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A te I We t ‘ i Lia ae bese ey rs zi >, ao de f ts a 4 oar oF y r N Last ‘ i ” Pind 7 7; ee i Loli ’ 5 t ‘ ; A U \ ? n , if - aa | I , ; +, Jit ; ~ i J } i ; i ' ' bl th 0 . is a % 1 i ‘h ; f < ‘ > “4 ‘ 7 r 4 ' ¥ ° “y 7 ‘\ 7 s 4 pyse SSA . : ‘ .. 7 hx -_ | % i} Csipurig vanieyyey Aq amyeu sayyy) “Uyleey M7SNgQo.t Ma.LoYG JO S4soloy STMT ey] UO pu “TT porpu2 DiafbuUn]Y JO Sadoas av AO[[VA O}f} UL ‘AeSURA YITVAIG 9yZ JO osoyy gje[ oy 4V ‘seAGLTeULIF, EY JO SJsodyno oy o1v GILsiA Ol} 9B punolsyorq oy} ul “([eAeT-ReS oaoge ‘Ut F109 ‘SeAV[RUITET UoJSoMYJION) APRA UNC Vatfod Ul “UST “UL Ey ‘ZIEY YaoMUypUNnwo DsnquD, THE Meu GRASSES BY EDUARD HACKEL TRANSLATED FROM DIE NATURLICHEN PFLANZENFAMILIEN BY F. LAMSON-SCRIBNER EFFIE A. SOUTHWORTH COPIOUSLY ILLUSTRATED viBRAR> NEW YoRK BOTANICAL CARDEN: NEW YORK HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY 1890 C/LZY _A/ + 3i Copyright, 1890, bY Henry Hour & Co, DRUMMOND & NEv, Electrotypers, New York, A work embracing the grass family as a whole, in all its aspects, enumerating the best known economic species and the uses which they serve, discussing their structure and morphology and their arrangement into tribes and genera with the characters of these pointed out in a man- ner enabling one to classify any grass which may come to his hand, is a desideratum in our literature and one which has long been felt by many. Such a work is the contribution made by Prof. Eduard Hackel, of St. Poel- ten, Austria, to that great German publication on the Natural Families of Plants (Die natiirlichen Pflanzen- Jamilien) edited by Drs. Engler and Prantl. Prof. Hackel stands without a peer among agrostologists; his contri- bution, therefore, has an especial value and may be accepted as expressing the latest views of the highest authority. The work here referred to contains so much of prac- tical as well as of scientific importance and interest that its presentation in a form available to English readers seemed highly desirable. A further incentive to the preparation of an English translation was the fact that at this time particular interest in the investigation of erasses is being taken by the United States Government, and on all sides eager demands are being made for information relative to these plants. That this is so is not remarkable when we consider the unrivalled eco- nomic importance of grasses, furnishing as they do daily food to man and the animals upon which he is most dependent, as well as supplying a great variety of articles used in manufacture, the arts, and medicine. While the present work may not add to the interest in the subject already existing, it cannot fail to afford information much desired. With a view to increasing the value of the work and rendering it more serviceable to private students and ili 1V PREFACE TO THE TRANSLATION. general readers, an introduction wherein is illustrated the manner of using the keys of analysis in determining genera is given, and a full glossary and index are added. It is hoped also that the translation will thus be made more suitable for use as a text-book in our Agricultural Colleges, for which purpose the treatment of the struc- ture, morphology, and physiology of grasses, given in detail and fully illustrated in Part I, renders the work especially well adapted. Those familiar with the German will notice that in translation occasional liberties have been taken with the original by the omission of unimportant matter, inser- tion of head-lines, ete. Except in the account of the Bambusex, all matter enclosed in brackets has been added by myself. A number of notes and observations have been added by Prof. Hackel, to whom the manu- script was submitted for revision and approval before being sent to the printers. Following the number of each genus there has been inserted, in parenthesis, its number in Bentham and Hooker’s Genera Plantarum, facilitating reference to that work and at the same time showing the diversity between the systems of classification adopted. With few exceptions the illustrations are from electro- types of the original woodcuts obtained from the Ger- man publisher, Wilhelm Engelmann, of Leipzig. The figures illustrating the spikes of the cereals were redrawn from the imprints in the original and reduced nearly one half by photo-engraving. Figures 3a and 91a are addi- tions, while figures 45a, 75a, and 78 were drawn especially for the translation and appear here for the first time. Thanks are due Mr. Charles E. Smith, of Phila- delphia, for his kind assistance with the proofs, and Dr. W. J. Beal, of Lansing, Michigan, and Mr. C. M. McClung, of Knoxville, Tennessee, for their interest in the progress of the work and material aid in its publica- tion. TF’, LAaMson-SCRIBNER. UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE, KNOXVILLE, Feb. 1, 1890. INTRODUCTION. No introduction appears to be necessary further than to give for the benefit of those unfamiliar with botanical a 8 be eo bh as cin BRar this NUrHOSe let ERRATA. Page wv, line 8 from bottom, for Tha read 7a. 14, “ 18, for Fig. 80 read Fig. 81. 64, *- 3, ‘© Germainea read Germainia. 87, ** 16, ‘* pedicellate read petiolate. 141, last line, for Cenototheca ‘‘ Centotheca. 155, line 11, for obtusa ‘* obtusata, 164, ‘* 24, ** Colopodium ‘* Colpodium. tS ee Silicia ‘* Silesia. 197, ‘* 25, ‘* Zeylanese ‘* Ceylonese. 218, for Eatonia obtusa ‘* Eatonia obtusata. 221, ‘* TIeanthus read Ichnanthus. 221, ‘* Lepocercis ‘‘ Lepeocercis. 225, ‘* Rhinachne ‘‘ Rhiniachne. the ¢ upon the lower portion of the pauicle or in separate panicles, without empty glumes; flowering glume narrow and acuminate-pointed ; 2 spikelets ovate ; empty glumes two, her- baceous, pointed or awned ; flowering glume much shorter, cartilaginous. Lodicules three. Leaves broad, netted-veined, often with short petioles. Species twenty, all, with the exception of one in Africa, from tropical America. TRIBE VI.—ORYZEE. Spikelets % or unisexual, one-flowered ; flowers apparently terminal and enclosed by a flowering glume and a palea which is usually one-nerved. Empty glumes two or none, very seldom numerous. Sta- mens frequently six. Stigmas more or less elongated, fruit usually with a small embryo Fie. 35.—Olyra micrantha Humb. and Kunth. A 4% natural size, (After Kunth, Revis. Gram. pl. 12.) and long, linear hilum. Starch-grains compound. A. Spikelets unisexual ; plants monecious ; anthers six or more. a. Spikelets in short, solitary spikes, terminal and pxallarye sts ia i 2... Sa Eydrochloa: b. Spikelets in panicles, or spikes arranged in panicles. a. Spikelets in pairs at each node of the panicle- branches ; one large, 4, long-pedicelled. , sessile, the other small, I. Flowering glume linear-oblong. 79. Pharus. II. Flowering glume inflated, globose, closed excepting a hole at the point. 80. Leptaspis. 86 THE TRUE GRASSES. 8. Spikelets not in pairs at the nodes of the branches. I. Spikelets without empty glumes. 1°. Spikelets linear. Embryo as long as the fruits 2028) se) a BES wae 2°. @ spikelets ovate or elliptical. Em- bryo many times smaller than the fruit. * @ and @ spikelets in different pani- cles, rarely in the same, and then the é spikelets terminal on each branch. 81. Luziola. ** @ and @ spikelets in the same pani- cle, the 9 terminal, the ¢ at the base of each branch. 82. Zizaniopsis. II. Spikelets with two very small or bristle- like empty glumes. . . 84. Potamophila. B. Spikelets all &. a. Spikelets arranged in panicles. a. Empty glumes two, short but distinct, awnless (two additional rudimentary empty glumes in Oryza). I. Flowering glume and palea roundish in section (but slightly compressed). 3 85. Maltebrunia. II. Flowering glume and palea much com- pressed laterally. . . . . . 86. Oryza. f. Empty glumes two, awned, exceeding or slightly shorter than the flowering glume. * Empty glumes gradually tapering into awns. 8. Achleena. ** Kmpty glumes awned from a hotch in the apexes 3 la ie. | . . . 89. Reynaudia. y. Empty glumes Senne or present only as minute rudiments. I. Flowering glume awnless. . 87. Leersia. Il. Flowering glume awned. . 90. Hygroryza. b. Spikelets in a terminal, naked spike at whose apex the ends of the awns of all the spikelets are fast- ened together. . . . . . . 98. Streptocheta. DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 87 c. Spikelets in twos or threes in the axils of sheath- like subtending bracts. a. Only one subtending bract with 2-3 united spikelets terminating the culm. . 92. Lygeum. f#. Subtending bracts in two series with 2-3 free spikelets in the axil of each. 91. Anomochloa. 78. (59) Hydrochloa Beauv. An aquatic grass with flat leaves, 3-5 ¢ spikelets in a terminal spike, a few 9 in each axillary spike, which scarcely exceeds its sub- tending sheath. Stigmas long. Species one (H. Carolinensis Beauv.), in the Southern United States. 79. (26) Pharus L. 2 spikelets linear ; empty glumes two, short; flowering glume long, coriaceous, involute. Palea two-nerved. Spikes paniculate. Leaves broad, pedicellate ; blade reversed. (See page 8.) Species five, in tropical America. Hi pecies five, I 80. (27) Leptaspis Brown. ¢ spikelets small, termi- nal on the short branchlets; @ spikelets 1-2, sessile on the lower portions of same, large, globose, with two short empty glumes. Leaves as in Pharus. Species five, in the tropics of the Old World. 81. (41) Luziola Juss. (Fig. 36). Spikelets awnless, ovate ; flowering glume with many prominent nerves. Caryopsis with a thick, hard peri- carp. Creeping, narrow-leaved, marsh or aquatic grasses. Species six, from Brazil to Ala- bama. ; Sec. I. Huluziola. ¢ and 2 spike- lets in separate panicles. Stamens usually more than six (6-18). Sec. II. Caryochloa (Trin. as a genus). Arrozia Schrad. 4 and ay : : : Fig. 36.—Luziola Peruviana spikelets in the same panicle. Sta- Juss. A 2 spikelet. meus Six. 82. (40) Zizaniopsis Dill & Ascherson. Habit of Zizama. 2 spikelets terminating the branches of the panicle. Fruit a globose nut with a hard, shining, easily 88 THE TRUE GRASSES. separable pericarp. Embryo and hilum not visible on the outside. Stigmas united. Species one, with two varieties—Z. miliacea Dol & Asch. [(Zizania miliacea Mx.)| in Brazil and the Southern United States. 83. (40) Zizania L. (Hydropyrum Link, Melinum Link). A reed-like grass with broad leaves and large panicles which are @ and narrow, with the branches somewhat appressed above, and ¢ and expanded below. @ spike- lets almost subulate, awned, supported on thick pedicels. 4 awnless, lanceolate. Fruit a caryopsis 2 cm. long and 1 mm. thick, pericarp thin; embryo very long, concealed in a furrow, with large epiblast, plumule pedicellate. Species one, Z. aquatica L. (4. palustris Link and Hy- dropyrum esculentum Link), “' Tuscarora rice” or ‘“ Indian rice,” which grows upon the banks of streams and lakes in North America and Northeastern Asia. The Indians annually collect the fruit in quantities for food; they also sow the seed in order to provide for farther exten- sion of the plants. Lately it has been sown in fish-ponds, for the fruit, when it falls, is eagerly eaten by the fish.* The Asiatic form (Z. latifolia Turez.) is only a variety. 84, (42) Potamophila Brown. Spikelets lanceolate, awnless, in long panicles whose lower branches bear the 2 (with distinct staminodia in the flowers) and the upper the ¢ or & spikelets. Fruit spherical. Species one (P. parviflora Brown), in Australia. 85. (42) Maltebrunia Kunth. Like the preceding, but with all the spikelets %. Leaves broader, almost petiolate. Species two, in Madagascar and Cape Colony. 