‘i . i bs My an ‘f * a a t a a Ss ai - ' bal © a : \ a ; 2) ppt SS ; ._ { B, Descriptive Geology, 71 Professional Payer No. 44 The Series { 0, Underground Waters, 39 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR “UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DIRECTOR UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK _ BY A. C. VEATCH, C. S. SLICHTER, ISAIAH BOWMAN, W. 0. CROSBY, axp R. E. HORTON . : WASHINGTON Dy Se allt GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1906 bf Professional Paper No. 44 Series { B, Unload Waites 39 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR | UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CHARLES D. WALCOTT, Director UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES > OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK BY A. C. VEATCH, C. 8. SLICHTER, ISATAH BOWMAN, W. O. CROSBY, anp R. E. HORTON WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1906 cy LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. --------------------- IR Ng NU yh ce RE on a na Sy ta : CONTENTS. Carter I. Outlines of the geology of Long Island, by A. C. Veatch..._.......-.-.-.-.-.-.-.----- mtrod Wetio ns esern emer trate 2 een feiv arpa mire tenes Aaled arcs | fe enlsteine a ee oe nS Moporralphyeeen sees =e Me papier pled eae Ree tats aye Sb Astor aed aye Ran oe ea = A, old TENORIO che 9 oS Sete cies Renae Ser eee en tee ace ee a ce a rae Mretbascmentarocksa pe mene eee Seamer ue eee sees Paws oe AB Se Ue ee wi ee @retaceousss 22. OSes oe eee ee he be 8 IY cs Oe el Nis aria ES iM se MR oN Maa Conditionsiot depositions =—s=se2 esses Sas se] ae ee $e 882 Wi nigh Sco ON mt ah Ns Characterolidepositseeacmae ce keer er tor home serine an aide eek RS ENE See Vet Structural relations-_.-.- MnesenitGistrlbU ll OMMee Mert a eee Me SE Ws ae Ot Galen d she cl Sue eae ae abe sles's Stratigraphic succession. Relationstonadjacemtenmense! 225 See SM eee Ce Lal yao Mee ok tt ue aca Be ELGG INU ay Nera mn ena rs repairer ale ie te ACRetro Oy AG NEM TT eal) 2 Macaca diaie bres Me ee Dees Generaliconditions ese ere eres ene sere a He fe SOI A 2 Tule deb alee pte she | TSEC) ORONO ae es eich = I NS Rebs oS Gc a a et Re ESE OP aps ee eee ee, a a INoOcEnersWomme Le CMCed see se eee eee emcee Si ey de ee Bees el CTS De Melos Distribution of Miocene deposits: . 222... 8. .22)22 soak ee tees ee be cee se eladee se Harlygivlioceneverosionwee na a aetae ayaa aoa Seen a Soe eens Sees S Rt ih00 5328) ‘Lafayette submergence. - Late Pliocene (post-Lafayette) erosion... - - SESE IEMA ate Neb Re EMR Saal es et RS a Developmentrottoporuaphicifieattiness= eee e ee et seas el sera eee ean oy en aan Noll sera cli vieall ese etre hot fo teh! ou See aN eect AS eS et ah WA Nia iS 9h eds IEE oS sts Deflection of the rivi ers in Hightstown Vale ----- -- Pe eae ain oe Shae be RMLs 2 QO rate nner ayes eee Met aay Par ee pe TS awe ARPS eh Bal! i, ITS VON Act WENO EE L2s 33 Sa ab SOS e nee etc cre Ere oars ee ae Sia een SNM aSe, A ae oe Conditions of deposi NOVI Se TERA a SS ou CU maleate LICE 2 iret ed TS, ee eae Chiamactero itd epositst seme ne sas See Scherer a wren, inet 8 aps aia aaNet os Present distribution Rost-Mennettoy and! pre-Jameco imtervale: 22.85. 2225 ae eee ee ee ye ee UETENS CO ADT each Series Bk enc ea ee ce eR ye ae a a Conditions of deposi Character of deposit Present distribution ET Tape ee tea ap HIRI earch sh Ey Mg RR a) SR a eS Shecalh Ceres 3 ea RAI apes. ic Ae tall ae ape eee oo, ee ce SHNEL RANI HOVAGMAD ENON 5 2 oo ccic eter ats ae Ngee TSP OS Sere Pn ete Conditionstoiadepositions. tse aau sae Soe aie es ae We he Character of deposits.........---- ee Herre ais abs parcie Seve eT A SN ce Res Sik Present distribution (Gavyglicads folding mamma er at ae end a eal oe Melamine oO Ste ee ecg ee ceed IDES OVA = oro acelin o cia Big alae ee tated EI HE ye ey 2 ee Ne a Cause olplol ding apna Rrra ee Aika er Calls oe Sok ORE oe Gardinerintenze leameeme mentor ir Anmn mien mE NTs. ol le ee eck lees disburse Ovanhassetp pore laepere rye eee eee me el ki OL te Mu ey Conditionstoidepositiome nen emer weet ase Be eS eek Character ofdenositcearee seperate Same nie ee wee i ts Present distribution 28 . 4 CONTENTS. Cuapter I. Outlines of the geology of Long Island, by A. C. Veatch—Continued. Page. Quaternary—Continued. E Vineyard, interval... 23238 Sos Ase ee panel ee 43 Character of surtace? ali) besin mim eon sai terye ee eee ee ee ee eer 43: Major drainage ic 2p ao soe ae ote So hs ere eee oe SV ce 43 Reexcavationyof north shore )yyalll eye eee sees ee a eee 43 Length of imterval..:2.2. Recess oS ee eee ee ee ee 44 Wisconsin, epochisicss sts 5b. vents ese eens Ly) a a on apd eb LU a ie en ea gern - 44 Generalliconditions ofdeposition® s2=-= =. ese ee ME Ss Ase a ss aoe aS 44 Character of deposits sai. 8 suis ata eta cai de ee ce ey ec 45 Thiekmess.....15 2b oe So ane Se Sepsis eS ee ee ee ZO — 45 Development of topoe app lice atic sss ae ee eee 46 Transportation and deposthion.<2 5925. Sats. eae a ee ee 47 - Brosion2 22 ene tae eee ee ee mee EPR eee eae i ES OI ye ne ne a AT Poldimg 2.2225 22 5 Jae cae EE a ee 47 Post-Glacial and: Recents: 22 220 2225 2 See ee Be ee es oe ce 48 Summary e' FS Se SS Se ae Oe AR tea a ere ard ee Sd regan oy ei 48 © Geologic history. S2...22 552228 = eee Oe Eee ee ees ee eee 48 Topographic history? s222 dees = Bt Sas ee rie ee 00 Unaprer IJ. Underground water conditions of Long Island, by A.C. Veatch_......-...-.-- gets 53 General ‘principles: =: 222.6 232.42 nsec soe e Bee ee Se a ee oe hee Source of:underground::waiter®o22%. 5525 Soe Saye ee ee ears ote Ne ayaa ee Pee es oe Transmission: 24,42 Jes bk Seg ee a ee ee ee ee 53 Ground-water table: oc. e522 Se tae See eae a a ee WOM eee oe 54 Requisite conditions fomstloyyeima ee viel see ee a ee 54 Conditionsion Wonealslan des se = ee eeeeee OSS eps A ct en le eR peo 55 Geologie condititons. 2 iscc22 he baee Re oe Be oe ares as ee 55 Ground-water tables... [25.4.5 23 Sees Ss aes eo eA apse te 57 Perched water tablése:. . = s s S 3 5 e = G = 3 @ 2 % 2 = 2 xg = x C4 Ss ® rc) = (ea = Ww cc a5 €Ss ae J FRR oe == fgn he BS _fgn ed | Sea level TREN TE Oe RASS SHINN HAN a i i Hh NMI, Hf in SN ANAS TINS NANT AN RNS Hudson River Sea level PicabeeaXN 0 % 1 2 miles Fic. 1.—Sections from Hudson River to Long Island, showing in a general way the folded and eroded character of bed rock underlying Long Island (Merrill 1902); fgn. Fordham gneiss (pre-Cambrian); €Ss, Stockbridge dolomite (Cambro- Silurian); Sh, Hudson schist (Silurian). x This sloping surface, with its minor irregularities, was probably at one time nearly horizontal and formed a part of the great, almost level, plain known as the Schooley peneplain,’? which extended over a large part of the eastern United States and which resulted from long-continued erosion under very uniform con- ditions. It owes its present slope or dip to the very broad folding which began near the beginning of the Cretaceous and which, after several minor halts and fluctuations, elevated the Schooley Mountain in New Jersey 1,500 feet and depressed the old surface in the Long Island region. a The numbers given in parentheses throughout this paper correspond with those used on Pl. XXIV and in Chapter IV, where detailed records are given. : bDavis, W. M., and Wood, J. W., Geographic development of northern New Jersey: Proc. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., vol. 24, 1890, pp. 365-423. Willis, Bailey, The northern Appalachians: Mon. Nat. Geog. Soc., vol. 1, No.6, pp. 169-202, 1895; Salis- bury, R. D. Phys. Geog. New Jersey: Final report State geologist New Jersey, vol. 4, 1898, pp. 83-85. 18 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. CRETACEOUS. CONDITIONS OF DEPOSITION. By this change of level at the beginning of the Cretaceous period the sea again covered this area, and the rejuvenated streams carried into it the deeply weathered material from the surface of the old Schooley peneplain. The strata for 300 or 400 feet above the bed rock are therefore composed almost entirely of the products of long-continued weathering and present a peculiar mingling of - sand and plastic clays, often brightly colored, which are more or less distinct from the beds that follow. CHARACTER OF DEPOSITS. These irregular-bedded varicolored clays with light-colored quartz sands and gravels, which characterize the base of the Cretaceous system in this region, show an increasing percentage of sand in their upper portions, and pass more or less — gradually, on the north shore, into the light-colored quartz sands with occasional irregular clay beds which form the upper strata of the pre-Pleistocene series, and, on the south shore, into the fine gray lignite-bearing sands and clays of the same age. The thick greensand marls of the New Jersey section are almost wholly absent, their presence being merely suggested in the West Hills, at Quogue and Bridgehampton. The absence of greensand marls, the extreme scarcity of marine fossils, and the presence of plant remains, indicate shoal water, or near-shore conditions during the several epochs in which these rocks were deposited. | As a result of the long-continued weathering to which all the material compos- ing these beds has been subjected, the sand beds lack the readily broken-down minerals so common in glacial deposits, and the gravel beds do not contain compound crystalline or transported clastic pebbles. The gravels from the lowest to the highest (with but one doubtful exception) are composed of quartz or locally derived quartz-conglomerate, with occasional very much decomposed milk-white chert fragments. This difference in composition is the most serviceable criterion for separating the pre-Pleistocene from the Pleistocene beds in this region. STRUCTURAL RELATIONS. These Cretaceous beds are now not only almost entirely hidden by Pleistocene deposits, but are so disturbed in the few limited outcrops on the north shore (Pl. III) that neither the original slope of the strata, the amount of deformation, either horizontal or vertical, nor the relation of one outcrop to another can be satis- factorily determined. The apparently undisturbed outcrop in the West Hills fur- nishes no extended exposure, and even here the structure is concealed by hill creep and landslides. Any knowledge of the structure is, therefore, dependent upon well records, and these have fortunately revealed a key bed that is not only satisfactorily persist- ent on the island, but continues in New Jersey, and furnishes a new basis for a comparison of the stratigraphy. A critical study showed that the top of a water- bearing sand situated 150 to 200 feet above bed rock in 14 north shore wells (see #, tee ey eee U.S.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 73°30 74°00’ aaa | 7 74°30 AND THEIR STRUCTURE OF TE See > ' Matawan formation ‘Pre-Cretaceous recks above sea level or clay marls Raritan formation. orplastic clays Berry, E. W., Am. Nat., vol. 37, 1903, pp. 677-684; Bull. New Y ork Bot. Gar., vol. 3, No. 9, 1903, pp. 45-103, pls. 43-37; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, vol. 31, 1904, pp. 67-82, pls. 1-5. ¢ Bull Geol. Soc. Am., vol. 8, 1897, pp. 202, 203. CRETACEOUS ROCKS. DS) of the south shore above the beds regarded as Matawan suggest Miocene, but a comparison with the known position of the Miocene in adjacent areas renders this correlation very doubtful. It will be seen from fig. 4 and Pl. V that, so far as present knowledge goes, Long Island lies north of the main Miocene deposits, and that if the Miocene occurs at all it is to be expected as mere erosion outliers occupying the highest hills. Moreover, Mr. G. N. Knapp, who, by reason of his long and extensive field work in New Jersey, is well fitted to judge, has examined the beds in the Melville section (p. 20) and regards them as Cretaceous, with the possible exception of a thin layer between the upper gravel and the impure marl, which resembles Miocene. In order that any other portion of these beds may be Miocene, it is necessary to assume a much greater discordance of structure than is known to exist anywhere in this region between the Miocene and Cretaceous. These facts, with the agreement of the thickness of the beds below the Miocene (?) of the West Hill section with the thickness of the Cretaceous deposits of northern New Jersey, and the fact that Long Island is to be regarded as the normal continuation of New Jersey, both geologically and topographically, with the addition of a mantle of glacial deposits, throw the burden of proof on the person arguing for the Miocene age of these beds. The total absence of large greensand beds indicates a change in the local conditions. Perhaps the ancestral Hudson and Connecticut rivers may have had something to do with it; perhaps the ocean currents are responsible, for it is well known that both these factors tend to interfere with the formation of greensand, and Baregm be deposits are therefore seldom continuous over great areas.¢ ‘This sandy phase reappears on Marthas Vineyard above the basal plant- bearing beds, though at this point it contains fossils,’ and while the data are not conclusive, they furnish further evidence of the change from the New Jersey conditions which is indicated on Long Island. AGE OF THE RARITAN FORMATION. After the early correlations, which were based on very meager data, the Raritan was referred to the Upper Cretaceous, and it was not until the work of Ward in connection with the much disputed Potomac group that it was referred to the Lower Cretaceous. It was shown by Newberry? and Hollick*® to be rather closely related to the Dakota and the Patoot and Atane beds of Greenland, all of which are regarded as Upper Cretaceous. The work of Berry has now shown that there is no essential break between this fauna and that of the Cliffwood section, which is clearly Upper Cretaceous.’ aClark, W. B., New Jersey Geol. Survey, 1893, p. 225. b Woodworth, J. B., Bull. Geol. Soe. America, vol. 8, 1897, pp. 199-200. e Ward, L. F., The Potomae Formation: Fifteenth Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1895, pp. 345-346; Age of the Island series, Sci., new series, vol. 4, 1896, pp. 757-760; Professor Fontaine and Professor Newberry on the age of the Potomac for- mations, Sei., new series, vol. 5, 1897, p. 420. dNewberry, J. S., The flora of the Amboy clay, a posthumous work edited by Arthur Hollick: Monograph U. S. Geol. | Survey, vol. 26, 1895, pp. 23, 33. e Hollick, Ar thur: Proc. Am. Assoc. Ady. Science, vol. 47, 1898, pp. 292-293; Science, new series, vol. 7, 1898, ‘pp. 467-468; Am. Geol., vol. 22, 1898, pp. 255-256. f Berry, Edward Ww. Plants from the Matawan: Am. Nat., vol. 37, pp. 677-684, 1903; Flora of the Matawan formation (Crosswick’s clays): Bull. New York Bot. Gar., vol. 3, No. 9, 1903, pp. 45-103, pls. 43-57; Additions to the flora of the Matawan formation: Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, vo). 31, 1904, pp. 67-82, pls. 1-5. ; ° 26 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Mr. David White informs me that he regards the Marthas Vineyard flora, on which Ward based his Island series, as essentially the same as the Cliffwood. The Long Island plant remains described by Hollick represent a horizon 100 or 200 feet above the Lloyd sand, and are therefore stratigraphically between the Amboy clays (Woodbridge, South Amboy, and Sayreville horizons) and the Cliffwood or basal Matawan. The stratigraphic sequence is, then, as follows: (1) Amboy clays; (2) Long Island red leaf-bearing concretions; (3) Cliffwood, Marthas Vineyard, East Neck.“ The few fragmentary marine remains obtained from the ibe sand at Lloyd Point are regarded by Stanton as Upper Cretaceous, and therefore confirm the general drift of the plant evidence, as do the molluscan remains (including Hzogyra) reported by Woolman from a similar horizon in the Asbury Park well. On the one hand marine fossils indicate the flora in the upper beds as clearly’ Upper Cre- taceous; on the other, the flora shows that there is no essential break between the upper and lower beds of the Raritan. ‘There is, however, a sharp floral break at the base of the Raritan’ and it seems, therefore, necessary to return to the > view of Newberry and regard the Raritan as basal Upper Cretaceous, and essen = equivalent to the Dakota and the Woodbine.4 » SUMMARY OF THE CRETACEOUS. The more important points relative to the pre- SPisuipdeien on Tong Island may be briefly summarized as follows: x The bulk of the pre-Pleistocene deposits on Long Island are Cretaceous. . The basal beds are the stratigraphic equivalents of the Raritan, and are Soe Cretaceous. 3. The Matawan beds are apparently well represented, but their lithological character changes in going eastward. 4. No greensand beds comparable to the great greensand marl beds of New Jersey have been found, their stratigraphic position ves occupied by fine henitiferous sand with oeenson clay beds. TERTIARY. GENERAL CONDITIONS. Although there are no indications on Long Island of any break in the sedi- mentation during the Cretaceous, Doctor Clark has found in New Jersey evidence of perhaps two unconformities which indicate land periods of comparatively short duration.¢ It was, however, not until rather late Tertiary time that this region commenced to undergo the profound erosion which has given rise to the present — land forms. These stages are imperfectly shown on Long Island, but in adjoining portions of the coastal plain the following major stages have been found: Late Pliocene (post-Lafayette) erosion, Latayette submergence, early Pliocene erosion, Miocene eubmereee Eocene erosion. @The East Neck locality is perhaps a little higher stratigraphically than the other two. 6 Ann. Rept. N. J. Geol. Survey, 1895, pp. 72-75, 1896. ¢ Science, new series, vol. 4, 1896, p. 759. d Twenty-first Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 7, 1901, pp. 318-322. ¢ Bull. Geol. Soc. America, vol. 8, 1897, pp. 328, 337-338. TERTIARY PERIOD. 27 EOCENE EROSION. The absence of the greater portion of the Eocene in New Jersey indicates a period of elevation, but the absence of any great unconformity between the Cretaceous or Eocene and the Miocene strata indicates that either this elevation was slight or that the period was of such a duration that the land was essentially base-leveled. MIOCENE SUBMERGENCE. While the deposits of the Miocene were clearly very thick toward the sea and thin toward the land, the exact position of their landward edge is uncertain. 2 Newport 7S <=Nanfucket a MARTHAS * VINEYARD |: yantTUGKET fs, ontauk Pt. al c= e 8 ‘o gy Long/Branch as TREN N F SX S PHILADELPHIA ligne = & dh Wi min. 125 horas | | Fig. 4.—Sketch map showing known distribution of the Miocene near Long Island. Shaded area is underlain by Miocene. Heavy black line gives general direction of strike and shows approximate point at which base of Miocene reaches sea level. It may, however, be regarded as reasonably certain that over most of the Atlantic coastal plain they were of sufficient extent and thickness to obliterate the low features developed in the underlying Cretaceous and Eocene beds during the preceding erosion period. Distribution of Miocene deposits —In the Long Island region and in the New Jersey region the Miocene sediments were deposited under similar conditions, and as these two areas have been subjected to the same forces, except glacial action, their distribution in both should be similar. The only bed thus far seen on Long 28 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Island which is regarded as possibly Miocene is a thin bed of ‘fluffy sand”’ which Mr. G. N. Knapp recognized in the upper part of the Melville section (p. 20), and which is the counterpart of certain sands occurring in the Miocene of New Jersey. A comparison of the sections shown in Pl. V indicates that if the structure is normal, and theré is every reason to believe it is, a Miocene outlier should be expected at this point. The same evidence shows the absence of the Miocene above sea level (fig. 4 and Pl. V) on southern Long Island, except possibly along a portion of the South Fluke. This line of argument is important, for it shows that the Tertiary deposits can not be expected on the north shore any more than in the Hightstown Vale (p. 30) in New Jersey, and that the occurrences on Long Island are probably limited to erosion outliers, with the embed beneath the Atlantic. EARLY PLIOCENE EROSION. In the succeeding erosion period the first forerunners of the present topography were developed. Erosion was active, the mantle of Miocene beds was partly removed and the underlying Cretaceous exposed near the old shore line. LAFAYETTE SUBMERGENCE. eee During Lafayette time the rather low topography developed in this region was buried by a mantle of littoral deposits. The smaller depressions were oblit- erated but the broader features persisted. LATE PLIOCENE (POST-LAFAYETTE) EROSION. After the Lafayette submergence there was a long period of erosion in which the land stood relatively high and the essential features of the present topography were developed. : DEVELOPMENT OF TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES. The most pronounced topographic feature resulting from or accentuated by the early and late Pliocene erosion epochs is a more or less persistent line of hills overlooking a landward depression which extends from the Mannetto (West) and Wheatley hills on Long Island through the highlands in the coastal plain of New Jersey and Maryland to the Potomac River near Washington. Fic. 5. Stereogram of eastern England (after Davis), showing the development Sych a degradational fea- of wolds and vales. B, D, vales; C, E, wolds. : : : ture is common in. all regions of gently inclined rocks of unequal hardness. By weathering and erosion the softer beds are removed and the more resistant ones stand out as chains of hills. Marked topographic forms depending on these factors extend over wide areas and it seems desirable to have distinctive topographic terms for them. TERTIARY PERIOD. 29 Fortunately names are readily obtainable by analogy with eastern England where, in the gently sloping rocks of the post-Paleozoic series, similar features are well developed (fig. 5). There the ranges of hills are in many places called wolds—as the Cotswold Hills and the Lincolnshire and Yorkshire wolds—and the accompanying longitudinal depressions have been termed vales—as the vales of Pickering, Blackmore, White Horse, Red Horse, Pewsey, and Wardour. These terms are, therefore, appropriate for lines of hills and parallel valleys of a similar = ae sa ae | fc Ill >| Fic. 6.—Diagram showing the three uses of ‘‘escarpment”’ as applied to topographic features. ‘type and origin. As a definite physiographic term wold may then be defined as a range of hills produced by differential erosion from inclined sedimentary rocks, and vale as the accompanying depression or strike valley (fig. 7). Wold has, so far as the writer is aware, never before been used as a distinct term for a definite topographic form, but vale has been extensively employed by Woodward in describing the longitudinal valleys in eastern England.“ As a geographic term, vale, although generally applied to these strike valleys, has occasionally been used for valleys of other origin—as the Vale of Eden, in Westmoreland and Cumberland, in which a portion of the depression has been Fic. 7.—Diagram showing relations of wold, vale, cuesta, and bajada. produced by faulting’—but these may be regarded as exceptional cases, and the word used in a physiographic sense as the direct antithesis of wold, or wolds, without confusion. To the feature here defined as a wold, the term escarpment has often been applied, but, as already pointed out by Davis,’ this usage is objectionable, for when escarpment is used for the whole hill feature it is given a meaning quite different from that usually associated with it. It is commonly used for a very steep declivity or cliff,’ but has been extended to mean: (1) The steeper slope of a a@ Woodward, Horace B., The Jurassic rocks of Britain: Memoirs Geol. Survey Gt. Brit., vol. 3, 1893, pp. 309-313; vol. 4, 1894, p. 459; vol. 5, 1895, p. 297. The geology of England and Wales, 1887, p. 599. b Marr, John B., The scientific study of scenery, London, 1900, p. 113. Ramsey, A. C., Physical geology and geography of Great Britain, 6th ed., 1899, pp. 362-363, fig. 129. : : ¢ Proc. Geol. Assoc. Lond., vol. 16, 1899, p. 77. d Geikie, Archibald, Text-hbook of geology, vol. 2, 1903, p. 13. Example cited: The face of a mesa. 30 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. wold;* (2) the top or crest line of a wold;® (3) the whole hill feature—exactly synonymous with wold (fig. 6).¢ The word cuesta is used in the southwestern United States for a sloping plain which is terminated on one side by a steep slope.” It seems to have no relation to structure, but only to topographic form, and while the long slope of a wold, or dip slope, is a cuesta, a cuesta is not always a dip slope. The word has been applied by Davis to many of the dip slopes of wolds in the United States, and has been extended by him to include the whole topographic form, with the remark that while there may be objection to this use of the word it will, until a better name is suggested, serve a useful purpose. Cuesta should doubtless be restricted to its original usage, and apply only to the gently sloping plain. A name for the shorter slope or inface can likewise be ob- tained in the same region in the com- panion terms to cuesta of ceja and ba-° jada, the first referring to an escarp-— ment and the second to “a gradually descending slope as distinguished from a more vertical escarpment.”’/ Bajada would then be applied where there is no escarpment or where the escarp- ment feature was an insignificant por- tion of the whole slope; while ceja’ would be applied where the scarp Sartantic City forms the major part of the bound- 4 : ary between two successive cuestas gy (fig. 7). \ ? . : WOLDS AND VALES. > Fic. 8.—Sketch map showing locations of sections shown on In the coastal plain of New Jersey Pl. V. there is a well-marked vale and wold (Pl. V) and a less perfectly developed pair. The innermost vale may be traced more or less continuously from the Potomac River near Washington to northern Long Island, and perhaps to southeastern Massachusetts; in it are found Long Island Sora and the northeast and southwest portions on the Delaware, Susquehanna, and Potomac rivers. Through New Jersey it is particularly well marked, and may be named the Hightstown Vale, from Hightstown, in Mercer County, where it is typically developed (Pls. II and V, C). . Coastward of the Hightstown Vale and overlooking it is a range of rolling hills, highest to the northeast at Beacon Hilland Telegraph Hill, N.J., and Mannetto Hills, @ Harrison, W. Jerome, Naeecee of the counties of England, 1882, p.344. Geikie, James, Earth sculpture, 1898, p. 58, fig. 15. > Marr, John E., The scientific study of scenery, 1900, p. 117. c Geikie, James, Earth sculpture, 1898, pp. 65, 70, fig. 23. Woodward, Horace B., The geology of England and Wales, 1887, p. 599; The Jurassic rocks of Britain: Memoirs Geol. Survey of United Kingdom, vol. 4, 1894, p. 459; ibid., vol. 5, 1895, p..297. @ Hill, R. T., Description of topographic terms of Spanish America: Nat. Geog. Mag.,vol. 7, 1896, p. 295. € Davis, W. M., The drainage of cuestas: Proc. Geol. Assoc. London, vol. 16, 1899, pp. 76, 77. f Nat. Geog. Mag., vol. 7, 1896, p. 297. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. V & > c as} oz z co © c= 2s Es > > = ssh x= = c Eo] x= 3 < ° oe te o oS = os a 2 Cc = OU —_ c= c = = Z0c Se fe i) & a es o eae = Cr_& o2% Long = = a a Qe oO = o pale G5 Oe ees = 2 5 = ——— =e = = 23 sts i YS —Ssaa : So A LS = 2 Beacon Hill 7) Watchung Mountains New Brunswick Asbury Park fe) a = c a = = = > = FS = o > ea = = 3! 2 i ovo 3 = Cre z a) oly © = —_ oS S a ao c Cretaceous: SCENE —| c 5 ae 3 2 2 °o 2 c = mh me = 3 2 2 6 =c aS —_ &j +s Fe . is] = 3 o 25 E+ 5 = = = oc a fe} — 2! (Cie eae sS = 5 ° = 8 E ° ‘S) = = a re 2= D == = — : = MIOCEN’ D retaceou == 5 a3 & = c o~ & 3 & 2 2 2 i) EES) S354 o ® Sie ans 2s Se eae EE ay ie Chee ee vane Si 2 = 4 a S38 = S) = | Schist ss ‘Gretaceou NiGane E ares =| a vo > z s\ § 5 DY 3 3 = o 8 Zo Cre ee = 3 3% \f 2 e See) ae tS CAS eae o 8g = a : Schist Sa i ¥ F retaceous == Miocene ——<—$<=_— Se ll § 2 22 o _— os o 2= a= > 2 os co => <2 = = ee a Horizontal _ Scales . Vertical 543210 5 10 miles 1000 500 0 1000 2000 3000 feet bt eS ee eS ee COMPARATIVE CROSS SECTIONS OF LONG ISLAND AND NEW JERSEY ALONG LINES SHOWN IN FIGURE 8, SHOWING RELATIONS OF THE TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES. By A. C. Veatch, 1904. Dotted portion of sections A-A and B-B represents Pleistocene deposits. Broken line marked Cr. shows pre-Cretaceous peneplain. 17116—No. 44—06—3 nts eee wee Fie 8 4 de ak va; Wi diesen 2 hin, the naa thins ye 25), a 7 , i ¥ \ ri 2 , i : 7) TERTIARY PERIOD 31 Long Island, but gradually becoming lower and of less importance topographically to the south. This range of hills is typically developed at Perrineville, in Monmouth County, N. J., 5 or 6 miles east of Hightstown, and is, therefore, named the Perrine- ville Wold. Both the Hightstown Vale and Perrineville Wold have been produced by the differential erosion of Cretaceous strata. Of the minor and but partly devel- oped vale and wold to the east of the Perrineville Wold little need be said at this time, except to point out their general resemblance to the major topographic features of this type. DEFLECTION OF RIVERS IN HIGHTSTOWN VALE. In studying the abnormal deflection of the rivers in the Hightstown Vale it is nec- essary to commence with the uplift which marked the beginning of the post-Miocene erosion cycle. At that time the streams issuing from the valleys of the older land followed the retreating sea directly across the emerging coastal plain and adapted themselves to its minor irregularities and gentle slope (Pl. VI, A). During this period, in the region north of Virginia, the streams near the landward edge of the Miocene rocks cut through the Miocene and reached the Cretaceous. The soft basal Cretaceous rocks were more easily eroded than the overlying ones, and a shallow vale, - overlooked by a low, northwest-facing wold broken by the transverse or dip valleys of the main streams, was developed parallel to the old shore line. This ancestral Hights- town Vale and Perrineville Wold was farther inland than to-day and, though not prominent, was doubtless well marked. In the succeeding Lafayette submergence a mantle of littoral sediments was spread over the coastal plain. The narrow transverse valleys through the wold (fig. 5) were more nearly obliterated by this mantle than the broad vale, and when the land was again elevated the ancestral Connecticut, Delaware, Susquehanna, and ‘Potomac rivers discharged into a slightly depressed trough. Had there been no tilting in either direction in this uplift these rivers would have overflowed the barrier afforded by the wold and the more or less completely filled, narrow, trans- verse valleys and cut new channels directly to the sea; but if there was tilting in either direction the rivers would have flowed down the vale in direction of the tilting and finally escaped seaward through the partly filled depressions of lower transverse stream valleys. As these streams were favored by softer strata and by greater volumes, they maintained their ascendancy over the smaller streams which developed east of the crest of the Perrineville Wold, and so persisted in their deflected courses (Cee ALS 75) . In much of Virginia and North Carolina where the more recent deposits overlying these Cretaceous beds have not been removed, no such deflection of the rivers occurs; but in Alabama where this mantle is no longer present the Coosa is deflected into an east-west course at the point where it leaves the older land; farther north the Ten- nessee is deflected under conditions very similar to those on the North Atlantic coast. Two other explanations have been offered for this deflection, the first by McGee,’ and the second by Darton.’ In the first the deflection is attributed to faulting and in the second to the action of coastal bars. In the first case it must be regarded as a a McGee, W J, The geology of the head of Chesapeake Bay: Seventh Ann. Rept. U.S. Geol. Survey, 1888, pp. 616-634. > Darton, N. H., Jour. geol., vol. 2, 1894, p. 581; also Newsom, J. F., The effect of sea barriers upon ultimate drainage: Jour, Geol., vol. 7, 1899, pp. 445-451. 32 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. very strange coincidence that a fault should follow the curved line of strike of the’ Cretaceous when this is not parallel to the mountain chains and produce a valley just where a vale should be produced by differential erosion. Moreover, the rock surface beneath the plain and the remnants of the old surface preserved in the crests or flat tops of the hills through New Jersey show no break such as would have been pro- duced by a fault. Darton’s explanation was proposed when further field work had proved the non- existence of this hypothetical fault, and was based on the prevailing southward drift of the sands of the Atlantic coast. This is assumed to have prevailed since early Cretaceous time, and to have produced the ultimate deflection of the rivers by build- ing spits or bars along the shores. There are two objections to this hypothesis: (1) it does not explain why the deflection is confined to the outcrop of the soft layers of the Cretaceous—why it does not extend continuously southward through the coastal plain, but reappears when the Cretaceous is again exposed; (2) all the coastal bars now prea i? 1° 78° aw Fic. 9.—Comparative maps showing deflection of streams in the Hightstown Vale and the deflection which would be pro- duced by the large Texas bars if the land were elevated. forming are cut by important breaks, or tidal guts, and while these might, if the land were elevated, produce minor deflections under certain favorable conditions, they could not cause deflections of this magnitude, and the deflections would not have the same uniformity in direction. The long Texas bars offer, perhaps, the closest analogy to hypothetical bars necessary for the diversion of these northern rivers, both in the length of the bars and the size of the rivers discharging into the coastal lagoon behind them. However, careful study of the Coast Survey charts shows that where the rivers are carrying a moderate amount of sediment, as the Brazos and the Rio Grande, they have extended their mouths to the coastal barrier, and that where they are not so laden there is always a deep channel or tidal gut im the bar so situated that the deflection on elevation would be comparatively small. The comparatively insig- nificant effect that these bars would have in case the land were elevated is shown in fig. 9. Rivers may be deflected, as in the case of the Colorado, but it is regarded as .extremely improbable that they could be deflected to the extent and with the regu- larity of the rivers in the Hightstown Vale. ; { = (C) POST-MANNETO EROSION INTERVAL ; , DEVELOPMENT OF MAJOR DRAINAG ates eer i ae SS BY A: coke x Ce cone, a: PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO.44 _ PL.VI Present drainage an Ss = fo Soundings in feet below present sea level ¢ J Xxew tor Do ae <3 ek : 2 er os ia, Aw f / rae 4 DD. q a I oo 4 ) ‘ y oS, Baltin Q a te 0 we LOSE PNA be Yep ree s Cid “Ween, ALY, Vi eee SN! ee, / | at N SJ f SS p AN (D) VINEYARD EROSION INTERVAL F NORTH ATLANTIC COASTAL PLAIN ATCH. 300 miles 1 ne ees — QUATERNARY DEPOSITS. ao QUATERNARY. While during the Cretaceous and Tertiary the portion of the Atlantic coastal plain between Cape Hatteras and Nantucket was subjected to very nearly the same conditions and the development was therefore the same in both periods, in the Quaternary new factors arose which affected only the region from Long Island east- ward, and gave to it a surficial aspect differing decidedly from that of the other portions of the coastal plain to the south. Although the several ice advances directly affected Long Island and the region eastward, none of them reached the coastal plain of New Jersey and Maryland, and here the only records of Pleistocene time are therefore the terraces formed in such positions that they were not destroyed by subsequent submergences. In the region affected by the glaciers the following aiBiOER of the Pleistocene have been recognized: TaBeE II.—Pleistocene formations on Long Island. Division. Characterization. Wisconsin stagesiaee < chaeclG Sane FONG 2 3 Te . |\(Glacial: Formation of two lines of terminal moraines, with ate: Blarbor Jail Morente accompanying outwash and kettle plains. Early: Ronkonkoma Moraine. Wineyandanitervalle same ssie eee aoe Interglacial: Elevation of land 150 to 200 feet above the present sea lev el, and profound erosion of Tisbury. Misbumysstacenn ee sete eee area cle Glacial: Depression 200 to 250 feet below sea level, and forma- : tion of great deposit of outwash sand and gravel. Gardiner interval............-.-.-..-----.-| Interglacial: Land somewhat lower than to-day; erosion of folds produced by the Gay Head folding. Gavahlesdetoldingss shes 5 s-eee ee ee== oe Glacial: Folding of surficial portions of all older formations. Sankaty stage......_._............-.-.---| Interglacial: Formation of clay and sand beds with land slightly above the present sea level. BITTE COPS UAC CMR ae tet Pre is SSA al el Glacial: Partial fillmg of Sound Valley in western Long Island, and deposition of gr ravel with lar ge bowlders on Gardiners and New England islands. Post-Mannetto and pre-Jameco erosion ..... .| Interglacial: A long erosion period, with land about 300 feet above the present sea level. JMannettonstace deere renee thes S20. 2 ook Glacial: Depression of 300 feet; deposition of old gravel in West and Wheatley hills. MANNETTO GRAVEL. CONDITIONS OF DEPOSITION. Following the long post-Lafayette erosion epoch, when the drainage was approxi- mately as shown in Pl. VI, B, the land was submerged to a depth of about 300 feet at Long Island, and a mantle of gravel and loam spread over the irregular surface developed during the Tertiary. 34 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. CHARACTER OF DEPOSITS. In this region these deposits are for the most part composed of quartz gravel, but contain also some very much decayed pebbles and bowlders of probable glacial origin, in which respect they agree with: the earliest: Pleistocene deposits which Salisbury has recognized in New Jersey. PRESENT DISTRIBUTION. Because of the destructive and reconstructive effects of the succeeding periods the deposits of this age are now recognizable, as a rule, only in the higher levels, and - the typical examples on Long Island are, therefore, on the highest hills of the pre- Pleistocene, as in the Mannetto.(West) aad Wheatley hills, from the first of which the formation “has been named. POST-MANNETTO AND PRE-JAMECO INTERVAL. Following the deposition of the Mannetto gravel the land was again lifted, this’ time to a height of something of over 250 feet, and the work of the preceding erosion epochs was continued. The Mannetto deposi were toa large extent removed and the valleys somewhat deepened. JAMECO GRAVEL. CONDITIONS OF DEPOSITION. The ice sheet, again advancing, appears to have about reached the present north shore of Long Island, and to have extended well down toward Block Island and Marthas Vineyard. On be S a western Long Island the = S 8 S es § Sound River Valley. (Pl. VI) = a5 Ble Swe S885 Secs ae es offered a natural outlet for 322 8 3 8 85258255 202 2 es eee == =a ; 0 issuing from the ice front, _—- a ; a and as the land probably |e 300 Stood somewhat lower than ‘soo in the preceding. erosion as 5 5 4 °° ~=—s epoch, the old valley was 600 ft.