Country Life Education Series |] TYPES AND BREEDS FARM AN ANIMALS PLUMB @ Glass ROR | Book __P& 3 Pe oi Gopyright N 0 190 COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT: COUNTRY LIFE EDUCATION SERIES Edited by Charles William Burkett, Editor of American Agriculturist ; formerly Director of Experiment Station, Kansas State Agricultural College TYPES AND BREEDS OF FARM ANIMALS (Revised Edition) By Charles S. Plumb, Ohio State University PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING By Eugene Davenport, University of Illinois FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS By Benjamin Minge Duggar, Washington Uni- versity SOIL FERTILITY AND PERMANENT AGRICULTURE By Cyril George Hopkins PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF POULTRY CULTURE By John Henry Robinson GARDEN FARMING By Lee Cleveland Corbett, United States Depart- ment of Agriculture THE APPLE By Albert E. Wilkinson EQUIPMENT FOR. THE FARM AND THE FARMSTEAD By Harry C. Ramsower, Ohio State University Other volumes in preparation 10° Longitude West 6° from Greenwich i Longitude East Scale, 170 miles to one inch _SCALE OF MILES 50 100 150 200 The highlands above 2000 feet are shown in buff tints, 7 ISLANDS the lowlands in green tints Duncansby Heae BQ Galway, Big ARRAN Is me Ba) ortsmout! 1.O0F WIGHT EL AN Lands End Ks s H cH SCILLY is,** ALDERNEY CHANNEL ? GUERNSEY ISLANDS L2 JERSEY THE BRITISH ISLES This map shows the native homes of prominent breeds of horses and cattle (see numerals) and sheep (see letters) I, Cleveland ; II, Clydesdale ; 111, Hackney; IV, Shetland; V, Shire; VI, Suffolk; 7, Aber- deen Angus; 8, Ayrshire; 9, Devon; 10, Dexter and Kerry; 11, Galloway; 12, Guernsey and Jersey ; 13, Hereford; 14, Red Polled; 15, Shorthom ; 16, West Highland; 4, Black- Faced Highland; 3B, Cheviot; C, Cotswold ; D, Dorset Horn; /, Hampshire; /, Leicester ; G, Lincoln; #7, Oxford; /, Romney Marsh; /, Shropshire ; A, Southdown ; Z, Suffolk Pees ND DREE DS: OF PAGE ANIMAS BY CHARLES S. PLUMB PROFESSOR OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY IN THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY. AUTHOR OF “JUDGING FARM ANIMALS,” “BEGINNINGS IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY,” ETC. REVISED EDITION GINN AND COMPANY BOSTON - NEW YORK - CHICAGO - LONDON ATLANTA + DALLAS - COLUMBUS -: SAN FRANCISCO COPYRIGHT, 1906, 1920, BY CHARLES S. PLUMB ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 320.4 « Ys s i an, 2 aad MAY 20 1920 The Athenrnum Press GINN AND COMPANY * PRO- PRIETORS + BOSTON + U.S.A. ©ua570074 F | . mel ENTERED AT STATIONERS’ HALL FOREWORD “Types and Breeds of Farm Animals” was first published in 1906. The reception accorded the first edition far surpassed the most sanguine expectations of the author, and his first impulse is to express a deep appreciation for the many generous expressions regarding it that have come to him from many sources. In this revised edition is a more detailed discussion relative to the great breeds, and considerable space is devoted to families of impor- tance and to noted individuals. A large amount of new data has been collected relating to various phases of production, although it is a hopeless task to bring such records down to date. Milk, butter-fat, speed, and sale-ring records have been shattered over and over again during the last few years, so that what is new to-day will to-morrow be out of date. The number of chapters remains the same, but several obsolete breeds have been omitted in this revision and other new and more important ones have been substituted. Maps and many illustrations have been added. The author desires to emphasize the importance of breed study. The value of all our farm animals is dependent upon the breeds being maintained not only in their purity but in a high degree of excellence. A great number of men without plan or purpose are producing inferior horses, cattle, sheep, and swine, mixing breeds and blood-lines, totally ignoring all thought of constructive breeding. Were it not for the relatively few men breeding along definite lines and upholding high standards within the breeds, our herds and flocks would sink to much lower levels. To overcome the damages done by nondescript breeding, it is absolutely essential that men shall familiarize themselves with the ancestry, characteristics, capacities, and adaptations of the breeds, that they may intelligently undertake breeding operations. Es . vi FOREWORD Inasmuch as this volume will be largely used by students and young stockmen, who are essentially beginners in the study and breeding of farm animals, the author wishes to emphasize the importance of the breeder being a person of integrity, with a character above reproach. It is most unfortunate that the hand of suspicion has pointed at some breeders as engaged in practices that reflect upon their reliability. Errors of record due to care- lessness may happen, and be excused, but premeditated crooked- ness in breeding, testing, or selling pure-bred live stock cannot be justified and should be severely punished. Our breeds must be established and maintained with honesty of purpose a first requirement. Whoever attempts to establish a herd under any other conditions is sure to degrade rather than elevate the breeder’s art, to injure the innocent, to carry a tainted name, and to have a disastrous career. Public sentiment should place a premium on a good name as worth more than great riches and attach the stain of disgrace and a just punishment on the man guilty of intentional deceit. One of the most hopeful signs on the horizon of American live-stock husbandry is the present interest in community and cooperative breeding and the establishment of thousands of boys'’ and girls’ live-stock clubs. For this reason the future prospects of improved live-stock husbandry are most encouraging. Both types and breeds are receiving greatly increased attention, and many more are seriously interested in constructive breeding than ever before. It is the profound desire of the author that this work shall contribute to this end. CHARLES 5S. PLUMB OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, COLUMBUS, OHIO CHAPTER ie rH TET. IV: V. pale VI. VIII. IX. se als XiL. XT XiV. XV. VL: VM XVIII. abe XX, rok OMIE “XXIII. oR, VXXV. eave UXXVII. Oe ageun Rosine XX, ROO: XXXII. LOowene SoCXIV. EXXV. SORKVI. CONPEENTS PAGE sheuL restore. MOrser.. . <6 fa a a te ES I hesArabpelOrsees Wire y Pe oa Ue us: : She ea (ich iceeass Gs wus 7 finenhoronehbredi si. Sens, ee a ee ol fs. BS TZ iherAmencamioaddie Horse. -. 9s ee a ts BE he rishielaness: Pye) s. cel - os « ia) bf 2) ts 2° sae 40 shesAinencanwlrottem and Pacer) sue) see 2 2 44 iherdeavyeliamess hore hype 2}. qe a ek = -) 6g! pte miliekieye asc ARMs CP cs ice. hy, ot Mt cegcy en So od Bee O hes hinenche Coach waver 7 Asics, 2) eve b has, pha eS plitesGenmansGGach om 61) os Gon Wan ca oP ok ok pe es OS puherCleveland Bay 02 Fa i BP RS BE) Se Os icy ratt-Marsc yype™. 4: fc... Suter es) 1 Je bs ee aS SG PURER CLChenOM) me xn %a Mes ce Se ee tn oe ee COG EheskinenchelOratte ec 2) es ts St) eee su ordain SLO) Rey Becloianwy agra sea sh) hie! 25 cae Mon Gs pot) ae iherG@lydesdalesa ts yen ee ee ys ey he Be Se ‘Wine Slowey oS oe LG eo emer es os eg emer eee ©. culm L720) TINE IS UMNO) Mey aR ES gE SN cle Couey A APMIS Bam” Wer alos ee iihe, Black-Faced Highland i, = 4°. 2) =) =o) EE he Gonmiedaley: %. . 2 «= 0h nes Roe eee MherKarakul” 2k ch ea BE. 3° a se pce | ees MhevAngora Goat.) 1 2s. « ss Vs. ee ee OO The Milch Goat . . » a2 ogee See Oe The American, or Lard, Type a Fig « 4 iE Oss The Berkshire) = = =. «ce 0 Ae See Og The-DuroczJersey i-2 0 25> 2 25 5 ae one en The Poland-Chinayy <5 <: =. Seu 7a eo The Chester White =) 25°.) .:) 2” 2502 Ae oe The Hampshire?) 0.0 sy) wo en The Mule-Foot'. 3 2 5 703 239. = Ase eS The Large Black’ .; .) .9fs25 9) 9. *2) 2 -G ee eee The Gheghire \"". 3 70 Se ae ee The Small Yorkshire) > 53 29) 9-3) 2) 2 en 7 O ‘(he Essex as" =: oP en Sem ake SE ao nee The Bacon Type & Bie oe SO Ne 3s: 2 eee TO The Large Yorkshire... 2. 502) ane ee The Tamworth’. <2. «- "2 eps) ange Bet) eee Perit ow BREEDS OF PARM ANIMALS ibe ee ie oOR SE ASS, AND MULE CrIAPT ER: i THE PREHISTORIC HORSE The world-wide distribution of the horse in prehistoric times has been well established. Fossil remains have been discovered in Europe, Asia, Africa, and North and South America. Nothing of the kind, however, has been found in Australia or the Oceanic Islands. These remains have been found in earth and sand deposits in various parts of Lurope, antedating the glacial period. In 1901 important discoveries were made of drawings of horses in a cave at La Mouthe, France, supposed to have been made prior to the Stone Age. These drawings were partly cut in rock and partly made in ocher and represented animals associated with hunting. These well-defined drawings show a horse with no forelock and a head with Roman-nose character, also one with a head similar to that of the Celtic pony. From the evidence left in these caves it is thought that a larger type of horse lived toward the south, while farther north a smaller form existed. The ass is also known to have been in existence in Europe at this period, The discovery of the prehistoric horse in America was first made by Mitchell in 1826 near the Navesink Highlands in New Jersey, and caused great discussion. About 1850 Dr. Leidy made similar discoveries in Nebraska, and late in the nineteenth cen- tury the wide distribution of this early horse in North and South America was well understood. These remains have been found all over the Southern states, in the Northeastern and Middle I 2 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE states, in California and Oregon, and in greatest abundance in the so-called Bad Lands of Nebraska, Wyoming, and South Dakota. The fossil remains of the horse are generally fragmentary and date as remotely as the Lower Eocene period. A number of com- plete skeletons, however, have been discovered, notably in 1899 in Texas, when several of the size of a trotting horse were found. The evolution of the horse from prehistoric to present times covers geological ages of time and represents a passing of perhaps Fic. 1. Skeleton of prehistoric horse from the Lower Pleistocene of Texas, in the American Museum of Natural History. Reproduced by courtesy of the American Museum three million years. Extensive researches relative to the prehis- toric horse, conducted by the scientific staff of the American Museum of Natural History, directed by Drs. Osborn and Matthews, have resulted in securing a wonderful collection of re- mains and a large amount of valuable new data. As a result of these discoveries, there has been set up in this museum a com- plete collection of skeletons showing the various stages of development from the Lower Eocene to the present day horse. Many of these skeletons, originally more or less incomplete, have been restored, so that the exhibit appears perfect. Based on the THE PREHISTORIC HORSE 3 above-referred-to discoveries, the following descriptive information is presented relative to the evolution of the prehistoric horse through several geological periods : Eohippus, formerly known as Hyracotherium, existed in the Lower Eocene period. The teeth, short-crowned, were covered with little knobs of enamel. The fore foot had four complete toes and a splint of a fifth, while the hind foot had three toes and a Hind Foot One Toe One Toe Splints of Splints of 2d and 4th 2d and 4th digits digits Three Toes Three Toes Side toes Side toes not touching not touching the ground the ground Three Toes IA Side toes Y touching the a Three Toes ground; = . ae Side toes Splint of Sthdigit boderaneihe Short- ground M4 Crowned, without Four Toes Protorohippus Cement aH Four Toes Three Toes Hyracotherium ih Splint of Splint of ¥Y @) (Eohippus) Ist digit 5th digit Fic. 2. Comparative drawings of skulls, feet, and teeth of prehistoric horse, showing evolutionary development. Reproduced by permission from Guide Leaflet No. 9g, American Museum of Natural Histor splint. The skull suggests a civet rather than a horse. Remains have been found in a number of parts of the world, but more espe- cially in the Bad Lands of the Western states. These are about the size of a cat or fox terrier, and have been termed “ dawn horses.” Eleven stages of development have been assumed to have taken place from and including this period to the present time. Protorohip~pus and Orohippus are from the Middle Eocene period. Here the splints in the hind feet have disappeared, and the crests on the molars are more apparent. These horses were 4 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE about the size of a small dog or fox. The complete skeleton of a Protorohippus was found in 1880 in Wyoming and is now in the American Museum collection. Epihippus is from the Upper Eocene period. Only incomplete specimens have been found. There are four toes in front and three behind, but the central toe in each case is larger, stronger, and more important than the side toes. The teeth have gone through changes, with more crescents and crests. Mesohippus is from the Oligocene period. There are three toes on each foot and a splint representing the fourth toe of the fore foot. The middle toe is now much larger than it was in the preceding stage, the side toes bearing but little weight of the body. There is an increased development of the molars. In the Middle Oligo- cene is found one species about the size of a coyote, or eighteen inches high, while in the Upper Oligocene is another species as large as a sheep. Several complete skeletons have been found. Protohippus is from the Miocene period. A number of different species existed in the Lower, Middle, and Upper Miocene periods. The side toes are slender and no longer reach the ground. In some species they have completely disappeared. The teeth are more hke those of the modern horse — the crowns being much lengthened, and the crests and ridges higher and more com- plicated, with cement between the ridges. Horses of this period ranged in size from a mastiff dog to a Shetland pony. Pliohippus is from the Pliocene period. Comparatively little is known of this form, excepting that it was either one-toed or very nearly so. Equus is from the Pleistocene period and Recent. The side toes are gone, but are represented by splints on fore and hind foot. On the fore foot no trace of the first and fifth toes, found on the Protohippus, remains. The crowns of the teeth are much longer, and the teeth have changed otherwise. The skull has lengthened, and the horse is much larger. Tracing the evolution of the horse, we find that this animal gradually increases in height, the number of toes reduces to one on each foot, while the teeth increase in length and crown de- velopment. With increase in height comes a gain in the propor- tionate length of the limbs, more especially in the lower part, THE PREHISTORIC HORSE 5 thereby increasing the length of stride and securing greater speed. The surfaces of the joints, at first more or less open and of the ball-and-socket type, changed to a grooved or pulley-like form, this limiting the direction of movement forward and back- ward, —a development better fitted for locomotion over level than rough ground. The horse being a grazing animal, the increase in height of body and length of leg necessitated elongation of neck and head. The natural habitat of the earlier horse was the courtesy of Edwin R. Sanborn forest, where it undoubtedly subsisted on the more tender parts of plants and branches. In the course of time, however, along with the increase in size came the development of teeth with cutting and grinding surfaces better suited to the product of grassy plains than the forest; hence the horse eventually found its natural home on the open plain or meadow where grazing was afforded. The color of the prehistoric horse is not known, but it is sup- posed to have been more or less striped, like the zebra, though not brilliant in hue. The groundwork of this color was presum- ably dun, or khaki. 6 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE Man and the prehistoric horse were associated as early as the Paleolithic, or Stone Implement Age. It is assumed that man first hunted horses for food, then drove them, and finally used them for riding and as beasts of burden. The bones of human beings have been found in connection with prehistoric-horse remains in South America, but not in North America. In Europe man and the prehistoric horse were without doubt associated. The connecting link between the prehistoric and modern horse is assumed to be the present form of the zebra, the wild ass of Asia and Africa, and Prejvalsky’s horse. The prehistoric horse became extinct in America and Europe during the Quaternary period, or Age of Man, while those of Asia and Africa survived. It has been assumed by various authorities that Prejvalsky’s horse, discovered in 1881 by Poliakoff on the desert of Zungaria in western Mongolia in Asia, is the connecting link between the recent and prehistoric horse. This type of wild pony, standing forty inches high, bears a striking resemblance to the European cave drawings of the horse. The rough, small, coarse-headed ponies native to Norway, Ireland, and other parts of northern Europe show much resemblance to the wild ponies of Mongolia and China. Professor J. Cossar Ewart of Scotland, who has given much study to the origin of our domestic breeds, states! that “though the wild horse discovered some years ago by Prejvalsky in Mongolia has neither coarse limbs nor broad hoofs, it is re- garded by many as the modern representative of the fossil horse from which domestic breeds are said to have descended. This is the view adopted by Professor Diirst in his report on the ‘Animal Remains from the Excavations at Anau.’”’ In 1904 Ewart recog- nized as connecting links three distinct types of horses — Prej- valsky’s, Celtic, and Norwegian, which he later respectively designated as ‘‘ steppe,” ‘‘ plateau,’’ and “forest”’ types. Diirst of Germany, who arrived at the same conclusion, though independ- ently, represented in graphic form the origin of the modern breeds. However, he assumed that both wild and tame modern horses are all descended from a fossil species now represented by Equus Prejvalsky. 1“ The Principles of Breeding and the Origin of Domesticated Breeds of Animals,” 27th Report Bureau Animal Industry for the year 1910, pp. 125-239. CLExyPiE Rr THE ARAB: HORSE The native home of the Arab horse is Arabia. This is an ex- tensive country lying just east of the Red Sea, extending some fifteen hundred miles northwest to southeast, and varying in width from about one thousand miles in its southern portion to five hun- dred at its northern end. Wide expanses of deserts are found in this country that are dry and unattractive from an agricultural point of view. The Arab horse, more or less pure, is found in great numbers in Turkey, Persia, and parts of northern Africa, notably the Sahara region. The best Arabian horses are found in the desert region, among the migratory Bedouin tribes, of which there are several groups. The most powerful of these are the Shammar race of Mesopotamia in the north and to the east of the Euphrates, and the Anezah in the south. The latter have the best horses, a fact generally recognized by the Bedouins. The origin of the pure Arabian has been the subject of wide discussion. Undoubtedly much has been written based on nothing more substantial than romance and tradition. Some writers —nota- bly Professor William Ridgeway of Cambridge, England — have assumed that the Arab horse originated in Africa; others seriously question the accuracy of this claim. The Arabians themselves offer only traditional evidence. These people are descendants of Ishmael, who, according to tradition, inherited a valuable horse of the Kuhl race. The Anezah tribe descends in a direct line from Ishmael, through Sheik Salaman, who lived about 1635 B.c. and who owned five famous mares. These are known as the Al Khamseh mares, and from this ancestry, it is claimed, has come the purest and best Arab horse blood. This race was in exist- ence many centuries before the time of Mohammed. Many people have visited Arabia to study the Arabian horse and to import it to other countries, and from these people there has been some diversity of opinion. Major Upton and Lady Anne Blunt, however, 7 8 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE have no doubt given more careful consideration to this subject than any other persons. They made special journeys to Arabia, where careful studies were made of the horse of the people, con- cerning which we learn much in their writings.1 Major Upton lived among the Arabs for months and spoke their language. The late Homer Davenport, an American artist who was for many years interested in this breed of horses, after a trip to Arabia also published more or less re- garding the origin of this horse and its various families and subfamilies.” Five great families of Arabian horses of to-day trace their ancestry to the five mares above referred to. These families are as follows: (1) Keheilet Ajuz, (2) Seglawi, (3) Abeyan, (4) Hamdani, and (5) Had- ban. There is some dif- ference of opinion as to the families descending Fic. 4. Shahwan, an Arab stallion bred by Ali from these mares, but Pacha Sherif of Egypt. Used in stud by Wo Se present-day authorities as Bhat, Tnglnd. Tmporied 835 bg rule regard Chel anowe graph by courtesy of Mr. Ramsdell as descended from the Khamseh mares. Numer- ous subfamilies or strains are credited to these five great fam- ilies. From the first-named family, the Keheilet Ajuz, comes the choicest Arab blood. As applied to horses, Kefez/an means “male” and Kehezlet “female,” and indicates purity of blood trace- able without a break to the five mares of Salaman. The word ajus means “old woman.” The following story of the origin of this family is given by the Arabian people and has been widely 1 Roger D. Upton, Gleanings from the Desert of Arabia (London, 1881) ; Lady Anne Blunt, The Bedouin Tribes of the Euphrates, 2 vols. (London, 1879) ; Lady Anne Blunt, A Pilgrimage to Nejd, 2 vols. (London, 1881). * Homer Davenport, My Quest of the Arab Horse. New York, 1909. THE ARAB HORSE 9 quoted. An Arab chief was endeavoring to escape from an enemy while mounted on his favorite mare. The journey was a long and hard one, and while resting at noon the mare gave birth to a filly foal. The owner of the mare being hard pressed mounted and rode away, leaving the newborn colt, and after much difficulty reached his own people. To the utter surprise of all, the colt followed and reached the camp shortly after the arrival of her dam. She was given into the care of one of the old women of the tribe, whence her name Keheilet Ajuz (‘the mare of the old woman’’). This colt lived to become the most famous mare ever seen on the desert, and from her are descended the choicest of pure Arabian horses. The claim is made that nineteen families are descended from her, five through mares and fourteen through stallions. Some even believe that eight other families also should be credited to her. The Seglawi is descended from four great mares owned by a man of that name. Davenport, who classes this as one of the great Arabian families, states that Seglawi at his death gave his favorite mare to his brother Jedran, from which the name “ Seglawi Jedran”’ is given this, the most popular branch of the Keheilet Ajuz family. Horses of this ancestry are said to be mostly bays in color, are possessed of the greatest speed of any Arab family, and in con- formation closely resemble the Thoroughbred. Davenport states! that the Darley Arabian, “ perhaps the only Anezeh horse in our studbooks, was a Keheilan of the subfamily called Ras-el-Fadawi.” The characteristics of the Arab horse. The /ead represents very superior character and intelligence, the forehead being broad and prominent, and the head tapering toward the nose more than with other breeds. The nostrils are prominent, the eyes fairly so, the ears delicate and pointing inward, and the general head expression lean and representing high spirit. The xeck is of medium length and sustains the head most gracefully. Captain Hayes states that the shoulders of the Arab slope well, though from the saddle point of view they are often too thick, while the withers incline to be rather low and broad. The body is fairly short and is usually deeply ribbed, the Jack is well sustained, and the /ozvs are broad and muscular. The croup tends to be 1 My Quest of the Arab Horse (1909), p. 259. 10 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE high, sometimes making specimens of the breed appear higher here than at the withers. The ¢ad/ sets high and is carried with style. The guarters are long and deep, but the gaskins and hocks hardly equal those of the Thoroughbred. The /egs and feet are very superior. For his size the strength of the Arabian horse is remarkable, this being due in part to large development of muscle of loin and arm, whereby he becomes a_ superior burden carrier. The Arab has a great constitution and extraordi- nary staying power. He is not noted so much for speed as for endurance, as he is not nearly the equal of the Thoroughbred or American trotter for rapid speed. Yet the Arab will perform long journeys across country with comparative ease, such as require great staying power. In ezght the Arab ranges from 14 to 14} hands, so that he stands at the boundary line between pony and horse. Many of the most famous Arabs brought to England were ponies. Esa ben Curtas, a large importer of Arabs to Bombay, is credited with the statement that the best Arabs did not, as a rule, exceed 14 hands 1} inches to 144 hands high. In’ color there is some variation, for there are bays, whites, grays, chestnuts, and blacks. No pure-bred Arabs are spotted or roan of color. Rowe gives the prevalence of the various colors as follows!: bay, 50 to 60 per cent; chestnut, 25 per cent; and gray or white, 15 to 25 per cent. A black Arabian is exceedingly rare. The introduction of the Arab horse to America dates back many years. No doubt numerous horses called Arabian were not of that breed, but were of oriental ancestry. About 1765 an Arab stallion named Ranger was imported to New London, Connecticut. A half-bred, gray son of this horse was used by General Washing- ton during the Revolutionary War. Ranger was later taken to Virginia, where he became known as the Lindsay Arabian. In 1838 a large consignment of both stallions and mares was brought to the United States by Commodore J. D. Elliott of the United States Navy. The first volume of Bruce’s “American Studbook ” (Thoroughbred) contains a list of 42 Arab stallions imported into the United States between 1760 and 1860, besides 12 Arab mares, 4 Barb stallions, and 2 Barb mares. About 1855 A. Keene 1 Breeders’ Gazette, May 29, 1912. THE ARAB HORSE II Richards of Kentucky made a trip to Arabia with Troyon, the animal painter. They visited among the Anezah, and Richards brought back to America 3 stallions and 2 mares. The stallions were much used in service, and their blood occupies a place of prominence in the Gold Dust family of trotters. In 1893 a company of men brought several stallions and mares from near - Damascus and exhibited at the World’s Columbian Exposition at Chicago. Most of these horses later were lost in a fire, but one Fic. 5. Hamrah 28, a bay Arab stallion, sire a Hamdani, dam a Seglawi Jedran. Owned by Hingham Stock Farm, Hingham, Massachusetts. Photograph by Pictorial News Company of the finest, a gray mare known as Nedjma, was saved. In 1906 Homer Davenport imported 10 mares and 17 stallions to his farm in New Jersey. J. A. P. Ramsdell of New York, Spencer Borden of Massachusetts, and Randolph Huntington of New York each owned imported Arabs of merit. The influence of the Arab horse upon the improvement of the present-day breeds is well recognized among students. As early as the reign of King James I of England (1603-1625) Arab horses were introduced into that country and crossed with light horses. Between 1700 and 1800 many oriental horses found their 12 : THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE & way to England, and these had a most important influence in improving the Thoroughbred. The so-called “ Royal Mares,”’ imported by Charles II (1660-1685), became foundation stock in the best of British light-horse blood, their descendants attaining great distinction. From the Darley Arabian imported in 1706 is descended the best of Hackney blood to-day. According to Joseph Osborne,! since the time of James I 164 oriental sires of known record have been taken to England and used in service. This list includes 90 Arabs, 36 Barbs, 32 Turks, 4 Persians, and 2 horses of unknown ancestry. Arab horses have also been used for centuries in improving the horses of continental Europe. Much of the quality produced in the early Percheron, it is claimed, came from the Arab, while the French have set a high value on this horse in producing half-breeds and improving coach horses. In 1522 the Turks invaded Hungary five hundred thousand strong, which number, so history informs us, included three hundred thousand horsemen. With the defeat of the Mohammedans they were driven from the country, but they left large numbers of Arabian horses behind. Until the World War Arab horse blood had been in use in the stables of Hungary, and a Bedouin of the desert, thoroughly familiar with the breed, was attached to the Hungarian army as master of horse, his duty being to select the best Arabian horses for the royal studs. These studs were established in 1785. In addition to the royal studs, there were some 150 private studs, in which were to be found 5000 Arab mares of purest blood. Russia and Germany have also used the Arabian in the stud. It is said that in 1895 no less than 200 Arab stallions belonging to the French government were at the free service of owners of mares in Algiers, Africa, this being a French colony. In recent years Major Upton maintained a pure Arab stud in England, as did Henry Chaplin, once Minister of Agriculture. Sir Wilfred Blunt and his wife, Lady Anne Blunt, in 1877 be- came interested in the Arab and brought to England from Arabia some choice pure-bred stallions and mares. They owned a stud in Egypt as well as in England, and about 1905 their Crabbet stud in England contained about 125 head. Reverend F. F. Vidal, 1 The Horse Breeders’ Handbook, London. (No date.) THE ARAB HORSE 13 Sir Walter Gilbey, Miss Ethelred Dillon, and others. have. pro- moted the Arab horse in England and maintained studs. Notable Arab horses of recent years were the stallions Kismet, Blitz, El Emir, Maidan, Kouch, Kars, Shahwan, Cunningham, Garaveen, and Himyarite. Kismet and Blitz had remarkable records in India as race horses. During 1883 and 1884 Kismet never lost a race or heat and won about $150,000 in money. Kismet was brought to England, where he not only raced but was used in the stud. In 1891 he was leased to Mr. Huntington of Oyster Bay, New York, and shipped to this country, but died two hours after landing. Maidan was foaled in 1869 at Nejd and was taken to India, where he attained fame as a race horse. After a remarkable career of many years as a cavalry and racing horse in India, he was taken to France and from there to England, where he lived to be twenty-three years old. Shahwan was a small white stallion imported from Cairo by the Blunts and sold to J. A. P. Ramsdell. He was very beautiful, but died before his value in the stud could be determined. Notable Arab mares were Hagar, Haidee, Naomi, Rodania, Kesia, and Nazli. Hagar was a Keheilet Ajuz and was purchased at Aleppo when five years of age and taken to England by the Blunts. She produced thir- teen foals and died in 1898, at twenty-five years of age, one of the greatest Arab mares ever imported to England. Haidee was imported by the Uptons and left one foal, Naomi, after which she died. Naomi became the property of Mr. Vidal, who, in 1888, sold her to Randolph Huntington. She had twelve foals, four in England and eight in America, and died at twenty-two years of age, famous as a remarkable dam. Nazli was a daughter of Naomi, sired by Maidan. She produced a number of high-class sons and daughters. The value of the Arab in crossbreeding has been very notable. Wherever used he has transmitted constitution, quality, intelli- gence, and style in a marked degree. His value to horse stock in the past has undoubtedly been important, especially in the earlier stages of breed development. Not only this, but European governments, even of to-day, recognize the value of an Arabian cross to instill the qualities above referred to into depleted stock. As an example of this crossing, in 1899 it is stated that the 14 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE French government mated sixty Thoroughbred mares with pure Arabian stallions at the national stud at Pompadour. The object was to obtain Anglo-Arab stallions for service in the government studs. These crossbred stallions are usually placed in low, soft districts, where the horses are coarse and of inferior bone. The progeny from such stallions have more refinement and quality than those obtained by other matings. At the present time one important use for Arab sires is breeding to Welsh, New Forest, Exmoor, or similar ponies to produce crossbreds for polo playing. In 1913 fifteen Arabian stallions were shipped to West Virginia to be used on farm mares in the blue-grass counties of that state. The present-day recognition of the Arab horse in America is very slight. The breed is not popular among horsemen, and although for many years efforts have been made to interest the people in Arabs, but very few are to be found on the American continent. The argument advanced is that our own American saddle horses are far superior to the Arab for riding in the saddle, while for speed in harness nothing compares with our trotter or pacer. In the opinion of most horsemen there is no special place or use for the Arab in America. The advocates of the Arab regard him as a premier saddle horse or pony and assign him large credit in the development of the breeds of light horses. ‘‘ The Arab horse is par excellence the general utility animal,” writes H. K. Bush-Brown,? ‘“‘and as such has no equal because of his intelligence, docility, fleetness, and endurance, and his strong back makes him the best weight carrier in the world.” Professor H. F. Osborn states that® “the unpopularity of the Arab in some quarters is due to mistakes which have been made in breeding and environment or nurture. It is impossible to rear the Arab and preserve it true to type without regard to the hardy conditions in feeding methods and environment of the semi-desert regions of Arabia where these animals were originally bred.” In his opinion the chief value of the Arab to-day will be in giving a finish to cavalry stock and the saddle type in general, “ but the mixture can only be made in the most scientific manner.” 1 Breeders’ Gazette, May 21, 1913. 2 Arabian National Studbook, Vol. I (1913), p. 9. 8 Ibid. p. 3. 2° i tpi aes SCALE OF MILES Selkirk o Ettrick Dumfries AP 0 North York \\ Moors’ \ASearborough Fs SS iamiprova Head ~ us Sstamford( ( EES Liverpo Birkenteag ; oN , CHESTER enbighs-,” \Chester E vA. 4 NBIGH. + as 5a — we i Z aN ASTAPFOKD = Onna °F Boston f } Walsingham N Stafford ° gue CP | _-¥ ?Xings Lynn aa Shrevsbury@Y (LEIC TERKOT swell "Tf Norwichay Greatly SHROMSINRE j “Leicester, eee etoubovaisl) NORFOLK *® } & TC ANe™ NS oe D nc A Ce y Nase SAN ag i & eney HUNTING: a f: t antag i an, INTINE a I Bs Barbar Oi ane am? ucester 22 GAmesbury Selborn: acs 9 bab Ty Ub Hatta Barnatah ig fomerser Salisbury)" 3 “=x Taunton” al a OS (( v — \.0F WIGHT S\ Portiand Bill CORNWALL ee ymouty t eas ys gpartmouth as ‘mouth Eddystdne y LH. rat “Cizard Pt. rt Lb WA G cuanneL@® |! aN ISLANDS $ Pa 4° Longitude West 9° Fic. 6. A county map of England, on which will be found points of interest connected with the ancestry and development of many breeds 16 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE Societies for promoting Arab horses are found in various coun- tries. In the United States Arab horses are registered in “ The American Thoroughbred Studbook.” The ‘‘ General Studbook of Great Britain’’ serves the same purpose in that country. In 1908 the Arabian Horse Club of America was incorporated, and Vol- ume I of the ‘Arabian National Studbook ” was published in 1913. This contains the registration of one hundred and twenty-seven Arabs and sixty-eight Americo-Arabs. In addition to registering pure Arabs, this association registers, under certain conditions, crosses with Thoroughbreds, trotters, ‘‘ Kentucky saddle horses,”’ Morgans, and Clays. CHhArite R Itt THE THOROUGHBRED The history of the Thoroughbred is so closely associated with the improvement of the modern horse that much consideration should be given it. The horse in England prior to Queen Elizabeth’s reign was mainly of the draft type, coarse and strong. We know little of his general merits. He was used in war for chariots and as a saddle horse. The early Romans brought horses to England in the fifth century, and so did the succeeding Normans and others. Early in the thirteenth century King John imported one hundred stallions from Flanders. It is related that during the fourteenth century Edward III brought to England over fifty Spanish horses at a cost of over eight hundred dollars each. Henry VIII main- tained a royal stud, had laws enacted regarding horse breeding, and imported from Turkey, Spain, and Italy. Yet during all these years the prevailing horses were burden bearers with the exception of a few of greater speed, known as running horses. The use of heavy armor in the army had justified breeding a horse of this type. Systematic horse racing in England was first introduced by James I. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth (1558—1603) the use of armor grew to be unpopular, though the use of horses changed but little. James I, succeeding Elizabeth, was not war- like in temperament, and the use of armor passed away during his reign. Not only this, but James established the race course, gave attention to horse breeding, and imported from the Orient. He established a code of regulations from which the modern race course has derived its foundation. James imported from the _ Orient through an English merchant named Markham, an Arabian stallion for which he paid five hundred pounds ($2500). This horse was much ridiculed and played no special part in improving racing stock. About 1617 Sir Thomas Edmunds brought to England six Barb stallions which were bred to English mares. 17 18 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE Charles I (1625-1649), the son of James I, established racing at Newmarket and Hyde Park. Charles II is regarded by British authorities as the leading promoter of horse racing following the time of Henry VIII. He brought many horses from the Orient and was a pioneer in establishing the Thoroughbred as a breed. Two Barb mares which Charles II imported became famous among the brood mares of England, and were named the ‘“ Royal Mares.” Horse racing and the race track in Great Britain have thus been institutions from early times, and since the day of James I (1566-1625) every British ruler has patronized the race course and promoted horse breeding. The most noted race course in England is that at Newmarket, established in 1667. On this course in May, July, and October are held notable racing events, of which the Two Thousand Guineas stake is the most famous. What are known as the classic races of England, in the order of their occurrence, are the Two Thousand Guineas, One Thousand Guineas, Derby,! Oaks, and St. Leger. The Derby, the most noted of these, was established at Epsom in 1780 and has been held each year since until 1915, when it was discontinued until after the World War. The race as run in England and generally elsewhere in western Europe is with a jockey in the saddle, the gait being at a gallop, which is the fastest speed produced by the horse. The course is a closely cropped sod; hence the name of ‘the turf,’”’ as applied to the European race track. The length of the course and its form vary more or less. In 1892 Curzon wrote,” “‘There are thirty-one different race courses at Newmarket, ranging from a little over a furlong (40 rods, or one eighth of a mile) to the Beacon course of four miles.” The Derby race is over a course I mile 4 furlongs 29 yards. Four miles is rarely run. A popular distance is one and one-fourth or one and one-half miles. The early improvement of the Thoroughbred dates back several hundred years. Since the time of James I about one hundred and sixty-four oriental sires have been imported into England. The keen desire for a running horse and the race track have 1 In England pronounced as though spelled Darby. 2 Henry Curzon, A Mirror of the Turf. THE THOROUGHBRED 19 resulted in the development of the Thoroughbred, which for two hundred years or more has been bred with considerable purity. Three early oriental horses introduced into England during the formative period of the Thoroughbred exercised a most important influence. These were the following: 1. The Godolphin Barb, also known as Godolphin Arabian, was probably foaled in Barbary about 1724. Later he found his way to France and for a time was used to haul a water cart. About 1728 he was taken to England and presented to Lord Godolphin, who always insisted that the horse was an Arabian. He was used in the stud with great success. His blood contributes in a most important degree to founding the Thoroughbred. 2. The Byerly Turk, the saddle horse of Captain Byerly, used later in the seventeenth century in the wars of William in Ireland, was probably brought to England in 1689. He was very famous as a sire, and horses descended from him are known as Byerly Turk horses. Of the famous Thoroughbred sires in England a few years ago, sixty are direct descendants of this horse. 3. The Darley Arabian, supposed to be a pure Maneghi Arabian, was bought at Aleppo, Syria, by Mr. Brewster Darley, as a gift to his brother Mr. John B. Darley of Aldby Park, near York. This horse was brought to England in 1706. He was a dark bay in color, with a blaze on face and white on three feet, and stood about 15 hands high. To the Darley Arabian can be traced the choicest of Thoroughbred blood. These three oriental horses preceded the development of the Thoroughbred, yet their blood had a most potent influence in establishing the breed which followed. Three early English Thoroughbred sires of great prepotency, important in establishing the breed, stand out as really great an- cestors of the modern speed horse. They are the following : 1. Herod (King Herod). This horse was foaled in 1758 and was bred by the Duke of Cumberland, a brother of George II. He was used on the race course for a time and was then retired to the stud. He is said to have sired four hundred and ninety- seven prize winners on various race courses, and it is estimated that they won for their owners £201,505, or over one million - dollars. Herod was a direct descendant of the Byerly Turk. 20 THE HORSE, ASS, AND. MULE 2. Matchem. One of the important sons of the Godolphin Barb was named Cade. He proved to be an indifferent race horse, but a great sire owing to his superior blood and confor- mation. Matchem, his best-known son, became a great racer as well as a prominent sire. It is stated that he made a record on the Beacon course at the rate of a mile in 1:44. He also became well known for the excellence of his progeny in speed quality, for he sired three hundred and fifty-four sons and daughters that were winners of races. Matchem was foaled in 1748 and died in 1781. 3. Eclipse. The Darley Arabian was the sire of two great horses in their day — notably Flying Childers (also known as The Devonshire) and Bartlett’s Childers. The former was a chestnut horse with four white feet and was the fastest horse on the English turf up to his time. Bartlett’s Childers was never trained to race, but was used in the stud instead. A grandson of his, named Marske, bred to the mare Spiletta, was the sire of Eclipse, foaled in 1764 during a great eclipse, from which he takes his name. From two points of view this horse may be regarded as perhaps the greatest in history — one as a racer, the other as a progenitor of racers. He was bred by the Duke of Cumberland, and at the sale of his stud brought 75 guineas. He was five years old before going on the turf, running first at Epsom. In his second race, at York, he distanced his competitors. In 1769 Dennis O'Kelly bought him for 1650 guineas ($8250). As a racer he distanced some of the best horses of his time. Finally, as no one would race against him, he closed his racing career of seventeen months by walking over the Newmarket race course for the King’s Plate in October, 1770. In 1779 O'Kelly was asked by one of the Bedford family for his price on Eclipse, and he replied that ‘‘all Bedford Level would not purchase him.” From another person he asked $125,000 and an annuity of $2500 for life. Eclipse won eleven King’s Plates, and O’ Kelly cleared £25,000 on him. In historical descriptions of this horse he is said to have been about 154 hands high; his shoulders were very low and oblique and thick above, while he stood high behind. He had a great loin, very long quarters, powerful and long thighs and fore- arms, and his stride was very wide. He was so thick winded THE THOROUGHBRED | that he could be heard some distance. He was of fine disposition, and in a race he took his own gait, rushing along with his head down, indifferent to his jockeys, who found it impossible to hold him in. Eclipse sired three hundred and thirty-four winners of races. He died in 17809, aged twenty-five years. This horse was a direct descendant of the Darley Arabian, and the very best of British and American racing-horse blood traces its source from these two great sires. Of these three English-bred stallions Eclipse as a breeder was most important, especially in the male line of descent, while Matchem was least so. The influence of both the oriental and English sires on the creation of the Thoroughbred as a breed has been very profound, but without doubt numerous females have had an important part. However, much less is known of the personality and breeding of the mares than of the sires. C. Bruce Lowe, in an elaborate study of speed lines of many great Thoroughbreds, compiles a list of forty-four important foundation mares. At the head of that list he places first 77egonwell’s Natural Barb Mare; second, Burton's Barb Mare; third, Dam of two True Blues. ' The origin of the Thoroughbred commences with the union of Arabian, Barb, and Turkish blood with the lighter type of English horse. From this amalgamation came great stamina, remarkable speed, unusual endurance, and great symmetry of form. No other European breed of horses at the present time shows so much purity of breeding as does the Thoroughbred, notwithstanding the early combination of blood. For many years animals recorded in the “‘ General Studbook”’ have been regarded as free of all impure breeding. The conformation of the Thoroughbred is distinctive. The “ead should be fine and lean and moderately small, bearing evidence of quality and breeding; eyes prominent and intelligent ; ears of medium size, not too wide apart, and carried in a lively manner. The zeck should be long, the upper part from withers to poll being about twice as long as the lower part from point of shoulder to larynx, and strongly muscular. The shoulders should slope obliquely back to a notable degree, be strongly muscled, and extend back to form high, fairly close, long withers; no collar 22 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE heaviness should be noticeable. The chest tends to narrow rather than broad conformation, with good depth, yet able authorities prefer a broad rather than deep and narrow chest. The dody should be somewhat circular in type, with a depth at the withers rather less than half the height, with a length equal to the height at withers and croup; the dack and loins should be comparatively broad, level, and muscular; the ribs well sprung and of enough Fic. 7. Hanover, a Thoroughbred stallion foaled in 1884. A famous runner, starting in fifty races, winning thirty-two, securing $120,912 in prize money. The leading sire of prize winners from 1895 to 1808 inclusive. From photograph by courtesy of the 7hovoughbred Record depth to show good feeding capacity. The croup is carried high and tends to be long, rather level, curving gracefully, with the tail attached medium high. The Azzd quarter is one of the features of the Thoroughbred, being long and strongly muscled, exhibiting great driving power; the gaskims, or lower thighs, should be broad. The fore leg should be muscular and strong in arm and long and wide in forearm, with comparatively little width between THE THOROUGHBRED 28 < the legs. A rather broad, strong #vee, supported by a short, flat cannon bone extending well back, is desirable. The “znd leg at the hocks ought to be deep, clean, free from fleshiness, and be supported by a short, flat, clean cannon bone. The fastern joint should be smooth, placed true, and in harmony with the leg as a whole. The pasterns should be rather long and slanting, yet strong, clean, and springy, being carried at an angle of about 45 degrees. The feet should be of medium size, wide and high at the heel, concave below, and be carried straight and true. In order to secure speed it is essential that the knees and hocks move smoothly and freely and that this movement be true. The gait of the Thoroughbred is essentially the gallop, which horses of this breed show to perfection. The height of the Thoroughbred ranges from 14} to 16} hands, but 15 to 154 is most approved. It is probable that this breed has increased in height with its development. About the middle of the last century Rous asserted that the breed had increased a hand in height during the preceding hundred years. Sir Walter Gilbey states that “from an average height of 14 hands in 1700 the breed has been graded up to an average of 15 hands 2} inches in the year 1900.” The weight of the Thoroughbred is quite variable, but in gen- eral ranges from 900 to 1050 pounds. The color of the Thoroughbred is variable. Bays and browns are quite general and most popular, though chestnuts frequently occur, while blacks, grays, and roans may be found. The temperament of the Thoroughbred is nervous and mettle- some, this horse being endowed with great spirit and endurance in the race. Frequently riders have great difficulty in restraining their horses at the opening of a race, so impatient are they to make the start. A list of famous British Thoroughbreds might include a large number of animals. The following horses have attained great fame on the British turf and may be regarded as among the very best representatives of the breed. This brief list, which covers nearly one hundred and fifty years, gives the date of foaling and the name of sire and dam in each case: Sgwzrt, 1732, by Bart- lett’s Childers, out of the Snake mare; Pot-5-0s, 1773, by Eclipse, 24 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE out of Sportsmistress ; Woodpecker, 1773, by Herod, out of Mis- fortune; Highflyer, 1774, by Herod, out of Rachael; Sz7 Peter Teasle (also known as Sir Peter), 1784, by Highflyer, out of Papillon; Waay, 1790, by Pot-8-os, out of Maria by Herod; Whalebone, 1807, by Waxy, out of Penelope; Zzvamp, 1810, by Dick Andrews, dam by Gohanna; Whisker, 1812, by Waxy, out of Penelope; Szr Hercules, 1826, by Whalebone, out of Peri; Touchstone, 1831, by Camel, out of Banter; /rish Bird Catcher, 1833, by Sir Hercules, out of Guiccioli; Gladiator, 1833, by Partisan, out of Pauline; /augh-a-Ballagh, 1841, by Sir Her- cules, out of Guiccioli; Ovzlando, 1841, by Touchstone, out of Vulture ; Ze Baron, 1842, by Irish Bird Catcher, out of Echidna ; Stockwell, 1849, by The Baron, out of Pocahontas; Azugston, 1849, by Venison, out of Queen Anne; Azug Tom, 1851, by Harkaway, out of Pocahontas; lair Athol, 1861, by Stockwell, out of Blink Bonny ; Hermzt, 1864, by Newminster, out of Seclu- sion; Robert The Devil, 1877, by Bertram, out of Cast Off; Bend Or, 1878, by Doncaster, out of Rouge Rose; St. Szmon, 1881, by Gallopin, out of St. Angela; /szzglass, 1890, by Ison- omy, out of Deadlock; Persimmon, 1893, by St. Simon, out of Perdita II; /lying Fox, 1896, by Orme, out of Vampire; Diamond Jubilee, 1897, by St. Simon; Rock Sand, 1900, by Sainfoin, out of Roquebrune. Importations of Thoroughbreds to America were made at a comparatively early date, and some of the most famous horses of the breed found their way to the United States during the eight- eenth century. The first to come to America is said to have been the horse Bulle Rock, imported to Virginia in 1730. Diomed, winner of the first Derby ever run, was imported in 1799 at twenty- two years of age. Messenger, imported in 1788 as a Thoroughbred to improve the running horse, became a distinguished progenitor of trotters. Fearnought (1775), Buzzard (1787), Shark (1771), Alderman (1787), Pantaloon (1778), Highflyer (1784), Saltram (1780), and Matchem (1773) represent eminent early importations. The men of Virginia, South Carolina, Maryland, and Kentucky, from very early days, showed great interest in Thoroughbreds and promoted the race track. In 1665 the first track in America, known as the Newmarket course, was established at Hempstead THE THOROUGHBRED 25 Plains, Long Island, New York, by Governor Nicolls. In 1760 a Newmarket course was also established at Charleston, South Carolina. Among the many Thoroughbreds imported to America since the opening of the nineteenth century, the following are noteworthy : Savpedon, 1828, by Emilius, out of Icaria; Glencoe, 1831, by Sultan, out of Trampoline; Leamington, 1853, by Faugh-a-Ballagh, out of Daughter of b.m.; Lonnie Scotland, 1853, by Iago, out of Queen Mary; Azstralian, 1858, by West Australian, out of Emilia; Phaeton, 1865, by King Tom, out of Merry Sunshine; Prince Charlie, 1869, by Blair Athol, out of Eastern Princess; Rayon d'Or, 1876, by Flageolet, out of Aura- caria; St. Blaise, 1880, by Hermit, out of Fusee; Azngston, 1882, by Flageolet; Ormonde, 1884, by Bend Or, out of Lily Agnes; Sysonby, 1901, by Melton, out of Optime. Thoroughbreds of American breeding that have attained great prominence date from about 1800, but this list is not a long one. The following are of special distinction, though others of merit might be mentioned: S77 Archy, 1805, by Diomed, out of Castianira; American Eclipse, 1814, by Duroc, out of Miller’s Damsel ; Loston, 1833, by Timoleon, out of Sister to Tuckahoe ; Lexington, 1850, by Boston, out of Alice Carneal; JVorfolk, 1860, by Lexington, out of Novice; Longfellow, 1867, by Leam- ington, out of Nantura; /avole, 1874, by Leamington, out of Maiden; Hizmyar, 1875, by Alarm, out of Hira; Luke Black- burn, 1877, by Bonnie Scotland, out of Nevada; /roguozs, 1878, by Leamington, out of Maggie B.B.; Zhe Bard, 1883, by Long- fellow, out of Brademante; /ivenzz, 1884, by Glenelg, out of Florida ; Hanover, 1884, by Hindoo, out of Bourbon Belle; Sa/- vator, 1886, by Prince Charlie, out of Salina; Hamburg, 1891, by Hanover, out of Lady Reel. Thoroughbred sires of winners on the course vary greatly in degrees of distinction. Many sires have but small opportunity, owing to short lives or to being owned by men who have no oppor- tunity to use them in the stud in an important degree. The horse Lexington was one of the greatest sires in the history of the American turf, and during seven different years his progeny were the leading winners. In twenty-one seasons he sired 600 horses, of which 236 were winners of races. During fifteen years R 26 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE his offspring won a total of $1,159,321. Two imported horses, Leamington and Bonnie Scotland, left a strong impress on run- ning horse blood. Leamington was used in the stud in England and in 1865 was purchased for $7500 by Mr. Cameron and brought to America. Miss Theo, by Leamington, was a noted brood mare, and Parole, a son, was a famous racer. Hanover, by Hindoo, was one of the more recent great American-bred sires, being foaled in 1884. He not only possessed great speed but Fic. 8. Lamplighter, a Thoroughbred racer and sire in the stud of Milton Young, Lexington, Kentucky. One of the leading sires of 1904 and 1905 winners. From photograph by the author transmitted this quality to many sons and daughters. The horse Kingston, that died in 1912 at twenty-nine years of age, raced for nine years and sired many winners. The speed record of the Thoroughbred is faster than that of any other horse. Races with this breed are run under the saddle, with jockeys up. A light, skillful jockey is needed in the saddle. A very satisfactory jockey weight is 110 to 115 pounds, but many great races have been won with weight up to 125 pounds. The fastest record by a Thoroughbred up to 1918 was that of 1:35} by Salvator on a straightaway track of one mile, in 1890, at Monmouth Park, New Jersey. However, on August 21, 1918, the horse Roamer at Saratoga, New York, reduced the record to 1:344. On the Harlem standard track, in 1903, Dick Wells ran a mile in 1:372. Only a few days before Alan-a-Dale had passed around THE THOROUGHBRED 27 the Washington Park track, making the mile in 1:373. In 1910 Fashion Plate made a mile in 1:374 in the Metropolitan Handicap, which record was again equaled in the same race in 1914 by Buskin. The above are the fastest mile records up to 1919 in- clusive. In 1855 Lexington ran four miles in 7:19}, winning $20,000 in a race against time. In 1876 Ten Broeck, in a race against time, lowered the four-mile record to 7:153. This same year he made a mile in 1:39?, which was the record for about thirteen years. In 1881 Luke Blackburn, a very famous runner, then four years old, made a mile at Jerome Park in 1:45. In 1880 he also made a record of 2:34 for a mile and a half, which was not lowered for many years. Thoroughbred records of the English Derby are regarded as of first importance. The winners from 1900 to the present day have furnished some of the most remarkable speed in the history of that historic course. The following are the more recent records : YEAR Name oF Horse SIRE TIME 1900 Diamond Jubilee St. Simon 2:42 1901 Volodyovski Florizel 2:40% 1902 Ard Patrick St. Florian 2:424 1903 Rock Sand Sainfoin 2:42% 1904 St. Amant Frusquin 2:424 1905 Cicero Cyllene 2:392 1906 Spearmint Carbine 2:36¢ 1907 Orby Orme 2:44 1908 Signorinetta Chaleureux 2:304 1909 Minoru Cyllene 2:422 1910 Lemberg! Cyllene 2:352 IQII Sunstar Sunbridge 2:36% 192 Tagalic Cyllene 2:384 1913 Aboyeur Desmond 2:373 1914” Durbar II Rabelais 2:38 Thoroughbred records on the American turf of special interest are those made in the Futurity and in the Suburban Handicap, Sheepshead Bay, New York; the Brooklyn Handicap, Grave- send, New York; the Metropolitan Handicap, Belmont Park, New York; the Brighton Handicap, Brighton Beach, New York ; 1 Record time. 2 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, abandoned owing to the war. 28 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE the Excelsior Handicap, Jamaica, New York; and the Saratoga Handicap, Saratoga, New York. During the winter season running races are conducted in the South, more especially at New Orleans. The following are the more recent winning records of the Suburban Handicap, over a course of one and one-fourth miles, and of the Futurity, over a course of six furlongs. SUBURBAN HANDICAP YEAR Name oF Horse Time VALUE OF PURSE 1904 Hermis 2:05 $16,800 1905 Beldame 2:052 16,800 1906 Go- Between 2:054 16,800 1907 Nealon 2:062 16,800 1908 Ballot 2:03 19,750 1909 Fitz Herbert 2:032 3,850 1910 Olambala 2:04% 6,000 1913 Whisk Broom II 2:00 3,000 19151 Stromboli 2:052 5,000 THE FuTuURITY YEAR Name oF Horse TIME VALUE OF PURSE 1904 Artful 1:11 $42,880 1905 Ormondale I:11¢ 38,680 1906 Electioneer ‘ 1:133 37,270 1907 Colin 1:114 24,830 1908 Maskette T:11t 24,985 1909 Sweep I:11% 25,710 Igo Novelty 1:12} 10,000 1913 Pennant Tens I 5,000 1914 Trojan 1:164 16,010 IQI5 Thunderer T:11t 23,450 Thoroughbred winnings in money, prior to the World War, amounted to very large sums. This is brought out by Lieutenant R. M. Danford in a striking way, in the following reference? to the Castleton Stud of Kentucky, long owned by James R. Keene, one of the greatest promoters of the Thoroughbred : 1 Not run in 1914. 2 Bit and Spur, February, 1912. THE THOROUGHBRED 29 The first five names on the list of America’s greatest winning races horses are Domino $193,550, Sysonby $184,430, Colin $180,912, Ballot $154,545 and Kingston $141,823. Sysonby was imported in utero and raised on the farm. On the list of great American winners are the following horses bred at the farm: Peter Pan, with $116,450; Delhi, with $115,640; Maskette, with $77,090; Novelty, with $72,630; and Commando, with $58,196. These, together with numerous turf stars of less brilliancy, placed Mr. Keene at the head of the list of winning owners in America in 1905, 1906, 1907, and 1908, and in 1907 made him the wor/d@’s record winning owner, having that year to his credit the remarkable sum of $406,591. The next largest winning owner is the Duke of Portland, who, in 1889, won on the English turf an amount equal to $365,872.63. The winnings of the farm [ Castleton] have exceeded the enormous sum of $2,000,000. Prices paid for Thoroughbred horses have reached higher figures than for any other breed. In 1913 J. B. Joel paid about $200,000 for Prince Palatine (sire, Persimmon; dam, Lady Lightfoot), the winner in 1911 of the St. Leger and in 1912 of the Ascot gold cup, Eclipse stakes, Doncaster cup, and the Jockey Club stakes. Also in 1913 Edmund Blanc of France paid $200,000 for White Knight, by Desmond, owned by W. R. Wynham of England. In 1904 Flying Fox, at the sale of the Duke of Westminster, sold for $187,500. In 1912 Rock Sand, that had cost August Belmont $125,000, was sold by him at thirteen years of age for $150,000. Diamond Jubilee, Ormonde, _ and Cyllene also each sold for $150,000. Commenting on the high prices paid for Thoroughbreds, Mr. J. I. Teasdale says :! Ata sale in Sydney, Australia, in Easter week (1910), 385 yearlings were sold for anaverage of over $972each. Atthe Doncaster yearling salesin September, 1911, 298 lots averaged $1905. In Argentina recently 188 yearlings sold at an aver- age of nearly $6500; 12 Cyllene colts made an average of $15,000, and 8 fillies made an average of $7500. Thirteen Polar Star colts made an average of $9500, and Io fillies averaged $6000. Seven colts and 7 fillies by Diamond Jubilee fetched respectively an average of $8000 and $4000. Fourteen Jardy colts reached an average of $10,000, and 6 fillies an average of $5000. The Vale d’Or colts averaged $4500, the 10 fillies $5000. The distribution of the Thoroughbred is world-wide in regions where the Caucasian race prevails and where horses are kept for racing purposes. England is the native home of the breed, but 1 Breeders’ Gazette, November 22, 1911. 30 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE to-day it is bred in all Great Britain. France has long maintained noted studs of Thoroughbreds, while Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Russia, Argentina, and the United States have had important studs. A Thoroughbred studbook, known as the ‘“ General Studbook of Great Britain,” is published in England. It is interesting to note that ““An Introduction to a General Studbook”’ was pub- lished in 1791, while in 1808 there was published the first vol- ume of ‘The General Stud-Book, containing pedigrees of Race Horses, etc., etc., from the earliest accounts to the year 1807, inclusive.”’ This was the first pedigree book of any kind up to this time. This publication has been continued ever since under the same title of the “General Studbook,” being published in London. In America “ The American Thoroughbred Studbook ” is published by the American Jockey Club, with headquarters in New York. Studbooks for this breed are also published in France and Argentina. Oi r AGE Rosi; THE AMERICAN SADDLE HORSE The native home of the American saddle horse embraces the more fertile sections of the states of Virginia, Kentucky, Ten- nessee, and Missouri. Within latitudes 35°—38° N. and includ- ing a distance westward from the Virginia coast of almost one thousand miles, we find the territory within which this compara- tively new breed has been developed. Amid blue-grass fields and in the hands of the better-class farmers and horse lovers of the South, the American saddle horse has reached a high stage of perfection. Much of this improvement has been brought about in Kentucky ; hence the common term “ Kentucky saddle horse.” Lexington, Kentucky, has long been regarded as the great center of breed activity. The ancestry of the American saddle horse involves several rather distinct families of American-bred horses and one long- established British breed, the Thoroughbred. Early in the history of Kentucky —when railroads were unknown and bridle paths, trails, and poor roads were common — horseback riding was not only necessary but universal. The early saddle horses were hard- gaited, and this resulted in the selection of the better type of Thoroughbreds, easy of gait and light of foot, some of which found their way into Kentucky from Virginia. Mares with an ambling, or slow-pacing, gait were sought for and found many years ago, and to them Thoroughbred saddle stallions of easy movement were bred. The pacing blood came in part from Canada and New England and so involved some Morgan breed- ing. Thus, by selection there developed a class of very easy- gaited saddlers. The significance of Thoroughbred blood in this early development is brought out in striking manner, as shown in the blood lines in Volume I of the “ American Saddle Horse Studbook,” based on investigations of John H. Ward. 31 32 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE In the 1081 horses registered we find the following Thor- oughbred blood : Pure-bred Thoroughbreds . . . Sete oe ojites Containing 50 per cent iPherouehbred bleed <- o> tues ee a OUnOTSES Containing 25 per cent Thoroughbred blood . . . . 296 horses Containing 12} per cent Thoroughbred blood. . . . 343 horses Containing 6} per cent Thoroughbred blood . . . . 152 horses Containing 3 per cent Thoroughbred blood . . . . 36 horses Uncertain breeding. 5 5-0.) Gs Ss. soso oe ag pe ee eMOESES Total 1081 horses The foundation stock of the American saddle horse, as agreed upon by the American Saddle Horse Breeders’ Association, after years of careful investigation and as revised in 1902, consists of the following ten stallions : Denmark (Thoroughbred), by imp. Hedgeford John Dillard, by Indian Chief (Canadian) Tom Flal (imported from Canada) Cabell’s Lexington, by Gist’s Black Hawk (Morgan) Coleman’s Eureka (Thoroughbred and Morgan) Van Meters Waxy (Thoroughbred) Stump-The-Dealer (Thoroughbred) Peter's Halcorn, Thoroughbred on sire’s side Davy Crockett Pat Cleburne, by Benton’s Gray Diomed The value of the Thoroughbred in developing the American saddle horse is set forth in the Aveeders’ Gazette in interesting manner by the late Charles L. Railey, long noted as a leader in the improvement of the saddle horse. After referring to the hard gait of the Thoroughbred, he says: In a life experience I do not recall one high-class saddle horse that was strictly a Thoroughbred. I have bought many beautiful specimens of the Thorough- bred, and tried faithfully to develop a saddle horse, only to find disastrous failure in each instance. The Kentucky breeder long ago realized that the Thoroughbred horse was the foundation from which to build for fineness of head and neck, obliquity of shoulders, texture of coat, quality of bone and fluted leg; and while retaining these qualities, added to them a higher carriage of head, more action, a more docile temperament, and from this idea was evolved the saddle-bred horse of Kentucky. THE AMERICAN SADDLE HORSE 33 The characteristics of the American saddle horse are similar in many respects to those found in the roadster of superior con- formation. However, he is notable for his beautiful head and expressive eye, a gracefully arched and well-proportioned neck, fairly high and refined withers, a short, strong back, well suited to the saddle, a long, rather level croup, and high-set, arched tail. The body should be round and neatly turned, and the shoulders and pasterns must be long and sloping, as necessary factors in an easy, springy gait. Not infrequently these horses appear to lack in depth of rib and so seem somewhat upstanding. This is essentially a_ stylish breed, as shown in the jaunty carriage of head, neck, and tail, and as evidenced in the nervous tempera- ment commonly seen in American saddle horses of good breed- ing. “ From an artistic point of view,’’ writes Gay,! ‘the is perhaps Fic. 9. Woodland Chief 2958, an American saddle horse at twenty-one years of age. From photo- graph by Professor J. J. Hooper the most beautiful of all horses, being the extreme embodiment of quality and finish, an ideal which has been fostered by the so-called ‘model’ classes of Southern shows. Some have been bred so very fine, however, as to be markedly deficient in substance.”’ The size of the American saddle horse is comparable with that of the average roadster. In height 154 to 15? hands may be regarded with favor, while the weight should vary between 1000 to 1150 pounds. For ladies the lighter type is preferred, while for heavy weights the larger horse is more desirable. An 1 Carl W. Gay, Productive Horse Husbandry. Philadelphia, 1913. 34 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE average height may be placed at 15} hands, and a large percentage of these horses weigh about 1050 pounds. The color of the American saddle horse is of several shades. Brown, bay, black, and chestnut are common, while gray is much less so. Some families tend more to ‘one color than another, as, for example, with the Denmarks black is predominant, while with the Chiefs chestnut prevails. Color is not regarded as of prime importance. The gaits of the saddle horse are especially distinctive. Sad- dlers may be divided into two classes: (1) the walk-trot-canter horse, having gaits commonly found in all saddlers; and (2) the American saddle horse in particular, having the walk, trot, canter, rack, and the running walk or fox trot or slow pace. A comprehensive discussion of the gaits of the saddle horse, coming from the pen of one well qualified to present the subject? and long identified with saddle-horse interests, the writer thinks appropriate to introduce here. There are different kinds of saddle horses, and they are ciassified in part at least by their gaits. The three natural gaits of a horse are the walk, trot, and gallop, or run. Artificially, that is, by education, the gallop is made into a canter, which is a gait performed by practically the same movement of the legs, but slower, more restrained, and easier to ride. We then have one kind of a saddle horse called the walk-trot-canter, or plain-gaited, horse. This horse suits a lot of people, primarily, because they do not know any other gait ; secondarily, because they are imitators of the English fashion of riding; and lastly, and leastly, because they do not like other educated and easier gaits. These easier gaits are the running walk and the rack. The latter is also called szzgle foot, inasmuch as in this gait each foot has a separate impact on the ground, no two of them striking it at the same time, as in the trot and pace. The running walk is called a slow gait, and there are two other gaits allied to it, —the slow pace and the fox trot. The name “running walk ” defines the gait accurately, and at once identifies it to the understanding. It is faster than a flat-foot walk, and is produced by a movement of the legs more rapid than in a walk, but in about the same rhythm; that is, each foot strikes the ground independently of the others. Most horses going the running walk bob or nod their heads, and some of them even flop their ears in rhythm with their footfalls. It is an all-day gait, easy alike to the horse and the rider, and it covers ground at an astonishing fashion for its apparent speed. It is taught by urging a horse out of the walk but restraining him from a trot. 1 Editorial by the late W. R. Goodwin, Jr., Breeders’ Gazette, June 10, 1903. THE AMERICAN SADDLE HORSE 35 The slow pace is a somewhat similar movement, but borders more on the side-wheel gait, or lateral pace, in which the two feet on one side of a horse strike the ground at the same instant. The true pace, however, is in no sense a saddle gait. It is rough and uncomfortable. A rider cannot rise to it and save himself, as in a trot, and it is positively the worst gait a saddle horse can possess. In the slow pace this side-wheel motion is slightly modified so that the impact on the ground of the two feet on a side is broken, thus avoiding the rolling motion of the true pace. The slow pace is a very comfortable gait, and is very showy, especially when a horse throws just a bit of knee action into it. It has grown common in the show ring during recent years, as saddle- horse trainers appreciate its catchy qualities and endeavor to teach their horses to go this gait. The best saddle-horse men, however, ; a do not look on it with favor, as it is so easily cor- rupted into the abomina- ble side-wheel pace, which ruins a saddle horse for comfortable and _ satisfac- tory work. Unless a rider is careful his mount may almost imperceptibly de- generate from a distinct and correct slow pace into a plainly defined pace, and then there is sure-enough trouble. The fox trot isaslow Fic.10. An American saddle horse showing his gaits trot or a jog trot. It is a atthe fair. Photograph from the American Breeder . father peculiar gait and not so desirable as the running walk or the slow pace. Some horses cannot acquire either of these two gaits, and so their trainers pull them down into a very slow trot and seek to pass that gait off as a fox trot. It is a broken-time gait, in a measure, somewhat easier than a pure trot, and when cleanly per- formed it will answer as a business gait. The trot is the diagonal gait. The off fore foot and the near hind foot strike the ground at the same instant, and the horse bounds off them to hit the ground again with the near fore and the off hind. This gives a two-beat gait. The impact of the feet on the ground is one, two, one, two. The pace is the lateral gait. The off fore and off hind foot hit the ground at the same interval, and the other pair on the near side follow. This is alsoa two-beat gait. The rack is a four-beat gait. Each foot hits the ground at a separate inter- val in a one-two-three-four beat. The rack can be distinguished by ear as far as the footfalls of the horse may be heard; each foot rings clear its own note on the hard ground. In teaching the rack the horse is forced forward by the spur 36 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE and restrained by the curb. His diagonal gait is thereby broken up and he flies into a four-beat gait. The rack is easy for the rider, hard for the horse. It is a showy gait, and is performed at great speed sometimes. The trainer who has a fast racking horse will generally keep him on that gait when in the show ring, hoping to dazzle the judge by the flashiness of the performance. .. . This gait has been officially named the rack by the American Saddle Horse Breeders’ Association, and hence the name “ single foot ’’ should not be used, as it merely leads to confusion among the uninformed. The five gaits recognized by that association are the walk, trot, canter, rack, and the running walk, or slow pace, or fox trot. Any one of these three slow gaits will answer. Some horses can go only one of them, some can show them all. When a horse can show these five gaits he is called a gazted horse. Two notable families of American saddle horses are the Den- mark and the Chief, and to these most of the more outstanding individuals of the breed largely trace their ancestry. The Denmark family, as indicated on page 32, derives its name from a horse named Denmark, sired by imported Hedgeford. A son of Denmark, known as Gaines’s Denmark 61, was a black horse with white hind feet and of great beauty. He transmitted to his offspring not only beauty but also graceful action. According to the late David Castleman,! of the 3000 entries in Volume IV of the studbook, 1282, or 42.7 per cent, have a direct male trace to Denmark. Of these Gaines’s Denmark has 1277, or practi- cally a perfect percentage. Of the 11,977 entries in the first four volumes, 7311, or 61.4 per cent, trace to Denmark, while Gaines’s Denmark traces 7311 lines of male descent to 7301 of his sires. A son of Gaines’s Denmark foaled in 1855, named Washington Denmark 64, transmitted the valued features of this line in a marked degree. Another son, Diamond Denmark 68, was the sire of Montrose 106, one of the notable sires of the breed. Black Squirrel 58 (foaled in 1876, sired by Black Eagle 74) and Rex Denmark 840 (foaled in 1884, a great grandson of Gaines’s Denmark) hold distinguished places in this remarkable family. This family represents the more refined type of the American saddle horse, individuals tending to an extreme in this respect and lacking in substance. The Chief family has its fountainhead in Mambrino Chief IT, a trotter foaled in 1844 in New York and ten years later taken 1 American Saddle Horse Breeders’ Register, Vol. IV (1911), p. VI. THE AMERICAN SADDLE HORSE 37 to Kentucky. He was coarse in appearance, bay in color, stood about 16 hands, and never sired colts of quality, though he pro- duced speed. He traced back three generations to imported Mes- senger, the Thoroughbred. Through a son, Clark Chief 89, was sired Harrison Chief 1606, who in turn sired eight sons of Fic. 11. Gypsy Queen, an outstanding American saddle mare and prize winner. First in class at the Chicago Horse Show, 1903 and 1904. From a photograph by courtesy of Ball Brothers, Versailles, Kentucky distinction, Bourbon Chief 976 being especially so. This latter sired many fine sons and daughters, through whom this family came into marked favor. Bourbon King 1788, by Bourbon Chief, foaled in 1900, has proved to be one of the most illustrious sires of this family. Horses of this family show considerable substance, as a rule, and may appear a bit coarse in comparison with the Denmarks. The Chief and Denmark families seem to blend especially well. 38 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE Prominent American saddle-horse sires additional to those men- tioned under the preceding families are the following, the date of foaling, which is given in parenthesis, indicating the period when service began: Wilson’s Chief; Harrison’s Chief 1606 (1872); Black Squirrel 58 (1876); Chester Dare 10 (1882) ; Bourbon Chief 976 (1883); Forest Squirrel 801 (1890); High- land Denmark 730 (1890); Rex McDonald 883 (1890) ; Mont- gomery Chief 1361 (1897); Dandy Jim 2d 1531 (1900); My Dare 2642 (1901); My Own Kentucky 3764 (1901); Kentucky Choice 3765 (1905); and Astral King 2808 (1906). The above fourteen horses cover a period of thirty-four years of foaling, from that of Harrison’s Chief. In the studbook Wilson’s Chief is given no registry number or date of foaling, being an early foundation sire. Rex McDonald 833, by Rex Denmark 840, who died at twenty-three years of age in 1913, was regarded not only as almost a perfect specimen of a gaited saddle horse but as the most impressive sire of his time. Noteworthy American saddle-horse mares are J/o//ic, dam of Black Squirrel 58 ; Amelia 1354, by Red Eagle 28 ; Patsy McCord 1600, by Black Squirrel; Hzghland Maid 1270, by Highland Denmark ; Fizly 855, by Bourbon Chief, by Harrison’s Chief 3841 ; Rowena 1362, by Chester Dare 10, by Black Squirrel 58 ; Miss Rex 820, by Rex Denmark; and Jz¢tle Kate 5851, by Priftce of Denmark 423. The prices paid for American saddle horses often run into high figures, $500 to $1000 not being uncommon. There is but a limited supply of gaited saddlers, and these are always in demand by a class of patrons who are willing to pay a price con- sistent with merit. In 1906 Major David Castleman sold the stallion The Moor 1907, by Cecil Palmer, for $7500 to General William Palmer of Colorado Springs. This same year General John B. Castleman of Kentucky ‘sold the mares Eugenia (by Highland Denmark, out of Emily) and Magna (by Cromwell, Jr., out of Maria) to J. A. Davis of Massachusetts for $5000. Rex McDonald sold for $2500 as a six-year-old and later for $5000. In 1907 the mare Miss Flirtation sold for $6318. Kentucky Choice 3765 sold in 1909 for $6000 and later changed hands at $7500. In 1913 My Major Dare 4424 sold for $10,000, the Ta ; THE AMERICAN SADDLE HORSE 39 top price for a stallion of the breed. As illustrative of the high values placed on these horses by their admirers, it is reported that $5000 was refused for Black Squirrel at eighteen years of age, $7000 was refused for Dandy Jim, and $12,000 for Bourbon King. The American Saddle Horse Breeders’ Association was organ- ized at Louisville, Kentucky, in 1891, as the National Saddle Horse Breeders’ Association. In 1899 the name was changed to the American Saddle Horse Breeders’ Association. Up to 1919 seven volumes of the studbook have been published, indicating a registration of 7500 stallions and 13,500 mares, lg We) ctl Wel Gaa ty THE LIGHT HARNESS TYPE The light harness horse, or roadster, occupies a class by itself, representing a lighter type of driver than the coach horse. Such a horse is desirable for speed in conveying along roadways a light driving vehicle. The American trotter or pacer is the com- mon type used for this work. Speed and endurance seem to be the principal points sought in the roadster, and less uniformity of type is found in this class than in any other. Light harness horses vary widely in height, weight, and conformation. The best type of roadster stands from 15} to 15? hands high, although he may vary even more than this. A desirable weight ranges from 1000 to 1100 pounds, but stallions as a rule weigh somewhat more, sometimes exceeding 1250 pounds. In confor- mation this horse tends to be angular, the muscles and joints showing prominence, with the ribs more or less noticeable. There is proportionately less body and more leg, a thinner neck, with muscularity at the croup and quarters. The head of the light harness horse should be lean and shapely, the profile showing quite straight from poll to nose. There is a tendency for stallions to have a slight Roman profile, and the mares a dished face. Coarseness of head is very objectionable. The ears should be small and refined, the eyes prominent and clear, the nostrils well defined, and the lips thin and evenly mated. The neck of the light harness horse is essentially long, lean, and muscular. Stallions tend to have a slight crest of neck, while mares frequently are lacking in depth of this part, having what is termed a ewe neck. Length of neck is naturally associated with speed, while shortness shows draft character. The neck should be flexible and easily bent and extended — important factors in establishing equilibrium. The shoulders of the light harness horse should be long and especially oblique or sloping, because the horse with a long, oblique, 40 THE LIGHT HARNESS TYPE 4I light shoulder is able to raise the fore limb and advance it more easily than with the more upright shoulder. Thickness or fullness of shoulder, especially about the withers, is very undesirable in a horse of this type, resulting in an indifferent gait. The arms and forearms of the light harness horse should be reasonably muscular, not like those of a draft horse, but as indicat- ing strength of action. Especially should the muscles back of the forearms be well developed, as they are brought into active use in raising the fore leg. The cannons of the light harness horse are usually lean and show the skin, type of bone, and ligaments very clearly. A short, clean, smooth cannon with the tendons carried well back and parallel with the bone are prime features of the horse with rapid gait. Long cannon bones: are undesirable, for they lack the strength of the shorter ones. Great emphasis is placed on the cannons being clean and smooth, with no roughness or evidence of bone disease. The pasterns of the light harness horse should be comparatively long, smooth, and strongly carried at an angle of about 45 degrees. The shoulders and pasterns have much work to do in common, and the pastern that is long and springy will bear concussion much better than a short one. The long pastern allows for a greater movement of the fetlock joint, an essential if speed is desired. The foot of the light harness horse should be of medium size, wide at the heel, not too low set at this point, and have a well- developed frog and strong bars. The length of the heel should be about one third the length of the front of the hoof. The body of the light harness horse should have a greater rel- ative depth than breadth. A front view gives.a greater degree of narrowness than obtains with the draft horse. A noted English authority, Hayes, states that he is convinced that a race horse cannot be too narrow in front. The high elevation of the withers and their lean, long appearance add to the general effect of the depth of body. Light harness horses often appear to lack girth, or are termed “ light waisted.” Some of the most famous trotters and pacers have certainly had this appearance accentuated by high flanks. The back should be strong, well carried, with a wide, muscular loin. R 42 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE The hind quarters of the light harness horse often stand slightly higher than the fore quarters at the withers and have a lean and somewhat angular appearance. The hips should be muscular to a limited extent and not fleshy. A long, wide, comparatively level croup is very desirable. Steepness of croup is common among light harness horses, more especially pacers. Hayes states } that “to have the point of the buttock placed high and project- ing well to the rear is a great beauty, which may be seen in some Thoroughbreds and in high-caste Arabs.” The gaskin Fic. 12. Rhea W. and Easter Belle, champion roadsters at the National Horse Show, Madison Square Garden, New York, 1904. The property of Miss kK. L. Wilks, Galt, Ontario, Canada. From photograph by courtesy of Miss Wilks should be long, broad, and muscular. Length and strength of gaskin muscle are especially important if speed is desired. The stifle joint should be fairly high and face outward enough to permit freedom of motion. The /ock should be lean and sharply defined, with no tendency to fleshiness, and should be straight and open enough to permit the cannon bone to hold a vertical line. Sucha leg has a maximum of extension in producing speed. Curved or sickle hocks are often seen with race horses, in which case the natural tendency is to carry the hind feet well under the body when at rest. 1The Points of the Horse, p. 311. THE LIGHT HARNESS TYPE 43 The action of the light harness horse is one of his most valued features. If lacking a free, easy, fairly speedy gait, he is of in- ferior value. The walk should be free and easy, the feet being raised with snap and then laid upon the ground with decision, and with no stumbling tendency. As one stands behind the horse in action the bottom of the shoes should easily be seen. As watched from the side, the knees and hocks should appear strongly flexed and the stride long, representing great efficiency of motion. A high knee action is undesirable, but a long, moderately low ex- tension is sought. The action should be true, and the legs move in harmony with each other. CHAPTER-VI THE AMERICAN TROTTER AND PACER The history of the English trotting horse goes back for several centuries. About Norfolk and Yorkshire trotters were great favor- ites two centuries ago, and trotting races of an unofficial char- acter were of frequent occurrence. Old records tell us that the Norfolk trotting mare Phenomena in 1800 trotted 17 miles in 56 minutes on the Huntingdon road, carrying a weight in saddle of about 225 pounds. In 1806 the horse Pretender trotted 16 miles within an hour, carrying 210 pounds. All the early racing records were made under the saddle. In connection with the early evolution of the Hackney its use as a trotter and racer became popular. The early use of the trotter in America no doubt extends back into colonial times, though to what degree is uncertain. What were probably running horses were taken from England to Massa- chusetts as early as 1629. Horses of this class were also bred in Virginia and the Carolinas. The recorded use of the trotter in America extends back to the first part of the nineteenth cen- tury. In 1802 a law forbidding all horse racing and trotting was enacted in New York, but this law was amended in 1821 to permit training, pacing, trotting, and running of horses upon certain regulated courses in Queens County on Long Island. Early trotting records take us back to June, 1806, when the horse Yankee, under saddle, trotted a mile in 2:59 on the Harlem race course, New York. On August 25, 1810, a horse from Boston is reported to have trotted a mile at Philadelphia in har- ness in 2:484. Later, in 1818, Boston Blue made an authentic mile in 3:00 at Jamaica, New York. This record compares favor- ably with English records in Norfolk and elsewhere. A most important trotting blood foundation in America was the importation of the stallions Messenger, Diomed, and Bellfounder, whose histories are worthy of special mention. 44 eu THE AMERICAN TROTTER AND PACER 45 Messenger, commonly known as Imported Messenger, was a Thoroughbred, his pedigree tracing back through his sire to Flying Childers and the Darley Arabian. He was foaled in 1780 in England and proved a successful racer, and as a five-year-old won the King’s Plate. Believing that he would do valuable serv- ice in the stud, he was imported to the United States in May, 1788. Messenger, however, though a trotting sire, had no imme- diate descendants that proved to be noted trotters. He secured his chief fame through his son JZambrino, a Thoroughbred, that in turn was sire of Abdallah, a sire of trotters. Messenger was a gray, 15} hands high, with strong loins and powerful hind quarters. He was in stud service for twenty years in America, —in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York. He died Janu- ary 28, 1808, leaving a lineage of driving horses of remarkable excellence. Diomed (imported) was foaled in England in 1777. He was a Thoroughbred, 154 hands high, chestnut in color, and a horse of substance and great muscular power. His sire, Florizel, was by the famous Herod, out of a daughter of Cygnet, by Godol- phin Barb. Diomed’s dam Juno was by Alcock’s Arabian, while through his second dam he traced to Godolphin Barb and his third dam was by Flying Childers. Thus it is seen he came from the fastest Thoroughbred ancestry. He was a successful race horse for four years, when he retired lame and was used in service in England until 1799, when he was imported to Virginia. In America Diomed proved a great sire of race horses. One of his sons, Sir Archy, has been designated the ‘‘ Godolphin Arabian of America’! and was one of the fastest racers of his time. In ninety of the best races run in America up to 1844, about 66 per cent were direct descendants of Diomed. ‘“‘The name of Diomed,”’ says Parlin, “is found more frequently in the pedigrees of record-breaking runners, trotters, and pacers in this country than is that of any other animal.” Bellfounder, known as Jary’s Bellfounder in England and as Imported Bellfounder in the United States, was foaled in 1815 and was imported from Norfolk in 1822. He was a bright bay, with black mane, tail, and legs, stood 15 hands high, and was a 1S. W. Parlin, The American Trotter, p. 35. Boston, 1905. 40 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE natural trotter. At the time he was brought to America he was regarded as one of the very fleetest and most powerful trotters and is said to have trotted 17 miles in an hour. Velocity, his dam, trotted 16 miles in an hour on the Norwich road in 1806, while two years later she is reported to have made 18 miles in 1 hour and 47 seconds. Thus it can be seen how a strong line of trotting blood was brought to America. Bellfounder was taken Fic. 13. The Harvester (2:01), by Walnut Hall (2:084), one of the fastest trotting stallions of record, as well as a great sire. The driver is Edward Geers, the most popular and highly respected driver on the American circuit. From photograph by the author to Orange County, New York, where he went into stud service. Here he sired the Charles Kent Mare, a most important connect- ing link with his American fame. Bellfounder died on Long Island in 1843. The type of the American trotter or pacer is far from being fixed. No breed of horses has been produced under more variable conditions, and no recognized breed of stock contains a greater variation in size, color, and character than does this light harness THE AMERICAN TROTTER AND PACER 47 breed. In fact, there is so little breed type that many persons refuse to recognize it as a breed. In its best development this light harness horse has symmetry of form, —a lean, intelligent head ; a medium-long, refined, and graceful neck ; sloping, well- laid shoulders; sharp withers; fairly level, short, strong back ; graceful muscular croup, with tail well carried and set high; lean, muscular thigh; round, deep body; and legs short, clean, fine- boned, and with excellent feet. This horse has a strong, long, quick stride, a clean hock action, and greater activity of motion than any other trotter known. The conformation of the pacing horse often shows a steepness of croup and curving of hocks which appear to be more or less associated with the pacing gait, though not necessarily so. Some of the most famous pacers in American racing history have had this peculiar conformation, which is, to say the least, not beautiful. A more detailed con- sideration of the conformation of the trotter and pacer is found in the preceding chapter on “The Light Harness Type.” Weights of 1150 pounds for a stallion and 900 pounds for a mare are very acceptable, while any color will pass, although bays and browns are most numerous. The gaits of the trotter and pacer are distinctly different, although an animal may be able to trot or pace as desired. To a certain degree, however, the distinguishing differences between trotter and pacer depend upon the gait. The trot consists in moving forward at much the same time front and rear opposite limbs; as, for example, the left front leg and the right hind leg. On account of the special leg movement, as exhibited by the gait, the trotter is said to be “ diagonal-gaited.” It is not only important but interesting to note here that in the show ring, where the gait is considered, the trot furnishes the approved form of locomotion, the pace being regarded as inferior to the trot. The pace consists in the two legs on one side being moved forward at about the same time, thus presenting a sort of parallel movement. Due to this side movement of the legs the pacer is sometimes spoken of as a ‘‘side wheeler” or “racker.’’ The horse naturally paces when his body is hardly long enough to permit of a free diagonal movement without interference of the 48 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE fect. The pace provides a freer movement, involves more of a swaying motion than the trot, and, while faster by about three seconds, is much less popular than the smoother-moving trot. The trot and pace are interchangeable, and numerous race horses possess both gaits. The stallion Direct, with a pacing record of 2:054, also had a trotting record, as a four-year-old, of 2:18}. Brown Hal, a great pacing sire, also had a trotting record. John R. Gentry, 2:005, a standard-bred trotter, was a very fast pacer and a sire of pacers. Jay-Eye-See was first a trotter at 2:10 and later a pacer at 2:05}. Most horses naturally have one gait, but many of them are easily taught the other. Hamilton Busby states that he has seen the late Robert Bonner, the well- known light-horse enthusiast and student of equine form and - foot ballast, take a pacing colt and in a few minutes change it to a trotter by simply changing the bearing of its heels. What is a standard-bred trotter? In 1882 the constitution of the National Association of Trotting Horse Breeders, an associa- tion organized in 1876, was amended, and among the rules adopted were the following: In order to define what constitutes a trotting-bred horse, and to establish a breed of trotters on a more intelligent basis, the following rules are adopted to control admission to the records of pedigrees. When an animal meets with the requirements of admission and is duly registered, it shall be accepted as a standard trotting-bred animal. : First. Any stallion that has, himself, a record of two minutes and thirty seconds (2:30) or better ; provided any of his get has a record of 2:40 or better, or provided his sire or his dam, his grandsire or his grandam, is already a standard animal. : Second. Any mare or gelding that has a record of 2:30 or better. Third. Any horse that is the sire of two animals with a record of 2:30 or better. Fourth. Any horse that is the sire of one animal with a record of 2:30 or better; provided he has either of the following additional qualifications: (1) a record himself of 2:40 or better; (2) is the sire of two other animals with a record of 2:40 or better; (3) has a sire or dam, grandsire or grandam, that is already a standard animal. Fifth. Any mare that has produced an animal with a record of 2:30 or better. Szzth. The progeny of a standard horse when out of a standard mare. Seventh. The progeny of a standard horse out of a mare by a standard horse. Eighth. The progeny of a standard horse when out of a mare whose dam is a standard mare. THE AMERICAN TROTTER AND PACER 49 Ninth. Any mare that has a record of 2:40 or better, and whose sire or dam, grandsire or grandam, is a standard animal. Tenth, A record to wagon of 2:35 or better shall be regarded as. equal to a 2:30 record. The above rules, on the basis of breed standards, are subject to criticism, in that speed is the only requirement, no consideration being given conformation, height, etc. For this reason breed critics refuse to recognize the trotter or pacer as an established breed. Fic. 14. Lou Dillon, 1:584, by Sidney Dillon. This great little mare long held the trotting championship of the world. The most sensational trotter in American history. Owned by C. K. G. Billings. From photograph taken in 1905, by courtesy of the Wational Stockman and Farmer The standard of eligibility for trotters as given by the Amer- ican Trotting Registry Association! is as follows : When an animal meets these requirements and is duly registered it shall be accepted as a standard-bred trotter. 