86. (44) Oryza L. (Padia Zolling & Mor.). Spike- lets elongated; empty glumes of two small scales or bristles, and underneath these two more minute rudi- mentary empty glumes. Flowering glume complicate and keeled, usually awned; palea narrow, one-nerved. * The stems are used by coopers for making the joints of barrels intended to hold whiskey or petroleum perfectly tight. The tidal mud along the Delaware River for fifty miles bears a heavy growth of Z. aqua- ttea (locally called ‘‘ The Reeds”), and the fruit furnishes the food of the Reed-bird, giving it the flavor for which it is so much esteemed. DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 89 Stamens six; fruit long, obtuse, closely enveloped by the fruiting glume, and compressed laterally with two lateral furrows ; embryo short, curved. About six species, in the tropics of both hemispheres. O. sativa L., Rice, has contracted panicles and rough, prominently five-nerved flowering glumes. Wild in wet places in India and tropical Australia; one variety in Africa ; naturalized in Brazil. Rice has been cultivated in China from the most ancient times (for over 2800 years B.C.), in South Europe, where it was introduced by the Arabs, and in Egypt, since the mid- dle ages (in Central Africa earlier?), in North America since 1700 4.D., and besides in Mexico, Brazil, and Paraguay. It needs stagnant water which readily breeds swamp- fever, and in Europe its culture in the vicinity of villages or ham- lets is forbidden. Mountain- or Upland-rice, which requires only to be irrigated, is much less prized for economic uses. Rice is used for food by more people than any other one grain. It is generally used in the form of soup or boiled pye, 37 oryzasativaL. (After ie emo Arak” is, made from it by Net Gen. Germ.7. pin?) fermentation ; in Japan a light alcoholic drink, ‘‘ Sake,” is made from rice by means of an organic ferment. Gluten rice (‘‘Klebreis”), whose grains stick fast to- gether when cooked, forming a firmly united mass, and whose starch turns reddish brown (see p. 26) instead of blue with iodine, is used in Japan for paste and for mak- ing an elastic dough from which cakes are baked. In China a kind of sugar and a sweet drink are prepared from it. Rice-starch has lately become an article of trade, especially in England. Rice-brooms, rice-paper, 90 THE TRUE GRASSES. are not made from rice; the first comes from Sorghum, the second from Broussonetia or Bambusa. About forty varieties are founded upon the color and size of the fruit and the absence or presence of awns. 87. (45) Leersia Swartz (Homalocenchrus Mieg, Ehr- hartia Wigg., Blepharochloa Endl.). Distinguished from Oryza only by the aborted (indicated by minute rudi- ments) empty glumes, awnless flowering glume, three, two, or one stamen (six only in L. hexandra), aud the relatively smaller fruit. Species five; swamp-grasses, one of which, L. oryzoides Sw., is found in the north temperate zone of both the Old World and New World; another, JL. hexandra, throughout the entire tropical zone, and three in America only. 88. (46) Achlena Griseb. Panicle widely expanded. Spikelets large, linear-lanceolate, awned. First empty glume aristiform; flowering glume convolute. Stamen one. Caryopsis linear, with a very small embryo. Species one (A. piptostachya Gr.), in Cuba. 89. (56) Reynaudia Kunth. Spikelets long. Empty olumes subequal, two-lobed at the apex ; flowering glume short-awned below the point, slightly exceeding the empty glumes. Lodicules two; stamens two; embryo small. Species one (2. filiformis Kunth), in Cuba. Leaves narrow ; branches of the panicle erect; spikelets small. 90. (43) Hygroryza Nees (Potamochloa Griffith). Float- ing, aquatic grasses with broad, short leaves ; the sheaths of the lower ones much inflated. Panicles umbellate, few-flowered. Species one (ZH. aristata Nees), in the East Indies. 91. (30) Anomochloa Brongniart. An anomalous grass with long-petiolate leaves; the solitary apical spike with many large, sheathing bracts. Flowering glume mem- branaceous, palea harder, closed and tubular below with a filiform appendage. A membranaceous fringed ring in place of the lodicules. Stamens four. Species one (A. marantoidea Brongn.), in Brazil. 92. (28) Lygeum L. The united, very hairy flowering DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. on glumes of the 2-3 spikelets finally form a hard capsule or false fruit. Palea linear, two-nerved, much exceeding the flowering glume. Styles elongated, stigmas short, feathery; stamens three; common subtending or sheathing bract of the spikelets lanceolate. Species one, L. Spartum L. (Fig. 38), has a creeping rhizome and stiff, rush-like, convolute leaves. In rocky soil on the high plains of the countries bordering the Medi- terranean, especially of Spain and Algeria. A part of the “Esparto” (see Stipa tenacissima) is furnished by this plant. 93. (29) Streptocheta Schrad. (Lepideilema Trin.). Distinguished from all other grasses by the spiral arrangement of its numerous (12) glumes, one of which bears a deli- cate, tendril-like, twisted awn. Spikelets elongated, terete, acu- minate. Stamens six, monadel- ah pT tate Julep phous. Style one, stigmas three; Srifeber, Beschr. d. Gris. leaves broad. Species one (S. spicata Schrad.), in Brazil. A genus of very doubtful relationship, placed with the Oryzec on account of the character of its fruit. (For manner of dispersing its seed, see page 29.) TripE VII.—PHALARIDEZ. All the spikelets fertile, one-flowered or with 1-2 ¢ flowers inserted below the apparently terminal one. Empty glumes four (the two inner ones rarely acting as flowering glumes for ¢ flowers), unequal, the third and fourth occasionally very small, or one of them rudiment- ary. Flowering glume and palea alike, laterally com- pressed, nerves one or none, awnless. Styles distinct ; stigmas usually projecting from the point of the spike- 92 THE TRUE GRASSES. let; caryopsis unfurrowed ; embryo small; starch-grains compound. A. The third and fourth (or only the fourth) empty glumes larger than the first and second. a. Stamens six, rarely three. . . . 94. Ehrharta. b. Stamens four or two. a. Panicles loose, third and fourth empty glumes equal,awned. . .. . . . 95. Microlsna. fs. Inflorescence a spike or spike-like panicle. Fourth glume longer than the third, awnless. 96. Tetrarrhena. B. Third and fourth empty glumes smaller than or barely equalling the first and second. a. Third and fourth glumes empty, reduced to small scales, awnless. . . . @ s- | 97.) Bhalaris: b. Third and fourth pnee eee small, awned upon the back... . . . =». .) (98. Anthexantham: c. Third and fourth glumes, or at least the third, with a @ flower, almost equalling the first and second, awnless or short-awned. . . . 99. Hierochloé. 94, (99) Ehrharta Thunb. (Vvrochera Rich.) (Fig. 39). Spikelets arranged in panicles or simple racemes. First and second empty glumes short, the third and fourth fre- quently awned ; flowering glume slightly shorter, keeled, with a callus or tuft of hairs at the base. Species twenty-four; twenty in South Africa, two on Mascarene Isles, two in New Zealand. Two have become naturalized in New Holland. 95. (100) Microlena Brown (Diplax Hook.). First and second empty glumes very short, third and fourth longer than the flowering glume, all keeled; lodicules quite large ; stamens two or four. Inflorescence paniculate. Species five, in Australia to New Zealand. 96. (101) Tetrarrhena Brown. Like the preceding, but the spikelets in a more simple, scarcely branched spike. Fourth glume largest, indurated ; stamens four. Species four, in Australia. 97. (102) Phalaris L. Inflorescence usually a close spike-like, rarely interrupted panicle; spikelets later- ally compressed. First and second glumes boat-shaped, DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 93 usually with a membranaceous wing upon the keel. Flowering glume and palea hard, shining ; lodicules dis- tinct ; stamens three. Species ten, mostly in Southern Europe; a few in Northern Europe and in America. Ph. canariensis, “Canary grass” (Fig. 40), with strongly-winged keels on : Fic. 40.—Phalaris minor L. M, Fic. 39.— Ehrharta Urvilleana Kunth. Ph. canariensis L. (After (After Kunth, Revis. Gram. pl. 6.) Nees, Gen. Germ., I. 12.) the empty glumes and the third and fourth empty glumes half as long as the flowering glume, is cultivated in South- ern Europe and in Germany. The grain is used for bird- food, and sometimes, in Southern Europe, as a cereal. From the flour, weaver’s glue is prepared. Ph. arundinacea L., ‘“ reed-grass,” with more open, interrupted panicles and wingless empty glumes, forming a distinct section— Digraphis (Trin. as a genus, Baldingera Mey. & Schreb.)— grows upon river-banks and is of some value for hay; a variety with leaves striped with white (“ribbon-grass’’) is cultivated for ornament. 94 THE TRUE GRASSES. 98. (103) Anthoxanthum L. Spikelets in short, spike- like panicles, narrow; first and second empty glumes unequal, herbaceous; third and fourth clothed with brown hairs. Flowering glume and palea_ short, membranaceous ; lodicules none; stamens two. Species four, in Europe, one of them in Northern Asia, North America, and Australia. A. odoratum L. (Sweet Vernal-grass) (Fig. 41) is fragrant on account of its containing cumarin, and is often wrongly con- sidered a valuable forage- Fig. 41. — Anthoxanthum odoratum L. Sy it (After Nees, Gen. Germ. pl. 16.) plant; it forms a low turf which can scarcely be mowed, and its taste is unpleasant to cattle. 99. (104) Hierochloé Gmelin (Savastana Schrad., Dis- arrenum Labill., Torresia Ruiz & Pav.) Inflorescence an open or close panicle. Spikelets shining, having one apparently terminal % flower with two stamens, and 1-2 ¢ flowers below, each with three stamens. Flowering elume of the male flower frequently awned. Glumes all a mnie coe those surrounding the fruit indurated. All contain cumarin. Species thirteen, throughout the temperate and frigid zones, rarely in high mountains of the tropics. H. odorata Wahlb., Vanilla grass (Fig. 42), is very fragrant, but useless for for- age, as it is disliked by most animals. [The long leaves of the sterile shoots are woven into mats and small boxes by me. 42.—Hierochloé odorata Wahlb. the North American Indians. | ero sg The five species with only one ¢ flower form the section Ataxia (Brown as a genus). DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 95 TRIBE VIII.—AGROSTIDEZ. Spikelets usually all 3, one-flowered, rachilla some- times prolonged beyond the palea. Empty glumes often somewhat unequal, usually as long as or longer than the flowering glume, very rarely none; palea usually two- nerved; grain not sulcate; embryo usually small; starch-grains compound. A. Flowering glume indurated at maturity (at least firmer in texture than the empty glumes) and very closely en- veloping the fruit. (Sub-tribe Stipece.) a. Spikelets all %, fertile. a. Rachilla not prolonged beyond the palea. I. Flowering glume deeply three-cleft, each segment awned ; palea two-awned. 100. Amphipogon. If. Flowering glume entire, awned ; awn trifid or three-branched (lateral divisions often very short)... . . . . Ol. Aristida. Ill. Flowering glume entire [two-toothed or bifid]; awn simple. 1°. Lodicules usually three, flowering glume and palea finally very hard. * Flowering glume narrow. Awn twisted, stout, persistent. 102. Stipa. ** Flowering glume broad, awn slender, falling off after flowering. + Flowering glume elliptical or ovate, not gibbous at top; awn terminal or but slightly ec- centric ; embryo small. 103. Oryzopsis. tt Flowering glume obliquely obovate, gibbous at top; awn decidedly eccentric; embryo small. © Palea membranaceous, without nerves or keel. 104. Nassella. 96 d. THE TRUE GRASSES. Oo Palea coriaceous, two- keeled, with a deep furrow between the keels. 105. Piptochetium. 2°, Lodicules two (anterior) ; awns slender, sometimes reduced to a mere point. Palea simply membranaceous, spike- lets small. . . . 108. Muhlenbergia. (N.B. Compare Limnas.) TY. Flowering glume awnless. . 106. Milium. 6. Rachilla with a pedicel-like prolongation be- yond the palea. I. Both empty glumes much shorter than the flowering glume, the latter with a straight, terminal awn. . . . 109. Brachyelytrum. II. Second empty glume one fourth shorter than flowering glume, the latter with a terminal, recurved awn. . . . 110. Podophorus. . One 8% and one ¢ (or sterile spikelet) in pairs on each branchlet of a spike-like panicle, these branch- lets deciduous at the time of fruiting. 111. Lycurus. 8 spikelets surrounded at the base with numerous sterile (and a few ¢ ) spikelets which are either re- duced to bristles or delicate bracts. 112. Perieilema. Spikelets dicecious, the ¢ sear, upon long pedi- cels. . . 107. Aciachne. Flowering glume ‘usually hyaline or membranaceous at maturity, at least more delicate than the empty glumes; grain loosely or not at all enclosed. a. Stigmas sub-plumose (their very short hairs springing from all sides), projecting from the apex of the nearly closed glumes. a. Spikelets ina head which is surrounded by a bell-shaped involucre formed by the uppermost leaves. . . Yeu. 113. Cornmueopire: Bp. Spikelets 1 ina flattened (broader than long) head which is enclosed between two opposite inflated sheaths with thorn-like blades. . 114. Crypsis. y. Spikelets in a close, often shortened false spike, the upper leaf not forming an involucre. By o, 1). DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GHNERA. ' 97 I. Spikelets readily falling off at maturity. 119. Alopecurus. II. Empty glumes persistent ; flowering glumes usually deciduous. 