- 6 3 artly filled with highl Fic. 10—Section from near Ridgeway, Brooklyn, to Valley Stream, showing po- Bp y Soul sition of (1) Wisconsin, (2) Tisbury, (3) Sankaty, (4) Jameco, (5) Cretaceous erratic sand and eravel (fig. beds, and the east side of the Sound River Valley. Figures correspond with 10) This glacial débris those used in Pl. XXIV and in Chapter IV. F was deposited along the north shore and in the region to the east, but not south of the nucleus of older upland. The deposits are then thickest in on near the old valley ;. they are poorly developed on the south shore east of this valley, but reappear in force on eastern Long Island and the islands to the east, where they have been brought up by folding. CHARACTER OF DEPOSITS. In western Long Island the Jameco gravels consist of dark-colored sands and gravels that vary considerably in coarseness and are distinguished by the small per- JAMECO GRAVEL. 3) 5 centage of quartz which they contain. Even the surface gravel, which represents the outwash when the ice was but a few miles to the north, contains a very much higher percentage of quartz; the only gravel beds on the island resem- bling these occur in the Wisconsin deposits in and north of the moraine. So pronounced was the gla- Fig. 11.—Section near middle of northeast shore of Gardiners Island, N. Y.; (0) black cial character of these old Cretaceous clay; (1) fine gray micaceous sand (Cretaceous); (2) Jameco gravel; grav els that when they (3) red clay (Sankaty); (4) silty sand (Sankaty); (5) Wisconsin till and outwash gravel. Height of section, 60 feet. were first examined it was thought they surely represented surface Wisconsin asi and that some careless clerk had inverted the tube and labeled it upside down;” but this theory became untenable as well record after well record was examined, and all, in certain regions, showed the following succession: Geologic succession in wells in western Long Island. 1. Quartz sand and gravel with a noticeable percentage of erratic material (Wisconsin). 2. Quartz sand, gray or yellow, with little if any material of recognizable glacial origin (Tisbury ). 3. Blue clay with wood (Sankaty ). 4. Dark, multicolored, highly erratic gravel (Jameco). East of this valley and the delta-like extension at its opening the only repre- . sentatives of this period are the normal coastal sands and gravels simi- lar to the beds above and below, and seldom separable from them. At Gardiners Island and on Marthas Vine- yard the percentage of fine, yellow, gravel is much greater, and the beds contain very large bowlders of compound quartz crystalline rocks, indicating the nearness of the ice. These beds, which are here brought up by folding, are likewise separated from the younger gravels by the clay deposits of the Sankaty (figs. 11, 12). Fic. 12.—Section on west side of hollow which afforded the section in fig. 11, about 200 feet farther west. The numerals indicate same beds as in fig. 11. PRESENT DISTRIBUTION. On the north shore the Jameco beds have been considerably eroded and dis- turbed and are not always readily separable from the succeeding deposits. Occa- sional remnants of considerable local importance as sources of water supply, how- ever, have been encountered, as indicated in the well records. On the south shore where the Jameco beds have not been eroded and are typically developed in the region of the old valley (fig. 10) they form one of the most important water horizons of the island. a4 The samples of the borings of the Brooklyn waterworks are preserved in the Municipal Building, Brooklyn, N. Y., in glass tubes representing miniature reproductions of the borings. 36 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG END, NEW YORK. SANKATY FORMATION. CONDITIONS OF DEPOSITION. The effect of the Jameco epoch was to partly fill the Sound Valley on western Long Island and to spread a relatively thin cover of gravel and sand over the areas not in the lee of the old land masses. With the continuance of the progressive subsidence, which appears to have begun near the close of the post-Mannetto erosion interval, the coarser beds of the Jameco were succeeded by finer sediments, and as the ice retreated, temperate water forms similar to those living to-day occupied the waters. The land stood about 50 feet higher than to-day, and there existed an ancestral Long Island rudely resembling the present island. The beds forming near its shore were predominantly swampy and in many ways similar to those accumulating on a minor scale at present. These swamp conditions gave place in deeper water to more truly marine ones, where marine forms were included, in greater or less numbers, in the sediments deposited. Citizens Water Co. (162) Queens Co. Water Co. (273) Jamaica (212, 213) B.W.W. No, 12 (291) Wards |. fl Hell Gate Hewlett (274) . th Citizens Water Co. (151) Horizontal scale ——<— 5 S> Wy Sankaty Jameco : : See — a Fic. 13.—Section from Wards Island to Barnum Telande showing fold at Rockaway Ridge (Hewlett), and the relations of the Sankaty, Jameco, Cretaceous, and “bed rock.’ Figures correspond to those used on Pl. XXIV and in Chapter IV CHARACTER OF DEPOSITS. These sediments therefore vary from truly swampy deposits on the one hand to relatively fine sands and clays, which show no trace of swamp origin, and which con- tain shallow-water mollusks on the other; thus on western Long Island, where the partly filled channel of the Sound Valley favors the formation of swamp deposits, there are irregular beds of dark-colored elay (figs. 10, 13), containing considerable lignite and lignitized wood, occasional lenticular beds of silty sand and gravel from 5 to 10 feet thick, and, toward the coast, a few marine shells. On the other hand, the beds of this age on Gardiners Island (figs. 14, 15), which have been brought up by folding, were formed farther from the shore, contain no lignitic material, and carry a good molluscan fauna. In general this formation is about 50 feet thick, pihoen some of the Brooklyn waterworks test borings show a thickness of 150 feet near the axis of the old valley. PRESENT DISTRIBUTION. The Sankaty deposits, like the Jameco, occur on the north shore merely as erosion remnants, more or less disturbed by folding, and associated with some- GAY HEAD FOLDING. 87 what similar Cretaceous deposits. They afford some of the local clay layers which are the retaining layers in some of the shallow north shore artesian wells (fig. 16). On the south shore these beds are most typically developed in the region of the old valley, where they form the retaining layer for the water in the Jameco gravels (fig. 13). East of Springfield they are less typical, although well developed at the Queens County Water Company’s plant and under Rockaway Ridge. Their presence is suggested by the silty clays overlying the artesian horizons at a number of the Brooklyn plants east of Millburn. GAY HEAD FOLDING. DESCRIPTION. The exact conditions immediately following the deposition of the Sankaty are not known, but there is no evidence indicating that the relative positions of Fic. 14.—Section at Tobacco Point, east side of Gardiner's Island, N. Y. 1, Cretaceous; 2, Jameco gravel; 3, red clay (San- katy); 4, fossil bed with bowlders (Sankaty). Height, 20 feet; length, 1,200--feet. Surface beds omitted. the land and sea were materially changed. The increasing sandiness of the upper part of the Sankaty on Gardiners Island suggests a slight change from the progress- ive subsidence which began in the post-Mannetto interval, but the hadeaeree a Ny change was not of a very great Rs \ order. The important and dis- we tinctive feature of this period is va the wonderful folding and disturb- a ance of the beds along the north shore of Long Island and the islands eastward. These folded and faulted strata can now best be seen at Gay Head on Marthas Vineyard (fig. 17)and on Gardiners Island (Ges 12.1415), At x Gay Head Woodworth has very carefully worked out a section showing a deformation of more than 200 feet and 2 wonderful Fia. 15.—Section near Cherry Hill Point, Gardiners Island, showing series of closely compacted folds location of fossil-bearing stratum. 1, Laminated red clay and sand; ond (Bulls) Oin\Sokiaans Cs 27 2 eee eran or aa the folds are as complicated as on Marthas Vineyard, and the opportunities for study even better. It is regarded as particularly unfortunate that time was not available in which to work out the detailed maps and sections, which are urgently needed at this locality. At present SS ——— - ae Wo Ss Fossil shell Sea level SS hee 38 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. it can only be stated that while the axes of a series of adjacent folds are generally parallel, they are not parallel to the axes of a series at no very great distance. Thus, near the center of the northeast shore a series of four folds was seen whose axes are N. 20° W., while a little farther east,-near Eastern Plain Point, the axis of three or four sharp overturned folds is almost due east and west. Ries observed a similar folded structure on Fishers Island, where excavation has shown that the folding does not extend downward over 20 or 30 feet.” On — Long Island, near Orient, Mather observed the same phenomena (fig. 18) and noted their superficial character. Some folding and disturbance of strata can be observed in nearly all of the outcrops of the older beds onthe northshore, among which should be noted particularly those near Lloyd Beach in Cold Spring Harbor, at the southern end of Center Island, and at Glen Cove and Sea Cliff. In these regions well borings have clearly shown that the folding is entirely superficial (Pl. II, fig. 16). CAUSE OF FOLDING. In studying the cause of this folding four principal points need to be considered : (1) As the folding involves glacial deposits, it is clearly Pleistocene; (2) it is essen- = ao N wo S$ 2 E = oS on Jones (542) (544) \\ Folded clays in clay pit Mac Kenzie (654) Sherman (556) Oyster Bay Harbor === Townsend Heirs = Hoyt (558) Sang nite. e Srey 80, Lloyd gravel 0 1 . 2 : 3 miles Fie. 16.—Cross section through Oyster Bay and Center Island, showing relations of clay and water-bearing horizons encoun- tered in the Oyster Bay wells to the Cretaceous clays and Lloyd gravel in the Center Island wells. tially superficial and, therefore, can not be of orogenic origin; (3) it occurs wholly in a glaciated region, other portions of the coastal plain showing no analogous phe- nomena; (4) the general direction, as well as the local irregularities of the folds, are such as would be expected fam | ice thrusts. To account for these folds three theories have been advanced: (1) That they are due to landslips;’ (2) that they were formed by mountain-building forces;” (3) that they were produced by the lateral shove of a continental ice sheet.’ It is well known that landshp or hill creep can produce local disturbances of considerable importance, and these phenomena may be observed to-day in all bluff sections or steep slopes in this region, particularly at the Broken Grounds or Ragged Gr ound n near Fresh Pond, north of Northport (Pl. VII). At these places, however, * a Bull. New York State Mus. No. 35, 1900, p. 603. b Geology of the First District, 1843, pp. 249, 259. ¢Mather, W. W., Report of the first district, 1843, p. 249. Dana, Manual of Geology, 1895, p. 1021. d Shaler, N. S., Sisaniin Ann. eit U.S. Geol. Survey, 1888, pp. 343-347; Bull. Geol Soe. Am., vol. 5, 1894, pp. 199-202; Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., vol. 6, 1895, p. 7. Dana, Manual of Geology, 1895, p. 934. - €Merrill, F. J. ne Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol. 35, 1886, pp. 228-229. Hollick, Arthur, Trans. New York Acad. Sci., vol. 13, 1894, p. 123; Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., vol. 6, 1895, pp. 5-7. Ries, Heinrich, Bull. New York State Museum, No. 35, 1900, p. 603. Jeling ‘4 puempyz Aq ydeisojoy4 “GNVIS! SNOT JO SYOHS HLYON ‘NOLONILNAH 3O LSVSHLYON ‘GNOd HS3Ys4 YVAN ‘GNNOYS GaD9Ve YO ‘SGNNOYD NAWOYs SHL LY NVSOO AG AOV4 45179 JO ONININYSGNA AVILUVd OL ANG SdITSGNVT WA “Td +b “ON YadVd IWNOISS350¥d ASZAYNS IWOIDONOASD “Ss “N GAY HEAD FOLDING. 39 the folding is essentially local, and presents neither the characteristics nor the magnitude of the occurrences at Gardiners Island, Block Island, and Marthas Vine- yard, where the materials have been forced up—not let down. Moreover, no analogous foldings occur in the southward extension of the coastal plain beyond the limits of ice action. The theory of orogenic origin is not only ruled out by the superficial char acter of the folding, but has other insurmountable objections. Fic. 17—Cross section at Gay Head, Marthas Vineyard. After Woodworth. A, Cretaceous; B, Miocene, with probably Pliocene; C, Jameco and Sankaty; D, thrust planes and faults. Surface morainal deposits omitted. Height, 120 feet; length, 1 mile The only hypothesis which explains all of the phenomena observed is that the folding was produced by the thrust or drag of a continental ice sheet. As the major portion of the folding occurred at one time, or in the same epoch, and T SUC aH ianuisangy colored Reddish brown clay, with some Stripes of sand 200 yds. south of Browns Point, 3/2 miles Sections, exposed by SRS SRST te sea near west of Oyster Point, Long Island, N.Y. Browns Point, Pettys Bight, Long Island, N.Y. hi Section exposed afterthe storm of 11th and 12th of October, 1836. 200 yds. south of Browns Point Long Island N.Y. Fie. 18.—Sections exposed at Browns Point after storm of October 11 and 12, 1836. After Mather, 1843. as later deposits show only minor disturbances, it is necessary to suppose that the conditions were more favorable during the Gay Head stage than during the Wis- consin stage, which is the only other advance which approached this one in extent. Among the conditions which may have been effective in producing this difference in results, the following may be enumerated: (1) The ice producing this folding extended farther south than any previous advance, and therefore was resisted by more of the original irregularities of the surface; (2) the clayey character of the strata against which it pressed was particularly favorable for the production and preservation of the folds, while before the Wisconsin all the older beds had been covered with a heavy mantle of Tisbury gravels which did not lend themselves so readily either to deformation, or the preservation of records of deformation. 40 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOUROCKS OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. In the two most noted examples of disturbance by glacial action in Kurope— the Norfolk Cliffs in Mngland, and the cliffs of the islands of Méen and Riigen” in Denmark and Germany—the conditions were yery similar to those in this region. The ice, coming from the harder, pre-Cretaceous rocks, passed across a depression, which may have been filled with water, and, impinging against the higher upper Cretaceous beds covered with glacial sands and clays of a former advance, produced very remarkable dislocations and contortions. The Cretaceous chalk, being more brittle than the Cretaceous clays of the coast of the United States, was more often broken, and great masses were pushed up bodily and commingled with the glacial - beds. : ry : ! Pe } \ : : The same suggestions of origin have been proposed for these Huropean. ice- made folds and faults, with the addition, in England, of an iceberg hypothesis. This theory, first proposed by Lyell,’ was widely adopted in England, and it was not until the extended, careful work of Reid that it was shown to be untenable. GARDINER INTERVAL, After the Gay Head folding the tops of the folds were truncated. While this truncation might be produced by the overriding of the ice, the exposures on Gardiners Island show no evidence that it was accomplished in this manner. The truncation is clean, not dragged as it would be if it had been produced by ice, and bears all the aspects of having been produced by water erosion. Woodworth has arrived at a similar conclusion from a study of the exposures on the New Mngland islands, and feels that a considerable erosion period is indicated.“ The truncation, as was first observed by Mr, -[sainh Bowman, is more nearly that which would be produced on a slowly subsiding coast by wave action than that caused by stream erosion at a high level, Of-course, very long-continued erosion would eventually produce a base-level condition, but the decapitation of the folds on such limited areas as Gardiner, Block, and Nantucket islands, and Marthas Vineyard, under such favorable conditions as must have existed there, would be much more quickly and normally accomplished by wave action than by run-off.” It is therefore felt, that the land during this erosion interval, instead of standing higher than to-day, was 50 to 100 feet lower, As the name Gay Head belongs more properly to the folding’ than to the erosion interval which followed, the name Gardiner interval is suggested for the latter, from Gardiners Island, where the truncated folds can be well observed. “Johnstrap, @, Ubordio Lagerungsverhiltnisse und dio Hebungsphiinomene in die Kroidefelson aut Méon und Rigen: Zoitschritt Doutachon Geol, Gosell,, Band 26, 1874, pp. 588-585. Reid, Clement, The glacial deposits of Cromer: Geol. Mag., new sorios, vol. 7, 1880, pp, 65-66, 288-280; he poology of the country around Cromer: Memoirs Geol, Survey England and Wales, 1882. Geilkie, James, Nhe Groat Tee Age, 1804, pp, B80-B41, 4262480, » Lyoll, Charloa, On the bowlder formation or drift and the associated fresh-water deposits composing the mud clits of eastern Norfolk, London, and Bdinburg: Phil, Mag,, vol, 16, 8d ser,, 1840, p, 879, ¢ Bull, Gool, Soe, Am,, vol, 8, 1807, pp, 207-211, Soo reforonces to destruction of Huropean coast by wave action in Lyell, Principles of geology, vol. 1, 1872, pp, 507-564; Goikie, Poxt-book of geology, vol, 1, 1908, pp, 571-6038; also Chamberlain and Salisbury, Geology, 1904, pp. 826-3381; Shaler, Sea and land, pp, 1-30; Marr, Physical goography, pp, 882-333, eSeventoonth Ann, Rept, U.S, Geol, Survey, pt. 1, 1806, ‘tablo faeing p. ORS, PSeo usage of Cay Woad dinstrophe,” by Woodworth, Bull, Geol, Soc. Am., vol. 8 1897, pp. 207-210. Professor Woodworth writes, Decembor 5, 1904; ‘Tn regard to the use of the phrase Quay Head folding’ or its synonym,‘ Gay Head diastropho” Lagreo with you that it is dositable to restriet tb to the mere tact of the episode of tho dislocation and to free it from the idea of erosion which followed the time of folding, 14 was an oversight on my part in not specifically abandon- ing the oartior term of the “Gay Mead interval,” which covered the whole quostion of the unconformity.” U. S, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO, 44 PL. VIN HORIZONTALLY STRATIFIED TISBURY (MANHASSET) SAND AND GRAVEL BEDS, WITH INCLUDED LAYER OF BOWLDER CLAY (DARK-COLORED BAND), MANHASSET BOWLDER BED, KING'S SANDPIT, HEMPSTEAD HARBOR, N,. Y. TISBURY GRAVEL. 4] TISBURY (MANHASSET) GRAVEL. CONDITIONS OF DEPOSITION. The subsidence that began near the close of the post-Mannetto erosion interval, and gradually increased during the Jameco, the Sankaty, the Gay Head, and the Gardiner culminated in the Tisbury epoch, with a total depression of 200 to 250 feet below the present sea level. The ice again advancing passed beyond the continental border and deposited great beds of outwash gravel in the border of the sea and around the higher parts of Long Island, then a group of rather small islands. As these deposits were perhaps laid down to agreat extent by a retreating ice sheet, it is possible that the ice extended south of the Sound and that the gravel capping the Half Hollow Hills south of the Wisconsin deposits, and lapping around the southern edge of the West Hills was deposited in this earlier greater advance. The greater portion, however, was formed when the ice was but a short distance north of the present shore, the northern edge of these deposits terminating along this line in the rather abrupt scarp of a sand plain. The deposition took place very near sea level, and at times the submergence was sufficient to allow floating ice. Such conditions are thought to have controlled the formation of the bowlder bed in the midst of the stratified gravels in the region about Hempstead Harbor and caused the irregular distribution of bowlders through beds of the same age on Marthas Vineyard. (See Pl. VIII.) CHARACTER OF DEPOSITS. The deposits of this epoch consist of quartz sand and gravel, containing a relatively small proportion of slightly weathered compound crystalline pebbles. They lie horizontally on the truncated folds produced by the Gay Head folding and Gardiner erosion and are separated from the Wisconsin deposits by a marked unconformity. On Long Island they differ from the Jameco in the small amount of erratic material which they contain and from the still older Mannetto in the very slight weathering of the compound pebbles. These lithological distinctions can not, however, be regarded as absolute, and confirmatory stratigraphic evidence must be sought in all cases. PRESENT DISTRIBUTION. Woodworth has shown that on the north shore of Long Island the Tisbury sands were deposited as a comparatively level, plateau-like plain, reaching a height of over 200 feet. In this region the beds are most characteristically developed and attain a maximum thickness of 150 to 250 feet. Deposits are commonly thinner near the axes of the peninsulas and thicken toward the valleys, as would be expected from their deposition over an antecedent topography. The surface exposures show that. the Wisconsin is relatively thin, and while there is always a chance of correlating some Mannetto or Cretaceous with this gravel, or of including stratified sand and gravel of Wisconsin age, the following table may be regarded as giving a fair approximation of the thickness of these beds in this region. 42 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Taste IIl.—Thickness of late Pleistocene deposits in wells on the north shore of Long Island. . No« Location. , eoen ee | Tisbury. 151 | Corona qo 225 22g sees See oe Ce a Ce eer ae 190 U 90+ 239) |) Wihitestone=== sae =e ae ee ree ea Roda esse S85 95 25-5 | 2 241 | -282 ca eink pati nee Mer Rene as Gaate gu SAeeRekode 120 15 45 246. | Feliy Pourn tic sore pe es we eee ee 104 12 44+. 2AT |=22 2: OO ho Mee ee ise on Site SNe ee eee pes ae pein ene 67 30 362. 326) Lhonastonhe=-— eae eee feel AUS Sete ee cso eee 79 27 14 457. Glen Coves« sa =the 20s ee ae eae pee BE ere eae 186 9+). 149 459 |___.- RUMEN amdy UL c Su Ws Jeol lal oo 170)) 5 Ate Ye a tcis 460 ...-- DG. se: 5 22s Sse ietis DS eee ee ee Se 108 oe 90== 465.) DOSoris:...:s2 22a 2 ares oie eo es eee eS ee 215 6+ 100+ 476 | oattingtown2-— 2 Lasse eee ser Soe eee Dia hil s ono 265 7 100 ATi le eee Giese case Ee as yea Sel Me ge | 110 2 100= 484 _.... do.) £02 ele adhe Rees eS ee | 108 on 108 AS Di Serer Oise ses 28 Se Se ee ee ea 110 0 100 564 \ Mill Neck. © 2c. 055 Sa aie Sen ee a ee 330 2 100= 596 | Cold Sprins Harbors25- 25 222-2. se sees ee ee er 228 0 190 G03) aero doi sean eae Bie ees Sr eo 195 0 195+ (IBS| oes oe dO: . : Saba Lge anon ee Sele eoee Cee ae 176 14 86 624. | Huntington. = 5472. a2 ets Sr ea ae eee ee 181 80 75+ CWS)! ecioe dO. 22. ce: See Soe ee ee ee 498 10 78 G29h ease dO... yee see Se oe eS As aks URS 97 25 60. 633 | Tloyd: Point ss22222 6.) eee ee ee ee ee ee ee 250 (O— 95) 651! | Ebuntingtom <)°o 25 20.2 oe ee See ee ee ee ere 102 | 2 102 652 |... Oe. ee | 75 10. 70 654) (Genterporti. - 2552 here a =e eee eee eee eee coh bbe ES ou| cea eee 175 659 | Greenlawn :_. o. hese oe oe eee ee a eae | 186 0 D186 660 | Northport... 5. 8h 2iy4 Beis) gue aa a | 196 Ovuiens 2106 666.) Little NeGk-<\22. siese cee oe a oe [ABW alee eens - 130 667 |... 2do. 20s, eee ee sei eeta «Le 1274 683 | Kings Park «32. .5) oy tft ns AS | 152 4 152 686 | Fort Salonga... 2... 5: See eee ee ae eee | 120 U 115 687 |. dos So ere ae 2 nt Suocegetetal eC Mae area ein ert 106 a 106+ 720 | Smithtown: 225.5264 ee ere ae 212 0) 130 424.) Stony Brook. e255 Se aoe ete a ee et a 110 0 110 750: | St. Jamess.. 212.52: 2 GS rae eee oy 150 602 90 7 owen dO. 2. ee even gence ek eee ee 250 30 ¢ 2202 763 | Setauket—.. 2-54 e ee ee ee 320 0 85 811 | Port Jefferson: »:..-2.5 255 Sea ee ae ee eee 370 11? 270+ 825. | Wardenclyffe. -..22...)54- pee ee eee 347 2 135+ 892 | (Greenport. . 22 ...52.05 255 Se ee Oe ee ee 690 20 80 lj « These numbers correspond with those used in Chapter IV, where additional details will be found. » Outwash and Tisbury. : ¢ Glacial, may be in part older than Tisbury. a a VINEYARD INTERVAL. 43 On the south shore the thick beds of sand with only a slight percentage of glacial material, which occur between the Sankaty clay and the surface Wisconsin gravel, are regarded as largely Tisbury. VINEYARD INTERVAL.” CHARACTER OF SURFACE AT BEGINNING OF INTERVAL. On Long Island the Tisbury deposits to a large extent buried the older topography. They continued the filling of the Sound Valley across western Long Island, which was begun in the Jameco epoch, and buried the deep valleys which had been developed in the northern portion of Long Island by streams flowing into the Sound River. It does not seem probable that the deposits extended entirely across the Sound, as they would have done had they been normal marine deposits. MAJOR DRAINAGE.’ With the retreat of the ice and the elevation of the land the rivers from the mainland discharged into the depression overlooked by the sharp edge of the ereat Tisbury sand plain. The old channel across western Long Island having been com- pletely filled by these deposits, the Housa- tonic must have discharged either through East River or to the east. The latter direc- tion is indicated by the soundings in Long Island Sound.’ Dana has suggested that those soundings indicate that the river crossed the North Fluke near Mattituck. If such was its course, it probably continued south- fre. 19—Diagram illustrating factors giving spring ward, as indicated in PI. Wale D. There 1S, phenomena great power in reexcavating the north ; E shore valleys. however, no reason for regarding this course as any more probable than a continuation eastward to a juncture with the Con- necticut. The normal course for the Connecticut under these conditions would be between Plum and Fishers islands and Montauk Point and Block Island, and the present deep channel between these points is believed to be ultimately traceable to this cause. Moreover, the soundings of the Coast Survey show, at a depth which other considerations caused to be selected for the supposed shore line during this epoch, a distinct deltaform projection at the point where the Connecticut must have discharged (Pl. VI, D). REEXCAVATION OF THE NORTH SHORE VALLEYS. With the establishment of these new drainage lines the reexcavation of the valleys on the north shore began along lines determined by the position of the buried valleys of the northward-flowing streams of the pre-Tisbury epoch. This reexcavation was greatly aided by the great porosity of the materials filling the val- leys, which concentrated the underground waters in the older depressions and gave a Woodworth, Seventeenth Ann. Rept. U.S. Geol. Survey, pt. 1, 1896, p. 979. b Dana, Am. Jour. Sci., 3d series, vol. 40, 1890, pp. 426-431. 44 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. rise to large springs “ (fig. 19). According to this idea the deep reentrant valleys on the north shore represent only partly resurrected pre-Jameco valleys, whose upper portions are still partially buried and whose present heads represent the limit to which the Tisbury sand and gravel has been removed, with perhaps some minor modifications produced by the Wisconsin ice. LENGTH OF INTERVAL. The amount of erosion represented is many times greater than that accomp- - lished in post-Wisconsin time, though considerably less than that inferred to have been accomplished in the post-Mannetto or post-Lafayette. WISCONSIN EPOCH. CONDITIONS OF DEPOSITION. At the close of the long Vineyard erosion interval the ice again advanced, passed over the irregular remnants of the Tisbury beds, rounded out, but did not tile g ‘N\ 6 (YP Montauk Point i ND, ZG ° LEGEND G ey 5 V4) Covered with ice at the Ronkonkoma stage RA) Covered with ice at the Harbor Hill stage 74° . T72e 7Ale Sandy Hook Fic. 20.—Sketch map showing relative positions of the ice during the Ronkonkoma and Harbor Hill stages of the Wisconsin J period. greatly modify, the valleys redeveloped in the Vineyard interval, and extended southward to the remnants of the Perrineville Wold, page 31 (Pls. V and IX, A). As the Wisconsin deposits have not been greatly modified by erosion nor buried under nor commingled with younger deposits, the records of this ice advance are much more complete than those of the preceding periods. It is known that. the ice advanced to a line roughly extending from Long Island City to- Montauk Point, Block Island, Marthas Vineyard, and Nantucket (Ronkonkoma moraize, fi..20); that it then retreated and, the relative source of supply changing, advanced along a different line, passing the first advance in western Long Island, but not reaching it from Lake Success eastward (Harbor Hill moraine). The ice then retreated and the records of its minor halts have been found by Woodworth near Port Washington and College Point. 2 On the effect of springs, see Mather, W. W., Geology of the first district, 1843, p. 33; Stone, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, vol. 34, 1899, p. 19. » Woodworth, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., No. 48, 1901, pp. 641, 642. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. IX A, PORTION OF THE HARBOR HILL OUTWASH PLAIN OVER THE TISBURY TERRACE, SOUTH OF HUNTINGTON, N. Y. The West and Half Hollow hills in the distance mark the southern limit of the ice and represent a portion of the Perrinevi!le Wold with a slight morainal covering. B. BOWLDERY PORTION OF THE HARBOR HILL MORAINE NEAR CREEDMOOR, N. Y. WISCONSIN EPOCH. 45 CHARACTER OF DEPOSITS. The Wisconsin deposits on Long Island do not differ in any respect from those on the adjoining mainland, which have been fully described by Salisbury in his report on the glacial geology of New Jersey.‘ They show the same major divisions of till (unstratified drift or bowlder clay) and stratified drift, forming terminal moraines, till plains or ground moraines, outwash plains, kettle plains, deltas, etc. Terminal moraines (Pl. IX, B) represent more or less hilly accumu- lations formed at the end of an ice sheet during a halt; they are for the most part composed of till or unstratified material, but may ive some circumstances show considerable stratification, when they become known as kames. Deposits which are formed under the ice, or when the ice is moving at such a uniform rate that it does not form a hilly accumulation in well-defined belts, are called till plains or ground moraines. When the ice is melting rapidly the outflowing water carries off a great amount of detrital material, which is spread out as alluvial fans, and when many streams are concerned in this action the adjoining fans coalesce and - give rise to a comparatively level plain, called a sand or outwash plain, at the edge of which the more important fans produce a distinct lobate effect. If detached masses of ice are buried in this outwash plain, when the ice retreats these masses melt and produce a pitted or kettle plain. Deltas differ from sand plains in their more limited size and in the fact that they are formed in water by one major stream rather than by a great number of streams of about the same size. The materials composing these several types on Long Island are largely derived from the local beds, for the most part from the Tisbury, and it is therefore not ‘always possible to distinguish between the Tisbury and the reworked Tisbury belonging to the Wisconsin. The Wisconsin, however, as a rule contains a greater percentage of erratic material, shows decided morainic characteristics, and presents more or less pronounced topographic and stratigraphic distinctions. Thickness—The deposits of the Wisconsin, although widespread, are rela- tively thin. The till, which is regarded as its most characteristic deposit, has a thickness of 100 feet in places, and averages perhaps 10 to 20 feet. The extreme thinness of the Wisconsin can be well observed along the north shore, where the waves expose bluff sections. In the outwash plains the distinction is not so sharp, and considerable difficulty is experienced in drawing a line between the Tisbury and the Wisconsin outwash. If the more erratic portion of the plain is regarded as Wisconsin, the thickness of the deposits increases from only a few feet near Babylon to 192 feet at Ridgewood (fig. 10). In the following table the more noteworthy occurrences have been brought together. Additional data will be found in the table, page 118, and in the Berea well records, page 168. a Final Rept. State Geol. New Jersey, vol. 5, 1902. 17116—No. 44—06——4 46 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. TasLe 1V.—Thickness of Wisconsin deposits on Long Island. : Wisconsin. Pleistocene No.a | Location. (Recent to Tisbury. ‘ Remarks. | Mannetto). Till. Stratified gravel. 3 | Brooklyn (sewer tun- 90-- 80 QS Sea =e se ae nel) Sixty-fourth and Sixty-second streets. 23)» BrOoldiynie ses ee eee 135+ | 45 QOL TES on aes Stratified gravel may be in part | | Tisbury. AES akdow: eae esas | 90-++ 60 (Ora eee ee Do. LON lon ae ae S44 | - 18 (ENVIS Ee 44.]_..e. do 60+ 50) 2a RR wana soll 2 oe AG alee dons aL Aen 60+ 21 Bee Ieee Bae So dole ae 275 2 23 (Ot) seal eee eee Sand from 23-105. is 30 eae deus a ates 105+ ON alk a ee, Feel ee eas All sand. Wess 141 | Ridgewood.......--- Pe | (0) RODE ee a oe 137 | Spring Creek. ..-.-.-- 149 0 97+ 29 OOiuleamdeco ssa ean aa 160-4 0 Soar | as 196 | Springfield_._...-___- 180+ 0 25 53 162 | Woodside..._..._--- 138 ? 3825 (2) (2) 3200) dhomaston=e==== a= 42 27 (2) 15 369 | Manhasset Neck. __--- (2) 2G ge ye eee ulus rela a 36089) 5-5.-400-2: ae eee (2) ®) (@) eee SOE aBy/ || InOslylecescassses55- 100 0 (@) | WOOes 435 | Wheatley Hills_.-.--- 40 40 (2) (?) 2085-2 80 . 80 0 (2) 431 dence sae 149 106+ 0 152 | Were tents COVE eerie Rn Sake 90+ 90. Pe eee eras ays 751 | St. James. -...-.-.-. 250 Was |. saadcsc esses bsc ea few wells report till in this 750) aoe dio, agsteaie a icles 15026 |) > GOsainen (Chen oenSO== |) ategion. (GON Pseralketeae see 62 Sst GA aan cel ie ete | 765 | Port Jefferson.......- 504: 1) 20a eee | 30+ | 764 Gee ni I 20 818 | Middle Island........ 39-1 )h 0630) | eee aes fea caste 894 | East Marion..._.___- 50+ OS) UAE sheets | 12+ 884 | Shelter Island........ as Pome Noe tee oe a 90835 o dolaas.-4 eens 76 0G Sica at 46 «Numbers correspond to those used on Pl. XXIV and in Chapter IV, where additional data will be found. DEVELOPMENT OF TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES. The effect of the Wisconsin deposits on the topography of Long Island is almost everywhere visible. It is shown in the many local details, which in the aggregate are so pronounced that they cause one to lose sight of the fact that the major topo- craphic features are older and that the Wisconsin deposits have caused but surface - WISCONSIN DFPOSITS. Al - changes in the topography of the island. Even had there been no Wisconsin ice and no terminal moraine Long Island would have existed and would have been _ roughly similar to the island of to-day. The island would have had a “‘backbone”’ and would have shown pronounced cliffs on the north shore, but many of the steep hills rising about 50 feet above the surrounding country would have been absent, as would the many lakes in funnel-shaped depressions and the immense bowlders which add so much to the picturesqueness of certain areas. These effects have been produced largely by transportation and deposition, though some features are traceable to erosion and folding. Transportation and deposition.—The general effect of the Wisconsin epoch was to build up rather than to tear down. In some places it added materially to the relief, as in Brooklyn, which, without the moraine, would have been comparatively flat. In others, as in the West Hills, the older topography was so pronounced that it was not materially affected. The two lines of morainic hills, which have at times been regarded as the main skeleton of Long Island, are as a whole to be regarded as only surface deposits which are recognizable because of their peculiar minor topographic forms. Associated with these morainic hills are kettle-shaped depressions, now the sites of many lakes, representing the positions of buried ice blocks which melted when the ice retreated. These depressions contain water when they satisfy either one of two conditions: (1) When they are lined with relatively impervious strata, which prevents the rapid outward passage of the water falling in them or draining from the adjacent hills, as Lake Success; and (2) when a portion of the depression lies below the main water table (pp. 61-63). Inthe latter case the level of the water represents the main ground-water table, and the character of the sides is therefore immaterial. Lake Ronkonkoma is an exampie of this class. Erosion.—One of the most marked features of the southern plain are the dry stream channels slightly creasing it. These are now generally regarded as the work of glacial streams of late Wisconsin age. They are clearly not due to causes now in operation and contain streams only in their lower portions where the valleys cut the ground-water table. Folding.—The wrinkling of the beds on Long Island by the Wisconsin ice was slight compared with the Gay Head folding, from which, as a rule, it may be readily separated. The most evident wrinkle, and the one which is of greatest topographic importance, is a low ridge which extends from Far Rockaway to Lynbrook. On _ the one hand the Sankaty clay underlying it shows that it is a true fold (fig. 13), and on the other the coarse Tisbury gravel at the surface shows that the folding is post-Tisbury, for had a fold existed in Tisbury time this coarse gravel would have been deposited in the hollow rather than on the crest. The axis of this fold is, moreover, exactly parallel to the Wisconsin moraine to the north, all of which indicates that it is due to the weight of the Wisconsin ice. The Sankaty clay, with its underlying water-logged gravel, furnished the favorable conditions nec- essary for the production of a phenomenon of this sort. The accompanying depression of Jamaica Bay is but slightly connected with this folding. It represents for the most part a partly filled portion of the old Sound River depression. 48 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. POST-GLACIAL AND RECENT. After the retreat of the Wisconsin ice the land’ stood somewhat above its present elevation. The only evidence indicating that this elevation was very considerable is that afforded by the close botanical affinities between the plants found in the sand hills of New Jersey, Long Island, and the New England islands. Hollick believes that the only explanation of this distribution is that since the Glacial epoch a land connection, broken only by the channels of the Hudson and Connecticut rivers, existed for a sufficient period to allow the migration of these plants.“ This would involve an elevation of from 100 to 200 feet, and so recent an elevation should have left very pronounced channels on the sea bottom. Thus far no channels have been found which can be referred definitely to this epoch, and it is this lack of corroborative evidence that is the strongest argument against so high an elevation. There is, moreover, the natural question whether a land’ connection is really necessary to account for this distribution of the J pniegppuen flora.”’ Another line of evidence pointing to a higher elevation, thoue not ie “he total amount, is offered by the drowned forests along the aout shore and by the less conclusive though corroborative phenomena of barrier bars and receding sea cliffs. While buried vegetable deposits, barrier bars, and receding sea cliffs may, and often do, occur under conditions which do not indicate subsidence, the evi- dence at this point will bear no other interpretation.? The tree stumps are not driftwood, but are clearly in the places where they grew. The swamp deposits are being exposed on the beach as the barrier bars migrate inland. Indian shell heaps or ‘‘kitchen middens” are-found which are now covered at very high tide. Most. of these data are available in the bays and marshes along the south shore, where the conditions were particularly favorable for the preservation of records of this sort, but even here the subsidence recorded is scarcely greater than 30 feet. The work of Cook in New Jersey has led him to estimate the rate of subsid- ence at that point at about 2 feet per century, and a somewhat similar rate must affect Long Island. SUMMARY. GEOLOGIC HISTORY. Although Long Island is underlam by metamorphosed rocks which range from Archean to Silurian in age and which represent a long and complex history, its geologic history begins more properly with the Cretaceous deposits. At this time the warping of the old land surface permitted a northward trans- gression of the sea, into which the rejuvenated streams carried the residual material formed in the omecadting long period of erosion and weathering. In this region the basal Cretaceous beds are of the same age as the Raritan in New Jersey and -belong to the upper Cretaceous; above these are more nearly normal sands and sens 8 Creteceon: age, the whole series having an aggregate thickness of 1,300 a Hollick, pier, Plant distribution as a factor in the interpretation of geologic phenomena, with special reference to Long Island and vicinity. Trans. New York Acad. Sci., vol. 12, 1893, pp. 189-202. b Lewis, E., Pop. Sci. Monthly, vol. 10, 1877, pp. 434-439. ° GEOLOGIC HISTORY. 49 to 1,400 feet. ‘These beds are correlated with the New Jersey formations in part by paleontologic and in part by stratigraphic evidence. The great greensand marl beds which occur in the upper part of the Cretaceous in New Jersey are absent on Long Island, their place being taken by fine sands with local clay beds, indi- cating a considerable change in the local conditions of deposition. These beds form the substructure of the island and are responsible for its major topographic features, the Pleistocene beds only mantling the older deposits. During the greater part of the Hocene this part of the coastal plain was above water, but late in the Miocene it was again submerged and received a covering of the same beds which are now found along the New Jersey coast. On Long Island these beds have been almost entirely removed by erosion and are now recognized only in the top of the West Hills section. ‘This distribution is similar to that found in New Jersey, of which Long Island is but the normal geologic continuation; and unless there is a much greater discordance in structure between the Miocene and underlying beds than is now known, the Tertiary can not occur on the north shore of Long Island and will be found only as elevated outliers, ' with the possible exception of a portion of the South Fluke. After the early Pliocene erosion interval the Appomattox or Lafayette formation was spread as a littoral deposit over the coastal plain. Deposits of this age have not been recognized on Long Island, unless they are represented by the Mannetto, which is regarded as younger—probably Pleistocene. In the succeeding very long erosion interval the land stood higher than before and was more deeply eroded. The events of the early Pleistocene were very similar to those of the late Tertiary; the Mannetto, though containng compound crys- talline pebbles, which have caused it to be referred to the Pleistocene, is appar- ently a littoral deposit, similar to the Lafayette, and the succeeding long erosion period resembles to a great degree the late Pliocene (post-Lafayette) erosion inter- val. On Long Island the results would have been essentially the same, whether there was one submergence and one erosion or two submergences (Lafayette and Mannetto) and two erosion periods. All of the beds were profoundly eroded, and in the gradual subsidence following this uplift a continental glacier advanced well toward the north shore of Long Island, and the streams issuing from it deposited great beds of gravel (Jameco) in the old Sound River Valley across western Long Island and over eastern Long Island and the New England islands. As the ice retreated and the submergence continued beds of sands and clay (Sankaty) were deposited around the nuclei of older uplands. In this epoch the land stood about 50 feet higher than at present, and the climatic conditions, as indicated by marine fossils, were much the same as to-day. A very extensive and important deglacia- tion is, therefore, represented. With the return of the ice in the period of the Gay Head folding some of these older beds were overridden and a wonderful series of superficial folds produced which involve alike the pre-Cretaceous beds, the Jameco gravel, and the Sankaty clay. The tops of these folds in such exposed localities as Gardiners Island and the New England islands were then truncated by wave action, with the land about 100 feet below the present sea level. An estimate of the time involved in this 5O UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. wave cutting gives it a length of perhaps 40,000 years more than that which has elapsed since the Wisconsin. The progressive subsidence continued throughout the next glacial epoch, the Tisbury, when the land was about 200 feet below the present sea level. In this epoch great outwash gravel beds were deposited horizontally on the truncated folds of the older deposits and around the islands of the older land. In the Vineyard interval, when the Tisbury glacier had retreated, the lands stood perhaps 200 feet higher than to-day, and the older valleys were partially reexcavated. The erosion of this epoch, although very great when compared with that; which has occurred in post-Wisconsin time, is very small when compared with that of the post-Mannetto or the post- Thafayette, After this period of erosion and high elevation the Wisconsin glacier approached Long Island, and after an initial adyenpe. when the ice reached a line extending from Long Island through Montauk Point to Block Island, Marthas Vineyard, and Nantucket, the ice retreated and returned again with the relative position of the ice front somewhat altered. In this readvance it passed the limit reached by the first advance in western Long Island, but did not reach so far south to. the east (fig. 20). In the comparatively short time which has elapsed since the retreat of the Wisconsin ice the changes have been almost entirely those produced by wind and wave action along exposed shores. The relative position of the land and sea uadoubtedly changed on the retreat of the ice, and while, according to certain peculiarities of the distribution of the flora, this change may have amounted to as much as 100 or 200 feet, there is no corroborative evidence of so high an elevation. TOPOGRAPHIC HISTORY. While the Atlantic coastal plain, of which Long Island forms a part, was subjected to some erosion during the Eocene, the elevation was either so slight that it left no pronounced record or the interval was so long that the country was essentially peneplained, and the beginnings of the present topography were not made until the post-Miocene uplift, when the streams emerging from the older land flowed directly across the coastal plain (Pl. VI, A). As the erosion progressed the thinner portions of the Miocene deposits near the Cretaceous con- tact were cut through, and the topography developed in this section began to show the effect of the differences in the hardness of the underlying strata. A low, longitudinal valley, or vale, was developed from the softer basal Cretaceous layers, and a belt of hill land, or wold, cut by the narrow transverse valleys of the coast- flowing streams, was formed from the overlying harder ones. To the south of Washington, where the cover of Miocene sediments was greater, the underlying Cretaceous was not reached, and the topography showed no distinctive features. In the Lafayette submergence, which followed, a littoral deposit was spread over ‘the coastal plain, mantling the low topography developed in the post-Miocene. The narrow transverse valleys were obliterated more completely than the broad vale, and when the land was again elevated the rivers discharged into a longi- tudinal trough. Had there been no deflection the streams must have cut new - TOPOGRAPHIC HISTORY. bil channels through the barriers afforded by this ancestral Perrineville Wold (see p. 31) and by the more or less filled channels through it, but as there was a tilting to the south the rivers flowed down the partly filled Hightstown Vale until they found a partly filled break of a lower stream through which they could turn seaward. As the land rose higher and higher these streams trenched deeper and deeper, and at the end of the long late Pliocene (post-Lafayette) erosion interval the present topographic features of the coastal plain were well developed (Pl. VI, B). The Hightstown Vale was strongly marked, being more pronounced on the north than on the south, owing to the greater thickness of the Miocene deposits in the southern region. In it were found the northeast-southwest portions of the Potomac, Sus- quehanna, Delaware, and Sound rivers. Seaward of this vale was the range of hills now recognized as the Perrimeville Wold, considerably dissected, but essentially continuous from southern New England to Virginia. The breaks in this range were of two kinds—those due to the present channels of the rivers where they turned seaward from the Hightstown Vale, and those possibly representing coast- ward channels of these streams in pre-Lafayette times before their deflection, which have persisted because of this slight initial advantage. Of such an ultimate origin may be the depression in the Perrineville Wold across New Jersey along Rancocas and Mullica rivers, and in Delaware and Maryland between Delaware and Susquehanna rivers. As the subsidence which followed the late Pliocene (post-Lafayette) uplift progressed the Hightstown Vale became a coastal sound and the Perrineville Wold developed into a chain of islands. One of these was the first Long Island, and while it was somewhat different in shape from the present island, it showed many points of similarity. It was from this nucleus that the present island was developed. In the Jameco, Sankaty, Gardiner, and Tisbury epochs the portion of the Sound Valley crossing western Long Island was largely filled, some of the beds were profoundly folded, the position of some of the more prominent points of the archipelago to the eastward changed, and a great deposit of gravel was laid down about the older nuclei. When the land was again elevated, Long Island showed more nearly its present outline. The Tisbury had filled in and rounded out the older topography and made a body of land somewhat larger than that of to-day, with a northward-facing scarp not far from the present bluff line. The short, deep valleys running northward from the crest of the wold were buried, and there were, therefore, no deep, reentrant bays or valleys such as now char- acterize this shore. The Connecticut, no longer able to discharge westward, cut a new channel directly seaward between Fishers and Plum islands on the one side and Block Island and Montauk Point on the other. The Housatonic probably flowed eastward and joined the Connecticut near Fishers Island. As the elevation continued the excavation of valleys in the Tisbury began along lines determined by the preexisting valleys, in which, because of the differ- ence in the porosity of the Tisbury gravel and the Cretaceous sands, the under- eround waters were concentrated. It is to this excavation, in which springs played a large part, that the present shape of the north shore valleys is in a large measure due. 52 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. After this period of elevation the ice again advanced, and, by means of its rela- tively thin superficial deposits gave to Long Island its present glacial topography. The moraines were deposited without regard to previous topography, and therefore filled the Sound River Valley in Brooklyn, and to the east covered the older hills, giving rise to the erroneous correlation of the whole hill mass as moraine. In the outwash deposits accompanying these moraines, as well as in the moraines them- selves, masses of ice were buried which, on the final retreat of the glacier, melted, and produced the many picturesque kettle holes which now dot the island. The channels across the southern plain were also produced at this time, and the shape of the north shore valleys was probably slightly modified. The changes since the retreat of the ice have been relatively slight and largely restricted to the shores; the waves have worn back the headlands, and the winds and tidal currents have _ carried this débris along the shore to form bars and spits, sometimes long, with but — one end fixed, as the great barrier bar which extends from Montauk Point to Fire Island, sometimes fixed at both ends, as the bars which connect the former islands of Lloyd Neck, Eaton Neck, and Center Island, with the mainland. Behind these bars marshes have formed which, with the silt brought down by the streams, have been struggling to reclaim such areas from the sea. Along the beaches and in the areas laid bare of vegetation by man, or forest fires, the winds have taken up the loose sands and piled them into dunes. ‘yayjng ‘4 prempy Ag ydessojoyy ‘aul| aioys au} Ul aduUeYS }UADA/ e $o UO!eI}sN||! UY ‘ONV1SI SNOT ‘YOSYVH NMOLHLIWS OL SONVYLNS LV LidS GNVS GSYOOH X Id +b “ON YSadVd IWNOISS34I0¥d ; AZAYNS TVOINO1IORS *S “N Can wed Boe Ll UNDERGROUND WATER CONDITIONS OF LONG ISLAND. By A. C. Vratcu. GENERAL PRINCIPLES. SOURCE OF UNDERGROUND WATER. The water that falls on the land in part flows off on the surface and in part sinks into the ground. In both cases a portion is returned to the atmosphere by evaporation, and another portion is consumed by living organisms and in chemical work. The water which flows on the surface is called the run-off, though this term is used to include also the water which returns to the surface after a greater or less underground passage. The water which sinks into the ground through the interstices of the soil or rock, and furnishes the supply for springs and wells and in some cases for ponds and lakes, is called the ground water. TRANSMISSION. The “channels”’ through which this underground water moves are, with rare exceptions, the small spaces between the particles of which the rock is composed, as the sand of a sand bed or sandstone, or the gravel of a gravel bed or conglom- erate; therefore, the coarser or more porous the bed the greater its water-carrying power. Water that travels through breaks in the rocks such as joint planes or fractures is rarely of very considerable economic importance and never, except in the case of limestones in which caverns have been developed, forms an under- ground stream in the usual sense. In the study of underground water it is therefore necessary at the outset to abandon the idea of underground streams resembling surface streams, and to conceive of the water as passing through the very small interstices of sand or gravel or other porous bed, rather than in great open channels or conduits. The motion of underground water, like that of surface water, depends entirely on gravitation, and the rate of motion—or rapidity of flow—depends on two prin- cipal factors—slope and resistance. Surface waters are entirely unrestricted in one direction and their channels therefore readily adjust themselves to any amount of water, the only resistance being that of the bed and banks; underground waters, on the other hand, are carried in a ‘‘channel’’ composed of an infinite number of small openings, each of which offers a resistance that varies inversely as its size, the 53 54 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. whole resistance being in a way the sum total of these separate resistances. It therefore happens that while surface water commonly moves at the. rate of a few miles a day underground water moves at the rate of only a few feet. GROUND-WATER TABLE. The upper surface of the beds saturated by this percolating water is called the ground-water table. Its depth from the surface of the ground varies with — the character of the beds, whether relatively porous or impermeable; with the rain- fall, whether heavy or light, and with the relief of the country. In regions of low rainfall and low relief the water table is very deep seated Fic. 21.—Diagram showing ground-water table unaffected by suriace ae Fe SS 4 features. and relatively horizontal (fig. | 21). In regions of greater rainfall and greater relief it is relatively near the surface, and may be directly affected by the topography. If the valleys cut the water table the ground water moves toward the valley, producing springs (fig. 22). REQUISITE CONDITIONS FOR FLOWING WELLS. Underground water in passing downward may go beneath a relatively imper- vious layer which tends to confine it and produce a hydraulic head. In this respect underground waters differ from . surface waters, which ‘are al- ways free on one side and can not, except where artificially confined, as by closed flumes, S produce analogous phenom- SS ena. This ‘natural confine- ment of the ground water causes water in wells to stand above the porous layer in which it is encountered, and is of vast economic importance, especially in arid regions where the water is very deep seated and has been transferred from a region of more bountiful rainfall. , , In order that a well may flow, it is necessary that the following conditions be satisfied : 1. There should be sufficient rainfall. tie is 2. There should be relatively porous beds suitably exposed to collect and transmit the water. 2. There should be less porous or relatively impervious layers so placed that they may confine the water collected. 4. The level of the ground water at the source should be at a sufficient height about the mouth of the well to compensate for the-loss of head due to resistance and leakage. - i Q\ See XQ Springs Fic. 22.—Diagram showing ground-water table cut by valleys. UNDERGROUND WATER CONDITIONS. 55 The arrangement of the factors which produce a flow is by no means constant. These factors vary considerably from point to point, and relatively new combina- tions are to be constantly expected. Probably the commonest combination is that shown in the accompanying diagram (fig. 23). Here the confining beds are clay and the porous bed is a sand which dips regularly in the direction in which the Catchment SSS Fic. 23.—Diagram showing common arrangement of factors producing artesian wells. A, Artesian wells; B, head of water if there be no loss by resistance or leakage; C, actual head or hydraulic gradient; D, ground-water table at outcrop. surface slopes. Water falling in the region marked “catchment area’’ sinks into the sands and supplies the artesian wells on lower ground. While this arrangement of the factors may be taken as typieal of a large class of artesian wells, and is, perhaps, the one most commonly expounded and understood, a radical rearrangement of the factors, such as is found in some wells on Long Island, will produce results depending on the same general principles. UNDERGROUND WATER CONDITIONS ON LONG ISLAND. GEOLOGIC CONDITIONS. The geologic factors which affect the water supply of Long Island are graph- ically shown in the accompanying diagram (fig. 24), and may be briefly sum- marized as follows: 1. Above a rock floor which underlies the island at a greater or less depth, but which is of little importance except as a more or less complete ultimate barrier to the downward passage of water, Long Island is composed of a nucleus of Creta- ceous beds. These are for the most part sand, but contain some discontinuous clay masses, and dip, except for minor disturbances produced by ice thrust, regu- larly southward. 2. Beds of glacial gravel deposited in an early ice advance surround this nucleus, except in a portion of the southern side of the island, which the older hill land protected from direct currents and in other places where they have been removed by subsequent erosion. This formation, which has been called the Jameco gravel, is particularly well developed near the western end of the island, where it has partially filled a deep, broad valley in the older beds (fig. 10). 3. Over this gravel and around the edge of the Cretaceous beds is a layer of blue clay, the Sankaty—a deposit somewhat similar to, but of greater extent than the coastal marsh deposits of to-day, and at present situated from 50 to 100 feet below them. 4. Covering both the nucleus of Cretaceous beds and the younger blue clay, with its underlying early glacial gravel, are deposits of more recent ice 56 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. advances—the Tisbury and Wisconsin. These are, for the most part, sand and eravels, though here and there are local beds of clayey material which, while they give rise to local water tables that may be of value for local wells, ponds, or springs, are of no general importance. The more important results of these geologic conditions are: 1. The rain water sinks directly into the very porous surface gravels and produces, therefore, practically no run-off, except that supplied by springs. Since all streams are spring fed there is great difficulty in determining the exact limits of the watersheds, which depend on the relief of the ground-water table and only indirectly on the shape of the surface. 2. As the greater portion of the water of the island is under ground, and as the 25 to 30 per cent which normally returns to the surface is exposed for but a relatively short distance, the percentage of the total rainfall lost by evaporation wells in valley dependent on local clay bed main water table va Springs yen 2h cl Ae 5) DS \e \ by North Shore flowing well North Shore flowing Well dependent on perched water table Wells dependent on ~ Relative water levels Waterworks ponds — «—Spring ic ‘ Springs which supply Brooklyn Cretaccous artesian well etaceous artesian, well Connecticut 2 | LONG ISLAND = 2 $ a4 5 & b = S| Q ub Oceanic springs \_—Crretaceous flowing well - = oOo = c S o 2 a =e = ic on 3° Eo sc Wie iw ‘( souND zal Coastal lagoon © OCEAN Nl { table \\ BOTTOM OF an ~ Ara Fic. 24.—Diagrammatic cross section of Long Island, showing general water conditions and cause of flowing wells. is abnormally small and the yield of this watershed, could all the water be econom- ically obtained, would, therefore, be larger per square mile than in any adjoining areas. . 3. As there is no uniform “blue-clay floor,”’ or other extensive geologic barrier, a portion of the ground water passes coastward in the upper gravels and another portion, and by no means a negligible one, sinks into the Jameco and Cretaceous. sands and finally escapes in the form of suboceanic springs. This transmission of > water is one of the more important factors of the underground conditions of Long Island. There is no geologic reason why a relatively important portion of the rainfall should not pass seaward in the beds below the surface gravel, and that this occurs has been proved by the many deep wells on the island and by the work of Prof. Charles S. Slichter, who has shown that there is a greater velocity beneath the bed of blue clay than in the surface gravel, page 102. — Ay UNDERGROUND WATER CONDITIONS. 5 GROUND-WATER TABLES. As all the water on the island is of ultimate ground-water origin, one of the most important points to be determined is the exact position of the ground-water table, since on it depends the stream flow, the depth to permanent water in wells, and the pressure in artesian, or flowing, wells. Were the island entirely komoge- neous in composition there would be but one water table, which would be at ocean level on either side and would gradually rise toward the highlands in a curve entirely symmetrical with the surface, and at a depth determined by the porosity of the soil and the amount of rainfall. No wells, or springs, or ponds would be possible, except where this ground-water table was reached, and no water in any well would Shallow well 7 Shallcw well |Pond at cross-road Deep well Dry strata 150 Hf; a 100 Lf, Wy 50 LLDETD 0 Sea level V2 1 mile Fic. 25.—Diagram showing perched water table on north side of West Hills and source of Mountain Mist Springs. A, unsaturated strata; B, perched water table; C, saturated strata; D, relatively impervious till. rise above the ground water at that point. There would, therefore, be no artesian wells. As the island is not entirely homogeneous, the upper limit of the zone of com- plete saturation—that is, the main ground-water table, or ‘‘main spring,’ as it is locally called—is not entirely symmetrical with the curve of the surface, and there are, moreover, a number of more or less limited areas of saturated beds above the main one. PERCHED GROUND-WATER TABLES. These perched ground-water tables are for the most part confined to the moraine where local clay or other relatively impervious layers have arrested the flow of the underground water and prevented it from reaching the main ground- water table. One of the best examples of such a perched water table is found in the northern end of the West Hills, where a relatively impervious bed is furnished by the Wisconsin till (fig. 25). Other examples are shown in fig. 24 and Pl. XI. 58 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. MAIN GROUND-WATER TABLE. The general character and position of the main ground-water table is shown in Pls. XI and XII, which are based on the careful work during the summer of 1903 of the Long Island division of the New York commission on additional water supply. This work has developed the interesting point that while the slope of the ground- water table is in a general way the same as that of the surface, the divide of the ground water is farther to the north than the surface divide. SPRINGS. Whenever the main water table, or one of the perched water tables, is inter- cepted by the surface a spring is formed. SPRINGS DEPENDENT UPON PERCHED WATER TABLES. The water of springs dependent upon perched water tables penetrates the earth until it reaches a relatively impermeable stratum above which it collects, and along which it passes until it finds an outlet. Springs of this type are common wherever a perched water table occurs, and represent essentially the overflow of these underground basins. The much talked of springs that occur at the summits of hills or | mountains are invariably of this class, and examination always shows that, though rela- . tively at the top of the hill, there is always an appreciable area of higher ground above them which serves as a reservoir. The Mountain Mist Springs in the West Hills are of this type, and while they are situated at a height of about 280 feet above sea level, the hill behind them rises 140 feet higher, and there are several hundred acres of land to serve as a catchment area and reservoir (fig. 25). Springs of this type are found in many places along the north shore, and are particularly abundant where the fine Creta- ceous beds are overlain by coarser Pleistocene gravels. and a channel that cuts the ground-water table. SPRINGS DEPENDENT UPON THE MAIN GROUND-—WATER TABLE. The water of springs formed by the cutting of the main water table escapes from the top of the water-logged beds, rather than at their base, as in the springs just discussed. The channels which cut this water. table may be regarded as large wells, with one side open, into which the water is flowing and escaping (fig. 26). The old glacial channels across the southern plain invariably cut the ground-water table near their lower ends, and at the pomt where this occurs little streams start which grow very rapidly as the channel gets deeper into the satu- rated layers. A quantitative determination of this increase in Hempstead Brook was made by the engineers of the Brooklyn waterworks in 1895. 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UMM NMI MMOD SS jeri ee SE 5 | WW AN \ oS MQ UM XXX ANN USS Ss eA eI et es r S SELATAN LOX NUS A SS 2 001 -—q p- a = S— 001 BS 5 S om a i 499} 007 = a Sian Ry 002 [a Pee 2 2 | 5 H-H NOILO3S Jeng] Bag Ss TTEaneee —— ——— NIN oe a a SE NII MIM WW 0 wi i Litt XX) Wu Rw {iit ANY Ae QIN Ss a LPQQQQ\Q\QQQ AN UII \\ Ai NIN \\ \\ A AN ANN MN AW AN -— ‘ eis YT SQ \\ NII —— \\\ A ANN A MM NY OS : 2 AY 5 Yo S| OM WW ARERR OOO AX\n6n0)})) Ros = iy AY See <= ron 001 9 oe z &— 001 2]ge} 49},eMIpsyoi9d. = ee a —“< at, ps ca ani ae os + My ¥ re e: . a 3 - = = 2 | fine ate kin bi nr ee etal + tye a ! 16 22 eae perenne 1 ean a oe i ; sac §: tt T iy 7 oO | . : ————— ————— ja 7 ; y | - a al = —— -— —— mn — er fix @ants 4 ,AQAAI2i DAO! FO evo; ; . ' s gets 3 it ic @sic5F tatsw henoveg le19" igroibbs to aSieeimenes qi Met wet .esorgers foe & y tv SPRINGS. 59 charge of 229,278 gallons per.day at the Jackson street crossing and 675,907 gallons a mile lower down, near Mill road and Grove street, while at the efflux chamber at the end of the reservoir the discharge was 5,618,603 gallons—an increase of five and a half million gallons” in about 3 miles (fig. 27); and, as explained on page 62, had there been no dam at this point the flow would have been much greater. On the north shore the reentrant bays cut deep into the main water table, and large springs are abundant at, and near, high-tide level. Surveys made in the early fifties by Daniel Marsh, under the ig direction of Gen. W. B. Burnett, showed a spring discharge available for water supply amounting to 23,617,824 gallons r per day between Long Island City and % ie Glen Cove.? - is Atthe Fresh Pond pumping station | is (old Whitestone station) the spring flow /\) 8 § \\ ‘ amounts to 500,000 to 600,000 gallons \\ee 00778 gals. ip 24 his. = ca) ept. Oct. 1895, per day, and the spring-fed pond at the J SOY HEMPSTEAD Bayside (old Flushing) pumping station yields an average of 1,700,000 gallons. A small spring area on the east side of Alley Creek, opposite the Bayside pump- ing station, and belonging to Mr. Wil- liam Corry, was gaged in September, 1903, in connection with a study of the fluctuations of the wells of the Citizens Water Supply Company, and a yield of 365,000 gallons a day was indicated. 675,907 gals. in 24 hss Sept. Oct. 1895) : a oF BAY vy Ee Amagansetl_——_ Fasthamptons oe ——-—~CST “cate wf ati Baiting Hollow j Sin a Mls iver niting Hollow } ky Point Northport 2 at 51 Kings Par) fenterporlis in imitht mnitditown \ Yaphank & (Quake Ronkonkoma eR \ 1s Lane |* Medford V4) #Rosiyn | % Manhasse| N Wh Brentwood icksville yon? } } } J Patchogue. ) 5 Z. MAP OF cages; Qld Westbury *Deerpark | if Dalatale Stato : EN) oe sonpit, IMO ING? SULA INTID), INDO Sv OBL P+ Hempstead 4 Z SHOWING NORTH SHORE AND JAMECO ARTESIAN WELL ARENAS jj By A.C. Veatch 1904 ale 15 miles LEGEND — ~. | Figures dive total depth or depth of wells, ees Areas of artesian or flowing water 0 ] Salt water not flowing 150} major Mov in dew Roe == J bottom of the Jameco iz Fresh water not flowing ————— [: 1] rest water flowing i Salt water flowing Jnsuccessful SULTUs BIEN RCO UTHNY, 72° 30° + Cutchogue Tl ya N (ee ee : B LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK SHOWING NORTH SHORE AND JAMECO ARTESIAN WELL AREAS Sirs: 72°15" sy . PS E { r | SY SEF Sag Hailbor ’ ON ae Amaganse! ake s Fasthampton. v LD B gaol y S MAP OF PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO.44 PL. XV 72° 00' Culloden Pt MONTAUK PT. NAPEAGUE| BAY L fe*,_sMontauk Al” 00 40°14 45'|f By A.C.Veatch 1904 Scale 2 (6) 5 10 15 miles es —= —— ee LEGEND . , nuice 7 $ IP ‘igures $f Le h Or f ees Areas of artesian or flowing water 0 Salt water not flowing | 150 | ee ae encec eis. deptlue (ia se | |__| bottom. of the Jameco ° Fresh water not flowing . Salt water flowing e Fresh water flowing Oo Unsuccessful | a | 72°30" 72°15’ 72°00’ “4 JULIUS BIEN & CO. LITH.N.Y. ‘ Bn AP epee y= We MA i OLD NTRS A A A a rr ND euteey ue + a wii? aan ssn pad , A : pa | WHO WA ae, ad ny CW Wey Ne Le i AMAL uh i TILA 6; A rat i Mi FT a Te ett e Harty Payee \ 7 nay ane tiqmeb mi. Nath “a. Vai ayy ; fe" Ue jel ee weve eG SOURCE OF UNDERGROUND WATER. 67 Like the other artesian wells on Long Island, water from the Cretaceous horizons will seldom rise higher than 5 to 10 feet above sea level, and artesian wells are there- fore restricted to the region of the shore. Predictions—The Lloyd gravel is the best-defined artesian horizon on the island and is believed to be remarkably persistent. It may be regarded as available south and east of a line connecting Bay Ridge and Willets Point to, perhaps, some- what beyond Riverhead, and will furnish flowing water at elevations less than 5 to 10 feet above sea level. The importance of this horizon on the North and South flukes is uncertain because of the distance from the main uplands of the island. The South Fluke, however, is the more promising territory, because it is down the dip and has a greater area. The minor upper horizons are not so well known and their positions can not be definitely predicted. REQUISITE CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL WELLS ON LONG ISLAND. Were Long Island composed of entirely homogeneous porous materials it would be necessary to sink wells only slightly below the main ground-water table, a dis- tance of 25 or 30 feet probably being all that would be required in any case. The great uregularity of the formations, however, introduces a new factor. For a permanent well it is not only necessary to go to the main ground-water table, but to land the well in a coarse bed from which water will be given up freely. It is this point that makes well sinking on the island somewhat uncertaim. In general it is not necessary to go far below the main water table (fig. 24), but in some cases, notably in the Wheatley Hills, the beds at the water table and for some distance below are so fine that they pass the strainers and fill the well with quicksand. In these cases it was necessary to drill until a coarser bed was reached, which in the Morgan well (431) was 100 feet and in the Duryea well (430) was about 140 feet below sea level, the main water table being in both cases about 85 feet above sea level. In the Vanderbilt well (317), although the main water table was encountered at about 50 feet above sea level, the well was pushed to a depth of 585 feet below sea level, completely penetrat- ing the coarse Lloyd gravel, from which an abundant supply was obtained. One very significant point in regard to these deep wells in the higher parts of the island is that the height to which the water will rise never exceeds the height of the main water table, and generally falls slightly below it. The point, then, in going deeper, except near the shores where artesian conditions are present, is not to get an increase in head, but to find a coarse layer which will readily yield water; in other words, to find an extensive natural horizontal strainer which will aid in separating the water from the adjacent fine sands. SOURCE OF THE UNDERGROUND WATER ON LONG ISLAND. The gradual decrease in head, with depth which is observable in deep wells in the center of the island, is an important matter in the consideration of the source of the water. Thus in the Vanderbilt well (317) while the main water table was encountered at 54 feet above sea level, the height to which the water rose from the Lloyd gravel was only 35 feet, a loss of 20 feet of head in about 550 feet of depth. This height is, moreover, greater than that to which the water will rise from the 68 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. same horizon on the north and south shores. If the water came from below, as is very generally imagined, the pressure should decrease from bed rock upward for an appreciable distance, the pressure near bed rock being greater because of the loss in head in transmission through the sand; while if the water came from above it would be expected that the head would either remain the same or decrease with the depth. As it decreases it furnishes conclusive proof of the insular source of the- water. ; The geologic structure of the region (fig. 24), moreover, forbids the transporta- tion of water from New England, except through bed rock, and the metamorphosed and highly folded character of these beds makes such transmission very doubtful. Early in the consideration of the possible reason for the deep flowing wells from the Lloyd gravel, after it had been found that the Cretaceous beds dip regularly south- ward, and before it was known that the clay beds were not continuous, it was sug- gested by Prof. W. H. Hobbs, of the University of Wisconsin, and Prof. H. E. Gregory, of Yale University, that if the faulted structure found in Connecticut. - continued under Long Island, and if the fault springs which are common ‘in the former region were present, then the water furnished by these springs would be retained beneath the clay layer and give rise to an artesian condition. Fault springs, or natural artesian wells, produced under the proper conditions by the cutting of a porous water-bearing layer by a fault lme, are comparatively simple phenomena, but the hypothesis that such springs occur under Long Island must rest on the assumption of a complexity of horizontal faulting of which there is no evidence. — Moreover, the water obtained from these deep wells runs exceptionally low in chlorine, alkalinity, and hardness, while waters from the rock wells in the western part of the island and in neighboring regions of New York and Connecticut have, as a rule, a much higher mineral content. Taste VI.—Analyses showing difference between waters from the Lloyd sand and those from the rock wells of Connecticut. [Parts per million.] 3 | Location ROBO es Bere int, - Analyst. Remarks. Ever ae zs |\— Ese | x Center Island, Long Island 3.54 | 20.0 19.0 OE SS SIMO eS SS spec osicmogs | Flowing well in Lloyd sand; 318 (559). £ | feet deep. Center Island, Long Island 3.89 20.0 ite epee GO Se eee ee an caee eee Flowing well in Lloyd sand}; 351 (556). | feet deep. ; Center Island, Long Island 4.25 20.0 20 NON eeeen Whe) s 13, So Gageeeagetesoese | Flowing well in: Lloyd sand; 378 (554). | | feet deep. Peacock Point, Long Island | 5.83) Brea BO cone COM camca atid’: sonsinglc | Flowing well in Lloyd sand; 230 (470). | | feet deep. Lattingtown, Long Island 4.60} 22.5 NU CY Lee GOs Se cio ako Ecos Flowing well in Lloyd sand; 342 (473 ‘ | | | feet deep. Long Island City (75) ......-..- 1A SQU2t Tia be sae ee eens Jacob Blumer, Oct. 12, 1888 | Wellin rock; 275 feet deep. Connecticut: | TPOONUWICH one cate. cee | 9. 28 | LOW Alco aes PERU AVRUUGr mice cect cee Well in rock; 177 feet deep. RO we yCON eee ees ac see 32: OO) Ii eee DOEOM MANS MIG Danes Geto nace ce. Well in rock; 395 feet deep. INonWallcen. obese. oe 25.0 621902 eeceee NSBILRS MYLO Ges SSS SSeS Artesian well. NOD We ecascw nen peeeeey 20.0 | 60.0 | Soak ae GOeeeeeaceastecnacecsecs Do NOR ails comer erates | BeGie | abet |Seeeee ee GO sere Mee eect ance ss Do . WVeSUpOnute cee wen ee ee 12.0 (358) |Sasxccee Se ees GOsn pore Sesser sce ahee o> Do Mainneld sce. cvs as see eces | 31.0 PAL )Y Resa 2 recs tae eee EE es hic chs Regie nese nes. Pk 91.071 1ee08) |e eee | §. P. Wheeler.<...........- Do i ier : 1 a ” ‘. uF a p in : ; ( eplactinbamtttiaens att iemattian eee eee sete thre - tinged tniniaibe m~ “ = _ rma, is ‘ vere ayy, i teed Fey Pn once a P tnodnse if “tame “Ae ) ‘| > ~ a. { P a od ‘ . . — Fe, * & Sah eam a cee | nD A ; ; / 7 1b ha i er, i " eee .