1. The progeny of a registered standard trotting horse and a registered standard trotting mare. 1 Wallace, Yearbook of Trotting and Pacing in 1917, p. 5. 50 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE 2. A stallion sired by a registered standard trotting horse, provided his dam and grandam were sired by registered standard trotting horses, and he himself has a trotting record of 2:30 and is the sire of three trotters with records of 2:30 from different mares. 3. A mare whose sire is a registered standard trotting horse, and whose dam and grandam were sired by registered standard trotting horses, pro- vided she herself has a trotting record of 2:30 or is a dam of one trotter with a record of 2:30. 4. A mare sired by a registered standard trotting horse, provided she is the dam of two trotters with records of 2:30. ; 5. A mare sired by a registered standard trotting horse, provided her first, second, and third dams are each sired by a registered standard trotting horse. The pacing standard is the same as the trotting standard except that the word “pacer”’ is substituted for the word “ trotter,” the word “pacing” for the word “ trotting,” and the speed standard 2:25 for 2:30. The first five paragraphs of official trotting and pacing standards are alike. The pacing standard, however, has a sixth paragraph, which is as follows : 6. The progeny of a registered standard trotting horse out of a registered standard pacing mare, or of a registered standard pacing horse out of a registered trotting mare. This last paragraph brings out the interesting point in an offi- cial way that the result of the union of a pacer and trotter may create a standard-bred pacer. Trotting families of note have been- developed in America during the past century from which are descended the trotting horses of eminence to-day. The families introduced below are recognized as the most important. The judicious blending of these families has, in cases, resulted in very great success ; as, for example, in the case of the Hambletonian and Mambrino. The Hambletonian family. On May 15, 18409, the Charles Kent Mare gave birth to a male foal from the service of Abdallah, the grandson of Messenger. This mare was owned by Jonas Seely of Chester, Orange County, New York, who later sold her with foal at side to William M. Rysdyk for $125. This colt was later named Hambletonian 10 and is frequently re- ferred to as Rysdyk’s Hambletonian. He was a bay in color, with a star and white hind ankles, stood 155 hands high, and was THE AMERICAN TROTTER AND PACER 51 powerful in build. His head was large, with pleasant eyes, his neck and shoulders strong, the body round and -full, legs and feet of superior character, and he stood somewhat higher behind than in front. As a three-year-old Hambletonian is said to have made a record of 2:48 over the Union course. In 1851 Hambletonian began service in stud, which, with the exception of one year (1868), he continued until 1875. During fifteen years of service, between 1853 and 1867, he sired 1187 Fic. 15. Sonoma Girl, 2:044, the fastest green trotting mare on the 1909 circuit. From photograph by the author foals —an average of 79 each year. He died March 27, 1876, long after his value as a sire began to be appreciated. This stallion proved the founder of the most famous American family of trotters, for to him may be traced many of the most illustrious trotters of history. In 1905 Parlin states! that he was credited with 150 sons that have sired 1487 trotters and 220 pacers which have made records in standard time. Eighty of his daughters have produced 110 standard trotters and 7 standard pacers, a total of 1824. Among the famous sons and daughters of Hambletonian 10 are Alexander’s Abdallah, Electioneer, George Wilkes, Aberdeen, 1S. W. Parlin, The American Trotter, p. 61. 52 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE Volunteer, Happy Medium, Harold, Strathmore, Egbert, Dictator, Dexter, Nettie (2:18), Orange Girl (2:20), Gazelle (2:21), Jay Gould (2:214), and Bella (2:22). The first ten of these proved very prepotent sires and thus demonstrated in an impressive manner the value of their remarkable sire. PEDIGREE OF HAMBLETONIAN 10 (FOALED 1849) { Mambrino, by Engineer, f, Messenger ( Thor- 1 by Sampson Mambrino (7%. " oughbred) 1780 (| Dam by Turf S a8 i‘. 1806 Mare by is our Crout (imp.) 1786 Abdallah 1 (77otter) 4 1823 r Mcssenees is Son of Messenger 4 | Unknown L- Bellfounder (77.) ae Bishop’s Hamble- ( Messenger (imp.) i tonian (77.) | Pheasant, by Shark ( Messenger (imp.) ’ | Black Jin (untraced) | Amazonia(7”.) f Jary’s Bell- Charles Kent Mare % founder(77-) [ One Kye _ Silvertail The Mambrino family. This family is named from Mambrino Chief, foaled in 1844 and bred by Richard Eldridge of Dutchess County, New York. Mambrino Chief was by Mambrino Pay- master, and he by Mambrino, the Thoroughbred son of Messenger. His dam is untraced. He was a dark-brown stallion about 16 hands high, by some referred to as coarse, though he proved a very superior breeder. Mambrino Chief in 1854 was taken to Kentucky, where he was in stud three seasons at Ashland Farms, after which he was bought for $5020 by Gray and Jones of Woodford County, in whose service he died in 1862. His son Mambrino Patchen sired scores of trotters, while his daughter Dolly was the dam of Onward, Director, and Thorndale, a remark- able trio. Mambrino King, by Mambrino Patchen, was regarded by many as the most beautiful horse in America in his day. Woodford Mambrino, Mambrino Pilot, Fisk’s Mambrino Chief, and Ericsson were also successful sires by Mambrino Chief. Lady Thorn, a daughter of Mambrino Chief, trotted 106 heats inside 2:30 and won national fame. The union of the descendants of THE AMERICAN TROTTER AND PACER 53 Mambrino Chief and Hambletonian 10 produced most efficient results. While the Mambrino family ranks perhaps second in importance, it is gradually being absorbed by Hambletonian blood and, according to Parlin, will in time become extinct. The Clay family. In 1820 a Barb stallion known as Grand Bashaw, foaled in 1816, was imported from Tripoli, Africa. He was regarded as of great beauty and showed both action and speed. He was a small iron gray, standing 14} hands high. Used in the stud near Philadelphia he sired Young Bashaw out of a granddaughter of Imported Messenger. Young Bashaw sired Andrew Jackson, the fastest trotter of his day. The trotting mare Lady Surrey, brought from Canada and owned by George M. Patchen, was bred to Andrew Jackson, from which in 1837 she dropped a black foal named Henry Clay, the sire from which this family derives its name. He stood about 15} hands high, had plenty of substance, was a natural trotter, and ‘“‘an untiring roadster.’’ He was not himself a prolific sire, and but three of his sons — Cassius M. Clay, Andy Johnson, and Henry Clay Junior —are noteworthy. Cassius M. Clay was sire of George M. Patchen (2:234), that in 1860 established a world’s record and also became a noted sire of both sons and daughters. Stamboul (2:074) had for second dam Patchen Maid, by George M. Patchen. The Clay family, though possessing a long line of trotting inheritance, bids fair to become extinct through absorption by the Hambletonians. The Morgan family. This is one of our oldest trotting families and inherits its name from a stallion named Justin Morgan, foaled in 1793 at West Springfield, Massachusetts. From this place he was taken to Vermont, in which state this family of horses has gained great distinction. Justin Morgan was sired by True Briton, whose ancestry may be traced back to the Godolphin Barb; his dam is given as Diamond, she also tracing back to the Godolphin Barb. It is but fair to state here that the breeding of Justin Morgan is more or less questioned, and the above ances- try is based on investigations of Joseph Battell of Middlebury, Vermont. This stallion is described as about 14 hands high, weighing 950 pounds, dark bay with black points, and possessed of 54 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE great vitality ; he died in 1821, at twenty-eight years of age. He was a fast walker, a good trotter, and was most intelligent, being used as a military charger or parade horse, a short-distance run- ner, and a farm-work horse. He proved to be a wonderfully pre- potent stallion, and on his blood is founded the Morgan family. Fic. 16. Donald, a Morgan stallion, noted both as a show horse anda sire. Donald is regarded as a fine example of the true type of Morgan. Owned by C. C. Stillman, Newburgh, New York. From photograph by H. H. Strohmeyer, Jr., by courtesy of Mr. Stillman Justin Morgan had a long stud career, but he did not produce great breeding sons in the same degree as did Hambletonian 10. Three of his sons — Bulrush, Woodbury, and Sherman Morgan — were his greatest offspring. A son of Sherman Morgan, named Black Hawk, foaled in 1833, was a trotter and vigorous sire, and fourteen of his sons became recognized trotters. Ethan Allen, his greatest son, was bred in New York State and was foaled in THE AMERICAN TROTTER AND PACER 55 1849 from a dam of unknown ancestry. He became very famous and popular as a successful trotter and proved also to be a great sire. The mare Pocahontas, by Iron’s Cadmus, with a record of 2:17) in 1855, bred to Ethan Allen became the dam of another Pocahontas, for which Robert Bonner later on paid $40,000. Among the thirty-six producing sons and daughters of Ethan Allen no one attained such distinction as did Daniel Lambert, himself the sire of thirty-eight trotters. The sire of the dam of Daniel Lambert was Abdallah, the sire of Hamble- tonian 10. Later years have shown that the Hambletonian and Morgan families could be bred together to very great advantage. For some years the United States Department of Agriculture has been conducting breeding operations, with the Morgan as a foundation, to establish a distinct American breed of heavy har- ness horses. The Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station has cooperated with the government in this work. A government stud at Middlebury, Vermont, has also been maintained. Thus far the results of this experimental breeding have not been especially noteworthy. The Morgan family in recent years has been given considerable publicity, but as this has been directed toward heavy harness lines it has not met with an especially favorable reception. There is a register for Morgan horses, and up to 1919 three volumes of the studbook have been published. To be eligible for registration the pedigree of every horse recorded must trace in some degree to Justin Morgan. The Pilot family. A black or dark-brown horse by the name of Pilot first attracted attention in this family. He was foaled in 1828 in the province of Quebec. His sire is unknown, and his dam was Jeanne d’Arc, by Voyager. When eighteen months old he was taken to Connecticut and in 1830 to New York. In 1831 he was sold to go to New Orleans and’in 1832 he was returned to Kentucky, where he died about 1853 on the farm of Robert Bell near Henderson. Pilot was not only a pacer but would also trot. His greatest son was Pilot Jr., a gray horse 154 hands high, foaled in 1844, out of Nancy Polk by Funk’s Havoc. Pilot Jr. was a very successful sire of brood mares. Bred to Sally Russell, a Thoroughbred daughter of Boston, he sired Miss Russell, one of the greatest American brood mares, 56 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE the mother of the great Maud S., also Nutwood, Lord Russell, and fifteen others. Another daughter, Midnight, out of a Thorough- bred daughter of Lexington, was the dam of Jay-Eye-See, with a pacing record of 2:06} and a trotting record of 2:10. Water- witch, another daughter of Pilot Jr., produced nineteen foals that lived, six of which made records of 2:30 or better. The family history of Pilot is more or less obscure. He bred both pacers and trotters and rendered valuable service to the American racing-horse interests. The Hal family. Years ago down in Kentucky was kept a roan saddle stallion, bred in Canada, known as Kittrel’s Tom Hal. It is said that he was much abused in his time and was ridden nearly to death over rocky roads by a drunken wretch in an elm-crotch saddle. For years he stood at a fee of $5 to insure, with no pay if he did not get a good saddle horse. His ancestry is some- what obscure, but it is claimed that he had Morgan blood in his veins. Tom Hal attained fame as the sire of Gibson’s Tom Hal, the sire of Hal Pointer (2:042), Little Brown Jug (2:114), and Brown Hal (2:124). The latter became the sire of Star Pointer, the leading sire of this family, a pacer of marvelous speed, char- acter, and endurance that reduced the pacing record to 1:59. Brown Hal is the sire of about ninety in the list, including Hal Dillard (2:04#), Hal Chaffin (2:05}), Elastic Pointer (2:065), Star Hal (2:06}), and Hal Braden (2:074). This is the most distin- guished family containing a large percentage of pacing blood. The list of famous trotting or pacing brood mares is a very long one, there being several thousand of more or less distinction at this time. Three of these mares well deserve to be placed at the head of this list. Beautiful Bells, by The Moor, dam Minnehaha, was foaled in 1872. She was bred by L. J. Rose in California, though owned at Palo Alto by Leland Stanford, where she dropped her first foal in 1880 to the service of Electioneer. She produced eleven trotters of great merit, either by Electioneer or his sons, that made records from 2:123 to 2:293. On her sire’s side she was a Pilot, on the dam’s a Mambrino. Green Mountain Maid was foaled in 1862. She was bred by Samuel Conklin of Middletown, New York. Her sire was Harry THE AMERICAN TROTTER AND PACER 57 Clay, dam Shanghai Mary. She was a brown mare with star and white hind ankles and stood 15 hands high. At the Stony Ford Farm of Charles Backman she spent most of the twenty-six years of her life, dying in 1888. Her greatest son was Electioneer, one of America’s most prepotent sires. Green Mountain Maid was the dam of sixteen foals. In memory of this mare a red- granite monument was erected in 1889 by Mr. Backman “on the spot dedicated to her worth and honored by her dust.” Fic. 17. Elastic Pointer, 2:063, by Brown Hal, 2:12}. A pacer and full brother of Star Pointer, 1:59%, one of the greatest pacers in history. From photograph, by courtesy of WVatronal Stockman and Farmer Miss Russell, a gray mare foaled in 1865, bred by R. A. Alex- ander at Woodburn, Kentucky, is the third worthy. She was sired by Pilot Jr. and out of Sally Russell, by Boston, and her fifth dam was by the great imported Thoroughbred Diomed. Miss Russell was the dam of eighteen foals. Nutwood, by Bel- -mont, her first foal, was her greatest son, he siring one hundred and thirty-three trotters and thirty-five pacers, while Maud S., by Harold, was her most famous daughter. Lord Russell, a full brother to Maud S., was a great sire, and among his sons was Kremlin (2:07), the champion five-year-old trotter of his day. R 58 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE Leading sires of trotting horses up to 1918, on the basis of offspring with records of 2:30 or better, are as follows, in their order of importance. The number of offspring with trotting records follows the name of the sire, with the number of pacers in parentheses : 1. Peter the Great, 2:071, by Pilot Medium 281 (54) foaled 1895 2. Allerton, 2:091, by Jay Bird . . . . 210 (61) foaled 1886 3. Bingen, 2:001, by May King, 2:20 . . 182 (47) foaled 1893 4. McKinney, 2 :114, by Alcyone, 2:27 . . 164 (42) foaled 1887 5. Llectioneer, by Hambletonianto. . . 158 (2) foaled 1868 6. Onward, 2:251, by George Wilkes, 2:22 . 155 (45) foaled 1875 7. Axrworthy, 2:28}, by ae 212) 5 *. Wot 4(6), foaled: 18g2 8. Moko, by Baron Gwalleest Z25NOimy | sot io) WZOM(L 2) todledarsog 9. Nutwood, 2:18, by ae er . 137 (37) foaled 1870 10. Red Wilkes, 2:40, by George al ees 22 133 (45) foaled 1874 The sire having the greatest number of grandsons and grand- daughters to his credit as trotters and pacers is George Wilkes, by Hambletonian 10, with Electioneer in second place in that respect. At the present day (1919) Peter the Great, in active service at twenty-four years, with a limited fee of $1000, is regarded as the greatest living sire. Leading sires of pacing horses up to 1918, that is, sires whose progeny made greater records as pacers than as trotters, are as follows, the trotters being indicated in parentheses : 1. Hal Dillard, 21045 by Brown Hal . . 93 (5) foaled 1887 2.. Brown Hal, 2:124, by Tom Hal . . . 8g (3) foaled 1879 3. Direct, flal, z:041, by Direct . . - | "89 foaled 1896 4. Dan Patch, 1:55h by Joe Patchen . . 87 (28) foaled 1896 5. Direct, 2:054, by Director . . 86 (46) foaled 1885 6. John R. Gentr y, 2:004, by Ashland Ww flies 71 (15) foaled 1889 7. Argot Wilkes, 2:1 41, iby Tennessee Wilkes 67 (3) foaled 1886 8. Hal B., 2:044, by Hal Dillard. . . . 63 (5) foaled 1895 9. Strongwood, 2:128, by Nutwood . . . 61 (14) foaled 18g0 10. Star Pointer, 1:591, by Brown Hal . . 50 foaled 1889 Carried to the third generation, Brown Hal is most prepotent in producing pacers, with Direct a creditable second. The above figures are subject to revision, as the number of offspring credited to several of these horses will materially increase. THE AMERICAN TROTTER AND PACER 2, The speed of the trotter is the main factor influencing values, and the speed record of an animal or its relationship to such will essentially affect its selling price. As might be expected, foals occasionally change hands at large prices based on pedigree and speed records of the family. The speed of the trotter has been constantly improved, until the end of 1919 saw records that would not have been thought possible by persons living a _ generation ago. All of the stand- ard racing records changed during the leading sires of pacers. by M. W. Savage, Minneapolis, Minnesota. illustration by courtesy of Mr. Savage last fifty years. The following — statement Fic. 17A. Dan Patch, 1:554; by Joe Patchen. The have been materially fastest pacer of record up to date, and one of the Purchased for $60,000 From shows how this record, representing horses in harness and not under saddle, has been lowered between 1845 and 1918. Not every reduction in time is given, but enough to show the gradual process by which it took place. Name OF HORSE AND SIRE PLacE OF RECORD Date TIME Lady Suffolk, by Engineer . . Iloboken, N.J. Oct. 13, 1845 | 2:294 flighland Maid, by Saltram. . Jamaica, N.Y. July 14, 1853 | 2:2 flora Temple, by Bogus Hunter Kalamazoo, Mich. Oct. 15, 1859 | 2:19% Dexter, by Hambletonian io. Buffalo, N.Y. Aug. 14, 1867 | 2:174 Goldsmith Maid, by Abdallah . Boston, Mass. Sept 251874. 2:04 Jay-Eye-See, by Dictator . . . Providence, R.1. Aug. I, 1884 2:10 Maud S.,by Harold .. . Cleveland, Ohio July 30, 1885 | 2:082 Nancy Hanks, by Happy Medium Terre Haute, Ind. Sept. 28, 1892 | 2:04 Cresceus, by Robert McGregor . Columbus, Ohio Aug. 2, 1901 | 2:02 Lou Dillon, by Sidney Dillon . Memphis, Tenn. Oct. 24, 1903 | 1:5844 Gon bya bmeen =... - - Lexington, Ky. Oct. 8, 1912 1:58 1 Timed with a wind shield, and pacemaker in front. 60 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE Some of the fastest trotting records to January I, 1919, are given below. There are numerous standard trotting events, such as against time, in races, double teams, three abreast, half-mile track, mile track, etc. There are many fastest records, of which the following are selected as of perhaps the most interest : EvENT NaME OF HoRSE AND SIRE Date TIME Ome tite, 6 5 5 3s 6-9 Uhlan, by Bingen . . 1912 1:58 ANS OSS SSB, The Harvester, by W alnut Hall I9QIOo | 4:15¢ Biviermiless ey ieee. w= |n 20772070, Dy a NIC Koimneyaces sn a-neea| OO2e mle 24a UGA TES os eg es oh Controller, by May Boy . . .| 1878 | 27:23} Fastest stallion . . . . | Lee Axworthy,by Guy Axworthy | 1916 | 1:584 HaSteSt mae eae yt Fume Lou Dillon, by Sidney Dillon . | 1903 1:584 Hastest celdincee sae Uhlan, by Bingen . . Igt2 1:58 Fastest new performer. . Colorado E., by The Bondsman Ig1o 2:04% Hastest yeatlingi =. ane Azrdate, by Mrezantle = 25 | tone 2:1 5% Fastest two-year-old. . . The Real Lady, by Moko . . .| 1916 | 2:044 Fastest four-year-old . . Peter Volo, by Peter the Great .| 1915 2:02 Team record against time . Roy Miller and Lucy Van. . .| 1918 2:01F Team, three abreast... . elle Hamlin, Globe, Justina .| 1891 2:14 Pacing records now receive much attention from the public, although in early days the trot was the greater favorite of the two, especially prior to 1860. The following table shows how the pacing record has been reduced since 1839: REDUCTION OF PACING RECORD FROM 1839 TO JANUARY I, 1919 Name or Horse PLace OF RECORD DaTE RECORD IDKOVET, nee cee cee oes New Jersey 1839 2:28 nehonoyy ISMN 5 56 6 5 6 Albany, N.Y. 1844 2:274 Petpet ° 5.05...) feed eee ule, wire Long Island, N.Y. 1852 2:18} Rocahontas ie. name ane er Long Island, N.Y. 1855 2:173 Sleepy Geonrcey sme-s-ee-n nes Rochester, N.Y. 1879 2:154 SEC Ny Maye 5 Gg 6 kG UG Chicago, III. 1879 2:124 lobmstony "eae eee Chicago, Ill. 1884 2:064 Direct...) ese. sk pce Independence, Iowa 1891 2:06 IsteHl 1oyioytetg ye Bh OR. 9g oo 6 ac Chicago, Ill. 1892 2:05+ RODE ge eee Ce ee Terre Haute, Ind. 1894 2:014 Stanwointer! (Me un cee etre Readville, Mass. 1897 1:59+ PrincerAlert.::ve5 “ulate Empire City Track, N.Y. | 1904 1:57 4 Direct: ilies lene Senne Syracuse, N.Y. 1QIS 1:50} Wanskatch: {ste ene Memphis, Tenn. 1905 12552 5 1 Timed with a wind shield, and pacemaker in front. 7 THE AMERICAN TROTTER AND PACER OI The number of trotters and pacers with records has steadily increased, until at the present day the list makes up a large book. At the end of the 1917 season there were recorded a total of 33,695 trotters with records of 2:30 or better and 25,475 pacers with records of 2:25 or better. Even the select 2:10 list has grown in a remarkable way, so that at the completion of the 1918 season, according to the //orse Review (November 12, 1918), there were 993 trotters in the 2:10 class and nearly 450 pacers in the 2:08 list. The money winnings on the race track by light harness horses mount up into considerable sums. While there are thousands of horse races each year on different tracks in America, what are known as the Grand Circuit races represent the most important held. These races begin in the more northerly section of the country in July, as at North Randall, Ohio, and end the last of October in the South, at Atlanta, Georgia, and many of the same horses follow the circuit from start to finish. In the Grand Circuit of 1918 were the following places, in the order the races were held: North Randall, Kalamazoo, Toledo, Columbus, North ° Randall, Philadelphia, Poughkeepsie, Readville, Hartford, Syracuse, Columbus, Lexington, Atlanta. At the above thirteen meetings two hundred and sixty-one races were held, eight hundred and twenty-five heats were recorded, with an average time of 2:07.80, a remarkable showing. A total of $471,742 was awarded to the prize winners. The four leading families in the 1918 circuit, according to the Horse Review, were the following : Bingen (2:06}), with 192 winners, secured $70,091 Peter the Great (2:07), with 134 winners, secured $69,858 Axworthy (2:154), with 96 winners, secured $67,692 McKinney (2:114), with 108 winners, secured $59,595 Up to 1918 inclusive the get of Peter the Great have won over $800,000. The prices paid for standard-bred horses represent in some cases remarkable valuations, while a long list might be given of animals that have changed hands at $10,000 or more each. The highest price ever paid for a trotter was $150,000, paid by Mr. J. Malcolm Forbes of Boston for Arion (2:07), by Electioneer. 62 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE In 1905, at a sale at Madison Square Garden, Mr. M. W. Savage of Minneapolis purchased Arion for $2500. The trotting stallion Axtell (2:12), by William L., was purchased by a company at Terre Haute, Indiana, for $105,000. Dan Patch (1:551), the great pacing horse, was purchased for $60,000 by Mr. M. W. Savage, who later, it is reported, refused $180,000 for him. In 1916 Peter the Great, at twenty-one years of age, was sold by W. E. D. Stokes of New York to S. J. Fletcher of Indiana for $50,000, the highest price ever paid for so old a horse. Among eae | Fic. 18. The grandstand and race track at Lexington, Kentucky, one of the fastest and best American tracks. From photograph by the author other notable prices paid for standard-bred horses are the follow- ing: Nancy Hanks, $45,000; Sunol, $41,000; Maud S., $40,000; Mascot, $26,000. The drivers of race horses occupy very prominent positions in the sporting world. If successful they receive much attention and may win large sums of money during the season. Such men should have exemplary habits, which unfortunately many of them do not have, and should possess keen knowledge of the tempera- ment and capacity of the horse. Among the early famous American drivers were Hiram Woodruff, Budd Doble, John Splan, and Charles Marvin, men who drove the greatest horses on the track THE AMERICAN TROTTER AND PACER 63 between 1850 and 1900, Among present-day drivers of note are Edward Geers, “the silent man,” the most highly respected driver on the circuit, Alta McDonald, Walter R. Cox, Thomas W. Murphy, Charles Valentine, ‘““ Mike”? McDevitt, and Dick McMahon. In one year Mr. Murphy won $86,110 in various races. The distribution of the standard-bred horse is very general over the United States, although more especially east of the Missouri River. It is the most adaptable of horses and seems well suited to the sunny South or to the cooler latitudes farther to the north. The automobile has re- duced the interest in maintaining stables of standard-breds, except- ing in a limited num- ber of cases, where horses are specifically bredi- fon the: race course and for gentle- Fic. 19. A close finish between two of the most men’s drivers. Ameri- noted horse owners and drivers in America. From hotograph by courtesy of the Horse Revicz can trotters have been Spiga aad 2 Ciao renee exported to some extent in the past, more especially to Russia, Austria, and Germany. Russians were considerably interested and were good buyers prior to the World War. In 1911 Azt and Spur stated that more than one hundred of our fastest and best-bred trotting stallions had been exported, and gave a list of eighteen, including Cresceus, with records ranging from 2:02} to 2:093. The official promotion of the standard-bred horse is under the supervision of the American Trotting Register Association, with headquarters for many years at Chicago. The “ Trotting Register ”’ was established and first published in 1871 by J. H. Wallace. The American Trotting Register Association purchased the register from Mr. Wallace and also an annual yearbook of records which he also published. Since then these two sets of volumes have been known as Wallace’s “American Trotting Register’ and Wallace’s “Yearbook of Trotting and Pacing.”” Up to and including 1918 the former comprised twenty-two large volumes and the latter thirty-four. CHAPT ERENCE THE HEAVY HARNESS HORSE TYPE The heavy harness horse is often referred to as the coach, or carriage, horse. This type is intended for the special purpose of drawing heavier kinds of carriages and coaches. This horse is also of value in light, active work, where a heavier type than the American trotter is desired. The size and conformation generally found in the coach breeds are associated with this type. The American trotter of the larger size may, however, furnish the essentials needed in a high-class heavy harness horse. The general appearance of a heavy harness horse in good condition shows smooth, graceful body lines. The hezght should be about 16 hands and the wezght from 1100 to 1250 pounds for geldings or mares. Stallions will usually range from 1250 to 1550 pounds, according to breed. In guwalty the heavy harness horse should be superior, showing the best of feet, bone, and hair. Action, high and strong at both knee and hock, is important, while graceful carriage is equally essential. In general appearance the best type of heavy harness horse shows a long arching neck, round full body, long level croup, high carriage of tail, and what is known as a “‘trappy””’ gait. The “ead of the heavy harness horse should be lean, graceful, broad of forehead, rather prominent and bright of eye, deep of cheek and wide and strong in lower jaw, the muzzle fine and nostrils full and open, the ears refined, being neither large nor small, carried close and erect and turning in slightly at the tips. The head should show quality in its leanness, intelligence in the broad, full forehead, and animation in brightness of eye and car- riage of ear and head. A smooth, neat attachment of head to neck is essential, a fullness at the throat and about the windpipe being objectionable. The xeck of the heavy harness horse in its ideal development appears somewhat long, is gracefully arched, and shows a smooth, a THE HEAVY HARNESS HORSE TYPE 65 full, muscular development, yet is entirely free from the thickness of draft-horse character. A ewe neck is out of place in this class. Much of the style and symmetry of the heavy harness horse at rest is seen in the carriage and make up of head and neck. The neck should blend smoothly in its attachment to the body. The chest of the heavy harness horse has neither the thickness of the draft horse nor the narrowness of the Thoroughbred, but should be a happy medium, deep, with the breast carried out in some prominence. Too broad a chest prevents a free, easy gait. Som A een = Fic. 20. Brigham Pearl, a Hackney mare and a great example of the heavy har- ness type. Note the maximum stride, but one foot touching the ground. From photograph by courtesy of the owner, S. L. Howe, Vancouver, British Columbia The shoulders of the heavy harness horse are long and oblique, sloping well into the back, with withers somewhat prominent yet refined. A steep shoulder prevents strong, rapid movement and produces hard action, conducive to defects of feet and legs. High or free knee action is dependent on a long, well-laid, muscular shoulder. The Jody of the heavy harness horse should be round, short on top, and long below, the ribs being long and well arched and the back and loin covered smoothly with strong, thick muscle. The loin, in particular, calling for strength, should be level, broad, and 66 ‘ ‘THE HORSE, ASS, AND’ MULE thick. Depth of body at both front and hind flanks is desirable, with not too much prominence and overshadowing of hips. The croup furnishes the power; hence it should be long and broad, carried high, and thickly muscled. A steep, short croup is inconsistent with well-balanced conformation. The tail should have a high attachment and be carried with style. The thighs and quarters of the heavy harness horse must be muscular and plump, showing fullness of outline. The muscle of the thighs at the quarters must be thick and deep, giving fullness to the hind end. The gaskin, or lower thigh, should be strongly muscled and long. The hocks of the heavy harness horse, viewed from one side, should be deep from front to the point behind; the front should be broad and the rear thin, the entire joint being lean and smooth, with no puffiness or coarseness. The action so essential in a coach horse can only be found in a normal, smooth, and strong hock. The /egs of the heavy harness horse, as a whole, must show cleanness, good bone, and plenty of muscle. The a7 must be short, broad, and flat, with great muscle development. The elbows should stand out, showing room between the legs and chest, indi- cating easy-moving power. If the elbow is too close to allow the easy insertion of the hand between it and the body, the legs will not stand straight and the front toes will turn out, while if the elbow is too far from the body, the opposite result will obtain, in either case giving an awkward movement. The forearm should be very long and strongly muscled, wide at top, and tapering grace- fully downward. The zee in its strength is broad in front and narrow behind, full and prominent, and strongly attached both above and below. Sometimes the knees come too close together, often they are crooked, and occasionally they project too far over the cannon bones. The caznzons, both front and rear, should be flat, smooth, short, and strongly attached above and below. The tendons which pass along behind should stand out clear and strong, thus giving depth to the leg at this point. As the hand is passed down over the cannons no unnecessary roughness should be felt. Under both knee and hock the cannons should be deep, showing a strong attachment at these joints. The fetlock should be strong and placed straight and should be free from fleshiness. THY, HEAVY AARNESS HORSE TYPE 67 The pasterns should stand at an angle of about 45 degrees with the floor and be long, smooth, and springy. As the horse stands naturally the pasterns should be well sustained, with no tend- ency to drop low and appear weak. If the pastern is short or straight an easy gait cannot be assumed, and the conditions promote foot and leg diseases. A correct pastern at 45 degrees allows the proper placing of the foot, the frog striking first, with the resulting jar or concussion less than it would be otherwise. The feet are most important, and a capable judge of the horse will give them almost a first consideration. These should be of suitable size, round, wide at top, well developed at heel, and pref- erably of dark, hard bone. Ample size is important, for a small foot in the horse presages trouble. The hind part, or heel, should be wide and of reasonable depth, a low heel and flat foot being associated with poor feet. The bottom of the foot, or sole, should be concave and well arched. In a well-formed foot the frog should be wide at the heel, be strongly developed, and just touch the ground when the horse is at rest. Passing about the frog in a continuation of the wall of the hoof from behind is the dar of the foot. This bar helps to hold the sole of the foot together and should be strong and show character. The front feet are usually rounder than the hind and are also more subject to injury and more commonly defective than the hind feet. Action in the heavy harness horse is an absolute requirement. People vary in the degree to which they desire this. The lover of the Hackney desires a rather high, bold knee action of a flashy sort, with a notable elevation of the foot at its highest point. The hind legs have a powerful movement, the hocks are strongly bent, or flexed, and the legs are carried well up under the body. This is what is known as a “‘trappy gait,” and such a horse as a “ high- stepper.” Such a gait is not consistent with the best speed, and wise lovers of the horse prefer less high action and more reach and power. Further, with high knee action comes a greater con- _ cussion to limbs and feet and consequently greater punishment and more rapid wearing out of the horse than would otherwise be the case. Especially is this true on the city pavement. Trueness of action is essential, whether a high-stepper or not, the legs be- ing carried forward in the same general line and the feet moved 68 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE neither in nor out. The hocks should be firm and not show weak- ness, as springing wide apart when in action, and the feet should be held true, neither turning in nor out at the toes. When either at walk or trot the horse should pass from or come toward the judge on the same true line, without sidewise gait, dragging feet, paddling, clicking, etc. Straight and regular movement should be sought for. Ordinarily a coach horse is expected to have a speed of about eight or ten miles an hour in continuous road work. Fic. 21. Brigham Pearl, showing extreme flexing of knees and hocks, with but two feet on the ground. From photograph by courtesy of Mr. Howe Subclasses of heavy harness horses. On account of the special requirements of city trade, in relation to the size and use of various vehicles, the coach horse is divided into groups. This classification only occurs, however, in the important horse shows and in the exclusive trade of the city dealer. Pure-bred coach horses, as a rule, do not come within these subclasses when of the smaller type, though the Hackney may furnish an exception. The following three subclasses are the principal ones of interest: The Park horse is a coach horse of the smaller class, in which are found typical heavy harness conformation and a very flashy style of action. This represents the finest of the subtypes referred to and stands from 15 to 15 hands and weighs 1000 to 1150 pounds. THE HEAVY HARNESS HORSE TYPE 69 Action of the Park horse should be extremely high, with the best of balance and the limbs moving in perfect rhythm. Park horses are driven single or in pairs and occasionally in fours. They are attached to light pleasure vehicles, such as phaétons, gigs, park drags, and victorias. The Cod is a small, compact type of the subclass heavy harness horse, too large for a pony. His full, compact form has come to be known as “cobby,” which term expresses his general confor- mation. He stands from 14} to 154 hands high and weighs goo to 1100 pounds. The Cob has a smart gait, with high action and a fair amount of reach. Cobs are very common in England and Wales. They show great speed and endurance and are commonly hitched singly to comparatively heavy carts. They are also used on light broughams or phaétons. The Auzabout combines features of conformation of a small, heavy harness horse with more of the action of the light harness horse. In fact, by some he is regarded as of the light harness class, while others place him in the heavy harness class. He stands 14? to 154 hands high and weighs 900 to 1050 pounds. He is not quite so stocky as the Cob and lacks his trappy gait. This is a handy small driver, adapted to a variety of conditions, easily handled, and valued on the market at a modest price. CELLAR TER Ne NUr THE HACKNEY The word ‘t Hackney’”’ has long been in use in Great Britain. The Norman invaders in the eleventh century brought from France the term ‘ haquenée,” or ‘“‘ hacquenée,”’ which is of uncer- tain derivation. As early as 1303 this word is said to have come into active use. This same century Chaucer in his writings refers to the hakeney or haknay, spelling it both ways.’ Prior to the eleventh century it is supposed that the word “nag”’ (which is akin to the verb “to neigh’’) was the common term in reference to the saddle horse of light type. Since those early days the words “nag” and “ Hackney” have been in common use. The native home of the Hackney is located in eastern and northeastern England, in the counties of Suffolk, Norfolk, and York. The people in this region have for centuries greatly pat- ronized the saddle horse or roadster. In the fifteenth century trotting horses were highly esteemed, and a Berney of Norfolk placed an estimate equivalent to $350 on one of his horses. The original Hackney stock was subjected to variable influ- ences. The Romans no doubt introduced horses from southern Europe, and these must have bred with the native English stock. Following them came Scandinavian intruders, and it is assumed that Norwegian ponies were used in the mixture, giving British horse stock both speed and endurance. The abundance of trot- ting horses in sections occupied by Danish settlers would indicate the popularity of this type. Besides the commingling of different strains of blood, some enactments on horse breeding and devel- opment took place by royal decree as far back as 1495, when Henry VII was on the throne. In 1558 Ralph Blundeville of Norfolk produced the first English book on the horse, which he designated “ The Foure Chiefest Offices belonging to Horse- manship,’’ now a rare and much-sought work. 1The Hackney Studbook, Vol. I, 1884; with a Historical Introduction by Henry F. Euren. 7O THE HACKNEY 71 The early development of Hackneys really began in the eight- eenth century. In Norfolk there frequently appeared in the papers advertisements regarding horses for sale or breeding purposes, various animals being named specifically. These state- ments showed the use of Arabian, Barb, and Turkish stallions on Norfolk mares. Undoubtedly the road horses of Norfolk and Suffolk were much appreciated for speed, and any blood that Fic. 22. Enfield Nipper 640 (8133), a well-known prize-winning Hackney stallion and sire. Owned by W. D. Henry, Sewickley, Pennsylvania. From photograph by Schreiber & Sons would contribute to this purpose and not injure stamina was used. Thus the Thoroughbred also played a part in early Hackney development. The important evolution of the Hackney began with a horse variously known under the names of Schales, Shales, The Origi- nal Shales, and Shields. This stallion was foaled in 1755 and was thought to be sired by Blaze, a son of Flying Childers. In the breeding of this horse, registered in the first volume of the English ‘ Hackney Studbook”’ as The Original Shales (699), 72 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE occurs Arabian, Turk, and Barb blood. He is but four generations from the Darley Arabian. The Original Shales sired among others one son, Scot Shales (692), that proved a great breeder, although not famous for speed. He was noted for getting ‘‘ good stock out of common mares.”” In 1782 he was “ justly esteemed the best stallion known to get good road horses.” The Original Shales was also sire of Driver (187), that proved a great breeder. Coming along after these, as important factors in Hackney development and history, were the following: Fireaway (201) (Jenkinson’s), foaled in 1780; Fireaway (203) (West’s) ; Fire- away (211) (Flanders’); Pretender (596) (Wroot’s); Fireaway (208) (Burgess’); Bellfounder (52) (Stevens’); Bellfounder (55) (Jary’s), imported to America in 1822; Wildfire (864) (Rams- dale’s) ; The Norfolk Cob (475) ; The Norfolk Phenomenon (522) ; Phenomenon (573) (Ramsdale’s), foaled in 1835; Sir Charles Beal’s (768), foaled in 1843; Denmark (177) (Bourdas’), foaled in 1862; Danegelt (174), foaled in 1879 and died in 1894. During the past fifty years the blood of Denmark and Danegelt has been most potent in Hackney history. Perhaps the five sires of most importance in the last quarter of the nineteenth century were Lord Derby 2d, Bourdas’ Denmark, Triffitt’s Fireaway, D’Oyley’s Confidence, and Danegelt. The introduction of the Hackney to America dates back to 1822, when James Booth of Boston imported, from Liverpool, Bellfounder (55) (Jary’s), commonly known as imported Bell- founder. He was sired by Bellfounder (52), with Pretender (596) for grandsire, and out of a mare named Velocity. The Bell- founders proved animals of great speed and endurance, tracing back from the original Fireaways. Bellfounder was the sire of the Charles Kent Mare, the dam of Hambletonian 10. The great speed in the Hambletonian family of trotters may justly be regarded as tracing through the Bellfounder lineage. It is believed that the Hudson Bay Company imported to Canada in 1830 an English Hackney named Fireaway, but for years no importations of this breed other than these two came to America, and they were not brought over as Hackneys. In 1881 M. H. Cochrane of Hillhurst, Canada, brought an impor- tation to Canada from England, having among others a fine THE HACKNEY 73 stallion named Fordham, by Denmark (177). The first Hackney stud founded in the United States was established by A. J. Cas- satt of Philadelphia. In the spring of 1883 he imported the stallion Little Wonder and the mares Patience and Buttercup, having previously brought over the mare Stella, by Confidence (158). Little Wonder was exhibited in 1883 and later proved to be a sire of much excellence. Other importations were as follows: Prescott Lawrence, Newport, Rhode Island, 1884 ; J. B. Perkins, Cleveland, Ohio, 1887; Henry Fairfax, Aldie, Virginia, 1888; John A. Logan, Youngstown, Ohio, 1888 ; Gal- braith Brothers, Janesville, Wisconsin; J. H. Truman and Sons, Bushnell, Illinois; Powell Brothers, Springboro, Pennsylvania ; and some others, 1889. In 1890 Dr. Seward Webb, Shelburne Farms, Vermont, made an importation of twenty-seven mares and four stallions, the most important consignment up to this time. Since then many Hackneys have been brought to the United States from England. Hackney characteristics are especially shown in conformation and gait. The “ead naturally tends to be wide in the forehead, full in the mouth, with an eye that is bold and active. The zxeck, which is often full at the throatlatch, inclines to coarseness and tends to some.crest effect. The dody is deep ribbed, full in front and behind, and the back wide and strong. The croup is usually long, level, and wide, and the thighs are very strongly muscled. The legs and feet are noted for their soundness. The Hackney may perhaps be regarded as blockier of form than other coach breeds of coblike character. Mr. Henry F. Euren states that the general description of the Hackney which fitted both old style and new ideal is in brief this: ‘A powerfully built, short- legged, big, broad horse, with an intelligent head, neat neck, strong, level back, powerful loins, and as perfect shoulders as can be produced.” The gait of the Hackney originally had its chief value in a long, strong trot for road work. With the evolution of years the fashion of modern times called for the high-stepper, with extravagant action. The horse Confidence (158) was the sire of many horses of this type of gait, and, as some think, to the detriment of the breed, though ‘‘the get of Confidence yielded a larger total profit R 74 THE HORSE; ASS, AND MULE™ than any other horse of his day.” While the fancy city trade desires matched pairs with very high action, this is inconsistent with the most graceful or forceful movement. The ideal Hackney has a perfect walk and a trot associated with a powerful stride. The feet are carried clear and full from the ground and are strongly and actively raised at the knee, while the hock is carried forward under the body with much grace, strength, and action. Hayes states! that the Hackney has been evolved into a light, high-stepping, showy carriage horse and that his conformation is not well suited to saddle work of the present day, which has turned toward army service and jumping. The color of the Hackney is commonly chestnut, but bay or brown are rather fre- quent. Black, roan, and . buckskin are found also, but are of rare occurrence: Fic. 23. A Hackney filly foal demonstrating action (Chestnut has become at six weeks of age. From photograph by courtesy of W. D. Henry, Sewickley, Pennsylvania almost a typical color with this breed. Re- ferring to this color, Hayes says that ‘it is an interesting fact that chestnut Hackneys are generally better shaped and have more brilliant action than Hackneys of other colors, and consequently they form the large majority of winners at shows. This success of chestnut color is not always continued in the sale ring, because purchasers of harness horses usually prefer bay or brown.” White markings, such as a star or blaze on the face or white on the lower part of the leg, also occur. The height of the Hackney shows considerable variation, but in the larger type it ranges in popular favor from 15} to 15? 1M. H. Hayes, The Points of the Horse. London, 1904. THE HACKNEY 76 hands. In 1885 the Royal Agricultural Society of England, at the request of the Hackney Studbook Society, increased the standard height for the breed to 154 hands, and the class was well filled. There are Hackney ponies under 14 hands, Hackney cobs larger than ponies, and Hackney coachers over 16 hands. The soundness of the Hackney has been made a subject of special study by the English Hackney Society. At the first show of Hackneys in London, in 1885, some twenty mature stallions Fic. 24. Hildred, one of the most perfect Hackney mares in the history of the American show ring. Imported and owned by the late Eben D. Jordan, Boston, Massachusetts. From photograph by courtesy of Mr. Jordan were selected by the judges as absolutely sound. For many years the Hackney Society made a rule that only sound horses, passing a veterinary examination, should compete in the annual show of the breed. Thousands of horses have been examined, with per- centages of rejection ranging about five, a rather remarkable and creditable showing. Half-bred or grade Hackneys have been looked upon with favor in Great Britain, while in France Hackney stallions have had much influence. A study of pedigrees will show an important 76 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE relationship of Norfolk-Hackney blood in building up the French Coach, and the French have not been backward in using the Hackney for crossbreeding. In America Hackney stallions have been used in a limited way in the more eastern states. The late Henry Fairfax of Virginia used Hackney stallions on common farm mares with much success, and grades of this breeding have been successfully exhibited. Some years ago the late John A. Logan, Jr., had an extensive Hackney stud at Youngs- town, Ohio, where he had about fifty racing mares of different blood lines. Crossing these with a Hackney stallion, he secured very satisfactory results. Philip Baker, in an article on the Hack- ney in war time,! in which he discusses the influence of cross- breeding to secure substance, states that the Hackney on the Thoroughbred, “ when the mating is undertaken with discretion,” produces offspring that is generally active, handsome, and pos- sessed of a good back, barrel, legs, and feet, and, last but not least, is sound in wind and eyesight. These good-tempered horses can either carry a heavy weight or draw a load, or both. Imitation Hackneys in the past have had some sale, especially in America. High-acting trotters of the right conformation have been fixed by professionals to bear a close resemblance to true Hackneys. Dr. A. G. Hopkins, in a letter to Captain Hayes,? conveys to him the methods in vogue. He writes: During a winter’s stay in Chicago, where I did post-graduate work with Dr. M. H. Mckillip, who is the leading veterinarian in that city, I helped in several of these operations. Standard-bred stallions, often with marks of from 2:40 to 2:25, are procured and castrated. Later on they are docked and their tails set up by nicking, and when they get great growth of foot and plenty of iron, they can pull their knees up to their chins. —The Anglomaniac gets caught, for he knows nothing about horses. The imitation Hackney seldom bends his hocks properly, and when he is pushed he often spraddles, as the trotter does in the sulky. The distribution of the Hackney is more widespread than that of any other coach-horse breed. It is generally found in the east- ern and north central United States — Pennsylvania, New York, Massachusetts, and Illinois being breeding centers. It is also 1 Live Stock Journal Almanac, 1917, London. * The Points of the Horse, p. 568. THE HACKNEY 77 found almost all over the world. Horses have been exported from England to Africa, Australia, Belgium, Argentina, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Holland, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Spain, the United States, and elsewhere. The effect of the motor on Hackney breeding has been very serious, as might have been expected. At the present time there are very few breeding studs in America, and these are largely for the purpose of turning out show-ring horses. The horse show is yet in public favor, and while the jumper is receiving great attention both in Europe and in America, the harness horse also awakens keen interest. In this capacity the Hackney heads the list in English-speaking countries. The promotion of the Hackney in England has been cared for by the Hackney Horse Society, organized in 1883 and publish- ing its first studbook in 1884. Up to 1917 this society had published thirty-four studbooks. The American Hackney Horse Society was organized in 1891 and published its first studbook in 1893. Up to 1918 the society had published four studbooks. CHA PILE Radio THE FRENCH COACH Horse racing in France dates back several centuries. It is said that racing was practiced in 1323 under Charles le Bel and even earlier. Systematic attempts to improve the racing horse began during the reign of Louis XIV, in the latter part of the seven- teenth century. Colbert, one of the ministers of Louis XIV, Fic. 25. A corner of the stable yard of M. Gaston Fanet, Fontaine-Henry, Calvados, France, in the French Coach country. The wall ornaments are medals indicating prizes won at shows; such medals often decorate French stables. From photograph by the author founded the “ Administration des Haras.’’ During these early days more or less horse racing was engaged in, but in no per- sistent form. French horses were taken to England between 1775 and 1790 and raced on the turf by French owners. The French saw the merit of the English Thoroughbreds, and along in this period they began to buy and send them to France for both breeding and racing purposes. Several of the sires taken to 78 THE FRENCH COACH 79 France in and about 1776 became famous, as, for example, Comus, by Otho; Glowworm, by Eclipse; King Pepin, by Turf; and Pyrois, by Matchem. Some mares were also taken across the Channel. Very early in the nineteenth century Napoleon the Great undertook to promote the development of the horse, though he had in view the army service as well as use on the turf, The French Jockey Club was organized in 1833, and with it came the first real influential development of the light horse in France. This club was aristocratic, wealthy, and influential, and it began to promote racing and breeding. Since that time the government's _ haras, the Jockey Club, and horse-breeding socie- ties have done much to improve the horses of France. Origin of the French Coach horse. The term‘ French Coach”’ is an American one, there being no breed of that name in Fic.26. Flirteur, three-year-old French Coach stal- France. The type of lion, champion at the Paris Horse Show, 1908. From a photograph by the author horse that we know by this name in America is termed Demz-Sang in France, meaning ‘half-blood.”” These horses when descended from English sires, especially Thoroughbreds and Norman mares, have been called Anglo-Normans and are often referred to as such. Hackney, Arab, and other blood has also been used in developing the Demi-Sang. Characteristics of the French Coach. This breed really pre- sents some variation in type. The larger, smoother sort at one time brought to America is what we know as the coacher. These generally average about 16 hands high for stallions and geldings of maturity. Mares will stand from 15 to 16 hands. Stallions in fair condition, weighing about 1350 pounds, may be regarded as acceptable in weight, with mares at 1200 pounds. There is also 80 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE a smaller, more cobby type of coacher, or French trotter, that is highly valued by the French for its speed quality. The French Coach is characterized by very good length of body, with a long, somewhat arching neck and a long, wide, level croup. The trot of this breed is long and powerful, rather than high and trappy like the Hackney. The French have sought strong bone and excellent feet and great speed for a heavy type of trotter. There is not a great variation in color, bay in varying shades and brown being most common. Of 147 stallions and mares owned at one time by two of the leading dealers in the United States there were 90 bays or brown bays, 29 browns, 17 blacks, and 11 chestnuts. The French race track, which is either two and one-half or two miles long, is over a course of turf. The sod track causes a high knee action and long stride as well as a strong, well-flexed Fic. 27. A French Coach mare on pasture in Cal- hock movement. vados. From photograph by the author Speed records of French Coachers. As might naturally be supposed, the use of stallions from high-class speed ancestry on French mares produced fast trotters. The-horses of France, however, have never made as fast time as those of America. In 1873 Niger trotted 2} miles in 6:55, while up to 1877 the fastest record was by Pactole, who made 2} miles in 6:38. In 1891 there were 1399 contestants in races, 312 of which trotted races from 2 to 3? miles at less than 3 minutes per mile, £37 under’2:50,-a.12 re 2:45, and 62 under 2:40. The distribution of the French Coach horse is confined almost ex- clusively to France, although in the past the breed was extensively THE FRENCH COACH 81 exported to various European countries and to the United States. The late Mark W. Dunham of Illinois was a prominent importer and breeder and had a large stud, as did also Powell Brothers of Springboro, Pennsylvania. McLaughlin Brothers of Ohio were active importers for many years. The French Coach, however, never made an acceptable record in America, though a great favorite in France, where it has in the past been the leading breed. The advent of the automobile effectively destroyed the foothold of the French Coach in America and greatly reduced its use in France. The American French Coach studbook. There were at one time two societies in the United States for French Coach horses, namely, the French Coach Horse Society, with headquarters at Chicago, Illinois, and the French Coach Registry Company, with head- quarters at Columbus, Ohio. The former was organized in 1885 and published its first and only studbook in 1906. The French Coach Registry Company was organized in 1904 and published Volume IJ, its last studbook, in 1908. Both of these associations are now defunct, as the French Coach horse is practically extinct in America. CELA TE Rex THE GERMAN COACH The native home of the German Coach horse is in northwestern Germany in the rich lowlands drained by the rivers Elbe, Weser, and Ems, which flow into the North Sea. Here, especially in the states of Hanover, Oldenburg, and Schleswig-Holstein, this type of coach horse has long been bred. Early records of horse breeding in Germany go back about five centuries. As early as 1500 important fairs in Friesland on the German border were patronized by Dutch, Belgian, and German horse buyers. From 1628 to 1648 Count Ulrich II owned stables of much importance. In 1648 a government stud was established at Ilo, Germany. Irom these early days, up to the World War, horse-breeding operations in Oldenburg and Hanover were exten- sively conducted. Government supervision has prevailed over the horse breeding in this section of Germany. The introduction of the German Coach horse to America is comparatively recent. These horses were first brought to the United States along in the eighties. Not much prior to 1890 did the breed receive recognition at American shows. A. B. Holbert, of Greeley, Iowa, was one of the earliest introducers of the breed. The Oltmann Brothers of Illinois and Crouch and Son of Indiana were also actively and prominently identified with its promotion during its career in the United States. Characteristics of the German Coach horse. In height the breed ranges from 16 to 164 hands and in weight from 1350 to 1450 pounds. The color does not vary greatly, being almost exclusively bay, brown, or black. The head is fairly typical of the coachers, the neck being long and arched, the shoulders well placed, and the withers prominent. The body of the German Coach is some- what larger than that of the French Coach, and the croup is high and the tail well placed. The legs show considerable length, com- pared with the Hackney, while the feet are excellent. On the basis 82 THE GERMAN COACH 83 of many specimens brought to this country, seen by the writer, the German Coach varies materially in size and quality. Coarseness is not uncommon, as seen in large heads and joints with more or less grossness of bone. In action there is a wide difference of merit and, from the coach-horse point of view, frequent deficiency. A superior folding of knee and flexing of hock, with desirable activity, is not a prevailing attribute of American specimens of the breed. Fic. 28. Hannibal, a German Coach stallion, imported by Crouch & Son, Lafayette, Indiana. A prize winner of the highest rank at many shows. From photograph by the author The type of German Coach horse seen in America possesses some considerable variation. In 1893, at the World’s Columbian Exposition at Chicago, an exhibit of over eighty German Coach horses was made, including special exhibits from Germany made by the Oldenburg Agricultural Society, the Hanoverian Agri- cultural Society of central Germany, and the East Friesland Head Agricultural Society. There was some considerable varia- tion in the types shown, and following the awards by German 84 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE judges came pronounced objection and dissatisfaction. This re- sulted in an editorial statement on the German Coach type, which appeared in the Areeders’ Gazette and was authorized by the German judges. This statement is of importance to American students and so is given here: The visiting German horsemen make the following claims concerning the light types of horses. Four types of light-legged horses are recognized, and each now has its separate studbook. The 7yvakehuer is the lightest of all and is a carriage and saddle horse, not a heavy coacher. The Ho/stezn and Hlanoverian horses are about the same type, but the Hanoverians are more used for saddle horses and the Holsteins for carriage horses. This difference in use implies somewhat of a difference in action. The Oldenburg is the heaviest type, and these horses are used for heavy coach work, such as state coaches, and as farm or all-purpose horses, and are not put under saddle. Then there are the East Friesland horses, which are practically Oldenburgs, as they are bred from Oldenburg sires. It is claimed that these distinctions are actual rather than artificial. The distribution of German Coach horses has been very wide- spread. They .have been sold to various European countries, South America, South Africa, the United States, and Canadian Northwest. For years the most prominent importers, exhibitors, and promoters of the breed had headquarters in Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa. As these horses never met with a very favorable reception in America, no stables of importance were established, and since 1914 the breed has practically disappeared from American trade. German Coach horse organization in America began in 1892 with the incorporation, under the laws of Illinois, of the German, Hanoverian, and Oldenburg Coach Horse Association. Very soon after the organization of this association came the Oldenburg Coach Horse Association, which was also incorporated in Illinois, but from which very little was ever heard. The former association published two volumes of studbooks, up to 1906, containing the registration of 3849 animals, mostly stallions. CIUAP TER 2S THE CLEVELAND BAY The native home of the Cleveland Bay is in Yorkshire, Eng- land. The breeding center at present is in the counties of York, Durham, and Northumberland. In the Cleveland hills of York- shire it has been bred in its greatest purity and derives its name from this region. The origin of the Cleveland Bay is very obscure. Various claims have been made as to its ancestry. Perhaps the most reasonable explanation is that it is the result of breeding Thorough- breds on British cart-horse mares. The use of Scandinavian horses has also been suggested, thus accounting for the black points in the Cleveland. The British studbook states that with the pure Cleveland of merit the ancestry will go back to one or more of the three families that are descendants of Dart (83), The Hob Horse (316), and Barley Harvest (447). The introduction of the Cleveland Bay to America dates back about a century. In 1820 R. Patterson of Maryland imported a Cleveland Bay stallion named Exile, which in 1822 was exhibited at the show of the Maryland Agricultural Society, receiving honorable mention.! However, the breed gained no foothold. Along in the eighties quite a number were imported. At one time Stericker Brothers, then of Springfield, Illinois, had a large stud of this breed and made most attractive exhibits. The people of the United States, however, have never been favorably impressed, consequently Cleveland Bay interests have essentially died out, and these horses are now unknown in our shows. In 1900 the class for Cleveland Bays at the Illinois State Fair was discontinued, yet Illinois but a few years before had the principal stud of this breed in America. Neither is there anyone prominently advocat- ing — in the press or otherwise — the merits of the breed. 1 American Farmer, July 5, 1822. 85 86 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE Cleveland Bay characteristics. The co/or is always bay, either light or dark, with black legs, mane, and tail. White is not permissible, except a small star in the forehead or a few white hairs on the heel. More white, the breeders say, indicates foreign blood. The color may be dappled, and dark bars may occasionally be seen on the lower arm or possibly a trifle above the hock. Fic. 29. Special Delight. Champion Cleveland Bay stallion at the show of the Royal Agricultural Society of England. From photograph by courtesy of William Cooper & Nephews, England The dody of the Cleveland Bay is of the larger coach type, with long, sloping shoulder and high, broad croup. The head has been regarded as lacking in refinement, while the limbs have not as much quality as the best market demands. In action the .move- ment is strong and powerful, but not stylish. The breed is per- haps the largest of the coach type, but lacks somewhat the quality of the prominent coach breeds. The ezght ranges from 16} to THE CLEVELAND BAY 87 16? hands and the wezg/¢t from 1200 to 1400 pounds. Thirteen hundred pounds is a very acceptable weight. Cleveland Bays as roadsters have always had fame in England for this quality. Cases have been known where the Cleveland Bay has traveled from sixty to seventy miles within twenty-four hours, with heavy loads, three or four times a week, besides being employed occasionally on intermediate days. Hodgson, in a Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society, says: I knew a Cleveland mare that carried a man seventy miles a day for a week together. Tommy Miles, of Harlsey, near Northallerton, rode his Cleveland mare to York for a week together, to have his name called over in court as a juryman; he was in York by nine o’clock every morning (thirty-five miles), and slept in his own bed at Harlsey (thirty-five miles) every night. The distribution of the Cleveland Bay is rather widespread, they having been exported to various parts of the world, includ- ing Sweden, Canada, the United States, South Africa, Australia, and South America. At the present time a large share of those exported go to South Africa. Organizations to promote the Cleveland Bay exist in Great Britain and the United States. In England the Cleveland Bay Horse Society of Great Britain and Ireland, with headquarters in Yorkshire, attends to registering and promoting the breed. In the United States the Cleveland Bay Society of America was organized in 1885. Up to 1917 this society had published three studbooks. The Yorkshire Coach horse bears a peculiar relationship to the Cleveland Bay and calls for some consideration at this point. In England there is a Yorkshire Coach Horse Society in addition to the Cleveland Society, and horses of each kind are registered separately. In America, however, Yorkshire Coach horses and Cleveland Bays are regarded as one breed and are registered in the “ Cleveland Bay Studbook of North America.” The Yorkshire Coach horse is of more recent development than the Cleveland and has been designated as an improved Cleveland. It tends to be smaller in size, is more coachy in action, and has perhaps more quality. The improved quality is due to Thoroughbred blood. In the ‘“ Yorkshire Coach Horse Studbook of I¢ngland,”’ 58 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE published in 1887 by the Yorkshire Coach Horse Society, is the following official statement of ‘The Origin and Character- istics of the Yorkshire Coach Horse” : It cannot be claimed for the Yorkshire Coach horse that he is a pure-bred animal, but that, on the contrary, by the judicious crossing of large-sized, good- colored mares with stallions altogether or nearly Thoroughbred a class of horses has been produced suited to the wants and circumstances of the times. By uni- versal consent the color should be bay or brown, with black eyes, mane and tail abundant but not curly, the height from 16 hands to 16 hands 2 inches, with fine head, sloping shoulders, strong loins, and lengthy quarters, high-stepping action, good sound feet, flat legs, and abundance of bone and muscle. CHAPTER Xb THE DRAFT-HORSE TYPE The general conformation of the draft horse involves a massive form, a compact and blocky body, and a comparative shortness and strength of limb, the whole being in harmonious proportion. Weight is a most important consideration, for a true draft horse must weigh heavy compared with the lighter type. A draft horse in fair condition at maturity may weigh anywhere from 1600 to 2000 or more pounds. Grouped into classes, the light draft horse may weigh usually from 1600 to 1700 pounds, the medium from 1700 to 1850, and the heavy from 1850 up. The greater the weight, as a rule, the higher the price paid for the superior specimen of the type. In order to pull heavy loads the draft horse must possess plenty of weight. It is very evident that the heavy horse in harness brings greater power into the collar than does the lighter one. In discussing the medium of draft Hayes writes as follows : Bodily weight is of special use in draft on slippery roads, such as those of wood pavements and asphalt, because in such case the security of the foothold of a heavy horse would not be so much endangered as that of a lighter though equally strong animal. Also, the employment of bodily weight on a smooth and level road would entail less strain and fatigue than that of muscular pro- pulsion. Hence, improvements in roads have been accompanied by increase in weight of the cart horse. The question as to the relative proportions of the weight and strength of these animals cannot be decided with accuracy owing to the infinite variety of conditions which would have to be considered. We may, however, take for granted that the comparative weight which would be an advantage to a heavy draft horse in a city like London would be a decided drawback to the efficiency of a cart horse that had to do his work on arable land, especially if it was rough, like on ridge and furrow; because the raising of his weight at each step would entail far greater muscular exertion than if his labor was on a smooth road. The hezght is not so material provided there is the necessary weight. Draft horses usually stand from 16 to 171 hands, though occasional exceptions occur. The light draft represents the lesser R 89 9o0 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE height, and as the weight increases, the height may also bear a relationship to it. Quality and substance, as shown in hair, bone, and joints, should be preeminent with this horse. The hair should be fine and silky, even if long, and the bone smooth and attractive, with neatly turned joints, the lower limbs being gener- ally free from all superfluous fleshiness. Coarse joints are usually associated with coarse and poor bone and feet and often with a coarse and undesirable head. The long hair on the leg of the Clydesdale or Shire is indicative of quality, fine silky hair being associated with superior bone and feet. The “ead should be lean, not out of proportion with the body, and have plenty of breadth between the eyes, which should be reasonably prominent and bright. The nose and muzzle should be broad yet not coarse, with nostrils of ample size for easy breathing. Nicely matched lips and strong cheeks and lower jaws help to make a strong head with character. The head should be crowned with fine ears of medium size, gracefully placed and carried. The xeck of the draft horse should be strong and muscular, supporting the head cleanly and gracefully and being joined smoothly and deeply at the body. Some arch to the neck is desirable ; this should appear in a very small degree with mares and geldings, yet enough to suggest power. The shoulders should not be as long and sloping as with a light driver, but more upright, being well set into the back —a happy medium between the straight and sloping shoulder giving the best power and movement for the draft horse. Too straight a shoulder promotes excessive concussion and bone trouble of the limbs and feet. Smoothness of shoulder is essential, for roughness and prominence will be sure to involve soreness and trouble from fit of collar. The chest should be full and deep, indicating large capacity of the vital organs. Narrowness behind the shoulders is quite common and indicates defective constitution. Too much thick- ness of chest —an unusual occurrence — may cause a swaying movement in action. _ The arm must be large and muscular and placed so as to bring the legs in proper position under the body and not standing out at the corners. THE DRAFT-HORSE TYPE QI The forearm should be comparatively long, broadly and strongly muscled in its upper part, and gradually taper to the knee. A powerful forearm on the draft horse is highly important, and its value is not likely to be overestimated. The £xee must be broad, as viewed from the front, be well carried back, and be amply supported from below by the cannon bone. This part should be neat, hard, and cleanly jointed. Fic. 30. A fine example of draft type. From photograph by John W. Hills The caxnon bone is round, but has tendons extending down its back edge, more or less separated from the bone. As viewed from one side, the cannon and its attachment should be deep, amply supporting the knee; viewed from rear or front it should be quite flat, thus representing the strongest conformation. Often the cannon is tied in beneath the knee, which indicates weakness. A long or rounded cannon shows faulty conformation, Flatness 92 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE and shortness below the knee are always associated with the best development. A fair girth at the smallest point is 9} inches. A large girth, however, does not always indicate proper develop- ment, as the leg may be coarse and out of proportion. The fetlock, or, as it is often called, the pastern joint, must be smooth and deep, with no roughness. It is from the tuft of hair which grows at the back of this joint that the name “ fetlock ” (feetlock) is derived. The fastern is an important part of the leg. It should be fairly long, be perfectly smooth and free from extra flesh, and stand at an angle of about 45 degrees. At this slope concussion is received in perhaps the least degree and with least injury to the foot and leg. There is some difference of opinion among horsemen on the length of pastern, some preferring one reason- ably long and others one of medium length. The slope is more important than the length, but no doubt better feet prevail where the pastern leans toward length rather than shortness. Sidebones, ringbones, and other foot troubles are most prevalent with short, straight-pasterned draft horses. As the horse naturally places the foot in action, the pressure first comes on the frog and is then distributed over the rest of the foot. If the pastern is straight, the toe and front of the foot strike first, and thus the concussion is aggravated. The foot ought to be large, the hoof dense and preferably dark in color, the sole concave, and the frog large. There is an old saying, ‘‘ No foot, no horse.” Sound feet are absolutely essential to comfort and efficiency of work. The interior of the foot con- tains very sensitive nerves and membranes. If the foot is too small and contracted, if the frog is too narrow and low, inflam- mation of the membranes will frequently follow. The ample foot, wide on top and behind, well supported at the heel and carried true in movement, turning neither in nor out at the toe, is least likely to be troubled with disease. The dody should be short on top, long below, broad along the back, with the ribs strongly arched and of great depth. A long back indicates weakness of both constitution and draft power, while a short, deeply muscled back means strength. Ribs well sprung and deep show capacity of the internal organs, indicate a THE DRAFT-HORSE TYPE 93 good feeder, and materially add to the weight necessary in the drafter. Usually satisfactory rib development provides a proper body conformation. Often immature horses appear to lack depth of body to some degree, but age and feeding establish the proper proportions. The horse that lacks depth of body will also lack such essentials as capacity and the power of endurance. The Jozz should be broad and thickly muscled. Narrow, thin loins indicate weakness of a serious character. Often the loin is depressed directly in front of the space between the hips, a dis- tinctly undesirable conformation. Animals with a sway back, as a rule, show this weakness of loin. The croup should be broad, wide, fairly level, and heavily mus- cled. A steep croup is very objectionable and affects both the beauty and power of the horse. A short, steep croup is less strongly muscled than one that is long. The Belgian and French draft breeds seem most subject to steepness of croup and low setting of tail. The ¢high should be strongly muscled, and the quarters should be thick and full. A horse split up high behind, with a thin, sharply tapering thigh, lacks good draft form at this place. The gaskin, or lower thigh, when properly made, is deep from front to rear and heavily covered with muscle. The sock is a part which requires careful study. As viewed from one side, it should show considerable depth, while from the rear it should possess a certain degree of thinness, though broad in front, the entire joint being free from extra flesh. Thick hocks are very common with draft horses, due to various reasons. The joint may be fleshy, puffiness may occur from lack of exercise, or a form of spavin may exist. The hock should be smooth and its various natural curves well defined. As the horse stands in a natural position on his feet, the hocks should be straight and true as viewed from behind, showing no evidence of weakness. Where the hock holds a correct position the hind feet also stand true, neither toeing in nor out. When toeing out the points of the hock come too close together, while if toeing in notably the points may be wide apart and the hocks appear springy and weak when in action. The hock should be supported by a wide, thin, clean-boned cannon, which may be about eleven 94 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE inches in girth at its smallest point. A true position of the hind leg may be ascertained by the use of the plumb line, which, dropped from the point of the buttock or croup, viewed from behind, should pass the center of point of hock, cannon, pastern, and foot. From one side it should pass parallel to the entire edge of the cannon and, when suspended from the point of the hip, should pass the gaskin at the center and drop to the center of the foot. The action of the draft horse should be true and bold. As the horse comes toward one or goes from him the line of movement of the limbs should be true, the feet being carried straight away, with no so-called paddling or irregularity of gait. The feet should be picked up with snap, whether at walk or trot, and carried clear of the ground, showing the sole of the foot clearly in the move- ment. High knee action is not essential, but a strong, full, true movement of both knee and hock, without dragging or stiffness, is very important. The draft horse should have an active walk, for the value of a fast walker considerably exceeds that of the sluggish type. In the sale or show ring high-class action with a draft horse adds materially to the selling or show value, no matter what the breed. A free and easy movement of knee and hock is essential to high-class action. In connection with good action the head and neck should be carried high, with style and animation. Clr Re Sci THE PERCHERON The native home of the Percheron horse is in France, in a region known in that country as the Perche. In northwestern France, bounded on the north and west by the sea, is the prov- ince of Normandy, It comprises nearly 7,000,000 acres and is divided into five geographical or civil departments, — La Manche, Calvados, Orne, Eure, and Seine-Inférieure. South and east of Normandy is the old province of Orleans, containing the depart- ments of Loiret, Eure-et-Loir, and Loir-et-Cher. Within this territory, including more or less of Eure, Orne, Eure-et-Loir, Sarthe, and Loir-et-Cher, is the Perche. This locality — for it has no civil organization under this name — embraces an area of about fifty-three by sixty-six miles. The surface of the country is rather broken, having an altitude ranging from about 270 to 750 feet, and is interspersed with numerous pretty valleys and small streams of water. The upper waters of the great river Loire pass through the south edge of the Perche, while the more modest yet beautiful Huisne, with wide-spreading pastures on each side, winds its way through much of this, the home of the Percheron. Small grains and potatoes are the common crops, while here and there on the hillsides apple orchards remind one of some of the apple-growing sections of America. The town of Nogent-le-Rotrou, with a population of about 8500, has for many years been the recognized headquarters of the horsemen of the Perche, while other towns of importance are Mortagne, Alencon, and Mamers. Seventy- five miles to the northeast from Nogent-le-Rotrou is Paris, and between these two cities is to be found one of the most productive farming sections of France. The origin of the Percheron breed is most obscure. For cen- turies horses of a light draft type were bred in the vicinity of the Perche. The claim has been made by French writers that this is a prehistoric breed, and Sanson, an authority on the French a5 96 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE breeds, states! that the nearly perfect skull of a prehistoric horse excavated in the Seine valley, in 1868, very closely resembled a Percheron skull. There has been a variety ef opinion in France re- garding the origin of the breed, but in no case have we specific and substantial information. All is based on theory. Probably the v 0, mentieré3}° ~ CSLill DE CALAIS? D CHAN A CERNED I =~ Z SEINE anes Boe NEL Chey ff INFERIEURE / GUERNSE Ds N 2 & aK f ES S Set Vpn Havre A Enea Compiegne. (to eae S = ; JERSEY LE NogentlecR6i oe re exe SVitré } S|M y VENDEE “* \ a inden A VIENN E38 =cke Fic. 31. A map of northwestern France, the shaded parts indicating the Percheron country, as well as the home of the Nivernais horse and the Poitiers ass opinion of the veterinarian M. Gautier, as quoted by Sanders and Dinsmore,? is about right. Speaking at a congress of farmers, held in 1843 at Mortagne, this Frenchman is credited with the following: Every man who has up to this time written on French and foreign breeds says that the Percheron is of Brittany origin. As proof, nothing. Each writer, in consulting his predecessor, has reproduced the same opinion. One writer 1 L’origine des races francaises de chevaux, Vol. III, p. 95. 2 A. H. Sanders and Wayne Dinsmore, A History of the Percheron Horse. Chicago, 1917. THE PERCHERON 97 has said that the Percheron was of English origin. Others say that the Percheron is descended from the Arab. For me, if I may give my opinion, I believe that the Percheron is a primitive breed, singularly altered, improved by crossings at different periods with Arabian and English horses. In early times the native stock of the Perche was without doubt typical of the draft horse generally existing in northern Europe, and it is assumed that here existed the foundation stock from which the modern Percheron is developed. The improvement of the early Percheron, as already indicated, is generally credited by French and other writers to the use of Fic. 32. The residence and stable yard of the home of the late M. Charles Aveline, La Touche, Nogent-le-Rotrou, France. From photograph by the author oriental horses. This is accounted for by the existence of large numbers of Arab and Barb horses brought to France by the Saracens, especially in the early part of the eighth century. It must be understood, however, that the above opinion does not rest on facts. It is reasonable to assume that oriental horses may have been used to improve the horse stock of the Perche, but to what degree we do not know. Horses were used for pack purposes and as cavalry only until the improved agriculture and commerce of less than two centuries ago demanded a draft horse. There is more or less specific information regarding horse breeding in France dating back early in the eighteenth century. Two govern- ment studs were established at this time —one at Le Pin on the 98 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE borders of the Perche, in 1714, and the other at Pompadour in southwestern France, in 1755. These were destroyed during the Revolution, but were restored by Napoleon in 1806 and have ever since remained important breeding studs, Draft-horse breeding was not attempted in these studs until the nineteenth century, the work starting at Le Pin about 1808, The claim has been made — Fic. 33. Dragon 52155 (63516), champion Percheron stallion at the 1906 and 1907 International Live-Stock Expositions, and a famous sire. Owned by E. b. White, Leesburg, Virginia. From photograph by courtesy of Mr. White by M. Charles Du Hays, in a history of the Percheron,! that two gray Arabian stallions, Godolphin and Gallipoly, were used about 1820 in the stud at Le Pin with a remarkably beneficial result. The general effect of this Arabian blood on the French horse, according to various authors, was to impart quality, as shown in superior bone, style, and finish. The first edition of this work contained this statement. However, recent investigations have given new light on this subject. Mr. John Ashton, just prior to the opening of the World War, carefully examined many official 1 Charles Du Hays, Le Cheval Percheron. THE PERCHERON 99 records of the French studs, or haras,! and ascertained from original Le Pin records that Godolphin was a chestnut English saddle horse and Gallipoly a small Turkish saddle horse. The former horse was not regarded good enough for use in the stud and was disposed of about 1818; while Gallipoly was classed as an excellent stallion, but ‘“‘ too small and unsuitable for Le Pin,” and so, after being in the stud from 1812 to 1819, was probably sent to Brittany. Jean Le Blanc (739), foaled in 1823 or 1824, said to have been a true Percheron and a “descendant of Gal- lipoly,” according to the French? was a remarkable stallion and responsible for great improvement of the breed. Ashton found records of gray draft stallions in government studs, dating back to 1808, while specific reference to a Percheron was first made in 1822, relative to Désarmé (538), foaled in 1815, a bay of un- known Percheron ancestry. In 1826 this horse covered twenty-six mares. Besides Désarmé, along at this period there were several Percheron horses in service, including Jocko, Herbager, Remor- queur, Joly, and Superior. These horses were placed more or less in service in the Perche, under government supervision. The early type of Percheron resulting from this amalgamation of races was not so large as the present-day type. The farmer of the Perche required a horse suited to general purposes, so the early type was smaller and more active of foot than the present- day Percheron. Either under saddle or before gig, Percherons trotted with considerable speed. Records of .Percherons show that not infrequently they have trotted at a rate of about a mile in four minutes. Richardson, an English writer familiar with conditions in France, gives interesting illustrations of the ability of this horse to travel long distances with considerable speed.? A gray mare six years old which took a heavy gig 56 miles over a heavy road in 4 hours and 24 minutes; and another, seven years old, drew an ordi- nary country gig 55 miles in 4 hours I minute 35 seconds, returning the next day over the same ground in 4 hours I minute 30 seconds, the last 14 miles being covered in 1 hour, and neither in going or returning was she touched with the whip. 1 A History of the Percheron Horse, 1917. 2 Studbook Percheron, tome premier, p. 14. Nogent-le-Rotrou, 1883. 3G. G. Richardson, The Corn and Cattle Producing Districts of France, p- 188. London, 1877. iKele) THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE The characteristics of this early type showed less scale, a lighter weight, with a height ranging from 15 to 16 hands. It was a superior general-purpose horse of draft conformation, yet lacking large size and heavy weight. This type met with such great favor that buyers from various parts of France, Germany, and elsewhere began to draw upon the Perche for their horse stock. Percheron deterioration came in with the improvement of the breed. Toward the close of the first third of the nineteenth cen- tury the demand for these horses in the Perche became so great that the farmers sold their best brood mares and stallions to such an extent that they had to be replaced. Not enough good Per- cherons were available, so that other French races were introduced. Large numbers of mares similar to Per- cherons in size and style were introduced Fic. 34. Etudiant 70802 (59291), champion Perche- from Brittany, Picardy, ron stallion in France, 1908. Imported to America Boulogne, Caux, and in 1909 by E. B. White of Virginia. In stud in elsewhere. A great Ohio for some years and a successful sire. From : photograph taken in France by the author many of these lacked bone, substance, and quality. With the improvement of highways came a demand for heavier horses, and then buyers purchased large ones to meet the increased demand. For a time quality was sacrificed for quantity, the heaviest stallion being most in demand. Many of the best brood mares of lighter type were sacrificed, thus causing serious deterioration. This condition of affairs continued for some years, until breeders recognized the absolute necessity of improv- ing the breed so as to secure superior type and quality along with increased size. The type of Percheron about 1877 is described by Richardson in the following rather comprehensive manner : ie al THE PERCHERON IOI The characteristics of the best horses are that they run from 15 to 16 hands in height; the head is handsome, though perhaps sometimes heavy, but more frequently as fine as an Arab’s; the nostrils wide; the eye large and expressive; the forehead broad; ears silky; neck rather short, but with a good crest; withers high; shoulders long and sloping; chest rather flat, but broad and Fic. 35. Giroust 78504 (69869), a Percheron stallion owned by W. H. Butler, Sandusky, Ohio. A prominent sire of Ohio futurity winners, as well as a high- class show horse. From photograph by E. K. Emslie deep; body well ribbed; loins rather long; crupper level and muscular; the buttocks often high, leaving a depression above the junction of the tail, which is set on high; joints short and strong; the tendons often weak; legs clean and free from coarse hair; feet always good, though rather flat when reared upon moist pastures; the skin fine, and mane silky and abundant; the color is generally gray, but there are some grand black Percherons.... Docile, patient, honest workers, very hardy, the Percherons are unexcitable, but active 102 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE and cheerful, rarely showing bad temper, and very free from natural blemish, trotting away cheerfully with heavy loads. The French call them the best draft horses in the world. Yet even when Richardson penned this (1877) he stated that these qualities were rarely found combined in any of the Per- cheron horses on account of the deteriorating influences to which reference has already been made. The improvement of the Percheron in France is due to both public and private methods. The best horses in France have been in the past and are at present reserved by the government for home improvement. In addition to this, subsidies are paid private individuals to keep horses of merit in the stud. Animals are critically inspected by government veterinarians, and if up to a certain standard they are designated as sabsidized and a cash bonus is paid for keeping them in the country on the farm of the owner, available to the owners of mares. This bonus ranges from 300 to 500 francs ($60 to $100) per year, according to the breeding and excellence of the stallion. Horses of not quite so good a grade are authorized after passing inspection, and the owners are given a card which is a government recommendation of the sires to farmers. A third class, known as approved, of which there are but few, are permitted to be in service, but neither bonus nor special certificate is given for them. Since 1885 a government decree has excluded from public service all stallions not coming within these classes. The introduction of the Percheron to the United States dates back many years. French horses were brought to America as long ago as 1816, when a stallion was taken to Quebec and later sold to go to Washington County, New York. It has been as- sumed that this was a Norman horse. In 1839 the first “ genu- ine’ Percheron importation to America was brought over by Edward Harris to Moorestown, New Jersey. This importation consisted of one stallion and two mares. The stallion died at sea, and the mares were unfortunate, one landing in poor health, while the other injured herself in car shipment, necessitating killing. Mr. Harris at once returned to France and imported the stallions Diligence and Bonaparte, with several mares. These were the smaller type of Percheron, standing about 15 hands THE PERCHERON 103 high and weighing 1200 to 1500 pounds. Diligence, which died in 1860, was regarded as a fine specimen of the breed. In 1851 an important half century of Percheron history began in the United States. At this time Fullington and Martin brought to Milford Center, Ohio, the gray colt Louis Napoleon, the first importation to the West. He was 15} hands high and weighed 1600 pounds. In 1856 A. P. Cushman of Illinois purchased him, Louis Napoleon proved to be a great sire and was no doubt one of the very best draft horses ever brought to America. It has been estimated that over 400 of his sons were successful _ stallions. In 1851 Dr. Marcus Brown of Circleville, Ohio, commissioned Samuel Holman of Chester Springs, Penn- sylvania, to purchase a stallion for him in France. Holman bought two,—onefor Fic. 36. Jocasse (89131), a two-year-old imported . Percheron mare, the property of Illinois Univer- immiselsands.one; for. ‘02-174 ee: sity. From photograph by courtesy of Professor Brown, — both grays, J. L. Edmonds and they landed at New York on August 12, 1851.1 The one for Dr. Brown was named Normandy 351 and is often referred to as “ Pleasant Valley Bill,”’ “Old Bill,”’ or the ‘ Valley Horse.” He stood 15} hands high and weighed about 1400 pounds, and it is said that for eighteen years he averaged about 60 colts a year. Charles Carroll of Bal- timore, Maryland, is credited in Volume I of the “ Percheron Stud- book of America”’ with importing in 1853 the stallion Chartres 88, and J. H. McHenry of the same state with importing the 1 A History of the Percheron Horse (1917), p. 114. 