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FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

PUBLICATION 228
ZOOLOGICAL SERIES VOL. XII, No.

TWO NEW BIRDS FROM PERU

BY
JOHN T. ZIMMER

Assistant Curator of Birds

REPORTS ON RESULTS OF
THE CAPTAIN MARSHALL FIELD EXPEDITIONS

WILFRED H. OSGOOD
Curator, Department of Zoology

EDITOR

CHICAGO, U. S. A.

May 20, 1925

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

PUBLICATION 228
ZOOLOGICAL SERIES VOL. XII, No. 8

TWO NEW BIRDS FROM PERU

BY

JOHN T. ZIMMER

Assistant Curator of Birds

REPORTS ON RESULTS OF
THE CAPTAIN MARSHALL FIELD EXPEDITIONS

WILFRED H. OSGOOD

Curator, Department of Zoology

EDITOR

CHICAGO, U. S. A.

May 20, 1925

TWO NEW BIRPS FROM PERU

BY JOHN T. ZIMMER

Further study of the birds secured by the Captain Marshall Field
Peruvian Expedition of 1922* has resulted in the discovery of two addi-
tional new subspecies. Since a final report on the collection is still in
abeyance, it seems desirable to describe the new forms in advance.
Grateful acknowledgement is due to the American Museum of Natural
History of New York and the Museum of Comparative Zoology of
Cambridge for the loan of specimens which proved of service in de-
termining the relationships of the species. The types of the new forms
are in Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, as are all other
specimens not otherwise accredited. The names of colors when capi-
talized indicate direct comparison with Ridgway's "Color Standards
and Color Nomenclature."

Synallaxis azarae infumata subsp. nov.

Type from Chinchao, Province of Huanuco, Peru. Altitude 5,700
feet. No. 54157 Field Museum of Natural History. Adult male.
Collected November 8, 1922 by J. T. Zimmer; original number 3203.

Diagnosis. Closely allied to typical S. a. azarae from Bolivia but
darker above, more grayish on the back, the crown deeper in tone and
the forehead darker gray, with the frontal band much wider (9.5-11
mm., av. 9.8 as against 6-7 mm., av. 6.6). The sides of the head and
the superciliary line are darker gray, the latter without any white except
on the supra-loral region where it is present although somewhat ob-
scured by dusky tips to the feathers. The wing-patch appears to be paler
than the crown. Beneath, the color is about as in azarae, possibly a
little darker gray on the breast and with less pure white on the ab-
domen. The throat has the white tips to the feathers less pronounced,
leaving the black bases more exposed, but this may be due to greater
abrasion in the specimens examined. The shafts of the middle rectrices
are somewhat blacker than in azarae. The best characters appear to

*The first preliminary report on this collection was published in Field Museum
of Natural History Publication 218, Zool. Series, Vol. XII, No. 4, pp. 48-67,
April 19, 1924.

103

104 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XII.

be the broader, darker frontal band, the lack of white on the superciliary
stripe and the paler wing-patch. Compared with S. a. fruticicola
from Ecuador, the colors are very much darker, the superciliary stripe
is gray instead of buff, and the frontal band is distinctly wider (being
5-7 mm., av. 5.9 in fruticicola). Compared with S. a. elegantior from
eastern Colombia and Venezuela, the differences are about as with
fruticicola but the frontal band is not so much wider in proportion
(being 7-9 mm., av. 8 in elegantior}. From S. a. media of south-
western Colombia, the present race is separable by being decidedly
darker throughout, with the chin and throat less white, the breast
deeper gray without buffy tinge, the flanks olive instead of buff, the
belly gray instead of white, the forehead sooty without olivaceous
tinge, the crown deeper rufous, the lores, superciliary stripe and sides
of head darker, etc., but the frontal band has about the Same width
(being 8-12 mm., av. 9.8 in media).

Habitat. Tropical and subtropical valleys of central-northern Peru.