-™ tyrotieedge” | Se ee, eS de ; ' i } vi Diemer ‘ \ _Fold-out Placeholder This fold-out is being digitized, and will be inserted at PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO.44 PL. XVI oO K. 72°15 T2100) | ¥y GARDINERS T) | 4 os amisaen Pt MONTAUK PT, O, Vi ca oa. ye BAY y \ | . Ur \_fMontauk \ “fe Cc = , & Al? ay 00 Amaganset Hasthampton : MAP OF Ome ISLAND, NEW YORK AND DEPTH OF TOP OF LLOYD SAND BELOW SEA LEVEL By A.C-Veateh 1904 Scale 5 ) E 25 : 10 15 miles a - in which flowing wells willprobably be obtained ® Fresh water flowing bed fe) 4 | Salt water flowing Lees 72°30' Fresh water not flowing LEGEND —— ) | Salt water not flowing oO Unsuecessfill well = Well penetrated rock without obtaining satisfactory supply from the Cretaceous 72° 15° ——— its inferr <2 L Letter L. indicates well reached the Lloyd sravel 72 00 SHOWING PROBABLE CRETACEOUS ARTESIAN WELL AREAS a Contours show top of Lloyd gravel below sea level ~ |Sinégle dashes indicate that this gravel is probably absent; dash and two dots indicate red position F Red figures give total depth in feet and 200 | depth of main Cretaceous waters heat ' bearing horizons 40° | JULIUS BIEN &CO.LITH.N.Y. A EET! i \ i 7 7 1 f + { - 2 “ye sma men apes en ipsam nal on "he aay Lan 7° ene -T 4 ia - * hyo phowe oN < $ : P | * i j ‘ ao in F t “ah : i 5 FF ney a pauleyye Are st tie er rae ei Dont - i J “s F 2 A RO SE EN 4 RE API rH BHO een ‘ OEP AM Ge OPO 9 OL bem a 5 se - ) ie : i f ' day aasiey “ Nels Hf P Rca . oh : i Final higort ie ' seas lieve ome mes aa et a - aie BOA, FLUCTUATIONS OF GROUND-WATER LEVEL. 69 Taste VI.—Analyses showing difference between waters from the Lloyd sand and those from the rock wells of Connecticut—Continued. Location. Chlorine. ane ia Analyst. Remarks. Connecticut—Continued. West Bridgeport.......... 26.0 USCS ecdaneas Sib WARCGLERE Ee cscs ante Artesian well. Bridgepomtecs sepeesss se a= 32.9 GOs OM arecnanel |aaeae ClO) SS Ae ene eSenee Cae ater so Rock well; 125 feet deep. East Bridgeport..-.....---- 7.0 Bids2e lneeeceen|eosae MO et seceaa se eeaisceaske Artesian well. Wioodmloniteess sess sess 28.7 BO) Io cmmens Jel, Wie (Swaddle sees ose sesse Rock well; 52 feet deep. DeeprRivers ase ssea-n< 5.5) OAR OM aces RireB eRe Seeeveece see cise Artesian well. Niambier ico ss. 42 eee oss 9.1 DOM Bees cctee = AB BEY QING <2 eins cen === el Deep artesian well. Middletown.......-..-.---- 14.5 WG0.0) |oassecaclscass Ona aaah ae oot ela ieee Do. IslEMrMONGl. = Sc anesssecaceos 6.6 PbS) eee 55280 Henry Souther............- Artesian well; 350 feet deep. iHantiondise.)- aces scence es 22.5 (Ga eee eee eerie Sesto es ook ee weal Artesian well; 242 feet deep. MeV am thot dey sore stele ae elas ~ 13.0 DA SON ace mele 1815 1B;, (Siecle a Seen oesoess Artesian well; 250 feet deep. Pamtlondie satsk mess wec eee ee 11.0 (CHO S eseaccae Se IPs WANE e. oes acabeoe | Elartiorde =e we 30.7 IDG eeceoce RAUBER RIG oC niyo yeaa | Artesian well. a Very hard. On the whole, there is absolutely no evidence of a Connecticut source for the underground water on Long Island. The water is derived entirely from rainfall on the island, and all the water phenomena observed can be directly traced to this source, except that a slight amount may be transmitted through the Lloyd gravel from New Jersey. CAUSES OF FLUCTUATION OF THE GROUND-WATER TABLE.“ The causes which produce fluctuations of the ground-water table on Long Island may be subdivided as follows: A. Natural: Rainfall. Sympathetic tides. Thermometric changes. Barometric changes. B. Artificial : Dams. Pumping. NATURAL CAUSES OF FLUCTUATION. Rainfall—aAs rainfall is the source of ground water, it would seem self-evident that the ground-water level must vary directly with the rainfall, heavy rains raising it and long periods of drought lowering it. While this is true in a broad way, the relation between the rainfall and the changes in level of the ground-water table is not such a simple one as this statement might imply. In the summer of 1903 the engineers of the Long Island division of the com- mission on additional water supply made daily observations on the water levels in wells in many parts of Long Island and accumulated much definite data on this point. Fortunately the observations began just before the exceptional period of drought which extended from April 16 to June 7. The wells observed were «Preliminary statement; a more complete report on the observations on these fluctuations made during the summer of 1903 is now in press as Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 155. 70 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. largely open dug wells depending on the main ground-water level, which, as already indicated, rises from sea level on each side of the island to a summit somewhat north of the surface divide (p. 57). From these records the typical hydrographs shown on Pl. XVII have been selected. This group of wells, with the possible exception of No. 6, are all south of the ground-water divide and in a region where the direction of underflow is southward. : In shallow wells near the south shore, such as Nos. 1 and 2, the relation between the rainfall and the fluctuation of the ground-water table is very apparent. IULY 3 TSA SAE sea level Feet above mean ro Fic. 34.—Autograph record of water level in a 386-foot well at Long Beach, N. Y., showing fluctuations due to tides. Record from a Means nilometer in charge of F. D. Rathbun, field assistant. Elevations indicated are approximate. Five or six days after the heavy rains of April 14 and 15 the water, after rising for a few days, fell steadily through the period of dry weather. Three or four days after the rain of June 7, which ended the drought, the water in both wells began to rise and continued to rise during the rainy weather which followed. Farther inland, a gradual change is noted in the behavior of the surface of the ground-water, wells 7 or 8 miles from the shore, such as Nos. 3, 4, and 7, showing an entirely different curve. In these the water rose steadily during the drought and began to fall when the heavy rains commenced. In wells still farther _ inland, as Nos. 5, 6, and 8, the water rose steadily for the whole period shown, U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XVII Scale of RAINFALL IN INCHES. inches 2-0, Tlit}t ti ttittty tii ter at = TAP Ke Sey a 5 Je) ma 34 feet deeP 9 Port Washington POPE PL INTs BOE pe egeyay ey FLUCTUATIONS OF THE MAIN GROUND-WATER TABLE ON LONG ISLAND. From observations of the Long Island division of the New York City commission on additional water supply, March-June, 1903. FLUCTUATIONS OF GROUND-WATER LEVEL. (gi well No. 8 actually rising over 2 feet during the greatest drought this section had ever experienced. These curves indicate that the deeper the ground-water table and the farther it is from the shore (or the higher it is above sea level) the more slowly it responds to the rainfall. The retardation is entirely out of proportion to the thickness of the unsaturated beds above the main water table. In the wells at Lynbrook and Massapequa, which are from 4 to 8 feet deep, rain water should, according to the rate of flow deter- mined by laboratory tests, reach the ground-water table in a few minutes, yet the water table did not - begin to rise until four or five days after the heavy rains. As the thickness of the unsaturated beds increases, this retardation is multiplied at an astonishing rate. Thus, while the 4 and 8 foot wells at Lynbrook and Massapequa began to fall seven days after the close of the rainy period in April, the 32-foot well at Mineola did not begin to fall until after thirty-five days, the 34-foot Creedmoor well after about fifty-five days, and the 55-foot Hicksville well after about sixty-five days, while the 70- and 90-foot wells at Lake Suc- cess and Hicksville showed no tendency to fall after seventy-five days, but were still rising from the effects of the March and April rains. In this delayed transmission the effects of single showers is almost wholly neutralized, the sand acting as so perfect an equalizer that only the mass results of long periods of rain or drought are indicated. The question involved here is apparently not so much how fast a constant stream of water under a given pressure will flow through a column of earth of a given height as how long it will take a given quantity of water precipitated on the top of this column during a relatively short time to entirely or almost entirely run out at its base. Tides.—Nearly all the wells in the neighborhood of the shores, both shallow and deep, show a sym- pathetic vibration with the tides. The nature of this vibration and its clearly tidal character are shown in figs. 34 and 35. Fig. 34 represents a 386-foot well at Long Beach and fig. 35 a 40-foot well at Douglaston. This fluctuation is commonly WELL CURVE AUG. 25 AUG. 26 AUG. 27 i] Aa | +41 Fan's aR a H H Steal | Zero |1fU:S SEDLOGICAL WL I | | AUG. 25 AUG. 26 AUG. 27 TIDE CURVE Fig. 35.—Record of water level in a 40-foot well of the Citizens’ Water Supply Com- pany at Douglaston, N. Y., and tidal record in adjacent creek. Record from Friez tide gages in charge of F. L. Whitney, field assistant. greatest at the shore and becomes less on passing inland, but this rule is by no means invariable, and many very peculiar local variations are found. 72 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. The tidal curves in the wells are miniatures of those in the near-by body of water, but are generally somewhat behind them. Thus, at Oyster Bay, where the water is under sufficient hydraulic head to lift it considerably above the surface of the ground (see Pl. XIII, A), the tide in the Casino well, which is in the very edge of the water, is five to ten minutes behind that in the bay, while in the Underhill well, which is only 300 feet from the shore, it shows a lag of from sixty-five to seventy-five minutes. While this great increase in the amount of lag in very small distances indicates that the factors concerned in the formation of these sympathetic tides are rather complex, it is not felt that the phenomenon necessarily involves a free outlet of the underground water into the ‘ocean, as is very commonly held in this region. On the contrary, it is thought to be conceivable that the clay layers, rendered more or less sensitive by the water-logged artesian sug beneath them, may act ~ as large dies bes cane and 25 s respond directly to the al-. Bas ternate loading and un-. a2 a loading caused by the S35 & flood and ebb tides. See a : Thermometric and ba- wES ‘a & ° B59 E 5 rometric changes. — Self- a s : 8 recording gages placed on the wells of the Queens County Water Company — at Lynbrook (277) dur- ing the summer of 1903 showed very regular daily fluctuations of the ground- water table, which were clearly due neither to rain- fall nor tidal action. A comparison of these curves with the thermograph and barograph records obtained at Floral Park and Brentwood by the commission on additional water supply (Pl. XVIII) shows that the fluctuations closely correspond to the changes in temperature and only remotely to those of air pressure, except in the case of the 504-foot well. It was at first thought that the daily fluctuations in the temperature might produce minor barometric fluctuations and that the changes in the water level might be ultimately due to changes in air pressure, but a study of the data forces the conclusion that the normal fluctuation shown in curves 1 and 2 are directly due to temperature. Thus the important barometric depression indicated on July 26 produced no effect on the water level in the 14- and 72-foot wells, although clearly noticeable in the 504-foot well. Even the sudden rise of the water, which occurred during the storm of July 30 and which has many aspects of being due to a change in air pressure, has a sharpness and definition not indicated by the barograph curve, although suggested by the thermograph curve. Fig. 36.—Diagram showing cone of depression produced by a pumping station and its effect on a near-by pond or well. 2 Sees the ase ee —— se sbechdeie P 6 “i EERE It - ee ee we _ i id bioss1 Siviqergowsé : to enolldusoult p : “pont “ : 2 Teich z EUs VOT RW - I ry ee Pe . ‘s 16 Haw toot) mi P er ae ? u v4 ‘ ¥ oY V4 vt steel) “ tt id broses JirigergotuA te enoifsutsull + soehue retew fa Mow sood-F02 1 i Aootdny J wo¥ woh - 2 . {evs bshsvni) oe err rr ie on ea eyry” ee koe be | a we er oe (Ot 2 Ae ee ee a : i mp: sep beeps ¥I ts evws dgergonadT 7® ° AweT terolF ‘sho¥ wo papper tl Be cate ee i ae AB at | teerwo Agergoied J sboswinad ie wet ais ‘ a ee ee te o: in ak a wy hy ses Osteo ae St GR ek 9 ee . U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1903 JULY 26 H JULY 27 JULY 28 JULY 29 Mt2 4 6 810XII2 4 6 810Mt2 4 6 810XII2 4 6 8 10Mt2 4 6 8 10XII2 4 6 810Mt2 4 6 B10XIi2 4 6 8) Autographic record of fluctuations of ILS Bal Hoo water surface =o | t in 14-foot well at H Lynbrook, i | ta New York. if | (Inverted curve) Eel ne : oo Autographic record of : fluctuations of a | | water surface J S55 in 72-foot well at fo C1 [ Lynbrook, a ~ i Saat = New York. ; ‘il (inverted curve) 4 SEE al II Bee fete = | me Autographic record of I fluctuations of ICI | water surface. in 504-foot well at | i et Lynbrook, New York. aa i + (inverted curve) i IV | aie | is 2 Tifa i Thermograph curve at re | Floral Park, i New York. [ V Barograph curve at Brentwood, New York. EECEEEC EEE sas aa a og) os ie EXAMPLES OF FLUCTUATIONS DUE TO Records at Lynbrook from King self-recording instruments in charge of F. L. Whitney, field assistant. PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XVIII JULY 30 JULY 31 AUG. 1 AUG. 2 Fluctuation of 46 810XII2 4 6 810Mt2 4 6 8 10XII2 4 6 B10M'2 4 6 8I0XII2 4 6 B10Mt2 4 6 B10XI12 4 6 B10Mt Hoo te a { | ae aie ia Raint 5-05 Shee, ! ed (2 a Go J islaieciad ! ai : ai a sia] See 4 sal fara! [esteaiestae a aa f i a + : | | | ee Lt | Riel zal | iia Ih | oOo wm Fahr, degrees loo | 70 60 50 Inches of mercury 30 (Qate? 29 -RMOMETRIC AND BAROMETRIC CHANGES. rds at Floral Park and Brentwood from records of the commission on additional water supply. mm 5 fut 1 mea ec or te err rt Soe Ee carer a Bare Ww ” FLUCTUATIONS OF GROUND-WATER LEVEL. 73 ARTIFICIAL CAUSES OF FLUCTUATION. Dams.—The first important cause producing a change in the normal !evel of the ground-water table was the construction of dams for mill purposes. These, without exception, raised the ground-water table and decreased the spring flow in the valley above the points at which they were constructed (see p. 62). The crest flow in every case was less than the normal flow of the stream at the same point. The enlargement of these ponds for storage purposes by the Brooklyn waterworks but emphasized this condition. Pumping.——When pumping stations were established a diametrically opposite effect was produced. A pumping station instead of hindering the outward flow of the water helps it, and as the group of wells connected with a pumping station is usually restricted to a relatively small area, a more or less symmetrical cone of depression is produced with the group of the wells as a center. All wells, springs, and ponds which depend on this main water table and which are in the radius of the cone of depression are directly influenced. As a result preexisting wells have had to be driven to a depth slightly greater than that of the new water table (fig. 36), the spring flow is decreased, and adjacent ponds and marsh areas are more or less completely drained. Mr. L. B. Ward has compiled the following table showing the decrease in stream flow on southern Long Island between 1873 and 1899, which must be largely due to the effect of the pumping stations: TasBLe VII.—The effect of ground-water pumping in dimimshing stream flow from 1873 to 1899 in the old water- shed of the Brooklyn waterworks, comparing five-year periods. [By L. B. Ward.] + Other pumped Water collected as stream ~ . pay Snyel sources of Daily flow, referred to 50 square sex. [Aves omanel ppry- supply. total per miles of watershed. abe wena Gols Bat “ame Expressed as rain Period. | annual lected, referred | tor.| 19, ae denied sheiesaeniie nts. rain- | to watershed | 0q. 4 |Daily per x ,| Daily per] from all | Daily per : fall, as a whole. pressed)" square |Pressed| “square |sourcesin| square 2 la mae PS, eli male thewater- me Piero fall. f fall. : 5 Amount.| tion of shed. total. | Per Square | i Inches.| cent. | Inches.| miles. | Inches.| Gallons. | Inches.| Gallons. | Gallons. | Gallons. | Inches. | Per cent. 1873-1877..... 43.33 | 25.07 | 10.86 | 52.30 (@) (@) 0.18 8,659 | 517,206 | 532,034 iil, 7 25.79 1878-1882... .. 41.58 29. 60 12.31 55. 14 (@) (@) -99 47,063 585, 978 594,310 12.48 30. 02 1883-1887... -- 43.30 | 31.60 13.68 64.42 2.95 140, 392 2.30 109, 041 651, 506 518,071 10. 88 25.13 1889-1893... .. 45.05 38. 43 17.31 65. 54 5.85 278, 383 4.17 198, 605 824,195 455, 153 9.56 21.22 1895-1899... ..| 43.14 | 36.32 15.67 | 66.44 7.76 369, 581 2.74 130, 224 745, 983 327, 122 6. 89- 15.96 | a Began in 1883. While a decrease in spring flow must follow any extensive method of removing the ground water in this region, it should be borne in mind that the cost of such a removal will probably be less than its collection from surface ponds and the subsequent filtration which must necessarily follow. A subterranean system will, moreover, result in the more or less complete reclamation of the swampy lands along many of the brooks. ; The effect which the lowering of the ground-water table by a few feet in this region may have on farm products is not very clear. It is certainly true that 74 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. plants thrive where the ground-water table is 25 to 100 or more feet below the surface, and it is difficult to see how the lowering of the water table a few feet will very definitely affect farm products, except where it makes swamp land cultivable. BLOWING WELLS. Mr. William Jaegle, a well driller of Hicksville, reports a number of blowing wells about Woodbury (519, 588, 589, 590). These blow intermittently, generally _ before a storm, and are clearly very similar to the blowing wells reported from the Western States. 4 5 The cause of this blowing seems to a large extent to be due to changes in baro- metric pressure, an outflow of air occurring when the surface pressure is relativ eer low, and an inflow when it is relatively high. A careful examination was made of the wells at. Woodbury by Mr. R. D._ Rathbun, field assistant, with a view to attaching a recording instrument and carefully studying this sihenetaenen. but the conditions were found not to be favorable. ope WATERWORKS. The porous nature of Long Island, which causes it to readily absorb, filter, and store the rain water, admirably fits it for furnishing large quantities of very pure water. As has been pointed out, the total loss by evaporation is relatively small, and the run-off is almost wholly that supplied by springs. These short, steady- flowing, spring-fed streams, which were first utilized for small saw and grist mills, were the most natural source for water when the growing city of Brooklyn began to demand a water supply. The original Brooklyn system, completed in 1862, derived its supply wholly from a number of surface streams between Brooklyn and Lynbrook, which were intercepted by a conduit in which the water flowed by gravity to Ridgewood, where it was lifted into reservoirs which supply a simple gravity system. As the demand increased, it became necessary to utilize other ponds and streams which were too low to flow naturally into the conduit, and in 1872 pumping stations were established at Watts Pond and Smiths Pond. In the same year a private system supplied by springs was established at Sea Cliff. This was the first waterworks plant on Long Island after the Brooklyn system. In 1874 plants were completed by three villages: College Point, Flushing, and Long Island City; of these, the first two depended on spring and stream supply, and the Tas on a single large alll This last was the first plant using the ground water as a source ae supply. Garden City followed in a few years en a syeteus depending on a single large well. In 1880 the surface supply of the Brooklyn waterworks was supplemented by open-well stations at Springfield and Watts Pond, and in 1882 gang-well stations were established at Spring Creek aa Baisleys. Since that time the aw Water-Sup, ane Irr. Paper No. 67, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1902, pp. 72, 73; Nobeets Geol. Se, vol. 1, 1903, pp. 93-97; Water-Sup. and Irr. Paper, No. 101, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1904, pp. 50-61. WATERWORKS. 15 development of the ground water has been comparatively rapid; many local plants have been erected, which, with scarcely an exception, depend on wells. Of the plants of the five cities—Brooklyn, College Point, Flushing, Sea Cliff, and Northport— which originally depended largely on surface water, the last three now depend wholly on wells. The plans for the change of the College Point (Fresh Meadow station) to a driven-well plant have been approved, and Brooklyn has so supple- mented her supply by driven-well stations that at present only about two-thirds of the supply is derived from surface waters. At Sag Harbor it has been found advisable to abandon the wells, and the plant there is now the only one on the island wholly dependent on a surface supply. The amount of water taken from Long Island for waterworks purposes during 1902 may be roughly estimated at 120,000,000 gallons per day, of which 65,000,000 was from springs or spring-fed streams and 55,000,000 was from wells. The Brooklyn Water Company consumed almost the whole of the surface water utilized and slightly more than 50 per cent of the well water. The distribution of the various water systems on Long Island, the area covered by each, and the location of the pumping stations and other sources of supply, are shown on the accompanying map (Pl. XIX). Other data are presented in the following table and in the detailed records given on pages 116-337. 17116—No. 44—06——6 76 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. TasLe VIII.— Waterworks 02: | sere | Pa ec ise No. | Owner. " Description. ordi- ice Source of supply. COIN a eS 5 : mates | } oan of station (0) ull per day. | Wells. | Springs. |Streamsc | New York City, |) Gallons. | Gallons. | Gallons. | Gallons. department of |; 2 | water supply, A : Pas. amdvelecaWs. Wekc se eds en| pee 1858 een ets’ endll125,000,000)._...-.-.: aera Secs. | tricity (Bor- i ough of Brook- | Lys): | : iis ye tas Oeste New Utrecht sta- | 2B.) 71885 | 120 2-inch wells, 30 2,000, 000) 1, 120,596)-..--..---|---....-.- | tion. ; feet deep. | 1G Se oae (lem aconsan Gravesend station), 2 B .|...-.--- 113 2-inch wells, 50 2,600, 000) ‘2,444, 032)..:......2}.--.------ | feet deep. 1B) aes Goes aes New Lots sta-|3C..| 1881 | 222-inch wells, 45°to |............ 4330; 000|soeeeseee |= b haa pe es | tion, ! 50 feet; 14 6-inch wells, 80 to 90 feet; 4 6-inch wells at bottom of 1 open well, 29 by 24 feet. 1401). 22.2 dos eee Ridgewood sta- | 3C.-.| 1862 Pidgemood AQUC=N |e Sate aoe 28;581,383|5-2 552-5. -- 63, 761, 017) - | tion. uct; force main Neve | from Millburn. : : Bente ea ETI sales Gost wens Spring Creek (old)| 3 C..| 1882 ae ces wells, 36 OOO 00) SOV MAO | eee ooallsocdeoeee | : eet deep; 1 6-inc : | well, 150 feet deep; | 7 8-inch wells, 150 ‘ feet deep. : ' 139} ase dose 255. Spring Creek(tem-| 3 C..| 1894 | 13 6-inch wells, 42 to 45004000 | E2499 7025 | eaeeas een! | ennai ee porary). 75 feet deep. 19455] see ee Gore se ees Shetucket station.| 4B .| 1897 2 Sach wells, 195 35,900; 000| 678219 |e == ere eerie eet deep. ‘ AQSEIG Se Oe ae. ee Oconee station _..| 4C..| 1897 ee eee wells, 195 2,000; O00! Wi G34 ,408) eee oe ae see eet deep. 200s Eee ee Ons saa Baisley’s station .| + C..| 1882 | 100 gach wells, 44 275005 000) Ml 27. 051 sae r eas seen : feet deep. ere Glo ee saneecd Barsleyis supply | 4 C..)m1858 | Surface water...-...| 6,000,000|..........|..........| 6,000,000 pond. ’ 2010 eee Oe ca = cee Jameco station...| 4C..| 1888 | 16 8- and 10-inch 6;,000)\000)) 4,935, 482)5 25 eee eee| pee eee sees wells, 160 feet deep; 183 2-inch wells, 27 to 73 feet deep; 4 4-inch wells, 160 feet deep; 3 6-inch wells, 153 feet deep. Springfield sta- |) J 1880 ||20 8-inch wells, 170 | HES eee doe 25 1 tion. yt B- |n 1897 | feet deep. \ Spite as 2,183, 890)--.---- Sa lena eee eee do...-.* ..| Springfield Pond .| 4B -.| 1880 | Surface water.....-.} 2,000,000|..........)...-.....- 2,000, 000, 290) eee GOs eee ee Forest Stream}]5B.| 1885 | 110 2-inch wells, 41 5, 000, 000) 3,439, 039]........2.|.-2..-.... | station feet deep. 5 COPe eee nee SIMMONS ONS) ISI — Iho \ C2 |e SO2 ml POUT aCe yy ai Cael e ets |e ee| eee ee| ee OOOM OOH) ply pond. ; Clear Stream sup- ||, 4 ; pees dose a St Gane NoiGL| ae62" Is: edo. 2. 22-2.2-.-n--|" /) 200} 000/-. 2.1.) 5 oly oeeaiamel meena Pei) bones dow seneeee eax Stream sta- | 5B -.| 1885 ae ce wells, 38 5,000, 000) 2)568,,055).--.-----=|-22---.-.- ion. eet deep. beara (OR So ncmeso =| VENA Poa lee noms IOIey As || Johanne WE aise saoetseesed soccoslieaeseoe colle ssenccces 840, 000 1872 | Watts Pond ...--... 2, 500; 000 : {Watts Pond sta- ay? = 2860) 7oE ot dont 2s -- \_ tion. 5 B -lng94 | 12 G-inch wells, 60 | 2,500, 000 joes pesscz525 ELoULWled feet deep. : nets do..........|{Valley Stream ||, q | 1862 | Surface water.......| 1,300,000|_...._..__|.-...--...|__..---.-- \ supply pond. igs : a Numbers correspond to those used in the detailed records in Chapter IV and in the index maps, Pls. xix, xxiv. ~ bSee Pls. xix, xxiv. ¢ Streams are all very short and spring fed, and differ very little from springs. d Whole system. e Ridgewood. f Mount Prospect. g Mount Prospect standpipe. h 1899. ? Original station established in 1880. WATERWORKS. i systems on Long Island. Reservoir or standpipe. | Elevation} __ , | Delivery of water. pieces: abies 08 ee | Authority. Date. | No. Capacity. Size. standpipe. Gallons. Feet Feet. | e 304, 000, 000 e170 | | 7 5 I. M. De Varona. ....-. {eres and direct pump-|} +19 185, 000 PIQSESI METEBOT: hs Sata ee Te } 1899 ing. eB ei Warde eens \ 111,500 64.4 by 16} 9 204-278.4 | } | Direct, connecting with |--...--.------ C3) he | eee tao (OBI gra eee AUS Tele Wye aoe ..-| 1899 15 Mount Prospect reser- | | voir. | NDING CII ees ae cra ninisl| Smee lee sein | we erysceee el bee eeeeceee k 17) HAA: SEE Sam Sree erie Seema Snail aps op Sy 16 IDINCCLMSEG VICE, CONMCCL— ee ema ene aa) 194 LUNN ie cauae ce De eBSWiande eee = == 1899 | 135 ing with reservoir. Ridgewood reservoir. ..-- 304,000,000)......-.---- VOL MAA teeters see eae | eae (6 CO ene ae ea 1899 | 140 | RICE VOCE! ACOA. dale nsascecisebaesl|sdedocsege=sloSas 505-4 seaoee seas looses acane jones Ol. Seer aeesesbaae 1899 138 | | a Ore Sets aera | eee eer ettee eyecare. 2st eae ise Se ak eae’ Sole|ccieeea's aclanss s@On eet eesccse seticcl, S99 139 ere Oras te asia eet ee eee = ene xis ee ome Mate ae eae ter ioe ice] ew aa SUES (IO Serra scoemaneoe= | 1899 194 Bau GO) 245 sccecbeesecdbabellscsecsardeck od Bagtcene sald h BSSe oa Ieee ee sas siete Pete ethers Serves (0)Seaee i ee menen eee) | aeyemreesia aie? (21) | | wee GO oc Hee orb 30 see! oe] eeeeh Sacto Mes bsnebe: based Bases sebeeac lar e canta Hee asa sco Eablet: (0) sures seams mere Berean TMP! | INTO TAUSE ORC e ne Seem ieee mina Oe PEP cots, fer A a cy set ME ell SA RMN ou al oe I. M. De Varona. ..... | 1896 | midrewoodraqueduct aass|eacsos te ea se alece smeaasescleeeeeetansecleeseroscmeleosaoeceee Wo 135 \WanGlecsscccsa= 1899 201 eaeee ClO) ooo oe ees Sees Sree Se seea nee eee peas seee= eo Se ae ee heee| Ses 2ee sa) leas sees-| Seen Emaar Aeeemeee|| 1899 196 Springfield station....... 199 /000|2 = 22 4c | 5. 08) ae Sa ee ae I. M. De Varona. ..... | 1896 1.74)j } | Ridgewood! aqueduet ~~~ -)----22--.-.---|)----- 2-2. -|----2--2---- Wes Ae cogr et ae Ie 1835 \WERMGLe ea anes | 1899 290 | | | | ok Git ele eam Cee 9,879, 000|......---.-- { asl a ee as eee |---| I. M. De Varona...... 1804 | | eae doen etree Ween. 977; 50/5 cea _all LS pee (Ree meee te sey Al MimOdea | | 10.19 | | ese COB ter ene ae es [ee eer cree ee eee ome Bee er eaede os Sete ee Sal! let Bs Ward.-5-.5223-) 1899' | 288 | { | Pe Wee Baca es Oke BU 7SONOUOl se 5a | Gob) lace |oah ne I. M. De Varona...... 1894 | 2.0) Ridgewood aqueduct -.--.|...-.--.----.- leap cesses scossccceeze eee NMS ACE eof IDO A Bs Menge ee eaaoee 1899 286 | | ate ORE ee. Sea 10,850,000|._.....-..-- EEE a eget | I. M. De Varona.....- 1896 | 10.5 || j 250 feet high, 16 and 8 feet in diameter. Not used. k In 1896. ; 1 Formerly Long Island Water Supply Company. m Sole source of supply from November, 1858, to July, 1860. n Driven-well station installed. : o Temporary station; permanent station established in 1880. » Allowing 1,000,000 for yield of Watts Pond. ‘y 78 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Taste VIIIl.— Waterworks | Co- gue Estimated| Average vale per cay, for ; ;_| Serv- i ear given in Jast column. No. a! Owner. Description. Orde ice Source of supply. ne 2 ae | (0) began per day. Wells. | Springs. |Streams ¢ New York City, Gallons. | Gallons. | Gallons. | Gallons. dsparieut of : | water su , gas, and ee Smiths Pond ..... 6 B.| 1872 Surface water _...... 4°500,000ls 2225 ce) esas ace eee eee tricity (Bor- ough of Brook- lyn). Smiths Pond sta- A : A ean Gs ssc seseee qth {eB - iIGYP |) Shatin Tos o-oo vssel cso sececaallosacisaeceel/passeonsell CHANT D8) (Pine’s supply Nema Goer re lt pond. }ec 1862 | Surface water......- ‘GOORO00} sao Se See ey Con oe ee Rept sae dOnt eeeee ee luschodack! Broo kss|) 61 Css ial si(o i eeeee Cl Ose ae ee eeneeee L000 000) Sec beseebsee ca tice a Serer {Hempstead sup- Soe Si ovenren ates joc... TS62eU |S Sdomee cha ls vc a! ease aN a BR pein ee eee Peet do. 2 ..-2.-:.|| Hempstead stor || 6 ©. |seeeseee | meets ne er 840001000] kee eee ae Seana Ss OOON OCG) age reservoir. ; bathe GOs ce 2250 5e-| Mlb Ur TESeTVOiTy, /6 BE See tee reese ar ear eee te eee eat eo cee woneselens Shanervans), Nin oyoOAA HO ||son cece Ylocssenecealaesee se eee 30, 450, 000 Massapequa. h ; ‘ao Millburn pump- \e B Streams, Millburn to |.........-.- Se GD) ies okccos 36, 974.474 eee es A EMG ing stétion. ~-------\| Massapequa, and : driven-well sta- tions given below. Millburn supply seed Gls ase 25h) Bed. \oB. 1902-5 Suimtacon ese eet. = ose |'2. kak Smet enti Fries Unis Umer East Meadow |\- Ve ett Comer ee poe \7B seh Eg MRE CT OMAR a TS Nise Ws tel Pesan | MER I ltl peo AS Ne ae 3 Opera ee Agawam station..| 7B .| 1896 Soul els 33 to | @4,518,951) 520;305.-_..-.-2--|-------..- eet deep. 489 |..... Ome ees ae Merrick station...| 7B .| 1896 | 62 ee wells, 40ito) | 1@/4,(6935432|| 1325 81s eee esse see eee eet deep. Matowa (new * | aeues do..........|; bridge) supply |rBe $8920 WSurtacee ase aks Ws Close sae ielae belle eee Slee | rice ene ey eat pee eae pond. 491 a - = Omer eee Matowa station..| 7B .| 1896 | 46 fee Na O8it0; || G45 495622!" 8007939 eee eee pele eee mes | 7 feet deep. Wantagh supply Rees OW saoudenes { pond. \r G5)" 21892 | Sumbaees Cy Sates es Fb sh os 2 ls esate lace eee te el eee ge | ee Seaman’s supply santo GOs sasha et Vic. ROD AlEMoxdoeys eet ces tl Oru gS ala SI 7a a ao CR eenee GO meee eSaee Wantagh station.| 7C..| 1896 | 4344-inch wells, 24to | @3,998, 844) 1,377 682)..........|...-.....- 89 feet deep; 6 6- inch wells, 92 feet ae deep. | assapequa sup- year! GK Seeonesaes { ply pond. \y CL.) Wee | SebHNEO. . .oosecsscesslssssecoesdsslasscco0255 ieaecesereroeee OA Weecioe OkoS Adteeese Massapequa sta-*| 8C_.| 1896 | 5344-inch wells, 37 to | 45,373,196 (Cal Sesser a lossessaca: : tion. 106 feet deep. 81 | New York City, | Long Island City, | 2C..| 1874 | 76-inch wells, 70 feet |}....-..-.--- 682} BOO}. Seca on ee a department of} station No. 1. rene yo pen well, water supply, 47% fee iameter gas, and elec- by 30 feet deep. tricity (Bor- (o) ve Felny (oni Queens). TD lle Op esestee: Bonersand City, 3 D =|) 1886" 28 cee yale eo ceek Be eae F/803;000| Ber emeeees |eeec seer ae station No. 2. eep; 1 16-foo | wall 22 feet deep. 90 Uae (6 (ores Reha Long Island City, | 3D .| 1894 | 124-inch wells, 41feet|...........- 621 COO eases sees eeeer ee ee station No. 3. deep. | Bee OE a on 2,500,000)... 2.25... HieekoT.OR783 | ae oe ation or- a ; | 231 leo do. =.=... merly College |(* ©--| 18/4 | Springs--------.--._- | | | yas Wo 8 8 Mn cctgstoeedloccetios> eq) 622, 700|.--------- | a Numbers correspond to those used in the detailed records in Chapter IV and in the index maps, Pls. xix, xxiv. b See Pls. xix, xxiv. c Streams are very short and spring fed, and differ very little from springs. ad Average daily yield for test of July-December, 1896. systems on Long Island—Continued. WATERWORKS. 79 e Not running, Ff Destroyed.by boiler explosion in 1900 and not rebuilt. g Insurance maps of the Borough of Queens, city of New York, vol. 5, 1903. ! este sats see ee Reservoir or standpipe. | Elevation A s | = ~ Delivery of water. onresat Miles of Hue iy. Authority. Date. | No.a Capacity. Size. standpipe. | Gallons. Feet. Feet. dV Smiths Pond station... 41,580,000............ | Sal tae Tit Al ce Ma I. M. De Varona...... 1896 =.38] | | | Ridgewood aqueduct =-)--)-.---2-8-=--se|ee sense } cute sonssonstllesscssauic TET E}S MEH ROL Gees 1899 58h} rae OE ees WF OR046, 000s cs aes 13081 eet: MDa cverons -<-.4|\ 1896 | 9.57/{ seen Oe ee eee Penn (0 ene eee Eee nenee fee Geet ee ee ee BELGOO OOO meena es saad poctreetsere dees eecceeeseegpeeesiees 8.42 | OSES 5 SS See ee ee 1,000,000, 000). - ==. ----222)------222-2-|eeeeeeeee]eeeeeeeeefeeee-O.-2---.---2-----] 1804 | ING WSOdlye seaeees- eee cass 25773} -(00000) (100) aac ate Bae e ee cl Mee meee ioe eecneae lee Ones eee eee | 1896 MoegRideewoodspumpiney|easeussasecd sels sae eeeeae | eres nee [onc ceicccselececeececeleceed Goer eed Pasa 1894 station. — { SVE CO eter eye ester na oie ee erate crnensne eine fete ereme cede) s eee ee Sa aceon ce| aa dds, Warde sa. accel 1899 | | | | | Wotccen pumping \ iil OTD) (OO) sean { 4.0 | shee Re [aioe aah | I. M. De Varona...... 1896 : 1.4 pebet rey cay Cusack a tie 18,830,000|...........-|| CLAN 2 Pilly a ee ISIE: ays stay tts alll ciggs | 3.77 | VOT CTE RAC TLE CITC ite metered | Bee seen ye cteeel | earayotey Peer t gll aya ec eee [STB Ss Wiandes caret | 1899 487 hat BIBS os BS cist rec acc Seah yee el (Oe a et NTS ct [ea IRD ye ne es YC Lae, GU Eee eae aoe a 11,428, 000)..-...------H 8.5 een eons I.M.De Varona....., 1899 4.17 | | past CO a fe oe res cee ee ee SLE ee see ee cma wet o2| 1 Bs Wards. o5..\' 1890 | 491 | el Pee SOME eae ee Gus sCOSONOCUs2 aoe acl DC lead eer Mies ie I. M. De Varona......| 1896 | | 4.87 ens fl OR Mean eal PORCggg) OOO|4- ee noel TE eee Peas BL 8 doy 5 asscree el aO8 | 6.9 | | Sree CORE ee ee |e eee ns IL eee eo ete Eee ee WW geal Ba Wards i.c-0 <0: |) 1809 493 Rees CORRE eye Soh. 19,000,000!............|J 5.0 Bee eer e a eee eee meee! Varonas as -14|| 1896 | il 3.5 | Jeeued Cl) semana antcceaesed Geeeoaaeee Bae eee a ee ES Fees Tend wal beeen aes ibe Wards. see-ee- | 1s99 | 567 | Direct Seryiceses cesses |aeces 22a a. cee Ene soe / 81 | | A Ay OghIGL eases eee | Mi Wards 22e-22.:| 1800) © das Baers (3 Io) eee oe Hoel |Scs Sane |e ae | elie GI se AO re eee i are ‘| 99 | | Direct; overflowing to CATCO! TSBs ONS ats a Ieee Sota ae ee ee eae Sanborn Map Co.g ...- 1902? | standpipe. | 231 Ze Pecos GO... eee eee eee) tect eeeeee eee] 188.8 15a42| see eee Laban Wanders: esos |eeTS99 80 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. TasLe VIII.— Waterworks | Co- s | Estimated| Average yield per day for ee igd ordi. erv- | capacity | year given in last column. No.@ Owner. Description. aaiies | Source of supply. olstation (b) | began. | per day. Springs. Streams ¢ | ae ; [ | (New York City, | : | Gallons. Gallons. | Gallons. || department of | 21 3-,4-, and 6-inch |.---...-...- 980; 000)s. -2 See acteeeeee eee || water supply, ||Bayside station wells, 40 feet deep. | 238 |; gas, and elec- (formerly Flush-|?4 D 3. 000,000) 1,206,584 | ne || tricity (Bor- Ine; Statlon)).. -Agi|)) > eile Rl eae sce eee ak ae Biaaae: Paotig WCE [Th nae ag ion aa || ough of Oakland Laked __..- 1, 780, 000) 17S 000 eee Queens). “xl | | 17 4- and 6-inch wells, |......-.---- AST O00|e eee eee JUSS sane 239) aes (6 Ko eee Whitestone, No.1| 4D° | 55 to 75 feet deep. | Lees eee nea eaS 1, 000, 000 Sah SEE as eeeeeaee PADI Rene OER en Fs Whitestone No.2| 4D. 5 3- and 4-inch wells, (reserve station). 80 feet deep. 4 Blythebourne | Principal station -| 1B - 1 open well 5 feet di- |.-:---.----- 200; 000|Ee 2 Nene = shoe eee | Water Co. ameter by 90 feet | | deep; 1 open well, | 20 feet diameter | by 90 feet deep. 21g Sea foVoy sie eens 2.4 27-inch wells, 70 feet 18 | H.C. Pialzgraf | estate. } 22 | Flatbush Wa- | terworks Co. 134 ican Improve- | {Mean Amer- .) ment Co. Water Supply || Co. 223 Montauk Water 0. 213 | Jamaica Water Supply Co. | AIS Wace oe GO sh. oe 219A | Holliswood pri- vate high service. 158 | Citizens Water Supply Co. 162,)|22eee Cho eek Saas Ppa Ne ao do. = ASON ERE ee dO2s22seee GTN toe dos ensoecee 153 | Woodside Wa- ter Co. TO sae do ears ASME Se Goreee scence * oodhaven \[scpaeeaotiaaeee | Reserve station ..| 2B - eee a } works of Agate | i Nickel Steel |(?©-- Ware Co. Dun tones soe eas ACES UzierehC es: soe sens ee CONS = tea Ona s< ceeeeee alee LOUIS = eee ee | 4C.. Station No. 1__... oh Cir. Station No. 2.__.. By 1D). Station No. 3__._. 4C.. Station No 4.___.. BOE Station No. 5_-...| 3 C.. Station No. 1_.... SCs Station No. 2..... 3D. Station No. 3..._. 3D. deep. Brooklyn works. Single well_.......--- Wwater- 3 5-inch wells, 18 feet deep; ineach of 12 open wells, 8 feet diameter by 26 feet deep; 19 5-inch wells, 55 feet deep. 3 6-inch wells, 60, 65, and 70 feet deep. ||Island Water Sup- |< plyCor . : 10 4-inch and 6 6-inch ' wells, 80 to 150 feet deep. 17 10-inch wells, 30 to ~ 50 feet deep. 7 10-inch, 12 5-inch wells, 50 to 60 feet deep. 1 8-inch well, 57 feet deep; 1 10-inch well, 150 feet deep; 1 8- inch well, 50 feet deep; 5-inch wells. | Jamaica Water Sup- ply Co. 28 6-inch wells, 45 to 62 feet deep. 78 44-inch wells, 45 to 80 feet deep. 31 6-inch wells, 45 to 90 feet deep. 56 6-inch wells, 45 to: 90 feet deep. 16 6-inch wells. ...... | 13 43 and 6 inch wells. \|178 shallow driven |p wells. 3, 500, 000 2, 500, 000) 2, 000, 000) a Numbers correspond to those used in the detailed records in Chapter 1V and in the index maps, Pls. xix, xxiv. bSee Pls. xix, xxiv ¢ Streams are all very short and spring fed, and differ very little from springs. d Also called Douglass Pond; used only for reserve in case of fire. é Insurance maps of the Borou; f Five elevated tanks. 9 In 1897, M.-N. Baker. ; h Now New Lots pumping station of the Brooklyn waterworks. gh of Queens, city of New York, vol. 5, 1903. ae systems on Long Island—Continued. WATERWORKS. Reservoir or standpipe. | Elevation) _ ’ e of reser- | Mil f | Fire hy- 5 Delivery of water. On SaRtnia, Gauri Authority. Date. | No.@ Capacity. Size. standpipe. Gallons. Feet. Feet. Directs OVvertlowineyebOM ee sete aaj s| anaes ea 218 eye eesoanaeas Wp lB \NENOl= So ote aes 1899 standpipe. | Oe ie ert 762,000| 135 by 33. -|.....-....--|-.-.------|--------.-| Sanborn Map Go.e ...| 1902? | 238 oie ee ane On Ree EE esos joc cec ccc cece e|eee cece eee e|ee eee eee ee] eee ee eee selene eee eee} Chief engineer........} 1902 IDinec fo WeTtOwIT Es TOM sash) 2 arse lene te ese alia ree iM) | -eheee cae Hid BaWard) 2.20.2: 1899 239 standpipe. ne (OKO ROR eRe MeE ease 212,000} 95 by 20--- 182.3)...-.--..-|--.-----.-| Sanborn Map Co.e__..| 1902? aes (O0)E = ese eee Seen ne acl Gemeac meee sae ic hee teeta See Seer ees eee Se eer rere Si asecee 242 Direct; overflowing to 125,000) 5--ece eee ae 160 BOK. |S aeee Ter HS oe WW arrose oe 1899 4 tanks Le, ak ae ok Ane Wea URI, SEUMER e bee aR Ae eS aeaaeh be eeeee sce | I. M. De Varona.....| 1896 21 | fo bgmeeeas ese eiC Uae Nee eee San Nias er eo ee epee ene Oe ee Tape Wards: 99. 1899 StS Ree onde eee aes etceearenerees Ws es yet ay lh be ane pen Rta Go A TE BeReR SAS eee GON Se eee Nines 1899 18 Direct; overflowing to 239,700) 20 by 102. . 194, 72 9 590)... .- Gh pegs eh easiest es 1899 22 standpipe. To standpipe and mains. 5 BEER eee ee Senne eee Seen ese oeen beeen anne Peer error See ei Meee oy operas [aire ads | | 134 | | | Direct service; overflow- |{ + 4,000,000) : ; { ing to reservoir. | BOO KOOUI| ie Siasaas 125 32 GAZ Wierd = Hees 1899 142 | | Direct service; overflow- |...----------- 2 stand- 175 (0). | een eter teal eae GOs ee 1899 223 ing to standpipe. pipes. fees G10) 8S SES Bee steak et eeeet een eee SemeeK (OS 175 psUG0 tr eae ase S:| cae ed Ose ee eccsach |) 1899 213 Lec aoeotebosenessuen doseges) sebesastcne=nd <2ececeaseec|eccescecaece | Se Bas Soe eee C. A. Lockwood.....