TURKEY FOOT RIDGE SITE
A MOGOLLON VILLAGE
Pine Lawn Valley Western New Mexico
PAUL S. MARTIN JOHN B. RINALDO
FIELDIANA: ANTHROPOLOGY
VOLUME 38, NUMBER 2
Published by
CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM
AUGUST 17, 1950
I
TURKEY FOOT RIDGE SITE
Pine Lawn Valley Western New Mexico
TURKEY FOOT RIDGE SITE
A MOGOLLON VILLAGE
Pine Lawn Valley
Western New Mexico
PAUL S. MARTIN Chief Curator, Department of Anthropology
JOHN B. RINALDO
Assistant in Archaeology, Department of Anthropology
FIELDIANA: ANTHROPOLOGY
VOLUME 38, NUMBER 2
Published by
CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM
AUGUST 17, 1950
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS
PREFACE
In 1948 we continued our archaeological investigations in western New Mexico in the Apache National Forest, Catron County. We carried on our work in the Pine Lawn Valley (Fig. 79), which lies between the San Francisco and the Saliz Mountains; our nearest town was Reserve, New Mexico, about seven miles to the east.
The archaeological work was conducted under a permit issued to Chicago Natural History Museum by the Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture. We wish to thank Mr. R. B. Ewing, Forest Supervisor of the Apache National Forest, and Mr. Ray Swapp, Ranger of the Hood Ranger Station, for their co-opera- tion and assistance.
While the excavating proceeded, Dr. Ernst Antevs, Research Associate, Department of Geology, continued his intensive investiga- tion of the strata and deposition records in Wet Leggett Canyon, in which stone tools of the Chiricahua stage of the Cochise culture were found in 1947. During the course of Dr. Antevs' vigorous, thorough, and painstaking work, he discovered several new Cochise loci that yielded grinding tools and hearths.
We have planned to continue our work in the Pine Lawn Valley until we have completed the plan laid down several years ago — to investigate all phases of Indian occupation in the Pine Lawn Valley. From our present knowledge, the history of the valley will cover a span of time from about 1500 B.C. to about a.d. 1300, at which time the people of the Tularosa culture abandoned the area. We hope to discover what occurred during these 2,800 years of history. What became of the last settlers, why they left the area, and when they went are all grist for the mill. Some results have already been published covering the periods from 1500 to 500 B.C. and from a.d. 500 to 1000 (Martin, 1940, 1943; Martin and Rinaldo, 1947; Martin, Rinaldo and Antevs, 1949), and more will follow from time to time.
Without the continuing and profound interest of Mr. Stanley Field and Colonel Clifford C. Gregg, respectively President and Director of Chicago Natural History Museum, and the Board of
237
238 PREFACE
Trustees, our work would not be possible. We wish to express publicly our deep gratitude for their appreciation of the important work we are undertaking.
We also wish to thank the members of the camp staff for their devotion and zeal, without which our success would not have been possible: Mr. L. G. Johnson, Mr. W. T. Egan, Mr. Irving W. Wood, Jr., and Mrs. Martha Perry.
For five seasons, Mrs. Mary Crackel, proprietress of the Pine Lawn Tourist Camp and her assistant, Mr. George Spore, have given us generous assistance in ways too numerous to list. Perhaps their never-failing friendly neighborliness was their greatest con- tribution.
We wish to thank the men who dug for us: Willy Serna, Ruben Serna, Gregorio Jiron, George Jiron, Ed. A. Ulibarri, and Jake Snyder. We are also grateful to the two volunteers: Philip Olson and Earl Roethke.
More than three hundred specimens of charcoal from the ex- cavated houses were shipped in 1948 to Dr. A. E. Douglass, Director of the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, Tucson, Arizona. It is hoped that he and his assistant, Mr. T. L. Smiley, will soon be able to release dates on our work in the Pine Lawn Valley.
Mrs. Charles Gillette traced the maps used in this report.
Paul S. Martin John B. Rinaldo
CONTENTS
PAGE
List of Illustrations 241
List of Tables 243
I. Introduction 245
Location of Site 245
Physiographic and Biotic Conditions 245
Problems 245
II. Description of Architectural Details 249
Pit-house C 250
Pit-house D 256
Pit-house E 260
Pit-house F 264
Pit-house G 268
Pit-house H 272
Pit-house I 276
Pit-house J 280
Pit-house K 284
Pit-house L 288
Pit-house M 292
Pit-house N 296
Pit-house O 300
III. Artifacts 303
List of Artifacts 303
Discussion 304
Functions and Associations of Artifacts 307
Manos 309
Rubbing Stones 314
Pestles 316
Metates 318
Small, Metate-like Grinding Stones 322
Mortars 324
Stone Bowl 327
Stone Ball 327
Worked Stone Slabs 328
239
240 CONTENTS
PAGE
Polishing Stones 330
Hammerstones 332
Mauls (ground and pecked) 334
Ax (ground and pecked) 334
Mauls (chipped stone) 334
Ax (chipped stone) 334
Pipes 336
Projectile Points 338
Drills 338
Knives 340
Scrapers 342
Choppers 344
Hoes 346
Pendant (turquoise) 346
BoneFlesher 348
Bone Needle 348
Bone Tube 348
Pendant (shell) 348
Bracelet 348
Bone Die 348
Bone Awls 350
Data on Unworked Bone Fragments 350
Worked Sherds 352
Human Figurine 352
Miniature Ladles 352
Unworked Stone 354
IV. Pottery 359
Culinary Pottery 359
Painted Pottery 362
Intrusive Pottery Types 367
Trends in Pottery Popularity 370
Conclusions 374
V. Summary 389
Architecture 389
Artifacts 389
Pottery 390
Bibliography 392
Index 394
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
TEXT FIGURES
PAGE
79. Map showing location of Pine Lawn Valley, New Mexico 244
80. Map of west half of Turkey Foot Ridge site showing locations of Pit-
houses A-E and 1-0 246
81. Map of east half of Turkey Foot Ridge site showing locations of Pit-
houses F, G, and H 247
82. Plan and sections of Pit-house C 251
83. Detail of masonry-filled post recess in south wall of Pit-house C, and
masonry in clay that formed upper part of adjacent wall 252
84. Pit-house C 253
85. Stepped lateral entrance in center of east wall of Pit-house C, first occu-
pation; firepit and deflector groove in foreground 254
86. Detail of masonry-lined ventilator tunnel and adjacent east wall of
Pit-house C, last occupation 255
87. Plan and sections of Pit-house D 257
88. Pit-house D ; mano in situ, right foreground 259
89. Plan and sections of Pit-house E 261
90. Pit-house E 263
91. Plan and sections of Pit-house F 265
92. Pit-house F 267
93. Plan and sections of Pit-house G 269
94. Pit-house G 271
95. Plan and sections of Pit-house H 273
96. Pit-house H 275
97. Plan and sections of Pit-house I 277
98. Pit-house I 279
99. Plan and sections of Pit-house J 281
100. Pit-house J 283
101. Plan and sections of Pit-house K 285
102. Pit-house K 287
103. Plan and sections of Pit-house L 289
104. Pit-house L 291
105. Plan and sections of Pit-house M 293
106. Pit-house M 295
107. Plan and sections of Pit-house N 297
108. Pit-house N 299
241
242 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE
109. Plan and sections of Pit-house O 301
110. Pit-house O 302
111. Disk type and oval pebble type manos 311
112. Rectangular tabular type manos 312
113. Turtleback type manos showing upper surface 313
114. Rubbing stones: a-c, e, oval type; d, f, rectangular type 315
115. Pestles: a-c, e, f, multifaced type; d, g, angular type 317
116. Trough type metate, trough open at one end only 319
117. Trough type metate, trough open at one end only; groove for mano rest
in shelf above trough 320
118. Trough type metate, trough open at both ends 321
119. Small, metate-like grinding stones 323
120. Boulder mortar 325
121. Pebble mortar 326
122. Circular worked slab 329
123. Polishing stones 331
124. Hammerstones 333
125. Grooved and notched tools: a, notched ax; c, three-quarters grooved
maul; e, three-quarters grooved ax; b, d, f, chipped notched mauls . 335
126. Pipes and cylinder pipe blank (?) 337
127. Projectile points and drills 339
128. Knives: a, c, e, g, random flake type; b, d, f, h, blades 341
129. Scrapers: a-c, e, g, side scrapers; d, end scraper; /, In, hollow-edged
scrapers 343
130. Choppers 345
131. Hoe fragments 347
132. Flesher, needle, tube, shell pendant, and die 349
133. Bone awls 351
134. Baked clay artifacts: a, figurine; e, miniature ladle; b-d, f-n, worked
sherds 353
135. Ceremonial objects(?) 355
136. Bowl and jar forms, culinary pottery: a-d, Reserve Smudged; e, g,
Alma Plain;/, Alma Scored 361
137. Mogollon pottery design sequence: a, e, i, m, q, Mogollon Red-on-
Brown; b, f, j, n, r, Three Circle Red-on-White; c, g, k, o, s, Mimbres Bold Face Black-on-White; d, h, I, p, t, Mimbres Black-on- White . 363
138. Mogollon pottery design sequence: a, e, i, Mogollon Red-on-Brown;
b, f, j, m-o, Three Circle Red-on-White; c, d, g, k, p-r, Mimbres Bold Face Black-on-White; h, I, Mimbres Black-on-White 364
139. Frequency of design elements on three early Mogollon pottery types . 365
140. Red Mesa and Puerco Black-on-White potsherds 371
141. Chart showing relationships of principal pottery types in Mogollon
sites, western New Mexico 372-373
142. Three Circle Red-on-White bowl 374
143. Mimbres Bold Face Black-on-White bowl 375
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 243
LIST OF TABLES
PAGE
9. Occurrence of artifacts by pit-houses 356-358
10. Frequency of design elements of three Mogollon pottery types . . . 366
11. Comparative analysis of characteristics of Mogollon pottery . . 368-369
12. Sherd analysis 377-388
MONTICELLO O
1928-29 EXCAVATIONS
LOWRY RUIN 1930-34 1938 EXCAVATIONS
COLORADO
MEXICO
Fig. 79. Map showing location of Pine Lawn Valley, New Mexico.
244
I. INTRODUCTION
LOCATION OF SITE
The Turkey Foot Ridge site (Figs. 80, 81) is located in the Apache National Forest, on a high, rather narrow ridge (S.W. x/i Sec. 34, T. 7 S., R. 20 W., N.M.P.M.), about seven miles west of Reserve, New Mexico, the county seat of Catron County. The altitude is approximately 6,400 feet above sea level. The SU site is situated about four miles to the north.
PHYSIOGRAPHIC AND BIOTIC CONDITIONS
The physiographic and biotic conditions for the area worked are the same as those given for the Wet Leggett site (see Martin, Rinaldo, and Antevs, 1949, pp. 34-43). There is an average precipitation of less than sixteen inches per year. The dominant trees are the yellow pine, juniper, and pinyon pine. The important food animals of the region are the mule deer, white-tailed deer, black bear, rabbit, tree squirrel, ground squirrel, chipmunk, wood rat, turkey, quail, and dove. In Hart Merriam's life zone classification the Pine Lawn Valley should be included in the Transition zone (open yellow pine forest). The valley ranges from 6,000 to 7,000 feet in elevation, has a midway divide at about 6,350 feet, and is drained to the San Francisco River by small intermittent streams passing through deep, narrow canyons at both ends.
PROBLEMS
In general, the objective of the summer's excavations was to find and excavate some houses of the Georgetown and San Francisco phases, in order to fill in a postulated four-hundred-year gap in the local sequence in the Pine Lawn Valley. After having excavated houses and sites of the Pine Lawn, Three Circle, and Reserve phases, as well as some artifacts of the Chiricahua stage, we found that we needed more data from the Georgetown and San Francisco phases, to be able to make valid generalizations concerning the development and growth of the Mogollon culture in the Pine Lawn Valley. We
245
0 5 10 20
<lft- * METERS
Fig. 80. Map of west half of Turkey Foot Ridge site showing locations of Pit-houses A-E and I-O. Narrow, unoccupied ridge 70 meters long between east and west halves.
246
V\ W
I-
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'•'- ■ AJ '4i VF
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10
20
METERS
Fig. 81. Map of east half of Turkey Foot Ridge site showing locations of Pit-houses F, G, and H. Narrow, unoccupied ridge 70 meters long between east and west halves.
247
248 PINE LAWN VALLEY, WESTERN NEW MEXICO
felt that local data added to that described by Haury and Nesbitt might fill certain gaps in the story of development of house structures and stone and bone tools.
A few of the more specific problems we had in mind are as follows:
(1) Were there transitional types of house structures between those of the Pine Lawn and Three Circle phases, in addition to those described by Haury (1936a) and Nesbitt (1938)?
(2) Was there evidence of an abrupt change in milling tools and methods, or was the change a gradual one?
(3) Could we find evidence of an increased use of agriculture as a means of subsistence?
(4) Was there any evidence in Pine Lawn Valley sites that Re- serve Smudged pottery came into use previous to the Three Circle phase, as Haury suggested (Haury, 1940, p. 94)? Or did it make its first appearance during the Three Circle phase, as the evidence indicated in 1947?
(5) Did Alma Rough go out of use suddenly, with the coming into use of the textured wares such as Alma Neck Banded and Alma Scored?
(6) Did the Chiricahua people linger on in the Valley from about 1500 B.C. up to the beginning of the Pine Lawn phase? Were there more of their camp sites to be found? Were there any indications other than the similarities of stone tools that the Chiricahua people were the ancestors of the Pine Lawn people?
Some of these questions were answered, others were only partially answered, and still others not at all. The answers to some of these problems are embodied in the data and the discussions concerning the data in the following pages, and in the conclusions contained in the final summary.
II. DESCRIPTION OF ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS
PIT-HOUSE C (Figs. 82-86)
Shape. — Rectangular; length, 3.7 meters; width, 3.5 meters.
Walls of unplastered, orange-colored native clay; rubble masonry in north- west corner, in upper south wall and around ventilator.
Floor of gravelly, pinkish native clay covered over with gray plaster; depth below present ground level, 1.2-1.35 meters; surface fairly even; gray plaster probably represents later alteration as original central posthole was plastered over.
