets in panicles, or spikes arranged in
panicles.

a. Spikelets in pairs at each node of the panicle-
branches ; one large, ? , sessile, the other small,
$ , long-pedicelled.
I. Flowering glume linear-oblong.

79. Pharus,

II. Flowering glume inflated, globose, closed
excepting a hole at the point.

80. Leptaspis.

86 THE TRUE GRASSES.

ft. Spikelets not in pairs at the nodes of the
branches.
I. Spikelets without empty glumes.

1°. Spikelets linear. Embryo as long as

the fruit 83. Zizania.

2°. ? spikelets ovate or elliptical. Eni-
bryo many times smaller than the fruit.
* $ and ? spikelets in different pani-
cles, rarely in the same, and then the
$ spikelets terminal on each branch.
81. Luziola.

** $ and ? spikelets in the same pani-
cle, the ? terminal, the $ at the
base of each branch. 82. Zizaniopsis.
II. Spikelets with two very small or bristle-
like empty glumes. . . 84. Potamophila.
B. Spikelets all $ .

a. Spikelets arranged in panicles.

a. Empty glumes two, short but distinct, awnless
(two additional rudimentary empty glumes in
Oryza}.

I. Flowering glume and palea roundish in
section (but slightly compressed).

85. Maltebrunia.

II. Flowering glume and palea much com-
pressed laterally 86. Oryza.

/?. Empty glumes two, awned, exceeding or slightly
shorter than the flowering glume.
* Empty glumes gradually tapering into awns.

68. Achleena.
** Empty glumes awned from a notch in the

apex 89. Reynaudia.

y. Empty glumes wanting or present only as
minute rudiments.

I. Flowering glume awnless. . 87. Leersia.
II. Flowering glume awned. . 90. Hygroryza.

b. Spikelets in a terminal, naked spike at whose apex
the ends of the awns of all the spikelets are fast-
ened together 93. Streptochseta.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 87

c. Spikelets in twos or threes in the axils of sheath-
like subtending bracts.
a. Only one subtending bract with 2-3 united

spikelets terminating the culm. . 92. Lygeum.
ft. Subtending bracts, in two series with 2-3 free

spikelets in the axil of each. 91. Anomochloa.

78. (39) Hydrochloa Beauv. An aquatic grass with
flat leaves, 3-5 <3 spikelets in a terminal spike, a few ?
in each axillary spike, which scarcely exceeds its sub-
tending sheath. Stigmas long.

Species one (H. Carolinensis Beauv.), in the Southern
United States.

79. (26) Pharus L. ? spikelets linear ; empty glumes
two, short ; flowering glume long, coriaceous, involute.
Palea two-nerved. Spikes paniculate. Leaves broad,
pedicellate ; blade reversed. (See page 8.)

Species five, in tropical America.

80. (27) Leptaspis Brown. $ spikelets small, termi-
nal on the short branchlets ; ? spikelets 1-2, sessile on
the lower portions of same, large, globose, with two short
empty glumes. Leaves as in Pharus.

Species five, in the tropics of the Old World.

81. (41) Luziola Juss. (Fig. 36). Spikelets awnless,
ovate ; flowering glume with many prominent nerves.
Caryopsis with a thick, hard peri-
carp. Creeping, narrow-leaved,

marsh or aquatic grasses.

Species six, from Brazil to Ala-
bama.

Sec. I. Eiduziola. $ and 5 spike-
lets in separate panicles. Stamens
usually more than six (6-18).

Sec. II. CaryocMoa (Trin. as a

genus). Arrozia Schrad. 3 and ? ^ ^_Luziola Peruviana
spikelets in the same panicle, ota- Juss. A $ spikeiet.
mens six.

82. (40) Zizaniopsis Doll & Ascherson. Habit of
Zizania. ? spikelets terminating the branches of the
panicle. Fruit a globose nut with a hard, shining, easily

88 THE TRUE GRASSES.

separable pericarp. Embryo and hilum not visible on
the outside. Stigmas united.

Species one, with two varieties — Z. milicwea Doll &
Asch. [(Zizqnia miliacea MX.)] in Brazil and the Southern
United States.

83. (40) Zizania L. (Hydropyrum Link, Melinum Link).
A reed-like grass with broad leaves and large panicles
which are ? and narrow, with the branches somewhat
appressed above, and 6 and expanded below. ? spike-
lets almost subulate, awned, supported on thick pedicels.

$ awnless, lanceolate. Fruit a caryopsis 2 cm. long and
1 mm. thick, pericarp thin ; embryo very long, concealed
in a furrow, with large epiblast, plumule pedicellate.

Species one, Z. aquatica L. (Z. palustris Link and Hy-
dropyrum esculentum Link), " Tuscarora rice" or " Indian
rice," which grows upon the banks of streams and lakes
in North America and Northeastern Asia. The Indians
annually collect the fruit in quantities for food ; they
also sow the seed in order to provide for farther exten-
sion of the plants. Lately it has been sown in fish-ponds,
for the fruit, when it falls, is eagerly eaten by the fish.*
The Asiatic form (Z. latifolia Turcz.) is only a variety.

84. (42) Potamophila Brown. Spikelets lanceolate,
awnless, in long panicles whose lower branches bear the

? (with distinct staminodia in the flowers) and the
upper the 6 or $ spikelets. Fruit spherical.
Species one (P. parviftora Brown), in Australia.

85. (42) Maltebrunia Kunth. Like the preceding, but
with all the spikelets $ . Leaves broader, almost petiolate.

Species two, in Madagascar and Cape Colony.

86. (44) Oryza L. (Podia Zolling & Mor.). Spike-
lets elongated ; empty glumes of two small scales or
bristles, and underneath these two more minute rudi-
mentary empty glumes. Flowering glume complicate
and keeled, usually awned ; palea narrow, one-nerved.

* The stems are used by coopers for making the joints of barrels
intended to hold whiskey or petroleum perfectly tight. The tidal mud
along the Delaware River for fifty miles bears a heavy growth of Z. aqua-
tica (locally called " The Reeds"), and the fruit furnishes the food of
the Reed-bird, giving it the flavor for which it is so much esteemed.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 89

Stamens six ; fruit long, obtuse, closely enveloped by
the fruiting glume, and compressed laterally with two
lateral furrows ; embryo short, curved.

About six species, in the tropics of both hemispheres.
0. sativa L., Eice, has contracted
panicles and rough, prominently
five-nerved flowering glumes. Wild
in wet places in India and tropical
Australia ; one variety in Africa ;
naturalized in Brazil. Eice has
been cultivated in China from the
most ancient times (for over 2800
years B.C.), in South Europe,
where it was introduced by the
Arabs, and in Egypt, since the mid-
dle ages (in Central Africa earlier?),
in North America since 1700 A.D.,
and besides in Mexico, Brazil, and
Paraguay. It needs stagnant
water which readily breeds swamp-
fever, and in Europe its culture
in the vicinity of villages or ham-
lets is forbidden. Mountain- or
Upland-rice, which requires only
to be irrigated, is much less prized 4
for economic uses. Eice is used
for food by more people than any
other one grain. It is generally
used in the form of soup or boiled FiG.37.-orj,za^LiT (After
rice. " Arak" is made from it by *ees' Gen- Gerra- T pl- 2-}
fermentation ; in Japan a light alcoholic drink, " Sake,"
is made from rice by means of an organic ferment.
Gluten rice (" Klebreis"), whose grains stick fast to-
gether when cooked, forming a firmly united mass, and
whose starch turns reddish brown (see p. 26) instead of
blue with iodine, is used in Japan for paste and for mak-
ing an elastic dough from which cakes are baked. In
China a kind of sugar and a sweet drink are prepared
from it. Eice-starch has lately become an article of
trade, especially in England. Eice-brooms, rice-paper,

90 THE TRUE GRASSES.

are not made from rice ; the first comes from Sorghum,
the second from Broussonetia or Bambusa. About forty
varieties are founded upon the color and size of the fruit
and the absence or presence of awns.

87. (45) Leersia Swartz (Homalocenchrus Mieg, Ehr-
hartia Wigg., Blepharochloa Endl.). Distinguished from
Oryza only by the aborted (indicated by minute rudi-
ments) empty glumes, awnless flowering glume, three,
two, or one stamen (six only in L. hexandra), and the
relatively smaller fruit.

Species five; swamp-grasses, one of which, L. oryzoides
Sw., is found in the north temperate zone of both the
Old World and New World ; another, L. hexandra,
throughout the entire tropical zone, and three in America
only.

88. (46) Achlsena Griseb. Panicle widely expanded.
Spikelets large, linear-lanceolate, awned. First empty
glume aristiform ; flowering glume convolute. Stamen
one. Caryopsis linear, with a very small embryo.

Species one (A. piptostachya Gr.), in Cuba.

89. (56) Reynaudia Kunth. Spikelets long. Empty
glumes subequal, two-lobed at the apex ; flowering glume
short-awned below the point, slightly exceeding the
empty glumes. Lodicules two ; stamens two ; embryo
small.

Species one (R.Jtliformis Kunth), in Cuba. Leaves
narrow ; branches of the panicle erect ; spikelets small.

90. (43) Hygroryza Nees (PotamocMoa Griffith). Float-
ing, aquatic grasses with broad, short leaves ; the sheaths
of the lower ones much inflated. Panicles umbellate,
few-flowered.

Species one (H. aristata Nees), in the East Indies.

91. (30) Anomochloa Brongniart. An anomalous grass
with long-petiolate leaves ; the solitary apical spike with
many large, sheathing bracts. Flowering glume inem-
branaceous, palea harder, closed and tubular below with
a filiform appendage. A membranaceous fringed ring in
place of the lodicules. Stamens four.

Species one (A. marantoidea Brongn.), in Brazil.

92. (28) Lygeum L. The united, very hairy flowering

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA.

91

glumes of the 2-3 spikelets finally form a hard capsule or

false fruit. Palea linear, two-nerved, much exceeding the

flowering glume. Styles elongated,

stigmas short, feathery ; stamens

three ; common subtending or

sheathing bract of the spikelets

lanceolate.

Species one, L. Spartum L. (Fig.
38), has a creeping rhizome and
stiff, rush-like, convolute leaves.
In rocky soil on the high plains of
the countries bordering the Medi-
terranean, especially of Spain and
Algeria. A part of the "Esparto"
(see Stipa tenacissima) is furnished
by this plant.

93. (29) Streptochaeta Schrad.
(Lepideilema Trin.). Distinguished
from all other grasses by the spiral
arrangement of its numerous (12)
glumes, one of which bears a deli-
cate, tendril-like, twisted awn.

Spikelets elongated, terete, acu-
minate. Stamens six, monadel- Fl°-
phous. Style one, stigmas three ;
leaves broad.

Species one (S. spicata Schrad.), in Brazil. A genus
of very doubtful relationship, placed with the Oryzecv
on account of the character of its fruit. (For manner of
dispersing its seed, see page 29.)

TBEBE VII. — PHALABIDE.E.

All the spikelets fertile, one-flowered or with 1-2 $
flowers inserted below the apparently terminal one.
Empty glumes four (the two inner ones rarely acting as
flowering glumes for $ flowers), unequal, the third and
fourth occasionally very small, or one of them rudiment-
ary. Flowering glume and palea alike, laterally com-
pressed, nerves one or none, awnless. Styles distinct ;
stigmas usually projecting from the point of the spike-

92 THE TRUE GRASSES.

let ; caryopsis unfurrowed ; embryo small ; starch-grains
compound.

A. The third and fourth (or only the fourth) empty glumes
larger than thejirst and second.

a. Stamens six, rarely three. . . . 94. Ehrharta.

b. Stamens four or two.

a. Panicles loose, third and fourth empty glumes
equal, awned 95. Microlaena.

/?. Inflorescence a spike or spike-like panicle.
Fourth glume longer than the third, awnless.

96. Tetrarrhena.

B. Third and fourth empty glumes smaller than or barely
equalling thejirst and second.

a. Third and fourth glumes empty, reduced to small
scales, awiiless 97. Phalaris.

b. Third and fourth glumes empty, small, awiied upon
the back 98. Anthcxanthum.

c. Third and fourth glumes, or at least the third, with
a $ flower, almost equalling the first and second,
awnless or short-awned. . . . 99. Hierochloe.

94. (99) Ehrharta Thunb. (Trochera Eich.) (Fig. 39).
Spikelets arranged in panicles or simple racemes. First
and second empty glumes short, the third and fourth fre-
quently awned ; flowering glume slightly shorter, keeled,
with a callus or tuft of hairs at the base.

Species twenty-four ; twenty in South Africa, two on
Mascarene Isles, two in New Zealand. Two have become
naturalized in New Holland.

95. (100) Microlsena Brown (Diplax Hook.). First and
second empty glumes very short, third and fourth longer
than the flowering glume, all keeled ; lodicules quite
large ; stamens two or four. Inflorescence paniculate.

Species five, in Australia to New Zealand.

96. (101) Tetrarrhena Brown. Like the preceding,
but the spikelets in a more simple, scarcely branched
spike. Fourth glume largest, indurated ; stamens four.

Species four, in Australia.

97. (102) Phalaris L. Inflorescence usually a close
spike-like, rarely interrupted panicle ; spikelets later-
ally compressed. First and second glumes boat-shaped.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA.

93

usually with a membranaceous wing upon the keel.
Flowering glume and palea hard, shining ; lodicules dis-
tinct ; stamens three.

Species ten, mostly in Southern Europe ; a few in
Northern Europe and in America. Ph. canariensis,
" Canary grass" (Fig. 40), with strongly-winged keels on

FIG. 40.— Phalaris minor L. M,
FIG. 39. — Ehrharta Urvilleana Kunth. Ph. canariensis L . (After
CAfter Kunth, Revis. Gram. pi. 6.) Nees, Gen. Germ., 1. 12.)

the empty glumes and the third and fourth empty glumes
half as long as the flowering glume, is cultivated in South-
ern Europe and in Germany. The grain is used for bird-
food, and sometimes, in Southern Europe, as a cereal.
From the flour, weaver's glue is prepared. Ph. arundinacea
L., " reed-grass," with more open, interrupted panicles
and wingless empty glumes, forming a distinct section —
Digraphis (Trin. as a genus, Bcddingera^lL&j. & Schreb.) —
grows upon river-banks and is of some value for hay ; a
variety with leaves striped with white (" ribbon-grass") is
cultivated for ornament.

94

THE TRUE GRASSES.

98. (103) Anthoxanthum L. Spikelets in short, spike-
like panicles, narrow ; first and second empty glumes
unequal, herbaceous; third and fourth clothed with

brown hairs. Flowering
glume and palea short,
membranaceous ; lodicules
none ; stamens two.

Species four, in Europe,
one of them in Northern
Asia, North America, and
Australia. A. odoratum L.
(Sweet Vernal-grass) (Fig.
41) is fragrant on account
of its containing cumarin,
and is often wrongly con-
sidered a valuable forage-

Fio. 41. — Anthoxanthum odoratum L. , ., ,, , ,

(After Nees, Gen. Germ. pi. 16.) plant ; it lOrniS a low turf

which can scarcely be mowed, and its taste is unpleasant
to cattle.

99. (104) Hierochloe Gmelin (Savastana Schrad., Dis-
arrenum Labill., Torresia Ruiz & Pav.). Inflorescence
an open or close panicle. Spikelets shining, having one
apparently terminal $ flower with two stamens, and 1-2
$ flowers below, each with three stamens'. Flowering

glume of the male flower frequently awned. Glumes all
membranaceous, those surrounding the fruit indurated.
All contain cumarin.

Species thirteen, throughout
the temperate and frigid zones,
rarely in high mountains of
the tropics. H. odorata Wahlb.,
Vanilla grass (Fig. 42), is very
fragrant, but useless for for-
age, as it is disliked by most
animals. [The long leaves of
the sterile shoots are woven

into mats and Small boxes by FiB.42.-HierochloeodorataW&hlb

the North American Indians.]

The five species with only one $ flower form the section

Ataxia (Brown as a genus).

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 95

TRIBE VIII.— AGBOSTIDEJS.

Spikelets usually all $ , one-flowered, rachilla some-
times prolonged beyond the palea. Empty glumes often
somewhat unequal, usually as long as or longer than the
flowering glume, very rarely none ; palea usually two-
nerved ; grain not sulcate ; embryo usually small ;
starch-grains compound.

A. Flowering glume indurated at maturity (at least firmer
in texture than the empty glumes} and very closely en-
veloping the fruit. (Sub-tribe Stipece.)
a. Spikelets all $ , fertile.

a. Eachilla not prolonged beyond the palea.

I. Flowering glume deeply three-cleft, each
segment awned ; palea two-awned.

100. Amphipogon.

II. Flowering glume entire, awned ; awn trifid
or three-branched (lateral divisions often

very short) 1O1. Aristida.

III. Flowering glume entire [two-toothed or
bifid] ; awn simple.

1°. Lodicules usually three, flowering
glume and palea finally very hard.
* Flowering glume narrow. Awn

twisted, stout, persistent.

102. Stipa.

** Flowering glume broad, awn
slender, falling off after flowering,
t Flowering glume elliptical or
ovate, not gibbous at top ; awn
terminal or but slightly ec-
centric ; embryo small.

103. Oryzopsis.

ft Flowering glume obliquely
obovate, gibbous at top ; awn
decidedly eccentric ; embryo
small.

O Palea membranaceous,
without nerves or keel.

104. Nassella.

96 THE TRUE GRASSES.

O O Palea coriaceous, two-
keeled, with a deep furrow
between the keels.

105. Piptochsetium.

2°. Lodicules two (anterior) ; awns slender,
sometimes reduced to a mere point.
Palea simply membranaceous,. spike-
lets small. . . . 108. Muhlenbergia.

(N.B. Compare Limnas.)

IV. Flowering glume awnless. . 1O6. Milium.
ft. Rachilla with a pedicel-like prolongation be-
yond the palea.

I. Both empty glumes much shorter than the
flowering glume, the latter with a straight,
terminal awn. . . . 100. Brachyelytrum.
II. Second empty glume one fourth shorter than
flowering glume, the latter with a terminal,
recurved awn. . . . 110. Podophorus.

b. One $ and one $ (or sterile spikelet) in pairs on
each branchlet of a spike-like panicle, these branch-
lets deciduous at the time of fruiting. 111. Lycurus.

c. £ spikelets surrounded at the base with numerous
sterile (and a few $ ) spikelets which are either re-
duced to bristles or delicate bracts.

112. Perieilema.

d. Spikelets dioecious, the ? solitary upon long pedi-
cels 107. Aciachne.

B. Flowering glume usually hyaline or membranaceous at
maturity, at least more delicate than the empty glumes;
grain loosely or not at all enclosed.

a. Stigmas sub-plumose (their very short hairs
springing from all sides), projecting from the apex
of the nearly closed glumes.

a. Spikelets in a head which is surrounded by a
bell-shaped involucre formed by the uppermost

leaves 113. Cornucopias.

/3. Spikelets in a flattened (broader than long) head

which is enclosed between two opposite inflated

sheaths with thorn-like blades. . 114. Crypsis.

y. Spikelets in a close, often shortened false spike,

the upper leaf not forming an involucre.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GSNERA. 97

I. Spikelets readily falling off at maturity.

119. Alopecurus.

II. Empty glumes persistent ; flowering glumes
usually deciduous.

1°. Flowering glume awned from below the
bifid apex. . . . 118. Echinopogon.
2°. Flowering glumes awnless.

* Flowering glume somewhat longer than
the empty ones. . . 115. Heleochloa.

** Flowering glume somewhat shorter
than the empty ones, the latter with

winged keels 116. Maillea.

*** Flowering glume much shorter than
the wingless empty ones. 117. Phleum.
6. Spikelets in a delicate, simple spike.

120. Mibora.

e. Spikelets in a panicle consisting of small umbel-
like clusters ; empty glumes none.

121. Coleanthus.
C. Spikelets in a short, narrow panicle; empty

glumes short 122. Phippsia.

?]. Spikelets in a loose, broad panicle, empty
glumes as long as the flowering glumes and

falling off with them 129. Limnas.

b. Stigmas distinctly plumose (branchlets distichous),
projecting from the sides of the spikelets, rarely
remaining enclosed within them.
a. Grain not covered by the flowering glume and pa-
lea, usually with a loosely attached pericarp which
opens readily at maturity. . 123. Sporobolus.
/?. Grain covered by the flowering glume and palea,
pericarp adherent.

1°. The entire spikelets deciduous (together
with the whole or a part of the pedicel) at
maturity. The pedicel of the spikelet often
being distinctly articulated even at the time
of flowering.

* First empty glume long-awned.

125. Chaeturus.

** First and second empty glumes awned.
126. Polypogon.

98 THE TRUE GRASSES.

*** Empty glumes awuless or only the
second very short-awned.
t Flowering glumes awned from the
very point or not at all.

127. Garnotia.

ft Flowering glume awued below the
toothed point. . . 128. Thurberia.
[Cinna, No. 131, may be looked for here.]
2°. Empty glumes persistent upon the unartiou-
late pedicel of the spikelet.
* Palea one-nerved, with one keel ; sta-
men one 131. Cinna.

** Palea two-nerved, rarely wanting ; sta-
mens three.

t Empty glumes covered with long
plumose hairs. . . 144. Lagurus.
ft Empty glumes saccate at the base,
many times longer than the flowering
glumes. . . . 134. G-astridium.
ttt Empty glumes neither plumose-
hairy, nor saccate at the base.
Q Flowering glume four-cleft, each
division terminated by a fine
straight awn besides a strong
twisted awn upon the back.

143. Pentapogon.

O O Flowering glumes two-cleft, the
divisions awn-pointed, and be-
tween these an awn that is tor-
tuous below. 142. Diplopogon.
O O O Flowering glumes with two fine
lateral awns exceeding the length
of the glume, and a delicate dor-
sal awn. 141. Trisetaria.
D O O O Flowering glume with a delicate
awn, inserted below the point and
many timeslongerthanthe glume.
<] Second empty glume larger
than the first. . 139. Apera.
< <i Empty glumes equal.

140. Dichelachne.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 99

O O O O O Flowering glumes different from

those under O to OOOO.
< Callus, or prolongation of the
rachilla, having a tuft of
hairs at least one third as
long as the flowering glume.
X Spikelets all $ .

D Flowering glume and
palea thin - membrana-
ceous.

136. Calamagrostis.
D n Flowering glume and
palea chartaceous, pan-
icle spike-like.

138. Ammophila.
n D D Flowering glume and
palea chartaceous, pan-
icles expanded.

138a. Calamovilfa.
XX Spikelets unisexual.

137. Cinnagrostis.

«3 <3 Callus naked or with a few
very short hairs.
X Spikelets in a long, narrow,
many-flowered panicle.

124. Epicampcs.
XX Panicles pyramidal, oval,
or short and spike-like.
D Empty glumes some-
what shorter than the
flowering glumes,
spikelets large.

130. Arctagrostis.
O D Empty glumes longer
than the flowering
glumes.

§ Without a distinct
prolongation of the
rachilla beyond the
palea. 132. Agrostis.

100

THE TRUE GRASSES.

§§ With a distinct,
bristle-like, naked
prolongation of the
rachilla.

133. Chaetotropis.

§§§ With a distinct pro-
longation of the
rachilla in the form
of a pencil of hairs.
135. Triplachne.

SUB-TRIBE 1.— Stipeae.
Fruiting glume more or less indurated, closely embracing the grain.

100. (119) Amphipogon Brown (Gamelytrum Nees).
Inflorescence capitate, or a dense spike-like panicle with
numerous awns, even the palea having two long awns.

Species five, in Australia.
Pentacraspedon Steud. belongs
here.

101. (108) Aristida L. Pani-
cles usually expanded. Empty
glumes usually longer than the
flowering ones, the latter with
a pointed callus ; palea
shorter ; lodicules two.

Species about one hundred,
in the warmer portions of both
hemispheres, very few in the
temperate parts of Europe and
Asia, but numerous in North
America.

Sec. I. Chcetaria (Beauv. as
a genus). Awns naked, not
deciduous. A. ccpridescens Desf.
(Fig. 43), in South Europe and
North Africa. A. hygrometrica
in Queensland, is dangerous to
sheep (see page 30). Strep-
tachne Kunth ( Ortachne Nees)
has either no lateral awns or only very short ones.

FIG. 43.— Aristida ccemlescens Desf
(Trin., Spec. Gram. pi. 313.)

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA.

101

Sec. II. Arthratherum (Beauv. as a genus). Awns
naked, deciduous.

Sec. III. Stipagrostis (Nees as a genus. Schistachne,
Fig. & De Notar.). Awns plumose, deciduous. Grasses of
the high plains and deserts of Africa and Western Asia.

102. (109) Stipa L. Panicles usually expanded, empty
glumes narrow, often awned, longer than the flowering
glumes, the latter usually with a
hairy callus ; awns geniculate,
usually twisted below the genicu-
lation, finally deciduous.

Species about one hundred,
distributed throughout the tem-
perate and tropical zones, growing
especially on elevated plateaus
and savannas, and upon rocky
soil. Leaves frequently filiform
or stiff and rush-like.

St. pennata L., with long plu-
mose awns, together with St. tirsa
Stev. and the following species
(viz., St. capittata), form the prin-
cipal grasses of the Russian
Steppes. St. pennata is also an
ornamental grass for dry bou-
quets.

St. capiUata L. (Fig. 44) has
naked awns that are curved irreg- FIG. 44.-stipa capiiiata L., cai,
ularly back and forth towards the

end. The fruiting glume with its pointed callus easily
bores through the skin of sheep, reaches the intestines
and causes death (especially in Eussia), as does the
" Porcupine grass" (St. spartea Trin.) of North America.
Upon the prairies and especially upon the elevated plains
of the West the numerous species of Stipa form a con-
siderable portion of the " bunch" grasses, and furnish
much but rather coarse grazing for stock. St. tenacissima
L. (MacrocHoa tenacissima Kunth) is called "Esparto" in
Spain and Haifa or Alfa in North Africa ; it has con-
tracted panicles, two-cleft flowering glumes awued from

cul

102 THE TRUE GRASSES.

between the teeth, and very long, stiff, cylindrical leaves ;
it yields material from which shoes, mats, ropes, etc.,
are woven, and from which paper is manufactured ; it is
exported in bulk from Spain, Algiers, and Morocco,
especially to England. It is worthy of note that certain
species of Stipa act upon cows, and more especially upon
horses, as narcotics. This fact is established in regard
to St. inebrians Hance, St. viridula Trin., and a species
growing in Cashmere, probably St. Sibirica Lam.

To the genus Stipa belong a large number of groups
of species which may be regarded as poorly denned sec-
tions, which have been distinguished by some as genera ;
viz., MacrocMoa Kunth, Aristella Bertol., Streptachne
Brown (Orthoraphium Nees), Jarava Ruiz & Pavon,
Lasiagrostis Link (Achnatherum Beauv.), and Ptilagrostis
Griseb.

103. (110) Oryzopsis Michaux (Piptatherum Beauv.,
Urachne. Trin. (in part), Dilepyrum Rann.). Distin-
guished from Stipa by its broader flowering glumes with
their shorter, more slender and deciduous awns ; lodi-
cules often only two ; epiblast of the embryo short.

Species fifteen, in the northern temperate zones of
both hemispheres. Eriocoma Nutt. (Fendleria Steud.)
forms a section with two species, in western N. America,
distinguished by the long and densely haired flowering
glume.

104. (110 §) Nassella Desv. Palea short, membrana-
ceous, nerveless ; epiblast projecting beyond the plu-
mule.

Species eight, in Peru, Chili, and the Argentine lie-
public.

105. (110 §) Piptochaetium Presl. Palea coriaceous,
its apex projecting beyond the flowering glume ; epiblast
large.

Species five, in extra-tropical South America.

106. (Ill) Milium L. (Miliarium Mrench). Fruiting
glumes strongly indurated, shining as in Panicum; pani-
cles diffuse.

Species 5-6, in Europe and the temperate portions of
Asia, one also in North America (M. effusum L.), a forest

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA.

103

grass with drooping leaves, the blades of which are re-
versed (see page 8).

107. (112) Aciachne Benth. A dwarf grass with
closely two-ranked, short leaves and a single ? spikelet
terminating the culm. Fruiting glume with a long sub-
ulate point. $ spikelets unknown.

Species one (A. pidvinata), in the Andes of the tropics.

108. (113) Muhlenbergia Schreb. (Fig. 45). Panicles

FIG. ^.^Muhlenbergia dif-
fusa Schreb., above ; M. syl-
vatica Torr , below. (After
A. Gray, Man. pi. 8.)

FIG. 45a.— ~Sea.Ua Mexicana, Scrib-
ner (provisional) ; C. Empty
glumes; C. 2., Dorsal view of ex-
panded empty glume; D and E,
Flowering glume and palea; Z>,
Dorsal view of flowering glume ; St,
stamen; J, Pistil; K, Fruit. (Orig-

contracted or diffuse ; spikelets small, awns often bent
or flexuose but rarely twisted. Very varying in habit.

Species about sixty, mostly American, a few in Japan
and in the mountains of Asia. Vaseya Thurber, Podo-
scemum Desv., Tosagris Beauv., Tricliochloa Beauv.,

104 THE TRUE GRASSES.

Clomena Beauv., and Calycodon Nutt. are all founded
upon one or several species of this genus. Clomena
Beauv., to which Bealia Scrib. belongs, found in Mexico
and Peru, forms a sub-genus characterized by the two-
toothed flowering glume which is awned between the
teeth.*

109. (114) Brachyelytrum Beauv. Panicles with few
spikelets ; spikelets long and narrow ; empty glumes
minute ; flowering glume with a long straight awn.

Species one (B. aristatum Beauv.), in North America.

110. Podophorus Philippi. Panicles open ; flowering
glumes longer than the empty ones, narrow, involute,
with a pointed and short-bearded callus ; awn geniculate
near the base, but not twisted. Bachilla prolonged, fre-
quently bearing an awned, rudimentary glume.

Species one (P. bromoides Ph.), upon the island of
Juan Fernandez.

111. (116) Lycurus Kunth (Pleopogon Nutt.). Spike-
lets small, narrow, the upper one of each pair $ , the
lower $ or sterile. Lower empty glumes with 2-3 awns,
the upper one and the flowering glume with only one.

Species two, in Mexico and New Mexico.

112. (115) Perieilema Presl. Panicles spike-like or
interrupted, covered with the numberless awns (espe-
cially of the sterile spikelets). Palea and all the glumes
awned.

Species three, in Mexico and tropical America.

* I cannot agree with Prof. Hackel in this disposition of Bealia (Fig.
45«). There are several species of Muhlenbergia which have the flower-
ing glume two-toothed, the awn arising from between the teeth, which
certainly do not belong to the sub-genus or section Clomena. This sub-
genus is best characterized by the broad, three-nerved and three-toothed
second empty glume. The flowering glume closely envelops the
conical or ovoid grain. In Bealia the empty glumes are entire, sub-
equal, nerveless (or very faintly many-nerved), and the elongated grain
is only loosely enclosed by the broad and deeply two-toothed flowering
glume. The habit of Bealia somewhat resembles that of the typical
Clomena, and I at first named it Muhlenbergia Clomenoides, but the
characters presented by the empty glumes, flowering glumes, and grain
are so unlike the true Muhlenbergias that I can but consider it geueri-
cally distinct.— F. L. 8.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA,

105

SUB-TRIBE 2.— Phleoideae.

Fruiting glumes delicate. Stigmas with short branches, projecting
from the apex of the spikelets.

113. (106) Cornucopias L. A small, branched grass
with minute spikelets in small heads ; the pedicels be-

FIG. 46.— Cornucopia cucullatum L. (After Schreber. Beschreib., pi. 41.)

come curved at maturity, when they separate at the
jointed base and bore into the ground.

Species one (C. cucullatum L.), in the Orient (Fig. 46).

114. (105) Crypsis Ait. (Antitragus Gartn.). Spikelets
small, awnless ; palea one-nerved ; stamens two ; fruit
a utricle, the seed adhering to the spikelet for some
time after it is expelled.

Species one (C. aculeata Ait.), in the Mediterranean
region and upon the saline soils of the interior.

115. (120) Heleochloa Host. (Pechea Pourret). Like
the preceding, except that the palea is two-nerved and
the stamens three. The false spikes are subtended by a
single leaf.

Species eight, in the Mediterranean region and in the
temperate parts of Asia. Rhizocephcdus Boiss. belongs

106

THE TRUE GRASSES.

here. [H. schcenoides (Crypsis schcenoides Lam.) has
been introduced into N. America, and become estab-
lished about Philadelphia.]

116. (121) Maillea Parl. A dwarf
grass with short, false spikes and
much compressed, awnless spikelets.
Stamens two ; palea one-nerved.

Species one (M. Urvillei Parl.),
upon the Cyclades, Sporades, and
also in Sardinia.

117. (122) Phleum L. Inflores-
cence usually in cylindrical, ex-
serted, false spikes. Keel of the
empty glumes extending into a point
or short'awn ; flowering glumes awn-
less. Stamens three ; palea two-
nerved.