- 1903 || ae Peete ceils I ered ta 511,000 | 40 by 50...|..-...------ | 62 640} Sanborn Map Co.Jj....}| 1903 || ~~ Sea ios Sea aOR OE to ae Sete te I (Oo ee 210 2 epee eB Wiakder ote | Bog. 219A [WOinect= seamen pe eor ete 183,600} 25 by 50”. 158 [ors CO eae eee elena reser fae een seam a Nemeeugow eee ses TB Wand ecee 1899 |) 162 see 6 Koes See en ee eel Re Ieee 225 OMS S Hes ttil s Ra U ARG Cobia Alec cess tie See IE Res reeset cell = Be am Acar Se] [ee to ea +.....| J. Edward Meyer, su- | 1903 perintendent. I obae BARS Re ee pease taal ila oe ace” 2 er i Wresma tort nl erasweoalh i ec ae lle 2 Se Gi eee SE 1903 150 | 2 ney Ss Sy Carrer hes ORIN a Bt rs NY ME SI iN A | ey |e Le (6 KOT Sey ere en 1903 151 | 153 leomecies ene c.. avee ae te eee CST Tm Aad, 2 idaho) Neleeeee Tent Wards. 220. 2 1899 |) 161 178 i Statement of F. H. Luce, superintendent: J Insurance maps of the Borough of Queens, city of New York, vol. 4, 1903: % Combined capacity about 1,000,000 gallons. UIn Greater New York. m Manual of American Waterworks, 1897, p. 123. ; : nIn 1899 delivered 2,336,400 gallons to the city for use in Long Island City. 82 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. TaBie Il].—Waterworks Co" | Serv- Etna ted our creamer No.a Owner. | Description. oud ice Source of supply. |’ ea ae y Poa 5 by :| began er day. Wells. | Springs. |Streams ¢ (>) Di — | — < = — | Gallons. | Gallons. | Gallons. | Gallons. L740 \S tem aya SONG |e eee neer essere (PSD y= |e see ene Wells ict onc secssoncee faeces etd eee hciat ane eee tee | eee ee 176 | Bowery Bay | North Beach..... SED ia Macnee 17 6-inch wells, 65 to |.....-..---- 500) O00) 2 ee eeee Ceeeeeeeee Building and 70 feet deep. qm proxeniet 0. 16 3 and 4 inch wells, |.-...-..-.-- L135 SS ee Se asl eae 145 to 180 feet deep; 45 3-inch wells 30 273 \fQueens County ‘ to 50 feet deep. Water Co. Valley Stream....] 5B .| isg4 32 4 and 5 inch wells, 33 feet deep. 5,000,000) 1,634,000|-.........|...------- 19 6-inch wells, 150 to 190 feet deep. ; ; 2 wells, 50 feet deep. - 500, 000 Q5AOODI Ei ek Re oe ees 379 |{Rockville Center|\p ocicvitle Center .| 6B .| 1896 |’4 inch wells, 40 to pages \. village. 50 feet deep pT AU BUH | eee rie 1505466|522 ese Seer see 375 | Long Beach As- | East Rockaway. -| 6B .|_.....-- Shallow wells. .....-- sociation. 397 | Freeport village| Freeport.......-- |6B.| 1894 | 26-inch wells, 35 feet | deep; 2 10-inch | wells, 35 feet deep. 490 | Merrick Water | Merrick........... TB Ay issondleshallowawellss2 =. 22 52|2 soe: 20 nai s Woes ame (Dee aoe eee ae eae Co. A d vil NWWOlISh Seem ss ee less see ZOO ;O00|E ae aeaeee Se soe (gp, | BRano eco! EE | Hempstead Eas 6 G_| 1890! 4g eimcniwells, sofeet |...) = BROOO acd ok eee eee \ lage. | deep ? , 414 | Garden CityWa-| Garden City...._. |6C..| 1876 | Well50feet diameter |..........-- 500%000/2 9:8 shee alemee ase aia" ter Supply Co. : by 35 feet deep. 442 | C. H. Mackay...| Roslyn..........- 6D seas Shailowawell swe. coos ee = Noe el oar seen Paes ee re ee te ees | ( 6-inch wells, 60 feet 500,000] 33,000) (”) |.-..--.-.- 452 |4Sea Cliff Water Sea Cliff eae deep. SHEcseadee a | 1872 = Co. | ee a \! G=inehiwelllse cere salam eee =e Seer eral eee er eee rte PiGhunan \QUCCAR Ee aasleanoasocies TE RU eee see OR Sita Se 3 6-inch wells, 38 to | 466 | Pratt estate....| Glen Cove...._... 6F.| 1891 asdeetiMeepeiy Oe ie LP a 100; 000] sce ey eae ee ee nee | i 1 6-inch well, 82 feet | deep. | Nassau County || . 4.10-inch wells, 45 to |\y 099.q90+.|----------|¢---------|--e +--+ --- 455 { Water Co. ia -0..--- 22.2... 6E.| { 60 feet deep. feo eo 525 |----- GO isuceee Oyster Bay....... 7E.| (&) Diienwells ieee oleae oe seo Nie eels Kd Sean | ea 03) ||-skee On oecaecmen | Hicksville......_. T-D)s|) ©) ia RetSainchawellsss5yee tn hy sg e eae see ota | ene ee el deep. 58) |locete doesteeecess | Farmingdale. ____ 8C..| ® Dimiveriiwellsi creel ace mice Sek loe ee cee eel |: cee ee eee 568 | Amityville Wa- | Amityville. ....... 8C..| 1893 | 6-inch wells, 40 feet ‘00}000|" 104000 |Sepeesees see ena ter Works Co. | deep. eet Dmiverawell slam GUS (ee hyen tert aye | ns ee oe Sree | ee ee abylon Sump- 5 674 wee Water }panvion Se ea 10 C.| 1893 4 cae wells, 60 feet 1,000, 000)......... Bt pein aiaira iar ot eh 0. : Peon ema a sence al MS ad ot 175 000| Kee eee one eee Huntington 3 8-inch wells, 60 feet 150'.000) 2 = ee Pies ath ea ee yee neerereee 650 Water Works |-Huntington.._... 8E..| 1893 deep. Co. SR Nos Sb anciasaaceceeds Ste ee eee OG, 27AIG el seater coe Northport Wa- }\ 28-inch wells, 47 feet 658 Nee Works Co, |-Northport........ 9E..| 1s93 > Siaae. Nee epee 98,280| mm) |e. ec ed. ~ |fGreat South |\ | 20 5-inch wells, 40 to | | 675 | Te Water On,|}Baysbore......... | 10 ©.) 1889-90 {Oe Fost deco, } 522, 250; 000) ek eh DN aeteme eee oe a Numbers correspond to those used in the detailed records in Chapter IV and in the index maps, Pls. xix, xxiv. bSee Pls. xix, xxiv. ¢Streams are very short and spring fed, and differ very little from springs. dA small private plant supplying houses in the vicinity of the Steinway piano factory. e Two standpipes. f Private plant supplying Long Beach. 9g Manual of American Waterworks, 1897. de ll h Originally supplied by springs. ? Reservoir, 120,000 gallons; elevation, 175 feet; standpipe, 235,000 gallons; elevation, 250 feet. J Construction well advanced in September, 1903. k Under construction September, 1903. l Two 7,000-gallon tanks. m The springs which formerly supplied this plant were abandoned in 1903. ” Maps of Bayshore and Islip. WATERWORKS. 83 systems on Long Island—Continued. = 3 | Reservoir or standpipe. | Elevation | ’ Delivery of water. oo tener wee f ey, Authority. Date. | No.a Capacity. Size. standpipe. Gallons. Feet | Feet. Wetovtanke ee ess ees cee | Seteseta se Se Lalla aust aa sanGe Hee core See] REBes Saeee] aa aneee Seen ry eee ae Seeeey See ae cee he 74 Dine Gti yS > 55 eS APR ies heater eal Nae fee ees hee oon 1 apaeuneeit L. ©. L. Smith, con-| 1903 | 176 | sulting engineer. | | Direct and to standpipes.- (Oi i alssteeecas See cree BYGdI AR poaeranae GSB AW eC eee seer er 1899 | | > 273 . | 35, 000) 20 by 100. -| | Ban epeeteritd sh. nite ban 233 OO Sr ak dove | 56 300] C. R. Bettes..........| 1902 93,000) 12 by 100. - Direct) overflowing to 235,000| 20 hy 100..|...-.--.---- 5 49| M. N. Baker.......... 1897) standpipe. | eke oom e eae ce eiosee We dase Sea aepase a Se o| ees ee Willage clerk.-.-.--... 1902 || ae | | To standpipe at Long |--------------|------------------------ 4 |e eee eee ee es] ee eee eee eee e eee e |e eee \eeeeo Beach. | Direct, overflowing to |-------------- bebosebesdsn socresscardal:carteanne boeonecsas Engineer.....-......- 1902 | 397 standpipe. ; | Pumped by windmill to |--------------|-------+----- ----------+-|----------]------+ 2+ -]20225 222252 2222222-+-22-|-------- | 490 tanks. | | Direct pumping and to MeN. Baker. 5-2. 2--- 1897 | standpipe. EN PIN Cee: eee eee 1903 405 Minec Lipresstire aac Go e ane as eee [eo atc ae Pees: ear 35] M. N. Bakerg._..._.. 1897 414 “Nov Rel igen jaa Se eS ae Cesc octiq tence Seo ue Conebar MEeecer ae sae ide) TRAE emer seynee a Ses Stes. ~ enon me PRL 442 To standpipe---------.-- PAI (NOD) AO) WAU) a oe eke ae ea eeecesaellebamaseees J.T. Pirie, president..| 1903 G |r 452 PLORTESCEVOUMAN Oeste mG =i i= enema eta eel cee ee eth 8 30| Sanborn Map Co....-- 1902 | pipe. ¢ | | To standpipe..........-- 1585000) 30) by 305. =)-2-2-22-.2-- 5 9) M. N. Baker ..___.... 1897 | | | | 190 | eee (GRO Beep RN a | (CPE ta | Se eeeeeee|s222--- 22. Ds Mo Munger super= | 1903) |; 466 160 | intendent. _ | 265 |) WWaEe Optom sucess wens |: bent GIS ee te tthe: 282, 000|.20 by 120.. | ie Jose eeeenlf SERS CR EEE Te Tifeesees | naBB | 2 Oscar Darling, con- | 3903 525 SoSaGUt ey eee eae 235,000| 20 by 100.. | se Eee doa wtimoeneieece | Acme system...........- Di OU soseckeeneee Hie ein alte tee ee LGN se ae LOR eee eager ie io ie ete | 503 | | Le Ora tre 3 Aa hoe Sure ZESOOD Betas eee RNR a. Sela. re SO Seemed Orsay ae ey lato ro Morstandpipess-. 9. sses: BOO KOOO| #20) bya aoe | een sey ee oie eee re oe Solomon Ketchem, | 1902 | 9568 | secretary. | Acme system............ CBee i ae Ne eta Er 7 33) M. N. Baker_..._..._. 1897 | eee Om See Seen ae AOD, C00 - scene acel acencee-aee|seseessaedbecesc=ose|| Ose IDambinss comes || GOR Nl ayy sulting engineer. | BAS Oe SRE EES SHERISS OE CSE cre cS Eee te AS Re eel aa en 8 47| Chief engineer........| 1903 | ARO MESSY Olle sees eee ee 2502000 vein eee ces NEF ache ice ecatel sites seer Oscar Darling, con- | 1903 il sulting engineer. 650 Doobie bes Jane Heese ouanicdl Soca SC sabe en Meee SOOr sateen eae 10 47| J. Irwin, treasurer....} 1902 J eae TESERVOUE seen BeO COON erent a Some hy. : a4 Oscar Darling.--...... 1903 | 658 Acme system...........- 25, 000}| SilewAlekerlysuesenee ee Senne a sememeas ae C. A. Lockwood, sec- | 1903 | To standpipe..........-- 350,000) 20 by 150.-|.......----- | retary. | 675 16 140| Sanborn Map Co.” ...| 1902 84 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. TaBLeE II1.— Waterworks Co- eae _|Estimated| Average ele per day for No.@ Owner. Description. oes ice Source of supply. aEelby) your. given tonsa co aes nates jagEna of station (d) eal per day. | Wells. | Springs. |Streams ¢ Gallons. | Gallons. | Gallons. | Gallons 777 | Great South! Patchogue .....-.- TBD!) DBS Skee Rete ee ee | ee elle ee | ee | ee Bay WaterCo.d 803 | Port Jefferson | Port Jefferson....| 11 F.| 1898 | 26-inch wells, 54 feet 200, 000 80: 000) Pete ccs 0 Se oe Water Co. deep. : : 1 8-inch well, 225 feet 863 ae \Riverhead........ 18E| 1892 |) deep; 16-inch well, Rea 6000] 5. sss ks] Mee a 305 feet deep.e 861 | Quantuck Wa- | Quogue....-..---- 18 D.| 9 1903 | 6 8-inch wells, 40 feet 500; OOO = acti Ss | eee ae eee ter Co. deep. 879 | Southampton | Southampton ....| 21E| 1894 | 36-inch wells, 80 feet 1,000; 000) -840;500)52 a= o-se teen eee Waterworks | deep. | Co. | 910 ; Easthampton | Easthampton ...-; 23 F.| 1899 | 34-inch wells, 70 to 75 200), 000)) #1250; 000 Se sae see) senna seeee Home Water : | feet deep. Co. : : 903 Sag Harbor | Sag Harbor -..-..- PIO) TS) Witsoe Binge oo lame Soscoae ne (Qitwikss esas 150,.000 Vater Co. | Z| a 889 | Shelter Island | Shelter Island...-) 21H)}........ Open well, 21 feet | © 120, 000) 796; 000)-.-----2 ase ee Heights Asso- deep, with 6-inch : | ciation. pipe to a depth of : i 33 feet. | 890 | Manhasset |-_-... GOS LSet see Pa bl Sle Ss tae Group) of 18 wells. -2-|222--2------ GO eee eee Rec cnecens . House. | | 892 | Greenport vil- | Greenport....-... 21 El | 1889/9 \6-mnehi wells; 28! t048 |) sae ses eee eee tale eee eeee he eicae aes lage. feet deep. | a Numbers correspond to those used in the detailed records in Chapter IV and in the index maps, Pls. xix, xxiv. b See Pls. xix, xxiv. c Streams are very short and spring fed, and differ very little from springs d Until 1894 the Suffolk County Water Company. e Statement of driller, N. W. Davis. f Pumped by water power. 9 June 1 1903. a aed -WATERWORKS. systems on Long Island—Continued. é 85 Reservoir or standpipe. | Elevation : ; é f - | Miles of | Fire hy- , Delivery of water. penne ace Garin Authority. Date. | No.a Capacity. Size. standpipe. | Gallons. Feet. Feet PIE See cts ate 2s A eee | 2725000) 20 by Ibe s|s2-.-22-----) 18 981 Sanborn Map Co.....| 1902 777 Morstand pipe: = ws S 4 miles 78°25" Fic. 37.—Map of southern Long Island, showing location of underflow stations at which determinations of the rate of flow of underground water were made. Measurements were made by the electrical method described by the writer in Engineering News for February 20, 1902, and in Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 67 of the United States Geological Survey. The test wells were driven by the commission on additional water supply, and the measurements were in charge of the writer and of Mr. Henry C. Wolff. 88 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. APPARATUS USED. The apparatus used comprised a series of test wells and various electrical devices for ascertaining the conditions that obtained in them. TEST WELLS. Test wells may be common 14-inch or 2-inch drive wells if the soil and water- bearing material is easily penetrated and if the depths desired to be reached do not exceed 30 or 40 feet; for greater depths and more difficult materials wells of heavier construction are necessary. The test wells put down by the commission | on additional water supply for Greater New York in 1903 for the work described herewith are suitable for ordinary conditions as met with in the eastern part of the United States or in any place where the gravels are not too coarse or too compact. In them there was used full-weight standard wrought-iron 2-inch pipe z oe fe) i 7) —hi << 2 a z a fe) 9) Pk. a 0) B Fic. 38.—Plan of arrangement of test wells used in determining the velocity and direction of motion of ground waters. A, B, C, D are the test wells. The direction A C is the direction of probable motion of the ground waters. The dimensions given in plan (a) are suitable for depths up to about 25 or 30feet; those in plan (6) for depths up to about 75 feet. For greater depths the distances A B, A C, A D, shou!d be increased to 9 or 10 feet and the distances B C and € D to4feet. The well A is the “salt well” or well in which the electrolyte is placed. in lengths of 6 or 7 feet, with long threads (14-inch) and heavy wrought nipples which could be screwed up until the ends of the pipe abutted. The well points were 4-foot standard brass jacket points, No. 60 gauze. For wells no deeper than 30 feet closed-end points were driven, but for deeper work open-end points were used. The test wells were driven in place by use of a ram from 150 to 250 pounds in weight, simultaneously hydraulicking a passage for the pipe with water jet in #?-inch standard wash pipe. In fine material there were coupled ahead of the open-end well point 3 or 4 feet of pipe carry- ing a shoe coupling, so that the sand in running in through the open end of the pipe would not rise above the bottom of the screen inside of the finished well. The test wells were grouped as shown in figure 38. In case the wells are not driven deeper than 25 feet, an “‘upstream”’ or ‘‘salt”’ well, A, is located, and three other wells, B, C, and D, are driven at a distance of 4 feet from A, the distance between B and C and between C and D being about 2 feet. The well C is located so that the line from A to C will coincide with the APPARATUS USED IN MEASURING UNDERFLOW. 89 probable direction of the expected ground-water movement. This. direction should coincide, of course, with the local slope of the water plane. For deeper work the wells should be located farther apart, as shown in the right portion of figure 38. For depths exceeding 75 feet, a radius of 8 or 9 feet and chords of 4 feet should be used, the general requirement being that the wells should be as close together as possible, so as to cut down to a minimum the time required for B A Cc UPSTREAM WELL DOWNSTREAM WELL Fic. 39.—Diagram showing electrical method of determining the velocity of ground water. The ground water is supposed to be moving in the direction of the arrow. The upstream well is charged with an electrolyte. The gradual motion of the ground water toward the lower well and its final arrival at that well are registered by the ammeter A. B is the battery and C a commutator clock which is used when A is a recording ammeter a single measurement, but not so close that important errors are liable to be introduced from the inability to drive the wells perfectly straight and plumb. On this account, the deeper the wells the farther apart they should be placed. The angles B A C and C A D should not exceed 30°. Electrical connection is made with the casing of each test well by means of a drilled coupling carrying a binding post. Each of the downstream wells, B, C, D, 90) UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. contains within the well poimt or screen section an electrode consisting of a nickeled brass rod three-eighths inch by 4 feet, insulated from the casing by wooden spools. This electrode communicates with the surface by means of a rubber-covered copper wire. Fig. 39 illustrates the arrangement of electric circuits between the upstream ‘well and one of the downstream wells. An electrode is shown in Pl. XX Each of the downstream wells is connected to the upstream well in the manner shown in that plate. FORMS OF METERS. The meters used were of two types: (1) Direct reading or hand, which required the personal presence of the operator every hour for reading, and (2) self-recording, which required attention but once a day. | -DIRECT-READING METERS. A photograph of the direct-reading underflow meter is shown in Pl. XXI, A. Six standard dry cells are contained in the bottom of the box, their poles being connected to the 6 switches shown at the rear of the case. By means of these switches any number of the 6 cells may be thrown into the circuit in series. One side of the circuit terminates in 8 press keys, shown at the left end of the box. The other side of the circuit passes through an ammeter shown in the center of the box, to 2 three-way switches at right end of the box. Four of the binding posts at the left end of the box are connected to the casing of well A, and to the three electrodes of wells B, C, and D, in order. The binding posts at the right end of the box are connected to the casings of wells B, C, and D. There are enough binding posts so that two different groups of wells can be connected to the same instrument. When the three-way switch occupies the position shown in photograph, pressing the first key at left end of box will cause the ammeter to show the amount of current between casing of well A and casing of well B. When the next key is pressed the ammeter will indicate the current between the casing of well B and the electrode contained within it. In one case the current is conducted between the two well casings by means of the ground water in the soil; in the second case by means of the water within well B. By putting the three-way switch in second position and pressing the first and the third keys in turn, similar readings can be had for the current between casings A and C, and between casing C and its internal electrode. Similarly with the switch in the third position readings are taken by pressing the first and the fourth keys. The results may be entered in a notebook, as shown in Table TX, p. 95: - ; The electrolyte does not appear at one of the downstream welis with very — great abruptness, but its appearance there is somewhat gradual, as shown in the curves in figs. 40 and 41. The time required for the electrolyte to reach its max- - imum strength in one of the downstream wells (and, hence, for the current to reach its maximum value) may vary from a few minutes in a case of high ground-water velocity to several hours in a case of low velocity. The writer formerly supposed that the gradual appearance of the electrolyte at the downstream well was largely due to the diffusion of the dissolved salt, but it is now evident that diffusion plays but a small part in the result. The principal cause of the phenomenon is now U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XX ELECTRODE AND PERFORATED BRASS BUCKETS USED IN CHARGING WELLS, ts aoe 5 fi 1 a YS rm ny ~ Sy tail es] r aa i et =. , ¥ ty Fs FORMS OF UNDERFLOW METERS. HL known to be the fact that the central thread of water in each capillary pore of the soil moves faster than the water at the walls of the capillary pore, just as the water near the central line of a river channel usually flows faster than the water near the banks. For this reason, if the water of a river suddenly be made muddy at a certain upstream point, the muddy character of the water at a downstream point will appear somewhat gradually, being first brought down by the rapidly E CURVE WELL *'B IFT. Os AGE 3)FT Pal AMPERES Fie. 40.—Curves showing electric current between casing of well A and casing of well B (heavy curves), and between easing of well B and its internal electrode (dotted curve) at station No. 5, Sam Gabriel River, California. These curves illustrate results made with the hand form of apparatus. moving water in the center of the channel, and later by the more slowly moving water near the banks. The effect of the analogous gradual rise in the electrolyte in the downstream well requires us to select the ‘point of inflection” of the curve of electric current as the proper point to determine the true time at which the 17116—No. 44—06 y ‘ 02 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. arrival of the electrolyte should be counted. This point is designated by the letter “M”’ in figs. 40 and 41. : Owing to the repeated branching and subdivision of the capillary pores around the grains of the sand or gravel, the stream of electrolyte issuing from the well will gradually broaden as it passes downstream. The actual width of this charged water varies somewhat with the velocity of the ground water, but in no case is the rate of the divergence very great. Figures 42 and 43 show some actual deter- minations of the spread of the electrolyte around a well in a coarse sand, in one- case the ground water moving 12 feet per day, and in the other case moving 23 feet per day. Samples of ground water were taken from small test wells placed only 6 inches apart, and the amount of salt or electrolyte was determined chem- DIS. PIPE MASSAPEQUA STA. \2 QUARTS WATER [TAKEN FROM WELL 28 a 1.40 A a ee 1.20 © es ao 770 i¢ 1.00 = Wi ti al es 80 z 12 60 UARTS WATER TAKEN FROM WELL .08 os -| .40 CASING 08 ae reGn EE + i 20 O_o 0 9 aor We 2 4 6 8 LOM 2 4 6 (sj) al) 3 JUNE 21 & 22, 1903 VELOCITY 5.5 FEET PER DAY Fie. 41.—Curves showing possibility of using direct-reading apparatus when well points are not used. The casing in this instance consisted of common black 2-inch pipe, with a few small holes in bottom section. The ‘‘casing’’ curve must be relied upon for determining velocity. The “‘electrode’’ curve was obtained by drawing water from well C, as shown on diagram, the charged water penetrating the well through small holes and the open end of well. This diagram shows the velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Massapequa, L. I., Station No. 1. Velocity 5.5 feet a day, S. 10° E. ically. The amount at any point is indicated by the area of the circles shown in the diagrams. It will be seen that the salt barely showed itself at a distance of 3 inches upstream from the well. Three feet downstream from the well the width of the salt stream was about 3 feet in the first case and about 2 feet in the other case. Application of principles.—It is possible to dispense with the circuits from the casing of well A to those of the other wells, as the short circuit between the well and the electrode forms the best possible indication of the arrival of the electrolyte at U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XXI A. UNDERFLOW METER, SHOWING CONNECTIONS WHEN USED AS DIRECT-READING APPARATUS. B. COMMUTATOR CLOCK FOR USE WITH RECORDING AMMETER. FORMS OF UNDERFLOW METERS. 93 the downstream well. For cases in which the velocity of ground water is high the cireuit to well A is practically of no value, but for slow motions this circuit shows a rising current before the arrival of the electrolyte at the lower well, often giving indications of much value to the observer. The method can be used quite successfully even though nothing but common WELL SALTED AT 2:00 P.M, Fig. 42.—Diagram showing the manner in which the electrolyte spreads in passing downstream with the ground water. The shaded circle shows the location of the salted well, and samples were taken from the sand at the corners of 6-inch squares, shown by dots in the diagram. ‘The areas of the circles are proportional to the strength of the electro- lyte found at their centers. The rough outline indicates the area covered by the charged water at the times specified, The velocity of the ground water (in the direction of the arrows) was 12 feet a day. It can be seen that the electro- lyte barely reached a distance of 3 inches against the direction of flow. pipe be used for the wells. In this case, however, the absence of screen or per- forations in the wells renders the internal electrodes useless, and one must depend upon the circuit from well casing of the upstream well to well casing of downstream well, 94 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. The results in the table on page 95 and fig. 41 present such a case. In this case the wells were not. provided with well points, but merely possessed a 4-foot length of pipe, provided with 4 or 5 holes on opposite sides of the pipe containing small }-inch washer screens. These few openings are not sufficient to permit the electrolyte to freely enter the well, so that readings between casings were relied 10:15 A.M. 11:15 A.M. WELL SALTED AT 8:45 A.M, Fic. 43.—Diagram showing spread of electrolyte from a well with ground water moving about twice as fast as in fig. 42, or 22.9 feet a day. The electrolyte spreads less rapidly for the higher velocity, as is shown at a glance. upon for results. As a matter of fact, enough of the electrolyte did get into the well to give small increased readings, but in order to secure the electrode readings given in the table, water was removed from the downstream wells by a small bucket holding about 6 ounces, so as to force a quantity of the water surrounding the well into the perforated sections. F ‘5 a RECORD OF ELECTRIC CURRENT READINGS. Taste [X.—Station No. 1, Massapequa, Long Island, June 21 and 22, 1903. FIELD RECORD OF ELECTRIC CURRENT READINGS IN AMPERES, OBTAINED WITH READING UNDERFLOW METER. 95 DIRECT 210 pounds of sal ammoniae placed in well A. Time. Casing B. | Electrode B.| Casing C. | ElectrodeC.| Casing D. |Electrode D. June 21, a.m: SAD, SRR, Se Mn bs 0. 03 0.08 0. 03 0.10 0.03 0.09 QA as he 5 EN eR MM Nice RMA Te ss I SR re OU ltd iat gig aaa SPA Ne eee Ri UN be coe OVBO ND ge ele el cesta aN eee . 04 .08 . 04 095 036 . 088 eee’ s 2 pee Bey ee ee a . 04 . 079 . 039 092 036 . 088 NOI80) SRE 4 eas eset 04 .079 . 04 097 039 . 087 1 Re sea Eee SPRL cae, 1G) Sean . 04 . 079 . 04 095 . 059 . 087 ANTE SOB: INT ARE oer nv gee Oe So 04 . 079 . 04 091 . 039 . 087 SIA esi Cee Rates ey R18) ope Se pe a . 041 . 079 . 04 092 040 . 087 June 21, p. m: LSC 2 11s eens eee a, Ae Sete . 042 .079 . 04 090 . 040 . 088 TSO eet Sh Aye ek AINE a ts . 042 . 079 . 04 092 . 040 . 088 Deere . 043 . 079 . 04 092 . 040 . 089 72) erties A OAR EREE Ret or ee eee . 043 .078 . 041 094 . 040 . 088 CRD eho) See Y. (a ae e . 043 . 078 . 041 094 040 . 090 Sr OO I Aaye rays 3: eA) ene deer te . 043 . 078 . 040 094 - 041 . 090 Aye . 048 .078 042 094 041 . 090 Le WOOLY ce ISS ee er 4 Ae . 043 | .078 . 042 095 041 . 090 Bret 043 .078 . 042 096 041 .090 SiG USER cure et, Seu tirde ee eh tae . 045 .078 . 043 096 041 . 090 (ESD SSPE eseaesneye etme ae ht te . 045 . 078 . 043 . 097 . 042 .091 ate . 045 .078 . 046 099 041 . 091 7.30 0 .045 .078 . 046 099 . 041 . 090 ial ale AD a a 8 ee 045 080 048 099 042 . 093 Coho OS eee peed ets Oe a eet ae ee . 049 . 080 . 049 100 . 043 . 094 ene tar ed NIRS Par eho 048 | .079 . 050 100 | + .043 . 094 TORONI OMS. a teem 050 | 079 .070 101 045 095 TIP el el aaa aes at a .050 | .079 . 095 . 106 . 047 .095 b 2 pounds of sal ammoniac placed in well A. \ 96 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. TaBLE IX.—Station No. 1, Massapequa, Long Island, June 21 and 22, 1903—Continued. FIELD RECORD OF ELECTRIC CURRENT READINGS IN AMPERES, OBTAINED WITH DIRECT READING UNDERFLOW METER—Continued. Time. | Casing B. | Electrode B.| Casing C. | ElectrodeC.| Casing D. | Electrode D. June 22, a.m: enamine) Male a 0. 051 0.079 0. 120 0. 122 0.049 0.099. Dic Ae 520 STA tear oe! 051 079 147 152 050 . 100 Shoes? 1 ea 9 Boe cyan a 050 079 | 168 195 | 050 100 LE” 1s Sag dS ha RE 053 079 178 430 050 100 AAD (ME 12 5 10, WAN re sae 053 079 Hiss 470 050 100 A AQ ROS | PN ccs No aia tap 2 Dill 3? cx: er hata Pelee A Gir al 2g a Re SO. 053 075 200 1.4 050 100 POE Re MMS Ege 8 . 200 ier Sear Ee regen Sa gd ot Se eae mn OM OE No a By 3(0)0 em eels eatiges Se ene Sie pememeee e siln a 052/19) 2 4075) 260 1.9 050'|.. . @-100 Sas: nee ANE es | meee CD OWA iN soa ite ae ae SOO pe mete eS 2 Ne es oe Be. COO ras Aste Me eae 8 Qu Se ares ne. ike 26 2. 20 049 099 10 Us ee i MMP Lg 050 OG DUE tae oo 2.20 049 099 10.2 Meee! OS alee, eee 25 BDEBO: |x chs) alae es eae Tiere ly ee Meer se Dis VME -2 (30). | yates aera aaa Te saled tiiee es, Sear Ret aE st 1. lee Re ae | Spee: Pea EDI Vilehy ate aes eet | ee Moe Oe | a2 pounds of sal ammoniac placed in well A. b Before this reading some water was taken from well C. ¢ About 2 quarts of water were taken from well C before this reading. d After 6 quarts of water were taken from well C. _ In cases where good well points are used the ground water charged with the electrolyte finds its way gradually and naturally into the well. The well point should be clean enough to allow as free passage into the well as through the soil itself. Second-hand points used for this purpose may show a marked lag in the entry of the electrolyte. By comparing the curves for station No. 1 (fig. 41) with those of stations No. 6 (fig. 46) and No. 21 (fig. 57), where good well -points were used, the lag caused by insufficient perforations in the well of station No. 1 is brought out very clearly. Granulated sal ammoniac is used in well A, a single charge varying from 4 to 10 pounds. If common pipe without points or screens is used for the wells, so that internal electrodes must be dispensed with, about 2 pounds should be used every hour. The dry salt should not be poured directly into the well, but should be lowered in perforated buckets, shown in Pl. XX. These buckets are 1? by 30 inches and hold about 2 pounds of the salt. Two of these buckets may be tied one above the other for the initial change, followed by two more in ten or twenty minutes. If the wells are not too deep, the sal ammoniac may be introduced into the well in the form of a solution. A common bucketful of saturated solution is suffi- .— — UNDERFLOW METERS. OG cient. There is an uncertainty in introducing the sal ammoniac in solution in deep wells, as the time required for the solution to sink to the bottom of the well may be considerable. The ammeter used in the work has two scales, one reading from 0 to 1.5 amperes and the other from 0 to 5 amperes. With a given number of cells, the amount of current between the upstream and downstream wells will depend, of course, upon several factors, such as the depth of the wells and their distance apart, but more especially upon the amount of dissolved mineral matter in the ground water. The initial strength of the current can be readily adjusted, however, after the wells have been connected with the instruments, by turning on or off some of the battery cells by means of the switches at the rear of the box. A good rule is to use enough cells to make the initial current, if practicable, about one-tenth of an ampere. SELF-RECORDING METER. In the second form of underflow meter, self-recording instruments are used so as todo away with the tedious work of taking the frequent observations day and night, required when direct-reading instruments are used. The arrangement of the apparatus is not materially different from that described above. In the place of the direct-reading ammeter a special recording ammeter is used, of range 0 to 2 amperes. It has been found practicable, although a matter of no small difficulty, to construct an instrument of this low range sufficiently portable for field use and not too delicate for the purpose for which it is intended. The ammeter has a resistance of about 1.6 ohms and is provided with an oil dash pot to dampen swing of arm carrying the recording pen. The instruments were manufactured by the Bristol Company; they have gone through hard usage in the field without breakage or mishap. The portability of the instruments will be materially increased by changes in design which are now being made. The methods of wiring the wells when the recording instruments are used is slightly changed. In this case one side of the battery circuit is connected to casing of well A and to all of the electrodes of wells B, C, and D. The other side of the battery is run through the recording ammeter to a commutator clock, which, once every hour, makes a contact and completes the circuits, one after the other, to a series of binding posts. One of these binding posts is connected to the casing of well B, one to the casing of well C, and one to the casing of well D. The time of contact is ten seconds, which gives the pen abundant time to reach its proper position and to properly ink its record. Pls. XXI, B, and XXII, A, show two commutator clocks made for this purpose by the instrument maker of the college of engineering, University of Wisconsin. The clock movement is a standard movement of fair grade, costing about $5. It can readily be taken from the case for cleaning or oiling and as quickly replaced. A seven-day marine movement with powerful springs is best for this purpose. It will be seen from the method of wiring the wells that the record will show the sum of the current between well A and well B added to the current between 98 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. the casing of well B and its electrode. The removal of the connection to well A would permit the record to show the current between the casing of a downstream well and its electrode, but the connection to the upstream well involves no addi- tional trouble and occasionally its indications are of much service, especially if the velocities are low. All of the instruments above mentioned can be placed in a common box, 16 by 22 by 36 inches, covered with tar paper and locked up. Pl. XXII, B, shove a photograph of the instruments thus arranged. The shelf contains he pecorkee ammeter (shown at left of cut) and the commutator clock (shown at right of cut). The contacts of the commutator clock are arranged about five minutes apart, so that the record made for the wells will appear on the chart as a group of lines, - one for each downstream well, of length cor- - responding to the strength of the current. - The increasing current corresponding to one of the wells will finally be indicated by the lengthening of the record lines for that well. This can be seen by consulting the photo- graphs of recordsshownin Pl. XXIII. Light- green ink is used for record charts and red ink in the recording pen, so that record lines can be distinguished whén superimposed | upon the lines of the chart. A special chart has been designed for this work, and is fur- nished by the Bristol Company as Chart 458. , The recording instruments in use have 4 given perfect satisfaction, and the method is a great Improvement in accuracy and con- venience over the direct-reading method. The highest as well as the lowest ground- water velocities yet found have been success- fully measured by the recording instru- ments. By using one or two additional dry cells the instrument is quite as sersitive as L./. RR. Discharge pipe: Ea S| | .M. 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 . . “Att —_.—_._~ -- au. 21--————-—_-> _- the direct-reading type. VELOCITY 6 FEET PER DAY. F 4 . 3 Fig. 44.—Diagram showing velocity and direction of In usINg ule recording instruments but a flow of underground water at Wantagh pumping single charge of salt need be placed in the eae upstream well. If the wells are deep it is important to use enough salt solution to be sure that the salt reaches as far down ~ as the screen of the well point immediately after the solution is poured into the well. A gallon of solution will fill about 6 feet of 2-inch wrought-iron pipe, so that 10 gallons of solution should be used if well is 60 feet. deep. If the proper amount of solution be not used it will take an appreciable time for the solution to reach the bottom of the well by convection currents and the results will be vitiated to that extent. As before stated, it is preferable to introduce into the well granulated sal ammoniac contained in a suitable bucket, in case the depth of the well renders the use of a solution uncertain. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XXII A. COMMUTATOR CLOCK FOR USE WITH RECORDING AMMETER. B, RECORDING AMMETER, COMMUTATOR CLOCK, AND BATTERY BOX IN USE IN THAVE [FIIEILID); UNDERFLOW METERS. 99 PRINCIPLES INVOLVED. The principles involved in the working of the apparatus are quite simple. The upstream well A is charged with a strong electrolyte, such as sal ammoniac, which passes downstream with the moving ground water, rendering the ground water a good electrolytic conductor of electricity. If the ground water moves in the direction of one of the lower wells, B, C, D, etc., the electric current between A and B, A and C, or A and D will gradually rise, mounting rapidly when the L. te RR. Discharge pipe VELOCITY 6.4 Fir. PER DAY. 2) iy 140 ao a a 1.20 = ; ba 1.00 VELOCITY § FT. PER DAY. VELOCITY 5 4 FT. PER DAY. +80 -60 =! -40 ; JULY 3 AUG.19 -20 JUNE 29 ae i JUNE 29 10 A.M.12 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 JULY3 12M. 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 AUG.19 4P.M. 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 Fic. 45.—Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Agawam pumping station (Station 5). electrolyte begins to touch one of the lower wells. When the electrolyte finally reaches and enters one of the wells B, C, D, it forms a short circuit between the casing of the well and the internal electrode, causing an abrupt rise in the electric current. The result can be easily understood by consulting fig. 40, in which the current is depicted graphically. The time which elapses from the charging of the well A, to the arrival of the electrolyte at the lower well, gives the time necessary for the ground water to cover the distance between these two wells. Hence, if the distance between the wells be divided by this elapsed time, the result will be the velocity of the ground water. 100 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS. EXISTENCE OF UNDERFLOW. The 6-mile line from Freeport to Massapequa is, as has been stated, about 1 mile distant from the edge of the tidal marshes bordering the Atlantic Ocean. North of this line for a distance of 9 or 10 miles the natural surface drainage of the land is toward the south, the slope for nearly 8 miles of the distance being almost exactly 15 feet to the mile. This drainage plain is not only very flat and unbroken, but the surface conditions are exceedingly favorable for the absorption of a large percentage of the rainfall. .The soil for the most part is coarse and sandy and EIS RERs Discharge pipe. 2s SEES Electrode =20 ) V1 AM. 1 8 5 7 9 11 TSASMS 93) 5 7 9 » <-— —-—JULY 1-——-—-—<- = ae VUE VELOCITY 5 FEET PER DAY. Fic. 46.—Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Agawam pumping station (Station 6). very porous. The slope of the water plane is somewhat less than that of the surface of the land, being approximately 10 or 12 feet to the mile. The underground drainage is in general toward the south, the main east-west underground water- shed probably coinciding within a mile or two with the surface watershed. The average rainfall is about 44 inches, a very large share of which enters the ground. In the localities where the test wells were bored the material for the first 30 to 40 feet was yellow sand and gravel, quite clean and uniform, but growing finer with the depth. The first 20 feet below the water plane seemed in every case to be of high transmission capacity, and the material below this level was usually of increas- ing fineness, finally changing into a fine, dark-colored, micaceous sand. At a depth of from 40 to 60 feet a compact layer of clayey and bog-like material was U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XxXiIll {2-40 PY AUG.5.° Chart No. 408 CHARTS MADE BY RECORDING AMMETER. EXISTENCE OF UNDERFLOW. 