Description of type. Forehead between Dark Olive Gray and Iron
Gray, forming a band extending posteriorly to the middle of the orbit
(about 9.5 mm. from the exposed base of oilmen). Crown and nape
bright Auburn. Upper back Brownish Olive; rump and upper tail-
coverts slightly clearer olivaceous. Chin and throat feathers black at
bases, tipped with white, leaving considerable black exposed. Lores
dull, dark gray mixed with white. A broad superciliary stripe the
color of the forehead. Auriculars and sides of head and neck between
Deep Neutral Gray and Iron Gray. Breast Neutral Gray, darker on the
sides, passing into Brownish Olive on the lower flanks. Center of ab-
domen Pallid Neutral Gray. Under tail-coverts Light Grayish Olive.
Wings dark Fuscous; remiges edged with bright Auburn except at
their tips; tips of the scapulars and all of the upper wing-coverts (at
least on exposed portions) pale Amber Brown, distinctly lighter in
color than the crown ; under wing-coverts Ochraceous Buff ; inner mar-
gins of remiges Vinaceous Fawn. Rectrices eight, in color between
Auburn and Hazel, shaded with olivaceous at the base and on the outer
webs and with shafts Blackish Brown; the outermost pair dusky olive
without rufous tinge; tail graduated, the outermost rectrices a little
longer than the under tail-coverts; feathers acute. Iris chestnut;
maxilla black; mandible Slate Color; feet about Jade Green. Wing
60 mm. ; tail 103 ; culmen from base 15.5, exposed 12 ; tarsus 21.5 ; width
of frontal band 9.5.

Female : Like the male.

APRIL, 1925. Two NEW BIRDS FROM PERU — ZIMMER. 105

A female from Molinopampa, Peru, is not typical but seems to be
closer to this form than to fruticicola, its next nearest geographic affini-
ty. It is slightly paler than typical infumata, with an ochreous wash on
back, breast and flanks, but is darker than fruticicola. The frontal
band is narrower than in infumata but broader than in fruticicola. As
a matter of fact, the approach is rather toward typical azarae than
toward fruticicola but the distribution of the various races does not in-
dicate such a relationship. Although no definite characters can be found
to favor the assumption, the specimen has an indefinable appearance of
immaturity and the differences from typical infumata may be due to
this cause.

The study of this new race has revealed a curious and interesting
feature in the development of the tail. The type specimen has, distinctly,
only eight rectrices, the outermost of which are just longer than the
under tail-coverts, firmly webbed and colored unlike the remaining
rectrices, being olivaceous without rufescence. A second male (from
Huachipa) is exactly like the type in this respect. A third male (from
Vista Alegre) also has only eight rectrices, but the outermost are dis-
tinctly longer than the under tail-coverts and proportionately longer
than in the type. In addition, on each side, an upper tail-covert aris-
ing just above and beyond the outer rectrix, in close proximity to it,
is bent downward and inward so as to occupy the position of a fifth
outer rectrix, although it retains the form, size, and somewhat decom-
posed texture of an upper tail-covert. A female topotype demonstrates
a condition somewhat farther advanced1 in which the supernumerary
feather has more definitely assumed the role of outer rectrix. This
feather has become more compact or firmly webbed and is flattened, and
when it is pushed around the tail to the upper surface it looks dis-
tinctly out of place. It is not noticeably stiffened and its point of origin
is still slightly above the line of the adjacent rectrices. The fourth
rectrix, in its turn, has lengthened considerably and assumed a sug-
gestion of rufescent tinge, although it is still distinguishable in color
from the rest of the tail. The atypical female from Molinopampa
presents a still more advanced stage in the metamorphosis. The super-
numerary feather has here become slightly stiffened and projects just

JI have used the term "advanced" merely as a means of describing the differ-
ences that exist and not as an indication of the actual direction of development.
There is nothing to show whether the eight- feathered forms have developed
from the ten-feathered or the reverse. As to whether the eight- feathered tail
is more advanced or more primitive than the ten-feathered one, that with the
smallest number of rectrices should probably be considered the most highly
developed.

io6 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XII.

beyond the under tail coverts as does the fourth rectrix in the type,
while the fourth quill in turn extends beyond the outstretched feet of
the bird. The latter is colored more like the remainder of the tail while
the fifth quill (as it has undoubtedly become) is still unlike the others
although it arises directly in line with the adjacent rectrices.

In a large series of S. a. elegantior, only one specimen, a male from
Conejos, Venezuela, exhibits but eight rectrices ; the remainder show
ten with the outermost on each side short, concealed by the under tail-
coverts and colored like the upper tail- coverts whose structure they
share except for their more stiffened and enlarged shafts. One speci-
men of fruticicola and two specimens of media, examined in this regard,
show ten rectrices with the outermost rather more developed than in
any of the elegantior.