Species ten, in the temperate
zones (except in Australia). Ph.
pratense L., " Timothy" (Fig. 47),
has its empty glumes truncate, with
a long fringe upon the keel. Com-
mon in Europe. A very valuable
grass for hay in heavy soils.

FIG. 47. - Phleum pratense The Section CMlochloa (BeaUV. as

h-uif r"(!?terelNeIs,thGine a genus, AcTinodon Link) has the
Germ. pi. 10.) ' Achilla prolonged beyond the palea.

Ph. Bcehmeri, of central Europe, also belongs here.

118. (117) Echinopogon Beauv. (Hystericina Stem!.).
False spike bristling with the long, straight awns of the
flowering glumes. Empty glumes awnless.

Species one (E. ovatus P. B.), in Australia and New
Zealand.

119. (107) Alopecurus L. False spike cylindrical or
ovate. Empty glumes awnless, usually fringed on the
keels ; flowering glume usually with a bent, dorsal awn ;
lodicules none, and palea often wanting. Flowers de-
cidedly proterogynous.

Species twenty, in temperate Europe and Asia, a
few also in North and South America and Australia.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA.

107

A. pratensis L., " Meadow Foxtail," lias acute, hairy,
empty glumes connate below the middle ; root-stock
creeping ; culms leafy. An excellent fodder-grass, espe-
cially for wet meadows. [A. ocddentalis Scribn. is a val-
uable hay grass in the Rocky Mountain region.] The
species having a distinct palea are Colobachne Beauv.
(as a genus) ; Tozettia Savi is A. utricidatus L.

120. (123) Mibora Adans. (Chamagrostis Borkh.,

FIG. 48. — Al opecurus praten-
sis. (After Nees, Gen.
Germ., I. 7.)

FIG. 49. — Mibora verna Adans.
(After Nees, Gen. Germ., I. 6.)

Knappia Sm., Sturmia Hoppe). A delicate, dwarf grass
with short setaceous leaves, slender spikes, and awnless
glumes.

Species one (M. verna Adans.), in Western Europe
(Fig. 49).

121. (124) Coleanthus Seid. (Schmidtia Trattiu). A

108

THE TRUE GRASSES.

dwarf, prostrate grass with the base of the panicle en-
closed in the inflated upper leaf-sheath. Stamens two,
alternating with the flowering glumes and palea. Grain
projecting beyond the flower.

Species one (C. siihtilis Seid.) (Fig. 50), on the muddy
banks of rivers, lakes, and ponds. Distribution remark -

Fio. 50. — Coleanthiis subtilis Seid.
(After Nees, Gen. Germ., I. 27.)

FIG. 51,—Sporobolus
pungens Kunth. Br.t
Mature spikelet ; Kt,
Ky, Fruit, opened and
discharging the seed.
(After Nees.)

able : Bohemia, Moravia, Lower Austria, Tyrol, France,
Norway, Amur, Oregon, and Washington.

122. (125) Phippsia Brown. Dwarf ; panicle mostly
enclosed in the leaf-sheath ; spikelets minute ; stamen
one.

Species one (P. dgida Br.), in the arctic polar regions,
also on the higher Fjelden.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 109

SUB-TRIBE 3.— Euagrosteae.

Fruiting glume delicate ; stigmas pectinately branched, usually pro-
jecting from the sides of the spikelets.

123. (126) Sporobolus Brown ( Vilfa Beauv. non Adans.,
Agrosticula Raddi, Cryptostachys Steud.) (Fig. 51). Pani-
cles variable. Spikelets small, awnless, naked ; flower-
ing glume and palea usually exceeding the empty glumes.
Palea bifid. Fruit a utricle ; the expelled seed usually
remains adherent for a time to the spikelet.

Species eighty, chiefly in temperate and tropical
America, but also in the warmer parts of Africa and
Asia. One species (S.pungens Kunth) in Europe. Peren-
nial, meadow grasses of the American prairies. [S. cryp-
tamdrus Gray, a valuable forage-grass.] Diachyrium
Griseb. and Triachyrium Hochst. are founded upon the
erroneous conception of two separate paleae; the divi-
sion or splitting of the palea arises mechanically during
the ripening of the fruit.

124. (127) Epicampes Presl. Flowering glume with
a delicate, often deciduous, or rudimentary awn on the
point ; fruit apparently a true caryopsis.

Species twelve, from California to the Andes, in the
Argentine Republic. Crypsinna and Bauchea Fourn.
belong here.

125. (130) Chaeturus Link. Panicle contracted, short.
Spikelets very narrow, in twos or threes upon each
branchlet ; flowering glumes somewhat shorter than the
empty ones, awnless. Low, annual grasses.

Species two, Ch. fascicvlatus Link and Ch. prostratus
Hack, and Lange, upon the Iberian Peninsula.

126. (131) Polypogon Desf. (Santia Savi, Raspalia and
Nowodivorskya Presl) (Fig. 52). Panicles contracted
or spike-like, often interrupted. Empty glumes fre-
quently bifid, their awns usually long and slender ;
flowering glumes awned. The numerous awns impart a
bristly appearance to the inflorescence.

Species ten, in the warm temperate zones of both
hemispheres. Two in the tropics. P. Monspeliensis

110

THE TRUE GRASSES.

Desf. and P. maritimus Willd. in the Mediterranean re-
gion. [Introduced into North
America.]

127. (50) Garnotia Broiign. (Mi-
qudia Nees, Berghausia Endlich).
Spikelets small, in pairs along the
branches of the usually expanded
panicles. Flowering glumes with
slender, slightly bent awns, or
awnless.

Species eight, from Eastern
India to Japan.

128. (48) Thurberia Benth.
(Greenia Nutt. non Walk, et Arn.,
Sclerachne Torr. non Brown).
Spikelets narrow, solitary along
the branches of the panicle.
Empty glumes rather hard. Awu
of the flowering glume genicu-
late, twisted below.

Species two ( T. Arkansana and
T. pilosa), Arkansas and Texas.

129. (49) Limnas Trin. Pani-
cles loose, few-flowered ; all the

glumes firm in texture ; empty glumes with three prom-
inent nerves ; awns dorsal near the base, bent and
twisted ; styles connate below.

Species one (L. Stelleri Trin.), in Eastern Siberia.

130. (132) Arctagrostis Griseb. Panicles contracted,
narrow, few-flowered. Spikelets large (for the tribe),
awnless. Flowering glume herbaceo-membranaceous.

Species one (A. latifolia Griseb.), arctic-circumpolar.

131. Cinna L. (134) (Abola Adans., Blyttia Fries).
Panicles elongated, many-flowered, spikelets small ;
flowering glumes with a very short awn just below the
point. [Rachilla usually prolonged, naked.]

Species two, C. pendula Trin. and C. arundinacea L.,
in Northern Europe and North America.

132. (129) Agrostis L. Panicles variable, usually dif-
fuse and many-flowered ; spikelets small, flowering

Germ., i. 32.)

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA.

Ill

glumes thin-membranaceous, or hyaline, awnless, or often
with a bent awn inserted below the middle of the back ;
two lateral nerves sometimes also projecting into very
short awns ; palea usually short, often minute or none.

Species about one hundred, distributed over the entire
globe, especially in the north tem-
perate zone, where they constitute
the more important meadow grasses,
though the foliage is too low and too
delicate to produce a great quantity
of forage.' A. cdbd L., " Fiorin grass"
(Fig. 53), has a long ligule, pyram-
idal panicles which are contracted
after flowering, and usually awnless
spikelets. It is a valuable fodder-
grass, especially for moist lands,
moors, etc. ; the same is true of
the related A. vidgaris With. (" Red
Top"), which has a shorter ligule
and panicles more open after flower-
ing. A. nebulosa Boiss. & Reut., a
native of Spain, has extremely deli-
cate panicles and very small spike-
lets ; it is commonly cultivated for
dry bouquets. The genus Tricho- Jt
dium Schrad. comprises those spe- FIG. *s.— Agrostis alba L.

, . , (After Nees, Gen. Germ., I.

cies having the palea rudimentary 29.)

or wranting. Bromidlum has a spike-like panicle.

133. (136) Chaetotropis Kunth. Distinguished from
the preceding by its very compact panicle, fringed keel
of the empty glumes, and distinct projection of the
rachilla beyond the palea.

Species one (Ch. Chiknsis Kunth), in Chili.

134. (135) Gastridium Beauv. Panicles dense, spike-
like ; spikelets narrow, shining; rachilla produced be-
yond the palea, flowering glumes one third as long as
the empty ones, awnless or awned.

Species two, G. australe Beauv., G. scabrum Presl, in
the Mediterranean region.

135. (137) Triplachne Link. Panicles short, spike-

112 THE TRUE GRASSES.

like, shining, flowering glume downy ; awns almost basal,
geniculate.

Species one (T. miens Link), in the western countries
of the Mediterranean region.

136. (133) Calamagrostis Roth (Figs. 54 and 55). Pani-
cles very variable ; hairs on the callus of the flowering

glume sometimes short and sometimes
longer than the glume itself, which is
usually thin-membranaceous and vari-
ously awned. Frequently reed-like in
habit. The spikelets usually larger
than those of Agrostis.

Sec. I. Epigeos Koch. Rachilla not
produced ; hairs on the callus usually
long.

Species ten, in the north temperate
zone of the Old World, including C.
Epigeos (L.) Roth, C. titorea DC., (7.
lanceolata Roth, and C. Halleriana DC.
Sec. II. Deyeuxia Beauv. (as a
genus). Usually with a hairy prolongation
of the rachilla ; callus hairs shorter than in
Sec. I, very rarely wanting.

Species over one hundred and twenty,
distributed throughout all the temperate
and arctic zones, also upon the high moun-
tains of the tropics ; about sixty species in
the Andes alone. [Calamagrostis Tweedyi,
Suksdorfii, Montanensis, and ambigua Scribn.
are Rocky Mountain species.]

Achcete Fourri., Relchela Steud., Cinnas- FlG 55JJ
trum Fourn. are more or less anomalous ^f!<L
species of this section. (Getfr Germe,ei!

137. (139) Cinnagrostis Griseb. Like the 34 •>
preceding, but with unisexual spikelets ; rachilla with a
long and very hairy prolongation ; callus short, bearded.

Species one (C. polygama Griseb.), in the Argentine
Republic.

138. (141) Ammophila Host. (Psamma Beauv.) Pani-
cles usually narrow and spike-like. Flowering glume

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 113

and palea chartaceous, somewhat indurated, awnless;
spikelets comparatively large.

Species one, A. arundinacea Host. (" Sand reed"), has
long, creeping rhizomes, and cylindrical, false spikes.
On the sandy coasts of Europe and the Atlantic States of
N. America, rarely in the interior. This grass is fre-
quently planted for binding the dunes and loose sands,
as it penetrates these by a thick network of rhizomes
that withstands the strongest washing of the waves. A
cross (A. Baltica Link) is sometimes formed with Cala-
magrostis Epigeos Both.

OBS. — Very nearly related to Ammophila are two N. American spe-
cies, Calamagrostis brempilis Gray and C. longifolia Hook., with the
loose panicle of Calamagrostis, but the chartaceous flowering glumes of
Ammophila, distinct from both genera by the one-nerved flowering
glumes ; they may best be considered a separate genus, Calamomlfa
(Gray as a sect, of Calamagrostis). (Hackel in MS.)

[138a. Calamovilfa. Empty glumes unequal ; flower-
ing glumes one-nerved ; rachilla not prolonged.

Species two, in N. America (C. brevipilis of the
Atlantic coast, and C. longifolia of the western interior).
These species are referred to Ammophila in B. & H. Gen.
PL, vol. Ill, p. 1153.]

139. (138) Apera Adans. (Anemagrostis Trin.). Pani-
cles loose, spikelets delicate ; rachilla prolonged, naked.
Awns four times as long as the flowering glumes, straight
or somewhat geniculate.

Species two, in Europe and Western Asia. A. Spica-
Venti Beauv. is often a troublesome weed in crops. [In-
troduced into United States about Philadelphia, etc.]

140. (142) Dichelachne Endl. Panicles dense, long
and narrow, bristly on account of the numerous awns ;
rachilla very slightly produced ; awns very long, some-
what flexuous, not bent.

Species two (D. crinita and D. sciurea Hook.), from
Australia to New Zealand.

141. (143) Trisetaria Forsk. (Anomalotis Steud.). Pani-
cles long and narrow ; rachilla prolonged, pedicel-like ;
middle awn from the back of the flowering glume, genic-
ulate, twisted below ; lateral awns delicate, straight.

114

THE TRUE GRASSES.

Species two (T. linearis Forsk. and T. quinqueseta
Hochst.), in Egypt and Abyssinia.

142. (118) Diplopogon Brown (Dipogonia Beauv.).
False spikes capitate; rachilla not prolonged; palea
with two awns ; middle awn of the flowering glumes
tendril-like below, recurved above.

Species one (D. setaceus Brown), in Western Australia.

143. (144) Pentapogon Brown. Panicles narrow, dense ;
rachilla prolonged, pedicel-like ; middle awn of the

flowering glume dorsal, twisted
below, at length geniculate,
longer than the four lateral awns.

Species one (P. Billardieri
Brown), in Tasmania and Vic-
toria.

144. (145) Lagurus L. Pani-
cles spike-like or capitate ; spike-
lets thickly clothed in the fine,
woolly hairs covering the empty
glumes, from which project the
lonS dorsal awns of flowering
glumes ; lateral awns short.
Species one (L. ovatus L.) (Fig. 56), in the Mediter-
ranean region ; frequently cultivated for dry bouquets.

TRIBE IX.— AVENEJE.

Spikelets 2-oo -flowered (only one-flowered in Aniso-
pogori) ; inflorescence in panicles, rarely in spikes ;
all flowers $ or one $ ; empty glumes often persistent
or remaining after the fruiting glumes have fallen, usu-
ally longer than the flowering glumes, the latter usually
awned on the back, sometimes near the point ; awn ge-
niculate, rarely nearly straight ; palea two-keeled ; style
short or none. Stigmas feathery, protruding above the
base or middle of the spikelet. Grain usually furrowed ;
embryo small ; starch-grains compound.

A. Spikelets readily deciduous as a whole. .. 145. Holcus.

B. Fruiting glumes deciduous, empty glumes persistent.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 115

a. Spikelets strictly two-flowered, racliilla not pro-
longed.

a. Empty glumes cartilaginous on the back ; keel
with pectinate teeth. . . . 146. Prionachne.
/?. Empty glumes membranaceous.

I. Flowering glumes long ciliate-fringed on
the back or margins ; palea naked ; empty
glumes broad, many-nerved. 147. Eriachne.

II. Flowering glumes and palea, especially
the latter, with a long fringe on the keels.
Empty glumes narrow, 1-3-nerved.

148. Zenkeria.
III. Flowering glumes and palea naked.

1. Upper flower in each spikelet on a
rather long pedicel, smaller than the
lower one, ? . . . . ISO. Coelachne.

2. Both flowers nearly sessile, of equal
size, £ .

* Palea many-nerved. 149. Micraira.
** Palea two-nerved.

t Empty glumes semi-globose.
Panicle spike-like. 151. Airopsis.
ft Empty glumes not semi-globose.
Panicle expanded.
O Empty glumes evidently long-
er than the flowering glumes.
< Flowering glume truncate,
slightly three - toothed,
awnless. 153. Antinoria.
<] < Flowering glumes two-
toothed, awned.

152. Aira.

OO Empty glume shorter than
the flowering glume.

154. Molineria.
NOTE.— Compare Isachne.

b. Spikelets 2-oo -flowered (except Anisopogori), ra-
chilla prolonged beyond the upper flower.

a. Flowering glume awnless or with a short ter-
minal awn. Spikelets small. . 155. Achneria.
ft. Awn of the floAvering glume upon the back (i.e.,

116 THE TRUE GRASSES.

rising from below the teeth of the point, not
betiveen them).

I. Spikelets in an open (rarely spike-like)
panicle, not in a true spike.

1. Flowers all $ or the upper ones $ , or
sterile.

* Grain free, unfurrowed. Spikelets

usually small (less than 1 cm. long).

O Flowering glumes finely erose-

dentate, or two-lobed, or with the

edges entire.

<] Awns not articulated, the point
fine. . . 157. Deschampsia.

< < Awns articulated, the point

club-shaped.

156. Corynephorus.

OO Flowering glume cleft or two-
toothed with the teeth sometimes
produced into awns.
< Lower flower awnless, spike-
lets narrowly oblong.

159. Ventenata.

< < Lower flower awned. Spikelets

elliptical-lanceolate.

158. Trisetum.

** Grain furrowed, usually adherent to
the glumes ; spikelets over 1 cm. long.
O Only two nerves of the flowering
glume reach the point ; grain hairy
at the apex. . . . 160. Avena.
O O Nerves five, prominent, all extend-
ing to the point ; grain naked.

161. Amphibromus.

2. Upper flower £ , the lower $ and strongly
awned 162. Arrhenatherum.

II. Spikelets in a trua, two-ranked, simple

spike 163. Gaudinia.

y. Awns from between the lobes or teeth of the
flowering glume; the teeth also frequently
awned.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 117

•

I. Spikelets two-flowered, upper flower $ or
? , lower $ .

1. Spikelets in threes, terminal on the
branches of the panicle. 164. Tristachya.

2. Spikelets solitary, terminal on the
branches of the panicle.

165. Trichopteryx.
II. All the flowers £ , or the upper imperfect.

1. Spikelets one-flowered, very large.

166. Anisopogon.

2. Spikelets 3-QO -flowered. 167. Danthonia.

NOTE. — Compare the Festucem; GrapTwphorum,
Scliismus, Dupontia, Dissanthelium (all awnless).

145. (157) Holcus L. (in part). Spikelets paniculate,
two-flowered, upper flower $ (rarely

S), awned; lower $, awnless, its
flowering glumes finally indurated,
shining ; empty glumes keeled, the
upper one often short-awned.

Species eight, in Europe and
North Africa, especially the western
part, one in Cape Colony. H. lanatus
L. (Fig. 57), with woolly or downy
leaves, is of some value for forage.

146. (147) Prionachne Nees (Chon-
drolcena Nees [Prionanthium Desv.]).
Panicle narrow, spike-like ; spikelets *

awnless, somewhat like those of FIG. 57.— Holcus lanatus

_, , L. (After A. Gray, Man.

Pholans. pi. 12.)

Species one (P. dentata Nees), in South Africa.
Ktenosachne Steud. may also belong here.

147. (146) Eriachne Brown (Fig. 58). Panicle loose
or dense. Empty glumes many-nerved ; flowering
glumes awnless or with fine terminal awns, finally
somewhat indurated. Two flowers " apparently inserted
at the same point, without any development of rachilla"
(Benth. Notes, Gr. 92).

Species about twenty-two, all but two Asiatic and
Australian.

Megcdachne Thwaites, belongs here.

118

THE TRUE GRASSES.

148. (148) Zenkeria Triu. (Amphidonax Nees (in part) ).
Panicle loose, empty glumes 1-3-
nerved ; flowering glumes awrn-
less, the two flowers closely ap-
proximate.

Species two, East Indian penin-
sula and Ceylon.

149. (149) Micraira F. Mull. A
low, matted grass, with appressed,
subulate leaves ; spikelets very
small, awnless, in loose panicles.

Species one (M. subulifolia
Mull.) in Queensland.

150. (150) Coelachne Brown.
A very delicate, often prostrate
grass with narrow panicles and
small, round, awuless spikelets.
Flowers divergent.

Species three, in East Indies,
South China, and tropical Aus-
tralia.

151. (151) Airopsis Desv. A
delicate annual grass with nearly

FIG. bs.—Eriachne giauca R. cylindrical panicles. Spikelets

Brown. (After Kunth, Rev. J ,, , , . . .

Gram. pi. 64.) small, globose, sliming, awuless ;

the two flowers very closely appressed to each other.

Species one (A. globosa
Desv.), in Southwestern Eu-
rope and Northwestern Africa.
152. (152) Aira L. (in part)
(Fussia Schur.). Spikelets
small, usually in loose panicles.
Empty glumes thin-membra-
naceous, the two flowers closely
superposed. Flowering glumes
usually awned on the back (awn
rarely wanting), finally some-
9.-AiracarvophyiieaL. (After what indurated. Delicate an-

Nees, Gen. Germ., 1. 44.) , ., , , ,

nual grasses with slender
panicle-branches.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 119

Species six, throughout Europe, especially in the
South, and in North Africa, one species in all temperate
countries. A. elegans Gaud, and A. caryophyllea L. (Fig.

59) are frequently cultivated for dry bouquets under the
false name of Agrostis elegans. Fiorinia Parl. is an awn-
less species.

153. (152) Antinoria Parl. In general like the pre-
ceding, but the flowers are separated by a manifest
internode of the rachilla, and the flowering glumes are
different

Species two, in Southwestern and Southern Europe.

154. (152) Molineria Parl. Like the preceding, but
with the flowers projecting from the empty glumes.
Flowering glumes truncate or slightly toothed, awnless
or with short awns.

Species three, Western and Southern Europe to Asia
Minor. Periballia Trin. is a species with a short, two-
toothed flowering glume.

155. (155) Achneria Munro (non Beauv.). Spikelets
small, in panicles ; flowers separated by a short inter-
node of the rachilla, somewhat shorter than the empty
glumes, often hairy. Perennial grasses. Leaves fre-
quently convolute.

Species eight, in Southern and tropical Africa (Eri-
aclme of Nees, in Flora Afric. Austr.).

156. (153) Corynephorus Beauv. ( Weingcertneria Bern-
hardi). Grasses with the habit of Aira, but with the
rachilla prolonged, and club-shaped awns with a circle
of short bristles at the point of articulation.

Species three, in Europe. C. canescens Beauv. (Fig.

60) grows in sand fields ; it is a hardy but a poor pasture
grass.

157. (154) Deschampsia Beauv. Spikelets rather small,
two-flowered (rarely with an imperfect third flower) ;
panicle loose or compact ; florets separated by an inter-
node ; flowering glumes exceeding the empty ones ; awns
slender.

Species twenty, in all cold and temperate countries,
a few in the high mountains of the tropics.

Sec. I. Campella Link (as a genus). Awns straight.

120

THE TRUE GRASSES.

D. ccespitosa Beauv. (Fig. 61), with large, open panicles,
narrow, rough, hard leaves, forms a thick turf, and is
cosmopolitan. It is of little value for fodder.

FIG. 61. — Deschampxia ccespitosa
Beauv. (After Nees, Gen. Germ.,

FIG. 60. — Corynephorus canescens
Bv. (After Nees, Gen. Germ., I.
42.)

FIG. 62. — Trisetum pra-
tense Pers. (After Nees.
Gen. Germ., I. 46.)

Sec. II. Avendla Parl. (as a genus) (Lerchenfeldia
Schur.). Awns geniculate (D. flexuosa Trin. and others).

Sec. III. Vahlodea Fries (as a genus). Like Section
II, but with entire flowering glumes (Airidium Steud.,
Peyritschia Four., and Monandrah-a Desv. are more or
less anomalous species).

158. (158) Trisetum Pers. Spikelets in an open or
close panicle, two-flowered, rarely 3-6-flowered ; empty
glumes unequal, 1-3-nerved ; flowering glumes keeled ;
callus and rachilla usually hairy ; lateral teeth of the
flowering glumes frequently produced into awns ; middle
awn geniculate.

Species about fifty, from the Arctic regions through

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 121

the north temperate zone, the high mountains of the
tropics to the south temperate zone.

T. pratense Pers. (Avena ftavescens L.), " Golden oats"
(Fig. 62), has a loose panicle and yellow, shining spike-
lets, and is a valuable fodder-grass. T. subspicatum
Beauv. is arctic, alpine, and antarctic. Trichceta Beauv.
and Acrospelion Bess, are species of this genus.

159. (159) Ventenata Kolr. Like the preceding, but
with the flowering glumes of the lower floret entire and
awnless, and the spikelets longer and narrower ; empty
glumes 3-5-nerved.

Species three, Europe (V. avenacea Kolr.) and the
Orient.

160. (160) Avena L. Spikelets 2-6-flowered (rarely
one-flowered) in panicles. Empty glumes membrana-
ceous, unequal ; flowering glumes rounded on the back,
5-9-nerved, often two-toothed ; awn dorsal, geniculate,
twisted below (sometimes wanting or straight in culti-
vated forms). Callus of flowering glumes and the ra-
chilla often hairy ; ovary hairy all over or only at the
point ; caryopsis fusiform, deeply sulcate.

Species over fifty, in the temperate zones of the Old
and a few in the New World.

Sec. I. CritJie. Annuals. Spikelets nodding ; empty
glumes many -nerved. A. sativa L., cultivated Oat (Fig.
63), with the awns of the persistent flowering glumes
straight or none, has originated, perhaps, from the
Avild Oat (A.fatua L.), which has geniculate awns and
deciduous flowering glumes ; or from a similar species
of which there are several in Southern Europe and
Western Asia. Oats were cultivated in very ancient
times in Europe, and extend as far as 69°. 5 north lati-
tude. It is the principal grain of Norway and Sweden,
where it is used partly for mush, and partly for griddle-
cakes (" Fladbrode"). Oatmeal is used in the same
way in Scotland, Ireland, and on the Shetland and
Orkney Islands. In the rest of Europe and in North
America the plant is cultivated mainly as food for horses.
In China there is a naked oat (see below) which is used
in medicine ; in Europe also water-gruel, made with oat-

122

THE TRUE GRASSES.

meal, is used as a mildly stimulating drink (hence the
officinal Avence fructus excorticatus}. It is also raised for
green fodder. There are two principal races : Panicled
oats, with expanded, and " Banner oats" (A. orientalis
Schreb.), with contracted, one-sided panicles. Each of
these is divided into the chaffy and naked-fruited varie-
ties, and the first, according to the color of the flower-
ing glumes, into white, yellow, gray, brown, and black
oats. In the naked oats (A. mida L.) the rachilla is pro-

Fio. 63.— Arena sativa L. (After Nees, Gen. Germ., I. 48.)

longed and bears 4^6 flowers which project beyond the
empty glumes ; the flowering glumes are thiu-mem-
branaceous and allow the fruit to fallout. The "wild
oat" (A. fatua L.) is often very troublesome as a field
weed in crops, especially in Southern Europe. The
" Hairy oats" (A. strigosa Schreb.) and the " Short oats"
(A. brevis Both.) are distinguished from A. sativa by
the pedicellate lower flower and the usually two-awned
spikelets ; in the first the flowering glume is drawn out

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 123

into two fine, awn-like points ; in the latter into two
short, coarse teeth ; the fruit is also shorter and broader.
The culture of these two varieties has been given up in
most countries on account of the small profits derived
from them ; they can be utilized advantageously only on
very light, sandy soils. In Portugal, Spain, the Shet-
land and Orkney Islands, and in Mechlenburg, Holstein,
etc., Hairy oats (A. strigosa) are here and there culti-
vated. Both species occur as weeds, however, especially
among common oats.

Sec. II. Avenastrum (Heiiffelia Schur., Helicotrichum
Bess.). Perennials. Spikelets upright ; empty glumes
five-nerved. A. pubescens, " Downy oats," with downy
lower leaves, is a good fodder-grass. [Avena Hookeri
Scrib. (A. versicola Hook, non Yill.) with the habit of
A. pi*atensis L. is common in the Rocky Mountain region
of the Northwest.]

161. (162) Amphibromus Nees. Spikelets 8-10-flow-
ered, loosely panicled ; awns slender, geniculate.

Species one (A. Neesii Steud.), in Australia.

162. (163) Arrhenatherum Beauv. Habit of Avena,
Sec. II ; but the spikelets are

somewhat smaller, and the two
flowers in each are different (as
to sex). The flowering glume
of the lower floret is awned
from the base, while that of the
upper is awned from the point or
awuless.

Species six, in Europe, North-

em Africa, Western Asia. A. FlG- ^.-Arrhenatherum avena-

ceum Beauv. (After Nees, Gen.

avenaceum Beauv. (Avena elatior Germ., 1.49.)
L.) (Fig. 64) with expanded panicles and naked, shining
spikelets is the French "Bay grass." It is native in
Central and Southern Europe, and much cultivated in
North America (" Randall grass," " Evergreen grass"),
a very good and productive grass for chalky soils.

163. (161) Gaudinia Beauv. (Arthrostachya Link) (Fig.
65). Annuals with the habit of Lolium, and spikelets as

124

THE TRUE GRASSES.

in Avena, many-flowered, but singly sessile in notches of
the articulate rachis ; awns slender.

Species two, one, G.fragilis Beauv., in the regions of
the Mediterranean, the other ( G. geminiflora J. Gay), on
the Azores.

FIG. 65. -Gaudiniafragilis Beauv. (After
Nees, Gen. Germ., I. 84.)

FIG. 66. — Danthonia provincialis
DC. (After Nees, Gen. Germ.,
I. 50.)

164. (164) Tristachya Nees (Monopogon Presl). Pani-
cles loose ; flowering glumes of the $ flower awnless,
that of the ? flower deeply cleft, and with a long, ge-
niculate and twisted awn.

Species eight, in tropical America, the others in
tropical Africa and Western Asia.

165. (165) Trichopteryx Nees (Loudetia Hochst.). Dis-
tinguished from the preceding only by the solitary
spikelets. Flowering glume often hairy.

Species ten, in tropical and Southern Africa, one of
them also in Brazil.

166. (166) Anisopogon Brown. Panicles loose, with
solitary, very large (4 cm. exclusive of the awns) spike-
lets ; flowering glumes five-cleft, four lateral points finely
awned, and the middle one with a strong geniculate awn.

Species one (A. avenaceus Brown), in Australia.

167. (167) Danthonia DC. Panicles loose or dense ;
flowering glumes rounded on the back, 7-9 nerved, fre-
quently fringed, two-cleft, the points sometimes two-

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 15

parted and ending in awns ; middle awn flattened at the
base, usually geniculate and twisted.

Species about one hundred, in the warm and tem-
perate zones of both hemispheres, more than half of them
in South Africa. [D. compressa Austin, on the moun-
tains of North Carolina and Tennessee, is valuable for
grazing.]

Sec. I. Himantochcete. The two teeth of the flower-
ing glume undivided. D. provincialis DC. (Fig. 66),
from South Europe to Vienna. Crinipes Hochst. and
Streblochcete Hochst. are species of this section.

Sec. II. Pentaschistis. Teeth of the flowering glumes
again two-toothed and often produced into awns. Pen-
tameris Beauv. and Chcztobromus Nees belong here.

TEIBE X.— CHLORIDES.

Spikelets one- to many-flowered, in two series upon the
outer side of the continuous rachis of the spike or raceme ;
flowering glumes deciduous with the fruit ; the usually
two empty glumes rarely falling with them. Palea two-
nerved ; styles distinct ; stigmas projecting from the
sides, rarely from just below the apex, of the spikelets ;
grain free, unfurrowed ; starch-grains usually compound,
rarely simple.
A. Flowers of all the spikelets hermaphrodite.

a. One $ flower (very rarely two) in each spikelet.
a. No sterile glumes or $ flowers, and only rarely
a short projection above the £ flower.
I. Spikelets awnless [sometimes short-awned
in Spartind],

1°. Spikelets falling off from the rachis entire.

17O. Spartina.

2°. Empty glumes not deciduous.
* Spike terminal, slender.

168. Michrochloa.

** Spikes 2-6, digitate. . 169. Cynodon.
*** Spikes many along a common axis,
t The axis slender ; flowering glume
longer than the empty ones.

179. Schedonnardus.

126 THE TRUE GRASSES.

ft The axis bordered by a narrow
membrane ; flowering glumes
many times shorter than the
empty ones.

180. Craspedorhachis.
II. Spikelets distinctly awned.

1°. Spikes terminal, one to four in number.
171. Schoenefeldia.

2°. Spikes numerous, approximate at the end
of the culm 178. Monochsete.

NOTE. — Compare Nardus with one spike, one
pistil, one indistinct empty glume.

ft. One to several empty glumes above the $

flower ; these are often small or awn-like, rarely

with a $ flower in their axils.

I. Empty glumes four, the two upper often

having a palea in the axil but bearing no

flower 173. Ctenium.

II. Empty glumes two.

1°. Spike one, terminal.

* Spikelets awnless. 172. Harpechloa.
** Spikelets awned. 174. Enteropogon.

2°. Spikes two to many (occasionally re-
sembling short fascicles).

* Spikes in false whorls or at least
closely approximate.

t Flowering glume of the £ flower
with one awn, or awnless.

175. Chloris.

ft Flowering glume of V flower
with three awns. 176. Trichloris.
** Spikes remote or the lowest only
approximate,
t Spikelets scattered or remote.

177. Gymnopogon.
ft Spikelets crowded.

O Flowering glume plumose-
ciliate. 182. Melanocenchris.
O O Flowering glume not plu-
mose. . . 181. Bouteloua.
NOTE.— Compare the one-flowered Leptochloa species.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 127

b. Each spikelet with 2-3 $ flowers.

oc. Spikes terminal, solitary or 2-3 approximate
and upright ; spikelets awned.

I. Flowering glumes with three awns, the
middle one from below the entire point,
the lateral ones (often short) beginning

lower down 183. Tripogon.