104 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE two mares Lily 572 and Snowdrop 607 in the same year. In 1856 Jordan and Martin of Woodstock, Ohio, imported the stal- lion Rollin 418, that proved a good sire. Like Louis Napoleon, Rollin was sold into Illinois, where he was in service six years. Numerous importations followed. In 1868 W. T. Walters of Baltimore, Maryland, brought over 7 mares and 4 stallions, he being the first person to establish an important breeding stud in America. Mr. Walters had lived in France and had studied the breed there, and so was able to buy to advantage. In 1870 M. W. Dunham of Wayne, Illinois, and in 1874 William Sing- master of Keota, Iowa, began breeding and importing. They both became famous Percheron authorities, and the studs founded by them are still in existence. Besides these the Stubblefields of Bloomington, Ellis Dillon of Normal, Ezra Stetson of Neponset, Illinois, and the Fullingtons of Ohio were early breeders and im- porters. According to Sanders and Dinsmore 90 stallions were imported to America between 1839 and 1870, of which 42 went to Ohio, 24 to Illinois, 10 to Pennsylvania, and 5 to Maryland, with 2 each going to Massachusetts, Virginia, Missouri, and New Jersey, and 1 to Kansas. The characteristics of the Percheron horse are such as are sought in a model draft horse. The ead is distinguished for its bold, prominent eye, wide, full forehead, straight face, and strong jaws. The ears are usually of medium size, refined, and attractively set and carried. The zeck as a rule has a slight arch and is smoothly blended at the body and neatly attached to the head. The dody of the Percheron is characteristically compact and blocky of form, full in the chest, and broad of back. Horses of the breed, however, often have steep, rather short croups, with the tail set too low. In recent years, however, much attention has been given to remedying this defect, with the result that present-day exhibitions show many Percherons with excellent croups. In depth and fullness of body there is also a lack. The legs of the Percheron incline to be short, and the bone is usually superior, but the cazzons not infrequently lack in depth and flat- ness, while a full, or puffed, Zock is more common than it should be. This breed has legs free of long hair, such as is strikingly seen in Shire and Clydesdale. The /ee¢ are generally of good i. THE PERCHERON 105 size and shapely, and the dark hoofs of excellent texture. Per- cheron action at a walk is reasonably true and snappy, while the trot with good representatives of the breed is free and easy. In its strong, free actzon this may be regarded as one of the best breeds, although not the equal of the Clydesdale in that respect. The fact that in France, even to-day, races are held between the Fic. 37. Libretto 121447 (97907), aged Percheron stallion owned by the Ohio State University, Columbus. Second-prize winner at the 1919 Ohio State Fair and an excellent sire. From photograph by E. K. Emslie lighter type of Percherons is an evidence of their natural activity of foot. The things which especially distinguish the Percheron breed are the head and neck, suggesting the Arabian, the blocky body and steep tendency of croup, the short, smooth legs, the characteristic color, and superior action. As a draft beast the pure-bred or high-grade Percheron ranks in France and America in the very first class, as is evident from his preponderance in numbers over all other breeds. R 106 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE The color of the Percheron is usually a gray or black. Bays and browns occur, but are not common. Gray from the beginning has been the most popular color in the Perche, and in the days of the stagecoach the gray color, being more easily seen at night than black, contributed to its popularity. Many of the greatest stallions in the history of the breed have been grays. Fashion has had a part in influencing the color of the Percheron, and for years American importers have been seeking blacks to meet the demands of customers. It is said that at the fair at Chartres, France, in February, 1877, one dealer had eighteen blacks, for which he asked about the equivalent of $10,000 for the lot, ‘‘and they were well worth it.” In recent years, however, gray has grown in popularity, ranging from a dark iron gray with light mane and tail to a pure white. A colt apparently black, but having scarcely noticeable white hairs on the body among the black, will gradually become gray with age if both mane and tail are light in color. The bay or brown is a distinctly unpopular color and is not representative of the breed. In 1917 Secretary Wayne Dinsmore of the Percheron Society of America sent out a circular letter to Percheron breeders, in which he showed thé proportions of colors with two thousand horses of the breed registered in Volume XVIII of the studbook. Com- menting on the facts brought out, Mr. Dinsmore says : The outstanding feature is the fact that 90.85 per cent are blacks and grays, either whole or colored, or with some white marks, such as star, strip, snip, white pasterns, or other distinguishing marks. Solid colored horses, even in blacks and grays, constitute but a small proportion of the total... . Bays or brown bays, with or without markings, make up but 3.45 per cent of the total. Browns without the bay tinge aggregate 3.25 per cent, and some of these latter prove to be blacks. Chestnut and sorrel mean the same thing in the minds of many horsemen, and all reported have some white markings, yet total only 1.5 per cent. Several kinds of roans are listed, but all told they amount to only 0.95 per cent of the total, or less than one per cent. The weight and height of the Percheron place him in the medium class of draft horses, although very large specimens of the breed are recorded. The average weight of the mature stallion is from 1700 to 2000 pounds, while the mares range from 1600 to 1800 pounds. The heavier weights are rarely reached, excepting — THE PERCHERON 107 with horses in high condition. The height of stallions ranges ordinarily from 16 to 17 hands and mares from 155 to 163 hands. A lower-set type is desired, but where heavier weight is emphasized 17 hands is necessary to show plenty of scale and substance. The following figures of heights and weights of stallions of distinction are of interest: Brilliant 1271 stood 16 hands and weighed 1850 pounds; Seducteur (8850), Pink 247605 (47513), Olbert 42815 (53109), and Villers 13169 (1808) are each said to have stood about 17 hands and weighed 2100 pounds; Calypso 25017 (44577) stood 16} hands and weighed 1900 pounds; Etudiant 70802 (59291) stood 17} hands and weighed 2100 pounds; and Introuvable 16875 (24146), regarded as a very large Percheron, stood 17} hands and weighed 2300 pounds. Referring to weight, W. S. Corsa of Illinois, long a prominent breeder, makes the following comment :! A mare weighing from 1700 to 1800 pounds in ordinarily good condition, is the draft mare that may be expected to give a good account of herself both at work and in the stud. Get size in the offspring through the selection of the sire and through the kind, quality and quantity of feed given the colts. Fortu- nately, it is among these under excessive weights that we find the greatest number of mares of acceptable breed type — sweetly feminine sorts which usually have necks long enough so that one may put his arm around and love them. Quoting from the same source, E. B. White, a noted breeder of Virginia, states that the stallion should be of medium size and suggests that he “weigh not more than 2100 pounds in show condition.’ The temperament of the Percheron is of the quiet, phlegmatic sort, such as prevails with the horse of heavy weight, although somewhat more nervous and active than the Shire or Belgian. The disposition of horses of this breed is of the best, and as one sees them at work in their native country, where many stallions of the breed are found in harness, they are all the most exacting could desire in this regard. The maturing quality of the Percheron is of the first class, and the colts when properly nourished attain large size in a rela- tively short time. Many weanling colts at the fall shows weigh about 800 pounds and at twelve months of age should pass the 1 A History of the Percheron Horse (1917), p. 530- 108 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE rooo-pound mark. At twenty-four months a stallion should weigh around 1500, and a mare slightly less. In feeding experiments conducted by Professor J. L. Edmonds on ten pure-bred Percheron fillies at the Illinois Station, foaled in 1914 and fed two winters and one summer, the average weight at twelve months of age was 1112 pounds, and at twenty-four months 1548 pounds. The “‘growthiest’” filly of the lot weighed 1260 pounds at twelve months and 1775 pounds at twenty-four months. Crossbred or grade Percherons are very common in America. The pure-bred stallions mated to the larger type of grade mares, of drafty conformation, furnish a large per cent of our best draft teams. Onthe Western range, notably in Wyoming, Montana, Utah, Colo- rado, and the Dakotas, Fic. 38. La Belle 34982, an aged Percheron mare, by the use of Percheron champion American-bred mare in 1g11 at the Inter- stallions« for two oF national Live-Stock Exposition. A famous dam. i Owner, E. B. White, Leesburg, Virginia. From three generations the photograph by the author horse stock has been greatly increased in size and usefulness, many of the grades weighing from 1400 to 1500 pounds at maturity. Through the Middle Western states are to be seen many high-grade mares which in breed character and conformation are apparently pure-breds. Prepotent Percheron stallions mated to mares of other draft breeds also usually give satisfactory results, and this is a favorite combination in some localities where legs with feather hairs are found on mares of Clyde or Shire ancestry. The resulting off- spring are usually smooth-legged and more easily satisfy the com- mon market demands. The most prominent buyers in the Chicago horse market have testified in the highest terms to the demand ji THE PERCHERON 109 for Percheron grades and crosses, and grade geldings of show-ring form have repeatedly sold for $500 per head and over. The prolificacy of the Percheron as a breed may be regarded as about average. Under good conditions of care and keep Per- cheron mares should prove as fecund and give as good results in production as with other heavy breeds. There are, however, many cases on record of mares that have proved unusually pro- lific and profitable. The following mares are worthy of note, as Fic. 39. Delia 65193, an uncommonly fine Percheron brood mare at nineteen years of age. Fourth-prize mare ten years old or over in large-class Eastern Percheron Breeders’ Show, 1918. Owned by M. E. Lyons, Delaware, Ohio. From photograph by the author having played important parts in building up some of the best American studs. Fany 20458, owned by L. W. Orr of Minne- sota, proved in foal every year between 1901 and 1916 inclusive and raised 12 colts, 7 of which sold for $5000. Among the noted brood mares of Mark W. Dunham were Constance 1478 (1425), having 9 colts in twelve years; Linda 2571 (1521), producing 10 colts in fourteen years; and Janecia 2768 (1368), dropping 7 foals in ten years. Most of these foals were very superior and brought high prices. In the ownership of the Stetsons of Illinois, Flora I119Q raised 15 colts in eighteen years, and Zoe 1142 in about the same time dropped 10 colts. The mare Delia 65193, bred by IIO THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE John Lyons in Delaware County, Ohio, has produced 9 living foals that have sold for $5220. The De Lanceys of Minnesota owned 2 great brood mares — Mollie 19915, having 10 foals in twelve years, and Charmante 10931 (20451), having 9 in eleven years. The mare Aimie 520 is credited with 14 foals in seven- teen years, and of these, 2 daughters, Olga 21851 and Prudance 21853, dropped within nine years 7 and 8 foals respectively. Famous Percheron sires. Naturally during the history of the breed there have been many sires of excellence in America. Among these the following stallions in service prior to 1900 may be regarded as of special importance, mainly on account of their influence as breeders, although some of them were famous show horses. Louis Napoleon 287 : foaled, 1848 ; imported, 1851. Normandy 351 (also known as Pleasant Valley Bill): foaled, 1849; imported, 1851. Swccess 452: foaled, 1864; imported, 1868. Vidocg 483 (732): foaled, 1869; imported, 1874; sire, Coco II (714); dam, by Cheri. Aviliant 1277 (755): foaled, 1876; imported, 1881; sire, Brilliant 1899 (756); dam, Ragout, by Favori I (711). Fenelon 2652 (38): foaled, 1880; imported, 1883; sire, Brilliant 1271; dam, Ernestine, by Duke of Perche 173 (740). Gilbert 5154 (4617): foaled, 1882; imported, 1886; sire, Brilliant 1271 (755); dam, Sophie (7694). Seducteur S850 (7057): foaled, 1884; imported, 1888; sire, Fenelon 2682 (38) ; dam, Rosalie (5688), by Brilliant 1899 (756). 4rilliant 3d IIII0 (2979): foaled, 1884; imported, 1889; sire, Fenelon 2682 (38). Of the above horses Louis Napoleon and Brilliant were probably the most famous, each proving remarkable breeders, although all of the horses in question stand out as noted sires. In a study of the show records of recent years in both France and America, as reported by Sanders and Dinsmore,! the follow- ing interesting facts are brought out. Between I901 and 1910 at the shows of the Percheron Society of France, Brilliant 3d (2919) appeared as grandsire of 123 prize winners; Besigue (19602) of 92; Villers (8081) of 87; Fenelon (38) of 71; Voltaire (443) of 61; Jules (37987) of 50; Marathon (10386) of 38; Briard (1630) of 30; Jupiter 4th (13001) of 19; and Lavater (14574) 1 A History of the Percheron Horse, 1917. THE PERCHERON I 1B of 18, these being the ten leading grandsires among ninety, in the order given. In a study of the records of winners at the International Live-Stock Exposition between 1900 and 1g10, the following stallions were shown to be of premier importance as sires or grandsires or great-grandsires: As sires of American- bred prize winners, Calypso 25017 (44577) is credited with 38 International winners ; Superior 40605 with 15 ; Salvanos 10827 (20922) with 12; Rhum Jr. 21627 with 9; Cadmus 2162 (929) with 8; Boer 24267 (44611) with 7; Aride 25056 (45424) with 7, and Villers 13169 (8081) with 6. As grandsires of Inter- national winners, Theudis 25015 (40871) is credited with 40; Fic. 40. A view of La Société Hippique Percheronne’s 1908 show grounds at Mortagne. From photograph by the author Highland Chief 23744 with 15; Fernando (34038) with 14; Grevin 6846 (6892) with 12; Rhum 11288 (13173) with 9; Victoria 24449 (42905) with 9; Brilliant 1271 (755) with 9, and Besigue (19602) with 8. In rank as great-grandsires, Besigue is first with 52 winners; Marathon (10386) with 16; Sensation 22544 with 15; Brilliant 3d (2919) with 13; Brilliant 1271 (755) with 13; La Grange 3065 (1334) with 12; Chicago 6947 (7485) with 9; and Bienfaisant (1397) with 6. The following stallions, former International champions, have been regarded as leading sires in recent years: Pink 24765 (47513), Carnot 66666 (66666), Dragon 52155 (63516), and Lagos 99093 (102389). The leading Percheron shows are held under different con- ditions. Each year in France a great central show is held at Paris. For years the annual Percheron show of France has been 112 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE held in a migratory way, coming back to the same locality every twelve years. The Percheron Society show is held in rotation once each year in the Perche district, at La Ferte, Mortagne, or Nogent-le-Rotrou. The American Percheron shows of most importance are held at the International Live-Stock Exposition, Chicago, the Kansas City Horse Show, and the state fairs of Ohio, Illinois, lowa, Missouri, Indiana, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. Percheron futurity shows have attracted considerable attention in recent years, especially in Ohio and Iowa. The first show of the kind in Ohio was held in 1912, and the competition has grown steadily in numbers and merit. The following are the important rules in the Ohio show, which is under the supervision of the Ohio Percheron Breeders’ Association. lzgzb¢hty: All colts recorded in the Percheron Society of America are eligible to the futurity classes in 1919, provided the dams of said colts have been nominated in accordance with the conditions outlined below. Conditions: (1) Mare nominations must be made by April 1, 1918, if the colts from these mares are to be eligible to the futurity classes in 1919. When the mares are nominated, the name and registry number of each mare must be given, also the name and registry number of the sire to which she is in foal. (2) A fee of one dollar ($1) must accompany the nomination of each mare. (3) In addition to the nominating fee on mares, there will be an entry fee on all colts foaled from these mares if said colts are to be kept eligible to the futurity classes. This entry fee will be seven dollars ($7) per colt, payable in two payments. The first payment, of two dollars, must be made by November 1, 1918. At this time the color and sex of colt must be given. The second payment, of five dollars, must be made by July 15, 1919, just prior to the Ohio State Fair. At this time the name and registry number of the colt must be given. The prices paid for Percherons from the point of view of aver- age values are higher than for any other draft breed. High prices have also been paid for animals of merit. Mr. Dillon of Illinois was the first importer to pay as much as $1600 for a stallion in France, paying this price in 1882. The late M. W. Dunham, years ago, made one sale of three mares and a stallion for $10,000. In 1903 McLaughlin Brothers of Ohio sold the THE PERCHERON E13 stallion Orangiste 29606 for $5500, and a month later sold Pour- Quoi-Pas 27248 for $7000. In December, 1905, this same firm sold the stallion Rosenberg, grand-champion Percheron at the International Live-Stock Exposition, for $8000, the highest price up to that time paid for a draft stallion in America. At the 190g International, W. S. Corsa of Illinois purchased the champion Percheron stallion of the show, Carnot 66666, from Crouch and Son of Indiana for $10,000, and in 1916 Mr. Corsa sold a half interest in this horse, at ten years of age, to R. G. Leeds of Indiana for Fic. 41. Judging the horses at the 1908 show of La Société Hippique Percheronne. From photograph by the author $20,000. Helix 70340 (75752), champion stallion in 1911 at the International, shown by Taylor and Jones, was sold to W. C. Brown of New York for $10,000. In 1912 Crouch and Son exhibited at the International the stallion Imprecation 79304 (79214), champion that year as well as in 1911, which they sold for $10,500 during the show. : Percheron geldings are great favorites in the horse market, and many very high-class ones are sold. At the 1905 International Exposition the six-horse teams of geldings exhibited by Armour and Company and the Pabst Brewing Company caused universal admiration. George, owned by Pabst, the first-prize gelding of the 1904 exposition, weighed when shown 2140 pounds. In 1905 the Pabst Brewing Company purchased a pair of geldings on the 114 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE Chicago horse market, paying $1300 for them, the highest price paid for such a team up to that time. In the spring of 1910 Crouch and Son of Indiana bought a pair of Percheron geldings at auction in Missouri for $2025, the record price up to the present time for a team of the kind. The distribution of the Percheron horse is very widespread. Large numbers have been exported from the Perche to the United States, and in recent years, prior to 1914, a limited number of these horses were being shipped into Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Argentina. Since 1914 quite a number of Percherons have been shipped to England, where they have stirred up warm controversy, but seem destined to grow in favor. In Canada, especially in the Northwest, this breed is getting a strong foothold ; in fact, George Lane’s stud on the Bar U Ranch in Alberta is said to be the largest group of Percherons in the world, number- ing over four hundred head. During nineteen months, ending October 31, 1918, more than one thousand Percherons were exported from the United States to Canada. The distribution of Percherons in the United States is of a national character. Weld estimated that in 1866 there were fully 5000 Percherons in this country, but no doubt many of these were French drafts of other breeds. Between 1851 and 1883 nearly 4000 Percherons of which a more or less correct record is kept were imported or bred in the United States. These were widely distributed, Illinois having 1834; Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan, 577; Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota, 424; New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey, 280; and Mis- souri, Kansas, and Nebraska, 186. In the early eighties many were brought over, 2600 being reported as imported or home- bred in 1881, 1882, and 1883. In 1884 more than 2000 of all ages were brought to America from France. In 1890 it is said that there were 593 breeders in this country, and in 1900 this number had increased to 1634, while figures in 1910 are placed at 5338. Between 1901 and 1910 some 31,900 American-bred and 10,048 imported Percherons were registered. During the fiscal year ending October 31, 1917, the Percheron Society of America registered 10,508 horses and transferred 9634 during the next fiscal year. Illinois, which has occupied front rank in Percheron THE PERCHERON KS breeding since the beginning, stood first in registrations, with 2386 head, or 22.7 per cent of the total. Iowa, which from the earliest days has followed closely after Illinois, ranked second with 2110 registrations, or 20.07 per cent of the total. Ohio, the state to which Percherons were early imported, was third with 864 registrations, or 8.22 per cent of the total. Kansas, the leading Percheron breeding center west of the Missouri River, stood fourth, with 759 head recorded during the year, 7.22 per Fic. 42. Percheron mares and foals in stud of the late M. W. Dunham, Oaklawn, Wayne, Illinois. From photograph taken in 1893 by the author cent of the total. Nebraska came fifth, with 523 head, or 4.97 per cent; Minnesota sixth, with 447, or 4.25 per cent; Indiana seventh, with 440, or 4.18 per cent; and South Dakota eighth, with 392, or 3.73 per cent. These eight states represented about 75 per cent of all the horses registered in thirty-six states. The two leading state centers in America are Tazewell County, Illinois, and Delaware County, Ohio. Organizations for promoting Percheron horses exist in France and the United States. The French Percheron Society, known as La Société Hippique Percheronne, was organized in 1883 and has always had its headquarters at Nogent-le-Rotrou. It was 116 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE organized to promote the purity of the breed, to register horses within the Perche only, and to publish a studbook from time to time. In 1890 the society passed a rule that all colts must be entered for registry between the ages of three and six months. At the time of registration a veterinarian appointed by the society is required to brand its official mark on the colt’s neck, and this should always be found on imported Percheron horses registered by the French society. Volume I of the French studbook first appeared in 1883, and at intervals since that time volumes have been published in two parts, one each for stallions and mares. Fic. 43. Percheron futurity winners at the Ohio State Fair, 1917. These are year- ling horse colts. From photograph by the Columbus Photograph Service Company. By courtesy of Professor D. J. Kays American Percheron horse associations date back to 1876. At this time, owing to the common usage of the word ‘ Norman,” it was planned to organize the Norman Horse Association. French horses, known as Normans, had been used in the West some years, for as far back as 1854 Dillon and Company of Normal, IIli- nois, showed what they termed Normans. The word “ Percheron ”’ was also in use. J. H. Sanders had been made secretary of the new association, and he added the word “ Percheron ”’ tothe title, so that it read Percheron-Norman Horse Association, and his action was approved. This was followed by some members withdrawing and organizing the National Register of Norman Horses, which was later changed to the National Register of French Draft Horses. With the organization in France of a Percheron society THE PERCHERON Ty, the word “ Norman” was dropped from the American title, in order to correspond with that of the French association. The career of the American Percheron Horse Breeders’ Association proved rather unsatisfactory to many of its members, due to too much one-man power vested in its secretary. This resulted in the organ- ization, in 1902, of the American Percheron Horse Breeders’ and Importers’ Association, with headquarters later established at Chicago, Illinois. In 1905 the name of this was changed to the Percheron Society of America. There was also organized in 1902, at Columbus, Ohio, the Percheron Registry Company. More recently — in October, 1905 — another association, known as the American Breeders’ and Importers’ Percheron Registry, was in- corporated, with headquarters in Ohio. Each of these associations was organized to promote the breed in America, to register animals, and to publish studbooks. In 1909 the Percheron Registry Com- pany combined: with the Percheron Society of America, and all animals registered in the four volumes of records of the former were made subject to re-registration in the records of the latter. Within very recent years harmony has come within Percheron circles, and the Percheron Society of America is the one recog- nized official organization in this country. A number of studbooks have been published. The old Percheron-Norman Horse Associa- tion published two volumes, the first appearing in 1877. Later, with the change of name to Percheron Horse Association of America, three more volumes were issued under the name of the “ Percheron Studbook of America.”” In 1906 this society published Volume VI, since which time the volumes have been brought down to XIX in 1918, including 134,000 registrations to this date. CHAPTER XTV THE FRENCH DRAFT A brief consideration of the French Draft horse is essential, although no recognized breed of this name exists. In America it has been customary for many years to refer to draft horses brought from France as French Draft horses. Not only this but we now have in the United States an organization which registers draft horses from France in a French Draft studbook. Distinct breeds of French Draft horses, however, are well known and in France are clearly recognized. Years ago there was some confusion among importers on this point, but at the present time we have more definite knowledge on the subject. All heavy horses in France are not of the same breed, even if brought to America as French Draft. It is quite customary to name certain European breeds after the localities in which they received their chief development, and this applies to the horses of France. It is extremely doubtful if any draft horses come to this country from France that cannot be properly listed as belong- ing to one of the following breeds, which essentially represent the characteristic draft breeds of that country. 1. Percheron. This is the best-known and most highly devel- oped of the French Draft breeds. For an extended consideration of the breed see Chapter XIII. 2. Loulonnais. This breed is largely found in the district of Boulogne in northern France and in adjoining Belgium, deriving its name from the former. The breed is somewhat larger and coarser than the Percheron, is coarser of neck, steeper and squarer of croup, and while not deficient in action shows less than the Percheron. The color is variable, though frequently gray or white. It is claimed by the French that there is no interchange between the horses of Boulogne and the Perche, and that the Boulonnais has mainly been improved by selection and care, though it is sug- gested that some improvement may have come from Percheron 118 THE FRENCH DRAFT |e fe) blood. The Boulonnais has an excellent reputation in France, where a studbook kept’ in its interest is widely used, and it is regarded as second only in importance to the Percheron. Prom- inent importers have stated that Boulonnais horses have not been extensively brought to America, although no doubt they are well represented in the United States under the names of “‘ Norman” or © Brench Draft.” 3. Breton. This breed belongs to Brittany, in extreme western France, in a section opposite southwest England, from which it is separated by the English Channel. This is quite a prominent horse section, but in its past history rather miscellaneous breed- ing has been resorted to. English, Arabian, and crossbred stal- lions have been used, and more recently Percheron. Richardson, in discussing these horses many years ago, says : Though larger than the horses of the center, those in the north only run from 14 hands to 15.1, having improved up to the latter point, which the best horses now commonly reach. They are of much the same character as the Percheron ; indeed, there has been a continual interchange between the two districts, and the color is chiefly the same — gray; but the Breton horse has a heavier head, more hair about the heels, broader feet, a heavier frame, he is shorter below the knee, and the pasterns are shorter, in fact, he shows less blood. In the past large numbers of weaned foals have been sold to go out of Brittany. “ Nor,” says Richardson, “are they known again as Breton horses. The grays become Percherons and the bays Normans.” Leading Percheron importers in the past claimed that none of the Bretons were brought to America, but that they were largely used for omnibus horses in Paris. 4. Nivernais. This breed is mainly found in the department of Nievre, in central France. It is a somewhat modern, black breed, largely the result of using black Percheron stallions on the mares of the region, which are hardly as large as Percherons. This breed has not been imported to any important degree, as it does not exist in large numbers in its native home, this region being more celebrated for its cattle. 5. Ardennais. This is a native of Ardennes on the Belgian frontier in northern France. It has been described as a small type of Belgian and is probably not much imported. 120 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE 6. Picardy. French authorities rather class this as the Flem- ish horse, very large and generally bay in color. It is bred in northern France and Belgium and is in fact the Belgian breed, though M. La Motte Rouge, who was for many years employed in the government studs of France, claims that the Picardy is in fact a variety of Boulonnais. Of the breeds given above the first three are the only ones of importance as possibly affecting American trade. The National French Draft Horse Association of America pub- lishes a studbook in which may be registered any of the above- named draft horses, irrespective of breed. This association was first organized in 1876 as the National Norman Horse Association, but in 1885 its title was changed to the National French Draft Horse Association. This was entirely correct, as there is no such breed of horses in France as Norman, notwithstanding the current use of this word in America for over half a century. Up to 1914 this association has published nearly twenty studbooks. Cia Pek XV THE BELGIAN The native home of the Belgian horse is in western Europe, in Belgium, which lies within latitudes 49}°-52° N., with its west border bathed by the North Sea. It is a small country of but 11,373 square miles, being but slightly more than one fourth the size of Ohio. In 1914 Belgium had about seven million popula- tion, with more persons to the square mile than any other European state. The country is level and low near the sea, undulating in the center, while the eastern part is hilly or mountainous. There are nine provinces. The soil is naturally fertile in much of Belgium, and agriculture is conducted on an intensive scale. The small grains, potatoes, market gardening, and nursery stock are impor- tant crops. Horses and cattle are the predominating farm animals, while dogs are universally used in labor both in town and country. Horse production in Belgium extends back to remote times. Remains of the horse have been found in the cave dwellings of the Lesse and Meuse, showing the relationship of man to this valu- able animal in that country in prehistoric times. Since the days of historical record the horse of Belgium has been famous. Diodorus Siculus, a Greek historical writer of the first century B.c., mentions that the Belgians were great judges of horses, and Czesar states that they were willing to pay high prices for a superior class of foreign horses. Tacitus, the historian and well-known writer of the first century A.D., commented on the extensive buying of horses from Belgium and the inability of the people to furnish as many as were desired. It has even been assumed that perhaps the greater part of the Roman cavalry consisted of Belgian horses. Two breeds of horses of ancient origin in Belgium are said to be the progenitors of the present-day stock. In the first volume of the “ National Studbook of Belgian Breeders ”’ the secretary states that two pure races of horses come up from early times in Belgium. One is the Ardenne, which originated in the valley of the Meuse S 121 122 THE HORSE, ASS; AND MULE in the eastern part of the kingdom, and the other the Frisonne, which developed on the western coast. A variation from the latter race was a large horse known as the Flemish. These two races crossed more or less, from which developed the Brabangon horse, or what is now commonly known as the Belgian. While what we know in America as the Belgian is bred in most of the nine provinces, the breed in its best estate is found in Brabant, Fic. 44. A farm scene in Belgium near Borsbeke, illustrating the intensive cultivation practiced in that country. From photograph by the author in central Belgium near Brussels, in Hainaut south centrally located, and in Namur and Liége in the eastern section. About 1910 some fifty thousand horses were reported in Brabant alone. The methods employed by the Belgian government to encourage horse breeding, up to the opening of the World War, are of special interest. These methods no doubt will be somewhat changed, now that the war is over, but they are presented by the author with the assumption that they are once more in operation as at the opening of hostilities. Certain state regulations concerning the breeding of draft horses are subject to constant supervision. ‘THE BELGIAN 123 The sum of about 350,000 francs ($70,000) is annually expended in behalf of this work. This money is used to meet the ex- pense of shows of foals and mares, which are fixed by provincial regulations and which occur in some forty-four different places. Stallions are also submitted for examination at this time. At each of these shows two classes of prizes are awarded: (1) a first prize of 400 francs ($80) and a second of 300 francs for the first- and second-prize three-year-old stal- lions ; (2) a first prize of 550 | ReSsSRANRANRaeeness ao francs ($110) and a second of : . 400 francs for the first- and second-prize four-year-old or older stallions. Other smaller, extra prizes may be awarded on stallions of rank subordi- nate to the first and second. To promote home horse im- provement the examining committee may award a main- tenance bounty of 700 francs to the owner of each stallion not under four years old that has won a first prize at a pre- vious annual show. A similar prize of 500 francs is awarded the owner of the stallion which has won for two years the Fic. 45. A Belgian stallion of quality. : From photograph by courtesy of M. A. second place in the class of Van Schelle, Belgian commissioner to stallions four years old or over. the Louisiana Purchase Exposition If the committee regards as of exceptional value a stallion that has won a maintenance prize, it may nominate him to compete for a bounty of 6000 francs ($1200) payable annually by fifths, so long as the horse remains approved by the committee and retains its value. At the end of five years the owner of such a stallion, if it remains approved, may continue to enjoy an annual maintenance of from 600 to 800 francs. In case a stallion that has received the 6000 francs’ bounty is sold to leave Belgium, the fifths already received by the owner must be eg st Rigs ae Bey 124 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE returned to the treasury of the state. There is an annual compe- tition in each province for stallions four years old or over that have won the above special prizes, at which they may compete for a first prize of 900 francs and a second of 700 francs. The examination of stallions usually occurs the sixth year, with a show of foals and fillies of two and three years and brood mares, when considerable prize money is awarded. Maintenance bounties may also be awarded owners of the best mares in order to retain them in Belgium. M. André Duchateau, a noted breeder of Belgium, gives an interesting account of the official supervision of breeding stock.} In every province of Belgium at this period (November and December) there is an expert committee sent to all the farms for the purpose of examining the colts destined for public stallion service and also to inspect the older stal- lions, as the certificate for service must be renewed each year. This is obliga- tory in Belgium, even for stallions not kept at public stud, if the animals belong to two or more persons collectively. Stallion service books are delivered to all proprietors of approved sires, and each time a mare is served the groom must enter in this book the description of the mare, date of service and the name and address of the mare owner. A duplicate stating these facts is given to the latter at the same time. Subsequent services to the same mare are entered on the same sheet. These stallion books must be forwarded to the provincial commissions of agriculture each year before the first of September. Anyone winning prizes with a stallion at a show is obliged to stand him at public service. A stallion groom is forbidden to allow his horse to serve any mare with congenital deformities, or one suffering from a contagious disease. Neither must the stallion be allowed to serve fillies less than three years old. Stud fees in Belgium vary from $5 to $100, according to the origin and quality of the sire. Just prior to the World War high- priced sires were in great demand. The very noted horse Indigene du Fosteau, even at eleven years of age, says M. Duchateau, was in use the entire season for the maximum fee of $100. Two of his sons, Moustic de Grandglise and Brabanconne, were given all the mares they could cover at $60. The older and better-known sires naturally command higher figures than the younger and less tried ones. The stud season lasts from January to July. The introduction of Belgian horses to America first occurred in 1866, when Dr. A. G. van Hoorebeke of Monmouth, Illinois, 1 How the Belgian Drafters have been Bred, Aveeders’ Gazette, December 18, 1912. THE BELGIAN 125 imported some draft horses from Belgium. These were known at the time as Boulonnais. The incorrect use of this word, however, was recognized after a few years, when the correct title, ‘‘ Belgian,” was given. Massion and Son of Minonk, Illinois, were also early importers. In 1858 E. Lefebure came to America from Belgium and settled in Iowa, and from 1888 until 1905 he was an active promoter and introducer of the breed. H. Wolff of Wabash, Indiana, was a pioneer promoter of the Belgian in that state. Fic. 46. Farceur 7332 (72924), champion at Brussels and at the International Live- Stock Exposition. A great show horse and sire. Sold for $46,500 to C. G. Good, Ogden, Iowa. From photograph by courtesy of Mr. Good Characteristics of the Belgian draft horse. The general con- formation is of the most compact form, this breed having a maximum of weight within a given space. The ead shows con- siderable refinement and is carried with animation on a short, stout neck. The head, neck, and croup rather suggest the French breeds in style and carriage. The Jody is very full in the breast and strong and full in the loins, with an unusual depth of middle. The dZegs of the Belgian are short and tend to refinement of bone and are devoid of long hair. Compared with a Clydesdale, the Belgian is much deeper of rib and shorter of leg, but not the equal of the Clyde in feet, hocks, and bone, The feet tend to be 126 THE HORSE, ASS,. AND’ MULE somewhat small for the weight they support, and they have been criticized in the past for lack of fullness at the crown and as being rather high and narrow at the heel. In action the Belgian is somewhat slow, especially at a walk, though some remarkable actors have been exhibited at the shows. In 1909 A. H. Thompson attended the Brussels show, after which he contributed a report on the show to the Aveeders’ Gazette. Commenting on the characteristics of the Belgian, he writes: There is a great improvement in the breed since I first knew them from the importation into Ohio in the sixties, Their necks are longer, the ears set higher on the head, the eyes larger; they are not so thick in the throat-latch, and finer in the jaw and muzzle. They are doing away with the dip in the back, and have lengthened out and rounded their quarters, which has set up their tails where they ought to be. They still could do with a little more bone and length of pastern. They have excellent traits for a draft horse, and kind temper, easily kept, not taking a great deal of grain to fill up their short, deep bodies. They have their faults, which will in time be corrected. Many of them turn their toes in and paddle badly at the walk and trot. He also calls attention to the fact that as a rule these horses are very sound .and that at the show not a single horse was turned down by the veterinary surgeons during the entire week. M. Duchateau states in the Arveeders’ Gazette,” relative to con- formation, that the two main qualities sought in the Belgian are wealth of muscular development and a correct setting of feet and legs. While strong, dense bone is required to support the thick, heavy muscles, they do not look for exaggeration in this respect, as disproportionate size of bone would militate against style and action. “We like to see a large, expressive eye, but Belgian breeders’ ideals concerning the head and neck are not ‘quite in concordance with American notions, notwithstanding the fact that we cater largely to the American trade.” The color of the Belgian horse is variable, ranging through bay, chestnut, roan, “auburn,’’ black, gray, and dun. The degree of popularity is expressed in the order given. On this subject E. Mueleman of Belgium has given a valuable contribution.? He directs attention to the fact that the paintings of the early masters 1 July 21, 1909. 2 December 18, 1912. 3 Breeders’ Gazette, May 10, 1911, p. 1168. THE BELGIAN 27 of the Flemish school of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries showed no prevailing color as indicative of breed. He quotes an early manuscript dated at the beginning of the last century rela- tive to the color of the Brabangon horses, as follows: “Though we have horses of every color we reduce them to three principal coats, —the black, the most common; then comes the light and dark bay, and lastly the gray of several shades.’ Mueleman offers an interesting classification of Belgian colors of horses shown in the National show at Brussels in six different years. In 1910 bay prevailed in 51.2 per cent of the entries, chestnut in 36.8, roan in 5.3, auburn in 1.9, black in 2.7, and gray in 2.1. There is shown a more or less steady decline in roans, grays, and blacks in recent years, while dun has not been recorded since 1886, Nearly 90 per cent of the prize winners are included among the bays and chestnuts in the order given. The height and weight of the Belgian vary materially. M. Albert Van Schelle, the special commissioner from Belgium in charge of the exhibit of Belgian draft horses at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis in 1904, classes the horses of Belgium into three types according to the sections of the country to which they belong. Those from Flanders range in height from 16} to 17 hands or more, and the stallions weigh about 2000 pounds. Those from Brabant stand 15? to 16% hands, and the stallions weigh about 1600, while those of the Ardennais stand from 15 to 15} hands in height and weigh about 1200 pounds. On the basis of the development of the breed in recent years these figures hardly measure up to American or Belgian standards, Unquestionably the breed is lower set than the other draft breeds, but the larger type should show stallions weighing in excess of 2000 pounds. Crouch and Son of Indiana, who have imported many Belgians, give the weight of the 1908 International cham- pion, Perce 2276, as 2510 pounds. Some very massive examples of the breed are to be found to-day. The Belgian colt weighs heavy for its age, and there are records of males scarcely six months old weighing 850 pounds, and one Ohio breeder reports a colt at seven and one-half months weighing 990 pounds. The temperament of the Belgian is of the very best. This is due no doubt to being raised in a country of small farms, in 128 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE close contact with the everyday life of the people. Many of the horses are sheltered beneath the same roof as their owners or care- takers. As the author has seen these horses at work on the streets of the cities of Belgium and on the farms, he has been much im- pressed with their docility and their great and uniform draft power. The maturing quality of the Belgian is distinctly superior. As has been already said, he develops quickly and attains mature size Fic. 47. Babette, a typical Belgian mare. Photograph from A. Van Schelle, Special Commissioner of Agriculture from Belgium to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 1904 and weight with more than ordinary rapidity. In the United States— in the Central West — professional feeders of horses look with favor on the Belgian on account of the way he develops. The crossbred Belgian has as yet been but little seen in the United States, but he has met with a favorable’ reception where produced. A few years ago a consignment of grade Belgian drafters, the product of pure-bred stallions on native mares, was sold at auction in Chicago market at excellent prices and received THE BELGIAN 129 much favorable comment. The author has seen numerous grade geldings shipped to Ohio feeders from the West which have pre- sented a most attractive individuality. Ohio shippers are looking with more and more favor on heavy Belgian geldings as quite satisfactory to the city trade. They seem to be reasonably sound of limb and possess the draft form and weight so much in de- mand for heavy hauling. In recent years grade Belgians have materially increased in number. Foundation Belgian sires trace back to comparatively recent times, when we con- sider the age of the breed. M. Leon Van Meldert has contrib- uted some interesting information regarding the foundation sires,! from which the fol- lowing is arranged : Forton of Wynhuize, Fic. 48. Queen Ann 6119, a Belgian mare owned knownalso as Le Gros by Ohio State University, Columbus. A fine type de Wynhuize and in of the modern Belgian mare. Reserve champion = ; a. in 1917 at Ohio State Fair. From photograph by Flemish as Den dik- fe ie Rinaud ken van Wynhuize, was foaled in 1835 in the stable of Charles L. Tuypens, Wynhuize, East Flanders. He was a bay, sired by Francis and was out of a mare, Marie, that had the same sire as Francis. Forton of Wyn- huize lived from 1835 to 1858 and sired Forton of St. John, a bay foaled in 1847. In 1856 this son sired Forton of On Rersule, a light bay, which became the sire of London, sire of Forton 2d, a dark bay foaled in 1881. Samson, known also as Young Forton of Wynhuize, a brown horse, was foaled late in 1830. He was the sire of Alfred, also called Forton of Appelterre, a dapple gray foaled in 1851 and living until 1877. Alfred sired Guzusse, later Orange Ist (1144), 1 Breeders’ Gazette, January 29, 1914, p. 223. 130 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE a light bay. Alfred proved to be one of the most valuable stallions in Belgium. Orange Ist (1144), foaled in 1863 and living twenty-two years, was sired by Alfred. Orange sired four famous horses: Brilliant (708), many times champion in France, Germany, Holland, and Belgium ; Jupiter (126), the champion of 1889 ; Morius ; and Jean Ist (1200). Brilliant (708), a chestnut, was foaled in 1868 and was sired by Orange Ist (1144) and out of the foundation mare Blonde. Brilliant was of powerful draft type, with superior feet and legs and possessing most excellent action. For many years he was in great favor as a sire, though hardly the equal of his own sire as a producer. Jupiter (126), the half brother of Brilliant, was foaled in 1880 and was sired by Orange Ist (1144); dam, Julie. He was a sire of remarkable excellence, surpassing his own sire. His sons, in par- ticular, were in great demand and commanded high prices. Some regard Jupiter as the greatest Belgian sire in the history of the breed. From 1894 to 1904 all the male champions at Brussels but three were his sons or grandsons. These include Mont d’Or (6120) in 1894 and 1895, Olympian (8114) in 1896, Reve d'Or (7406) in 1898 (champion at Paris in 1900 over all breeds), Private (8878) in 1899, Brin d’Or (7902) in 1900, Bienvenue (13592) in 1901, and Bourgogne (13154) in 1902. Mercury (714), a dapple gray, foaled in 1882, was a product of the Chevalier stables in Hainaut. He was low set, of unusual action, and champion at the National show in 1887 and 1888. He sired about forty prize winners at Brussels between 1894 and 1901. Layard (1146), a chestnut roan foaled in 1864, came from a family of roan Belgians originating in Brabant. The original horse of record was a blue roan, Old Min de la Cozette, the sire of a blue roan, Mestiaux de Ronquieres. A son of his, Mouton de Gony, sired Bayard (1146), a horse of great individuality and draft con- formation. Bayard was sire of about forty prize winners between 1886 and 1904. Notable recent-day Belgian horses are Indigene du Fosteau (29718), champion at Brussels in 1907 and 1909, a very famous sire; Marquis de Ruyen (24878), champion of 1904 ; Gambrinus THE BELGIAN E31 du Fosteau (29718), champion of 1905; Bienfait de Masnuy (44718), champion of 1910; Paul (46036), champion of IoII; and Farceur (20730). Prices paid for Belgian horses have only reached high levels’ in recent years. In 1889 Jupiter (126) was purchased for $1200, the top price for a Belgian up to that time. In 1900 the stallion Citoyen was bought by a company in Limburg for $3300. In 1903 Beau Lys was bought by Liege breeders for $4500. In 1904 another group of breeders purchased the stallion Nickel for $5400. The above sales all took place in Belgium. In 19009, at a sale of Souers and Son of Indiana, twenty-nine Belgians brought $15,885, an average of $548 each. The most notable sale of the breed took place on October 16, 1917, at Hudson, Iowa, at the sale of William Crownover. The stallion Farceur 7332 (72924), by Bayard de Ruyen (32678), was sold to C. G. Good of Iowa for $47,500. The get of Farceur averaged $1475. Thirty-five mares brought $39,425, an average of $1127. Eighteen stallions, including Farceur, averaged $3297. A weanling stallion by Far- ceur brought $1875. The highest price for a mare by Farceur was $2900. At Huntertown, Indiana, on February 15, 1919, Daron, a stallion foaled in rort, sold for $10,500 to William Bleke. The distribution of Belgian draft horses is very widespread. Germany has been a prominent buyer, while England, Holland, Sweden, France, Denmark, Austria, and the United States have buyers in the Belgian market. In 1903 more than 300 were shipped to the United States. At the 1904 Brussels show an official repre- sentative of the Hungarian government purchased 10 stallions, in- cluding 6 first-prize winners. In the United States the Belgian has been longest known in Iowa, Illinois, and Indiana. Stallions and grades are, however, becoming distributed over the Mississippi Valley states north of the Ohio, wherever the heavy draft horse is needed, and the breed is steadily gaining in favor. Organizations for promoting Belgian horses exist in Belgium and the United States. The official draft-horse society of Bel- gium (Le cheval de trait Belge) was founded in 1886. The draft horse is the only breed in Belgium officially promoted by the government, and this society was organized (1) to encourage the breeding of native horses by the organization of annual National 132 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE shows and (2) to maintain a studbook of Belgian draft horses. The studbook is published by a special commission appointed by the society. To promote the work of this society the government makes an annual grant of 30,000 francs ($5000). Besides this, since 1890 national premiums have been offered for the best stallions. This society has some 1100 members. The American Association of Importers and Breeders of Belgian Draft Horses Fic. 49. A quartet of Belgian mares in their native home. From photograph by M. A. Van Schelle, Belgian commissioner to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 1904 was organized in 1877 and works in harmony with the Belgian society. Up to 1918 it had published six studbooks, including a large number of registrations comparatively recently. Draft-horse shows in Belgium are held each year at Brussels in June. These are notable events, for here is the largest show of one breed that is held in Europe. In 1912 at this show there were nearly one thousand entries. While the exhibits come from all over Belgium, the most important ones in recent years have come from Brabant and Hainaut and the provinces of Li¢ge and Namur. This has been regarded as one of the most remarkable horse shows held in the world. Numerous agricultural associations also hold exhibitions in Belgium, at which local horses are shown. THE BELGIAN 133 Exhibitions of Belgians in the United States are comparatively recent. Small exhibits have attracted attention at the Chicago horse show and at some of the Central West fairs during the past twenty years, but it is only very lately that general interest has been taken in the breed. A small show of Belgians was made at the World’s Columbian Exposition in 1893 at Chicago by A. B. Holbert, Van Volsen Brothers and Vanderschuerm, Lefebure and Sons of Iowa, and J. Crouch and Son of Indiana. During recent years interest in the breed has greatly grown, and at the International Live-Stock Exposition at Chicago in 1917 there were entered thirty-four aged stallions, while a large and creditable show of various classes was made. The influence of the World War on the horse in Belgium was most damaging, for the German invaders essentially destroyed the horse industry of the country. However, horses were saved early in the war by taking a limited number to Holland and England, where they were given protection and care, awaiting the day of peace. With the return of peace, Belgian breeders, with the help of their friends, will be able to reestablish their studs. In 1918 a commission from Belgium spent some time visiting American studs with the view of looking to this country for much-needed pure-bred stock. CEA TER Ava THE CLYDESDALE The native home of the Clydesdale horse is in western Scot- land, in the southern section, in a region contiguous to Glasgow in the valley of the Clyde. Early historical evidence points to the county of Lanark as the location where the breed first re- ceived recognition. The adjoining counties of Ayr and Renfrew also were more or less the centers of early Clydesdale breeding. This region lies between latitudes 55°-56° N., fully one thousand miles north of New York City; the climate is raw and cold in winter and never especially warm in the milder seasons. The land about the Clyde valley is hilly, but yields great crops of the small cereals, roots, hay, and potatoes. The early history of the Clydesdale is veiled in more or less obscurity. Scotch writers on the horse state that in the seven- teenth and early part of the eighteenth century there was doubt- less an interchange of draft-horse blood between Scotland and England. Scotch cattle dealers driving herds into England re- turned north with English mares, which were bred to stallions in the northland. This was prior to the use of the word “ Clydesdale.” Claims have been made that the Duke of Hamilton brought black stallions from Flanders in Belgium to Scotland about the middle of the seventeenth century and bred them to the native Scotch mares. This, however, is traditional. Undoubtedly very mixed blood was in the early breeding. The origin of the modern Clydesdale seems to trace back to about 1715 or 1720. John Paterson was a tenant farmer of Loch- lyoch in Carmichael parish in the county of Lanark. This county is in southern Scotland, and through its center flows the river Clyde, from which the name “ Clydesdale” is derived. Written testimony of the family shows that at about the above period Paterson brought a black Flemish stallion from England to Lochlyoch, which was bred to the mares in the region thereabouts. The 134 THE CLYDESDALE 135 result of this union created a superior strain of draft horses for that time, and they met with special favor during the latter part of the eighteenth and the early part of the nineteenth century. Breeders valued the influence of the Lochlyoch blood, and this is now regarded as essentially Clydesdale foundation stock. The mares descended from this Flemish stallion are described as “ generally browns and blacks, with white faces and a little white on their legs; they had gray hairs in their tails, along with occasional gray hairs over their bodies, and invariably a white spot on the belly, this latter being regarded as a mark of distinct purity of blood.” The Earl of Dunmore, the first ptesident. «of <> the Clydesdale Horse So- ciety of Great Britain, stated in 18781 that “the Lochlyoch stock having been long : Pada thee = Fic. 50. Baron’s Pride (9122), one of the greatest Cree te 2 Pp recent Clydesdale sires in Scotland. From photo- Ward (Lanarkshire) graph by A. Brown & Company, Lanark, Scotland and largely drawn up- on by breeders, there is no doubt that to them, or, more correctly, to the black horse of 1715, the Clydesdale horse owes its present distinctive character.” The use of English blood on the Clydesdale, following the days of Paterson up to comparatively recent times, is admitted by Professor Wallace, a leading Scotch authority. Tintock, a Shire stallion, along about 1860 was used in Scotland on Clydesdale mares, producing very excellent breeding females. The grandams of the Prince of Wales were both Shires of English blood. In 1842 Professor Low commented on the distribution of the breed and stated that they ‘‘have been mixed in blood with all the other varieties.” As recent as 1919 more breeding of this kind 1 The Clydesdale Studbook. London, 1878. 136 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE is reported from Scotland. William Dunlop, the famous Clydes- dale breeder at Dunure Mains, visited England and purchased a Shire stallion and a filly, and, as reported in a British journal, “it is his intention to mate them with some of his noted Clydes- dales. Mr. Dunlop is strongly of the opinion that the Clydesdale breed can be improved through Shire crossing.’ It must be assumed, however, that only pure-bred Clydesdales will be regis- tered in the studbook ; otherwise present standards would suffer. Fic. 51. Baron of Buchlyvie (11263), the most ‘advertised Clydesdale horse in history, a leading sire, and sold for $47,500: From photograph by A. Brown & Company, Lanark, Scotland Clydesdale characteristics. This breed of draft horses possesses certain features of a distinctive kind on which loyal Scotchmen lay great emphasis. The feet and bone and action are cardinal points with Clydesdale breeders. The /ee¢ must be large, round, and open, with an elastic frog and well-spread, clearly expressed heel; the coronet wide ; the pasterns fairly long and rather slop- ing ; the caxnons short, flat, hard, and cordy; and the forearms, arms, thighs, and quarters notably muscled and strong. The ten- dency with the Clydesdale is to show some lightness of forearm and thigh. From the back side of the leg at the cannons should grow an abundance of long, fine hair, a striking feature in the best specimens of Clydesdales and indicative of quality. White THE CLYDESDALE 137 feet, though common, are often objected to, on the ground that they lack the density and wearing power of dark feet, and there is a distinct objection to them in Argentina and elsewhere. Emphasis is laid on the fullness of the foot, the obliqueness of the pastern, and the flatness and cleanness of bone of lower leg. The dody of the Clydesdale has been most subject to criticism in the past, lacking in depth and circumference when it should have fullness, as showing both feeding capacity and weight to draw loads. Good horse critics still insist that this deficiency of form is too prevalent with the breed. However, it is within the facts that in recent years the tendency has been to secure greater depth and spring of rib. An obliqueness of sou/der is empha- sized among Clydesdale breeders, leading into strong, high withers. While the c#es¢ is narrower than with other drafters, a recent Brit- ish opinion? declares that ‘“he must have a wide chest and his limbs be well planted under him, with no tendency to what is called being wide at the shoulder, so that the horse is compelled to walk in front somewhat after the fashion of a bulldog.” The slightest inclination to this in a Clydesdale is regarded as unpar- donable. The “ead of this breed does not differ in its essential features from what is regarded as a correct conformation. A writer discussing the Clydesdale in “ Heavy Horses” (1894) notes some peculiarities of the head worth recording here : A tendency to “dish face”” may be observed in some tribes, and this is generally accompanied by a small ear and what, in the main, is characterized as a ‘‘ pony head.” Wherever this style predominates there is probably a strain of Highland or old Galloway in the blood. On the other hand, the hard, narrow face and Roman nose are regarded as equally if not more objectionable. Such features are usually indicative of a strain of Shire blood and, indeed, they are not otherwise to be accounted for in the Clydesdale. An open, level countenance, vigorous eye, and large ear are greatly valued, and are not readily sacrificed. The action of the Clydesdale is notable, not being surpassed by any breed. Says Alexander Galbraith, an acknowledged American authority on this breed: Great attention has been paid by the Scottish breeders during the last twenty or thirty years to the matter of action. No other draft breed has re- ceived one half the attention that the Clydesdale has in this respect, and for 1 Farmers’ Gazette, Dublin, October 30, 1915. 138 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE that reason they far surpass all others in length of stride, in straightness and sprightliness of movement, in their ability to keep their hocks together, with mechanical accuracy of motion, whether walking or trotting. The color of the Clydesdale is usually bay or brown, with a white star in the forehead or blaze or stripe on the face and with all or part of the legs, up to the knees and hocks, white. Black, gray, and chestnut occasionally occur, Gray is not popular from a color point of view in Scotland, though lately growing in favor, while chestnut is said to indicate Shire blood in the pedigree. The height and weight of the Clydesdale is a subject of distinct importance in view of more or less criticism of the breed in regard to lack of weight. The “ezght of the mature stallion should be about 16} to 17 hands, with the mares two inches or so lower. Sir Everard (5352) stood 17} hands high; Prince of Albion (6178), 16} hands; and Flashwood (3604), 17 hands ; and these represent models of the breed in Scotland. Weights of 2000 pounds for the stallion and 1800 for the mare, in mature form, represent good standards, though somewhat above the average. However, horses under show conditions, to meet the most exacting competition, are expected to exceed the above weights. The first Clydesdales brought to America were probably taken to Canada, doubtless on account of the love of Scotch settlers there for their favorite breed. The following represent the earlier importations, the first occurring in 1842: Gray Clyde 78, importer, Archibald Ward, Markham, Ontario, 1842; Sovereign 181, importer, R. Johnson, Scarborough, Ontario, 1845; Czmber- land 106, importer, David Roundtree, Jr., Weston, Ontario, 1850; George Buchanan 182, importer, John Wilson, Oshawa, Ontario, 1851; Say Wallace 5, importer, William Cochrane, Claremont, Ontario, 1854. Along in the seventies Clydesdales were brought to the United States in a small way, both through Canada and by direct impor- tation. In the early eighties they were brought over in larger numbers, especially in 1881, and between then and 1892 the trade increased greatly and several thousand stallions and mares were brought across the water and distributed over the country, but in recent years comparatively few horses of the breed have been imported to the United States. FHE CLYDESDALE 139 The temperament of the Clydesdale tends to be somewhat nervous. This is manifested in his natural activity. So far as disposition is concerned, the Clydesdale is the equal of the other draft breeds. The adaptability of the Clydesdale to environment is not first class. In some countries the breed has been objected to on account of its white feet. In hot countries it is more or less Fic. 52. Prineess Handsome, one of the notable American-bred Clydesdale mares. First-prize winner at International Live Stock Exposition, Chicago, in 1901, 1902, and 1903. Bred and owned by McLay Brothers, Janesville, Wisconsin. From photograph, by courtesy of owners criticized on account of the color, especially the white on the head. On the low-lying, heavy soils, such as prevail in the Mississippi Valley, the excess of hair on the leg has influenced its popularity to a marked degree. As a whole, the breed is better adapted to uplands than are the Shire, Percheron, or Belgian, and meets with more favor in the cooler rather than the warmer sections. The prolificacy of the Clydesdale is of the best. Naturally very active and muscular, the mares breed readily and, being hardy, tend to be long-lived. 140 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE Half-bred, or grade, Clydesdales are not uncommon in some sec- tions of the country. Pure-bred stallions on native mares of draft character produce excellent horses for farm or city work. They are usually of medium draft weight, are active on foot, and are quiet and docile of temperament. They frequently lack weight for the heaviest work, which emphasizes the necessity of using only such stallions for sires as have plenty of middle, as well as quality and bone. Clydesdales and Shires in the past have been crossed a great deal, resulting in a more drafty sort than the Clyde and a better actor than the Shire. However, very few half-breds, or grades, find their way into the horse markets of the United States. Criticisms of the Clydesdale are not uncommon among horse- men. The hairy legs are objected to by farmers, who have to use them on dirt roads or under conditions in which mud or damp- ness are prevalent in the cooler months of the year. The Scotch- man argues that the hair protects the skin of the leg and is an evidence of superior bone. In spite of this assertion the average buyer prefers a horse with a leg free from superfluous hair. On a city pavement or on the hard macadamized roads of Europe the hair is not so objectionable. Mr. Galbraith offers the follow- ing comments in friendly criticism! of the Clydesdale : Many present-day prize winners have, in my opinion, too short ribs and not enough depth of body. This kind are not always good breeders nor good shippers. They are apt to be somewhat nervous, restless and too ambitious. A good many Clydes are undersized, and quite a number are rather too fine in bone, too narrow in chest, and too light in arms and thighs. The narrow chests are the result of an urgent demand for absolutely straight action. This shortness of rib, with a tendency to ranginess of body, has counted against the breed in the past. A short coupling and broad, deep body must be a part of the best draft type, to give the necessary weight for hauling heavy loads. However, many of the more recent show horses are distinctly deeper of rib and are meeting with a more favorable reception by horsemen generally. Important Clydesdale sires, other than the Flemish stallion of Paterson, date back to early in the nineteenth century. The first of distinction was Glancer (335), alias Thompson’s Black Horse. The Scotch studbook states that he was foaled about 1810, but 1“ Seventy-five Years of the Clydes,” 7he American Breeder, January 5, 1912. THE: CLYDESDALE I4I this date is questioned. The story is that Glancer was sired by a black stallion named Blaze, bought in Ayrshire about 1780 and taken to Lanark for service. He was a stallion 16} hands high, perhaps had some coach blood, and possessed both style and action. Blaze, in service to a mare known as the Lampits mare, on the Lampits farm in Lanark, sired Glancer. The . a wae 1? Bei. Se eae Ie PS Fic. 53. Harviestoun Baroness (27086), champion and Cawdor Cup Clydesdale mare, Cupar, Scotland, 1912, and twice breed champion at the International Live Stock Exposition, Chicago. Imported by R. A. Fairbairn, New Market, New Jersey. From photograph by Strohmeyer, by courtesy of Mr. Fairbairn result of this union became more than locally famous, for from him “nearly all the best animals of the present day are descended,” says the “ American Clydesdale Studbook.”’ Glancer’s dam, which died in 1827, was a famous brood mare, having produced other superior foals. Lroompield Champion (95), foaled about 1820, was a notable stallion and great-grandson of Glancer (335). He sired Clyde, alias Glancer (153), Glancer (338), Bowman’s Colt (1078), and a number of great brood mares. Some of his offspring were 142 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE successful in the show ring, but his chief distinction comes from being the sire of Glancer (153). According to the Scotch stud- book (Vol. I) he was black in color, with four white legs, on which was set a round, capacious body with a short back. ‘ To Broomfield Champion,’ says the studbook, “every Clydesdale breeder likes to trace the descent of his stock.” His name is most frequent in early Clydesdale pedigrees. Clyde, alias Glancer (153), foaled about 1835, was owned by William Fulton of Renfrew County, a noted breeder, and was bred by Mr. Forest of Lanark County. Though not a show animal himself, from 1844 to 1850 the leading honors of Scotch exhibitions went to the produce of Clyde. He was dark brown in color, and having been ruptured was known as “The Rup- tured Horse.’” Seven sons and one daughter of his are recorded in the first volume of the “ Scotch Clydesdale Studbook.’’ Most of these sons proved later to be sires of great merit and were used in various localities in improving the breed. Prince of Wales (673), foaled in 1866, bred by James N. Fleming of the county of Ayr and later owned by several differ- ent persons, was one of the two greatest Clydesdales in recent history. He was sired by General (322), whose sire was Sir Walter Scott (797), a great show horse and sire, while his dam was Darling, a mare of unknown breeding beyond one generation. Prince of Wales was a dark-brown horse with a white stripe on his face and more or less white on three legs. He was some- what straight in his hocks and a bit Roman nosed, but in general was of good form and a remarkable mover at walk or trot. He was not only a great show horse but was regarded as one of the greatest begetters of sires that the Clydesdale breed has produced. Prince of Wales was last owned by David Riddell of Paisley, who purchased him at auction when eighteen years old for $4725 and in whose possession he died in 1888. Prominent among his sons are Prince of Albion, sold for $15,000, and his full brother, Prince of Kyle, sold for $8000; Prince Alexander, sold for $6000 as a yearling; and Prince Robert. Darnley (222), a bay, foaled in 1872, was bred by Sir William Sterling-Maxwell and was purchased when three years old by David Riddell, the owner of Prince of Wales. His sire was THE CLYDESDALE 143 Conqueror (199), and his dam, Keir Peggy (187), had a fine show-yard record and as a dam of ten foals is regarded as one of the greatest mares of the breed. Her sons Darnley, Pollock, and Newstead all won first prizes at the Highland and Agricultural Society shows. She died in 1888. Darnley himself up to twelve years of age had a most distinguished career in the show ring. If Prince of Wales was a great stallion sire, so Darnley was a famous sire of mares. The descendants of these two animals mated unusually well, and from their union has resulted much that is best in recent Clydesdale blood. Three of Darnley’s best sons were MacGregor (1487), Flashwood (3604), and Topgallant (1850). These were all great horses, but especially so was Mac- Gregor, whose sons gained fame in the show rings of Canada and the United States. As a sire this animal is regarded as second only to his own sire and Prince of Wales. See ebaron’s (Pride (9122), bred by “Rive jv Findlay, “Springhill; near Glasgow, was foaled in 1890 and died in 1913 at twenty- three years of age. He.was sired by Sir Everard (5353), a son of Topgallant (450), and had for dam Forest Queen (7233), by Springhill Darnley (2429), a son of Darnley (222). Thus he united the blood of Prince of Wales and Darnley, than which there was nothing better. Up to four years of age he was a suc- cessful horse in the show ring. In 1894 A. & W. Montgomery purchased him, and he was from then on reserved for the stud, where he proved to be one of the greatest Clydesdale sires in the history of the breed. Baron of Buchlyvie (11263), bred by William McKeich, was foaled in 1900 and is the best-known son of Baron’s Pride. His dam was Young Maybloom (12003), by Knight Errant (4483). As a colt he was said to have been somewhat undersized, and in the Scotch shows he was unable to win championship honors, though securing first, second, and third places at different times. As a two-year-old he sold to Kilpatrick and Dunlop for $3500. “ The price seemed ample,” writes Alexander Galbraith,! “as the colt was somewhat undersized, decidedly narrow in conformation, and lacking in muscle and strength of bone. His chief points of excellence were extremely fine quality of bone and hair, the latter 1 Breeders’ Gazette, January 10, 1912. 144 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE hanging like silk from his legs and hoof heads. He had also beautiful style and action. As he got older he grew and improved wonderfully, finishing a very handsome horse of nearly 2000 pounds.” In 1911 at the Highland show his offspring monopo- lized the winnings. On December 14, 1911, at public auction to dissolve the partnership between Kilpatrick and Dunlop, he sold for $47,500, Mr. Dunlop being the purchaser. He has been regarded as the best advertised Clydesdale horse in history. Dunure Footprint (15203) was bred by William Dunlop, Dunure Mains, Ayr, and was foaled in 1908. He was sired by Baron of Buchlyvie (11263), dam Dunure Ideal (21283). Dunure Footprint is not only regarded as a model of the breed but is also the leading sire of his generation. He has won the highest honors of the Scotch shows, and his progeny are sought for at high figures. The following table will show him to lead the ten best sires in Scotland. An honor roll of Clydesdale sires of more recent years is given by the Clydesdale Horse Society of Great Britain, embracing the ten most prominent sires in the 1915 shows. The record is as follows: N NUMBER rR len lene) | CHAMBIONS ora NUMBER NAME sm leiareaas| ee SEcOND | THIRD — Bel Orrcenite Dunure Footprint (15203) 72 1S uy || 18 5 34 Baron of Buchlyvie (11263) 37 11 LOM | 97 2 21 Apukwa (14567) 37 7 6 7 6 II Bonnie Buchlyvie (14032) 16 3 6 8 Baron’s Pride (9122) 13 3 3 3 2 7 Everlasting (11331) 8 I 2 2 6 Hiawatha (10067) 7 4 I 5 Revelanta (11876) 7 I I 4 Royal Favorite (10630) 7 I 6 Signet (16816) 6 2 2 4 Clydesdales of merit in America date back to their early impor- tation. Of these the following may be mentioned as of special distinction : Donald Dinnie 273, by Glancer (339) ; Johnny Cope (416), by Justice (420); Glencoe 158, by Prince of Wales 487 (673); MacQueen 3513, by MacGregor (1487); Cedric 929 (1087), by Prince of Wales 487 (673); Lord Lyndoch 4113 (4530), by Lord Blantyne (2243); Lyndoch Chief 5642 (8786), by Lord THE CLYDESDALE 145 Lyndoch 4113 (4530); Young MacQueen 8033, by MacQueen 3513 (5200) ; Laminated Steel 8700, by Cedric 929 (1087); Benedict 9300 (10315), by Baron's Pride (9122). Prices paid for Clydesdales have run into high money in Scot- land, although in America values are often on a much lower level. In February, 1912, the Clydesdale stud of William Taylor Fic. 54. Fairholm Footprint 17584, champion Clydesdale stallion at the Inter- national Live Stock Exposition. Bred by R. A. Fairbairn and sold for $5000 to Langwater Farms, North Easton, Massachusetts. From photograph by Hilde- brand, by courtesy of Mr. Fairbairn of Renfrew, Scotland, was sold at auction in Glasgow. Fifty-four head averaged $657, and nineteen aged horses averaged almost $1223. The top price was $8400 for Sir Rudolph. On October 7, 1915, in a dispersal sale, Robert Brydon, Seaham Harbor, Eng- land, sold one hundred head for an average price of $1059.50, a breed record. The stallion Bonnie Buchlyvie (14032) at nine years of age brought $26,250. Phillipine, a three-year-old son of Bonnie Buchlyvie, brought $12,075. Thirty-four mares averaged 146 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE $784. At the dispersal sale of William Dunlop, at Ayr, Scotland, January 14, 1919, thirteen stallions averaged $8382, a record not equaled by any other breed. The horse Dunure Independence, by Baron of Buchlyvie, sold to Robert Bryan of Cumnock for $25,725, the high price of the day. Dunure Refiner, by Dunure Footprint, brought $18,375. Dunure Kaleidescope, by Baron of Buchlyvie, brought $21,525. Dunure Keynote, full brother to Dunure Footprint, brought $17,325. Prince of Albion (6178) is said to have sold for $15,000, and the highest price ever paid Fic. 55. Judging Clydesdales at the Highland and Agricultural Society Show, Glasgow, Scotland. From photograph by the author for a two-year-old filly was $5000 for Montrave Rosea, by Prince of Albion. As noted elsewhere, Baron of Buchlyvie (11263) sold in 1911 for $47,500, the highest price paid for a draft horse to 1919, being equaled, however, in 1917 by the Belgian Farceur. The distribution of the Clydesdale is very widespread, but. it has found most favor in English-speaking countries, notably Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Under normal conditions there is a rather active exportation from Scotland to other countries. In 1913 Alexander Mowat! reported from Scotland that in 1912 there were 1156 Clydesdales exported to Canada, as compared with 1349 in 1911; 57 to the United States against 97 in 1911; 1 Breeders’ Gazette, January 1, 1913. THE CLYDESDALE 147 and 32 to South Africa against 25 in 1911, with smaller numbers to Australia, New Zealand, South America, Russia, Sweden, and Hungary, a total of 1318 exported in 1912 and of 1617 in IQII. In the United States the breed has not been altogether popular, and there are comparatively few studs in this country, some of the best being in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Illinois. Organizations for promoting Clydesdales are mainly represented by registry associations. The Clydesdale Horse Society of Great Britain and Ireland was organized in 1877 and published the first volume of its studbook in 1878, since which time, up to 1917, it has published forty volumes and registered 19,591 stallions and 44,441 mares. The American Clydesdale Horse Association was organized in 1877 and up to January, 1917, has published twenty volumes of studbooks, covering about 20,000 registrations. The Canadian Clydesdale Society has published twenty-six studbooks up to 1918, and far-away New Zealand has a Clydesdale society that published two studbooks up to 1915 inclusive. CHA RE. 2oV il THE SHIRE The very early history of the Shire horse traces back into the days of Roman conquest and almost prehistoric times. Abun- dant evidence as set forth in British history by the earliest writers makes it clear that a heavy type of work horse existed in those days. During the period when armor was worn it was necessary that a horse be of good size and be able easily to bear heavy weight in the saddle. According to the Venerable Bede, however, the English did not commonly use saddle horses until about Aa.p. 631. Neither was the horse used for war purposes in the first thousand years of the Christian Era. In the sixteenth century in England, when armor was used, according to Tower of London officials a man’s armor weighed 99} pounds, the horse’s 81 pounds, and the spear 20—a total of 200 pounds approximately. Adding to this the weight of a man, the horse had to support nearly 400 pounds, so that the necessity for a heavy horse in these days was very apparent. Various early paintings show the draft type of horse in use. Albert Diirer, in 1505, made a painting of “ The Great Horse,” as it was termed. Vandyke, about 1620, painted a picture show- ing the Duke of Arenburg on such a horse. A famous painting by Paul Potter shows such a horse about 1652. The special region of Shire horse breeding in England has been in the east-central part, in the counties of Lincoln, Cambridge, Huntingdon, Northampton, Leicester, Nottingham, Derby, and Norwich. However, the breed has been extensively produced on the low-lying lands outside of this area. During its past history it has been known in England as the ‘Great Horse,” the ‘‘ War Horse,” the “Cart Horse,” the “Old English Black Horse,” the “ Giant Lincolnshire,” and the “Shire.” The name “ Large Black Old English Horse” was in use from the time of Oliver Cromwell (1649-1659) to modern times. 148 : THE SHIRE 149 The real origin of the Shire is fairly speculative. It is known that horses of this large draft type existed in England from very early times. We are told that a large draft type of horse existed in Flanders, in Holland, and in Germany in the valley of the Elbe, and that one hundred stallions were brought to England from these coun- tries as early as the twelfth century. These were used on the English horses of large type. Referring to the great paintings of cattle and sheep made by Paul Potter, who died in Am- sterdam, Holland, in 1654, Sir Walter Gilbey says!: “It is only reasonable to suppose that he exercised equal care in _ painting horses, Lhe strain: (of North German and Flan- ders blood was at this period so strongly represented in our English Great Horses of the best stamp that we need not inquire whether this horse was of German, Flemish, or English origin, Fic. 56. “The Great Horse.” Reproduced the character of all being from a drawing GF the Pamniine By flberel diirer. Peal thecnie vents It is from this horse of the sixteenth century ee / 7 that the Shire is supposed to have derived no doubt the early Shire its ancestry was of very mixed breeding. Robert Bakewell improved the Shire during the latter part of the eighteenth century, though it was then known as the Leicestershire Cart Horse. Bakewell was the earliest important improver of the English Shire horse. He went to Holland and imported mares, using them in systematic crossing with 1 Sir Walter Gilbey, Bart., The Great Horse, or the War Horse; from the time of the Roman Invasion till its Development into the Shire Horse. London, 1899. 150 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE : English stallions. He pursued a careful course of selection and added to the value of the breed. It was during this century that this class of horses came into use for draft and farming purposes, the coat of armor having become obsolete. With the improve- ment of roads and the use of coaches the draft horse came into special demand. Gilbey, in his interesting historical work on ‘The Great Horse,” gives copies of pictures of Shire horses : one, the horse Elephant, by an unknown artist about 1792; Fic. 57. Intake Albert, champion Shire stallion at the show of Royal Agricultural Society of England, 1904. From photograph by courtesy of American Agriculturist another, a gelding in use by a brewery in 1792, painted by Garrard; and a third, of two horses, Pirate and Outlaw, painted in 1810 by Zeitter. These horses are all of draft character, with hairy legs, mane, and tail. The old-fashioned type of Shires were large, coarse, and slow. They had big heads, coarse ears, and their thick lips had long hairs on them. The shoulders were heavy, the legs hairy, and the pasterns straight. Their action was sluggish, but their tem- perament was mild. Excess of hair seemed a characteristic, as based on some of the pictures extant. In 1842 Low wrote: THE SHIRE IST The modern English Black Horse retains the general characteristics of the preéxisting race, but greatly modified. His color is usually a sooty black, with frequently a white lozenge-shaped mark on the forehead; and he has very generally one or more of the feet and part of the legs, and not unfrequently the muzzle, white. His body is massive, compact, and round; his limbs are stout, his chest is enormously broad, and his neck and back are short. His mane is thick and somewhat frizzled, and his legs below the knee and hock are hairy down to the heels. His whole aspect conveys the idea of great physical power without corresponding action. The main defects of this conformation and temperament are his too great bulk of body and want of action and mettle. For a pull with a heavy weight he is admirable. Different varieties of the Shire formerly existed in England ; some have said two, others three. In the first ‘‘Shire Studbook”’ Dr. Reynolds groups the breed into three varieties ; namely : (1) Those having the upper lip garnished with a long, thick moustache, con- sidered at one time a distinguishing characteristic of the Lincolnshire horse. (2) Horses having the lips, muzzle, and eyelids destitute of the hair. The skin in these places is either entirely bald cr covered with exceedingly fine down, is almost invariably flesh colored, and is sometimes marked with small dark spots and blotches.- These are termed da/d horses or bald faced. (3) Those having a long tuft of hair growing from the front of each knee, and rarer examples having also a similar growth from the hind part of the hock, just below its point. This is quite different from the ordinary hair on the back of the cannons. It is also to be noted that in the past the horses in some counties of England have differed from those of other counties. However, modern effort on the part of breeders has succeeded in producing a more uniform type, in which greater refinement, better bone, more action, and perhaps less hair are found, The modern Shire horse is an improvement over the horse of fifty years ago. The features of large size, hairy legs, and draft type have been maintained, but the modern Shire has more action and life, possesses more quality and finish, and has more uniformity of type than had his ancestors. The English breeders recognized the need of improvement of their draft horse and emphasized quality, action, flat bone, and uniformity. In recent times this improvement has been greatly aided by the Shire Horse Society and the comparisons possible through the exhibitions of this society at Islington. The late Sir Walter Gilbey, a constructive 152 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE breeder and horse student who died in 1916, was long a leader in the work of improving the Shire. Importation of Shires to America began many years ago, but just when the first of this sort came over cannot be absolutely stated. A horse named Tamworth, possibly of this breed, was brought from England to London, Ontario, Canada, in 1836. In 1847another horse, named King Alfred, was imported. In 1853 a Mr. Strickland brought a stallion known as John Bull from England to Au- rora, Illinois, where he became well known. Several others were imported into northern Illinois soon after this. George E. Brown, long a prominent Shire breeder at Aurora, states that as far as he has been able to learn, the earliest advertise- Fic. 58. Boro Blusterer 14187 (31140), grand-cham- ment of Shires by any pion Shire stallion at the Panama-Pacific and importer in Western International Live-Stock Expositions, 1915. From : pte ,. agricultural paperswas photograph by Hildebrand, by courtesy of Truman’s ~®° : Pioneer Stud Farm, owners, Bushnell, Illinois In 1875. Along in the * eighties many stallions were brought to America from England. In recent years there has been but little activity in importing, the leading importers being in northern Illinois. The characteristics of the Shire that distinguish the breed and which may be considered of most interest are the following: the head is large, with a tendency to Roman profile. The wthers are high, the back strong, with wide-sprung and deep ribs, showing a large middlepiece. The croup is comparatively level and wide, and the quarters are powerfully muscled. The /egs are large, and THE SHIRE [63 the bones tend to be a bit coarse. British critics in the past have objected to round cannons and meaty bone. In recent years this criticism has not been warranted. The fasterns have been subject to unfavorable comment as being too short and not sloping enough, though this does not apply so much to modern, well-bred Shires. The feet are very large and often shelly and tend to be flat at the heel. The back of the cannon bones, knees, and hocks have long, flowing, fine hair (frequently termed “feather ’’) on the best examples of the breed. Excessive leg hair and heavy bone are objected to as evidences of sluggishness and lack of quality, as compared with less hair and finer bone. The hairy legs of the Shire have always prejudiced Americans against the breed, while in England considerable adverse criticism exists, as is evidenced by the following from C. W. Tindall in the Lzve Stock Journal of London : What I would particularly like to call attention to, and which for some years has been a matter of great controversy and is now one of very serious im- portance, is the question of hair. In my opinion we have for a long time thrown away the substance for the shadow, and the excessive quantity of hair that we have in many of our Shire horses is not only a detriment to the horses, but loss in money value to the breeders. So far as I can make out, none of the users of the Shire horse want it. I am in London most weeks, and I never go through London without seeing a number of Shire horses with the hair clipped off their legs. None of the users in town want it, and so far as I know, few of the farmers, especially on strong land, want it. I believe there is no doubt whatever that the Shire is the finest draft horse in the world, and in my opinion if he could be divested of hair he would take possession of all the foreign and colonial markets. ... From what I could gather in the Argentine, everyone liked the Shire the best, but they could not stand the hair on his legs; hence the reason the Percheron has practically taken possession of the market, and from what I can gather this applies equally to Canada, Australia and other markets, and I am of the opinion that in the future some- thing must be done to remedy this defect. The action of the Shire in the past has been a subject of un- favorable comment, it being regarded as heavy and sluggish. The great weight of this horse naturally influences his action, causing a slow movement. The more modern type of the Shire, however, has been improved in this regard, although he is yet decidedly inferior to the other draft breeds of prominence. R 154 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE The color of the Shire is commonly bay or brown, with white markings on the face or forehead and on the legs below the knee or hock. There is considerable variation, however, in Shire color. Gray, black, chestnut, or sorrel are not uncommon, while shades of roan also prevail to a minor degree. A Shire of chestnut Fic. 59. Woodfield Starlight 16814 (76532), champion Shire mare, International Live Stock Exposition, 1918. Owned by Truman’s Pioneer Stud Farm, Bushnell, Illinois. From photograph by Hildebrand, by courtesy of the owners color is regarded in England as having a tendency to softness. A bay or brown Shire with white markings appears identical with the Clydesdale, so that when the two breeds are in the same stable it is quite difficult if not impossible in some cases to distinguish one from the other. The size of the Shire exceeds that of any other draft breed known in America or Great Britain. In height the mature stal- lion should stand close to 17 hands, although the average may be ne THE SHIRE 155 about half a hand less. The wezght of the Shire of real drafty character ranges from 1800 to 2000 pounds, the latter figure not being uncommon. Discussing the subject of heavy weight of the Shire, Mr. J. G. Truman, a noted importer and authority on this breed, states! that the heaviest horse he ever saw was the Shire stallion Great Britain (978), imported by his father in the early eighties. On the docks at Boston, after a stormy passage, he weighed 2775 pounds, and two weeks later at Bushnell, Illinois, weighed 2830 pounds and was not what would be considered fat. The heaviest mare ever seen by Mr. Truman was Fuschia, junior champion at the Shire Horse Society Show in London, weighing in her four-year form 2475 pounds. The crossbred or grade Shire is frequently an excellent animal, showing more activity and quality than prevails in the pure bred, especially if one parent is of lighter and more active type. The great size of the Shire contributes a degree of substance highly desirable in draft work. In 1904 a grade Shire of remarkable size and quality was sold on the Chicago horse market for $865, up to that time the highest price on record in this market for a draft gelding. A combination of Shire and Clydesdale blood is har- monious, producing a desirable crossbred that has long been in use. The special field for the Shire is in heavy draft work on com- paratively level roads, where slow, steady service is wanted and action is a minor consideration. On the level prairies of the West this horse would no doubt meet with an encouraging degree of popularity were it not for the hairy legs. At the plow or in hauling heavy loads the Shire is surpassed bv none, but his hair- iness, if nothing else, bars him for place as a favorite. In spite of the British claim to the contrary, the American farmer believes that these hairy legs promote scratches, and covered with frozen mud they certainly are a source of discomfort. The temperament of the Shire, as already indicated, is phleg- matic and quiet. Without doubt the Shire is steady under the collar and easy to manage under most conditions. In England one will see many of these horses hauling great loads in the cities and working at heavy labor on the farms, giving every evidence of patient, dependable service. 1 Breeders’ Gazette, April 23, 1913. 