S. f. frontalis, of which five males and six females were examined,
appears to be separable from the entire azarac group by the character
of the outermost rectrices. There are ten rectrices, and the outermost
are unquestionably definable as such, and can not be confused with the
tail-coverts. They are much longer than the under tail-coverts, their
shafts are heavy at the base and much stiffened, and their webs are
firm, while their color is identical with that of the other rectrices, being
rufescent without an olivaceous tint. Two males of 5. /. juae, includ-
ing the type, agree with typical frontalis in this particular.

On the other 'hand, a female of S. superciliosa appears to have but
eight tail-feathers, although the tail, being in molt, is difficult to examine
with precision. The genotype, 6". ruficapilla, in three specimens ex-
amined, also has only eight rectrices, with the outermost hardly more
than modified tail-coverts as in the type of S. a. infumata. Bertoni in
describing his new subgenus Barnesia1 with the type 6". cururuvi
(=ruficapilla) , apparently confused these outer rectrices with the tail-
coverts since he particularly noted that the species had only six tail-
feathers. Presumably, a later examination showed him the real nature
of the feathers since, in a subsequent publication2, he announced that
Barnesia had eight rectrices. In any case it is evident that the genotype
of Synallaxis has but eight rectrices while certain allied species have
ten. Generic separation of two groups on this basis is rendered im-
possible by the present new subspecies, 5". a. infumata, possessing a
definitely intermediate structure. Dr. Hellmayr advises me, further-
more, that out of seventy-four specimens of S. unirufa castanea ex-

'Aves Nuevas del Paraguay, p. 77, 1901.
'Fauna Paraguaya, p. 52, footn. (3), 1914.

APRIL, 1925. Two NEW BIRDS FROM PERU— ZIMMER. 107

amined by him, seventy-two had eight rectrices and two had ten. It
is entirely possible that a critical study of other species may show a
transition toward the existence of twelve rectrices in place of ten,
although I have seen no tendency in that direction in any of the ma-
terial I have handled.

Specimens examined:

S. a. azarae — Bolivia : Incachaca 2 $ 2 9 a. Peru : Santo Do-
mingo 6 $ .

S. a. elegantior — Colombia: (Bogota) I 9 ; Chipaque 2$ i 9a,
Choachi i ?a; Paramo de Tama 2 $ . Venezuela : Conejos
I $ ; Culata 5 $ ; Durainos i $ ; Escorial 6 $ i 9 ;
Mechisera 3 $ ; Nevados 2 $ ; Sierra de Merida i 9 ;
Valle 3 $ .

S. a. fruticicola — Ecuador : Alamor 2 $ a ; Celica 2$ I 9 a ;
Guayinche I 5 a ; Hoyaucshi i 9 ; Loja i $ ? ; Naranjo
i $ a ; Salvias i $ a ; Zaruma i $ i $ i ?a.

S. a. infumata — Peru: Chinchao 1$ (Type) 2$ ; Huachipa
i $ ; Molinopampa (atypical) I 9 ; Vista Alegre i $ .

S. a. media — Colombia : El Eden i $ a ; Laguneta 2 S a ; Salento
i $ a ; Valle de las Papas, Huila i S a.

5". /. frontalis — Argentina : Ocampo i $ ; Sarmiento i $ . Bra-
zil : Chapada, Matto Grosso i 9 ; Macaco Secco 2539;
Sao Marcello i 9 ; Serro Baturite i $ i 9 .

S, f. jitae — Brazil: Jua 2$ (incl. Type).

.S. ruficapilla — Brazil : Macieiras i $ a ; Monte Serrat I ? a ;
Ypiranga, Sao Paulo i ?.

6*. superciliosa — Argentina : San Pablo i 9 *.

Cyclarhis gujanensis saturatus subsp. nov.

Type from Cullcui, Maranon River, Peru. Altitude 10,400 feet.
No. 54106 Field Museum of Natural History. Adult male. Collected
December 13, 1922 by J. T. Zimmer; original number 3300.

Diagnosis. Similar to C. g. contrerasi but somewhat larger and
richer in tone of coloration. The throat, breast and sides of the face
are deeper yellow and the color spreads farther posteriorly over the
breast where it is distinctly tinged with olive, especially on the sides.

a. Specimens in American Museum of Natural History, New York.