II. Flowering glumes with one awn below the
entire point. ... 184. Lepidopironia.
III. Flowering glumes with one awn below the
two obtuse lobes of the point.

185. Tetrapogon.

IV. Flowering glume deeply three-cleft; lat-
eral divisions pointed, the middle one
prolonged into a strong awn.

186. Astrebla.

/?. Spikes 1-3, short, terminal, not digitate, spike-
lets awnless 192. Ccelachyrum.

y. Spikes numerous, along a common axis or
digitate at its apex ; spikelets awnless.
I. Spikelets deciduous as a whole.

1°. Empty glumes four. . 187. Tetrachne.
2°. Empty glumes two. 189. Beckmannia.

NOTE. — Compare Leptochloa Mpinnata Hochst.

II. Empty glumes two, persistent, flowering
glumes deciduous.

* Empty glumes with a subulate awn,

projecting beyond the flowering glumes.

188. Dinebra.

** Empty glumes awnless or mucronate
pointed, shorter than the flowering
glume.

t Spikelets densely crowded, spikes
usually digitate.

O Spikes with terminal spikelets.
190. Eleusine.

O O Spikes without terminal spike-
lets ; the rachis drawn out to a
point and projecting beyond
them. . 191. Dactyloctenium.

128

THE TRUE GRASSES.

ft Spikelets distinctly alternating ;
spikes remote. . 193. Leptochloa.

NOTE. — Compare Wangenfieimia, Festuca, also
Trichloris with three awns.

B. Plant.s dioecious, rarely monoecious, the two sexes very
unlike.

a. 9 inflorescence capitate, $ spikelets 2-3-flowered.

194. Buchloe.

b. ? inflorescence a loose, one-sided spike, $ spike-
lets one-flowered 195. Opizia.

168. (168) Microchloa Brown. Low, csespitose, delicate-
leaved grasses, with long, frequently curved spikes.

Species three, two African, the third (M. setacea) dis-
tributed throughout tropical zone.

169. (170) Cynodon Pers. (Capriola Adans., Fibichia
Kol., Dactylon Vill. (in part)). Spikelets small ; flower-
ing glumes usually longer
and broader than the nar-
row empty ones, ciliate on
the keel ; spikes slender,
radially divergent.

Species four, three in
Australia, the fourth (C.
Dactylon Pers. (Fig. 67)
" Dog's tooth," with long
creeping runners and 3-5
digitate spikes) cosmopoli-
tan. This species covers
the ground extensively in
sandy soils, and although it
has delicate leaves, it with-
stands protracted drouths.
In the S. States ("Ber-
muda grass"), it is the

FIG. 67.-Cynodon Dactylon Pers. (After most important graSS for

pasturage, and, as in Hin-

dostan, it is prized for fodder, both for horses and
cows. The Hindoos consider it sacred. In Bengal it
is called " Durba," in N. India " Dub," and in the Deccau
" Hariali." In Europe it has been little appreciated.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 129

Its rhizome (Rh. Graminis ItdLici) is used in medicine
like that of the Paspalum distichum (see p. 73).

170. (19) Spartina Schreb. (Trachynotia Michx., Lim-
netis Pers., Solenachne Steud.). Spikes two to several,
usually upright, approximate, rarely remote ; spikelets
large, compressed ; empty glumes unequal ; as long or
nearly as long as the flowering glume ; embryo nearly as
long as the fruit.

Species seven. Maritime grasses, three of which are
common to the Atlantic coast and to the Mediterranean
shores (Sp. stricta Both) ; two in the Western prairies,
one in Montevideo, one upon Tristan da Cunha, Amster-
dam, St. Paul. Coarse grasses, of not much value as
fodder.

171. (169) Schoenefeldia Kunth. Spikes 2-4, long.
Spikelets densely crowded, sub-pectinate. Striking in
appearance on account of the very long slender awns
which impart to the spikes an elegant crinate aspect.

Species three, tropical Africa ; one East Indian.

172. (171) Harpechloa Kunth. Spikelets crowded,
pectinate ; flowering glumes of £ flower broad, com-
pressed, obtuse, long-fringed ; above the 9 flower are
1-3 small glumes that are either empty or with $ flow-
ers ; spikes dense, often falcate.

Species two (H. capensis Kunth), in South Africa.

173. (172) Ctenium Panzer (Campidosus Desv., Mono-
cera Ell.) (Fig. 68). Spike one, rarely 2-3, usually
curved ; spikelets densely imbricated, pectinate ; second
empty glume awned on the back ; awn stout, divergent ;
flowering glume of $ flower with a very slender awn
below the point ; one to two empty or $ bracts above
the flowering glume.

Species seven, four in South and North America,
three in Africa and the Mascarene Isles.

174. (173) Enteropogon Nees. Spikes long, often
curved ; spikelets imbricated ; flowering glume of the $
flower with a slender awn below the point ; 1-2 empty
or $ bracts above.

Species four, in East India, tropical Africa or the
Mascarene and Seychelles Islands.

130

THE TRUE GRASSES.

175. (174) Chloris Sw. (Fig. 69). Empty glumes nar-
row, very acute ; flowering glumes broader, usually two-

Fio. 68.-Cteniwn Americanum
Schrank. (After A. Gray,
Man. pi. 9.)

FIG. 69.— Chloris barbata Sw.
O, Sterile glume. (After
Trin., Spec. Gram. pi. 306.)

cleft, frequently ciliate ; one to several empty glumes
above, which are usually broadly truncate and often
awned.

Species about forty, in all warm countries, except
Europe. Elegant grasses, some of which (Ch. gradlis
Dur. for example) are cultivated as ornamental plants.
The species with awnless flowering glumes compose the
section Eustachys Desv. (as a genus), Schultesia Spreng.

176. (176) Trichloris Fournier. Spikes erect, rather
slender, approximate, or in elongated panicles, clothed
with the numerous delicate awns. Spikelets sometimes
2-3-flowered ; sterile bracts reduced to awns.

Species two, in Mexico, Texas, Arizona ; two in Chili
and one in Argentine Republic. That in the latter
country (Tr.Blanchardiana Hack.) is as yet undescribed,
but has long been known to gardeners as CJdoropsis or
Chloridopsis Blanckardiana, and is prized as an ornamental
grass ; the one in Arizona is perhaps identical with it.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA.

131

177. (177) Gynmopogon Beauv. (Anthopogon Nutt,
Dichcetaria Nees). Flowering glume a little broader
than the empty glumes, awned below the two-cleft apex ;
sterile glumes often reduced to awns ; spikes delicate, at
first erect, finally divaricate-spreading or reflexed.

Species six, all, except one in Ceylon, American.
Leaves short, rather broad and rigid.

178. (178) Monochsete Doll. Like the preceding, but
the rachilla is not produced beyond the flowers ; spikes
many, densely flowered.

Species one ( M. fastigiata Doll.), in Brazil.

179. (179) Schedonnardus Steud. Spikes loosely flow-
ered, remote on a common ra-

chis, spreading ; flowering glume
finally indurated, linear, acuminate-
pointed.

Species one (Sch. Texa,nus
Steud.), in N. America.

180. (180) Craspedorhachis Benth.
Like the preceding, but the flower-
ing glume and palea are very deli-
cate, and so small as to appear like
minute scales.

Species one (C. Africana
Benth.), in tropical Africa.

181. (181) Bouteloua Lagasca
(Eutriana Trin., ActinocMoa Willd.)

(Fig. 70). Spikes very variable, FIG. m.-Bouteioua racemosa

5 ' r . . •' Lag:. (After Asa Gray, Man.

sometimes consisting of many and P1- 9-)
sometimes of 1-3 spikelets ; in the latter case they re-
semble solitary spikelets, but are distinguished by the
prolongation of the axis beyond the spikelets ; flowering
glumes with 3-5 teeth, of which 1-3 bear awns or mucros ;
upper sterile glumes usually reduced to awns.

Species about thirty, especially abundant upon the
plateaux of the southwestern United States, where they
form a large part of the prairie-grass ("Mesquite" or
"Grama grass") and furnish excellent grazing for stock.

Sec. I. Chondrosium Desv. (as a genus). Spikelets
pectinate, numerous in each of the more or less falcate

132 THE TRUE GRASSES.

spikes; upper sterile glumes usually three-awned. — B.
hirsuta Lag., Illinois to Mexico.

Sec. II. Atheropogon Muhlenb. (as a genus) (Heteros-
tega Desv.). Spikelets few (less than twelve) in many
short spikes ; upper sterile glumes variable (see Fig. 70).
— B. racemosa Lag., New York to Peru.

Sec. III. Triathera Desv. (as a genus) (Aristidium
Endl., Tricena Kunth). Spikelets either single or in twos
or threes in each of the numerous spikes ; upper sterile
glume three-awned. — B. aristidoides Griseb., in Mexico,
California, etc.

Sec. IV. Polyodon Kunth (as a genus) Triplathera
Endl.). Like Sec. Ill, but with 2-3 sterile bracts above
the $ flower ; sterile bract with 3-5 awns united in a
fascicle. — B. multiseta Benth. in S. America. — B. Texana
Wats, in Texas.

182. (182) Melanocenchris Nees (Ptiloneilema Steud.).
Spikes very short, sub-globose, very remote, finally de-
ciduous. Low annuals.

Species three, in Hindostan and tropical Africa.

183. (183) Tripogon Koth. (Plagiolytrum Nees). Spikes
terminal, elongated, solitary ; spikelets sub-imbricated,
many-flowered, the 1-2 upper flowers smaller, $ , or
sterile. Small, csespitose grasses with very narrow
leaves.

Species eight, in East India and tropical Africa.

184. (184) Lepidopironia Kichard. May belong to the
preceding ; it differs only in the uni-aristate flowering
glume, which is covered with long wooll}7 hairs.

Species one, in Abyssinia.

185. (185) Tetrapogon Desf. (Cryptochloris Benth.).
Spikes solitary or in twos or threes, usually clothed with
silky hairs ; spikelets crowded, 2-3-flowered, broad.

Species five, four in North Africa, Abyssinia, and
Western Asia. One ( Cryptochloris) of doubtful origin (in
Patagonia?).

186. (186) Astrebla F. Mull. Spikes terminal, soli-
tary or in pairs ; spikelets large, thickened ; empty glumes
and flowering glumes many-nerved, the latter clothed
with silky hairs.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA.

133

Species two or three. A. pectinata and A. triticoides
F. Hull, in Australia.

187. (189) Tetrachne Nees. Spikes remote, with
densely crowded spikelets ; leaves terete, convolute.

Species one (T. Dregei Nees), in South Africa.

188. (188) Dinebra Jacq. Spikes short, numerous,
scattered along a common axis, finally reflexed.

Species one (D. Arabic®, Jacq.), a low annual in
Northern and tropical Africa to Hindostan.

189. (6) Beckmannia Host. Spikelets broad, com-
pressed, crowded, two-flowered. Empty glumes navicu-
lar, inflated on the back ; flowering glumes narrower,
keeled, pointed, but awnless.

Species one (B, erucceformis Host.). Eastern and
Southern Europe, temperate portions of Asia and North
America. [Specimens from America have one-flowered
spikelets.]

Fio. 71.— A, Eleusine Coracana Gartn. (After Schreber, Bschr. pi. 35.) B, S,
Spikelets of E. Indica Gartn. (After A. Gray, Man. pi. 9.) K, Utricle. S. seed.

190. (191) Eleusine Gartn. Spikes digitate or rarely
scattered ; spikelets many-flowered, crowded ; glumes
closely imbricate, diverging, compressed and keeled,
obtuse or mucronate-pointed ; pericarp very delicate.

Species six, mostly in the tropical and sub-tropical

134 THE TRUE GRASSES.

zone of the Old World ; one (E. Indica Gartn.) is a weed in
all warmer countries. E. Coracana Gartn. ("Korakan"
or " Dagussa ;" " Mandua" in N. India, " Marua" in
Bengal, "Ragi" in S. India) has thick spikes, and a
seed which is marked with very fine comb-like lines. It
is probably derived from E. Indica (see above), whose ob-
long seeds are marked with more distinct comb-like lines,
and whose spikes are more slender. " Korakan" is
cultivated in E. India, Sunda Islands, S. China, Japan,
and especially through the whole of Africa. In mam-
parts of Africa it forms the principal food in spite of the
bitter taste of the flour. A kind of bread or unleavened
cake is made from it. In Abyssinia and Niam Niam a
tolerably good beer is brewed from it. In India it is
much prized, as it yields good harvests from very poor
soil.

191. (191) Dactyloctenium Willd. Empty glumes
strongly mucronate-pointed. The pericarp is absorbed
before the fruit is ripe.

Species one (D. jffgyptiacum Willd., with several varie-
ties), which occurs as a weed throughout all warm coun-
tries. A decoction is prepared from the seeds, which is
used in Africa for inflammation of the kidneys.

192. (230 §) Coelachyrum Nees. Small, annual plants,
with short spikes and no prolongation of the axis ; fruit
a utricle whose pericarp is easily loosened at an early
period, leaving the shield-shaped seed marked with prom-
inent radial lines.

Species two, C. brevifolium Nees in Arabia and C.
Indicum Hack. (Eragrostis brevifolia Benth.) in India.

193. (192) Leptochloa Beauv. (Oxydenia Nutt., Rab-
docMoa Beauv.). Inflorescence a panicle formed of
numerous slender spikes ; spikelets small, two-oo -flow-
ered, rarely one-flowered, compressed ; glumes and palea
keeled ; flowering glume obtuse or acute, rarely awned.

Species twelve, in the warmer countries of both hemi-
spheres. One, L. mucronata Kunth, in temperate North
America.

194. (193) Buchloe Engelm. (Bidbilis Eafinesque). Male
plant with 2-4 short unilateral spikes, spikelets obtuse,

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 135

2-3-flowered ; inflorescence of the ? plant capitate, ses-
sile (recalling Cenchrus], scarcely exserted from the
sheath of the subtending leaf ; empty glumes two, con-
cave, indurated, three-lobed.

Species one (B. dactyloides Engelm.), the renowned
"Buffalo grass" of the North American prairies. In
Texas it remains green over winter, and if it completely
dries up during the summer drouth it is still readily eaten
by cattle, and a few hours' rain is sufficient to make it
green again.

195. (195) Opizia Presl. $ spikelets in several alter-
nating, slender spikes ; second empty glume of the ?
spikelet with three long awns surrounding the rest of
the spikelet like an involucre ; flowering glumes two-
lobed, sterile bracts long-awned.

Species one (0. stolonifera Presl), in Mexico.

TRIBE XL — FESTTJCEJE.

Inflorescence in panicles or racemes (apparently
spikes on account of the very short pedicels of the
spikelets) ; spikelets 2-oo -flowered, rarely one-flowered,
usually $ ; empty glumes usually shorter than the near-
est flowering glume ; flowering glumes awnless or with
from one to many awns which are usually terminal, rarely
dorsal, and straight (very rarely geniculate) ; palese two-
keeled ; embryo usually small ; starch-grains usually
compound. The most important meadow-grasses of the
temperate zones, as well as the predominating grasses of
high mountains in the tropics.
A.. Flowering glumes divided into three-to-many awn-like

lobes, or with the awns rising from between the lobes, or

dorsal.

a. Flowering glumes cleft above into 9-23 awn-like
divisions 196. Pappophorum.

b. Flowering glumes with 9-11 irregular, membra--
naceous, awned lobes 197. Cottea.

c. Flowering glumes with 5-9 dorsal awns.

269. Boissiera.

d. Flowering glumes with four membranaceous lobes,
between and at the sides of which arise five awns.

198. Schmidtia.

136 THE TRUE GRASSES.

e. Flowering glumes with five sharp, subulate divi-
sions, which are bent backwards. Spikelets two-
flowered ; inflorescence capitate. . 206. Echinaria.

f. Flowering glumes with 3-5 lanceolate, pointed,
rigid, and erect or straight lobes. Spikelets many-
flowered, in racemes 207. Orcuttia.

g. Flowering glumes with five delicate awns.

210. Sesleria, Sec. Psilathera.

h. Flowering glumes five-cleft, divisions awl-shaped,
the middle and two outer ones awned.

199. Calamochloa.
NOTE. — Compare Triraphis.

i. Flowering glumes deeply 3-4-cleft-with a dorsal

awn 201. Pommoreulla.

k. Flowering glumes deeply four-cleft, usually awned

between the hyaline divisions. 200. Cathestechum.
1. Flowering glumes of the fertile flower three-cleft,

three-awned.

a. Plant dioacious, the two sexes very unlike.

202. Scleropogon.

ft. Plant hermaphrodite. . . . 203. Triraphis.
B. Floivering glumes entire or two-toothed to two-deft, awn-
less or ivith one awn (3-5-atvned only in a variety of
Bromus macrostachys).

a. Rachilla or flowering glume (at least of the fertile
flower) with long hairs which envelop the latter.
Tall, reed-like grasses.

a. Plant dioecious, $ spikelets hairy, $ spikelets

naked 214. Gynerium.

ft. Plant hermaphrodite (very rarely dioacious), all
the spikelets hairy.

I. Flowering glumes thick-membranaceous,
five-nerved. . . . 215. Ampelodesmos.
II. Flowering glumes thin-membranaceous or
hyaline, three-nerved.

1°. Flowering glumes hairy, rachilla naked.

216. Arundo.
2°. Hairs on the rachilla only.

217. Phragmites.

b. Rachilla and flowering glume naked or hairy;
hairs much shorter than the glumes.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 137

a. Stigmas with short hairlets on all sides (bar-
bellate), projecting from the point of the flow-
ering glumes, upon elongated, free styles.
I. Spikelets dioecious, solitary, terminal, con-
cealed between the leaves.

204. Monanthochloe.

II. Spikelets usually in threes, terminal in the
axils of stiff, spinescent leaves which pro-
ject far beyond them. . . 205. Munroa.

III. Spikelets in a capitate panicle which is
enclosed within the sheath of a bract-like
leaf and falls off with it. 2O9. Urochlsena.

IV. Spikelets in a capitate or short cylindri-
cal panicle which is neither surrounded by
a leaf nor deciduous ; the spikelets also
(at least their empty glumes) persistent.
1°. Lowest spikelet with bracts at the

base.

* Empty glumes winged upon the

keel ; spikelets very many-flowered.

208. Ammochloa.

** Empty glumes not winged, spike-
lets 2-6-flowered. . 21O. Sesleria.
2°. Lowest spikelet without bracts at the

base . 211. Oreochloa.

V. Spikelets in contracted, spike-like pani-
cles, articulated below the empty glumes
and falling off one by one.

212. Fingerhuthia.
YI. Spikelets minute in compact, very long,

lobed panicles whose ultimate branches
are subtended by subulate bracts ; spike-
lets minute, not deciduous.

213. Elytrophorus.
NOTE.— Compare Streptogyne, Zeugites, Schismus.

/?. Stigmas plumose, relatively short, sessile or
raised on a short style, emerging from the sides
of the flowering glume.

I. Spikelets of two forms, the fertile 1-3-flow-
ered, surrounded by the sterile consisting
of many glumes.

138 THE TRUE GRASSES.

1°. Fertile spikelets one-flowered, sterile
spikelet with obtuse glumes.

254. Lamarckia.

2°. Fertile spikelets 2-3-flowered, sterile
spikelet with awned or pointed glumes.
253. Cynosurus.
II. Spikelets all alike.

1°. Flowering glumes thiee-toothed, three-
pointed or two-toothed, usually three-
nerved; lateral nerves and the callus
usually hairy.

* Spikelets with only one fertile
flower, four empty glumes and one
upper, empty, three-awned rudi-
ment. . . . 218. Blepharidachne.

** Spikelets witli three to many fertile
flowers ; empty glumes two.

219. Triodia.

*** Spikelets 1-3-flowered ; flowering
glumes keeled ; branches of the
diffuse panicle very long and capil-
lary 219a. Redfieldia.

NOTE. — Compare IMplachne with its sharp-
keeled flowering glumes.

2°. Flowering glumes of some other struc-
ture.

* Flowering glumes 1-3-nerved, all
with $ flowers, or the uppermost
only with a $ flower, or empty.

t Panicle-branches spirally ar-
ranged.

O Panicle-branches in spike-
like racemes either with
short-pedicelled or sessile
spikelets.

<3 Flowering glumes keeled.
22O. Diplachne.
3 < Flowering glumes round-
ed on the back.

224. Ipnum.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 139

O O Branches of the panicle again
with branchlets, these be-
coming shorter above.

< Spikelets loosely 2-4-
flowered, conical; rachilla
articulated. 222. Molinia.

< < Spikelets densely many-
flowered ; rachilla usually
continuous: if articulated,
the spikelet not conical.

223. Eragrostis.

ft Primary panicle-branches dis-
tichous, usually branched again
at the base.

O Empty glumes much longer
than the flowering glumes.

221. Dissanthelium.
O O Empty glumes not at all or
only a little longer than the
flowering glumes.

< Panicle spike-like or very
much contracted, usually
dense.

X Second empty glume
much broader and
somewhat longer than
the flowering glumes.
D Flowering glumes
broadly obtuse,
awnless.

225. Eatonia.
D D Flowering glumes
awned.

226. Avellinia.

XX Second empty glumes

not broader nor longer

than the flowering

glumes. 227. Kceleria.

<J < Panicle diffuse, with long

slender branches.

140 THE TRUE GRASSES.

Empty glumes slightly
unequal.

228. Catabrosa.
XX Empty glumes very
unequal, lower almost
wanting.

229. Sphenopus.

<] < < Panicles with very short
but spreading and some-
what stout branches.
Glumes indurated.

23O. Cutandia.

** Flowering glumes 3-5- to many-
nerved, with two or more of the
upper glumes empty ; appressed
and frequently enclosing or envel-
oping each other,
t The sterile upper glumes form-
ing together at their tips a tuft
of awns.
O Leaves narrow-linear.

231. Ectrosia.
O O Leaves broad-lanceolate.

240. Lophatherum.
ft Sterile glumes not awned.

O Flowering glumes flabelli-
form, white-membraiiaceous,
and corolla-like.

234. Anthochloa.

O O Flowering glumes of some
other form.

< Spikelets laterally com-
pressed ; glumes sharply
keeled.

X Empty glumes persist-
ent; flowering glumes
5-nerved.

233. Heterachne.

XX Spikelets deciduous as

a whole ; flowering

glumes three-nerved.

232. Harpachne.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 141

<] <] Spikelets not at all or
only slightly compressed ;
glumes not keeled.
X Stamens three ; lodi-
cule one ; upper sterile
glumes usually club-
shaped. . 235. Melica.
XX Stamens 1-2; lodi-
cules two ; sterile
glumes not club-
shaped. 236. Diarrhena.

NOTE. — Compare Streptogyne.

*** Flowering glumes five- to many-
nerved ; each containing a S flower,
or the upper with only a $ flower
or empty (very rarely in many
Festuca and Bromus species there
are several empty glumes above
the fertile; in Zeugites there are
several $ flowers and only one £ ).
t Leaves broad, lanceolate or
ovate, with fine transverse veins
between the longitudinal nerves.
O Spikelets one-, rarely two-
flowered.

<] Spikelets in a long uni-
lateral raceme ; stigmas
very long and spiral.

242. Streptogyne.

< < Spikelets in several short

spikes which are united

in pairs along the axis of

a panicle.

241. Poecilostachys.
< <] <] Spikelets paniculate.

239. Orthoclada.
O O Spikelets many-flowered.
< All the flowers $ .

237. Cenototheca.

142 THE TRUE GRASSES.

< < Only the lowest flower £ ,

the others $ , remote.

238. Zeugites.

ft Leaves linear or lanceolate, no
distinct transverse veins.
O Keel of the palea winged or
with a linear appendage.

243. Pleuropogon.
OO Keel of the palea not ap-
pendaged.

< Empty glumes 3-6 at the
base of each spikelet.
X Spikelets one-flowered.
244. Brylkinia.
XX Spikelets many-flow-
ered. . . 245. Uniola.

< < Empty glumes two.

X Plants strictly dio3-
cious ; spikelets almost
sessile. 246. Distichlis.
XX Plants hermaphrodite
(very rarely dioecious,
and then loosely pani-
culate).

D Flowering glumes

cordate at the base.

247. Briza.

D D Flowering glumes

not cordate at the

base. . . AA, etc.

AA. Spikelets dosdy imbricate, arranged in a linear, dense,

aa. Flowering glumes lanceolate, indistinctly five-
nerved 249. Wangenheimia.

bb. Flowering glumes broadly ovate-lanceolate,
seven-nerved with glandular hairs at the base.

248. Desmazeria.

NOTE.— Compare Festuca and Brachypodium, whose spike-
lets stand farther apart and whose glumes are not keeled.

BB. Spikelets densely imbricate, croivded in short spikes,

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 143

of which are united into a raceme or form a

capitate inflorescence 250. JEluropus.

CO. Spikelets in small fascicles which are united into a
glomerate or interrupted panicle.

aa. Panicles one-sided 252. Dactylis.

bb. Panicles symmetrical. . . . 251. Lasiochloa.
DD. Spikelets in panicles or racemes, neither imbricated nor
in fascicles.

aa. Branches of the panicles in at least twelve-
rayed false whorls, the lowest of which is

sterile 257. Nephelochloa.

NOTE. — Compare Poa, Sec. A.
bb. Branches of the panicles in whorls of 1-5.

aa. Stigmas two, inserted at or near the apex
of the ovary ; empty glumes awnless.
* Empty glumes longer than all the flow-
ering glumes,
t Flowering glumes two-cleft or two-

lobed 256. Schismus.

ft Flowering glumes entire, or finely

toothed 260. Dupontia.

** Flowering glumes, at least of the upper-
most flowers, projecting from the empty
glumes.

t Lateral nerves of the floral glumes
nearly parallel, not converging.
O Empty glumes but little or not
at all shorter than the nearest
flowering glumes.
<3 Flowering glumes with two
very short, nearly obsolete,
nerves on each side.

259. Colpodium.

O O Flowering glumes with 3-4
nerves on each side, at least
one of which is prolonged be-
yond the point.

261. Seolochloa.

<I < Empty glumes much shorter
than the nearest flowering glume.

144 THE TRUE GRASSES.

<] Styles distinct, lodicules
grown together.

263. Glyceria.

< <d Styles none, lodicules dis-

tinct. . . . 264. Atropis.
ft Lateral nerves of the flowering
glumes arched, converging above
toward the mid-vein.
O Rachilla with a fringe of stiff
hairs. . . 262. Graphephorum.
O O Rachilla naked, downy, or with
flexuose (or webby) hairs.
<] Flowering glumes strongly
keeled on the back ; hilurn
punctiform.

X Flowering glumes cartilag-
inous at the base, upper
half herbaceous.

255. Sclerochloa.

XX Flowering glumes mem-

branaceous or herbaceous

at the base. . . 258. Poa.

< < Flowering glumes rounded on

the back, at least below.
X Palea rough or minutely
fringed upon the keels.
D Hilum linear.

265. Festuca.
D Hilum punctiform.
§ Spikelets in a simple
or branched raceme.

266. Catapodium.
§§ Spikelets in a short-
branched panicle.

267. Scleropoa.

XX Palea pectinately fringed
on the keels.

271. Brachy podium.

fifi. Stigmas two, plainly arising below the
apex (lateral) on the anterior portion of the
ovary ; empty glumes awnless.

268. Bromus.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA.

145

yy. Stigmas three, inserted at the apex of the
ovary (terminal) ; empty glumes extending
into long awns. . . . 270. Megalachne.

SUB-TRIBE A. — Pappophoreae.
Flowering glumes with three to many awns or lobes.

196. (197) Pappophorum (Fig. 72). Panicles spike-
like. Spikelets 1-3-flowered. At maturity the flower-
ing glumes with their numerous

awns resemble the fruit of a Com-
posite with pappus.

Species about twenty, especially
in the tropics of both hemispheres,
one extending as far as Northern
Asia, North America, and Austra-
lia.

Sec. I. Polyraphis Liudl. (as a
genus). Flowering glumes with
13-23 naked awns.

Sec. II. Enneapogon Desv. (as a
genus). Flowering glumes with
nine, usually plumose, awns.

197. (198) Cottea Kunth. Pani-
cles loose ; spikelets 2-6-flowered,
broad, short-awned, laterally com-
pressed.

Species one (C. pappophoroides
Kunth), in tropical America as far
north as Arizona and New Mexico. FIG. m.—pappophm-um paiu-

ino fnt\r\\ « i_ • -i • oii T / A dum Brown. (After Kunth,

198. (200) Schmidtia Steud. (An- Rev. Gram. Pi. si.)
toschmidtia Steud.). Panicles narrow, loose ; spikelets
resembling those of a small Avena ; empty glumes long.

Species two, from tropical South Africa to Egypt.

199. (208) Calamochloa Founder. Inflorescence an
ovate panicle composed of short spikes. Spikelets 3-4
in each spike, two-flowered. Flowering glumes hairy on
the callus.

Species one ( C. Jilifolia), in Mexico.

200. (62) Cathestechum Presl. Spikelets in groups of
threes, these in loose rows on a common axis and decidu-

146 THE TRUE GRASSES.

cms as a whole ; middle spikelet 2-4-flowered, the lateral
1-2-flowered.

Species two, one (C. prostratum Presl), in Mexico, and
one (C. ereetum Vasey & Hack.) in Texas and Sonora.

201. (196) Pommereulla L. fil. Spikelets sub-turbinate,
in a dense spike, sheathed at the base. Flowering
glumes finally indurated and with a pointed callus. A
small, annual grass.

Species one (P. Cornucopia L. fil.), in the East Indian
Peninsula.

202. (204) Scleropogon Philippi (Lesourdia Fourn.).
Inflorescence an almost spike-like panicle at whose apex
there is, in the ? plant, a tuft of sterile spikelets (each
reduced to a single glume) ; $ plant with awnless or
shortly three-toothed flowering glumes.

Species three (?), one in Chili which, together with
one or two others, extends into Mexico and Texas.

203. (206) Triraphis Brown. Panicle narrow, elon-
gated, with upright many-flowered spikelets ; flowering
glumes sometimes with membranaceous marginal lobes.
Grasses with narrow or rush-like leaves.

Species five in Australia, one in South Africa.

SUB-TRIBE B. — Seslerieee.

Flowering glumes 1-5-awned, lobed, or awuless ; style and stigma
usually long, the latter narrow, protruding near the apex of the flow-
ering glume.

204. (213) Monanthochloe Engelmann (HdocUoa
Griseb.). A creeping grass of the sea-coast and alkaline
plains, with crowded, short, convolute leaves and nearly
concealed spikelets.

Species one (M. littoralis), from Florida to California,
and represented by a variety in the Argentine Bepiiblic.

205. (214) Munroa Torrey. Low grasses of the ele-
vated plains. Branches much forked or fasciculate ;
leaves cuspidate-pointed, in clusters at the ends of the
branches ; spikelets nearly concealed by the upper leaves.

Species three, one (M. squarrosa Torr.) on the pla-
teaux of the "Western United States and the Argentine
Republic, two in extra-tropical South America.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA.

147

206. (215) Echinaria Desf. (PanicastreUa Monch.). A
low annual. Spikelets in long-pedicellate, spiny, capi-
tate clusters ; 2-3-flowered.

Species one (E. capitata Desf.) (Fig. 73), in the Medi-
terranean regions.

207. Orcuttia Vasey. A low, prostrate annual, with
long spikelets in racemes ; empty glumes much like the

flowering glumes, lobed.

Species one (0. Californica
Vasey) (Fig. 73a), in Lower
California (San Quentin Bay).

208. (216) Ammochloa Boiss.
(Cephalochloa Cosson & Dur.).
Spikelets small, in globose,

FIG. 73. — Echinaria capitata Desf.
(After Nees, Gen. Germ., I. 38.)

A El.

[Fie. 73a. — Orcuttia Californica
Vasey. A, Portion of inflores-
cence. El, Floret with a portion
of the rachilla. D, Dorsal view
of expanded flowering glume.
E, Apex of palea. St, Stamen.
J. Pistil. (Original.)]

capitate clusters, many -flowered ; flowering glumes three-
nerved with a rigid or cuspidate point.

Species two ; low, annual, steppe and desert grasses :
A. pungens Boiss. in Algiers ; A. subacauLis from Algiers
to Palestine and South Spain.

209. (217) Urochlsena Nees. Spikelets few-flowered ;
glumes 5-7-nerved and produced into long, divergent
and curved awns.

148

THE TRUE GRASSES.

Species one (U. pusilla Nees), in South Africa. A
low, branched annual.

210. (218) Sesleria Scopoli (Fig. 74). Glumes keeled,
inenibraiiaceous ; flowering glumes
with 3-5 small teeth that are
frequently produced into short
awns. Panicles very dense and
spike-like or capitate. Perennial
grasses.

Species ten, in Europe and
Western Asia, mostly alpine. S.
ccervlea Ard., with 3-5 short awns,
extends all through Europe. Psi-
lathera Link (as a genus) is a spe-
cies (section?) with five distinct
awns on the flowering glume and
two short awns on the palea.

211. (223) Oreochloa Link. Habit
of the preceding, but with no bracts
at the base of the spike. Spike-
lets two-ranked, turned to one
side.