156 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE The soundness of the Shire horse has been made a subject of special investigation in connection with the annual show of the Shire Horse Society in London. Between 1893 and 1912, veteri- narians examined 6457 horses presented for show, rejecting 577, or about 10 per cent, the average for twenty years being about 8 per cent a year. It is interesting to note that of the several forms of unsoundness 33.5 per cent was due to sidebones, 9.2 per cent to spavins, and 5.9 per cent to ringbones, while 26 per cent was due to defective respiration. Important Shire stallions of breeding fame in England seem to date back to about 1755. Packington Blind Horse, said to have been foaled about 1760, was recognized as a prepotent force in early days in the counties of Leicester and Derby. Flonest Tom (1062), foaled in 1806 in Lincolnshire, was a prominent sire in his day, and his descendants proved his merit. This horse at five years of age sold for 300 guineas ($1500). He was also known as Old Tom, alias Little David, alias Old David. William the Conqueror (2343) was foaled in 1862 in Nottingham County. He was a brown in color, a winner of some prizes in the show ring, and was the sire of Prince William (3956), Esquire (2774), and Staunton Hero (2918), all noted stallions. Lincolnshire Lad IT (1365), foaled in 1872, a gray in color, was one of the best-known modern sires of show-ring winners. He stood 17 hands high, had an excess of hair, was somewhat lacking in depth of body, but had much ambition and courage and proved a great getter of superior stock. Lar None (2388), a bay, foaled in 1877, was bred by Thomas Holmes of Yorkshire. He won the Shire Society championship in 1882. He attained great success in the stud, transmitting superb quality and high-class legs. Premier (2646), a bay, foaled in 1880, was bred by John Fisher of Lancashire. His sire, What’s Wanted (2332), was a well- known show and breeding animal. Premier proved a quite suc- cessful sire of prize-winning animals at the Shire Society Show. flarold (3703), a brown, foaled in 1881, bred in Derbyshire, won numerous important prizes in the show ring. He was very meritorious as a Sire, transmitting to his offspring size, excellent asia ae THE SHIRE 157 bone, and plenty of energy. He was sired by Lincolnshire Lad II (1365), previously referred to. Prince William (3956), by William the Conqueror (2343), had for dam Lockington Beauty, by Champion (457). He was foaled in 1883 and died in 1905, aged twenty-two years. For twenty years Fic. 60. Harfine Bonsor, a fine type of Shire mare owned by Truman’s Pioneer Stud Farm, Bushnell, Illinois. Photograph by Hildebrand, by courtesy of owners he stood at the head of the stud of Lord Wantage, Lockinge Park. In 1894 fifty-two animals sired by him sold at an average of $600. Hitchin Conqueror (4458) was foaled in 1883, being sired by William the Conqueror (2343). His dam was Flower, by Honest Prince (1058). Hitchin Conqueror sired many fine prize winners and superior breeding animals. Bury Chief Victor (11105), a black with white markings, was foaled in 1889. He was a horse of very superior conforma- tion, a great show animal and prize winner, and a superior sire. 158 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE In 1891 he was sold to Mr. Wainwright for 2500 guineas ($12,500), the highest price for a Shire up to that time. Lockinge Forest King (18867), a bay, foaled in 1899, was bred by Lord Wantage. He was sired by Lockinge Manners (16780) and out of (4470) The Forest Queen, by Royal Albert (1885). The most noted of recent-day sires, many of his sons and grandsons have proved sires of great prepotency and value. Birdsall Menestrel (19337), a bay, foaled in 1900, was bred by Lord Middleton, Birdsall House, York. He was sired by Menestrel (14180) and out of (22925) Birdsall Darling. This horse attained fame in the show ring and has proved a sire of distinct merit. In a study of prepotent Shire-blood lines! Ellis D. McFarland brings out the fact that of the 2218 Shires awarded prizes at the Shire Society Show at London during twenty years ending in 1912, 2150 trace directly to common progenitors, of which but ten are of much importance. Lincolnshire Lad II has always ranked first in the list of common progenitors. From 1883 to 1899 Matchless ranked second, but since that time he has held third place, with William the Conqueror second. These are the three outstanding sires. The number of prize winners from 1893 to 1912 tracing directly to famous sires are as follows: 1257 trace directly to Lincolnshire Lad II; 440 to William the Conqueror ; 35 to Matchless; 81 to Bar None; 63 to Lincoln; 62 to Royal Albert; 45 to Major; 41. to Vulcan; 19 to Heart of Oak; and 9g to What’s Wanted. The distribution of the Shire horse is world-wide. In England this is the common draft breed and is especially conspicuous in the low-lying central farming sections and in the large cities. The Shire has secured a foothold in most of the English-speaking colonies, and prior to the World War many were exported to Australia and Canada, while Germany and Argentina have also imported a considerable number. In the United States the breed is best known in Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, and Ohio, its logical field being in the corn-belt states. The prices paid for Shires mount into very high figures. In 1909 the stallion Tatton Dray King (23777), champion of the 1 Breeders’ Gazette, June 11, 1914. —_— THE SHIRE 159 Shire Society Show, sold for 3700 guineas, or about $18,500, at the dispersal sale of horses of the late Earl Egerton of Tatton, Cheshire, England. In this sale 21 head sold for an average price of about $2325. The stallion Dan Patch 9856 (28815), foaled in 1905 and champion at the International Live Stock Ex- position in 1910, was sold during the show by Truman’s Pioneer Stud Farm of Illinois, importers, for $10,000. In 1911 the mare Bellingsborough Belle sold at auction in England for $6200, the high price for a Shire mare up to that time. In March, 1913, the two-year-old stallion Childwick Champion (22215) sold at Lord Rothschild’s sale for $20,664. At the dispersal sale of the Tring Park stud in England in 1915 the average price Feceived,, 10r 4.7 *ant- mals of both sexes was $2822, the average for 32 stallions and colts being $3614. In 1918 the __five-months-old horse foal Pendley Goalkeeper sold in England for $7000. In various sales held Fic. 61. Placing awards on Shires at the Royal Show, England. From photograph by the author in England in 1916 Shire stallions sold up to $15,000, Norbury Menestrel bringing this price at the sale of the late L. Solomon. Many Shire mares and fillies have sold at prices ranging from $750 to $2000, Associations to promote the Shire horse are comparatively young. The English Cart Horse Society was organized in 1878, essen- tially to promote the Shire, and in 1884 it changed its name to that of the Shire Horse Society. Up to January, 1919, this society had published thirty-nine volumes of studbooks and had registered 126,437 animals. As long ago as 1898 the society had 2237 members. The annual show of the society is the great- est single-breed horse show in Great Britain, some 700 horses usually being exhibited. The Shire Horse Society of Canada published Volume I of its studbook in 1901 and Volume III in 1914. The American Shire Association was organized in 1885, and up to January, 1919, has published twelve volumes of studbooks. CHAPTER XVII THE SUFFOLK The native home of the Suffolk horse, or Suffolk Punch, as it has been known, is in Suffolk County in the eastern part of England. This county is flat in character with clayey soil, is generally cultivated, borders on the seashore, and comprises about fifteen hundred square miles. This is a thickly populated community, the farms small and highly cultivated. The county of Essex, which joins Suffolk on the south, may also be con- sidered to some extent within the native territory of this breed. The early history of the Suffolk horse traces clearly back to about 1700. While Normandy horse stock has been assumed by some as playing an early part in the formation of the breed, no positive information exists on this point. In purity of blood it is believed that the Suffolk surpasses any other breed in Great Britain. The general evidence, as given by various authorities, indicates that for several centuries this horse has been bred in Suffolk with much purity. The pure-bred Suffolk foundation really dates back to a horse of unknown sire, foaled in 1768, known as the “ Crisp Horse,” being owned by a Mr. Crisp of Ufford, Sussex. To this horse are traced all pedigrees of the breed that may be registered in the studbook of either England or America. This history has been clearly and fully traced and stands accepted by breeders universally. The Crisp horse was a bright chestnut in color, stood 154 hands high, and proved a remarkable breeder. In the development of .the Suffolk since his time four attempts have been made to introduce foreign blood and thus improve the stock. In no case, however, has this blood held its own, but has been completely absorbed and the breeding lost. The foreign blood used to improve the Suffolk was as follows: 1. The Blake strain. This came from the use of a Lincoln- shire trotting horse with no Suffolk blood, known as Blake’s 160 THE SUFFOLK 161 Farmer. This. strain was in existence from 1780 to 1880 and at one time was very popular. 2. The Wright strain. This originated from a horse from Lincolnshire known as Wright’s Farmer’s Glory, or the Attle- boro horse. He was a chestnut, clean-limbed, and may have been a half-bred Suffolk. This strain existed from 1800 to about 1880. 3. The Shadingfield strain. Yhis came from the produce of a trotting horse, the son of a Thoroughbred, and he also was a chestnut. This strain existed for about half a century, the last being foaled in 1846. 4. Martin's Boxer strain. This appeared to be a Suffolk, though he was not, being out of a “black blood mare.’ This strain never obtained any foothold beyond two mares of remote breeding. These strains were all started to improve the breed, but they presented deficiencies ; neither could they overcome the predom- inant Suffolk blood and character. The history of the modern Suffolk horse is essentially a most compact one. It deals with the development of the breed mainly in Suffolk and vicinity by the farmers generally, and is histori- cally correct, largely due to the far-reaching investigations of Herman Biddell, the editor of the first “ Suffolk Studbook.” Among the horses of the last century that had much influence on the development of the breed are Edward’s Old Briton (490), Catlin’s Duke (296), Crisp’s Fairhead’s Boxer (405), Julian’s Boxer (755), Crisp’s Cupbearer (1416), Garret’s Cupbearer 3d (566), and Foxhall (1423). The latter was imported to America by Galbraith Brothers. The history of the Suffolk horse in America is rather restricted, these horses being comparatively unknown in the United States in the early eighties. In 1882 the editor of the Vational Live Stock Journal wrote: “If some of these Suffolk horses could be imported and bred alongside of the Shire and Clydesdale, it would give an opportunity to see what would prove the best for Ameri- can purposes.” In 1883 this same journal states that Suffolks are finding great favor in Canada. However, Powell Brothers of Penn- sylvania imported the first stallions to the United States in 1880. In 1888 Galbraith Brothers of Janesville, Wisconsin, made their first importation of stallions, and Peter Hopley & Company of 162 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE Lewis, Iowa, the same year imported the first mares. At the World’s Columbian Exposition at Chicago in 1893 a few Suffolks were exhibited, mainly by Peter Hopley & Company, although B. Ramsey of Iowa and Mossom Boyd & Company of Canada also exhibited. In 1903 forty-one head were imported to America. Fic. 62. Sudbourne Count (3257), a typical Suffolk stallion. From photograph, by courtesy of Fred Smith, secretary of Suffolk Horse Society, England At the 1904 International Live-Stock Exposition an exhibit of about a dozen Suffolk stallions and mares was made by Peter Hopley & Son. In recent years the breed has been gaining in favor in America, though slowly, and importations have continued in a small way. Characteristics of the Suffolk horse. This breed has long pos- sessed certain distinctive features, quite marked in contrast with other breeds. The following are worthy of special consideration : THE SUFFOLK 163 The Suffolk has a tendency to small ears, the forehead is broad, and the eyes are of medium size and only fairly prominent. The zose tends to Roman form, which has been rather character- istic of the breed. The jaws are strong and the cheeks deep and full. The zeck has something of an arch,— in fact, with stallions this is very pronounced,— with not too much heaviness at the crest. The neck sometimes joins the head a bit heavily, but at the shoulders it is, as a rule, well placed. The shoulder should be long but not extremely oblique. A race-horse placing of shoulder is not desired among Suffolk breeders, a_ straighter shoulder being better suited to draft work. The dody of this breed is one of its notable features. It has long been character- ized by great depth and circumference, considering the size of the horse. The sds have an unusual spring and depth, thus giving the body a very round, full form. Formerly this was unnecessarily deep and round, giving the body a paunchiness from which the term “ Punch” was evolved and given as a part of the breed name. Modern breeders object to heaviness of belly. For size the body girths unusually well. A girth of about eight feet back of the shoulders is commended. The cvowp is full and well carried out, the tendency to steepness being slight. Strong quarters and hocks are a feature of the breed, but there has been some criticism of the hocks. One family, Catlin’s Boxer 299, has had this feature of bent hind legs and weak hocks, and Crisp’s Conqueror 413 and Cupbearer 416, famous sires as they were, had a tendency to this trouble. The /egs of the Suffolk are very free from superfluous hair, and while they have been criticized as lacking in bone, the breeders insist that this is not so. If fairly compared with the long-haired breeds, they maintain that plenty of bone will be manifest. Yet the bone is not large, but of superior texture. A girth of 10} inches below the knee is given by Mr. Biddell as ample, more being thought unnecessary. The feet have been criticized much in the past. The middle of the last century it was claimed that the feet were flat and the hoofs brittle and that sidebones were common. Now for years, however, by the rules of the Suffolk Society, all horses shown must be submitted to a veterinarian’s examination, which has resulted in a great improvement. 104 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE In 1893 Professor Robert Wallace, the Scotch authority, stated that ‘‘at one time they were flat-footed and liable to become lame if worked regularly on the hard road or on stone pavements, but the care bestowed upon breeding has in recent years eliminated this defect among animals of the first rank.” As seen by the author, the feet tend to be somewhat small and lacking in fullness at the top of the hoof. The gwalty and action of the Suffolk rank well. The breed cannot be classed as coarse, while in action it stands next to the Clydesdale among draft horses. Wallace states that they twist their legs and feet when moving, but this does not apply to-day as much as it may have formerly. The height ranges from 16 to 17 hands, though 16 to 16} 1s more common. In fact, this breed should be short of leg and ‘close “to the ground, though the Fic. 63. An American-bred Suffolk mare. From Suffolks the author photograph, by courtesy of F.S. Peer has seen in this coun- try have shown con- siderable height and weight. The wezg#t should not run high, 1800 to 1900 pounds being ample. Greater weights than this are attained, but they are not typical; for example, Galbraith gives 1800 to 2200 pounds, but this brings him up to a horse of large size among the draft breeds, a thing never claimed by Suffolk breeders. The Suffolk should not be as large as Clydes- dale or Shire and is not bred for the heavy draft work of the city, but for farm purposes, where less weight is required. This is generally conceded by advocates of the breed. The color of the Suffolk horse is one of its most characteristic features, always being chestnut and varying only from light to dark. The statement has been made that in an investigation of THE SUFFOLK 165 the color of the Suffolk, twelve thousand matings were examined and every foal found to be of a chestnut color. Biddell allows for seven shades of chestnut, ranging from a dark hue (compa- rable to liver color or burnt chestnut) to a “ bright” one, this lat- ter being the most common and popular of all. A light, mealy chestnut is very unpopular, as indicating weak constitution, soft legs, and slow temperament. A few white hairs in the body color may be permitted but are not desirable. White marks, such as a star in the forehead, a strip or blaze on the face, or white pasterns or ankles, are admissible. In fact “white stockings ” sometimes occur, coming as high as the top of the cannon bone. There is a tendency for the manes and tails to be of a lighter shade than the body color, an inheritance from the earlier days when flaxen manes and tails were common. The fecundity and longevity of Suffolks is highly attested. Numerous cases are given to show that the breed is very prolific and tenacious of life. The dam of Webb’s Rising Star (1266) was twenty-two years old when he was foaled, and the dam of Loft’s Cupbearer (842) had sixteen foals in sixteen years. A mare and foal were shown at one of the early Suffolk Agricultural Association shows, the mare being thirty-seven years of age when the foal was dropped. In 1917 the A/ark Lane Express reported that Mr. Alfred Preston’s mare Gladys, then thirty years old, was in active daily farm work and had raised fourteen foals. The great stallion Julian Boxer (755) traveled at least twenty-five seasons and left a large number of superior sons and daughters. Instances have been known where stallions have traveled from sixteen to twenty-one consecutive years, rendering breeding service each season. The grade or crossbred Suffolk horse is not as yet common in America, while in England the breed is kept pure. Alexander Galbraith states that the grades from native American mares have good size and bone, while they are particularly smooth built and are almost invariably chestnut in color. According to official authority? in the South, grade Suffolks have given such satisfaction as to cause a rapid increase in their use. One breeder 1 The Suffolk Horse. A pamphlet by the American Suffolk Horse Association, IQI7. 166 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE in Texas says that grades bred under range conditions have proved superior to all others. In Minnesota grade Suffolks outsold the grades sired by horses of two other breeds. The Suffolk as a draft horse ranks high among the farmers of eastern England. It is considered capable of doing a maximum amount of labor on a less amount of feed and for longer periods than other drafters. This is the opinion of the people of Suffolk, however. Its steadiness and persistence at pull have long made Fic. 64. A great six-horse hitch of Suffolks. From photograph, by courtesy of Fred Smith, secretary of Suffolk Horse Society, Woodbridge, England the breed famous, but this same characteristic is probably equally well established with other breeds. During the World War the Suffolk horses used in the British army in France showed great ‘endurance and made a most favorable impression, The distribution of Suffolk horses is extremely widespread, in fact more so than is commonly supposed. They have been exported to Argentina, Australia, New Zealand, Spain, France, Austria, Germany, Sweden, Russia, South Africa, and the Nile region of Africa. In Canada and the United States they have no great foothold, but are scattered over these countries in a small way. THE SUFFOLK 167 In this country up to this time they have been best known in Iowa, but important studs have been established in recent years in Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, and Illinois. Small studs have also been formed in other states, notably Massachusetts, Washington, and Oregon. The promotion of the Suffolk horse has long been conducted by the Suffolk Horse Society in England, and in 1880 this organization published the first studbook of the breed. Up to January, 1910, this association had published twenty-two volumes. The American Suffolk Horse Association was organized in I9Q1I and up to 1919 had published but two volumes of its studbook. The prices paid for Suffolk horses have greatly strengthened in recent years, but the demand for them has been essentially local. One thousand dollars is recorded as paid for mares in 1919, and the stallion Freston Khedive changed hands at $6250. The Suffolk mare Beatrice was sold at Sudbourne, England, for $4500, and her foal brought $1500. CHAPTER 2x PONIES What is a pony? By common consent at the present day a pony is regarded as a small horse the height of which does not exceed 144 hands. However, in discussing this subject Sir Walter Gilbey states! that prior to the organization of the Hackney Horse Society in 1883 the dividing line between the horse and pony in England was vague and undefined. It was then found necessary to distinguish clearly between horses and ponies, and 14 hands was made the standard. The Polo Pony Society, however, estab- lished 144 hands as the extreme height for a polo pony, and this also is the maximum allowed by the American Shetland Pony Club, Prior to 1883, according to Gilbey, small horses in Great Britain were indifferently known as galloways, hobbies, cobs, or ponies, irrespective of their height. It is interesting to note that the Thoroughbred two hundred years ago is said to have had an average height of 14 hands, but he has gradually increased in stature, so that to-day his standard is 15 hands 2} inches. Ponies vary in height standards, according to breeds and classes. The Welsh pony has long been bred in Wales, where for hun- dreds of years it has been used among the mountains of that country. It is said that these ponies were much improved early in the eighteenth century by crossing with a small race horse called Merlin. They have also been somewhat improved by the use of Arab blood. Considerable variation occurs among Welsh ponies in size and also in type. These variations have been recognized by the Welsh Pony and Cob Society of Great Britain by classifying them for show and registration in four sections, A, B, C, and D, as follows: A. Welsh mountain pony. Part I. Height not to exceed 12 hands. Color of any sort. In type this resembles a small Arabian or Thoroughbred, pos- sessing much the same character and carriage of head, rump, and tail. It is 1 Thoroughbred and Other Ponies. London, 1904. 168 PONIES 169 found in the more hilly sections and has great bone and superior muscle and endurance. No doubt it was originally improved by Arab and Thoroughbred stallions. Part II. Height not to exceed 124 hands, and to be more cobby in appearance than ponies in Part I. B. Should range from 12} to 13} hands, is of the cobby type, and is not as well adapted to mountain lands as the preceding. In harness both classes A and B make a very showy appearance. C. Should range from 13} to 143 hands. This comes into the cob class, a blockier sort than 4 and 2. D. There is no height limit in this class, but these ponies are suited to mounted infantry or cavalry service. Ponies of classes B and C are freely used in Wales, where, attached to really heavy carts, they trot across country at remarkable speed. “A typical Welsh pony,” says F. T. Barton,! “should have a small clean-cut head, wide between the eyes, and the muzzle should taper so that it becomes free from bluntness. A narrow muzzle is the correct type in this and every other variety of pony, whilst the nostrils ought to be large and thin in their car- ee at cmphasizes Fic. 65. Merlin Myddfai, a typical Welsh a slender neck of the Thor- aes ee by ae eCe ene es oughbred sort rather than a Wales. From photograph by the author short thick one, and _ states that ‘“‘a short-coupled strong back and loins, together with long and fine compact quarters, a deep girth, and fine shoulders, are features requisite to the Welsh pony or cob.” Welsh ponies have been used in America for many years, but are now attracting more attention than ever. They possess more style, action, and size than the Shetland and are suited to either saddle or harness. A good specimen of the breed should at least show plenty of speed and forcible knee and hock action. Owing to their general activity and endurance they find favor for polo playing. 1 Ponies and All about Them, p. 171. London, 1911. 170 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE The Exmoor pony has long been known on the moors of southwestern England in West Somerset and North Devonshire. Here, on some twenty thousand acres, these ponies have been bred more or less wild for perhaps centuries. This breed has been classed as the highest type of pony, closely resembling the Arab in conformation. Captain W. C. Kerr describes the Exmoor in part as follows: The true Exmoor pony is a strong, well-knit, 13-to-14-hand animal of the dray-horse sort in miniature type . . ., sure-footed, docile, generally bay in color, and possessing an iron-clad constitution.... His salient points are strength of loin, well-sprung ribs, great breadth of chest; in fact, he is what your people would term a “chunky” little fellow.... All are natural fencers, and the way they surmount the tremendous banks is marvelous. I ought to men- tion that their heads are very neat and blood-like, in some cases very Arab- like; they carry their tails gayly, have a little silky hair about the heels, but, like all our ponies, are often faulty about the shoulders. These ponies commonly have a mealy color of the muzzle and flanks, and their color is dominant, it is claimed, even in the crossbreds. The standard colors are bay or brown, but those of dun color are not infrequent. A dark streak along over the spine is also characteristic. The Polo Pony Studbook gives the height as ranging from I1} to 13 hands. Exmoor ponies have been considerably improved by Arab and Thoroughbred blood. The improved form meets with favor for polo playing, for use with children in saddle, and as a harness pony for cart, phaéton, or other light vehicle. There are but few Exmoor ponies in America. The Dartmoor pony derives its name from an extensive tract of about two hundred thousand acres of land in Cornwall, in the extreme southwestern end of England. Here ponies have been bred and run wild for many generations. They closely resemble the Exmoor. Bay, brown, and black are the more common colors, though chestnut and gray occur. These ponies stand close to 13 hands. They are very hardy and are comparatively little known. Vero Shaw states! that it cannot be claimed for the Dartmoor that he possesses anything in the way of extravagant action to commend him to the attention of the public, nor is his appearance so striking as to extract expressions of admiration from strangers. 1 Charles Richardson, The New Book of the Horse, Vol. II. London, 1911. PONIES 171 On the other hand, it can conscientiously be argued in his favor that he is capable of getting through an immense amount of hard work, that he is a fast pony for his inches, and that his consti- tution is as hard as iron. The New Forest pony has its native home in the New Forest, which embraces about 145 square miles of fields and forests in south-central England, in the coastal region. Here these ponies Fic. 66. A Welsh pony mare and foal, of mountain type, owned by John Jones, Llandudno, Wales. From photograph by the author have run wild for centuries. W. Scarth Dixon states! that this pony is a survival of Saxon times and that when he visited the New Forest in 1897 it was estimated that there were over 3000 ponies in the forest, about 2000 of which were brood mares. These ponies have been crossed more or less with other breeds, notably the Thoroughbred, Arab, Welsh, Exmoor, and Norwe- gian. Very satisfactory results are said to have been derived from the Arab and Thoroughbred cross. These ponies stand from 1 The New Book of the Horse, Vol. I, p. 314. 172 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE 11} to 134 hands high, with 12 to 13 the standard, and they are generally bay or brown, with tan muzzle and “‘a little white under the eyes.” Other colors prevail, however. There is a New Forest Pony Association, which promotes the breed. The Highland pony is native to certain islands off the west coast of Scotland. Mr. W. Mackenzie! of the Isle of Mull sepa- rates the Highland into three groups, as follows: First, those of Barra and the small islands, standing 12} to 134 hands, some- what plain and large of head, inclined to be straight of shoulder, and usually black, bay, or brown, with occasional duns and grays. These are very hardy ponies, suited to poor feeding and exposure. Second, a high-class riding pony of the West Highlands and Islands, standing 14 to 14} hands high, black, brown, dun, and gray in color, and showing a “very strong cross of Arab blood.” These ponies have beautiful heads and shoulders, and on poor keep are especially suited to heavy-saddle work. This line of Highland ponies has largely run out. The third class is often called the Garron pony, and is native more especially to the Central Highlands rather than the West, and may attain a height of 15 hands. “It is thought they were bred from the original small pony crossed with the larger horses brought into the High- lands with troops during the unsettled time, and now a very typical Garron can be produced by crossing a small Clydesdale horse with the West Highland pony mare.” This is more of a small horse and is better adapted to mountain farm work than to the saddle. The Connemara pony has its native home in Connemara, an isolated locality on the extreme west side of Ireland. These ponies stand about 14 hands high, are usually bay, chestnut, or gray in color, and have a somewhat long and deep body, oblique shoulders, and freedom of movement. The coat of hair is remark- able for its length and thickness. A strong constitution, pleasant disposition, and power of endurance are noteworthy characteristics. The Connemara has been used in Ireland and England to some extent in polo playing, to which sport it seems well adapted. It is said a cross of Hackney pony stallions on Connemara mares makes a very smart, trappy, fast-moving harness pony. 1 Ponies and All about Them (1911), p. 219. PONIES ieee) Hackney ponies are Hackneys 14} or less hands high with the general characteristics of the Hackney horse. | The Arab pony is simply an Arab under 14} hands high and is discussed elsewhere as a separate breed. Indian ponies, mustangs, or bronchos are descendants of the horses brought to America by the early Spanish conquerors. lic. 67. Dilham Prime Minister (5174):° At one time the most famous Hackney pony in America, noted as a prize winner and a sire. Imported and owned by the late Eben D. Jordan, Boston, Massachusetts. From photograph, by courtesy of Mr. Jordan They often possess much beauty of form and high-class heads and limbs. They have remarkable endurance and are capable of the severest work under the saddle. They vary somewhat in type, those owned by northern Indians not being the equal in quality and conformation of those of the south. Those of the Apache Indians are said greatly to resemble Exmoor ponies. Indian ponies are of all colors, usually solid, though piebalds occur. They tend to be ewe-necked, are often deficient in quarter, and have a remarkable spirit which is frequently far from amiable. 174 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE Many of these ponies, with all their good qualities, are most uncertain of temper and may prove very irritating when least expected. Curtis makes the mustang and Indian pony of dif- ferent breeding, though they range the same in height (12 to 14 hands), weigh much the same (600 to 850 pounds), and have much the same color. The Indian pony is given as more blocky than the mustang, the cannons are wider, and the pasterns more upright. The Polo pony is not a breed, but represents a type and size suitable to be used in playing polo. For this purpose anything possessing the necessary speed, activity, endurance, and intelli- gence will do, The maximum height allowed by the American Polo Association is 14} hands. Small Thoroughbreds, Western ponies, and cross, or half-breds, are popular. CTA RA ERS XOX THE SHETLAND PONY The native home of the Shetland pony is on a group of rocky islands about 200 miles north of Scotland. These lie between 59° and 61° north latitude, slightly to the east of north, and comprise a total of about 120 islands, with a total area of some 550 square miles. Only about twenty-seven of these islands are inhabited. The principal island is Mainland, on which is located Lerwick, the largest town and port, with about 3700 inhabitants. Others of importance are Fetlar, Bressay, Fair Isle, Yell, and Unst. These islands are rough and barren as a rule and are situated in a turbulent sea, under unfavorable climatic conditions, where a comparatively low temperature prevails for much of the year. No trees or brush of significance grow on the islands, and what land is cultivated lies in the valleys. On the islands the ponies are fed grass and hay, not often receiving any grain, and it is said that sometimes they are even obliged to eat seaweed on account of shortage of hay. The ancestry of the Shetland pony is of course uncertain. The drawings of the prehistoric horse in the caves of France show considerable resemblance to the Shetland type, and it is supposed that they are descendants of this prehistoric form. How long they have been bred on the islands is not a matter of record, but they have been bred there for centuries. In their early history they are doubtless more or less related to the ponies of Iceland and Scandinavia and perhaps Wales and Ireland. The type of the Shetland pony is really that of a small draft horse, although many are seen that are fine of bone and slender of body, more after the trotting-horse type. However, the ponies on some of the Shetland Islands are of a different type from those on others. In fact, it is claimed that a different type is found on each of the following islands: Mainland, Unst, Fetlar, Fair Isle, and Bressay. For example, on Fetlar, Lady Nicholson, a Scotch 175 176 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE breeder, has used Arab pony stallions on Shetland mares, pro- ducing a pony of considerable refinement about 46 to 48 inches high. These are known in the trade as Fetlar, or Lady Nicholson ponies. On Bressay, Iceland ponies have been crossed on Shet- lands. Visitors to the islands have seen work horses weighing from 1200 to 1500 pounds, some of which have been bred to Fic. 68. A pony mare in winter coat on one of the Shetland Islands. From photograph, by courtesy of John Anderson & Sons, Lerwick, Scotland Shetland stallions. Bearing on the subject of Shetland type, the following, by a well-known British authority,! is of interest: At present, things are somewhat in a transition stage, which causes confu- sion in the minds of some people as to what is the correct type. When the show career of the Sheltie first commenced, the best paying demand was undoubtedly for the pits, and the aim was to get the biggest possible bulk as near the ground as possible, while symmetry and true action had to take a secondary place. Fortunately for the breed, however, the advent of the foreign demand has created a higher standard. Beauty of shape and smart, well carried head counts for more than it used to, and true, close and springy action is deemed essential. Occasionally, however, when a judge full of the old tradi- tions officiates, the prizes will go to ponies with huge bodies on abnormally short legs, suggestive of moles, and no doubt most valuable to drag a hutch in the low galleries of a coal mine, but absolutely unsuited for a child’s saddle 1 Frank T. Barton, Ponies and All about Them. London, 1911. THE SHETLAND PONY 177 pony. At the very next show, perhaps, the opposite type gets the preference, which naturally creates confusion in the minds of those who are not fully con- versant with the show history of the breed. The characteristics of the Shetland pony are very marked in certain directions. The head of the Shetland should not be too fine; the eye should be prominent; the neck short and strong, with some crest in stallions ; the shoulders strong, well laid in, and not too heavy; the breast prominent and full; the body short in coupling, wide on the back, with considerable spring and depth of rib; the croup broad, fairly level, and wide, with the tail set high ; the quarters full and strong; the legs short and of superior bone, though perhaps ap- pearing heavy; and the feet round, dark, and of excellent bone. The natural tendency is for the Shetland to be cow. . hocked,” thus giving an inferior 1 rhe hind Fic. 69. A Shetland pony, first in class at show of placement or the hin the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland. legs. Narrow chests From photograph by the author are also too common. The color of the Shetland pony is variable —black, bay, ie brown being the more common. Gray, chestnut, roan, and piebald (that is, spotted) are seen, the latter, in fact, being somewhat frequent. The coat of hair of the Shetland pony is one of its striking features. In common with all animals originating in a cold, moist climate, the hair naturally tends to be thick and long. On the islands, as winter approaches, this may attain a length of three inches on the body, which causes the pony to present a very rough, hairy appearance. This furnishes important protection in winter, and in spring, as it sheds off, the pony presents a trimmer, neater appearance. In America many Shetlands have rough coats in winter, but the tendency is to show less hair than on the islands. 178 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE The forelock, mane, and tail are also very thick and long. The policy of breeding for more refinement is reducing the amount of hair in a considerable degree. The height of the Shetland pony usually ranges from 36 to 44 inches, but with variations outside of this. Eli Elliott of Iowa, who has bred and imported many from the islands, says : ‘‘ I never saw in any country what I believed to be a ‘right Shetland’ that was as much as 46 inches high. As a rule ‘they are 40 to 43, and some as small as 36 to 38 inches, and the smaller the better.”’ The smallest pony ever seen by Mr. Elliott was 34 inches high and weighed under 200 pounds. Feeding and care, however, will affect the height and weight. On the prairies of the American corn belt the pony tends to increase in size from generation to generation. Inthe “American Shetland Pony Studbook ” a number of ponies ranging from 30 to 36 inches have been registered. The American Shetland Pony Club in its standard gives twenty- five out of a hundred points to height. Ponies over four years old should be 42 inches and under, and two points are deducted for every inch over this up to 46, above which height they are disqualified. Catherine Sinclair, in “‘ Shetland and its Inhabitants,” says that when well fed the ponies will reach the size of a donkey, and in contrast notes that a Mr. Hayes raised a perfectly formed pony only 20 inches high. As the Shetland is used to a consider- able extent in coal mines in England for hauling coal cars, a small pony is preferable to a large one. The weight of a good specimen of the breed may be about 350 pounds for one 40 inches high. The improvement of the Shetland pony was begun in 1873 by the Marquis of Londonderry of England, who then owned extensive coal mines. He purchased the island of Noss and part of Bressay and maintained studs there and at Seaham Harbor, on the north- east coast of England. The work of the Marquis of Londonderry resulted in greatly improving the uniformity of type and color, reducing size but increasing bone, without detriment to quality. On the death of the marquis some years ago the entire stock of Shetlands owned by him was sold. The use of the Shetland pony in America is essentially for children, rather than as a beast of burden. In Ohio, where these ponies are common, they are frequently seen hitched to pony carts, THE SHETLAND PONY 179 phaétons, or small surreys, hauling two or four persons over the pavements with comparative ease. Ponies for this heavier work approximate forty-five inches or more in height. No breed equals the Shetland for children. The inherent gentleness of these ponies makes them safe to use with the greatest freedom. Even when but two years old, Shetlands may be used in a moderate way in the saddle by little children. The hardy nature of the Shetland is one of its conspicuous characteristics. There are many examples of these little ponies that have lived to a ripe old age. An interesting example of great longevity and breeding power is shown in the case of the Shetland mare Belle, owned on Woodburn Farm, Kentucky, that when thirty years old dropped a living foal. The value of the Shetland pony for draft purposes is much greater than most Americans realize. On the Shetland Islands he is used for labor, especially in hauling peat for fuel. Elliott states! that the peat is packed in “ cassies,” each one containing not less than sixty or seventy pounds. Two of these are slung across the pony’s back on a kind of packsaddle, a good deal the shape of a sawhorse, being held in position by a breast collar, girth or two, and breeching. The whole load weighs as much as a good-sized man, and this is often carried by the pony for several miles up and down hills, across marshes, over stony and washed paths and gullies, without a halt. He is never used in his native home in harness, but only to ride and pack such things as they may wish to move. In England these ponies have been exten- sively used in coal mines. Relative to this work of the Shetland, Robert Brydon says? that it is not overstating the case to say that on an average these mine, or “‘pit,’’ ponies, as they are called, will travel over three thousand miles in the course of a year and shift as many tons of coal. All this work is done in the dark galleries of the mine, which are scarcely higher than the pony. Notable Shetland pony sires are Trinket 101, Trinket Jr. 1187, Prince of Wales 1190, Bunn’s Trinket 2598, Chestnut 3572, David Harum 4146, Grandee 4423, and King Larigo 8778. Prince of Wales is probably the greatest sire the breed has known € 1 American Shetland Club Book, Vol. I, 1893. 2 Ponies and All about Them (1911). 180 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE in America. He proved very prepotent, and in 1911 at the National Horse Show in Madison Square Garden, New York, in very strong competition, his get made the remarkable showing of Fic. 70. King Larigo 8778, a champion Shetland stallion at leading shows, a noted sire, and the highest-priced animal of the breed, selling for $10,000 to Hamilton Farms, Gladstone, New Jersey. From photograph, by courtesy of Hamilton Farms the following winnings: first, second, and third stud pony ; first, second, and fourth mare pony; first, second, and third single- harness pony; first, second, and third in pairs. From 1893 to 1901 Prince of Wales was the greatest show stallion of the breed in this country, while in recent years Grandee and King Larigo have attracted much attention as show animals and sires. THE SHETLAND PONY I8I The prices paid for Shetland ponies as a rule are very modest, although extremely high figures have been paid.’ One of the notable sales in Scotland is that at Earlshall in the East Neuk of Fife. In 1912 there were sold 126 head for an average price of $79, while in 1913, 140 averaged $73. In the 1913 sale a prominent breeder, R. W. R. McKenzie of Earlshall, sold 25 for an average of $90.50, his best mare, Duenna, bringing $220.50. At the same sale C. M. Douglass sold 27 head for the average of $74.50. Ata sale of George Heyl of Illinois in 1912, the top price for mares was $365 for the show mare Harum Sparkle, while a number of choice mares sold for $200 each. Choice stallions have sold for from $500 to $10,000, the latter price being paid in 1917 to George A. Heyl for King Larigo by J. C. Brady of New Jersey. As a rule, whether for the stud or show, the smaller type of ponies command the highest prices. The distribution of the Shetland pony outside of the islands of its nativity is largely confined to Scotland, England, the United States, and Canada. Large numbers have been imported to the United States. In 1905 one importation of 201 head was made, and many have been brought to this country since. These ponies are largely distributed in the northern United States, with Ohio, Michigan, Illinois, and Iowa prominent breeding sections. Many of these ponies have been bred in Ohio, and in 1913 what was claimed to be the largest Shetland stud ‘Sin the world” was in operation in Highland County, where 275 pure-breds were kept. Organizations for promoting Shetland ponies are well established. The headquarters of the Shetland Pony Studbook Society of Great Britain, founded in 1890, are located at Aberdeen, Scotland, and their society has published a number of studbooks. The American Shetland Pony Club was organized in 1888 and up to 1917 had published fifteen studbooks. Each of these organiza- tions is actively engaged in promoting the breed and with sub- stantial success. CHAPTER XXX! THE ASS The ancestry of the ass may be traced to the wild ass of Asia and Africa. The males are usually termed “ jacks,” and the females ‘“jennets.”” The following are the important species of the wild ass : The Asiatic Wild Ass or Kiang (ques hemionus). It occurs in Asia, on extensive plains, from Syria through Persia, Afghanistan, the Punjab, and Tibet to the Chinese frontier. The general color is reddish gray, varying to fawn or pale chestnut. A dark-brown stripe, sometimes with a white edge, extends along the spine from the back of the head to the tail. As with the domestic ass, the ears are large, the tail is covered with short hair which increases in length to form a black brush, there is an erect mane, and no foretop. The middlepiece is short, and the thighs are full, as in the case of the horse. There are callosities on the fore legs but none on the hind. The height varies from 11 to 12 hands. This ass is remarkable for speed and endurance. The voice is a shrieking bray. The Persian Wild Ass (Equus hemippus) resembles the Asiatic ass in its general conformation, but is larger, and suggests the domestic ass. It is dun in color, with a white underline and brown dorsal stripe. The African Wild Ass (Zgwus asinus) is found wild in Abys- sinia, Nubia, and northeastern Africa between the Nile and the Red Sea. It is very similar to the domestic ass in color and markings, but has a distinct shoulder stripe extending from the withers to the arm of the fore leg. From the wild ass various breeds of the domestic ass have descended, ranging in size from those no larger than a New- foundland dog to that of a draft horse. There are several breeds of importance, from which we in America secure the jackass, or jack, for mating to mares, and these will be discussed after first briefly referring to the domestic type. 182 THE ASS 183 The characteristics of the domestic ass include several features not possessed by the horse. The female is pregnant fully twelve months, the horse eleven. The fore legs have callosities (chest- nuts) while the hind legs have none. The ears are very large and long, the foretop and mane are usually very scanty, and the tail has no long hair excepting at its lower part, which has a brush. The body is often covered with long hair, in some cases showing remarkable length, while in other cases it is fairly short. Hayes calls attention to patches of thickened skin, which he terms the “shell,”’ covering the croup and pelvis in the horse. In the case of the ass, this skin extends all over the ribs ; consequently this animal is not as sensitive to blows as is the horse. ~The body is very compact, the quarters lacking deep muscling, while tie legs are ‘very strong of bone, often heavy of joint, with small, narrow feet. OE ghee) SRS ee Fic. 71. A Poitou jack with the characteristic coat : : of hair. This was a prize winner at the Paris Horse peculiar noise called Show. From a French photograph a_ bray. The Andalusian jack is native to Andalusia, in southern Spain, where it is an ancient breed. The color is gray, with rare cases of black. This breed has considerable size and stands 13} to 15 hands high. The bone is excellent, and the breed possesses much substance. H. W. Sessions refers to one 15} hands high having a girth of 67 inches with the bone below the knee measuring 83 inches around. The head and neck are said to be very good. This breed and color have never been popular in the United States, although well scattered over the country. The Catalonian jack is a Spanish breed from Catalonia, in extreme northeastern Spain, a very mountainous region bordering on France. This is a black or brown breed with light points, 184 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE black largely prevailing. The coat of hair tends to be thick and short. This breed stands from 14 to 15 and occasionally 16 hands high. From the standpoint of critics of this class of animals the Catalonian possesses unusual style, beauty, and action. The head shows considerable character, and the ears are rarely droopy. While the bone is not so large as the Andalusian or Poitou, it is very superior in texture and free of flesh, so that it is not objec- tionable. The Catalonian is a wiry, tough type that matures early and has very superior style and action. This breed has been largely used as foundation stock for producing mules in Tennessee, Kentucky, and Missouri, where it is yet in great favor. H.W. Sessions states that the produce of these jacks from 16 to 17 hands high, as seen in Missouri, Kansas, and the eastern United States, have much weight and substance and make the best mules in the world. They are quick, active, mature early, and are good sellers. The Majorca jack is a breed of more recent introduction to America from Majorca, one of the Balearic Islands in the Medi- terranean Sea off the coast of Spain. This is a large sort of drafty type with heavy bone, averaging 15} hands high, standing some- what higher than the Catalonian. The head and ears are said to be conspicuously large, the latter being longer than those of any other breed and poorly carried. There is a lack of style and action with the Majorca, the tendency being toward sluggishness. The breed has not attained popularity in America, and but few have been brought here. It has, however, met with considerable favor in Spain for producing artillery mules, and many of the jacks have been exported to South America. In its native home it has long been bred with much purity. The Maltese jack comes from the island of Malta in the Mediterranean Sea. This breed is either black or brown in color and is of the smaller type, frequently standing at 13 hands and rarely exceeding 144. The head is of excellent form, with sharp, upright ears. The Maltese possesses much life and vigor, but is ob- jected to on account of too fine a bone, undue refinement, and lack of substance. A larger type is in demand in the American trade, which restricts the importation of this breed. Maltese jacks were brought to America as early as 1788, the pioneers of their kind. THE ASS 185 The Poitou jack is a native of France, where for many centu- ries he has been bred, especially in the province of Poitou, border- ing on the Bay of Biscay. Here, in the departments of Vendée and Deux-Sevres, the Poitou ass is bred in his greatest perfection. This is the most powerful and drafty of the several breeds of asses and averages about 154 hands high, but frequently exceeds this height. In general the Poitou may be described as having an unusually big head, with large, long ears; small mouth and nostrils ; thick, short neck ; broad chest ; good-sized, long body ; quarters rather spare ; forearm long but not thick, but knees and joints large; hocks as big as those of a heavy draft horse; bone large, many measuring nine inches around below the knee, but legs very short and superior; feet large. The prevailing color is black with light points. Grays occur occasionally but are not regarded with favor and are not eligible to registry in the French jack studbook. Much is said about the hairy development of the Poitou jack. He is covered with a profuse growth of long, silky hair, which adorns the ears, neck, and legs. The tail, which is rather short, is quite devoid of hair excepting at its lower part. In his native home, when in service, the Poitou jack is said to be a very unattractive beast, for he is never groomed or trimmed. In Poitou these jacks are bred to a very large, drafty, powerful type of mare, native to that region, from which are produced big mules of the most valuable kind. Thus far jacks of this breed have not been brought to America to any great extent, but they are generally regarded with favor wherever introduced. The American jack is the result of the amalgamation of the blood of the different breeds brought to America from Europe since the days of Washington. Professors Anderson and Hooper of Kentucky have contributed much valuable information relative to the development and characteristics of this breed.’ Especial emphasis is placed on the early influences of the Maltese jack Warrior, owned by Henry Clay, and the Catalonian jack Mammoth, imported to South Carolina in 1819 and soon after taken to Kentucky, where he was used in service for eight years.2, The 1W.S. Anderson and J. J. Hooper, “ American Jack Stock and Mule Pro- duction,” Budletin 272, Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station. 2 American Breeder, January 20, 1916. R -186 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE sons of the latter did much to establish the breed. Briefly stated, the modern American jack stands about 155 hands high, is deep and roomy of body, comparatively short of leg, and shows plenty of bone and substance. “A sixteen-hands jack should approxi- mate 30 inches in depth of chest, 34 inches in length of foreleg, and should weigh 1000 to 1150 pounds.” Anderson and Hooper state that it is customary to refer first to the “ead and ears of Fic, 72. Andrew Jr. 217, first-prize two-year-old American jack. From photograph by the author the jack because of their importance. The face line should be straight or slightly Roman; the ears about 33 inches from tip to tip as spread level, and carried alert under natural conditions ; the poll narrow; the jaw strong and heavily muscled; and the neck full and free from any tendency to a ewe-neck conformation. The hind quarters should be long, level, and wide. The natural tendency is to be droopy and short of croup, rough in the hips, light of thigh, and crooked in the hocks —defects that should be guarded against. The American jack manifests considerable style, carries the head well, and shows plenty of vigor and nervous force. THE ASS 187 The color of the jack has in recent years been subject to con- siderable discussion. Until comparatively recently black has been the standard color, with whitish or mealy shades on the underside of the body, between the forelegs and the thighs, and about the muzzle. Fancy animals, also, were often marked with mealy color around the eyes and under the throttle. The American Breeders’ Association of Jacks and Jennets adopted the above for its stand- ard on color requirements. The Standard Jack and Jennet Regis- try of America, however, composed of a large number of breeders, admits jacks of any color to its books, provided other requirements are satisfactory. In support of other colors than black attention is called to the following facts. Jacks are generally used to sire nonbreeding animals. The market desires mules of good con- formation and bone irrespective of color. The first jacks imported to America were gray, and maltese. ‘Off color” jacks produce just as many black offspring as some of the black sires. It is not wise to destroy a good jack because he happens to breed back to some former color, which is sure to happen with the mixed colors. It is interesting to note in reference to color that irregular marks on the coat, such as a “blaze” or “star’’ on the head, or “white stockings ’’ on the legs, while common on the horse, are rare with the ass. Hayes says," “I believe I am correct in saying that the color of the ass is never of a bright bay, chestnut, red or blue roan, or nutmeg gray. I have seen mules of an iron-gray color, but have not observed it in the ass.” The height of the jack will depend upon the breed and degree of maturity. In examining the records of a number of Catalonian jacks in the studbooks, the average height was 15 hands, while a number of Majorcas averaged 15} hands. Jennets showed about a half hand less. Tegetmeier and Sutherland give the height of the Poitou jack as 133 to 15 hands, and the jennets at 13 to 14 hands. In 1877 Richardson describes the Poitou as standing 13} to 14% hands, while Sessions says they rarely exceed 143. If the jack is of good proportions, then 15 to 16 hands is looked upon with favor in the American jack, with the females standing about 14} hands. Referring to this matter of height Anderson and Hooper state that “it is better for a breeder to be 1 Points of the Horse. 188 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE able to produce all his jacks 15} hands, which will sell at $500 when mature, rather than to produce one 15#-hand jack worth $1500, and ten from 134 to 14 hands, which will average not more than $175.” A jack 15 hands, with a heart girth of 64 inches, a cannon bone of 8 inches, and an ear of 32 inches, is worth $500 to a breeder. The rules of the American Breeders’ Fic. 73. An American jennet, second prize in class at Illinois State Fair. From photograph by courtesy of American Agriculturist Association of Jacks and Jennets allow 15 hands as the standard for imported jacks and jennets, the produce of unrecorded sire or dam. Native jacks, the produce of unrecorded sire or dam, should stand 15} hands. The Standard Jack and Jennet Registry Association of America requires jacks to be at least 14} hands high and jennets 14 hands. The introduction of the jack to America dates back to 1788. The king of Spain sent George Washington a gray jack named THE ASS 189 Royal Gift and two jennets, and General de Lafayette presented him with an importation from the island of Malta consisting of a black jack known as Knight of Malta and several jennets. In 1819 the jack Mammoth landed at South Carolina from Spain. Henry Clay of Kentucky in 1827 received from Malta a jennet named Calypso. Two years later Clay imported a Maltese jack named Achilles and later several others, one of which, named Warrior, became noted as a sire. One of the first imported jacks taken to Tennessee was imported about 1840 and was taken to - Maury County by a Mr. Thomas. About 1867 or 1868 Messrs. A. C. Franklin and Tul Craig of Sumner County, Tennessee, imported some Catalonian jacks. About 1882 Mr. Lyle of Ken- tucky imported some Andalusians from near Seville, and the same year Leonard Brothers of Missouri made a similar impor- tation. Many importations from Spain, France, and the Balearic and Malta islands have been brought to America since 1884. Noted jacks in America are of record back to the days of Washington, as already indicated. The following are a number of animals especially distinguished as sires : Warrior, imported by Henry Clay of Kentucky about 1830, proved extremely prepotent and was recognized as the best jack of his time. “So remarkable was his power of transmission,” says Colonel I. S. Irvine of Kentucky,! that I, or any other jack breeder, can, in a moment, tell if the pedigree of an animal runs back to imported Warrior.” Mammoth was imported from Catalonia, Spain, in 1819 and landed at Charleston, South Carolina. He was given this name on account of his large size. He was bought by J. I. Brockett of Mt. Sterling, Kentucky, and was used in the stud for eight years. His progeny fused especially well with the Clay stock and proved very valuable. Many pedigrees of to-day trace to this sire. Buena Vista, a son of Mammoth, was bred by Henry Leer of Bourbon County, Kentucky, and was sold in 1853 for $3000 to Major Blythe of Madison County, Kentucky. Anderson and Hooper consider this as the first great jack of potential breeding value produced in America. 1 Bulletin 212, Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station. 190 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE Governor Wood 33 was sired by Tip Top and was used in the stud of W. W. McElroy of Marion County, Kentucky. He was notable as a sire rather than as an individual, his sons com- manding high prices. Limestone Mammoth 298 was sired by Superior Mammoth 124 and had for dam Lady Mackin 514. Limestone Mammoth was bred by L. M. Monsees of Missouri and has been regarded as one Fic. 74. A donkey and a load of peat in the public square, Kildare, Ireland. Height about 30 inches. From photograph by the author of the greatest jacks of record. He was exhibited for ten years without defeat and has been a great sire. His breeding traces back to imported Mammoth on the sire’s side and Buena Vista on the dam’s. He stood 15} hands and weighed 1150 pounds. High prices for jacks prevail to an extent not generally sup- posed. In France the Poitou ass brings a large figure, common ones selling close up to $1000, and the better class from $1500 to $2000. Ata Paris exposition one is reported selling at $3200. Buena Vista was sold in 1853 for $3000. Paragon 63, imported from Catalonia in 1886, was sold for $2000. This same year an importation of Catalonian jacks was made to Tennessee, from THE ASS IQI which Jumbo 45 sold for $2000, Peacock for $1500, Boyd’s Monarch for $1500, and the Douglas jack for $1150. From another importation the jack King James sold for $2000. In Kentucky numerous jacks have sold at prices ranging from $1000 to $2500. The jack Moro Castle sold for $5000 to M. H. Mays of Maury County, Tennessee, the high price up to 1918. Ata notable sale of L. M. Monsees, Pettis County, Missouri, in 1911, the jack Bearytone Mammoth 2466 brought $3030. The first five jacks in this sale averaged $1927, the first ten $1666. The highest-priced jennet brought $1375, and five of these females averaged $1006, At a sale in 1916 by Monsees and Sons the jack Belle Boy of the Grand Champions 10734 sold for $3750, while the jennet Belle of the Grand Champions II 10730 sold for $2600, the top price for a jennet. The distribution of jacks and jennets in America is widespread, especially in the states south of about 40° north latitude, Kentucky, Missouri, and Tennessee being noted for stock of this kind. Jacks, however, are being used in increasing numbers in the North. Associations for the promotion of jacks and jennets in America have their headquarters in Tennessee and Kansas City. The American Breeders’ Association of Jacks and Jennets was organized as a stock company at Springfield, Ilinois, in 1888. Thirteen volumes of -studbooks have been issued up to 1917. The office of this association has been in Tennessee since its founding. In 1908 there was organized at Kansas City the Stand- ard Jack and Jennet Registry of America. This is now a strong and prosperous association and has published three volumes of studbooks up to 1919. Up to October 6, 1919, this association had recorded 18,215 jacks and jennets. There is also an associa- tion in France for registration of the Poitou jack. CHAPTER “xX xX0t THE MULE The mule is a hybrid, having for sire a jackass, commonly termed a jack, and a mare for dam. If a stallion be bred to a female ass, known as a jennet or jenny, the result is the hybrid known as a hinny. The latter cross has a tendency to produce an offspring inferior to the mule in size and draft character. However, mules occupy a most important place in the economy of farm work and in many phases of business requiring limited draft power. The importance of this hybrid is shown in a measure, when we learn that according to the estimates of the United States Department of Agriculture on January I, 1919, there were 4,925,000 mules in this country. The sterility of the mule has always been regarded as an abso- lute fact, and the word “ mule,” as applied to quadruped or bird, indicates a nonbreeder. However, a number of cases have been reported of mare mules dropping foals. Years ago the author had a photograph of a mare mule and foal sent him by the late George A. Brown of Australia, in which the evidence as submitted by him indicated this to be a fertile mule. Occasional statements are made giving information of mules that are supposed to have reproduced. In an interesting study of this subject! Orren Lloyd- Jones shows that from a physiological point of view reproduction with the mule is impossible, owing to “a deep-seated derangement of the cell divisions which would, in normal, fertile animals, give rise to the fully developed germ cells.” The sex of the mule has a bearing on its salability. Mare mules are preferred by buyers, feeders, and dealers generally, and sell more easily than horse mules. The females assume a matured form at an earlier age and fatten best for the market. The horse or male mules have a more angular and leggy form and cannot be fattened so early as the mares. One dealer in 1 Mules that Breed,” Journal of Heredity, November, 1916, Vol. VII, p. 11. 192 THE MULE 193 mules tells the author that horse mules in pasture with other stock will worry them, when mares would not. The mule in history has been known for centuries. No doubt it has been used extensively in Europe since long before the Christian Era. In the days of ancient Rome and Greece mules served various purposes. Homer, who wrote more than eight hundred years b.c., and Varro, the best authority on ancient Fic. 75. A mule and foal. From a photograph sent the author by the late George A. Brown, Australia agriculture, the author of ‘De Re Rustica,” who wrote in the first century B.c., both refer to the mule in their writings. The geographical distribution of the mule is world-wide. It is bred in the best degree in Spain, France, Italy, Portugal, and the United States and South America. Great Britain has never looked with favor on the mule. Sessions has written as follows in The Live Stock Journal (London) : The mule line extends north from the equator, and includes Africa and Europe up to 45 degrees of latitude and Asia and North America as far as 35 degrees. On the south side of the equator we can include most of Africa, the northern half of Australia, and South America as far south as 35 degrees. Within this vast area hundreds of thousands [he might better have said millions] of mules are bred each year. 194 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE Mule-raising in the United States began in colonial times. George Washington used a jack in stud at Mount Vernon for mule-breeding, and his mules sold for upwards of $200 each. The value of the mule as a draft animal was early recognized by intelligent Southerners. In 1919 the leading mule-producing states, based on the United States Department of Agriculture estimates, were as follows: Texas, Missouri, Georgia, Mississippi, Arkansas, Alabama, Oklahoma, Kansas, Kentucky, and Tennes- see. Missouri, Kentucky, and Tennessee are noted for their superior class of mules; St. Louis is the most important mule market in the world. The characteristics of the mule partake of both sire and dam. There is the long ear, slender body, tufted or slightly haired tail, small, slender foot, and braying voice of the ass. These features seem to attach a peculiar character to this nonbreeding farm animal. Mules vary greatly in size and quality, naturally, due to their parentage. Other things being equal, a large mule brings a higher price in the market than does a small one. Mules are sorted and classed for various purposes. The larger, heavier mules are used in city drayage and heavy draft work or in lumber camps. A medium size is used on farms and in military service, while the smaller grades find places in mines and elsewhere. The weight of the mule ranges between wide extremes, for the diminutive burro of the mountains and the heavy draft mule are of one great family. According to government estimates! the mature mules on farms in the United States average 956 pounds, the heaviest average weight (1110 pounds) being reported from Washington State, and the lightest (865 pounds) from Mississippi. Anderson and Hooper? state that a draft mule of 1400 to 1500 pounds will do the work of a draft horse that weighs two or three hundred pounds more, and that excepting for exhibition or advertising purposes the mule should not exceed 1500 pounds. Emphasis, however, is placed on the production of draft mules, small ones not commanding a price which pays for production. The wise breeder, in the opinion of these Kentucky authorities, will plan to breed mules of size and quality, averaging 1000 to 1500 pounds. 1 Monthly Crop Report, February, 1918. 2 Bulletin 212, Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, December, 1917. THE MULE 195 The market classes of mules vary more or less, according to the region of country where the market is held. The leading American mule markets where classifications obtain are St. Louis, Chicago, Kansas City, Louisville, and New Orleans. Mr. R. C. Obrecht has given a classification! which comprises mining, cotton, sugar, farm, and draft mules. Mr. John Grant of the Kansas City yards states? that the principal classes of mules known to the market are cotton, lumber, railroad, sugar, farm, levee, city, and miners. The author has arranged the following classification, reproduced here from another publication of his,? which will have a fairly general application. Plantation mules represent a certain class suited to farm work, especially in the South. They may be divided into two subclasses — sugar and cotton mules. These are the larger, better-class mules on the market. Sugar mules stand from 16 to 16} hands high and weigh from 1100 to 1400 pounds. These are breedy looking, show quality and finish, and have strong bone. They especially show refinement of head and neck. Cotton mules stand from 134 to 154 hands high and weigh 900 to 1100 pounds. They are not of such uniformly high quality as sugar mules, ranging from light to medium in bone, though they show smooth finish. They have small, neat heads and attractive conformation. Cotton mules are very common in the Southwest. Curtis says‘ “this type of mule is of still lighter build than the surface mining mule. The body is inclined to be somewhat rangy, the bone small, and the body upstanding. The quality should be uniform and of about the same standard as that possessed by the mining mule, the difference being in favor of the latter.”’ Draft mules are large, heavy-boned mules that carry more weight than any other class. They are often divided into two sub- classes, namely, lumber and railroad mules. The draft class of mule should be large, the body deep and closely coupled, the back short and strong, the croup not too drooping, the thighs and gaskins heavily muscled, the bone heavy, and the feet large. 1 Market Classes and Grades of Horsesand Mules, Su/letin 122, Illinois Agri- cultural Experiment Station, 1908. 2 National Stockman and Farmer, October 12, 1905. 3 Judging Farm Animals (1916), Fig. 299, 590 pages. _4 The Fundamentals of Live Stock Judging and Selection, 1915. 196 _ THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE Mules for lumber camps stand as high and weigh as heavy as this class calls for, but do not show so much quality and style as do the railroad mules, which are slightly lighter than lumber mules. Mine mules are of two kinds, known as pitters and surface mules, and range from 11 to 153 hands high and weigh from 650 to 1225 pounds. They have deep compact bodies, heavy bone, short legs, and large feet. The smaller ones are used in hauling trucks in the mines, and the larger ones on the surface. Fic. 76. A choice pair of draft mules out of Percheron mares. From photograph, by courtesy of Zhe Farmer Farm mules represent a class lacking somewhat in uniformity. They are used for agricultural purposes in the central states. Mules of this class resemble inferior plantation or draft mules, being plainer looking and thinner in flesh, though with good constitution, bone, and feet. The Poitou mule is of French breeding, the result of using the Poitou ass on a large type of French mares. There are two types of these mules bred in the Poitou region, a large and a small, but the larger type is in greater demand. The finest and largest cart mares are used for this production, the French farmers making a business of producing this grade of mule. Besides size, THE MULE 197 Poitou mules are celebrated for the shortness and stoutness of their legs, with superior bone and unusually large and finely formed feet. The best type of mule must show the general excellent con- formation of the horse in symmetry of form. The body tends to be more cylindrical and smaller than in the horse, but a capacious body is desirable rather than otherwise, though paunchi- ness is objectionable. The nearer the general body conformation approaches that of the superior draft horse, the more completely will the mule suit the demands of the critical trade. In the show ring those mules which meet with marked favor possess the horse form in greatest degree. Legs of superior quality are fine and hard, the bone very smooth and dense, the tendons prominent, and the muscles well developed. The feet of the mule are smaller and longer than those of the horse, and the arch of the foot is greater. In general, the mule is distinguished for superior feet and legs. The temperament of the mule is quiet and patient, while for steadiness under the collar and hard pulling he has no equal in the equine world. However, the mule should show an active temperament, with sprightly carriage and style. It has been common to regard the mule as given to kicking, but this is not based on fact, for mules are no worse than horses in this respect. Horses are more nervous and uncertain in temperament than mules and are more subject to fright and consequent runaway. The color of the mule is variable, though black, brown, and bay are most common. Besides these, various shades of gray, white, sorrel or chestnut, and buckskin-yellow occur. On the Kansas City market in recent years, according to good authority, the highest-priced draft mule, everything being equal, is the steel gray, red sorrel ranking second, and black third. The endurance of the mule is remarkable. It is worked under the severest conditions and shows great power of resistance to fatigue. Tegetmeier quotes from a Texas correspondent : Six mules, the leaders no larger than ponies, will take 6000 to 7000 pounds anywhere, making fifteen to thirty miles a day according to the state of the roads, and I have known a team in summer driven fifty miles, with 1ooo pounds a head of load, to reach water, and not appear to suffer. 198 THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE Mules usually live to a greater age than horses and perform their work with regularity and on less feed, a most important point in their favor. Cases are recorded of mules living to seventy years of age, and Mr. J. L. Jones refers to one in Tennessee that at thirty years of age was doing effective service attached to a reaper. Two Illinois men report! mules engaged in active draft work, in one case for thirty-four years and in the other for thirty-seven years. The resistance of the mule to disease has been a frequent sub- ject of discussion. It is commonly claimed that the mule is not so generally subject to disease as the horse. Pomeroy, in an essay on the mule, credits this animal with free- dom from any kind of disorder or complaint. In an_ investigation of “blind staggers” among horses in Vir- ginia and North Caro- lina, conducted under the direction of United States Secretary of Agriculture Coleman, Fic. 77. An Italian mule about 13 hands high. From mules were found a photograph taken in Italy by the author quite exempt from this disease, although they are credited with other maladies. In regions in the lower Missis- sippi Valley infested with buffalo gnats, Professor F. M. Webster reports the mule as the animal most subject to fatality from attacks of this insect. Southern-bred mules, however, are far less susceptible to the bites of the gnats than those imported from northern localities. While the mule is not so subject to leg and foot diseases as is the horse, cases of spavin, ringbone, sidebone, and other troubles do occur. Corns are rarely found on the feet of the mule. Even when affected with foot or leg disease, without doubt this animal is, as a rule, less disabled 1 Farmers’ Review, February 3, 1917. THE MULE 199 from work than is the horse. The resistance of the mule to dis- ease and its activity, sureness of foot, docility, and easiness of keep have resulted in its finding much favor in the army service. The mule as a carriage or saddle animal is important in certain sections. In the Southern states he is thus used very commonly by negroes and the poorer classes of whites. In the Central West, in states bordering the Ohio River, one occasionally sees gentle- men driving mules, either singly or in pairs, in harness, attached to carriages, the animals trotting with commendable speed. The prices paid for mules vary, naturally, with the quality and character of the animals offered. However, the average farm price for mules is greater than for horses. On January I, 1919, the average farm price for horses in the United States was $98.48, while for mules it was $135.59. In those markets where mules are important very high prices rule, and a pair of heavy, matched mules of superior quality and conformation sell easily for $500 and upwards. The Poitou mule in France, rated the best in Europe, sells at $200 to $300 a head and sometimes fetches $400. Large numbers of mules change hands at from $100 to $150 per head. In 1910 a pair of mules in Maury County, Tennessee, weighing 3150 pounds, sold for $1000 to go to Louisiana. In 1913 S. T. Harbison of Kentucky sold a closely matched pair weigh- ing 2850 pounds for $1000, to go to Tennessee. These were show mules of exceptional quality that had never been beaten in competition. re em, 3 Heise: a 1 3 fii aa Tot 4 | esol a Foe a ay Us TR (Glalescd hl daar d.,@ GE BEEP PYPE, OF CATILE The general appearance of the beef animal of correct type is compact and broad of back from shoulder points to hips; it has a wide, deep body, short and somewhat thick neck, wide, deep, full bosom, broad, thick, fleshy hind quarters, and is generally broad and deep. Viewed from one side the top and bottom lines of body extend parallel, with the back quite level. From front or rear the outline should be rather full and broad. Cattle of this type are commonly referred to as “ blocky,” indicating com- pactness and squareness of form. If the body is inclined to be long, it may be termed “‘rangy,’’ while animals long of leg and lacking in depth and fullness of body may be termed “ leggy.” The ead should have a broad, strong muzzle, indicating superior grazing and feeding capacity. The zostri/s, when some- what prominent and large, with a wide nose, give evidence of ample nasal capacity to supply the lungs with air. A Roman nose occasionally occurs with cattle, but it is neither attractive nor desir- able. The distance from the muzzle to a point immediately between the eyes is preferably short, with some curve, or “dish,” as it is termed, just below the eyes, which should be wide apart, large, and indicate a. gentle temperament. A quiet eye means an easy feeder, while a nervous, restless eye shows an animal unsatis- factory to handle and care for. The forehead, as indicating mental capacity, should be broad and reasonably full. The face and cheeks in a superior head are full and deep, connected with a rather broad, strong lower jaw. If of the horned type, the “ors should not be coarse at the head, but should show plenty of fine texture and quality and be graceful and of harmonious proportions. An abundance of rather long hair should crown the poll, or top of a 201 202 CATTLE the head. It is most desirable that the ear should be neatly attached to the head and that it should be of superior quality, neatly pointed, and covered with silky hair, with long hair at edges and tips. The xeck of the beef animal tends to be short, thick, and mus- cular, of medium depth, and should be neatly attached to the head and smoothly blended with the shoulders. The bull at maturity shows a neck of more length, with heavier muscles, some arch, and a heavy coat of hair. The female will have a shorter, lighter neck, with less thickness and less depth. The steer should have a shorter, thicker, fuller, smoother-fleshed neck than the cow. When in perfect pose, with head up, the top line of the neck should be but slightly raised above the height of the withers. The shoulders should extend well into the back, lying smoothly covered with flesh and blending neatly with the body. A high type of shoulder is uniformly covered with flesh from shoulder point to top of withers. Rough, angular shoulders unevenly covered are among the most common defects of cattle. A prominent shoulder also emphasizes the development behind it. The breast and chest are most important. The former should be carried well forward and be broad and full in the bosom. As one stands and views a beef bull in show form a great breadth of breast and strength of brisket meets the eye. Sometimes the breast and chest have great depth, and the brisket comes within fifteen inches of the level of the foot. Viewed from one side it may curve forward like the prow of a ship. With the cow con- siderable bosom may show, but not in so great a degree and with less breadth and more feminine outline. The chest¢, which lies between the shoulders and just back of them, should be full at the crops, showing much spring of rib, and also well filled out in the front flanks. The most beautiful front on the beef animal —no matter whether bull, cow, or steer — is a smoothly laid, well- fleshed shoulder, with a strong arch of rib behind, leaving little or no depression. Much depression behind the shoulders or a narrow, contracted lower chest indicates lack of constitution. The front legs should have a wide muscular attachment of arm at the shoulder, with plenty of room from armpit to armpit below the chest. Short, well-placed legs, coming straight down, viewed BEBE TYPE OF CATTLE 203 from front or side, are essential. The toes will point nearly straight forward when the legs are correctly placed. Closeness of knees indicates a narrow chest. Fine bone and smooth joints point to superior quality. The front shank bone of a mature animal of the beef class should show refinement at its narrowest point. The back of beef cattle carries an immense weight, supported at fore and hind quarters. It should thus be very strong and Fic. 78. The Hereford bull. March On VI and the heifer Bouquet. These show beef form in a pronounced degree, especially as viewed in front. From photograph, by courtesy of the ational Stockman and Farmer level to sustain this burden. As the highest-priced meats on the carcass are found in the back, it is important that the ribs be well arched, so that a broad back is provided to carry as much meat as possible, thus adding to the value of the animal. Great width is desirable from the point of the shoulders to the hips, and as viewed from front or rear along the back there should be much breadth covered uniformly with mellow flesh. Dimples or tucks in the back, rough spots, and uneven patches of fat detract from the value of this part. The 776s should not only be well sprung but be long and carried down to help make a capacious body. This goes with the 204 CATTLE strong feeder and is also most essential with the breeding female. With bulls and steers a very close coupling between the hips and last ribs or all the ribs, in fact, is desired, but with cows for breeding purposes a greater length meets with favor. The depth at front and hind flank, with a thick, full feel at the latter, are associated with superior form and condition. The Azps should be well placed, snugly laid, and, with finished steers, be well covered with flesh. A wide hip in the bull is undesirable, for such a feature may be transmitted and be a source of danger to the cow on birth of wide-hipped offspring. A greater width and more prominence of hip is allowable among the cows, although occasionally one sees the hip too wide and rough. The rump of a beef animal, no matter what the kind, should be long from hip to point of body, of great width, and com- paratively level. This not only promotes a maximum of flesh production but gives a more beautiful form and offers a con- formation better suited to the breeding female than does any other. A droopy, peaked rump is a defective conformation, obstructs easy calving, may reduce flesh capacity, and certainly detracts from beauty of form. With beef cattle in condition the rumps are sometimes rough about the tail head or at each side of the tail. Smoothness and fullness here indicate better fleshing qualities. The ind quarter, viewed from behind, should be quite thick, coming down perpendicularly on the outside to where the thigh naturally narrows. On the inside a thick, broad edge, with much depth from tail head to a full, well-turned twist, should be appar- ent. From one side the hind quarter will appear long and broad, with considerable depth of flesh to the rear. The whole will appear thick and smoothly covered with flesh. The hocks and legs indicate the capacity for fleshing at the hind end. If the hocks are strong, muscular, clean, and well placed, with no special tendency to come together, they will be generally associated with thicker-fleshed quarters than otherwise. The legs should stand squarely under the animal, so that a plumb line dropped from the point of the thurls will bisect the hock and the shank bone of the leg below. Crooked hocks are bad, showing weak conformation and ugly form. When the hocks tend to come together at the points—a very common thing —the toes BEEF TYPE OF CATTLE 205 point out. Only very rarely do the toes point in. The necessity for a graceful and straight position of the hind leg, smooth-. ness of joint, shortness of leg, and fineness of bone is apparent. The adder of the beef cow is too frequently ignored. It should be of good size and shape, extending well up behind and in front along under the body, with four well-placed teats. Every beef cow should be able to furnish ample milk for her calf for the Fic. 79. Rear side view of the Hereford bull Richard Fairfax 449317, showing extreme thickness, depth, and superior beef type. From photograph, by courtesy of Ferguson Brothers (the owners), Canby, Minnesota first eight months of lactation. It is not creditable to a beef cow to have an ill-shaped udder or to produce but little milk. The quality of the beef animal is shown in bone, skin, hair, ears, and horn. A coarse bone, with large rough joints, long legs, and heavy horns, indicates lack of quality. If the ears are large and coarse, with heavy attachment, there is also lack of quality. The most signal evidence of quality is in the hide, which should always be mellow and pliable, and in the hair, which should be silky and fine. In winter there are thick, fine hairs lying in great profusion next to the skin, with longer ones projecting beyond, 206 CATTLE providing great protection from rough weather. As one views an animal with very distinct evidence of quality in the skin, there will be a glisten and finish to the coat and a roll to the hide which only goes with good quality. Taken in the hands, along over the ribs, the skin seems mellow and pliable to the touch, being easily grasped and stretched. A very thin hide is undesirable, the better sort having a moderate thickness, exceed- ing that of a dairy animal. The fleshing of beef cattle is very important. There should be uniformity of flesh all over the body, even though it be not a fattened animal. On highly fed ones, when in good condition, especially steers, the flesh should increase in thickness, but not lose its uniform disttibution over the frame. The palm of the hand pressed along the back, shoulder, or side should find no evidence of irregular covering, with bare spots in one place and heavy fleshing near by. Such condition indicates an undesirable type for feeding and killing. CHAPTER XO2cIV THE SHORTHORN The native home of the Shorthorn breed of cattle is in north- eastern England, in the counties of York, Durham, and Northum- berland. The North Sea borders this section on the east, with the Cheviot Hills of Scotland the boundary on the north. Wind- ing its way through a beautiful grazing country, the river Tees forms the dividing line between Durham on the north and York, the largest county in England, on the south. Here in the valley of the Tees the Shorthorn received its early development and improvement, from which it spread out over the rest of Great Britain and the civilized world. This valley country has beautiful long stretches of rolling grasslands and fields of grain and roots, but farther north in Northumberland and south in York the land becomes rougher and more hilly. The origin of the Shorthorn is veiled in obscurity. No doubt the early invaders of England—the Romans, Normans, and others — brought over cattle which crossed with the native English stock. It has been assumed that even prior to 1600 cattle of Shorthorn type were bred on the estates of the earls and dukes of Northumberland in Yorkshire.!' Black, horned cattle prevailed more or less in Yorkshire, while farther south, in Lincoln and vicinity, white, red, and other colors prevailed. Early in the eight- eenth century the Teeswater cattle represented one popular type, while in southeastern Yorkshire another sort, known as the Hol- derness, was developed. About the middle of this same century Michael Dobinson and Sir William St. Quintin brought over bulls from Holland and used these in their herds, owned in Durham and Yorkshire respectively. In 1789 George Culley wrote?: 1The word “shire” in Great Britain signifies county and is often used as a part of the county name; as, for example, * Yorkshire.” 2 Observations on Live Stock. Dublin, 1789. 207 208 CATTLE I remember a gentleman of the county of Durham (a Mr. Michael Dobin- son), who went in the early part of his life into Holland, in order to buy bulls; and those he brought over, I have been told, did much service in improving the breed; and this Mr. Dobinson, and neighbors even in my day, were noted for having the best breeds of Shorthorned cattle. Following these importations of Dobinson and St. Quintin, came others of more inferior stock, such as really injured the THE OLD SHORTHORN COUNTRY “When you reach that fine country on both sides the river Tees you are then in the Geatre of the short-horned breed of cattle” ~*~ S ~ = Yate: Kirki@athan IDULESBROUGH Ormesby oMartoo oovlsmnotcr J." ; °Newham Grange Manfield Staintono Hemlington Cleasby @ Ov Thomtan 5 Stanwick? Aldbrough Barninghan® — Layrono Greve Bridged) Girlington Forcett oytpvington g Newton Morrell Raveneort gH artforth es ~ it aicitzoND EE, : o Hut J Lon order } Catterick® i Killerby® OXORTHALLERTOT ° 2 ica R o\Warlaby LEYRUES OSpennithoroe OCrawith Braithwaite ;.%avs Brsckend| ough OTOIRSE Hewick LJ BAFORON\ 9 “Marton le Moor ° * ry Studley Givendale Roya oNewby Fic. 80. A map of the native home of the Shorthorn, showing the location of famous early herds. Reproduced from “Thomas Bates and the Kirklevington Shorthorns,” by Cadwallader John Bates beef cattle of the country. By Culley’s time, however, much of this evil effect, he writes, was overcome. Other improvers of the early Shorthorn were Sir James Pennyman, the Aislabies of Stud- ley Royal, the Blacketts of Newby, Millbank of Barningham, James Brown, Stephenson, Wetherell, Maynard, Snowdon, Waistell, and Richard and William Barker. The distinguished early improvers of the Shorthorn really date from about 1780 and include Charles and Robert Colling, THE SHORTHORN 209 Thomas Bates, Thomas Booth and his sons John and Richard, and Amos Cruickshank. There were many other prominent and successful breeders, but these men distinguished themselves as epoch makers, about whose careers clusters much of the best in Shorthorn history. The Colling brothers. These were Charles and Robert. Charles was born in 1750 and lived at Ketton, just north of Darlington in Durham ; Robert, born in 1749, lived at Barmpton, about a mile from Ketton. Robert, a bachelor, died in 1820, and Charles died Fic. 81. Ketton Hall, the home of Charles Colling, near Darlington, England. From photograph by the author in 1836, leaving a widow but no children. Charles is somewhat the more famous of the two brothers, although Robert was in fact quite his equal as a breeder. The Colling brothers have often been referred to as the founders of the Shorthorn breed, but this is not exactly the fact, although they were the first real con- structive breeders of these cattle. The Collings sought to produce better feeders, to have their cattle mature early, with more con- stitution than the usual sort, and to dress out with less offal. The great superiority of the cattle at Ketton has been attrib- uted to their remarkable fattening tendency and to their superior handling quality. These brothers developed two very famous herds which had a great influence in improving the breed, At 210 CATTLE the dispersal sale at Ketton in 1810 the 47 animals sold brought an average of $750 a head. The herd of Robert was sold in two consignments —the first, in 1818, of 61 head averaging about $650; and the second, in 1820, of 47 head averaging about $250. Colling tribes of Shorthorns of distinction were the following : The Lady Maynard tribe. In 1875 Charles Colling visited John Maynard at Eryholme and purchased a cow and heifer calf. The cow was Old Favorite, but named by him Lady Maynard. The calf Young Strawberry became the dam of a bull calf named Bolingbroke (86), which was in time bred to Phoenix, a daughter of Lady Maynard and sired by Foljambe (263), which resulted in 1793 in the bull Favorite (252), one of the most noted Shorthorn bulls in history. Young Phoenix, a daughter of Phoenix, bred to her sire, Favorite (252), produced Comet (155), which brought $5000, the top price at the Charles Colling sale and the record price for a bull up to that time. The Lady Maynard tribe is also known as the Phoenix tribe. Sixteen of this tribe in Colling’s sale, including Comet (155), averaged about $1100. The Princess tribe is one of the oldest and best and is de- scended from a cow named Old Haughton, by Hubback (319), and a direct descendant from a cow bred at Ketton in 1739 by Mr. Stephenson, who was tenant there before Charles Colling. The bull HYabdack is regarded by some as the foundation sire of the breed. He was calved in 1777 and was a yellowish red with some white. He was sired by Snowdon’s Bull (612) and was a direct descendant of the Studley Bull (626), calved in 1737, and one of the first-known Shorthorn sires. The dam of Hubback was a cow of Stephenson breeding. Hubback was owned by various persons, but his fame is chiefly due to his services when owned by Robert Colling and later by Charles, who paid his brother and Mr. Waistell about $40 for him. He was used for two years by Colling, who then sold him in 1785 to a Mr. Hubback in Northumberland, from whom he got his name. Hubback sired some very fine heifers at Ketton, one of which, Old Haughton (already referred to), bred to Richard Barker’s Bull (52), produced the calf Foljambe (263), which became a noted sire. The bull Belvedere, bred by Charles Colling, used by Thomas Bates was of this Princess tribe, THE SHORTHORN . 211 The Cherry tribe began with a cow named Old Cherry, by the Lame Bull (358) at Ketton. A daughter of Old Cherry, by Favorite (252), proved a valuable dam. There has been some difference of opinion among early breeders as to the real merit of this tribe. The Duchess tribe descends from old Shorthorn breeding on the estate of the Duke of Northumberland. In 1784 Charles Colling bought what was known as the Stanwick cow, sired by James Brown’s Red Bull (97). She was bred to Hubback (319), from which came a daughter, and this latter, bred to Favorite (252), dropped a daughter, which in turn was bred to Daisy Bull (186), resulting in another heifer, named Duchess, calved in 1800. She was the foundress of the tribe later to become world-wide famous in the hands of Thomas Bates. The Daisy tribe is descended from Old Daisy, a granddaughter of Old Haughton and sired by Favorite (252). This is closely related to Duchess breeding and is a Ketton tribe. The Red Rose tribe was of Robert Colling breeding and is descended from a cow sired by Favorite (252), that was taken to America soon after 1801 by a man named Hustler. He later returned to England with this cow; hence she became known as the “ American Cow.” Bred to the bull Yarbrough she became the dam of a calf named Red Rose Ist, which later, in the posses- sion of Thomas Bates, was the foundress of the Red Rose tribe. The bull Pilot (496), a noted Booth sire, was of this tribe. The Cambridge Rose tribe is an offshoot from this. The Lady tribe was bred by Charles Colling from alloy blood. A polled red Galloway cow, bred to Bolingbroke (86), dropped a bull calf in 1792 which became known as Son of Bolingbroke. He was bred to an old Shorthorn cow, Johanna, from which came a bull calf in 1794 known as Grandson of Bolingbroke (280). This last bull, bred to Phoenix, dam of Favorite (252), produced a heifer calf named Lady, the foundress of the tribe. Lady produced several sons and daughters of merit, notably the cows Countess and Laura. This “alloy cross” in early days caused much controversy among Shorthorn breeders. However, at the dispersal sale of Colling in 1810 some of the highest prices paid were for animals of this tribe. 212 CAWEIIGE: Thomas Bates was born in Northumberland in 1775 and died at his Kirklevington estate near Yarm, in Yorkshire, in 1849. He early became acquainted with the prominent breeders of his time, notably the Colling brothers, and began the systematic development of a class of cattle having superior dairy as well as beef qualities. He was a careful investigator, keeping detailed records of the relationship of food consumed to beef and milk production. His cattle had much quality, were rather large for the breed, and possessed great dairy capacity, but were somewhat criticized for lack of constitution and breeding capacity. Bates Fic. 82. A rear view of the house and part of the stable at Kirklevington, the residence of Thomas Bates, near Yarm, England. From photograph by the author was a man of very strong convictions, extremely egotistical, and did not make friends among the breeders. He was an educated man, having attended Edinburgh University, and was an unusual student for his time. He may rightly be termed one of the world’s greatest breeders. Bates died a bachelor, and with his death, in 1849, came the dispersal of his herd of sixty-eight animals at an average price of about $335 per head. The following are the more important tribes developed by Bates : The Duchess tribe of Bates was descended from the Duchess cow, by Daisy Bull (186), that was calved in 1800 and bred by Colling. A daughter of Duchess owned by Charles Colling, bred to Comet (155), in 1808 dropped a heifer calf which became known as Duchess I or Young Duchess, which Bates purchased THE SHORTHORN 213 at the Colling sale in 1810 for 183 guineas. Duchess I, the foundress of this Bates tribe, was a notable cow and the dam of Duchesses II, III, IV, V, and the bull Cleveland (146). This was the most celebrated tribe of Bates and the one in which he centered his deepest interests. Duchess 34th, by Belvedere (1706), perhaps his most noted cow, was bred to her sire, from which came the famous Duke of Northumberland (1940), regarded by Bates as his greatest achievement as a breeder. At the Bates dispersal sale fourteen cattle of this tribe averaged about $575 a head. The Oxford tribe. Bates purchased of James Brown a cow known as the Matchem Cow, sired by Matchem (2281). At the first Royal Agricultural Society Show of England at Oxford her daughter was the first prize in class and was given the name “ Oxford Premium Cow.” The Oxfords, however, all trace to her half sister, Oxford 2d, by Short Tail (2621), a son of Belvedere (1706). This was a favorite family of Bates’s. At his dispersal sale thirteen Oxfords averaged about $340 each. The Waterloo tribe, descended from a cow known as the Water- loo Cow, was bought by Bates in 1831. She was sired by a bull named Waterloo (2816) and was out of a cow by this same sire. Otherwise little is known of the ancestry of this tribe. Two daughters of the Waterloo Cow — Waterloo 2d, by Belvedere, and Waterloo 3d, by Norfolk (2377) — proved excellent breeders at Kirklevington. Six Waterloos in Bates’s sale averaged nearly $300 each. The only cows secured by Scotch buyers at the Bates dispersal sale were Waterloo 12th and 13th, bought by Amos Cruickshank and W. Hay. The Cambridge Rose tribe was a direct descendant from the Red Rose tribe of Robert Colling. In 1823 Bates had a Red Rose cow drop a bull calf which he named Second Hubback (1423). This bull he used freely on his Duchess cows, producing excellent results. In 1840, with a heifer of this family, he won high honors at the Royal Agricultural Society Show at Cambridge, which resulted in his naming her Cambridge Rose, the foundress of a new tribe. The noted cow Rose of Sharon, imported in 1834 from England by the Ohio Importing Company, was of this tribe. 