Firepit. — One in south half of house; square with rounded corners; 41 cm. square and 18 cm. deep.
Lateral Entrance. — In the middle of east wall; length, 1.6 meters; provided with two steps. In later occupation of house, this entrance was converted to a ventilator by insertion of masonry to form tunnel and shaft.
Pits. — None found.
Wall Niche (not shown on map). — Oval in shape; dimensions, 1.5 meters by 90 cm.; depth, 35 cm. Floor of niche 37 cm. above floor of house. Posthole in center of niche floor; diameter, 12 cm.; depth, 6 cm. Found therein were two rubbing stones, two polishing stones, two pestles, two hammerstones, two grinding slabs, two worked slabs, a fragment of a metate. Opening of niche sealed with slab; niche apparently used with first occupation of house.
Postholes. — Five primary and two secondary; least diameter, 9 cm.; greatest diameter, 30 cm.; least depth, 6 cm.; greatest depth, 29 cm. Five of these post- holes bisect house from north to south; one posthole in southwest corner, and one in northwest corner.
Roof. — Exact character unknown; probably like type 3 (Haury, 1936a, p. 83, fig. 26).
Grooves in Floor. — One just east of firepit for deflector or ladder; length, 30 cm.; width, 13 cm.; depth, 10 cm.
Pottery. — See chapter on pottery.
Phases. — San Francisco and Three Circle.
General Comments. — This house was apparently built in the San Francisco phase with characteristic entrance of that period. Later, passageway converted to ventilator; posts in north and south walls removed, postholes filled with rocks and plastered over; central posthole plastered over; wall niche sealed up with slab; and fill in top of south wall in northwest corner reinforced with rubble masonry. Pit-house C apparently has cut through section of earlier shallow house.
250
D FIREPIT
E FLOOR
• POSTHOLE
GZ3 UNDISTURBED CLAY
SECTION A A'
Fig. 82. Plan and sections of Pit-house C. 251
B
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T3 S
i
03 C3
a ^_
S o «~ +■>
o 3 a A
SB'S
X o fa""
252
a a
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253
I
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rv, E
254
Fig. 86. Detail of masonry-lined ventilator tunnel and adjacent east wall of Pit-house C, last occupation.
255
PIT-HOUSE D
(Figs. 87, 88)
Shape. — Roughly square, with rounded corners; length, 3.5 meters; width, 3 meters.
Walls of unplastered, native pink clay.
Floor of gravelly, yellow clay; 86 cm. below present ground level; uneven surface; no alterations.
Firepit. — Near entrance, in east half of house; very shallow ash-filled depression of irregular shape.
Lateral Entrance. — On east side, 1 meter in length.
Pits. — None found.
Burials. — One; bones scattered over large area.
Postholes. — Five primary and three secondary; least diameter, 11 cm.; greatest diameter, 40 cm.; least depth, 7 cm.; greatest depth, 15 cm.
Roof. — Exact character unknown; probably like that of Pit-house C.
Pottery. — See chapter on pottery.
Phase. — Three Circle.
General Comments. — This house burned.
256
E FLOOR
G BURIAL
H HEARTH
• POSTHOLE
EZI UNOISTURBED CLAY
SECTION A A'
SECTION B B
Fig. 87. Plan and sections of Pit-house D. 257
t
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259
PIT-HOUSE E (Figs. 89, 90)
Shape. — Rectangular; 6.3 by 5.6 meters.
Walls of pinkish-orange-colored native clay, covered with gray plaster.
Floor of gravelly clay; fairly even; 28 to 82 cm. below present ground level. Covered with gray plaster.
Firepit. — None found.
Lateral Entrance. — In center of east wall; 1.65 meters long.
Pits. — None found.
Postholes. — Five primary, four secondary; least diameter, 29 cm.; greatest diameter, 42 cm.; least depth, 14 cm.; greatest depth, 55 cm.
Roof. — First a layer of beams; on top of this, poles or branches; outer layer, adobe. This evidence from burned clay and charcoal. Similar to type 4 (Haury, 1936a, p. 83, fig. 26).
Pottery. — See chapter on pottery.
Phases. — Construction, San Francisco. Occupation, San Francisco and Three Circle.
General Comments. — This house burned. In west side of wall a niche(?) or irregularity; same as, or comparable to, niche in Pit-house H.
260
E FLOOR
• POSTHOLE
EZ3 UNDISTURBED CLAY
SECTION A A
I : I
SECTION B B
Fig. 89. Plan and sections of Pit-house E.
261
c
3
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&
H
263
PIT-HOUSE F
(Figs. 91, 92)
Shape. — Rectangular, with rounded corners; 4.85 by 5.4 meters.
Walls of orange-colored, gravelly clay.
Floor of same clay; uneven; depth below present ground level, 60 to 95 cm.
Firepit. — Round, with niche on east side and bulbous extensions on north and south sides.
Lateral Entrance. — In center of east wall; length, 3 meters.
Pits. — One; just west of firepit; diameter, 80 cm.; depth, 16 cm.; filled with grayish-brown dirt containing sticks of charcoal.
Postholes. — Seven primary and eight secondary; least diameter, 12 cm.; greatest diameter, 40 cm.; least depth, 11 cm.; greatest depth, 70 cm.
Roof. — Made of beams and branches covered with adobe; evidence obtained from charcoal and burned clay; probable that beams lay parallel with axis of lateral entrance.
Pottery. — See chapter on pottery.
Phase. — San Francisco.
General Comments. — This house burned. Low "bench," 20 to 45 cm. wide and 18 cm. high; around east, north and west walls.
264
D FIREPIT
E FLOOR
• POSTHOLE
^ UNDISTURBED CLAY
SECTION A A'
SECTION B B'
Fig. 91. Plan and sections of Pit-house F.
265
Fig. 92. Pit-house F. Arrow (50 cm. long) points north; meter stick in back- ground.
267
PIT-HOUSE G (Figs. 93, 94)
Shape. — Roughly hexagonal; 4.65 by 4.85 meters.
Walls of gravelly, orange-colored clay; unplastered.
Floor of same clay; fairly even; depth below present ground level, 45 to 75 cm.
Firepit. — None found.
Lateral Entrance. — Middle of east wall; length, 50 cm.
Pits. — Five in number; two oval, one rectangular, two circular; least diameter, 30 cm.; greatest diameter, 97 cm.; least depth, 14 cm.; greatest depth, 20 cm.; walls practically vertical, of gravelly, orange clay. Four manos found in rec- tangular pit in west wall; other pits contained only fill and sherds.
Postholes. — Twelve primary and four secondary; least diameter, 10 cm.; greatest diameter, 24 cm.; least depth, 9 cm.; greatest depth, 17 cm.
Roof.— Exact character unknown.
Pottery. — See chapter on pottery.
Phase. — Georgetown?
General Comments. — This house did not burn. Low "bench" on either side of door; greatest width of bench, 35 cm.; height above floor, 20 cm.
268
C PIT
E FLOOR
• POSTHOLE
E2 UNDISTURBED CLAY
SECTION A A'
Fig. 93. Plan and sections of Pit-house G. 269
T3
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271
PIT-HOUSE H (Figs. 95, 96)
Shape. — Rectangular; 4.4 by 5 meters.
Walls of pink, gravelly clay; unplastered.
Floor of same clay; fairly even; plastered; depth below present ground level, 1 to 1.2 meters.
Fire-pit. — Oval; in east portion of room; deflector (?) made of fragment of trough-type metate.
Lateral Entrance. — Middle of east wall; 2.5 meters long.
Pits. — One; diameter, 30 cm.; depth, 4 cm.; contained ashes; probably a secondary firepit.
Wall Niche. — In west side of house; depth, 60 cm.; length, 1.6 meters; floor 30 cm. above house floor. Two postholes(?); diameters, 20 cm.; depths, 7 and 12 cm.
Postholes. — Four primary and 6 secondary; least diameter, 14 cm.; greatest diameter, 30 cm.; least depth, 10 cm.; greatest depth, 28 cm.
Roof. — Exact character unknown; some burned main beams and smaller cross poles found on floor; probably like type 3 (Haury, 1936a, p. 83, fig. 26).
Pottery. — See chapter on pottery.
Phase. — San Francisco.
General Comments. — This house burned. In floor at east end of entrance two small holes that might have been postholes or possibly ladder holes.
272
C PIT
C FIREPIT
E FLOOR
H HEARTH
• POSTHOLE
© DOUBTFUL POSTHOLE
E2 UNDISTURBED CLAY
SECTION A A*
Fig. 95. Plan and sections of Pit-house H.
273
H3
C 3 O
275
PIT-HOUSE I (Figs. 97, 98)
Shape. — Rectangular; 4.1 by 4.35 meters.
Walls of gravelly, orange-colored clay partly covered by one coat of adobe plaster.
Floor of same clay; fairly even; depth below present ground level, 70 cm. to 1.2 meters.
Firepit. — Circular; very close to entrance.
Lateral Entrance. — In middle of west wall; length, 2.3 meters; provided with two steps.
Pits. — None found.
Postholes. — Seven primary and two secondary; least diameter, 12 cm.; greatest diameter, 34 cm.; least depth, 5 cm.; greatest depth, 25 cm.
Roof. — Exact character unknown.
Pottery. — See chapter on pottery.
Phases. — Construction, San Francisco. Occupation, San Francisco and Three Circle.
General Comments. — This house burned. Attention is called to the fact that the entrance is on the west side of the house — a rare occurrence (see Pit-house O). At foot of second riser are two holes that may have been postholes or ladder holes. Metates and manos were found in situ in southeast corner of house; manos un- usually large.
276
E FLOOR
H HEARTH
• POSTHOLE
E2 UNDISTURBED CLAY
SECTION A A'
SECTION B B
Fig. 97. Plan and sections of Pit-house I.
277
a B a
o I
£
279
PIT-HOUSE J (Figs. 99, 100)
Shape. — Roughly circular; inner portion rectangular; greatest diameter, 5.45 meters.
Walls of gravelly, orange-colored clay.
Floor of same clay; fairly even; one coat of plaster 5 cm. thick; depth below present ground level, 70 cm. to 1 meter.
Firepit. — Circular.
Lateral Entrance. — Center of east wall; short and stubby; length, 50 cm.
Pits. — None found.
Postholes. — Twelve primary and six secondary; least diameter, 11 cm.; great- est diameter, 35 cm.; least depth, 8 cm.; greatest depth, 30 cm.
Roof. — Exact character unknown; from evidence of burned roof-clay, was com- posed of main beams, branches, and adobe covering.
Pottery. — See chapter on pottery.
Phase. — San Francisco.
General Comments. — This house burned. Long, wide "bench" (?) along east, south and north walls; greatest width (1.1 meters) in front of entrance; pinches out along north and south walls. Small recess(?) in west wall. Includes earlier house?
280
SECTION B B'
••"L.DJ
Fig. 99. Plan and sections of Pit-house J. 281
T3
C 3
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9 0
283
PIT-HOUSE K (Figs. 101, 102)
Shape. — Rectangular, with rounded corners; 7.5 by 8 meters.
Walls of unplastered, orange-colored, gravelly clay.
Floor of same clay; plastered; fairly even where plaster was intact, otherwise uneven; depth below present ground level, 75 cm. to 1.4 meters.
Firepit. — Oval, shaped like a dish.
Lateral Entrance. — None found.
Pits. — Two in number; one circular, one oval; diameters, 30 cm. and 45 cm.; depths, 12 cm. and 24 cm.; round pit has inward-sloping walls, oval pit has vertical walls and contained mano and metate.
Postholes. — Nine primary and three secondary; least diameter, 12 cm.; great- est diameter, 45 cm.; least depth, 7 cm.; greatest depth, 75 cm.
Grooves. — Four long ones, ranging in length from 1.6 to 3 meters, forming a large rectangle in center of house. In grooves were logs with floor plaster coming up and over them.
Roof. — Composed of beams, poles, brush, all covered by adobe; evidence from charred beams and impressions in burned clay.
Pottery. — See chapter on pottery.
Phases. — Construction, San Francisco. Occupation, San Francisco and Three Circle.
General Comments. — This house burned. There was a "bench" along north and west walls, the greatest width of which was 80 cm., narrowing down to 37 cm. On east side of rectangular central area were two small holes that might have been ladder holes. Attention is called to central rectangular area defined by logs partly buried in grooves. This area may have served some special purpose. North groove contained fragment of charred log.
284
O FIREPIT
E FLOOR
F TROUGH
• POSTHOLE
© DOUBTFUL POSTHOLE
E2 UNDISTURBED CLAY
SECTION A A
SECTION B B'
Fig. 101. Plan and sections of Pit-house K. 285
T3
§
3 O
287
PIT-HOUSE L (Figs. 103, 104)
Shape. — Rectangular with rounded corners; width, 5 meters; length, 5.3 meters.
Walls of unplastered, gravelly, orange-colored clay.
Floor of same clay; unplastered; fairly even; depth below present ground level, 70 cm. to 1.2 meters.
Firepit. — None found.
Lateral Entrance. — None found.
Pits. — Two in number; one circular, diameter 50 cm., depth 13 cm.; one oval, 45 by 30 cm., and 15 cm. deep.
Extra-mural Pits. — Three in number; round to oval in shape; least diameter, 70 cm.; greatest diameter, 1.3 meters; floor 10 cm. above floor of house; west niche contained manos and hammerstones.
Postholes. — Nine primary and one secondary; least diameter, 13 cm.; greatest diameter, 30 cm.; least depth, 6 cm.; greatest depth, 35 cm.
Roof. — Exact character unknown.
Pottery. — See chapter on pottery.
Phases.— Construction, San Francisco. Occupation, San Francisco and Three Circle.
General Comments. — This house did not burn. On east side of house portion of floor was burned and covered with thin layer of ashes. "Bench" on north side of house 40 cm. wide; another narrower one on east side of house; "bench" 10 cm. high.
288
C PIT E FLOOR • POSTHOLE V& UNDISTURBED CLAY POSSIBLE FORM OF HOUSE
SECTION A A'
Fig. 103. Plan and sections of Pit-house L.
289
(3 O
0
291
PIT-HOUSE M (Figs. 105, 106)
Shape. — Roughly circular; 5.7 by 6.7 meters.