Species two, 0. disticha Lk.
from the Carpathians to the Pyre-
nees, and 0. Pedemontana Boiss. <fc
FIG. n.-sesier{a cceruira Ard. Reut. in the TV. Alps and Castile.

(After Nees, Gen. Germ., I.

212. (220) Fingerhuthia Nees.

Habit of Sesleria ; the uppermost and lowest spikelet of
the false spike aborted. A $ flower, or empty glume
with a short awn, above the $ flower.

Species one (F. Africana Lehm.), in South Africa and
Aigiianistan.

213. (219) Elytrophorus Beauv. Spikelets minute, in
small capitate clusters and these united into a long con-
tracted panicle which appears like a small brush on
account of the numerous, short awns. Spikelets man}--
flowered, with only one posterior stamen.

Species one (E. articiilatus Beauv.), extending through
the entire tropical zone of the Old World.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA.

149

SUB-TRIBE C. — Arundineae.

Flowering glumes awnless or short-awned; rachilla or flowering glume
with long hairs.

214. (209) Gynerium Humb. & Bonpl. Spikelets
loosely 2- oo-flowered, narrow ; glumes membranaceous ;
flowering glume three-nerved, subulate, produced into a

FIG. 75. — Gynerium argenteum Nees. (From Muller's "Die

fine awn. Tall reed-like grasses with long, rigid, narrow
leaves that are much crowded at the base, and very
large, thick, silvery-shining panicles.

Species three, in tropical and sub-tropical America.
G. argenteum Nees, " Pampas-grass," from Southern Brazil
and the Argentine Republic, has a culm 3-6 m. high ;
leaves 1-3 m. long ; panicles 0.5-0.8 m. long; the $ pani-
cle broad-pyramidal; the ? narrower, linear, elongated,

150

THE TRUE GRASSES.

with a magnificent silvery-white or rose-red sheen.
Showy, decorative plants for the garden. The panicles
are used for dry bouquets. [Growing Pampas-plumes
is an important industry in California. The plumes are
cut when exposed only a few inches from the leaf-sheath.]
In its native habitat the leaves are used for paper-mak-
ing, and a decoction of the rhizome is employed as a
diuretic.

215. (210) Ampelodesmos Beauv. Spikelets crowded,
2-oo -flowered ; flowering glumes and the short joints of
rachilla clothed with short, woolly hairs ; flowering
glumes with two short teeth between which is a cuspi-
date point ; ovary hairy above.

Species one (A. tenax Link). A low, cane-like grass
with nodding panicles and rush-like leaves, in the regions
of the Mediterranean, and especially abundant in Al-
giers. The young leaves are used for fodder, and the
very tough old ones are employed like Esparto ; in Italy

hats are woven from them,
and in Sicily they .are used
to tie up grapes.

216. (211) Arundo L.
(Donax 'Bennv.,Amphidonax
Nees, ScolocJdoa Mert. A.-
Koch). Spikelets crowded
with many flowers ; rachilla
naked ; flowering glumes
with long hairs, 2-toothed
and a cuspidate point be-
tween the teeth ; ovary
naked. Tall re ad -like
grasses with almost wToody
stems and broad flat leaves.
Species six, distributed
throughout the warmer
countries of the world. A.
Doncix L. (Fig. 76) has a
culm 2-4 m. high and fully

FIG. n.-

(After Nees,

wild in wet places in the Mediterranean region, and is

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 151

generally cultivated in Spanish South America, forming
living fences. The culms are used for laths, and, when
split, for woven work. The leaves are used for roofing,
and the rhizomes are employed as a diuretic. It is also
grown as a decorative plant. [There is a cultivated
variety which has its broad leaves striped with longitu-
dinal white bands.]

Fossil Species. — Many rhizomes, culms, and leaves of
A. Goepperti Heer are found in the tertiary of Europe
and N. America which show points of agreement with
the living species. A. Groenlandica Heer occurs in the
upper chalk formation of Greenland.

217. (212) Phragmites Triu. (Czernya Presl). Spike-
lets loosely many-flowered, lowermost flower $ , the
others usually $ ; rarely the plants are dioecious, but
without any striking distinction between the sexes ;
flowering glumes naked, long-acuminate-pointed. Habit
of Arundo, but with the culm usually not so stout.

Species three, one cosmopolitan, a second in tropical
Asia, and a third (dioecious) in the Argentine Republic.
P. communis Trin. is a reed-like grass with culms 1-3 m.
high and expanded, usually purple or violet colored
panicles. It grows in standing or sluggish water and
in swamps, is gregarious in habit, and is distributed
throughout the world. The culms are used for roofing
and as laths for covering walls about to be plastered,
for matting, basket-work, mouth-pieces of musical in-
struments, weavers' spools, etc. ; the young shoots are
fed to horses, and an infusion of the root is used as a
diuretic.

Fossil Species. — PA. Ungeri Stur. Khizomes in the
lacustrine strata in Hungary. Ph. ceningensis A. Br. is
found in the tertiary of Europe, the polar regions and
N. America. Ph. cretaceus Lesq. in the cretaceous forma-
tion of N. America.

SUB- TRIBE D.— Triodieae.

Flowering glume usually 2-3-toothed ; middle tooth often awned or
awn-like.

218. (205) Blepharidachne Hack, in Monogr. Androp..

152

THE TRUE GRASSES.

p. 261 (EremocMoe S. Wats.). Low, branched grasses,

with crowded, involute leaves ; spikes few, in capitate

panicles ; flowering glumes very hairy.

Species two, upon the high western plateaux of North

America.

219. (201) Triodia Brown. Panicle usually open ;

flowering glume rounded on the back (at least below),
coriaceous or chartaceous, often
hairy on the callus and margins.
Perennial grasses with narrow rigid
leaves and variable habit.

Species twenty-six, throughout
the temperate zones, a few in tropi-
cal America.

Sec. I. Isotria. Flowering glume
three-parted almost to the middle.
Tr. pungens Brown, and the related
Tr. Mitchelli, Tr. Cunning Jiamii, and
Tr. irritans Brown, belonging to
the following Sec., are character-
ized by their rigid, involute, finely-
pointed, and often sticky leaves ;
they cover, often exclusively, large
areas of the deserts and elevated
plains of the interior of Australia,
and are known to the colonists and
to travellers as "Spinifex" (not to
be confounded with No. 76), and are
very troublesome.
Sec. II. Sieglingia Bernhardi (as a genus). Flower-

ing glume with three short, rather obtuse teeth. Triodia

decujnbens Beauv. (Fig. 77) in Europe.

Sec. III. RTiombolytrum Link (as a genus). Flower-

ing glume shortly two-toothed, sometimes entire. In

North and South America. ( T. filiformis Nees, T. al-

bescens Munro, etc.)

Sec. IV. Tricuspis Beauv. (as a genus), ( Windsoria

Nutt., Tridens B. <fe S.). Flowering glume usually entire,

but with the three nerves extending into three short awns

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA.

153

or sharp points. T. cuprea Jacq., a showy grass with
open panicles [common in the Eastern United States],

Sec. V. Triplasis Beauv. (as a genus), (Uralepis Nutt.,
Diplocea Eaf.). Flowering glumes three-cleft, the middle
division recurved and awn-like. North America.

219a. Redfleldia Vasey.
Florets crowded, the short
joints of the rachilla smooth.
Flowering glumes charta-
ceous, densely hairy on the
callus only, 3-nerved, indis-
tinctly 3-toothed or terminat-
ing in a short mucronate point.
Styles long ; stigmas short.
Grain oblong, terete, free.

Species one (R. flexuosa
Yasey, Graphephorum C?)flexu-
osum Thurber), (Fig. 78) in the
"Western United States.

220. (202) Diplachne BeaUV. FIG. TS.—Redfieldia flexuosa Vasey.

_. . , , x . B, Spikelet. a, A single floret show-

Splkelets narrow, many- ing joint of rachilla, etc. a', A single

a *- , a . , floret from a one-flowered spikelet,

flowered ; flowering glumes with a rudiment of a second floret

- ,, , , , , above, b, Apex of flowering glume.

1-nerved, keeled, USUally E, Palea. F, Flower. (Original.)

2-toothed, the teeth mucronate or awn-pointed ; fruit
3-angled, unfurrowed.

Species fifteen, in the warmer countries of both hemi-
spheres. Leptocarydion~H.oclist. and Trichoneura Anders-
son include species that form a transition to Triodia.

SUB-TRIBE E. — Eragrosteae.
Flowering glumes three nerved, awn less or short-awned.

221. (226) Dissanthelium Trin. (Phalaridium Nees,
Stenochloa Nutt.). Panicle narrow ; flowering glumes
broad, obtuse, awnless, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves
nearly marginal.

Species three, of low habit, one in California, the
others upon the Andes of South America and coasts of
Mexico.

222. (227) Molinia Schrank (Enodium Gaud.). Pani

154

THE TRUE GRASSES.

cles diffuse or contracted; spikelets narrow, pointed,
awnless. Perennial grasses with apparently uodeless
culms.

Species one (M. ca'rulea Monch), with violet-colored
panicles and rigid leaves, grows in wet meadows in
Central Europe and temperate Asia. A poor grass for
fodder. [Sparingly introduced into North America.]

223. (230) Eragrostis Host. (Fig.
79). Panicles various, generally open.
Spikelets usually densely many-
flowered ; flowering glumes awnless,
or at most rnucronate-poiuted, keeled ;
grain globose or ovate, uufurrowed.

Species about one hundred, distrib-
uted throughout all warm countries.

Sec. I. Ccdadastos. Each ilia articu-
late ; spikelets small ; flowering glumes
membranaceous. E. ciliaris Link
in the Southern United States and
throughout all tropical countries.
II Vtff jB' Macroblepliarus Philippi also belongs

II n7 m here-

Sec. II. Petrocssa (Megastachya
Beauv.). Rachilla and usually also
FHo?t~«'aC'nia with the palere remaining after the fruit and
&aene8eGermA,ft!r55Naend flowering glumes have fallen. Most
of the species belong here. E. Abys-
sinica Link, is an important food-plant in Abyssinia.
The various colored seeds have the appearance of grits,
and the flour made from these is baked into bread.
This grass is probably a cultivated form of E. pilom
Beauv. Many species (e.g., E. Mexicana Link) are culti-
vated for ornament. [E. oxylepis of the Southwestern
United States, is a particularly showy species.]

Sec. III. Myriostachya. Like the preceding, but with
long-awued empty glumes.
Species one.

Sec. IV. Platy stocky a. Bachilla articulate ; spikelets
large ; flowering glumes coriaceous.

224. (231) Ipnum Philippi. Spikes short, standing

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA.

155

almost at right angles to the common axis ; spikelets
cylindrical ; flowering glumes with a short mucronate
point.

Species one (/. Mendocinum Phil.), in the Argentine
Kepublic.

OBS. — This genus most probably belongs to Diplachne.

225. (225) Eatonia Baf. (Rebouka Kunth, Colobanthus
Trin.). Spikelets two-flowered, small, shining, very nu-
merous in contracted [expanded in flower] and often
dense panicle. Habit of Koeleria.

Species two, E. obtusa and E. Pennsylvania Gray, in
North America [probably a third species is represented
by E. filiformis Vasey].

226. (224) Avellinia Parl. A small, annual grass with
a slender panicle, and very narrow spikelets ; lower
empty glumes short, very narrow, almost setiform, the
second very large ; flowering glumes

awiied below the point.

Species one (A. Michdii Parl.), in the
regions of the Mediterranean.

227. (223) Koeleria Pers. (Collinaria
Ehrh.). Spikelets 2-5-flowered, shin-
ing ; empty glumes unequal ; flowering
glumes keeled, entire, awnless, or short-
awned. Usually low, narrow-leaved
grasses, with narrow, compact panicles.

Species fifteen, distributed through-
out the temperate regions, mostly in
Europe ; isolated species in South Africa,
Patagonia, and the Sandwich Islands.

Sec. I. AirocMoa Link (as a genus).
Flowering glumes awnless or with short
mucronate points. K. cristata Pers.,
with silvery shining panicles ; upon dry
meadows in Europe and Western North
America. A profitable fodder-grass for
sandy soils.

Sec. II. Lophochloa Beichen. (as a genus), (jEgialitis
Trin., ^Egialina Schult., Willidmsia C. Koch). Flower-
ing glumes short-awned from or below the point. K.

FIG. 80. — Kceleria
phleoides Pers. (Af-
ter Nees, Gen. Germ.,
1.63.)

156 THE TRUE GRASSES.

pMeoides Pers., in the regions of the Mediterranean
(Fig. 80).

228. (229) Catabrosa Beauv. Spikelets small ; two-
flowered ; empty glumes almost nerveless and very obtuse,
much shorter than the awnless, indistinctly three-toothed
flowering glume. Creeping, aquatic grasses with open
pyramidal panicles.

Species one ( C. aquatica Beauv.), in Europe, Northern
Asia, and North America.

229. (228) Sphenopus Trin. Small, delicate, annual
grasses with minute awnless spikelets upon somewhat
thickened pedicels. Branches of the panicle in fascicles,
finally spreading.

Species one ( Sph. Gouani Trin.), along the shores of
the Mediterranean to the Caspian Sea.

230. (232) Cutandia Willk. Panicles few-flowered,
the short branchlets thickened at the point and finally
strongly divaricate; spikelets narrow, loosely flowered,
usually awnless. Annual, low, maritime grasses.

Species six, in the Mediterranean region. C. mari-
tima Benth. on the seashore.

SUB-TIUBE E.— Meliceae.

Uppermost glumes of the spikelets empty (rarely with flowers), over-
lapping or embracing each other.

231. (234) Ectrosia Brown. Panicles many -flowered,
narrow, compound ; spikelets with 1-2 fertile, short-
awned flowers, followed by 1-2 $ flowers and several
sterile glumes.

Species four, in Australia. E. leporina Brown, in
North Australia and Queensland.

232. (230) Harpachne Hochst. Spikelets in a simple
raceme with spirally arranged branches which finally fall
off and bore into objects by means of their pointed,
hairy bases ; 3-4 fertile flowers and two sterile long-
pointed glumes.

Species one (H. Schimperi Hochst.), in tropical Africa.

233. (235) Heterachne Benth. Spikelets very flat, in
false spikes or heads, with one fertile flower and 6-14

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA.

157

empty glumes which form, as it were, an appendage to
the fruiting glume ; flowering glumes awnless.

Species two, H. Brownii and H. GiMiveri Benth., in
North Australia.

234. (236) Anthochloa Nees. Panicles capitate, small ;
spikelets few-flowered, awnless ; flowering glumes broad,
flabellate, finely toothed, thin-membranaceous, silvery
white.

Species two, in the Andes of Peru and Bolivia. The
small heads of A. lepida recall those of Hdichrysum or
Paronychia.

235. (237) Melica L. Spike-
lets few-flowered, mostly in
narrow or spike-like panicles ;
empty glumes membraua-
ceous, 3-5-nerved ; flower-
ing glumes parchment-like,
mostly 7-9-nerved, awnless
or short-awned; anterior
lodicules entire or slightly
emarginate.

Species over thirty,
throughout temperate zones,
excepting in Australia. M. mi-
tans (Fig. 81), a forest grass in
Europe, has narrow panicles
and nodding, naked spikelets ;
M. dliata L. has cylindrical FlG ^_Melica nutmj\. (After
false spikes, and long-fringed

flowering glumes. It grows upon sunny hillsides in
Europe, also cultivated for ornament.

236. (238) Diarrhena Eafin. (Korycarpus Zea, Bcemeria
Zea, Onoea Franchet and Savatier). Spikelets in a loose
panicle, 3-5-flowered, almost linear ; flowering glumes
coriaceous, shining, three-nerved, awnless ; fruiting
glumes somewhat remote, spreading, leaving the beaked
caryopsis exposed.

Species two, one (D. Japonica Franch. and Sav.) in
Japan and one (D. Americana, P. B.) in North America.

158 THE TRUE GRASSES.

SUB TRIBE F. — Centotheceae.
Leaves broad, netted-veiued.

237. (239) Centotheca Desv. Panicles expanded ; spike-
lets small ; flowering glumes rounded on the back,
5-7-nerved, awnless, but usually with hooked appendages
or small protuberances on the keel.

Species three, in tropical Africa, Asia, and especially
the South Sea Islands.

238. (243) Zeugites Schreb. (Senites Adans., Despretzia
Kunth, Krombholzia Fourn.). Spikelets panicled, many-
flowered, but only the lowest fertile, the very broad empty
glumes approximate ; the upper $ , distant ; leaves ovate.

Species five, in tropical America and Mexico.

239. (240) Orthoclada Beauv. Panicles diffuse ; spike-
lets lanceolate, compressed, one-flowered, with a long
prolongation of the rachilla (rarely two-flowered without
this prolongation) ; fruit strongly compressed laterally.

Species one (0. rariflora Beauv.), with petiolate,
broad lanceolate leaves ; in tropical America.

240. (241) Lophatherum Brongu. (Acroelytrum Steud.
and Attetotheea Steud.). Spikelets often two-ranked
(rarely scattered), sessile on the branches of the panicle,
linear, one-flowered, with a tuft of sterile glumes at the
point. Empty glumes two ; flowering glumes pointed or
short-awned.

Species three, in the East Indies in the Sunda Archi-
pelago to Japan.

241. Pcecilostachys Hackel. Spikelets in pairs on the
spike-like branches of the panicle ; empty glumes three,
no sterile glumes at apex. A sterile flower is often
found in the axil of the third glume.

Species two, P. Hildebrandtii and P. geminata Hack., in
Madagascar.

242. (242) Streptogyne Beauv. Spikelets large, linear,
almost sessile ; first empty glume short, the second as well
as the flowering glume involute, many-nerved, the latter
short-awued, and with 1-3 empty falcate glumes above it.

Species one (St. crinita Link), in the tropics of both
hemispheres. The detached fruiting glumes hang for a

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 159

long time by the spiral styles and stigmas which are in-
terlaced above.

SUB-TRIBE G. — Eufestuceae.

Without the special characteristics of the preceding sub-tribes.
Flowering glumes five- to many-nerved.

243. (244) Pleuropogon Brown (Lophochlcena Nees).
Spikelets rather large in a simple, loose raceme, 8-14-
flowered ; flowering glumes 7-nerved, mucronate-pointed
or awned.

Species three, one (P. Sabini Brown) arctic-circum-
polar, and two in California.

244. (245) Brylkinia F. Schmidt. Inflorescence like
the preceding; spikelets pendent, one-flowered with
four empty glumes ; flowering glumes long-awned. A
weak, broad-leaved grass.

Species one (B. cavdata F. Schm.), in Japan and
Saghalin.

245. (246) TJniola L. (Trisiola Eafin., Chasmanthium
Link). Panicles usually loose, often showy; spikelets
laterally compressed, broad, with 3-20 flowering glumes
and 3-6 empty glumes. Flowering glumes chartaceous
or coriaceous, with many delicate nerves.

Species five, mostly in North America ; one in Central
America; one in the Andes and extra-tropical South
America. U. latifolia L. (Fig. 82), with broad leaves
and elegant nodding spikelets, is a favorite ornamental
grass.

246. (247) Distichlis Kafinesque. Spikelets 8-16-
flowered; the $ with a continuous and the ? with an
articulated rachis, oblong compressed ; glumes and
palese keeled, coriaceous ; flowering glumes many-nerved,
acute, awnless, closely two-ranked. Creeping grasses
with rigid, densely two-ranked, involute leaves.

Species four, along the seacoast and on alkaline
plains in the interior throughout America, one of which,
D. maritima, occurs also in Australia.

247. (253) Briza L. (Fig. 83). Spikelets many -flowered,
panicled, broad ; glumes thin-membranaceous, very con-
cave, densely crowded, five- to many-nerved ; palesemuch

160

THE TRUE GRASSES.

shorter than the flowering glumes. Fruit strongly
dorsally compressed.

Species twelve, Europe, North Africa, and the tem-
perate parts of Asia and South America.

Sec. I. Eubriza. Flowering glumes obtuse, without
lateral projections, nerves separate their entire length.
B. medial^., "Quaking-grass," perennial ; spikelets round-
ish. A valuable meadow-grass in Middle Europe. B.
maxima L. has large ovate and B. minor L. small, three-

Em. 82.— Uniola lat-
ifolia L. (After
Gray, Man. pi. 11.)

FIG. 83.— Briza maxima L. (After
Trin., Spec. Grain, pi. 290.)

cornered, ovate spikelets ; both are annuals, and fre-
quently cultivated as ornamental grasses for dry bouquets.

Sec. II. Chascolytrum Desv. (as a genus). Flowering
glumes awnless or mucronate-pointed, its nerves uniting
at the apex. B. erecta Lam., an ornamental grass.

Sec. III. Ccdotheca Desv. (as a genus). Flowering
glumes, with projecting lateral angles, awned.

Sec. II. & III. In South America ; B. elegans Doll, in
Uruguay.

248. (251) Desmazeria Dumort. (Brizopyrum Link).

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 161

Spikelets very many-flowered, strongly compressed, with
crowded, two-ranked, coriaceous, sharply keeled glumes
and palese. Flowering glumes pointed, awnless.

Species four, one in the regions of the Mediterranean,
three in South Africa. D. sicula Dum. (Brizopyrum sicu-
lum Link) is an annual frequently cultivated as an orna-
mental grass.

249. (187) Wangenheimia Monch. A small annual
grass, with very short, compact, and one-sided spikes.
Spikelets awnless, sharply keeled, downy.

Species one ( W, disticha Monch), in Spain and North
Africa.

250. (248)^luropusTrin.(<7Aaw<^acfyZtsNees). Creep-
ing, rigid, much-branched grasses, with closely two-
ranked, often stiff leaves. Spikelets densely crowded,
many-flowered ; flowering glumes 7-9-nerved, broad,
somewhat mucronate-pointed.

Species four, mostly in the saline or alkaline soil in
the regions of the Mediterranean, in Central Asia, Arabia,
Hindostan.

251. (250) Lasiochloa Kunth. Spikelets 2-3-flowered
in a crowded cylindrical or interrupted panicle. Empty
glumes as long as the spikelet, 5-7-nerved, obtusely
keeled, tuberculate-hispid ; flowering glumes awnless. v

Species 3-4, in South Africa. L. hirta and L. adscen-
dens Kunth are the most frequent.

252. (249) Dactylis L. Spikelets 3-5-flowered, much
compressed, somewhat concave on the inner side ; ar-
ranged in dense fascicles ; empty glumes 1-3-nerved, as
well as the flowering glumes, sharply keeled ; the flower-
ing glumes fringed on the keel and short awn-pointed.

Species one, with several varieties, throughout Eu-
rope, in temperate Asia and North Africa. Naturalized
in North America. D. glomerata L. (Fig. 84). Panicle
made up of fascicles or dense glomerules. A first-class
fodder-grass especially for heavy, wet soils. Very pro-
ductive, rapidly growing, especially after cutting ; endures
shade, and on this account is called "Orchard-grass" in
North America.

162

THE TRUE GRASSES.

253. (222) Cynosurus L. Panicles spike-like or capi-
tate, one-sided ; the fertile spikelets not enclosed by the
pectinate sterile ones ; flowering glumes awned from or
below the point, or simply mucronate ; glumes of the
sterile spikelets 2-ranked, spreading.

Species five, in the temperate zone of the Old World ;
one (C. cristatus) has also been introduced into America.

Sec. I. Eucynosurus. Flowering glumes and sterile
glumes mucronate-pointed, not awned. C. cristatus L.

FIG. 84.—Dacti/lis -qlnmerata L.
(After Nees, Gen. Germ., 1. 65.)
(Panicle represented too loose.)

Fio. 85.— Cynosurus echinntus
L. (After Mart, and Eichler,
Fl. Bras, II, III, pi. 37.) B.f..
Fertile, B.s., sterile spikelets.

with linear false spikes, in all Europe on meadows. A
good, tender fodder-grass, also good for the foundation
of grass-plots or lawns.

Sec. II. Phalona (Falona) Adans. (as a genus). Glumes
awned. C. echinatus L. (Fig. 85) in South Europe, a
field weed.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 163

254. (221) Lamarckia Munch. (Chrysurua Pers., Pte-
rium Desv., Tincea Garzia). A low annual grass, with an
elegant, one-sided, crowded panicle whose branches are
terminated by the fertile spikelets, which are entirely
covered up by the long awns of the sterile ones.

Species one (L. aurea Monch), in the regions of the
Mediterranean to Afghanistan. Introduced in North
America (California). A favorite ornamental grass
(" Clirysurus cynosuroides").

255. (252) Sclerochloa Beauv. A prostrate, annual
grass with short, one-sided, rigid panicles ; joints of the
rachilla much thickened ; glumes narrow, very obtuse.

Species one (S. dura Beauv.), in southern and central
Europe, western and central Asia.

256. (254) Schismus Beauv. (Electra Panzer, Hemisacris
Steud.). Low, annual grasses with somewhat dense
panicles. Large, somewhat acute, white, membrana-
ceous-margined empty glumes; and small, membrana-
ceous, 5-9-nerved flowering glumes.

Species four, two South African, two from the Medi-
terranean to Afghanistan.

257. (255) Nephelochloa Boiss. Panicles very delicate ;
spikelets very small ; flowering glumes with a straight
awn projecting from the two-toothed point.

Species one (N. orientalis Boiss.), in the Orient.

258. (256) Poa L. Spikelets 2-6-flowered, usually in
open, rarely in spike-like panicles ; rachilla and callus,
as well as the marginal nerves of the flowering glumes,
often clothed with tangled hairs ; glumes herbaceous or
membranaceous, awnless ; flowering glumes often obtuse.

Species about one hundred, distributed throughout
all temperate and cold countries ; a few in the high
mountains of the tropics ; some cosmopolitan.

Sec. I. Pseudopoa. Habit of the preceding genus.
Fruit grown to the glumes, slightly furrowed.

Species three, P. Persica Trin. in Asia Minor and
Persia.

Sec. II. Eupoa. Fruit unfurrowed, mostly free. This
section comprises some of the most important fodder-

164

THE TRUE GRASSES.

grasses.

FIG. 86. — Poapratensis L.
Fruiting bract in cross-sec-
tion. (After Nees, Gen.
Germ., I. 56.)

P. pratensis L., " June grass," " Kentucky Blue
grass" (Fig. 86), has underground
runners, smooth sheaths, and a
short ligule. P. trivialis L. has
aerial runners, rough sheaths, and
a long ligule. P. alpina L. has no
runners, its leaves are obtuse and
spikelets large ; found in the high
mountains of the northern hemi-
sphere and in the Arctic region.
The largest species of the genus is
P. ftabdlata Hook. (Dactylis c&spi-
tosa For st.) the "Tussock grass"
of the Falkland, Fire Islands, and
Kerguelen Laud. This grass forms
great tufts which reach 2 m. in
height, and its leaves are arranged

like a fan. Its culture is remunerative only where the

summers are very moist.

Sec. III. Dioicopoa. Dioecious, but without any other

difference between the two sexes. Natives in America.

P. Chilensis Trin., P. lanuginosa Poir. (Poidium Nees is a

scantily -flowered Poo).

259. (257) Colopodium Trin. (Arctophila Kupr.). Spike-
lets 1-2-flowered, loosely panicled; rather small and
bright-colored. Flowering glumes broad, very obtuse,
membranaceous, awnless ; ovary naked. Habit of Poa.

Species twelve, in the Orient and central Asia, espe-
cially on high mountains ; two species (C.fulvum and C.
pendidinum Gris.) are arctic, forming a peculiar section
(Arctophila} with the callus of the flowering glume hairy.

260. (258 §) Dupontia Brown. Differs from the preced-
ing genus only in the longer empty glumes. Callus of the
flowering glumes distinctly hairy ; panicles contracted.

Species two, D. Fischeri Brown and D. psilosantha
Kupr., in the arctic zone.

261. (258 §) Scolochloa Link. Spikelets 3-4-flowered,
lanceolate ; panicles loose ; flowering glumes rigid, not
keeled, callus hairy ; ovary hairy. Tall, reed-like grasses.

Species two, in the northern temperate zones of the

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA.

165

Old and New World. S. festucacea Link in both Old
and New World ; S. spiculosa Schmidt only upon Sag-
halin.

262. (258) Graphephorum Desv. Like the preceding,
but lower and more delicate in habit, with more delicate
almost membranaceous glumes and naked ovary.

Species one (G. melicoides Desv.), N. America.

263. (259) Glyceria Brown. Spikelets many-flowered
in narrow or expanded panicles. Flowering glumes
rounded on the back, obtuse, awn-
less, somewhat dry-membranaceous

near the tip ; 5-9-nerved. Fruit free,
oval.

Species sixteen, mostly in N.
America, some endemic in Australia,
a few in Europe and Asia ; one
species, G. fluitans Brown, " Float-
ing Manna-grass" (Fig. 87), which
has linear, long-cylindrical spikelets,
somewhat acute flowering glumes and
narrow panicles, is cosmopolitan and
aquatic. It is one of the best fodder-
grasses for swampy meadows. The
fruit is collected in Prussia, Silesia,
and Poland by striking the panicles .
over a sieve. It forms an article of
commerce, and is cooked for mush.
G. aquatica Sm., which is cane-like,
with expanded panicles, often occurs F'£
in quantities on the edges of ponds, Gen- Germ., 1.57.)
and in a young state forms a useful food for cattle.

264. (259) Atropis Eupr. (PuccineUia Parl.). In gen-
eral like the preceding, but distinguished by the lodicules
and style (see key). Fruit usually grown to the palea.

Low, salt-loving grasses, often with rigid leaves.
Species fourteen, in all the temperate zones. A. dis-
tans Griseb. is very widely distributed.

265. (260) Festuca L. Spikelets usually lanceolate,
paniculate or racemed, two- to many-flowered ; flowering
glumes rounded on the back below, often keeled

166 THE TRUE GRASSES.

above, usually awiied from the point, rarely below it,
chartaceous to membranaceous,
five-nerved ; style almost wanting;
fruit long, usually furrowed on the
inner side, often grown to the palea.
Species about eighty, scattered
over all countries, especially the
It 4 temperate ones.
FiG.88.-Fe»tucaovinaL,.Di, Sub-genus I. Eufestuca. Spike-
8£tta?Af£? Nees?8^: lets in panicles, rarely in racemes,
distinctly pedicellate; anthers and

stigmas projecting from the glumes at the time of flower-
ing. Perennial species, separable into several sections.
To this sub-genus belongs F. ovina L., " Sheep's Fescue,"
with involute, usually filiform leaves, the ligules of which
are auriculate. It is distributed in numerous varie-
ties over all the temperate countries of the northern
hemisphere, preferring sandy soils and dry mountain
slopes ; a valuable pasture-grass, especially for sheep, in
places where nothing better will thrive. F. rubra L.,
usually with runners, and ligule not auriculate, is also a
good pasture-grass. F. datior L. (F. pratensis Huds.,
Schedonorus elatior Beauv.), " Meadow Fescue," has flat
leaves with two small, falcate auricles at the base. This
is a very valuable meadow- and pasture-grass, especially
for the moister places, and also for lawns. Leucopoa
Griseb. is a species of the section Varies. Whether F.
quadrideniata Kunth with four-toothed flowering glumes
belongs here is doubtful. This tall (3-4 m.) species of
the Ecuador Andes is deadly to all cattle, but serves for
covering roofs.

Sub-genus II. Vulpia Gmelin (as a genus). Spikelets
in panicles or racemes ; pedicels often thickened above ;
stamens and stigmas usually remaining between the
glumes during the time of flowering. Mostly annuals.
Ctenopsis De Not. (Fest. pectinella Del.), with much
crowded one-sided racemes, from North Africa, belongs
here. It is sometimes cultivated as an ornamental grass.
Sub-genus III. Nardurus Eeichenb. (as a genus,)
(Micropyrum and Festucaria Link, Castdlia Tin.). Spike-

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 167

lets in simple or branched racemes with very short pedi-
cels appressed to the rachis ; stamens and stigmas pro-
truding. F. Lachenalii Spenn. in Western Europe.

266. (260 §) Catapodium Link. Spikelets very short
pedicelled, in simple racemes.

Species two, C. loliaceum Link and C. Lolium (Bal.)
Hack., in the regions of the Mediterranean.

267. (260 §) Scleropoa Griseb. Panicles one-sided,
slightly branched. Spikelets with thick pedicels.

Species two, in the Mediterranean region, one of which,
S. rigida Griseb., is also in Western Europe as far as
England. Like the preceding genus, it differs from Fes-
tuca only in the punctiform hilum, and perhaps should
be considered as a sub-genus.

SUB-TRIBE H. — Brachypodieae.

Spikelets like those of Eufestucew, but with simple, roundish starch-
grains, and with the outermost cell-layer of the uucellus, which in
most grasses disappears when the fruit is ripe, developed into a
strong, thick-walled layer.

268. (263) Bromus L. (Fig. 89). Spikelets in panicles,
rarely in racemes, usually large ; flowering glumes 5-9-
nerved, herbaceous, usually two-toothed, awned from
the back below the point or from between the teeth,
rarely awnless; awn sometimes straight, sometimes
divergent, but never geniculate ; ovary with a 2-3-
lobed, hairy, cushion-like appendage at the summit, be-
tween the furrows of which arise the stigmas. Stigmas
sessile on the anterior side ; fruit linear or oblong, fur-
rowed, adherent to the palea.