101 often met with, and in driving the test wells into and through this layer the water rose continuously in the wells until a marked artesian head was developed. Imme- diately below this compact layer good sands were again encountered. In the report on New York’s water supply made by John R. Freeman in the year 1900 it is stated as probable that the layer of clayey material referred to above is distributed as a wide and practically unbroken sheet 40 to 60 feet beneath the: surface of the south-sloping drainage plain of the island. One of the objects of the measurement of ground-water velocities was to determine whether or not there was a considerable southerly movement to this water in the sands and gravels above the supposed clay sheet and to determine the order of magnitude of such a movement if it existed. Whenever there Center line of road. AMPERES. = TPM 6 9 1 5 Coe UN By rms 9 1 5 9 1 5 9 1 UL? (Be Saad SSI 1 VELOCITY 2.6 FEET PER DAY, Fra. 47.—Diagram showing direction and velocity of flow of underground water at East Meadow Brook and Babylon road (Station 7). 5 9 1 —— i) exists in any drainage area a body of ground water which does not escape into the beds of surface streams as seepage water but continues seaward through the sands and gravels independent of the surface streams, this moving sheet of water is known as the underflow. One of the problems was, therefore, to determine whether or not a true underflow existed in this part of Long Island, and to learn something of its magnitude if it was found to exist. Another problem was to discover, if practicable, if any part of the underground drainage existed below the bed of clay; in other words, it was sought to determine whether the underground drainage consisted only of a surface zone of flow, or whether a deeper zone of flow—or possibly several deeper zones—were also present. 102 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. In respect to the first problem above mentioned—the existence of an underflow— there can be no question but that a true underflow of considerable importance exists within a depth below the surface of from 40 to 50 feet. In practically all of the stations established a good movement was found to exist, having a strong southerly component, in many cases surprisingly free from the influence of neighbor- ing surface streams. The velocity near the surface—from 16 to 24 feet below the water plane—ran as high as 5 to 12 feet perday. At greater depths the velocities ran much less; at two stations, at depths of 30 and 42 feet, the velocities were each about 15 inches per day. At station No. 9 the sand was so fine at a depth of 45 feet Discharge pipe Merrick pump station. ee 7 Pipe line 4 8 12 4 8 12 4 8 N2nevaES 8 12 -JULY 15—-———- > -—JULY 16— : VELOCITY 3.1 FEET PER DAY. Fig. 48.—Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water near Merrick pumping station (Station 8)- 4 EM, 8 12 <- that it could not be prevented from running into the bottom of the well above the top of the screen so that the wells could not be used. The existence of a deep zone of flow was also established. At station No. 15 clay was encountered at a depth of about 44 feet. These wells were driven to a depth of about 62 feet, when an artesian head of about 30 inches developed. A measurement was then made, the screens on the wells being just below the imper- vious layer. A velocity of 6 feet per day was found to exist, in a direction about. 10° west of south. The rate of flow at the same point just above the clay was only 18 inches per day, so that a true deep zone of flow undoubtedly exists at this point. This result, although very important, was nota surprise, as it had already been quite well established by the work of Mr. A. C. Veatch, of the United States Geological Survey. and others, that the clay layer, formerly supposed to be of EXISTENCE OF UNDERFLOW. 108 wide expanse and quite unbroken, is, as a matter of fact, absent over considerable areas of the island, so that no reason exists why a part of the underground drain- age should not exist below this impervious bed. The surface zone of flow of the underground waters is probably divided into a _ number of drainage areas, although it is exceedingly doubtful if the underground drainage basins coincide very closely with the drainage areas of the surface streams. In general, the velocities seemed to increase from west to east, the lowest velocities, however, being in a middle area, where the yellow gravels contain a quantity of i) i) _ AMPERES. t) 5 P.M. 9 1 5 9 i 5 9 1 5 9 1 5 9 1 SUN iS aL (ss UE TO seca aes VELOCITY 2.6 FEET PER DAY. Fic. 49.—Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Cedar Brook (Station 10). fine, clay-like silt. The Wantagh area seemed to have the largest underflow. It would be exceedingly interesting to have series of measurements extended eastward into Suffolk County. By increasing somewhat the number of stations in the area already covered and comparing with results from drainage areas in Suffolk County, a comparative study of underground drainage systems would result which ought to have much value in planning new sources of supply for Brooklyn. The details of the measurements are given in the reports on individual stations contained in the following table. The locations of the stations are shown in fig. 37 (p. 87), and the curves of electrical current for various stations are given in fig. 41 and figs. 44 to 57. . 104 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. TaBLe X.—Underjlow measurements on Long Island. { | Veloci Numbeuoe an | Direction. Date, 1903. | welt below Kind of point. i | oa S)s sural 2 Ly: ot fea 2 eee : | Feet | | Feet | Wes. soe Gy | ASy Oe ee |WuMe PDAS eects Ss sr ee 22 Perforated pipe. Be Bina P= * BE) | ia Re sh et Ree a cee eee Do. a ies 6:0" | Ss4O2 RY =) AU MAcioustioia sees ae actos ate eee es. aD Do. Biss Wael ms Re ee es I iri ISS ss aa ee 8 22 Do. Cie paae a Ey ou ae tee ce 7 (re) URL et ares ae eh) < e 22 Do. ee ee =: GUAT TS acne feluie 20 STi PAE | 22 Common point. bx ae | 5L 4) RSH Se Venues Wall yp sede sa. Wa A Seal 22 Do. kee 30 1$ 22°R Teresi on ee Nog 8) Do. Gi Soest OHO Sh CP We... (POs 1, OF 2 we tee mere ages ~ Do. Tame 2:65 al .S: eeeee til ton Oueimee wee en ae ae 20 Do. Sees peas NO) | Giese ce.) al yAOneligl ge eae 2: hen as 21.6 | Open-end point. Sie am Sal ENG to Woes July 4 wwe see. Ge Soe 21.6 Do. LO a ee oe PA || Sy .Ox/( sal Dee sans dives wl, sh WO), Oe so eee eee 28.0 | Common point. iu es HON Pate Oe oe keene July 27 Anos t ek ee ee 22.0 Do. Wie G lee 107 |) SS" We ges | Suiliy 27 NU st seeeeee ae ca | _ 27.0 | Open-end point. tise fie ae 3 OG{OOG Ske he |» Mtnotists sean: meeeetn Bec w EY 16.0 | Common point. See sees GOONS oat ee ee August iS VAs Sap eee eee aos 16.0" Do. Ges oer 91305] (SL le. 1 Stiga sti Sener ening Gane ee 17.0 | Do. 1G: Bees 1.53) | (Sc .-<2 5. eS eastie ers Sromiome ee 42.0 | Open-end point. lever teee 6.00 | S. 15° W.__.- | Arrest 7g MOPSONEe =e. oe 62. 5 Do. NGO te en _ -00 | S. 30° H_....- ALTE OY Wile 5 es a ee aes 16.0 | Common point. Gre ee 877100) 1S. 60°; Wescecie eAueusteloes eeeaaeoee a ae eee | 16.0 | Do. Hecate! 11.160) "S.160S5 2 =. 08) meustpienivee snes te ree tps On hie ens 7 eae 10:60 |S: 30° Woe) Aueustelouiges a ee 20.0! Do. Suse eee <——29——---80 ——< +-3 1 AUG, 1} 2 8 VELOCITY 1.07 FEET PER DAY. Fic. 50.—Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Grand avenue and Newbridge Brook (station 12). or gravel. Actual computation will show that in a uniform sand of diameter of grain of one-half millimeter the ground water will reach within 1 per cent of its final maximum velocity by a sudden application of pressure or head in approxi- mately thirty seconds of time. This surprising result of the theory of ground-water motions receives a very striking verification in the increase in velocity noted during the rain storm as described above. These results have important bearings on our knowledge of ground-water phenomena in the neighborhood of a well. They indicate that the velocity of the a Slichter, C. §., Theoretical investigation of motion of ground waters: Nineteenth Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 2, 1899, p. 331. 106 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. ground waters in the neighborhood of a well reaches a maximum value soon after pumping is commenced. The gradual formation of the cone of depression near the well shows that there must be a progressive augmentation to the initial velocity of the ground waters toward the well. Nevertheless, the rate of depression of the water table is so slow that the ground-water motion established soon after the pumping has begun is substantially the same as after prolonged pumping. These — remarks have their most important bearing upon the phenomena of the mutual interference of wells. The interference of one well with the supply of a neighboring well is thus seen to come into existence almost instantaneously and need not wait for the establishment of a cone of depression of large area. The phenomena of the cone of depression have much to do with the permanent supply of the well, but have slight bearing upon the proper spacing Hl ___ss'___Genter line of 8° the ‘wells or the percentage of inter- \\ a ference of one well with another. — EFFECT OF SEEPAGE WATERS FROM PONDS AND RESERVOIRS ON RATE OF MOTION OF GROUND WATER. South Some unusually good opportunities occurred during the work on Long Island of determining the rate of seepage below the impounding dams of some of. the storage ponds which the Brooklyn water- works has established north of the con- duit line referred to in the opening pages of this chapter. The batteries of driven wells which have been placed a few hun- dred feet south of nearly all of these ponds were quiescent during the summer of 1903, as the heavy rains furnished a lpm 3 5 7 98 a 1 8 5 7 a sufficient quantity of surface water, and ——-— AUG-5--—-—- >—-—--AUG-6--—_-—> Mg VELOCITY 8.6 FEET PER DAY, the auxiliary supply from the wells was Fic. 51.—Diagram showing velocity and direction of flowof pot drawn upon, as usual, during July underground water at Bellevue road (station 14). ari August. At Seerriamt No. 5 Walon East Meadow Pond and somewhat within its line of seepage (see fig. 58), the normal velocity of the ground water is 5.4 feet per day. At station No. 7, just north of the pond, the velocity was 2.6 feet per day. It seems clear that the natural velocity at these points, if the influence of the dam and pond were removed, would be about 4 feet per day. The velocity at station No. 6, located but a few feet from No. 5, at a depth of 34 feet, was 5 feet per day, as compared with 5.4 feet per day at a depth of 22 feet. The dam has the effect of making the water table nearly level in the immediate neighborhood of the pond, and also of greatly augmenting the slope of the water table for a short distance below the pond. The lower velocity above the pond and the higher velocity below the pond correspond with these facts. When there was no flow over the waste weir of the dam I measured the flow of the small EFFECT OF SEEPAGE ON RATE OF UNDERFLOW. NO stream which rises below the dam at the bridge marked “‘A”’ in fig. 58. On July 10 this flow was 1.2 second-feet, practically all of which represented seepage water from the reservoir. This amount, 1.2 second-feet, or 103,680 cubic feet per day, represents the amount of water that would flow through a bed of sand 30 feet deep and 1,000 feet wide at a velocity of 1 foot per day, the porosity of the sand being supposed equal to one-third. The normal velocity of the ground water is augmented, as shown by the measurement quoted above, by somewhat more than 1 foot per day. ‘The width of the lower end of the pond, or the length of the earthen dam, is about 1,400 feet; basing the estimate on this minimum length and on a minimum depth of 30 feet, and augmented velocity of 1 foot per day, gives a minimum esti- AMPERES, 12 M. 12M. 12M. 12M. Aas 6><—— - Auc, 7—-x—- —Aus. 8—- >< - —Aus. 9--—=< ——- Aua. 10 —- <*> VELOCITY 1.53 FEET PER DAY. Fig. 52.—Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Bellevue road (station 15). mate of the seepage from the dam of 1.6 second-feet; since 1.2 feet are known to actually come to the surface to feed the stream below the dam, it is evident that this estimate of seepage is a minimum. It seems evident that a considerable volume of seepage water could be recovered, without seriously lowering the water plane, by extending the line of ee wells to the east of the present terminus a distance of 600 or 700 feet. A test well was driven in the lower south end of East Meadow Pond toa depth of 10 feet to determine the pressure gradient of ground water beneath the surface of the pond. The water in this test well stood about 1 foot lower than the water in the pond itself, showing a slope of the water plane, or a hydraulic gradient, of 7 feet toa mile. These facts are shown in fig. 59 (p. 113). 17116—No. 44—06——8 108 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. The gradient of the water plane below the dam—that is, between the dam and station No. 5—was 17 feet to the mile, so that the velocities to be compared are: Pressure gradients and velocities above and below East Meadow Pond, Long Island. Gradient of Velocity of Station. water plane | ground water per mile. per day. Feet. Feet. No. 7, above pond.._..--..-.- 7 2.6 7 No. 5, below pond... .---..--- 17 5.4 These results check very favorably, especially when it is considered that the gradient above or north of station No. 7 was probably 10 or 12 feet per mile, which AMPERES. 0 | 2P.m. 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 <— AUG.A7--<— -—- — AUG. 18— - — - — -—« —--—— - AUG, 19=- ——- <> VELOCITY 6 FEET PER DAY. Fig. 53.—Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Bellevue road (station 15x). would make the effective gradient at this station somewhat greater than 7 feet per mile. : Very striking results were obtained below the dam at the Wantagh Pond, where measurements were undertaken especially to determine the rate of seepage. The dam of the Wantagh Pond runs parallel to the right of way of the Long Island Railroad about 75 feet north of the latter, and has an extreme leneth of 500 or 600 feet. About 150 feet south of the railroad, downstream from the res- ervoir, the city of Brooklyn began in the summer of 1903 the construction of an infiltration gallery, consisting of a line of 36-inch double-strength tile laid at a depth of 16 feet below the water plane. Itis purposed to extend this gallery for a mile east and west from the Wantagh pumping station. Stations Nos. 13,16,and 17 were - ~ : EFFECT OF SEEPAGE ON RATE OF UNDERFLOW. 109 established for the purpose of measuring the normal ground-water velocities at the depth (16 feet) of the purposed gallery. Two of these stations are immediately south of the pond and in the apparent direct line of seepage, while station No. 17 is located slightly to the east of the edge of the pond, and, as seems evident from fig. 60, just on the edge of the main influence of seepage from the ponds. The seepage velocities at stations No. 13 and 16 turned out to be enormous, the velocity at No. 13 being 96 feet per day, S., while at station No. 16 it was 77 feet per day, about S. 30° E., the deflection being toward the neighboring stream as shown in fig. 60. These velocities are the highest the writer has determined, and may be regarded as record-making rates for the horizontal motion of ground waters. Both measure- ments were made with the re- ey oy cording instruments; by consult- ae ee ing the curves in figs. 54, 55, and Sa 56 it will be noted that each curve has two maximum points, aS fi Wee FS which must correspond to the | 2 oo IA : : Gate house Gate house Conduit T velocities in two distinct layers of gravel. The secondary velocity for station No. 13 was 7.4 feet ”° per day and for station No. 16, 1.20 11.3 feet per day. A very strik- ing verification of the fact that the high movements here found = + were due to the escape of water from the pond will be noted when the temperatures of the waters in the wells of these sta- tions are compared with the tem- peratures of the water in the pond and the water in wells outside of .40 the influence of seepage from the in AMPERES. 5 +207 al al -- pond. Practically all water from | wells on Long Island has a tem- ea Cam aL eR TT 2 oe ae 5 a Jee G 0 ae eS See ee ey Se perature between 58° and 60° F. VELOCITY :(1) 96 FEET PER DAY ;(2) 6.9 FEET PER DAY. In the present case, the tempera- Fic. 54.—Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of under- ture of water drawn from H A ground water south of Wantagh Pond at station 13. Russell’s well, 22 feet deep, located just west of the Wantagh Pond (see fig. 60), was 59° F. on August 8, 1903, while the temperature of water from well D, of © station No. 17, just east and slightly below the pond, was 61.2° F. on August 11, 1903. This well was 20 feet deep, the bottom being at the same depth as the wells of stations Nos. 13 and 16. The temperature of water in the pond varies more or less, especially the temperature of the surface layer. The temperature of the pond water on August 8, a cloudy day, was 72.5° F., and on July 30, a sunny day, 80° F. The temperature of water from the wells of station No. 13 was 65.8° F. on July 30, and that from the wells of station No. 16 on August 8 was 69.5° F. These high temperatures at stations Nos. 13 and 16 show that a large portion of the moving ground water must come directly from the pond, and 110 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. that the rate of motion is so great that the ground water has not time to be reduced to the normal temperature of the ground. At station No. 17 the water had a velocity of 10.6 feet per day in a direction S. 30° W., and a temperature of 61.5° F. The ground water at this point is probably not entirely free from the seepage water from the pond. The direction of flow, the velocity, and the temperature of the water all indicate, however, that acon- siderable part of the water is the natural underflow which at this point is diverted toward the lowland occupied by the streams below the pond. : There can be no doubt but ——N = peSE one OND, that the proposed infiltration ¢ gallery will intercept a large oe amount of seepage water from | ) the pond which at present runs ; : entirely to waste. The amount yy of seepage in the first 16 feet of depth is probably somewhat less than 3 second-feet per 1,000 feet of length of cross section, or about 2 million gallons per twenty-four hours. At station No. 21, located just above the Wantagh Pond, the velocity at a depth of 17 feet was 21.3 feet per day in a direc- tion 60° east of south. This station is near the west bank of the main brook that feeds the pond, and the greater share of the ground water at this point percolates into the bed of the stream. The true underflow at this point can be found. by tak- ing the southerly component of = this velocity, which gives 10.6 = o =) AMPERES. 8 TOMI 2 4 6 8 —AUG.3——_ >< AUG. 4——_- VELOCITY: (1) 77 FEET PER DAY; (2) 11.6 FEET PER DAY. feet per day The temperature i} 4P.M. 6 10 — Fic. 55.—Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Wantagh Pond (station 16x) of the ground water at this point was 58° F. : The increase of underflow rate at the Wantagh Pond from 10.6 feet per day to 96 and 77 feet per day, as compared with velocities above and below East Meadow Pond of 2.6 and 5.3 feet per day, respectively, are easily understood when the material constituting the bottom of the ponds is inspected. The material of the bed of the pond at Agawam is good, the soil being fine and compact, while at Wantagh the bottom of the pond is very sandy, in some places having a closer resemblance to a filter bed than to a puddled floor. a RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS. WU EFFECT OF PUMPING ON RATE OF MOTION OF GROUND WATER. Through the courtesy of Mr. I. M. De Varona, an excellent opportunity was furnished the writer of making some observations upon the influence of pumping upon the normal rate of motion of ground water in the neighborhood of some of the Brooklyn driven-well stations. For this special purpose, the pumping stations at Agawam and Wantagh, which had been idle since December, 1902, were started up for two days each in August, 1902. Agawam was operated continuously from 7 a.m., August 19, to 7 a.m., August 21, and Wantagh was ee AG LOND. eae TROMM G7 eae, AU ___w (FE = gust 22, to 7 a. m., August 24. At the Agawam station observations were made at station No. 5, by means of the recording instrument. Well A was charged at 4 p. m., August 19, or after nine hours of continuous pumping, aN 20 interval supposed. to be sufh- cient for the establishment of the maximum rate of flow of — + the ground water, although, of course, the cone of depres- sion near the wells would still be changing quite rapidly. Station No. 5 is 30 feet north of the intersection of the chief suction mains com- _«0 municating with the line of driven wells and 12 feet east of the central discharge main (see fig. 58). The depth of 4 the test wells was 22 feet, eee epee we ee iene while the depth of the 30 sup- VELOCITY 10.6 FEET PER DAY. Po ete Nr er aegis shove vat ae artis tow ot margronmt tion system varies from 30 to 105 feet, the wells being arranged at intervals of 50 feet along two suction mains, each 750 feet long. The rate of pumping during the 48-hour test was very uniform, this average being 2,250,000 gallons per twenty-four hours. The vacuum at the pump was maintained at 24 inches, while that at the first well east of the engine house was 23.2 inches. The charge of the centrifugal pump was dropped from 4 p. m. to 4.40 p. m. August 19, during which time the vacuum fell to 7 inches. This was the only interruption during the test. iy ts) AMPERES. eS 12 ike UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. The velocity determined at station No. 5 during the test was 8 feet per day, in a direction S. 22° KE. The normal velocity; at this station is 5.4 feet per day, S. 8° W., so that the influence of the pumping was to increase the velocity by 2.6 feet per day, or an increase of about 50 per cent. The actual velocity found and the percentage of increase are both very moderate, and indicate that. the pumping station is not making an unreasonable draft upon the ground-water supply at this — point. The 30 wells of the Agawam supply station have screens each 10 feet long, or altogether about 730 square feet of screen. The maximum velocity of ground water as it enters these screens must be at the rate.of 1,230 feet per day, since the actual pumpage was 2,250,000 gallons or 300,000 cubic feet per twenty-four hours. The mean velocity in the area, 10 by 1,500 feet cross section, immediately drawn upon by the wells (the supply wells coverig an Elegtrode expanse of about 1,500 feet) was about 30 feet per day. The “edmotion of this rate to 2.6 feet per day represents a ratio of reduc- tion of 11 to 1, which could be taken care of by a depth of 110 feet in the water-bear- ing gravels, without going outside of the 1,500-foot east and west line of the driven alle. To put this in another way: T he daily pumpage of 300,000 cubic feet of water could be eapplicd by the normal rate of Secale motion of the ground water at this point Ze (5.4 feet per day) through a cross section / of 510,000 square feet, or, say, 100 feet y deep by 1 mile wide. Tosupply this amount = of water, if removed from the ground on F :; each of the 365 days in a year, would re- rue ie 2 hs ee eee quire 1 foot of rainfall on 12 square miles 2 ee ——— i VeLociTY 21.3 FEET PER DAY. of catchment area, or 18 inches of rainfall Fic. 57..Diagram showing velocity and direction of aie 5 flow of underground water above Wantagh Pond at on 8 square miles of catchment area. Since es ae the watershed is at least 12 miles north of the station, there is ample area to supply this amount of ground water, and the rate of removal at the Agawam station must, therefore, be regarded as moderate. The observations at Wantagh pumping station were foadle on August 21 and 22. The pumping at this station began at 7 a. m., August 21, and continued forty-eight hours at the uniform rate of 4,366,000 gallons per twenty-four hours. The water at this station is drawn from 48 driven wells, arranged on three lines of suction mains, as shown in fig. 60. The east-west expanse of the two chief lines of wells is about 1,500 feet. The wells of this station are of two different types— shallow wells of depth of about 24 feet; and deeper wells, extending below an impervious bed to depths of from 60 to 112 feet. These latter wells have an artesian | ee el iy tS) Beale ales AMPERES. i) ) EFFECT OF PUMPING ON RATE OF UNDERFLOW. 113 head of 3 or 4 feet, and when the pumping plant is idle the water from. the deep wells flows into the suction main and into the shallow wells, from the latter of which it escapes into the sands and gravels of the upper zone of flow, raising abnor- mally the zone of saturation. An attempt was made on June 24 to measure the rate of motion of the ground water at station No. 2, situated 17 feet west of the chief discharge pipe, and 300 feet north of the intersection of the main suction pipes from the driven wells, as shown in fig. 60. The attempted measurement was a failure, it not being known Test well EAST MEADOW Stream ey OV AGos F 2 zeD * : q are Line or ive 9 22 iy, So a S ! Ug KK ] \ Fig. 58.—Map showing locations of stations 5 and 6 with reference to Agawam pumping station and East Meadow Pond. at the time that the discharge from the numerous artesian wells was entering the surface layers of gravels and hence interfering with the normal flow in these gravels. The ground water at station No. 7 was, on account of this situation, either entirely stationary or moving slightly toward the north. On August 21, well A, of station No. 2, was charged at 6 p. m., after eleven hours of continuous 15 feet Station 7 q e Test well 10 OTE - ae CVC OG DONC maaan P A\| Water plane Slope 7 feet per mile Bo», Pond Slope 6 feet per mile i Z Station 5 © 7 fen a “Zz, Visa open Per mile Py LLM anor aan TAIT DDT TET 0 Sea level Horizontal scale ° wo 200 300 400 S00 600 700 800 3900 _1000 feet c —————SSSS=—a——SE= I—————= = SS===—=—=_] Fic. 59.—Vertical sections through stations 5 and 7 and test wells in Agawam Pond, shown in fig. 58. pumping from the driven wells. The.velocity of the ground water observed was at the rate of 6 feet per day in a direction 8. 10° E. As this station is distant only 300 feet from the lines of driven wells, it is evident that the withdrawal of 4,366,000 gallons or 582,000 cubic feet per twenty-four hours has not an excessive influence on the normal rate of motion of the ground water. The results at Wantagh compare very well with the results at Agawam and indicate that the driven-well plants have not exhausted the possibilities of ground-water develop- ments. 114 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. SPECIFIC CAPACITY. The writer uses the term “specific capacity’’ to designate the numerical expression of the readiness with which a well furnishes water to the pump.“ This quantity can be obtained by dividing the yield of a well by the amount that the | water is lowered in the well. Thus, in the case of the Agawam wells, the discharge | was 1,560 gallons per minute under a vacuum of 23.2 inches of mercury at the first well east of the engine house. This vacuum corresponds to a head of 26 feet _ of water, but the water in the wells was lowered only 20 feet by the pump. The specific capacity of the group of wells was therefore 78 gallons per minute. The area of all strainer surface in .the wells was 730 square feet. From these data it can be readily estimated that the specific capacity of the Agawam wells was 0.11 = die es ; : ine = (ae eninge | | a = N So : — ——— INFILTRATION GALLERY ICE OFFICE oe BOILER HOUSE Line of driven wells Fic. 60.—Map showing locations of stations 2, 13, 16, and 17, near Wantagh pumping station and Wantagh Pond. gallon per square foot of well strainer under 1 foot head.. This is a numerical expression of the degree of coarseness of the material in which the well is placed, combined, of course, with any resistance offered to the intake of water by the well strainer itself. At Wantagh station the discharge of 3,030 gallons per minute took place under a vacuum of 15.3 inches of mercury at the wells. The average head under which the water entered the wells was equivalent to 17.4 feet of water, from which the specific capacity is estimated to be 176 gallons per minute. The total strainer surface on the wells of this group amounts to 1,170 square feet, from which we conclude that the specific capacity per square foot of well strainer is 0.15 gallon per minute. This is nearly 40 per cent higher than at the Agawam wells. With carefully constructed wells of large diameter a minimum specific capacity of 0.15 gallon per minute per square foot of strainer can be depended upon for all wells in the Long Island watershed if properly designed strainers be used. aSee Water-Sup. and Irr. Paper No. 140, U.S. Geol. Survey, 1905, chapter 7. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS. WAL CONCLUSION. The very evident conclusion from observations on Long Island is that large amounts of ground water can still be obtained along the south shore of the island, especially if deep wells of large diameter can be successfully bored. The writer has already called attention to the possibility of constructing 12-inch wells of the California or ‘‘stovepipe’”’ type in the unconsolidated material met with to considerable depths on Long Island.“ Such wells, several hundred feet in depth, with perforations opposite the best water-bearing material, would utilize a large part of the underflow which now escapes to the sea. The practicability and success of such wells in this locality seem very probable, but the actual construction of a test well is the only way of arriving at an entirely satisfactory conclusion. aSlichter, C. S., The California or ‘‘stovepipe’’ method of well construction for water supply: Eng. News, Novy. 12, 1903, p. 429. Clal BOR a ie JW WELL RECORDS ON LONG ISLAND. Compiled by A. C. Vearom and Isatan Bowman. INTRODUCTION. The presentation in a compact form of the data and detailed well records _ collected during the work on Long Island has proved a considerable problem. Presented. in lng text in connection with the geologic discussion, they furnish the necessary proof of many of the statements there made but so encumber the text that the mind loses itself in the mass of detail. Recourse has therefore been had to the presentation of all the well data in a compact table with notes giving such additional information as may be available. The arbitrary numbers assigned to the wells in the table correspond to those used in the index map (PI. XXIV) and through the text in Chapters I, II, and V. While an attempt has been made to indicate the geologic subdivisions in some of the records for a critical discussion of their geologic bearing, the reader is referred to the paper on the geology of Long Island, which will be published in a short time. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. Thanks are due to Mr. I. M. De Varona, chief engineer of the Borough of Brooklyn, for access to some of the invaluable records collected by his department; to Mr. L. C. L. Smith, engineer in charge of the Borough of Queens, for many kindnesses and suggestions regarding that borough; to Mr. Cord Meyer and Mr. Edward Meyer, of the Citizens’ Water Supply Company, and to Mr. Franklin B. Lord and Charles R. Bettes, of the Queens County Water Company, for much assistance in the study of the fluctuations of well waters. From the commission on additional water supply, samples were received fone the many shallow wells which they put down in their study of the position of the ground-water table. Descriptions of these samples will be found in the descriptive notes following and the results of the sizing and filtration tests in Chapter V. The well drillers on the island almost without exception rendered valuable assistance, and it is a great pleasure to acknowledge aid from the following sources: Samuel H. Allen, well driver, 513 Broadway, Long Island City, N. Y. ; Arthur & Tuthill, well drivers, Cutchogue, N. Y. Gilbert Baldwin, well driver, Woodmere, N. Y. 116 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. LLG William H. Beers, well driver, Wading River, N. Y. Ralph B. Carter Company, artesian-well contractors, 47 Dey street, New York City. Cole Brothers, artesian-well contractors, 102 Fulton street, New York City. P. H. & J. Conlan, artesian-well contractors, 253 Lafayette street, Newark, N. J. ‘Chester D. Corwin; artesian-well contractor, 198 Seventh avenue, New York City. C. H. Danis, artesian-well driller, Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y. N. W. Davis, artesian-well driller, Port Jefferson, N. Y. Dollard Brothers, artesian-well drillers, Babylon, N. Y. H. J. Dubois, artesian-well driller, Huntington, N. Y. L. J. Dubois, artesian-well driller, Glen Cove, N. Y. J. Elliott, tile wells, Pinelawn, N. Y. John Fisher, well driller, Westbury, N. Y. I. H. Ford, artesian-well contractor, 102 Fulton street, New York City. C. L. Grant, artesian-well contractor, Hartford, Conn. Elisha Gregory, artesian-well contractor, 123 Liberty street, New York City. ~ Paul Haller, well driver, Cedarhurst, N. Y. , = W. J. Hancock, well driver, Baldwin, N..Y. Thomas B. Harper, artesian-well contractor, Jenkinstown, Pa. John Heerdegen, 44-46 Broadway, New York City. J. H. Herbert, tubular wells, Floral Park, N. Y. Hudson Engineer and Contracting Company, water supply engineers, 92 William street, New York City. E. K. Hutchinson, artesian-well driller, Oyster Bay, N. Y. W.C. Jeagle, artesian-well driller, Hicksville, N. Y. Isaac Kasteard, well digger, Port Washington, N. Y. _ Thomas J. Kirk, well driver, Patchogue, N. Y. J. W. Nichols, well driver, Manorville, N. Y. R. F. Nichols, well driller, Oyster Bay, N. Y. J. M. Peler, well driver, Manhasset, N. Y. Phillips & Worthington, artesian-well contractors, 136 Liberty street, New York City. Pierce Well Engineering and Supply Company, artesian-well contractors, 136 Liberty street, New York City. ¥ Charles E. Price, artesian-well driller, Smithtown Branch, N. Y. O. W. Quinn, well driller, 257 Seventh avenue, New York City. J. B. Redwood, well digger, Smithtown, N. Y. Robinson Brothers, well drivers, Center Moriches, N. Y. T. B. Rogers, artesian-well driller, Stonybrook, N. Y. Rust Well Machinery Company, artesian-well contractors, Ithaca, N. Y. A. O. Ryder, well digger, 227 Franklin place, Flushing, N. Y. George Schmidt, well driller, East Williston, N. Y. Ed. Schmidt, well driver, Mineola, N. Y. Harry Strausbinger, well digger, Shelter Island, N. Y. H. S. Stewart, well contractor, 354 South Highland avenue, East End, Pittsburg, Pa. Stotthoff Brothers, artesian-well contractors; Flemington, N. Y. Sweeney & Gray, consulting engineers and well drillers, 81-85 Sixth street, Long Island City. John Tart, driller, with Hudson Engineering and Contracting Company, 92 William street, New York City. S. E. Terry, well borer, Holtsville, N. Y. Andrew Vandewater, well digger, Hempstead, N. Y. A. J. Velsor, well digger, Fort Salonga, N. Y. Lawrence Verdon, well driller, Far Rockaway, N. Y., with Queens County Water Company. F. K. Walsh, artesian-well driller, Woodmere, N. Y. Frank Wankel, well driller, 535 Himrod street, Brooklyn, N. Y., with Hudson Engineering and Contract- ing Company. Alfred Wisson, well driller, Old Westbury, N. Y. W. V. Young, artesian-well driller, Baiting Hollow, N. Y. 118 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. TasLE XI.—Representative | F Coordi-| . iller i No. Location. aBGeRL | Owner. Driller. Authority. | | | pas : *1 | Hoffmann Island.-.-.-.-- Hel BASS Ney York Quarantine Sta- Elisha Gregory.-..-.-.-- Elisha Gregory.-..-...- Bean =I ion. | *2 | Fort Lafayette. ..-....-- WI} Sool) Wis So IAT oc oostemacatosceel's MEnaneEr aenctoacieadaeas WO WASs 5 epee cre eese | 5 +30 |B adiyaktid sen seems eeceeee LISS) BROOK yA COOP Cope leo. Sse sscerceeeowssseses J.C. Meem, engineer... ___.. | ment. : *4 | Bay Ridge Park pee eBilychebo une ay iaitem Coss sas ene ees eee Ie BeoWiand 0s- shes Dyas cot) |} Je pCoYold had eos eseesccncs .--| Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co} Elisha Gregory........- Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co @B ecko Clive sess Milliken Bros.......-.--.-.- Milliken Bros... .- =) Milliken Brosuas.- 22 oena. = 2 51 seco ow: Mase ietaen sa s® ...-| Barrett Manufacturing Co..'.. Barrett Manufacturing Co... 3) Gagan Ro aera ere eae eRe et oy eal) AP. Ele Galle cet SOT Seats See al, acs ks ae ce Nee P. H. Gill & Sons... 2222 Ch tea G (6 ones ta Oy Set Ee we, Jeo Crescentiehemicali Comes lsaneeer aes eee ee eee Crescent Chemical .Co. i **10 | Governors Island. --.--.-- IC ess) Wh io Seah yes 5 see cemsseeaas P. H. and J. Conlan....| Elisha Gregory..... SH aaee TS |p llnseislamd sess eeeeee LU OR aed PEPE RE em essere ose secet See EgeLce Well Engineering | Pierce Well Engineering Co. 0. AD |) Braaeltdlyan.J.co5c2see-cee 1 es ce|) Wore WeyleyaGl 121. ek eee ellen eee Po pened tid oe pe C. M. Jacobs, engineer. ....- *13 | New York-Brooklyn.... 1p x sae |Rapia PM ocho hie RE Beets mera ase ce ABER Gewese .| Chief engineer...........--- 14 | Manhattan Beach......-. 2A...) Manhattan Beach Hotel. ee Dolarde Brno seneeee aes Dollard Bros. --.......-... 15 | New Utrecht pumping | 2 B.-..| Brooklyn waterworks.....- ERE BEE Bama Ban AAAs scie Ti BE AViandiOR ee oe tee ees station. *16 | Gravesend pumping sta- | 2 B..-|.-.-- Cho ape Somat aaa anete Ber W.D. Andrews & Bro..|...-. COs) Miso ees eee ee eae tion. iW || CorenyesemGl we sees ese 2B...| Brooklyn Borough Gas Co..|......- PpaSsceupnceseaseas Brooklyn Borough Gas Co. . (Sn eMapletonie-eeneseeeeaaee 2 B):....|-Pialzeratiestate jee scesce-|seeece ace eee eee ee eee Wig Wo \WVENEGL Ono Seen enecene *19 | Borough Park........... 2, Bex) (West BrookLyme Wistert © Oo.) ese eens I. M. De Varonafs ..-...--.-. *20 | West Brooklyn.......... DUBS een 0), Paces space sae Sea EN bl ate et ge eae |e Ol, MR tienes ieee 21 | Blythebourne..........- 2) Bee aeBivthe bourne Wistert Cosel ames ese see ese ee es eee Cowie eee icesce PP) |) ITU 5 oe ooaseccos eon 2B eee |b laitbushewiaiterm COs s reese eee eee reese see reerees dae 8 ima Wt C0 Li cae chy ese Brooklyn: : ; *23 8th avenue and 18th | 2 B...| The Maltine Co.........._.. Foster Pump Works...| The Maltine Co...,.....-..- | street. 24 | 12th street and Go- | 2C...-| Brooklyn Union Gas Co_---|...-..-.-----._-_-2_-.---- Brooklyn Union Gas Co..-. wanus Canal. . #25 9th street and Go- | 2C....| Tartar Chemical Co......--. Elisha Gregory.....--.- Elisha Gregory..-....----.- wanus Canal. > ‘ 26 Hoyt and 5th avenue} 2C....| Brooklyn Union Gas Co.-.-..|...........-...-......-:-. Brooklyn Union Gas Co.... *27 3d avenue and 3d | 2C....| Transit Development Co...|.....-....-/--..-.--------- | Samples in office of Transit | street. Development Co. *28 | 3d avenue, between | 2C....| Brooklyn Union Gas Co....|..-.--.-.----..----.--.---| Brooklyn Union Gas Co.... Degraw and Doug- lass streets. ; *29 Dean street, near | 2C....| Humbert & Andrews....--- Chester D: Corwin..-.-. Chester D. Corwin....-.-.-- Vanderbilt avenue. f *30 St. Marks and Grand| 2C....| Knox Hat Co.............. Elisha Gregory....-..-- Elisha Gregory-..-..-.----: avenues. | #31 Lewis and De Kalb | 2C....| Borden Condensed Milk Co.|} Chester D. Corwin..... - Chester D. Corwin....-- s,s avenues. | : | * For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. a Yield from a single shaft. b Merchants’ Association report on water supply of the city of New York, 1900, table following p. 186. as & c Average per well for 1899. da See Table VIII. WELL RECORDS. 