214 CATTLE The Wild Eyes tribe descends from a cow known as Wildair, by Emperor (1975), purchased as a calf by Bates at J. W. Par- rington’s sale in 1832. Bates claimed that this tribe brought into his herd the only good blood that he obtained outside of the Colling herds. The Foggathorpe tribe descends from a cow of that name calved in 1830 and bought by Bates from her breeder, Mr. Edwards, when she was ten years old. She proved an unusually good Fic. 83. One corner of the stable at Killerby, the home of Thomas booth in Yorkshire. From photograph by the author breeding cow and dropped calves that later became famous. This was an excellent tribe. Bates, it is said, was suspicious that Fogga- thorpe was of the Princess tribe. The Booth family became prominent in Shorthorn history with the establishment of a herd by Thomas Booth at Killerby some time prior to 1790. He was then farming Warlaby and Killerby, but his Shorthorn breeding began at the latter place. He is said to have bought good Teeswater cows and used Colling bulls on them. Booth had two sons, John and Richard, who took up the work where he left off. John lived at Killerby, where he died in — THE SHORTHORN 215 1857, aged seventy years. Richard at first lived at Studley, near Killerby, but later moved to Warlaby, where he died in 1864, aged seventy-six. These two men had a very great influence on Shorthorn history and really developed the breed along lines adopted by the Colling brothers. The herd of John Booth was sold at auction in 1852, while that of Richard was inherited by his nephew, Thomas C. Booth, who died in 1878. A brother of the latter, J. B. Booth, engaged in breeding at Killerby, where he died in 1886. In 1898 the herd at Warlaby came into the posses- sion of Richard Booth, son of Thomas C. Booth, who has not played a prominent part in British Shorthorn activities. Short- horns, however, have been bred in the Booth family for three generations, covering a period of considerably over one hundred years. The Booth cattle were rougher and apparently more robust than those of Bates type and met with much favor. The Booths sought to produce thick-fleshed, easy-feeding animals with plenty of quality and strong constitution. They did not have the dis- tinction for milk production notable with Bates’s animals. Booth cattle have long been popular in Ireland, where since early days Shorthorns have been prime favorites. Among the important Booth tribes are the following : The Anna tribe, descended from a cow named Anna, by Pilot (496), calved in 1820, is one of the oldest Booth families. The cow Bright Eyes, calved in 1808, produced two daughters, Ariadne, by Albion (14), and Agnes. Anna was a daughter of Ariadne, one of the great early-day dams. Anna was bred at Studley and was not only a famous dam but a great show cow. In its time this was one of the more popular Booth tribes. The Isabella tribe had for foundress a cow by that name, calved in 1820, and a half sister of Anna, being sired by Pilot (496). Isabella was a very beautiful cow, being known as the “ match- less Isabella,” and she proved a remarkable breeder, dropping nine calves, six being heifers. A son, Isaac, proved a valuable sire, and her daughter Isabella Buckingham was a Royal winner. Carr, in his history of the Booth cattle, states that “ Isabella and her descendants brought the massive yet exquisitely molded fore quarters into the herd, and also the straight underline of the belly, for which the Warlaby animals are so remarkable.” 216 CATTLE The Halnaby, or Strawberry, tribe began with a cow named Halnaby, by Lame Bull (359), bought by Mr. Booth about 1797 on Darlington market. Bred to Albion (14), a son of Comet (155), she produced. Young Albion (15), a most valuable Booth sire and the first of the Booth bulls let out for hire. Rockingham (2551) and Priam (2452), well-known sires, are of this tribe. Priam was sire of Necklace and Bracelet, the most famous Shorthorn twins of history, of which more is said below. Fic. 84. Lady Fragrant, calved in 1863. In the herd of Thomas C. Booth, she was for years the leading prize-winning Shorthorn female in England. From an engraving by E. Hacker, published in London in 1868 The Bracelet tribe is descended from the cow Countess, by Albion (14). In fact this is also known as the Countess tribe. Four generations from Countess came the cow Vestal, owned by John Booth, by the epoch-making Booth sire, Pilot (496). A daughter of Vestal named Toy, sired by Argus (759), bred to Priam (2452), became the dam of the twin heifers Bracelet and Necklace to which reference is above made. These twins proved to be not only the greatest show Shorthorns between 1842 and 1846, but each became a great dam. Bracelet was the dam of several animals of unusual merit. Her son Buckingham (3239), by Musselman (4525), proved to be one of the famous bulls of his time, siring many noteworthy females. THE SHORTHORN 27 The Moss Rose tribe of Booth was descended from a cow named Dairymaid, by Pilot (496), said to have come ‘from a good stock in the village of Scorton, not far from Killerby.”’ Though this tribe was developed at Warlaby, it should not be confused with one of the same name founded at Killerby and of less importance. From Dairymaid was descended Moss Rose, by Priam (2452), and from this line comes Vivandiere, by Buck- ingham (3239), one of the very best breeding Shorthorn cows of Booth ancestry. Vivandiere had ten calves, seven of which were prize winners— one, Campfollower, being regarded as one of the greatest of Warlaby-bred matrons. The Fairholm, or Blossom, tribe had its origin in a purchase by Thomas Booth of five heifers from a Mr. Broader of Fairholm. From these heifers came three branches, of which the Blossom is most conspicuous. From it are descended the well-known Warlaby-bred animals Plum Blossom, Nectarine Blossom, Venus Victrix, Baron Warlaby (7813), and Windsor (14013). Less prominent early English Shorthorn breeders besides the above were Christopher Mason of Chilton; Jonas Whittaker of Otley, near Leeds; William Wetherell of Aldborough, near Darlington ; Sir Charles Knighley of Fawsley Park, Daventry ; Colonel Towneley of Towneley; and William Torr of Riby and Aylesby. The development of the Shorthorn in Scotland first took root in the border country, among the north foothills of the Cheviots. Here Robertson of Ladykirk, near the town of Coldstream on the banks of the Tweed, was the first Scotchman to engage in breeding Shorthorns. This was early in the nineteenth century. Robertson bred some excellent cattle, but was very independent and would not register them in the Coates herdbook. John Rennie of Phantassie about 1818 or 1819 bought of Robertson and of English breeders and established a herd still farther north, easterly from Edinburgh, near the town of Haddington. Rennie became a noted Shorthorn breeder and produced a type of profitable cattle which, like Robertson, he refused to register in the English book. The first person to introduce the Short- horn into north Scotland was Captain Barclay, who lived on the estate of Ury near the seaport of Stonehaven, a few miles south R 218 CATTLE of Aberdeen. His first Shorthorn purchase was made in 1829 at the sale of Mason at Chilton, when he bought two females, one of which, Lady Sarah, proved a great producer. Barclay bred many noted animals, among which was The Pacha (7612), the sire of some of the most distinguished cattle of the breed. In 1838 Barclay had a dispersal sale, but in 1840 he established another herd. At Ury a class of cattle of great scale and sub- stance was developed. Following these early, constructive Scotch breeders were Grant Duff of Eden, Hay of Shethin, the Cruick- shanks of Sittyton, Marr of Uppermill, and others who did much to give fame to the Short- horn breed. Amos Cruickshank was born in Aberdeen in north- eastern Scotland, in 1808, and: died in 1805 fat Sittyton, Aberdeenshire. In partnership with his brother Anthony, who was a merchant in the city of Aberdeen, Amos took pos- Fic. 85. The farmhouse of William Duthie at session in 1837 of a some- Collynie, Tarves, Scotland. From photograph what rolling farm where by the author roots, the small grains, and grass were produced. Here Cruickshank began his long career as one of the world’s great constructive breeders, and, as so well expressed by Sanders,! in “a rough, broken country, possessing but limited areas of good soil, wanting in natural shelter, swept for a good portion of the year by the chill east winds of the North Sea, and en- during the long, dark winters of latitude 58° N.” Here Cruick- shank began to select and buy Shorthorns from various sources, choosing animals that possessed plenty of vigor and rapid flesh-producing qualities, and that were distinctively of the beef- producing type. He was not influenced by pedigree fads, and purchased on a very independent basis. Again quoting Sanders? : 1 A. H. Sanders, Shorthorn Cattle, p. 550. Chicago, 1900. 2Tibid- p» 578: THE SHOR LHORN 219 Vitality and feeding quality were with Amos Cruickshank considered para- mount. A broad, full chest, wide back, and deep ribs were his all-in-all. The head had attention only as it gave some token as to the vigor or probable capacity of the animal for feed lot or reproductive purposes. The rump carried cheap meat and was, in his view, of wholly secondary importance. Level quar- ters and fine fronts he fully appreciated, but if the ‘‘ middle” was weak the fault with him was fatal. Cruickshank met with prime success, and to-day Scotch cattle, tracing back in an important degree to his breeding, are in great favor. Among the notable tribes established by him the following justify brief mention : The Brawith Bud tribe originated with a cow of that name in the herd of Grant Duff, which he bought in 1841 from Benjamin Wilson of Brawith, England. In 1854 Cruickshank bought from Duff a cow named Pure Gold, descended from Brawith Bud, so the name “‘ Pure Gold””’ is also given this tribe. Pure Gold lived to be the oldest cow at Sittyton, and her daughter Golden Days proved to be a remarkably fine breeder, being dam of three great bulls ; namely, Golden Rule, Pride of the Isles, and Lord of the Isles. This was one of the most successfully developed tribes at Sittyton, up to the final dispersion. The Broadhooks tribe descends from a cow named Eliza, by White Bull (5643), tracing back to the breeding of Robertson of Ladykirk. Several cows named Broadhooks are descended from Eliza, but the family was gone from the Cruickshank herd after 1869. However, this tribe was promoted by Lord Lovat, and in his hands produced the noted bull New Year's Gift (57796), prominent in the Royal herd at Windsor and a most excellent sire. The Clipper tribe descends from the cow Clipper, by Billy (3151), and traces back into the herd of Mason of Chilton. Her daughter Cressida, by John Bull (11618), bred to Czar (20947), dropped an excellent calf called Carmine, which later — to the service of Champion of England (17526) — became the dam of two fine females, Carmine Rose and Princess Royal. These were two of the best females bred by Cruickshank. The latter cow bred until she was fifteen and was dam of Roan . Gauntlet (35284), next to Champion of England the greatest bull ever bred by the Master of Sittyton. . 220 CATTLE The Lavender tribe was one of the later families established at Sittyton. In 1870 Mr. Cruickshank bought some Lavender cows from Mr. Butler of Badminton, England, and these traced back to the old Lenton blood of John Wilkinson. Lavender Fic. 86. Pride of Oakdale 496710, calved in 1916, and many times champion. A fine example of Shorthorn character. Bred and owned by F. R. Edwards, Tiffin, Ohio. From photograph by Hildebrand, by courtesy of Mr. Edwards 16th, by Lord Lansdowne (29128), and Lavender 17th, by Royal Duke of Gloster (20901), were the two outstanding females of this tribe in Cruickshank’s hands. Count Lavender (60545), celebrated as assire in the herd of J. Deane Willis, was of this tribe, which has long been popular in America. THE SHORTHORN 221 The Lovely tribe descends from the two cows Lovely 6th and Lovely 8th, each sired by Bosquet (14183). These two descend from the cow Marion, by Anthony (1640), of English breeding, brought to Scotland by Hay of Shethin. Scotland’s Pride (25100), one of the great sires at Sittyton, was a son of Lovely 8th. The Mimulus tribe takes its name from a red cow, Mimulus, by Champion of England (17526). She traced back through several generations, it is supposed to stock of Robertson of Ladykirk. Mimulus was sold to John Dryden of Canada, but she left a son, Royal Duke of Gloster (29864) at Sittyton, that proved one of the great sires of the breed. Mimulus was also the dam of Barmpton Hero (58813), calved in the Dryden herd and one of the noted American-bred sires. This family did not have a large representation in the herd at Sittyton and finally disappeared entirely. The Nonpareil tribe descends from a cow named Nonpareil in the herd of Mr. Cartwright of Lincolnshire, England. In 1844 Mr. Cruickshank purchased a cow called Nonpareil 3d, by Young Frederick (3836), and she became the Sittyton foundress of this tribe, producing some excellent progeny. This tribe seemed to run to bulls, and finally about 1864 it became nearly extinct. Later an effort was made to reestablish it in the herd, but with- out much success. The Orange Blossom, or Fancy, tribe had its start in a cow named Fancy, by Billy (3151), bought in 1874 from John Hutcheson of Monyruy. A daughter of Fancy named Edith Fairfax, by Sir Thomas Fairfax (5196), was an unusual producer, and from one of her daughters, Queen of Scotland, by Matadore (11800), came the original Orange Blossom. She was the dam of William of Orange (50694), perhaps the best-known sire in the herd of William Marr at Uppermill. The bull Gay. Monarch (92411), owned by Rob- bins & Sons of Indiana, a successful show bull and sire, was by William of Orange. The Secret tribe at Sittyton secured its foothold there through the purchase in 1855 of the cow Sympathy, by Duke of Athol (10150). She dropped a heifer named Sunrise. From these two cows the Cruickshank Secrets descend. This was an excellent and prolific family. One of the best of the Secret cows is said to have 222 CATTLE been Surname, the dam of Scottish Archer (59833), prominent as a Sire in the herd of William Duthie at Collynie. The Spicy tribe derives its name from the cow Spicy 4th, pur- chased in 1868 from a Mr. Milne of Aberdeenshire. She had for dam a most excellent cow named Spicy, by Marmaduke (14897). Spicy 4th, bred to Champion of England, produced a very superior cow named Silvery. From this not large family came a number of high-class individuals, including the bulls Strongbow (52230) and Sea King (61769), the former having been used in service at Sit- tyton. The bull Spicy Robin (69638), in the herd of J. Deane Willis at Bapton Manor, Eng- land, was of this family. The Venus tribe de- scends fromared heifer of this name bought in 1841 at the sale of Mr. Rennie in Forfar- shire. Venus was by Fic. 87. Maxwalton Renown 367543, one of the Saturn (5080), bred by leading Shorthorn sires in the herd of Carpenter Wie. Simpsonteaneaner and Ross, Mansfield, Ohio. This bull died in 1918. : ie 2) From photograph by the author dam, Dairymaid, traced back to the Ladykirk herd. From the cow Flora, by Fairfax Royal (6987), and her granddaughter, Morning Star, by Champion of England (17526), came some of the best representatives of the Venus tribe, which was in favor with Mr. Cruickshank to the last. The Victoria tribe secured its start at Sittyton in the purchase in Ireland, in 1853, by Anthony Cruickshank of the cow Victoria 19th, by Lord John (11731). She was sent to Mr. Hay’s at Shethin and bred to the Booth bull Red Knight (11976), from which she dropped twin heifers, Victoria 29th and 30th. This original stock was somewhat delicate, and neither mother nor daughters bred well until mated to Champion of England. Vic- toria 39th, out of Victoria 19th, by this bull, proved a valuable THE SHORTHORN 223 addition and was long used in the herd. Victoria 41st, by Lord Privy Seal (16444), and Victoria 57th, by Lord. Lancaster (26666), gave distinction to the tribe, which was probably never in high favor with Amos Cruickshank, though much admired by his brother Anthony. This family has been popular in America, the bull Baron Victor (45944), out of Victoria 58th, in his day being famous as a sire in the herd of the late Colonel W. A. Harris of Kansas. The Violet tribe at Sittyton is based on a roan cow named Moss Rose, calved in 1837 but of uncertain pedigree. She was a valuable dam and in 1843 dropped a calf called Red Rose, by Inkhorn (6091). Red Rose was an extra good breeder, and from her came several calves, among which was Violet, by Lord Bathurst (13173). Three of the daughters of Violet — Village Rose, by Champion of England, Sweet Violet, by Lord Stanley (16454), and Red Violet, by Allan (21772)—were of unusual excellence. This was a prolific family and was regarded with favor by Cruickshank. The Augusta tribe was established by the Bruces at Inver- quhomery, Aberdeenshire. It is said that about 1850 Mr. J. Bruce bought two cows at Pyrgo Park, Essex—-a Rosewood and an Augusta, the former costing $100 and the latter $160. A heifer calf of the Augusta cow was bought for $75. Sittyton bulls were used in the herd, Bruce and Cruickshank being special friends. The Inverquhomery herd was essentially built up from these two families up to the time of its dispersal in 1899. The Duchess of Gloster tribe descends from a cow named Chance bought by Cruickshank in 1855 from Mr. Robinson, Burton upon Trent. She was sired by a Bates bull, Duke of Gloster (11382), and out of a cow named Chaplet. Sinclair states that Chance was of a delicate constitution, and her first heifers did not live long, producing but two or three calves each. Seventh Duchess of Gloster, by Lord Raglan (13244), proved to be an excellent breeder and had five calves to the service of Champion of England (17526) that made a good showing. A son of Ninth Duchess of Gloster, by Champion of England, was named Grand Duke of Gloster (26288). He died at two years of age from an accident, and his death was regarded as a serious loss to the 224 CATTLE herd. Royal Duke of Gloster (29864) was considered one of the most valued bulls in service at Sittyton. This family has for many years been popular in both Canada and the United States. The first Shorthorns imported to America were brought to Virginia in 1783 by Gough and Miller, and though not called Shorthorns the evidence shows them to have been of this breed. These men also imported again about 1792. It is said that in 1791 and also in 1796 a Mr. Heaton brought Shorthorns to New York State. A Mr. Cox also brought a bull and two cows to Rensselaer County, New York, after the close of the War of 1812. In 1817 the first pedigreed bulls, Marquis (408) and Moscow (9413), were brought to America, S. M. Hopkins import- ing them into the Genesee valley in New York. What are known as “ The Seventeens’’ were imported in 1817 by Colonel Lewis Sanders of Kentucky, and included four bulls and four heifers. One of the heifers died before reaching Kentucky, but the others — Mrs. Motte (the Durham Cow) and the Teeswater Cow — were the first to be imported west of the Alleghenies, and their descendants are known as “ The Seventeens.” In 1817 and 1818 importations were made to Massachusetts; in 1821, 1822, and 1823 importations were brought to New York State and from then on into various sections of the [astern states. The Ohio Importing Company, organized at Chillicothe, Ohio, in 1833, with about fifty stockholders, became the most impor- tant factor in introducing Shorthorns to America up to this time. In 1834 Felix and Josiah Renick and E. J. Harness went to England, where they visited Bates, the Booths, Maynard, Clark, and other famous breeders and purchased nineteen head and brought them to Ohio. In this shipment were the heifers Rose of Sharon, by Belvedere (1706), bred by Thomas Bates, and Young Mary, by Jupiter (2170), bred by J. Clark. The history of these cows is inseparably associated with Shorthorn fame in America. Importations were also made in 1835 and 1836, and on October 29, 1836, occurred the most important Shorthorn auction sale held in America, when this importation was sold off and the herd closed up. Forty-three animals sold for $34,540, an average of $803.25. The formation of the Ohio Company was one of the notable steps in American Shorthorn history, THE SHORTHORN ees although later numerous other companies were organized in the Middle West for the importation and promotion of the breed. The char- acteristics of the Short- horn. Having traced briefly the influences that have sur- rounded the development of the Short- horn breed, a consideration of its charac- teristics — will now be appro- priate. The general con- formation of the Shorthorn adheres close- ly to the beef type, though certain tribes, the Bates bred in particular, have so strong a tendency to the produc- tion of milk as to be spoken of as general- purpose cattle. The follow- ing points es- EARLE Of DARLINGTON: A ROAN BULL, CALVED APRIL, 4, 1833. (Bred by Thomas Bates, Esq.) PEDIGRERK, « per Certificate in possession of F. RENICK, Agent. Got by Belvidier; dam, Trin- ket, by Symetry (6435) grand dam, do. by Jupiter [342;] gr. grand dam, do. by Phenome- non [491;| gr. gr. grand dam Tragedy by Favorite [252] gr. gr. gr. grand dam, Tra- gedy by Punch [531] The EARL OF DARLINGTON descended from the cow that took the first premium ever awarded by the Ag- ricultural Society at Darlington, Dur- ham county, England. §See Herd-Book, ies a7 Frinted ot Pumroy’s Book E Job office, Chillicothe, O. 6 ATR BG 278 BOG Men a a SS Fic. 88. Copy of the pedigree of the Earl of Darlington, in the possession of the author, published by the Ohio Importing Company about 1835. This is no doubt a copy of one of the first pedigrees printed in America. By courtesy of Mr. O. V. Hegler, Fayette County, Ohio, whose grandfather was one of the original stockholders of the Ohio Importing Company pecially apply to the cow: The “orm is variable, but is always com- paratively small and short and preferably curves forward, with the 226 CATTLE tips bending inward or upward. In color a waxy yellowish tint is preferred, though blackish tips are not debarred. The ead should be lean and shapely and short from between the eyes to the muzzle, which should be flesh color and broad, with large nostrils. A dark or blackish muzzle is distinctly objected to by most breeders. The zeck should be short, neatly attached to the head, and blend smoothly into the shoulders. Shorthorn shoulders tend to be a bit prominent and bare. ‘They should be well laid in and smoothly covered with flesh. Back of the shoulders the crops and fore flanks are often deficient, and lack of heart girth is a frequent criticism of the breed. Superior animals show a dody that is very broad of back, strong of loin, and so prominent of rib as to give a large girth and digestive capacity of the first order. The flanks before and behind are also low and full. A thick, deep body is usually associated with a low, full chest and prominent breast, — essentials with a proper constitutional development. The d7zséet should be broad and deep and carried forward as a part of a smooth, full, and attractive breast. The zd quarter of the Shorthorn is usu- ally typical of the breed, — superior in its general development to that of any other beef breed. Regarding the 47s William Hous- man writes of the Shorthorn: “In fat or lean animals the hip bone must be liberally covered, not bare, hard, or sharp; each hip ‘cleft,’ and the hollow filled with elastic flesh. This is an im- portant test of the quality of the animal, especially in the lean state.” The rump is usually long, level, and broad and well covered with meat, while the thighs and quarters are long, thick, and deep from front to rear, showing a maximum amount of meat for this quarter. Animals of naturally heavy-fleshing quali- ties frequently get “patchy”? about the root of the tail at the rump, and also roll some on the sides, thus detracting from the smoothness of finish. The modern demand is for smoothness, and the old-fashioned, rough, patchy class of cattle are in great disfavor among progressive Shorthorn breeders. Quality and smoothness are two essentials insisted upon, and the observant student will note that in the show ring of to-day, in important competition, those animals given preference are smooth and show a condition that signifies the distinctly superior butcher’s beast. The udder of the Shorthorn usually shows greater capacity than THE SHORTHORN 227 does that of the other beef breeds. Shorthorn cows as a rule furnish an abundant supply of milk for the calf. It is this milk-producing capacity of the Shorthorn that has made it a favorite for a century with a class of American farmers who desire general-purpose cattle. In “mb animals of this breed should show shortness of leg, small, clean bone, and strong yet Fic. 89. Village Supreme 423865, grand-champion Shorthorn bull in 1917 at the International Live-Stock Exposition and a great sire. Sold by Bellows Brothers, Maryville, Missouri, for $16,500. This is a fine example of the smooth-fleshed, modern type of Shorthorn, and one that meets with much favor. From photograph by Risk, by courtesy of Bellows Brothers not coarse joints. A criticism often made of Shorthorns and not without some justice is that they have a tendency to be too long of leg. This has been especially said in the past of cattle of Bates-bred ancestry, and this criticism has been materially weakened by the influence of Scotch blood, which has produced a compact type, with depth of rib and shortness of leg essential in cattle that will kill out to best advantage. The coat of hazr should be thick and fine, especially in the cooler season of the year. An abundant coat is an evidence of a rugged constitution, 228 CAL TEE gives protection. in cold weather, and is rather characteristic of animals of Scotch ancestry. What is known as a “ thick, mossy undercoat’ is more or less covered with a longer, coarser hair which, under favorable conditions, has a tendency to curl slightly. The Shorthorn bull should possess in the main the desirable features of the female, without her feminine qualities. His head, Fic. 90. Clover Leaf Gloster, junior champion Shorthorn female in 1918 at the International Live-Stock Exposition, and champion at other shows. A model Shorthorn heifer and a fine example of red color. Bred and owned by W. C. Rosenberger & Sons, Tiffin, Ohio. From photograph by Hildebrand, by courtesy of the owners horns, and neck naturally should be stronger and larger, the latter being thick and arched, the whole front showing character and breeding power. The horns of the bull are less curved than those of the cow and should be prominent yet not coarse. Over the forehead and neck should be a covering of thick, fine, and moderately long hair. In general form the bull should also be broad in front, with full deep bosom, broad powerful arms, a comparatively shorter and more blocky body than that possessed by the cow and with greater relative size. THE SHORTHORN 229 The color of the Shorthorn is in part distinctive of the breed. This may be pure red, red and white, pure white, or roan, the latter being a commingling of red and white hairs without form- ing a solid color. The shades vary — the red ranging from light to dark, and the roan from light or white roan to dark or red roan. No other breed claims the roan color. Black is not a Shorthorn color and should not occur in pure-bred animals. The skin color may properly be mentioned in this connection. This should be of a very light yellow or creamy tint, as shown in the ears and about the armpits and udder, or scrotum, The bare skin on the nose should be “flesh color’? and not a dark slate, such as some- times occurs. A smutty nose is an off Shorthorn color and is distinctly objected to by breeders in general. The relative percentage of Shorthorn colors has attracted more or less attention. Years ago the author instituted a study of the herdbooks, with the view of ascertaining the prevalence of the different Shorthorn colors. For this purpose 10,000 head regis- tered in the herdbooks from 1859 to 1903 were classified, and color comparison made. In 1917 my associate, Professor S. M. Salisbury, computed the colors of 24,000 animals registered from I910 to 1914 inclusive. The figures thus obtained, covering 34,000 head, may be expressed as follows: PREVALENCE OF COLORS IN SHORTHORN HERDBOOKS 1859-1903 1910-1914 CoLor~ —— - NuMBER Per CENT NuMBER PER CENT IEC, 228 sa Saks he cre 4,943 49-43 15,085 62.85 Red and white. . 2,748 27.48 35340 13.93 IOAN sets! | 5, ater ewes 2,034 20.34 5,072 21.13 VVIRUTRS Ge a SS Sar te Fe 275 275 503 2.09 POtalasri ar 1 et eae 10,000 | 100.00 24,000 100.00 These figures show red much the more prevalent and increasing with the years, a marked dropping off in red and white, no special change in roan, and a slight loss in white. The importance of color varies in the estimation of different persons, but color is no index to quality. Some have thought dark color indicates hardi- ness and that white is associated with possible lack of vigor or 230 CATTLE constitution. There are no facts, however, to support the one theory or the other, and wise breeders pay no attention to such views. There have been Shorthorn color fads, and for years Kentucky, Ohio, and Indiana breeders demanded red, and red only, but this era has passed. At the present day, however, markedly red-and- white bulls are rarely seen in prominent herds, male calves of this color being sold for service in grade herds or converted into steers. Fic. 91. White Heather, first-prize and champion Shorthorn cow at the 1904 show of the Royal Agricultural Society of England. A beautiful example of the breed. Bred by J. Deane Willis. From photograph, by courtesy of William Cooper & Nephews, Berkhamsted, England The size of the Shorthorn places it in the largest class of beef cattle, and by many it is regarded as our largest breed. Records for two years at the International Live-Stock Exposition and the American Royal at Kansas City gave the following weights?: 41 aged bulls averaged 2224 pounds, 40 two-year-old bulls 1917 pounds, 41 aged cows 1730 pounds, and 46 two-year-olds 1530 pounds. These, being show animals, of course were in high condi- tion. Under fair conditions mature cows will usually weigh about 1400 pounds, though they frequently exceed that and, in rare 1B. O. Cowan, Breeders’ Gazette, October 9, 1912. THE SHORTHORN 231 cases, reach 2000 pounds. The mature bull will easily attain 1800 to 2000 pounds; many weigh from 2000 to 2200, and weights upward to 2500 occur, though the latter figure is infrequent. The Hereford is a close second to the Shorthorn in size, with no great difference between the two breeds. The Shorthorn as a beef producer stands in the first class. The men who have attained the most fame as Shorthorn breeders have always emphasized the value of this breed in producing the best of beef on a profitable basis. There have been cases where great breeders — like Bates, for example — laid stress on the impor- tance of the breed in milk production, but this was not to be at the expense of the meat-producing qualities. Cruickshank and the Scotch school of Shorthorn breeders, however, laid more emphasis on the value of the breed on the block, the final test of all meat animals. In the leading fat-stock shows of Great Britain, the United States, Argentina, and Australia, the Short- horn far outnumbers any other breed, while in the stockyards Shorthorn grades greatly predominate. The Shorthorn produces a class of beef that is wide in the loin, thick, wide, and long in the hind quarters, and of fine fiber or quality. If compared with the Aberdeen-Angus the Shorthorn will not dress out quite as high, perhaps, in percentage of meat to offal, though the differ- ence is not large; also the dressed carcass of the Shorthorn will show somewhat more tallow and external patches of fat than will the Aberdeen-Angus. In a study of the gains made by different breeds of steers shown at the Smithfield Show in England for twenty years (1895-1914), Henry and Morrison show! that the Shorthorn ranked at the very top among eleven breeds. Eighty-five yearling steers, averaging six hundred and seventy-four days old and 1446 pounds weight, made an average daily gain of 2.14 pounds. Ninety-one two-year-olds, averaging one thousand and twelve days old and 1901 pounds in weight, made an average daily gain of 1.88 pounds. Four three-year-olds showed an average weight of 2363 pounds and a daily gain for thirteen hundred and fifty-three days of 1.74 pounds. No other breed showed as high a gain at two or three years as the Shorthorn. In the carcass 1 Feeds and Feeding (1915), p. 445. Compiled from 7he Live Stock Journal, London. Zoe CATTLE contests at the International Live-Stock Exposition the Shorthorn has held a very secondary position, largely, however, because of lack of breed competition. In the open market the breed or its © grades are prime favorites and bring among the top values. One of the most notable market records was on September 24, 1918, when ninety-one Shorthorn steer calves averaging 1001 pounds sold on the Chicago market at $19.25 per hundredweight, bringing an Fic. 92. Merry Monarch, champion Shorthorn and grand-champion steer over all breeds, grades and crossbreds, at the 1917 International Live-Stock Exposition. Bred and shown by Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. The most beautiful Shorthorn steer in the history of the International up to 1917. From photograph by Hildebrand, by courtesy of Purdue University average of $192.69 per head. On October 4, 1918, Hay Brown of Illinois sold a load of steers averaging 1017 pounds at $19.60, the top price for baby beef on the Chicago market up to this time. In 1909 the grand-champion carload of steers were Short- horn yearlings shown by Keays and Oglesby of Illinois. The Shorthorn steer in the show ring has made an impressive ex- hibit, but has played a minor part in grand-championship honors since the International Live-Stock Exposition was established. THE SHORTHORN $233 At the old American Fat Stock Show held at Chicago from 1878 to 1892 the Shorthorn made the strongest show of any breed, the white steer Clarence Kirklevington, in 1884, creating a great sensation. At the International, the successor of the American, each year since 1900 there has been a notable show. Only twice in seventeen annual shows has the Shorthorn won grand-championship honors in the single-steer classes, this being Fic. 93. Shorthorn steer herd of Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. Cham- pion herd at the 1918 International Live-Stock Exposition. Bred and shown by Purdue Ereey and sired by Lavender Sultan 354171. From photograph by J. C. Allen in 1907 with Roan King (shown by James Leask of Canada) and in 1917 with Merry Monarch (shown by Purdue University of Indiana). This latter steer was regarded as one of the very finest specimens of the breed ever seen in America, showing superior breed character, quality, condition, and finish. In 1916, at the Palermo show in Argentina, the Shorthorn steer Luis, weighing 1685 pounds at thirty-five months and made grand champion, sold for approximately $11,130 in gold. While the Shorthorn grade or crossbred meets with distinct favor in the market, in the show ring it has, as a rule, stood second to the Aberdeen-Angus. R 234 CATTLE The importance of the Shorthorn in grading or crossing, in spite of what is brought out in the show-ring steer test, is most impor- tant. No other breed thus far has done so much to improve beef stock. Shorthorn bulls mated to grade cows have revolutionized the character of the meat stock of the world. All over America to-day herds of excellence may be found, — animals graded up by Shorthorn bulls. In the principal stockyards of America the Fic. 94. Shorthorn steer calf, second prize in 1918 at the Wisconsin Baby Beef Show. Fitted and shown by Josephine Herr, Lodi, Wisconsin. From photograph, by courtesy of American Shorthorn Breeders’ Association, Chicago, Illinois blood of this breed predominates, and well-finished, high-grade Shorthorn steers are always at a premium with the butcher. In Scotland and England white Shorthorn bulls bred on Galloway or Angus cows produce what are termed “ blue grays,”’ which, as steers, meet with the highest market favor, being steel gray in color and showing much quality and superior killing value. On the Western range the Shorthorn has been a potent factor in improving the common native stock. Within what is known as the corn belt, in the Mississippi Valley, no other class of steers is so universal. THE SHORTHORN 235 The Shorthorn from the dairy point of view ranks high. In England a great percentage of the dairy herds are of Shorthorn blood. As one crosses the midland and southern counties he may see large numbers of Shorthorns with udders indicating great milking capacity. Much of the milk shipped into London comes from Shorthorn herds. The author visited one farm in Berkshire where some five hundred cows of this breed were milked daily and the product shipped to London. In the United States many farmers, notably in the Central West, rely upon Shorthorn cows for their milk supply. As has been already indicated, as a result of hereditary transmission and the early breeding of Bates and others, the Shorthorn produces an abundance of milk. No beef breed equals it. Shorthorns generally may be in a measure grouped into two classes—the beefy type and the general-purpose sort. Asa rule, it is true, the latter class will not fatten as easily and does not present the beef conformation in as high a degree as does the former. Even then the beefy class of Shorthorn surpasses the Hereford, Aberdeen-Angus, and Galloway in furnishing milk for its offspring. Official public-dairy tests of Shorthorn cows have been under- taken on three occasions in the United States —in 1893 at the World’s Columbian Exposition at Chicago, in 1901 at the Pan- American Exposition at Buffalo, and in 1904 at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis. These were each under official supervision of dairy scientists of mote and superintendents repre- senting the different breeds. At the World’s Columbian Exposi- tion, Shorthorns competed against herds of Jerseys and Guernseys. In the cheese-making test of fourteen days the Shorthorn ranked third, producing 12,186.9 pounds milk, from which was made 1077.6 pounds cheese. The Shorthorn cow Nora stood second to a Jersey, producing 60.56 pounds cheese at a net profit of $6.27. In the butter-making test for ninety days, in which gain in live weight was credited, the following results were secured: NuMBER MILK BUTTER Gain Live BEEED oF Cows (pounds) (pounds) WEIGHT Bet Beet Jersey 25 734788 4573-95 776 $1323.81 Shorthorn . 23 66,263.2 2890.86 2826 QII.13 Guernsey . 25 61,781.7 3360.43 466 997-63 236 CATTLE This was a very creditable showing, especially in view of the fact that the Shorthorns were not selected with the great pains and expense that the Jerseys were and did not represent as many high-class dairy specimens as did the other breeds. Professor James Long of England, who inspected the cows, reported on his return home that in England they would not rank high as dairy Shorthorns. In this test the cow Nora made 3679.8 pounds milk, Irc. 95. A fine example of a milking Shorthorn on an English pasture. From photograph by the author yielding 160.57 pounds butter, and gained 115 pounds; while the Jersey cow Brown Bessie, which led this breed, made 3634 pounds milk, yielding 216.66 pounds butter, and gained 81 pounds live weight. In a thirty-day butter test at the Columbian 24 Short horns made 15,618.3 pounds milk, yielding 662.66 pounds butter, at a net profit of $119.13. Both Jersey and Guernsey made less milk, but more butter and a greater net profit. In this test the best Shorthorn cow was Kitty Clay 4th. She produced 1592.8 pounds milk, yielding 62.24 pounds butter, showing a net profit of $19.57. In a fourth test, of one week, six Shorthorn heifers under three THE SHORTHORN 237 years old competed with six Jersey heifers, the Shorthorns produc- ing 2581 pounds milk, yielding 122.36 pounds butter, at a net profit of $47.42; the Jerseys gave 3356.6 pounds milk, yielding 194.22 pounds butter and a net profit of $56.27. In 1901, at the Pan-American Exposition, between May 1 and October 31, five Shorthorn cows produced a total of 1307.55 pounds churned butter, yielding a net profit of $164.77. This gave the Shorthorn eighth place among ten breeds, although in value of total solids these cows stood sixth, and in value of solids and gain in live weight the Shorthorns ranked third. In 1904, at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, more satisfactory returns were secured than from either of the other two tests. In a trial of one hundred and twenty days, in which twenty Shorthorns were carried entirely through, the cows made an average of 4421.6 pounds milk, 165.3 pounds butter fat, 382.7 pounds solids not fat, and an average gain in weight during one hundred and fourteen days of 105.3 pounds. Important milk records of Shorthorn cows demonstrate great producing capacity. Rose of Glenside, long the milking champion of the breed, produced 18,075 pounds of milk in a year. Doris Clay, on January 22, 1917, finished a year’s record of 17,2413 pounds of milk. Belle Clare, from January 26, 1910, to January 25, 1911, produced 15,215 pounds of milk and in May averaged nearly 60 pounds daily. There have been some remarkable records extending through a period of years. Darlington Cranford 5th gave over 100,000 pounds of milk in ten years. Dorothy, a daughter of Darlington Cranford 4th, averaged 10,536 pounds of milk for eleven years. Blossom 5th averaged 8,652.3 pounds for ten years. Doris Clay dropped 10 calves in ten years and produced during this period 70,856 pounds of milk. Mamie Clay 2d, beginning as a two-year-old, made an average of 10,640 pounds of milk per year for five years. Volumes I and II of the “ Milking Shorthorn Yearbook” contain the records of 427 cows of all ages, and these pro- duced an average yield of 8823 pounds 9 ounces of milk, Vol- ume IV for 1919 contains 107 records, the greatest of which is of 14,001.6 pounds of milk and 545.44 pounds of fat by the cow Odette (v. 66, p. 772). In recent years milking Shorthorns have greatly increased in popularity, and through careful selective breeding 238 CATTLE have come these very high-class records. Mr. George Taylor, long noted as a breeder of milking Shorthorns in England, stated ! that when he first started keeping the milk records his herd average was not 600 gallons? annually. ‘‘ Now it exceeds 800 gallons, and I rarely keep a cow that does not yield 700 gallons per year.” Late in 1918 the statement was published in England that the cow Fic. 96. White Queen, an imported dairy Shorthorn cow, bought by C. A. Otis, Willoughby, Ohio, for $3000. She has a milk record of 10,430 pounds for one year. From photograph by Hildebrand, by courtesy of Mr. Otis Waterloo Baroness 2d, calved in 1908 and bred by Mr. Taylor, had produced 62,601 pounds of milk and 6 calves in six years. Important butter-fat records of Shorthorn cows are naturally associated with large milk production, but many of the milk records have not involved fat tests. The world’s record in butter- fat production for a Shorthorn cow is reported late in 1917.° 1 Live Stock Journal (London), December 31, 1909. 2 The English gallon is equal to ten pounds. 3 Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales, December 3, 1917. THE SHORTHORN 239 The cow Melba VII, for a period of three hundred and sixty-five days, is credited with a yield of 17,364 pounds of milk containing 868 pounds of fat, equal to 1021.59 pounds estimated butter. Her milk showed an average test of 5 per cent fat. This cow was bred by and is owned by the Scottish-Australian Investment Com- pany, Gundgai, New South Wales. The most notable test in the United States was by Rose of Glenside, which, on March 2, 1910, completed an official yearly record, producing 735 pounds of butter fat, or 2.01 pounds per day. The cow Ruby produced 715 pounds, Buttercup 2d 657.7 pounds, and Doris Clay 653.35 pounds of butter fat ina year. I‘our hundred and twenty-seven cows recorded in Volumes I and II of the ‘‘ Milking Shorthorn Yearbook ” show an average yearly fat record of 330.2 pounds. The Shorthorn for early maturity ranks among the best of the beef breeds, though up to twelve months of age it is probably slightly surpassed by the Aberdeen-Angus and Hereford. Records of pure-bred steer weights secured at the International Live-Stock Exposition, covering 1910 and 1911, showed an average weight for 29 Angus calves at 1008 pounds and 31 Shorthorns at 911 pounds.! After passing the calf age the Shorthorn attains a weight equaling or surpassing the other breeds. Maturity is also more or less influenced by the family blood lines, and no doubt the popu- lar Scotch tribes come on faster as baby beef than do the plainer, more upstanding sort. The adaptability of the Shorthorn to a wide range of conditions is probably unsurpassed. Prominent herds are found on the low- lands, the uplands, in the colder north, the warmer south, on rich pastures and those not so desirable. While a popular breed with the small farmer, so is it also a favorite on the range of the great West and on the vast grazing fields of Argentina. The temperament of the Shorthorn is notably phlegmatic and quiet, such as might be expected in the beef type. In disposition it may be fairly claimed that of all the beef breeds this is the quietest and most easily handled. In the writer’s personal contact with the different breeds the Shorthorn has manifested in a pronounced degree a quiet disposition and ease of control under a variety of conditions. 1B. O. Cowan, Breeders’ Gazette, October 9, 1912. 240 CATTLE The prolificacy of the Shorthorn is fairly comparable with the other beef breeds. There are many examples to be found of Shorthorn cows that have during long lives dropped many calves, and twins are not so uncommon with the breed as to be remark- able. In early days the Duchess family, as promoted by Bates, was subject to considerable criticism for lack of fecundity, but this criticism did not have a wide application to the breed. A remark- ably prolific grade Shorthorn cow that had dropped twenty-two calves is reported by George Winsak of Montana. Evan Baillie of England reports in the Live Stock Journal (London) on*the cow Lady Oxford Kirkle- vington, that at twelve years had _ dropped eleven calves, all sin- gles. Her dam, Kirk- levington 8th, had five daughters in succes- sion and has handed down such a tendency to female produce that her youngest grand- daughter is the forty- Fic. 97. A fine Shorthorn matron and calf on an seventh female. Ohio pasture. From photograph by the author The prepotency of the Shorthorn is very marked, a characteristic feature of the long-established breed. Shorthorn bulls used on grade herds reproduce the dominant features of the breed in no uncertain measure. Shorthorn pre- potency is shown in two striking ways—1in the large pure-bred herd, where females of various tribes are brought together, and in the important stockyards, where large numbers of Shorthorn grades are to be seen. In either case the outstanding features of the breed are clearly to be seen. Notable recent American Shorthorn sires. The history of the Shorthorn is necessarily associated with many sires of distinct importance. Among those that may be regarded as leaders since THE SHORTHORN 241 1900, are the following fifteen.t Those marked with a star (*) were bred in Great Britain. Each sire received 32 points for each first prize winner, 16 for each second or third sired by him, and 8 for each first prize or 4 for each second or third of which he was grandsire, and 2 points for each first or I point for each second or third of which he was great grandsire. (1) Whitehall Sultan 163573, calved 1900, points 979; (2) Avondale 245144, calved 1905, points 709; (3) Choice Goods 18602*, calved 1899, points 525; (4) Cumberland’s Last 118578, calved 1904, points 305 3 (5) March Knight 188105, calved 1902, points 353 ; (6) V2- lager 295884, calved 1906, points 310; (7) Glenbrook Sultan 243185, calved 1904, points 292; (8) BLapton Sultan 163570%, calved 1898, points 267; (9) The-Lad-for-Me 140618, calved 1897, points 213; (10) Whitehall Marshall 209775, calved 1902, points 205; (11) Conqueror 149048*, calved 18099, points 189; (12) Hampton's Lest 170818, calved 1900, points 180; (13) Nonpareil Victor 13257 3*, calved 1896, points 175 ; (14) Lord Lovat 130157, calved 1896, points 171; (15) Gallant Knight 124468, calved 1896, points 160. Whitehall Sultan and his son Avondale may be regarded as two of the greatest sires of the past quarter of a century. Famous Shorthorn cows of recent years. Among the great show and producing cows of the present century may be mentioned the following, each of which has produced a grand champion: Avalanche 2d (v. 60, p. 655), Bapton Pearl (v. 48, p. 368), Dorothea (v. 45, p. 645), Emma 32d (v. 46, p. 714), Geraldine 5th (v. 41, p. 354 E), Lady-in-Watting (v. 44, p. 632), Lady Marjory (v. 48, p. 406), Maxwalton Mina 2d 86601, Rosewood Pride (v. 60, p. 655), Ruberta (Vv. 45, p. 1084). The prices paid for Shorthorns have attained figures far beyond the expectations of the most ardent admirers of this great breed. For over a century high prices have been obtained at both private and public sales, with records of new high points during the days of the World War. Many bulls have changed hands at $5000 1 These relative positions are based on prizes won at the American Royal and the International Live-Stock Exposition by descendants included within three generations and from 1903 to 1915 inclusive. Information furnished by the courtesy of Professor Gilbert Gusler of Illinois University. 242 CATTLE each since the time of Charles Colling’s sale in 1811, when Comet was the first to bring this figure. The sale of Walcott and Campbell, held September 10, 1873, at New York Mills, New York, was for forty-five years the record-breaking Shorthorn sale of history, when 109 animals sold for $381,990, an average of $3504. The cow Eighth Duchess of Geneva brought $40,600, the highest price paid for cow or bull, until 1918, while 18 other animals ranged from $5000 up to $35,000 each, the latter being the price paid for Tenth Duchess of Geneva. The bull Second Duke of Oneida brought $12,000. In 1869 Daniel McMillan sold at Xenia, Ohio, atauction 71 head which aver- aged $864.61, while in 1874 Colonel W. S. King of Minnesota sold in Chicago 79 head at an average of $1628, the bull Second Duke of Hillhurst sell- ing at $14,000. Be- Fic. 98. Pride of Morning (120551), by Star of tween 1870 and 1880 Morning (121243). At one time leading stock bull in the herd of William Duthie, Scotland. From : : i photograph by the author tion in this country 26,151 Shorthorns at an average price of $294 per head. Between 1891 and 1900, during a period of great depression in beef-cattle prices, the Kansas Board of Agriculture reports 15,741 head sold at auction at an average price of $138.41. In recent years Shorthorn values have greatly increased, and thousands of animals have changed hands at figures exceeding $1000 or more. In 1910 Thomas Stanton sold the bull Prince Imperial 325711 for $10,000 to George J. Sayers. In 1915 the bull Americus, champion at the Palermo show in Argentina in 1913, sold to Senor Ginnochio for about $33,000 in gold. On December 1, 1917, at the sale of Frank Harding of Wisconsin, the bull Anoka Champion 555857 sold to B. F. Hales for $17,000. At this sale fourteen bulls averaged $2607, thirty-one females $1073, and forty-five head $1551. A year later Mr. Harding sold 48 head for an there were sold at auc- THE SHORTHORN 243 average of $1865, and 13 bulls averaged $3457, one of which, Anoka Omega 698327, brought $12,000. Ina sale of Carpenter & Ross of Ohio at Chicago on June 20, 1918, sixteen bulls averaged $2800, one hundred and six females $1386, and one hundred and twenty-two in all brought a total of $192,982, or an average of $1370. In this sale H. S. Black of Mansfield, Ohio, paid $20,000 for the yearling bull Rodney. In a sale held by this same firm June 24 and 25, 1919, in Chicago, 38 bulls averaged $3484, while 172 head of both sexes brought a total of $378,505, or an average of $2200. The imported yearling bull Cudham Dreadnought was sold to Hay Brown of Illinois for $19,500. In June, 1918, Bellows Brothers of Missouri sold 65 head for an average of $1700, the bull Village Supreme 423865 bringing $16,500. On May 15, 1919, H. C. Lookabaugh, Watonga, Oklahoma, sold 38 head for $111,850, an average of $2943. Three bulls averaged $10,316, and one of them, Fair Acres Sultan Jr. 596263, brought $17,250. According to “ The Shorthorn in America,’ 11,011 Shorthorns were sold in America at 199 public sales, during 1918, for $5,664,936, or at an average of $514. According to Mr. F. P. Mathews,! in 1916 there were sold in England 5838 Shorthorns for the average price of about $300 per head. Among the greatest Shorthorn sales in recent years have been those held in North Scotland, more especially the bull sales of Mr. William Duthie. In 1915 eighteen Short- horn bull calves of Mr. Duthie averaged $1744, in 1916 twenty- three averaged $3083, in 1917 twenty-four averaged $3279.50, and in 1918 twenty averaged about $5450. At the 1917 sale the calf Collynie Lavender King brought $14,175. At the Perth, Scotland, sales in February, 1918, there were sold 434 bulls at an average price of $772. Two bulls made high records in the Scotch sales at this time — Pride of Millhills at Perth bringing $16,275 and Proud Conqueror at Aberdeen, $16,800. At the 1919 February sales abroad Cluny Proud Augustus at Perth sold for $20,000, Pierrepont Golden Prince and Windsor Knight at Birmingham each brought $21,000, and Gartley Lancer at Penrith topped all British records at $23,750. In recent years milking Shorthorns have also brought very high prices. In October, 1916, 1 Live Stock Journal Almanac (1917), p- 94. 244 CATTLE =< at the sale of Samuel Sandy in England, 115 head brought an aver- age of $605. In May, 1917, at the sale of L. D. May of Penn- sylvania, 39 milking Shorthorns averaged $1008, one of which, White Queen, sold for $3000. On June 21, 1918, Arnold Wills of Northampton, England, sold 56 head for an average of $1140, with the high price of $10,000 for the yearling bull Thornby Fic. 99. Milking Shorthorn bull Waterloo Clay, weight 2300 pounds. The property of Flintstone Farm, Dalton, Massachusetts. Grand champion at Eastern States Exposition, 1917 Premier, paid by Sir Gilbert Greenall. In October, 1918, there were sold 68 dairy Shorthorns by R. W. Hobbs & Sons of Kelm- scott, Lechlade, England, for the high average price of $1155. The geographical distribution of the Shorthorn is most wide- spread, no other breed equaling it in this respect. It is so well suited to a wide range of conditions and has been so extensively distributed that it has been termed ‘the universal intruder.” It is generally found in North America; in South America, more particularly in Argentina; in Europe, being the most promi- nent breed on the British Isles, although bred to some extent on the Continent; in Australasia, where it has long met with favor ; THE SHORTHORN 245 and to some extent in South Africa and Asia. In the United States the Shorthorn is the most popular breed of cattle, as attendance at the great shows, especially in the states of the Mississippi Valley north of the Ohio, will demonstrate. In a statement from the office of the American Shorthorn Breeders’ Association, giving the distribution of breeders in the United States registering pure-bred Shorthorns, it is shown that 20,871 breeders are distributed in forty-five states, the ten leading states being as follows: Iowa, 4070; Illinois, 1885; Nebraska, 1740; Missouri, 1625 ; Minnesota, 1520; Kansas, 1285 ; South Dakota, 1155; Indiana, 1100; Ohio, 945; Wisconsin, 760. This evidence of wide distribution speaks well for the adaptability of the breed. However, on the Western range, under severe weather conditions and where “roughing it’ is required, the Shorthorn will not thrive as well as the Hereford or Galloway. Organizations for the promotion of Shorthorn cattle precede all other breeding associations for meat-producing animals. The first live-stock registry for cattle was the “ Shorthorn Herdbook,” published by George Coates of Yorkshire, England, in 1822. This forms the foundation of the English ‘‘ Shorthorn Herdbook,” known as “ Coates’s Herdbook,” which in 1918 attained its sixty- third volume. Mr. Coates edited the first five volumes, when, owing to his death in 1846, he was succeeded by Mr. H. Strafford, who served as editor of the next fifteen volumes. In 1876 the Shorthorn Society of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland assumed control of the publication of the herdbook, and through its editing committee has ever since maintained super- vision of the records of the society. The first volume of the “American Shorthorn Herdbook” appeared in 1846, being published by Lewis F. Allen of New York. In 1869 the “American Shorthorn Record”’ first appeared, being published by A. J. Alexander of Kentucky, and ten volumes were issued. In 1878 the Ohio Shorthorn Breeders’ Association published a record and followed it with two others. In 1882 the American Shorthorn . Breeders’ Association absorbed these and continued the publication of the old herdbook established by Allen. The “Canadian Shorthorn Herdbook”’ first appeared in 1867, the “ British American Shorthorn Herdbook” appeared in 1881, 246 CATTLE and the ‘‘ Dominion Shorthorn Herdbook”’ in 1887, the latter absorbing the other two. The ‘American Shorthorn Herdbook ” up to 1919 numbers ninety-three volumes, and new volumes are appearing yearly. Already over 700,000 Shorthorns have been registered in the United States, and 250,000 in Canada. Milk- ing Shorthorns in England are generally registered in “ Coates’s Herdbook,”” of which there is a dairy association branch that supervises the official testing of the cows. In the United States the American Shorthorn Breeders’ Association provides for test- ing for advanced registry milking cows of the breed and pub- lishes yearly reports of official records. In 1915 there was also Fic. 100. Shorthorns of the royal house on the pasture at Windsor, England. From photograph by the author organized in the United States, at the Minnesota State Fair, an American Milking Shorthorn Breeders’ Association. Shorthorn associations exist in Argentina, in Australia, and in France, and herdbooks are published in these countries. A number of local Shorthorn breeders’ associations have been organized in different states, these being as a rule in the nature of community breeders’ associations. These are for promoting the breed in various ways, but more especially for fostering combination sales. Important service in behalf of the Shorthorn, in the way of publicity, is being rendered through a quarterly periodical published by the American association, under the title of Ze Shorthorn in America, the first number appearing in April, 1916. Zhe Shorthorn World, pub- lished in Chicago, the first number appearing in March, 1916, is a commendable journal devoted to this breed. Ci A Pe Rex, THE POLEED SHORTHORN The origin of the Polled Shorthorn. In consideration of the fact that Polled Shorthorn cattle are either pure-bred Shorthorns or nearly so, the author does not regard it as necessary to devote much space to them other than historical. The ‘single standard’’ Polled Durham was the first type of hornless Shorthorn to attract attention in America. This. is the result of uniting native mulley cows with pure-bred Shorthorn bulls. Cattle of such blood lines are quite commonly designated as ‘“‘single standard”’ because of being eligible to registration only in the “ Polled Durham Herdbook.” When the movement for dehorning got well started nearly twenty years ago, men here and there began to seek combinations by which the horns might be bred off. Some men who were breeders of Shorthorns or who believed in the Shorthorn type sought to breed hornless cattle. Among the pioneers in this work were W. S. Miller, Dr. W. W..Crane, R. Clawson, and Peter Shafer of Ohio, J. F. Burleigh of Illinois, J. H. Miller of Indiana, and T. Dunham of Iowa. These men used pure Shorthorn bulls on mulley cows of Shorthorn type and so finally developed what they termed the Polled Durham breed. Cattle of this breeding were quite like Shorthorns, tending toward the dual-purpose type, were inclined to be leggy, and hardly met the demands of the Shorthorn critics for thickness of flesh. Those that had true polled heads were used for breeding, and thus gradually were developed, mainly in western Ohio, herds of Polled Durham cattle. The ** double standard’’ Polled Shorthorn represents the demand of Shorthorn breeders and others for a pure hornless class of Shorthorn cattle. These are often termed “double standard” because of being eligible to registration in both the “American Shorthorn Herdbook” and the “ Polled Shorthorn Herdbook.” Very naturally, with the development of the “single standard” 247 248 ; CATTLE class, breeders began to watch for pure-bred Shorthorns free of horns. This branch has its origin in several Shorthorn families, notably the White Rose, Young Phyllis, and Gwynne. The cow Oakwood Gwynne 4th, registered in Volume XV of the “American Shorthorn Herdbook,” was bred by W. S. King of Minneapolis, Minnesota, and was calved May 12, 1873. She had but very slight horns, or scurs, being almost polled. Bred to Seventh Duke of Hill- hurst 34221, she pro- duced twin female calves, Mollie Gwynne and Nellie Gwynne (Vol. XXIII, p728); that developed true polled heads. When later bred to Bright Eyes Duke 31894, she produced as a result a red bull calf that was a true polled animal and which was recorded as King of Kine 87412. In 1888 W. S. Miller Fic. ror. Sultan’s Creed 353694, one of the best of Elmore, Ohio, pur- Polled Shorthorn bulls of recent years and a very he saa) oral t] noted sire. Bred and owned by J. H. Miller & CDAS€C these = taree Sons, Peru, Indiana. From photograph, by courtesy offspring of Oakwood of owners Gwynne 4th, and with them developed a herd of pure polled Shorthorns. King of Kine was used in the herd three years and proved a very prepotent sire, some 90 per cent of his calves from horned cows being polled. He was used on cows of the Rose of Sharon, Young Mary, and Phyllis tribes with much success. Then a son of his, Ottawa Duke 109292, out of Nellie Gwynne, was used in the herd, and all his off- spring proved to be hornless. Later Ottawa Duke came into the possession of Dr. W. W. Crane, in whose herd he rendered valuable service. Ottawa Duke sired Miami Boy 116517 and Tippecanoe 4th 121365, well-known sires in the Crane herd. THE POLLED SHORTHORN 249 Mr. J. H. Miller of Indiana early became a celebrated breeder of Polled Durhams and in 1893, with some others, made at the World’s Columbian Exposition the first notable exhibit of this breed. Mr. Miller’s bull Young Hamilton 114169, a pure Short- horn and the Columbian Exposition Polled Durham sweepstakes male, rendered valuable pioneer service in his herd. The important requirements for registering Polled Shorthorn cattle, as originally adopted by the American Polled Durham Association, were as follows: (1) they must have true polled heads ; (2) they must have the color and characteristic markings of the Shorthorn ; (3) they must have not less than 871 per cent of Shorthorn blood in 1893, at least 93? per cent after 1896, and fully 967 per cent after 1899. Volume III of the “ American Polled Durham Herdbook,” published in 1905, contains the by- laws of the American Polled Durham Association as adopted April 29, 1902. Section X, which qualifies registration and covers the old rule, is as follows: Animals to be eligible to entry in the ‘‘ American Polled Durham Herdbook” must be at least six months old; must be naturally hornless; must have both parents recorded therein or have one parent recorded in the book and the other parent recorded in the ‘SAmerican Shorthorn Herdbook” or other generally accepted Shorthorn herdbook ; and further, must have an ancestry, that are eligible, recorded in the ‘American Polled Durham Herdbook.” The prepotency of the Polled Shorthorn is well maintained in herds that are carefully selected and bred with the view of reduc- ing the horn to a minimum. By the use of polled bulls of pre- potent character mated to Shorthorn cows, polled females are produced that become eligible to entry in the Polled herdbook, but the progeny thus secured offers an element of uncertainty in the reproduction of polled heads. The popularity of Polled Shorthorns, if one looks at the situation frankly, is not great. In Ohio, where one might expect to find Polled Shorthorns in considerable numbers, there are comparatively few herds. They have seemed more in favor farther west, notably in Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, and Nebraska. One reason why the Polled Shorthorn is not in greater favor is due to the fact that there have not been enough outstanding herds of beef type and character to arouse enthusiasm among breeders of Shorthorns. R 250 CATTLE However, some very superior Polled Shorthorns have been bred, such as reflected great credit on this strain of cattle. The growing popularity of polled cattle should benefit the Polled Shorthorn in particular. The prices paid for Polled Shorthorns in general are very mod- est in comparison with Shorthorns; still a number of remarkably good sales have been held in recent years. On April 9, 1914, Mr. J. H. Miller of Indiana, famous as a breeder and improver, disposed of _ thirty- seven head at a pub- lic sale for $20,960, an average of $566. One of the best bulls of the day, Sultan’s Creed 35 3964 X8716, brought $2200, and a son of his — Intense Sultan 385882X — brought $1500. The cow Capacious Sultan 132303 sold” =tesr $1050. At a breed- ers sale at Oxiond: Fic. 102. Bulhla, a Polled Shorthorn cow of great Towa, in March, 1918, scale and very superior character. Owned by W. M. forty-four head aver- Miller & Son, Mulberry, Indiana. From photograph by J.C. Allen ie aged $340, and the very successful show bull Snowball X478714 brought $3600. At the Polled Durham Breeders’ Association sale at the International Live-Stock Ex- position in Chicago, in 1918, forty-three head sold for $21,760, an average of $506, thirty-one females averaging $468. The top bull was the grand champion of the show, Royal Stamp X17841, which sold for $1525. The distribution of Polled Shorthorns is most common in the corn belt in the Mississippi Valley, but more especially in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Towa, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. Mr. J. H. Miller has on several occasions exported Polled Shorthorns to Argentina. THE POLLED SHORTHORN 250 The promotion of Polled Shorthorn interests is officially super- vised by the American Polled Shorthorn Breeders’ Association, organized at Chicago in 1889 as the American Polled_ Durham Breeders’ Association. However, on July 11, 1919, the associa- tion in session in Chicago substituted “ Shorthorn” for Durham. Seven volumes of the herdbook have since been published up to 1919. It is to be noted in this connection that breeders are seeking to produce mainly animals that are eligible to registration in the “American Shorthorn Herdbook.” The greater the per- centage of “double standard”’ Polled Shorthorns produced, the less the necessity of maintaining an independent herdbook for the polled cattle of the breed. CHAPTER xxv THE HEREFORD The native home of the Hereford breed of cattle is the county of Hereford, located in the upper part of the lower third of Eng- land, with Wales for its western boundary. The county is gently rolling in places, while in other sections it is quite hilly, and superior grazing generally prevails. Mixed farming is practiced in Herefordshire. Wheat, barley, oats, root crops, and hay are the staples. This also is a leading apple-growing section of England. Here/Herefords are extensively bred, almost to the exclusion of all other kinds of cattle. They are also found more or less in the adjoining counties of Shropshire and Worcester in England, and in Radnor, Brecknock, and Monmouth counties in Wales. The origin of the Hereford, like that of other English breeds, is clouded in obscurity. Some have regarded the Hereford as descended from the aboriginal cattle. This opinion has been expressed by Youatt and by T. Duckham, the latter once prom- inent as editor of the ‘‘ Hereford Herdbook.” In 1788 William Marshall, a well-known English judge of cattle, gave it as his belief that the Hereford might be regarded as the first breed on the island. This was written when the Longhorn and Devon were popular and the Shorthorn was coming into favor rapidly.. Some have accounted for Hereford color and type as due to the importation into Herefordshire by Lord Scudamore, prior to 1671, of some white-faced cattle from Holland or Flanders. It is worth noting here that in the Dutch galleries of fine arts one will see many old paintings of cattle in which red bodies and white faces are not unusual. One of the great paintings of the world, ‘‘ The Bull,” in the gallery at The Hague in Holland, by Paul Potter, who lived from 1625 to 1654, has in the group a white-faced, red-bodied cow, much like many plain-looking Herefords of to-day. In his study of breed evolution Professor James Wilson states! 1 The Evolution of British Cattle, p. 103. London, 1gog. 902 “)5- THE HEREFORD 253 that the cattle of Hereford and some neighboring districts acquired their red color from their Anglo-Saxon ancestors and their size and their white faces and underlines from Holland. Some empha- sis has been laid on the fact that in the herd of one of the Tullys of Huntington about the middle of the eighteenth century a bull calf with white face was dropped, which later as a sire produced many white-faced calves. Hereford color, however, has varied during the history of the breed. In 1788 Marshall wrote that the Fic. 103. “ The Bull,” by Paul Potter (1625-1654). From a painting in the gallery at The Hague, Holland. Note the white face and leg of the cow, suggestive of the early-day Hereford prevailing color was red with a bald face. In time a wider range of color crept in, so that in 1845, when Eyton published the first herdbook, he grouped Herefords into four classes: namely, mottle-faced, light gray, dark gray, and red with white face. Twenty-five years later, however, all of the colors but the last were practically extinct. | Early constructive Hereford breeders date back well into ‘the eighteenth century. A number of men have attained special dis- tinction in this work, some of whom deserve more than passing notice here. Among these are the following: 254 CATTLE The Tomkins family has the greatest fame among early Here- ford improvers. Richard Tomkins, of whose history little is known, who died in 1723, left to his son Benjamin of Court House, Canon Pyon, some cattle above the average, including the cow Silver and her calf. This son, Benjamin the Elder, was born in 1714 and died in 1789 at Wellington Court, where he had lived since 1758. He was a most successful breeder and possessed a noted herd of cattle. A son of his, also named Ben- jamin, and designated “the Younger,’ was born in 1745 and died in 1815. He farmed at Blackhall, King’s Pyon, and later at Wellington Court and Brook House, King’s Pyon. This latter member of the family was the great improver. He bred closely in-and-in, using only bulls of his own breeding, one of which, Silver Bull (41), was a famous sire and perhaps his best, being a noted improver of stock. The bull Wellington (4) was also. an almost equally famous sire. Through Tomkins’s efforts Here- fords gradually matured earlier, produced less offal, became shorter of leg and more refined, and better covered over the back. He also gave the breed more character. His cattle presented some range of Hereford color. In 1819 his herd of 52 animals was sold at auction, 28 head of breeding stock bringing over $20,000, averaging nearly $750 (4149) each, the bull Phoenix (55) bringing $2800. William Galliers of Wigmore Grange was born in 1713 and died in 1779. He was intimate with Benjamin Tomkins the Elder, and they used much of the same blood in developing their herds. His cattle passed into the hands of his son, John Galliers of Frog- don, who was born in 1755 and died in 1828. Another son, William, Jr., a celebrated breeder, was born in 1744 and died in 1832. John Price of Ryall was born in 1776 and died in 1843. He spent his more active years as a breeder near the town of Upton in Worcestershire. He was a close friend and disciple of Tomkins the Younger and adhered to Tomkins’s blood lines. He practiced in-and-in breeding and developed a famous herd. He is said to have been rather independent on color markings and dairy qualities, giving them slight attention, but emphasizing a wide- spread forerib, strong constitution, great scale, and smoothness at the hind quarters. He purchased from Tomkins the famous THE HEREFORD 255 mottle-faced bull Wellington (4). One of his cows, Toby Pigeon, by Toby (5), was a remarkable individual, dropping him nineteen calves. Nearly his entire herd, sold in 1841, descended from her, and this cow, then twenty-two years old, brought $70. Cattle of Price breeding were an important source in the improvement of many herds in Herefordshire. He had auction sales in 1813, 1816, and 1841 which realized a total of over $83,000. John Hewer (1787-1873) was a son of William Hewer, a Hereford breeder of eminence in his day. He was born in ‘Fic. 104. Winter De Cote (4253), calved in 1870, bred by Thomas Edwards, Wintercote, Leominster, England. First-prize aged Hereford bull at the show of the Royal Agricultural Society of England. From an engraving by E. Hacker, published in 1874 Monmouthshire, Wales, and in 1817 moved to Shropshire, on Purslow farm near Craven Arms. Later he occupied several other estates. He did much to improve the breed, and laid great em- phasis on scale, quality, and uniformity of color. He had four favorite strains, Countess, Lofty, Red Rose, and Fanny, from which his cattle mainly descend. He let out bulls to service for large sums and bred and owned many of the most .eminent Herefords of the century. The following bulls bred by him are among the notable ones in the history of this breed: Sovereign (404), Lottery (410), Byron (440), Hope (441), Chance (335), 256 CATTLE Defiance (416), Prince Dangerous (362), Lot (364), Lottery 2d (408), Young Favorite (413), Wonder (420), Fitzfavorite (441), Hamlet (512), Original Ist (455), Young Waxy (451), Purslow (446), and Conqueror (412). There is scarcely a line of Hereford breeding to-day that is not traceable to the Hewer stock. Thomas Jeffries of The Grove, Pembridge, and other estates, was born in 1796 and died in 1843. He was a son of Thomas Jeffries and came from a family of well-known Hereford breeders. He first began with the Hereford stock developed by the family, but later infused the blood of cattle bred by John Hewer, hiring from him Sovereign, Lottery, Byron, and Fitzfavorite. This blending of blood brought about remarkable success, and Jeffries produced numerous famous animals. Cotmore (376), by Sovereign, which he bred, has been classed as one of the finest Hereford bulls of history. Foundation Herefords of importance are the following: Silver Cow of Richard Tomkins ; Pigeon and Mottle of Benjamin Tom- kins the Elder; Wellington (4), Silver Bull (41), Slit Teat Cow, Storrell, Old Rose, and Old Lovely of Benjamin Tomkins the Younger; Toby Pigeon, by Toby (5), of John Price; Red Rose, by Chance (348), of John Hewer. These were really foundation stock in the early establishment of the breed. Among other very important Hereford males that had a great influence on the breed in England in the last century may be mentioned Sovereign (404), Old Wellington (507), Old Silver (540), Waxy (403), Cotmore (376), Lottery (410), Chance (348), Sir David (349), Walford (871), Sir Benjamin (1387), Sir Thomas (2228), Horace (3877), Winter De Cote (4253), and Lord Wilton (4740). It is said of Sovereign (404) that in his day he was acknowledged to be “the best bull ever bred in the county of Hereford, and the sire and grandsire of more prize cattle at Smithfield and else- where than any other bull in the kingdom.” These bulls are insep- arably associated with the development of the breed in England. The introduction of the Hereford to America first occurred, so far as records show, in 1817, when Henry Clay imported a young bull, a cow, and a heifer to his home at Lexington, Kentucky. About 1825 Admiral Coffin of the British Navy sent the bull Sir Isaac and a cow as a gift to the Massachusetts Society for THE HEREFORD 257 Promoting Agriculture. Later other importations followed in a small way. In 1840 W. H. Sotham, a native of Herefordshire, England, who had previously emigrated to America, imported to Albany, New York, in partnership with Erastus Corning, Jr., 21 cows and heifers and a two-year-old bull, This importation was followed by others in 1843, 1852-1853, and 1861-1862. Sotham worked hard to promote the breed, but neither the Kentucky, Massachusetts, nor New York importations awoke enthusiasm. Captain Pendleton of Maine also imported 2 calves in 1846, and Fic. 105. Earl of Shadeland 22d 27147, by Garfield 7015, the champion Here- ford bull of 1888, known as * The Record Breaker.” One of the famous bulls of his day. Held by “Uncle” John Lewis, long the successful manager of the great Shadeland herd at Lafayette, Indiana, now dispersed. From photograph by the author in 1852 John Humphries and Thomas Aston, coming as new set- tlers to Ohio from England, brought with them 7 Herefords. In 1860 F. W. Stone of Guelph, Ontario, Canada, began importing and became a most important factor in promoting the breed in that country. Later, about 1875, T. L. Miller of Beecher, Illinois, became interested. He was a man of wealth and ability and did much to introduce Herefords into the West and insist on the public recognizing the merits of the breed for the range country. Miller exhibited at fairs, and in 1877 his cattle attracted the atten- tion of C. M. Culbertson of Illinois and Adams Earl, Moses Fowler, and W. S. Van Natta of Indiana, all of whom became noted breeders 258 CATTLE and importers. In 1879 Culbertson imported 13 head and in 1880 over 100 of the choicest quality and breeding. Hereford characteristics. This breed has undergone more of an evolution and made more improvement than any other beef breed in America. In 1788 Marshall gave the following descrip- tion of the breed, which sixty years later Youatt stated was tolerably correct. The countenance pleasant, cheerful, open; the forehead broad 7 eye full and lively ; horns bright, taper, and spreading ; head small; chap lean; neck long and tapering; chest deep; bosom broad and projecting forward; shoulder bone thin, flat, no way protuberant in bone (?), but full and mellow in flesh; chest full; loin broad; hips standing wide and level with the chine; quarters long and wide at the neck; rump even with the level of the back and not drooping nor standing high and sharp above the quarters; tail slender and neatly haired ; barrel round and roomy; the carcass throughout deep and well spread; ribs broad, standing flat and close on the outer surface, forming a small, even barrel, the hindmost large and full of length; round bone small, snug, and not prominent; thigh clean and regularly tapering; legs upright and short; bone below the knee and hock small; feet of middle size; flank, large; flesh everywhere mellow, soft, and yielding pleasantly to the touch, especially on the chine, the shoulder, and the ribs; hide mellow, supple, of a middle thickness, and loose on the neck and huckle; coat neatly haired, bright, and silky; color a middle red with a bald face, characteristic of the true Herefordshire breed. While this description has an important application to the Hereford of to-day, in certain respects the breed has been materially improved over what it was twenty-five years ago. The head of the bull is different in type from that of other breeds, being rather short and broad, both in forehead and muz- zle, and often dished of face, crowned with white or waxy yellow horns, which spring forward and down in a semicircular curve. The head of the cow is more refined, and the horns commonly curve around and upward, the tips pointing forward. The eck is often too full at the throat and shows excessive dewlap, especially with the bulls, but commonly blends smoothly into the shoulders. The shoulder is most beautifully laid and covered with flesh, this being a Hereford characteristic scarcely equaled by any other breed. The spring and depth of rib and consequent expansion of body is striking, and a wide, long loin and thickness and depth THE HEREFORD 259 of chest clearly account for the vigor and constitution so univer- sally acknowledged for this breed. The vamp often lacks in levelness and fullness, while the ¢#zg/s are frequently thin and pared off, being deficient in thickness and depth. These defi- ciencies, however, have been materially bred out in many herds, so that the criticisms do not have the weight they formerly did, although even to-day the fore part of the Hereford usually delights the critics, while the hind part often meets with un- favorable comment. The successful Hereford winners in the important shows of to-day exhibit fullness behind as well as in front and bear evidence of the improvement se- cured by modern con- structive breeding. The skzz and hair of the Hereford are distin- guishing features of the breed. The skin should be thick, mellow, and elastic, and the hair fine. Commenting on this sub- Fic. 106. Dale 66481, by Columbus 51875, one ject. one of the greatest of the greatest Hereford bulls in the history J a z e of the breed, both as sire and show bull. Bred British breeders Says : by Clem Graves, Bunker Hill, Indiana. From “One thing each Here- photograph by the author ford breeder should par- ticularly study in choosing the sire and dam, and therefore the offspring, is to try to keep that thick mellow hide and the soft curly coat that are principal characteristics of the well-bred Here- ford. It isa sort of special feature of the breed, showing its aptitude to fatten.” The coat of hair in cold weather is usually thicker and more curly than with any other breed, excepting Gal- loway and West Highland, furnishing abundant protection from cold and storm. As milk producers the cows average below medium and are specially open to criticism. No class of breeders carry so many nurse cows on the show circuit as do the Hereford men. 1 William Tudge, Lreeders’ Gazette, July 3, 1912. 260 CAT TEE In temperament Herefords are less docile than Shorthorns under similar conditions and do not so readily accustom them- selves to the confinement of limited quarters where grazing is not abundant. The color of the Hereford is one of its most distinguishing features. As has already been shown, a century ago there was considerable range of color, and the first English herdbook classified the cattle into four groups — mottle-faced, light gray, dark gray, and red with white face. In the development of the breed the trend has been to secure uniformity of color. This, as seen to-day, shows in varying degree pure white hair over the face and head, breast, top of neck and withers, and legs below knee and hock, along the belly and udder and switch, the remainder of the body being red. The amount of white seen on different animals in a large herd will vary, some being marked in a much more pronounced degree than others. The color varies from a light yellow-red to a dark cherry, a medium, soft tone of red being preferred. The size of the Hereford places this breed in the large class of cattle. From very early times great scale has been sought, and it is said that the bull Wellington in 1815 weighed 2912 pounds and the cow Silk in 1820 weighed 2000 pounds. Cotmore (376), first-prize bull in 1839 at the English Royal, it is claimed,! based on official record, weighed 35 hundredweight, or 3920 pounds, the maximum weight for a British bull. The bull The General (1251) is also reported to have weighed 3640 pounds when six years old. A circular issued by the American Hereford Cattle Breeders’ Asso- ciation states that the breed is not excelled in size, either at early age or maturity, by any breed and that it is not uncommon for bulls to weigh from 2800 to 3000 pounds and for mature cows to weigh a ton. The following are given as the average weights for a period of five years of Herefords of different ages shown at the American Royal Live-Stock Show at Kansas City: aged bulls, 2238 pounds; two-year-old bulls, 1911; senior yearling bulls, 1439; junior yearling bulls, 1318; senior bull calves, 979 ; junior bull calves, 748; aged cows, 1689; two-year-old heifers, 1517 ; senior yearling heifers, 1269; junior yearling heifers, 1128 ; 1 Alvin H. Sanders, The Story of the Herefords. Chicago, 1914. THE HEREFORD 261 senior heifer calves, 828 ; junior heifer calves, 634 pounds. These weights are of show-ring animals and_ naturally are materially heavier than those in ordinary flesh. The Herefords as meat producers have always ranked high. For many years their meat held the highest place at the Smith- field market in London. At the first fifty-two annual meetings Fic. 107. Black’s Ohio Champion, a grade yearling Hereford range steer, held by the noted feeder, D. W. Black, Lyndon, Ohio. Bred by Swenson Brothers of Texas. One of the grand-champion car lot of feeder calves at the 1904 show of the International Live-Stock Exposition. Also one of the first-prize car lot of yearlings fed by Mr. Black for the 1905 show. Purchased by the Ohio State University. From photograph by the author of the Smithfield Club, with various breeds in competition, 185 prizes went to Hereford steers or oxen and only 190 to all other breeds or crosses combined. In recent years, however, the Here- ford has not been so uniformly successful, owing to the influence of Aberdeen-Angus and Shorthorn, but even to-day it may be classed in the first rank. In the carcass contests on fat cattle at the International during the period between 1907 and 1917 the Here- fords did not attain first honors, securing second on two-year-olds 262 CATTLE in 1911, third on yearlings in 1907, 1908, and 1910; and fifth on two-year-olds in 1917, the latter being on the steer Hazford Lad 6th, shown by Colonel E. H. Taylor, Jr., weighing 1650 pounds alive, dressing out 68.91 per cent. In 1910 the third-prize yearling Mirko, shown by the University of Nebraska, weighing 1332 pounds, dressed out the high percentage of 68.09. At the Chicago Fat Stock Show the following Hereford grand champion- ships were awarded between 1878 and 1892: 1883, Roan Boy, a grade sired by a Hereford bull out of a Shorthorn cow; 1885, the grade Regulus; 1886, Rudolph J., a pure-bred; 1891, Hick- ory Nut, a pure-bred. At the International Live-Stock Exposition but few grand championships have been won by Hereford steers. In 1901 The Woods Principal, a pure-bred, was grand champion over all. In 1903 Challenger, a grade, sired by a Hereford and shown by Nebraska University, was grand champion. In 1906 a pure-bred calf, Peerless Wilton 39ths Defender, won the high honors, and again, in 1916, a Hereford-Shorthorn grade, Calli- fornia Favorite, shown by the University of California, was grand champion. In the carload lots of fat steers Herefords have been shown in large numbers, though these are mostly range-bred. Grand-championship honors on carloads have been won as fol- lows at the International: in 1901 by D. W. Black of Ohio with a carload of range-bred Herefords; in 1903 by W. F. Herrin of Illinois; in 1918 by J. W. Frazier of Illinois with calves bred on the Texas range. At the American Royal at Kansas City the grand- champion load in 1910 was Herefords. Especially strong exhibits of fat cattle and feeders of this breed are shown at the American Royal Live-Stock Show at Kansas City, at the Western Stock Show at Denver, and at the National Show at Fort Worth, Texas. In recent years the Hereford has made a poor showing at the British fat-stock shows. The early maturity of the Hereford is one of its pronounced characteristics. No breed of beef cattle develops more rapidly into ‘baby beef” than this, the calves showing a thickness of fleshing and finish that is most attractive. Beyond eighteen months of age the tendency is for Herefords to take on some rolls of fat over the ribs and show more or less unevenness of fleshing. Compared with the Aberdeen-Angus in this regard, they are at some disadvantage. THE HEREFORD 263 The prepotency of the Hereford is one of its most marked fea- tures. Not only is there little variation in type and color markings among pure-breds but so dominant are these characteristics that when pure-bred bulls are used on grade cows, the offspring appear in many instances like pure-breds. So prepotent is the Hereford that his smooth shoulder and thin thigh are commonly transmitted into the grade herd. Hereford cattle for grazers are of the first rank. No other breed will sustain itself on the range, depending entirely on grass and forage, and will thrive so well as this. In- heriting a very hardy constitution and being capable of withstand- ing unusual severity of winter ‘weather, and with a capacity to gain in weight and do well on a relatively sparse feed, the Hereford has proved itself to be the leading breed for the range. It is not : Fic. 108. C i Pee edit. re 1¢ ee Crossbred heifers out of grade etd . cows, sired by an Aberdeen-Angus bull. Bred stricted pastures and by Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. From stable confinement as photograph by the author either Shorthorn or Aberdeen-Angus, but on the great ranges of the western United States and Canada, in Brazil and Argentina, it has no equal. The crossbred or grade Hereford is a prime favorite among feeders of beef cattle. Beyond the Missouri River and in the Southwest Hereford bulls have accomplished remarkable results in erading up and improving the common cattle of the range. The old-fashioned longhorn Spanish type of cattle of the Southwest have disappeared under the improving influence of Hereford blood. During the course of years grade Herefords on the range have taken on all the characteristics of the pure-breds, and millions of these cattle have been transferred from the range country to 264 CATTLE the feed lots of the corn belt, where they have met with great favor on account of their hardiness and ease of fattening. The influence of the grade Hereford in the feed lot is strikingly shown in the large numbers of cattle of this breeding to be seen in the stockyards of Chicago, Kansas City, or Fort Worth. While crossing of pure-breds is not advised, a one-generation cross of Hereford on Shorthorn or Aberdeen-Angus may pro- duce a most excellent butcher’s beast. The prolificacy of the Hereford is a noteworthy feature. There are many cases on record of Hereford cows living to extreme old age and continuing as active breeders in the meantime. Mr. William Tudge writes of a cow in his herd that between 1873 and 1887 dropped sixteen calves. Mr. Murdo Mackenzie, noted as a manager of large cattle-breeding and feeding interests in the far western United States and in Brazil, is credited! with prefer- ring the Hereford on account of: its prolificacy. His calf crop, he said, usually ran from 70 to 80 per cent when he used Hereford bulls. At one time he put in bulls of another breed and the calf crop dropped to 40 per cent. A return to the use of Here- ford bulls was quickly reflected in the increase in the percentage of calves dropped. Hereford families of note. While Shorthorn and Aberdeen- Angus breeders give the family name based on some foundation female, the custom among Hereford breeders is to use the name of the sire as indicative of the line of breeding. In reference to this subject Mr. A. H. Sanders, long an able and interested student of the breed, has written as follows: “ In so far as they use family nomenclature at all, Hereford breeders commonly group their breeding animals under heads that convey a definite meaning. They have their Wiltons, Anxieties, Grove 3d’s, Garfields, Beau Donalds, Perfection Fairfaxes, Disturbers, Repeaters, etc., thus laying stress where it of right belongs, on the great producing bulls.” The following families are given as based on lines of breeding that have attracted special attention since the opening of the present century. 1 The Hereford, 1917. A pamphlet published by the American Hereford Journal. * The Story of the Hereford (1914), p. 1072. THE HEREFORD 265 The Anxiety family descends from the imported bull Anxiety 2238, bred by T. J. Carwardine and imported by C. B. Culberson of Illinois in 1879. Anxiety was sired by Longhorns 2239, a very successful sire, and out of Helena 2240, one of the best show cows of her time. Anxiety was a very superior, thick, smooth bull of much quality, and during a short life in America he sired a number of most excellent animals, including Anxiety 3d 4466 ok % gnneey, Bag nek a: Frc. 109. Repeater 289598, one of the greatest of twentieth-century Hereford sires, the descendants of which have been in great favor. A grand champion in his day and a sire of grand champions. Owned by Overton Harris, Harris, Missouri. From photograph by courtesy of Mr. Harris and Anxiety 4th 9904. These two proved remarkable sires. Anxiety 3d was a great heifer getter, and Anxiety 4th sired notable bulls and cows, including Don Carlos 33734, Beau Real 11055, and Anxiety Monarch 41216. Beau Donald 58996, one of the more recent sires of note, was a grandson of Anxiety 4th through Beau Brummel 51817. Prime Lad 108911 and Dis- turber 139989, famous as sires, were both direct descendants from Anxiety 4th. It is doubtful if any family has had so potent an influence on the breed in recent years as has this. R 266 CATTLE The Beau Donald family descends from Beau Donald 58996, referred to above. He was sired by Beau Brummel 51817, a son of Don Carlos 33734, by Anxiety 4th. Donna 33035, the dam of Beau Donald, was out of Dowager 6th 6932, the mother of Don Carlos. It can thus be seen that on both sire’s and dam’s side the Beau Donald family is of Anxiety breeding and so might be regarded as a subfamily. Beau Donald was bred by Gudgell and Simpson of Missouri in 1893. He was bought as a calf by H. B. Watts of Missouri, who sold him in 1897 to W. H. Curtice ~ of Kentucky, in whose herd he established the reputation of this family. In the hands of Mr. Curtice, Beau Donald sired a large number of remarkably good cattle, including some notable sires, especially Beau Donald 3d 86140 (the sire of Disturber 139989 and grandsire of Repeater 289598) and Prince Rupert 79539 (the sire of Prince Rupert 8th 142701, noted as a show bull and sire). This is one of the most popular Hereford families. The Corrector family derives its title from the bull Corrector 48976, calved in 1891 and bred by T. F. B. Sotham of Missouri. Corrector was sired by imported Harold 21141, his breeding extending back to the famous Horace, while Regulus was sire of Harold’s dam. Coral 13526, the dam of Corrector, was a great breeding as well as show cow. During the twelve years of his life Corrector sired many sons and daughters, among which were the famous prize winners Benefice 78825, Benita 58542, Sir Bredwell 63685 (that sold for $5000), and Thickset 68785 (that sold for $5100). From 1894 to 1903 inclusive 104 Corrector bulls sold for $45,520 and 85 females for $32,920. Many of the cattle of Corrector breeding found their way to the range herds of the Far West, where they were absorbed, the family line largely disappearing. The Disturber family is named from the bull Disturber 139989, a son of Beau Donald 3d 86140, he by Beau Donald and out of Columbia 76779, a daughter of Columbus 51875. This family combines the blood of Beau Donald on the sire’s side and runs back to Garfield 7015, four generations on the dam’s side. Disturber was bred by Jesse Adams in 190! and bought by John Letham for S. L. Brock of Wisconsin, in whose herd he remained until 1911, when he was bought by THE HEREFORD 267 C. A. Tow of Iowa. According to Mr. Letham, who was in charge of this bull for years,! Disturber was most successful as a sire on Kansas Lad Jr. and Prime Lad cows. Through his son Distributor 176433 he is grandsire of Repeater 289598, whose sons and daughters have attracted much attention. Point Comfort 14th 337488, very noted as a sire in the South, was also a grandson of Disturber through his dam Lady Christine 204806, This family represents one of the most popular lines of breeding to-day, since it stands for the more modern type, with well-filled- out hind quarters and smoothness of finish. The Hesiod family derives its name from - the imported bull Hesiod 11675, bred by P. Turner and sired by The Grove 3d2490. A son of Hesiod named Hesiod 2d 40679, out of Anita 33955—a_ Fic. 110. Perfection Fairfax 179676, the greatest daughter of Harold grandson of Dale, in field condition. Perhaps the > : greatest Hereford sire in the history of the breed 2114tandhalfsisterof i. america. Owned by W. T. McCray, Kentland, Corrector— established Indiana. From photograph by the author the fame of this family while in the ownership of J. A. Funkhouser of Missouri. Notable sons and daughters of his were Hesiod 29th 66304, Hesiod 50th 76440, Hesiod 58th 86466, Dewdrop 61351, and Keepsake 81634. Mina 184985, the dam of Repeater 289598, is a great-granddaughter of Hesiod 2d. Few families show a better ancestry than does this, although it has not been especially prominent in recent years. The March On family descends from March On 76035, im- ported in 1897 by C. S. Cross of Kansas and sired by Lead On 76967, dam Royal Daisy 2d 79943. The breeding of March On goes back five generations on the sire’s side to Good Boy (7668), a noted sire and show bull, and also to Lord Wilton and Grove 3d. 1The Story of the Hereford, p. 952. 