1°. Flowering glume awned from below'the bifid apex. . . . 118. Echinopogon. 2°. Flowering glumes awnless. * Flowering glume somewhat longer than the empty ones. . . 115. Heleochloa. ** Flowering glume somewhat shorter than the empty ones, the latter with winged keels. . . . . 116. Maillea. *** Flowering glume much shorter than the wingless empty ones. 117. Phleum. . Spikelets in a delicate, simple spike. 120. Mibora. Spikelets in a panicle consisting of small umbel- like clusters ; empty glumes none. 121. Coleanthus. Spikelets in a short, narrow panicle; empty shumes short, «4. 4.) =; .il220Phippsia. Spikelets in a loose, broad panicle, empty elumes as long as the flowering glumes and falling off with them. . . . . 129. Limnas. Stigmas distinctly plumose (branchlets distichous), projecting from the sides of the spikelets, rarely remaining enclosed within them. a. Grain not covered by the flowering glume and pa- Jea, usually with a loosely attached pericarp which opeus readily at maturity. . 123. Sporobolus. . Grain covered by the flowering glume and palea, pericarp adherent. 1°. The entire spikelets deciduous (together with the whole or a part of the pedicel) at maturity. The pedicel of the spikelet often being distinctly articulated even at the time of flowering. * First empty glume long-awned. 125. Cheturus. ** First and second empty glumes awned. 126. Polypogon. I8 THE TRUE GRASSES. *** Kmpty glumes awnless or only the second very short-awned. + Flowering glumes awned from the very point or not atall. _ 127. Garnotia. tt Flowering glume awned below the toothed point. . . 128. Thurberia. [ Cinna, No, 181, may be looked for here. ] 2°. Empty glumes persistent upon the unarticu- late pedicel of the spikelet. * Palea one-nerved, with one keel; sta- men One. f°) 2 Sa)c “3 QESd emia ** Palea two-nerved, rarely wanting; sta- mens three. + Empty glumes covered with long plumose hairs. . . 144. Lagurus. tt Empty glumes saccate at the base, many times longer than the flowering glumes. . . . 184. Gastridium. ttt Empty glumes neither plumose- hairy, nor saccate at the base. © Flowering glume four-cleft, each division terminated by a fine straight awn besides a strong twisted awn upon the back. 143. Pentapogon. OO Flowering glumes two-cleft, the divisions awn-pointed, and be- tween these an awn that is tor- tuous below. 142. Diplopogon. OOO Flowering glumes with two fine lateral awns exceeding the length of the glume, and a delicate dor- sal awn. 141. Trisetaria. DOOO Flowering glume with a delicate awn, inserted below the point and many times longerthanthe glume. < Second empty glume larger than the first. . 139. Apera. << Empty glumes equal. 140. Dichelachne. Eo DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. v9 QOOO0O0O0 Flowering glumes different from those under O to OOOO. < Callus, or prolongation of the rachilla, having a bit wor hairs at least one third as long as the flowering glume. X Spikelets all 8. O Flowering glume and palea thin - membrana- ceous. 136. Calamagrostis. Flowering glume and palea chartaceous, pan- icle spike-like. 138. Ammophila. Flowering glume and palea chartaceous, pan- icles expanded. 138a. Calamovilfa. XX Spikelets unisexual. 137. Cinnagrostis. @< Callus naked or with a few very short hairs. X Spikelets in a long, narrow, many-flowered panicle. 124. Epicampes. XX Panicles pyramidal, oval, or short and spike-like. O Empty glumes some- what shorter than the flowering glumes, spikelets large. 130. Arctagrostis. Empty glumes longer than the flowering glumes, § Without a distinct prolongation of the rachilla beyond the palea. 132. Agrostis. 100 THE TRUE GRASSES. §§ With a distinct, bristle-like, naked prolongation of the _ rachilla. - 133. Cheetotropis. §$$ With a distinct pro- longation of the rachilla in the form of a pencil of hairs. 135. Triplachne. SUB-TRIBE 1.—Stipee. Fruiting glume more or less indurated, closely embracing the grain. 100. (119) Amphipogon Brown (Gamelytrum Nees). Inflorescence capitate, or a dense spike-like panicle with numerous awus, even the palea having two long awns. Species five, in Australia. Pentacraspedon Steud. belongs here. 101. (108) Aristida L. Pani- cles usnally expanded. Empty glumes usually longer than the flowering ones, the latter with a pointed callus; palea shorter ; lodicules two. Species about one hundred, in the warmer portions of both hemispheres, very few in the temperate parts of Europe and Asia, but numerous in North America. Sec. L. Chetaria (Beauv. as a genus). Awns naked, not deciduous. A. cerulescens Dest. (Fig. 43), in South Europe and North Africa. A. hygrometrica in Queensland, is dangerous to Fia. 43.—Aristida Cenaaeaie meee sheep (see page 30). Strep- (Trin., Spec. Gram. pl. 313.) — taehne Kunth (Ortachne Nees) has either no lateral awns or only very short ones, DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GHNERA. 101 Sec. II. dArthratherum (Beauv. as a genus). Awns naked, deciduous. Sec. ITI. Stipagrostis (Nees as a genus. Schistachne, Fig. & De Notar.). Awns plumose, deciduous. Grasses of the high plains and deserts of Africa and Western Asia. 102. (109) Stipa L. Panicles usually expanded, empty glumes narrow, often awned, longer than the flowering elumes, the latter usually with a hairy callus;. awns geniculate, usually twisted below the genicu- lation, finally deciduous. Species about one hundred, distributed throughout the tem- perate and tropical zones, growing especially on elevated plateaus and savannas, and upon rocky soil. Leaves frequently filiform or stiff and rush-like. St. pennata L., with long plu- mose awns, together with St. tirsa Stev. and the following species (viz., St. capillata), form the prin- cipal grasses of the Russian Steppes. St. pennata is also an ornamental grass for dry bou- quets. St. capillata L. (Fig. 44) has naked awus that are curved irreg- Fre. 44.—Stipa capillata L., cal, ularly back and forth towards the ae end. The fruiting glume with its pointed callus easily bores through the skin of sheep, reaches the intestines and causes death (especially in Russia), as does the “ Porcupine grass” (St. spartea Trin.) of North America. Upon the prairies and especially upon the elevated plains of the West the numerous species of Stipa form a con- siderable portion of the “bunch” grasses, and furnish much but rather coarse grazing for stock. St. tenacissima L. (Macrochloa tenacissima Kunth) is called “ Esparto” in Spain and Halfa or Alfa in North Africa; it has econ- tracted panicles, two-cleft flowering glumes awned from 102 THE TRUE GRASSES. between the teeth, and very long, stiff, cylindrical leaves ; it yields material from which shoes, mats, ropes, etc., are woven, and from which paper is manufactured ; it is exported in bulk from Spain, Algiers, and Morocco, especially to England. It is worthy of note that certain species of Stipa act upon cows, and more especially upon horses, as narcotics. This fact is established in regard to St. inebrians Hance, St. viridula Trin., and a species erowing in Cashmere, probably St. Sibirica Lam. To the genus Stipa belong a large number of groups of species which may be regarded as poorly defined sec- tions, which have been distinguished by some as genera ; viz., Macrochloa Kunth, Aristella Bertol., Streptachne Brown (Orthoraphium Nees), Jarava Ruiz & Pavon, Lasiagrostis Link (Achnatherum Beauy.), and Ptilagrostis Griseb. 103. (110) Oryzopsis Michaux (Piptatherum Beauy., Urachne ‘Trin. (in part), Dilepyrum Rafin.). Distin- euished from Stipa by its broader flowering glumes with their shorter, more slender and deciduous awns ; lodi- cules often only two; epiblast of the embryo short. Species fifteen, in the northern temperate zones of both hemispheres. Hriocoma Nutt. (Fendleria Steud.) forms a section with two species, in western N. America, distinguished by the long and densely haired flowering glume. 104. (110 §) Nassella Desv. Palea short, membrana- ceous, nerveless ; epiblast projecting beyond the plu- mule. Species eight, in Peru, Chili, and the Argentine Re- public. 105. (110 §) Piptochetium Presl. Palea coriaceous, its apex projecting beyond the flowering glume; epiblast large. Species tive, in extra-tropical South America. 106. (111) Milium L. (Mfiliarivm Moench). Fruiting glumes strongly indurated, shining as in Panicum; pani- cles diffuse. Species 5-6, in Europe and the temperate portions of Asia, one also in North America (Jf. effusum L.), a forest DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 103 grass with drooping leaves, the blades of which are re- versed (see page 8). 107. (112) Aciachne Benth. A dwarf grass with closely two-ranked, short leaves and a single @ spikelet terminating the culm. Fruiting glume with a long sub- ulate point. ¢ spikelets unknown. Species one (A. pulvinata), in the Andes of the tropics. 108. (113) Muhlenbergia Schreb. (Fig. 45). Panicles Fie. 45..-Muhlenbergia dif- Fie. 45a.—Bealia Mexicana, Scrib- fusa Schreb., above ; M. syl- ner (provisional) ; C, Empty vatica Torr , below. (After glumes; C. 2., Dorsal view of ex- A. Gray, Man. pl. 8.) panded empty glume; D and £, Flowering glume and palea; D, Dorsal view of flowering glume; St, stamen; J, Pistil; K, Fruit. (Orig- inal.) contracted or diffuse ; spikelets small, awns often bent or flexuose but rarely twisted. Very varying in habit. Species about sixty, mostly American, a few in Japan and in the mountains of Asia. Vaseya Thurber, Podo- semum Desy., Tosagris Beauy., Trichochloa Beauv., 104 THE TRUE GRASSES. Clomena Beauy., and Calycodon Nutt. are all founded upon one or several species of this genus. Clomena Beauy., to which Bealia Scrib. belongs, found in Mexico and Peru, forms a sub-genus characterized by the two- toothed flowering glume which is awned between the teeth.* 109. (114) Brachyelytrum Beauv. Panicles with few spikelets; spikelets long and narrow; empty glumes minute; flowering glume with a long straight awn. Species one (B. aristatum Beauv.), in North America. 110. Podophorus Philippi. Panicles open; flowering glumes longer than the empty ones, narrow, involute, with a pointed and short-bearded callus ; awn geniculate near the base, but not twisted. Rachilla prolonged, fre- quently bearing an awned, rudimentary glume. Species one (P. bromoides Ph.), upon the island of Juan Fernandez. 111. (116) Lyeurus Kunth (Pleopogon Nutt.). Spike- lets small, narrow, the upper one of each pair &, the lower ¢ or sterile. Lower empty glumes with 2-3 awns, the upper one and the flowering glume with only one. Species two, in Mexico and New Mexico. 112. (115) Perieilema Presl. Panicles spike-like or interrupted, covered with the numberless awns (espe- cially of the sterile spikelets). Palea and all the glumes awned. Species three, in Mexico and tropical America. * T cannot agree with Prof. Hackel in this disposition of Bealéa (Fig. 45a). There are several species of Muhlenbergia which have the flower- ing glume two-toothed, the awn arising from between the teeth, which certainly do not belong to the sub-genus or section Clomena. This sub- genus is best characterized by the broad, three-nerved and three-toothed second empty glume. The flowering glume closely envelops the conical or ovoid grain. In Bealia the empty glumes are entire, sub- equal, nerveless (or very faintly many-nerved), and the elongated grain is only loosely enclosed by the broad and deeply two-toothed flowering glume. The habit of Bealia somewhat resembles that of the typical Clomena, and I at first named it Muhlenbergia Clomenoides, but the characters presented by the empty glumes, flowering glumes, and grain are so unlike the true Muhlenbergias that I can but consider it generi- cally distinct.—F. L. 8. DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA, 105 SUB-TRIBE 2.—Phleoidee. ad Fruiting glumes delicate. Stigmas with short branches, projecting from the apex of the spikelets. 113. (106) Cornucopie L. A small, branched grass with minute spikelets in small heads; the pedicels be- Fic. 46.—Cornucopie cucullatum L. (After Schreber, Beschreib., pl. 41.) come curved at maturity, when they separate at the jointed base and bore into the ground. Species one (C. cucullatum L.), in the Orient (Fig. 46). 114. (105) Crypsis Ait. (Antitragus Girtn.). Spikelets small, awnless; palea one-nerved; stamens two; fruit a utricle, the seed adhering to the spikelet for some time after it is expelled. Species one (C. aculeata Ait.), in the Mediterranean region and upon the saline soils of the interior. 