Walls of unplastered, orange-colored, gravelly clay.
Floor of same clay; uneven and unplastered; depth below present ground level, 95 cm. to 1.2 meters.
Firepit. — Near entrance; a vaguely shallow, circular depression; diameter, 60 cm.; depth, 6 cm.
Lateral Entrance. — In middle of east wall; 1.3 meters long.
Pits. — Three in number; least diameter, 70 cm.; greatest diameter, 1 meter; least depth, 10 cm.; greatest depth, 45 cm.; two of these pits have undercut walls; fill was brown, although normal fill in house was black.
Postholes. — Six primary and seven secondary; least diameter, 10 cm.; greatest diameter, 35 cm.; least depth, 5 cm.; greatest depth, 29 cm.
Roof. — Composed of beams and branches covered with adobe; evidence ob- tained from charcoal and burned clay; probably similar to type 3 (Haury, 1936a, p. 83, fig. 26).
Pottery. — See chapter on pottery.
Phases. — Construction, San Francisco. Occupation, San Francisco and Three Circle.
General Comments. — This house burned. Metates and manos in situ in north- west quadrant of house and in center of house; two-hand manos associated with slab type metate; one-hand mano associated with trough type metate, open at one end only; both metates rested on discarded manos and other stones. "Bench" around all sides of house except for opening of entrance; height ranging from 25 to 40 cm.; width ranging from 40 cm. to 1.25 meters. Main floor area rectangular as in Pit-house J; arrangement of pits similar to houses B and L on this site. Includes earlier house?
292
C PIT
D FIREPIT
E FLOOR
• POSTHOLE
0 DOUBTFUL POSTHOLE
E2 UNDISTURBED CLAY
SECTION A A
■ — .
SECTION B B'
Fig. 105. Plan and sections of Pit-house M.
293
fi
295
PIT-HOUSE N (Figs. 107, 108)
Shape. — Rectangular, with rounded corners; 3.65 by 4.35 meters.
Walls of unplastered, orange-colored, gravelly clay.
Floor of same clay; uneven in east half of house, with rocks protruding; depth below present ground level, 55 cm. to 1.2 meters.
Firepit. — None found.
Lateral Entrance. — On east side, toward south end of wall; floor or step 20 cm. above pit-house floor; length, 65 cm.
Pits. — One; oval-shaped; 80 by 95 cm.; depth, 20 cm. One mano on floor of pit.
Postholes. — Three primary and seven secondary; least diameter, 10 cm.; greatest diameter, 27 cm.; least depth, 6 cm.; greatest depth, 21 cm.
Roof. — Composed of beams and branches covered with adobe; evidence ob- tained from charcoal.
Pottery. — See chapter on pottery.
Phases. — Construction, San Francisco. Occupation, San Francisco and Three Circle.
General Comments. — This house burned. Along west and north walls was a "bench" 21 cm. high and 30 to 65 cm. wide. Metates and manos in situ in south- east quadrant. Postholes in front of door may have held posts that supported deflector slab.
296
C PIT
E FLOOR
• POSTHOLE
V& UNDISTURBED CLAY
SECTION A A'
SECTION B B
Fig. 107. Plan and sections of Pit-house N. 297
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o
ad ,2
IV
HHnMCflBO^Ba
299
PIT-HOUSE O (Figs. 109, 110)
Shape. — Rectangular, with rounded corners; 3.8 by 3.9 meters.
Walls of unplastered, gravelly, orange-colored clay.
Floor of same clay; uneven; depth below present ground level, 80 cm. to 1.35 meters.
Firepit. — Circular; located in west half of house near entrance.
Lateral Entrance. — In middle of west wall; greatest length, 1.4 meters; floor or step 29 cm. above floor of pit-house.
Pits. — None found.
Postholes. — Five primary and eight secondary; least diameter, 12 cm.; greatest diameter, 36 cm.; least depth, 6 cm.; greatest depth, 40 cm.
Roof. — Composed of beams and branches covered with adobe; evidence ob- tained from charcoal and burned clay.
Pottery. — See chapter on pottery.
Phases. — Construction, San Francisco. Occupation, San Francisco and Three Circle.
General Comments. — This house burned. Note should be made of the fact that the entrance is on the west side of the house — a rare occurrence (see Pit- house I). Slab metate found near north wall; trough metate near east wall.
300
D FIREPIT
E FLOOR
• POSTHOLE
© DOUBTFUL POSTHOLE
E3 UNDISTURBED CLAY
SECTION A A'
SECTION B B
Fig. 109. Plan and sections of Pit-house 0. 301
mmmmBmmammmKmsmKam
302
III. ARTIFACTS
On pages 309-358 the details of the artifacts are given in outline
form. For convenience in comparison the artifacts have been grouped as follows:
LIST OF ARTIFACTS Object Ground and Pecked Stone Number
Handstones excavated
Manos 140
Rubbing stones 33
Pestles 7
Milling stones
Metates 36
Small, metate-like grinding stones 8
Mortars 6
Worked stone slabs 9
Polishing stones 36
Hammerstones 16
Mauls 2
Axes 1
Stone dishes 1
Pipes 4
Stone ball 1
Chipped Stone
Projectile points 7
Knives 36
Scrapers 37
Choppers 3
Drills 2
Mauls 3
Ax 1
Hoes 2
Polished Stone
Pendant 1
Shell
Bracelets 2
Pendant 1
Bone
Awls 25
Needle 1
Flesher 1
Die 1
Tube 1
Clay
Worked sherds 32
Figurine 1
Miniature ladles 2
303
304 PINE LAWN VALLEY, WESTERN NEW MEXICO
Unworked Stone
Pigments 3
Crystals 4
Ceremonial objects(?) 4
Total number of artifacts 470
DISCUSSION
The greater number of post Pine Lawn phase artifacts (artifacts of the Georgetown, San Francisco, and Three Circle phases) recovered through the complete excavation of the Turkey Foot Ridge site, provided considerable additional evidence to strengthen and modify the conclusions reached on the basis of the evidence available in 1947.
In general, the impression received from an examination of the early and late stone and bone artifacts of the Pine Lawn Valley is one of cultural continuity. This is evident from the uniformity of the stone artifacts from the Cochise levels up through Three Circle times, and of the bone and shell artifacts from at least Pine Lawn phase times. The majority of tools and other artifacts from the Turkey Foot Ridge site have their prototypes and frequently their counterparts in the implements and objects from the Pine Lawn phase as represented at the SU and Promontory sites. The primary artifact categories (such as manos, metates, mortars and mauls) and in many cases the secondary categories (such as pebble and boulder type mortars), remained the same. The differences between the artifacts of the Pine Lawn phase and those of the later phases lie in small but significant details and in the frequencies of certain types, in the addition of a few secondary artifact categories (such as through-trough type metates), and in the dropping out of a few old categories (for example, basin-type metates).
Basically and essentially there are greater stability and continuity in the stone and bone artifacts than in architecture or pottery types, for modifications in the artifacts are less radical and there are fewer of them; for example, the transitions from the use of only plain pottery to the use of both plain and decorated wares, or from large, vaguely circular pit-houses with side entrances, to small, rectangular pit-houses, seem more radical changes than any apparent in the artifact categories.
In order to implement a direct village-to-village and house-to- house comparison of artifact frequencies for the purpose of sub- stantiating these impressions of change, a table was constructed (Table 9, pp. 356-358) showing artifact frequencies in each house of
ARTIFACTS 305
Turkey Foot Ridge Village. This was then compared with a similar table constructed for the houses of the SU, Promontory and Twin Bridges sites (see Martin, Rinaldo and Antevs, 1949, Table 3, pp. 180-183).
It was immediately evident from this comparison that the primary categories of manos, metates, rubbing stones and the like remained much the same; for example, a comparison of primary artifact categories from twenty-three pit-houses later than the Pine Lawn phase (from the Turkey Foot Ridge and Twin Bridges sites) with those of twenty-three houses of the Pine Lawn phase (from the SU site) reveals in the Pine Lawn phase only four primary categories that are not represented in the Three Circle phase : bone pins, antler rubbers, abrading stones, and "bird" pendants. Moreover, these artifact types appeared so sporadically even in the Pine Lawn phase and are so few in number that their absence from the later list de- tracts very little from the basic continuity evident from the large number of categories common to both lists.
Of course the culture changes that are apparent from changes in architecture and pottery types are also evident in the artifact categories, although they are less pronounced ; for instance, no basin metates (other than mortar-metates) were recovered from Turkey Foot Ridge Village, and attendant to this change is a corresponding decrease in the number of oval and oblong manos and rubbing stones. Conversely, the greater frequency of trough-type metates and the innovation of the through-trough-type metate is correlated with a greater frequency of rectangular manos. These changes, in addition to a marked decrease in the frequency of mortars and pestles in the Three Circle phase pit-houses, appear to be indicative of a general change in grinding methods. Other evidence of this change besides the changes in frequency of grinding-tool types, are changes in the troughs of trough-type metates. These troughs have straighter sides than those of the Pine Lawn phase trough-type metates and are striated lengthwise, indicating a straight back and forth motion with the mano. Furthermore, almost all of the Three Circle phase manos tend to be more convex end to end than across the short axis (side to side), and even those that are definitely rectangular in outline have rounded ends on the grinding surface such as would result from rubbing on the sides of the trough.
Although it is almost certain that there was this change in grinding methods, little additional evidence was obtained to sub- stantiate the theory that this change was somehow tied up with a
306 PINE LAWN VALLEY, WESTERN NEW MEXICO
closer dependence on agriculture as a means of subsistence. No corn or other domesticated plant produce was recovered from the houses of the Turkey Foot Ridge Village to substantiate this theory. However, fewer projectile points were recovered from the Three Circle phase houses, and less animal bone. Also, the projectile points that were recovered are more heterogeneous in type. These facts seem to be indicative of a decrease in the importance of hunting; and that in turn, in an indirect way, seems to indicate that agricul- ture was practiced, because it seems doubtful whether a larger Three Circle phase population could subsist on collecting alone. On the other hand, there is no increase in the number of hoes or other agricultural implements found, and so the evidence remains in- conclusive.
Scrapers, knives and other chipped stone tools (other than pro- jectile points) were recovered from the Three Circle phase houses in equal numbers to those recovered from the Pine Lawn phase houses. However, there is some evidence for another change in stone tools — the acceptance into use of the hafted ax in place of the chopper or hand ax. Very few choppers have been recovered from Three Circle phase houses. On the other hand, one dull three- quarter-groove ax was recovered from Pit-house K of the Turkey Foot Ridge Village, and one crudely chipped notched ax from Pit- house F of the same village. These tools possibly indicate a transi- tion to the use of the hafted ax. The chipped ax is roughly equivalent to implements illustrated by Haury (1936a, p. 70) from Three Circle phase houses at the Harris Village. Furthermore, Nesbitt (1938, p. 103) found a very few grooved axes in pit-houses of the San Francisco phase at Starkweather Village. These grooved axes and the single grooved ax from Turkey Foot Ridge are alike only in that their cutting edges are battered and chipped. It is uncertain whether this chipping is due to their having been used as mauls (grooved mauls were made and used by these people even in Cochise times) or to a poorly directed attempt to sharpen them by chipping, as a chopper would be sharpened when it became dull. At least none of these axes was resharpened by polishing and grinding as was done in the areas where grooved and polished axes were more common.
Meanwhile the other categories of bone and shell artifacts re- mained static. Shell bracelets, bone dice and other miscellaneous bone and shell artifacts recovered from the Turkey Foot Ridge site were the same types as those recovered from the SU site.
ARTIFACTS 307
FUNCTIONS AND ASSOCIATIONS OF ARTIFACTS
In general, the implements from the Three Circle phase are more carefully worked than those from the earlier phases. Many of the manos, rubbing stones, and pestles, and all of the axes, mauls, and pipes show that all of their surfaces have been worked by pecking and grinding. A few other types such as polishing stones and oval rubbing stones and manos have only their working surfaces to differ- entiate them from natural pebbles. The pecking on these imple- ments may have been done with a hammerstone. A graded series of such hammerstones was recovered, ranging from a sharp angular core to a rounded ball-like stone. The small crater-like pits made by such implements are to be found on most of the Three Circle phase ground stone artifacts.
A crude sort of percussion chipping continued to be the primary method for shaping chipped implements. There appears to be a definite decrease in the number of pressure-chipped implements, such as projectile points and blades, from the houses of the Three Circle phase as compared with those of the Pine Lawn phase, al- though the percussion-chipped implements do not decrease in fre- quency.
From the evidence at hand there was no drastic change in the manufacture of bone implements. All the bone artifacts with the exception of two small awls have their counterparts in the bone im- plements found at the SU site.
During the Three Circle phase the worked sherd scoop appears to have come into use. None of these unusually large worked sherds was recovered from Pine Lawn phase houses, although the other types of worked sherds are common in all periods.
We found several additional associations that contribute to our knowledge concerning the functions of artifacts. Manos were found in direct association with metates (usually beside or beneath the metate) in Pit-houses E, I, K, M, N, and 0 (see illustrations of these pit-houses, Figs. 90, 98, 102, 106, 108, 110). In most instances rectangular or oblong manos were in association with trough-type metates. An exception to this was in Pit-house M, where a disk- type mano was in association with a trough-type metate.
In Pit-houses G and J worked stone slabs apparently took the place of metates. For instance, in Pit-house G a mano and hammer- stone were found in association with a worked stone slab, and several more manos were found in a small rectangular pit close by. The
308 PINE LAWN VALLEY, WESTERN NEW MEXICO
worked stone slab gave evidence of having been used for grinding but was much thinner than the usual slab metate.
A full-groove maul was in direct association with a boulder mortar in Pit-house N. One might conjecture that the maul was used as a pestle in this instance.
Two bone awls were found together on the bench along the west wall of this same house. These undoubtedly comprise a set of awls such as have been found in several other instances in the Pine Lawn Valley. One awl from Pit-house C has small, regularly spaced notches or grooves along one edge. It has been conjectured that such grooves are indicative of the use of the awl in weaving.