268 CATTLE The dam of March On also traces back four generations to Grove 3d. March On in yearling age was bought at auction by W. S. Van Natta and Son of Indiana, and in their herd this family won its reputation. March On 6th 96537, by March On, dam Jewel Fowler 49207, by Fowler 12899, was purchased from the Van Nattas by J. A. Funkhouser. Jewel Fowler, his dam, was also dam of Java 64045, sire of Dolly 5th 71988. In the Funkhouser herd the March On family was especially promoted. March On 6th was not only a great success in the show yard but he was also a distinct success as a sire. Onward 4th 123694, by March On 6th, was champion Hereford bull at the 1903 and 1904 American Royal shows at Kansas City and third aged bull in 1904 at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Onward 31st 187476, another son, was champion at Kansas City in 1908. At the Louisiana Purchase Exposition many prizes were won by sons and daughters of March On 6th, including second on get of sire and produce of dam. During the first ten years of this century this family attained much popularity. The Perfection family comes from most illustrious ancestry and is named from Perfection 92891, calved in 1898 and bred by F. A. Nave of Indiana. Perfection was sired by Dale 66481, champion in many shows, and out of Melley May 41752, a daughter of Hoosier Tom 7732, by Anxiety 2d. Going back five generations on the line of sires we have Dale 66481, Columbus 51875, Earl of Shadeland gist 33378, and Garfield 7015, a remarkable ancestry. Perfection was repeatedly a first-prize win- ner and champion as calf, yearling, and two-year-old. Mr. Thomas Clark of Ilinois paid $1350 for him as a yearling and later sold him at auction to G. H. Hoxie of Illinois for $9000. In 1907 he was bought at auction by Colonel Curtice of Kentucky. Perfection sired many animals of superior merit, but two of his sons — Perfection Fairfax 179767, out of imported Berna 138482, by Fairfax 34159, owned by W. T. McCray of Indiana, and Wood- ford 500000, out of Belle Donald 114th 267191, a double grand- daughter of Beau Donald, owned by Colonel E. H. Taylor, Jr., of Kentucky, and for which he paid $12,000 — are his most famous sons. In the opinion of many breeders Perfection Fairfax is the greatest Hereford sire in the history of the breed and is by THE HEREFORD 269 many regarded as the founder of a family itself. Calved in 1903 and used for many years in a herd of unusual excellence, Perfection Fairfax has sired a large number of sons and daughters which have been bought at high prices. At the sale of Mr. McCray on May 22, 1918, fourteen of his sons averaged $5216 and ten of his daughters $2870 each. In the 1919 sale of Mr. McCray 20 bulls (all sons of Perfection Fairfax) averaged $7955, and 22 of Fic. 111. Richard Fairfax 449317, by Perfection Fairfax 179676. Sold by L. A. Pinnard to Ferguson Brothers, Canby, Minnesota, for $50,000. One of the promi- nent present-day sires. From a photograph by courtesy of Ferguson Brothers his daughters averaged $3436. Luther Fairfax 688971 brought $19,000 ; Admiral Fairfax 633408 brought $20,500; Hugo Fair- fax 608229 brought $23,000; and Baron Fairfax 547771 sold for $24,000. Another son, Richard Fairfax 449317, sold in March, 1919, at private sale for $50,000, as set forth on page 273. While Perfection blood has been widely used in Hereford families, Beau Donald breeding has seemed to blend with it especially well. The Prime Lad family finds its so-called beginning in the bull Prime Lad 108911, bred by W. S. Van Natta and Son, calved in 1900, sired by Kansas Lad, Jr. 75104, and out of Primrose 270 CATTLE 80150, by Marplot 82782. Prime Lad, through his sire and erandsire, Kansas Lad 36932, goes back to Beau Real 11055, by Anxiety 4th, a truly great line of sires. Prime Lad won many prizes in the show ring, the more important being the breed championship at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and at the International Live-Stock Exposition in 1904. As a sire, in the hands of Van Natta and Son, he was a great success, siring many notable prize winners, including Prime Lad 16th 213969, out of Lorna Doone 94479 (champion at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition), and Prime Lad 9th 213963, out of Leonora 137722 (another daughter of Lorna Doone), by March On 76035. Gay Lad 6th 316936, by Prime Lad 16th, out of Sister Per- fection 139658 sired by Dale 66481 and out of Melley May (also the dam of Perfection Fairfax), in the hands of O. Harris of Missouri, attained great fame as the progenitor of a line of Gay Lads of much merit. Gay Lad 6th was champion bull of the breed at the American Royal and the International in 1910 and 1911, and his son Gay Lad goth 503718, junior champion in 1916 at the American Royal, at the O. Harris and Sons sale in 1917, sold for $11,900. Since 1904 Prime Lads have been in special favor. The Prime Lad and Beau Donald families have been blended to great advantage. Noted Hereford sires prior to 1900 may be traced in the history of the breed during the previous century. Two great epoch- making sires of long ago were Sovereign (404), calved in 1820, and Sir David (349), calved in 1845. Sir Benjamin (1387), a son of Sir David, was also a sire of great renown. Coming to a more recent date, Lord Wilton (4740) 4057, calved in 1873 (a de- scendant of Sir David), and Horace (3877) 2492, calved in 1867, have been rated as two of the greatest bulls in the history of the breed in England. Hereford sires of particular note in America date back only to the time of T. L. Miller. From about 1880 many animals of much merit were imported. Among these history accords high place to Success 2, by Banquo 4; Sir Richard 2d 970a, by Sir Oliver 2d (1733); The Grove 3d 2490; Sir Bartle Frere 6419, by Lord Wilton (4740) 4057; Garfield 7015, by Quickset 6853; Anxiety 2238, by Longhorns 2236; and Tregehan 6203, by Assurance 4589. Among American-bred THE HEREFORD at Herefords the following in particular are of distinction: Fowler 12899, by Tregehan; Anxiety 4th 9904, by Anxiety ; Corrector 48975, by Harold 21141; Peerless Wilton 12774, by Garfield; Dale 66481, by Columbus 51875; Earl of Shadeland 22d 27147 and Earl of Shadeland 41st 33478, both by Garfield. After making a study of the winners at the various American Royal and International Exposition shows up to and including 1917, Fic. 112. Lorna Doone 94479, by Christopher 69072. Grand-champion Hereford cow at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 1904, and at various other leading exhibitions, and noted as a great specimen of the breed. Bred and owned by W.S. Van Natta & Son. From photograph by the author L. H. Riggs gives the following,! as all things considered, the greatest Hereford sires in order of merit: (1) Perfection Fairfax, (2) Beau Donald, (3) Prime Lad, (4) Disturber, (5) Lamplighter, (6) March On 6th, (7) Corrector, (8) Repeater, (9) Benjamin Wilton. Prices paid for Herefords have passed through wide extremes. In their native home the breed has long been valued for export, and prices have generally ruled strong. In 1884 Lord Wilton (4740) sold at auction for $19,000, but the buyer could not cash his bid, so the bull was later sold to William Tudge and Thomas Fenn for $5000. In the United States public-auction sales show 1 American Hereford Journal (June 15, 1918), p- 144- 272 CATTLE the low average in 1891 of $68.23, with a gradual increase up to 1898, when 1345 head averaged $300.18. From this time values declined, until 1905, when 1179 head averaged $115.25. Since 1905, however, Hereford values have steadily increased, more recently going up in unusual degree. “In 1917,’’ says Hayes Walker,! ‘‘a total of 3266 bulls sold at public auction for an average of $508, while so far this year 2518 bulls have sold in public sales for a general average of $400. Last year 5888 females sold at public auction for a general average of $485, while so far this year 4073 females have brought a general aver- age of $550.”. Among the notable American sales the following are of interest. In 1902 at the sale of Clem Graves of Indiana, the bull Crusader 86596 sold for $10,000 and the cow Dolly 2d 61799 for $7000, the highest prices for this breed in America up to that time. In January, 1902, Perfection 92891 sold in the Thomas Clark sale at Chicago to G. H. Hoxie for $9000. In 1913 Colonel E. H. Taylor, Jr., bought the bull Woodford 500000, by Perfection, for $12,400. Woodford was burned to death in his stall in 1918. On March 1, 1916, O. Harris and Sons of Missouri held a sale, when 61 head averaged $1246, six sons of Repeater 289598 averaging $3642. On February 28 and March I, 1917, the same firm held another sale, in which 144 head brought $184,450, a new record in Hereford values, an average of $1281 per head, Gay Lad goth 503718 selling for $11,900 and Bonnie Brae 60th 413606 for $10,050. In December, 1916, at a combination sale at the International at Chicago, Woodford 6th 505407, by Woodford 500000, sold for $15,100 to N. J. Camden of Kentucky. In 1917 the bull Ardmore 566000 was sold by Walter L. Yost of Missouri to W. R. and W. A. Pickering of the same state for $31,000, the top price for a Hereford bull up to 1918. Forsome years W. T. McCray of Indiana has held remark- able sales, and on May 22, 1918, he sold 75 head for $204,175, an average of $2722, only two animals selling for as little as $1000. On June 7, 1918, all previous records were broken at the sale of I. H. Taylor, Jr., when 62 head brought $186,850, an average of $3013. At this sale imported Clive Iris 3d 545495 brought the record price of $13,850 for a Hereford cow. Two other high 1 American Hereford Journal, June 15, 1918. THE HEREFORD 273 records were made on cows, Maple Lass 57th 512411 bringing $7700 and Princess H. 609673 reaching $7800. The price of $6300 paid for Columbia March On 543883 at Mr. McCray’s sale in May was the high price for a Hereford cow up to that date. On January 7, 1919, Mousel Brothers of Nebraska broke all previous Hereford sale records, selling 50 head for a total of $192,250, an average of $3845. The three-year-old bull Superior Domino 557924 sold to Mrs. William Braddock of Nebraska for $21,000, and the aged cow Mariana 8th 416438 to Fritz Bichel of Nebraska for $7200. Early in March, 19109, the bull Richard Fairfax 449317, by Perfection Fairfax and out of Real Lady 238518, by Beau Real 181680, was sold by L. A. Pinard of South Dakota to Ferguson Brothers of Canby, Minnesota, for $50,000, which created a new high record of Hereford values. Finally, on May 21 and 22, 1919, Mr. McCray held a world-record sale for beef cattle, 120 head bringing $436,250, an average of $3635. The first 50 head in the sale averaged $5360, and 42 sons and daughters of Perfection Fairfax averaged $5591. One cow, Miss Dale Farmer 512485, was bought by Z. M. Crane of Dalton, Massachusetts, for $10,500. Two bulls brought very high prices in England in 1918 — Ringer (31920), by Starlight, selling for $45,000 at the sale of S. C. Hayter; and Resolute, by Ringer, selling for $40,000 to T. R. Thompson of Wales. The distribution of the Hereford is very wide. In Great Britain it is chiefly bred in Herefordshire and vicinity, though herds are kept with success in Scotland, Ireland, and Wales. The Hereford, however, is best adapted to a grazing region of a fair degree of level surface, and its introduction to the plains of Australia, New Zealand, Argentine Republic, Canada, and the United States has met with very great success. No breed equals the Hereford for withstanding the vicissitudes of the great ranges, where winter’s cold and scarcity of feed frequently obtain. The thick coat of hair, robust constitution, and easy-keeping quality of the breed make it unusually suited to such conditions. For the restricted surroundings of the Eastern farm, where grazing is not so abun- dant, the Hereford is not so well suited. Yet in New England, and especialiy in Maine, Herefords have long been popular. The oxen of this breed have for many years met with favor on the hills 274 CATTLE of New England. While the Hereford is widely bred in the United States, it is most popular in Texas, Missouri, Iowa, Kansas, Illinois, Nebraska, South Dakota, Wyoming, Colorado, Oklahoma, Minnesota, New Mexico, Utah, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Mississippi. The promotion of Hereford cattle interests is well established in England and the United States. The “ Hereford Herdbook ” Fic. 113. Four calves sired by the Hereford bull Wyoming 505146. A fine example of breed character. From photograph by Hildebrand, through courtesy of W. N. W. Blayney, Denver, Colorado, owner of Wyoming was first published in 1846 by T. C. Eyton, and in 1884 the Hereford Cattle Breeders’ Association of England was organized and took over the publication of, the herdbook, of which fifty volumes have been published up to 1919. T. L. Miller of Tllinois published in 1881 the first ““ American Hereford Herdbook,” and the same year the American Hereford Breeders’ Association was organized. Up to January I, 1919, there had been published forty-eight volumes, showing a registration of 686,000 animals. In Canada there is a Hereford Association, which up to 1918 has published nine volumes, with registrations up to 28,800 head. THE HEREFORD 275 In 1883 there were but 2500 Herefords of record in the United States, but on June I1, 1918, this number had increased to 711,485. During the year 1918 there were recorded on the books of the American Hereford Breeders’ Association 92,526 registrations and 76,018 transfers, thus giving evidence of a very large amount of activity with the breed in America. At the end of six months, in 1919, the American Association showed a total membership on its books of 10,000, as compared with 4305 stockholders at the end of 1910. In addition to the American Hereford Cattle Breeders’ Association, there are many local state and community. associations for promoting the breed, nearly fifty being on record up to 1918. An important medium for promoting the breed is the American Hereford Journal, established in 1909, published semimonthly at Kansas City, Missouri. POLLED HEREFORDS The origin of Polled Herefords dates back only twenty-five years. Messrs. Mossom Boyd of Bobcaygeon, Ontario, Canada, J. L. Torrey of Embar, Wyoming, and W. W. Guthrie of Atchison, Kansas, independent of each other sought to develop strains of polled Hereford cattle. In 1898 the author saw an exhibit of eight head by Mr. Guthrie at the Trans-Mississippi Exposition at Omaha, of what he termed ‘“ Polled Kansans.” These had been sired by a polled bull resulting from crossing a Hereford bull on a range-bred grade Shorthorn cow. These were rather plain cattle. Mr. Boyd attempted to produce polled Here- fords by using Aberdeen-Angus bulls on pure-bred Hereford cows, and secured some polled animals with Hereford markings. C. T. Mercer of Iowa also bred some grade Polled Herefords, using a Red Polled bull on Hereford cows. The efforts of Mr. Guthrie, in particular, interested Warren Gammon of Iowa, who sent a circular letter to twenty-five hundred Hereford breeders, making inquiry for such polled cattle. As a result he located six polled bulls and ten cows. Of these he purchased the following: the bulls Giant 101740, Tony 112173, Wilson 126523, Variation 152699, Wallace L. 127078, and Too Late, a nonbreeder; of cows, Lora 115570, Blue Bell 106983, Duchess of Bedford 22d 276 CATTLE 64437, Myrtie Taylor 56671, Olivia 98112, Charity 66888, and Beauty 95357. This furnished the foundation stock of pure-bred polled Hereford blood from which this type was developed. Giant proved a valuable sire in the Gammon herd. Wilson was bought by Mr. Cadwell of Illinois, and later this bull and Variation were used in the Boyd herd. Tony was first leased to Mr. Guthrie and later bought by him. The first calves in the Gammon herd from this polled foundation came in 1902. Polled matings resulted in nearly 100 per cent polled calves, while 50 to 75 per cent of calves sired by polled bulls and out of horned cows were polled. Among the leading early improvers and promoters, besides those mentioned above, are Benjamin Johnson of Indiana, George E. Ricker of Nebraska, Wyoming Experiment Station, Elijah Field Frc. 114. A Polled Hereford bull used in the herd and Son, T. W. Her- of W. W. Guthrie, Atchison, Kansas. From photo- ron of Ohio, and S. graph, by courtesy of Judge Guthrie, given the author in 1901 7 W. Anderson of West Virginia. The type of Polled Hereford is essentially that of the horned Hereford but with a true polled head pointed at the top rather than broad and rounding over, such as obtains with cattle arti- ficially dehorned. The early type of polled Hereford lacked in uniformity and did not possess the thick, low-set, blocky form so much admired in the best beef cattle of to-day. However, steady improvement has been made, so that to-day there are polled Here- fords that compare favorably with the best of those with horns. Two strains of Polled Herefords naturally resulted from the. breeding above described — those from the use of impure blood, such as a pure-bred polled bull on a grade cow, and known as single standard ; and those from pure-bred Hereford ancestry, as THE HEREFORD 277 in the Gammon foundation stock, and known as double standard. As in the case of other breeds of similar ancestry, the double- standard breeding steadily grew in favor, finally completely over- shadowing the single-standard. The promotion of Polled Hereford cattle through a breeding association first took place in 1900, when the American Polled Hereford Cattle Club was organized at Des Moines, Iowa. Pro- vision was made to register and transfer both single- and double- standard cattle. In 1907 this club was reorganized, under the name of the American Polled Hereford Breeders’ Association, and separate herdbooks were provided for single- and double- standard bred cattle. At the time of reorganization the association. had but five members, but this number had increased in 1918 to 988. In 1902 a National Polled Hereford Breeders’ Association was organized : = : Fic. 115. Head of Emperor 8874 (763715), a in Kansas, but in 1911 a polled Hereford bull in the herd of J. E. Green consolidation was effected of Indiana. A fine type. between this and_ the American, continuing under the name of the latter. A herdbook is maintained by the association, and up to 1917 three volumes © had been published containing 11,200 registrations. The distribution of Polled Herefords is widespread. During the period from 1901 to 1918 the number of these cattle has increased up to about 20,000, distributed in forty-four states of the Union, with Iowa as the central point of importance. Early in 1918 there were 4300 Polled Hereford herds on record, and more than 1000 were established in 1918. In 1917 there were registered 2725 double-standard animals. Prices paid for Polled Herefords have reached high levels. Prices from $500 to $700 ten years ago were regarded as satis- factory, but with the opening of 1918 the influence of higher 278 CATTLE values on all live stock was felt. In two sales held in Iowa early in February, 230 head averaged $630. At the third annual sale of the American Polled Hereford Breeders’ Association at Des Moines, in 1918, sixteen bulls averaged $1419, and twenty-six cows $1114.50, the general average being $1230. The top bull Fic. 116. A pasture view in Herefordshire. From photograph by the author was Polled Repeater 2d 10646, a grandson of Repeater 289598 on sire’s and dam’s side bringing $4000. Eight head passed the $2000 mark. At the fourth sale of the association, in February, 1919, fifty head averaged $1163. On March 28, 1919, W.A. Wilkey & Company, Sullivan, Indiana, bought at auction of the Renner Stock Farm of Indiana the seven-year-old bull Bullion 4th (3062) 428446 for $9500, the highest price to this date for a Polled Hereford. Ghar PER Zee il THE ABERDEEN-ANGUS The native home of the Aberdeen-Angus breed of cattle is in northeastern Scotland, especially in the counties of Aberdeen, Kincardine, and Forfar. In southern Aberdeen, in the Buchan district, the breed was long known as “ Buchan humlies,” while in the section of Forfar known as Angus these cattle were called “Angus Doddies.” The words “homyl,”” “humble,” ‘“humle,’’ “doddie,” and ‘‘dodded”’ are the Scotch terms for polled, or horn- less. This section of Scotland is north of 56° and lies about a thousand miles north of the latitude of Chicago. The climate is rather damp and cold much of the time. The land is hilly or mountainous in the main, part of it being better suited to grazing than anything else, though roots, barley, oats, and hay are quite extensively produced. The origin of the Aberdeen-Angus is purely speculative. Among the wild white cattle of Britain were polled animals, and the Aberdeen-Angus may have descended from these. Some of the Scotch writers incline to the belief that this breed is a sport froma black breed with horns, which formerly existed in Scotland. Horn- less cattle have been known in Scotland for long over a century. In an account book kept by a Mr. Graham record is made June 9, 1752, of purchasing a two-year-old heifer “doded.’”’ The first printed reference to hornless cattle in Angus is dated 1797 in the Old Statistical Account of the parish of Bendochy, where it is said of 1229 cattle in the parish “‘many of them are dodded, wanting horns.” Professor Wilson states! that “early in the eighteenth century there sprang up in England a demand for hornless cattle which was responded to first in Galloway and considerably later in the northeastern counties. The result was that breeders elected to breed from hornless cattle ; and hornlessness, which had hitherto 1 James Wilson, The Evolution of British Cattle, p. 53. London, 1909. 279 280 CATTLE been practically confined to the country near the coast, moved farther and farther inland. By Youatt’s time (1834) the horned and the hornless cattle were almost numerically equal in the interior of the northeastern counties, while the hornless ones were still in the majority on the coast. A quarter of a century later the horns had been almost entirely removed from the inland black cattle.” About 1835 Youatt wrote “that there have always been polled cattle in Angus” and states that about 1775 attention was first directed to them by enterprising farmers. Mr. William Forbes of Aberdeenshire, writing Macdonald and Sinclair over thirty years ago, mentions two sorts of polled cattle common in Buchan about the beginning of the last century. One of these was a rather small, puny type, thin-fleshed, such as the crofters (small-farm renters) kept; the other a larger kind, some black, some brindled, which more readily submitted to Shorthorn blood than did the former but lacked its power of reproduction of polled character. The earliest improvers of Aberdeen-Angus cattle are of a com- paratively recent period and are limited in number. Among those of greatest note were the following: in Forfarshire : William Watson, William Fullerton of Ardovie, Lord Southesk,and Alexander Bowie of Mains of Kelly; in Kincardine: Robert Walker of Portlethen Mains, Mr. Hector of Fernyflatt, Sir Thomas Burnett of The Leys, and Mr. McInroy of The Burn and Portlethen; in Aber- deenshire : William McCombie, Colonel Fraser of Castle Fraser, Mr. Walker of Ardhundcart, and Mr. Cooper of Hillbrae; in Banff: Sir John Macpherson Grant of Ballindalloch, Mr. Brown of Westertown, Mr. Walker of Montbletton, and Mr. Patterson of Mulben. Of the above improvers several were great constructive breeders and deserve special consideration. Hugh Watson of Keillor, Meigle, Forfar, was the first really great Aberdeen-Angus improver — the Colling of this breed. He was born in 1789, became a tenant at Keillor in 1808, and remained there fifty-six years, dying in 1865. His father and grandfather were lovers of good cattle, and when Hugh went to Keillor he took six cows and a bull, all black, with him. He also bought the same year, at Brechin, ten of the best heifers of various colors that he could find and a black bull named Tarnty Jock. Most writers assume that Watson began his work of improvement THE ABERDEEN-ANGUS 281 on settling at Keillor, but his daughter states that this did not begin until about 1815 or 1816, his ambition being aroused by a visit to the English Shorthorn country. Watson in-and-in bred and produced a more early-maturing, heavier-fleshed, blockier type that dressed out better than ever before. He also empha- sized family lines and bred each family rather within itself. His bull Old Jock (i), calved in 1842, a great-grandson of Tarnty Fic. 117. Blackcap Bertram 183757, a noted Aberdeen-Angus show bull and sire. Sold by C. D. and E. F. Caldwell, Burlington Junction, Missouri, for $45,000 to L. B. McCanum, Aledo, Illinois. From photograph by Hildebrand, by courtesy of Caldwell and Caldwell Jock, was his most valuable sire, possessing remarkable quality and constitution, and was a noted show animal. Watson’s most famous cow, Old Grannie (1), was one of the wonders of the bovine race. It is thought that this cow was among the original six bought by Watson, and that he secured her from a breeder in Kincardineshire. She lived to be thirty-six years old and had twenty-five calves, the last a bull of merit, named Hugh (130), being dropped in her twenty-ninth year. Referring to Watson as a breeder Mr. McCombie! pays him the following high compliment: 1 William McCombie, Cattle and Cattle Breeders. Edinburgh, 1869. R 282 CATTLE ‘We all look up to him as the first great improver, and no one will question his title to this distinction. There is no herd in the country which is not indebted to the Keillor blood.” The first great show of black polled cattle was made in 1829 at Perth, and all the animals but one were shown by Watson, who con- tinued a most successful exhibitor at various Scotch shows until 1852, when he discontinued exhibiting. William McCombie was born at Tillyfour, Aberdeen, in 1805 and died in 1880, a few months before the dispersal of his herd. In 1830 he began a polled herd purchased from the best breeders of the time, consisting of ‘“Aberdeens” from St. John’s Wells and Wester Fintray, and “Angus” from Keillor, Balwyllo, Dal- gairns, and elsewhere. He was a great believer in the importance of individual merit coupled with superior pedigree, and empha- sized the value of the sire. At William Fullerton’s sale he bought Queen Mother (348), from which he developed the famous Queen tribe. McCombie bred Pride of Aberdeen (581), the founder of the Pride family and one of the most famous show cows of the breed. McCombie improved on the work of Watson and became his worthy successor. His success in the show ring was mar- velous. He not only exhibited at the leading Scotch shows but also in France on four different occasions, always with eminent success. In 1878 his herd at the Paris International Exposition won the grand championship against all breeds and attracted international attention. Many regard McCombie as the most dis- tinguished improver and promoter of the breed. William Fullerton was born in 1810, founded a herd at Ardovie in 1833, and died in 1880. McDonald and Sinclair state! that when he secured possession of the home farm in 1833 there were three black cows on the place, and intending to estab- lish a herd of ‘‘ doddies’’ he went to Brechin market and made his first purchase, this being the cow Black Meg (766), later to become one of the famous animals of the breed. In 1841 Mr. Fullerton bought the bull Panmure (51) at Lord Panmure’s sale, which he bred to a daughter of Black Meg known as Queen of Ardovie (29), from which union resulted Queen Mother (348), that was sold as a yearling to McCombie. The Ardovie herd was 1 History of Aberdeen-Angus Cattle. London, 1910. THE ABERDEEN-ANGUS 283 destroyed by pleuro-pneumonia in 1849-1850, but during his day Mr. Fullerton was regarded as a foremost constructive breeder. Sir George Macpherson Grant of Ballindalloch, Banffshire, who died in 1907, was long a noted breeder. In 1869 Mr. McCombie wrote that “perhaps the Ballindalloch herd of polled cattle are the oldest in the North; they have been the talk of the country since my earliest recollection, and were then superior to all other stock.’’ Since the time of McCombie this has been regarded as the premier herd of Scotland. Here some of the best bulls of the breed produced in the past forty years have been bred, including Juryman (421), Ermine Bearer 1749, Prince Inca (7844), Bush- ranger (732), Justice 854, Judge 473, Prince Ito (50006), Eltham (9120), Bion 36986, Emulus 20417, Eblito 50008, Eblamere (21781), and Eques- trian 34216. The cows rica’ 134, Jjilt 422, : — and Coquette 2538 Fic. 118. Everard 2d of Maismore (31888), the most noted recent-day Aberdeen- Angus show bull in England. From photograph by the author in 1914 r Yaar i Oi s are among the famous founders of families at Ballindalloch. On the death of Sir George Macpherson Grant his son Sir John succeeded him and is maintaining the herd. The introduction of Aberdeen-Angus cattle to America was com- paratively recent. In 1873 George Grant of Victoria, Kansas, brought the first to America, the importation being three bulls, two of which were shown at the Kansas State Fair. These bulls were imported to use on Western-range cows. In 1876 the Ontario Agricultural College at Guelph brought to Canada two bulls and a cow. In 1878 Anderson & Findlay of Lake Forest, Illinois, imported five cows and a bull, this being the first firm to exhibit prominently in the Central West. In 1879 F. B. Red- field of Batavia, New York, and in 1880 George Whitfield of Rougemont, Quebec, made importations. In 1881 and 1882 a 284 CATTLE number of importations were made, including a very superior lot by Gudgell & Simpson of Missouri. In 1882 Mr. T. W. Harvey established at Turlington, Nebraska, in charge of William Watson (a son of the famous Hugh), a herd of Aberdeen-Angus that for ten years, until its dispersion, was a wonderful factor in advertis- ing the breed, containing as it did some of the most noted cattle of the time. Between 1880 and 1883 inclusive it is estimated that about two thousand Aberdeen-Angus cattle were imported to the United States and Canada. Characteristics of the Aberdeen-Angus cattle. In general con- formation this breed differs somewhat from the Shorthorn and Hereford. On this especial subject a leading Scotch authority makes an interesting comparison of this breed and the Shorthorn,! which is well worth presenting here: In general form a model polled animal differs considerably from a model Shorthorn. Both should be lengthy, deep, wide, even, proportionate, and cylindrical. The polled animal, however, should be more truly cylindrical in the body than the Shorthorn. Its points should be more quickly rounded off ; or, in other words, the frame of the polled animal is not so fully drawn out to the square as that of the Shorthorn. Critics pointed out in some of the best polled animals of about half a century ago a tendency to approach too nearly to the square type of the Shorthorn. In a beef producing animal a broad, square frame can hardly be said to be a blemish; for if it is thoroughly well covered all over, it will carry more beef than a rounder frame. A compact, well rounded frame has always been a leading characteristic of the polled breed, and the main reason why a square Shorthorn-looking frame is objected to in a polled animal is that such a form is foreign to the breed. The ead tapers at the poll and is somewhat prominent in the forehead, while the distance between the prominent eyes is con- siderable and the length of nose only medium. The head as a whole impresses one as belonging to a good feeder type, showing a strong, full muzzle and nostril. The eck is usually smoothly attached to head and shoulder, showing excellent finish, but the shoulder sometimes tends to be a bit prominent instead of nicely laid. The dack tends to sag some behind the withers, although with the best specimens this weakness is not manifest. The rzds, as already indicated, show a rounded rather than square turn, and 1 James Macdonald and James Sinclair, History of Aberdeen-Angus Cattle, p. 418. London, 1910. THE ABERDEEN-ANGUS - 285 the body has a great relative depth with corresponding shortness of leg. The “zfs of the Aberdeen-Angus are usually neatly covered and well laid in. The szmp frequently slopes consider- ably to each side of the tail head, which may set level or be a bit high, but is usually long and heavily fleshed. The ¢Azgh and fest carry as great a relative proportion of meat to bone as any breed of beef cattle, though it often lacks the squareness of the Short- horn at the back thigh, being rounder in outline and very deep ling and reserve-champion Aberdeen-Angus female at the 1918 International Live- Stock Exposition. Photograph by Hildebrand, by courtesy of the owners of the cow, C. D. and E. F. Caldwell, Burlington Junction, Missouri in the twist. The /eg is usually short and fine in quality of bone and joint. In gwality this breed is of the first rank, as shown by the mellow, elastic, medium thick skin, the fine coat of hair, and moderate joints and small bone. Compared with the Galloway the Aberdeen-Angus has a smoother, shorter coat of hair and generally a shorter, blockier type of body, with more spring and depth of rib. The s¢emperament, in general, is more nervous than that of the Shorthorn. The color of Aberdeen-Angus cattle is almost universally black, though red occurs at rare intervals. In the early days of the 286 CATTLE breed the colors were variable — brindle, brown, striped, and red being common. A century or more ago, according to Professor Wilson,! there were colors and markings among them not now seen at all, such as dun, yellow, “ silver-colored yellow” as given by Youatt, and white stripes along the back and belly. Thirty years ago a red calf, a calf with white face markings or with white flecks on the body, was not uncommon. At the present time, however, pure reds are occasionally seen, and white about the rear of the underline is rather common, but the process of selection and improvement has fixed more and more firmly the uniform solid black color now so characteristic of the breed. The subject of color is given official recognition by the American Aberdeen-Angus_ Breeders’ Association, for under the rules “males red in color, or with a noticeable amount of pure white above the underline, or on leg or legs, or with scurs, shall not be eligible to entry for breeding purposes.” A black cod is pre- ferred in the bull, but white udders with cows, with some white between navel and udder on females, are not objectionable. Red cows may be registered, however, and also black ones with small white spots on head, body, or legs. The weight of Aberdeen-Angus cattle compares favorably with the Shorthorn and Hereford, although as a rule they are not quite so heavy. In 1912 B. O. Cowan gave some interesting compari- sons of Aberdeen-Angus and Shorthorn weights as taken at the American Royal at Kansas City and at the International at Chicago.? At the former show, in but one of twenty-four classes did the average weight of the Aberdeen-Angus entries equal that of the Shorthorns. In senior yearling bulls the Aberdeen-Angus average was 1473 pounds and the Shorthorn 1467, while-29 three- year-old Aberdeen-Angus bulls averaged 1970 pounds and 41 Shorthorns 2224; 27 two-year-old Aberdeen-Angus bulls aver- aged 1787 pounds, 40 Shorthorns, 1917; 54 Aberdeen-Angus cows averaged 1505 pounds, 41 Shorthorns 1730; 63 two-year- old Aberdeen-Angus cows averaged 1411 pounds, 46 Shorthorns 1530, with a corresponding advantage in favor of Shorthorns in every class but one. At the International in 1910 a similar 1 The Evolution of British Cattle, 1909. 2 Breeders’ Gazette, October 9, 1912, p. 722. THE ABERDEEN-ANGUS 287 situation prevailed, the Aberdeen-Angus outweighing the Shorthorn in but one class, that of senior yearling bull, the respective weights being 1575 and 1574 pounds. Ten aged Aberdeen-Angus bulls averaged 2064 pounds, and 11 aged Shorthorns 2281; 9 two- year-old Aberdeen-Angus bulls averaged 1867 pounds, and 12 Shorthorns 1980; 13 aged Aberdeen-Angus cows averaged 1641 pounds, and 10 Shorthorns 1876 ; 14 two-year-old Aberdeen-Angus heifers averaged 1425 pounds and 14 Shorthorns 1591. However, Fig. 120. Lady of Meadowbrook 21466, by Zaire 5th 13067. A noted Aberdeen- Angus show cow, winning the highest awards in 1898, 1899, and 1900 at the lead- ing fairs. Owned by D. Bradfute & Son, Xenia, Ohio. From photograph, by courtesy of the Watzonal Stockman and Farmer some very large specimens of the breed are recorded. The bull Judge is said to have weighed 2800 pounds, and his brother Justice in full flesh exceeded 3000. Probably no breed weighs heavier for its size than this. The maturing qualities of Aberdeen-Angus cattle rank high, and in this respect they are fairly comparable with the Shorthorn and Hereford. Years ago the maturing qualities were not of the best, but any deficiency in that respect has been overcome. Mac- donald and Sinclair state that when well fed from their birth good specimens of the breed become ripe at the age of from 288 CATTLE twenty-four to twenty-eight months. In the American markets feeders showing marked Aberdeen-Angus blood rank well. The prolificacy of the Aberdeen-Angus has been testified to by the adherents of the breed since the earliest days of its improve- ment. Old Grannie has often been cited in this regard on account of producing 25 calves during thirty-six years of life. Black Meg (766), already referred to, was a breeder up to her twentieth year. Zarilda 2d in the Heatherton herd of J. S. Goodwin had 19 calves, none being twins, and died as she approached her twenty-fifth year. Lintie of Balvenie (6933) was calved in 1883 and dropped 17 calves during twenty years. Pride of Aberdeen 7th (1777), Erica (843), Elba (7045), Bride (13343), Waterside Alexandra (7948), and Gay Lass 2d (4723) are on record as being consistent breeders up to eighteen or twenty years of age. Seventy-six Aberdeen-Angus cows are recorded as having had 12 or more calves each, and 26 bulls are said to have sired over 100 calves each, His Highness 6th having sired 189. Prolificacy may fairly be regarded as one of the valuable and notable characteristics of this breed. The Aberdeen-Angus as a milk producer without doubt inherits distinct merit from the old Buchan polled cattle. In 1805 it is said that the total dairy products of Aberdeenshire amounted to $1,150,000, most of which came from the Buchan district. G. J. Walker of Portlethen, Scotland, is credited with an average yield of 7866 pounds of milk from a herd of twelve. The Earl of Airlie, Cortachy Castle, has emphasized milk production in his herd, and according to Macdonald and Sinclair he owned seven- teen Aberdeen-Angus cows, the greater number of which gave from 12 to 14 and sometimes 16 Scotch pints (1 pint weighing 2} pounds) for a considerable time after calving. There are many published examples of the milking capacity of this breed, which places the Aberdeen-Angus in much the same class as the Shorthorn in this respect. The quality of the milk is above the average. This is shown in a herd of pure-breds and grades kept at one time by J. H. Moore of Illinois, who sold the milk to a condensed-milk factory, where the fat content of the herd aver- aged from 4 to 4.50 per cent for the entire season, with Novem- ber tests averaging as high as 5.32 per cent. THE ABERDEEN-ANGUS 289 The Aberdeen-Angus as a producer of beef occupies a position of the highest rank, for almost since the day of Hugh Watson the breed has been distinguished for this quality. In 1829 Watson showed a pair of oxen that attracted much notice, one of which was slaughtered, and its carcass said to be of rare quality. McCombie showed a steer, Black Prince, in 1867 which at four years of age won the highest honors at Birmingham and Smith- field. This steer was sent to Windsor for inspection by Queen Fic. 121. Clear Lake Jute 2d, a pure-bred Aberdeen-Angus steer, grand cham- pion at the International Live-Stock Exposition, Chicago, 1904. Fed and shown by the University of Minnesota School of Agriculture. From photograph by : courtesy of the National Stockman and Farmer Victoria, at her request, so great was his fame, and later he sold for $600 for slaughter. For years either pure-bred or grade Aberdeen-Angus steers have held the highest places of honor at the leading English fat-stock shows, at the Chicago and Kansas City fat-stock shows, and at the International Live-Stock Exposi- tion. The following are some of the more important prizes won by Aberdeen-Angus pure-bred or grade steers in American show rings. The first pure steer of the breed shown was Black Prince, weighing 2300 pounds as a three-year-old, imported by Geary Brothers of Canada in 1883 and exhibited that year at the Kansas 290 CATTLE City and American fat-stock shows. He was not made grand cham- pion, but at Chicago was awarded sweepstakes as the best three- year-old beast passed on by butchers. In 1885 the steer Sandy, shown by Gudgell & Simpson, won the yearling championship of the Kansas City and Chicago shows and also the medal offered by the Polled Cattle Society of Scotland. In 1886 Sandy was cham- pion steer of the Kansas City show, winning numerous prizes for being the best steer shown. At nine hundred and thirty-nine days he weighed 1885 pounds. In 1887, at the same show, Black Prince of Turlington, a famous bullock exhibited by T. W. Harvey, won the sweepstakes over the steer Dot shown by Messrs. Estill of Missouri, though the next year, at the American Fat-Stock Show at Chicago, Dot was grand champion over all breeds. For some years thereafter the exhibit of Angus steers did not attract much attention, the cattle market being very quiet. The Inter- national Live-Stock Exposition at Chicago, with its first show in 1900, established a new arena for beef competition. From that year up to I9I9 inclusive, excepting 1914 and 1915, the leading fat-stock show on the American continent has been held under its supervision. It is interesting to note that at the eighteen Inter- national shows held up to the year 1919 inclusive, the grand- champion steer in eleven contests was an Aberdeen-Angus. NAME OF STEER OWNER _ YEAR | Price soLp CHAMPION] PER PouND Advance : B. R. Pierce, Illinois 1900 | $1.50 Shamrock (grade) Iowa State College 1902 0.56 Clear Lake Jute 2d. University of Minnesota 1904 0.36 Black Rock (grade) Iowa State College 1905 0.25 Fyvie Knight . Purdue University 1908 0.264 King Ellsworth Kansas State Agricul. College 1909 0.18 Shamrock 2d (grade) . Iowa State College ifep Ke) 0.60 Victor < . ... - . .| Lowa State College IQII 0.90 Glencarnock Victor J. D. McGregor, Canada Igt2 0.50 Glencarnock Victor 2d J. D. McGregor, Canada 1913 |(Notsold) Fyvie Knight 2d Purdue University 1918 2.50 In the grand-champion contest in carload lots held at the Inter- national during the past eighteen years, fourteen times this award has gone to the Aberdeen-Angus. E. P. Hall of Illinois won the carload championship in 1910, 1912, 1916, and 1917, the THE ABERDEEN-ANGUS 291 load for the last year bringing $42.50 per hundred at auction, the highest price up to that time ever paid for a fat carload. Claus Krambeck of Iowa won the championship in 1904, 1905, and 1907; Funk Brothers of Illinois in 1906 and 1908; L. H. Kerrick of Illinois in 1900; Charles Escher of Iowa in 1902; and Escher and Ryan of Iowa in 1911 and 1913. The carcass contest on single steers at the International, excepting in 1900, Fic. 122. Fyvie Knight 2d, pure-bred Aberdeen-Angus steer, grand champion over all breeds, grades, and crosses at the 1918 International Live-Stock Expo- sition. Bred and exhibited by Purdue University, La Fayette, Indiana. From photograph by Hildebrand, by courtesy of Professor J. H. Skinner has been won each year bya pure-bred or grade Aberdeen-Angus. Five state agricultural colleges — Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Ohio — have fed Aberdeen-Angus steers whose carcasses were awarded the grand championship. At Smithfield, in London, where the great British show of beef stock is held, the Aberdeen-Angus has done hardly as well as at Chicago, but be- tween 1900 and 1917 grand championship on fat steer or heifer has ten times gone to this breed. Certain factors have affected the awarding of premier place to the Aberdeen-Angus. The animal 292 CATTLE dresses out a high per cent of carcass to offal, the meat is fine of grain or texture, the fat is distributed throughout the lean so as to show most desirable marbling, the color is usually a bright red, while the quality is unsurpassed. Without question the American butcher in a discriminating market pays the top price for Aberdeen- Angus cattle. Well fattened, a two-year-old steer of the breed may be expected to dress out 65 per cent carcass to offal, or better. The crossbred or grade Aberdeen-Angus bullock has long been regarded with especial favor by feeders and butchers. Robert Bruce, a well-known British authority, in commenting! on cross- ing the Aberdeen-Angus and Shorthorn, states that this cross is highly valued by northern breeders, and the large number of farmers in England and Ireland who have resorted to this cross proves pretty clearly the general appreciation of the many good qualities belonging to the blend. Where ordinary judgment is exercised in the selection of sires and dams, the excellence of the produce is at once assured, as the blending of the Shorthorn and Aberdeen-Angus blood results not only in a superior butchers’ animal but also in a quick-feeding and rent-paying one. A glance at the records of the great fat-stock shows at once indi- cates the important position taken by these Shorthorn-Aberdeen- Angus crosses in the annual prize-award lists. There has been a widespread demand for Aberdeen-Angus bulls for crossing pur- poses all over the north of Scotland, and this system of cross- ing has also made its way into other portions of the kingdom. In my opinion it is immaterial how the cross is brought in — whether through the Shorthorn sire on the Polled cow or the Polled bull and the Shorthorn cow. Circumstances and situation may alone be left to guide the breeder in the selection of the sire to use. A mating of Aberdeen-Angus to white Shorthorn produces a blue-gray animal that for many years has been a prime favorite on the British market. In America such cross- breds are not so common. At the Smithfield Fat-Stock Show in England, from 1900 to 1916 inclusive, in the competition among crossbreds, the several combinations of Aberdeen-Angus and Shorthorn blood virtually won all championships and _ reserve championships. On the Western range the Aberdeen-Angus has 1 Macdonald and Sinclair, History of Aberdeen-Angus Cattle. THE ABERDEEN-ANGUS 2093 not secured so strong a foothold as the Hereford, but his grade progeny is thick-fleshed, short of leg, fast-maturing, a good feeder, and kills the equal of anything in the market. It will be fortunate for our beef-cattle interests when more Aberdeen-Angus males are used to grade up common herds. Aberdeen-Angus families make up a considerable list. Each family is descended from a cow that is regarded as its founder. Branches occur in these families, due to lines of breeding often undertaken in other herds than that from which the family came. An effort has been made by prominent breeders to discourage emphasizing certain families at the expense of others, but with none too much success. The following families have been re- garded with special favor, especially in America. The Erica family descends from Erica (843) 181, a cow that was bought in 1861 by Sir George Macpherson Grant at the Earl of Southesk’s sale. She was by Cupbearer (59), a grandson of Old Jock (1), and her dam Emily (332) was also by Old Jock (1). Emily was out of Beauty, bred by Hugh Watson. Erica (843) is described as ‘“‘not a very large cow, but standing on very short legs and having a lovely feminine head and splendid quality.’ She was the dam of three sons: Cupbearer of Ballin- dalloch (658), Exciseman (473), and Elcho (595); and of four daughters: Erica 2d (1284) by Chieftain (318), Eisa (977) by Trojan (402), Enchantress (981) by Trojan (402), and Elba (1205) by Kildonan (405). From these four cows this family and its branches trace the most notable line developed at Ballindal- loch, possibly the most popular among Aberdeen-Angus breeders. Three branches of Ericas descended from these four daughters are known respectively as Chieftain-Ericas, Trojan-Ericas, and Kildonan-Ericas. In 1910 Macdonald and Sinclair wrote: “ No family of polled cattle has in recent years taken a more distin- guished position in the show yard than the Ballindalloch Ericas. Since 1870 they have not been absent from the prize lists of the Highland Society's shows excepting on two occasions.” Young Viscount 181, perhaps the greatest bull of the breed, was a grandson of Erica 2d through her daughter Erica 3d (1249). The Queen Mother family derives its name from Queen Mother (348) 41, the founder of this line. She was calved in 1843, 294 CATTLE and as a yearling came into possession of Mr. McCombie, who bought her from Mr. Fullerton of Ardovie. She was sired by Panmure (51), the great early sire of the breed, and through her dam, Queen of Ardovie (29), was a granddaughter of Black Meg (766). Albert Pullen! regards the Queen Mother as a tribe and credits it with nine families or branches, namely: Pride of Aber- deen, Empress of France (or Dandy of Drumin), Daisy (or Vine of Tillyfour), Rosie of Tillyfour, Duchess of Westertown, Matilda of Yonderton, Charmer, Beauty of Morlich, and Victoria of Kelly. Americans, however, do not make this distinction, and Queen Mother and Pride of Aberdeen may each be regarded as families. In McCombie’s hands at Tillyfour the Queen Mother or Queen family became famous. Queen Mother had four daughters : Bloomer (201), Windsor (202), Lola Montes (208), and Victoria of Kelly (345). A daughter of Lola Montes named Charlotte (203) was an exceptional cow, for her daughter Pride of Aberdeen (581) and her son Trojan (402) proved to be two of the epoch- making animals of the breed. This was the favorite family of Mr. McCombie, and it has always been very popular in America. The Pride or Pride of Aberdeen family derives its name from Pride of Aberdeen (581), above referred to, calved in 1857. She was sired by Hanton (228), a leading stock and show bull of Mr. McCombie. At the Paris Exposition in 1856 Hanton and Charlotte won premier honors for the breed, so that Pride of Aberdeen rightly inherited great excellence. She had a remark- able record in the show ring, ‘“‘ without parallel in the chronicles of the breed.’’ She was the mother of seven females and four bulls, and from her offspring, especially the cows, descends a great line of producers. Her five daughters, Pride of Aberdeen 2d (1299), Pride of Aberdeen 3d (1168), Pride of Aberdeen 4th (1171), Pride of Aberdeen 5th (1174), and Pride of Aberdeen 7th (1777), are the dams of many celebrated breeding and _ prize- winning animals. Prince Ito (12869) 50006, bred at Ballindalloch and one of the greatest sires ever imported to America, was a great-grandson of Pride of Aberdeen 5th (1174). The Blackbird family is descended from imported Blackbird of Corskie 684, a daughter of Lady Ida (1021). In fact, in Scotland 1 Aberdeen-Angus Cattle. London, 1908. THE ABERDEEN-ANGUS 295 this is known as the Lady Ida family. This latter cow is said to have lived nineteen years and dropped fifteen calves, nearly all of whom were prize winners. Her daughter Blackbird of Corskie was the dam of Blackbird of Corskie 2d (3024), Blackbird of Corskie 3d (3766), and Blackbird of Corskie 4th (3769). This last cow was imported to America, where she made a remarkable breeding record. Bred to Abbotsford 2702, one of the more noted Fic. 123. Blackbird 26th 54457, by Black Monarch of Emerson 30331. Grand- champion Aberdeen-Angus female at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 1904. Owned by W. J. Martin, Churdan, Iowa. From photograph by the author sires in service in America, she produced Black Abbot 10423, Black Monk 13214, and Blackbird Knight 11547, all sires of special merit. The Blackbird family in recent years has had a great popularity in America, and many herds are strongly impreg- nated with this blood. Black Woodlawn 42088, one of the most noted American-bred Aberdeen-Angus sires, out of Blackbird 13th 24464, is a straight-line-bred Blackbird. Gay Blackbird 14443, champion in 1893 at the World’s Columbian Exposition and a great sire, traced back in each branch to Blackbird of Corskie. In spite of its popularity some think this family rather overestimated. 296 ~ CATTLE The Blackcap family is an offshoot from the Blackbird, tracing from Blackcap 1552, a daughter of Blackcap of Corskie 3d 733, and sired by the bull St. Clair 693. Black Knight 4751, perhaps the greatest sire in the history of the breed in America, was a son of Blackcap 1552. The Blackcaps are great favorites, and their blood lines have mingled more or less with the Blackbirds. Blackcap Poe 2d 236212, sold in 1918 for $9200, was sired by Bruce Ito 187621, a Blackbird, and had for dam the Blackcap cow Birdie Blackcap 82129, that was the dam of Black Poe 150727 and that sold for $5000. The Heather Bloom or Heather Blossom family descends from the cow Heather Bloom (1189). She had two daughters, Heather Blossom (1703) and Blooming Heather (1484), both of which were prize winners as well as most successful breeders. Two granddaughters of the latter, Benton Heather (7775) and Bonnie Heather (7776), were imported by T. W. Harvey for his Turington herd in Nebraska, where this family first attracted attention in America. This is not listed by Macdonald and Sinclair as one of the leading families in Scotland, but in the United States it has contributed a very meritorious class of cattle. The Nosegay family originated at Ballindalloch, having for its founder the cow Nettle 5167, her daughter Nosegay 2251, by King Charles 424, giving the family name. This is regarded as an especially good milking family. The Coquette family is of Ballindalloch breeding, descending from Coquette (1417) and credited with an excellent class of progeny. The bull Ermine Bearer 1749, bred to Coquette 1oth 2703, sired Abbotsford 2702, a sire that did much for the breed in America. The Jilt family has its origin in Jilt (973), calved in 1863 at Tillyfour. She came to Ballindalloch in 1867, where she was a very successful producer. Three sons, Juryman (404) 421, Judge (1150) 473, and Justice (1462) 854, were Highland Society Show prize winners. The two latter were imported to America by Judge J. S. Goodwin for his Heatherton herd, but each had a short career in this country. Jilt had five daughters, from which this family derives its special reputation. These were Jewel (1413), Jewess (1916), Judy (2996), Joanna (13709), and Juno of Ballin- dalloch (3374). This is an excellent family, and though not largely THE ABERDEEN-ANGUS 297 represented on either side of the water, as stated by Mr. Pullen, “it has gained distinction chiefly by the production of good stock and prize winning bulls, and as this is not too common an attribute, it would appear to be a family worthy of preservation.” The prices brought by Aberdeen-Angus cattle have not ranged as high as those brought by Shorthorn or Hereford, but have made a very good showing. Figures compiled by the Kansas Board of Agriculture of sales from 1892 to 1901 inclusive, including 3269 head, give an average price realized per head of g2iie.24.. the “bulls averaging $190.09 and the cows $232.07. A report based on fig- ures published by the American Aberdeen- Angus Breeders’ As- sociation, covering 131 public auction sales be- tween 1910 and 1916, shows that 7160 cattle of the breed averaged $182.83. It is inter- esting to note that be- Fic. 124. Ida of Highland County, a fine type of Aberdeen-Angus cow in field condition. Owned edie ae SN ae hes oe with by the Ohio State University. From photograph by an average price of E. K. Emstlie $138.95, the average has steadily grown, until in 1916 it was $248.75. The records for 1917 and 1918 are still better. The highest prices of in- terest are as follows: Prince Ito 50006, by Eltham (9120), sold by M. A. Judy, February 4, 1902, at Chicago, to B. R. Pierce & Son for $9100. In June, 1918, at Escher and Ryan's sale in Iowa the bull Blackcap Poe sold for $9200 to A. D. Wilcox of Kansas. In this sale 126 head brought $150,205, the record for the breed to this time, 13 bulls averaging $1104 and 113 females $1202. Six cows brought $3000 or more each, Erica McHenry 43d bringing $4200. At the same sale at which R 298 CATTLE Prince Ito brought $9100, the cow Blackcap Judy 40226, by Black Monarch of Emerson 30331, was purchased by C, H. Gard- ner of Illinois for $6300, for years the top price for a cow of the breed. At the sale of P. J. Donahue of Iowa in May, 1918, the cow Blackcap McHenry 128th 183815 sold for $5025, and the bull Emlyn 235644 brought $5100. Again, on May 23, 1919, Mr. Donahue sold 47 head for $121,425, an average of $2583. On this occasion Blackcap Lassie 16th brought $7200 and Eiba of Glynn Mawr 4th, $6800. On June 3 and 4, 1919, Escher and Ryan sold 171 head for an average price of $2200. The highest price for a bull was $36,000 for Enlate 209747, sold to W. H. Cooper. The cow Blackcap McHenry 151Ist 229186 sold to C. A. Rosenfeld for $10,000. In the summer of 1919 C. D. and E. F. Caldwell, Burlington Junction, Missouri, sold the bull Blackcap Bertram 183987 to L. B. McCanum, Aledo, Illinois, for $45,000, this representing the highest price paid to date for an animal of this breed. In May, 1918, at a sale of Tudor and Son of Iowa, 54 head brought an average price of $1207 and 28 females ranged in price from $1000 up. At the annual sales in Scotland, February 4 and 5, 19109, all records for the breed were broken, and 280 bulls averaged $560 each, 3 passing the $10,000 mark. The bull calf Euripus of Ballindalloch and the yearling Emblem of Harviestoun each brought $14,700, and the calf Erodemas $11,025. At sales held in fifteen states and Canada, in 1918, the average price for 4102 head was $385.58. The average of 82 sales ranged from-$110.08 to $1519.23. The prices paid for Aberdeen-Angus steers represent the very top of the market so far as carload lots are concerned. The prices paid for single steers — excepting the champions at the 1916, 1917, and 1918 International Expositions — are led over all breeds, grades, and crosses by the sale of the grand champion Advance at the 1900 International, which brought $1.50 per pound live weight. He weighed 1430 pounds, bringing $2145. At the 1916 International the grand-champion carload of Aberdeen- Angus shown by E. P. Hall of Illinois brought $28 per hundred at auction, while in 1918 the grand-champion load of the same breed by the same exhibitor brought $42.50 per hundred. The average price paid per hundred on 378 carloads of fat Aberdeen-Angus THE ABERDEEN-ANGUS 299 cattle in the fifteen years between 1900 and 1916 was $9.34 as compared with $8.38 paid on 357 loads of Herefords and $8.73 on 198 loads of Shorthorns. The distribution of Aberdeen-Angus cattle is very widespread. They are generally found in northern Scotland, in various parts of England, Ireland, France, Denmark, Germany, South Africa, South America, New Zealand, Sandwich Islands, Canada, and the United States. In 1917 the Polled Cattle Society of Scotland issued 395 certificates of export to foreign countries as follows: South Africa 195, Falkland Islands 140, Brazil 22, other parts of South America 36, United States 2. In the United States the breed is most popular in Iowa, Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana, but herds are widely distributed throughout the country. Recently the breed has been receiving substantial recognition in the South, especially in Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama. On the range the Aberdeen-Angus has never secured such footing as have the Hereford and Shorthorn, although it has many stout champions in the Far West. Organizations for promoting Aberdeen-Angus cattle are repre- sented by the Polled Cattle Society of Scotland, organized in 1879, and the American Aberdeen-Angus Breeders’ Association, organ- ized in 1883. The first “ Polled Cattle Herdbook” was issued in Scotland in 1862, and Galloways were registered in the first four volumes of the Scotch society. The first volume of the American association was published in 4886. Up to January 1, 1919, the Scotch society had published forty-three volumes and the American twenty-seven. About 238,500 Aberdeen-Angus cattle had been registered in the American herdbooks up to this time, and the association has about three thousand members. There are also associations for promoting the breed in England, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, and Argentina. In the United States nineteen state associations for promoting the breed have been established up to November, 1919, and thirteen county associations have also been organized, mostly in Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa. A semimonthly periodical, the Aberdeen-Angus Journal, was established in August, 1919, with headquarters at Webster City, Iowa. CREAP TIERS ox VEE THE GALLOWAY The native home of Galloway cattle is in the province of Gal- loway in southwestern Scotland. This province includes two coun- ties — Wigtown and Kirkcudbright—as well as parts of the counties of Ayr and Dumfries. Galloway borders the sea on the west and south and is generally rough and mountainous excepting in places near the sea. Much of the land is especially suited to grazing, but wheat, oats, barley, potatoes, and turnips do well on cultivated lands of the better class. The climate is damp and cloudy much of the time, cold and inclement in winter, and often cool in summer. The origin of the Galloway, like that of the Aberdeen-Angus, is quite obscure. According to Wilson,! early in the eighteenth century there arose in England a demand for polled cattle to which the people of Galloway were the first to respond. Youatt states that about 1750 the greater part of the cattle of Galloway were horned, but some of them were polled, a feature of this breed. In 1789 George Culley wrote of ‘polled or humbled”’ cattle and stated that “for the original of these we must look in Galloway.’ Culley also notes that graziers and drovers took them “in prodigious numbers”’ to the fairs in Norfolk and Suf- folk, England. As far back as 1723 Alexander Murray of Broch- ton is credited with having an enormous number of black cattle on his estate, feeding one thousand each year and driving to the English markets. Possibly the breed is descended from polled wild cattle. Various British authorities indicate that the Galloway is es- sentially a Kyloe or West Highland breed devoid of horns and may be a sport from this. Some authorities insist that Galloways have always been a true polled breed. The improvement of the Galloway dates back into the eighteenth century. Culley states that the breeders of Galloway complain that the old breed has become much worn out. He then says that 1 Evolution of British Cattle, 1909. 300 THE GALLOWAY 301 there is little doubt of its not only “ being recovered, but still more improved, when such a leading nobleman as Lord Selkirk is among the breeders. Mr. Murray of Brochton and Mr. Herring of Corroughtree have long been very eminent in the breeding of Galloway cattle. Mr. Craik, Mr. Dalyell, and several others have tried a cross from Mr. Bakewell’s bulls.’ This, then, was a Long- horn cross on the Galloway, but Culley says that with what success Fic. 125. Worthy 3d (imp.) 21228. A great prize-winning Galloway bull in Scotch shows, grand-champion male of the breed at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in 1904, and champion at numerous other leading American shows. Imported by C. E. Clark, St. Cloud, Minnesota. From photograph by the author he has not been able to learn, although breeders were generally against crossing this on Longhorns or any other breed. The Galloway was also crossed on the cattle of Westmoreland and Cumberland in the most mountainous section of England and contiguous to the province of Galloway. Among other important early improvers were the Gordons of Greenlaw, Maxwells of Munches and Mouneith, McDowals of Logan, Stewarts of Phygell, and the Earl of Galloway. The method of improvement by these early breeders has been one of selection, it is claimed, and not of inbreeding. About 1840 dairying became popular in Galloway, 302 CATTLE notably in Ayr and Dumfries, and as the polled cattle were not essentially good dairy producers the people neglected them and turned to dairy stock, especially Ayrshires. In general Galloways suffered severely from neglect, and the number sensibly diminished all over the district. A few men, however, clung to the breed in its purity and worked for its improvement, notably the Duke of Buccleuch, James Graham, and the Messrs. Shennan. In 1851 a step forward was taken by establishing an annual Galloway bull sale at Lockerbie, and soon after another was established at Castle Douglas. In 1862 the Herdbook Society was organized, but it is said that active interest in the Galloway was not renewed until about 1877. The introduction of the Galloway to America occurred long ago, though just when is uncertain. Polled cattle came to this country in some of the early importations. L. I. Allen states that in 1837 he saw a very fine black polled Galloway cow at the General Hospital in Philadelphia, but he did not ascertain how she came there. In 1853 Graham Brothers of Vaughan, Ontario, made the first importation to Canada, though L. IF’. Allen thinks they were brought to the vicinity of Toronto about 1850. In 1857 Allen saw upwards of forty of the breed at a show at Brantford, and later saw them elsewhere in Canada. In 1861 Thomas McCrae of Guelph, Ontario, made his first importation and did much to promote the breed. The first Galloways to reach the United States are said to have been brought to Michigan in 1870, In 1880 the editor of the Vational Live Stock Journal, in reply to an inquiry, stated that he could give no addresses of polled-cattle breeders in the United States having cattle for sale, saying that they were very rare. Along in the eighties Galloways were owned by S. P. Clarke of Dover and I. H. Norris of Lamoille, Illinois. In 1885 M. H. Platt of Kansas City, Missouri, exhibited Gallo- ways at the Cotton States Exposition at New Orleans. The characteristics of the Galloway. This breed in general appearance is short of leg and close to the ground, is polled, black of color, has very thick long hair (especially in winter), and is somewhat longer of body and flatter of rib than the Aberdeen- Angus. Without going into general details certain features of the breed demand special consideration. The ead in a good THE GALLOWAY 303 type should be polled and absolutely free from scurs, or abortive horns, the poll being less peaked than in the Aberdeen-Angus. There should be strong breadth between the eyes, with shortness from eyes to end of muzzle, which should be large with ample nostrils. Wallace, the Scotch author, states that the car is set rather farther back than in most breeds and should point upward PS SAE, | TE OE RAL % Rep i RD ™ ag = ~ > c v Ye seg wien. y “84 Fic. 126. Picador 2d 42178, junior-champion Galloway bull at the 1917 Inter- national Live-Stock Exposition. Bred and exhibited by R. W. Brown, Carrollton, Missouri. From photograph, by courtesy of Mr. Brown and forward. A fine, broad, pointed ear covered with long hair is characteristic. The body of the Galloway is somewhat cylindrical and has considerable length. The vwmp is long, and the hind quarter is usually well developed, especially in the lower thigh. In guality the breed is superior, for the bone is reasonably fine, the skin mellow, and the hair very fine, silky, curly, and long. The color is generally black, though a brownish or reddish tint frequently occurs in the black and is regarded by some as an indication of purity. White or other color is a disqualification. 304 CATTLE Formerly the breed varied in color, when there were brindles, dun-colored, or drab, and some with white spots. About 1835 Youatt wrote that dark colors were uniformly preferred from the belief that they indicate hardiness of constitution, The size of the Galloway hardly equals that of the Shorthorn, Hereford, or Aberdeen-Angus, and it may be rated as a bit smaller than these at the same age. Mr. A. M. Thompson states that as yearlings past they can be made to weigh from 1000 to 1200 pounds ; at two, from 1200 to 1400; at three, from 1400 to 1600. Typical bulls will weigh about 1800 to 1900 pounds and cows 1300 to 1400 pounds when not in high flesh. In show condition much better weights may be secured. Lady May 11562, a famous show cow, weighed 1740 pounds at the 1901 International Live- Stock Exposition. The Galloway as a meat producer, as has been indicated, has always ranked high. For many years large droves of Galloways, said to exceed twenty thousand a year, were driven from Scotland into England and fattened and sold for beef. Galloway cattle have never been raised in large numbers excepting in the Gallo- way district and so have not usually been important factors in the show ring, at least outside of Scotland. At the 1916 Inter- national Live-Stock Exposition there were fifty-four head entered in the breeding classes and but nine steers. There never has been a large and high-class show of steers of this breed at the Inter- national. Yet Galloways feed uniformly and smooth, patches and rolls being uncommon. The Galloway carcass ranks very high in quality and is valued by discriminating buyers, but it has not played an important part in the carcass contests at the International Live- Stock Expositions. In 1909, in the two-year carcass class, Gallo- ways won second and fourth places, Domsie dressing 65 per cent and Scottish Lad, shown by Ohio State University, dressing 65.8 per cent. In 1910 the second-prize two-year-old steer Highland Laddie (which weighed 1672 pounds alive) dressed 69.55 per cent, while the fourth-prize yearling was a Galloway-Shorthorn cross, dressing 66.66 per cent. In 1911 the second-prize yearling car- cass was the Galloway Bobby Burns, dressing 67.2 per cent, while in 1913 the third-prize two-year-old was a Galloway, dressing 66.57 per cent. All of the prize-winning Galloway carcasses were shown THE GALLOWAY 305 by Nebraska University excepting the one credited to Ohio. ‘‘The excellent value of the beef of the Galloway,” writes David McCrae,} “arises from two causes: first, its marbled quality, the fat being laid amongst the lean, giving it a well mixed, fine grain, highly flavored ; second, the tendency to lay their flesh and fat equally on the best parts.” The crossbred Galloway has a distinct place in the meat market of England, for the mating of white Shorthorn bulls on Galloway fnew arte Gas tf tet oo aN BS Fic. 127. Masterful 43643, champion Galloway steer at the 1918 International Live- Stock Exposition. Exhibited by Kansas Agricultural College. From photograph, by courtesy of American Galloway Cattle Breeders’ Association cows has produced a famous class of blue-gray feeders which kill out surpassingly well, often reaching 65 per cent. The Iowa Agri- cultural College has experimented some with this breeding and has shown a few choice blue grays at the International Live Stock Exposition at Chicago. From time to time “prime Scots” are quoted in the English markets, and these are often blue grays. In 1892 the champion steer at the Smithfield show, England, was a cross between a Galloway cow and Shorthorn bull, which at 1250 days weighed 2276 pounds, an average daily gain of 1.82 pounds from birth. Mr. O. H. Swigart, in writing on the Galloway, reports 1 American Galloway Herdbook, Vol. VIII. 306 CATTLE on two loads of range calves exhibited by a Colorado man, the offspring of common-grade cows, many of them Holsteins and Jerseys, but all sired by registered Galloway bulls. These calves won first and third prizes in their class, and one load won cham- pionship in class over other breeds by ages and grand champion- ship over all breeds and all ages as feeders. They were purchased by an Indiana feeder and returned to market July 9, 1902. They had an average weight of 1177 pounds and brought $8.45 per Fic. 128. Evaline 2d of Avondale 20124, grand-champion Galloway female at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 1904, and at numerous other prominent shows. Bred by O. H. Swigart, Champaign, Illinois. From photograph by the author hundred —within five cents of the highest price ever paid up to this time on this market for range-bred cattle of any breed, show- yard animals alone excepted. The Galloway cow in milk production is little known so far as records are concerned. The claim is generally made that the cows give a good yield of rich milk, yet one finds very little infor- mation regarding the Galloway as a milker when consulting the literature of the breed or comparative tests of cows of different breeds. The fact is, Galloway advocates.emphasize the value of the breed in beef production and scarcely comment on the milk- producing factor. The cow Rosy 4th is reported to have pro- duced 42} pounds of milk in a day, testing 7.25 per cent fat. THE GALLOWAY 307 A former secretary of the American Galloway Cattle Breeders’ Association, Charles Gray, states! that “the Galloways as a breed cannot lay claim to any superiority as milkers. Although many herds have been kept for centuries in the south of Scotland for dairy purposes, yet as a whole the breed has been improved chiefly along the lines of beef production.”’ The hardiness of the Galloway is one of its inherited character- istics, and it seems eminently suited to a place on the Western range, where food may be scarce and where the rigors of winter are great. The thick, long coat of hair gives it better protection from cold than is provided any other recognized beef breed in America. It is for this reason and for its rustling ability that the Galloway is attaining more and more popularity on the Western and Northwestern range. The hide of the Galloway, with its thick and long fall or winter coat, has a distinct value in itself. Properly tanned, it furnishes a lap robe, overcoat, or floor rug, surpassing in beauty the pelt of the buffalo, now so highly prized. Good Galloway floor rugs or lap robes easily sell for twenty-five dollars, and overcoats of this fur have changed hands at high prices. In the northwestern United States and Canada coats of this fur are very common in winter. Reverend Dr. John Gillespie, during a long life an authority on the Galloway and one of the founders of the Gallo- way Cattle Society of Great Britain, makes this comment on the Galloway skin and hair?: The skin and hair were outstanding qualities of the Galloway breed. The skin should be moderately thick, but always mellow and soft. The hair should of course be black, but not of a jet or inky black. The breeders liked to see a nice brown tinge, and all the best bred specimens would be found to have that characteristic. The objection to an inky black was that the quality of the hair was not usually so good as when the brown tinge was present. Galloways had always the two coats of hair fully developed. The upper coat should be long and soft, but not too curly. Animals with a very curly coat were generally indifferent thrivers. The under coat should always be soft, close, and silky. This was a very important point in the breed, because on it depended the power of the animal to resist cold and stand exposure. 1 The Breeds of Live Stock (1916), p. 245. 2 North British Agriculturist, November 25, 1891. 308 CATTLE The prepotency of the Galloway is of the first rank. Within the breed there exists much uniformity of transmission of character. In crossing or grading, where Galloway sires are used, the off- spring almost always inherits the color and features of the sire. James Biggar, one of the most noted recent Scotch breeders, states in regard to the power of transmission that ‘when a Fic. 129. Fatima 38103, third-prize Galloway cow at the 1917 International Live- Stock Exposition. Owned by Isaac Lincoln, Aberdeen, South Dakota. From photograph, by courtesy of American Galloway Cattle Breeders’ Association Galloway bull is crossed with any horned breed nearly 90 per cent of the produce will be black and 95 to 100 per cent with- out horns.”” Mr. A. M. Thompson of Missouri reports using a Galloway bull.on a herd of Shorthorn cows with very great suc- cess, 98 per cent of the calves being black and all natural polls. Galloways also cross very successfully with Herefords, producing beef of the finest quality. However, Robert Wallace says “the progeny of Galloway bulls on other breeds are on the average distinctly inferior.” THE GALLOWAY 309 Galloway bulls of distinction that have materially helped to give fame to the breed in more recent times are Camp Follower (5042), Pathfinder 3d (5991), Scottish Standard (6488) 15221, Kekionga (2894) 2894, Druid of Castlemilk (6159) 17054, King Hensol 9967, Camp Follower of Stepford (7476), Worthy 3d (7762) 21228, Camp Follower 3d of Stepford (8407), Keystone (9689), and Macbeth (10321). The prices derived for Galloways do not average high, yet in view of the lack of knowledge of the breed they make a fair showing. A summary of 740 animals sold at auction from 1892 De Sen Tae | ee Fic. 130. A pair of Galloway cows in the ring at the Royal Show, Manchester, England, 1897. No. 1429 is Dora of Durhamhill (13550) and 1430 is Maggie Lauder of Durhamhill (13994). The judges disagreed on these two for first place. From photograph by the author to 1901 inclusive, published by the Kansas Board of Agriculture, shows an average of $126.75 per head for both sexes, or $141.43 for 233 bulls and $110.51 for 318 cows. The distribution of the Galloway is mainly in Scotland and America. The breed is found in small herds, as a rule, east of the Mississippi, though some of the best-known herds are in Indiana and Illinois. Galloways are found on the ranges and farms all over the Far West and especially in the Canadian Northwest. Im- portant herds are also found in Missouri, Iowa, and Minnesota. Organizations for the promotion of Galloways were first started in 1862 in Scotland, although Aberdeen-Angus were registered with the Galloway in the first four volumes of the herdbook. 310 CATTLE Then came a breed separation, and later, in 1877, followed the organization of the Galloway Cattle Society, with the first Galloway herdbook appearing in 1878. Up to 1919 the Galloway Cattle Society of Scotland has published thirty-nine herdbooks. The American Galloway Cattle Breeders’ Association was formed at Chicago on November 23, 1882, although ten years previous to this the Ontario Galloway Stock Register of Pure-Bred Galloways had been established by the Agricultural and Arts Association of Ontario. The first American herdbook, known as the “ North American Galloway Herdbook,”’ was published in 1883, since which date, up to 1918, there have been published eighteen volumes, showing 35,000 registrations. Criticisms of the Galloway have long been made by American stockmen, more especially for lack of spring and fullness of rib, slackness of back, prominence of tail head, and slow response to generous feeding. Some of these criticisms are justified, but the breed is nevertheless improved over its form of twenty-five years ago and is less subject to unfavorable comment. The approved modern type of Galloway represents an animal that is free from some of the deficiencies referred to. Through the efforts of the more prominent breeders of Scotland and America the recent years have seen some improvement in the breed. A wider-backed, blockier, better-fleshed, easier-feeding sort has resulted from a more careful selection and a more discrimi- nating use of bulls on superior cows. Even yet, however, the Galloway does not as a rule mature as early or fatten as rapidly as the Shorthorn, Hereford, or Aberdeen-Angus, although Gal- loway cattle produce a very high-class meat, fine in grain and flavor, with the fat internal rather than external, and command a superior price on the market. CrLAPTER. XXIX THE WEST HIGHLAND The native home of West Highland cattle is in the elevated uplands of western Scotland. This particularly applies to that section known as the Highlands in Argyll, Inverness, and Perth counties, and the Hebrides Islands off the west coast. The origin of the West Highland breed, which has also been called the “* Kyloe”’ by some, is generally conceded to be derived from the aboriginal cattle of Britain, of which the present wild white cattle are descendants. This breed has been known for centuries, but has been kept on a comparatively small scale. Joe Cameron gives an interesting contribution! relative to the reputa- tion of this as a very old breed. He states: Colin Campbell of Jura has a record of a sale of Highland cattle held by an ancestor, Archibald Campbell, in 1764. When the sale was held no one knew how long the breed had been in the possession of the family; the tradition was that the foundation animal had been taken from the mainland. The late Alexander MacDonald of Babranald, in a letter to the writer many years ago, said that his ten predecessors on the Babranald estate kept the native cattle, and the tradition was handed down that his forefathers, who had occupied Babranald or its neighborhood since the fourteenth century, had always bred Highland cattle. During the first half of the last century two of the herds that improved the breed were those of Mr. Malcolm of Poltalloch in Argyll and the Marquis of Breadalbane of Perth. The introduction of the West Highland cattle to America is of only passing moment. In 1879 Lewis F. Allen, one of the best- informed cattle authorities in America in the nineteenth century, stated that he knew of none in the United States, but was of the impression that a few were imported into Upper Canada some years before. About 1883 some West Highlanders were imported, among which was the cow Maid of Castle Grant, that 1 Breeders’ Gazette, September 24, 1913. sil 312 CATTLE was shown at a number of fairs in 1888 and 1889 by Judge J. S. Goodwin of Kansas. In 1891 several West Highland cattle were exhibited at the American Fat Stock Show at Chicago. In 1902 Mr. W. M. Van Norden of Westchester County, New York, imported a small herd and made an exhibit at the Louisiana Fic. 131. Head of the Highland bull Sir Andrew (1742), champion of the breed at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 1904. Owned by W. M. Van Norden, Rye, New York Purchase Exposition in 1904. In 1907 Frank R. Sanders, then of Laconia, New Hampshire, made a small importation. Characteristics of West Highland cattle. This breed is very picturesque and distinct in character. The co/or is variable, being yellow, red, black, brindle, and a mixture of red and black, the red predominating. Cameron states that a fold of twenty cows might easily be composed of yellows and reds (two or three shades of each), but that there ought to be at least a couple of red brindles, a black, a silver dun, and a white, if a good one THE WEST HIGHLAND 313 can be found. Unfashionable colors are brown (especially when rusty) and dark red, with black hair about the muzzle and in the tail. Broken colors are also in disfavor. The Zazr on the surface appears long and rough, while beneath, next to the skin, is a soft, mossy coat, the two combining to give admirable protection in winter against very severe weather. The “ead is very bold, dig- nified in carriage, and in the bulls is surmounted with long, graceful orns which have a forward and slightly upward curve in mature form, with the points wide apart. The horns are white with animals of light colors, or white with dark tips with dark colors. The color of the szzle varies from buff or flesh shade to dark, in harmony with depth of color of hair. The xeck is short and thick, with a mane on top and heavy dewlap below. “In form,” says John Robertson of Blair Athol, “it possesses all the characteristics so much and so justly prized in the Short- horn — the straight back, the short legs, the broad chest, the breadth of loin and depth of rib, and, in short, the * squareness ’ and solidity of form which always imply weight, whether in man or beast; while the noble branching horns, the fine, full, and fearless eye, the short, broad, well-bred muzzle, the shaggy coat of richest black or red or dun or brindle color, impart a_pictur- esqueness which is still further enhanced by that grace and delib- eration of movement so distinctive of all animals reared in perfect freedom.’ The temperament is wild and bold, due to a condition of natural lack of restraint unknown among other breeds. The size of the West Highland cattle is comparatively small, cows perhaps averaging 900 pounds and males 1200, although one sees some larger on the hills and at the shows in Scotland. At the 1911 Edinburgh. Fat-Stock Show the steer Errol Candidate 10th was a handsome beast weighing 1702 pounds at two years and ten months of age. The West Highland breed as a beef producer is superlative so far as quality is concerned. The meat is fine of grain, the fat is well distributed among the lean, the flavor is unsurpassed, and the carcasses dress out well. In the British market, beef of this — breed ranks at the top. Yet these cattle feed very slowly and mature late and seem best adapted to feeding under Scotch mountain environment. R 314 CATTLE The milking qualities of the West Highland are not important, for the cows are milked usually by the calves only. The milk, however, is rich in quality. Crossbred or grade Highland cattle are best suited to condi- tions where food is scarce and winters rough. Highland bulls on native Western-range cows would furnish hardy stock, but it is not likely that it would meet with a favorable reception from buyers, compared with the present very acceptable Hereford, Angus, or FIG. 132. Ceathernach Buidhe (7109), first-prize West Highland bull at show of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland, 1891 and 1892. From photograph by Charles Reid, by courtesy of Breeders’ Gazette Galloway grades. The claim is made by excellent Scotch authori- ties that West Highland cows cross well with bulls of most of the British beef breeds. Where food is abundant and the climate not too severe such a cross may be advisable. On the more ele- vated Scotch hills, however, where winter exposure is great, the crossbred progeny will not do so well as the pure-bred. Such crossbreds could not be expected to have the hardiness of the pure stock. Referring to crossbreeding Mr. Cameron states!: A good many years ago the Earl of Camperdown experimented considerably with various crosses on his property near Dundee, Scotland. Putting a Short- horn bull to well-bred Highland cows, he had splendid calves, which throve 1 Breeders’ Gazette, October 23, 1913. THE WEST HIGHLAND 315 extraordinarily and came to maturity quite as rapidly as the run of other Shorthorn crosses, but a proportion of them tended to become rather fat at the finish, the land being somewhat low-lying, sheltered, and rich. He then tried the Aberdeen-Angus bull, and with perfect success. Finer beasts for the butcher than the two Aberdeen-Angus and Highland crosses could not be wished. At twenty-four to thirty months old his lordship’s Angus and High- land cross steers have generally ranged from 1200 to 1400 pounds live weight. He has also bred many superb animals by putting a white Short- horn bull to cows and heifers of the Shorthorn-Highland cross. The result in this case from the color standpoint has been a large proportion of roans and reds with a slight frosting of white hairs all over their bodies. Putting the Aberdeen-Angus sires to those first cross cows, he has pretty dark blues and blacks with white hairs. The hardiness of West Highland cattle is remarkable. Used to a free life on the Scotch hills, where summer and winter they graze on grass and heather, they seem capable of enduring the roughest climate. In a letter on this breed the Earl of Dunmore wrote in 1887, bearing on their suitability to the more exposed Northwestern American range: My average yearly loss has not been three per cent, which in a large fold of some four or five hundred head of cattle is very small. January, February, and March are pretty hard months for them, as they get no food beyond what they pick up on the hills where they are wintered. I have often seen them scraping away the snow to get at the grass; but notwithstanding their being out all winter, they produce in April and May as strong and lusty-looking calves as a man could wish to see, with lots of bone and tremendous thick coats. That, to my mind, is the coming breed for the great Northwestern ranges. The breeding qualities of West Highland cattle rank high, though the heifers are not bred the first time until three years of age. Earl Dunmore states that he could quote from his private herdbook several cases of cows, after having their first calves at four years, continuing to produce yearly thereafter up to fourteen years of age one living calf and sometimes twins, all of them being born on the mountain side. The distribution of the West Highland breed is mainly in Scot- land, in the regions previously indicated, although herds are kept in England, where steers are also fed to a small extent. Although many owners of large estates maintain this breed for its pictur- esque character and easy keep, yet it is not common excepting in western Scotland. In view of the fact that this is strictly a 316 CATTLE mountain breed, one might assume that it would do well on the better pastures of the Allegheny Mountains. Grazing of an excel- lent character is found on the mountains of Virginia, North Carolina, Frc. 133. A West Highland cow and calf. From photograph by W. Reid, by courtesy of the Areeders’ Gazette and Tennessee. The winters in that region lack the severity of the North, thus permitting living on the range the entire year. An organization of West Highland cattle breeders was formed by Earl Dunmore in 1884, and a herdbook was published that year, nineteen volumes having appeared up to 1919. Some years ago an attempt was made to organize a West Highland cattle association in the United States, but without much success. CEE ER XOX DAIRY ‘TYPE, OF “CATTEE The general appearance of dairy cattle is notably different from that of beef stock. They have less thickness of body, less breadth of back, narrower thighs, a slenderer neck, and a more muscular character generally. The males are notably narrower at the withers and more divided between the hind quarters, while the females are rather sharp over the withers and full and heavy behind, with udder of ample proportions. A rather long, deep- ribbed, muscular, not fleshy body and shortness of leg is notable in the high-class male. A triple wedge form is associated with the dairy cow. Viewed from one side, she shows less depth of body in front than behind; secondly, she gradually widens from ‘the breast to the points of the hips and hind quarters ; thirdly, as one looks down on the back at the withers the form widens out like a wedge towards the middle of the body. Many superior dairy cows show this wedge form in a striking degree, but excep- tions occur where the heavy milk production is not associated with an ideal dairy shape. Fleshiness with either sex is distinctly objectionable, unless with young animals not yet in lactation. The head of the dairy animal should be lean, broad of muzzle, large of nostril, moderately short and broad of nose, with some dish to the face. Prominent, clear, calm eyes, wide apart, beneath a broad full forehead, are essential. The cheeks should be deep and the lower jaw strong. The fine, medium-sized, thin, pointed ears must be neatly placed and be covered with fine hair on the out- side, with longer hair at tip and edges. If there be horns they should exhibit quality, not being coarse or shelly. The top of the head, or poll, should be covered with a thick layer of fine long hair, especially in cold weather. A yellow color of the inner skin of ear and a yellowish waxy color to horn, especially at the base, are regarded as indicating that a cow will yield milk rich in fat, 317 318 CATTLE The zeck tends to be long and muscular. With the bulls it is especially strong and heavily muscled, usually possessing a prom- inent arch, while the neck of the cow is thin and long. The lower part of the neck usually has more or less dewlap, this being a thin edge of skin extending from the brisket upwards. A very deep neck with much dewlap, fullness at the throat, or a short, thick neck on dairy cattle are objectionable, showing lack of quality and type. While the neck should have a neat attachment at head and shoulders, it does not blend in so smoothly as with beef cattle, owing to lack of flesh. The shoulders should incline at a good angle well into the back, lying fairly close together and forming with the back line rather refined, narrow, or sharp zw7//ers. With the males greater breadth of withers is sought. The shoulders are usually somewhat prominent, but heaviness or meatiness is distinctly objectionable. The dreast of dairy cattle does not show so great width as the beef type, and the brisket is narrower and sharper and not carried quite so far forward. The chest, like the breast, which is a part of it, does not show great thickness, but ample depth and reasonable spring of rib is desired. The crops —at the top of the chest behind the shoulders — are usually somewhat deficient in dairy cattle. At this place the ribs should have a fair arch from the back, showing ample chest room below. The front flanks also should be well filled out, show- ing a good constitution in the ample chest capacity. The front legs should be straight from side or front, coming down without marked crookedness at knee or wide turning in or out of toes. A common feature of dairy cattle of both sexes is to have the knees come quite close together when in a natural position, thus indicating a narrow chest and poor constitution. The back of the dairy type frequently shows some droop from withers to hip line. Some persons regard a sway back as neces- sarily associated with dairy type. A strong back, well sustained, with but little depression, if at all, is much to be preferred. Arguments have been advanced by some that a large backbone, with the vertebrze somewhat separated, offers important evidence of such a nervous temperament as should be associated with the dairy type. Through the backbone the spinal cord passes, DAIRY TYPE OF CATTLE 319 connecting the brain with the entire nervous system. A large backbone may indicate a large spinal cord and strong nervous temperament, a characteristic of the dairy type. Further, there should be a strong, level, broad loin and also fair width of back throughout, although not equal to that of the beef type. The 7zbs should be sufficiently long and arched to provide a capacious body, a feature most important with animals of this class. Flat and short ribs go with poor feeders and defective constitu- tions. The body of the dairy type being moderately long or rangy, the ribs do not appear quite so close together, perhaps, as with the beef type, neither is the coupling between the last rib and point of hip as close as with other cattle. The Azps tend to be somewhat prominent with both males and females. The hip points of the male should be neat and moder- ately close, not wide, while those of the female may be more widespread and prominent. This allows plenty of room for the breeding organs of the female. The ramp of the dairy type calls for ample length, breadth, and levelness. This offers more room for the reproductive oper- ation, the peaked, droopy rump frequently causing trouble in calving, due to lack of room for the easy exit of the calf. The backbone should be prominent along the middle of the rump, in keeping with the rest of the back. On account of its prominence the backbone from the hips to the tail head over the pelvis shows a rise which is often termed the “pelvic arch.” A fat rump is objectionable, a feature found usually in inferior milkers and animals of the beefy type. The thighs of dairy cattle should be muscular rather than fat. A heavy, thick type of hind quarter is not desirable. The thigh should be long, should have a rather thin back edge, and should curve on the inside so as to permit ample room between the hind legs. A thick thigh and deep twist is unfavorable to large udder development. The hocks, to secure the necessary room for the udder, must be muscular, clean, and thin, and should point directly back, with ample space between. The /egs from hock down should stand square, as viewed from side or rear, the toes pointing directly forward or nearly so. 320 CATTLE If the toes turn out, the animal hocks in and has a faulty confor- mation. Rarely the toes turn in and the hocks bend outward, giv- ing a weak and poor position to the legs. The shank bones should be smooth and short, showing refinement of bone and quality. The ¢az/ is important mainly as a medium for protection from flies. Consequently length and a heavy brush of hair are essen- tial. The fleshy part should extend to the point of the hock, and the brush should clear the level of the feet by two or three inches. Fic. 134. Midland Nellie IV, an Ayrshire cow and a fine example of dairy type. From a Scotch photograph The root of the tail, or tail head, should carry on a line with the back, showing no coarseness or special prominence, and fit neatly to the end of the body, The tail as a whole is an indicator of quality and should be refined rather than large and coarse, The adder of the dairy cow is a most important part. In form it should be moderately thick, filling up well between the thighs, should extend by graceful curve high up behind, and should be extended well along the belly. The bottom of the udder in its best form has four teats some three or four inches long, hanging on the same level and placed far enough apart to be comfortably grasped in the hands. When the milk is removed from the udder that organ should be soft and pliable, showing much shrinkage. —— a DAERY “TYPE Or CATTLE 321 The hind part, located between widespreading thighs, should show much elasticity, with folds of skin apparent in the empty udder, especially with mature cows. Over the entire udder a mellow, soft skin and fine coat of hair should be found. Com- mon defects of the udder are small, poor fronts, with the teats on this part elevated much above or close to the hind ones; small teats, especially with some breeds; meaty udders, which reduce but little with milking and yield a comparatively small flow; and last, but not least, small udders entirely lacking in profit- producing capacity. Large cows should have larger udders than small cows, but an animal of from 900 to 1000 pounds weight, at six years old, in full flow of milk, should have an udder of comparatively large size, such as will yield at least 40 pounds a day. However, this standard does not apply to the larger, heavier milking breeds, which should do better than this, The wzlk veins, which convey blood through the udder, are usually regarded as indications of a cow’s general capacity to produce milk, although we have no actual facts bearing on this point. In spite of this the prevailing opinion among dairy-cattle critics is that the veins are in a measure indicators of producing capacity. Young heifers have small veins, which with maturity increase in prominence. On old cows they may be very tortuous, extending from the udder forward with numerous turns along the belly until they enter the wall of the belly through holes known as “milk wells.” These latter should show comparatively large size on the application of the end of the finger at the orifice. Many cows have three milk veins, two long ones on the outer part of the belly and a short one between. In rare cases the veins branch into numerous small ones along the belly just in front of the udder. Small veins also occur on the udders of some cows. The length of vein varies, usually extending about halfway to the forelegs, although cases occur of their extending to the leg itself, disap- pearing behind the arm. The size of the vein varies much, the larger ones having a diameter of about three fourths of an inch. Small veins are found on the belly of the males, while miniature teats, known as “ rudimentaries,’”’ are found along in front of and on each side of the scrotum, or purse, two usually occurring a short distance apart on a side. The length and size of the rudimentaries az2 CATTLE vary greatly, ranging from small buttons to teats an inch long. We have no definite knowledge regarding the significance of these, some persons thinking that the larger they are the better the evi- dence that the male will sire large milkers.. Others have specu- lated that the position of the rudimentaries indicates the placing of the teats and form of fore udder on the offspring of the sire. The escutcheon, also known as the “milk mirror,” is found along the back of the thighs or between them and has attracted special attention on dairy cattle only. This is shown by a line of hair turning to one side or upward, in contrast to the usual down- ward position of the hair. This line of reversed hair was investi- gated by a Frenchman named Guenon, who argued that the escutcheon indicated the capacity of a cow to produce milk. In view of the fact that the extent and position of the reversed hair varies alongside or above the udder, Guenon classified its occur- rence, giving different names according to the prominence and character shown. Modern dairy-cattle authorities attach no special significance to the escutcheon, Guenon’s theories not having been borne out in fact. The quality of the dairy type is shown in the character of skin and hair, size of horn, ear, and bone, and general propor- tions. Under the ordinary conditions of keep for cattle of this class the skin should be very mellow and pliable, thinner than with beef cattle, with a shorter length of hair. No class of cattle show quality so clearly as do some of the dairy type, as indicated by handling, there being a rich, mellow, oily feel commonly associated with the skin of high-class animals. The skin also will often show a yellow, oily secretion, conspicuous at the ears, between the thighs, about the udder and the scrotum, and at the end of the tail. Clad LER XOX] THE JERSEY The Channel Islands are a group of islands in the English Channel, from 10 to 30 miles from the coast of France and from 50 to 120 miles south of England. At one time they belonged to France, but since 1204 they have been under British sovereignty. There are four principal islands — in order of impor- tance Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, and Sark —and a number of very small islets of no special significance. These islands have rocky and very dangerous coasts and the tides vary greatly in height and activity, so that sailors have a great dread of this piece of sea, on which many vessels have come to a disastrous end. The Eng- lish language is commonly used in the towns on the islands, while on the farms and among the fishermen a French patois prevails more or less. The islands are self-governed, having their own legislative bodies. The total population in 1911 was 96,900. The island of Jersey, the largest of the group, is about 12 miles long and 7 miles wide and contains 39,580 acres, of which about 25,000 are under cultivation. The island is rather rec- tangular in form, the north shore bold and high, the cliffs at Bouley Bay reaching an elevation of nearly 500 feet. The surface of the island gradually slopes to the south shore, where is located St. Aubin’s Bay and the city of St. Helier and the principal harbor. The island is divided into twelve parishes and has a population of about 60,000. A lieutenant governor representing the British government has control of all military matters, while a bailiff is the highest civil authority, being president of the States, or Parliament. The climate is most balmy and the island is a favorite health resort, outdoor life being pleasant during the entire year. So healthful are the conditions that tuberculosis among the cattle on the island is almost unknown. Jersey has two great industries —breeding cattle and growing potatoes. The soil is very fertile, and the farms are small, ranging from 323 324. CATTLE 5 to 20 acres each. Enormous crops of potatoes are grown, a yield of 500 bushels per acre bemg very common, and a total yield for the island of as much as 500,000 bushels in a season. Notwithstanding its small size, there are about 12,000 cattle kept on the island, and the herds are well cared for. When on pasture each animal is tethered by a combination chain and rope, and the grass is systematically grazed from day to day. Cattle are never turned loose to graze as in America. Fic. 135. A typical home on Jersey. From photograph by the author The origin of the Jersey is unknown. The most probable theory is that it is descended from stock at one time native to those near-by departments of France known as Normandy and Brittany. While the cattle of those regions to-day do not closely resemble the Jersey, they have some things in common. The fawn or white color has been attributed to certain cattle of Normandy, while the blacker color has been ascribed to the Brittany cattle, it being assumed that the Jersey has resulted from the fusing of these French types. Historically the first description regarding the Jersey that the author has secured, showing its resemblance to the breed of to-day, was in 1789, by Culley,! who comments on the introduction into England of French 1 George Culley, Observations on Live Stock. Dublin, 1789. THE JERSEY 325 or Alderney cattle to ornament the grounds of the nobility and gentry and to provide rich milk. The term “Alderney”’ thus used applied to any of the Channel Island cattle, and the use of this word in America for many years was no doubt due to the English custom. Legislation for the protection of the purity of cattle on Jersey dates back to early colonial times. The value of preserving the character of the breed was recognized as early as 1763, when laws were passed by the legislature of Jersey prohibiting the importing of cattle from France to the island. While this law was recognized, it probably was not enforced with much severity. In 1789 an act was passed making it a severe crime, heavily punishable, to bring any cattle to Jersey from France excepting for immediate slaughter. In 1826 a new law was enacted, abso- lutely prohibiting importing breeding cattle from France, but this law was revised in 1864, when provision was made for bringing cattle to Jersey from France for consumption or reéxportation. The present law prohibits bringing live cattle to the island ex- cepting for food, and they must be slaughtered within twenty-four hours after landing at the abattoir at St. Helier. According to John Thornton efforts have been made to introduce other breeds on the island. About 1845 a Mr. Revans tried to introduce ‘““Durhams,” but these were finally sold to the butcher. Some Ayrshires imported by Colonel Godfray also met a similar fate. The improvement of the old Jersey type really began in a general movement on the part of the islanders. In 1833 the Royal Jersey Agricultural Society was organized, with the view, among other things, of improving the cattle. In 1834 the society originated a score card for Jerseys, amounting to twenty-five points for the bull and twenty-seven for the cow. This card was used at the first show of cattle on the island, which also was held in 1834. Comments by the judges were that the cattle were poor of shape and had bad udders and that some females had short, bull necks, were heavy in shoulder, etc. The application of the score card, which was revised in 1838, 1849, 1851, and 1858, was enforced, and the cattle of Jersey gradually and rapidly improved. This work was due to the joint efforts of the members of the agri- cultural society, though Colonel Le Couteur was a leader in this 326 CATTLE movement on the island. The practice of selection was followed with much care, and the breeders constantly sacrificed animals of inferior quality and value to the butcher. The improvement of the Jersey in England had some bearing on the general development of the breed. Many herds had been formed in England, that of Lord Braybrooke in Essex County (dat- ing back to 1811) being still in existence in 1880, when the first volume of the English herdbook appeared. About 1821 Philip Dauncey of Horwood, Buckingham County, purchased his first Jersey, and later be- came England’s most celebrated breeder. He developed a re- markable herd, and it is stated that he even- tually maintained a dairy of fifty Jersey cows which netted him an annual profit of $100 each from sales of butter. His cows produced large yields of butter and greatly Fic. 136. A seaside farm on the island of Jersey. The stack in the foreground consists of sea- . 