115. (120) Heleochloa Host. (Pechea Pourret). Like the preceding, except that the palea is two-nerved and the stamens three. The false spikes are subtended by a single leaf. Species eight, in the Mediterranean region and in the temperate parts of Asia. Lhizocephalus Boiss. belongs 106 THE TRUE GRASSES. here. [H. schenoides (Crypsis scheenoides Lam.) has been introduced into N. America, and become estab- lished about Philadelphia. | 116. (121) Maillea Parl. A dwarf grass with short, false spikes and much compressed, awnless spikelets. Stamens two; palea one-nerved. Species one (M. Urvillet Parl.), upon the Cyclades, Sporades, and also in Sardinia. 117. (122) Phleum L. Inflores- cence usually in cylindrical, ex- serted, false spikes. Keel of the empty glumes extending into a point or short awn ; flowering glumes awn- less. Stamens three; palea two- nerved. Species ten, in the temperate zones (except in Australia). Ph. f pratense L., “Timothy” (Fig. 47), = has its empty glumes truncate, with a long fringe upon the keel. Com- mon in Europe. A very valuable erass for hay in heavy soils. Gee eelcigait cites The geo: ae oe as Lie apitelat with gipe a genus, Achnodon Link) has the Germ. pl. 10.) rachilla prolonged beyond the palea. Ph. Behmeri, of central Europe, also belongs here. 118. (117) Echinopogon Beauv. (Hystericina Steud.). False spike bristling with the long, straight awns of the flowering glumes. Empty glumes awunless. Species one (£. ovatus P. B.), in Australia and New Zealand. 119. (107) Alopecurus L. False spike cylindrical or ovate. Empty glumes awnless, usually fringed on the keels ; flowering glume usually with a bent, dorsal awn ; lodicules none, and palea often wanting. Flowers de- cidedly proterogynous. Species twenty, in temperate Europe and Asia, a few also in North and South America and Australia. DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 107 A, pratensis L., “ Meadow Foxtail,” has acute, hairy, empty glumes connate below the middle; root-stock creeping ; culms leafy. An excellent fodder-grass, espe- cially for wet meadows. [ A. occidentalis Scribn. is a val- uable hay grass in the Rocky Mountain region.] The species having a distinct palea are Colobachne Beauv. (as a genus); Tozettia Saviis A. utriculatus L. 120. (125) Mibora Adans. (Chamagrostis Borkh., aS SIS <= ZE- <> Fic. 48.— Alopecurus praten- sis. (After Nees, Gen. Fie. 49.— Mibora verna Adans. Germ., I. 7.) (After Nees, Gen. Germ., I. 6.) Knappia Sm., Sturmia Hoppe). A delicate, dwarf grass with short setaceous leaves, slender spikes, and awnless glumes. Species one (J. verna Adans.), in Western Europe (Fig. 49). 121. (124) Coleanthus Seid. (Schmidtia Trattin). A 105 THE TRUE GRASSES. dwarf, prostrate grass with the base of the panicle en- closed in the inflated upper leaf-sheath. Stamens two, alternating with the flowering glumes and palea. Grain projecting beyond the flower. Species one (C. subtilis Seid.) (Fig. 50), on the muddy banks of rivers, lakes, and ponds. Distribution remark- se Pi K2 Fic. 50. — Coleanthus subtilis Seid. Fie. 51.—Sporobolus (After Nees, Gen. Germ., I. 27.) pungens Kunth. Br., Mature spikelet; K,, Ky, Fruit, opened and discharging the seed. (After Nees.) able: Bohemia, Moravia, Lower Austria, Tyrol, France, Norway, Amur, Oregon, and Washington. 122. (125) Phippsia Brown. Dwarf; panicle mostly enclosed in the leaf-sheath; spikelets minute; stamen one, Species one (P. algida Br.), in the arctic polar regions, also on the higher Fjelden. DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 109 SUB-TRIBE 3.—Euagrostee. Fruiting glume delicate ; stigmas pectinately branched, usually pro- jecting from the sides of the spikelets. 123. (126) Sporobolus Brown (Vilfa Beauy. non Adans., Agrosticula Raddi, Cryptostachys Steud.) (Fig. 51). Pani- cles variable. Spikelets small, awnless, naked; flower- ing glume and palea usually exceeding the empty glumes. Palea bifid. Fruit a utricle; the expelled seed usually remains adherent for a time to the spikelet. Species eighty, chiefly in temperate and tropical America, but also in the warmer parts of Africa and Asia. One species (S. pungens Kunth) in Europe. Peren- nial, meadow grasses of the American prairies. [S.cryp- tandrus Gray, a valuable forage-grass.] Diachyriwm Griseb. and Triachyrium Hochst. are founded upon the erroneous conception of two separate palexw; the divi- sion or splitting of the palea arises mechanically during the ripening of the fruit. 124. (127) Epicampes Presl. Flowerig glume with a delicate, often deciduous, or rudimentary awn on the point; fruit apparently a true caryopsis. Species twelve, from California to the Andes, in the Argentine Republic. Crypsinna and Bauchea Fourn. belong here. 125. (130) Cheturus Link. Panicle contracted, short. Spikelets very narrow, in twos or threes upon each branchlet; flowering glumes somewhat shorter than the empty ones, awnless. Low, annual grasses. Species two, Ch. fasciculatus Link and Ch. prostratus Hack. and Lange, upon the Iberian Peninsula. 126. (131) Polypogon Desf. (Santia Savi, Raspalia and Nowodworskya Presl) (Fig. 52). Panicles contracted or spike-like, often interrupted. Empty glumes fre- quently bifid, their awns usually long and slender; flowering glumes awned. The numerous awns impart a bristly appearance to the inflorescence. Species ten, in the warm temperate zones of both hemispheres. Two in the tropics. P. Monspeliensis 110 THE TRUE GRASSES. Desf. and P. maritimus Willd. in the Mediterranean re- gion. [Introduced into North America. | 127. (50) Garnotia Brongn. (Jh- quelia Nees, Berghausia Endlich). Spikelets small, in pairs along the branches of the usually expanded panicles. Flowering glumes with slender, slightly bent awns, or awnless. Species eight, from Eastern India to Japan. 128. (48) Thurberia Benth. (Greenia Nutt. non Walk. et Arn., Sclerachne ‘Torr. non Brown). Spikelets narrow, solitary along the branches of the panicle. Empty glumes rather hard. Awn of the flowering glume genicu- late, twisted below. Species two (7. Arkansana and T. pilosa), Arkansas and Texas. Fie. 52.—Polypogon Monspeli- ¢ 7 a a ensis Desf. (After Nees, Gen. 129. (49) Limnas Trin. Pani Same) cles loose, few-flowered ; all the glumes firm in texture ; empty glumes with three prom- inent nerves; awns dorsal near the base, bent and twisted ; styles connate below. Species one (L. Stelleri Trin.), in Eastern Siberia. 130. (132) Arctagrostis Griseb. Panicles contracted, narrow, few-flowered. Spikelets large (for the tribe), awnless. Flowering glume herbaceo-membranaceous. Species one (A. latifolia Griseb.), arctic-circumpolar. 131. Cinna L. (134) (dbola Adans., Blyttia Fries). Panicles elongated, many-flowered, spikelets small ; flowering glumes with a very short awn just below the point. [Rachilla usually prolonged, naked. | Species two, C. pendula Trin. and C. arundinacea L., in Northern Europe and North America. 152. (129) Agrostis L. Panicles variable, usually dif- fuse and many-flowered; spikelets small, flowering DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. MeL glumes thin-membranaceous, or hyaline, awnless, or often with a bent awn inserted below the middle of the back ; two lateral nerves sometimes also projecting into very short awns; palea usually short, often minute or none. Species about one hundred, distributed over the entire globe, especially in the north tem- perate zone, where they constitute the more important meadow grasses, though the foliage is too low and too delicate to produce a great quantity of forage. A. alba L., “ Fiorin grass” (Fig. 53), has a long ligule, pyram- idal panicles which are contracted after flowering, and usually awnless spikelets. It is a valuable fodder- erass, especially for moist lands, moors, etc.; the same is true of the related A. vulgaris With. (“ Red Top”), which has a shorter ligule and panicles more open after flower- ing. A. nebulosa Boiss. & Reut., a native of Spain, has extremely deli- cate panicles and very small spike- lets ; it is commonly cultivated for dry bouquets. The genus T'richo- | dium Schrad. comprises those Bp e-ie e ee ee cies having the palea rudimentary 9.) or wanting. Bromidium has a spike-like panicle. 153. (156) Chetotropis Kunth. Distinguished from the preceding by its very compact panicle, fringed keel of the empty glumes, and distinct projection of the rachilla beyond the palea. Species one (Ch. Chilensis Kunth), in Chili. 134. (185) Gastridium Beauv. Panicles dense, spike- like; spikelets narrow, shining; rachilla produced be- yond the palea, flowering glumes one third as long as the empty ones, awnless or awned. : Species two, G. australe Beauy., G. scabrum Presl, in the Mediterranean region. . 135. (137) Triplachne Link. Panicles short, spike- 112 THE TRUE GRASSES. like, shining, flowering glume downy ; awns almost basal, geniculate. Species one OR nitens Link), in the western countries of the Mediterranean region. 136. (135) Calamagrostis Roth (Figs. 54 and 55), Pani- cles very variable; hairs on the callus of the flowering glume sometimes short and sometimes longer than the glume itself, which is usually thin-membranaceous and vari- ously awned. Frequently reed-like in habit. The spikelets usually larger than those of Agrostis. Sec. I. Epigeos Koch. Rachilla not produced ; hairs on the callus usually long. Species ten, in the north temperate Wily «zone of the Old World, including C. Fie. 54. — Calamagrostis Epigeos (L.) Roth, C. litorea Dez C. Noo Gon PE After lanceolata Roth, and C. Halleriana DC. 4) Sec. II]. Deyeuxia Beauv. (as a genus). Usually with a hairy prolongation of the rachilla; callus hairs shorter than in Sec. I, very rarely wanting. Species over one hundred and twenty, distributed throughout all the temperate and arctic zones, also upon the high moun- tains of the tropics; about sixty species in the Andes alone. [ Calamagrostis Tweedy, Suksdorfti, Montanensis, and ambiqua Scribn. are Rocky Mountain species. | Achete Fourn., Relchela Steud., Cinnas- ye. 55.—calama- trum Fourn. are more or less cpomlens gross Dee. aia) sylvatica. species of this section. Va eee 137. (139) Cinnagrostis Griseb. Like the * preceding, but with unisexual spikelets; rachilla with a long and very hairy prolongation ; callus short, bearded. Species one (C. polygama Griseb.), in the Argentine Republic. 138. (141) Ammophila Host. (Psamma Beauv.) Pani- cles usually narrow and spike-like. Flowering glume — DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 113 and palea chartaceous, somewhat indurated, awnless ; spikelets comparatively large. Species one, A. ar ane Host. (“Sand reed’’), has long, creeping rhizomes, and cylindrical, false spikes. On the sandy coasts of Europe and the Atlantic States of N. America, rarely in the interior. This grass is fre- quently planted for binding the dunes and loose sands, as it penetrates these by a thick network of rhizomes that withstands the str ongest washing of the waves. A eross (A. Baltica Link) is sometimes formed with Cala- magrostis Hpigeos Roth. Oxss.—Very nearly related to Ammophila are two N. American spe- cies, Calamagrostis brevipilis Gray and C. longifolia Hook., with the loose panicle of Calamagrostis, but the chartaceous flowering glumes of Ammophila, distinct from both genera by the one-nerved flowering glumes; they may best be considered a separate genus, Calamovilfa (Gray as a sect. of Calamagrostis). (Hackel in MS.) [138a. Calamovilfa. Empty glumes unequal; flower- ing glumes one-nerved ; rachilla not prolonged. Species two, in N. America (C. brevipilis of the Atlantic coast, and C. longifolia of the western interior). These species are referred to Ammophila in B. & H. Gen. Bi vol. 2p. 1153.) 139. (138) Apera Adans. (Anemagrostis Trin.). Pani- cles loose, spikelets delicate ; rachilla prolonged, naked. Awns four times as long as the flowering glumes, straight or somewhat geniculate. Species two, in Europe and Western Asia. A. Spica- Venti Beauv. is often a troublesome weed in crops. [In- troduced into United States about Philadelphia, ete. | 140. (142) Dichelachne Endl. Panicles dense, long and narrow, bristly on account of the numerous awns; rachilla very slightly produced; awns very long, some- what flexuous, not bent. Species two (D. crinitta and D. sciwrea Hook.), from Australia to New Zealand. 141. (1438) Trisetaria Forsk. (Anomalotis Steud.). Pani- cles long and narrow; rachilla prolonged, pedicel-like ; middle awn from the back of the flowering glume, genic- ulate, twisted below ; lateral awns delicate, straight. 114 THE TRUE GRASSES. Species two (7. linearis Forsk. and TY. quinqueseta Hochst.), in Egypt and Abyssinia. 