Thus, in general, the stone, bone and shell artifacts exhibit a basic continuity and stability extending from very early times up through the Three Circle phase. Although there was an apparent change in the grinding pattern, which altered the central tools of the subsistence pattern somewhat, these changes in metates and manos are really not comparable to the rather drastic modifications in architecture and pottery types. Although a few innovations were accepted, such as the introduction of the hafted ax and the through- trough-type metate, such changes were relatively few and did not become firmly established in the culture until somewhat later.
The identification of materials in the stone objects was made by Dr. Sharat K. Roy, Chief Curator, Department of Geology, Chicago Natural History Museum. The identification of materials in the bone implements and of the identifiable unworked bone fragments was made by Mrs. Dorothy B. Foss, Osteologist, Depart- ment of Zoology, Chicago Natural History Museum. The identifica- tion of the materials in the shell objects was made by Dr. Fritz Haas, Curator, Lower Invertebrates, Department of Zoology, Chicago Natural History Museum.
MANOS (Figs. 111-113)
Manos with single grinding surface:
(a) Oblong in outline, surfaces parallel, grinding surface convex 3
From Pit-houses D, H, I
Lengths, 18.7, 19.2, 15.1 cm.; widths, 13.2, 15.1, 9.7 cm.; thicknesses, 5.6, 6.1, 7.1 cm.
(b) Oblong in outline, surfaces parallel, grinding surface flat, worn slightly
convex on ends 6
From Pit-houses D, E, H, I, O
Length: maximum, 22.6 cm.; minimum, 15.3 cm.; average, 18.4 cm. Width: maximum, 13.4 cm.; minimum, 8.6 cm.; average, 11.1 cm. Thickness: maximum, 7.0 cm.; minimum, 3.4 cm.; average, 5.0 cm.
(c) Oval in outline, five wedge-shaped in cross section, remainder with
parallel surfaces, grinding surface convex lengthwise, slightly convex crosswise 17
From Pit-houses C, E, L, M, N, O, Surface House 1
Length: maximum, 19.1 cm.; minimum, 11.5 cm.; average, 16.0 cm.
Width: maximum, 14.1 cm.; minimum, 6.4 cm.; average, 11.2 cm.
Thickness: maximum, 6.6 cm.; minimum, 2.4 cm.; average, 4.4 cm.
(d) Oval in outline, surfaces parallel, grinding surface slightly convex
(Fig. Ill, b, e) 11
From Pit-houses E, F, G, I, N, Surface House 1 Length: maximum, 21.2 cm.; minimum, 10.0 cm.; average, 14.1 cm. Width: maximum, 12.6 cm.; minimum, 8.0 cm.; average, 9.3 cm. Thickness: maximum, 7.1 cm.; minimum, 4.5 cm.; average, 5.7 cm.
(e) Oval in outline, surfaces parallel, grinding surface flat 6
From Pit-houses C, L, M, Surface House 1
Length: maximum, 20.3 cm.; minimum, 12.2 cm.; average, 16.0 cm. Width: maximum, 11.1 cm.; minimum, 9.2 cm.; average, 10.1 cm. Thickness: maximum, 7.1 cm.; minimum, 3.6 cm.; average, 5.2 cm.
(f ) Round in outline, surfaces parallel, grinding surface convex 5
From Pit-houses C, K, M, Surface House 1 (Fig. Ill, a, c, d)
Length: maximum, 16.5 cm.; minimum, 10.0 cm.; average, 12.8 cm. Width: maximum, 15.1 cm.; minimum, 10.0 cm.; average, 12.2 cm. Thickness: maximum, 7.9 cm.; minimum, 4.1 cm.; average, 6.5 cm.
(g) Round in outline, surfaces parallel, grinding surface slightly convex . . 2 From Pit-houses L, M
Lengths, 12.3, 10.9 cm.; widths, 11.0, 9.8 cm.; thicknesses, 6.7, 6.9 cm. (h) Rectangular in outline, surfaces parallel, grinding surface convex
lengthwise, slightly convex crosswise, ends worn convex 18
From Pit-houses C, E, F, H, I, J, K, L, M, N Length: maximum, 21.7 cm.; minimum, 11.2 cm.; average, 17.1 cm. Width: maximum, 17.2 cm.; minimum, 9.7 cm.; average, 12.0 cm. Thickness: maximum, 9.0 cm.; minimum, 2.9 cm.; average, 5.4 cm. (i) Rectangular in outline, surfaces parallel, grinding surface convex,
some with rounded ends (Fig. 112) 19
From Pit-houses C, E, F, G, H, I, K, M, O, Surface House 1 Length: maximum, 23.3 cm.; minimum, 11.7 cm.; average, 16.2 cm. Width: maximum, 13.3 cm.; minimum, 8.4 cm.; average, 11.0 cm. Thickness: maximum, 8.8 cm.; minimum, 2.8 cm.; average, 5.6 cm. (j) Rectangular in outline, surfaces parallel, grinding surface flat, some
with rounded ends, three specimens with small pit in center of
upper surface for grip 21
From Pit-houses C, E, G, I, J, L, M, N, O, Surface House 1 Length: maximum, 23.5 cm.; minimum, 10.6 cm.; average, 16.5 cm. Width: maximum, 13.7 cm.; minimum, 8.5 cm.; average, 11.0 cm. Thickness: maximum, 6.3 cm.; minimum, 3.1 cm.; average, 4.6 cm.
309
MANOS — continued
(Figs. 111-113)
(k) Square in outline, surfaces parallel, grinding surface slightly convex . . 3 From Pit-houses G, I, M
Lengths, 13.5, 16.1, 19.5 cm.; widths, 12.2, 13.2, 16.6 cm.; thicknesses, 4.3, 9.1, 3.8 cm. (1) Turtleback type; rectangular with rounded ends in outline, surfaces parallel, grinding surface convex lengthwise, slightly convex cross- wise, upper surface convex (Fig. 113) 7
From Pit-houses E, I, O
Length: maximum, 19.2 cm.; minimum, 17.0 cm.; average, 18.3 cm.
Width: maximum, 15.5 cm.; minimum, 12.0 cm.; average, 13.8 cm.
Thickness: maximum, 7.4 cm.; minimum, 3.9 cm.; average, 5.0 cm.
(m) Triangular in outline, wedge-shaped in cross section, grinding surface
slightly convex 1
From Pit-house M
Length, 18.0 cm.; width, 15.5 cm.; thickness, 4.4 cm.
Manos with two grinding surfaces:
(a) Roughly round in outline, surfaces parallel, one grinding surface
convex, the other convex lengthwise, slightly convex crosswise. ... 1 From Pit-house M Length, 11.7 cm.; width, 10.8 cm.; thickness, 3.4 cm.
(b) Roughly round in outline, surfaces parallel, one grinding surface flat,
the other slightly convex 1
From Pit-house J
Length, 11.2 cm.; width, 9.7 cm.; thickness, 2.9 cm.
(c) Oval in outline, surfaces parallel, grinding surfaces flat 5
From Pit-houses C, E, M
Length: maximum, 15.0 cm.; minimum, 10.6 cm.; average, 12.4 cm. Width: maximum, 10.8 cm.; minimum, 8.3 cm.; average, 9.2 cm. Thickness: maximum, 6.7 cm.; minimum, 3.9 cm.; average, 5.5 cm.
(d) Rectangular with rounded ends in outline; two specimens wedge-
shaped in cross section, remainder with surfaces parallel, one grind- ing surface convex, the other convex lengthwise, slightly convex crosswise 5
From Pit-houses C, L, M, Surface House 1
Length: maximum, 19.0 cm.; minimum, 12.2 cm.; average, 15.5 cm.
Width: maximum, 12.7 cm.; minimum, 8.9 cm.; average, 11.2 cm.
Thickness: maximum, 7.3 cm.; minimum, 3.4 cm.; average, 4.7 cm.
(e) Rectangular in outline, surfaces parallel, grinding surfaces slightly
convex 3
From Pit-houses C, F, I
Lengths, 18.5, 12.8, 25.5 cm.; widths, 10.2, 9.6, 15.9 cm.; thicknesses,
4.7, 6.1, 7.5 cm.
(f) Rectangular in outline, wedge-shaped in cross section, one grinding
surface flat, the other slightly convex 6
From Pit-houses C, D, F, G, N, Surface House 1 Length: maximum, 16.9 cm.; minimum, 10.5 cm.; average, 13.7 cm. Width: maximum, 11.3 cm.; minimum, 7.6 cm.; average, 9.4 cm. Thickness: maximum, 4.6 cm.; minimum, 3.1 cm.; average, 3.7 cm. Materials: Granite, trachyte, quartzite
310
Fig. 111. Manos. Disk type (a, c, d) and oval, pebble type (b, e); length of e, 21.2 cm.
311
Fig. 112. Manos. Rectangular tabular type. Length of bottom specimen, 16.7 cm.
312
Fig. 113. Manos. Turtleback type showing upper surface. Length of lower specimen, 18.0 cm.
313
RUBBING STONES (Fig. 114)
Rubbing stones with single rubbing surface:
(a) Oval in outline, surfaces parallel, rubbing surface convex 3
From Pit-houses M, N
Lengths, 8.1, 10.5, 9.2 cm.; widths, 6.0, 8.3, 6.6 cm.; thicknesses, 4.2, 7.1, 5.2 cm.
(b) Oval in outline, surfaces parallel, rubbing surface slightly convex
(Fig. 114, c, e) 2
From Pit-houses G, J
Lengths, 8.3, 9.4 cm.; widths, 5.5, 6.8 cm.; thicknesses, 3.4, 3.1 cm.
(c) Oval in outline, surfaces parallel, rubbing surface flat 16
From Pit-houses D, K, L, M, O, Surface House 1 (Fig. 114, a, b) Length: maximum, 10.2 cm.; minimum, 6.8 cm.; average, 8.7 cm. Width: maximum, 7.5 cm.; minimum, 3.5 cm.; average, 6.4 cm. Thickness: maximum, 4.3 cm.; minimum, 2.4 cm.; average, 3.1 cm.
(d) Round in outline, surfaces parallel, rubbing surface slightly convex. . 1 From Pit-house M
Length, 8.5 cm.; width, 8.5 cm.; thickness, 3.6 cm.
(e) Rectangular in outline, wedge-shaped in cross section, rubbing surface
flat (Fig. 114, d, f) 4
From Pit-houses C, I, N, O
Lengths, 8.4, 8.3, 10.1 cm., one fragment; widths, 7.7, 7.0, 6.5, 5.5 cm.;
thicknesses, 4.3, 3.1, 2.6, 3.1 cm..
Rubbing stones with two rubbing surfaces:
(a) Oval in outline, surfaces parallel, rubbing surfaces flat 6
From Pit-houses H, I, M
Length: maximum, 8.8 cm.; minimum, 7.1 cm.; average, 7.9 cm. Width: maximum, 6.9 cm.; minimum, 4.8 cm.; average, 5.9 cm. Thickness: maximum, 3.5 cm.; minimum, 1.6 cm.; average, 2.2 cm.
(b) Rectangular with rounded ends in outline; surfaces parallel, one
rubbing surface flat, the other slightly convex 1
From Pit-house M
Length, 9.9 cm.; width, 7.8 cm.; thickness, 3.1 cm.
Materials: Limestone, sandstone, quartzite, basalt
314
Fig. 114. Rubbing stones, a-c, e, oval type; d, f, rectangular type. Length of e, 9.4 cm.
315
PESTLES (Fig. 115)
(a) Angular type, long angular stone, rectangular in cross section, tapers
from small to larger end; large and round, pecked and battered (Fig. 115,0) 2
From Pit-house C, Surface House 1
Lengths, 33.1, 15.4 cm.; widths, 6.3, 8.3 cm.; thicknesses, 9.6, 5.4 cm.
(b) Roughly round or rectangular pebbles with some pecked, flat surfaces,
and round, battered ends (Fig. 115, a-f) 5
From Pit-houses E, N, Surface House 1
Length: maximum, 13.2 cm.; minimum, 8.5 cm.; average, 10.6 cm. Width: maximum, 9.1 cm.; minimum, 7.1 cm.; average, 7.9 cm. Thickness: maximum, 8.8 cm.; minimum, 6.5 cm.; average, 7.7 cm.
316
Fig. 115. Pestles, a-c, e, f, multifaced type; d, g, angular type. Length of g, 23.1 cm.
317
METATES (Figs. 116-118)
(a) Slab type, large slab, generally rectangular or oval in outline with flat
or slightly concave upper surface; bottom and sides of slab un- worked; grinding surface usually smooth, sometimes pecked 8
From Pit-houses C, E, I, K, M, N, O
Length: maximum, 54.0 cm.; minimum, 27.0 cm.; average, 40.4 cm.
Width: maximum, 41.0 cm.; minimum, 21.1 cm.; average, 31.8 cm.
Thickness: maximum, 13.1 cm.; minimum, 6.0 cm.; average, 11.0 cm.
(b) Basin type with secondary depression; unshaped blocks of stone with
grinding surface worn to slight depression; small round cup-shaped
hole in center of basin, bottom and sides of boulder usually unaltered;
one specimen with basin grinding surface on both sides (Fig. 120) . . 4 From Pit-houses C, M, N
Length: maximum, 50.1 cm.; minimum, 33.3 cm.; average, 40.5 cm. Width: maximum, 40.2 cm.; minimum, 31.0 cm.; average, 35.6 cm. Thickness: maximum, 18.0 cm.; minimum, 9.1 cm.; average, 14.3 cm. Dimensions of cup-shaped hole:
Diameter: maximum, 10.8 cm.; minimum, 8.0 cm.; average, 10.3 cm.
Depth: maximum, 6.0 cm.; minimum, 2.6 cm.; average, 4.2 cm.
(c) Trough type, open at one end only, unshaped oval or rectangular blocks
of stone with trough-shaped grinding surface open at one end only;
trough slopes up at closed end; sides of trough curve slightly; mano
rest groove on shelf at closed end (Figs. 116, 117) 21
From Pit-houses E, F, H, I, M, N, O, Surface House 1 Length: maximum, 54.0 cm.; minimum, 40.8 cm.; average, 46.9 cm. Width: maximum, 43.0 cm.; minimum, 26.0 cm.; average, 35.7 cm. Thickness: maximum, 19.0 cm.; minimum, 5.0 cm.; average, 12.2 cm. Dimensions of trough:
Length: maximum, 37.0 cm.; minimum, 30.3 cm.; average, 34.1 cm.