Species over forty, -most abundant in the north tem-
perate zone, some also in temperate South America,
a few on the mountains of the tropics.

Sub-genus I. Festucoides. Mostly tall perennials ;
panicles loose ; first empty glume one-, the second usu-
ally 3-nerved ; flowering glumes short-awned ; palea with
a very short fringe on the keels. Br. erectus Huds., with
upright spikelets, ciliate leaves and awns half the length
of the flowering glume, grows i-n dry meadows in Europe.
On dry chalky soils it yields considerable hay and is a

168

THE TRUE GRASSES.

valuable forage-grass for such places. The related B.
inermis Leyss., with awnless spikelets and creeping
rhizomes, is an important pasture-grass for dry climates.
The rhizome of Br. catharti-
cus Vahl. of Chili is valued
there as a purgative.

Sub-genus II. Stenobro-
mus. Low annuals with
narrow spikelets becoming
broader above. Empty
glumes as in Sub-genus I.
Flowering glumes keeled,
long-awned; palea with a stiff
fringe. Weeds. B. Tectorum
and B. sterilis L. in all
Europe, and introduced in
America. Anisantha C. Koch
also belongs here.

Sub-genus III. Zeobromus
(Serrafalcus Parl.). Annuals,
with ovate or lanceolate
spikelets, narrower above ;
first empty glume 3-5-
nerved, second 5-7-nerved ;
(After Nees, flowering glumes 7-9-nerved,
not keeled ; awn often spread-
ing, rarely wanting ; palea with a stiff fringe of hairs.
B. secalinus L. (" Chess"), panicles drooping after flower-
ing, leaves smooth ; a weed among crops, in wet years,
sometimes very abundant in rye. If the fruit is not
separated by a chess-sieve the rye is worthless, for the
flour prepared from it will be dark-colored, remain moist,
and is narcotic. Br. arvensis L., with similar panicles
but hairy leaves, is less dangerous. B. mollis, with the
branches of the panicle upright and hairy spikelets,
growing in sandy places, furnishes a transient green fod-
der on light soils. Triniusa Steud. is a. species usually
having three awns.

Sub-genus IV. Libertia Lejeune (as a genus, MicJie-
laria Dum.). Like Zeobromus, but the flowering glume

FIG. 89. — Bromus mollis L

Gen. Germ., I. 75.)

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 169

is three-cleft, three-awned, and has two lateral projec-
tions. B. Arduennensis Kunth is a species of this sub-
genus.

Sub-genus V. Ceratochloa Beauv. (as a genus). Spike-
lets lanceolate, compressed. Both empty and flowering
glumes many -nerved, keeled. Ovary with three distinct
elevations at the summit. B. unioloides Kunth (B.
Schraderi Kunth, CeratocUoa pendula Schrad.). Spikelets
6-10-nowered, compressed, arranged in loose panicles,
drooping at maturity ; awns very short ; from the West-
ern United States to Chili and the Argentine Republic.
A valuable fodder-grass for warmer countries, since it
furnishes considerable foliage as early as January and
February. In northern countries it freezes out. Some-
times grown for ornament. B. Mango Desv. was, before
the introduction of the European grains, the most im-
portant cereal of the native Chilians.

269. (199) Boissiera Hochstetter. Belated to the Pap-
pophorece by the 5-9 dorsal awns, but is a Bromus as re-
gards habit and anatomical characters of the fruit. A
low annual with crowded panicles.

Species one (B. bromoides Hochst.), on the elevated
plains of the Orient.

270. (261) Megalachne Steud. (Pantathera Philippi).
A Zeobromus as regards its habit of growth, but with
long-awned empty glumes ; flowering glumes awned from
the point, faintly five-nerved ; fruit unknown.

Species one (M. Berteroniana Steud.), upon Juan Fer-
nandez. (Union with the Brachypodiece doubtful.)

271. (264) Brachypodium Beauv. (Hemibromus Steud.).
Spikelets many-flowered, narrow, almost cylindrical, in
a simple raceme (false spikes) with very short pedicels ;
flowering glumes usually awned from the point, edge
entire, 7-9-nerved ; palea with stiff-fringed keels; fruit
grown to the flowering glume and palea.

Species six, in Europe, temperate Asia and its tropical
high mountains, in North and South Africa and their
central high mountains, rarely in North America.
Medium grade fodder grasses. B. pinnatum Beauv.
with upright, and B. sylvaticum B. with nodding racemes,

170 THE TRUE GRASSES.

are 'widespread. Trachynia Link is an annual species
with few spikelets.

TRIBE XII.— HORDEJE.

Spikelets one- to many-flowered (if many, the upper-
most flower imperfect), sessile on teeth or notches of the
rachis, forming a spike.

A. Stigma one, spike unilateral 272. Nardus.

NOTE. — Compare Streptogyne with 2-8 stigmas.

B. Stigmas ttvo, spike symmetrical.

a. Spikelets solitary at the notches of the rachis.
a. Spikelets in the median line of the rachis, that
is, the glumes having their backs turned to the
hollow surface of the rachis.

I. Spikelets many-flowered. . 273. Lolium.
II. Spikelets two-flowered ; flowering glumes

three-cleft 274. Kralikia.

III. Spikelets with one lower $ flower, and one
upper $ flower ; flowering glumes awn-
less 275. Kerinozoma.

IV. Spikelets one-flowered.

1°. Dioecious. Empty glumes grown to
the rachis for half their length.

277. Jouvea.

2°. Hermaphrodite. Empty glumes free.

* Empty glumes two, the lower

shorter. Callus of flowering

glume hairy. . 276. Oropetium.

** Empty glume one. Callus naked.

278. Monerma.

**'* Empty glume one. Joints of the
rachilla with wing-like append-
ages 278a. Ischnurus.

/?. Spikelets transverse, that is, the sides turned
toward the hollowed surface of the rachis.
I. Spikelets 1-2-flowered in a slender, articu-
late spike, each joint of which separates
with the adjoining spikelet at maturity.
1°. Empty glumes two, exceeding the flow-
ering glumes.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 171

* Flowering glumes awnless ; callus
naked 279. Lepturus.

** Flowering glumes awned ; callus

hairy 280. Scribneria.

2°. Empty glume one, very small.

281. Psilurus.

II. Spikelets two- to many-flowered, usually in
stout spikes whose joints either do not dis-
articulate at maturity, or which separate
with the spikelet above (Heteranthdium
excepted).

1°. All the spikelets fertile or the lowest
only sterile.

* Flowering glumes with a distinct
callus which is limited by a furrow
at the base ; falling off at maturity,
each with a single grain which is
grown to the palea. 282. Agropyrum.

** Flowering glumes without a callus,
persistent at maturity ; grain free,
t Empty glumes subulate, one-
nerved 284. Secale.

ft Empty glumes oblong, truncate,

two-keeled. . 283. Haynaldia.

ttt Empty glumes ovate, three- to

many-nerved. . 285. Triticum.

2°. The one fertile spikelet alternating

with three sterile ones which consist of

numerous long-awned glumes.

286. Heteranthelium.
b. Spikelets 2-6 at each joint of the rachis.

NOTE. — Compare the lower joiuts of the axis in Scribneria.

a. Stamens three in each flower.

1. Spikelets one-flowered or with a rudiment
only of a second. . . . 287. Hordeum.
II. Spikelets two- to many-flowered.

1°. Empty glumes a little smaller than the
flowering glumes. . . . 288. Elymus.

172

THE TRUE GRASSES.

2°. Empty glumes very small or none.

289. Asprella.
ft. Stamens 10-40 in each $ flower. 290. Pariana.

SUB-TRIBE A.— Nardeae.

Spikes unilateral; stigmas one; starch-grains compound.
272. (271) Nardus L. Both series of spikelets very
close together, apparently united on the inner side of the
continuous rachis. Spikelets
one-flowered ; empty glume
one, very small, grown to
the rachis, often indistinct ;
flowering glumes arranged in
the median line of the rachis,
awned. Spikelets not open-
ing in flower. (The glumes
remain almost embracing
oach other, only at the apex
of the spikelet is a small
opening for the stigma and
anthers.)

Species one (N. stricta L.)
(Fig. 90). Leaves subulate,
rigid. By the distichous ar-
rangement of the short
branches of the rhizome this
grass forms a very thick and
dense turf. It grows in moist
calcareous soils throughout
Europe arid Northern Asia.
ft AJ£Kf It is a useless grass, crowding

a stigma.

out better sorts.

SUB-TRIBE B.— Lolieae.

Spikelets standing in the median line of the rachis; starch-grains usu-
ally compound.

273. (265) Lolium L. Rachis not articulate, terminal
spikelets with two empty glumes ; lateral spikelets with
the upper (outer) one only, or at most a rudiment of the
lower.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA.

173

Species six, in Europe, North Africa and temperate
Asia, often introduced into other countries. L. perenne
L., English " Bay-grass" (Fig. 91), is a perennial, with
leaves folded in the bud, and awnless spikelets. A valu-
able pasture-grass upon fresh, heavy soils, and much
prized for lawns. L. Italicum A. Braun, Italian " Ray-
grass," lasts 2-3 years ; leaves rolled in the bud ; spike-

J

FIG. 91.— Lolium perenne L. (After Nees, Gen. Germ., I. 78.)

lets mostly awned. A tall-growing species, and can
therefore be well recommended for mowing. Very
profitable when irrigated. L. temulentum L. " Darnel "
( Crcepalia Schrauk. as a genus), annual, flowering glumes
elliptical at maturity ; empty glumes as long as or longer
than the spikelets. A weed among grain crops, trouble-
some in wet years. The grain, as well as that of the
related L. remotum, which is frequent in flax fields and
distinguished by the shorter empty glumes, contains a
narcotic principle (Loliin) soluble in ether, which

174 THE TRUE GRASSES.

causes eruptions, trembling, and confusion of sight in
man and in flesh-eating animals, and very strongly in
rabbits, but it does not affect swine, horned cattle, or
ducks. Arthrochortiis Lowe belongs to this genus.

274. (272) Kralikia Cosson & Durieu. Spikes slender ;
spikelets very small ; empty glumes two ; callus of the
flowering glumes bearded.

Species one (K. Africana C. & D.), in Algiers.

275. Kerinozoma Steud. A much-branched prostrate
grass with only 3-5 spikelets in each spike, with a small
cup-shaped, membranaceous, bracteate leaf enclosing the
base. Terminal spikelet none. Upper leaf-sheath in-
flated, its blade short.

Species one (K. littorcdis Zolling.), in Java.

276. (273) Oropetium Trin. A dwarf grass, the minute
spikelets almost immersed in the notches of the flexuose
rachis. Flowering glumes awnless.

Species one (0. Thomceum Trin.), in the East Indies.

277. (194) Jouvea Fournier. Only the ? plant known.
First empty glume cartilaginous, and, like the second,
grown fast to the rachis for half its length.

Species one (J. straminea Fourn.), on the sea-coasts of
Mexico. A rush-like, thorny grass.

278. (270) Monerma Beauv. Spikes cylindrical, subu-
late, articulated. Spikelets deeply immersed in the rachis,
awnless, terminal with two, others with one empty glume,
these coriaceous ; flowering glumes membranaceous.

Species three, one (M. sitbidata Bom. et Schult.) in the
mediterranean regions, South Africa, and Australia ; one
from the Pacific Islands and Australia to Ceylon ; the
third in Madagascar.

278a. Ischnurus Balf. fil. Like Monerma, but the joints
of the rachilla are provided in front with wing-like ap-
pendages which almost cover the deeply-immersed empty
glumes. Spikelets not filling up the excavations in the
rachis ; the spike is therefore pitted.

Species one (/. pidchettus Balf. fil), a native of Socotra
(an island east of Tropical Africa).

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA.

175

SUB-TRIBE C.— Leptureae.

Spikelets transverse; starch-grains compound.

279. (269) Lepturus Brown. In habit like the genus
Monerma, but with two nearly equal, approximate empty
glumes opposite in the terminal spikelet. Low annuals.

Sec. I. Eidepturus. Spikelets one-flowered.

Species one, from the Baltic Sea to Egypt along the
coast ; the second in the Mediterranean regions and
through the Orient and Hindostan to Australia; the
third from Persia to Afghanistan.

Sec. II. Pholiurus Trin. (as genus). Spikelets two-
flowered.

Species one, L. Pannonicus Kunth, from Hungary to
Trans-Caucasia.

280. Scribneria Hackel. Bachis not articulate nor
excavated ; spikelets frequently in pairs (one pedicellate)
on the lower joints [solitary above].

Empty glumes somewhat unequal, ex-
centrically keeled, coriaceous ; flower-
ing glumes keeled, membranaceous,
two-toothed, awned between the teeth.
The rachilla prolonged beyond the
flower and bearded at the point.
Stamens not exserted at flowering time.
Stigma short. Grain linear, laterally
compressed, unfurrowed.

Species one (S. Bolanderi Hack.,
Lepturus Bolanderi Thurb.). A low,
delicate annual in California and
Oregon.

281. (270) Psilurus Trin. A delicate
grass with very long, slender, curved
spikes, the joints not hollowed out.
Empty glumes many times shorter
than the flowering glumes, the latter

finely awned from the point ; rachilla prolonged beyond
the flower, often having a second flower ; stamen one.

Species one (P. nardoides Trin.), South Europe to
Afghanistan.

'A2.

FIG. 91a.— Scr f bneria
Bolanderi Hackel.
A 1, Pedicellate spike-
let viewed from the
outside. 42, Same
seen from the inside,
o, Floret with p r o -
longation of rachilla
detached. (After Hack-
el, Hot. Gazette, vol.
xi. pi. 5.)

176

TUB TRUE GRASSES.

SUB-TRIBE D.— Triticeae.

Spikelets transverse (side against the rachis); empty glumes opposite;
starch-grains simple.

282. (266) Agropyrum Gartn. (Elytrigla Desv.). Spikes
with the rachis articulate or continuous ; spikelets more

or less compressed,
3-co -flowered, all fer-
tile ; empty glumes not
inflated, narrower than
the flowering glumes,
lanceolate or linear;
flowering glumes coria-
ceous, rounded on the
back or slightly keeled
above, 5-7-nerved,
awnless or awned, the
uppermost often
sterile ; grain com-
pressed on the back,
hairy at the apex,
slightly sulcate.

Species thirty-two,
distributed throughout
all temperate countries.

Sec. I. Agropyrum.
Perennials. Spikes

FiG.92.-^roWrumre»en,(L.)Beauv. (After Usually long and nar-
Nees, Gen. derm., I. 80.) row ^fa terminal

spikelets ; empty glumes not keeled, 3-5-nerved. A.
repens Beauv. (Triticum repens L.). "Couch grass,"
"Witch grass" (Fig. 92), has creeping .rhizomes, flat
leaves, somewhat acute empty and flowering glumes.
Common in Europe and Asia, also in North and South
America. A troublesome weed in cultivated fields. The
somewhat superficial, creeping runners may be removed
by harrowing and raking them off, or killed by deep
ploughing ; and they may be smothered by thick plant-
ing of leafy plants, like the clover. For poor pastures it
is, especially when young, valuable fodder-grass and is

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. Ill

useful to fasten the sand on river banks. The juicy
rhizomes and runners are a nourishing food for cattle ;
they contain 3 % sugar and 6-8 % Triticin, a gummy car-
bohydrate, and are officinally known as "radix graminis."
The extract acts as a solvent upon collections of the
mucous membranes and in affections of the intestinal
canal. A syrup and even alcohol are also made from it.
[A. glaucum E. & S. (?), "Blue Stem," is a valued hay-
grass in Montana.] A. junceum Beauv. is distinguished
by its involute leaves, obtuse spikelets, and articulate
spikes. It serves to fasten down the dunes upon sandy
coasts. Roegneria C. Koch is a species of this section.

Sec. II. Eremopyrum Jaub. & Spach. (as a genus).
Spikes short, usually without terminal spikelets ; empty
glumes keeled, one- or indistinctly five-nerved.

Species seven, mostly oriental annuals. T. cristatum
Schreb. extends as far west as Hungary and Vienna.

283. (266 §) Haynaldia Schur. Eachis of the very
compact spike articulated ; spikelets not inflated ; two-
flowered ; empty glumes flat or channelled between the
two keels, long-awned ; flowering glumes keeled, awned
below the point ; grain free, laterally compressed, nar-
rowly sulcate.

Species two, one (H. villosa Schur.) in the Mediterra-
nean and steppe regions as far as Hungary ; the other
(H. hordeacea Hack.) in Algiers.

284. (267) Secale L. Spikes without terminal spike-
lets, somewhat loose, rachis articulate (cultivated forms
excepted) ; spikelets not inflated, two-, rarely three-
flowered, the lower flowers approximate ; empty glumes
subulate-pointed ; flowering glumes long-awned from the
point, sharply keeled to the base ; keel fringed ; grain
slightly compressed laterally, deeply sulcate, hairy at
the apex, free, without epiblast ; embryonic rootlets four.

Species two, S. fragile Bieberst., with long awns to
the empty glumes extending far beyond the flowering
glumes, in the sandy plains of Hungary and Southern
Eussia, annual ; and S. cereale L., Eye (Fig. 93), with
subulate-pointed empty glumes which do not exceed the
flowering glumes. The original species (called S. mon-

178

THE TRUE GRASSES.

tanum Guss.) grows upon mountains of Spain and Mo-
rocco, through Silicia, Dalmatia, Servia, Greece, Asia
Minor, Armenia, Kurdistan as far as Central Asia. It

is perennial and has
an articulate rachis,
both of whic'h char-
acteristics are lost
in culture. How-
ever, rye stubble, if
it stands a long time
in the field, will
sprout again, a thing
that never happens
with wheat and bar-
ley because their
original forms are
annual. At present
it is mainly culti-
vated in northern
Europe (to 69£°
north latitude), and
also in North Amer-
ica. It is the chief
cereal of the Ger-
man and Slavonic
nations. Its varia-
tions are unimport-
ant. The fruit fur-
nishes the well-
known black flour
used in making bread. In the green state rye forms a
nourishing fodder. The straw is prized on account of
its length ; it is useful for making hats, and in the manu-
facture of paper. The bran is used for cattle-feed, for
poultices, etc., and the grain for the distillery.* Its
culture in Europe is not so old as that of the other cere-
als. It was unknown to the people of Western Europe

* For the details on cereals see KOrnicke and Werner, " Handbuch
des Getreidebaus " (Bonn, 1885), upon which are based many of the
statements here given,

FIG. 93.— Secale cereale L. A, Spike (after Mull-
Guyot). Kl, Fruit from the front; K2, from the
side; K3, in cross-section. (After Nees, Gen.
Germ. 81.)

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA.

179

in the earliest prehistoric times, and appeared in Eastern
Europe in the bronze age, as is proven especially by
the remains found at Olmiitz. The people of Eastern
Europe probably received it from the natives of Southern
Russia and Western Asia, who probably were the first
to cultivate the plants which grew wild among them.

285. (268) Triticum L. Spikes with a (rarely aborted)
terminal spikelet ; rachis articulate (cultivated forms ex-
cepted) ; lowest 1-4 spikelets smaller than the others,
awnless, sterile (occasionally fertile in the cultivated

FIG. 94.— Triticum triunciale Gren. and Go-
dron. (After Nees, Gen. Germ., I. 85.)

EL V

FIG. 95. — Triticum sativum Lam. C,
Empty glume from the side; CX,
from the back. K 1, Fruit from in
front: K2. from the back. R, Rachis.
(After Nees, Gen. Germ., I. 79.)

forms). Fertile spikelets inflated or somewhat ventri-
cose, 2-5-flowered, ripening only 1-3 fruits. Spikelets,
especially the lowest, closely imbricated ; empty glumes
broad, always with one to many awns, or at least with a

180 THE TRUE GRASSES.

bluut or toothed apex ; flowering glumes rounded on the
back, often navicular, many-nerved, ending in -one to
several teeth or awns ; fruit very slightly compressed
laterally, deeply sulcate, hairy at the apex, free. Em-
bryo with epiblast and three rootlets. Always annual.

Two illy denned sections :

Sec. I. JEgilops L. (as a genus). Empty glumes flat
or rounded on the back, not at all, or indistinctly,
keeled.

Species twelve, in Southern Europe and the Orient
to Afghanistan and Turkestan. JE, ovata L. with 3-5
awns on the empty glumes, JE. triuncialis (Fig. 94), three
awns, etc., in Southern Europe ; the former forms a cross
with T. sativum. The spikes fall off as a whole, separat-
ing below the lowest fertile spikelet ; the empty glumes
of several Oriental species are one-awned or awnless and
the spikelets fall off singly. These form transitions to
the following section.

Sec. II. Sitopyros. Empty glumes sharply keeled.
To this section belong the most important grains. They
can be traced back to three species.

a. Terminal spikelet aborted, often scarcely visible.
Palea falling into two parts at maturity. Lateral
teeth of empty glumes acute. . 1. Tr. monococcum.

b. Terminal spikelets developed ; palea remaining en-
tire ; lateral teeth of the empty glumes obtuse.

a. Empty glumes shorter than any of the flowering
glumes, chartaceous; palea as long as flowering

glumes 2. Tr. sativum.

ft. Empty glumes as long as or longer than any of the
flowering glumes, chartaceous, lanceolate ; palea
of the lowest flower half as long as its glume.

3. Tr. Polonicum.

1. Tr. monococcum L. (Fig. 103). Spikes compact,
articulate, joints readily separating (even in cul-
tivated forms), every spikelet with one awn ;
usually only the lower, very rarely also the
upper, flowers maturing their fruit. The wild
plants (Tr. Bceboticum Boiss., Crithodivm a'cjilo-
poides Link) scarcely distinguished from the

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 181

cultivated as varieties. They grow from Achaia
through Thessaly (where they cover entire hills),
Servia, Asia Minor, the Crimea, and Caucasian
countries to Mesopotamia. This species is
mostly cultivated in Spain, only rarely in France,
Germany (especially in Wiirtemberg and Thurin-
gia), and Switzerland, and upon poor and rough
places that are not suited for other varieties of
wheat. The finding of its fruit in the Lake
dwellings belonging to the Stone age of Switzer-
land and Hungary, as well as at Hissarlik (Troy,
according to Schliemann), proves its great an-
tiquity. It is not so often used for bread as for
mush and " cracked wheat," and as fodder for
cattle. It varies but little.

2. Tr. sativum Lam. (in a wider sense), Wheat
(Figs. 95-102), original form unknown. Many
races and varieties produced by culture, of which
those with the rachis articulate are probably
most closely related to the original form. The
brittleness of the rachis exists, however, in dif-
ferent degrees and is correlated with the more or
less firm closing of the fruiting glumes. Three
races :

I. Bachis articulate at maturity ; grain entirely
enclosed by the glumes, not falling out
when thrashed (however, it is not grown to
the glumes).

1°. Spikes loose, almost four-sided when
seen from above; empty glumes
broadly truncate in front, with a
very short, obtuse middle tooth, ob-
tusely keeled. . a. Tr. sat. Spelta.
2°. Spikes very dense, laterally com-
pressed ; empty glumes tapering,
with an acute middle tooth ; sharply
keeled. . b. Tr. sat. dicoccum.

II. Bachis not articulated at maturity ; grain
visible between the somewhat open fruiting
glumes, easily falling out. c. Tr. sat. termx.

182 THE TRUE GRASSES.

a. Tr. sat. Spelta (Tr. Spelta L.), Spelt* (Fig. 101).
There are awned and awnless, hairy and smooth-
spiked, white, gray-blue, and reddish varieties.
One of the oldest grains. It was anciently the
chief grain in Egypt and Greece, and was culti-
vated everywhere throughout the Roman Empire
and distributed through its colonies. Its culture
has continually decreased until, at present, it has
disappeared from Egypt and Greece, and has be-
come very rare in Italy and France ; and even in
S. Germany and Switzerland, where it is still the
most cultivated, it is continually becoming rarer.
It is yet important in N. Spain. The winter beard-
less Spelt, a white-spiked, awnless variety, is the
most profitable. Spelt possesses undoubted ad-
vantage over the naked wheats only when grown
upon poor soil, in small fields and with moderate
culture ; its demands are less, it is more certain,
liable to fewer diseases, and not at all subject to
the attacks of birds. Upon better soil and with
reasonable cultivation the returns are better from
common wheat.

b. Tr. sat. dicoccum ( Tr. dicoccum Schrank) (Fig. 102).
Always awned ; spikes broader on the two-ranked
side, narrower on the imbricated one. Cultivated
from the most ancient times (Lake dwellings of
Robenhausen), but always more sparingly than
Spelt, and at present only in S. Germany, Switzer-
land, Spain, Servia, and Italy. It is a summer
grain, and is used mainly as mush and for making
starch. The best kind is the so-called Bice-spelt
(Beisdinkd).

c. Tr. sat. tenax. This falls into four poorly charac-
terized sub-races which in many characters over-
lap, and each of which, in turn, possesses numerous
varieties, according to the awns, hairiness, and color
of the spikes.

* The illustrations of the spikes of the Cereals are taken from the
works of Mull-Guyot in the " Encyclopedic d 'Agriculture. "

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA.

183

1°. Empty glumes distinctly keeled only in the
upper half, rounded or only slightly keeled
in the lower half.

* Spikes long, more or less loose, some-
what dorsally compressed.

a. Tr. sat. vulgare.

** Spike short, dense, distinctly four-
sided. . . . ft. Tr. sat. compactum.
2°. Empty glumes sharply keeled at the base.

* Fruit short, thick, not compressed,
broadly truncate above.

y. Tr. sat. turgidum.

** Fruit oblong, narrower, somewhat lat-
erally compressed, and somewhat acu-
minate 3. Tr. sat. durum.

Tr. sat. vulgare (Tr. vulgare Vill.), common
wheat (Figs. 96,
97). The princi-
pal sub-varie-
ties are awnless
and bearded
(awned) wheats,
with naked or
hairy, whitish,
bluish, black-
ish, or reddish
spikes. It has
been known
from most an-
cient times
(grains found in
Egyptian Pyra-
mids) ; is gener-
ally cultivated
as far north as
its cultivation is
possible (Nor-
way, 69° N. Lat.,
Alps at 1400
metres altitude), and its culture is very import-

FIG.%.— Common Bearded FIG. 97.— 2V.
Winter Wheat. Triti- sativumvul-
cum sativum vulgare. gave muti-

cum.

184

THE TRUE GRASSES.

ant in N. America ; in Chili only in S. America.
The most valuable German, American, and
Hungarian kinds belong to this variety. It is
cultivated either as a summer or winter grain.
Tr. sat. compactum (Tr. compactum Host.),
" Dwarf Wheat," " Hedgehog Wheat." Spikes
3-4 times longer than broad, awned or awn-
less ; culms and spikes very rigidly upright.
A very old cultivated form (Lake dwellings of
Robenhausen ! ) at present mainly cultivated
in the Austrian Alps, Wiirtemberg, Alsace,
Switzerland, Chili, and Turkestan. The awned
kinds are call-
ed " Hedgehog
Wheat." The
Abyssinian
" Dwarf Wheat"
forms a special
group. On ac-
count of their
stiff culms the
dwarf wheats
are less liable to
lodge. Certain
kinds, like the
yellow winter
Hedgehog wheat,
are peculiarly
adapted to rough
and stormy re-
gions. The yel-
low summer
Hedgehog wheat
is also profitable
on poor soils.
Tr. sat. turgidum
( Tr. turgidum L.) FIG 98 -
(Fig.98), English JJS&
wheat. Culms (
tall, thickish, stiff and

FIG. 99.— Flint wheat.
Tr. sativum durum.

upright, with large,

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA.

185

thick, and dense four-sided spikes ; leaves
broader than in T. vulgare, and usually clothed
with velvety hairs. It is especially cultivated
in the Mediterranean countries, more rarely in
England and Germany. The English wheat
yields very good harvests, but its flour is poor
in gluten and usually
grayish ; it is therefore
less adapted to cook-
ing, and prized less. In
Germany most kinds
are not sufficiently
hardy to winter well.

The Miracle wheats
( " Egyptian " wheats)
(Tr. compositum L.) are
formed by a special
group of varieties, with
branched spikes. Orig-
inally a sport,they have
become strongly hered-
itary. Their culture
is not profitable, for
the grains are. very un-
equally developed.

6. Tr. sat. durum (Tr.
durum Desf.), Hard or
Flint wheat (Fig. 99).
Recognizable b}^ its
long, bristling awns.
Culm often filled with
pith or solid ; fruit very
hard, usually vitreous,
rarely mealy. Cultivated in the Mediterranean
countries, the most important grain in Spain,
and also predominating in N. Africa. Of
scarcely any importance in Germany. Several
varieties have coal-black awns.

3. Tr. Polonicum L., Polish wheat (Fig. 100). A
very striking species with large, compressed,

?IG. 100.— Polish FIG. 101 .--Bearded
Wheat, Tr. Po- Spelt. Tr. sati-
lonicum. vum Spelta.

186

THE TRUE GRASSES.

mostly blue-green spikes. Spikelets appearing
as if cut off transversely because the third and
fourth flowers scarcely reach to the point of the
two lower ones ; flowering glumes compressed,
navicular, many -nerved, awned ; fruit 8-12 mm.
long. Original form unknown ; perhaps not a
true species ; it may have originated by culture.
It gives rise, but rarely, to a fertile cross with
Tr. sativum ; while
the crossing of the
sativum races among
each other is per-
fectly fertile, that of
the monococcum with
the sativum races is
entirely infertile .
Poland is by no
means its native
country ; more likely
it originated in Spain,
where it is now cul-
tivated on a large
scale in Leon, Old
Castile, and the Ba-
learic Isles. It is
also still cultivated
in Italy and Abys-
sinia, but in other
places its culture, if
it ever existed, has FIG. 102
disappeared. The
long and slender
fruit resembles rye, but is on the whole larger,
and under the name of " Giant Kye " it has
sometimes been fraudulently sold to farmers.
The returns are poor on account of its having
few kernels.

Wheat flour furnishes the best and whitest
bread, yet not all wheat is alike adapted for
bread-making, since for this purpose a sufficient

- " Ger- Fio.103.— Oue-grain-

man" Wheat. ed Wheat. Tr.

Tr. sativum di- monococcum L.
coccum.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 187

amount of gluten, such as is found in the half
hard and half soft kinds, is indispensable.
Pronounced soft wheats, like the English,
especially those grown in a moist climate, need
the addition of flour of the hard-fruited races
before baking. By themselves alone they are
better adapted for starch-making. The espe-
cially hard wheats are over-rich in gluten, and
the food baked from them is therefore too firm.
They are accordingly used for macaroni and
for making cracked wheat and mush. The
straw is shorter than that of rye ; an especially
short and delicate- stalked kind is produced in
Tuscany by thick sowing on poor soil, and used
for making Florentine hats.

286. Heteranthelium Hochst. An annual grass, with
spikes having many bristles. Empty glumes bristle-
like, with hairs arranged like the barbs of a feather.
Flowering glumes warty and with awl-shaped awns.
Above the two fertile flowers is a pedicel with a tuft of
sterile, subulate or awn-like glumes.

Species one (H. piliferum Hochst.), in the Orient.

SUB-TRIBE E. — Elymeae.

Spikelets 2-6 on each notch of the rachis, forming a branching system in
which one spikelet (the middle one) represents the primary, and the
lateral spikelets the secondary and tertiary branches. Rarely the
primary branch is aborted and the secondary ones only are present.
The terminal spikelet when present has both empty glumes together
with the flowering glumes in its median lines. In the lateral spike-
lets, on the contrary, they are thrown out of this line and occupy
the place that is left to them from the crowding together of the
spikelets; that is, they usually stand close together in twos in front
of each spikelet, and therefore often apparently decussate with the
median line of the spike. Stamens three.

287. (274) HordeumL. Empty glumes narrow, usually
subulate, all together forming a kind of involucre around
the spikelet ; flowering glumes in the median line of the
rachis (as in Lolium) five-nerved, extending into a strong
awn ; grain usually adherent to the glume, hairy at the
apex, usually sulcate, without epiblast.

188

THE TRUE GRASSES.

Species about sixteen, in Europe, temperate Asia,
North Africa, and North and South America.

Sub-genus I. Zeocriton Beauv. (as a genus) ( Criterion
Rafin.). Rachis (cultivated forms excepted) articulate,
each joint falling off with the group of spikelets attached
above it. The middle spikelet fertile, the lateral ones

FIG. 104. — Two FIG. 105.— Hordeum sativum hexnsti- FIG. 106.— Common 4-

ranked barley. chon. B 3. Group of three spikelets. rowed barley. Hor-

Hordeum sati- B, a spikelet from behind; B\, from deum sativum vul-

vum distichon. in front. Kl, Fruit from in front; pore.

#2, from behind. (After Nees, Gen.

Germ., I. 83.)

mostly short-pedicellate, rarely sessile, sterile (fertile
only in cultivated forms) ; terminal spikelet aborted ;
fruiting glumes persistent on the pedicels.