119 REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. wells on Long Island. |Height of Depouror | eet rn Diameter) Depth of prineipal ®P°ve(+) Miele =| Geologie horizon of | R k of well. | of well. | water jh iow(—) eee water-bearing strata. | CHRIS. No. supply. | | ground | | level. | Inches. Feet. Feet Feet. | Gallons. | | | 8} 1,000 (750-1,000 |...-....-- | 33 Cambro-Silurian (?)... Rock encountered at a depth of 450 feet__- | 1 | | | | | | | eeatacase Gite "oie st det ol lesan eae Nee el Se eal > SoH REC CATE eee | Foundation test borings.............-..--- | 2 tee aes ee 40-90 |....-..---].-.-------| % 520-695 Wisconsin...........-| Sewersbuor Clee eee ess a pee ee eS | | | | 60 90 | | | te Pee | Pees ees Gish) le oees ClO Gs aes Seles ic re COA YT] 0 (SN Es le | m0 90 | (0) | Seen Mable ieee nn ee ee a2 Sa ee oe 4 Ed al) Ace can 36 Sool Bee eel ae eee | Cambro-Silurian...._. jaSalttawaicers ose eee seee Bs de a as ae 5 23 G5 | 65 | — 10 100 | Wiscomsin......-...-- Hard water; used only for cooling .._._...- 6 8 50 OOM ee! 8 |eetes cre es|e cee COS sree Soreseesee Used for cooling purposes only ....-......- i 42 SOW ileenefeceae Ghee eeeere ces sonee domeeeee ee TEE \iveuar seliny Gael Inghiel.- .-os2ascossese cosas 8 6 56 52 | — 15 40 |....- (lO skecstacseeeecac Slightly brackish; not used for boiler or 9 | ‘ drinking. | 12-8 | 1,822.5 1,715 | Flows 15 | Cambro-Silurian. ....- Sally murateseee en 8 mee scence ee oe 2 | 10 Si) A) ease eae ang||s555 sesso) p200oq5> sol >cosscsaossansescees5re Brackishmwaltense vss. se eee see eee er wat | ieee oes W220 ssocsceesclocesscass s|secesenrce|scensestcabecocssccsasse), IOS NOMINEE. 5 .oce sateccosacnostosecusmsasa| IP) ©. {Pleistocene; Cambro- SR ei 12-102 ae sigiesi aise soem Sle s sc ees Siluniaiy | Soe eee are Ante ee 18 eee sees {0 enceemenes| = 10 becescescel| Pieisiingane. ..--.5.-2-| Comme seme! mel enya es ee saccanseeecasd! I 2 30) peniesennecee — 3.6 C1GED | AVVAISCONSIME see nee = Group of 120 driven wells ....-...-........- d15 2 UE eae aeere — 17.4 Ci) noes GOS Ane E ek eee Group of 113 driven wells ...........-.-..-- d16 Soe ote aren 14 eee meee eect. ts -cave ee eyly Oe ca Blue clay at a depth of 14 feet..............| 17 Be est se eieallass Sere cers ee ees eee ee eee ere eee eee OInelenwellauseduor locale watemsupply ne. a|e18 SEE Bee reyeryal Sao tete ce ee clemency eee ce en Sacinae aS ceeemee Reserve station of old West Brooklyn; 19 Water Co. 96 Game, Saees ee == OC wm [be sah Boece [eiciera eee era a sialon tne Principal station of old West Brooklyn | 20 Water Co. 7 GOR | ere oe |e ee eon net WISCONSIN Ee eee cease ee Reserve station; not-used -----+.--.....--- d2] { 96-5 aa | ee | CR ES | Orr e roe eee eR oe Se Ae ee ste ee ih sicholo gers anidie Ris aecl hie Mevacor rie | 2 | : 4 = d22 it 5 Odes |e eee Rete eater em || \yyis@omsiin. 20-2 eens Gown OF HH) WO ceacccacessosseeeeuscseance 96-8 177.5 |157.5-177.5, —157.5 SOO) MINS Un yn? aaa Used for cooling and manufacturing; | 23 slightly hard. i 6 iS) pa NS aes SS ee See El OOM Rec ete ed eee er see = QeWelSi, ses Sasso ee ees eee 24 8 143 2 wells; water not used for boilers......._- 25 43 40 Group oho wells 2 2--ess-e2=== 26 2) 30-50 Test borings for foundations 27 6-43) 72-90 Grol rOns Ue well Sees eae ee ee eee sea 28 6 98 81-98 | — 75 AQT ENS OU Vitey ee eee a eee oie ae Ae eee Ese else mamta cc! 29 10 331 ZIM | pee eeeae jas Se ee ee eee T. I. Jones, treasurer. __...- Kent avenue. nit iHanmmasonandsBroad—|-2iGee ee! Theil Jn, EL Sbuiltis! Gop ese gers] ee eee eee eae The J. HW. SbhultsiCo. 2225-22 way streets. 58 Leonard and Meser-'| 2C....| Burger Brewing Co.......-|:....-.-./...-.----------- Iie GS Bui penterer sce ann ole streets. 59 Meserole and Hum- | 2C.. Coneress Brewing Colt.o ls eee ee eee ec eee James D. Long, manager... bolt streets. *60 Bushwick and Mes- | 2C....| Eastern Brewing Co....-..- Chester D. Corwin.... . Chester D. Corwin.....--.-- erole avenues. 61 White and Boerum | 2C....| F. H. Klabfleisch Co.....-. streets. *For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. a Ann. Rept. Geol. Survey New Jersey for 1898, 1899, p. 137. on Long Island—Continued. REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. Depth of principal water supply. 150-165 124-176 121 Height of water : above) sel Geologic horizon of below (—) ere: | water-bearing strata. ground level Feet. Gallons. Be yea asec tel te eps oR eS Rn geen Nothing but sand aheencee 200K PELeIStOCeNe sep saseenec PaNaee tie alc< aelea-c —10 100)... (0 (oye eee eee Brown sand, 0 to 100 feet | = 63 aie cece | OURO BEERS e aaa den aedlias Bee cayase ee aaa ene Se | heaters | ape etae cies oeesione ses wee 3 wells; all sand — 5 HOM peas ieiecjam sie wet aS lets |e ee ee lee ate tie bee el —7 SOOM leIStOCHNC a-. S52 ee |e. seeier tatcien ses BE eer aal Scr Oe DDE S| eti aeen ae Bee en epee Water 8 feet from cellar floor | Caeaerala Ol eee eee eee Bedimockiatisditcat Ep aiaen Cec Gaseel seeee do................| Bowlder clay aes tctar Be eeee eens bee eeGeeeen eee ee a aeeeea| oundationisounding: el Oh ete yes pa | BERS Steele ovat Se meres eiaee| tomeiseais ae aloe = eee ete soe - SSSR NE as oe Sean OOU PEETS TOCEMC eee rere eee tne er ie Se fete mayen aia so een Me Stare Shien —7 2D yal eee Gaye ee see eet Group of wells. Water rather hard ....... See UG RSS sehr LN lh ce NR I fre eR Bed rock at 93. No water in rock ......... etal terertayea a Sep cee a eeieeiSsi oie Sols. eo Bedinocksati ih ercmesccs sce nee nniaseooscte Flows 50 | Pleistocene........... Coarse reddish sand, 0 to 50 feet ..........-. Pee on | ene Me lee ree NE ga oy Struck rock or bowlders and abandoned. - - —50 (50) ee | a Siltumramsce= eee eee Bedurockae l0sfeete. eee ee eee —50 80 See cs GOMEEERCO On ene eet oere = || waec mocksab QOMeeht «a mscstea seen cstenss Se Ronee odes |snae ces tee cee ence eNOtbine bub brackish water. Rock ait 101 feet. gareeaae (ee ee ee eeeeleeeeeeese= ee eeeesaeee ee) Record of beds penctratedin dny-dockexca- | vations. Ne Bee 100 | Pleistocene...........| Original yield in 1878, 500 gallons per minute. —20 5 | Pleistocene........... Hard water; temperature, 50° F ......--... + Geology of the First District, 1843, p. 259. ce Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 12, p. 225. All sand 32 56 60 61 KD UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. TaBLE XI.—Representative wells No. Location. Coordi- Owner. Driller. Authority. | nates. : | | Brooklyn—Continued. Ten Eyek street, : Phillips & Worthington| Phillips & Worthington..._| . *H2 between Bushwick |}2C....| N. Seitz’s Sons...-..-------- } | and Florence | IEEE Onder seen ae TO Rordeas Seen ee eeeen ee Long Island City: Montrose and Sen- eca streets. Maspeth and Gardi- ner avenues. Porter and Maspeth avenues. Meeker and Kings- land avenues. Meeker avenue, be- tween North Moore and Moni- tor streets. Wythe and Metro- politan avenues. Kent avenue and North 12th street. 110-118 North llth street. 99-117 North 1ith street. Kent and 12th streets. Noble and West streets. Fly Island, New- town Creek. ‘Blissville- == 2 2222 | IBMSS ville settee see Iatinel Guiles c Son eee Laurel Hill....... abel hee New Calvary Ceme- tery. Al Brooklyn Union Gas Co...- .-| Neptune Consumers Ice Co. .| Streeter & Dennison.....--- .| Brooklyn Union Gas Co..-- =| Hecla iron Works: 22 s4-e=- .| New York Quinine and Chemical Co. Standard Oil Co....--:--.-- American Cordage and 2 Manufacturing Co. .| Empire Oil Refinery ....---- peacnaene Manufactur- “ ing Co. t...!) Standard On Coma 222222. ..., Nichols Chemical Co.......- rae | General Chemical Co.....- - .---| Calvary Cemetery. =... 22-2: al (pee ee Water Supply, gas and electricity. 5 = Flower'estate.- 2-2-2 .ses5 *86 87 | Manhattan Bor- | ough to Thom- | son street. Near depot. asses 6th and‘West __...... Di Oxte oi .-| Pennsylvania, New York | and Long Island R. R. _ Westinghouse Electric Co... ZAGs, S| PANES. OOV SORE. 222. shee 2C. Pee acis=iGillisice SONS sae. eases e The Rust Well Ma- chinery Co. PPE. & J. Conlan-)-=— Elisha Gregory ..--.--.- [inion s i ONG ES ees a te ae fP. H. & J. Conlan...-.-- |Nichols Chemical Co.... General Chemical Co-.. - Piotce Well Engineering. oO. Commission==cs-e- =) Pierce Co. e Well Engineering Commission -- 22-3252-2 W. E. Dohrman Sweeney & Gray ....-.- Piere Co. e Well Engineering * For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. a Ann. Rept. Geol. Survey New Jersey for 1900, 1901, p. 156. > Originally —5. c Ann. Rept. Geo 1. Survey New Jersey for 1897, 1898, p. 284. Streeter & Dennison--.....- | Brooklyn Union Gas Co.-.. | Hecla Iron Works New York Quinine and Chemical Co. TE ord sua. 65 eee Jacob Blumer, chemist. ....- Chas. O’Conner, superin- tendent. Be AeéeeConlanich = asses Conimissiomet -<22.425- Stes. as By Warder 2ee.2 oe ee Chas. D. Pierce, manager -.- Comimissionio = 22p eee eee Pierce Well Engineering Co. Chief engineer............-. W..-.. Dohrman 9) ---22.-.- Sweeney & Gray......:.--. Pierce Well Engineering Co. REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. on Long Island—Continued. 1 23 Height of ty ter Depth of |, 7% ; Diameter| Depth of | principal Bove st) pace Geologic horizon of R ie of well. | of well. | water pelow(—) aye water-bearing strata. ona: No. supply. ground level. Inches Feet. Feet Feet Gallons. 8 240 SZ fo) eee acre 400 12-9 160 S200) lectieiene- 100 72 PDE |e teers — 10 50 Hard water used for cooling 3 30 19 — 19 HO Weeds Glo) 3 aoe Serecoee Temperature, 54°. Six wells ...-........._. 64 48 Ee ercleintene 190 / — 24 UOT eae tte lar see ee eect ase eee wis tee ie a os ahincins Sec eek Sees lL 0 65 6 BaM bee Poe sealer Geen LIQOM set raretets eee ec ists oe ete eels arkl ae cra sine ) | 2 200 140-1708 |= Mlowsen | Sinmalll | Sass sess scree eee ce ) RESIS WEULOH IRE Sao a docs opas eae asacse | 4 SOL | eens aean7| QO) iamnecosee: ose. see eee | Pumps 280 gallons per minute _._........-- 6 1553 | Seeeerereel a |emrccctee cia TO) osese (V0) 4206) | -Aqueduct2—— s4ssseeeee LWOte enna (One 5a Soe b case aoesacnse| saaseoatosatacesoncentnsclcoed OG 2..cweesen soeoesee sees 4207 | New Workiayenue mean )|4'C. = "|" Commissioneasssseeesse so. =|22see eee eee eecereee reese Commission’ -ee-seeseseee: Locust avenue. *208 | Rockaway road.....--- 2 Chee Pec Oe Fees es ees ose sce aos ofa SSeS ees ee eee Deere eee GOs .cedascssicsaeeotocss 6 7A ee ae ees ase eae dh CBee alles 238 Cc Ko eee yee eae, 5 os ee tc al nl iene Gon fn ek vaseline. ase 7210) Morris Parkses--e- 2 --- AV Ore lee ece GOs cqSeeee nese e ase eee alle Soe ccc fee ae eee (6 ORES eRe Some meee APN Tam aiCaise eee sete 4G en | eee GOs ace ee ese tase |Phee eS ae Ss eee ee ee eee c6 fo RPE NE tei pe if Department water supply, || 7 : #212 |... - do.--.-------------- 4C...- { gas, and electricity. | iets emi ysis ie ech IM. Dew BAOSEI 2 sass ceace SHEER oBEbasancecen 7 SE Sae Wis 135 \WenGle == ecocsseesece EPS eS AO inshase ae eee 4C....| Jamaica Water Supply Co.. Commission R. S. Hopkins Commission Engineer . Sweeney & Gray------ L. B. Ward Chester D. Corwin. ---..---- REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 133 on Long Island—Continued. eight of water Diameter| Depth of Deepal abovecr) vied Geologic horizon of Reotaniee of well. well. austen pelow(—) Wea. water-bearing strata. AES: No. PPly- | sround level. Inches. Feet. Feet. Feet. | Gallons. 5 277 1-82 Spleen ae sere Wisconsin and Tis- | Brooklyn test well No.3............-.....- 204 ury. 5 295 GE28H Recon te arcs es Wasconsinieeessene = Brooklyn test well No. 8_-...---:--.......- 205 5 419 i ve =16 a2 WeSsuamee \Brooklyn es tawe llN(On eee 206 2 TAN <6 dss oeedl bar Setanss| GauseSocdd Sole Re Te oeoneereeSeer eee CommmisstonvNO46285" see ee Pepe eee eee 207 2 Bile Ss ia oe el Re eae eer aa oe LA oe nae ee ee een eS CommissionUNo. 638255 e se. eee eee eee 208 2 CO me aa o4 lS eeteeciecis| RR OMEDOS Bea cecGEey ee co eeanEss : Commissions Non 4bie cee. se- eee eee eee 209 2 BORG a oS Boalle eee Seok ME aBO CONS | SSSSne een hee eee renee ‘CommissionvNon6 (see seces= see nese 210 2 LO aetice (acrid laoatiars dae Sodean goss Sayer Dos eee eee ae eee ComimisstonwNon426 geen ane soe eee 211 11-95 —ll1 | Large...! Wisconsin and Tis- 5 197 bury. | Brookvn he StmwellyNio ts l= eee 212 190-198 —11 |} Large...) Jameco-..-.....-....--- | i } Pry |e eld otewenes b1,041 Wareoniis and Tis- Crome of 19 wells; Jamaica pumping sta- OG | Ream Oat i Seems t= | NE eer eel [Een on Re Neen a ge cB on en ey NL IOC Ee Sere MER oe Roch gcin rn crajesea lad SMe glisters 8 Tulpywellesawees Sere Ce ih eusliee em ie VO) WTO) (ls Sere Sel eats RCE Sena eee ete sete Hcl es 00121 010) eer ne ie i Bs = oho te ee ee Oe mea OO | ace ever | eee eee me of Y7 SOs lis ee Semen: Le Seas he Bebe a erate Cnte erence tee wickical comsiciea indicts aldolase 10-4 Ghalybeateiwatersco... 6526s seek 2 Commissions NososSeen sso e eee aeeeee ee seee 214 2) CommissionwNon62/meecc a eeee eee nee cree 215 2 Commission No. 639 2 Commission No. 717 2 Commission No. 688 Bea eraccretes Reddish brown sand and gravel 0 to 80 feet.| 219 5 Brooklyn test well No. 6 .........--.--.-.- 220 2 CommissionyNon687a4 sees e ere eee ence 221 2 CommissiongNo wool aeeeneeeeeeeeeese ere 222 10 30=50 | s Reeer oe aa lectin cance da61 | Wisconsin and Tis- | Group of 17 tile wells ---..-.-.-..-..---..-- bury. Ke 10 (oo a ee eeteas —22 LSGh aioe LO rere Sera aE ean | Cee si tore rer ccna, ciceeta obec ape Reeves cae (9 2 25 bee Oe a Hhagosaned pacnooseBa| bpsop an eeueBereeecencaae @ommissionUNos ls 7aeseees seen e neers 224 6 ABN erereg tel 30 Flow d 46 susvoustn and Tis- | Station No.3. Group of31 wells.....-....- 225 ury. SPEC |e Nees. oe ee ee SHIT ERAS yeio spi= ae Ae allen eee ee atten ene Meck ctidhestiakesccsse Commission No. 1374 GommmissionyNon 69022 as eee seer Pumps 400 gallons per minute.............- 2 2 2 Commission No. 860 2 AQUI rapa tae eiefatiel tee meetey ae lioi ie vals iercle Lm Hee Mee sere ae eee gee (Commission) No: 10892 <2 2-2 ee ce een | 233 cSee Table VIII. F d Average yield to pumps per well per minute for 1899. 134 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. TaBLe XJI.—Representative wells *For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. a See Table VIII. 6 Weir measurement. No. Location. Coordi: Owner. Driller. Authority. | | | | | | | *9! . se =F | hs 234 | Go: Seasons ee | 4D.. | CommissionPe A. 74-~ otal > 25 a oe Cominissionesss= eee aes 2235) || PA burnd ales ae ees eee eee (re eS alata ST SPS eth Do Ge Staessen eee #236) | BSYSIdes. eee ee ee the Oe eames ope ne FESS SeHaA Met Henee ace ace ak casoeaden eos ee CO eeasaa Seo He aasasteone PET oo dol. even ee Eee loti tes ati Me Os. YO ule | bee ee ee e | Bayside pumping sta- {Department wat ly ie eee ea ek 238 (Pon. |e ea Se (I. S. Hill, chief engineer __. #239. | Wihitestone, pumping | 4D -|6=-2=come a ere ements: o=0l| at: Go ones wean renee IUPIE\Verdeloe ose OS ne station No. 1. | *240 | Whitestone Landing... .| 4 D... McWilliams Coal Co-......_- | Sweeney & Gray..-...- Sweeney & Gray.- 74 ee dO. se ese eek ae 4° DE =) LongulslandtReaR se s.- ees | Frank Wankel *242 | Whitestone pumping 4D... Department water supply, |-------------------------- station No. 2. | | gas and electricity. *243 | Whitestone............. alps 2] SWieWiiCole seen = aenee -__.| Stotthoff Bros........- Stotthoff Bros.e........__.. . #244 | Willets Point.......... [Des 3 Sse Accra eee | Deemitell Dye = = a McGinnis, foreman......... 245. || ElmiPoint; (Great/Neck.|'4 Dio.) Geo. WB SOG Soe ape eno ele ete mete elem djaels leirdolerire asec ooasce ORG Woes eet ells 4D...) H. Bramhall Gilbert_...... (ekeiaiclerbertee sess oe Heese eres Mop ae Ste aa Ef | peje GG) ERS aN ANDE S=|)JOStsDi-p Main tin= eee ene (canes CORSE Bete Las Saliege tae dO: aSeek es eee oe DARING li dgs os late te eee | 4D_..| H. Bramhall Gilbert.......|.-..- (lis Mraaen Rages ae Nad, ee dorset he dane. eee es DAG Ee es (0 Ko ee Oe eae fy ADD I eG Om cops ee ee | pete Ov een eee See eon dO. 5 tee eee ee Se Da Quiero =, ee Meet ee ets | ADD: col ot apn a ne yes Ae eR ele SOC Oa oleae mire Stee Me #251 | Hewlett Point.......... 4Diou.| Hanris iC) Childs) eee deem nee ce cee Ste dol sours. tw ee gras 4252 |... (RE ES 5 | 21D. aos Ota a Saale ie eRe ee doer actos oes. eae ee GOEt esecue eae & CER a doe: kite ee ee 14D) 2+al CD avid Miz Pro vos perenne a MERE aorta ers oe Sere eee Ove sneha tains mepraue #254 |... do. 22: heads mation led Des Chasis Griitin ee peepee eae SU Repn tea Shon |iy 5h don leek, Wee eae G5 |b oo dos en mene |: 4D -2} Wane Acero eee eee peore sdO gene ae a ites Sabet Does ¥*256 |..--- dol Ree ee | 4D...| Mrs. Marion E. Scott......- | Stotthoff Bros..-_..... Stotthoff Bros............. Evi) | ee ac ond tees Aree DS aalioc oc GOae a doc8s55sos-sar-5-55) Jee ee vElen bernie = ae a=e— Jj. ERT beri s Seer aaa *258 |... dO eee ee | 4D 22 |"Geos B: Walsonse se saeseee her dOss: oars oie |S SiO Uepeey Beer ea *259 | Lawrence Beach....._.- | 5B-.-..| Lawrence Beach Bathing | Paul Haller_..:.-._.... Pauveallerssss sees eee | Association. *260 | Tsleiof Wights-s 2-2. --- | 5 B~.-.| John Lawrence. ...-........ 1s UGS MENG NEE See ece s BeoKewiWalsth 2! shee. ssces | | *261 | Lawrence. .......------- | 9B... Daniel) SWordsaeseee eee Jesse Conklin. ----.-...- Gilbert Baldwin, foreman. . FIG? ya eA Ore eee ee DB. || AmSOn Wi Elartcemeesee eae Paulsiallens=seesee ese Paulitiallers Sse = sees | D637 eee GW ete Se oeas Bete 0 B= 4) Edward Maree pee eaesaeeee INAS VVENINE ee eno Edward Man.........-.-.-.- 264 | Cedarhurst.......-..._. Oo BE 2) aimeshieene lee aes ee reser se Ol sec aeons TUG AN EN Solis a eo eho ase F265 | Eee (Clo Se Reeepeenese 5) BS 5| JudgeDivers sees sssaeeee ee lea GO oe Re ee be 2a dO) tise ee een eee *266 |----- GOn se. 2esesee ese aes 5 B...| Dr. Wm. B. Anderson...-.- Pawiveoller assesses Pail Hallenseeeey eens ssa #267 (lass: (6 (oye Berea was aa eel 5 Be | Wouis Rouschermaassssseeees | aeeae (0 oa se a Sas 1. saan OS eeee ee nla eee 2 *268 | Brower Point.........- | 5 B..-) Samuel Brower.....2_---- Gilbert Baldwin......-. | Gilbert Baldwin..........-. 269 SIR Se eke Wrallshss-- - -<25.5---m-sbeene eee | 5 2001 Seo ae Oe Be to Op ee eas a Mek ct Brooklyn test well No. 24 ................- 278 5 SOO yer | aoe cee OF | sacs es ees | Brooklyn test well No. 23. .---.2..-.2-5-2-- 279 5 BIOs oss pee | seen ee ee Small. | Cretaceous Brooklyn test well No. 22..............--.- 280 5 ALO)" eB00=305) 2240 eee Smalley eee Ow ase eae Brooklyn test well No. 21...-.-.-.-..------ 281 5 DAD! eRe ae | SosinSos se Small. |..--- GO! Fe esecaaes aes Brooklyn test well No. 20... ........-..---- 282 14 i032 ie su Stinel ys CONC AG ESS REE RE Cel Dai en Seals aS See Ree |S sek See OS = ele ee i 283 Bene Serres ae ite rae oe eee terete te [pial AAS 3a | pn wicie aes Same ee seaa4t del HATTON SISA Meee ere © een S ook crle ee tee oe ote aA 5 0 el eee. Flow. Small. | Cretaceous ?.....-..-- Brookdym' test: well No: 19) ) 222. -2-5-2 22-22-28 285 6 AGED SMI me cee —10.3 AAS |e epee are Ske ko ee Test of January, 1895; group of 12 wells... .|b286 5 GENT, ekteh asl oes sol are, Reo Ie ee Re a Brooklyn test well No. 25..........=..----- 287 2 PIS}, | Lesseaecur||seosneaces ¢25-53 | Wisconsin and Tis- | Test of 1894; group of 150 wells .......-...-- bury. 288 2 Co ee ets =11,6 CLD Ee GO sens: eck Average for 1899; group of 150 wells --....- (0) 2 106s areas Sel +3 LO") iameco Ch). 2. ~.-.see Test well driven in 1884 -.......-.---------- 5 | IG) eases ccoqliteeceesane OME ee eis he aetna cee Brooklyn test well No. 15........-------.-- 289 ; NS ce ee z eae pend) Mss | croup atl Ormelist 25-22 eee 2 | 60 | 42 300 100 | Flows. 5-10 ete Bogen tues ||Mtextawell’ tien in 1884. 2 ue. <5. 0 300 ; (2) | 4 400 B5n ASau eases By || eee ee Re ae Cre ae Test well driven in 1884; no water below 35 feet. 4 435 10S) || Woe coo wel aedeae tall aale as GeO airee Sete im tee cs tS ey RS ee Pee ee 5 A060 [RSeee resales serra OUP eeeenansee seme ccece eee Brooklyn test well No. 12.........-..-...-- 291 5 WO ee See Jee eee CON eC A eye Anke a ie ee a Brooklyn test well No. 13...---.--+.------- 292 5 SEO See ncens cal Seca ees ae OW Wis thes ase Soe Sere eH cs ee Brooklyn test well No. 14.........-.-..---- 293 2 AOS fico scosensl se cobo seed eece sine a|bbesect esgesssssoussase Commission: Nio! 65922 22-225: <2 22 o-- 2222. == 294 5 BOTA Ses sereee a eens Se 2a Ol eee ARN eRe Pee gees Brooklyn test well No. 10.-...--...-+------ 295 | | 2i| Soap. 5illa cea pes {ooo Ogee a la le Mok a en Se | Commission No. 660.....-..--------222220- 296 2 26))| See eee Pee eae [eee cece | tenn eee tesh senna Nae | Clormnnmniesitonel NO; Gail ogo em eee se eee 297 2 DONO! | meee ea beeen ge Geen oaee see lenemereaaeeetoee | CroraaimitisSion INO, (WE. oocosaconenoesee -ceneee 298 2 TOONS eae = ee eee To cieceen a Sordt ea ets ety RE ace Gonimission) Now Gian eee eee 299 2 ai |e ae eee xe kek Adena Sea | Commission No. 606.........-.---.-------++ 300 2 Di ee ee Wes § Sanath | Sagsa saree Get He cone saat Ree eee as | Commission No. 590_.-.---...---.-.--.-.-.- 301 2 ab eS} ae re ee setae eine [eee ele Rn rel nan ee Commission Nos. 1013-1033, 1146-1154...___- 302 2 Zhb onasemene . SESGES Je SaI he BOR SRAde SE ASS EHS Neen Ae eee peE nme | Comimarission INO; G0 cotoceaseecenesscsnese: 303 2 Ohl SSE eaRose! 1S Sear e ReR wk 9 He | Commission No. 552........-22-22-2--2222-- 304 b See Table VIII. c Yield per well. 138 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Taste XI.—Representative wells | | No. Location. poerdhy Owner. Driller. Authority. | Gommissioneese- eee Anais Goen. aes fececesteeeeee at meres 6 (EOE RAORE SHS ase Jee O22 Pah ob oseeetieeceel TBs, Soave. eee ee | Gommissionee = assess. see | Bids Schmid ee ee aS Commiission-£225-225-2-- 22-4 SHS He Ee Cc Koya Rea eee eae Hees set Chee. MAP hOmiy? Gmail 2 beso Sate rceisale ise eee ee Anthony Graf..... Rye en / ue See GOs caer sree Ne Gerceel OW Vite, \uveunoln Sau s mamta Andrew Vandewater..-.| C. W. WWikinGl = csosacosa53s855 *315 | Alley Creek .......-.--- 5D...) Citizens? Water Supply Co -!.-----2------ case a ese J. Edward Meyer..-..- ee TBI || IDOW ALISO. ssa5cassee 5D 22) Jagnow, BuOSeee. se sse-2ss6 Jee erbenteeeeaeees J. H. Herbert. -:.. *317 | Lake Success.--.-.-.--- 5 D-...| W. K. Vanderbilt, jr-.----- Thos. B. Harper........| Thos. B. Harpera...._....- | ABTS a) ce GOS ce ees eee RADE Bal| Cowon. 4 osooonH toe sdc|baskeseasnosseesSrcenenewe|| ClommmniseiOm. = =-4.5...cs-062 *319 | IEW RENE) oe eee acess jh Dee Bo eeris deca ance naupacatsh =< cellee pe aa SEES Semae Henry Onderdonk, sr.....- RB QON ES ces eee Bar oeaeaae dae SUD. =| “COMMISSIONRE Reese es oaltelo esac e CeCe asee S55) Copenh. 5 secaose lessee “BPA! || IDENHCLNO. oe ssccessec 2 SeDe= 4) Wah. Cs Wallettsie. 22--2eeess= Ed. Schmidt........... iwGl, SoOiumaniehy. 2.52 cess5245- 30D Tey veben (G(s eens a el Ce Efe D een Ms Nee) <1L2) (5) et tae ee eS Ns Andrew Vandewater..-}| Andrew Vandewater......-- #323 | 1 mule south of Manhas- | 5 D_..| Commission. ...-..--.------ (ae eae Commissioneseeeseeseeee see | #394 | Little Neck........:---- 5D...| W.J. Hamilton...........- J. H. Herbert. ......... Ji. Hl. Hlerberte =. 225. )-222s4) AQ05 Mesos oes 2. 2. Se SACEE SEDs sa) DeO wMearys: sssaee ee eee eee GO Res ee Ane: ee ee OSes os Pee eet | *326 | Thomaston.........--.- 5 D-...| Commission. ..--..-..------|----- beeen a Gommissioneseee eee ae | ; BW lloabe - CLC E eee ee cet Ne 5 Des Jee BMElixoneae seer see eer ide. vwElerbertee === see TeietElenbenieae eee oe) Sesulceer « O'S vis ates ees i Dal SMe ne Ota aise: cue Se Es +329 a Neco ae \5 D...| Long Island R. R. Co | Phillips & Worthington.... a (Commissioneeepess-eeseee ae | (Commmissionees sso 2 eseeeeeee } Henry, haber eos cetse se] osccs Beets eee ace eee Oc eee eee Beas 2 cette Se =| Volts Lele yeaillinoym oo cnsscesa5 Je) Be Evamultome ss ses seeee | y Sobre. Rice) ee cts a ae ces a a meee Me a eee ae Herman Kilothe sa205 00 sas oe oe eee ela ee ee ae ee ee ee J.H. L’Hommedieu’s Sons - J.H L’Hommedieu’s Sons Pstate-of P.WA. Seaman ss sie o.c6 Sas eee See eee Wie A Skidmore sees ease zl EBSD hse Ona ee asaeeaor se aaed 510) 15 -)) COmmamson. 25 so-ase2csa5ce [oath eats mers cere acts Commission) 23222222.) sora CBple) | asace (sKoeenaoae Soe seas 5 D-..-| Henry Lustgarten.....__-- | See ca eth ae apes Henry Lustgarten........- p90) lao {SO} Sree el ee TS 5YD'_< =) \GhristiChurch |? S225. sce ose seeee eee eee ee aaa Chas. Newbold......-.-...- aa, 7340 eae done eee Pies meses 52D. <3| Commission. ssese-risek a Ce ee eae ee Cee eee ee (Commi SSioniseee eeeee ese - +341 | Great Neck.-.-.-.----.- DED ees Great Neck Schooleas==see= Isaac Kasteard.--...... Isaac Kasteard...........-- ESAs ee (6 Ko) eae see ee (5) ID) el Wi De NUba NAIDe Gbayes ee 2 oie 8 Clee AGS ae ae en LeHlasous (COR A eee eae. -SapSPes 348 42. See WO: a2 Se eee sy ID) ee a) (5 105 Recknagel..........-.| boas Sea SER i Soe ene Jie lerbeyteee ace as- ee #344 oA Oi. Bee eseecee De eal Ee BB OOM: 2.2. hed nana see eel aoe eareee Cne Rees lets Je BOO Was Jace ede coscseee LBL a) eae QO! Soa nk eee UD Sally Jala lets Usual qs loriaeseosaeclscoseon couse BO aie SeI Wm. Mahoney, superin- c tendent. . UND eae donee ee oe ee SD ee SVUAeUE Graces secee eee tes Uf TBE, ERNE os cee J. H. Herbert........ STW . *347 |...-- Ose eee S26 eos eee bs oclivecss GOS Sanu ASH amen eeeasae Phillips & Worthington Phillips & Worthington... | *348 |__... dO See. eer osDiee | eb E eA AS se sce see elses | JRE WElerbert asa Jp SER WELCG DOR Ge cet e eee aes 310 eee Wa arepsaeustastas SUD aac Meee ee ee or ris ASE a esen ECere pee dost ucts Sa eeee Ore seen sme ates : *For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. aThrough A. S. Farmer, C. EB. z ‘ on Long Island—Continued. REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 139 | Belek of water Diameter] Depth of a ecal phovets) picid Geologie horizon of Rawaayey of well. well. water | slow oS SS ee water-bearing strata. : No. supply. ground level. Inches. Feet. Feet Feet Gallons. 2 BPI mcs cided tlhe Bo Hose omnes a conltte See erite One ese es emne oe CommiSsionN Ot oo3 =e ee eee ee eee 305 2 BS) Po Noo cds cae) SOA eseeS al MeO OS See ae aot e Sie anlar ete nae CommiissionNO nN /40hesc= hese eee 306 2 17 Ale | ep PEE De ere [er cea tere RN oN lar ooo GommissionUNo: fal: <2) = Seo ee ee 307 2 GOLSY. | baban San Gel SES Gee ore eer seaep tei) bre le ear eee nes cea Commission’ Nos G0i/2 seen eee 308 aby 37 30-37 = GB |pcosdscecs||so5 pe beodemssscsnsoneues Bowlders) do) tors7 teeth. a= += =e esse eeeeeee 309 2 TOG Oe ade aeiceras| Seetaten cc| Bere BSrael |G e oe eee meen meee Commission! NOW829e en. eee eee ee eee eee 310 i EO) ossenecess Coarse white sand, 28 to 40 feet...........- 311 2 He ed Soodoaseee Bi CommissionyNOnolO eases sseeeee ee eee 312 33 60 A ee es lac BO ee ee OR Te "48 77 ORE |G 27 0) mG Dune ee ata [eel ec] Qae=Ge Ake oe MERA em. A A oto ee ae ASD eee | ca ae ail || earner aoe sae a NCO Ole Welles io ulowineerm: «2s: aes 6 WAG (osha: cabal ocencebobllagcacacme| AMIS) O UDG eee rae cc Sel Nm ie im Cy RSC Cs NAVE Pes a ae et Ear ee 8-43 70 ma | eee |e ee |e eee Mer ROS Nie ye aici tala la rift icon to/sinit inc Tein inin= petal g.cieiercininions |) 36 140 2 45 See bee 37 36 116 2 48.5 | 136 oR) 142 2 79 2h} 93 on 87 6 96 Seouecearens 117 6 a2) 2 25 2 30 2 7. 3 37 4 35 1 10 34 86 2 28 34-2 122 36 LOS8e =i ence = 103) ssexce se Temperature about 0° R26 2222-22-22. -2 5 339 2 STO ul emeteeeieie eee sas ame Commission INON003mec sseece cee see 340 bare Sea 52 Weissee seas 0) eee ie Sakae Le Fcisaat) ele ttabel iummendeas Leary 5 SeeEeeasae 96 OOP hear lae ail eae ete os Bias aneede 240 240) EReeggesliae hein Dg lse Sethe 237 PROMS ses Saul SRS Heise ete BOis ARE ner WA | erctecyater Sect cerecterel toe. Mars eyo) es etal 6 LOS oor )) Robe ween 2 eee acto GOS Risbtiye cease ee 2 SLO | Sete ae. — 77 DOOM MRIS DUT yee eee Bae HAAS Oli {ee ee — 8 500 Li pepattateet 17116—No. 44—06-——10 4 Pumps down to —40. LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 140 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF TasLe XI—Representative wells No. Location. pooner Owner. Driller. Authority. *350 1D) 2.4) Uke; COs. 28. sooeseneces Jah Henbenteresssesace HUE beektenbent:.— ssa ceee | *351 SID Eee RODERESCIZe Tae eee Geo. Schmidt_.._---_..-2 Geouschmiditn=eeaea ne ¥352 5D... Chas. Vanderbilt ) Isaac Kasteard......-.-..-- 353 5 Died. Reed eee ree Re ana ee ee dork State a ear ee *354 0 DE = COMM ISS One E sss peat eos | =e ese teen ee ae eee ees | Commission./-2--------- --- 355 5) 1Dse -| Howard Place: #!:2-.-2:---- Isaac Kasteard.......-- | Isaac Kasteard...........-- 356 | Stephen Kimmerly......-.- un Osa hs Seen Gas eos Co (yet eb ae 8 SNE *357 .| Theo. Valentine... ...--.--- je (6 Coe ee ee ote, bene < GO E55 Ss os Se #358 Ni. SER. JacObsteeap eee a= nese | ses. Coven cet ee ee GOnsenee a Re Re rs: 359 Lorenzo pom ye peariee | Sas ane aoe a eee ees HorenzoiSmulls see *360 Thos... Webbee sce sect Thos. E. Webb. .-- *361 .| Isaac Kasteard._-.:-.-2...- Isaac Kasteard.::-: - *362 | rong Islandia ett meas ee seater go Long Island R. R......--.- *363 Frank Vanoski-.....---.-.-. Isaac Kasteard.......-.---- | *364 Chas: Hs Masone 2222222 ss. fey epi Bee et RAM Worenzo Smull= 22525. -2--- | *365 | Catholic chureh-— = --2_---2- | Isaac Kasteard) 2-2-2252 .: *366 | AD odgelestateces, ease en ase doses sean eases Ome sane era e os 367 | W. De Forest Wright Oscar Darling, consulting | | engineer. | *368 | Sands Point..-_-.._._- 5 E...| Geo. Zabriskie.-...........- Geo. Schmidt........--- ), Geonsehmuiddaees sea eee ae . 4369 | Castle Gouldi-_._.-...- 5B. - 2 HowardGouldeeapea seer | Isaac Kasteard__-...--- Isaac Kasteard.......-.---- i] 1 | TO Neoake dos) 55 eee eae [518,41 Ala cdonet eget aoe Uae GP etDanis 10h: ace [Ca Danis: -ayee aed | | O < | AB7L elses dos, ee peta | SB gf dO ener HG Contaaennecar ie D. Kilpatrick a.......... | FT Q I se elon Sn SOR eee | 5B...) Bourke Cockran.....-.---.- CaHeD anissesee eee (GSNSEs DY nels Leese ceske =e | | *373 | Long Beach..........- | 6B...) Long Beach Association... | wm. Cc. Jaeplesseeeeaee } Wie G2 Jreeles as eee. as | } | | ¥374 | Barnum Island_...._.- |6B...| Hempstead Poor House... .| Theo. A. Carmen-.-.---- | E. Lewis, jr., Theo. Carmen. 4375 | East Rockaway-..-.-. 116 Bees) ones ea. chvASsociation)sse:)= = samen ae eae eee eee ee ee eer ee et ee FSS AG eee owby Sete rhs l'6 Basel eClark..sbess-co ess Chas. A. Fass.--.---- *376 | Rockville Center_..... 6B See deers mal Ghee eye er E. E. McCarten *377. | Smith Pond_.......... l6B. Soe a Guetta | | TM. De \Varona 5-222. -5-- *378 | Rockville Center. ..... 16) Bc) Commission a4: ese aece se sleee aan eee Be Seen | Commission.........-...--. 4379 Zoos Re Kos Rs A arta er 6 B...| Rockville Center water- | Village clerk.-....------ tact works. } ‘ *380) loa 45- OBE ae nee eee 6 BS Sal\Gommission 2. 3: Sees mee bean Gti aaron et eer taee| *581 #382 #383 *384 *385 *386 *387 SERRA Ne Godon eee Aa Sam 6B ole dO ca ee a Ne ea gel eT a FIG Wiles oe doce taste ce Seine 6B ae hoes Lee eee RO ee | a ee mode eta ee on e300 eee GOL mies 5:50). eee 6xB eee ees ome) Saitou Nt eee feet Sa oe coe ie aE See | eae FAT a emo ee. eee rast eee doe) ethan oS aera Jenlai ier es gt Aten AD aD Yai ee Nie Gapicetiases Goss a Sete Cee LAR iis Se PE RE RY heey * For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. a Superintendent for Hudson Engineering and Contracting Co. on Long Island—Continued. REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 141 b See Table VIII. e Average for 1903. Height of water Diameter| Depth of aera abovecr) Yield Geologic horizon of Remake Ne of well. well. water |hay ow(—) eae e. | Water-bearing strata. EES 2 supply. | sround level Inches. Feet. Feet Feet Gallons chs near a i OVMnn Sees eee ese eleesecce tal) CretaceOusien.. aceasta sce e. 02. Jose dnd io Sek oe sue eeenies) 2800 3 113 { ie roe | 1G6ulPiameco bent aa peee ews ee 351 /|100-113 3501 || teeta (anramcinies hc onc ticeall cpr oie), Ss ae aaa 32 Eyer] Woes see ee Se BGS cence Gath ye Ree eee te INE kone et aes eer Re > oc EN 352 32 (Ge sseseeee =o eeereere TBSP Uy see see eee [iSamd\Ohtor(Gitect sen. = 2-2 see ee eee eee eee 353 2 Ci cdaccaeded |Saebeseuse aaneese re SA Aas ae ame eae see eee leComumnission) Nowi43" 025255555 seeneeeeeee 354 32 Go) 7 Meee eae Ee | acuae cote Des aee cern eee eran IiSemcloktol6oitce tees eee 355 32 AGO Wee oss 52 ADU eee ef | 356 32 POO VUE eee ctl SSP Ne a ae | 357 32 Ce ae Re eee Paiste)! al eS | 358 3 ODA dleeeticsys 359 359 4 206.5 | 360 32 Gis Hee cee eascel 0 geass lamepe emer 361 Se ee 60-70 ease nana WoO coe eee es 362 32 46 363 30-6 83 364 32 54 365 Perse 91 366 3 BO, Wheat es acre (10 le aoeeie ee |S Caoe SeRTGe ase mee sene “ Coarse sandy gravel, with water of great | 367 purity.” CU? of DEO |e ee al ee Ee | ae ae er [ees hlee Bina oe 2 A Rack: aos feet 4 se nee cen dad sooo eee 368 32 88 | | 4 6 65 | 6-4 300 169 Beet eal | a Se cbs Shite 354 6 386 BRE Shane 383 | 1230 | tee eee Reena WA ame COMaesae eee eee lnelluabandoned: 5.2. h2--meseeeeeeeesces| coke Roe POR CEe aaa an SaGWOW |ocaocecsccloescossooafesconacearacasoceusseree|| LO WhoajoMayes Riiprioral sKoyn! Ifoyale! JOM oc sacsol| CBYAS 4 Ce her Sac CEU Bee Rese oe SEB SR aGee AG] UEAY's Sauls osiaecosonloos coder eosacbe nada se sae seceerseceecssoqcease 375A SooseHesce | 18 Be eM a NS See eesees be sOLO OS, eno ses ea neece cl Sortcec ose SACeE Ee nmeccrma oe MesAnebaroaa acim ce tec Meas 40-45 i, m 5 587 | a | Flows 5 | Cretaceous.....-.---- Brooklyn test well No. 26-_----._-.-_-.._. 377 578-587 2 (Ann Eerste ek nes (erm hal Oe kee Oe oo ae Commission No. 605 Si SHOES OM eats =— 8 OAS || MMSE Hs acoocenonco (Cinfoystio) Osi WIGS) — no oe cece e beer ensoseonree 2 24 Commission No. 380 2 38 Commission No. 381 2 97 Commission No. 382 2 31 | Commission No. 383 2 32 | Commission No. 384 2 Commission No. 385 2 Commission No. 386 2 Commission No. 387 2 .| Commission No. 388 2 Commission No. 389 2 Commission No. 390 2 Commission No. 391 2 Commission No. 392 142 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. TaBLE XI.—Representative wells No. Location. Coordi: Owner. Driller. Authority. = Bybiy| UsMhyanls 455 555e5555505 6 BL. =| M.S; Whomas:2--22--2----- W.J. Hancock.....-..- Wie ielancock a — ae eeeeeeee *304 |... (SK) SE eee eer s das at GiB see (Ca He Somphande-es eee eee H. Wortman..._....... TE VOOM 6 oc Looe noone = : BBL) |lasoce Cosas sce eeee textes (JIB. soll 180s WOO. 6 sooo one=capelonses Ceara Une coudosaciessed COsecece bet Geireeh Ses ue ES1)5) Nessa (On SAsoandsSAssoad so 6B...) Adolph Schreiber...-.-.-- g2|Saecee oes Seba Saeko PAS OCHTeb Cheese ae aaa eee Soya pEecponiee eee eeeeeE ee Gs. 2.| ROR WATOAVOME oo sacc|soceacaseascsscacee nse sn- Wupineer se Acne ee 7 398°) Hempstead resenyoir=. .|| 61@ 22/2 o 925s e eee eee Heboesees | Theo. Garmen- == -2--- -- Theo. Carmen....-- Se Sere “ *399 | Norwood......-.-..---- 6iC.2 =, S|\"Comimisstoneernnes se ssmas slac eae eee eee Commission....../-2)..:..- = *413 | Byers Ow: . .- Bee ee eeaene 626.553) Commission he ee aes ee nate ee reiod See ieee Commissione ssc seeeeeee *414 | pees GOs. eee aren 6 C=. .| Garden Gity Water!Supply |--.----------------.-2--=- Geo. L. Hubbell, general | Co. manager. 415 | Mine Ola) creases eee HO oS 4) COUMEMOPEO.- 2 ooecssance C. A. Lockwood...-.---..-.- PEAY Gal Bere rase GOke 2 eeeseeeee se CIC 2|Commissioneeesassne ase Commissionees-e-eeeeee see 417 | aan GO ssasce wae eee ae 6C...| Long Island R. R. Co C. A. Lockwood FATS ie oe (6 nema See E Roe 6G S22) (Commission=esssasseee oes Commuissiones Speer eee see FATOUIEE ce (COs a eRe ane GED ee ayes ae (3 (oye ae haan Sree OR lich eee See eee ts alles, Kos Aa ee at a *420 | East Williston.--.....-. 6D Chas. Edison Geo) Schmidt: 7-2. 5----- == 4918 eee (6 Koya ing er en eat pe 6D Commissionaa-+ 225-222-0004} Commissionee os seeeeeenees *492 | Albertson.....-..--.-_- GSD ERR Oe Se I eS a SE Sanh a | dos awen Bio eae *423 | Old Westbury.........-. 6D W. GoPamks ned o20o sic fo eh ee ee | et ie eee ee #494 |... dose ste eussssceeees 6 D...| W. P. Kelsey John Fisher *425 |... Ol ea en eo ee es @Dosd| UAE. I, Bienshys. ssossccee4ee Wm. Jaegle............ Wm. Jaegie ¥426 |..-.- GO ns A eee eee 6h See eRewle Cottnetarse ste secre Alfred Wisson.........- Alfred Wisson..-.:-----.--- HADT SLL dO: ce pee eee Gap 2 Alay Siro eleantone cea eee | AY iat ten a sth ie WEL Long sana Historical So- *428 |... .- Gs sqensasdasascseo 6 D_..| John A. Albertson. .._....- Alfred Wisson.......... Alfred Wisson....._-..-- aes 699 Een (0 (0) os eee SS 6 D...| Foxhalll Keene......-....-- [BPR eeeeecesnar soaseas sacs Saa ce oa sal se toe eee erie ences Eee DUDOISeeReeesee ne sees WAGZ IM Geeee Gost eacieeeeme ee 6B ee) wObnuinmiken| eee eect eas Dee Dubos ec eecs see ee eeeee (6 (Oyen Seema tseec ace 4463 |.---- Oba Seiscet Staeeee | 6 B..-| Crystal Springs Ice Co.-.--|___.- GO! P See See ee nee OW Serica eee eee ares *464 | Glen Cove Landing..... Gis Je UP Seal Dance mene eee Phillips & Worthington.| Phillips & Worthington -- -. *465) || DOSOnISHs-eeeeee eee i 65...) Wm. M. Valentine. -2.. 22. I. DUIDOIS Spee ce eee TL Je DUbOISMase ee eeeee eu. | | . *466 |... -- do. 2m. Aa eateseaces 6B...) Pratt estatelco_2s.c2ence oe Gee eee reece eee ee iMieMuneet superintend- sl [hace (shoe el Se Socom aac = HES Sesto eh Sea Ge ae. Sa qeSen ea soeador asenscadacgecipsas 468 | Dosoris Island.......-- So) JEM eh 8 as eee sees sass L. J. Dubois *For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. a Superintendent for W. C. Whitney. b See Table VIII. . ce Windmill manufacturer, 11 John street, New York. r ; on Long Island—Continued. REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. Ei of water Diameter] Depth of Seton above) er of well. well. water |p elow (—)| minute. supply. | “cround level. Inches. Feet. Feet | Feet. Gallons. 10 40002 Gaaeca- — 230 35 beeebosdac OO She sasie sel sosaaseoas 8 BOO abeacae te lseceecee Sosasneces 20pa|Eeaceeaaeel|eeeceeee| uaKee Seeeeneee Bio) 4 SSeS ecepead bee ee ee eee seers 8 Psy eciemeesciae | —218 17 6 rina eee eee | = 96| Good. 83 = AQ 8 715 Vals Sareea ae — 78 I 16 42 32 LOS i ace rasntea= cil ve cewins arate linses lero ine 6 300-400 |.--....--- ey (Ua eet as 2 Fy Ric RoacoS See Sarina Eee saeee 2 Db) etree en! IMO SEs sascosenae 3 B25" |b Saeees 6 TQM cae Coe 3 69 69 2 IES bbl is pe ee D OSH Pa naucoeae 6 Ci (ae sare is MS Shallow seems 2 106 45, 6 2 Bohlin Seco | — 23 +25 6 GOs eae (On Ae eee. Blip} (hd Ou eee DON | Mana rae 2 EBA res a (a a | eae 10 45-60 34-60 | Flows. |.........- | 4 40 34-40 | Flows. |...-.....- 34 222 | 212-222 — 75 30 3 186 182-186 —108 16 2 T40H Ne cae eee — 98 12 2 170 | 165-170 — 98 12 MeO E Ue once geome 129 6 TS O)s| epee IMO esonsocos | 2 80 FED || TOW, |eeseoscose 2 73 f18 4 79 | 70-73 + 14 | 730 4 106 90-100 — 40 30 2 215 79-83 oN OOai|'aa teen 6 OB tS Peeters 9 Flows. 6 OS RE Sc ASG ESS SrOoe 6 Uae obe te [eer s. Large 6 82 75-82 | Flows rb Ife Wes oe sal Bees) oo oer 0 es HD |e ae eee 0 Wee carer 44 oie wereeie et) fn ee Geologic horizon of Remarks. 145 water-bearing strata. No. Cretaceous....-..--.- WiaiberisOtie ss sn. shee eee 435 (CREUEXCOONIE eo ce seecieee mas dec cer Goer be Me eee Sener Seer Ee emacs WIeISCOCENO sees oe Peas |ace cy sae Siamese cis oa can 2s sane sees 436 Cretaceous. ---2--.2. Gromprotaiwellste wee. 298 25 seas eee 437 PLEISTOCENE) heserats seen sees cece sale ese cleses cles £ etice a ime afee 438 SRO RE ASE Gor reisia || PAI aT LONE Glaysees reef are tsi ears ices ciel elae a Oo. Pleistocene.........-- Comimission¥Nowe 1992 meer secs aaa 440 Lee ae do.......-........| Commission No. 1185. Slight flow...-.....} 441 RS ee) Hee etic sere ec SS | Privatepumping plant. Shallow wells-....|b442 Cretaceous..---.....: Cretaceous ? Cretaceous 72-22. ---2- | Cretaceous .-| 2 wells; abandoned Tisbury d Oviginally all were flowing wells. € Yield per well per minute on a 10-hour test. f Natural flow at ground level. 9 Since pumping these wells have ceased to flow. All sand and gravel Group of 6 wells. Pumps 70 gallons e Group of 4 wells. well per minute. Flows 18 gallons per minute.....-..-...--.- Pumps 315 gallons per PA -wellss sap and Oned ase eee ae ae eens All sand and gravel 146 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. TasBLe XJ.