Width: maximum, 26.0 cm.; minimum, 19.0 cm.; average, 22.8 cm.
Depth: maximum, 11.0 cm.; minimum, 1.0 cm.; average, 4.0 cm. Dimensions of mano rest groove:
Length: maximum, 16.2 cm.; minimum, 8.0 cm.; average, 12.8 cm.
Width: maximum, 8.0 cm.; minimum, 3.8 cm.; average, 6.1 cm.
Depth: less than 1.0 cm.
(d) Trough type open at both ends, made from symmetrical slabs with
trough-shaped grinding surface open at both ends; bottom of trough pecked, flat; sides rounded (Fig. 118) 3
From Pit-house C, Surface House 1
Lengths, 50.5, 43.7, 42.0 cm.; widths, 39.5, 28.0, 21.1 cm.; thicknesses, 11.1, 7.7, 12.0 cm.
Dimensions of troughs:
Lengths same as those of metates, see above; widths, 26.3, 17.7, 20.0 cm.; depths, 8.0, 0.5, 0.5 cm.
318
Fig. 116. Trough type metate, trough open at one end only. Length, 50 1 cm.
319
Fig. 117. Trough type metate, trough open at one end only; groove for mano rest in shelf above trough. Length, 40.8 cm.
320
Fig. 118. Trough type metate, trough open at both ends. Length, 50.5 cm.
321
SMALL, METATE-LIKE GRINDING STONES (Fig. 119)
Small slabs of stone, asymmetrical in outline; with single flat or slightly con- cave grinding surface inclined at slight angle to bottom of slab; grinding sur- face generally smooth, occasionally pecked or striated lengthwise
From Pit-houses C, E, M, N, Surface House 1
Length: maximum, 32.0 cm.; minimum, 20.3 cm.; average, 23.8 cm.
Width: maximum, 17.0 cm.; minimum, 9.6 cm.; average, 15.1 cm.
Thickness: maximum, 8.0 cm.; minimum, 5.5 cm.; average, 6.1 cm.
322
Fig. 119. Small, metate-like grinding stones. Length of lower specimen, 23.5 cm.
323
MORTARS (Figs. 120, 121)
(a) Boulder type (see metate of basin type with secondary depression)
(Fig. 120) 4
(b) Pebble type, large roundish pebble; exterior unworked, deep cup-
shaped depression pecked in center of one face (Fig. 121) 1
From Pit-house F
Length, 28.0 cm.; width, 20.5 cm.; thickness, 16.2 cm.
Diameter of depression, 17.4 cm.; depth, 10.4 cm.
(c) Slab type, angular slab with shallow cup-shaped depression in each
face; other surfaces rough 1
From Pit-house M
Length, 19.4 cm.; width, 12.7 cm.; thickness, 6.2 cm.
Diameters of depressions, 8.7, 6.5 cm.
324
Fig. 120. Boulder mortar. Length, 50.1 cm.
325
Fig. 121. Pebble mortar. Length, 28 cm.
326
STONE BOWL
(Not illustrated)
Section of stone bowl, exterior worked smooth; interior somewhat rough 1
From Pit-house O
Length (fragment); width (fragment); thickness, 2.2 cm.
Depth of interior, 3.3 cm.
STONE BALL
(Not illustrated)
Small round pebble with worked surfaces 1
From Pit-house N Diameter, 4.9 cm.
327
WORKED STONE SLABS (Fig. 122)
(a) Thin stone slabs, irregular or rectangular in outline; edges and sur-
faces worked; surfaces generally smooth 5
From Pit-houses C, G, J
Length: maximum, 42.1 cm.; minimum, 20.0 cm.; average, 35.4 cm. Width: maximum, 35.7 cm.; minimum, 17.0 cm.; average, 30.4 cm. Thickness: maximum, 5.8 cm.; minimum, 1.5 cm.; average, 3.0 cm.
(b) Thin stone slabs, circular in outline, with chipped edges and worked
surfaces 4
From Pit-houses D, M, Surface House 1
Diameters, 35.8, 35.8, 43.1, 30.0 cm.; thicknesses, 2.5, 2.5, 4.5, 4.9 cm.
328
Fig. 122. Circular worked slab. Diameter, 35.8 cm.
329
POLISHING STONES (Fig. 123)
Oval or roundish in outline, with one or more smooth, flat, polishing surfaces ... 36 From Pit-houses C, D, F, G, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, Surface House 1 Length: maximum, 7.7 cm.; minimum, 4.2 cm.; average, 5.6 cm. Width: maximum, 5.7 cm.; minimum, 2.6 cm.; average, 3.9 cm. Thickness: maximum, 3.2 cm.; minimum, 1.2 cm.; average, 2.1 cm. Materials: Limestone, quartzite, andesite, rhyolite
330
Fig. 123. Polishing stones. Length of lower right specimen, 6.2 cm.
331
HAMMERSTONES (Fig. 124)
Battered and pitted pebbles mostly of round and angular shapes 16
From Pit-houses C, E, G, H, J, L, N, O, Surface House 1 Length: maximum, 10.6 cm.; minimum, 5.8 cm.; average, 7.8 cm. Width: maximum, 10.3 cm.; minimum, 5.4 cm.; average, 6.6 cm. Thickness: maximum, 7.5 cm.; minimum, 4.7 cm.; average, 5.8 cm.
332
Fig. 124. A series of hammerstones, graded from angular to smooth. Length of lower left specimen, 7.4 cm.
333
MAULS (Fig. 125)
(a) Oval in outline, encircled by full groove five-eighths of distance from used
end; used end battered, poll roughly flat 1
From Pit-house N
Length, 14.5 cm.; width, 9.2 cm.; thickness, 7.8 cm.
(b) Rectangular in outline and cross section; three-quarters grooved around
middle; ends roughly flat (Fig. 125, c) 1
From Pit-house D
Length, 10.1 cm.; width, 7.1 cm.; thickness, 6.8 cm.
Materials: Limestone, basalt
AX
(Fig. 125)
Short, three-quarters grooved type; grooved two-thirds of distance from cutting edge to poll; poll short, round and battered; cutting edge battered and blunted; longitudinal groove along one side (Fig. 125, e) 1
From Pit-house K
Length, 9.8 cm.; width, 8.2 cm.; thickness, 4.6 cm.
Material: Basalt
CHIPPED MAULS (Fig. 125)
Roughly oval, rounded pebbles with notched edges and crude percussion
chipping on all surfaces (Fig. 125, b, d, f) 3
From Pit-houses I, J, M
Lengths, 14.3, 9.2, 9.6 cm.; widths, 11.4, 7.3, 6.1 cm.; thicknesses, 8.0, 5.9, 3.4
cm. Material: Rhyolite
CHIPPED AX
(Fig. 125)
Roughly rectangular in outline; sides notched; some surfaces and cutting
edges crudely chipped (Fig. 125, a) 1
From Pit-house F
Length, 16.8 cm.; width, 8.6 cm.; thickness, 6.3 cm.
Material: Rhyolite
334
•■-' ^^H
Fig. 125. Grooved and notched tools, a, notched ax; c, three-quarters grooved maul; e, three-quarters grooved ax; b, d, f, chipped, notched mauls. Length of e, 9.8 cm.
335
PIPES (Fig. 126)
(a) Tubular type, tapering slightly from larger bowl end to smaller stem
end; greatest diameter about seven-eighths of distance from stem end; central perforation through pipe is narrower in middle of pipe (Fig. 126, b,c) 2
From Pit-houses D, K
Diameters, 2.7, 5.1 cm.; lengths, 4.0 cm., (fragment).
(b) Conical type, tapering from large bowl end to small stem end; greatest
diameter at bowl end; central perforation through pipe narrowest close to stem end (Fig. 126, d) 1
From Pit-house M
Diameter, 3.9 cm.; length, 5.8 cm.
Diameter of bowl interior, 3.2 cm.
Diameter of perforation near stem end, 0.5 cm.
(c) Cylinder, one end flat, the other end slightly rounded; tapers slightly
from flat to rounded end; possibly blank for tubular pipe (Fig. 126, a) 1 From Pit-house M
Length, 9.9 cm.; width, 4.7 cm.; thickness, 3.7 cm. Materials: Sandstone, scoria
336
Fig. 126. Pipes (b-d) and cylinder pipe blank(?) (a). Length of d, 5.8 cm.
337
PROJECTILE POINTS (Fig. 127)
(a) Triangular in outline, with serrated edges and concave base (Fig.
127, d) 1
From Pit-house E
Length, 3.5 cm.; width, 1.5 cm.; thickness, 0.6 cm.
(b) Triangular or short leaf-shaped in outline, with slightly convex edges
and straight base (Fig. 127, a) 1
From Pit-house E
Length, 3.5 cm.; width, 1.8 cm.; thickness, 0.4 cm.
(c) Triangular in outline; lateral notched at right angles to long axis;
base straight, one edge serrated (Fig. 127, /) 1
From Pit-house L
Length, 2.3 cm.; width, 1.4 cm.; thickness, 0.3 cm.
(d) Short, triangular in outline, diagonal notched, with narrow stem taper-
ing to a point (Fig. 127, g) 1
From Pit-house J
Length, 2.6 cm.; width, 1.7 cm.; thickness, 0.4 cm.
(e) Lateral notched, expanding stem narrower than shoulder; slightly
convex edges, and slightly concave to straight base (Fig. 127, e) . . 1 From Pit-house M Length, 4.6 cm.; width, 1.8 cm.; thickness, 0.3 cm.
(f) Notched, with long, wide, straight stem and straight edges (Fig. 127, i) 1 From Pit-house O
Length, 5.2 cm.; width, 2.5 cm.; thickness, 0.5 cm.
(g) Roughly leaf-shaped in outline; edges slightly convex, basal portion
broken off (Fig. 127, c) 1
From Pit-house M
Length (fragment); width, 2.1 cm.; thickness, 0.5 cm. Materials: Basalt, obsidian, chert
DRILLS
(Fig. 127)
(a) Long slender point with wide flanged base (Fig. 127, b) 1
From Pit-house M
Length, 5.0 cm.; width, 1.6 cm.; thickness, 0.6 cm.
(b) Broad thin flake chipped to point at one end; plano-convex in cross
section; convex surface only chipped; one sharp edge shows use as a knife also (Fig. 127, h) 1
From Pit-house L
Length, 5.9 cm.; width, 4.1 cm.; thickness, 1.2 cm. Material: Flint
338
Fig. 127. Projectile points (miscellaneous types), a, c-g, i; drills, b, h. Length of i, 5.2 cm.
339
KNIVES (Fig. 128)
(a) Random flake; any suitable thin flake slightly chipped along one
edge generally through use; no regularity of outline (Fig. 128, a, c, e, g) 32
From Pit-houses D, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, Surface House 1
Length: maximum, 6.4 cm.; minimum, 2.2 cm.; average, 4.8 cm.
Width: maximum, 5.3 cm.; minimum, 1.7 cm.; average, 3.1 cm.
Thickness: maximum, 1.5 cm.; minimum, 0.4 cm.; average, 0.9 cm.
(b) Blades; unnotched fragments with curved edges and secondary
chipping on all major surfaces (Fig. 128, b, d, f, h) 4
From Pit-houses K, L, M, N
Lengths (all fragments); widths, 2.8, 2.4, 3.3, 2.4 cm.; thicknesses,
0.6, 0.8, 0.7, 0.8 cm.
Materials: Rhyolite, quartz-agate, chert, obsidian
340
Fig. 128. Knives, a, c, e, g, random flake type; b, d, f, h, blades. Length of g, 4.5 cm.
341
SCRAPERS (Fig. 129)
(a) Side scrapers; random thick flakes with percussion chipping on one
or more surfaces and poorly directed retouch (possibly from use) along one or more edges; generally elongated, but no regularity of outline (Fig. 129, a-c, e, g) 33
From Pit-houses D, J, K, L, M, N, Surface House 1
Length: maximum, 11.4 cm.; minimum, 4.3 cm.; average, 6.8 cm.
Width: maximum, 8.2 cm.; minimum, 3.2 cm.; average, 4.7 cm.
Thickness: maximum, 4.6 cm.; minimum, 1.1 cm.; average, 2.1 cm.
(b) Hollow-edged scrapers; random thick flakes with one or more deep
indentations chipped into the edge (Fig. 129, /, h) 3
From Pit-houses L, N, Surface House 1
Lengths, 4.8, 6.4, 7.4 cm.; widths, 2.2, 4.5, 7.2 cm.; thicknesses, 1.1,
1.6, 2.6 cm.
(c) End scraper; small random flake, thumb-nail shape, one end steeply
chipped (Fig. 129, d) 1
From Pit-house L
Length, 3.9 cm.; width, 2.7 cm.; thickness, 0.7 cm. Materials: Rhyolite, quartzite, flint
342
Fig. 129. Scrapers, a-c, e, g, side scrapers; d, end scraper; /, h, hollow-edged scrapers. Length of g, 7.1 cm.
343
CHOPPERS (Fig. 130)
Large angular core implements having one or more sides flaked to a sharp wedge-shaped cutting edge 3
From Pit-house C, Surface House 1
Lengths, 8.8, 7.5, 9.9 cm.; widths, 6.7, 7.0, 8.9 cm.; thicknesses, 5.1, 5.1, 7.9 cm.
Material: Rhyolite
344
Fig. 130. Choppers. Length of lower specimen, 9.9 cm.
345
HOES (Fig. 131)
Thin plates of stone roughly oblong in outline; broad ends chipped to edge and
then worn smooth 2
From Pit-houses G, M
Lengths (fragments); widths, 12.1, 11.4 cm.; thicknesses, 0.8, 1.4 cm.
Material: Basalt
PENDANT (Not illustrated)
Tabular type, rectangular in outline, perforated near one end . From Pit-house L
Length, 1.0 cm.; width, 0.6 cm.; thickness, 0.3 cm. Material: Turquoise
346
Fig. 131. Hoe fragments. Width of lower specimen, 11.4 cm.
347
BONE FLESHER
(Fig. 132, a)
Section of long bone split in half; head intact except for splitting; other end
roughly beveled
From Pit-house C
Length, 17.4 cm.