Species twelve, among which are H. murinum L., with
pedicellate lateral spikelets, a widespread weed; H.
sativum Jesseu, Cultivated Barley, with sessile lateral

DESCBIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 189

spikelets, and empty glumes obtuse. This undoubtedly
originated from H. spontaneum C. Koch, which grows wild
from Asia Minor and Caucasian countries to Persia and
Beloochistan, as well as in Syria, Palestine, and Arabia
Petrsea. The two-rowed, cultivated barley is distin-
guished from it only by the character due to cultivation —
viz., the non-articulate axis and somewhat shorter awns.
Sub-species (Races) :

a. All spikelets fertile, therefore six rows of fruit.
a. The six rows distinctly separated.

b. H. sat. hexastichon.

ft. Only the middle rows distinctly separated,
the side rows overlapping.

c. H. sat. vidgare.

b. Only the middle spikelet of each cluster of
three fertile a. H. sat. distichon.

a. H. sat. distichon (H. distichon L.), two-rowed Barley
(Fig. 104). Spikes strongly compressed laterally,
the sterile lateral spikelets appressed to the rachis,
with or without stamens. Falls into numerous va-
rieties, the most important of which are :

a. nutans. Lateral spikelets distinct, spikes
usually uniform in width, awns appressed to
the spike ; spike loose, narrow, usually nodding.

ft. erectum. Like a, but with broad, upright spikes.

y. Zeocriton, "Peacock Barley," " Rice Barley."
Like ft, but the spikes tapering toward the end,
and the awns diverging.

6. macrolepis, with aborted lateral spikelets and
broad, empty glumes in the middle spikelet.

e. deficiens. Like 6, but the empty glumes narrow.

Besides these there is one variety with naked

fruit (H. nudum L.), and several sub-varieties

distinguished only by the pale yellow or black

color of the spikes.

The two-rowed barley is cultivated espe-
cially in Central Europe (in Switzerland as far
as 2000 metres above the sea) and England, and
the varieties d and e in Abyssinia.

b. H. sat. hexastichon (H. hexastichon L.), six-rowed

190 THE TRUE GRASSES.

barley (Fig. 105). Spikes roundish in circumfer-
ence ; all six rows diverging uniformly and forming
a six-rayed star when viewed from above ; joints of
rachis very short, therefore the spikelets are closely
imbricated. Very widespread, even in prehistoric
times (Lake dwellings), but at present it is culti-
vated only in Southern Europe, rarely in Switzer-
land and in Germany.

c. H. sat. vidgare (H. vulgare L.), irregularly ranked or
four-rowed barley (Fig. 106). Spikes dorsally com-
pressed ; the middle row more appressed to the
rachis than the irregular rows of the lateral spike-
lets ; spikes loose, often nodding. This race seems
to be of later origin. Its variety pallidum (with
pale yellow spikes) is the barley most frequently
cultivated in Northern Europe (Norway to 78°) and
Northern Asia. It is usually raised as a summer
grain, and its period of vegetation may be limited
to ninety days. In Central Europe, where its cul-
ture was earlier introduced, it is becoming gradu-
ally supplanted by the two-rowed, and especially
by the Chevalier barley. The greater amount of
gluten which it contains makes it less adapted for
beer-brewing ; besides, on good soil the produce
of the two-rowed is greater than that of the four-
rowed, while the latter surpasses it on poor land.
The variety ccerulescens, with the gray spikes, is
more frequently cultivated in Southern Europe
and Northern Africa. A special series of varieties
is formed by the naked-fruited barleys (H. cceleste
L.) as well as the Himalaya barleys, among which
is the remarkable hereditary malformation (H.
trifurcatum) with three-horned flowering glumes.
Between the four-rowed, six-rowed, and two-rowed
barleys are transition stages (e.g., var. intermedium
Korn, and H. Kaufmanni Hegel), in which all the
spikelets are fertile but the lateral ones are awn-
less. These are spontaneous variations and not
crosses, for the majority of barleys, especially the
six- rowed, bear cleistogamic flowers, so that a cross
in the open air is impossible.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA.

191

How barley was used in ancient and in prehistoric
times is uncertain. At present it forms the most impor-
tant cereal of the far North. In Central Europe it is used
only for brewing beer and for soup, and in South Europe
mainly as food for horses. It is used for bread also in
Asia, especially in Thibet, and in North China and Japan.
North America produces considerable quantities of it;
South America, on the contrary, very little. A mucilag-
inous tea, used as a medicine, is made from the naked
barley (officinally known as " Hordeum decorticatum ").
Malt and the extract of malt are also medicines.

Sub-genus II. Crithopsis Jaubert (as a genus). Eachis*
articulated ; spikelets in twos, sessile, fertile ; fruit persis-
tent ; apical spikelet with four decussating empty glumes,
two of which are in the median line of the flowering glume.

Species one (E. Delileanus Schult.), in
the Orient.

Sub-genus III. Cuviera Kol. (as a
genus). Eachis continuous ; spikelets in
twos or threes, all fertile ; fruiting glumes
falling off from a distinct pedicel ; apical
spikelet with two opposite empty glumes
in the median line of the flowering glume.

Species three (H. sylvaticum, H. cri-
nitum, H. Caput-Medusce), in Europe and
the Orient.

288. (275)ElymusL.(Fig. 107). Eachis
usually continuous ; terminal spikelet
with two empty glumes lying in the
median line of the flowering glume,
one of them frequently aborted ; lateral
spikelets in groups of from two to six, all
fertile ; fruiting glumes falling off with a
joint of the rachilla ; empty glumes nar-
row-linear, short-awned or awn-like ;
flowering glumes somewhat shorter,
oblong or lanceolate, not keeled, five- Fl(,
nerved, awnless or awned ; fruit ad- Jgg
herent.

Species about thirty, throughout all temperate coun-

192 THE TRUE GRASSES.

tries excepting Australia and South Africa. Tall, rigid,
perennial grasses.

Sec. I. Sitanion Kafin. (as a genus) (Polyantherix
Nees). Bachis articulate ; empty glumes usually two-
to many-cleft, long-awned.

Sec. II. Clindymus. Bachis continuous ; empty and
flowering glumes awned.

Sec. III. Psammdymus. Like Sec. II, but the empty
and flowering glumes awnless. To this section belongs
E. arenarius L., which has long, creeping rhizomes, stiff
leaves, elongated ligules, and more downy flowering
glumes. On the banks of the North and Baltic Seas,
rarely inland, thence extending through Russia and
North Asia to North America. Very well adapted to
binding drifting sands, and often planted for this pur-
pose. In Iceland bread is made from the fruit.

289. (276) AsprellaW. (Hystrix Munch, Gymnostichum
Schreb.). Like the preceding, but the spikelets are
usually in pairs on short pedicels ; empty glumes want-
ing or appearing as simple rudiments in the lowest spike-
lets of each spike.

Species four, two in N. America [(A. Hystrix Willd.
and A. Californica Beuth.)], one in Siberia, and one in
New Zealand.

SUB-TRIBE F.— Parianeae.

Spikelets usually iu sixes at each joint of the rachis, forming a false
whorl which consists of two opposite groups of three; in one the
middle spikelet (primary branch) is $ and iu the other & ; all the
lateral spikelets are $ on broad pedicels which are grown together;
empty glumes (apparently) decussate with the flowering ones. The
2 spikelet stands farther in. The terminal spikelet is solitary,
large, $ , with opposite empty glumes in the median line of the
flowering glumes. All the spikelets are awnless. Stamens 10-40 in
each * flower. Fruit as in Triticce.

290. (31) Pariana Aubl. Grasses with broad, some-
what petiolate leaves. The $ spikelets form an invo-
lucre around the $ and fall away with it.

Species ten, in tropical South America. Eremitis
Doll, appears to be a species of this genus whose flowers
are aborted, having only one stamen in each $ flower.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 193

TRIBE XII.— BAMBTTSE.E.*

Spikelets 2-8-, rarely only one-flowered, in panicles or
racemes, mostly arranged in tufts or false whorls at the
nodes of the branches of the panicle. Empty glumes
two to several, increasing in size upwards, shorter than
the succeeding flowering glumes ; buds developing into
spikelets sometimes appear in axils of the lowest empty
glumes ; flowering glumes many-nerved, awnless, or rarely
with short, straight, terminal awns ; palea two- to many-
nerved, rarely nerveless ; scales or lodicules usually
three, remarkably large, rarely fewer or wanting ;
stamens 3-6 to many ; styles 2-3, often grown together
at the base ; fruit free ; leaves usually articulated with
the sheath.

[Large, often tree-like, perennial grasses with woody,
rarely herbaceous, culms. The largest species are 30
cm. in diameter and 40 m. high. The rhizome lasts
many years, and in most species consists of numerous
short, entwined branches which send up numerous
densely-crowded culms forming clumps. Bamboo for-
ests of these species consist of such giant bushes inter-
mingled with trees. Other species (Bambusa villosida
Kurz., Mdocanna bairibusoides Trin., etc.) do not form
clumps, but the culms, standing 30-60 cm. apart, often
cover extended areas with a thick forest-like growth.
In yet other species, for example those of PhyUostqchys,
the rhizome, which bears larger or smaller clumps, sends
out long creeping branches that here and there produce
solitary culms ; these are upright, the outer ones in
each clump bending or hanging over. Some species
are climbers. Branches numerous, usually forming a
crowded half-whorl at the nodes ; sometimes all the
nodes bear branches, sometimes the lower part of the culm
is naked, in the upper portions the branches are often
single, and in many species two-ranked; the culms and

* The portions here enclosed in brackets were written especially for
the original by Dr. Brandis, author of ' ' Forest-Flora of Northwest and
Central India."

194 THE TRUE GRASSES.

branches of some species are thorny on account of nu-
merous hard and pointed twigs (aborted branches) ; a
circle of secondary roots, which occasionally become
thorn-like when they do not reach the ground, frequently
occur on the lower culm-nodes below the insertion of
the branches ; the leaf- blade is often short, usually with
a short petiole and jointed at the base, frequently decid-
uous ; sheaths often fringed at the throat ; the long nerves
of the blade are bound together in many species by
prominent cross-nerves.

After the ripening of the seed, the ground becomes
covered with countless young plants with slender, pliant
stems, and a thick foliage, resembling a meadow of wav-
ing grasses. This growth lasts many years, until the
rhizomes have attained their full size, when the culms,
some of which have been formed each preceding year,
for the first time attain their full height and thickness.
In the tropics a number of young culms in each clump
shoot up during the rainy season, often attaining their
full height (even to 40 m.) in from 40-60 days. The en-
tire internodes of the growing culms, and the lower part
only of those which are full grown, are surrounded by
large, parchment-like sheaths which are frequently cov-
ered with long deciduous hairs, and which below bear
small dry membranaceous blades that become larger
and leaf-like above. In this condition the culms have
no branches and are soft, but they become lignified to-
wards the end of the first year, and branches and leaves
are developed at the same time. In regard to flowering,
we may distinguish between those that bloom frequently
and those which rarely flower.

Many species (Arunctinaria Wightiana Nees, upon the
Neilgherries, species of Gucidua and Chiisqttea) bloom an-
nually, and the panicle is terminal on the leafy branches.
In others (Dendrocalamus strictus Nees), single culms shed
their leaves and become covered with panicles of flowers,
while others again retain their foliage. Upon these
species, which are of frequent occurrence in all the East
Indies, blooming culms may consequently be found
nearly every year. In other species, on the contrary,

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 195

not only all the culms of a clump become covered with
flowers after they have shed their leaves, but also all the
clumps of the same kind growing in the same country or
province. Whole bamboo forests, so far as they consist
of a single species, may be seen in bloom over an ex-
tended area. This is frequently observed in Asia as well
as in America. In the East Indies the seeds, which are
rich in flour, are then collected and cooked like rice, and
are used for food by the poorer castes. But often, in
Brazil as well as the Indies, misfortune follows the sud-
den production of such vast quantities of mealy seeds.
It is the cause of an extraordinary increase of mice and
rats, which, after having eaten up all the bamboo fruits,
turn to the neighboring fields, devouring the crops of
whole provinces. The German colonies in Rio Grande
do Sul and Sta. Catarina are visited by these pests at
intervals of about thirteen years.

On the west coast of the East Indian Peninsula the
simultaneous blooming of Bambusa arundinacea Eetz.
has been observed at intervals of thirty-twro years (1804,
1836, 1868). These and other facts seem to indicate that
this and other similarly related species must reach a
great age before they arrive at the stage of flowering.
Small plants grown from runners and cuttings bloom in
these cases at the same time as the larger growths from
which the cuttings are taken. Simultaneous flowering
has been observed in many species cultivated in France
and Algiers. Nevertheless there are exceptions to this
rule also. In many regions of the East Indies Bambusa
arundinacea has bloomed several times in other than the
above-named years, and in all cases in which the simul-
taneous flowering of one species has been observed over
a large area, there were straggling blooming plants in
the year following. The age of the bushes appears to
be only one of the conditions of flowering ; weather and
other circumstances also exert their influences. In spe-
cial years Dendrocalamus strictus blooms more profusely
than at other times, and then it not infrequently happens
that all or nearly all the culms of all the clumps in one
region bloom simultaneously. The flowering, leafless

196 TUB TRUE GRASSES.

culms always die down after the ripening of the seed.
When all the culms bear flowers, the rhizomes, whose re-
serve material is now exhausted, produce only weak and
slender stems for a long time, and only gradually regain
the power of producing culms of normal height and
thickness. The rhizomes become weakened in a like
manner if all or many of the culms of a bamboo clump
are cut off. In this case, also, only slender culms are
produced for a series of years until their strength is re-
stored by the continued activity of the leaves. In green-
houses, species which would otherwise form high bushes
may be checked in their development and kept small by
cutting out many or all of the shorter shoots. In many
cases not only the aerial portions die after flowering and
ripening of seed, but the rhizomes also, and a renewal of
the bamboo forests depends entirely upon seedlings.
The preceding will explain why in many species the flow-
ers and fruit have not yet been collected and described.
In the forests it is not difficult to recognize the different
species by the manner of growth, branching, sheaths
and leaf-blades of the younger culms, and other charac-
teristics ; but without flowers it is only rarely possible
to determine the genus. In many species, therefore, a
reliable division into genera has not yet been possible.]

Geographical Distribution. — The Bambusese are dis-
tributed throughout the tropical zone, but very unevenly ;
-a few species have penetrated into sub-tropical and even
into the temperate zones. The Monsoon region in Asia
is rich in species (over one hundred and fifty), but in
Africa there are very few (five only known up to this
time) ; several occur in Madagascar. America possesses
about seventy species, the Pacific Islands a few, and
North Australia two ; eleven species grow in Japan, and
but one on the Kurile Islands. In the Himalayas they
extend to an altitude of 3400 m. above sea level, and
still higher in the Andes. Here the species of Chv&quea
form impenetrable thickets, the " Carizales," covering
wide areas within the tree limits ; in Ecuador Chusquea
aristata Munro reaches the snow-line. Many species

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 197

seem to have a very narrow range, and there are only
two genera common to both hemispheres.

Uses. — The mere enumeration of the uses of the Bam-
buseae would fill many pages. They are especially in-
dispensable to the inhabitants of India and Eastern
Asia. Their uses are more limited in South America.
In building houses the thicker trunks are used as posts
and beams, and the weaker ones, when split, for filling
up the walls and for laying the floors. [For this purpose
they are split longitudinally and then pressed out flat.
In this condition they consist of narrow united strips,
forming planks which may be 90 cm. broad.] The in-
ternodes cut in two longitudinally are used for tiles.
Bamboo houses are durable, graceful, and, because they
are airy, are especially healthful. In China all the
theatres are built of bamboo. Huts for temporary resi-
dents are very rapidly constructed from them. Both
hanging and floating bridges of bamboo are in common
use, especially in the Malayan Archipelago. Water
conductors are constructed either by cutting the stem
in halves longitudinally, or by breaking through the
cross-walls at the nodes. Floats made from bamboos
are, on account of their containing air, capable of carry-
ing an extraordinary load, and, for the same reason, the
outrigging in the boats of the Zeylanese are made of
bamboos. Slender culms serve for poles to support the
betel-nut, beans and other climbing cultivated plants
(they are even imported into Europe for the same pur-
pose), and the stronger ones for palisades. From many
species, especially the thorny ones, impenetrable, liv-
ing hedges, and even works of defence, are constructed.
Almost all the furniture of the Malays, Burmese, etc.,
is made from bamboos, and even in Europe bamboo is
beginning to be imported for the manufacture of furni-
ture. A single internode of a large species, in which
both separating walls have been left and only one bored
through, serves for a water -pail in which the water re-
mains very pure. A dozen or more of these water-
buckets stand in every Malayan house. While still
full of sap these internodes are even used as cooking

198 THE TRUE GRASSES.

utensils. Smaller interuodes furnish pitchers, flasks,
and cups ; and wide interuodes, bee-hives. They are in
general use for carrying-poles, and for the masts of
small and medium-sized ships. Some species supply
walking-canes, especially the culms of the Japanese
Phyllostuehys and Arundinaria. The slender twigs fur-
nish pipe-stems, purses, knife-haudles, etc. Musical in-
struments (flutes) are easily made from the joints. The
" Auklong" of the Malays consists of interuodes of dif-
ferent thicknesses arranged according to their tones,
and suspended near each other, and which are made to
sound by striking. The Hying culms are made by the
Malays into ^Eolian harps by piercing them at certain
distances and thus allowing the air to pass through
them. The finely split bamboos open a new category of
uses. [The outer green rind of the young culms is split
into narrow strips or ribbons, and made into baskets
and fine braided work ; for example, Chinese fans, large
and small boxes, and even hats and jackets.] If the
threads are boiled in lye and then rolled and scraped,
they become soft enough for wearing and for ropes.
Coarse mats and baskets are woven from split bamboos.
Bamboo mats laid over each other like roofing-slate are
a favorite roofing material in the Malayan Peninsula.
The Shans and other inhabitants of the Malayan Penin-
sula prepare from the large parchment-like leaf-sheaths
of the young culms broad-rimmed hats which are an
excellent protection against the sun and rain. Bam-
boos are especially important for the manufacture
of Chinese paper, of which it forms the chief ingre-
dient. The well-known Chinese umbrella consists of
bamboo paper with a bamboo handle and split bamboo
for a skeleton. The leaves are used for packing, filling
beds, etc. The young shoots of the larger species are a
favorite vegetable with the Malays and Chinese, and
are even preserved for exportation. Those of the smaller
species are eaten in China like asparagus or lettuce.
The importance which may be reached by the fruit of
the bamboos has already been explained. The crops
produced are enormous and form an important article of

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 199

commerce. Abundant and good drinking-water collects
in the hollows of the internodes of many large species.
In those of others (Bambusa arundinacea and Mdocanna
bambwoides) are formed those remarkable silicic-acid
concretions, the " Tabasheer," that are still playing an
important part in the superstitions system of medicine
among the Orientals. Tabasheer is considered, not
merely in India but in the whole Orient and in China, as
a medicine of the highest value for bilious fever, dysen-
tery, jaundice, leprosy, and lung diseases, as well as an
aphrodisiac. As early as the times of the Roman Em-
pire physicians ascribed medicinal properties to it, and
it attained its world-wide fame through the Arabian
physicians of the tenth and eleventh centuries. It occurs
in commerce in two forms, the crude and the calcined.
The first, in a fresh uninjured condition, is in the form
of a more or less perfect cylinder with a rounded convex
base, 1-3 cm. in diameter and 1-4.5 cm. long (Fig. 108,
B, (7), found in the hollows of the internodes upon one
or both sides of the cross-wall, and as there are longi-
tudinal furrows in the outer surface corresponding to
the course of the fibro- vascular bundles, it represents an
exact cast of the cavity of the intern ode. It is translu-
cent, gray, yellowish, bluish, brownish, or blackish in
color and greasy in appearance, and covered with a
chalky coating. In warm, dry air it becomes opaque
and finally falls into little pieces or fine grains like sand.
When fresh it contains 58-62$ of water and scarcely
\% of organic substance ; the remainder is pure silicic
acid, soluble in potassium hydrate. Calcined Taba-
sheer is formed by heating the crude substance red-hot,
in consequence of which it is transformed into irregular,
milk-white, opaque or bluish opalescent, concavo-convex
pieces having an earthy taste. The origin of Tabasheer
is not yet thoroughly explained ; the most probable
inference is that at the time of most rapid growth
great quantities of water are conducted into the bamboo
steins from the roots and collect in the hollow inter-
nodes. The silicic acid alkalies that are dissolved in it
probably become decomposed by carbonic or organic

200 THE TRUE GRASSES.

acids, the alkalies thus formed are re-absorbed together
with the water, and a silicious jelly remains which hardens
into Tabasheer. It is believed that the accounts of the
ancients (Dioscorides, Plinius) which speak of aaKxapov
and Saccharum do not refer to sugar, but to Tabasheer :
perhaps the accounts of the two are confounded. The
name comes from the Sanskrit (not Persian) word
Tavakkshira, meaning milk of the bark. [The present
name in Bengal, Hindostan and in the Dekkan is Baus-
lochan, Bans-kapur.*]

Many species of bamboo are highly ornamental
plants : the Chinese and Japanese have planted them
for ages ; and in Europe, especially in the South, where
many can be kept in the open air, as well as in the green-
houses of the North, their use is becoming more general
and frequent.

A. Stamens three ; palea two-keeled ; fruit a true caryopsis
(Arundinariece).

a. Spikelets two- to many -flowered (very rarely one-
flowered — 'Phyttostachys).

a. Spikelets with no Subtending leaf.

I. Empty glumes 1-2. . . 291. Arundinaria.

II. Empty glumes 3-4. 292. Arthrostylidium.
ft. The 1-2 spikelets surrounded by a large leaf at

their base 293. Phyllostachys.

b. Spikelets one-flowered.

a. In a compact globose head. 294. Athroostachys.
ft. In a one-sided spike. . . 295. Merostachys.
y. In panicles.

I. Stem woody, leaves jointed at the base.

296. Chusquea.
II. Stem herbaceous, leaves not jointed.

297. Planotia.

B. Stamens six, fruit a true caryopsis with a delicate peri-
carp (Eitbambusew}.

a. Filaments free.

a. Spikelets one-flowered, with many empty
glumes 298. Nastus.

* For a more complete account of Tabasheer, see Cohn's "Beitr.
z. Biologie d. Pfl.,"vol. 4, part 3, and " Zeitschr. d. allg. ost, Apo-
theker-Ver.," 1887, No. 9, 10 (by Poleck).

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 201

/?. Spikelets two- to many-flowered.

I. Palea of the uppermost flower two-keeled ;
style not thickened at the base at maturity,
usually falling off. . . . 299. Bambusa.
IL Palea of the uppermost flower and flower-
ing glume one-keeled ; style much thick-
ened at the base at maturity ; fitting over
the caryopsis like a cap. 300. Atractocarpa.
b. Filaments grown together, forming a tube.

a. Spikelets many-flowered, palese all two-keeled.

3O1. Gigantochloa.

/?. Spikelets one- to many-flowered, but only the
uppermost flower fertile, and this with a one-
keeled palea.

I. Spikelets elongated conical, round in cross-
section 302. Oxytenanthera.

II. Spikelets ovate-lanceolate, compressed.

303. Puelia.

C. Stamens six (very rarely more); fruit a nut (with a
thick, free paricarp) or berry.
a. Palese two-keeled (Dendrocalamece).
a. Spikelets two- to many-flowered.

I. Ovary hairy at the apex ; fruit a small nut.
304. Dendrocalamus.
II. Ovary naked ; fruit large, fleshy (?).

305. Melocalamus.

ft. Spikelets one-flowered with a prolongation of
the rachilla which often bears an upper empty
glume ; fruit a nut.

I. Spikelets in distant clusters or spikes on
the branches of the panicle.
1°. Styles three, separate to the base.

308. Greslania.

2°. Style one, very long, enclosed in a tubu-
lar beak of the ovary, with 2-3 stigmas.
* Nut almost globose, depressed, ab-
ruptly beaked. 3O6. Pseudostachyum.
** Nut gradually tapering into the
beak. . . . 307. Teinostachyum.
II. Spikelets in one to several globose heads.
309. Cephalostachyum.

202 THE TRUE GRASSES.

b. Palese not keeled, resembling the flowering glumes
(therefore considered wanting by many) (Melocan-
nece).
a. Lodicules 0 ; spikelets very small.

311. Dinochloa.
ft. Lodicules 2-3.

I. Fruit a small nut ; uppermost flower with
a prolongation of the rachilla.

310. Schizostachyum.

II. Fruit a large berry; uppermost flower
without a prolongation of the rachilla.

312. Melocanna.

y. Lodicules very numerous (eight or more) ; an-
thers mostly more than six. . 313. Ochlandra.

SUB-TKIBE A.— Arundinarieae.
Stamens three.

291. (277) Arundinaria Michx. (Miegia Pers., Ludolfia
Willd., Triglossum Fisch.). Spikelets loose, many-flow-
ered, elongated, panicled or racemed ; empty glumes
small, unequal, the first occasionally wanting ; flowering
glumes not keeled, sometimes short-awned ; styles 2-3,
free ; fruit rather long, furrowed. Suffruticose or tall
shrubs.

Species about twenty-four, in America and Asia (as
far east as Japan and on the Himalayas) ; several species
in Europe as ornamental plants : A. Japonica Sieb.
(Bairibusa Metake and B. mitis of the garden), which has
strong, transverse nerves in the leaves, withstands, un-
protected, the winters of France and South England ; A.
falcata Nees, without transverse nerves, is from the Him-
alayas ; A. macrosperma Michx. and A. tecta Muhl. occur
in N. America as far north as Maryland and Illinois.
The section Thamnoccdamus Muiiro (as a genus) is distin-
guished by its large, deciduous, spathiform leaves en-
veloping the spikelets and branches of the panicle. A.
( Thamnocalarmis) spathiflora Eingall, a widespread species
in N.W. Himalayas between 2500 to 3400 m. above sea
level, furnishes pipe-stems which in Northern India form
an important article of commerce.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 203

292. (278) Arthrostylidium Kupr. Kachilla articulate
and readily separating at the joints ; spikelets in racemes
or one-sided spikes, these arranged in tufts at the culm-
nodes ; leaves without distinct cross-veins. Tall shrubs
and climbers.

Species twelve, in tropical America. The lowest
culm-joint of A. Schomburgkii Munro, which way be 5 m.
long, furnishes the dreaded " blow-gun" from which the
natives of Guiana shoot their poisoned arrows. A. excel-
sum Griseb., of Trinidad and Dominica, attains the
height of 25 m. and a diameter of 30 cm. A. capilNfo-
lium Griseb., of Cuba, has leaves as fine as horse-hair,
6 cm. long. A. Quexo (Aulonemia Goudot), of Colombia,
is remarkable in its loose panicles.

293. (279) Phyllostachys Sieb. et Zuccar. Spikelets in
short, loosely paniculate spikes which have a very pecul-
iar appearance on account of the large imbricated leaves
covering their bases, 1-4-flowered ; empty glumes 2-3 ;
style one with three feathery stigmas. Stems arbores-
cent, semi-terete ; nodes prominent and leaves netted-
veined.

Species four, in Japan, China, and the Himalayas.
The black-stemmed species cultivated in European
gardens under the name of " Bambusa nigra" Lodd.,
whose flowers are 'unknown, probably belongs here.
The graceful culms are used for walking-sticks ("pepper-
canes").

294. (280) Athroostachys Benth. Spikelets one-flow-
ered, in dense, globose heads, subtended by enveloping
leaves ; empty glumes two, short ; styles two.

Species one (A. capitata Benth.), a suffrutescent
climber of Brazil. Mouth of the sheath with long, stiff
bristles.

295. (281) Merostachys Spreng. Spikelets with 3-4
empty glumes, the lowest of which is very small ; flower-
ing glumes chartaceous ; palea many-nerved, with the
rachilla prolonged beyond it and occasionally bearing a
bract ; styles two. Tall shrubs or climbing plants, with
leaves indistinctly netted- veined. Spikes unilateral like
those of the Chloridece.

204 THE TRUE GRASSES.

Species nine, in Brazil, Paraguay, and Peru.

296. (282) Chusquea Kunth (jRettbergia Eaddi, Den-
dragrostis Nees). Spikelets with four empty glumes, the
lowest small and narrow, the upper like the flowering
glume, the latter broad and awnless ; rachilla not pro-
longed ; styles two. Small-leaved, tall shrubby or climb-
ing plants with terminal panicles.

Species thirty-five, all American ; especially charac-
teristic plants of the higher regions of the Andes and
the Brazilian highlands from Mexico to South Chili,
as far as Chiloe.

297. (283) Planotia Munro (Platonia Kunth non
Mart.). Panicles very long and narrow, with small, very
numerous spikelets having the same structure as those
of Chusquea, but the habit of the plant is rather that of
the Festucece, with herbaceous, almost leafless culms, and
leaves crowded together close to the ground. The very
long and often broad leaves are usually continuous (not
articulate) with the sheaths.

Species five, in tropical South America, especially in
Colombia. P. nobilis Munro has the largest leaves
(1.5-4.5 m. long by 8-30 cm. broad) of any grass ; pani-
cles over 1 m. long. Characteristic species upon the
Paramos of Eiuz. [" Paramo" is the name applied to
the elevated plains of Colombia, etc.]

SUB-TRIBE B. — Eubambuseae.
Stamens six; caryopsis with a delicate pericarp.

298. (284) Nastus Juss. (Stemmatospermum Beauv.).
Spikelets with 6-10 empty glumes which gradually
increase in size and become above like the flowering
glumes ; rachilla prolonged beyond the flowers ; flower-
ing glumes coriaceous ; ovary naked ; styles 2-3, more
or less grown together. Tall shrubs with branches ap-
parently in whorls. Panicle short, upright, or contracted
into a head and few-flowered.

Species two or three, upon the Mascarene Islands.
JV. Borbonicus Gmel. forms a sharply limited wooded
zone on Keunion Island, between 950 and 1300 m. above

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 205

sea level, which is only here and there interrupted by
lava streams.

299. (286) Bambusa Schreb. (Sambos Eetz, Ischuro-
chloa Biise). Spikelets with 2-6 empty glumes gradually
increasing in size and becoming like the flowering glumes,

c

FIG. 108.— Leafy twig of Bambusa arundinacea Retz. B, C, pieces of Tabasheer.

which are coriaceo-chartaceous, awnless, or with short
mucronate points. The two- to many-flowered spikelets
are frequently polygamous, especially the upper ones,
and the lowest is often $ or empty. Ovary hairy ; styles
2-3, more or less grown together at the base ; caryop-
sis elongated-linear, smooth or slightly furrowed on the
inside.

206

THE TRUE GRASSES.

Usually tall arborescent shrubs or climbers, with
simple or compound, rarely capitate, panicles ; spikelets
in fascicles along the branches of the inflorescence. There
are three geographically distinct sections :

Sec. I. EiUbambiLsa. Palea with projecting keels, which,
however, are not at all, or only indistinctly, winged.

FIG. 109.— Bambusa vulyaris Wendland. Habit (fa). (After Maout and
Dec., Traite de Bot.)

Species thirty (besides several which are kn6wn only
by their leaves), all belonging to the Old World. B.
Balcooa Roxb. and B. Tulda Roxb. are esteemed as the

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA.

207

species most useful in East India, especially the first,
which becomes very durable after lying in water. Both
are thoruless. B. arundinacea Eetz (Fig. 108, A, and
Frontispiece) (B. spinosa Roxb.) is a thorny and also an
Indian species. B. vidgaris Wendland (B. Tliouarsii
Kunth) (Figs. 109, 110), with prominently netted-veiiied
leaves, compressed spikelets, and a
long, hairy style, is frequently culti-
vated in the tropical zones of both
hemispheres ; its native country is
uncertain ; it is also found in Euro-
pean green-houses. B. Fortunei Van
Houtte (B. picta and B. variegata
Sieb.) is a somewhat dwarfed species,
with broadly striped leaves and
transparent cross-veins, and makes
a beautiful ornamental plant. It is
from Japan, and endures the winter
in Western Europe. B. nana Roxb.
(B. glaucescens Sieb.), from Japan and
China, is 2 m. high and has leaves
that are grayish blue on the under-
side. There are other species having
horticultural names but
which are not scien-
tifically classified.

Sec.II.(285)£Modwa
Kunth (as a genus).
Keel of palea more or
less distinctly winged.

Species fifteen, all
belonging to the New
World, known in Brazil JJ
as"Taguara." The
same name is, however,
applied to the Chusqwce,
and Arthrostylidice.

Sec. III. Guadudla Franch. (as a genus). Keel of the
palea distinctly winged ; spikelets strongly compressed.

According to Franchet the species included in this

FIG. 110.— Bambusa vulgaris Wendland.
(After Kunth, Revis. Gram. pi. 74.)

208 THE TRUE GRASSES.

section is only 60 cm. high, herbaceous, producing
merely two large leaves on each culm.

Species one (G. marantifolia Franch.), grows at
Gaboon in tropical West Africa.