142. (118) Diplopogon Brown (Dipogonia Beauv.). False spikes capitate; rachilla not prolonged; palea with two awns; middle awn of the flowering glumes tendril-like below, recurved above. Species one (D. setaceus Brown), in Western Australia. 143. (144) Pentapogon Brown. Paniclesnarrow, dense ; rachilla prolonged, pedicel-like; middle awn of the flowering glume dorsal, twisted below, at length geniculate, longer than the four lateral awns. Species one (P. Billardiert Brown), in Tasmania and Vic- toria. 144, (145) Lagurus L. Pani- cles spike-like or capitate ; spike- lets thickly clothed in the fine, woolly hairs covering the empty glumes, from which project the Fe Oe Gens, ‘¢ long dorsal awns of flowering elumes ; lateral awns short. Species one (L. ovatus L.) (Fig. 56), in the Mediter- ranean region ; frequently cultivated for dry bouquets. TRIBE [X.—AVENEZ. Spikelets 2-2 -flowered (only one-flowered in Aniso- pogon); inflorescence in panicles, rarely in spikes ; all flowers % or one 2; empty glumes often persistent or remaining after the fruiting glumes have fallen, usu- ally longer than the flowering glumes, the latter usually awned on the back, sometimes near the point; awn ge- niculate, rarely nearly straight ; palea two-keeled ; style short or none. Stigmas feathery, protruding above the base or middle of the spikelet. Grain usually furrowed ; embryo small; starch-grains compound. A. Spikelets readily deciduous as a whole. . 145. Holeus. B. Fruting glumes deciduous, empty glumes persistent. DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 115 a. Spikelets strictly two-flowered, rachilla not pro- longed. a. Empty glumes cartilaginous on the back ; keel with pectinate teeth. . . . 146. Prionachne. f. Empty glumes membranaceous. J. Flowering glumes long ciliate-fringed on the back or margins; palea naked ; empty glumes broad, many-nerved. 147. Eriachne. II. Flowering glumes and palea, especially the latter, with a long fringe on the keels. Empty glumes narrow, 1—3-nerved. 148. Zenkeria. III. Flowering glumes and palea naked. 1. Upper flower in each spikelet on a rather long pedicel, smaller than the lower one, 2. . . . 150. Coelachne. 2. Both flowers nearly.sessile, of equal size, 8. * Palea many-nerved. 149. Micraira. ** Palea two-nerved. + Empty glumes — semi-globose. Panicle spike-like. 151. Airopsis. tt Empty glumes not semi-globose. Panicle expanded. © Empty glumes evidently long- er than the flowering glumes. ‘<] Flowering glume truncate, slightly three - toothed, awnless. 153. Antinoria. << Flowering glumes _ two- toothed, awned. 152. Aira. OO Empty glume shorter than the flowering glume. 154. Molineria. NotTe.—Compare Isachne. b. Spikelets 2-c -flowered (except Anisopogon), ra- chilla prolonged beyond the upper flower. a. Flowering glume awnless or with a short ter- minal awn. Spikelets small. . 155. Achneria. f. Awn of the flowering glume upon the back (i.e., 116 THE TRUE GRASSES. rising from below the teeth of the point, not between them). I. Spikelets in an open (rarely spike-like) panicle, not in a true spike. 1. Flowers all % or the upper ones @, or sterile. * Grain free, unfurrowed. Spikelets usually small (less than 1 cm. long). © Flowering glumes finely erose- dentate, or two-lobed, or with the edges entire. <| Awns not articulated, the point fine. . . 157. Deschampsia. <1< Awns articulated, the point club-shaped. 156. Corynephorus. OO Flowering glume cleft or two- toothed with the teeth sometimes produced into awns. <| Lower flower awnless, spike- lets narrowly oblong. 159. Ventenata. <<) Lower flowerawned. Spikelets elliptical-lanceolate. 158. Trisetum. ** Grain furrowed, usually adherent to the glumes ; spikelets over 1 cm. long. © Only two nerves of the flowering glume reach the point ; grain hairy at the apex. . . . 160. Avena. OO Nerves five, prominent, all extend- ing to the point; grain naked. 161. Amphibromus. 2. Upper flower &, the lower 4 and strongly awned. . . . . 162. Arrhenatherum. Il. Spikelets in a true, two-ranked, simple Spiker mize t., h - . . 163. Gaudinia. y. Awns from between ‘ths lobes or teeth of the flowering glume; the teeth also frequently awned. DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 117 I. Spikelets two-flowered, upper flower & or 2, lower ¢. 1. Spikelets in threes, terminal on the branches of the panicle. 164. Tristachya. 2. Spikelets solitary, terminal on the branches of the panicle. 165. Trichopteryx. II. All the flowers %, or the upper imperfect. 1. Spikelets one-flowered, very large. 166. Anisopogon. 2. Spikelets 3—-co -flowered. 167. Danthonia. Norr.—Compare the Festucee; Graphephorum, Schismus, Dupontia, Dissanthelium (all awnless). 145. (157) Holeus L. (in part). Spikelets paniculate, two-flowered, upper flower ¢ (rarely , 8), awned; lower %, awnless, its flowering glumes finally indurated, shining; empty glumes keeled, the upper one often short-awned. Species eight, in Europe and North Africa, especially the western part, one in Cape Colony. H. lanatus L. (Fig. 57), with woolly or downy leaves, is of some value for forage. 146. (147) Prionachne Nees (Chon- drolena Nees [Prionanthium Desv.)). Panicle narrow, spike-like ; spikelets ; awnless, somewhat like those of Fre. 5%.—Holcus lanatus ° L. (After A. Gray, Man. Phalaris. pl. 12.) Species one (P. dentata Nees), in South Africa. Ktenosachne Steud. may also belong here. 147. (146) Eriachne Brown (Fig. 58). Panicle loose or dense. Empty glumes many-nerved; flowering glumes awnless or with fine terminal awns, finally somewhat indurated. ‘Two flowers “apparently inserted at the same point, without any development of rachilla”’ (Benth. Notes, Gr. 92). Species about twenty-two, all but two Asiatic and Australian. Megalachne Thwaites, belongs here. 118 THE TRUE GRASSES. 148. (148) Zenkeria Trin. (Amphidonax Nees (in part) ). i, Panicle loose, empty glumes 1-3- \ Wy // nerved ; flowering glumes awn- NN 4. less, the two flowers closely ap- NS eS /. proximate. Species two, East Indian penin- sula and Ceylon. 149. (149) Micraira F. Mill. A low, matted grass, with appressed, subulate leaves; spikelets very small, awnless, in loose panicles. Species one (MM. subulifolia Mill.) in Queensland. 150. (150) Ceelachne Brown. A very delicate, often prostrate erass with narrow panicles and small, round, awnless spikelets. Flowers divergent. Species three, in East Indies, South China, and tropical Aus- tralia. 151. (151) Airopsis Desv. A delicate annual grass with nearly Fig. 58.—Eriachne glauca R. cylindrical panicles. Spikelets Brown. (After Kunth, Rev. ‘* oo Gram. pl. 64.) small, globose, shining, awnless ; the two flowers very closely appressed to each other. Species one (A. globosa Desy.), in Southwestern Eu- rope and Northwestern Africa. 152. (152) Aira L. (in part) (Fussia Schur.). Spikelets small, usually in loose panicles. g Empty glumes thin-membra- naceous, the two flowers closely superposed. Flowering glumes usually awned on the back (awn 3 rarely wanting), finally some- Fra. 59.— Aira caryophylleaL. (After What indurated. Delicate an- Nees, Gen. Germ., I. 44.) : nual grasses with slender panicle-branches. DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 119 Species six, throughout Europe, especially in the South, and in North Africa, one species in all temperate countries. A. elegans Gaud. and A. caryophyllea Li. (Fig. 59) are frequently cultivated for dry bouquets under the false name of Agrostis elegans. Fiorinia Parl. is an awn- less species. 153. (152) Antinoria Parl. In general like the pre- ceding, but the flowers are separated by a manifest internode of the rachilla, and the flowering glumes are different. Species two, in Southwestern and Southern Europe. 154. (152) Molineria Parl. Like the preceding, but with the flowers projecting from the empty glumes. Flowering glumes truncate or slightly toothed, awnless or with short awns. Species three, Western and Southern Europe to Asia Minor. Periballia Trin. is a species with a short, two- toothed flowering glume. 155. (155) Achneria Munro (non Beauv.). Spikelets small, in panicles; flowers separated by a short inter- node of the rachilla, somewhat shorter than the empty glumes, often hairy. Perennial grasses. Leaves fre- quently convolute. Species eight, in Southern and tropical Africa (Hri- achne of Nees, in Flora Afric. Austr.). 156. (153) Corynephorus Beauy. ( Weingertneria Bern- hardi). Grasses with the habit of Aira, but with the rachilla prolonged, and club-shaped awns with a circle of short bristles at the point of articulation. Species three, in Europe. C. canescens Beauv. (Fig. 60) grows in sand fields; itis a hardy but a poor pasture orass. 157. (154) Deschampsia Beauv. Spikelets rather small, two-flowered (rarely with an imperfect third flower) ; panicle loose or compact ; florets separated by an inter- node; flowering glumes exceeding the empty ones; awns slender. Species twenty, in all cold and temperate countries, a few in the high mountains of the tropics. Sec. I. Campella Link (as a genus). Awns straight. 120 THE TRUE GRASSES. D. ceespitosa Beauv. (Fig. 61), with large, open panicles, narrow, rough, hard leaves, forms a thick turf, and is cosmopolitan. It is of little value for fodder. ‘e Wil ve MY SND \ \. iP i Ss fs WW eV yi yi yy ig 4) Sh i) 4 es | x Le Fig. 61.—Deschampsia ccespitosa Nai AN | Beauv. (After Nees, Gen. Germ., — . \ is ‘( ut | I. 43.) Fie. 60.—Corynephorus canescens Fic. 62. — Trisetum _pra- By. (After Nees, Gen. Germ., I. tense Pers. (After Nees, 42.) Gen. Germ., I. 46.) Sec. IT. Avenella Parl. (as a genus) (Lerchenfeldia Schur.). Awns geniculate (D. flexuosa Trin. and others). Sec. IIL. Vahlodea Fries (as a genus). Like Section II, but with entire flowering glumes (Airidium Steud., Peyritschia Four., and Monandraira Desv. are more or less anomalous species). 158. (158) Trisetum Pers. Spikelets in an open or close panicle, two-flowered, rarely 3-6-flowered ; empty glumes unequal, 1—3-nerved ; flowering glumes keeled ; eallus and rachilla usually hairy; lateral teeth of the flowering glumes frequently produced into awns ; middle awn geniculate. Species about fifty, from the Arctic regions through DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 121 the north temperate zone, the high mountains of the tropics to the south temperate zone. T. pratense Pers. (Avena flavescens L.), “ Golden oats” (Fig. 62), has a loose panicle and yellow, shining spike- lets, and is a valuable fodder-grass. 7. subspicatum Beauv. is arctic, alpine, and antarctic. Tricheta Beauv. and Acrospelion Bess. are species of this genus. 159. (159) Ventenata Kolr. Like the preceding, but with the flowering glumes of the lower floret entire and awnless, and the spikelets longer and narrower ; empty glumes 3—5-nerved. Species three, Europe (V. avenacea Kolr.) and the Orient. 160. (160) Avena L. Spikelets 2-6-flowered (rarely one-flowered) in panicles. Empty glumes membrana- ceous, unequal ; flowering glumes rounded on the back, 5-9-nerved, often two-toothed ; awn dorsal, geniculate, twisted below (sometimes wanting or straight in culti- yated forms). Callus of flowering glumes and the ra- chilla often hairy ; ovary hairy all over or only at the point ; caryopsis fusiform, deeply sulcate. Species over fifty, in the temperate zones of the Old and a few in the New World. Sec. I. Crithe. Annuals. Spikelets nodding ; empty elumes many-nerved. » A. sativa L., cultivated Oat (Fig. 63), with the awns of the persistent flowering glumes straight or none, has originated, perhaps, from the wild Oat (A. fatua L.), which has geniculate awns and deciduous flowering glumes; or from a similar species of which there are several in Southern Europe and Western Asia. Oats were cultivated in very ancient times in Europe, and extend as far as 69°.5 north lati- tude. Itis the principal grain of Norway and Sweden, where it is used partly for mush, and partly for griddle- cakes (“Fladbrode”). Oatmeal is used in the same way in Scotland, Ireland, and on the Shetland and Orkney Islands. In the rest of Europe and in North America the plant is cultivated mainly as food for horses. In China there is a naked oat (see below) which is used in medicine ; in Europe also water-gruel, made with oat- 122 THE TRUE GRASSES. meal, is used as a mildly stimulating drink (hence the ofticinal Avene fructus excorticatus). It is also raised for ereen fodder. There are two principal races: Panicled oats, with expanded, and “Banner oats” (A. orientalis Schreb.), with contracted, one-sided panicles. Each of these is divided into the chaffy and naked-fruited varie- ties, and the first, according to the color of the flower- ing glumes, into white, yellow, gray, brown, and black oats. In the naked oats (4. nuda L.) the rachilla is pro- Ga Kt lh: C ‘ 1 f Fie. 68.