Material: Odocoileus hemionus (mule deer)
BONE NEEDLE (Fig. 132, b)
Flat section of split long bone ground and polished smooth; small hole drilled at blunt end for eye; drilled from both sides; bodkin-like in form; tip dull, flat, rounded 1
From Pit-house F
Length, 22.0 cm.
BONE TUBE
(Fig. 132, c)
Short section of hollow long bone
From Pit-house I
Length, 3.5 cm.; width, 3.8 cm.
Material: Odocoileus (deer)
PENDANT
(Fig. 132, d)
Thin curved section of shell perforated at one end .
From Surface House 1
Length, 4.8 cm.; width, 0.4 cm.; thickness, 0.3 cm.
BRACELET
(Not illustrated)
Thin sections of shell; possibly represent edge of shell
From Pit-houses C, I
Lengths (fragments); widths, 0.4 cm.
BONE DIE
(Fig. 132, e)
Lenticular slip of antler with hachured lines scratched on one surface .
From Pit-house K
Length, 4.3 cm.; width, 1.1 cm.; thickness, 0.6 cm.
Material: Odocoileus (fragment of deer antler)
348
Fig. 132. Flesher (a), needle (6), tube (c), pendant (d), die (e). Length of e, 4.3 cm.
349
BONE AWLS (Fig. 133)
(a) Head of bone intact; shaft cut to point (Fig. 133, a, b) 2
From Pit-houses M, N
Lengths, 5.6, 4.1 cm.
Materials: Lepus (jack rabbit), Sylvilagus (cottontail rabbit)
(b) Head of bone unworked except by original splitting; other end ground
and polished to sharp point; two have side notch; made from long bones split in half (Fig. 133, c, d) 5
From Pit-houses C, H, I, M
Lengths, 10.1, 13.7, 10.2 cm. (others fragmentary)
Material: Odocoileus (deer)
(c) Head of bone almost wholly removed; other end ground, polished and
tapered to sharp point; made from long bones split into quarters (Fig. 133, e, f) 8
From Pit-houses I, M, N, C
Length: maximum, 17.0 cm.; minimum, 8.4 cm.; average, 13.7 cm.
Materials: Odocoileus (deer), Canis (dog)
(d) Head of bone removed, other end ground and polished to sharp point;
made from split long bone (Fig. 133, g, h) 2
From Pit-houses C, I
Length, 14.6 cm. (other specimen fragmentary)
(e) Splinter type; bone splinter ground and polished to point (Fig. 133, j) . 1 From Pit-house M
Length, 7.0 cm.
(f) Points of bone awls made from split long bone: all fragments (Fig.
133, i) 7
From Pit-houses C, F, I, M Range in length: 3.3 to 8.9 cm. Materials: Odocoileus (deer), Canis (dog)
DATA ON UNWORKED BONE FRAGMENTS
Odocoileus sp. (deer) : 37 fragments from 8 houses
Lepus sp. (jack rabbit) : 8 fragments from 1 house
Meleagris gallopavo (turkey) : 6 fragments from 5 houses
Canis familiaris (domestic dog) : 4 fragments from 2 houses
Sylvilagus (cottontail rabbit) : 5 fragments from 3 houses
Thomomys sp. (pocket gopher) : 2 fragments from 2 houses
Cynomys sp. (prairie dog) : 2 fragments from 1 house
Colinus sp. (quail) : 1 fragment from 1 house
Cervus americanus (elk): 1 fragment from 1 house
Branta canadensis (Canadian goose) : 1 fragment from 1 house
Bison: 2 fragments from 1 house
Neotoma sp. (wood rat): 1 fragment from 1 house
Total of identifiable fragments 70
Unidentified bone fragments 16
The rabbit bone fragments represent at least six individuals. Although a few fragments of young rabbit and deer bone were found, the majority of the bone fragments are those of adult individuals. The deer bone fragments represent at least six individuals. Seven fragments of human bone were recovered from Pit- houses I and M.
350
&
«
351
WORKED SHERDS (Fig. 134, b-d, f-n)
(a) Small pottery disks with edges ground smooth (Fig. 134, d, h, I, n) . . 21 From Pit-houses C, G, I, K, L, M, N, O
Diameter: maximum, 8.0 cm.; minimum, 2.1 cm.; average, 4.6 cm. Thickness: maximum, 0.7 cm.; minimum, 0.3 cm.; average, 0.5 cm. Materials: Alma Plain, Reserve Smudged, Mogollon Red-on-Brown, Mimbres Bold Face Black-on-White
(b) Pottery disks with edges ground smooth and hole drilled through the
center; generally hole drilled from both sides (Fig. 134, c, g, j, k) . . 7 From Pit-houses C, D, I, K
Diameter: maximum, 6.4 cm.; minimum, 4.0 cm.; average, 5.1 cm. Thickness: maximum, 0.6 cm.; minimum, 0.5 cm.; average, 0.5 cm. Materials: Alma Plain, Reserve Smudged, Three Circle Red-on- White
(c) Oval sherds with edges ground smooth (Fig. 134, i, m) 2
From Pit-houses G, K
Lengths, 5.3, 3.0 cm.; widths, 4.3, 2.5 cm.; thicknesses, 0.6, 0.4 cm. Material: Alma Plain
(d) Sherds with one edge ground smooth at sharp angle to concave surface
forming bevel; possibly rubbing tools (Fig. 134, b, /) 2
From Pit-house I
Lengths, 4.2, 4.6 cm.; widths, 3.2, 2.8 cm.; thicknesses, 0.6, 0.5 cm.
Material: Alma Plain
HUMAN FIGURINE (Fig. 134, a)
Head and shoulders molded; no neck represented; "coffee bean" eyes; no
mouth or nose represented; clay coarsely tempered 1
From Pit-house L
Length (fragment); width, 3.5 cm.; thickness, 1.3 cm.
MINIATURE LADLES (Fig. 134, e)
Bowl portion roughly round, handle rod-like 2
From Pit-houses C, L
Lengths (fragment), 4.2 cm.; widths, 1.8, 2.2 cm.; thicknesses, 1.2, 1.0 cm.
352
Fig. 134. Baked clay artifacts, a, figurine; e, miniature ladle; remainder, worked sherds. Length of n, 8 cm.
353
UNWORKED STONE (Fig. 135)
Pigments: Lumps of malachite, turquoise, limonite 3
From Pit-houses C, L
Crystals: Hexagonal quartz crystals 4
From Pit-houses C, F
Ceremonial objectsf?): Roughly mushroom-shaped erosion remnants 4
From Pit-houses C, I, K
354
Fig. 135. Ceremonial objects(?). Length of lower specimen, 18.5 cm.
355
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IV. POTTERY
CULINARY POTTERY
The textured, corrugated and plain ware pottery types in the Turkey Foot Ridge Village correspond closely to the types found during the previous seasons at the Twin Bridges site and to those recovered from the Three Circle phase pit-houses at the SU site. These types (listed below and in Table 12, pp. 377-388) have been described; and the sherds from the Turkey Foot Ridge Village, as classified, fit within the range of the published descriptions. The predominant plain wares at this village are Alma Plain and San Francisco Red (for detailed descriptions of these types see Haury, 1936b, pp. 28-35). Other derivative types of Alma Plain found, also described by Haury (1936b, pp. 35-39), were Alma Neck Banded, Three Circle Neck Corrugated, and Alma Scored. These, like Reserve Smudged, Incised Corrugated, and Alma Rough, appear as minority types.
The sequence of pottery types for the various phases at the Turkey Foot Ridge Village follows closely the sequence established by Haury at the Harris and Mogollon villages, and by Nesbitt at the Starkweather Village (see Haury, 1936a, pp. 93-103, and Nesbitt, 1938, pp. 79-83), although it may appear to differ in minor respects. In particular it is to be noted that Reserve Smudged, Incised Corru- gated, and Alma Rough are not listed in the series for these villages, although they are listed for the Turkey Foot Ridge Village. How- ever, Reserve Smudged was certainly included in the Alma Plain category for these villages because it is a derivative type of Alma Plain. Indicative of this is Haury's statement in his description of Alma Plain, where he says (1936b, p. 32), "Smudging occurs rarely in bowl interiors," and again in his Forestdale report (1940, pp. 87-88), "In the Harris and Mogollon villages smudging on the basic Alma Plain type was very rare, but its occurrence there . . . was as early as the Georgetown Phase." Reserve Smudged as a type per se has never been described in detail. It is an early variant or antecedent of Nesbitt's Reserve Plain (see Nesbitt, 1938, p. 139), but it lacks the indented corrugated fillet rim of Nesbitt's type. It
359
360 PINE LAWN VALLEY, WESTERN NEW MEXICO
should be noted here that we list a very rare type called Reserve Fillet Rim, a type that is apparently the antecedent of Tula- rosa Fillet Rim and can be differentiated only because it has a plain corrugated or banded fillet rather than the indented cor- rugated fillet of the later type. The smudged interiors of these bowls, like those of Reserve Smudged, are polished, sometimes to a high glossy finish. Reserve Smudged appears earliest in the Pine Lawn Valley in the San Francisco phase. (Although some earlier Alma Plain sherds have black interiors they are not polished and it is believed that this smudging is due to a fire cloud or other accidental source.) This type gradually increased in popularity during the Three Circle phase and by the beginning of the Reserve phase it was more popular than San Francisco Red.
Incised Corrugated is a late minor variant or derivative of Three Circle Neck Corrugated. It is simply Three Circle Neck Corrugated that has been incised over the fillets or corrugations. This incising generally forms a diagonal pattern. Nesbitt (1938, PI. 38) illustrates this type although he does not describe it. Haury does not mention it as a separate type, but he mentions (1936b, p. 36) the frequent tooling of the lowest coil on the neck, which would indicate that the practice of decoration by tooling was not confined to Alma Incised and Alma Punctate even at the Harris and Mogollon villages. However, the occurrence of Incised Corru- gated was relatively rare even in the latest houses of the Turkey Foot Ridge Site and this may account for the lack of specific mention of this type in Haury's reports.
Alma Rough is a type that was not recognized at the time that the investigations of the Mogollon, Harris, and Starkweather villages were made, so it seems highly probable that the few sherds of this type (see Martin, 1940 and 1943, for description) that might have occurred in the San Francisco phase and Three Circle phase houses at those villages would have been classified as Alma Plain at that time.
The pottery complex of Pit-house G, on the other hand, differs from the "standard" Georgetown phase pottery complex by lacking textured or corrugated sherds. Alma Plain and San Francisco Red were the only two plain wares from this house. In this respect it corresponds to Pit-house C, Starkweather. Furthermore, it is very little out of line even with the other houses of the Georgetown phase for which there are published pottery counts. Out of the nine Georgetown phase houses for which we have these counts, the largest
Fig. 136. Bowl and jar forms, culinary pottery, a-d, Reserve Smudged; e, g, Alma Plain; /, Alma Scored, d from San Francisco phase; remainder from Three Circle phase.
361
362 PINE LAWN VALLEY, WESTERN NEW MEXICO
number of textured sherds found was eight and the average was four sherds per house.
In so far as could be determined from large sherds, rim sherds and restorable vessels, all the shapes (Fig. 136) represented in the collection of culinary pottery have been previously reported. As stated above, the paste, surface finish, treatment and the like of these culinary wares are identical with the published descriptions.
PAINTED POTTERY
The painted wares were minority types at the Turkey Foot Ridge Village. On the other hand, although they represented only a small proportion of the total sherds from the village, they were abundant enough numerically to constitute a significant sample. There were recovered more than two hundred sherds of Mogollon Red-on-Brown, and more than seven hundred sherds of Three Circle Red-on- White. In all characteristics such as paste, surface treatment, color and design these types fall within the range described by Haury (1936b, pp. 10-28).
Together these decorated types present a sequence that exhibits unusual unity in design development. Indicative of this unity is the fact that most of the principal design elements such as medium lines, solid triangles, and sawteeth (see Figs. 137, q-t, and 138, a-h) were used on all three types in very similar combinations. The most common of these combinations is that of solid triangles bordered by parallel lines (see Fig. 137, m-t).
A tabulation of the frequency of decorated sherds bearing various design elements shows differences indicative of certain trends in the use of these design elements (see Fig. 139 and Table 10, p. 366) ; for example, the greater frequency of sawtooth design elements on Mimbres Bold Face Black-on- White and Three Circle Red-on- White sherds would seem to indicate that this element was coming into greater use on the later pottery types; also, the greater frequency of sherds of Mogollon Red-on-Brown decorated only with parallel lines, in comparison with the lesser frequency of the same element on Three Circle Red-on- White and Mimbres Bold Face Black-on- White suggests that simple linear design was falling into disuse on the later types, perhaps being supplanted by the greater use of solids and open space, as Haury has indicated (1936b, p. 23).
At a few points, gaps in the information furnished by the Turkey Foot Ridge pottery are filled by the data on the Mogollon Village pottery; for example, Haury (1936b, Fig. 4, c, /, m) illustrates
POTTERY
363
Fig. 137. Sequence of Mogollon pottery design, a, e, i, m, q, Mogollon Red-on-Brown; b, f, j, n, r, Three Circle Red-on-White; c, g, k, o, s, Mimbres Bold Face Black-on- White; d, h, I, p, t, Mimbres Black-on-White.
diamond cross-hatching, checkerboard and the spiral on Mogollon Red-on-Brown sherds. This occurrence suggests that these ele- ments came into use earlier than is indicated by the Turkey Foot Ridge pottery. In this connection it should be noted that the spirals on the Three Circle Red-on-White pottery are generally of the non-interlocking variety (Fig. 137, j); whereas the spirals on
364
PINE LAWN VALLEY, WESTERN NEW MEXICO
1
« w
*
m
Fig. 138. Sequence of Mogollon pottery design, a, e, i, Mogollon Red-on- Brown; b, f, j, m-o, Three Circle Red-on- White; c, d, g, k, p, q, r, Mimbres Bold Face Black-on-White; h, I, Mimbres Black-on-White.
the Mimbres Bold Face Black-on-White are generally of the inter- locking variety (Haury, 1936b, PL II, e). This would seem to sub- stantiate Haury's statement (1936b, p. 24) that the interlocking spiral is a late importation from either the Anasazi or the Hohokam. Further evidence of the unity of Mimbres pottery design develop- ment is furnished by the development of a common design element
Fig. 139. Frequency of design elements on three early Mogollon pottery types.