5 weed, which is used for manure. From photo- advertised the merits graph by the author Ole thess breeds eaten herd was dispersed in 1867, when ninety head averaged something over $200 each. Cattle from this herd were sold to go to different parts of England, Germany, Australia, and Tasmania. Dauncey, it is said, bred with three prime objects in view: first, a large average butter record; second, constitution; third, uniform color of hair, free from white. Among the most celebrated cows owned by him were Brunette, calved in 1833, the dam of fourteen calves; Violet, procured from Colonel Le Couteur in 1845 ; and Negress, a favorite black cow. Pope 652, purchased in 1826 from Michael Fowler, was his first bull and proved a most valuable addition to his herd. Dauncey bred the bull Rioter 746 E, whose grand- son Stoke Pogis 1269 became progenitor in America of the THE JERSEY 327 St. Lambert family. While Dauncey practiced inbreeding, he, however, greatly emphasized constitutional vigor. The introduction of Jerseys to America dates well back into the nineteenth century. As early as 1818 Reuben Haines of Ger- mantown, Pennsylvania, imported a pair of cattle from the island of Alderney, but no definite importation from the island of Jersey seems recorded prior to 1850, when Messrs. Taintor, Buck, Norton, and other gentlemen near Hartford, Connecticut, brought over in the ship Sp/exadid the first from the island to be registered in the American herdbook. The bull Splendens 16 is probably the first registered Island-bred bull brought to this country. In 1851 and 1855 other importations were taken to Connecticut, including some animals that later became famous — notably the bulls Splendid 2, Rob Roy 17, St. Helier 45, and Pierrot 636, and the cows Dot 7, Pansy 8, Jessie 28, and the Ives cow. In 1851 Thomas Motley imported for the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, bringing over among other cows Flora 113 and Countess 114. From 1850 importations became frequent. The dates of the introduction of the Jersey into some other local- ities are as follows: Maryland, 1851; New York and Pennsylvania, 1855; Ohio, 1865 ; Canada, 1868. Many importations have been made in recent years. Characteristics of the Jersey.. In general conformation the Jersey is lean and muscular, conforming to the dairy type. The head should be lean and fairly short, broad between the eyes and muzzle, and dish-faced, both with male and female, to a greater degree than with other common breeds. The eyes are naturally of good size and prominent, in some instances being so bulging, or ““pop-eyed,” as it is termed, as to appear abnormal. The horns vary in form, but those of the bull should be short and strong, curving around forward and upward and slightly inward, while those of the cow should be smaller and perhaps longer, with more curve. A white or amber-colored horn with blackish tip is the approved sort, and when yellow tinted is assumed by many to indicate richness in butter fat. The shoulders tend to be a bit prominent, the z7thers narrow and refined, and the chest deep and of moderate thickness. Too many Jerseys are narrow chested and lack spring of front rib, a common criticism. The back should 328 CATTLE be strong and well supported, with little if any droop, the 77s well sprung and long, the entire body showing comparatively large size and strong reproductive and digestive capacity. The “ups should be fairly broad in the cow, but not in the male; the vwmp long, wide, and level; the ¢/zg/s thin and muscular and set wide apart; the ocks and feet carried straight with ample room to allow a large udder between. Jerseys tend to be narrow at the rump, as viewed from behind, and cow-hocked. The adder is usu- ally mellow and milks well, but it has been subjected to considerable Fic. 137. A corner of the show yard at Springfield, on Jersey, at the annual Cow and Heifer Show, May, 1914. From photograph by the author criticism for its small size as well as small teats. The form of the udder has been much improved in recent years, especially in the extension of the fore quarters, although these are still fre- quently elevated and abbreviated. The mz/é vezvs no doubt attain as great relative size and prominence with the Jersey as any breed, often being very tortuous, long, and comparatively large. The color of the Jersey is usually referred to as a fawn, but it is variable in shade, being yellowish, reddish, grayish, brownish, or silvery fawn. Some are described as orange or lemon fawn, and others as squirrel gray or mulberry black. White as a whole does not occur, but white marks are quite common, although a body of solid fawn is preferred. Brindle, a rare color, is objected THE JERSEY 329 to and should cause disqualification. The hair about the muzzle and eyes is usually of a creamy or grayish shade, and a light tone frequently occurs along over the spine. In a study of the inherit- ance of color in the Jersey by Professor J. J. Hooper of Kentucky State University, the color markings of 1145 calves and 2290 sires and dams were tabulated. It was found that the solid color of coat is dominant to broken color and that black tongue and switch are dominant to white tongue and switch. Matings of 436 solid-colored cows with broken-colored bulls produced 257 solid-colored calves and 179 of broken color, while 500 mat- ings of cows and bulls of solid color produced 425 calves of solid color and 75 calves of broken color. In registering Jer- seys it is necessary to specify whether the tongue is white or black, or the switch white or black, these F's. 138. Fancy Toltec 21167, about 1895, in the herd being marks ofident of the late A. T. Dempsey. A popular American- ; type show bull. From photograph given the author fication. Where color by Colonel Dempsey is made a point of im- portance in the breeding of a herd, a dark fawn, shading to light along the backbone and the lower limbs, meets with much favor, though solid colors of light fawn are also very popular. The most experienced and able breeders do not place primary emphasis on color, always making it secondary to the more important features, color being a fancy point and of no intrinsic value. The skin secretions are usually quite yellow, and, as seen in the ear, at tip of tail, and about the udder, indicate something of the richness of the milk. The sz itself should be thin, very elastic and mellow, and with a fine thick coat of hair. The size of the Jersey may be classed as small to medium, with a tendency in breeders to secure a medium sort. Taking the R 330 CATTLE records of weights in the register of merit, many of which are estimated, 25 yearling heifers averaged 698 pounds, the range being from 600 to 850; 50 two-year-olds averaged 779 pounds, the range being from 600 to 1000; 50 three-year-olds averaged 827 pounds, the range being from 650 to 1000; while the aged cows averaged 908 pounds, the range being from 750 to 1080. Eleven of the aged cows weighed 1000 pounds or more and 22 weighed from 900 to 1000 pounds. The average weight of 24 cows at the World’s Columbian Exposition in 1893 was 922} pounds. One may regard 700 pounds as a fair weight for a heifer approaching two years of age, while fully matured cows should weigh from 850 to 900 pounds. One finds considerable range in weight of Jersey bulls. Eighteen bulls, heads of herds from which the author secured records, weighed from 1040 to 1790 pounds, the average being 1415 pounds. In general a weight of from 1300 to 1400 pounds is preferable in the mature Jersey male. Early maturity of the Jersey is more marked than with any other common breed of cattle. Repeated cases are on record of Jersey females, through accident, having the first calf before three hundred and sixty-five days old. Both males and females develop rapidly and are often in service too early for the good of the herd or breed. Occasionally one will find a herd of Jerseys, where the owner has bred the heifers to come fresh at eighteen to twenty months old. In these herds one is impressed by the small size and runty appearance of the cows. The wiser and more thought- ful breeders of to-day plan to have their heifers come fresh about thirty months old, depending somewhat upon the vigor and size of the animals to be bred. A greater vitality and producing capacity is thus secured. The adaptability of the Jersey to a wide range of conditions is well established. While the breed has its native home on an island with a very mild climate, one finds important herds of Jerseys under a great variety of conditions. In America there are herds at wide extremes of latitude and altitude, for in the cold Northland and the sunny South and on the low prairies of Texas and the high altitudes of the western Rocky Mountains do we find Jerseys successfully established. Without question this breed readily adjusts itself to its environment, not only in America but also in various other countries. THE JERSEY 331 The prolificacy and vitality of the Jersey may be regarded as very fair, and in those herds long continued under uniform man- agement the cows of this breed reproduce with reasonable regu- larity. Under average conditions the Jersey may be expected to produce one calf a year, and while twins occasionally are dropped they are the rare exception. The cows breed for many years, and it is no uncommon thing to find animals twelve years or more of age that have been steady producers. Figgis, the champion cow at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, was thirteen years old and Marjoram 2d sixteen years old at the World’s Columbian Exposition. Lass’s Jewel 113211 up to eighteen years of age had dropped twelve calves and so also had St. Lambert’s Riotress 106220. Pogis Irene 2d 146435 at the age of fif- teen years completed a year’s official record of 9177 pounds of milk and was the mother of ten F16-139- Pedro 3187 at eighteen years of age. Grand-champion Jersey male at the World’s calves. There are many Columbian Exposition, 1893, and one of the examples of aged Jersey most noted of American-bred Jersey bulls; long bulls, notable among at the head of the herd of Mr. T. S. Cooper, Coopersburg, Pennsylvania. From photograph, by courtesy of Mr. Cooper them Pedro, in service un- til nearly twenty years old. The temperament and disposition of the Jersey may be viewed from the sex standpoint in two ways: the cows are very mild and gentle of disposition and are easily handled when given kindly care. The bulls, however, tend to be nervous and irritable and need to be handled with much care and discretion. Even on the island, where the cows have the most friendly relationship with the caretakers, the bulls are nervous and are given very re- stricted liberties. There are examples of males of the breed that are quiet and tractable, but in general the bulls of none of our other breeds of cattle are so nervous and require such careful ‘watching and restriction as does the Jersey. Age does not seem to modify the disposition of the average bull of the breed, and the wise Jersey cattleman will take no chances with his bull. 332 CATTLE The prepotency of the Jersey is one of its striking character- istics. Both form and color are transmitted from generation to generation in a marked degree. In well-established herds, where systematic breeding is attempted, one may find striking evidences of this prepotency, notably in head, udder, and color. Used on grade herds the Jersey bull impresses himself on his offspring to such an extent that the herd takes on all the external evidence of the pure-bred. The Jersey in crossing or grading may be used to great advan- tage, at least in the latter way. There are many high-grade Jersey herds in the country that are very profitable producers of butter and milk. If bulls of proper breeding and individual merit are used on native cows very superior dairy herds should result. If crossed with other breeds the Jersey should be used under con- ditions that are not too violent as extremes. The author has seen some very attractive examples of using a Dexter bull on Jersey cows, in which small dairy cows of very milky character were produced. The Jersey as a beef producer is not worthy of serious consid- eration. The meat is rich in quality and fine of grain but is too yellow in fat coloring to suit butchers. Jersey steers will lay on flesh fairly well, but do not dress out well in slaughtering, having more offal and internal fat than the distinctive beef breeds. In a breed-feeding experiment for beef at the Michigan Agricul- tural College the Jersey steer Roscoe at 1161 days weighed 1490 pounds (showing a daily gain of 1.28 pounds) and dressed out 59.4 per cent, compared with a Shorthorn which dressed out 66.8 per cent. Of six breeds tested the Jersey made the poorest showing. Three Jersey steers fed by two experiment stations, as reported by Henry in “ Feeds and Feeding,” showed an average daily gain for 1058 days of 1.36 pounds per day, ranking ninth among eleven breeds in daily gain, but standing last in per cent of dressed weight. In a steer-feeding experiment conducted by the Iowa Station with nine breeds, the valuation placed on the Jersey carcass by Chicago experts was $4.50 a hundred, the lowest of the nine, the Hereford being $6.62. The Jersey as a producer of milk, under average conditions, does not rank high. However, since official tests have become common, we find many Jersey cows that have produced relatively THE JERSEY 333 large yields of milk. Many years ago, when only private tests were made of Jersey production, some records were regarded as large that since have been displaced by official ones. For exam- ple, Gertie of Glynllyn 74474 was credited in 1898-1899 with 16,780 pounds of milk, La Petite Mere 2d 12810 with 16,699 pounds 8 ounces in 1885-1886, and Matilda 4th 12816 with 16,153 pounds 12 ounces the same year, these being regarded as Fic. 140. Raleigh’s Fairy Boy 83767, imported by T. S. Cooper and sold at his 1909 sale for $8200 to C. I. Hudson of New York. Notable as a champion and sire. A fine example of the modern Island-type bull. From photograph, by courtesy of Mr. Hudson remarkable records. In one day Adelaide of St. Lambert 73652 gave a yield of 75 pounds 12 ounces, But it is no longer neces- sary to quote private records, for official testing is now established on a large scale and the records of many cows are available. The table on page 334 contains some of the more important register-of- merit records for one year of milk production. In addition to these records there have been many large milk records of Jerseys for either longer or shorter periods. Some of the notable examples are as follows: Sophie 19th of Hood Farm 189748 produced in eight consecutive years 100,557 pounds of 334 CATTLE HicuH OrriciaL ANNUAL MILK RECORDS OF JERSEY Cows NAME AND NuMBER OF Cow AGE YEAR OF TEST MILk YIELD Passport 219742 Eminent’s Bess 209719 . : Lass 4oth of Hood Farm 223642. Lass 66th of Hood Farm 271896 . Sophie 19th of Hood Farm 180748. Jacoba Irene 146443 .- ; : Blue Fox’s Eminent’s Chromo Sree : Temisia’s Owl’s Rose 215973 Dosoris Park Lily 223783 Spermfield Owl’s Eva 193934 .- IQI 4-191 5 19,694 lb. 2.0 oz. IQ1I-1912 18,782 lb. 15.6 oz. 1912-1913 18,661 lb. 7.0 oz. 1914-1915 17,793 lb. 11.2 oz. 1912-1913 17,557 lb. 12.0 oz. 1908-1909 epyaneh lla ee 93h): Oe 1917-1918 175217 [b2wd.OnOz- IQI4-I9I5 17,056 lb. 6.4 oz. 1916-1917 | 16,728 Ib. 1.6 oz. 1912-1913 16,457 lb. 6.4 oz. CMCin DBMOnNWwWUN © milk ; Spermfield Owl’s Eva 193934, from November, 1906, to December, 1916, produced 90,642 pounds of milk —an average of 9065 pounds a year for ten consecutive years; Pogis Irene 2d 146435 at eighteen years of age produced 9930 pounds of milk ; Lucky Farce 298177 produced in one year (commencing a yearling) 14,260 pounds of milk; Jacoba Irene 146443 in one day produced 69.8 pounds of milk; Passport 219742 averaged 53-9 pounds daily for three hundred and sixty-five days. In the ninety-day test at the Columbian Exposition the 25 Jersey cows in the trial, including sick ones, averaged 33 pounds of milk daily, while in the Louisiana Purchase Exposition test 25 cows during ninety days averaged 41.5 pounds of milk per day. Up to May 1, 1919, there were in register of merit tests 11493 cows and heifers of various ages. Yearly records of nearly 7000 cows have averaged 7808 pounds of milk each. The Jersey as a milk-fat producer is justly famous. An impor- tant feature in connection with Jersey milk is that the fat globules are comparatively large and the cream rises or separates easily. The value of Jersey milk for producing superior butter was recognized over a century ago in England and first attracted Dauncey to the breed. Many fine records have been made in England and on the island of Jersey, but America has led in the testing of this breed. In 1853 the first Jersey butter test was made in this country, Thomas Motley of Massachusetts test- ing the cow Flora 113, when, as a three-year-old, 14 pounds THE JERSEY 335 8 ounces of butter was made in seven days from her milk. The same year the cow Rose 240 yielded 17 pounds in seven days. From this time thousands of seven-day tests have been made of Jersey cows, showing records ranging from 14 pounds of churned, salted, and worked butter, up to that of Princess 2d 8046, reported in 1885 to have made an official test of 46 pounds 12} ounces in one week. The testing of Jerseys for butter production became so extensive that Major Campbell Brown of Tennessee and others collated and published two volumes of such tests, and later, in 1890, the American Jersey Cattle Club took up this work officially. Several thousand records have been published in book form by the club. Many of these records were so high as to cause sus- picion of the integrity of the testing, which finally resulted in the club’s providing for butter-fat tests as well as churn tests, to be supervised by experiment-station or agricultural-college officials. However, between 1879 and 1892 a number of remarkable records were claimed of yearly butter production in private tests. The following six cows attained great fame in this connection : NaME AND NUMBER OF Cow RECORD DuRATION YEAR OF TEST [DeRosa Sg pees a nee aackdllon a0 Core 365 days 1879-1880 Mary Ann of St. Lambert 9770. | 867 Ib. 142 oz. 365 days 1883-1884 Landseers’ Fancy 2876 . . . ..| 936 Ib. 142 oz. 365 days 1885-1886 Eurotissima 29668 . . . . . . | 945 lb. 9 oz. 365 days 1886-1887 BISSOmrSHB elles TrAA oe note | LOZG on mS (OZ. 365 days 1888-1889 Signal’s Lily Flagg 31035 . . . | 1047 lb. # oz. 365 days 1891-1892 Since 1893, when the Jersey breed took official part in the dairy breed competition at the World’s Columbian Exposition and disinterested persons supervised the tests, such large private tests have not been reported. Unquestionably many Jersey cows will yield from 14 to 17 pounds of butter in a week, while a few may pass 20 pounds. The best record made in a week at the Columbian was by the cow Brown Bessie 74997 of 20.163 pounds ; in thirty consecutive days her yield was 77.319 pounds. In the Columbian Exposition tests the Jersey excelled both Guernsey and Shorthorn in butter-fat production. At the Pan-American Exposition in 1901 the Jersey stood second among ten breeds in 336 CATTLE profitable fat production, the Guernsey leading. In the Louisiana Purchase Exposition the Jersey surpassed the Holstein-Friesian and Brown Swiss in butter and cost of production, the aver- age cost per pound being 10} cents for the Jersey, 135 cents for the Holstein, and 142 cents for the Brown Swiss. In ninety days in this test the Jersey cow Loretta D. 141708 produced 280.16 pounds butter fat, which returned a net profit of $50.52. Fic. 141. Oxford Majesty 134090 (imp.) at twelve years of age. A remarkably prepotent sire of great show cows. Owned by A. K. Heath, Creamery, Pennsyl- vania. From photograph, by courtesy of Mr. Heath Authenticated butter-fat tests of Jersey cows were given indorsement on May 6, 1903, by the American Jersey Cattle Club, when what was designated a “ Register of Merit” of Jersey cattle was established. The purpose of this was to raise to a higher standard the average excellence of the Jersey cow and to secure additional authoritative and permanent record to which reference could be made in the selection of breeding animals. Cows are divided into three classes: A, AA, and B. A cow is entitled to entry in Class A after producing in one year the amount of butter fat or butter specified by the rules. A cow is entitled to entry in Class AA provided she produces the required THE JERSEY 337 butter fat or butter, and also produces a living calf, which has been carried at least one hundred and fifty-five days during the test. Class B is for seven-day official tests of butter-fat or butter production. A bull is entitled to entry in the register of merit after three of his daughters from as many different dams have been entered on the year’s authenticated test. “ These tests are supervised by a representative of a State, Provincial or National experiment station or agricultural college, who certifies as to the weight of the milk, and the percentage of fat it contains on the days on which the cow is under official test.” ! The required yield in authenticated tests of Jerseys is as follows: If the test is commenced the day the cow is two years old, or previous to that day, she must produce within one year from the date the test begins, 250.5 lb. butter fat. For each day the cow is over two years old at the begin- ning of her year’s test, the amount of butter fat she must produce in the year is fixed by adding 0.1 (one-tenth) of a pound for each such day to the 250.5 lb. required when two years old. This ratio of increase applies until the cow is five years old at the beginning of her test, when the required amount will have reached 360 lb., which will be the amount of butter fat required of all cows five years old or over. These standards are based upon one complete year’s record, from the time of beginning, regardless of any time which may be lost by being dry or calving during that period. Since the establishment of the authenticated butter-fat tests a large number of cows have secured a place in the register of merit. During March, 1919, there were entered 2812 cows in official tests, while the previous March, 2703 animals were tested. The ten leading Jersey cows in butter-fat tests for one year, as recorded in the register of merit, are as follows : Vive La France 319616 - . . . . produced 1031.64 Ib. fat Sophie’s Agnes 296759 . . . . produced 1000.07 lb. fat Sophie 19th of Hood Farm neo e . produced ggg.10 lb. fat Spermfield Owl’s Eva 193934 . . . produced 993.30 lb. fat Old Man’s Darling 2d se _ .- . “produced “983-638 lb. fat Eminent’s Bess 209719 __.. SOS preduced * 962:80'lb.’ fat WosonssPars Lilye233783)2 312 os- Aproduced 957-43) lb. fat jacobasirene.1 404439" 622.1) se-8 tet «produced - 652:90: lb: fat St. Mawes Poppy 219992. . . . . produced 952.28 lb. fat Olympia’s Fern 252060 . . . . . produced 937.80 lb. fat 1 Register of Merit of Jersey Cattle, December, 1917. 338 CATTLE Perhaps the most remarkable test up to 1918 was that of the three-year-old-cow Vive La France 319616, owned in Oregon, that produced 12,744.8 pounds of milk in three hundred and sixty-five days, testing 892.63 pounds fat. Sophie 19th of Hood Farm occupies the greatest place of distinction among Jersey cows as a long-distance performer, for in eight periods of lactation up to 1919 she has produced a total of 5787 pounds of fat, or more than three tons of estimated butter. About January I, 1916, Secretary Gow of the American Jersey Cattle Club stated! that the average per cent of fat in the milk of 4295. official annual tests was 5.34 per cent, which is probably slightly higher than would prevail un- der average conditions, when tests were not con- ducted. In reporting on the results of tests in ~ Fic. 142. Agatha’s Oxford Noble, P. 4850 H.C. age classes Mr. Gow First-prize bull over Jersey bulls from tested dams, stated that I 528 two- 1912. Owner, J. H. Perree, Oaklands, island of Jer- : sey. From photograph by the author year -old cows averaged 352.75 pounds fat, 769 three-year-olds averaged 396.10 pounds fat, 539 four-year-olds averaged 448.80 pounds fat, and 1461 cows five years old aver- aged 479.40 pounds fat. These records are extremely creditable to the breed and give ample evidence of the capacity of the Jersey as a producer. Jersey milk in cheese production is used to but a limited degree. At one time it was thought that milk of average butter- fat content made a better cheese than that of richer quality. However, the investigations in the working dairy at the World’s Columbian Exposition at Chicago demonstrated that milk rich 1 Hoard’s Dairyman, December 24, 1915. THE JERSEY 330 in butter fat made more valuable and better cheese than milk inferior in butter fat. In the Exposition cheese test the following records were secured in a fifteen-day test : AMOUNT ee Luby. VALUE Amount MILK PER BREED CHEESE, wee SESE Pounp PounpD CHEESE Jersey: 1451.76 lb. $193.98 | $98.14 | $0.134 9.16 lb. GuernSeyee joo. « | 1130.62 lb. 135-22 70.25 |. 10:02 9.67 |b. Shorthorn . 1077.60 lb. 140.14 99.36 | 0.13 | iiteyit Hoy This record clearly shows that Jersey milk holds a high place in cheese production. It finds its most important use, however, in butter-making or in the retail milk trade, comparatively little being made into cheese. Jersey families of distinction are to-day divided into two groups: those more especially of island breeding and those of American breeding quite removed from recent island importation. There are examples, however, in which there is essentially a combination of blood lines from the two groups. There has also been a tendency on the part of some to regard certain lines of breeding as distinct families, although in fact these are more strictly speaking subfamilies. These branch families are perhaps justifiable, but special recognition is sometimes given which is hardly worth while. Some person successfully promotes a line of breeding and then gives a family title to the same, which becomes adopted by common usage. However, the following described families may be regarded as the more distinguished of the many to which reference might be made. ISLAND-BRED FAMILIES The Golden Lad family descends from Sultane, P. 7 H. C., but derives its name from the bull Golden Lad, P. 1242 H. C., first-prize bull over the Island-in 1890. Golden Lad was sired by Sultane’s Favourite, P. 873 H. C. and had for dam Golden Bass 4th. 2; 2447, He C. second: prize on Jersey in 1888, a granddaughter of Sultane, P. 7 H. C. and regarded as founder of this family. Many of the most famous of the Island-bred animals trace directly back to Golden Lad. 340 CATTLE The Oxford family descends from Oxford Daisy, F. 6816 H. C., but receives its special distinction through Oxford Lass, P. 3582, C., one of the most noted cows produced on the island. Oxford Lass was dam of Oxford Lad, P. 3123 H. C., one of the great bulls of the island, sire of Majesty, Lucy’s Champion, and Sultana’s Oxford Lad, and also sire of forty-two tested cows. Oxford Lass was also granddam of Oxford You'll Do 111860 (imp.), winner of first prize over Jersey in 1911 and a noted sire of tested cows. The Oxford family is one of the most popular of present-day island breeding. The Cowslip family descends from Cowslip, P. 24 C., a first- prize cow on the island in 1876. Her granddaughter Cowslip 16th, P. 6084 H. C., by Golden Lad, is regarded as the essential head of this family. Cowslip 16th was winner of the Parish Prize on the island in 1902, but she is most noted as the $5000 cow, dam and granddam of a number of animals of exceptional merit, especially in production. The Fontaine family began with Fontaine, F. 2058 C., first over Jersey in 1886, and a heavy milk producer. Her daughter Fontaine 4th, P. 2537 C., was dam of Fontaine 7th, 9th, and 10th, first-prize winners on the island. Fontaine’s Chief, P.. 4153 H.C., was noted as a show bull, both on the island and in America, and has a large number of officially tested daughters to his credit. The Financial Interest family descends from Interest, F. 3582 C., a remarkable producer of milk and progeny. She has an island record of 56 pounds of milk in twenty-four hours and 25 pounds 6 ounces of butter in seven days. She produced a number of notable daughters, including Finance, P.S. 4611 C., the dam of Financial Pride and Financial Queen, P. S. 7766 H. C., 155008, the latter being dam of Financial Countess 155100 with register of merit record of 935 pounds 10 ounces of butter in a year. Financial King, P. 2624 H. C., a son of Finance, was sire of uncommonly high-class cows, including Financial Countess 155100, Financial Interest 167527, and Financial Princess 167528. From Compound Interest 152193 (imp.), a daughter of Interest, came Interested Prince 58224 (imp.), one of the most notable recent-day sires. THE JERSEY 341 The Rosette family traces from Rosette through her daughter Rosette 2d, F. 943 H. C. and her granddaughter Rosette 4th, Peci2o, C.. bred to-sarabond, P2797) Hi. C,,.. Rosette: 4th-pro- duced Rosette 5th, P. 2881 H. C., imported by Mr. Cooper under the name of Sultana’s Rosette 149740. She proved a remark- able breeder and dropped the bulls Flying Fox, P. 2729 H.C. (Champion Flying Fox 61441, imp.), Ravachol, P. 2032 C., and Forfarshire, P. 2914 H. C., three of the great island-bred bulls, and the cow Alicante, P. 3880 iene. pean of, the OwlP=27O5 0H Cz a leading island-bred sire, first over Jersey in 1897. Spermfield Owl 57088, a son of the Owl, has been one of the leading sires in America, his daugh- ters Spermfield Owl’s Eva, Spermfield Owl’s Temisia, Owl’s Sayda eee UGls Tee Fic. 143. Sultan’s Finance (14100), first-prize cow ested Tones, Sperm- over Jersey. A very beautiful Island type. From field Owl’s Victoria photograph by the author Lass, and Violet’s Owl being a remarkable group of sisters with milk records ranging from 13,158 pounds to 16,457 pounds and butter-fat records ranging from 680 pounds to 993 pounds. AMERICAN JERSEY FAMILIES The Signal family descends from old Pansy 8, calved in 1853 and imported when two years old by Mr. John T. Norton of Connecticut. She had four daughters — Pansy 2d 259, Pansy 5th 414, Pansy 6th 38, and Pansy 7th 130—and two sons — York 8 and Living Storm 173. Pansy 6th 38 dropped ten sons and daughters, one of which, Pansy Morris 2060, calved in 1870, 342 CATTLE was the dam of Signal 1170, one of the most notable and prepotent sires of the breed in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. Cows of Signal breeding were greatly in favor and especially notable for being producers of butter fat. The Coomassie family descends from Coomassie 11874, imported in 1881 by S. M. Burnham. Coomassie was the dam of Khedive, P. 103, the sire of Princess 2d, with a so-called official test of 46 pounds 123 ounces of butter in seven days. Tormentor 3533 (imp.), one of the greatest bulls of the breed, was a grandson of Coomassie, being sired by Khedive. Many persons have consid- ered Coomassie the greatest cow ever im- ported from the island. In 1885 L. S. Hardin wrote!: “ Her blood has developed the greatest — individual butter maker, Prin-| cess 2d, and thirty- Fic. 144. Eurotas 2454 (imp.), a Jersey cow one animals with tests remarkable as a great dam and also as a producer of fourteen pounds of milk. The mother of Pedro. She had a private and over in direct de- record of 778 pounds of churned butter in eleven months five days. Owned by A. B. Darling. From om from her, with- photograph by Schreiber out the aid of any special outcross.” The Eurotas family descends from Eurotas 2454, calved in 1874. This is also referred to as the Alphea family, for the reason that Eurotas was a granddaughter of Alphea 171. Eurotas, herself a remarkable dam, with a private record of 778 pounds I ounce of butter in a year, was also dam of eight sons and two daughters of exceptional merit. Her son Pedro 3187 will always be regarded as one of the greatest sires of the breed, and through him is a long list of unusual sons and daughters. In 1918 — Mr. T. S. Cooper, long the owner of Pedro, wrote?: .‘‘ With 1 The Jersey Cow. A pamphlet by the American Jersey Cattle Club. 2 Jersey Bulletin, March 27, 1918. ) THE JERSEY 343 128 tested daughters and granddaughters, the Jersey breed appears to have been benefited by the influence of Pedro 3187.” Coomassie and Eurotas blood blended especially well. The St. Lambert family originated at St. Lambert, Quebec, Canada, through importation made in 1868 by the Stephens family. This original herd consisted of two bulls and fifteen cows, with the later addition of two cows and a bull. ‘To be, Fic. 145. Mary Anne of St. Lambert 9770, classed as one of the most beautiful Jersey cows of her time. The property of Valancey E. Fuller (then of Canada), she had a private record of 867 pounds 14# ounces butter in three hundred and sixty-five days. From photograph by Schreiber technically speaking,” writes Mr. Valancey E. Fuller, the best authority on this family! ‘‘a pure St. Lambert, an animal must have as a foundation, without an outcross, one of the following bulls: Defiance 196, Victor Hugo 197, or Stoke Pogis 3d 2238 ; and one of the following cows: Victoria 411, Pride of Windsor 283, Amelia 484, Juliet 485, Alice 488, Hebe 489, Berthe 490, Bonnie 491, Lizette 492, Ophelie 493, Pauline 494, Lydie 495, Portie 496, Fancy 1318, Beauty 1319, Taffy 5523, or Topsey 1Valancey E. Fuller, The St. Lambert Family of Jerseys. 344 CATTLE St. Lambert 5524.’ It is also claimed with reason that Stoke Pogis 1259 (imp.) and Marjoram 3239 (imp.) should be regarded as in this foundation stock. The fame of this family was first promoted by Mr. Fuller, who, in 1881, purchased a number of St. Lambert Jerseys from William Rolph of Markham, Ontario. Finally he purchased Mary Ann of St. Lambert 9770, sired by Stoke Pogis 3d 2238 (imp.), one of the famous cows of the breed, with a private record for a year of 867 pounds 14} ounces of butter. Stoke Pogis 3d proved a most successful sire, and a daughter of his, Ida of St. Lambert 24990, bred to Bachelor of St. Lambert 4558, produced Ida’s Rioter of St. Lambert 13656 and also Exile of St. Lambert 13657, the latter being credited with more tested daughters than any other son of this family. The St. Lamberts have had a great run of popularity, but in recent years the newer Island-bred families have superseded this. However, many of the recent-day American-bred Jerseys of special merit trace directly back into this St. Lambert breeding. Naturally this large family has broken up into various branches, or subfamilies. The Combination family descends from Lady Mel 429, calved in 1868 and bred by S. W. Robbins of Connecticut. Her daughter Lady Mel 2d 1795, by Albert 44, proved a remarkable cow, having in 1875 a butter test of 183 pounds in sixty-one days and being the dam of seven registered bull calves and four heifers. The bull Combination 4389, a son of Lady Mel 429, gives the name to this family. He sired many producing sons and daughters, among which Diploma 16219 was most distin- guished, he siring many tested cows, including Merry Maiden 64949, champion cow in the World’s Columbian Exposition at Chicago among 74 cows from three different breeds. Brown Bessie 74997, the champion cow in the dairy test at the same expo- sition, was a granddaughter of Combination on the dam’s side. Merry Maiden’s 3d Son 60516, champion of the breed at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in 1904, is the sire of numerous sons and daughters in the register of merit. This is one of the popular American Jersey families. The Tormentor family receives its name from the bull Tor- mentor 3533 (imp.), he being sired by Khedive, P. 103 and out of Angela, F. S. 1607, a daughter of the noted Coomassie 11874 THE JERSEY 345 (imp.), which of course makes Tormentor a member of the Coomassie family. Tormentor proved to be one of the greatest Jersey sires, both of males and females. In the days of private tests his daughters reached high records, and his sons were credited with many daughters with tests of note. Tormentor breeding has received special distinction through his son Sophie’s Tormentor 20883, the sire of Sophie 19th of Hood Farm 189743, without question thus far the greatest producing cow of the breed. Figgis 76106, champion Jersey cow at the Louisiana Purchase Fic. 146. Sophie 19th of Hood Farm 189748, the greatest producing Jersey cow in history. In seven periods of lactation she produced 5280 pounds of butter fat. Owner Hood Farm, Lowell, Massachusetts. From photograph by the author Exposition and one of the great Jersey matrons, was a daughter of Sophie’s Tormentor and mother of Hood Farm Pogis oth 55552, that up to January, 1918, had more sons and daughters in the register of merit than any other bull of the breed, including three cows with records of over 700 pounds of fat each in a year. Jacoba Irene 146443, celebrated as one of the greatest producing Jersey females, is five generations removed from Tormentor on the dam’s side. Among American Jersey families this at the present day is a prime favorite. The Sayda family has for founder Sayda 4440, by Ned Booth 1501. Her daughter Sayda 3d 17317 was tenth in the Jersey herd at the World’s Columbian Exposition in 1893. This family has been especially promoted by Ayer and McKinney, Meridale R 346 CATTLE Farms, Meredith, New York, where Sayda’s Queen of Ventnor 168033, by Sayda’s Heir 45360, made the great record of 13,280 pounds milk and 890 pounds.-butter at twelve years of age. She has 4 daughters in the register of merit that average 11,604 pounds milk and 764 pounds butter. Sayda’s Heir 3d 74817 (full brother of Sayda’s Queen of Ventnor) up to January, 1919, sired 50 cows and 2 bulls recorded in the register of merit. The Sayda and Owl-Interest families are said to blend especially well. The Owl-Interest family was established by R. A. Sibley, Moose Hill Farms, Spen- cer, Massachusetts, by crossing the _ bull Spermfield Owl 57088 on daughters of Inter- ested’ - Prince yee (imp.), and vice versa. These two sires were purchased in 1900 and used in service for many years at Moose Fic. 147. Sayda’s Queen of Ventnor 168033. She Hill Farms. Remark- ing 13,280 pounds of mill and 850 pounds of butter, 20!¢Tecords have been Owner, Meridale Farms, New York. From photo- produced by members graph, by courtesy of American Agriculturist of this family. In 1918 Mr. Sibley published a list of 31 Owl-Interest cows in his herd, with official milk records ranging from 9853 to 17,056 pounds and butter fat records from 595 to 993 pounds. This family is meeting with much favor. Jersey bulls of distinction as sires may be divided into three groups: (1) notable early foundation animals, (2) sires of private- test offspring, and (3) sires of register-of-merit progeny, this latter group being of real significance at this time. Important foundation sires include Albert 44, Brown Prince F, 85, Clement F..61, Colonel-76, Jupiter 93, Khedive; P. 103, Landseer 331, Marius 760, Mercury 432, Noble 592 E, Pilot 3, Pope 652 FE, Rioter 746 E, Rioter 2d 469 E, Splendens 16, THE JERSEY 347 Splendid 2, St. Helier 45, Stoke Pogis 1259, Sultan F. 58, Victor Fuso 197, Welcome F.-166. Jersey sires of private-test offspring of note include the following: Diploma 16219, Exile of St. Lambert 13657, Fancy’s Harry 9777, Ida’s Rioter of St. Lambert 13656, King of St. Lam- bert’s King 30752, Pedro 3187, St. Lambert Boy 17408, Stoke Pogis 3d 2238, Stoke Pogis 55th 987, Tormentor 3533 (imp.). Jersey sires of register-of-merit sons and daughters very naturally occupy first consideration to-day. In fact, in a careful study of Jersey pedigrees, register-of-merit tests on a_ yearly basis should be prime factors in consideration. It is no longer necessary or desirable to give serious thought to the private tests, although these offer important evidence. In these days of exten- sive official testing the records of sires are constantly changing, but the following list of sires,! compiled by Mr. H. F. Probert, based on daughters that have produced over 10,000 pounds of milk under register-of-merit testing, is of special interest. LEADING JERSEY SIRES WITH DAUGHTERS PRODUCING OVER 10,000 PouNnps OF MILK A YEAR Tora Num- NUMBER AVERAGE’ | AVERAGE | AVERAGE aR NAME oF Cow OF Pounps Pounps AGE Saal REA DAUGHTERS MILk Fat Yr., Mo. Dawes Hood Farm Torono 60326. | 27 i L25040FA™ | G74. 415 a) 4s 0G 73 Interested Prince 58224 . IO 12,384.4 | 614.82 | 8 fo) 43 Spermfield Owl 57088 . . 25 125 042.4" | 632.627 I 49 Raleigh’s Fairy Boy 83767 . 12 1, COAL 2a eb 735325 |heSy seo 43 Foxhall’s Jubilee 76944. . Te atfeneasey |) sy7hoayeyal | ye ae 22 Hood Farm Pogis 9th 55552 12 I1,719.0 | 603.50 | 7 3 78 Royal. Majesty 79313. 17 11,706.4 | 608.34 | 6 6 37 Loretta’s King 65050 . . 8 M0, 504-0 4) 612604) 57-93 43 Eminent’s Raleigh 69011 . 9 lnuydlpiger || Gai zoye|| Wyk Be 2) 27 Golden Glow’s Chief 61460 8 11,443.4 | 631.69 | 6 2M 27, Average Tf) ael2,O2 TO 76081074 |NOm 2 3 Total TAO! = | A442 Mr. Probert compiled two groups of leading sires, the above being the first one. Commenting on this study. he writes as follows : 1 Jersey Bulletin, March 13, 1918. 348 CATTLE Here is the point I want to get at, that these bulls that have the large amount of milk are the bulls that have the large amount of butter fat. They travel hand in hand. Look for one and you will get the other. I have taken the next bunch of bulls that have over four daughters that have 10,000 pounds of milk to their credit, and there are ten of them that have five, two that have six, and two that have seven, and they immediately drop off in large production. A comparison of native with Island-bred Jersey sires is of interest for the reason that American breeders are repeatedly questioning the productive capacity of Island-bred stock. Mr. John R. Sibley, a most successful Jersey breeder, has contributed much interesting information on this subject.!_ Based on register- of-merit work, he gives the following two groups of each of the ten leading sires of native and imported breeding. LEADING NaTIVE JERSEY BULLS TO JANUARY 1, 1918 NuMBER AND PER CENT | AVERAGE PRODUCTION oF DAUGHTERS in Pounps Names : in M. | registered | inom. | Milk Fat Hood Farm‘Pogis 9th 55552 78 130.55 || 60 75553 416 Hood Farm Torono 60326 . ae Iog | 67 9,953 533 Spermfield Owl 57088 . . 49 66 74 10,259 542 Loretta’s King 65050. . 43 m2 32 75797 410 Sayda’s Heir 3d 74817 . . 2 82 50 8,078 460 Hector Marigold 59121. . 34 118 28 6,530 390 Irene’s King Pogis 73182 . i 10S 30 7,922 469 Lady Letty’s Victor 65020. 2¢ IT4 25 7,825 433 Royal Majesty of St. Cloud 29 86 34 6,747 395 King Sappho King 65262 28 71 40 7,973 368 In the list of eight gold-medal Jersey bulls up to November 1, 1919, Hood Farm Torono leads with his ten highest-testing daughters, averaging 811 pounds fat in a year. Pogis 99th of Hood Farm comes second, his ten best daughters averaging 805 pounds fat, and Spermfield Owl, third, his ten best daughters averaging 743 pounds fat. The remaining bulls in the list are St. Mawes, The Imported Jap, Golden Glow’s Chief, Royal Majesty, and Oxford You’ll Do. 1 Jersey Bulletin, various issues, especially March and April, 1918. THE JERSEY 349 LEADING IMPORTED JERSEY BULLS TO JANUARY 1, 1918 Sone Daughters AVERAGE YEARLY PRODUCTION Names |inR.M.| inR.M. | Milk Fat Interested Prince 58224 . . .| 10 43 8,483 461 Raleigh’s Fairy Boy 83767 al 4 43 9,170 439 Gamboge’s Knight 95698 . . . | B 40 8,174 444 Royal Majesty 79313 4 37 9,805 520 Noble of Oaklands 95700 . 16 37 6,356 381 Eminent 69631 18 31 8,318 441 Eminent’s Raleigh 69011 3 27 272 454 Golden Maid’s Prince 93535 2 27 8,757 463 The Imported Jap 75265 . 2 25 6,543 391 Gedney Farm Oxford Lad oe i ee 24 | 8,486 445 Prices for Jersey cattle have soared very high, but as there are large numbers of animals of the breed one may find values of all degrees from high to low. Many notable sales have been held during the past both in England and America but more especially in the United States. When the Dauncey herd was dispersed in England in 1867 ninety animals averaged in excess of $200 each. For many years T. S. Cooper of Pennsylvania has been the most noted figure in selling high-class Jerseys at long prices. In 1882 he astonished the Jersey world by buying Pedro 3187 at private sale for $10,000. On May 17 and 18, 1883, in the. American Institute building in New York City, Mr. Cooper disposed of 119 animals for $113,370, an average of $952.68 each. The average for 82 cows and heifers over a year old was $1172.68, and the 57 top-selling females averaged $1553.15. This was one of the most notable sales of the breed. On May 30, 1900, Mr. Cooper adopted the custom of holding an annual Decoration Day sale for Island-bred cattle, which is the most notable event of its kind in Jersey annals. In his 1918 catalogue Mr. Cooper states that in seventeen successive years (excepting 1915, when no sale was held) he sold 2082 animals, imported and home bred, for a total of $1,093,760, or an aver- age of $525 per head. No other man has brought so many noted animals from the Island as has Mr. Cooper, and among these the following are given as topping the sales for the year indicated : 350 CATTLE Champion Flying Fox 61441, $7500 in 1902; Eminent 69631, $10,000 in 1905; Stockwell 75264, $11,500 in 1907; Viola’s Golden Jolly 79314, $11,000 in 1909; Sultana’s Oxford Lad 76506, $11,100 in 1910; Noble of Oaklands 95700, $15,000 in 1911, and his dam, Lady Viola 238439, brought $7000. On May 2, 1918, Mr. Edmond Butler of Mt. Kisco, New York, held a sale, where 60 Jerseys brought a total of $60,105, an average of $1001.91. On this occasion the cow Briar Flower, P. 18952 H. C. sold for $10,000 to William Ross Proctor of New York, who in 1916 purchased the imported _ bull Golden Fern’s Noble 145762 for $25,000. Four very notable Jer- sey sales were held in ro19F- On June =a6 Edward Cary, Carlton, Oregon, sold 34 head for $36,145, an aver- age of $1063.09. In June T.S. Cooper sold 91 head for $82,050, Fic. 148. Lady Aldan, P. 8470 H. C., one of the an average of $901.70. most noted cows on Jersey. Winner of the highest Edmond Butler. on honors and dam of Golden Fern’s Noble, the $25,000 : bull. Owned by J. A. Perree, Oaklands, Jersey. Pho- August 4; sold 47 head tographed at eighteen years of age by the author for $158,250, an av- erage of $3367.02. All records were broken in this sale, for the bull Sybil’s Gamboge (P. 5260 H.C.) sold to L. V. Walkley for $65,000. At this sale 15 daughters of this bull sold for $44,600 (an average of $2973.33), one of which, Bagot’s Gamboge Crocus 383430, brought $10,100. On August 5, C. F. Sturhahns, Hartford, Connecticut, sold 32 head for $56,125, an average of $1753.91. On June I, 1918, at the Hood Farm sale, Lowell, Massachusetts, the aged cow Sophie’s Agnes 296759, with the breed record for butter-fat production, sold for $10,099 to Ayredale Stock Farm, Maine. Thus far in the twentieth century the Jersey has steadily grown in popu- larity, and each year the total number of animals sold at auction THE JERSEY 351 runs into considerable figures. In 1917, according to the American Jersey Cattle Club, 81 auction sales of pure-bred Jerseys held in the United States, including 3997 head, brought a total of $630,417, or an average of $158 each. In 1916 in 81 sales 4337 head averaged $154.42. With a large number of enthusiastic men breeding Jerseys, there is no difficulty in securing satisfactory prices for superior animals. The distribution of the Jersey is world-wide. Many herds are found especially in England, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. In the exportation which has taken place from the island of Jersey in the past one hundred years the cattle have been taken to many parts of the world, where -they have adapted themselves very well to local conditions, all things considered. Denmark, for example, has made considerable use of the Jersey, though it is quite a secondary breed in that country. The United States is the great field of development of the breed, and according to the secretary of the American Jersey Cattle Club, during the year ending March 31, 1918, there were regis- tered 44,887 Jerseys on the books of the club, while 35,884 transfers of ownership of individual animals were made during this period. The Jersey has a widespread distribution in the United States, but is bred in largest numbers in the following states, much in the order given: Ohio, Texas, Indiana, Mis- souri, Kentucky, Tennessee, I]linois, and New York. These states are given this rating, as based on record of business in the American Jersey Cattle Club. In the Southern States the Jersey has long been a special favorite and greatly outnumbers other dairy-type breeds. In New England the Jersey also has a strong hold on popular favor. Organizations for promoting Jersey.cattle have long existed in America and on Jersey Island. The Royal Jersey Agricultural Society, founded in 1833, assumed supervision of the breed on the Island and in 1866 published the first Island herdbook, since which date twenty-three volumes have been issued to 1917. “The American Jersey Herdbook,” published under the direction of the Association of Breeders of Thoroughbred Neat Stock, with head- quarters in Massachusetts, was the first organization to promote Jersey interests in America, and published six herdbooks, the last 352 CATTLE appearing in 1878. The English Jersey Cattle Society was organ- ized in the seventies and up to 1917 had published twenty-nine volumes. The Maine State Pure Blood Jersey Cattle Association, chartered in 1875, published its first herdbook in 1876 and Volume VIII in 1898. The American Jersey Cattle Club was organized in 1868 and in 1871 published its first volume; since Fic. 149. Lady Viola 235437 (imp.). First prize over Jersey and winner of the Theatre Cup in 1905. Dam of Noble of Oaklands (sold for $15,000) and Viola’s Golden Jolly (sold for $13,000). She was imported by T. S. Cooper and bought in his sale for $7500 by Elmendorf Farm, Lexington, Kentucky. From photograph by the author that time, up to January, 1919, ninety-five volumes had been issued, showing the registration by the club of 409,000 females and 162,000 males, There have been also published a number of volumes of the register of merit. On the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the American Jersey Cattle Club there was a membership of 726. In 1903 the New Zealand Jersey Cattle Breeders’ Association published its first herdbook, and _ fifteen volumes have appeared since that date. Local Jersey cattle clubs for the promotion of the breed have been organized in many THE JERSEY 353 states. In Ohio there is the Ohio Jersey Cattle Club, with about 218 members in 1917, and in addition ten local clubs scattered over the state. Wisconsin has twenty local Jersey clubs. Polled Jersey cattle have been bred in America for many years, and in 1895 the American Polled Jersey Cattle Company was incorporated at Springfield, Ohio. In 1919, at the annual meeting of the company, the name was changed to the American Polled Jersey Cattle Club. Originally polled Jerseys are supposed to trace back to a polled cow of unknown breeding named Funston, calved about 1880 and the foundation of the polled type. Later pure-bred polled Jerseys were found, so that to-day most if not all of the cattle found in the polled register are hornless and meet all the requirements of the breed except the horns. About twelve hundred polled Jerseys have been registered, but no polled herdbook has been thus far published. Some very excellent cattle of this class have been bred, but polled Jerseys have not met with much public favor. CHAPTER Oo xaht THE HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN The native home of Holstein-Friesian cattle is in Holland, or, more correctly, the Netherlands. This is one of the smallest independent states of Europe, containing 12,741 square miles, with a population of about six millions, or about 470 persons to the square mile. There are eleven provinces, but those of Fries- land, Drenthe, North Holland, and South Holland are more especially engaged in the keeping of dairy cattle. Holland lies between latitudes 50° and 53° and is bounded on the west and north by the North Sea. Much of Holland has been reclaimed from the sea, and as this land lies below sea level the water is held back by dikes. This is the flattest part of the continent of Europe. Along the sea front, especially in North and South Holland, the land surface in places is twenty feet below sea level, while the average height of the entire country is only about thirty feet above sea level. The following interesting comment is given regarding the topography of Holland!?: Three features, the dunes, dikes and polders, characterize the north and south belt nearest to the sea. The dunes stretching along the coast were formed by the winds and sea, which heaped up the ocean sands into rows of hills from 20 to 60 feet apart and from 35 to 200 feet high. Wherever they front the coast they are adequate protection against the sea. These sand ridges and hills are sparsely wooded, but are saved from disintegration by natural or cultivated growth of plants. Few parts of them are tilled, but the sandy regions behind them are carefully cultivated. The dikes are gigantic artificial embankments of earth faced with stone or protected by stakes. They guard the country against the sea at the places where there are no dunes. The largest is the Helder Dike. There are also smaller dikes, as a precaution against floods, on the banks of the Rhine and other streams. Inside the line of dunes and dikes are great numbers of pol- ders, which are areas of land inclosed by dikes that not only protect them from floods, but also render it possible to pump out the water from within the inclosure. Holland is a country of canals, and in some regions these are found at four different elevations, the water being pumped from the 1“ The Netherlands,” New International Encyclopedia, Vol. XIV (1912), p. 396. 354 THE HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN 355 lowest to the next higher level, and so on, until-carried over the highest dike to the sea. The canals range from small ones useful for drainage and divisions between farms to those of considerable size and depth, on which extensive traffic takes place. The damp climate is neither hot in summer nor severely cold in winter, the SCALE OF MILES ee 0 10 30 50 iN é ~D_f H™. Of“ Li L 5 Ses oUtretht GELDEPLAND FUTRECHT § 5 zie ce 3 OVERYSSEL ANTWER! t Antwerp ‘ - . =e ae soem LIMBURG NIDERS @77, NDERS! z E ? 5 3 nl ouvain = t Brussels ° JOSE BRABANT ‘BEL Pie \LUX aie } . 4 LUXEM- a ee ° \ BURG sas wagisxém rg g°Long. E.from 4° Greenwich a 6 y Fic. 150. A map of Holland and Belgium showing the provinces, the important citiés, water courses, etc. average temperature being about 50 degrees. About one third of Holland is devoted to pasturage, and extensive market gardens are found near the principal cities of Amsterdam and Rotterdam. On thousands of acres about Haarlem tulips, hyacinths, etc. are grown. The origin of Dutch cattle is very obscure. It has been claimed that for over a thousand years the people of Holland have kept cattle that have been famous for the production of milk, butter, and 356 CAGE cheese. It has been assumed that these cattle are descended from the prehistoric Giant Ox (Bos taurus primigenius). Karly writings refer to Dutch cattle as being large, more or less white in color, and great milk producers. Tacitus, the Roman writer, states that in the year A.D. 28, Drusus, the father of Germanicus, imposed a tax of hides of oxen upon the Friesians, which hides should come up to a certain standard. Tacitus, says Storer,! implies that this was a difficult matter and very burdensome to the Friesians, but the passage clearly shows that the cattle of Friesland were then of great size. During thecourse of time there have undoubtedly been considerable changes inthecattle of Holland. Different authorities bring this out. These changes were due to crossing varieties or breeds and to great epidemics. Storer com- ments on the fact that in the numerous paint- Fic. 151. Dutch farmhouse with stable on the right. ings of cattle in the Photographed near Leeuwarden by the author Dutch and Belgian art galleries, made by such noted artists as Paul Potter, Rubens, Cuyp, Teniers, Vandevelde, and others, “the Dutch cow of from 200 to 300 years since was totally different, both in color and form, from what she is now.” The author has been much interested in examining many of these paintings in European galleries and can indorse the state- ment by Storer that black cattle are rare, black and white are still more rare, mouse-colored ones are not uncommon, neither are white ones with red ears; reds of different shades, with some white, are quite common, while the familiar red body and white face of the Hereford is not uncommon. The picture of Paul Potter’s bull (see page 253) at The Hague brings out strikingly these color features. In the early part of the nineteenth century 1 Reverend John Storer, Wild White Cattle of Great Britain (n. d.), p. 33. THE HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN 357 the cattle of the provinces of North and South Holland, according to Hobson,! were mostly red and white and very well known in England as the Dutch breed. In the other provinces of the Netherlands “the cattle were the short horned Dutch breed, the color being generally black or black and white.” The present-day breeds of cattle in Holland are very few. The all-predominating one is that of Friesland and North and South Fre. 152. The interior of a Dutch cow stable in summer. Around the stalls on the left are placed blue dishes. The walls are painted in bright colors. During the season when the cattle are on pasture this is used as a family dining room. From photograph by the author Holland, black and white in color, such as we are so familiar with in America. In the province of Groningen is a breed beefy in type, black of body, but with more or less white head, legs, and tail, suggesting an Aberdeen-Angus-Hereford cross. One sees red-and-white cattle in Holland that, excepting for color, are identical with the common black-and-white sort. However, in eastern Holland there are red-and-white cattle, rather beefy in character and forming a group by themselves. 1 British Holstein Herdbook, Vol. I. 358 GAT TEE The origin of the name ‘* Holstein-Friesian ’’? becomes pertinent at this point. A quarter of a century ago cattle were brought to this country under the names of “ Holstein ”’ and ‘‘ Dutch Friesian,” being sold as different breeds and championed by different breeding associations. The name “ Holstein’”’ has no application in Holland, but refers to a small province in Germany between the Baltic and North Seas, about a hundred miles east of the Holland boundary, where black-and-white Dutch cattle are found. The word “Friesian” is derived from the province of Friesland, and the breed in America might with propriety be called by that name alone, for no such breed name as “ Holstein- Friesian ’’ exists in Holland. Inasmuch as all the cattle imported to America from Holland were essentially the same, the breeders and importers, representing two distinct Dutch cattle associations in this country, met in joint session in 1885 and united their interests and agreed to call the breed Holstein-Friesian. It is interesting to note that while the use of the word “ Holstein”’ is illogical, in 1909 the British Holstein Cattle Society organized but later adopted the name “ Friesian”’ in place of “ Holstein,”’ to conform to Dutch usage. The word “ Holstein,” now so universally used in America, is as much a misfit as ““ Holstein-Friesian.” “The Netherland Rundvee Stambock of Holland,” says the London Live Stock Journal (February 28, 1919), ‘‘ has requested the Holstein- Friesian Association of America to drop the word ‘ Holstein’ from its hyphenated compromise name. The Yankee body has refused the request. We are more up to date on this side apparently.” The introduction of Holstein-Friesian cattle to America is associated with the early Dutch settlement of New York. Mr. W. W. Chenery of Belmont, Massachusetts, states! that the Holstein or Dutch cattle were introduced into this country about 1625 by the West India Company, and subsequently other importations were made by the early Dutch settlers in New York State. Late in the seventeenth century, when the Mohawk valley of that state was settled by the Dutch, they probably brought cattle with them from Holland. In 1795 the Holland Land Company sent two bulls and six cows to John Linklaen of Cazenovia, New York, who was an agent in charge of lands of the company there. As 1A Private Holstein or Dutch Herd Book, 3d ed. (1869), p. 5. THE HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN 359 described by one of the early settlers of that village, ‘‘the cows were of the size of oxen, their colors clear black and white in large patches; very handsome bodies and _ straight limbed ; horns middling in size but gracefully set; their necks were seemingly too slender to carry their heads.” In 1810 a bull and two cows were imported by Consul William Jarvis and taken to his farm at Weathersfield, Vermont. Between the years 1820 and 1825 Herman Le Roy, a New York City merchant, imported some Fic. 153. The Kuperus herd near Leeuwarden, Holland. One of the famous Dutch herds. From photograph by the author cattle from Holland, which he placed on a farm near New York City, and later, between 1827 and 1829, some of them were sent to the farm of his son, Edward A. Le Roy, in the Genesee valley in New York. Lewis F. Allen states ! that he saw these cattle in 1833, and that “they were large, well-spread cattle, black and white in color, and remarkable for their uncommon yield of milk.” These LeRoy cattle were later crossed with Shorthorns, and the pure breed thus lost. The first importation of importance, having the maintenance of pure blood lines in mind, was that of Mr. Chenery, who reports as follows on his introduction of these cattle?: 1 American Cattle (1879), p. 168. ® A Private Holstein or Dutch Herd Book, 3d ed., 1869. 360 CATTLE The first of these importations was made in 1852, and consisted of a single cow. The extraordinary good qualities possessed by that cow led in 1857 to a further importation of a bull and two cows, and in 1859 to four more cows. In consequence of a disease which occurred in 1859-1860, these cattle and all their full blood descendants, with the single exception of a young bull, were de- stroyed under a law of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and in the autumn of 1861 another importation of a bull and four cows was made from North Hol- land. These animals, with their progeny, comprise the stock of cattle known in this country as the ‘ Chenery importation of Holstein or Dutch Cattle.” Mr. Chenery states that the original animals were procured from among the best breeders of the Beemster and Purmerend, in the Fic. 154. A scene in the cattle market at Leeuwarden, Holland. From photograph by the author province of North Holland. The next importation of cattle from Holland was that of Gerrit S. Miller of Peterboro, New York, in 1869, of a bull and three cows, purchased by his brother Dudley, at Weener, East Friesland. This importation was most important, for the three cows, Crown Princess 6, Dowager 7, and Fraulein 9, proved to be unusually fine individuals and producers and had a marked influence in establishing the breed in America. Following the Miller importation, in the early seventies impor- tation from Holland became active, and large numbers of cattle were brought to America. Prominent among the importers late in the nineteenth century were Smith and Powell, T, G. Yeomans, @ THE HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN 361 Henry Stevens, and Solomon Hoxie, all of central New York, and Edgar Huidekoper of Pennsylvania. Among the great cows imported in these early days were Netherland Queen 414 H. H. B. and Johanna 344 H. H. B., imported in 1878 ; and Mercedes (230 Hb. mpresss 539 1-H. Bs Ondine $28 H. HsBs and Aaggie 901 H. H. B., imported in 1879. For many years there has been no importation from Holland, due to the existence of continuous foot-and-mouth disease over much of the continent of Europe, the United States having placed an embargo against European cattle outside of Great Britain. The characteristics of the Holstein-Friesian are distinct and peculiar to this breed. In general conformation there is consider- able variation, ranging from animals of a marked beef type to the extreme dairy type. This variation is recognized by the best author- ities on the breed and has been officially described as follows! : There are three definite types, described as the milk and beef form, the milk form, and the beef and milk form. The average form of the breed, and that which conscientious breeders are directing their efforts to maintain and improve, is the milk and beef form. Mr. S. Hoxie thus admirably refers to the milk and beef type of the breed: ‘It is especially strong in all vital particulars. The bones are fine compared with size, and the chine broad and strong compared with the high and sharp chine of the extreme milk form. The loin and hips are broad and smooth, and the rump high and level compared with the angularity usually shown in the milk form. The twist is roomy and the thighs and hocks well apart. Passing forward the shoulders are smoother and more compact than in the milk form, but of lighter weight than in the beef form. The brisket is not so wide and low as in the beef form, and the chest is not so deep, but the width of the beef form through at the heart is closely retained. In the milk form the abdomen is usually swung low, and the ribs are steep, but in the milk and beef form the ribs are wider sprung and the abdomen more trimly held up though no less capacious. The general appearance of the bull is strongly masculine, but that of the cow is no less feminine than in the milk form. In the American show ring the best-qualified judges discriminate against the beef-and-milk type and seek for more smoothness and finish than is found in the extreme milk type. Holstein- Friesian breeders have been so influenced by pedigrees that many bulls have been used in service that from the standpoint 1F. L. Houghton, T-xe Type of the Holstein. Undated leaflet. 362 CATTLE of type were anything but attractive; in fact, a ring of a dozen aged bulls of the breed will no doubt show more variation in form than will an equal number of males of any other breed. In general appearance animals of the breed are large, often have great udders and milk veins, are black and white in color, and show remarkable milk-producing capacity. The ead is usually lean, tends to be somewhat long, with straight nose and dark mottled or flesh-colored muzzle, is wide between the eyes, and carries a white horn usually black tipped. The “ozs should be short, gradually taper, and curve out forward and inward and slightly upward. A coarse horn is not common. The xeck of the male is usually rather large, with a distinct arch, while that of the female is moderately slender. The shoulder is frequently heavy and prominent, with wzthers of moderate thickness, being neither fine nor thick. The dody is large with long, well-sprung ribs, showing great feeding capacity. The “zfs are often prom- inent, the vp long and often more or less steep. The s¢highs incline to be somewhat thick, with more quarter than obtains with other dairy breeds.. The adder is frequently very large, and with maturity shows a pendant form after the shape of a letter U, with the teats placed at the corners. With this form the fore udder lacks extension. The discriminating breeder is seeking more and more to produce an udder with ideal front development that holds up close to the belly and is not unduly pendant. The mz/k veins average large, but are not longer or more tortuous than in other breeds. In gwality the Holstein- Friesian is too frequently deficient, as shown in coarse hair, large joints, and thick skin lacking in mellowness. The color of the Holstein-Friesian is almost universally black and white in patches, varying in degree, however, some animals being mostly white and others largely black. At the present time a preponderance of white is most popular, and occasionally one will see animals entirely white excepting for very slight black ‘spots. White by many is considered an evidence of quality. DeKol 2d, imported in 1885, noted as one of the early great butter-fat producing dams of the breed, was largely white, and through her sons, and especially Hengerveld DeKol, white has undoubtedly become more of a feature than formerly. Red and THE HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN 363 white, as previously referred to, occurs in Dutch herds, and from time to time calves of this color marking are dropped in herds of black-and-white cattle in America, this being probably a form of reversion. The subject of color markings has also received formal action by the Holstein-Friesian Association of America, the executive committee in May, 1910, adopting the following report, which thereby became a rule of the association relative to colors barring animals from registration. “‘(1) Solid black. (2) Solid white. (3) Black switch. (4) Solid black with white on belly only. (5) Black on legs, beginning at feet and extending to knees and hocks. (6) Black on legs, begin- ning at feet and ex- tending to knees, with white interspersed, (7) Gray, or mixed black and white pre- vailing. (8) Patches of other colors than black and white— Fic. 155. Hengerveld DeKol 23102, a Holstein- red, brown, dun, etc. Friesian bull that sired many sons and daughters (9) Reino hitee oe ereae merit. Owned by A. A. Cortelyou of : New Jersey. From photograph, by courtesy of the The size of the American Agvriculturist Holstein-Friesian puts it among the largest breeds of cattle. At birth calves usually weigh from 90 to 100 pounds, sometimes reaching the extreme weight of 125 pounds. The Advanced Registry standard of the breed speci- fies weights of at least 1800 pounds for the bulls and 1000 pounds for the cows, at maturity. B. W. Potter, following an investiga- tion of weights of 60 large record cows tested between 1894 and 1906, reports on only 13 weighing more than 1500 pounds each and only 27 surpassing the 1400-pound mark. Only 9 weighed less than 1200 pounds, and the average weight of the 60 was 1383 pounds. Of the 25 bulls not one weighed less than 1800 pounds and only 5 less than 2000 pounds, while only 3 weighed over 2400 pounds. The average weight of the bulls was 2164 2 — == 3 a gee Sas Eee ¥ 364 CATTLE pounds. Mature bulls are often very heavy. Kate Spray’s Paul DeKol, when owned by the Ohio State University, attained a weight of 2600 pounds and never was fat. The bull Constantyn 2040 H. H. B., when six years old, weighed 2715 pounds. Nether- land Prince 716 H. H. B., the most famous bull imported twenty- five years ago, at eight years weighed 2050 pounds. Parthenia 2d’s Sir Henry 12366, one of the great show bulls of his day, weighed 2500. A reasonable and moderate weight for the aged bull ranges from 1900 to 2000 pounds, Like the males, the females of the breed sometimes attain great size. The cow Rosa Bonheur 5th 11227 weighedas high as 1850 pounds while owned by the Michigan Agricultural College, while Belle Sarcastic : 23039, owned by the Fic. 156. Mercedes Julip’s Pietertje’s Paul 29830, Same college, weighed a Holstein-Friesian bull in two-year form and of | 1900 pounds when fat. excellent type. Owned by H. L. Bronson, Cort- These cows, however, land, New York. From photograph, by courtesy of American Agriculturist are extreme Cases. Among noted cows of the breed at maturity, Pietertje 2d 3273 H. H. B. weighed 1365 pounds; DeKol 2d 734 H.‘H. B., 1240; Pauline Paul 2199 H. .. B.; 1456; Aaggie oor Hi. Hi. BB.) 1375 :* Weho momette H. B., 1920 ;- Princess: of Wayne 954) Ht. 1. B., 13705" Secs Fayne Johanna 114648, 1450 pounds normally, 1900 fat; Fin- derne Hollingen Fayne 144551, 1450; College Belle Wayne, 1980; and Ormsby Jane Segis Aaggie 150943, 1500 pounds. For mature cows a weight of 1250 to 1400 is acceptable, some families tending to weigh heavier than others. Measurements of Holstein-Friesian cows have been taken to some extent, especially in connection with Advanced Registry rec- ords. While no pertinent conclusions have thus far been drawn from measurements of this kind, the figures secured indicate THE HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN 365 something of the body proportions. The average measurements of cows in Volume IV of the Advanced Registry are as follows : Height, perpendicular, at shoulders . . . . . . 51.8 in. Height, perpendicular, at hips. . . Cec hekeata ee 5G Onl: Length of body, extreme point ecoridesl to point rump 64.9 in. Length of rump, front hips to extreme point rump . 21.4 in. Width of hips. ... ene 20 Onin. Girth of heart at Sunllest alice iceamiberence 75.0 tik The maturing qualities of the Holstein-Friesian are not so pro- nounced as with some other breeds. Young males very commonly are slow in developing sex character, the crest and burly head not appearing much prior to six months or more of age. The heifers also are slow in showing the maternal characteristics. However, with maturity sex character becomes amply manifest. The adaptability of the Holstein-Friesian to environment is admirable. It seems at home in both north and south, tem- perature not being an important factor. However, being a gross feeder, the mature individual of this breed should be provided with ample pasture or other food in summer. Also, being in the large, heavy class, the Holstein-Friesian is best suited to fertile lowlands, rather than to a rough and hilly country where food is more or less scarce and laborious effort is required in grazing. The prolificacy of the Holstein-Friesian is probably compa- rable with most breeds of cattle, but is not especially marked. Many cows of the breed have lived to a ripe old age and have been persistent producers, leaving large families. But little pub- licity, however, has been given to this feature, and one finds practically no reference to the subject in the literature relative to the breed. The disposition of the Holstein-Friesian is naturally quiet and peaceable. In their native home in Holland the cattle are brought in close touch with the people, in most cases occupying stables under the same roof with the family dwelling, and are constantly handled in an individual way. All of the conditions promote domesticity and quiet disposition. The bulls, in common with those of other dairy breeds, are often nervous and belligerent and require careful handling. The cows, however, are naturally very quiet and easily handled. 366 CATTLE The prepotency of the Holstein-Friesian is quite marked. The distinctive color markings, head characteristics, and type of udder are strongly reproduced in the pure-bred herd. Males of pure ancestry, used in grade herds, in due season give it the essen- tial features of the pure-bred herd. There are many thousands of superior grade Holstein-Friesian cows in America, largely the Ke Fic. 157. Carnation King Sylvia 231405, a Holstein-Friesian bull calf, by King Echo Sylvia Johanna 203504, out of May Echo Sylvia 223725. Bred by A. C. Hardy of Canada. Sold at auction in 1918 for $106,000 to Carnation Stock Farms of Wisconsin and Washington. From photograph, by courtesy of the owners result of the use of pure-bred sires. In 10918 the author saw grade Holstein-Friesian cows in public sale that were of such marked excellence as to change hands for over $250 per head. The grade or crossbred Holstein-Friesian may be an improve- ment over the dam if a pure-bred bull be used. The wisdom of this breeding, however, depends on the purpose. If for milk production, by means of pure-bred bulls a high-grade, very prof- itable herd may be produced. In the vicinity of large cities are to be found herds of high grades that produce large yields of THE HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN 307 milk for the retail trade. By selecting sires coming from families yielding milk superior in quality as well as quantity, more favor- able results may be expected than if no care in selection is practiced. Owing to their size, the bulls should not be mated to animals of smaller breed type. Holstein-Friesian oxen are in favor in some localities where cattle are employed in draft work. Mr. James D. Avery of Mas- sachusetts, who has long used them, testifies highly to the worth of the breed for this purpose. A pure-bred ox of his, named Jerry, at nine years old weighed 4365 pounds, stood 174 hands high, was 10 feet 3 inches in girth and 15 feet 11 inches long. Advanced Registry Official testing of Holstein-Friesians was established in 1898 for the purpose of placing the tests of milk and butter-fat production on an impartial basis. The system pro- vides for supervision of the testing by representatives of either the state agricultural college or the state experiment station, owners of the cows paying for the testing. Two classes of tests are made, — official, where a special tester supervises all milkings and tests for butter fat ; and semiofficial yearly records, where the milk for at least two consecutive days each month is weighed and tested for fat by the inspector, the daily milk records being kept by the owner of the cow. The Holstein-Friesian Association has especially emphasized short-period testing, notably seven and thirty days. These short-time tests are not fair, for the reason that many men specializing in such testing dry off their cows prior to the test, make them as fat as possible, and thus get an abnormal fat test through milking off the fat from the body. Cows in high flesh yield a milk much richer in fat than is the case under ordinary conditions. Yearly semiofficial tests meet with favor and more nearly show the capacity of the cow. In Advanced Registry Official (A. R. O.) testing cows of this breed, being heavy yielders, are usually milked three or four times a day. In Holland milking three times daily is a common custom. During the year 1917 there were 9388 cows and heifers tested for seven days or more. Up to 1919 nearly 68,000 animals had been admitted to the Advanced Registry. The requirements for entry in the Holstein-Friesian Advanced Registry are as follows: If the cow calves at two years of age or 368 CATTLE under, to qualify she must produce 7.2 pounds of fat in seven consecutive days. Calving at three years, the cow must produce 8.8 pounds of fat in seven days. Calving at four years, the cow must produce 10.4 pounds of fat in seven days. Calving at five years or over, the cow must produce 12.0 pounds of fat in seven days. If the cow calves -at a period between either of these ages, every day of increased age adds to the requirements of the year .00439 of a pound of fat. Only bulls having four or more A. R. O. Fic. 158. Cattle dealers in the market at Purmerend, Holland. Dutch cattle are blanketed in the spring when first put on pasture, after the style shown in the picture. From photograph by the author daughters are eligible for entry in the Advanced Registry. An A. R. O. daughter is one that has been entered in the Advanced Registry on an official record. The Holstein-Friesian cow as a producer of milk, so far as quantity is concerned, leads all breeds and occupies a class by herself. Wonderful reports have been published since 1885,'when private tests received much attention. At that time Clothilde 1308 H. H. B. was credited with a year’s milk record of 26,021 pounds 2 ounces. Following that record, Pietertje 2d 3273 H. H. B. made a private test of 30,318 pounds 8 ounces of milk, a record that stood unbeaten for many years. Semiofficial testing has pro- duced many remarkable yearly records, of which the following are most conspicuous up to June, 1919. THE HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN 369 SEMIOFFICIAL YEARLY HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN MILK RECORDS NAME AND NuMBER Acx | YEAR TESTED M1Lk REcorD Tilly Alcartra 123459 . g | 1918-1919 33,424.8 Ib. Lutscke Vale Cornucopia 110505 . 8 | 1915-1916 | 31,243.4 lb. Winnie Korndyke Cornucopia DeKol to1449 | 9 | 1916-1917 31,034.2 lb. Raphaella Johanna Aaggie 3d 185125 . . . | 6 | 1918-1919 30,637.0 lb. Zarilda Clothilde 3d DeKol 133840 . 6 | 1918-1919 30,427.0 lb. Jemima Johanna of Riverside. . ... . 1918-1919 30,3730 lb. Queen Piebe Mercedes 154610 . . . . . | 4 | 1915-1916 30,230.2 lb. Lindale Bonnie Pauline 177521 . . . . . {| 5 | 1917-1918 30,024.1 lb. Royalton DeKol Violet 86460. . . . . . | 10] !916-1917 29,949.6 lb. (ream SllesValerooc7eemns, «alle one ey) ee ||, | TORT —Tor2 29,591.4 lb. In 1917 the Advanced Registry records of the Holstein-Friesian Association showed that 3550 cows and heifers had produced an average yield of 14,622.7 pounds of milk each in semiofficial tests. Some remarkable yields are recorded, additional to the above. Years ago the cow Shadeland Boon 2d 8892 H.H.B. was credited with a private record of 122} pounds of milk in one day. As late as 1914 fifty-three cows of the breed were credited with producing each above 700 pounds of milk in seven days. The following are some of the more notable large daily records since official testing began: Riverside Sadie DeKol Burke 70708, a California cow, in seven days produced an average of 128.87 pounds per day ; during thirty days she averaged 123.5 pounds. Lutscke Vale Cornucopia 110505, another California cow, in six months pro- duced 18,275 pounds of milk, or a daily average of over 100 pounds. College Belle Wayne 98497, owned by the South Dakota State College, produced 126.7 pounds in one day. DeKol Queen La Polka 2d 72325, a New York cow, produced 124 pounds in a day, while May Echo Sylvia 223725 produced 152.1 pounds in one day and 12,898 pounds in one hundred days. Tilly Alcartra 123459 is the world’s champion cow for total production of six years, during which time she produced 156,776 pounds milk. Many cows of the breed have produced from 75 to 90 pounds in a day, and a fair Holstein-Friesian cow should easily produce from 7000 to 9000 pounds ina year. According to official reports up to 1919, 148 cows of the breed have records of over 24,000 pounds milk a year each. 370 CATTER The Holstein-Friesian as a butter-fat producer takes high rank on account of the large yield of milk, which usually tests from 3 to 4 per cent butter fat. Some families tend to produce milk poor in fat, while others show a greater amount. Breeders are persistently putting a premium on cows testing high in fat, and Fic. 159. Duchess Skylark Ormsby 124514, by Sir Ormsby Skylark, a Holstein- Friesian cow owned by J. B. Irwin, Minneapolis, Minnesota, in whose possession she made the remarkable world’s record of 1205 pounds butter fat in one year. From photograph, by courtesy of Mr. Irwin the breed is gradually reaching higher levels as a result. The fat globules in this milk are of the smaller class and do not cream by gravity as rapidly as do Jersey or Guernsey milk. In total butter-fat or butter production, however, very large records have been made. Reference has already been made to the seven-day tests. In 1917 M. H. Gardner, superintendent of Advanced THE HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN 371 Registry, gave some very interesting information! relative to production, and more especially concerning butter-fat records. To May 1, 1917, the Holstein-Friesian Association has entered 3750 bulls and 52,500 cows in its Advanced Registry.... Last winter the cow Segis Fayne Johanna produced in seven days 730.8 pounds milk and 40.546 pounds fat, and the breed can show 22 cows with seven day production above 32 pounds fat. Half of the cows tested are heifers with first or second calves, yet the seven day average for all ages shows 408 pounds milk containing 14.4 pounds fat. The average per cent of fat shown is 3.53. The long time test was added to the system about seven years ago, and Duchess Skylark Ormsby has shown 1205 pounds of fat from 27,761.7 pounds of milk in one year.... The breed can show sixteen cows with production of more than 1000 pounds of fat in 365 days. There are 72 cows so far entered producing more than 850 pounds of fat. In March, 1919, the Canadian cow Rola Mercena DeKol 30313 beat Segis Fayne Johanna’s record by producing 41.54 pounds of fat in seven days and 160.27 pounds in thirty days. Up to May 16, 1918, there were thirty-five 40-pound cows reported. Following are the leading butter-fat record cows of the breed for three hundred and sixty-five days in semiofficial tests. LEADING SEMIOFFICIAL YEARLY HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN BUTTER-FAT RECORDS NaME AND NuMBER Cow AGE YEAR TESTED RECORD Duchess Skylark Ormsby 124514 . 5 IQI4-1915 1205.09 lb. Finderne Pride Johanna Rue 121083. 5 IQI4—-1915 1176.47 lb. Finderne Hollingen Fayne 144551 3 IQ16-1917 1116.05 lb. Queen Piebe Mercedes 154610. | 4 IQI5-1916 I111.56 |b. Emeretta Korndyke DeKol 189227 5 1g18-1919 1077.55 lb. Ona Button DeKol 115939 : 6 IQI5-1916 1076.44 lb. Maple Crest Pontiac Application TapEss 6 TQI5-1916 1075.44 |b. Champion Dora Korndyke 134002 8 1918-1919 1052.75 lb. It is interesting to note that in 1890 Pauline Paul 2199 H.H.B. was credited with a yearly record in private test of 1153 pounds 15? ounces of salted butter, and for eighteen years no official record equaled it by a dairy cow of any breed. Yet in I91I—1912 lBreeders’ Gazette, July 19, 1917. 