—Avena sativa L. (After Nees, Gen. Germ., I. 48.) longed and bears 4-6 flowers which project beyond the empty glumes; the flowering glumes are thin-mem- branaceous and allow the fruit to fall out. The “wild oat” (4. fatua L.) is often very troublesome as a field weed in crops, especially in Southern Europe. The “ Hairy oats” (A. strigosa Schreb.) and the “ Short oats” (A. brevis Roth.) are distinguished from A. sativa by the pedicellate lower flower and the usually two-awned spikelets; in the first the flowering glume is drawn out DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 1235 into two fine, awn-like points; in the latter into two short, coarse teeth ; the fruit is also shorter and broader. The culture of these two varieties has been given up in most countries on account of the small profits derived from them ; they can be utilized advantageously only on very. light, sandy soils. In Portugal, Spain, the Shet- land and Orkney Islands, and in Mechlenburg, Holstein, ete., Hairy oats (A. strigosa) are here and there culti- vated. Both species occur as weeds, however, especially among common oats. Sec. II. Avenastrum (Heuffelia Schur., Helicotrichum Bess.). Perennials. Spikelets upright; empty glumes five-nerved. A. pubescens, “ Downy oats,” with downy lower leaves, is a good fodder-grass. [Avena Hookeri Serib. (4. versicola Hook. non Vill.) with the habit of A. pratensis L. is common in the Rocky Mountain region of the Northwest. | 161. (162) Amphibromus Nees. Spikelets 8-10-flow- ered, loosely panicled ; awns slender, geniculate. Species one (A. Neesvi Steud.), in Australia. 162. (163) Arrhenatherum Beauv. Habit of Avena, See. IL; but the spikelets are somewhat smaller, and the two flowers in each are different (as to sex) The flowering glume of the lower floret is awned from the base, while that of the upper is awned from the point or awhless. Species six, in Europe, North- ern Africa, Western Asia. AE Fie. 64.—Arrhenatherum avena- ceum Beauv. (After Nees, Gen. avenaceum Beauv. (Avena elatior Germ., 1. 49.) L.) (Fig. 64) with expanded panicles and naked, shining spikelets is the French “Ray grass.” It is native in Central and Southern Europe, and much cultivated in North America (“ Randall grass,” “ Evergreen grass’), a very good and productive grass for chalky soils. 163. (161) Gandinia Beauv. (Arthrostachya Link) (Fig. 65). Annuals with the habit of Zoliwm, and spikelets as 124 THE TRUE GRASSES. in Avena, many-flowered, but singly sessile in notches of the articulate rachis ; awns slender. Species two, one, G. fragilis Beauy., in the regions of the Mediterranean, the other (G. geminiflora J. Gay), on the Azores. Fig. 65.—Gaudinia fragilis Beauv. (After Fie. 66.—Danthonia provincialis Nees, Gen. Germ., I. 84.) DC. (After Nees, Gen. Germ., I. 50.) 164. (164) Tristachya Nees (Monopogon Presl). Pani- cles loose; flowering glumes of the ¢ flower awuless, that of the 2 flower deeply cleft, and with a long, ge- niculate and twisted awn. Species eight, in tropical America, the others in tropical Africa and Western Asia. 165. (165) Trichopteryx Nees (Loudetia Hochst.). Dis- tinguished from the preceding only by the solitary spikelets. Flowering glume often hairy. Species ten, in tropical and Southern Africa, one of them also in Brazil. 166. (166) Anisopogon Brown. Panicles loose, with solitary, very large (4 cm. exclusive of the awns) spike- lets ; flowering glumes five-cleft, four lateral points finely awned, and the middle one with a strong geniculate awn. Species one (4. avenaceus Brown), in Australia. 167. (167) Danthonia DC. Panicles loose or dense ; flowering glumes rounded on the back, 7-9 nerved, fre- quently fringed, two-cleft, the points sometimes two- DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 125 parted and ending in awns; middle awn flattened at the base, usually geniculate and twisted. Species about one hundred, in the warm and tem- perate zones of both hemispheres, more than half of them in South Africa. [D. compressa Austin, on the moun- tains of North Carolina and Tennessee, is valuable for grazing. | Sec. I. Himantochete. The two teeth of the flower- ing glume undivided. D. provincialis DC. (Fig. 66), from South Europe to Vienna. Crinipes Hochst. and Streblochete Hochst. are species of this section. Sec. Il. Pentaschistis. Teeth of the flowering glumes again two-toothed and often produced into awns. Pen- tameris Beauv. and Cheetobromus Nees belong here. TRIBE X.—CHLORIDEZ. Spikelets one- to many-flowered, in two series upon the outer side of the continuous rachis of the spike or raceme ; flowering glumes deciduous with the fruit; the usually two empty glumes rarely falling with them. Palea two- nerved; styles distinct; stigmas projecting from the sides, rarely from just below the apex, of the spikelets ; erain free, unfurrowed ; starch-grains usually compound, rarely simple. A. Flowers of all the spikelets hermaphrodite. a. One & flower (very rarely two) in each spikelet. a. No sterile glumes or ¢ flowers, and only rarely a short projection above the % flower. I. Spikelets awnless [sometimes short-awned in Spartina]. 1°. Spikelets falling off from the rachis entire. 170. Spartina. 2°. Empty glumes not deciduous. * Spike terminal, slender. 168. Michrochloa. ** Spikes 2-6, digitate. . 169. Cynodon. *** Spikes many along a common axis. + The axis slender ; flowering glume longer than the empty ones. 179. Schedonnardus. 126... THE TRUE GRASSES. tt The axis bordered by a narrow membrane; flowering glumes many times shorter than the empty ones. — 180. Craspedorhachis. Il. Spikelets distinctly awned. 1°. Spikes terminal, one to four in number. 171. Scheenefeldia. 2°. Spikes numerous, approximate at the end of the culm.. . . . 178. Monochete. Novre.—Compare Nardus with one spike, one pistil, one indistinct empty glume. f. One to several empty glumes above the % flower ; these are often small or awn-like, rarely with a ¢ flower in their axils. I. Empty glumes four, the two upper often having a palea in the axil but bearing no Hower. GA ve yuck ee ays SSC benim It. Empty glumes two. 1°. Spike one, terminal. * Spikelets awnless. 172. Harpechloa. ** Spikelets awned. 174. Enteropogon. 2°. Spikes two to many (occasionally re- sembling short fascicles). * Spikes in false whorls or at least closely approximate. t+ Flowering glume of the & flower with one awn, or awnless. 175. Chioris. tt Flowering glume of & flower with three awns. 176. Trichloris. ** Spikes remote or the lowest only approximate. t+ Spikelets scattered or remote. 177. Gymnopogon. t+ Spikelets crowded. O Flowering glume plumose- ciliate. 182. Melanocenchris. OO Flowering glume not plu- mose. . . 181. Bouteloua. Notr.—Compare the one-flowered Leptochloa species. DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 127 b. Each spikelet with 2-3 % flowers. a. Spikes terminal, solitary or 2-3 approximate and upright; spikelets awned. I. Flowering glumes with three awns, the middle one from below the entire point, the lateral ones (often short) beginning lower down. . . . . . 183. Tripogon. II. Flowering glumes with one awn below the entire point. . . . 184. Lepidopironia. IIT. Flowering glumes with one awn below the two obtuse lobes of the point. 185. Tetrapogon. IV. Flowering glume deeply three-cleft; lat- eral divisions pointed, the middle one prolonged into a strong awn. 186. Astrebla. f£. Spikes 1-3, short, terminal, not digitate, spike- lets awnless. . . . . . 192. Coelachyrum. y. Spikes numerous, along a common axis or digitate at its apex; spikelets awnless. I. Spikelets deciduous as a whole. 1°. Empty glumes four. . 187. Tetrachne. 2°. Empty glumes two. 189. Beckmannia. Novrr.—Compare Leptochloa bipinnata Hochst. II. Empty glumes two, persistent, flowering glumes deciduous. * Empty glumes with a subulate awn, projecting beyond the flowering glumes. 188. Dinebra. ** Kmpty glumes awnless or mucronate pointed, shorter than the flowering glume. t+ Spikelets densely crowded, spikes usually digitate. © Spikes with terminal spikelets. 190. Eleusine. OO Spikes without terminal spike- lets ; the rachis drawn out to a point and projecting beyond them. . 191. Dactyloctenium. 128 THE TRUE GRASSES. tt Spikelets distinctly alternating ; spikes remote. . 193. Leptochloa. Notr.—Compare Wangenheimia, Festuca, also Trichloris with three awns. B. Plants diccious, rarely monecious, the two sexes very unlike. a. ¢ inflorescence capitate, ¢ spikelets 2-5-flowered. 194. Buchloé. b. @ inflorescence a loose, one-sided spike, ¢ spike- lets one-flowered. . . . a ky, AIS Opizra 168. (168) Microchloa Brown. Toke ceespitose, delicate- leaved grasses, with long, frequently curved spikes. Species three, two African, the third (J/. setacea) dis- tributed throughout tropical zone. 169. (170) Cynodon Pers. (Capriola Adans., Fibichia K6l., Dactylon Vill. (in part)). Spikelets small; flower- ing glumes usually longer and broader than the nar- row empty ones, ciliate on the keel; spikes slender, radially divergent. Species four, three in Australia, the fourth (C. Dactylon Pers. (Fig. 67) “Dog’s tooth,” with long creeping runners and 3-5 digitate spikes) cosmopoli- tan. This species covers the ground extensively in sandy soils, and although it has delicate leaves, it with- stands protracted drouths. In the §S. States (‘ Ber- | muda grass”), it is the Fre. 67—Cynodon Dactylon Pers. (After most important grass for sake pasturage, and, as in Hin- dostan, it is prized for fodder, both for horses and cows. ‘The Hindoos consider it sacred. In Bengal it is called “ Durba,” in N. India “ Dub,” and in the Deccan “ Hariali.” In Europe it has been little appreciated. DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 129 Its rhizome (2h. Graminis Italici) is used in medicine like that of the Paspalum distichum (see p. 73). 170. (19) Spartina Schreb. (Z’rachynotia Michx., Lim- netis Pers., Solenachne Steud.). Spikes two to several, usually upright, approximate, rarely remote; spikelets large, compressed ; empty glumes unequal; as long or nearly as long as the flowering glume ; embryo nearly as long as the fruit. Species seven. Maritime grasses, three of which are common to the Atlantic coast and to the Mediterranean shores (Sp. stricta Roth); two in the Western prairies, one in Montevideo, one upon Tristan da Cunha, Amster- dam, St. Paul. Coarse grasses, of not much value as fodder. 171. (169) Schenefeldia Kunth. Spikes 2-4, long. Spikelets densely crowded, sub-pectinate. Striking in appearance on account of the very long slender awns which impart to the spikes an elegant crinate aspect. Species three, tropical Africa; one East Indian. 172. (171) Harpechloa Kunth. Spikelets crowded, pectinate ; flowering glumes of &% flower broac pressed, obtuse, long-fringed; above the % Qwes are. 1-3 small glumes that are either empty with ¢ flow- ers; spikes dense, often falcate. Species two (H. capensis Kunth), in 173. (172) Ctenium Panzer (Campulosus cera Hl.) (Fig. 68). Spike one, rarely 2-3>“usually curved ; spikelets densely imbricated, pectinate ; second empty glume awned on the back ; awn stout, divergent ; flowering glume of % flower with a very slender awn below the point; one to two empty or ¢ bracts above the flowering glume. Species seven, four in South and North America, three in Africa and the Mascarene Isles. 174. (173) Enteropogon Nees. Spikes long, often curved ; spikelets imbricated ; flowering glume of the % flower with a slender awn below the point; 1-2 empty or ¢ bracts above. Species four, in East India, tropical Africa or the Mascarene and Seychelles Islands. 130 THE TRUE GRASSES. 175. (174) Chloris Sw. (Fig. 69). Empty glumes nar- row, very acute; flowering glumes broader, usually two- Fic. 68.-Ctenium Americanium Fia. 69.—Chloris barbata Sw. Schrank. (After A. Gray, O, Sterile glume. (After Man. pl. 9.) Trin., Spec. Gram. pl. 306.) cleft, frequently ciliate; one to several empty glumes above, which are usually broadly truncate and often awned. Species about forty, in all warm countries, except Europe. Elegant grasses, some of which (Ch. gracilis Dur. for example) are cultivated as ornamental plants. The species with awnless flowering glumes compose the section Hustachys Desv. (as a genus), Schultesia Spreng. 