365
366 PINE LAWN VALLEY, WESTERN NEW MEXICO
on early Mimbres Black-on- White. This element is a white zigzag stripe formed by two opposed sawtooth-edged solid triangles (Fig. 137, d). This negative zigzag probably had its original source in a combination of elements appearing on Mogollon Red-on-Brown. On this type we have two series of fairly large opposed pendent triangles spaced about half an inch apart (Fig. 137, a, e). On a later variant of this design a reduction was made in the size of the tri- angles in series and the line joining their bases was made much thicker, thus forming either a sawtooth-edged band or a sawtooth edge on a much larger solid triangle (Fig. 137, /, g). Later still, these opposed sawtooth-edged elements appear on Three Circle Red-on-White and Mimbres Bold Face Black-on- White, but are still rather widely spaced so as to form between them a sawtooth- edged white band rather than a zigzag (Fig. 137, b, c). However, on Mimbres Classic Black-on-White — the last of the Mimbres painted series — these sawtooth-edged elements are so closely spaced that they form this negative zigzag between them (Fig. 137, d, h) . Thus it may be seen that there was a consistent and persistent tradition of pottery design not only in pattern and combination of elements but also in the use of certain elements to the exclusion of others.
Table 10. — Frequency of Design Elements of Three Mogollon Pottery Types
|
Mogollon |
Three Circle |
Mimbres Bold Face |
||||
|
Red-on |
-Brown |
Red-on-White |
Black-* |
on-White |
||
|
Design Element |
No. |
% |
No. |
% |
No. |
% |
|
Parallel medium lines |
. 145 |
64.44 |
356 |
49.85 |
252 |
44.05 |
|
Solid triangles |
. 50 |
22.22 |
127 |
16.38 |
132 |
23.07 |
|
Sawteeth |
. 16 |
7.11 |
100 |
14.00 |
77 |
13.46 |
|
Spirals |
24 |
3.36 |
38 |
6.64 |
||
|
Sawtooth-edged solids . . . |
1 |
0.44 |
43 |
6.02 |
34 |
5.94 |
|
Zigzag |
50 |
7.00 |
29 |
5.06 |
||
|
Diamond cross-hatching. . |
11 |
1.54 |
5 |
0.87 |
||
|
Checkerboard |
10 |
1.40 |
4 |
0.69 |
||
|
Pennants |
7 |
3.11 |
2 |
0.28 |
1 |
0.17 |
|
Ticked triangles |
6 . 225 |
2.66 |
1 724 |
0.14 |
572 |
|
|
Totals |
99.98 |
99.97 |
99.95 |
Occasionally Three Circle Red-on-White vessels were painted on both interior and exterior surfaces. Rim and neck sherds collected indicate that some of the vessels so painted were wide-mouthed jars. Although body sherds with designs on both exterior and in- terior are common, we lack sherds that show enough of the vessel profile to tell us whether the jars were painted only on the inside of the neck and rim or all over the interior. It is possible that all the body sherds in this group come from bowls that could be painted
POTTERY 367
all over on both exterior and interior without the technical difficulty that would be encountered in painting the interior of a jar.
Another result of this design analysis was to find additional evidence for the differentiation between earlier and later variants of Mimbres Bold Face Black-on-White, which Haury mentions briefly (1936b, p. 24). The "early" variant of Mimbres Bold Face Black-on-White is, as Haury states, "decidedly reminiscent of Mogollon Red-on-Brown." However, this study has shown that it is even more like late Three Circle Red-on-White. In fact, the differentiation between the border-line specimens of Three Circle Red-on-White and Mimbres Bold Face Black-on-White was made almost entirely on the basis of the color of the paste, decoration, and slip, because these specimens were so similar in their other charac- teristics. (For a comparative description of early Mimbres decorated types see Table 11, pp. 368, 369.) The "early" variety of Mimbres Bold Face Black-on-White frequently has a chocolate-brown-on-white or a brownish-black-on-white decoration, whereas the "later" variant is generally decorated in solid black elements on a white background. The design of this later variant is characterized by narrower, more even lines and by fewer solid elements than are found on the "early" variant. The "late" variant appeared in a decided minority at the Turkey Foot Ridge Village. This may account for the fact that no wavy hatching was found on any of the sherds of this variant in our collection, although it was apparently very common on "late" Mimbres Bold Face Black-on-White from sites such as the Harris Village and the S warts Ruin.
Some sherds of Mimbres Black-on-White were recovered from the fill of Pit-houses C, K, and L. It is believed that these sherds came from a small ruined pueblo situated between these pit-houses. These Mimbres Black-on-White sherds are for the most part deco- rated with geometric designs. Many of them are of the style in which the white of the background slip stands out in a design rather than the painted black design elements, thus resulting in "negative" white broad lines, zigzags and the like.
Only three sherds bearing naturalistic designs were recovered. One of these designs represents a fish, another possibly a lizard, and the third is too small a fragment to determine what might be repre- sented.
INTRUSIVE POTTERY TYPES
In the fill of several of the pit-houses were found several black and white sherds foreign to the Reserve area (listed in the pottery
TABLE 11.— COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CHARACTERISTICS OF MOGOLLON POTTERY*
San Lorenzo Red-on-Brown Mogollon Red-on-Brown
Temper White crushed rock Smaller, fewer white particles
Round quartz grains, minute to large Quartz grains more frequent
Paste Color Dark gray core changes to reddish Core light gray merging to reddish brown near surface brown near surface
Hardness Hardness 3.5-4.0 Hardness 3.5-4.5
Fracture Fracture devious, edges ragged Fracture devious as in San Lorenzo
Interior Surface Finish Bowl interiors scraped, rubbed, tool Unslipped variant as in San Lorenzo polished but better polished
Slip Unslipped Slipped variant scraped but not polished
Background Color Brownish background Light brown to pinkish brown
Exterior Surface Finish Exterior dented, lightly polished over Bowl exterior dented or smooth, slipped, slip. Polish marks show as bright Polished with tool strokes parallel to streaks rim
Exterior Slip Thinly divided red hematite slip Red hematite slip
Fire Clouds
Fire clouds prevalent
Vessel Shapes Bowls only known Bowls have outcurving sides
Lip Form Both sharp and rounded lips Both sharp and rounded lips
Jar bodies rounded. Bowl to jar ratio 35:1
Color of Design Elements Decoration pigment reddish-brown, Same as San Lorenzo same as exterior slip
Design Layout Entire interior decorated, slip from ex- All-over patterns
terior forms framing line at rim. Rectilinear design Quartered field
Brushwork Lines both broad and narrow set far Brushwork improved but not precise apart
Polishing over Decoration Polishing over decoration Polishing over decoration
* Information in part from Haury (1936b).
368
TABLE 11.— COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CHARACTERISTICS OF MOGOLLON POTTERY— continued
Three Circle Red-on-White Mimbres Bold Face Black-on-White
Temper Heterogeneous, fine Coarse, angular, soft
Some rounded quartz
Paste Color Dark to light brown Gray changes to dull white toward
surface
Hardness Hardness 4.0-5.0 Hardness 4.0-4.5
Fracture Fracture less devious than in Mogollon Fracture as in Three Circle Red-on- Red-on-Brown White
Interior Surface Finish Bowl interiors scored from scraping, Well smoothed before slipped slip added
Slip Well polished, sometimes crackled; tends Thick, chalky, more tenacious, occa- to flake off sionally crackled
Background Color Ivory to pinkish; turns to gray when Light to dark gray improperly fired
Exterior Surface Finish Exterior scraped, lightly polished, quite Same as in Red-on-White, but finger rough, coils occasionally traceable. denting and slipping never occur
Finger denting rare and faint
Exterior Slip About half of bowls have reddish-brown Unslipped brown to gray, mostly slate slip; many unslipped gray
Fire Clouds Fire clouds large and common Fire clouds occur
Vessel Shapes Few outcurving bowls. Deeper, more Bowls hemispherical up to 30 cm. hemispherical bowls more common. diam. Incurved and flare rims rare
Larger than Red-on-Brown bowls
Lip Form Lips universally rounded Lips rounded or sharp
Bowl to jar ratio 6:1 Jars full bodied. Both small and large
mouths, also "seed"
Color of Design Elements Pigment appears brighter because of Black ideal decoration but chocolate light background brown by no means rare
Design Layout More solids and some open unpainted Larger unpainted zones; decorated to
areas. May not have rim band rim; narrow band at rim
Quartered field Quartered field
Brushwork Brushwork improved markedly Better brushwork
Polishing over Decoration Less polishing over decoration No polishing over decoration
369
370 PINE LAWN VALLEY, WESTERN NEW MEXICO
counts under Chacoan Black-on- White). Some of these are certainly Red Mesa Black-on- White; others might be classified as Puerco Black-on-White. Most of them are bowl fragments. The design elements on several of them are large solid black triangles with dotted edges (see Fig. 140). Longitudinal and vertical parallel lines in panels are also common. These parallel lines are narrow, but rather widely spaced. Panels of opposed solid black triangles form- ing negative diamonds between them are also common. This slip is generally a chalky white and the paste gray.
Because these sherds were found in the fill rather than the floor levels, they are of help only in placing an approximate terminal date on the occupation of the pit-houses. We do not know how much time elapsed between the day the houses were abandoned and the time they started to fill in. If we may assume that the pit-houses filled in during the time Red Mesa and Puerco Black-on-White were in use, we would place this approximate terminal date early in the tenth century. (For a discussion of the dating of the Red Mesa phase see Gladwin, 1945, pp. 59-63.)
TRENDS IN POTTERY POPULARITY
The percentages of each pottery type recovered from the floors of the pit-houses were graphed out on a separate bar graph for each house. These bar graphs were then fitted into the seriation columns of a graph showing the popularity of the various pottery types in each house of the several villages of the Mimbres Branch. The position of these houses in the graph (Fig. 141) indicates the approxi- mate chronological position within the phase of each house as well as a more complete conception of the changes in popularity of each of the various pottery types. For example, this graph shows that Alma Rough continued in use up to the latter part of the ninth century although in very small amounts and possibly as heirloom pieces. It also shows that Reserve Smudged was made as early as the latter part of the San Francisco phase and generally increased in popularity during the Three Circle phase. Furthermore, it is evident that Mogollon Red-on-Brown continued in use throughout the earlier part of the Three Circle phase, and that Three Circle Red-on- White has a similar history but continued in use up to the end of the Three Circle phase — long after Mogollon Red-on-Brown fell into disuse. Then, after a certain time lag, Mimbres Bold Face Black-on-White came into use and assumed its greatest popularity later in the Three Circle phase, some time after Three Circle Red- on- White was the most popular type. Mimbres Bold Face Black-
Fig. 140. Red Mesa and Puerco Black-on-White potsherds.
371
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374 PINE LAWN VALLEY, WESTERN NEW MEXICO
Fig. 142. Three Circle Red-on-White bowl. Diameter, 31.0 cm.
on-White became more popular as Mogollon Red-on-Brown fell into disuse. This phenomenon, wherein the increase in popularity of one type is accompanied by a decline in another, occurs throughout the time space covered by the graph. It may be seen where Alma Plain declines in popularity as the corrugated and textured types come into use, and where San Francisco Red declines in popularity as Reserve Smudged approaches its maximum frequency.
CONCLUSIONS
The principal conclusions made concerning the pottery at the Turkey Foot Ridge Village may be recapitulated as follows:
POTTERY
375
Fig. 143. Mimbres Bold Face Black-on- White bowl. Diameter, 24 cm.
(1) Reserve Smudged had a greater popularity during the San Francisco phase than was previously known or realized.
(2) A type here termed Reserve Fillet Rim, characterized by flat rather than indented corrugated fillets, first appeared during the Three Circle phase as the forerunner of Tularosa Fillet Rim.
(3) The lack of textured pottery counts from Pit-house G, Turkey Foot Ridge, and Pit-house C, Starkweather, and the scarcity of textured pottery in other houses of the Georgetown phase seems to indicate that this phase was marked by a scarcity of Alma Rough and textured pottery and a predominance of Alma Plain pottery.
376 PINE LAWN VALLEY, WESTERN NEW MEXICO
(4) The persistent popularity of certain design elements and combinations of design elements on Mogollon decorated wares of the Mimbres Branch, as indicated by their percentile frequency, reveals a more remarkable unity of development from Mogollon Red-on- Brown into Mimbres Black-on- White than was previously noted. We believe that this unusual unity of design indicates that houses at this site were occupied continuously during the San Francisco and Three Circle phases.
(5) A distinction can be made between two variants of Mimbres Bold Face Black-on- White, although the significance of this differ- ence is not yet known.
(6) Intrusive black-on-white pottery types found in the fill of some of the Three Circle phase pit-houses would place this occupa- tion of the Turkey Foot Ridge Village some time in the early tenth century.
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V. SUMMARY
As a result of the laboratory analysis of the records and artifacts from the field work of the 1948 season in New Mexico, several important observations may be emphasized and summarized here.
ARCHITECTURE
(1) During the San Francisco phase, the shape of pit-houses changed from round to rectangular (as pointed out by Haury, 1936a), although there are important exceptions: Pit-houses D and X at the SU site; B at Twin Bridges site; B and M at Turkey Foot Ridge — all of which are round. Do these exceptions indicate a conservatism that persisted through the Three Circle phase?
(2) Haury (1936a) established three principal types of roof supports in Mogollon houses: (a) Central and peripheral or marginal uprights; (6) three uprights set across long axis of house to support a ridge pole; (c) four uprights, one in each corner of house.
In addition to these three types, we found that the roof supports of some Pine Lawn Valley houses were a combination of types b and c (supra) ; that is, three uprights on each side of house and one in center (for example, Houses I, 0, and N).
(3) The houses of Georgetown, San Francisco, and Three Circle times tend to have fewer or no floor pits; instead, the San Francisco and Three Circle houses are provided with wall niches or extra- mural pits.
(4) The houses of the Pine Lawn phase average 6.2 meters in diameter, whereas those of the Three Circle phase average only 5.3 meters. Thus, there is a gradual decrease in house size in later times.