Fossil Species. — A plant from the middle Pliocene of
South France is placed in this genus as B. lugdunensis
Sap., and perhaps correctly. On the contrary, the
species described under Bambusa of different authors
are, according to Schenk's critical remarks, partly re-
mains of Arundo and partly fragments of other species
which cannot be classified. (Engler.)

300. Atractocarpa Franchet. Spikelets in loose, ter-
minal racemes, very much laterally compressed; two
empty glumes, then several $ or sterile flowTers, finally
a ? , terminal flower. Branches of the style conical at
time of fruiting, broader than the caryopsis.

Species one (A. olyrceformis Franch.), on the Congo
at Brazzaville. According to Franchet this grass grows
only 30 cm. high, is herbaceous, and has ovate-lanceo-
late leaves 18 cm. long by 7-8 cm. broad.

301. (287) Gigantochloa Kurz. Differing from Bam-
busa only by its monadelphous stamens. Tall arbores-
cent species with numerous, dense fascicles of spikelets
in branched panicles.

Species 4-5, in the Malayan Peninsula and Archi-
pelago. G. verticillata Munro grows to the height of
40 in., with the branches beginning very high up on the
stem.

302. (288) Oxytenanthera Munro. Spikelets long,
conical, in compact fascicles, with $ terminal flowers,
and 1-3 $ or sterile ones below ; empty glumes 4-7,
acute ; lodicules none ; anthers ending in a bristle or
several hairs ; fruit as in Bambusa. Tall shrubs. Five
typical species in the East Indies and upon the Sunda
Islands ; a sixth, forming the section Scirpobambos, with
large, spiny, capitate inflorescence (0. Abyssinica Munro),
abounds everywhere in tropical Africa.

303. Puelia Franchet. Spikelets in short, terminal
panicles, otherwise as in Atractocarpa, but with the

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 209

anthers grown together, and base of style persistent in
fruit but not thickened.

Species one (P. ciliata Franch.), at Gaboon in tropical
West Africa. According to Franchet this grass is only
30 cm. high ; culms herbaceous, with long, narrow-lan-
ceolate leaves.

SUB-TRIBE C.— Dendrocalat
Stamens six; palea two-keeled; fruit fleshy or a nut.

304. (289) Dendrocalamus Nees. Spikelets in distant
fascicles along the branches of the panicle ; rachilla pro-
longed beyond the uppermost flower; empty glumes
two to many, increasing gradually in size ; lodicules none,
or only 1-2 rudimentary ones ; style long, with 2-3 short
stigmas, enclosed below by a beak-shaped prolonga-
tion of the ovary ; nut small, almost globose, beaked.
Tall fruticose or somewhat arborescent, with habit of
Bambiisa.

Species nine, in East Indies, Sunda Archipelago, and
China. D. strictus Nees, the "Male Bamboo" of the
English, in India, is one of the most robust and useful
species ; it blooms almost annually and endures drought.
The young shoots of D. Hamiltoni are a favorite vegetable.

305. (290)MelocalamusBenth. Spikelets two-flowered,
small, in distant fascicles along the branches of the
elongated panicle ; rachilla prolonged and bearing a
sterile glume. The lower flower only fertile ; empty
glumes two ; lodicules three, large ; styles three, united
below ; fruit globose, nearly as large as an apple, with
a coriaceous, shining epicarp and "very large, fleshy
seed." (Kurz.)

Species one (M. compactiflorus Benth.), a tall shrub
in Martaban.

306. (291) Pseudostachyum Munro. Spikelets small,
one-flowered, arranged in spikes along the branches of
the panicle, each with a subtending leaf. Empty glumes
one ; flowering glumes acute, involute. Palea of the same
length ; above it there is a pedicellate globose or oblong

210 THE TRUE GRASSES.

sterile glume. Lodicules three. Form of tlie fruit same
as in Anagcdlis. Subarborescent.

Species one (P. polymorphism Munro), on the Hima-
laya Mountains.

307. (293) Teinostachyum Munro. Differing from the
306 in the fruit only ; spikes in tufts, short, densely
flowered, appearing like elongated spikelets and so un-
derstood by Munro. Shrubby or arborescent.

Species three, in East Indies.

308. (292) Greslania Balansa. Like the precehing, but
differing in its styles and fruit. Fruit roundish-oblong,
with a thick pericarp which is full of holes. Shrubs
2-3 m. high.

Species three, all in New Caledonia.

309. (294) Cephalostachyum Munro. Spikelets sub-
tended by an enveloping leaf ; rachilla prolonged beyond
the fertile flower, bearing rudimentary bracts ; empty
glumes 1-2 ; lodicules 2-3 ; style elongated, 2-3-cleft ;
ovary and the elongated fruit beaked. Tall shrubs.
Spikelets in dense heads, solitary, at the ends of the
branches, or in many, remote glomerules ; having the
appearance of a hedgehog on account of the bristly
projecting subtending leaves of the spikelets.

Species five, in the East Indies and Madagascar.

SUB-TRIBE D.— Melocanneae.
Palea keelless, resembling the flowering glume.

310. (295) Schizostachyum Nees. Spikelets one-flow-
ered, narrow-lanceolate, in remote fascicles along the
branches of the panicle ; rachilla prolonged, the projec-
tion bristle-like ; empty glumes 4-6, gradually increas-
ing in size, the uppermost one convolute like the flower-
ing glume and palea, not keeled, many-nerved ; lodicules
2-3, narrow ; stamens free ; style elongated, 2-3-cleft at
the point ; fruit a small ovate or globose, wrinkled nut,
with a short beak. Tall shrubs with a slightly-branched
or simple inflorescence.

Species seven, in Malayan Archipelago, China, and
the South Sea Islands, as far as the Sandwich Islands.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 211

According to Kurz, Chloothammis Biise, with nodding
spikelets, also belongs here.

311. (296) Dinochloa Biise. Spikelets very small,
one-flowered, in distant fascicles along the branches of a
very large panicle ; rachilla not prolonged ; empty glumes
2-3, obtuse ; flowering glume one, similar to the empty
ones ; palea very broad, fringed ; climbing, frutescent
plants. Fruit not well known, probably fleshy.

Species one (D. Tjankorreh Biise), in the Malayan
Archipelago.

312. (297) Melocanna Trin. Spikelets one-flowered,
in crowded, one-sided spikes, 2-3 together in a tuft
which is subtended by a leaf ; rachilla not prolonged ;
empty glumes 4-8, mucronate-pointed, many -nerved ;
lodicules two, narrow ; style elongated, 2-4-cleft ; fruit
shaped like an apple, fleshy. A tall tree.

Species one (M. bamltusoides Trin.), in the East Indies,
occasionally cultivated (on Mauritius, for example). The
fruit, wrhich is 8-12 cm. in diameter, is baked and eaten
by the natives. The seed is the size of a betel-nut and
of good flavor.

313. (298) Ochlandra Thwaites. Spikelets one-flow-
ered, large, arranged in glomerules forming an inter-
rupted spike, or in terminal heads ; rachilla prolonged ;
empty glumes 3-7, coriaceous ; flowering glume and
palea involute, elongated. The numerous lodicules and
the stamens somewhat connate at the base, the 6-30
filaments either in several bundles or grown together
into a tube that elongates after flowering ; ovary long-
pointed, style elongated, slightly 4-6 cleft at the sum-
mit ; fruit as in preceding genus, but somewhat smaller,
acuminate-pointed or beaked. Tall shrubs.

Species three, in the East Indian Peninsula and
Ceylon.

Doubtful genera : Pentarrhaphis Kunth and Polyschis-
tis Presl ( Chlorldea? ?) ; Lepturopsis Steud. (Andropogo-
nece) ; Chaboisscea Fourn. (Festucacece) ; AsthenocKtoa Biise,
LachnocUoa, Kampmannia, Disakisperma Steud., position
undetermined.

INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF TERMS.

Abola Adans., 110.
Achceta Fourn., 112.
Achkena Griseb., 86, 90.

piptostachya Griseb., 90.
Achnatherum Beauv.. 102.
Achneria Munro, 115, 119.
Achnodon Link, 106.
Aciachne Benth., 96, 103.

pulvinata Benth., 103.
Acicarpa Raddi, 75.
Acicular. Needle-shaped.
Acratherum Link, 68.
Acroelytrum Steud., 158.
Acropetal. In the direction of the

summit.

Acrospelion Bess., 121.
Actinochloa Willd.,131.
Acuminate. Taper-pointed.

Una Schult., 155.
lialitis Trin., 155.

'lops L., 180.
ovata L., 180.

triuncialis, 180.
^gopogon H. B. K., 64, 66.
^luropus Trin., 143. 161.
Agropyrum Beauv., 171, 175.

glaucum R. & 8., 177.

junceum Beauv., 177.

repens Beauv., 176.
Agrosticula Raddi, 109.
AGROSTIDE/E. 35, 95.
Agrostis L., 99, 110.

alba/;., 111.

elegans, 119.

nebulosa Boiss. & Rent., 111.

vulgaris With., 111.
Aira L. (in part), 115, 118.

caryophyllea L., 119.

elegans Gaud.. 119.
Airiduim Steud., 120.
Airochloa Link, 155.
Airopsis Desv., 115, 118.

globosa Desv., 118.
Albumen (of seeds). The supply
of food-material in the nucleus
of the seed not contained in the
embryo. Endosperm. 21, 25.
Alectoridia Rich., 57.

Attetotheca Steud.. 158.
Alloteropis Presl. 75.
Alopecums L.. 97, 106.

occidentalis Scnbn., 107.

pratensis L., 107.

utriculatus L. , 107.
Amblyachyrum Hochst., 56.
Ammochloa Boiss., 137, 147.

pungens Boiss.. 147.

subacaulis, 147.
Ammophila Host., 99, 112.

arundinacea Host., 113.

Baltica Link, 113.
Ampelodesmos Beauv., 136, 150.

tenax Link, 150.
Amphibromus Nees, 116, 123.

Neesii Steud.. 123.
Amphicarpum Kunth, 70, 73.
Amphidonax Nees, 118, 150.
Amphilophis Hack., 58.
Amphipogon Brown. 95, 100.
Amphochwta Anderss., 82.
Amylaceous. Resembling or com-
posed of starch.
Annchysis Nees, 73.
Anadelpfiia Hack., 58.
Anastrophus Schl., 73.
Anatherum muricatum Beauv., 61.
Anatropous. Ovule inverted,
bringing the micropyle and hi-
lum together, the chalaza being
at the end opposite.
Andrcecium. The male organs of

a flower, the stamens.
Androgynous. Staminate and
pistillate flowers on the same
peduncle or in the same inflores-
cence.
Andropogon L., 47, 57.

arundinaceus Scop., 59.

contortus L.. 63.

Gryllus, 61.

Halapensis Stbth., 59.

Iwarancusa Blane. 62.

Ischaemum L., 58.

laniger Desf., 62.

muricatm Retz., 61.

Nardus L., 62.

213

214

INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF TERMS.

Andropogon Neesii Kunth, 61.
pauciflorus, 61.
piptatherus Hack., 61.
provincialis Lam., 58.
refractus ,R. Br., 63.
saccharoides Sw., 58.
schcenanthus L., 62.
scoparius MX., 57.
Sorghum Brot., 59, 60.
var. cernuus, 59.
var. Durra, 59.
var. niger, 59.
var. saccharatus, 59.
var. technicus, 59.
spathitiorus Kunth, 58.
squarrosus L fil. , 61.
Virginicus L.. 58.
ANDROPOGONE^;, 34, 43.
Androscepia Brongn., 63.
AnemagrostisTrin., 113.
Aueniophilous. Applied to flow-
ers dependent upon the wind
for pollination.
Anisantha C. Koch, 168.
Anisopogon Brmcn, 117, 124.

avenaceus Brown, 124.
Anomalotis Steud., 113.
Anomochloa Brongn., 87, 90.
marantoidea Brongn. , 90.
Anthoenantia Beauv , 70, 73.
Anthephora Schreb., 64, 65.
Anthistiria L. til., 63.
Anthistiria ciluita Auct. , 63.
Anthochloa Nees, 140, 157.

lepida, 157.

Anthopogon Nutt., 181.
Anthoxanthum L.. 92, 94.

odoratum L., 94.
AntinoriaParJ., 115. 119.
AntitraffusG&rtn., 105.
Antoschmidtia Steud., 145.
Apera Adam., 98, 113.

Spica-Venti Beauv., 113.
Apluda L., 46, 56.

varia Hack., 56.
Apocopsis Nees, 46, 56.
Apogamic. Said of flowers in
which the stamens and pistils
have lost their sexual functions,
but in which the normal prod-
uct of fertilization (the seed) is
developed.
Appendage. Any superadded

part.

Appressed. When a part is close
pressed against another, as a
branch against the stem.
Arborescent. Tree-like.
Arctagrostis Griseb., 99, 110.
latifolia Griseb., 110.

ArctopMla Rupr., 164.
AristetlaEerlo}., 102.
Aristida L., 95, 100.

OErulescens Desf., 100.

hygroinetrica, 30, 100.
Ariatidium Endl., 132.
Aristiform. Awn-shaped.
Arrhenatherum Beauv., 116, 123.

avenaceum Beauv., 123.
Arrozia Schrad., 87.
Articulate. Having separable

joints.

Arthratherum Beauv.. 101.
Arthraxon Beauv. , 47, 57.
Arthrochortus Lowe, 174.
Arthrolophis, 58.
Arthropogon Nees, 68, 69.
Arthrostachya Link, 128.
Arthrostylidium Rupr., 200, 203.

excelsum Griseb., 203.

capillifolium Griseb., 203.

Quexo. 203.

Schombnrgkii Munro, 203.
Arundinaria Michx., 200, 202.

falcata Nees, 202

Japonica Sieb., 202

macrosperma MX., 202.

spathiflora Ringall, 202.

tect&Wihl., 202.

Wightiana Nees, 194
Arundinefe (sub-tribe), 149.
Arundinella Raddi, 68.
Arundo L., 136, 150.

Donax L.. 150.

Goepperti Heer, 151.

Groenlaudica Ileer, 151.
Aspergilliform. Brush-like.
AsprellaFiVW., 172, 192.

California Benth., 192.

Hystrix Willd., 192.
Asthenochloa Biise, 211.
Astrebla F. Mull, 127, 132.

pectinata MiHl., 133.

triticoides F. Will., 133.
Ataxia Brown, 94.
Atheropogon Muhl.. 132.
Athroostachys Benth., 200, 203.

capitatatfe/iJA., 203.
Atractocarpa Franch., 201, 208.

olyraeformis Franch., 208.
Atropis Rupr., 144, 165.

distans Griseb., 165.
Aulaxanthus Ell., 73.
Aulaxia Nutt., 73.
Aulonema Goudot, 203.
Avellinia Parl.. 139, 155.

MicheliiPwJ., 155.
AvenaL.. 116, 121.

brevis Roth, 122.

elatior L., 123.

INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF TERMS.

215

Avena fatua L., 122.
flavescens L., 121.
Hookeri Xcribn., 123.
uuda L., 122.
orientals Schreb., 122.
pratensis L., 123.
pubescens L., 123.
sativaZ., 131.
strigosa Schreb., 122, 123.
versicola Hook uon Vill., 123.
AVENE^E, 35, 114.
Avenella Par!., 120.
Awn. A bristle-like appendage
or extension of the glumes ; in
wheat, rye, etc., called the
' ' beard. "

Axil. The upper angle formed at
the insertion of a leaf, branch,
glume, etc.

Axis. The central line of any
body ; the main or central part
supporting a series of branches
or other organs.

Baldingera Mey. & Schreb., 93.
Bamboos, characters of, 193.

geographical distribution, 196.

uses of, 197.
Bambos Retz. 205.
Bambusa Schreb., 201, 205.

aruudiuacea Retz,195, 199, 207.

Balcooa Roxb. , 206.

Fortune! Van Houtie, 207.

glauceswns Sieb., 207.

Metake, 202

mitis 202.

naua Roxb., 207.

nigru Lodd., 203.

picta Sieb., 207.

spinosa Roxb., 207.

Tltouarsii Kunth, 207.

TuldaJ&wd.. 206.

mriegata Sieb., 207.

villosula Kurz. 193.

vulgaris Wendl., 207.

;, 36, 193.
Barbellate With hairs projecting

from all sides.
Barley, 188.
Batfiratfierum Nees, 57.
Bauchea Fourn., 109.
Bealia Fcrib., 103. 104.

Mexicana Scribn., 104
Bearded. Clothed with hairs or a

beard Awned.
Beckera Fresen., 68. 69.
Becker opm Fig & De Not.. 82.
Beckmannia Host., 127, 133.

erucaeformis Host., 133.
Berchtoldia Presl, 78.

Ben a, 61.

Berghausia Endl., 110.
Bermuda-grass, 128.
Bifid. Two-cleft ; said of an or-
gan divided into two parts nearly
to the middle.
Black Millet, 59.
Blepharidachue Hack., 138, 151.
Blepharochloa Endl., 90
Bluffla Nees, 75.
Blumenbachia K5L, 58.
Blyttia Fries., 110.
Boissiera Hochst., 135, 169.

bromoides Hochst. , 169.
Bouteloua Lag., 126, 131.

aristidoides Griseb., 132.

hirsuta Lag., 132.

multiseta Benth., 132.

racemosa Lag., 132.

Texana .*»'. Wats . 132.
Brachyely trum Beauv. , 96, 104.

aristatum Beauv., 104.
Brachypodiese (sub-tribe), 167.
Brachy podium Beauv., 144, 169.

pinnatum Beauv., 169.

sylvaticum Beauv., 169.
Brandtia Kunth, 68.
BrizaZ., 142. 159.

elegans Doll., 160.

erecta Lam., 160.

maxima L., 160

media L., 160.

minor L., 160.
Brizopyrum Link, 160.

siculum Link, 161.
Bromtdium, 111.
Bromus L., 144, 167.

Ardueuneusis Kunth, 169.

arvensis L., 168.

catharticus Vahl., 168.

erectus Huds., 167.

inermis Leyss.. 168.

Mango Desv., 169.

mollisZ., 168.

tehraderi Kunth, 169.

secalinus L. , 168.

sterilis L , 168.

Tectorum L , 168.

unioloides Kunlh, 169.
Broom Sedge, 58.
Brylkinia F. Schmidt, 159.

caudata F. Schmidt, 159.
Buchloe Engelm., 128, 134.

Dactyloides.£%eftw., 135.
Buffalo-grass, 135.
BuiWWsRaflneaq., 134.
Bulliform. Blister-like; applied to

" irged epi den-
cells
grasses. 9.

mal

the peculiar enlarged

s found in the leaves of

216

INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF TEEMS.

Cabrera Lag. , 73.

Caducous. Falling off early, or
earlier than is usual with similar
organs.

Caespitose. Growing in tufts.
Calamagrostis Both, 99, 112.
ambigua Scribn., 112.
brevipilis Gray, 113.
Epigeos Roth, 112.
HallerianaZ>C'., 112.
lanceolata Roth, 112.
littorea DC., 112.
longifolia Hook., 113.
Moutauensis Scribn., 112.
Suksdorffii Scribn,, 112.
Tweedy i *cribn., 112.
Calamochloa Fourn., 136, 145.

filifolia Fourn., 145.
Calamovilfa, 99, 113.

brevipilis Scribn., 113.
lougifolia Scribn., 113.
Callus. Term applied to an exten-
sion of the flowering glume be-
low its point of insertion, and
which is grown to the axis or
rachilla of the spikelet, 13.
Calotheca Desv., 160.
Calycodon Nutt. , 104.
Campella Link, 119.
Campulosus Desv., 129.
Campy lotropous. An ovule or
seed which is curved upon it-
self, bringing the apex near to
the base.
Canary-grass, 93.
Capillary. Hair-like.
Capitate. A dense globular in-

floresence; head-shaped.
Capriola Adans., 128.
Cartilaginous. Firm yet flexible,

gristle-like.
Caryochlita Trin., 87.
Caryopsis. Term applied to the
grain or seed-like fruit of grasses
in which the thin pericarp is
adnate to the seed, 19.
Castellia Tin., 166.
Catabrosa Beauv., 140, 156.

aquatica Beauv., 156.
Cataclastos, 154.
Catapodium Link, 144, 167.
loliaceum Link, 167.
Lolium Hack., 167.
Catenulate. Composed of parts
united end to end in an indefi-
nite series.

Cathestechum Presl, 136. 145.
erectum Vasey & Hack., 146.
prostratum Presl, 146.

Caudate. Tail-like or having a

tail-like appendage.
Cenchrus L., 71, 79.

echinatus L., 80.

rayosuroides Humb. & Kth. , 80.

tribuloides L. , 79.
Centotheca Desv., 141, 158.
Cephalochloa Coss. & Our., 147.
Cephalostachyum Munro, 201, 210.
Ceratochloa Beauv., 169.

pendula Schrad., 169.
CeresiaPars., 73.
Chaboissaea Fourn., 211.
CluEtaria Beauv., 100.
Chsetium Nees, 71, 78.
Chmtobromus Nees, 125.
Chsetotropis Kanth, 100, 111.

Chilensis Kunth, 111.
Chaeturus Link, 97, 109.

fasciculatus Link, 100.

prostratus Hack., 109.
Chamcedactylis Nees, 161.
Chamoeraphis Brown, 72, 82.
Chamagrostis Borkh., 107.
Chartaceous. Like writing-paper

in texture.

Chascolytrum Desv., 160.
Chasmanthium Link, 159.
Chilochloa Beauv., 106.
Chionachne Br., 43.
CHLORIDE/K, 36, 125.
Chloridopifis Blancliardiana, 130.
Chloris Sw., 126, 130.

barbata Sw. (fig.), 130.

gracilis Dur., 130.
Chloropsis, 130.
CJiondrolcena Nees, 117.
Cliondrosium Desv., 131.
Chrysopogon Trin., 61.
Chrysurus Pers., 163.

cynosuroides, 163.
Chusquea Kunth, 200, 204.
Ciliate. With a fringe of hairs.
Cinna L., 98, 110.

arundinacea L., 110.

pendula Trin., 110.
Cinnagrostis Griseb., 99, 112.

polygama Griseb., 112.
Cinnastrum Fourn., 112.
Citronella oil, 62.
Cleistachne Benth., 64.
CLomena Beauv , 104.
Coelachne Brmcn, 115, 118.
Ccelachyrum Nees, 127, 134.

brevifolium Nees, 134.

Indicum Hack., 134.
Ccelorhachis Brongu., 52.
CoixZ, 37.

Lachryma L., 43.

INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF TERMS.

217

Coleanthus Seid ., 97, 107.
subtilis Seid., 108.

Coleabenia Griseb., 76.

Coleorhiza. Sheath investing the
radicle of the embryo through
which the roots burst in ger-
mination. 19, 25.

Colladoa Cav., 55.

CollinariaEhrb., 155.

Colobnchne Beauv., 107.

ColobanthusTrin., 155.

Colpodium Trin., 143, 164.
fulvum Grineb., 164.
penduliuum Griseb., 164.

Complanate. Flattened.

Compressed. Flattened from op-
posing sides or from one side
only, as when speaking of
spikelets being flattened from
the back (dorsally compressed).

Connate. Said of parts united or
grown together from their
origin.

Connective. The part of a stamen
connecting the cells of an
anther.

Continuous. Without separable
joints ; opposed to articulated
and to interrupted.

Contracted. A panicle is con-
tractedwhen narrowed by hav-
ing its branches erect or ap-
pressed.

Convulute. Rolled up.

Cordate. Heart-shaped.

Coriaceous. Leathery in texture.

Coridochloa Nees, 75.

Corneous. Like horn in texture.

Cornucopias L., 96, 105.
cucullatum L., 105.

Corynephorus Beauv., 116, 119.
canescens Beauv., 119.

Cottea Kunth, 1&5, 145.

pappophoroides.fifw7i<7i, 145.

Couch-grass, 176.

Crab-grass, 75.

Crcepalia Schrank.. 173.

Craspedorhachis Benth., 126, 131.
Africana Benth. , 131.

Crinipes Hochst., 125.

Critesivn'Rsifin., 188.

Crithodium <?gilopoides Link, 180.

Crithopsis Jaub., 191.

Crypsinna Fourn., 109.

Crypsis Ait., 96, 105.
aculeata Ait., 105.
schosnoides Lam. , 106.
Cryptochloris Benth , 132.
Cryptostachys Steud., 109.

Ctenium Panz., 126, '129.

Otenopsis De Not., 166.

Culm. The stalk or stem of

grasses. 2.

Culm, minute structure of, 4.
Culm-nodes, 2. 3.
Cuspidate. Gradually tapering

into a sharp stiff point.
Cutandia Willk., 140, 156.

maritirna Benth., 156.
Cuzco Maize, 40.
Cyathorachis Nees 42.
Cymbopogon Spreug., 61.
Cynodon Pers.. 125, 128.

Dactylon Pers., 128.
Cynosurus L., 138, 161.

cristatus L.. 162.

echinatus L., 162.
CzernyaPres}, 151.

Dactylis£.. 143, 161.

ccespitosa Forst., 164.

glomerata L., 161.
Dactylocteuium Willd., 127, 134

^Egyptiacum Willd., 134.
Dactylon Vill. (in part), 128.
Danthouia DC., 117, 124.

compressa Aust. , 125.

proviucialis DC., 125.
Decussate. In pairs alternately

crossing.

Deciduous. Falling off, not per-
sistent.

Dendragro'stis Nees, 204.
Dendrocalamus Nees, 201, 209.

Hamiltonii Nees et Am.. 209.

strictus Nees, 194, 195. 209.
Deschampsia Beauv., 116, 119.

caespitosa Beauv.. 120.

flexuosa Trin., 120.
Desmazeria Dumort., 142, 160.

sicula Dum., 161.
Despreteia Kunth. 158.
Deyeuxia Beauv., 112.
Diachyrium Griseb.. 109.
Diaphragm. Transverse septum
or cross- wall at the nodes of the
culm.
Diarrhena Rafin.. 141. 157.

Americana P.B., 157.

Japonica Franch. & Sav., 157.
Diastemanthe Steud , 82.
Dichcetaria Nees, 131.
Dichanthium Willemet, 61.
Dichelachne Endl., 99, 113.

cnmtfLHook., 113.

sciurea Hook., 113.
Dichogamous. Flowers in which
the stamens and pistils mature
at different periods.
Didactylon Zoll., 47.

218

INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF TERMS.

DiectomisU. B. K, 57.

Diffuse. Branched aud widely

spreading.

Digitate. Fingered; an arrange-
ment of branches, leaves, etc.,

wherein all start or radiate from

a common point.
Dimeria R. Br., 44,47.
Diuebra/ac?., 127. 133.
Arabica/oej., 183.
Dinochloa Bitse, 202, 211.
Tjaukorreh Biuse, 211.
Digitaria Pers., 74.
Digraphs Trin., 93.
Dilepyrumll-Afm., 102.
Dioecious. Having staminate and

pistillate flowers each borne on

different plants.
Dioicopoa, 164.
Diplachue Beaut)., 138, 153.
Diplax Hook., 92.
Diplocea Raf., 153.
Diplopogon Brown, 98, 114.

setaceus Brown, 114.
Dipogonia Beauv., 114.
Disakisperma Sieud., 211.
Disarrenum Labill., 94.
Dissanthelium Trin., 139, 153.
Distichlis Raf. , 142, 159.

maritinia Safin., 159.
Distichous. In two perpendicular

opposite rows.
Distribution, geographical, 31.

means of, 28.
Divaricate. Widely spreading, the

angle of the axil being greater

than a right angle.
Dog's-tooth grass, 128.
Donax Beauv. , 150.
Dorsal. Belonging to or growing

on the back.

Dupontia Brown, 143, 164.
Fischeri Brown, 164.
psilosautha Rupr., 164.
Durra, 59.

Eatonia .Ra/., 139. 155.

filiformis Vasey, 155.

obtusa Gray, 155.

Pennsylvanica Gray, 155.
Echiuaria Deaf., 136, 147.

capitata Desf. , 147.
Echinochloa Beauv., 76.
Echinolana Desv., 75.
Echinopogon Beauv., 97, 106.

ovatus Beauv., 106.
Ectrosia Brown, 140, 156.

leporina Brown, 156.
rptian Wheat, 185.

" irta Thunb., 92.

Ehrhartia Wigg , 90.
Electra Panzer, 163.
Eleusiue Gdrtn., 127, 133.
Coracana Gdrtn., 134.
Indica Gdrtn., 134.
Elionurus H. B. K., 47, 56.
barbiculinis Hack. , 56.
tripsacoides //. B. K., 56.
Elymeae (sub-tribe), 187.
ElymusZ., 171, 191.
arenarius L., 192.
Delileanus Sehult., 191.
Elytrigia Desv., 176.
Elytrophorus Beauv., 137, 148.

articulatus Beauv., 148.
Emarginate. Having a notch at

the end.
Embryo. The young plant as it

exists in the seed. 19.
Endosperm. Tissue formed with-
in the embryo-sac after fertiliza-
tion, serving for the nutrition of
the embryo. Albumen.
English Ray-grass, 1 73.
Enneapogon Desv., 145.
Enodium Gaud., 153.
Enteropogon Nees, 126, 129.
Epiblast. Term applied to the
small scale-like appendage in
front of the embryo and oppo-
site the scutellum found in the
seed of many grasses. 24.
Epicampes Presl, 99. 109.
Epicotyl. The part of the young
stem let above the cotyledons, 24.
Epigeos Koch, 112.
Epithelium. Term applied to the
palisade-like and absorbent cells
covering the inner face of the
scutellum. 21.
Eragrostis Ho*t., 139. 154.
Abyssinica Link, 154.
brevifolm Benth., 134.
ciliaris Link, 154.
Mexicana Link, 154.
oxylepis Torr., 154.
pilosa Beauv., 154.
EremittsDott., 192.
Eremochloa Biise, 46, 55.
Eremochloe S. Wats , 152.
Eremopyrum Jaub. & Spach., 177.
Eriachne Brown, 115, 117.
Eriachne Nees, 119.

glauca Brown, 118.
Erianthus Michx., 45, 51.
Ravenna? Beauv., 51.
Eriocha'.ta Fig. & De Not., 81.
Eriochloa Kunth, 70. 74.
Eriochrysis Beauv., 51.
Eriocoma Nutt.. 102.

INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF TERMS,

219

Euaudropogoueae (sub-tribe), 56.

Euchkena Schrad., 36, 37.
luxurians, 38.
Mexicana Schrad., 38.

Euklnstaxon Steud., 58.

Eulalia Kunth, 51.
Japonica Triii., 49.

Eurytuchne Hack., 54.

Eustachys Desv., 130.

Eutriana Trin., 131.

Evergreen grass, 123.

Excentric. Out of the centre, one-
sided.

Exotheca Anderss. , 63.

Extravagiual. Beyond or out-
side of the sheath ; applied to
branches springing from buds
which break through the sheath
of the subtending leaf. 2.

Falcate. Sickle-shaped.

Falona, 162.

Fasciculate. In bundles which

originate from the same point.
Fendleria Steud., 102.
Festuca L., 144, 165.

elatior L., 166.

quadrideutata Kunth, 166.

Lacheualii Link, 167.

ovina L., 166.

pectiuella Del., 166

pratensis Huds., 166.

rubra L., 166.
Festucaria Link, 166.
FESTCCE^, 36, 135.
Fibichin Kol., 128.
Filiform. Thread-like.
Fingerhuthia Nees, 137, 148.

Africana Lehm., 148.
Fiorin-grass, 111.
Fiorinia Parl., 119.
Flabelliform. Same as flabellate.
Flabellate. Fan-shaped.
Flexuose. Wavy or bent alter-
nately in opposite directions.
Foliacebus, Leaf-like.
Fossil grasses, 32.
Fruit and seed, 19.
Frutescent. Becoming hard or

woody or shrub-like,
Fruticose. Shrub-like.
Funiculus. The stalk attaching the
seed or ovule to the placenta. 18.
Furrowed Same as sulcate.
Fussia Schur,, 118.

Gama grass, 42
Gamelytrum Nees, 100.
Garnotia Brongn.. 98, HO.
Gastridium Beauv., 98, 111.

Gastridium australe Beauv., 111.

scabrum Preal, 111.
Gaudinia Beauv., 116, 123.
f ragilis Beauv. , 124.
gemiuiflora /. Gay. 124.
Geniculate. Bent abruptly to a

decided angle; kneed.
Geographical Distribution, 31.
Germainia Balam. & Foil., 47, 64.

capitatai?. tfe P., 64.
Giant Rye, 186.
Gigantochloa-ffMrz., 201, 208.

verticillata Munro, 2US.
Glandular. Provided with glands.
Glomerate. Densely clustered

into small irregular heads.
Glumes. The two-ranked chaff-
like leaves or bracts of the spike-
let, which subtend one another
(empty glumes) or bear flowers
in their axils (flowering glumes).
Glumes, empty, 1, 11.
Glumes, flowering, 1, 11.
Glume, Fruiting. The flowering
glume at the time the fruit is
formed and which it encloses.
Glumes, Sterile. Glumes of the
spikeletsubtendiugotherglumes,
or which bear no flowers in
their axils.