372 CATTLE Banostine Belle DeKol 90441 produced 1058.34 pounds fat, or an estimated record of 1322.9 pounds of butter. In May, 1919, Mr. Gardner, superintendent of Advanced Registry tests of the Holstein-Friesian Association of America, stated in Hfoard’s Dairyman that twenty-six cows of the breed up to March had records of producing over 1000 pounds of fat each within a year. Holstein-Friesian milk for cheese is very extensively used in Holland, where large quantities of Edam, Gouda, and other cheeses are made and shipped all over the world. This milk contains a large per- centage of solids not fat and so makes a very nutritious cheese, though its food value would be increased by a greater percentage of fat in the milk. Holstein-Friesians as beef producers do not rank well in Amer- ica, any more than do Fic. 160. Banostine Belle DeKol 90441, a Holstein- Friesian cow owned by Dimmick Brothers of the other dairy breeds. Ohio that made a world’s record in 1911-1912 of There is too much 1058.34 pounds butter fat in three hundred and sixty-five days. From photograph, by courtesy of Dimmick Brothers too much bone and waste in killing, with intestinal fat. Young Holsteins, however, make excellent veal, and the author has rarely eaten veal in America equal to that commonly served in hotels in Holland. In valuations placed on Holstein beef fed at the Iowa State College, experts rated it eighth among nine breeds, the Jersey coming last. Holstein-Friesians will gain in weight but will not produce the desired quality of beef to suit the buyers. Holstein-Friesian families of prominence. The leading families of the breed, as known to-day, trace back to cows of notable merit, both as producers of milk and of offspring. There has been much mixing or crossing of family lines, and one finds comparatively little breeding that has been kept within a family. Branch or sub- families also occur within the main family, some breeders especially THE HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN 373 exploiting these as families of their own production, which is more or less true. The following families are of special note: The Aaggie family is descended from Aaggie 901 H. H. B., imported in 1879 by Smith and Powell of Syracuse, New York, and sired by Rooker, one of the noted bulls in Holland. Aaggie was credited with producing 89% pounds of milk in a day and 18,005 pounds in a year. Her daughter Aaggie 2d, by Jacob 2d, made a yearly record of 20,763 pounds of milk. In 1888 Smith and Powell stated in their catalogue that “the records made by Aaggie cows have done more to give the Holstein-Friesian breed its present reputation than those of any other family.” Eighteen cows of the family were then credited with an average for one year of 16,059 pounds of milk, and 19 Aaggie cows in the Smith and Powell herd averaged 18 pounds 2} ounces butter in seven days. The noted Ormsby Jane Segis Aaggie 150943, the first 44-pound A. R. O. heifer (whose son King Ormsby Jane Rag Apple sold for $53,200), traces through her line of female descent to old Aaggie. So also does Sir Veeman Hengerveld 36158, a erandson of Paul DeKol 14634 (with 84 A. R. O. daughters), trace to Aaggie on the sire’s side. Aaggie Cornucopia Pauline 48426, the first 34-pound cow, was seven generations descended from Aaggie. This family is not so popular as it was some years ago, yet many noted animals of to-day trace back to old Aaggie. The Clothilde family traces to Clothilde 1308 H. H. B., imported as a yearling in 1880 by Smith and Powell. In 1887 Clothilde won the sweepstakes prize as the best butter cow of any breed at the New York Dairy and Cattle Show. At six years of age she had a record of 88} pounds of milk in a day and 26,021 pounds 2 ounces in a year. Clothilde had eight daughters and no sons. Her daughter Clothilde 2d 1451 is credited with 30} pounds butter in seven days and 23,600 pounds milk in a year. Pontiac Clothilde DeKol 2d 69991, with an A. R. O. record of 1271.60 pounds 80 per cent butter in a year, combines the blood of the DeKol and Clothilde families. In recent years no very great attention has been centered on this family, although it is regarded with favor. The DeKol family is descended from DeKol 2d 734 H. H.B., calved in 1884 and imported from Holland in 1885 by Lord 374 CATTLE and Son of New York. DeKol 2d was sired by William 3d 190 N. H..B. and had for dam-DeKol 6245 “H: HB. DeKoli2ds became famous first in the herd of J. B. Dutcher and then in that of Henry Stevens and Son, who bought her a ten-year-old ~ cow from the former. Between 1886 and 1900 she produced 12 calves —8 bulls and 4 heifers. Without doubt no other cow of the breed ever produced so distinguished a family, and her sons and grandsons have contributed in a remarkable way to the production of high- testing progeny. In fact DeKol 2d was the principal medium through which impor- tant improvement in the butter-fat content of Holstein-Friesian milk was secured. De- Kol 2d’s Paul DeKol 20735, DeKol 2d’s Butter Boy 21366, ' DeKol -2d’s. Butter Fic. 161. Pontiac Clothilde DeKol 2d 69991, a Boy 2d 22989, and Holstein-Friesian cow that in the ownership of DeKol 2d’s_ Butter Stevens Brothers and Company of New York made Boy 3d 23260 stand a world’s record of 1017 pounds fat in a year. From f ft photograph by the author out as four of the great bulls of the breed. These sons are not far removed from present-day animals of note. Hengerveld DeKol 23102, sire of 116 A. R. O. daughters and 53 A. R. O. sons, is a son of DeKol 2d’s Butter Boy. Sir Veeman Hengerveld 36158, with 84 A. R. O. daughters, is a ereat grandson of DeKol 2d’s Prince 2767, a son of DeKol 2d. Paul Beet’s DeKol 22235, sire of 105 A. R. O. daughters, was a grandson of DeKol 2d. DeKol Burke 22991, sire of 66 A. R.O. daughters, was a son of DeKol 2d’s Butter Boy. In 1918 DeKol 2d’s Butter Boy 3d was sire of 118 A. R. O. daughters and 95 A. R. O. sons, among which were many of the great cows of the breed. The DeKols are a large, rugged type of cattle, and their blood has been widely used with other families. THE HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN 375 The Johanna family has its foundation in the cow Johanna 344 H. H. B. She was brought to America from Holland by Gerrit S. Miller of New York. At ten years of age she produced 88 pounds of milk in a day and 2407? pounds in a month. She was purchased by Gillett and Son of Wisconsin in her ten-year form. Through her daughters Johanna 4th 2129 and Johanna 5th 9343 this family made a strong producing record. The blood of the Johanna family in Mr. Gillett’s herd mingled to great advantage with the Colantha family; and Colantha 4th’s Johanna 48577, long the world’s-record cow in yearly butter-fat production (998.26 pounds), was of the Johanna family on the sire’s side and a granddaughter of Colantha 6714 H. H. B. on the dam’s side. Colantha Johanna Lad 32481, with 106 A. R. O. daughters, is a son of Colantha 4th’s Johanna. Sir Johanna DeKol 25467, with 35 A. R. O. daughters (including Johanna DeKol Van Beem-75631, withoas 401 pounds A ki ©. record), is” by Sir Johanna 23446, sire of Colantha 4th’s Johanna. The Korndyke family descends from Belle Korndyke 13913, calved in 1888 and bred by S. H. Blanchard of New York. When eleven years old she made an A. R. O. record of 25.77 pounds of butter in seven days. She and her daughter Korndyke Queen 40580 were purchased by Henry Stevens and Son of New York, in whose hands this family became famous. Between 1890 and 1906 Belle Korndyke dropped eleven calves, six of which were sons. From these sons and daughters came a large number of A. R. O. sons and daughters. Her daughter Belle DeKol 13913 is the dam of Pontiac Korndyke 25982, sire of 139 A.R. O. daughters, and also of King of the Pontiacs 39037, with 204 A. R. O. daughters to his credit and 113 A. R. O. sons, the premier sire of the breed. In 1908 Stevens Brothers-Hastings Company wrote ! of Pontiac Korndyke : ‘‘ The cross formed by mat- ing this bull with the daughters of Hengerveld DeKol seems to be an especially fortunate one, and is producing some of the best record heifers ever officially tested.’’ Pontiac Korndyke is sire of Pontiac Clothilde DeKol 2d 69991, with a year’s record of 1271.6 pounds butter, and of Pontiac Rag Apple 56980, with a record of 31.62 pounds butter in seven days, noted also as selling 1 Historical booklet on Brookside Herd. 376 CATTLE for $8000. Rag Apple Korndyke 8th 73416, that sold for $25,000 at public sale, is a grandson of Pontiac Korndyke on both sides. At the present day the Korndyke family is at the top wave of popularity, largely due to the remarkable prepotency of Pontiac Korndyke and his son King of the Pontiacs. The name ‘‘ Pontiac” is derived from the town of Pontiac, Michigan, where for many years a large herd of superior Holstein-Friesian cattle has been kept at the Eastern Michigan Insane Asylum, Pontiac Korndyke being a product of that herd. The Netherland family was introduced to America by Smith and Powell, who regard the foundation as tracing back to Hol- land, to the bull Schreuder, the cow Netherland Dowager 2632 H. H. B. (which they imported), and Gert Met. Netherland Dowager had a milk record of 17,160? pounds of milk in a year. She was dam of Schemmel, sire of Netherland Prince 716 H.H.B., calved in 1880 and imported that year. His dam Lady Netherland 1263 H. H. B., a great show and producing cow, is really the foundation of this family. Netherland Prince was an animal of uncommon beauty and one of the great sires of the breed in his time. The Lakeside Model family is an offshoot of the Netherland established by E. A. Powell of New York, long a distinguished breeder and former part owner of Netherland Prince. This branch possesses great uniformity and much excellence. In discussing the establishment of this family Mr. Powell pays the following tribute to Netherland Prince!: Not only did he establish a finer, more uniform, breedy class, with better shaped udders and top lines, but a class of larger uniform production, as figures of the Blue Book will show, viz., that of the first gg cows of the breed to make 30 pounds or more butter in a week, 96 — all but three — trace their pedigrees to Netherland Prince, and of the 29 cows given in the last Blue Book, which have made 35 pounds or more, all but one trace to him, including all above 40 pounds. The Netherland and DekKol families have combined to produce many noted animals. The Pietertje family descends from Pietertje 2d 3273 H. H. B., calved in 1877 and imported in 1882 by Alonzo Bradley of Massachusetts. Pietertje 2d was a remarkable cow and had a 1 From a pamphlet descriptive of this family, published about 1916. THE HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN 377 record of 112 pounds 7 ounces of milk in a day, with an un- official record of 30,318} pounds of milk in a year. Pietertje 2d was the dam of Pietertje 3d 11244 and Pietertje 4th 11245, and, like their dam, great milkers. The Pietertje family, not- withstanding its heavy milking inheritance, did not attain the most widespread popularity, due perhaps to some extent to the Fic. 162. Spring Brook Bess Burke 98734, one of the great Holstein-Friesian dams. She has a record of 25,227 pounds milk and 1094.16 pounds of 80 per cent butter and has three daughters with records of above 33 pounds of 80 per cent estimated butter in seven days and 1000 pounds in one year. From photograph, by courtesy of the owners, the E. C. Schroeder Farms, Moorhead, Minnesota low per cent of fat in the milk, although Pietertje blood blended well with the DeKols and others rich in fat production. The Pauline Paul family descends from Pauline Paul 2199 H. H. B., calved in 1882 and owned by J. B. Dutcher & Son of New York. This cow was sired by Climax 204 H. H. B., and her dam was Johanna Paul 677 H. H.B., credited with 70 pounds of milk in one day. For years Pauline Paul was the wonder cow of the world because in three hundred and sixty-five days she made the unofficial record of 18,699 pounds of milk, from which was churned 1153 pounds 153 ounces of butter. Pauline Paul secured her greatest fame through a son, Paul DeKol 14634, R 378 CATTLE sired by DeKol 2d’s Prince 2767, a son of DeKol 2d. Paul DeKol sired 24 A. R. O. sons and 38 daughters, and these in turn proved very productive. Sir Veeman Hengerveld 36158 (with 84 A. R. O. daughters) and Paul Beets DeKol 22235 (with 104 A. R. O. daughters) are grandsons of Paul DeKol on the sire’s side. One of the greatest cows of the breed, Aaggie Cornucopia Pauline 48426, had for sire a son of Paul DeKol and DeKol 2d. This family has long been one of the more popular ones of the breed and has been widely used on other blood lines. The Segis family, one of the most popular to-day, has for its foundation cow Segis Inka 36617, with an A. R. O. record of 28.04 pounds butter and dam of five daughters and two sons with official records. Through her daughter A. & G. Inka McKinley 55163 we have her grandson King Segis 36168, with 87 A. R. O. daughters and 82 A. R. O. sons, one of the most popular sires of recent years. One of his sons, King Segis Pontiac 44444, with many A. R. O. daughters and sons, is sire of King Segis Pontiac Alcartra 79602, known as the $50,000 bull, and with many high- class A. R. O. progeny. Segis Fayne Johanna 114648, the first so-called 50-pound cow, is by King Fayne Segis 46767, a son of King Segis. Finderne Holingen Fayne 144551, with a record of 1,116.05 pounds fat in a year, was sired by a son of King Fayne Segis. This family is noted for the large number of individuals producing milk of superior fat test. The Glista family descends from Glista’7857, the foundress of the entire Cornell University herd of Holstein-Friesians. This cow was very ordinary and as a three-year-old produced but 188 pounds of butter fat ina year. Three of her daughters, Glista 2d, Glista 3d, and Glista 4th, varied in merit, but Glista 4th had a record of 274 pounds of butter fat in a year. With the use of superior bulls the herd steadily improved. Glista Ernestine is of the sixth generation and is one of the only five cows that have exceeded 30 pounds 80 per cent butter in five different seven-day official tests. Her total milk yield for eight years is 111,182.9 pounds, an average of 13,897 pounds. Her butter-fat average for eight years is 510.62 pounds. She is the dam of eight calves; four of her oldest daughters have creditable A. R. O. records, and THE HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN 379 two sons head first-class herds. This is rather a local but very interesting family that has been little affected by outside influences. The ten leading Holstein-Friesian sires, based on Volume X XIX of the Advanced Registry records, are the following : Nore. T. D. = tested daughters; P.S.= producing sons; P. D. = proved daughters. 1. King of the Pontiacs 39037 = ee! © 5361 OEE EONS Fay ips hal ede] B eg (6 2. Pontiac Korndyke 25982 ; TD i47 PS ro: PD) 90 3. Lord Netherland DeKol 22187 TaD i272 PSs. 9374) =P se i57 4. DeKol 2d’s Butter Boy 3d 23260 Ds usr eS. Ose (eA Sis 5. Hengerveld DeKol 23102 . iD iilG; SES. 66) BD. 85 6. Colantha Johanna Lad 32481 1D): S109, Ese eoO, PDs 252 7. Homestead Girl DeKol Sarcastic Lad 32558 ef tl tO7e- Ps Stade PD) 61 8. Aaggie Cornucopia ohanna taal 25SAn Di 1e6- P5573) 2D. -79 g. Paul Beets DeKol 22235 Jp lDetohe eos 49 PD: + 96 10. Sir Veeman Hengerveld 361 58 aD SiChecr. So. TO> Ps. 51 In addition to the above bulls, there are many sires famous for the great records of their descendants. Sir Pietertje Ormsby Mercedes 44931 has a wonderful record for his daughters, 22 having yearly records averaging over 1000 pounds of 80-per-cent butter, and 8 having records ranging from 1023 pounds to 1389 pounds in a year. King Pontiac Champion 53418 is not only the sire of ror A. R. O. daughters but 11 have made yearly records averaging 23,082.6 pounds milk and 923.57 pounds butter. King Segis Pontiac Count 93909 sired 11 daughters with average yearly records of 22,661 pounds milk and 977.73 pounds butter. Pontiac Aaggie Korndyke 38291 has 6 daughters that average 1214.9 pounds 80-per-cent butter. Prices for Holstein-Friesian cattle have reached figures that surpass those of all other breeds of dairy or beef stock. As a rule, good examples of producing cows will command a satisfactory price. For many years $500 has not been regarded as a phe- nomenal price for a good, plain-bred cow of the breed. Prior to the World War some remarkable figures had been reached. In 1907 D. W. Field of Massachusetts paid $8000 for the four-year- old cow Pontiac Rag Apple 56980, and in 1911 Mr. Field sold the bull calf Aaggie Cornucopia Sir Colantha 102991, a son of 380 CATTLE Aaggie Cornucopia Pauline 48426, toW.H. Miner of New York for $10,000. The same year, at an auction sale at Syracuse, New York, John Arfman of New York bought the calf King Segis Pontiac Alcartra 79602 for $10,000. Two years later Lawson Farm of New York paid Mr. Arfman $25,000 for a half interest in this bull. In 1914, at auction in Chicago, the bull King Segis Pontiac 44444 was sold to a company for $20,000. Since this latter date prices for Holstein-Friesian cattle have risen in a remarkable degree. Fic. 163. Sir Pietertje Ormsby Mercedes 44931, one of the greatest Holstein- Friesian sires. Up to 1919 twenty-two of his daughters had made yearly records which averaged over 1000 pounds 8o0-per-cent estimated butter, and eight had records ranging from 1023 to 1389 pounds. From photograph, by courtesy of the owners, E. C. Schroeder Farms, Moorhead, Minnesota At the sale of E. H. Dollar on January 5 and 6, 1915, at Syracuse, New York, 172 head sold for $149,990, an average of $872, on which occasion the bull Rag Apple Korndyke 8th 73416, a grand- son of Pontiac Rag Apple, sold for $25,000 to Oliver Cabana, Jr., of New York. Later, in June, 1917, in auction at Worcester, Massa- chusetts, a son of Rag Apple Korndyke 8th, named King Ormsby Jane Rag Apple, consigned by Pine Grove Farms of New York, sold to D. W. Field Farm Company of Massachusetts for $53,200. At this time the dam of this calf — Ormsby Jane Segis Aaggie 150943 — had “the world’s butter records over all ages and breeds THE HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN 381 from 30 to 100 days,’’ being the only cow to have made two seven- day records averaging over 45 pounds each. The high price for a cow was also made at this sale, Wandermeere Belle Hengerveld 193784, consigned by E. Le Roy Pelletier of Michigan, selling for $18,300 to Shanahan & Dold Brothers of New York. At this same sale 143 cattle, consigned by thirty or more breeders, brought $296,470, and 59 animals sold for $1000 or more per head. In June, 1918, in a combination sale at Milwaukee, Wis- consin, new records were made, 175 head bringing a total of $425,810, an average of $2433 each. On this occasion the bull calf Carnation King Sylvia 231405, consigned by A. C. Hardy of Ontario, Canada, was purchased by the Carnation Stock Farm of California for $106,000. At this same sale the cow Het-Loo Pietertje 38502 was sold for $12,750 to Lisle Farm Company of Illinois, and the cow Idleaze Pontiac Lass 238652 was sold to A. W. Green of Ohio for $13,000. Eight head brought figures ranging from $10,000 to $106,000 each, a most sensational record. The climax to all dairy-cattle sales up to date occurred May 27- 30, 1919, in the dispersal sale of the Pine Grove Herd of Oliver Cabana, Jr., Elma, New York, who sold 226 head for $754,270, an average of $3337. The bull Rag Apple the Great 230798 sold to Robert R. Pointer, Detroit, Michigan, for $125,000, A. W. Green, Middlefield, Ohio, bought Rag Apple Korndyke 8th 73416 for $60,000, and before the sale was over sold a half interest in him for $50,000, Sixty-seven of his sons and daughters averaged $4410. In this sale many animals passed the $10,000 mark. The cow Segis Hengerveld Fayne Johanna 173739 sold for $40,000 to Dold Brothers, Alden, New York, and Fairview Korndyke Mata 169926 sold for $35,000 to J. T. Shanahan, East Aurora, New York. An important purchase of the I919 season was that of the bull King Pontiac Hengerveld Fayne by R. E. Haeger of Illinois for $100,000. High prices for Holstein cattle were also experienced in England, and these reached high levels on June 17, 1919, when at a sale held by Lord Rayleigh, 82 head brought an average of $1830. Four bulls averaged $8500, and the imported cow Terling Jeltje 31st sold for 5300 guineas, or $27,000. A heifer calf three months old, Terling Jeltje 2d, brought 2200 guineas, or $11,000. 382 CATTLE The distribution of Holstein-Friesian cattle outside of Holland is mainly in Belgium, northern Germany, parts of Russia, England, Australasia, Canada, and the United States. A few cattle of the breed have also been exported to Japan and to South America. In general only British breeds are kept in England, but Holstein- Friesian cattle are getting quite well established in that country. The breed is widely distributed over North America. For many years New York State has been regarded as the great center for Holstein-Friesians, but extensive herds are found to-day in Ohio, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, Missouri, Michigan, New Jersey, and Massachusetts. On the Pacific slope there are superior herds in California, Oregon, and Washington. In the South the breed is steadily growing in favor, but thus far it is not prominent. In ex- tensive dairy districts and near large cities herds are most com- Fic. 164. A prize-winning two-year old Holstein- . : Friesian heifer in the Kuperus herd, Leeuwarden, MON. Many public Holland. From photograph by the author charity, correctional, and penal institutions having farms maintain herds of Holstein-Friesian cattle. The | states of Ohio and Michigan own a number of noted herds of the breed that furnish milk and butter to public charges. During the year 1917 the Holstein-Friesian Association of America registered 88,276, which shows how extensively the breed is handled to-day in this country. While not so well suited to hot, dry climates and to rough, poor lands as some breeds, Holstein- Friesians seem to thrive over a wide range. Organizations for the promotion of Holstein-Friesian cattle first developed in America. About 1872 a number of men in the eastern United States, led by W. W. Chenery of Massachusetts, organized the Association of Breeders of Thoroughbred Holstein Cattle. In 1872 the first volume of the ‘“‘ Holstein Herdbook ’”’ was THE HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN 383 published. Nine volumes in all were issued, the last appearing in 1885. In 1879 a number of men who had been importing and breed- ing Dutch cattle and who disapproved of the word “' Holstein” as being illogical and out of place organized the Dutch Friesian Cattle Breeders’ Association and in 1880 published Volume I of the “ Dutch Friesian Herdbook,’’ of which four volumes were issued, the last in 1885. After more or less friction, in view of the fact that each organization was bringing over the same class of cattle, a conference was held in 1885, and the two associations amalgamated under the name of the Holstein-Friesian Association of North America. Since 1885, up to January, 1919, thirty-nine herdbooks have been issued by the association and a total of over 690,000 animals recorded. Up to April 7, 1918, the association had a membership of 10,739. In 1892, as a result of dissatisfac- tion, the Western Holstein-Friesian Association was organized, and in 1894 published a herdbook, the only one issued up to 1899, when the association consolidated with the Holstein-Friesian Association of North America. In 1875 an association was organ- ized in Holland under the name of the North Holland Herdbook Association. In 1885 an American branch of this was organized, and Volume I of the “American Branch of the North Holland Herdbook” was published in 1888. The present-day leading organization in Holland promoting the Dutch cattle, comparable with our Holstein-Friesian, is the ‘‘ Netherland Rundvee Stam- bock,” with headquarters in Friesland at Leeuwarden. Up to 1919 this society has published fifty-five volumes of herdbooks. In 1909 the British Holstein Cattle Society was organized. By 1900 it had 833 members, and up to 1919 had published nine herdbooks. This organization later changed its name to the British Friesian Cattle Society. There is also an organization in Canada, — the Holstein-Friesian Association of Canada, — founded in 1891, which has published twenty-two herdbooks to 1918. In 1910 the New Zealand Holstein-Friesian Association was organized. Besides the above, the Holstein-Friesian Association of North America publishes the Advanced Registry records, established in 1885, of cows that have had official A. R. O. tests. This registry also con- tains lists of sires of tested cows. The first volume was published in 1887, followed by three other separate volumes, after which the 384 CATTLE Advanced Registry was for a time incorporated in the regular issue of the herdbook. In Volume I 31 bulls and 300 cows were regis- tered. Recently the Holstein-Friesian records have been published in an annual yearbook. Among the organizations to promote the breed are state associations, of which there are many to-day in the United States. There are also many community breeders, associa- tions for the promotion of this breed, notably in Ohio, Wisconsin, Michigan, and New York. In 1914 Mr. W. H. Jenkins wrote!: ‘In Chenango and Madison counties, New York, are 500 breeders of pure-bred Holstein cattle. An aid to breeding the finest cattle has been the Chenango-Madison Holstein Cattle Club organized a few years ago, which now has more than 200 members.”’ An extension bureau of the Holstein-Friesian Association of America, organized in 1918, has been instrumental in establishing breed clubs in many communities. Holstein-Friesian interests in America are given wide publicity through the efficient service of the //o/stezn-Friestan World, an illustrated weekly published at Syracuse, New York. The British Friesian Journal, published in London, advances the interests of the breed in Great Britain. 1 Hoard’s Dairyman, November 20, 1914. CTA ine = X OCT THE GUERNSEY The native home of Guernsey cattle is on the islands of Guern- sey and Alderney, in the Channel Islands group. Guernsey is seventy-eight miles southeast of Weymouth on the coast of England, twenty-eight miles from France, and twenty-two miles northwest from the island of Jersey. Four islands, — Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, and Herm,—while under the British sover- eignty, are under the local government of Guernsey. The island of Guernsey is roughly triangular in form, about nine miles in its greatest length, and five in its extreme width. While most of the coast is rocky and precipitous, that of the south shore is especially so, the cliffs rising to a height of 270 feet, the land roughly sloping northward to a low beach. The island has an area of 15,560 acres, of which about 10,000 are under cultiva- tion. There are ten parishes on the island, and, like Jersey, a lieutenant-governor represents the British crown, while a bailiff acts as president of the local government. There is a population of about 45,000 on Guernsey, and St. Peter Port is the only town of consequence. The people, besides producing cattle, make a specialty of crops under glass, such as grapes, tomatoes, musk- melons, cut flowers, etc., largely for the London market. It is said! that if the greenhouses now on the island were placed end to end, they would reach eight hundred miles, — probably an extravagant statement, but indicative of the extent of culture under glass on the island. The cattle on Guernsey are kept in small herds and generally tethered when on pasture, grazing systematically and making good use of all food, The origin of the Guernsey, like that of the Jersey, is quite obscure, but is supposed by many to have been derived from the cattle of Brittany and Normandy of near-by France. Mr. Hill refers? 1 Charles L. Hill, The Guernsey Breed, p. 22. Waterloo, Iowa, 1917. 2Mibidsgp. 31. 385 386 CATTLE to an undated letter written by Professor Ananias, in charge of agriculture in Les Vauxbelets Agricultural School, Guernsey, in which it is said that the monks of that institution have especially investigated the origin of the cattle of the island. The most prominent ancestor is the Brittany breed called Froment du Leon, which is much smaller than the present Guernsey, but possesses the same distinct markings — namely, red and white, fawn and white, etc. — and is naturally very active. The other source was the brindle cattle of Normandy, which were much heavier than Fic. 165. A view on the dock at St. Peter Port, Guernsey. This shows a line of vehicles awaiting turn unloading fruits and vegetables on the steamer for England. From photograph by the author the modern Guernsey or the old Froment du Leon but which produced a heavy yield of rich milk, often sixty to seventy pounds daily. The brindle marks and black noses occasionally seen with Guernseys are supposed to be reversions to the old Normandy cattle. These two breeds of cattle, it is assumed, were taken to Guernsey centuries ago, and from the commingling of their blood, followed by careful selection, has been derived the modern breed of Guernsey. The cattle of Brittany or Normandy to-day, based on the author’s observation, present little suggestion of the Guernsey. The cattle on Alderney must have come from the same source, and in fact for many years the cattle imported to THE GUERNSEY 387 England from any of the Channel Islands were commonly called Alderneys. No doubt the cattle of the islands were to some ‘extent commingled. Mr. Hill, who is a noted Guernsey breeder . and authority, says on this subject!: I have found plenty of references to the taking of cattle from both Guern- sey and Jersey to Alderney, and from both Guernsey and Alderney to Jersey, and, while I do not find any direct reference to the taking of cattle from Jersey to Guernsey, it is very certain, from the color of many of the cattle on the Island of Guernsey, that there must have been an admixture of Jersey blood not many generations ago. As recent as 1913 I saw in Guernsey two registered cows, both daughters of the well known Fanny’s Sequel, that were Jersey in type, and were solid, dingy black with black noses and tails. Mr. Hill further says : No one could reasonably doubt for a moment that there had been in com- paratively recent years an exchange of cattle from one island to another, and that within a century, and probably within sixty or seventy years, the islanders themselves considered the cattle of the different islands one and the same breed. The protection and improvement of cattle on Guernsey may perhaps be said to date from 1824, when an ordinance was passed forbidding the importation, under severe penalty, of ‘all sorts of French cows.’”’ The primary purpose of this law was to prevent the reéxportation of French cattle from Guernsey to England, as of the island breed. A further effort leading to the improvement of the cattle on Guernsey must have begun about 1828, for according to.Mr. Hill, who quotes Jeremie, there were certain points of excellence observed in awarding prizes on cattle of merit, the following scale of points being used by the judges. EaRLy SCALE OF POINTS FOR CATTLE ON GUERNSEY _ . Pedigree as well of the bull as the cow, yellow ears, tail, and POGUE Hemel s a tne me he ate Gre Ps hte ost ee ar te, eee Points 2. General appearance, handsome color, cream, light red, or both PU CCRUM EM ARTS Aarts coe te ia. ellie ne oe) ar co a a. 43 points 3. Handsome head, well horned, and bright and prominent eye . 4 points Bee Wecpaaakiel shaped) DOGVete st: wise oh ise te y 3 points 5a Good mndaquanten and straisht back, 03. . -*. . 2 points 6. Handsome legs andsmallbone. . . . . .. - . =. - _1 point ‘hota ceed: or points or excellence.) =. 206... (20 points ‘ 1C. L. Hill, The Guernsey Breed, 1917. 388 CATTLE The Royal Agricultural Society of Guernsey took an active interest in promoting the improvement of the cattle and in 1842 _ published a scale of points for bulls (giving 28 points for perfec-. tion) and also a scale for cows and heifers (with 30 points for perfection). In 1882, in Volume I of the herdbook, a revised scale for cows, embracing 100 points, was published, and in Volume II, published in 1883, was given a revised scale for bulls, with a total of 100 points. No bull scoring less than 70 points was to be allowed a prize. Later these standards were revised. Each year the Royal Guernsey Agricultural Society holds an annual show on the first Tuesday in June, and in 1911 a fall show, held Fic. 166. A familiar scene on Guernsey. From a photograph by the author on September 29, was inaugurated. Parish shows are also held. At the Royal Guernsey Show the king of England has for years offered cups for the best two bulls and the best cow, and an animal can win this cup but once. Animals competing for these cups must have been bred or calved on the island, and if won by a bull under two years of age he must be reserved for island service until three years of age, and if winning the prize at over two years the bull must also be kept for service at least twelve months following. The first local show was held in July, 1881, when forty cows were admitted to the herdbook as foundation stock and ranked as Commended, Highly Commended, and Very Highly Commended. This custom obtained until 1912, when all cows were admitted and marked as “‘ qualified at local shows,’’ no distinction in rank being observed. Only cows in milk have ever been admitted as foundation stock, and it is a rule of the society, THE GUERNSEY 389 now rigidly enforced, that the birth of a calf must be attested by a member of the society within twenty-four hours, otherwise a heifer would be eligible for registration as a foundation cow only after coming in milk. Descendants of foundation (F.) or pedigree stock (P. S.) are registered as pedigree stock. The introduction of the Guernsey to America dates back early in the last century. In 1824 Reuben Haines of Germantown, Fic. 167. Sheet Anchor 2934 (imp.), calved in 1891, a famous Guernsey sire and show bull. Owned by H. McKay Twombly, Madison, New Jersey. From photograph by Schreiber Pennsylvania, wrote in the ‘‘ Memoirs of the Pennsylvania Agri- cultural Society’ that he “ procured a pair of cattle of the Island of Alderney” and soon satisfied himself that no breed in the country would bear a comparison with them. These were imported in 1818 and may be regarded as Guernseys in fact, inasmuch as cattle on Alderney island are to-day registered in the island of Guernsey herdbook. According to publications of the Ameri- can Guernsey Cattle Club, cattle were brought to America from Guernsey about 1830 by a Mr. Prince of Boston and placed on a farm of his in Massachusetts. Soon after importation a cow and bull were shipped to Cow Island, Lake Winnipesaukee, 390 CATTLE New Hampshire. These two animals were in 1899 registered by the American Guernsey Cattle Club as the Pillsbury bull 5816 and the Pillsbury cow 11310. Irom them as foundation stock have descended some excellent cattle. The next oldest importa- tion of pure-bred Guernseys occurred September 26, 1840, Nicho- las Biddle of Andalusia, Pennsylvania, bringing over three cows on the schooner /7/o¢. These were registered by the club as Jennie Deans 1, Fenella 2, and Flora McIvor 3, and from them came the heifers Fanny Ellsler 4, Fairy 5, and the bull St. Patrick 1. These were the first entries in the American herdbook. About 1851 J. P. Swain imported a few animals from the Channel Islands, two being from Guernsey. One of these, Guernsey 184, was a superior milker, and her first calf, Cottie 188, lived to a ripe old age and was a valuable producer and breeder. Importations were also made in 1855 by W. H. Stewart and Ek. M. Hopkins of Torresdale, Pennsylvania, and by C. H. Fisher of Philadelphia. About 1865 E. P. P. Fowler and P. H. Fowler of England and the United States, prominent dealers in Channel Island cattle, began to bring Guernseys to America. In 1872 Mr. J. M. Codman of Brookline, Massachusetts, visited the island and imported a few animals which were looked upon with favor in New England. In 1874 the Massachusetts Society for the Promotion of Agricul- ture made an importation, and these cattle were distributed over the state to different farms, including those of E. F. Bowditch of Framingham, W. C. Cabot of Brookline, and James Lawrence of Groton. These three latter herds were still in existence in 1918. Beginning with the seventies considerable activity occurred in im- porting Guernseys, and up to 1918 over 6000 were imported. On February 7, 1877, eleven energetic breeders came together at the Astor House, New York City, and organized the American Guernsey Breeders’ Association, At the first annual meeting, in December, 1877, it was reported by Edward Norton, the secretary, that 193 Guernseys, 114 of which were imported, were registered by forty different breeders. Then for years the breed received but little attention, until about 1893, when public interest was excited by the record made by Guernseys in the tests at the World’s Columbian Exposition at Chicago. Since then Guernseys have steadily gained in favor ; the supply has hardly equaled the demand. THE GUERNSEY 391 Characteristics of Guernseys. In general appearance the cattle of this breed are larger than Jerseys, are of coarser make-up, and show a more rugged character. The ead tends to be somewhat plain, the face frequently being rather straight and lacking the graceful curves characteristic of the Jersey. The ors should be white or amber colored, and are often tinted a deep yellow, curving Fic. 168. Tlonoria’s Sequel 2d, winner of the King’s Cup on Guernsey. Owned by Alfred Le Patourel, La Ramee, Guernsey. From photograph by the author gracefully around inward and slightly upward, with the cow; those of the bull being shorter, stronger, and less curved. The neck of the Guernsey shows considerable relative length, the zw2thers tend to be coarse rather than refined, and heaviness of shoulder is quite frequent. Many cattle of the breed lack in level top line, especially back of the withers. Excellent digestive capacity is indicated in the capacious middlepiece, which is rather character- istic of the breed. The hind quarters tend to be a bit promi- nent at the tail head and full at the thighs. The adder varies 392 CATTER considerably in the type, with the fore part inclined to be short and carried high. In spite of the above criticisms, those familiar with the Guernsey during the past twenty-five years have noted a marked improvement in type and dairy conformation. There is much less roughness of outline and more finish and quality than heretofore. The class of Guernsey cattle seen in the shows of importance to-day is markedly superior to those of even a few years ago. The color of the Guernsey is either yellowish, brownish, or red- dish fawn, the latter prevailing, frequently with white markings or with white on the limbs or under part of the body. The most recent scale of points in use on Guernsey applies the following color qualifications to both bulls and cows: “Hair fine and silky, fawn or red, black or brindle, with or without white markings.” In the last scale of points adopted by the American Guernsey Cattle Club (1918) the color markings are given as ‘“‘a shade of fawn with white markings.”” The modern tendency favors the pre- dominance of fawn, and many Guernseys of to-day show compar- atively little white. The color of the skin at the nose is commonly of a cream or buff tint, in other words, white, but a dark slatish black is not uncommon. There has been more or less controversy over the color of the Guernsey nose, a light color being much preferred, but the dark nose has never been condemned, though not by any means popular. Mr. C. L. Hill states that ‘‘ the buff nose is fashionable in the show ring, but it is safe to say that this fashion has not been helpful to the Guernsey breed, as in the past it is well known that many of the brindles and dark cows have been among the very best animals.” The hair about the muzzle and eyes should be of a whitish or very light fawn, some- times termed ‘“‘mealy color.” The horns and hoofs are preferably of a dark-amber hue. The skin secretions of the Guernsey have long been regarded by breeders as important guides to the quality of the milk. The 1828 points of excellence specified yellow ears and tail. In 1842 the scale of points emphasized that the ears should be orange colored inside. In the latest island scale of points fifteen credits are given to features associated with color of milk, as when the skin is deep yellow in the ear, on the end cf the bone of the tail, and on the udder, teats, and body generally. The THE GUERNSEY 303 new 1918 Guernsey scale of points gives twenty points credit for essentially the same features. Some nonpartisan friends of the breed have regarded these figures as too great a proportion of the 100 points making up the standard. However, it must be con- ceded that the deep yellow secretions and the thin, mellow, elastic skin of the Guernsey are very important indicators of the superior quality of the animal and its milk. The size of the Guernsey may be classed as medium. The tend- ency during the past quarter of a century has been towards in- crease in size. Weight is not usually much discussed by European breeders, but for many years four points have been credited in the standard either to growth or to size, the latter word now being used. No standards of weight, however, are given. The present American scale adopts ‘‘ about’ 1600 pounds for the mature bull and 1100 pounds for the cow as standard weights. In a discus- sion on the subject of weight at the annual meeting of the American Guernsey Cattle Club, May 15, 1918, Mr. Tarbell said: It is not material, I believe, whether the Guernsey cow weighs 1050 pounds, 1125 pounds, or 1150 pounds; in fact, a r000-pound cow is quite an ideal Guernsey cow. That gives a little latitude, depending entirely upon other things in connection with the matter. Personally, I should like to see it left “about 1100 pounds,” and the bull the same way, “ about 1600 pounds,” if it could be done. Mr. Hill stated that he thought “troo pounds in milking condition a pretty big cow. I think it would be about ideal to strive for.” The temperament of the Guernsey is superior, the males per- haps being hardly as nervous and irritable as are Jersey bulls, although the dairy temperament is characteristic of each sex. In 1899 the American Guernsey Cattle Club adopted standards for each sex, where thirty points were credited to ‘dairy tempera- ment and constitution,’ but in the more recent 1918 standards no reference is made to temperament. From the standpoint of disposition the Guernsey is very good, being naturally quiet and easily handled. The maturing character of the Guernsey is not remarkable. The young bulls show masculine traits more slowly than the Jersey and reach maturity somewhat later. The crossbred or grade Guernsey has its distinctive place on the dairy farm. Crossing of breeds is not advisable, but using R 394 CATTLE Guernsey sires on grade cows will give excellent results if in- telligently followed, yielding very rich milk eminently suited to butter-making or city cream or milk trade. If a sire with strong constitution is selected for use on grade Jerseys, the constitution, size, and productivity of the herd may be improved; if used on grade Holstein-Friesian cows, a herd producing richer milk, though not so much, may be expected. In a publication of the American Fic. 169. Kutila’s Daughter 6670, calved in 1891, a very beautiful Guernsey cow with a record of 8988 pounds milk in one year, testing 489.8 pounds butter fat. Owned by H. McKay Twombly, Madison, New Jersey. From photograph by Schreiber Guernsey Cattle Club on “the Grade Guernsey Cow” much in- teresting evidence is brought forward. L. E. Bronson, referring to five years’ work in grading up, states that since following this practice of grading to the Guernsey, the yearly yield of the herd has increased over 100 pounds butter fat per cow. N. 1. Bowditch of Massachusetts, a long-time Guernsey breeder, writes : I am glad to be able to write you that this cross has been very satisfactory, especially so the first cross with Holsteins. I have bred several Holstein cows that tested from 2.8 to 3.4 butter fat, and their progeny have given me milk testing all the way from 4.5 to 5.6. I have crossed the Guernsey bull with THE GUERNSEY 395 grade Durhams, Ayrshires and Jerseys, and as a rule the result has been very satisfactory. I am raising about 25 grade heifers each year, and have a very promising lot of heifers and young cows. In a recent address ! on ‘‘ Grade Guernseys in the Central West,” before the Western Guernsey Breeders’ Association, Noel Negley reports that of 37,772 cows on test by seventy-seven Wisconsin cow-test associations, 5938, or 23 percent, of the grades were grade Guernseys. The average milk production of 1498 of these cows was 5655 pounds, testing 4.7 per cent fat and producing 265.9 pounds butter fat. Twenty grade cows from ten herds averaged 10,153.4 pounds of milk and 508.4 pounds of fat. The Guernsey in beef production can have but a subordinate place. A larger and perhaps fatter carcass may be made than with the Jersey, but this presents the same objec- Fic. 170. Island Champion 62623 (imp). Be- : . fore importation this bull, a winner of the highest tion as other dairy breeds, honors on the island, was known as Masher II. — too much offal, a low From photograph by the author percentage of high-priced cuts, and, in this case, too yellow fat. In flavor and quality Guernsey beef or veal will rank high among dairy type breeds. The prolificacy of the Guernsey probably does not differ much from that of the other dairy-type breeds. In 1916 the American Guernsey Cattle Club published some comparative figures on the rate of gain of several breeds, including its own, as based on office records in registration. In 1906 the yearly increase of reg- istrations for the Ayrshire, Guernsey, Holstein, and Jersey breeds averaged 7.66 per cent, that of the Guernsey being 9.3 per cent. In 1915 the average percentage increase of the four breeds was 12.46 per cent, that of the Guernsey being 14 per cent. On the basis of these comparative records the conclusion is reached that “there is more assurance that the average Guernsey herd will 1 Guernsey Breeders’ Journal, May 1, 1918. 396 CATIES double in a given number of years than there is for some of the other breeds, and just as much assurance as any breed can give.” The Advanced Registry of the American Guernsey Cattle Club was based on action of the club in May, 1901, when a set of rules for officially testing bulls and cows under the supervision of agricultural college or experiment station officials was adopted. In 1894 some preliminary work in this direction was attempted, and in July, 1897, the Club published some rules for making Fic. 171. Princess May 1479 F.S., a choice specimen of a Guernsey cow, and dam of the imported bull Deputy 2917, at head of the Pan-American Exposition Guernsey herd. From photograph by the author butter tests for cows under supervision of the executive committee of the Club, samples of the milk being tested by experiment station officials, and late in 1898 four different breeders regis- tered for testing their herds. The work then done, mainly in 1899, attracted much favorable comment, and the rules adopted in I90I were the outgrowth of this experience. These rules (which have undergone more or less revision) in 1918 involve the following essential factors : If the record is commenced the day the animal is two years old, or previous to that day, she must produce within one year from that date 250.5 pounds of butter fat. For THE GUERNSEY - 307 each day the animal is over two years old at the beginning of her year’s record, the amount of butter fat she will be required to produce in the year will be established by adding 0.1 (one tenth) of a pound for each day to the 250.5 pounds required when two years old. This ratio is applicable until the animal is five years old, when the required amount will have reached 360 pounds, which will be the amount of butter fat required of all cows five years old or over. Any period of three hundred and sixty-five Fic. 172. Spotswood Daisy Pearl 17696, one of the great Guernsey cows, with a world’s record in 1910-1911 of 957 pounds butter fat. Owned by O. C. Barber, Barberton, Ohio consecutive days or less in which a cow has made her require- ments may be used for determining her record, regardless of any time lost on account of being dry during that period. The ordi- nary Guernsey Advanced Registry classes are A, for cows five years old and older; B, four and one-half to five years; C, four to four and one-half years ; D, three and one-half to four years; E, three to three and one-half years; F, two and one-half to three years ; G, two to two and one-half years. If, in addition to making the requirements in her respective class, a cow shall carry a calf or calves two hundred and sixty-five days in her test, the letters used 398 CATTLE to indicate her class shall be doubled and would be respectively AA, BB, CC, DD, EE, FF, or GG, according to the conditions. The Guernsey as a producer of milk has steadily grown in favor, although breeders have emphasized the quality and fat content. In the year 1888-1889 the cow Lily Alexandre 1059 produced 2,856 pounds of milk. Between 1883 and 1903 daily milk records were kept of the N. K. Fairbanks herd of 60 head, in which 6000 to 7000 pounds were not infrequent, the best record being 9447 pounds in three hundred and twenty-eight days. The average annual yield of 62 cows and heifers of the Ellerslie herd of New York for about 1892 was 6120 pounds, with 10,316 the max- imum. Various other herd records of this period gave similar re- sults. Beginning with the Advanced Registry rules about 1900 came a greatly increased activity in record-making. The following yearly official records up to 1919 are for the more important ten animals. LEADING GUERNSEY MILK RECORDS FOR ONE YEAR Name AND NuMBER OF Cow oe cae YEAR TESTED YIELD Murne-Cowan 1950750. ase mn ee 8 years 1914-1915 | 24,008 Ib. Nellawjiay 4th 382331. - . = . . 5 years 1916-1917 20,710 |b. Langwater Hope 27946) <5 3, 6 years 1915-1916 19,882 Ib. Yeksa’s Tops of Gold’s Fannie 22362 | Io years 1915-1916 19,794 lb. Map Rilmai22 769. Bn. * ee 6 years 1913-1914 19,673 lb. BelladiassiGoo peer: ee -tet ee n ane 6 years 1915-1916 19,632 Ib. Langwater Nancy 27943... . . .- 7 years | 1917-1918 18,783 lb. Spotswood Daisy Pearl 17696. . . 7 years IQ10-I1911 18,603 Ib. Dolly Dimple 19144. . . ‘ 3 years 1908-1909 | 18,459 lb. Imp. Donnington Goldie 5th E9866 : 4 years Ig16-1917 17,862 Ib. Many very large milk yields are recorded. Of 7943 Advanced Registry milk records up to March, 1919, over 2300 aged cows averaged 10,288 pounds, while the average for the 7943, repre- senting all ages from two years up, was 9000 pounds. The aver- age yield of 70 class leaders for this group was 15,160 pounds, a remarkable record when one considers the size of the animal producing the yield. The Guernsey as a producer of butter fat occupies a position of the very first rank. A study of the history of the breed brings THE GUERNSEY 390 into clear light the importance the islanders have long placed on the butter-producing value of the milk. The first island scale of points of importance, that of 1842, makes as the first qualification that the pedigree shall be of ancestry known to produce “rich, yellow butter.”. Guernsey milk is usually of a higher natural yellow color than that of any other breed. The fat globules are comparatively large and have a deeper yellow than even the Fic. 173. Langwater Dairymaid 26377, bred by Langwater Farms, North Easton, Massachusetts, and sold at public sale for $6150. Asa five-year-old, this cow pro- duced 16,949 pounds milk and 812.66 pounds fat. From photograph, by courtesy of Langwater Farms, F. L. Ames, owner Jersey. In fact, Guernsey breeders seek the rich yellow as charac- teristic, arguing that with this breed it is not necessary to color the butter artificially, as its natural yellow meets the market de- mands. The per cent of fat in all Advanced Registry testing up to the middle of 1918 shows 5 per cent as an average, with 5.2 per cent for the 70 class leaders. In the Pan-American dairy breed competition, in which the Guernseys secured first honors, the average per cent of fat in the milk was 4.68 compared with 4.82 for the Jersey. However, the Guernsey butter scored an 400 CATTLE average of 96.34 total points compared with 95.80 for the Jersey, while in color that of the Guernsey had an average grade of 14.97 out of a possible 15 points, the best record of any of the ten breeds. The 5 Guernsey cows in the Pan-American test for the six months produced 1429.43 pounds of churned butter, valued at $357.36, yielding a net profit of $220.37, the best record of any breed in profit and almost the first record in amount of butter produced, the Holstein-Friesian leading in this regard by only three fourths of a pound. In this test of 50 cows of ten breeds, the Guernsey cow Mary Marshall 5604, aged ten years, led the list, producing in six months 5611 pounds of milk, testing 5.36 per cent and yielding 301.13 pounds butter fat and 354.26 pounds churned butter, giving a total profit of $59.43. Guernsey breeders, however, have attached special importance to long-time tests, being from the first advocates of this method to measure the producing value of the cow. Following are the leading records in butter-fat production of Advanced Registry cows up to 1919. LEADING GUERNSEY BUTTER-FAT RECORDS FOR ONE YEAR Name anp NuMBER OF Cow Ses YEAR TESTED YIELD Murne;Cowan 19507. ares eee 8 years 1914-1915 1098.18 lb. May iRulimat22 70 lies os ee ieee teu oe 6 years 1913-1914 1073.41 Ib. Nie Nas) /avvarthy3 323370 wee ee nen 5 years 1916-1917 1019.25 lb. Langwater Nancy 27943 . . .. . 7 years 1917-1918 1011.66 Ib. Langwater Hope 27946 . ... .; 6 years IgI5-1916 1003.17 lb. Yeksa’s Tops of Gold’s Fannie 22362 | 10 years 1915-1916 981.53 lb. Spotswood Daisy Pearl 17696 . . . 7 years IQIO-IQII 957-38 lb. Jlrevof they Chene3o4G0ngeen -en-r 6 years IQI4-1915 953-53 |b. Imp. Bijou des Frances 44541 . . . 1917-1918 943-41 |b. Belladia 31909 . . . YS mE 6 years IOI 5-1916 934.05 lb. The average of the above ten records is 997! pounds of butter fat, a remarkable showing. Up to January 1, 1919, there were recorded annual butter-fat records of 7943 different cows, which showed an average yield of 450 pounds, while the best 70 cows in seven classes had the high average of 790 pounds. It is interesting to note that there are 10 junior and 10 senior two-year-old heifers in this list of 70 class leaders, and 11 of these 20 have produced THE GUERNSEY 401 yields of fat from 703 to 773 pounds each. With the present im- proved condition of the breed it is not unreasonable to expect the average herd to produce 350 pounds of butter per head, if not more. The cheese value of Guernsey milk ranks very well, although not largely used for this purpose, being mainly turned to butter production or retail milk trade. The milk stands well in total solids, that of whole herds often averaging 14 to I5 per cent, thus furnishing a satisfactory grade of cheese. The only official test on a large scale showing the value of Guernsey milk in cheese-making was in 1893 at the World’s Columbian Exposition. In this trial, covering fifteen days, participated in by Guernseys, Jerseys, and Shorthorns, the Jerseys stood first, scoring 90.7 ; the Shorthorns, second, scoring 90.5 ; and the Guernseys third with 87.2. However, in net profit the Guernseys stood second to the Jerseys. Families of Guernsey cattle have attracted attention only in comparatively recent years and more especially since official testing has become established. The number of families is not large, but of these the following may be regarded as of special distinction. Charles L. Hill has made a valuable contribution regarding Guernsey families,’ and from his writings the author quotes freely and with appreciation. The Bonnie Lassie family descends from Bonnie Lassie of Fernwood 1845 A. G. C. C., calved on Guernsey in 1883 and imported to Boston in September the same year by L. W. Ledyard. Her first calf, Bonny Boy 1097, did much for the fame of this family. He sired several excellent daughters, but his real impor- tance is through his sons, of which Lily’s Bonny Boy 2676 is especially noteworthy. He was sire of Lily Ella 7240, with a semiofficial record of 782 pounds of fat in a year, and of Lillyita 7241, with a record of 711 pounds. Three of his other daughters have official records of over 500 pounds of fat each, and twenty- eight of his daughters have private or public records exceeding Advanced Registry requirements. The great record cow Murne Cowan 19597 is a granddaughter of a son of Lily Ella— Lily Ella’s Jeweler 5417. The blood of this and the Materna families have been much intermingled. 1 The Guernsey Breed (1917), and Hoard’s Dairyman, December 22, 1911. 402 CATTLE The Dolly Bloom family is descended from Dolly Bloom 12770, which traces back on the sire’s side five generations to Bonny Boy 1997. Dolly Bloom was calved April 14, 1900, and was bred by Ezra Michener of Pennsylvania. Dolly Bloom was a great pro- ducer of both milk and progeny. As a five-year-old she made 17,298 pounds of milk containing 836.21 pounds of fat. However, she receives her chief fame from her daughter Dolly Dimple 19144, Fic. 174. Langwater Warrior 26509, a prominent Guernsey sire of fine style and type. Owned by Langwater Farms, North Easton, Massachusetts. From photo- graph, by courtesy of Mr. Ames with the great record of 18,459 pounds of milk and 906.89 pounds fat in a year as a three-year-old. Another daughter, Dolly Bloom of Langwater 15452, hada record of 632.34 pounds of fat, and her daughter Langwater Dolly Bloom 22136 had the large record of 867.89 pounds fat in a year. Jethro Bass 11366, a son of Dolly Bloom, has sired a number of high-producing daughters, including Rose of Langwater 24204, with a year’s record of 751.62 pounds fat, and Langwater Dairymaid 26377, with a record of 812.66 pounds fat, This latter cow also sold for $6150 at public auction. THE GUERNSEY _ 403 This and the May King families, in the hands of F. L. Ames of Massachusetts, have been bred together to great advantage. The France family, one of the most popular of the breed, has its origin in the cow France 404 F. S. 2207 A. G. H. B. She was bought by P. D. Ozanne from Mr. T. Vidmour, Les Frances Farm, St. Saviours, Guernsey, and from this farm she got her name. She was imported in September, 1884, by A. F. Fuller of Pennsylvania and sold to Francis Shaw of Wayland, Massachu- setts. She left on the island one daughter, France 2d, and as she was in calf when imported she dropped a heifer in America, France 3d 2573 (imp.). On the island her daughter, who was later imported, also dropped a heifer, named France 3d 3018 P.S. From this latter, France 3d, this family descends. The mating of Masher 2d 858 P. S., later known as Island Champion 6263 (imp.), to France 3d, later known as La Belle France 14454 (imp.), pro- duced France’s Masher 2d 7248 (imp.), the sire of Masher’s Sequel 11462 (imp.), one of the greatest sires of the breed. Raymond of the Preel 11353 (imp.), sire of a large number of Advanced Registry daughters, is a son of Masher’s Sequel. This family in- cludes a large number of animals in the Advanced Registry, but the records produced are hardly as high in butter fat as some of the others. This especially applies to daughters of Masher’s Sequel. The Glenwood Girl family descends from Glenwood Girl 1693, imported in dam in 1883 by L. W. Ledyard of New York. Calved in 1884, she soon after became the property of E. T. Gill of Haddonfield, New Jersey, in whose possession she dropped twelve living calves, seven being heifers. These daughters, mostly sired by different bulls, were an unusual group, but one of them, Glenwood Girl 2d 9108, produced 9945 pounds of milk and 508.7 pounds of fat in a year and lived to be sixteen years old. Her son Glenwood Boy of Haddon 4605 sired many Advanced Registry daughters, including Jedetta of Pinehurst 17434, with a record of 778.8 pounds of fat in a year, and Dairymaid of Pine- hurst 24656, with a record of 17,285 pounds of milk and 910.67 pounds of fat in a year. Mr. Hill wrote! in 1911 that it was his opinion, if Glenwood Boy of Haddon had had the opportunity that some bulls had of serving a large number of females, he 1 Hoard’s Dairyman, December 22, IgII. 404 CATTLE would easily have led all sires in the number of his Advanced Registry daughters. Through the sons and grandsons of Glenwood Boy of Haddon has come a large number of Advanced Registry cows, including Elberons’ Glenwood of Haddon 28934, with test of 825.9 pounds of fat in a year, and Miranda of Mapleton 19606, Fic. 175. Langwater Pauline 33566, by King of the May. First prize in class at National Dairy Show. Record for three hundred and forty-four days, as a three- year-old, 10,918.8 pounds milk and 595.37 pounds fat. Bred by Langwater Farms, North Easton, Massachusetts. From photograph, by courtesy of F. L. Ames with a record of 927.16 pounds. Glenwood Girl 6th 9113, a daughter of old Glenwood Girl and long regarded as a model of the breed in conformation, was dam of Glenwood’s Mainstay 6067, with many Advanced Registry daughters. This family is looked upon with special favor. The Masher family descends from Masher 705 P. S., calved on Guernsey May 2, 1890, bred by F. N. Mahy, and owned by Alfred Le Patourel of La Ramee farm. Through his son Island THE GUERNSEY 40S Champion 6263 (Masher 2d 858 P.S.), a famous prize winner on the Island, comes a line of noted animals. Langwater Dorothy 27944, with Advanced Registry record of 781.65 pounds of fat in a year, was four generations removed from old Masher. Spots- wood Sequel 9686 (imp.), son of Spotswood Busy Bee 17606 (imp.), by Island Champion, is sire of many Advanced Registry daughters, including Lady Lesbia 25142, with test of 787 pounds of fat in a year. Masher’s Sequel 11462, previously referred to in the France family, is a grandson of Island Champion. Masher’s Sequel bred to Galaxy 4422 P. S. sired Galaxy’s Sequel 16904 (imp.), winner of the King’s Cup in 1907 and sire of many daughters in the Advanced Registry. This family is very closely interwoven with the France family. The Materna family receives its name from the cow Materna 1334, calved September 3, 1882, on the farm of N. K. Fair- banks, Lake Geneva, Wisconsin. She was sired by Amber 145, the grandsire of Glenwood Girl 2d. Materna came from a very good milking strain, her dam being Nerissa of Geneva 848. In 1893 Materna was first-prize Guernsey cow at the Columbian Exposition at Chicago and highest ranking in the Guernsey herd test at the Exposition, in ninety days producing 3512 pounds of milk containing 153.39 pounds of fat. Materna dropped twelve calves between 1884 and 1898, two of which died early. Her daughter Morn 5947 was dam of Standard’s Morning Glory 12801, with Advanced Registry record of 714.01 pounds of fat in a year and granddam of Starlight’s Excelsior 7992, sire of many tested daughters. The May Rose family descends from May Rose 1392 F. S., calved May 12, 1881, bred and owned by Pierre Martel, La Masse Farm, Castel, Guernsey. Her ancestry is unknown. Through her daughter May Rose 2d 3251 P. S. this family came into special fame. She won first prizes at the Royal Guernsey shows in 1894, 1896, and 1897, and, exported to England, was third at the Royal Show the latter year. May Rose 2d had four sons and five daugh- ters. The sons were Paradox 352 E. G. H. B.,a noted show bull in England; Our Paradox 873 P. S.; Jubilee de la Massee 1083 P. S., later named May Day 1132 E. G. H. B.; and May King 1395 E. G. H. B., later known as May Rose King 8336 (imp.). 406 CATTLE The daughters were May Rose 3d 3252 P.S., May Rose 4th 7682 (imp.), Rose of Gold 3668 P. S., May Rose 8th 3998 P. S., and Itchen May Rose 4839 E. G. H. B. This family has been dis- tinguished not only for a large number of show animals but also for many high-testing cows. Through the sons of May Rose 2d remarkable results have been secured. May Day was the sire of May Day Pearl 15195 (imp.), dam of Spotswood Daisy Pearl 17696, with a record of 957.38 pounds of fat in a year. May Rose King (imported by H. McKay Twombly in 1902 at a cost of $3500) proved a most successful sire, for all of his daughters entered the Advanced Registry, and his sons even surpassed him. The most noted of his sons is King of the May 9oo1 (imp.), sire of Langwater Rosie 21333, witha record of 724.23 pounds of fat; Langwater Dorothy 27944, with a record of 781.65 pounds of fat; and Langwater Hope 27946, with a record of 19882 pounds of milk and 1003.17 pounds of fat, each within a year. Beda’s May King 11893, another son of May Rose King, has been a success- ful sire, having many daughters in the Advanced Registry. This, without question, is the most popular family at the present day. In 1914 L. E. P. Smith wrote! that “an investigation of the English herdbooks to and including Volume X XIX, shows that there have been recorded almost precisely 500 female descendants of May Rose 2d. There were approximately 250 remaining in the Eng- lish herds, 140 have died, 100 have been imported to America, and 10 have been exported to South America, Australia, and New South Wales, and even to China. The same records show approxi- mately 200 male descendants of May Rose 2d. Of this number only 35 now remain in England, 130 have died or been slaughtered, 25 imported to America, and 10 exported to Australia and South America.” The Tricksey family descends from Tricksey 1760 (imp.), bred on Guernsey by John Gibson of St. Martins and imported to America by S. C. Kent. She changed hands several times, finally reaching the Minnesota Experiment Station. A daughter, Tricksey 3d 3191, and a son, Benjamin 1931, were her most potent offspring. Benjamin, in the herd of C. L. Hill of Wisconsin, was very successful as a show bull and a sire. Ben 1 Guernsey Breeders’ Journal. THE GUERNSEY 407 Bishop 3506, a son of Benjamin, was sire of a number of ani- mals in the Advanced Registry, and his son Glenwood Bishop 9186 was the sire of Glenwood’s Buttercup 48137, with a record of 769.82 pounds of fat in a year. Suke of Rosendale 6520, by Benjamin, was the dam of Prince Rosendale 4291, well known as a show bull and as a sire of cows with creditable tests. The Yeksa family descends from Yeksa 2426, bred by I. J. Clapp of Wisconsin and calved April 12, 1885. She was a heavy milker and is said to have a private record of over 600 pounds of butter as a three-year- old. She had one son, Weksas Prince: 1943, and two daughters, Queen Vashti 6051 and Bonny Jean 3646. This son was the sire of Yeksa Sunbeam 15439, the record of which in 1904-1905 of 14,921 pounds of milk and 857.1 pounds of fat was the first notable feat of production by a cow of the breed and resulted in attracting much attention to this line of breeding. Queen Vashti was the dam of Queen Deette 9794, with a record of 669.82 pounds of fat in a year, and of Yeksa’s Queen 6631, whose son Guydette 3966 was sire of Yeksarose 16610, with a record of 678.16 pounds of fat. A grandson of Yeksa’s Queen in this line, Endymion 8916, sired a number of Advanced-Registry daughters, including Endymion’s Primrose 23795, with test of 848.88 pounds of fat in a year. Lord Yeksa 6451, another grandson, sired Yeksa’s Tops of Gold’s Fannie 22362, with a record of 19,795 pounds of milk and 981.53 pounds of fat in a year. This family has combined show-yard and producing merit in a high degree. For some years following the test of Yeksa Sunbeam cattle of this family were in great demand. Fic. 176. Lord Yeksa 6451, owned by J. H. Beirne, Oakfield, Wisconsin. A very successful sire. From photograph, in 1904, by the author 408 CATTLE The ten leading Guernsey sires up to August I, 1918, as based on the records of their daughters and sons in the Advanced Registry of the. American Guernsey Cattle Club, are as follows : NAME AND NUMBER mre DAuGH- mee TERS 1. Governor of the Chene (R. G. A. S. 1297 P. S.) 1904 76 2 Masher sssequelsmi4 62 Acie (iio) snes seen 1900 68 22 3. Galaxy’s Sequel 16904 A.R. (imp.) . . . . . 1904 40 19 4. Cora’s Governor of Chilmark 8971 A. R. (imp.) 1903 40 3 5. Justinees’ Sequel of the Preel (R.G.A.S. 2119 1e6tS by) edNgd Ro gh ie “a nas oS ol one 1907 35 3 G= Masher i(IRiGeArS 2 63) h2o:)) Acs = anne isn ee 1904 31 8 Fe eTMCeSS:S Newel 247 7a-A we ln aU 3) tents 1904 28 I coy UbYoN el ebe Teo A IRS ((hnmoR))) 95-6 6 o 6 oc 1905 2 3 g. Glenwood’s Mainstay 6067 A.R. . ..... 1899 26 15 10. Glenwood Boy of Haddon 4605 A.R. . . . . 1895 26 14 Prices paid for Guernsey cattle in recent years have attracted much attention. In the United States good cows of the breed have been in strong demand since the Columbian Exposition test in 1893, but for many years following this date no abnormal prices were paid for Guernseys. In 1910 F. L. Ames of Massachusetts paid $2000 for the cow Imp. France 8th 21262, and Chestnut Hill Farm of Ohio, the same year, paid $2000 for the bull Galaxy’s Sequel 16904 (imp.), these being at that time the top prices on this breed. In August, 1911, the bull George Washington of Fairfield Farm 10866 was sold by Corydon Peck to C. D. Ettin- ger of Illinois for $3500, and late this same year F. L. Ames sold to M. H. Tichenor of Wisconsin a bull calf out of Dollie Dimple for $6000. In 1914 the noted cow May Rilma 22761 was sold by E. B. Cassatt of Pennsylvania to John P. Crozier of the same state for $5010. Since the opening of the World War prices have increased by leaps and bounds. On October 10, 1916, at a sale at Langwater Farms, North Easton, Massachusetts, 74 head brought $80,625, an average of $1075. C. L. A. Whitney of New York paid $6150 for Langwater Dairymaid 26377, and John A, Ames bought Langwater Generous 41958 for $5000. H. G. Lapham of Massachusetts bought Langwater Easter Lily THE GUERNSEY 409 39269 and Langwater Pear 26605 at $4200 each. On May 106, 1918, a combination sale was held at Lake Forest, Illinois, under the auspices of the American Guernsey Cattle Club, when 67 animals brought $102,925, an average of $1536 each. The top price was $10,000 for the bull Don Diavolo of Linda Vista 23565, bought from Dr. C. G. Parnell of Michigan by John C. Haartz of New Hampshire. The highest-priced cow was Langwater Luxury Fic. 177. Violet IV of Corbinez 32405 (imp.),a Guernsey cow with official record of 16,336 pounds milk and 756.72 pounds fat. Owned by Waddington Farm, Elm Grove, West Virginia. From photograph, by courtesy of the owner 49484, by Imp. King of the May goot, sold by F. L. Ames for $5 300 to Frank D. Stout of Wisconsin. Langwater Amiable 49480, by Langwater Stars and Stripes 21872, consigned by Mr. Ames, was sold to Burnside Farm of Maryland for $5000. In 1918 W. G. Jamison and Sons of Wisconsin sold to W. H. Dupee of California the bull Pencoyd’s Golden May Secret 39626 for $10,100, while late in 1918 C. D. Cleveland of New Jersey sold the bull Florham Autocrat 25749 to A. T. Herd of Pennsylvania for $14,500. This same year 1318 Guernseys sold at public sales for an average price of $330. The 220 cows brought an average R 410 CATTLE of $574, and 517 heifers averaged $305. On May 15, 1919, Florham Farms of New Jersey established a new Guernsey sale record, Eighty-three head sold for $180,275, an average of $2172 per head. Eight bulls brought $44,800, averaging $5600. Fifty-six animals exceeded the $1000 mark. A two-months-old bull calf, Florham Leader, by Ne Plus Ultra 15265 and out of Langwater Nancy 27943, sold for $25,000 to Oakes Farms and Hugh Bancroft of Massachusetts. The cow Follyland Nancy 52457 sold for $12,500 to J. L. Hope, Madison, New Jersey. Fic. 178. A map showing the comparative distribution of the Guernsey over the United States in 1917. By courtesy of American Guernsey Cattle Club The distribution of the Guernsey breed is mainly limited to Guernsey island, England, the United States, Australia, and Canada. The breed is popular in England, and many fine herds have long been maintained in that country, especially in midland and southern counties. In the United States the breed has its principal foothold in the states north of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi. According to the annual report of the secretary of the American Guernsey Cattle Club, up to 1918 there were 678 members in the club, the Middle Atlantic section having 37.58 per cent; New England, 18.58 ; Wisconsin, 16.48 ; Central states, 12.78 ; South Atlantic states, 6.24 ; Central Western states, 4.31; Pacific coast, 3.57; and Canada, 46 per cent. According to the Guermsey Breeders’ Journal, in 1917 Wisconsin led all THE GUERNSEY All other states with 11,454 Guernsey cattle registered, New York ranking second with 6311. Guernseys have a considerable foot- hold in Australia and New South Wales, and a few animals have been exported to France, Japan, Brazil, Cuba, Central America, etc. Organizations for the promotion of Guernsey interests exist on Guernsey and in England and the United States. The Royal Guernsey Agricultural and Horticultural Society has for many years supervised the registration and promotion of Guernseys on the island. Two herdbooks are maintained — one for general registration, the other for Advanced Registry. Up to 1918 twenty- nine volumes of the island herdbook had been published. The English Guernsey Cattle Society was organized in 1885 and has, up to 1918, published thirty-five herdbooks. The American Guern- sey Cattle Club was organized in 1877 in New York City and has, up to 1918, published about thirty-two herd registers. These were for years published in book form, but in 1913 they became a part of the Guernsey Breeders’ Journal, a semimonthly of merit devoted to the advancement of the breed. Independent volumes of the herdbook must now be made up from the herdbook pages of this journal. CHAPTER XXXIV ABSOS, AWARS IS URIS The native home of the Ayrshire is in southwestern Scotland in the county of Ayr, from which the breed derives its name. Ayr is triangularly crescent in shape, its southern tip just touch- ing latitude 55° N., its western boundary somewhat indented and bordering the Irish Sea and river Clyde, its other sides skirted by the counties of Renfrew, Lanark, Dumfries, Kirkcudbright, and Wigtown. There is an extreme length of about 80 miles, with an area of about 1150 square miles. Rather poor and sandy land occurs in the southern part toward the sea, while much beau- tiful rolling pasture land of fair soil is found more inland, with rougher land on the eastern borders rising to a height of 2000 feet. On the better lands, which are clayey, roots, grass, oats, and wheat are largely grown and there is abundance of summer graz- ing. The climate is very moist, and the bitterness of a northern winter is somewhat tempered by the sea. The origin of the Ayrshire has been in the main a complex one. Aiton, the first and almost only early authority on the breed, wrote “ A Survey of Ayrshire” about 1811. He regarded it as the native breed of Ayr improved by certain other stock. Some time about 1770 Teeswater cattle, Shorthorn, or similar stock were introduced into Ayrshire. John Dunlop of Dunlop is credited with importing cows of large size, of either Teeswater, Dutch, or Lincoln breeds, and in 1805 Dunlop stock is referred to by Forsythe as having been established in the parish of that name for over a century. Other writers claim that the cattle of the Channel Islands crossed with Shorthorns were early used in Ayrshire. About 1818 West Highland cattle were used by Mr. Parton near Dalry, Ayr, on a superior herd of Ayrshires. Devon and Hereford blood are also said to have been used by other breeders. The earliest accounts of the cattle of Ayrshire show them to have been black and white. About 1780 red and 412 THE AYRSHIRE 413 white became fashionable, while from 1785 to 1805 brown-and- white mottled cattle were much preferred; later, in 1810, red and white was a common color. These latter colors of brown, red, and white have been carried down to the present time. Thus it is apparent that the Ayrshire as a breed is evolved from a variety of blood, mainly from types associated with larger milking capacity. The early improv- ers of the Ayrshire were not notably dis- tinguished over the general run of breeders who seek to improve local cattle. It was early evident that the people laid importance on milk production. Forsythe, a Scotch- man, writes in 1805 of cows yielding from 24 to 30 quarts of milk daily; and in 1829 William Harley states - that he had cows that occasionally gave 25 toa0 cer d Fic. 179. Baron’s Best of Bargenock 12858 (imp.), Eat ae a ONS Oa Ta Ayrshire bull in Highland Farm herd, Bryn Mawr, and even produced 40 _ pennsylvania. From photograph by the author quarts in this time. In 1836 the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland offered a large premium to be competed for by the breed. In 1848, ina prize essay,! Keary states that Ayrshires are of two distinct sorts : the native breed, a small, light-boned animal, and the Dunlop Ayrshire (a cross between the native breed and the Holderness), which is much larger. The small breed is considered of the best quality. There are herds of Dunlop Ayrshires, as well as of the native breed, in many parts of the kingdom, esteemed for their excellent milking qualities. By 1850 Ayrshires were the prevail- ing stock in Ayr and also in Renfrew and Lanark counties. In 1 Journal Royal Agricultural Society of England, Vol IX, p. 442. 414 CATTLE 1853 the first systematic effort at improvement came in a scale of points adopted by the Ayrshire Agricultural Association. In 1866, in a prize essay on county Ayr, Archibald Sturrock writes that “a capacious and well-set udder is certainly the chief point of exceilence in the Ayrshire cow.” The introduction of the Ayrshire to America probably first oc- curred early in the last century, when Scotch settlers moved to Canada. In the Alemoztrs of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society for 1824 considerable discussion is devoted to breeds of cattle, yet the Ayrshire is not named. John Hare Powell, the secretary, who had studied the breeds in Europe, says, “ I have traced every importation of which I have heard,” and makes special reference to eight different states and various breeds, but does not mention the Ayrshire. Sturtevant states that the first importation into the United States is thought to have been made in 1822 by H. W. Hills to Windsor, Connecticut. In 1837 the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture imported one cow, which is reported to have yielded sixteen pounds of butter a week for — several. weeks. Lewis F. Allen of New York writes that in 1837 he visited the Ayrshire herd of John P. Cushing near Boston, Massachusetts, who had imported from Ayrshire regardless of price. In 1848 E. A. Brown introduced Ayrshires to Ohio, these being the first of this dairy breed to enter the state. The characteristics of the Ayrshire breed of cattle are very distinctive. The ead, from a profile standpoint, has a some- what straight line from poll to nose, the eyes are of fair promi- nence, and the “ovzs are somewhat large, though not coarse, ‘and are erect of carriage. Modern Ayrshire horns, besides being erect and widespread, frequently curve slightly backward at the dark- colored tips. The horns of some aged bulls are remarkably large and conspicuous and, as a rule, are brought to the desired form by mechanical device. The Ayrshire neck is hardly as lean as that of a Jersey, the c7‘hers are attractive in refinement, the shoulder tends to be smooth, and the body deep of rib and of large digestive capacity. The swmp is usually broad, long, and well carried, while the ¢Aighs and hind quarters partake some- what of fleshiness, enough so in the Ayrshire steer to produce in many cases a creditable hind quarter for the butcher. A good THE AYRSHIRE 415 type of the breed exhibits considerable depth of body and short rather than long legs. The wdder of the Ayrshire has been the cause of much discussion in recent years. The most approved form is carried up high behind, extends well forward under the belly, with the underside or sole (as it is sometimes termed) level and free from a deep groove between right and left gland, and with teats of good size well placed at each quarter. This type of fleshy udder has been the source of much serious criticism in the Fic. 180. Netherhall Good Time 11447 (imp.), an Ayrshire bull owned by Bran- ford Farms, Groton, Connecticut. This is a good representative of the modern type of mature Ayrshire bull. From photograph by Hildebrand, by courtesy of the American Agriculturist Scotch press, and it has been repeatedly pointed out that the cow with this sort of udder was the result of catering to an American fad. From a show point of view more uniformity obtains in a ring of aged Ayrshire cows than with any other breed. In quality Ayrshires are not superior to other breeds. The color of the Ayrshire includes red, brown, and white. In 1875 Sturtevant quoted as follows from a letter from Robert Wilson, a breeder in Scotland: Colors of Ayrshires are much the same since I can remember; different breeders have their particular color. Light yellow, though common with some 416 CATTLE breeders, is not the most common color. Red and white flecked, though it should incline a little to yellowish or brown, is more a prevailing color of the breed. . . . White, if there be not roan mixed with it, I do not consider a proof of the presence of Shorthorn blood. Our favorite colors are white flecked or red bodies and white legs. Dark reds and black muzzles are favorites also. In 1875 Sturtevant published statistics of a color classification of 2852 Ayrshires in the United States, of which 2014, or 70.61 per cent, were red and white; 222, or 7.78 per cent, red or mostly red; 241, or 8.45 per cent, brown and white; and 194, or 6.80 per cent, white and red, the balance being split into various colors. The Ayrshire Breeders’ Association scale of points has specified red of any shade ; brown ; or these with white ; mahogany and white; or white,—each color distinctly defined. Brindle is allowed, but is regarded as undesirable. Professor A. C. McCandlish has recently written! regarding black-and- white Ayrshires, of which he says there are several herds in Scotland, the origin of which may be considered obscure and derived from many sources rather than one. The most popular Ayrshire color shows a greater percentage of white than of red or brown, these colors being in solid blotches. The old-fashioned flecked marking is not looked on with favor by color faddists. Many Ayrshires of to-day are very largely white, as, for example, the $6000 bull Penshurst Mischief Maker, all white excepting a small bit of dark color by the tail head and upper thigh and on neck and face. Addington Queen 3d 29558, one of the great cows of the breed, has even less dark color than Penshurst Mischief Maker. This matter of color is purely a fad and should not be allowed to interfere with breed improvement. The size of the Ayrshire is fairly uniform. The American standard calls for the mature bull to weigh not less than 1500 and the cow 1000 pounds. The Scotch standard favors a cow weighing about 1050 pounds. Sturtevant gives the weights of nine pure-bred aged cows in his herd which varied from 985 to 1200 pounds. The cows in Mr. Winslow’s herd from 1881 to 1887 showed an average yearly weight of from 1020 to I102 pounds per head. Referring to the subject of size an official circular from the Ayrshire Breeders’ Association states that at 1 The Ayrshire Quarterly (January, 1918), Vol. III, No. 4, p. 24. THE AYRSHIRE 417 maturity a cow of the breed weighs “from about 1000 pounds to 1200, sometimes going as high as 1400 or 1500,” The temperament and disposition of the Ayrshire suggests something of the freedom associated with the Scotch hills. There is hardly the docility found in some breeds reared in close restraint, as, for example, the Jersey or Brown Swiss, never- theless the Ayrshire is quiet enough for all practical purposes. The Ayrshire for early maturity is more comparable with the Holstein-Friesian than the Jersey. The males frequently do not show strong sex character, as expressed in head and neck, until reach- ing well into yearling age. The heifers also are somewhat slow in developing the mater- nal character often seen insome breeds. These — 3.6 Fic. 181. Rena Ross 14539, an aged Ayrshire cow qualities, however, are owned by Highland Farm, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. fully developed when Rena Ross is one of the greatest reproducing cows at full maturity. of record. The mother and five daughters have thirteen records averaging 13,114 pounds milk and The crossbred or 532.84 pounds fat. From photograph by the author grade Ayrshire is better suited to milk production than anything else. Consequently Ayr- shire bulls on grade cows will improve the herd to greater milk- producing power and may add to their selling value to the butcher if used on Jersey grades. The prepotency of the Ayrshire is one of its distinguishing features. In Scotland one may see ample evidence of the impress of pure-bred bulls on the grade herds of the country. The well- bred Ayrshire bull transmits in marked degree his color and the head and udder characteristics. The Advanced Registry system of the Ayrshire Breeders’ Association was inaugurated in 1902-1903 for the purpose of 418 CATTLE making official tests of cows owned by members of the association. Up to 1908 but 120 cows and heifers had been admitted to Advanced Registry. Since this period, however, a great increase in testing has taken place, so that by 1918 a total of 2799 cows and heifers had made acceptable records. The essential features of Advanced Registry testing of Ayrshires are as follows: the tests are conducted under the supervision of a state agricultural experiment station or agricultural college official. All tests are for one year from time of freshening or until the cow comes dry from that freshening. There are four cow classes : two-year, three-year, four-year, and _five- year or older. In the two-year form: “If her record begins the day she is two years old, or before that time, she shall, to entitle her to record, give not less than 6000 pounds of a milk in three hundred Fic. 182. Judy of Knockdon, a first-prize Ayrshire and sixty-five consecu- cow at the Highland and Agricultural Society Show. tive days from the be- Owned‘by Alexander Cross, Knockdon, Maybole, : : Scotland. From photograph by the author ginning of the test, and 214.3 pounds of butter fat, and for each day she is over two years old at time of begin- ning the test there shall be added 1.37 pounds of milk to the 6000 pounds and .o6 pound of butter fat to the 214.3 pounds.” In the three-year form 6500 pounds of milk and 236 pounds of fat are required, with 2.74 pounds milk and .12 pound fat added for each day she is over three years old at time of beginning the test. In the four-year form 7500 pounds of milk and 279 pounds of fat are required, and in the mature form 8500 pounds of milk and 322 pounds of fat. A bull, to be admitted to Advanced Reg- istry, must be typical of the breed, score at least 80 points, and have two daughters from different dams in the Advanced Registry ; or he may be admitted without physical qualifications and scoring wit 4 THE AYRSHIRE 419 if he has four daughters in the records, each from different dams. Official testing is also conducted in Canada and by the Ayr Society for Milk Record, in Scotland. The Ayrshire as a milk producer has been regarded with favor for over a century, and it is this quality that has been sought from the first. In 1811 Aiton wrote that probably 1200 Scotch pints (2148 quarts) of milk from each cow in the course of a Fic. 183. Jean Armour 25487, foundress of the Jean Armour family of Ayrshires. Not only was she a great show cow but she has an official record of 20,174 pounds milk and 774.73 pounds fat ina year. Owned by Mrs. F. D. Erhardt, West Berlin, Vermont. From photograph, by courtesy of the American Agriculturist year would be a fair average. In 1829 Harley, a famous dairy- man, placed the average of his herd at 12 quarts a day. One of his cows for a considerable time gave 40 quarts per day. In the earlier records kept in the United States the annual yields ranged from about 5000 to 7000 pounds. A number of New England herd records were kept continuously for years, beginning in 1873 or 1874, notably by Sturtevant Brothers and J. W. D. French ot Massachusetts and L. S. Drew and C. M. Winslow of Vermont, the latter for many years secretary of the Ayrshire Breeders’ Association. Up to 1900 but few cows of the breed produced 420 CATTLE over 10,000 pounds of milk in a year, the best-known record previous to that time being that of Polly Puss 16296 in Pennsyl- vania, of 12,632 pounds, official test. In 1885 the cow Duchess of Smithfield 4256 created much favorable comment by producing in a seven-day test 463? pounds of milk, from which was made 19 pounds 6 ounces of butter. Since the year 1900 very great improvement in production has taken place with this breed, and up to 1919 eight mature cows and one three-year-old had made official records of over 20,000 pounds of milk each. Following are the ten leading official milk records previous to January I, 1919. TEN LEapING OrrictaL MILK RECORDS OF AYRSHIRE Cows TO 1919 NAME AND NUMBER AGE poe Ses Garclaugh May Mischief 27944. . . .. ./ - Io IOI 4-191 5 25,329 Auchenbrain Brown Kate 4th 27943 . . . — 1912-1913 23,022 Lily of Willowmoor 22269 “2:2... 30... = 1912-1913 22,596 Garclauch Spottierz7050n-m : : We ~ ead Von --FeaSt.Galléng “Zugy ae 4 ys 4 es £ re = ‘ ¢Fribo urge as a Si maw foo Fic. 204. A map of Switzerland showing the different cantons or provinces while in the summer they are pastured on meadows high up on the mountains. Many stables are located in small Swiss villages, and during the summer the cattle are each day driven out to pas- ture and are returned at night. This is a hardy mountain breed and in general subsists on pasture or hay, but very little grain being fed. The origin of Brown Swiss cattle is probably prehistoric. Horns, skulls, and other bones have been found in the Swiss lake dwell- ings, dating back to the Bronze Age, that closely resemble those of the Brown Swiss of to-day. It is generally conceded that the breed is very ancient and that it has long been bred with much purity and care by Swiss farmers. 463 464 CATTLE The introduction of Brown Swiss cattle to America first occurred in 1869, when H. M. Clark of Belmont, Massachusetts, purchased of Colonel G. Biirgi of Arth, canton of Schwyz, seven heifers and one bull, which soon after their arrival were resold to D. G. Aldrich of Worcester, Massachusetts, and David Hall of Providence, Rhode Island. In 1882 Scott & Harris of Massachu- setts and Connecticut imported nine two-year-old heifers and a bull and in 1883 ten heifers. In 1884 William Koch of New York iv se EEA 2a he > EAE LONI j 8 Geb UL ob ili Fic. 205. A Swiss farm home near Lucerne. Photographed by the author imported five two-year-old heifers and a bull, and the same year Eldredge and Ryder of New York imported one three-year-old, ten heifers, and a bull. In 1890 E. M. Barton of Illinois imported fourteen head. In 1904 McLaury Brothers of New York ‘made an importation, from which they showed at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis. In 1906 E. M. Barton imported five bulls and thirty-four heifers, the largest importation in many years. Owing to the continual presence of foot-and-mouth disease in much of western Europe the United States government has not permitted importation in recent years. The characteristics of Brown Swiss cattle. This is essentially a dual-purpose breed of uniform .and distinct breed character, although the Brown Swiss Cattle Breeders’ Association of the THE BROWN SWISS 465 United States has classed it as a dairy breed. The author has spent some time in Switzerland among these cattle, and all the evidence there, as expressed by breeders and shown in the cattle, is that it is a dual-purpose breed. The general type of Brown Swiss cattle is distinctly blocky, the points being full from breast to hind quarters, showing thickness and depth. Breeders in Swit- zerland regard the cattle on the higher mountains as of a some- what lighter type than those of the lowlands. The /ead is rather Fic. 206. Tell, fifth-prize Brown Swiss bull at Zug, Switzerland, 1913. This bull scored 83.5 points. From photograph, by courtesy of Joseph Frey, secretary of Brown Swiss Cattle Association, Lucerne heavy and, combining as it does a sizable horn and a fullness of the neck quite unknown with British breeds, impresses one as somewhat coarse. The eck is large and heavy in both sexes at all ages, the skin about the throatlatch and along the dewlap being strikingly abundant. The dveast is broad and deep, and the shoulders rather heavy and prominent, not being well laid in. The dody shows a great deal of feeding capacity, with plenty of depth ; but the dack is frequently slack back of the withers, and the fore ribs have scarcely enough spring for best conformation. The A7zud quarter is long, level, and broad at the rump, the ¢#zg/s and fwest 466 CATTLE incline to be distinctly beefy, and the /egs are short and strong. The cows have large wdders, frequently long, wide, and deep, with well-placed teats of convenient size. The mk veins and wells average medium in size, comparing fairly with dairy breeds. The guality, from the standpoint of an American, averages rather below medium, as is very commonly seen in the thick, none too elastic, deep-yellow skin, rather coarse hair, large joints, and heavy head, neck, and fore quarters. In temperament cattle of this breed are superior, being especially quiet and docile. The color of the Brown Swiss, as indicated by the name, is brown, varying in shade. The color as approved by the Swiss breeders is given as follows?: The color of the animals of this race goes from dark brown and gray (the color of coffee and of chestnuts) to light brown and light gray. The opposite colors are mostly found among the animals of minor weight. At the present time the gray color prevails in all the different tints from light to dark... . According to the different parts of the body the color is more or less pro- nounced. All the animals have a muzzle of the color of lead, with a lighter rim all around. The underlip, the interior of the ears, the interior part of the limbs, especially the fore limbs, the udder, and the escutcheon are also lighter than the rest of the body. Generally these cattle have a stripe more or less light or broad on their backs, going from the withers to the tail, but this line is sometimes broken. At one time white spots occurred on Brown Swiss cattle, but since the middle of the nineteenth century animals with spots have been barred from exhibition unless the spots are on the lower part of the belly. The horns, which are comparatively short and curve forward and upward, have black tips. The hoofs are black and the tongue and muzzle are very dark. The size of Brown Swiss cattle varies according to type, whether light or heavy. The Swiss Union of Cattle Breeders gives the following as average weights at maturity: bulls, 1870 to 2090 pounds ; cows, 1320 to 1430 pounds. E. M. Barton, in a pam- phlet relative to his own herd, states that the average cow ina herd in milk weighs 1300 to 1400 pounds and 1500 fat. He also states that bulls in good condition weigh from 1700 to 2500 pounds. The latter weight, however, is rather exceptional, and mature bulls 1 The Bovine Breed of Switzerland. A pamphlet published about 1906 by the Swiss Union of Cattle Breeders. THE BROWN SWISS 467 more commonly weigh from 1500 to 1800 pounds. The Brown Swiss Cattle Breeders’ Association in the scale of points give no weight standards. It is thought by some that the two sexes more nearly approach each other in weight than with most breeds. The Brown Swiss in crossing or grading will do very well where mated with stock lacking in vigor, for this breed is of superior vigor and hardiness. No doubt many grade dairy herds of Jersey or Guernsey character would have vigor restored by a Brown Swiss Fic. 207. Rosi, gold-medal Brown Swiss cow at Lucerne, Switzerland, rorr. From photograph by Richard Oehler, Lucerne cross, as well as a higher value from the butcher’s point of view. At the Michigan Agricultural College Brown Swiss have been crossed on Red Polled, Jersey, and Holstein-Friesian grades, and in every case, says Professor R. S. Shaw, Swiss characteristics stand out prominently. Especial emphasis is given to the supe- riority of a carcass — the product of a Brown Swiss bull from a Red Polled cow—which weighed 1280 pounds as a yearling and dressed out 61 per cent. The prepotency of Brown Swiss cattle is very marked, which naturally would be the case, considering the length of time in 468 CATTIE which they have been bred under uniform conditions. In the essential characteristics of color and general conformation, pre- potency is very manifest. The adaptability of the Brown Swiss to a wide range of con- ditions seems apparent. The native home of these cattle is in the mountains, where they thrive on rations that would not be regarded as satisfactory in America, and where they are aistinctly hardy. The herds kept in the more sterile sections of the eastern United States seem to thrive equally well with those in the corn belt of the West. No doubt they have a special place in dairy sections, notably in the more elevated regions, where a rugged breed is desirable. From. the profit point of view it is doubtful if they can compete satisfac- torily with some of our other breeds in the fertile West. The Brown Swiss cattle in milk produc- tion make a remarka- bly creditable showing. Numerous records of Swiss dairies show comparatively large production for these cows. I’. H. Mason, as United States consul in Switzerland, reports that at Cham the 6000 cows supplying the Anglo-Swiss Con- densed Milk Company yielded 5315 pounds each. These cows were milked for an average of about nine months and were fed only grass and hay. The average annual production of 72 herds in Switzerland, as published from records gathered by the Swiss Union of Cattle Breeders,! shows an average yield of 4985.8 kilos, or 10,969 pounds, with an average fat content of 3.88 per cent. The first recorded test of a Brown Swiss cow in America proved very sensational, for on this occasion the cow Brienz 168, in November, 1891, at the American Fat-Stock Show, pro- duced 81.7 pounds of milk per day for three days, which con- tained a total of 9.32 pounds fat. For many years this was one Fic. 208. Waldi, second-prize Brown Swiss bull at Lucerne, 1913. From photograph by the author 1 The Bovine Breeds of Switzerland, p. 20. THE BROWN SWISS 469 of the notable milk and butter-fat records. In the Pan-American dairy test in 1901 the 5 Brown Swiss cows stood third in total milk solids produced, eighth in net profit in fat, and fourth in pounds of milk produced, being surpassed in milk yield by the Holstein- Friesian, Ayrshire, and Shorthorn respectively. In net profit in the six-months test the highest rank attained by a Brown Swiss Pat 5 “au ToS a mm SA te) rita Frc. 209. College Bravura 2d, 2577, a Brown Swiss cow owned by the Michigan Agricultural College. She has an official record of 19,460.6 pounds of milk and 798.16 pounds of fat, surpassing any other cow of the breed. From photograph, by courtesy of Michigan Agricultural College among 50 head of ten breeds was nineteenth, the cow Bell T. showing a net profit of $41.23 compared with $59.21 for the cow in first place, a Guernsey, Mary Marshall. At the Louisiana Pur- chase Exposition in 1904, in the dairy-cattle test the Brown Swiss averaged 42.2 pounds of milk daily, containing 1.6 pound fat, com- pared with 33.77 pounds milk and 1.20 pound fat at the Pan- American dairy test. The Louisiana Purchase cattle were, however, quite superior individuals to those in the Pan-American test. 470 CATTLE The Register of Production of Brown Swiss cattle was established in the year 1911. “If the test commences with a cow the day she is two years and six months old, or previous to that time, she shall produce not less than 6000 pounds. For each day the animal is over two years and six months old at the beginning of the test, 2.35 pounds of milk shall be added to the required amount. This ratio shall apply until the animal is six years old, when it will have reached 9000, which shall be the required amount for all mature cows. In butter fat 222 pounds is the standard for the cow two and one-half years old, with an addition of .og pound of fat daily until she is six, when 337 pounds be- comes the standard for Fic. 210. McAlpine, a prize-winning Brown Swiss cow owned by the late E. M. Barton, Hinsdale, all mature cows. There Illinois. From photograph by the author are five age classes for a tested cows: two, three, four, five, and mature. Bulls are in two classes: A, with two accepted daughters from different dams, each bull scaling at least 80 points; and B, without being scaled but with four accepted daughters from different dams. The following are the ten most notable records in the Register of Production, to January I, 1918: NAME AND NUMBER om eae seo College: Bravura 2d/2577) 55 3 4. . = -2 || Mature) | iro 460:Ou|N ogo TOlARZO23 rer eacterst Va te lg tan tek eA rece Five 16,844.6 | 685.47 Kalista Wis 2905). 92 ne ce ome ne fer en pe lature | i6;600:2e mOsore Mb(GiiS rile eerie coo Me a Ag Bb Bosc Five 15,769-6 | 595.83 Merry, Mermmey, 3370) pe cmtsd ies keene Five 15,679.5 | 628.86 OlarcBSasuS more mai at Ree ton ee eee Ee eke 15,602.5 | 548.92 WiplandUibautarcooie sa yeaa) ease) eee Five 15,357-6 | 578.53 NII IER eine Oy ol 5 al ee tee 26 6 ip a Five 14,791.5 | 634.81 Mierney: 28:50) tam