(5) In houses of the Three Circle phase (House C, first occupa- tion) and houses of the San Francisco phase (House H), kiva features were found (deflector, ventilator, fireplace, and sipapu[?]).
ARTIFACTS
(1) The primary categories of tools remained practically un- changed from the Pine Lawn phase through the Three Circle phase with the following exceptions: (a) after the Pine Lawn phase, bone
389
390 PINE LAWN VALLEY, WESTERN NEW MEXICO
pins, antler rubbers, abrading stones and bird pendants disappeared ; (b) the grooved ax put in its first appearance in the Three Circle phase, replacing the chopper.
(2) A change in grinding methods beginning in the Pine Lawn phase was noted in the decrease in the number of mortars and pestles and basin metates and an increase in the number of straight "scoop" and through-trough metates; likewise the rectangular manos (which are adapted to use with the through-trough metate) increase in frequency, while the oval manos (used for circular grinding with the basin metates) decrease.
(3) Sherd scoops appear after the Pine Lawn phase.
(4) Fewer projectile points and animal bones are found after the Pine Lawn phase. Do these observations suggest that greater dependence was placed on vegetable subsistence?
(5) In Wet Leggett Canyon, a new locus was discovered that yielded two hearths and twelve more tools of the Cochise culture.
POTTERY
(1) Reserve Smudged enjoyed a greater popularity in the San Francisco phase than heretofore.
(2) Reserve Fillet Rim appeared during the Three Circle phase and was the forerunner of Tularosa Fillet Rim.
(3) Textured and Alma Rough pottery were scarce or non-ex- istent during the Georgetown phase, and Alma Plain was the most popular.
(4) Certain design elements and combinations of these, which are present on Mogollon Red-on-Brown pottery (San Francisco phase), persist with remarkable tenacity for at least 500 years and appear in variations on all later Mogollon decorated pottery; that is, Three Circle Red-on- White, Mimbres Bold Face, and Mimbres Black-on- White. Such a clear relationship between pottery types can rarely be so easily demonstrated.
(5) It is possible to distinguish between an early variant and a late variant of Mimbres Bold Face Black-on- White, but the signifi- cance of this difference is not known.
(6) From the evidence of dated intrusive Anasazi pottery, we would date the Three Circle phase (as manifested at Turkey Foot Ridge in Pine Lawn Valley) in the early part of the tenth century.
The significance of these points just enumerated in relation to the Mogollon culture of the Pine Lawn Valley is not now entirely
SUMMARY 391
clear to us. We feel that these observations and discoveries are important and meaningful, but their complete significance will not become apparent until all phases in the Reserve, New Mexico, area have been investigated and the relationships of one phase to another have been integrated. We hope eventually to have data enough to permit us to make a synthesis of the history of Pine Lawn Valley.
These conclusions appear significant and important because of their bearing on the construction of a more realistic picture of the way of life of the Mogollon peoples, especially during those inter- mediate periods between the relatively pure early Pine Lawn phase and the later Reserve phase, when they had become adapted to the Anasazi type of life. However, the value of these observations lies not only in the way in which they illuminate the limited sector of development to which they are immediately related, but, more than that, in the light which they cast upon past and future develop- ments in the prehistory of Pine Lawn Valley — in the problems that they suggest and the vistas that they open up.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Antevs, Ernst
1941. See Sayles, E. B. and Antevs, Ernst
1949. See Martin, P. S., Rinaldo, J. B., and Antevs, E.
Bradfield, W.
1931. Cameron Creek village. El Palacio Press. Santa Fe, New Mexico.
Cosgrove, H. S. and C. B.
1932. The Swarts ruin. Papers, Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, vol. 15, No. 1.
Gladwin, H. S.
1945. The Chaco Branch. Excavations at White Mound and in the Red Mesa Valley. Gila Pueblo, Medallion Papers, No. 33. Globe, Arizona.
, Haury, E. W., Sayles, E. B., and Gladwin, N.
1937. Excavations at Snaketown. Gila Pueblo, Medallion Papers, No. 25. Globe, Arizona.
Haury, Emil W.
1936a. The Mogollon culture of southwestern New Mexico. Gila Pueblo,
Medallion Papers, No. 20. Globe, Arizona. 1936b. Some southwestern pottery types, Series IV. Gila Pueblo, Medallion
Papers, No. 19. Globe, Arizona. 1940. Excavations in the Forestdale Valley, east-central Arizona. University
of Arizona Bulletin, vol. 11, No. 4 (Social Science Bulletin No. 12).
1942. Some implications of the Bluff ruin dates. Tree-Ring Bulletin, vol. 9, No. 2. Tucson, Arizona.
and Sayles, E. B.
1947. An early pit house village of the Mogollon culture. University of Arizona Bulletin, vol. 18, No. 4.
Martin, Paul S.
1940. The SU site. Excavations at a Mogollon village, western New Mexico. Field Museum of Natural History, Anthropological Series, vol. 32, No. 1.
1943. The SU site. Excavations at a Mogollon village, western New Mexico. Field Museum of Natural History, Anthropological Series, vol. 32, No. 2.
and Rinaldo, John B.
1947. The SU site. Excavations at a Mogollon village, western New Mexico. Field Museum of Natural History, Anthropological Series, vol. 32, No. 3.
, , and Antevs, Ernst
1949. Cochise and Mogollon sites. Pine Lawn Valley, western New Mexico. Fieldiana: Anthropology, vol. 38, No. 1.
Martin, Paul S. and Willis, E. S.
1940. Anasazi painted pottery in Field Museum of Natural History. Field Museum of Natural History, Anthropology Memoirs, vol. 5.
392
BIBLIOGRAPHY 393
Nesbitt, Paul H.
1938. Starkweather ruin. Logan Museum Publications in Anthropology, Bulletin No. 6, Beloit College. Beloit, Wisconsin.
Roberts, F. H. H., Jr.
1940. Archaeological remains in the Whitewater district, eastern Arizona. Part II. Artifacts and burials. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 126.
Sayles, E. B.
1945. The San Simon Branch. Excavations at Cave Creek and in the San Simon Valley. I. Material culture. Gila Pueblo, Medallion Papers, No. 34. Globe, Arizona.
and Antevs, Ernst
1941. The Cochise culture. Gila Pueblo, Medallion Papers, No. 29. Globe, Arizona.
INDEX
Alma Incised, 360
Alma Neck Banded, 248, 359
Alma Plain, 359, 360, 374, 375, 390; jar forms, 361
Alma Punctate, 360
Alma Rough, 248, 359, 360, 370, 375, 390
Alma Scored, 248, 359; jar form, 361
Anasazi, 364, 391 ; intrusive pottery, 390
Animal bones, 390
Antevs, Ernst, 237
Antler rubbers, 390
Apache National Forest, 245
Architectural details, 249-302
Architecture, modification in types, 308; summary, 389
Artifacts, 303-358; associations and functions, 307; clay, 303; list of, 303; occurrence by pit-houses, 356; pri- mary categories, 304, 305; secondary categories, 304; stability and con- tinuity, 304; summary of, 389; village-to-village and house-to-house comparison, 304; see also Bone arti- facts, and Stone artifacts
Awls, bone, 307, 308, 350
Axes, 307, 334; chipped, 306, 334; grooved, 306, 390; hafted, 306, 308; hand, 306; three-quarter groove, 306
Ball, stone, 327
Biotic conditions, 295
Blades, 307
Bane, artifacts, 303, 306; awls, 307, 308, 350; dice, 306, 348; flesher, 348; im- plements, 307; needle, 348; pins, 389; tube, 348; un worked fragments, 350
Bracelet, shell, 348
Chacoan Black-on- White, 370 Chiricahua, people, 248; stage, 245 Choppers, 306, 344, 390 Cochise, culture, 390; levels, 304 Corn, 306 Cultural continuity, 304
Design elements in pottery, 362; color of, 368, 369; early Mogollon, 365; frequency of, 366; on intrusive pot- tery, 370; summary, 390
Dice, bone, 306, 348
Domesticated plant produce, 306
Drills, 338
Field, Stanley, 237 Figurine, human, 352 Fire clouds, 368, 369 Flesher, bone, 348 Floor pits, 389 Foss, Dorothy B., 308 Frequencies, certain types of artifacts, 304
Georgetown phase, 245, 359, 360, 375,
389 390 Gillette, Mrs. Charles, 238 Gladwin, H. S., 370 Gregg, Clifford C, 237 Grinding, methods, 390; pattern, change
in, 308; stones, metate-like, small, 322
Haas, Fritz, 308
Hammerstones, 307, 332
Harris Village, 359, 360, 367
Haury, Emil W., 248, 359, 360, 362, 364,
368, 389 Hearths, Cochise, 390 Hoes, 346 Hohokam, 364 House size, 389
Incised Corrugated, 359, 360
Juniper, 245
Kiva features, 389 Knives, 306, 340
Ladles, miniature, 352 Life zone classification, 245
Manos, 307, 390; disk type, 307; oblong, 305; oval, 305, 390; rectangular, 390
Mauls, 306, 334; chipped, 334; full- groove, 308
Merriam, Hart (Life zone classification), 245
Metates, 307, 318; basin, 305, 390; straight "scoop," 390; through trough, 305, 308, 390; trough type, 305
Mimbres Black-on-White, 366, 367, 376, 390; designs, 363, 364
Mimbres Bold Face Black-on-White, 362, 366, 367, 369, 370, 375, 376, 390; designs, 363, 364
394
INDEX
395
Mimbres Branch, 370, 376 Mimbres Classic Black-on-White, 366 Mimbres pottery design, unity of, 364 Mogollon pottery, characteristics, 368-
369; comparative analysis, 368-369 Mogollon Red-on-Brown, 362, 363, 366,
367, 368, 370, 374, 376, 390; designs, 363, 364
Mogollon Village, 359, 360, 362 Mortars, 324, 390; boulder, 308; fre- quency, 305
Needle, bone, 348
Nesbitt, Paul H., 248, 359, 360
Pecking and grinding, 307
Pendant, bird, 390; shell, 348; turquoise, 346
Percussion chipping, 307
Pestles, 307, 316, 390; frequency, 305
Physiographic conditions, 245
Pine Lawn phase, 245, 248, 389, 390, 391; artifacts, 304
Pine Lawn Valley, 245, 360, 390, 391
Pins, bone, 390
Pinyon pine, 245
Pipes, 307, 336
Pit-house C, 250-255, 308, 367, 377; D, 256-259, 378; E, 260-263, 307, 379; F, 264-267, 380; G, 268-271, 307, 381 ; H, 272-275, 382; I, 276-279, 307, 383; J, 280-283, 307, 384; K, 284- 287, 307, 367; L, 288-291, 367, 385; M, 292-295, 307, 386; N, 296-299, 307, 308, 387; O, 300-302, 307, 388
Pit-houses, shape of, 389
Pits, extra-mural, 389; floor, 389
Polishing over decoration, pottery, 368, 369
Pottery, 359-388; background color,
368, 369; brushwork, 368, 369; culi- nary, 362; exterior slip, 368, 369; hardness, 368, 369; intrusive, 367, 376; naturalistic designs, 367; "nega- tive" designs, 367; painted, 362- 367; paste color, 368, 369; polished smudged interiors, 360; seriation chart, 372-373; slip, 368, 369, 370; summary of, 390; temper, 368, 369; unpolished black interiors, 360
Pottery types, modifications in, 308; re- lationships in, 390; sequence of, 359; see also Alma Incised, Alma Neck Banded, Alma Plain, Alma Punctate, Alma Rough, Alma Scored, Anasazi, intrusive, Chacoan Black-on-White, Incised Corrugated, Mimbres Black- on-White, Mimbres Bold Face Black- on-White, Mimbres Classic Black-on- White, Mogollon Red-on-Brown, Puerco Black-on-White, Red Mesa Black-on-White, Reserve Fillet Rim,
Reserve Plain, Reserve Smudged, San Francisco Red, San Lorenzo Red-on- Brown, Three Circle Neck Corru- gated, Three Circle Red-on-White, Tularosa Fillet Rim
Precipitation, 245
Pressure-chipped implements, 307
Projectile points, 306, 307, 338, 390
Puerco Black-on-White, 370
Red Mesa Black-on-White, 370, 371
Reserve area, 367
Reserve Fillet Rim, 360, 375, 390
Reserve phase, 245, 360, 391
Reserve Plain, 359
Reserve Smudged, 248, 359, 360, 370,
374, 375, 390; bowl forms, 361 Roof supports, types of, 389 Roy, Sharat K., 308 Rubbers, antler, 390 Rubbing stones, 305, 307, 314
San Francisco phase, 245, 360, 370, 375, 376, 389, 390
San Francisco Red, 359, 360, 374
San Francisco River, 245
San Lorenzo Red-on-Brown, 368
Scoops, worked sherd, 307, 390
Scrapers, 306, 342
Seriation chart, 372-373; explanation of, 370
Shell artifacts, 303, 306; bracelets, 306
Sherd analysis, 377-388
Sherd scoops, 307, 390
Sherds, worked, 307, 352
Starkweather Village, 359, 360
Stone artifacts, ball, 327; bowl, 327; chipped, 303, 306; continuity of, 304; ground, 303; hoes, 346; knives, 306, 340; pecked, 303; pecking and grind- ing, 307; percussion chipping, 307; pestles, 305, 307, 316, 390; polished, 303; polishing, 330; pressure-chipped, 307; slabs, 307, 328; unworked, 354; see also Axes, Choppers, Drills, Grinding, Hammerstones, Manos, Mauls, Metates, Mortars, Projectile points, Rubbing stones, Scrapers
Stones, abrading, 390
Subsistence, vegetable, 390
Swarts Ruin, 367
Textured pottery, 390
Three Circle Neck Corrugated, 359, 360
Three Circle phase, 245, 248, 360, 370,
375, 376, 389, 390; date, 390 Three Circle Red-on-White, 362, 363,
366, 367, 369, 370, 374, 390; designs,
363, 364 Transition zone, 245 Trees, 245 Tube, bone, 348
396 PINE LAWN VALLEY, WESTERN NEW MEXICO
Tularosa Fillet Rim, 360, 375, 390 Wet Leggett site, 245
Wood, Irving W., Jr., 238 Wall niches, 389 Wet Leggett Canyon, 390 Yellow pine, 245
Publication 645
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