U. OF ILL LIB.

io8 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XII.

The chin is narrowly white ; the flanks and abdomen are strongly suf-
fused with deep ochraceous except on the middle of the latter where
the color is soiled white. The back is darker green than in contrerasi
and the chestnut of the crown extends farther backwards over the nape.

Habitat. Temperate valley of the upper Maranon River, north-
central Peru.

Description of type. Center of crown and occiput Serpentine
Green, the feathers margined and tipped with Auburn; the rest of the
entire top of the head and neck Auburn, becoming paler, approaching
Sanford's Brown, on the nape; a narrow line of Auburn continued
beneath entirely around the orbit; lores, except for the circumocular
line, paler, ochraceous. There is a short but distinct line of pale brown
extending posteriorly from the base of the mandibular ramus and sep-
arating a small whitish malar spot from the whitish chin. Throat,
auriculars and sides of the neck are rich golden yellow, nearest Lemon
Chrome, passing into Pyrite Yellow on the sides and approaching that
hue in the center of the breast ; the color extended broadly posteriorly.
Flanks rich Cinnamon Buff; abdomen and under tail-coverts somewhat
paler, the upper abdomen whitish in the middle. Back Warbler Green ;
rump slightly paler. Exposed webs of upper wing-coverts like the
back; concealed portions blackish. Primaries and secondaries with
exposed outer webs slightly paler than the back; inner margins of
inner webs Pale Lemon Yellow. Tertials like the back but duller.
Under wing-coverts Pale Lemon Yellow; axillaries between Lemon
Yellow and Lemon Chrome. Iris Empire Yellow; maxilla Verona
Brown ; mandible Dark Green-Blue Slate, tip whitish ; legs and feet
near Light Vinaceous Cinnamon. Wing 86 mm. ; tail 72 ; oilmen to
base 20, exposed 17; tarsus 26.

Adult female: Like the male.

Immature female: Distinguishable from the adults of both sexes
by having the auburn on the top of the head restricted to the forehead
and the lateral portions where it forms a broad superciliary stripe,
leaving the center of the crown, occiput and nape uniform with the back,
without rufous margins. The rectrices are narrower toward the tips
and more sharply pointed than in the adults, and the bill, in the speci-
men examined, is somewhat less hooked at the tip.

Like C. g. contrerasi, this subspecies (in the adult plumage) is dis-
tinguishable from C. g. virenticeps by having the green of the crown
restricted to the discs of the feathers. In the immature plumage this

APRIL, 1925. Two NEW BIRDS FROM PERU — ZIMMER. 109

difference is not apparent, but the immaturity of a specimen and its
consequent value for comparison may be determined by the condition
of the tips of the rectrices1.

I am disposed to place the present form, together with contrerasi
and virenticeps, under C. gujanensis, hitherto considered to be a dis-
tinct species, on the evidence exhibited by a specimen of contrerasi in
the Museum of Comparative Zoology (No. 79898), taken at Huanca-
bamba, Peru. In this example, the fore part of the crown is decidedly
grayish although there are fine rufous edges to the feathers, the nape
is tinged with gray, the fore part of the auriculars is gray and the yel-
low chest-band is quite narrow. The specimen seems to represent a
distinct transition between contrerasi and gujanensis, both of which
occur in northern Peru, the former toward the west and the latter
toward the east.

Specimens examined:

C. g. contrerasi — Ecuador : Loja i $ a. Peru : Huancabamba
2 ? b ; Perico I 9 b ; Tabaconas I $ imm.b.

C. g. gujanensis — Brazil : Manaos i 9 .

C. g. saturatus — Peru: Cullcui, Maranon River i $ (Type)
i $ ad. I $ imm.

C. g. virenticeps — Ecuador : Chone 2 $ a ; Guayaquil 2 $ a ;
Zaruma i $ a.

JThe specimen recorded by Bangs and Noble (Auk, 35, p. 458, Oct. 1918) as
virenticeps from Tabaconas, Peru, proves, on examination, to be an immature
contrerasi. The tips of the Vectrices are narrowed toward the tip and nar-
rowly pointed and the lower mandible is just beginning to assume the slaty
blue color at the base as found in the adults.

a. Specimens in the American Museum of Natural History, New York.

b. Specimens in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge.

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