Glyceria Brown, 144, 165.
aquatica Sm., 165.
fluitaus Brown, 165.
Goldbachia Triu., 68.
Golden Oats. 121.
Grain. The fruit of grasses. 19.
Grama-grass, 131
Graphephorum Desv., 144, 165.
Graphephorum(?)flexuomm Thurb.,
melicoidesZ5m>., 165. [153.
Grasses, fossil, 32.

fruit and seed of, 19. [31.

feographical distribution of,
ey to tribes of, 34.

means of distribution of, 28.

organs of reproduction of, 15.

organs of vegetation of, 2.

pollination in. 17.

relations of, 32.

special characters of, 1.
Greenia Nutt., 110.
Greslania Balansa, 201 , 210.
Guadua Kunth, 207.
Guaduella Franch., 207.

marantifolia Franch., 208.
Guinea-grass, 76.
Gynerium Humb. & Bonpl. 136,

argenteum Nees, 149. [149
Gymnopogon Be<iuv., 126, 131
Gymnosticfium Schreb.. 192.

220

INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF TERMS.

Gymnothrix Beauv., 81.
Japonica, 82.
latifolia Schult., 82.

Halochloa Griseb., 146.
Haplachne Presl, 47.
Harpaclme Hochst. , 140, 156,

Schimperi Uochst., 156.
Harpechloa Kunth, 126, 129.

Capensis Kunth, 129.
Haynaldia *chur., 171, 177.

hordeacea Hack., 177.

villosa Schur., 177.
Hekaterosachne Steud., 78.
HeleochlofiHosL, 97, 105.

schcenoides, 106.
Helicotrichum Bess., 123.
Helopus Trin., 74.
Hemarthria R. Br., 58.
Hemibromus Steud., 169.
Hemitropous. Half anatropous.
Hemisacris Steud., 163.
Herba Schoeuanthi, 62.
Herbaceous. Having the color and

texture of a leaf.

Hermaphrodite Applied to
flowers cpiitaining both stamens
and pistils
Heterachne .&»*&., 140, 156.

Brownii Benth., 157.

Gulliveri Benth., 157.
Heteranthelium Hochst., 171. 187.

piliferum Hochst., 187.
Heterelytron Jungh., 63.
Heterogamous. Bearing flowers

of two kinds.
Heteropogon Pers., 63.
Heterostega Desv., 132.
Heuffelia Schur., 123.
Hexarrhena Presl, 65.
Hierocloe" Gmelin. 92, 94.

odorata Waldb., 94.
Hilaria Kunth, 65.
Hilum. The scar left by the sepa-
ration of the seed from its
placenta. The place of attach-
ment of the seed. 20.
Hispid. Covered with long stiff

hairs.

Holboillia Wall, et Hook., 67.
Holcus L. (in part), 114, 117.

lanatus L., 117.
Hologamium Nees, 55.
Holowtum Steud., 75.
Honuilocenchrus Mi eg., 90.
Homogamous. Bearing flowers

which are all alike.
Homoplitis Trin., 52.
HORDED. 170.
Hordeum L., 171, 187.

Hordeum mleste L., 190.

Caput- Medusae, 191.

crinituin, 191.

distichon^L., 189.

hewtstichon L., 189.

Kaufmanni Regel, 190.

murinum L., 188.

nudum L., 189.

sativum Jessen, 188.

sat. distichon, 189.

sat. hexastichon. 189.

sat. vulgare, 189, 190.

spontaneuni C. Koch, 189.

sylvaticum, 191.

trifurcatum, 190.

vulgare L., 190.
Horse- tooth Maize, 40.
Hungarian Grass, 78, 79.
Husk Maize, 40.
Hyaline. Transparent.
Hydrochloa Beauv., 85, 87.

Carolinensis Beauv., 87.
Hydropyrum Link, 88.

esculentum Link, 88.
Hygroryza Nees. 86, 90.

aristata Nees. 90.

tmenachne Beauv., 76.
menotltecium Lag., 66.
Hypocotyl. The part of the axis
or stem of an embryo below the
cotyledons. Same as cnulicle.
The term radicle is often used in
the same sense.
Ilypoyynium Nees, 57.
Hypophyllum. An abortive leaf
or scale under another leaf, or
seeming leaf (Gray).
Hmteriefaa Gteud. , 106.
Hystrix Munch, 192.
Imbricate. Overlapping like the
shingles on a roof or the scales
on a iish.

Imperata Cyr., 44, 49.
arundinacea Cyr., 49.
mcchnriflora Maxim , 49.
, Inarticulate. Not jointed.
I Indian Rice, 88.
! Indurated. Hardened.
Inflorescence. 'The disposition or
arrangement of the flowers on
the stem. 10.

Internodes. The portion of the
stem or culm between two
nodes. 2.

Interrupted. Broken at intervals.
Intravaginal. Within the sheath;
applied to branches springing
from buds which do not break
through the sheath of the sub-
tending leaf (See page 2.)

INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF TERlfS.

221

Involucre. Bracts surrounding or

subtending a flower cluster.
Involute. Applied to a leaf whose

edges are rolled inwards.
Ipuum Philippi, 138, 154.

Mendociuum Phil., 155.
Isachne Brawn, 70, 74.
Ischismopogon Griseb., 55.
Ischa.'inum L. , 46, 55.

Urvilleanum Kunth, 55.
Ichauthus Beauv., 71, 77.
Ischn ur us #«<;/. /?£., 170, 174.

pulchellus £«£/./., 174.
Ischurochloa Biise, 205.
Iseilema Anderss., 47, 64.

Wrightii Anderss., 64.
Isotria, 152.
Italian Ray-grass, 173.
Irophorus Schl., 79.

Jarava Ruiz et Pa von, 102.
Jardinea Steud., 54.
Job's Tears, 43.
Jouvea Fournier, 170, 174.
strain iuea F&urn., 174.
June-grass, 164.

Kampmannia Steud., 211.
Kangaroo-grass, 63.
Keeled. Having a ridge or pro-
jection on the back like the keel
of a boat. Same as carinate.
Kentucky Blue-grass, 164.
Kerinozoma t*teud., 170, 174.

littoralis ZolL, 174.
Key to the tribes, 34.
Knappia Sm., 107.
Koaleria Pers., 139, 155.

cristata Pers., 155.

phleoides Pers., 156.
Korycarpus Zea, 157.
Kralikia COM. & Dur., 170, 174.

Africana 0. & D., 174.
Krombholzia Fourn., 158.
Ktenosachne Steud., 117.
Kushus, 61.

Lachnochloa Steud., 211.
Lagurus L., 98, 114.

ovatus L., 114.
Lamarkia Winch, 138, 163.

aurea Mcmch, 163.
Lamina. The blade of the leaf.
Lanceolate. Shaped like a lance-
head, narrower than oblong.
Lappagrostis Steud., 73
Lasiagrostis Link, 102.
Lasiochloa Kunth, 143, 161.

adscendens Kunth, 161.

hirta Kunth, 161.

Lasiolytrum Steud., 57.
Latipes Kunth, 65. 66.

Seuegalensis Kunth, 67.
Leaf-blade, 6.
Leaf, bulliform cells in, 9.

nervation, 8.

parts of, 6.

torsion, 8.

Leaves, arrangement of, 4.
Leersia Swz. , 86, 90

hexandra, 90.

oryzoides Swz., 90.
Lemon-grass oil, 62.
Lepideilema Trin., 91.
Lepidopironia Rich., 127, 132.
Lepocercis Trin., 61.
Leptaspis Brown. 85, 87.
Leptatheruui Nees, 51.
Leptocarydion Hochst., 153
Leptochloa Beauv., 128, 134.

mucronata Kunth, 134.
Leptomryphium Nees, 73.
Leptothrium Kunth, 65. 67.

rigidum Kunth. 67.
Leptureae (sub-tribe), 175.
Lepturopsis Steud., 211.
Lepturus Brown, 171, 175.

Bolanderi Thurb. , 175.

Panuonicus Kunth, 175.
Lei-chenfeldia Schur., 120.
Lesourdia Fourn., 146.
Leucopoa Griseb.. 166.
Libertia Lej., 168.
Ligule. An erect, usually hya-
line or membranaceous, pro-
longation on the inner side of
the leaf-sheath at the point
where the latter unites with the
blade. 6.
Limnas Trin., 97, 110.

Stelleri Trin., 110.
Limnetis Pers., 129.
Linear. Many times longer than

broad, with parallel sides.
Lithachne Beauv., 84.
Lithagrostis Gcartn.. 43.
Lodicules. The small delicate
scales between the flowering
glume and stamens, 14.
LoliumZ., 170, 172.

Italicum A. Braun, 173.

perenne L., 173.

remotum, 173.

temulentum L., 173.
Lopatherum Brongn. 140, 158.
Lophochkena Nees, 159.
Lophochloa Reichenb., 155.
Lopholepis Decne., 65, 67

ornithocephala Decne., 67
Lophopogon Hack., 46, 56

222

INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF TERMS.

Lophopogon tridentatus Hack., 56.
Loudetia Hochst.. 124.
Luccea Kuuth, 57.
Ludolfia Willd., 202.
Luziola Juss., 86, 87.
Lycurus Kunth, 96, 104.
Lygeum L., 87, 91.
spartum L., 91.

Macrochloa Kunth, 102.

tenddssima Kunth, 101.
Macroblepharus Philippi, 154.
Maillea Purl., 97, 106.

Urvillei Parl. , 106.
Maize, 38, 40.

Cuzco, 40.

Horse-tooth, 40.

Husk, 40.

Pearl, 40.

Sugar, 40.

uses of, 41.

Maltebrunia Kunth, 86, 88.
Manisuins L., 53.
Manisuris Sw., 45, 54.

granularis Sw., 54.
Matrella Pers., 67.
MAYORS, 34, 36.
Mays Giirtu., 38.
Meadow Fescue, 166.
Meadow Foxtail, 107.
Megalachne Steud., 144, 169.

Berteroniana Steud.. 169.
Megalachne Thwaites, 117.
Megaatachya Beauv., 154.
Melocalamus Benth., 201, 209.

compactiflorus Benth. , 209.
Melocanna Trin., 202, 211. [211.

bambusoides Trin., 193, 199,
Melanocenchris Nees, 126, 132.
MelicaZ,., 141, 157.

ciliata L., 157.

uutans L., 157.
Melinis Beauv., 68.

minutiflora Beauv., 69.
Melinum Link, 88.
Merabrauaceous (or Membranous).
Thin and flexible, and usually
translucent, like a membrane.
Meoschium Beauv., 55.
Merisa, 59.

Merostachys Sprengl, 200, 203.
Mesquite, 131.
Mibora Adam., 97, 107.

verna Adans., 107.
Michelami Dum., 168.
Micraira F. Mull, 115, 118.

subulifolia Mull., 118.
Michrochloa Brown, 125, 128.

setacea Brown, 128.
Microkeua Brown, 92.

Micropyrum Link, 166.

Microstegium Nees, 52.

Microthuareia Thouars, 83.

Miegia Pers., 202.

Millar ium Moench, 102.

Milium L., 96, 102.
ell'usum L., 102.

Millet, 76.

Miquelia Nees, 110.

Miracle Wheat, 185.

Miscanthus Anderss., 44, 49.
saccariflorus Hack., 49.
Sinensis Anderss., 49.

Mnesithea Kunth, 53.

Molineria Parl., 115, 119.

Moliuia Schrank, 139, 153.
caerulea Moench, 154.

Monachyron Parl. , 77.

Monadelphous. Said of stamens
whose filaments are united,
forming a tube around the
pistil.

MonandrairaDesv., 120.

Monanthochloe" Engel, 137, 146.
littoralis Engel, 146.

Monerma Beauv., 170, 174.

subulata Rom. & ScJiult., 174.

Mouocarpic. Fruiting only once.

Monocera, Ell., 129.

Monochsete Doll., 126, 131.
fastigiata Doll., 131.

Monoecious. Having the stamens
and pistils borne in separate flow-
ers but on the same plant,

Monoi, 63.

Monopodial. Where the main
axis continues to extend in the
line of previous growth at the
same time that similar lateral
growths are produced below in
acropetal succession.

MonopogonPres], 124.

Mucronate. Terminating in a
small projecting point.

Muhleubergia Schreb., 96, 103.

Munroa Torrey, 137, 146.
squarrosa Torr., 146.

MyriachataTM\\., 69.

Myriostachya, 154.

Nardurus Reichenb. , 166.
Nardus L., 170, 172.

stricta L., 172.
NassellaDes®., 95, 102.
NastusJiws., 200. 204.

Borbonicus Gmelin, 204
Navicula. Boat-shaped.
Navicularia Raddi, 77
Nemastachys Steud., 51.
Nephelochloa Bom , 143, 163.

INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF TERMS.

223

Nephelochloa orieutalis Boiss., 163.

Nervation, 8.

Nerves. Rib-like projections or

bundles of fibrous tissue in the

leaves, glumes, etc.
Neuracnne Brown, 65, 67.
Node. The larger or smaller

swellings at the limits of an in-

ternode. 2.
Node, culm-, 2, 3.
function of, 3.
sheath-, 2, 3.
Nowodworskya Presl, 109.

Oat, 121.

Obsolete. An organ which is

suppressed or not developed.
Ochlandra Thwaites, 202, 211.
(Edipachne Link, 74.
Olyra L., 72, 84.
Oncea Frauch. & Sav., 157.
Ophiurus Giirtn., 53.

tows Beuth., 53.
Opizia Presl, 128. 135.

stolonifera Presl, 135.
Oplismenus Beauv., 71, 78.
Orchard-grass, 161.
Orcuttia Vasey, 136, 147.

Californica Vasey, 147.
Oreochloa Link, 137, 148

disticha Link, 148. [148.

Pedemontaua Boiss. et Rent.,
Organs of reproduction, 15.
Orniothocephalochloa Kurz., 83.
Oropetium Trin., 170, 174.

Thomaeum Trin., 174.
Ortfichne Nees, 100.
Orthoclada Beauv., 141, 158.

raritiora Beauv., 158.
Orthopogon Brown, 78.
Orthoraphium Nees, 102.
OryzaZ., 86, 88.

sativa L.. 89.
ORYZE^, 35, 85.
Oryzopsis MX., 95, 102.
Osterdttmia Neck. , 67.
Otachyriiim Nees, 76.
Ovary. That part of the pistil

containing the ovules.
Ovule, Ovulum. The immature

seed. 18.

Oxyanthe Steud.. 81.
Gxydenia Nutt., 134.
Oxytenanthera Munro, 201, 208.

Abyssinica Munro, 208.

Padia Zolling. & Mor., 88.

Palea or Palet. The usually two-
keeled bract standing opposite
the flowering glume, 1, 11.

Pampas-grass, 149.
Panicastrella Monch, 147.
PANICE^E, 35, 70.
Panicle, 10.
Panicum L., 71, 74.

altissimum Jacq., 76.

Crus-galli L., 76.

f rumen taceum Roxb., 76.

junceum Nees, 76.
jumentorum Pers,, 76.

miliaceum L., 76.

plicatum Lam., 76.

sanguinale L., 74.

spectabile Nees, 76.
Pantathera Philippi, 169.
Papillate. Covered with minute

nipple-like projections.
Pappophorese (sub-tribe), 145.
Pappophorum Schreb., 135, 145.
Paratheria Griseb. , 82.
Pariana AubL, 172. 192.
Parianese (sub-tribe), 192.
Parenchyma. The soft cellular
tissue which forms the pith of
stems, pulp of leaves, etc.
Paspalum L., 70, 72.

dilatatum Poir., 72

distichum L., 73, 129.

exile Kipp. , 73.

notatum Flugge, 73.

platycaule Poir., 73.

scrobiculatum L., 73.
Pearl Maize, 40.
Pearl Millet, 81.
Pechea Pourret, 105.
Pectinate. Finely cleft so as to

resemble the teeth of a comb.
Pedicel. The ultimate branch of
an inflorescence supporting a
spikelet.
Pedicellate. A spikelet supported

on a distinct pedicel.
Peltophorus Desv., 53.
Pendent. Hanging down.
Penicillaria Willd.. 81.
spicata, Willd., 81.
Pennisetum Pers., 71, 80.

Japonicum Trin., 82.

latifolium Spr., 81.

longistylum, 81.

Prieurii Kunth, 80.

typhoideum Rich., 81.

villosuna Brown, 81.
Pentacraspedon Steud , 100.
Pentameris Beauv., 125.
Pentapogon Brown, 98, 114.

Billardieri Brown, 114.
Pentarrhaphis Kunth, 211.
Perfect. Said of flowers which
contain both stamens and pistils.

224

INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF TERMS.

Pergamentaceous. Parchment-like

in texture.
Periballia Trin., 119.
Pericarp. The outer covering of

the grain.

Perieilema Presl, 96, 104.
Perobachne Presl, 63.
Perotis Ait., 65, 67.
Persistent. Remaining attached
beyond the time when similar
organs fall off. (Opposite of
deciduous.)
Pelroensa, 154
Peyritschia Fourn., 120.
Phacelurus Griseb., 54.
Phsenospenna Munro, 68, 69.

globosa Munro, 69.
PHALARIDE^;, 35, 91.
Ptialaridium Nees, 153.
PhalarisZ., 92.

arundinaceaZ., 93.

canariensis L., 93.

minor L., 93.
Phalona Adans., 162.
Pharus L., 85, 87.
Phippsia Brown, 97, 108.

algidatfr., 108.
Phleum L., 97, 106.

Bo3hmeri Wib., 106.

pratense L., 106.
Pholiurus Trin., 175.
Phragmites Trin., 136, 151.

communis Trin., 151.

cretaceus Le»q., 136, 151.

Ungeri Stur., 151.
Phyllorachis Trimen; 72, 83.

sagittata Trimen, 83.
Phyllostachys Sieb. et Z., 200, 203.
Piptatherum Beauv., 102.
Piptochaetium Presl, 96, 102.
Pistil, 16.
Pistillate. Said of flowers which

have pistils but not stamens.
Placenta. The part of the peri-
carp to which the seed is at-

Plagiolytrum Nees, 132.
Plagiosetum Benth., 71, 82.

refractum Benth., 82.
Plauotia Munro, 200, 204.

nobilis Munro, 204.
Platonia Kunth, 204.
Platy stocky a, 154.
Pleopogon Nutt., 104.
Pleuraphis Torr., 65.
Pleuroplitid Trin., 57.
Pleuroppgon Brown, 142, 159.

Sabini Brown, 159.
Plicate. Plaited or folded like a
fan.

Plumose. Feather-like.
Plumule. The bud in the embryo.
Poa L. , 144, 163.

alpina L., 164.

Chilensis Trin., 164.

flabellatalfoo/fc./., 164.

lanuginosa Poir., 164.

Persica Trin., 163.

pratensis Z/.. 164.

trivialis L., 164.
Podophorus Philippi, 96, 104.

bromoides Ph., 104.
Podos(emumi)esv., 103.
Pcecilostachys Hackel, 141, 158.

geminata Hackel, 158.

Hildebrandtii Hackel, 158.
Pogouatherum Beauv. , 44, 52.

Saccharoideum Beauv., 52.
Poidium Nees, 164.
Polish Wheat, 185.
Pollination, 17.
Pollinia Trin., 45, 51.
Polyantherix Nees, 192.
Polyodon Kunth, 132.
Polypogou Desf., 98, 109.

maritimus Willd., 110.

Monspelieusislteif., 109.
Polyraphis Liudl., 145
Polyschistis Presl, 211.
Polytoca Brown, 42.

macrophylla BentJi., 43.
Polytrias Hack., 44, 52.

prsemorsa Hack., 52.
Pommereulla L.fll., 136, 146.

Cornucopias L.f., 146.
Potamochloa Griff., 90.
Potamophila Brown, 86, 88.

parviflora Brown, 88.
Priouachue Nees, 115, 117.

dentata Nees, 117.
Prionanthium Desv., 117.
Produced. Extended or length-
ened out. Prolonged.
Prophylla. Primary leaves, as the
first leaves of a branch or axis
(Gray).

Proterogynous. Applied to flow-
ers in which the pistils reach
maturity in advance of the sta-
mens.

Protoplasm. The living forma-
tive material of plants (and ani-
mals).

Psamma Beauv., 112.
Pseudostachyum Munro, 201, 209.

polymorphum Munro, 210.
Ptilathera Link, 148.
Pttilopoyon Hochst., 57.
Psilostachys Steud., 47.
Psilurus Trin., 171, 175.

INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF TERMS.

225

Psilurus nardoides Trin., 175.
Pterium Desv., 163.
Ptvrygostachyum Nees, 47.
Ptilagrostis Griseb., 102.
Ptiloneilema Steud., 132.
PuccinelliaPaTl, 165.
Puelia Franchet, 201, 208.

ciliata Franch., 209.
Puuctiform. Like an indented

point or dot.
Pungent. Terminating in a sharp

and rigid point.
Pyramidal. Tapering upwards

from a broad base. Pyramid-

Quaking-grass, 160.

Rabdochloa Beauv., 134.
Raceme, 10.

Rachilla (or rhachilla). The axis
of a spikelet to which the
glumes are attached.
Rachis (or rhachis). The axis of

a panicle, raceme, or spike.
Raddia Bertol, 84.
Radicle. Belonging to, or grow-
ing immediately from, the root.
Radix Anatheri, 61.

Vetverise,61.
Randall grass, 123.
Raphis Lour., 61.
Rdspalui Presl, 109.
Ratzeburgia Kunth, 45, 52.

pulcherrima Kunth, 52.
Reana Brign., 37.
RebouUa Kunth, 155.
Redtieldia Vasey, 138, 153.

flexuosa Vasey, 153.
Red-top, 111.
Reimaria Fliigge, 70, 72.

oligostachya Munro, 72.
RelcJiekt Steud., 112.
Reticulate. Netted, or marked
with lines resembling net-work.
Rettbergia Raddi. 204.
Reynaudia Kunth, 86, 90.

filiformisTiLMtt.^, 90.
Rhinachne Hochst., 55.
Rhizocephalus Boiss., 105.
Rhizome. A prostrate or under-
ground root-like stem.
Rhombolytrum Link, 152.
Rhynchelytrum Nees, 77.
Rhytachne Desv., 46, 54.
Rice, 89.

Ripidium Trin., 51.
Roegneria C. Koch, 177.
Rcemeria Zea, 157.
Root-stalk. Same as rhizome.

Rottbffillia L., 45. 52.

eiliata Nutt., 56.
Rottbcellieae (sub-tribe), 52.
Rugose. Wrinkled.
Rye, 177.

Giant, 186.

Saccharese, (sub- tribe), 49.
Saccharum L., 45, 49.

officinarum L., 48, 50.
spontaneum L., 50, 55.
Sand-reed, 113.
Santia Savi, 109.
Savastana Schrad., 94.
Schaffnera Benth., 65, 67.
Mexicanatfentfi., 67.
Schedonnardus Steud., 125, 131.

Texanus Steud., 131.
ScJiedonorus elatior P. B., 166.
Schellingia Steud., 66.
Schismus Beauv., 163.
8chista.chne Fig. et De Not., 101.
Scliizachyrium Nees, 57.
Schizostachyum Nees, 202, 210.
Schmidtia Steud., 135, 145.
SchmidtiaTmttm., 107.
Schoenefeldia Kunth, 126, 129.
SchultesiaSpm^., 130.
Sclerachne Torr., 110.
Sclerachne R Br., 37, 43.

punctatatf. Br.,43.
Schlerenchyma. Fibrous tissue
composed of hard, thick-walled
cells.
Sclerochloa #<?«?«>., 144, 163.

dura Beauv., 163.
Scleropoa Griseb., 144, 167.

rigida Griseb., 167.
Scleropogon PUlippi, 136, 146.
Scolochloa Mert. & Koch, 150. •
Scolochloa Link. 143, 164.
festucacea Link, 165.
spiculosa Schm. , 165.
Scribneria Hack. , 171. 175.
Bolanderi Hack., 175.
Scutellum. The usually shield-
shaped portion of the embryo
regarded as the cotyledon ; its
inner face lies against the albu-
men, while in its somewhat con-
cave outer side rest the plumule
and the radicle (hypocotyl) to
which it is attached' 21.
Secale L., 171, 177.
cereale L., 177.
fragile Bub.. 177.
montanum Guss., 177.
Secund. Turned to one side, one-
sided.
Sehima Forsk., 55.

226

INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Senites Adans., 158.

Sericura Hassk., 82.

SerrafalcusP&rl., 168.

Sesleria Scop., 137, 148.
cserulea Ard., 148.

Seslerieae (sub-tribe), 146.

Sessile. Devoid of a pedicel or
stalk.

Setaria Beauv., 71, 78.
glauca Beauv., 78.
Italica Beauv., 78.
viridis#e«m>., 78.

Setiforui. Bristle-like.

Sheath. Applied to the tubular
or convolute portion of the leaf,
between the leaf-blade and its
point of insertion, which in-
closes or embraces the culin. 6.

Sheath, function of, 3, 6.

Sheath-nodes, 2.

Sheep's Fescue, 166.

Sieglingia Bernh. . 152.

Sitanion Rafin., 192

Solenachne Steud ,129. •

Solitary. Standing alone.

Sorghum Pers. , 58

cernmim Host , 59.
pauciflorum, 61.
saccharatum Pers., 59.

Sphenopus Trin., 140, 156.
Gouani Trin., 156.

SpinifexZ., 72, 83.

Sp:irtiua Schreb., 125, 129.
stricta Both, 129.

Spelt, 182.

Spike. An inflorescence in which
the spikelets are sessile on the
main axis. 10.

Spikelet. A secondary spike, or
in grasses a special inflorescence
consisting of a more or less
elongated axis (the rachilla) and
two-ranked imbricated glumes
in the axils of some of which
the flowers are borne. 11.

Spikelet, diagrams of. 12.

Spikelets, succession of flowering
of in a given inflorescence. 15.

Spinescent. Furnished with spines.

Spodiopogon Trin., 45, 52.

Sporobolus Brown, 97, 109.
cryptaudrus Gray, 109.
pungeiis Kunih, 109.

Stamens, 15.

Staminodia. Rudimentary or im-
perfectly developed stamens.

Starch-grains, 26.

Stegosia Lour., 52.

Stemmatospermum Beauv. , 204.

Stenobromus (sub-gen.), 168.

Stenochloa Nutt., 153.
Stenotaphrum Trin., 72, 82.

Americauum Schrauk, 82, 83.
Sterile bracts. Same as sterile

glumes.
Stipa L., 95, 101.

capillata L., 101.

inebrians Hance, 102.

peunata L., 101.

Sibirica Lam., 102.

spartea Trin., 101.

tenacissima L., 91, 101.

tirsa Stev., 101.

viridula Trin., 102.
Stipagrostis Nees, 101.
Strebloclutte Hochst., 125.
Strephium Schrad., 84.
Streptachne Brown, 102.
Streptachne Kunth, 100.
Streptochseta Schrad., 86, 91.
Streptogyue Beauv., 141, 158.

criuita Link, 158.
Streptostachys Desv., 76.
Slurmia Hoppe, 107.
Suardia Schkr., 68.
Subulate. Awl-shaped.
Sugar Cane, 50.
Sugar Maize, 40.
Sulcate. Grooved or furrowed.
Sweet vernal-grass, 94.
Syntherisma Walt., 74.

Tabasheer, 199.

Teiuostachyum Munro, 201, 210.
Teosinte, 38.
Terete. Cylindrical.
Tetrachne Nees, 127, 133.

Dregei Nees, 133.
Tetrapogon-Des/., 127, 132.
Tetrarrhena Brown, 92.
Thamnocalnmus Munro, 202.
Thelepogon Roth, 46, 55.

elegaus Roth, 55.
Themeda .For**., 47, 63.

Forekalii fioci., «a
Thuarea Pers., 72, 83.

sarmentosa Pers., 83.
Thurberia Benlh., 98, 110.

Arkansana, 110.

pilosa, 110.
Thrasya Kuutli, 75.
Thyridostachyum Nees, 53.
Tl<yrso«tachys \\i\c\i., 53.
Thysanachne Presl, 68.
Thysauolseua Nees, 68, 69.

acarifera Nees, 69.
Tialva, 59.
Timothy, 106.
Tinaa Garxia, 163.
Torresia Ruiz & Pav., 94.

INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF TERMS

227

Tosagris Beauv., 103.
Tozettia Savi, 107.
Trachynia Link, 170.
Trachynotia MX., 129.
Trachyozus Reichb., 65.
Trachypogon Nees, 47. 56.

polymorphus Hack. , 56.
Trachys Pers., 64, 65.

mucronata Pers., 65.
Trachystachys Deitr., 65.
Tragus Hall, 64, 66.
Trmna Kunth, 132.
Triachyrium Hochst., 109.
Triathera Desv., 132.
Trichachne Nees, 75.
Triclueta Beauv., 121.
Trichloris Fourn., 126, 130.

Blanchardiana Hack., 130.
Trichochtoa Beauv., 103.
Trichodium Sclirad., 111.
Tricholseua Schrad., 71, 77.

rosea Nees, 77.
Trichoneura Anderss., 153.
Trichopteryx Nees, 117, 124.
Tricuspis Beauv., 152.
Tridens R. & S., 152.
Triglossum Fisch., 202.
Triniusa Steud. , 168.
Triodia Brown, 138, 152.

albescens Munro, 152.

Cunninghamii R. Br., 152.

cuprea Jacq., 153.

decumbens Beauv., 152

filiformis Nees, 152.

irritans Brown, 152.

Mitchelli Brown, 152.

pungens Brown, 152.
Triplachne Link, 100, 111.

niteiis Link, 112.
Triplasis Beauv., 153.
Triplathera Endl., 132.
Tripogon Roth, 127, 132.
Tripsacum L.. 37, 41.

dactyloides Z., 42.
Triraphis Brown, 136, 146.
Triscenia Griseb., 68, 69.

ovina Griseb., 69.
Trisetaria ForsA;., 98, 113.

liuearis Forsk., 114.

quin queseta Hochst., 114.
Trisetum Pew., 116, 120.

pratense Pers., 121.

subspicatum Beauv., 121.
rnswtoRafin., 159.
Tristachya Nees, 117, 124.
THISTEGINE^E, 35, 68.
Tristegu Nees, 68.
Triticeae (sub-tribe), 176.
Triticum L.. 171, 179.

Bceboticum Boiss. , 180.

Triticum compactum Host., 184.

conipositum, 185.

cristatuna Schreb., 177.

dicoccum Schrank, 182.

durum Desf., 185.

mouococcum L., 180,

PolouicumZ., 180, 185.

repens L., 176.

sativum Lam., 180, 181.

sativum compactum, 183,
184.

sativum dicoccum, 181, 182.

sativum durum, 183, 185.

sativum Spelta, 181. 182.

sativum tenax, 181, 182.

sativum turgidum, 183, 184.

sativum vulgare, 183.

Spelta L., 182.

turgidum L. , 184.
Troc/ieraRick., 92.
Truncate. Ending abruptly, as if

cut off.
Tuberculate. Covered with, rough

points or tubercles.
Turbiuate. Top-shaped.
Tussock-grass, 164.
TylothrasyaDo\\., 75.

Umbellate. In the form of an

umbel.
Unilateral. One-sided. A spike

is unilateral when the spikelets

all grow from or are turned to

one side of the axis.
Uniola L., 142, 159.
latifolia L., 159.
Unisexual. Flowers of one sex,

having stamens only or pistils

only.

Urachne Trin., 102.
UralepisTXult., 153
Urelytrum Hack., 46, 54.
Urochlsena Nees, 137, 147.

pusilla Nees, 148.
Urochloa Kunth, 75.
Utricle. A grain or one-seeded

fruit with a loose bladder-like

pericap.

Vahlodea Fries. 120.
Vanilla grass , 94.
Vaseya Thurb., 103.
Ventenata.flr^r., 116, 121.

avenacea Kolr. , 121.
Vetiveria Virey, 59.
Vetivert, 61.
Vetives, 61.
Vilfa Beauv., 109.
Vossia Wall. & Griff., 46. 54.

procera Wall. & Griff., 54.
Vulpia Gmelin, 166.

228

INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF TERMS.

Weinga>rtneria Bernh., 119.
Waugenheimia Monch, 142, 161.

disticha Monch, 161.
Wheat (see Trittcum), 183.

Egyptian, 185.

Polish, 185.

Whorl. The arrangement of
organs in a circle around an
axis.

Wilhelmsia C. Koch, 155.
Windsoria Nutt., 152.
Witch-grass, 176.

Xerochloa Brown, 72, 82.
Xy&tidium Trin., 67.

Zea L., 36, 38.

Mays L., 38.

Zeobrouius (sub-gen.), 168.
Zankeria Trin., 115, 118.
Zeocriton Beauv., 188.
Zeugites Schreb., 158.
Zizania L., 86, 88.

aquatica L., 88.

latifolia Turcz., 88.

miliacea MX., 88.

palustris Link, 88.
Zizaniopsia ZW«., 86, 87.

miliacea Doll. & AscJi. ,
Zoysia Wittd., 65, 67.
ZOYSIE^S, 34, 64.

Ok

^

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