176. (176) Trichloris Fournier. Spikes erect, rather slender, approximate, or in elongated panicles, clothed with the numerous delicate awns. Spikelets sometimes 2—3-flowered ; sterile bracts reduced to awns. Species two, in Mexico, Texas, Arizona; two in Chili and one in Argentine Republic. That in the latter country (7'r. Blanchardiana Hack.) is as yet undescribed, but has long been known to gardeners as Chloropsis or Chloridopsis Blanchardiana, and is prized as an ornamental grass ; the one in Arizona is perhaps identical with it. DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 131 177. (177) Gympopogon Beauv. (Anthopogon Nutt., Dichetaria Nees). Flowering glume a little broader than the empty glumes, awned below the two-cleft apex ; sterile glumes often reduced to awns ; spikes delicate, at first erect, finally divaricate-spreading or reflexed. Species six, all, except one in Ceylon, American. Leaves short, rather broad and rigid. 178. (178) Monochete Doll. Like the preceding, but the rachilla is not produced beyond the flowers; spikes many, densely flowered. Species one (M. fastigiata DOll.), in Brazil. 179. (179) Schedonnardus Steud. Spikes loosely flow- ered, remote on a common fra- chis, spreading; flowering glume finally indurated, linear, acuminate- pointed. Species one (Sch. Texanus Steud.), in N. America. 180. (180) Craspedorhachis Benth. Like the preceding, but the flower- ing glume and palea are very deli- cate, and so small as to appear like minute scales. Species one (C. Africana Benth.), in tropical Africa. 181. (181) Bouteloua Lagasca (Eutriana Trin., Actinochloa Willd.) : (Fig. 70). Spikes very variable, pe re variate ca sometimes consisting of many and _ Pl. 9.) sometimes of 1-3 spikelets; in the latter case they re- semble solitary spikelets, but are distinguished by the prolongation of the axis beyond the spikelets ; flowering glumes with 3-5 teeth, of which 1-3 bear awns or mucros ; upper sterile glumes usually reduced to awns. Species about thirty, especially abundant upon the plateaux of the southwestern United States, where they form a large part of the prairie-grass (“ Mesquite” or “Grama grass”) and furnish excellent grazing for stock. See. I. Chondrosium Desv. (as a genus). Spikelets pectinate, numerous in each of the more or less falcate 132 THE TRUE GRASSES. spikes; upper sterile glumes usually three-awned.—B. hirsuta Lag., Uhnois to Mexico. Sec. IT. Atheropogon Muhlenb. (as a genus) (Heteros- teqa Desy.). Spikelets few (less than twelve) in many short spikes; upper sterile glumes variable (see Fig. 70). —B. racemosa Lag., New York to Peru. Sec. IIL. T'riathera Desvy. (as a genus) (Aristidium Endl., Triena Kunth). Spikelets either single or in twos or threes in each of the numerous spikes; upper sterile elume three-awned.—B. aristidoides Griseb., in Mexico, California, etc. Sec. IV. Polyodon Kunth (as a genus) Triplathera Endl.). Like Sec. III, but with 2-3 sterile bracts above the % flower; sterile bract with 3-5 awns united in a fascicle.—B. multiseta Benth. in S. America.—B. Texana Wats. in Texas. 182. (182) Melanocenchris Nees (Ptiloneilema Steud.). Spikes very short, sub-globose, very remote, finally de- ciduous. Low annuals. Species three, in Hindostan and tropical Africa. 183. (183) Tripogon Roth. (Plagiolytrum Nees). Spikes terminal, elongated, solitary ; spikelets sub-imbricated, many-flowered, the 1-2 upper flowers smaller, ¢, or sterile. Small, cespitose grasses with very narrow leaves. Species eight, in East India and tropical Africa. 184. (184) Lepidopironia Richard. May belong to the preceding ; it differs only in the uni-aristate flowering glume, which is covered with long woolly hairs. Species one, in Abyssinia. 185. (185) Tetrapogon Desf. (Cryptochloris Benth.). Spikes solitary or in twos or threes, usually clothed with silky hairs ; spikelets crowded, 2—3-flowered, broad. Species five, four in North Africa, Abyssinia, and Western Asia. One (Cryptochloris) of doubtful origin (in Patagonia ?). 186. (186) Astrebla F. Mill. Spikes terminal, soli- tary or in pairs ; spikelets large, thickened ; empty glumes and flowering glumes many-nerved, the latter clothed with silky hairs. DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 1338 Species two or three. A. pectinata and A. triticoides F. Mill. in Australia. 187. (189) Tetrachne Nees. Spikes remote, with densely crowded spikelets ; leaves terete, convolute. Species one (7. Dregei Nees), in South Africa. 188. (188) Dinebra Jacq. Spikes short, numerous, scattered along a common axis, finally reflexed. Species one (D. Arabica Jacq.), a low annual in Northern and tropical Africa to Hindostan. 189. (6) Beckmannia Host. Spikelets broad, com- pressed, crowded, two-flowered. Empty glumes navicu- lar, inflated on the back; flowering glumes narrower, keeled, pointed, but awnless. Species one (B. eruceformis Host.). Eastern and Southern Europe, temperate portions of Asia and North America. [Specimens from America have one-flowered spikelets. | Fie. 71.—A, Eleusine Coracana Girtn. (After Schreber, Bschr. pl. 35.) B, S, Spikelets of E. Indica Girtn. (After A. Gray, Man. pl. 9.) K, Utricle. S. seed. 190. (191) Eleusine Girtn. Spikes digitate or rarely scattered ; spikelets many-flowered, crowded; glumes closely imbricate, diverging, compressed and keeled, obtuse or mucronate-pointed ; pericarp very delicate. Species six, mostly in the tropical and sub-tropical 134 THE TRUE GRASSES. zone of the Old World; one (. Indica Girtn.) is a weed in all warmer countries. . Coracana Giirtn. (“ Korakan” or “Dagussa;” “ Mandua” in N. India, “Marua”™ in Bengal, “ Ragi” in 8. India) has thick spikes, and a seed which is marked with very fine comb-like lines. It is probably derived from £. Indica (see above), whose ob- long seeds are marked with more distinct comb-like lines, and whose spikes are more slender. ‘“ Korakan” is cultivated in EK. India, Sunda Islands, S. China, Japan, and especially through the whole of Africa. In many parts of Africa it forms the principal food in spite of the bitter taste of the flour. A kind of bread or unleavened cake is made from it. In Abyssinia and Niam Niam a tolerably good beer is brewed from it. In India it is much prized, as it yields good harvests from very poor soil. 191. (191) Dactyloctenium Willd. Empty glumes strongly mucronate-pointed. The pericarp is absorbed before the fruit is ripe. Species one (D. Agyptiacum Willd., with several varie- ties), which occurs as a weed throughout all warm coun- tries. A decoction is prepared from the seeds, which is used in Africa for inflammation of the kidneys. 192. (230 §) Celachyrum Nees. Small, annual plants, with short spikes and no prolongation of the axis; fruit a utricle whose pericarp is easily loosened at an early period, leaving the shield-shaped seed marked with prom- inent radial lines. Species two, C. brevifolium Nees in Arabia and C. Indicum Hack. (Eragrostis brevifolia Benth.) in India. 193. (192) Leptochloa Beauv. (Oxydenia Nutt., Rab- dochloa Beauv.). Inflorescence a panicle formed of numerous slender spikes; spikelets small, two-co -flow- ered, rarely one-flowered, compressed ; glumes and palea keeled; flowering glume obtuse or acute, rarely awned. Species twelve, in the warmer countries of both hemi- spheres. One, L. mucronata Kunth, in temperate North America. 194. (193) Buchloé Engelm. (Bulbilis Rafinesque). Male plant with 2-4 short unilateral spikes, spikelets obtuse, DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 135 2-3-flowered ; inflorescence of the 2 plant capitate, ses- sile (recalling Cenchrus), scarcely exserted from the sheath of the subtending leaf; empty glumes two, con- cave, indurated, three-lobed. Species one (B. dactyloides Engelm.), the renowned “ Buffalo grass” of the North American prairies. In Texas it remains green over winter, and if it completely dries up during the summer drouth it is still readily eaten by cattle, and a few hours’ rain is sufficient to make it green again. 195. (195) Opizia Presl. ¢ spikelets in several alter- nating, slender spikes; second empty glume of the 9 spikelet with three long awns surrounding the rest of the spikelet like an involucre; flowering glumes two- lobed, sterile bracts long-awned. Species one (0. stolonifera Presl), in Mexico. TRIBE XI.—FESTUCES. Inflorescence in panicles or racemes (apparently spikes on account of the very short pedicels of the spikelets) ; spikelets 2—c -flowered, rarely one-flowered, usually &; empty glumes usually shorter than the near- est flowering glume; flowering glumes awnless or with from one to many awns which are usually terminal, rarely dorsal, and straight (very rarely geniculate) ; pales two- keeled; embryo usually small; starch-grains usually compound. The most important meadow-erasses of the temperate zones, as well as the predominating grasses of high mountains in the tropics. A. Flowering glumes divided into three-to-many awn-like lobes, or with the awns rising from between the lobes, or dorsal. a. Flowering glumes cleft above into 9-23 awn-like Mivislons, < .... . . . 196. Pappophorum. b. Flowering glumes site 9-11 irregular, membra- naceous, awned lobes... . . . . . 197. Cottea. ce. Flowering glumes with 5-9 dorsal awns. 269. Boissiera. d. Flowering glumes with four membranaceous lobes, between and at the sides of which arise five awns. 198. Schmidtia. 136 oe THE TRUE GRASSES. Flowering glumes with five sharp, subulate divi- sions, which are bent backwards. Spikelets two- flowered ; inflorescence capitate. . 206. Echinaria. Flowering glumes with 3-5 lanceolate, pointed, rigid, and erect or straight lobes. Spikelets many- flowered, in racemes. . . . . . 207. Orcuttia. Flowering glumes with five delicate awns. 210. Sesleria, Sec. Psilathera. . Flowering glumes five-cleft, divisions awl-shaped, the middle and two outer ones awned. 199. Calamochloa. Nore.—Compare Triraphis. Flowering glumes deeply 3-4-cleft-with a dorsal BWDs; 5% . . »- 201. Pommoreulla. Flowering Sora fees four-cleft, usnaliy awned between the hyaline divisions. 200. Cathestechum. . Flowering glumes of the fertile flower three-cleft, three-awned. a. Plant dicecious, the two sexes very unlike. 202. Scleropogon. 8. Plant hermaphrodite. . . . 208. Triraphis. Flowering glumes entire or two-toothed to two-cleft, awn- less or with one awn (38-5-awned only in a variety of Bromus macrostachys). a. Rachilla or flowering glume (at least of the fertile flower) with long hairs which envelop the latter. Tall, reed-like grasses. a. Plant dimcious, ? spikelets hairy, ¢ spikelets TAGS | ats t ohaie 2 (4 J214.-Gynerivm: 8. Plant hermaphr pate (very rarely dicecious), all the spikelets hairy. I. Flowering glumes thick-membranaceous, five-nerved. . . . 215. Ampelodesmos. II. Flowering glumes thin-membranaceous or hyaline, three-nerved. 1°. Flowering glumes hairy, rachilla naked. 216. Arundo. 2°. Hairs on the rachilla only. 217. Phragmites. b. Rachilla and flowering glume naked or hairy; hairs much shorter than the glumes. DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GHNERA. 137 a. Stigmas with short hairlets on all sides (bar- bellate), projecting from the point of the flow- ering glumes, upon elongated, free styles. I. Spikelets dicecious, solitary, terminal, con- cealed between the leaves. | | 204. Monanthochloé,/*. II. Spikelets usually in threes, terminal in the axils of stiff, spinescent leaves which pro- ject far beyond them. . . 205. Munroa. Til. Spikelets in a capitate panicle which is enclosed within the sheath of a bract-like leaf and falls off with it. 209. Urochleena. IV. Spikelets in a capitate or short cylindri- cal panicle which is neither surrounded by a leaf nor deciduous; the spikelets also (at least their empty glumes) persistent. 1°. Lowest spikelet with bracts at the base. * Empty glumes winged upon the keel; spikelets very many-flowered. 208. Ammochloa. ** Empty glumes not winged, spike- lets 2-6-flowered. . 210. Sesleria. 2°. Lowest spikelet without bracts at the base-w. 0 4%. (HSI. Oreochioa. VY. Spikelets in contracted, spike-like pani- cles, articulated below the empty glumes and falling off one by one. 212. Fingerhuthia. VI. Spikelets minute in compact, very long, lobed panicles whose ultimate branches are subtended by subulate bracts ; spike- lets minute, not deciduous. 213. Elytrophorus. Note.—Compare Streptogyne, Zeugites, Schismus. 8. Stigmas plumose, relatively short, sessile or raised on a short style, emerging from the sides of the flowering glume. I. Spikelets of two forms, the fertile 1-3-flow- ered, surrounded by the sterile consisting of many glumes. ie ay. THE TRUE GRASSES. Fertile spikelets one-flowered, sterile spikelet with obtuse glumes. 254. Lamarckia. Fertile spikelets 2-3-flowered, sterile spikelet with awned or pointed glumes. 253. Cynosurus. II. Spikelets all alike. ie? a. Flowering glumes thiee-toothed, three- pointed or two-toothed, usually three- nerved; lateral nerves and the callus usually hairy. * Spikelets with only one fertile flower, four empty glumes and one upper, empty, three-awned rudi- ment. . . . 218. Blepharidachne. ** Spikelets with three to many fertile flowers; empty glumes two. 219. Triodia. *** Spikelets 1-3-flowered ; ‘flowering glumes keeled; branches of the diffuse panicle very long and capil- lary. . . . . 219a. Redfieldia. Norrt.—Compare Diplachne with its sharp- keeled flowering glumes. Flowering glumes of some other struc- ture. * Flowering glumes 1-3-nerved, all with § flowers, or the uppermost only with a ¢ flower, or empty. t+ Panicle-branches spirally ar- ranged. © Panicle-branches in spike- like racemes either with short-pedicelled or sessile spikelets. _<| Flowering glumes keeled. 220. Diplachne. d< Flowering glumes round- ed on the back. 224. Ipnum. DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 139 Oo Branches of the panicle again with branchlets, these be- coming shorter above. <] Spikelets loosely 2-4- flowered, conical; rachilla articulated. 222. Molinia. <<] Spikelets densely many- flowered; rachilla usually continuous: if articulated, the spikelet not conical. 223. Eragrostis. tT Beach panicle-branches dis- tichous, usually branched again at the base. © Empty glumes much longer than the flowering glumes. 221. Dissanthelium. OO Empty glumes not at all or only a little longer than the flowering glumes. <] Panicle spike-like or very much contracted, usually dense. X Second empty glume much broader and somewhat longer than the flowering glumes. O Flowering glumes broadly obtuse, awnless. 225. Hatonia. Oo Flowering glumes awned. 226. Avellinia. XX Second empty glumes not broader nor longer than the flowering glumes. 227. Keeleria. << Panicle diffuse, with long slender branches. 140 THE TRUE GRASSES. X Empty glumes slightly unequal. 228. Catabrosa. XX Empty glumes very unequal, lower almost wanting. 229. Sphenopus. <<< Panicles with very short but spreading and some- what stout branches. Glumes indurated. 230. Cutandia. ** Flowering glumes 3-5- to many- nerved, with two or more of the upper glumes empty; appressed and frequently enclosing or envel- oping each other. t+ The sterile upper glumes form- ing together at their tips a tuft of awns. © Leaves narrow-linear. 231. Ectrosia. OO Leaves broad-lanceolate. 240. Lophatherum. tt Sterile glumes not awned. © Flowering glumes _flabelli- form, white-membranaceous, and corolla-like. 234. Anthochloa. OO Flowering glumes of some other form. <] Spikelets laterally com- pressed ; glumes sharply keeled. X Empty glumes persist- ent; flowering glumes 5-nerved. 233. Heterachne. XX Spikelets deciduous as a whole; flowering glumes three-nerved. 232. Harpachne. DESCRIPTIONS OF TRIBES AND GENERA. 141 <<] Spikelets not at all or only slightly compressed ; glumes not keeled. X Stamens three; lodi- cule one; upper sterile glumes usually club- shaped. . 235. Melica. XX Stamens 1-2; _ lodi- cules two; sterile glumes not_— club- shaped. 236. Diarrhena. Notre.—Compare Streptogyne. *%* Flowering glumes five- to many- nerved; each containing a & flower, or the upper with only a é flower or empty (very rarely in many Festuca and Bromus species there are several empty glumes above the fertile; in Zeugites there are several ¢ flowers and only one &). + Leaves broad, lanceolate or ovate, with fine transverse veins between the longitudinal nerves. © Spikelets one-, rarely two- flowered. INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF TERMS. Psilurus nardoides Zrin., 175. Pierium Desv., 168. Pterygostachyum Nees, 47. Ptilagrostis Griseb., 102. Ptiloneilema Steud., 182. Pucecinellia Parl., 165. Puelia Hranchet, 201, 208. ciliata Franch., 209. Punctiform. Like an indented point or dot. Pungent. Terminating in a sharp and rigid point. Pyramidal. Tapering upwards from a broad base. Pyramid- shaped. Quaking-grass, 160. Rabdochioa Beauv., 134. Raceme, 10. Rachilla (or rhachilla). The axis of a spikelet to which the glumes are attached. Rachis (or rhachis). The axis of a panicle, raceme, or spike. Raddia Bertol, 84. Radicle. Belonging to, or grow- ing immediately from, the root. Radix Anatheri, 61. Vetveri, 61. Randall grass, 123. Raphis Lour., 61. Raspalia Presl, 109. Ratzeburgia Kunth, 45, 52. pulcherrima Kwnth, 52. Reana Brign., 37. Reboulea Kunth, 155. Redfieldia Vasey, 138, 153. flexuosa Vasey, 158. Red-top, 111. Reimaria Fliigge, 70, 72. oligostachya Munro, 72. Relchela Steud., 112. Reticulate. Netted, or marked with lines resembling net-work. Rettbergia Raddi, 204. Reynaudia Kunth, 86, 90. filiformis Kunth, 90. Rhinachne Hochst., 55. Rhizocephaius Boiss., 105. Rhizome. ground root-like stem. Rhombolytrum Link, 152. Rhynchelytrum Nees, 77. Rhytachne Desv., 46, 54. Rice, 89. Ripidiwm Trin., 51. Roegneria C. Koch, 177. Remeria Zea, 157. Root-stalk. Same as rhizome. A prostrate or under- 225 Rottbeellia Z., 45, 52. ciliata Nutt., 56. Rottbeellieze (sub-tribe), 52, Rugose. Wrinkled. Rye, 177. Giant, 186. Sacchareze, (sub-tribe), 49. Saccharum Z., 45, 49. officinarum Z., 48, 50. spontaneum Z., 50, 55. Sand-reed, 113. Santia Savi, 109. Savastana Schrad., 94. Schaffnera Benth., 65, 67. Mexicana Benth., 67. Schedonnardus Steud., 125, 131. Texanus Steud., 181. Schedonorus elatior P. B., 166. Schellingia Steud., 66. Schismus Beauwv., 163. Schistachne Fig. et De Not., 101. Schizachyrium Nees, 57. Schizostachyum JVees, 202, 210. Schmidtia Stewd., 135, 145. Schmidtia Trattin., 107. Schoenefeldia Kunth, 126, 129. Schultesia Spreng., 180. Sclerachne Torr., 110. Sclerachne R. Br., 37, 48. punctata R. Br., 43. Schlerenchyma. Fibrous tissue composed of hard, thick-walled cells. Sclerochloa Beawv., 144, 163. dura Beawv., 163. Scleropoa Griseb., 144, 167. rigida Griseb., 167. Scleropogon Philippi, 136, 146. Scolochioa Mert. & Koch, 150. Scolochloa Link, 148, 164. festucacea Link, 165. spiculosa Schm., 165. Scribneria Hack., 171, 175. Bolanderi Hack., 175. Scutellum. The usually shield- shaped portion of the embryo regarded as the cotyledon ; its inner face lies against the albu- men, while in its somewhat con- cave outer side rest the plumule and the radicle (hypocotyl) to which it is attached. 21. Secale Z., 171, 177. cereale Z., 177. fragile Bieb., 177. montanum Guss., 177. Secund. Turned toone side, one- sided. Sehima Forsk., 55. 226 Senites Adans., 158. Sericura Hassk., 82. Serrafaicus Parl., 168. Sesleria Scop., 137, 148. cerulea Ard., 148. Seslerieze (sub-tribe), 146. Sessile. Devoid of a pedicel or stalk. Setaria Beauv., 71, 78. glauca Beauv., 78. Italica Beaur., 78. viridis Bewuy., 78. Setiform. Bristle-like. Sheath. Applied to the tubular or convolute portion of the leaf, between the leaf-blade and its point of insertion, which in- closes or embraces the culm. 6. Sheath, function of, 3, 6. Sheath-nodes, 2. Sheep’s Fescue, 166. Sieglingia Bernh., 152. Sitanton Ratin., 192 Solenachne Steud , 129. Solitary. Standing alone. Sorghum Pers., 58 cernuum Host , 59. paucifiorum, 61. saccharatum Pers., 59. Sphenopus 777m., 140, 156. Gouani 77in., 156. Spinifex Z., 72, 83. Spartina Schreb., 125, 129. stricta Roth, 129. Spelt, 182. Spike. An inflorescence in which the spikelets are sessile on the main axis. Spikelet. A secondary spike, or in grasses a special inflorescence consisting of a more or less elongated axis (the rachilla) and two-ranked imbricated glumes in the axils of some of which the flowers are borne. 11. Spikelet, diagrams of. 12. Spikelets, succession of flowering of in a given inflorescence. 15. Spinescent. Furnished with spines. Spodiopogon Trin., 45, 52 Sporobolus Brown, 97, 109. cryptandrus Gray, 109. pungens Kunth, 109. Stamens, 15. Staminodia. Rudimentary or im- perfectly developed stamens. tarch-grains, 26. Stegosia Lour., 52. Stemmatospermum Beauv., 204. Stenobromus (sub-gen.), 168. INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF TERMS Stenochioa Nutt., 158. Stenotaphrum Trin., 72, 82. Americanum Schrank, 82, 88. Sterile bracts. Same as sterile glumes. Stipa Z., 95, 101. capillata Z., 101. inebrians Hance, 102. pennata L., 101. Sibirica Lam., 102. spartea Zrin., 101. tenacissima Z., 91,101. tirsa Stev., 101. viridula Zrin., 102. Stipagrostis Nees, 101. Streblochete Hochst., 125, Strephium Schrad., 84. Streptachne Brown, 102. Streptachne Kunth, 100. Streptocheta Schrad., 86, 91. Streptogyne Beauv., 141, 158. crinita Link, 158. Streptostachys Desv., 76. Sturmia Hoppe, 107. Suardia Schkr., 68. Subulate. Awl-shaped. Sugar Cane, 50. Sugar Maize, 40. Sulcate. Grooved or furrowed. Sweet vernal-grass, 94. Syntherisma Walt., 74. Tabasheer, 199. Teinostachyum Munro, 201, 210. Teosinte, 38. Terete. Cylindrical. Tetrachne Nees, 127, 183. Dregei Nees, 133. Tetrapogon Desf., 127, 182. Tetrarrhena Brown, 92. Thamnocalamus Munro, 202. Thelepogon Roth, 46, 55. elegans Roth, 55. Themeda Forsk., 47, 63. Forskalii Hack., 63. Thuarea Pers., 72, 83. sarmentosa Pers., 88. Thurberia Benth., 98, 110. Arkansana, 110. pilosa, 110. Thrasya Kanth, 75. Thyridostachyum Nees, 58. Thyrsostachys Hack., 53. Thysanachne Presl, 68. Thysanolena Vees, 68, 69. acarifera WVees, 69. Tialva, 59. Timothy, 106. Tinea Garzia, 163. Torresia Ruiz & Pav., 94. INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF TERMS 227 Tosagris Beauv., 108. Tozettia Savi, 107. Trachynia Link, 170. Trachynotia Mx., 129. Trachyozus Reichb., 65. Trachypogon Nees, 47. 56. polymorphus Hack., 56. Trachys Pers., 64, 65. mucronata Pers., 65. Trachystachys Deitr., 65. Tragus Hall, 64, 66. Triena Kunth, 1382. Triachyrium Hochst., 109. Triathera Desv., 182. Trichachne Nees, 75. Tricheta Beauv., 121. Trichloris Fourn., 126, 130. Blanchardiana Huck., 180. Trichochloa Beauv., 103. Trichodium Schrad., 111. Tricholena Schrad., 71, 77. rosea JVees, 77. Trichoneura Anderss., 153. Trichopteryx WVees, 117, 124. Tricuspis Beauv., 152. Tridens R. & §., 152. Triglossum Fisch., 202. Triniusa Steud., 168. Triodia Brown, 138, 152. albescens Munro, 152. Cunninghamii R. Br., 152. cuprea Jacg., 158. decumbens Beauv., 152 filiformis JVees, 152. irritans Brown, 152. Mitchelli Brown, 152. pungens Brown, 152. Triplachne Zink, 100, 111. nitens Link, 112. Triplasis Beauv., 153. Triplathera Endl., 182. Tripogon Roth, 127, 182. Tripsacum Z.. 37, 41. dactyloides L., 42. Triraphis Brown, 186, 146. Triscenia Griseb., 68, 69. ovina Griseb., 69. Trisetaria Forsk., 98, 1138. linearis Forsk., 114. quinqueseta Hochst., 114. Trisetum Pe7s., 116, 120. pratense Pers., 121. subspicatum Beawv., 121. Trisiola Ratin., 159. Tristachya Mees, 117, 124. TRISTEGINEA, 35, 68. Tristegis Nees, 68. Triticez (sub-tribe), 176. Mritienm 2. lily 09} Beboticum Boiss., 180. Triticum compactum Host., 184. composttum, 185. cristatum Schreb., 177. dicoceum Schrank, 182. durum Dest., 185. monococcum L., 180, Polonicum L., 180, 185. repens L., 176. sativum Lam., 180, 181. sativum compactum, 188, 184. sativum dicoecum, 181, 182. sativum durum, 188, 185. sativum Spelta, 181, 182. sativum tenax, 181, 182. sativum turgidum, 188, 184. sativum vulgare, 183. Spelta L., 182. turgidum L., 184. Trochera Rich., 92. Truncate. Ending abruptly, as if cut off. Tuberculate. Covered with rough points or tubercles. Turbinate. Top-shaped. Tussock-grass, 164. Tylothrasya Doll., 75. Umbellate. In the form of an umbel. Unilateral. One-sided. A spike is unilateral when the spikelets all grow from or are turned to one side of the axis. Uniola Z., 142, 159. latifolia Z., 159. Unisexual. Flowers of one sex, having stamens only or pistils only. Urachne Trin., 102. Uralepis Nutt., 158 Urelytrum Hack., 46, 54. Urochlena ees, 137, 147. pusilla WVees, 148. Urochioa Kunth, 75. Utricle. A grain or one-seeded fruit with a loose bladder-like pericap. Vahlodea Fries, 120. Vanilla grass , 94. Vaseya Thurb., 103. Ventenata Aélr., 116, 121. avenacea Aél7., 121. Vetiveria Virey, 59. Vetivert, 61. Vetives, 61. Viifa Beauv., 109. Vossia Wall. & Grgff., 46. 54. procera Wall. & Griff., 54. Vulpia Gmelin, 166. 228 INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF TERMS. Weingertneria Bernh., 119. Zea L., 36, 38. Wangenheimia Monch, 142, 161. Mays L., 38. disticha Ménch, 161. Zeobromus (sub-gen.), 168. Wheat (see Triticum), 188. Zankeria 7rin., 115, 118. Egyptian, 185. Zeocriton Beauy., 188. Polish, 185. Zeugites Schreb., 158. Whorl. The arrangement of | Zizania Z., 86, 88. organs in a circle around an aquatica Z., 88. axis. latifolia Turcz., 88. Withelmsia C. Koch, 155. miliacea Mx., 88. Windsoria Nutt., 152. palustris Link, 88. Witch-grass, 176. Zizaniopsis Déll., 86, 87. miliacea Déll. & Asch., 88. Xerochloa Brown, 72, 82. 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