—Representative wells No Location. egerdt Owner. Driller. Authority. *469 | Dosoris Pond .--.-....- GaB ee De He Bushee secer ase ceeies We Wo IMO s seo cecscoos Wedio IWIN: catacsaeabooso2 *470 | Peacock Point...---..-- J ITo aah ChiOs CAS cet odocscoeeueose P. H. & J. Conlan ....- IM. UP alllonmia® Sree ete 8 engl *471 =e 4 | SB Ke-vEnitehinsoneene ee E. K. Hutchinson.._..___.- ¥472 al) Op I8, IDRIS 5 oo oS5onoe 3H Danis= ere sis eeee *473 | E. K. Hutchinson......| Foreman for E. K. Hutch- inson. *474 ee Dubois: eee oe FATS: Wore MOV: Sola isis cost Seyi OMEN ee | TIL en ean CG erate cette salar! Sol hioiaheyo Ol Ole ceed tena eee | een (lee seeseee Faseee eoeees *476 W. Hi: Baldwin, Mast den ee R 477 E. K. Hutchinson. ......:-- 478 *479 *480 |....- Cn secsssseseosoene5 pei oses COR Reman ces seer #482 |. --- COaoscsscessossucroe #483 |... - CO-cescecseacoozesos F484) =e dOsenesere *485 |...-- CO seacgsoscéscaedsess 486 | Freeport *487 { eeouarn pumping sta- \ #488 #489 *490 *491 *492 *493 *494 *495 +496 *497 #498 499 *500 Old Freeport pumping station. Ne Soe pumping sta- |) tion. sj Matowa pumping sta- tion. Wantagh pumping sta- tion. Merrick Water Co Paul D. Cravath IDYols WANA. - osessaseessose W. D. Gutherie Department water supply, gas, and electricity. Department water supply, gas, and electricity. q| Gomimissiones= aye: nesses = { Department water supply, gas. and electricity. setter GOs eee ease ee ese | Coe =| COMMISSION ee eeee se eee Wantagh Does heecmewice UCkenApesoc CORE Recor Sh seaeres sesceu acee GOs eee eect sere celeca| tl Oscec| nee On ae a-8 aoe reece Were One rare te caire thos sees eee See) ee eee eters Camp meeting grounds.| 7 C....|.-.-- On cere omen ee eae ree Smithville South......-. UXCsssalseaad GO: oF <-teo-e toe ee Hempstead Plains. ..-.- 7C?...| U.S. Army Camp Black.... Phillips & Worthington C. H. Danis * For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. a¥Foreman for P.H. & J. Conlan. b Ann. Rept. Dept. of City Works, Brooklyn, 1896, p. 263, 1897. c Average of whole station, June 17, 1896, to Dec. 31, 1896. d Samples show depth of 110 feet. e Average of whole station for 1899. J See Table VIII. : 9 History and Description of the Water Supply of Brooklyn, 1896, p. 78. Phillips & Worthington... Ed. Danis, foreman fs M. De Varonah E. C. Cammann, secretary. . I. M. De Varona TBs Warde oe ce bee Commissions esses eee I. M. De Varona ..........- f IBA Wieder Ake ee ona ee Commission on Long Island—Continued. REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 147 Helen of water Diameter| Depth of Re BROEC Ce SvEEly, Geologie horizon of R ‘k In of well. | well. water |pelow(—) eA water-bearing strata. (oust. oO. supply. ground level. Inches. Feet. Feet. Feet. Gallons | 3 97 Q5=O7iAiieictes Gh NW Sere cimei sae VGIMCCORe ae aera ers Flows 30 gallons per minute................ | 469 6 230 230 | Flows. OH PALO GS BING eek Sark yl ae eae eh 8 ae eve ee | 470 6 225 225 | Flows. Onlesaes (Cle Se a een a el ee Snare ee ae ee er OLE | 471 EAs ct FF) ||, acesdoacal MONE Cpemoetees Seeae OC) aeaem Saaes eset eae siete Bea Pena er eeSEREeT 88 |Cl70) 6 342 260-342 | Flows. LOM Beene (aoe Re Sys ae Bees 5 eteta a sighs hss) ae ey eR 5 Wey SNE | 473 | 2 92 | id ae AR ae! Pleistocene..........- MeStiawClism nce mee tee ste Seas eee ee | 474 25} + 2.5 || | 2 162 162 | — 90 IBID OS SUIEEY VEY OLE YS ogee ee oP Ph lS eR eh pO | 475 4 265 | 260-265 | —125 SE) |e 22 COANE S Be oN ne Mtn tS ais Teh ae Doe em ey | 476 23 Oeil erence = — 94 Reported as all sand and gravel.......-.-- 477 osetia ais AS eee see line 1010) Sera Gas ois Ae eas ot elses Bc iesinseeeieee | Soe AS) eaters 132 Wille ease eel A, ee ee Rn Re atop te ey RI ere Toe oelwisi2 sake cee WAND) 6 238 0| hee San Seta mE FE) | Serer a ete ets ee he: | te apa ete, Ne an Ate ea ae seemless 480 6 Chis awe see a OMe eres 1= 2p aleISUOCENE, he Samer ata ashe ee scloe oe eee <2 Seatre ie tes isis ciate ae alos | 481 4 LOD E= asa SN. Neer cease eaocdco ince Cacee Scere ae te acento s56 fees 45 Soe eens aa Oreoe eT eeoSe Breese 482 4 NGI) oaacens wsellacepal cecsl HAROeeSe od hes SSN aS. Seber oe ees eon) Hinh 4 seas eerie ah Seats eres See ee a ear 483 3 LO Sta Meee S70 Sea cashes Bobdaccosesecdssekosecds Weaccadas soc eSa aS cE A SAAS es Ae REeeO OSA: cae 484 3 AAR beve een ee — 60 SOM a eee et N MANY. te, okt GrouproieiwellsSpeeemsesseess- ease Eee eee 485 ae Reta @® ocksosecss|| IUOWSs ||-Soacbeas dlesses code cotemtce se ekese pados costes Soncdesesca seacnpsoeaeHrossceooeasce | CES depcecouns posaesnaae ac saameece Penemceses 3,131 | Pleistocene...........|.-.----.-----+-++ 2-22-20 2222 2222222222 22-+----|]487 (Sol ESR RCH | eee AO el ee Se €361 | Tisbury; Jameco ? ...| Group of 32 wells.-..........-..---------.-- nee) 43-6 Si hail tsa aeeratece| seoosaaciea Maceeenrne Pleistocene.-..------. Group of 40 wells; abandoned because of ex- | 488 cess of chlorine. 43-6 | fei } See as 2) Se aeteae 135250) |) Disbury, swiamMecon- |) GLOMplol G2 wells 25. cee =e be AG ISAO TO | oem esl eae ec ATR |heaae oRoe reso. een AMES lommeiee arta SS. bin een MRC Q) SOHO) sees eet | a 5 | Pleistocene---...-.--. Groupiol SwellShe= mee.) - ee eee ae le ann vi 83 GaSe ete uM dl enn ee eee OL al NO: watersbelow?40 feet... 232503 ane ie oe ) SESSA OeEe Se neeeaeee OeesHaa sacs cosee ater US e1 22) |PaeeeR ee eee terse eeeaeee | eHomnenlyacalledsN ewibrid 2c ene ene R teres Wa = 6 EDis buen sence aaa. re 4a |i 0 38-07 | eee ees e618 Pee ie \Group Gp 46\wells -32)2- se aan esa is 2 BNO) NF phy ay ye oe ech ra —eal ana | ber eaep y eg Commission No. 1161. Slichter underflow | 492 | station No. 3. 1d coe (ape ke ha 8 | et DONTE || Seeee tee ae ee aaron] hese ee ec eee ee ee nc Secor epee ae a6 | 2600 on. ee je 2 OUR | Rese meee Eee teocy ne | a han come CIN a te ih or maith Slichter underflow station No. 2; commis- | 494. sion No. 1176. | 2 Alon eee tno FO IKON HE) Wee setae dl Aes cHenE oreo ae Sea eeet = Commission No. 1272. Slichter underflow | 495 station No. 2. 2 A Tia Pe ee Se CACOCL EEN cI SP i Mel | ea pee a a Commission No. 1293. Slichter underflow | 496 station No. 15. 2 1 Fn Se oe ae ella ool. Bee ae GORE pe Cee Se eet Sceaene deme sentc CommissionyNio, le5Geenee seas oe eee 497 2 TI7for ee Badri o. lak ce Gaokdelloarocrectes ReocoSeerePEtr aac aEetae (Clovootaahisis OVA IN[O)s WSUV/A a= aon eoneoeooececes 498 2 RAR Wn i enter Meee ek ae Al en Md 2 ek ers alos WommMisstonuNo Meier sate see ae eel ata 499 Seek ater DOs | ene ys a er OLS LOCO Uwe scien eciebereiase em eer ielerays eye eerie lel tara a ate fats aja sajmaca foie WOOO, i Ann. Rept. Dept. of City Works, Brooklyn, 1896, p. 266, 1897; History and Description of the Water Supply of Brooklyn, 1896, p 79 i Average of whole station, Jan. 23, 1896, to Dec. 31, 1896. j Average of whole station, Sept. 23, 1896, to Dec. 31, 1896 k Deep wells only. 1 Average of whole station from July 16, 1896, to Dec. 31, 1896. m Flow began at 6 2 feet. 148 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. TasLe XI.—Representative wells No Location. Coord Owner. Driller. Authority. | ‘| FOOT PEM cksville sere ee 7D...) Commission......-........- Commission. ............- he *502 |_...- On See eS se (DD Siecllsneiee CO ee Hota ah Soo Sema UNS acne Aue EG duel cit Bell tne doses. Bpee amos ee *503 |..... (oVovegteam ewe os Anna 7 D..-.| Nassau County Water Co... Oscar Darling, consulting | engineer. — 504 |._... COE sal ie ree en 7D...) Fassbender & Stande.-_.:-. Fassbender & Stande...--- *505 |... GOs tse tela aa 7 1D)s || 18k Wie Weieiiaws Co)... 4 4 ee W.C. Jaegle.......- lene FANS case GLO sere oe rig ne 7, Wie el, (COMMISSION ye ees see ieyc in) rt eel eee ee Ly Commission a aE yas ere *D07) |e see GO Pose gee At Usha 7D...| Joseph Steinart...-.....--- W. C. Jaegle... 22.1... 22 Joseph Steinart........---- | i PSR CIO ew ieas Pte ney eC a St. John’s Protectory- -..-.-. POS) gguae Ko Kops at uP Beeline st 7D...| St. John’s Protectory..---.- . 1, Walsh eae eee mee Walger el ee a *509 | Westbury.-..---.------ 7D...) Colored Children’s Home...) Ed. Schmidt..........- Ed. Schmidt.........- poe 510 | Old Westbury....-...--. TADS SAR OEIH AK/ iN AMO). 55 See saallseansoguasodacrossescosue- Robert Winthrop.......... jess Ose eae eee ees 7D. Wim. Payne Thompson. .... Hudson Engineering | G. H. Pease, foreman. . eae and Contracting Co. ; at He : #512 | Wheatley Hills. _....... 7D...| J: WH. Harriman_-.--..----- (@o9ET 7) Damis seas anaes Ed. Danis, foreman..-.....- FO Sil OTIC Os amen e ney ee CDs) COMMISSION Ae eee eerie yea leet on A 2g a ue tulle Commission........--.----- | 514 Se. GOu ee te ete 1D). H. R. Winthrop....-.-...-- Hudson Engineering | Thos. Shay, foreman.--.--..-) and Contracting Co. : | Flom |seeee Co Komen eee ede DE Sao ol VWallish sess eee eee Geo. Schmidt...... eee Geo. Schmidt-...- Meee Rea an EI) Ne es (0 oye eed Jame eee 7D...| Jacob Jackson.........-.-.- W.C. Jaegle...........- WRG sdiaeple ahaas) oye eile eee Oi: Bene eres ial S84 Dee} ABU UU seo csc onbssesoe J. W. Hendrickson. .... Lone. Island Historical So- ; ciety. : *518 | Syosset.......--.-..--.- 7D...| Allard & MeGuire.........- W.C. Jaegle............ W.C. Jaegle PEE CN ay Sata F519) |e oe KOE Ru sd ori nM N 7D...| John Kennedy............-|..2.. GLO REME Ee ian beetatay. pm feeaerars COR RWS aie panies 520 SEO Okwall eae =seeere eee 7 D...| County poor farm.......-.- E. K. Hutchinson. .-... C. A. Zanor, foreman...-.-. | -| Henry Rushmore ‘ J. L. Bogart ; .| Commission. .........--.-.- Commission Qin ame ea ae ee CoE aD ais ropa ae eis ee NA ya Bee ne SELON eas a A ASAHI LO}. tees S52 a Oe ao leu Nassau County Water Co..|...........-.--..--------- eee perme consulting 7 E..-.| Townsend Underhill....... E. K. Hutchinson.....- A.S, Hutchinson 0........- WB -o) Ohairles: Wieekse = cee 2 senses ne OS Jes re pales [Deer £0 Ko} shy te a AA tee Oe 7E...| John M. Sammis...........|_...- GOs aR yen ee The Long Islander e_....-.- 7H...| Van Sise & Co.-..-..---.--.|----.- Gomera Es see ee A. S. Hutchinson b......... 7...) D. W. Smith 7H...| A. S. Hutchinson 7E...| E. K. Hutchinson 7 E...| Townsend heirs Td 8 sb Valse INOWUOM sca aaseesabeone | 4535 |...-- Ploenan ene Whee sks 7E...| Capt. Alfred Ludlum....___|._--- COIN Cooder tee Ee eens eta eae cued | B36 ee dor clan tan 10, ame 7E...| Mrs. Coles White. ..........|...-- BOCAS 2 Mee Sain ue Grae UR atl a! BBY eb car dows ka sea ne eee Pda, || Mola Wik, Sera. 2 oe S685), soe c cose scone econe ds HE. M. Sammis. 2.222. ..2.. | 538 |.- 52. do Aiea ee ee abe cB eter Ni slay. bom aes eo: lel Sire peels ena eter le ane ed Peter N. Layton>.._....... HAH) occ ce CO Ko a earns ae ae 7E...| A.J. & A. 8. Hutchinson. ..| E. K. Hutchinson... ... A. S. Hutchinson ®.....:... (Bee -\Oystenmans DockiCoOes seen ess. d Ose assent sme ci ool Ons ee sacmiecia wes ee os 7 E ...| Long Island R. R..-..----.- Engineer 6 #542) jos 2 doe Ssae 5.40 Veen pb sas MD Onl Jiones-iaem areas A.'S. Hutchinson b.......-. ee) Ios dos. Bakes. 2 ae rela eee AG, RN eee Ese R. F. Nichols, foreman..... ' *For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. aSee Table VIII. o Records transmitted to the Survey by Mr. W. H. C. Pynchon, civil en ‘ gineer and geologist, Oyster Bay, N. Y. ee ee ee REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 149 on Long Island—Continued. He of| water Diameter| Depth of pera above(+>| Supply Geologic horizon of R é of well. | well. ppates Roles S minute, | Water-bearing strata. emarks. No. pply. ground level Inches. Feet. | Feet. Feet. Gallons. | | 2 M9. eccemosacél ooaSeosee|Sonccoacn= locden sceseanseesssoesens Commission eNoy909- 2 ----= 2. -eeeseeeeeenees 501 2 TS DROW Eee ial Aen eter eee a eee eiel| soscieseteicicie aise eae let ConmmmissioneNon Goo eae eae eee eee 502 8 85 Gaon | PG8h eee Pee AMISIDUTY Sessa DAWES miactete Sate ioe deine nicest TSS 4503 | 6 Op soe te Sete — 71 Wargen | SIISDUMy thes on ani sedice el (seu aaskis Seale eee s aeisee tis ceteeeossceaneee 504 42-4 Ca) «enews — 68 4 Cretaceous sah sees | eee ee eee se Ee eR et she ees anaes | 505 2 6 6 (Cia | |peabeaaaee — 61 35 | Ws Sieerigtl Pan 6 GO) lossocscsne cs GD Heeebee eee” 85 Re ven eeed eaede nit pea alan Pablo Wik ini ies Wigs ar ear a 36 (OME Sageeeegen — 35 Sn TE | eee estes Sen = eee | Sereetoee eerate nine seer Oe se cteeiaacee | 509 10 BTilite. 4-2 ioe - —200 25 Cretaceous =-2---.--- Wratensliabhtly hardens ease eee eae | 510 eae 209 19590 |e Sa secn es 60 Bere OFS aoe AAG Sepia ee epee metaereeceeiccst aaaee eal LOUIE ea eet 220 512 2 60 | 513 3 183 514 6 | il fsa ete ace ee i GOR ills ae ee Cretaceous:? 2 a2 ees | Saat eee eas ee nae cnln coe etoe ns as 551 36-3 16S ee Rass 5 8. SG jbacnansacs| bos qaqa sneTeeeneasscc5e Originally reported 210 feet deep.........--- 516 36 UD boocceocmullbadeesea e|bocoshesss! Hoos ogescenaeSaceRos aso |acocsas sector Done SUS seSELD SES sensons==55000 517 aasaaee es 53 47-50 |.....---..| Large. [EUR t 8, eat le AE SRE BN EN, "Poa ON Dr crane IN TS dances sce Bre Oe | See eel ee een ee eee Genet a ae neeeea tn Wielluiblows atea.deptuhOlsoOteet—n-ccsa|j ol Sry 278 —105 Raper a eee Aa CN. iI eR a [ER rao ceteris mn, oe siete ete ree em ofeiaia oi | BOZO. a ate Ne 396 2 23 3 224 3 149 A 1s 160 =I) laeminde Geel bcossaeces| hea acecsoS cue lceeemesere Abandoned sax + F5s5|5 ose eee eee aeece | [829 { 4 35 10-30 ()) Rit | DEERE ae i ee ear ee ada Groupiof wells) -- =. sssee- sheen eetese sec if &¢) 3 165 162} + 13 cd100 DITIECO)S seers ee Meee ceianinn en 25 fae aie etait tenes 526 2 110 90-110 | Flows C20 aie Ol S tei ar ae ber Dee See eer Toko ie ee cee 527 2 T40 Bileseaacce IB OW Sea See mee seas teens oe eect ace Snotideris pharmacye eee aa 528 2 56 53-57 | + 1.5 c3 JRINCCOR aes sees ee Original flow 9 gallons..-...---..-...-.-..- 529 2 Cay eabil tee eres Flows CB) eione Cho). seosesbeose ..| Original flow 15 gallons.........s.....----- 530 2) S0-10G' = Tee se ee + 6 BNO |e se GOR a sees se Eee GOs Ae ae ass Sere See cmmnaieoemee Se Semel 531 2 [Se os oe Ibesssseees CHa aR (OK oy Ai eS Sl bias ho et ee ae etree cme ee et te ae ia 532 2 133% Wikcr saae ee Flows O16) ate a Uo aia aoe Sean Beek a eee US AER Se See eee pense emer iets 533 DW CRO Wocececanas | renee CiEa a emer Ose ee | Original flow 10 gallons..........----.----- 534 { 2 SOT secrete te 238) ON a eae CONE Bacuaeee epee | Original flow 9 to 10 gallons. ......-...----- lisa ; 3 LISS Eee eee au C80) “Ikeeee done nee ace Original flow 36 gallons......--...--------- | Yam a fap ees fe Tu C75 || tee Octet ieee [Oa Ms SOU ewe a 536 3 60), pe aeeee eo + 2 CMG Ieatce OO) Se ote feel aanbs Ke cudcdacooe Ss eanuete ANd ee nCoaeeeseseerease 537 14 AS) SSL ees oy Cea |e Oat oe eee |. Ceases to flow at low tide.....-..---------- 538 5 190 Te || te aly? CTO) Wilesece Obra! EUS Sea aaa ose SHA SoC Cop REECE AES Ona ncb a5 539 2 SO Ulesteasssece Flows BO) A eee cee eee | Does not flow at low tide.....---.---..-..- 540 4 20). ol Reeeteeene a0 EGG an beruee spy aR Seema Shoe ae E 2 Ls fie ne Sea ene REL a 541 lt a Sh Necro te ta | clea) i) WWaeROR eo ocdsae see sage Na PN BOR RSS NR Sat a mee 542 | 4 220 he Saashesael eae seca 92609 |22-- - One eee eee ee SAB a caOS 6 ndSeosaedbes son aneenes cesnoadcogodcs 543 c Rate of flow varies with the tide. d Flow at ground level. At +17 feet furnishes e Huntington, N.Y., June 15, 1895. t Initial flow. 9 Flow at low tide July 30, 1903. 5 gallons per minute. 150 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK, TasL_e XI.—Representative wells *For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. a Records transmitted to the Survey by Mr. W. H. C. Pynchon, civil engineer and geologist, Oyster Bay, N. Y. b Flow varies with the tide. ¢ Depth July, 1903, 188.3. No Location. ANTES. Owner. Driller. Authority. *544 | Oyster Bay..-....------- 7E Mohannes Casino LO lease Goi Ee a aesrseee eee 7 E ...| Townsend Underhill F546 1 eens GO Sse. ee see sake ee if 1 16 TeT Dyn SUES ae eg #547 |... 6 (SRE eae seasteac 7 E ...| ——— Burgess #548 le Goes eee 7 E ...| ——— Hamilton............ E. K. Hutchinson. .-..- EK. K. Hutchinson.......... #549 |... OO eaeem oc eaeaaaae (Claes \icoole MUO Sa. Mees Hee eeaeilesose GO pe eearec ae ee eee GORA Aeeak qe eee as 0)! Boos Osan mses 7E I Mi Downsendes so. s eee |sncss Oe Be seh seers eee AGS. -Ebutehimsoneeseeeee. o= “HME ese doth astecherocsce cen (Bee | lenin. Dollardaas=es==eee= indi DubOise. see eee= Hed) e DUD OS Ss sane neste < Hd. Schmidt? sass. hae Ed. Schmidt a lee Sd Gag CF ss: Hd wand Swaut rae Tete DNV Oaac ue cates H. J. Dubois #953 |-..-- OSes set eree eke sock 7( 1B} 5) JD IROOM Soo - So sdee ee E. K. Hutechinson.....- R. F. Nichols, foreman *554 | Center Island--....---- 7E ...| G. C. MacKenzie...-........ P. A. & J. Conlan EHD |lsooas GOs a ane ce erisceee see C13) Sai) Co Wi IN One. o 5 yoo oe = E. K. Hutchinson. -:.---| 521510) | eee (3 Ko pe eee eee tere kre =2 C= Seis nen ailee sae eee | seers doses ee esas RAY) |p ooae dost ee ssenes a Whit. Sal Sha Wee see tae Eee eee dO ee Sees ae *558 |... GO vadont eons eee 7 Bee. | (Colgate Hovis ease ere eee ona 2 Ns aA A Eger | aaa Osean ee seseme 1D sscih Co We WY@UIMORE. — <2 oe scecn hee Gos soree eee 7560): )B ayivill Chee ees ee eee GAD) sao\) 1D O), We VOWS Sacen ee seen = R. F. Nichols Dole eee dO peers eee eee TE .. Mrs. Elizabeth Godfrey ....| George Schmidt... --..--. *562 |--..< GOs 5. -ceeree ene (13) S54] Walon; IPOS oa sae ass E. K. Hutchinson. ..... A. Neilson, superintendent. 563 |..... ClO) .ccoseseesssasso55 7 ...| Edward Knierum.....- ...-| George Schmidt Edward Knierum.-...-.... *564 | Mill Neck.........--.--- (iD) aaa|| Ionalates COS. 6 kcosancnascee Cl EDanisee ae eeeeoae CED anisee espn oree: are 565 | Massapequa. --..------- 8B ...| Massapequa Hotel......... THEN Otthisen eee eee A/a JOWMGORGSE seas ase easicabe 7560) Massa pequan spumipiney (8G ess| som miss) o cers eee sears eee ee aan ee Commissionse: pees e eee station. | | a na Stee tarievamy ps i ade SO >OSm Aum tysvalles cesses aae ee SC) 5. 2)| Nomiiyanills Whiner CO... 5. jesoceantonccsttescostocdes S. Ketchem. secretary..-..- #569 | Massapequa ..-....----.- 8C ...| Commission (Comimissionises ss ssseee eee #570 |... - open iaeensae de EH CHaet Nar No Shy oe, bee Oe Al ER en een eta Soa RCS OS s0 doseaee BRC E MNS fea: “AR yo -oe Gosek eee SiC Sales AO} eas, ee ays secs era ere pores ae | a (i Xohs Ne oa 2 eee eel sen se 572 |... dO eee es hl oie ed Pen Lee thu Sethe Ha a MER encod ooee al Lee dor eee onG. ater F578 5). 26 (Koen cme aeoer cee SiCee eae Cass srosrasces se adteenu| Pose aecodoces ce sateatacse silane (6 (ores os Sm reas cet 4574 |....- GOmee esterase conce SiGe sees CORB sos caaccscuo sede sos Podenmodreceesausesesoccdael Soda CIO Ga ese aicased TVD) | oeee dOstE specs ch cee BiG ES. cece COM see Seen ee cee eee porcedscaseenecotsallscsce GO eee acter ee #576 || Central Park: -..-..... 8C....| Dryfuss & Nibbe........... Wir Coviger lene cess anaes WeiG. Jaegle-sh) hase aes *577 | Farmingdale........._. SiC 2 Village of Farmingdale..... Us JONG Jose eee eon Jie MUM Ot gee epee oe pee se MS) [enene lope enon see Ce call dis IMG Oe SMS 535255222 |s==5e Oke ee See aa] ste doce nT hae ses Seu stams WE |e seas Choo aaneme eae anae 8'C.-..| Nassau County Water Co. 22 | 2s. csoae wise eres ers ates | ens che elt erst ee eae ee #580) ee GO ee el eae 8iCs.2 || Commissionicie neheee eee tee |Pecee ee ae es eter eames Commission. ..-.-.....-2-.- SS eee Osea er a eee BD) sel Wie Sects oe. djs HNO SAsyAise eosdok Dabotteeee sees eebet BO 582 || Sel ain O Wie erate ees Sep ee a Chas ellen ce eee seme Ufa JBL Cabot J. Ele Gubheil Ses eaeee Sonaee cafes} |e - (Raye eee Gee eseecianc 8D...| Harms estate.......-...... WiC: Jiaegle as aaa ele W..C. Jiaeple.2 thee ens S228 #584 |... (0 Ko ay een ant, 25-8 8D TOONS eer see eee e Her UNO os pose b beeen. T.-Miliottes 322 sceuecees: 2-5 O85 MOVES teil Senet eee 8D. OScorENacCkcOneees seer J. H. Gutheil A Je cet Guithelleenenes-eacrcs- #586 |....- WO eect eee 8D...! H. L. Stimpson..--.......-. H. J. Dubois IIE Ws IDWOONS = = socccsoeoseae on Long Island—Continued. REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 1 51 ee of 5 ont Depth of eT pee See: eter Depth of | prinetpal oe rom Ge norte Hou zon of Remarks. No. ; supply. | ground level. Inches. Feet. Feet Feet. Gallons. 3 Ce ol oe a aes eee eres b 20-100 2 LOM Peerage =<, - +) 2 b18 3 C200 OH sack! Flows 610 2 nGE RO | Reseeo eaten Flows b 25 - 227 1610" eee onemas Picket ae { 105 105 | Flows hoe 3 CON hu eee Flows. b 100 3 Yi ( aed ta le ee Flows. > 100 24 259 259 2 paar rele + GOP SIE 2s eee tS Beers 2 22) We 8 ae + 13 b5 Beat aac 465 465) | WLOWwSs Se eee 2 Pe eiBoe: 378 sce socal! DMO b 45-75 Paneer 370 360 | Flows b 30 ee etaaccee 351 Paes as |) LRLOWws b 20-30 FE aeSoe 292 eater ees| OWS 5-6 Sapo DeS 320 300-320 | Flows 50 Se SShese: 318 300-318 | Flows 25 eae erence 205° e222 asel Blows: Sui RUST OSs clits ein DN p= eal eats cones rs ee poe erste, cicic|c.o. = oe cere aoe | OGD. 84 231A) ee os see — 174 83 | Pleistocene Private water supply system supplying | 561 ? Pine Island Park and vicinity. | 60-6 Oy eee se — 27 DY Woe ae GO Saeesesescesne eS el et ee ee 2 562 6 BO ip I pee ace lee 4295 ||. sk. Gomes on eens | 6 EO ee anos ts — 39| Large. |.-.-- Oe ase se eae a Renee ae merece estan Gt/< a4 ema aeeee eect 563 3 330 SO0=3330) || os ascoane Ox ZON Meloy iGeSan dlen-= samen Meeero Le see =e cre= sia = 3 a eee eer ae ee 564 8 PUG eer ree OO wees eaaes Pleistocene.........-- De WellSiinas =a se eee esse Eee ee 565 2 2A ican | RAN GN RMT eR D g e ok ae cieced Commission No. 1173. Slichter underflow | 566 station No. 1. ecto ete | Saker | ear a |e IDET || Se des aR UAB Re ES Al Ree eee eee Sa AN3 7. O-LO0G Wyse oe ce ee CAW LONER eet eeee Tisbury, Jameco?.....| Group of 106 wells 6 AOn jaleesesee ee — 12 QHAD AMIS bUny sere Sees et eed eee «eh tae oo =e gee ee eee eee me Sete 2 Oe RE ert oe the ues cm Ae Mle ie hp of Oe Commission No. 849 2 1h se beers hy: 3. yy RR arc A ae A er Commission No. 1354 2 SLM ERR PRA AN a Payne Alias ORNS eM Seep ees te os Tal des CommissionyNo, (20 a eee eens eee ee eee 571 2 SEP Ny oS~ ato Sul seine eee tlle ks Ra ePSe! Gy (Sete Sy nea nn a Commission No. 2 PT No cs sche [ARITA Ce EE TE (one ee a Commission No. 2 0) Hinaths Soedoul PodeeS om belleac meester ed ice ORSeitee geae an are Commission No. 2 AIRS || ae slsn= an BIS SEBO eos Kee BB AOE Bao Ene eee es Commission No. aba oa bos Gye NE ae ae sel = BS |p2gqcbes2 5 ot sbaeckoetsaseecar cesta deecesen -oasaos yo. Uc rey Ee SeReNoe aut eoaoascee a56 20 BHeal echo soeec — 16| Large. | Pleistocene?.......... 4 tile wells used for fire protection .......>. 57 12 40) sil Sere FOSS GUPy Es A Macey ae ceeeeeeeeen ee Mulekwelllvsws et Aedes es ae aetna es O18 Lei Age Sell seed HAR eae tho) Sosy we, Saal Sek ee SRR Ue El cee Neneh aes SCANS ees RE oye al eRe eg ere on eee te £579 2 2 (ied |e ea eee Ror ery on eso eth oe Commission Noy Wile. ceuower susassunesece | 580 8 Bae | meee ar SH eRe eae ISOC 5 cede osgzclGeay ss eoackores bo sa oue rep HOSES OSnBaeamaees cece | 581 36-14 1 A ed AL 2 aN ClovbiGlos|| cS eee eee ORS Aya Cea Se eae ke ea a Sapam cme | 582 tHorsone4 65 Jace ene Eade re | eee oe ec ee een ES ey ae a eh areal ne ch Sed Sate a dua Geeee a ep OGe! 8 Ok gS oeret ae eee | eee | |e eee ean, apne < aft pect | aoe en poe We be Mita) 2 Soe. yn ~via ci mit wi violele WOES Slats 584 36-14 TE PG te (et etc ALN ae Op a (Uh ancl Jaen Seer hoe cots] NEI Se ROS Oe See cae U Se Seo EcE cB cet SaaS See ite) 2 COI dececamncte —294 igi CLE UACCOUS se eyes see a Eee clas Sel coe) sreclaf= cies Ses Sine Sees om eatS 586 d Average pumped from April 13, 1896, to December 31, 1896. € Only the deeper wells flow. f See Table VIII. g Average for 1902. 152 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. TaBLeE XI.—Representative wells No. Location. coer Owner. Driller. Authority. 587A VOOM DU yer meee eeeee See. | hichardiColliensesssssesee *588 |...-. Ose Aicaesecten eee SD:: 2. Decker Bross -seeeesees oases £589) )|heoee GOwek sees aeeckee ee C1. BireduBoschee sess sae +590 le aeee DOr nes Sais Sener 8 D...| Peter Hoenighausen..--...- *591 | Cold Spring station ...-| 8 D...| Cold Spring Creamery ....-- SASSO || Ses GO: see eee 280 Des| sel ACEMon Ton taeere=eesee eee *593 | West Hills...--------.- 8 D...| Mountain Mist Springs *594 | Cold Spring Harbor. .-- | Ss) se- Columbia Farm... =----.--- Ou ae ae GOENer. Sooke e eee itl vie sel Semon COREA yates 50 On aereeae (CK aaa et eae | 8E...| Walter R. Jones...--.-....- BO Na cece ClO retina seen Msh1D es halla De O)5 10a UOMO sae ace acme we see ORs Sul eae Aeta bee Ed. Danis, foreman....___- #598 |... Mont caveat ae | §E...| Mrs. Welton Wood......... iets DINO. eee H. J. Dubois OO eee (10s, AS ales 8 E...| Van Wyke heirs - OO ee nee Oss. eee. 8 E...| Cold Spring Hatchery EGON |e (6 (yao a Sie ress | SNE ein EiONeCSpeaae cee see eeee Skbyees| hirediConklinaeeseeereaetese *§23 | West Neck...--..-.----- | 8... Robert De Forest ..........|--.-- | Sib... | Alex Dentonte eases. sae | SBE oe | MEd MD UD OISH eer eee ee ae SVAN oon GOS sactee sree ea nee | 8 E...| Consolidated Ice Co.--...-.) jj *627) |) West Neck. sae ees-aese 138) Eee | Waltons Wiood=ees=eereaeeer “23 |eceac! On sSisseddseessoceas Vighineee Barclay, Wardeerec-s-- soe = | 4629) |e ae Go ssstceuatscasasnee | 8B...) Mrs. Messe Clocse eee rere *630 | Halesite. 222-2 -s-eeeee | 8 E...| August Heckscher-....-...- | EBSL I MIVWESUINCCK2 ae ease | 8B. 3) Mrs ASW. Manshies 2 oa. Cael oD amiss ees eee eae CAB Danisie cae cee sec (BP) Neos Gos see se econ cae | 8E...| Roland B. Conklin......._. Stotthoff Bros........- SLotuho eB nOseeeereeeee- ea #633 | Lloyd Neck....--....-.- Gans | DrvOuetionestaeaaaneees Germantown Artesian | Dr. O. L. Jones Well Co. *For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. b Flow varies with the tide. - REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 153 on Long I. sland—Continued. Helene of water Diameter| Depth of een Bhoves:) Supply. Geologic horizon of R k : N of well. | well. water |pelow(—) males water-bearing strata. CHRIS ep supply. ground level Inches. Feet. Feet. Feet. Gallons. 6 144 138-144 —100 +10 6-4 SSI Pesce see eee we Serra ee pet ees bse bee 200 Se SS al eee eS Se Sc ei ere See 96 Sere fas kk oa obaesie aes 4 TOSS Ml aaece seen —135 25 SST OSE se eee rd eee a ety ern oS oe amt ae 4 2307 <2 los se sec as —200 Small 4 29b ea linie St hn ae eos oie Small 2 D208 Me os a —198 6 4 260 232-260 — 232 25 2 Se a ete esc a ae OA ere ete te Kae ee 150 150 =" 20! beets SPRMNGE- Is Saas nh vata ets Aocre2 150 3 195 aaa RT| + 2 Ontecs 14] 49 AO} |e ee v5 Bese ee be dine 170-177 Slee aee eens 6 243 230-240) || secs ss 3 +30 3 256 200-256 1504 an cee hex Pa He Diner Te i: Miya EN AR Cope IE Bi are) 179 | Flows. 33 3 70 66-70 Flows. > 60 Meee 77 58-77 | Flows. b75 Cee ata 165 Kis ckoesiicicicl Sac Ocoee Gee Seats 4 45 Se |) kos | eeweemenee 6 184 3 176 6 58 6 ZAG Gar ee seen lee oeeeee 450 peneceneee 68 2 90 Bebe ese 181 3 264 6 +60 331 «166 3 499 2 97 | 4 142 | 5 147 | 36-4 LST i i Bios Nn ae apie Nora) o ak aa Jecechowee GS) | gaetnateae el x ages 25 8 DAS EOD Eee eee Flows 5 c At extremely high tide. @ Bach well. ; ¢ Flows into underground cistern 17 feet below the surface. 154 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. TaB_eE XI.—Representative wells No Location. oon Owner. Driller. Authority. 634 | Lindenhurst......-.-..- 9C_...| Breslau fire department....| J. Elliott..........-...- Vey LOWE os sess sc Soe 2bee *§3D) || Limilemortheastiot Am-)|39iC2-5| Commissions -seuee-rees sa s|oosee eee sae eeeee ena Commission.--...--.-....-- | ityville. | *6§36 | 1 mile north of Linden- | 9C-.-...|..-.- Oe ee areata ies an clay Se mee ene Soe a ee Se (0 Co ppp eee eee apa oe | hurst. | EARN | eee ce eee cee or eectiaotes 9C.. ¥*638 | Maywood.....-.-...--- 9C.. FQSOM A deo eee ee Sa eras 9C.. EGON iawn oe eel ea A218 cy tee a ICEE PEAT NE Ane aJe c leas Oe 9C.. | *§42 | Pinelawn.........--.--- Oe 2h lesen GOR Aes te ee ec Oe walicdal diced ae Ste sole mal OR eR O35 52 eens oe 2 *§43 | Colonial Springs......-. QED Ee Roman Catholic Church. .-.|--.-.-.------ 2-2... 2-220 20 | tn nes ce ees stereo #644 | Dix Hills GeouCanlle me ncher anes Geo. Carle yanceee: see ee *645 | Melville..-..- aide ioOttes-eeesscese Je Wott ees cae coe 646 | Dix Hills ice re ater aes Shei lereine Gc Ie SERGE De OHnSO ne semeeeece re 647 | Faireround:-..<2--2--2-: 9 E...| Alex. S. Gardner Alex. S. Gardner....-.....- *648 |....- Cog te a eect ensce ss | 9B...| A.C. Soper & Co A.C. Soper & Co..........- 649 Huntington.........-..- | OD iro si) 105 (CMe. sas ss ssccrasse edie Db SS = Qs scteetoades #650 |.--.- Wade sadseedoorescoo |S acel Iho | Wie |-coogodascesserosacescense Oscar Darling, consulting { Co. engineer.. 651 | Halesite............-...| 9E...| Huntington Gas Co......... (PEL J DUD OSE eememeee 1ST fe ID yblloyoy Sy ks Seen -| Huntington Light and /....-. GO fis as hassoaaeiae soles GO ics rape eae Power Co. Se) falais Jae (Ohiwelale a soem sae sealers G (aan ee Seroer see aces DO) 5,2 shceeesiete Seeeeeee 2. | (Re SeMeCranyi ses be. oeteatoeee Oe? shi es avin See eee (6 Ko Sees ens EU Sis 35 2 #655 [52 5- Go wants tase ee: | SUBS ee CAs eval Ockest ne aie tae mers teats (Goyer ne etn tele Le se Co Koya eet SP oy pe pee ce (ti) sae 62% cease erases | .OUH) 27 .| meinem A ckerliye esac eee eee Ose sauteed eae ee leeees GO Sate bates ee kee BERTAl S20 su ease ee [.9UTt. |! de Riobinsonve.-o. ee uloeeme GO. rns se el dee OL ee ee | cee cera Oe en CA Mb Ne UCM be cctog tts CA (ose Darling, consulting xGH Sn NOTUDD OluEeenereaaee tee 9 E...| Northport waterworks..... ea ass Henry Cabres....-26.25 Henry Cabre........-....-- Hb Oh lua tkheldiee =eecesee cece 9H. = -} A. \O. Gildersleeve==2-2----- WC. Jaegles. sc arelcse A. O. Gildersleeve.......... ¥660 | Northport......-..-...- BIB; | HreduNevinsiweccesseee: oe eeu boise se eres RrediNevins-s.c0 sete ee (onl oe se CO epee ees series aie 9 ...| Edward Thomipson.......- Edward Thompson...-| Edward Thompson...-..-.-.- *662 |...-- dO sea senses genes QuB 21h BJ ie STMIGH Yee roe cree nie age ate Ruste eee ce Sere aT ee ae ae ere er *§63 |...-- COE Sy cere ten ne | 90H..." Dexter Cole. pecan coo yee | Se ee ee Se ae en *664 | Little Neck..-....-..-.- Oe SB SNoss et eeeee Hive DbOIseaeeee eee Je AS IDOI | ose seesee cece (fait | Bane Doreen eae eon 9E. IMorre)] ga ak ance eee GOs Stet sens SaaS (6 Raye tree ARCO NW rr A *666 |..... Got sens qaiae ses 9H ...| P. Van Iderstine’s Sons. .-..|_.... Goss + Se eae een ae \anoe GO eee eres 67a 52238 dot St ce ERE Our IMT. dos (ie dee eee ewan ae FUG aay Pega tat ts dor Atle eae eee 6681] ih kdose seer eres GEN UE IE srs se Re ee a ee ou e eee es alee teams tate ae ap alee | *669 | Eaton Neck...........- OVW scl Dx: Oo iL. Jones. 320+. Abe ee eee eee ee lc. H. iDEhW = py eebocdesacee | *670 |.---- (USS Are ao Ohya cfu. As Bevin. heeeeaeee CH Danish. tits eee dOwie conse pasent cece *671 | Muncie Island.-.....-..-. LOMB ies eOaelle bap MaImCle mae eee E. K. Hutehinson-....- EK. K. Hutchinson ¢......-- 672 || Babylon: (2) ssscemscecenlse seeeee Maude Adams: .-- 2.2.22 ..44] TB AOR CLSn atest TSB SuOP CUS setae s ae eile #678 | Babylon’ jes-c4 ee aeree 10'@-._| Long Island R.R.2_-.- 2... | colle See Steed arc ey IsEOS Me aaa esse = 674 | 0000. 3 (0 Repay ey 3S 10 C...; Sumpwams Water Co...... [eBcan Shee os aaowe oe eee | Ee Camerdon, chief engineer *675 | Bayshore..-.------.--.-- 10 C...| Great South Bay Water Co| C. A. Lockwood ....... | C. A. Lockwood..........-- ; *For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. a Estimated yield per well. bSee Table VIII. REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. on Long Island—Continued. 155 17116—No. 44—06 c Yield to pumps. d Slight flow of salty water at high tide. e Ann. Rept. Geol. Survey New Jersey for 1899, 1900, p. 79. f Each well. 9g Estimated capacity of whole station. . 11 Height of water Diameter| Depth of ea peowe(s) Sunely Geologic horizon of Remranics No of well. well. water |pelow @) Cee water-bearing strata. 3 supply. | sround level. Inches. Feet Feet. Feet. Gallons. LBA 25-80" Glasser a = Large. | Pleistocene......-.-.- Wells used for fire protection ........-.--.-- 634 2 OO) Nem GOOSe Gol ABBR SEE ECE BEES BEST EGS Ge eCSE Re erie taint GomimisstonNo:/43n. =e ceeaeeeeeeeeeeean 635 2 7 RN | eee Pen Nal pe a eae ea ha mr Sofi cecciee ale ComimissionWNion 57a aco. aces ne eee eee 636 2 OP | nodkboson| badeenocda Saaccacaca TOcceer Sr nee E-aeeceere cts CommissiongNos (20s. cee sas ce eeeeeee meee 637 2 | 30 Coming oe INO, (Beleccc- Sos s5nsceeccococ0e 638 | 2 | OD Him reise ted ete ele elle Spee ih ies peracielaieaw. ca ctu ase She jose |(Chonanboaitsisstovel INL 75) nome on Geek onaercecnar 639 2 (BLO EES *894 | East Marion.____.._..- | 21 H..| East Marion Life-Saving | A. O. Ryder..--.-..---- DAS OS Riv d ener. no eee eee | | Station. ; x #805) ox 5ed0-c bce een eee HPALISE ll ive Ihe SS tie a was caoeeeeaes [a Rea re an Ne BEAR OE Lobe th enna 2 See a | | | SOG were OWS eeaecsasresemeue (BUIBE, ) Cette. 2-2. 222222 es2sos5s- EeReee ht iat bere roe eon ostmasten= ===) aaa Es ' | *897 | Bridgehampton. ..----- | 22 Ff...) Jas: A. Sanford & Son...-.- | Jas. A. Sanford & Son..|-Jas. A. Samford..-..---.-.- GS soa Cnc ccossdasdeaesck | 22 F___| General IRostmalster- iy. os sese eee 899 | Sagaponack..........-- [22D lssane Onc =o ee rh | | | ‘ *900 |...-- Goes tte ee eee PPPoA lo MAUS LECCE AS. 4654555 54) BeuecuenanogeSescesosSoere J. Wilkes Hedges...-------. #901 | Sag Harbor...........- | 22 F...| John K. Morris...........-- Meth Rond: cee John K. Morris:.........--. 902: edo hey beee eee |e et st) os a eee ea PE *903 | do | 22F | Sag Harbor Waterworks Co E Camerdon BS OO eran ger cars pipe ceca ceay Oy Ot iat Sac ea : Pett eed| Eas Coolspresident= see | *904 |____. (Kayser Ne yanylias 8h fier ae 22 F...| Fahy Watch Case Co..--.-_- *905 |..... (lO Een ese eeece 22 F-G! Chas. W. Payne.....-.-..-- 906 | Shelter Island -...---..-- PPCe a WN We Saal. ceteccoceosee FOO fullece= GOO. ose eee 22) G2-5|) Doctors Reny aniline ses |e #908 |... -- COPS se Malan canes ae | 22 G...| J. Hugene Parker’ - 22 1.2- *909 | Orient (Long Beach) .... 22 H.-.| Orient Manufacturing Co... *910 | Easthampton. -.....---- 2B} 1D os Wasthampten Home Water | W.C. Jaegle...........- J. A. Worthington, engi- 0. > neer. “SIL || Tellowon Weiewevele === 222 25- | 23 I WiiS:tAuaay ee ecto oe ee aceeer tee nce tie oae eee seca Os WineDe renderers araeterre 912 | Amagansett -.....--.-- 24... 2) (General. o22-2 aeeee ea eebe lhe ohO een da se ee larale sane BRostmasters essere eee IBY cee Oko SEA oe octal 24 Ee=|) MonewislandeReikie sere (Go UNS Wrecliqn@orelo os .558 C. A. Lockwood: BU eta ONS ie Grallelts an Geeysess eee PAN 22) Uy. S.A yon ereeeeys mete celica ese eee ers ie Aare reer OW. Degenide eet asane. | | *915 | Montauk... ...-..-..-. | 261G Sa seaee Go lcies Cee see ees | ©. A. Lockwood.......- CaAm Wockwoode aes lesessee EG) lee ac GOceceeaanee-ceewsin PAN Creeal Wa borakeMGlenaal IRs dae oe Sass lene ace oseeseaseadoecasaacs Long Island R. R.--.-..--.- ENE Ne Smee GOs. teactues te cases 26)... Robt Pond se a2 ar see eee eee Gece) cie, sea Se jee ae am | ose GO ge aaa LAs eaae eae FOBT Roe seen lane cemer ae 261 G_-- |) Great BOud eases see eee Hee Rte Ae ora facto ua Soe ees ee dO. 2. beset eee ae *919 | Fishers Island -..--..-.- | 26 J...| EB. M. & W. Berguson =2--.- faG@eulr Gireinitiae, eta sea CAL siGramte faa eee eee * For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. « Reported test of first 4 wells. bSee Table VIII. on Long Island—Continued. REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 167 Height of iter Depth of |, ,”" Diameter| Depth of principal 2Pove(+) Supply Geologic horizon of Reveal of well. well. water |hoy SS na water-bearing strata. = No. supply. |PCOW ground level. Inches. | Feet. Feet Feet Gallons. 6 eS nee eae aee| SSB SBBOH ES a300 | Pleistocene.-.-....-.- jatwncnconsedebs eles Uese oBeeE eas cass see eeNeee 892 | 6-4 690 665 IMO. \laceasenes= Lloyd sand)? ==. ----= Abandoned; rock below 670; supply very ie small. 15-20 || . : eee 19 Waeaenie lcs cai\ i temalieee ee S| ATT AIYSES ese ns nee ease Sree Ae en sees see aal e0e: Sep iewn Sas Olen cece ot SSPE sos aco sel| AMIS DURA TS Gee eam asa el eset es a SOS a See Bare ane Cee Benue pe EE{OY/E SAAS COE 35 ene 895 — 18 | Seniesa 18-36 Fes) 30 oe PTOISTOCE MC stars seers sat ee oe 81a) ae eee Oy PS ee ees eS ee Sepa SOO) MENT ark oes SOON Cooresnaes OOH Meee eae BCLOLACCOUS a sae ci tatty pace.) woe ee eee cm eee ae Uae aoa sl LOOM, Eeahee ke tee 20=60) |- 2 - see ene Ped ental ei IGS HORE... 22 <2 22 = ss 2eeesses sess so eee ses seeeonaessenesecesces 898 Beas eEnee PAU) Te seep pacle cic 30 hl Rete ae ee eee Olin cnhices- sannuloobat hen ch selec aambem cect ce ted ees e eee eee O09 — 15 Fee jet: Soe aeetes Mescee eee, os ipastisiec ac] cers ClO sepa 2 seein s |Dee eee cee eee ce seinen Soce mea gases cae) G00. 0. : 6 Ne hyalle Seep SIAN gcccseede Pleistocene ?.......-- GEO e Ske aan saa he SARE Re eee 901 DeSOseSE Sauer seeees pccesec ee cfecesec esse eee ee cee e|ece sees esses esses esse ee “Mineral springs;” a large chalybeate spring) 902 40-100 | 6 60 | SA SeeCeeS a) ON eeeancaaee Pleistocene..-..--.-.- Abandoned for surface supply .............- 6903 40 90 fAbandoned because of contamination from AeaR esos. 182 130 =i 500 v220 0-2 2022s eee ee fh chemicals in factory. \904 155-160 ey BOE cio 80 SOM Eee pater etacrae tae oe eR Eee ase Oe ME GaACkI Gna tere orLO,20ueel - epee ce a4.ee << GOD Senden CXS [e, Behe aes eee = POON Cee meee GS DUE Vim. sertrsae cate. | SUES OM Ger ay Gono leme cl . s aw Ee ee ee ee eee | 906: Ree Asmat KO eek Sot es are Oh ere Morera ROCK EV iater oe cee in eats aya e Sac aean toe ckeas ee lhemeeeke seme sal OOF Bed Zee sre CAs ote neon = fl Jocascescos| WMO scans sanccoa|sassosecoocascncassaesuseseocesooossacescssers|| SS Be Gee mica 6 = 4.06) |B aeseeeees Seneca neces | Seeeeeeese sees eee eee SULUCk nOocksand well abandomedie-csrs.-4-|| 909 6 (SAM Reeaeosese — 32h ¢166 | Pleistocene.........-- (CnOW]s) Oil SAVES) 3 = Sa Seanaccssesscescassuess 6910 69 6 Soil renee D8) eee see Pleistocene ?.......-. GrompronsiwellSae paps seorer areas se eee ete 911 89 Sieaeeieee ZO DOU eee eal Cie Ao a eee eer ML CISLOCEM Cras arec-yellecnsine sacs etc oe ac ae (ee ae ane Sema eee es Ole ¢ Test of single well. d Superintendent of construction and civil engineer, quartermaster’s department. e Average. Ff Salt water. 168 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES. UNE in black-faced type correspond to those used in, the table preceding.] 1. The sample from this well preserved in Mr. Gregory’s office, marked “‘ Hoffmans Island 210 feet,” is a dark, bluish-gray sand, apparently glacial. Record of quarantine station well, Hoffmann Island, New Y ork. ; Feet 1 Sand) (clay, and oranvell cwaitlysall tayvst eres se een ara ee ese ee reo 0-450 2: Roel: with:salltwarterscseas se senere Se een RET hare ee ay se ee eR EDO) 8:: Rock, wath fresh-water aha. ste seen oye neta tre tee eto esa eee eee 750-1, 000 2. In 1867 John Nadir, United States engineer at Fort Hamilton, carefully examined the underlying for- mations at Fort Lafayette, making borings 800 to 1,000 feet from the shore. These borings showed the follow- ing section: @ ; Generalized record of United States Army test borings at Fort Lafayette, N. Y. Feet 1. Coarse sand and gravel, with a few broken shells.....-.......-..-:--------------------: 0-20. 2. Decayed marsh or meadow mud with diatomacez and spiculz of sponges and shells J. 20-23. 3. Gravel and sand containing many broken shells..............-..--..------2:-- EN ae 23-40 4. Mud, quite compact, which appears to have been a marsh with scanty vegetation, rather than a meadow. In this formation a great number of shells were found which were identified as Nassa obsoleta, Anomia Caan; Mya arenaria, Crepidula jfornicata, Solenensis, Maytilaisedulisc, (240515 We, oper eae eee yeh car 2 eye ies levee ee en ac 40-53 %. See plan and cross section of south Brooklyn tunnel, by reser Bowman, from notes furnished by J. C. Meem, civil engineer (PI. SOXGV Mr. Meem states that in order to keep the tunnel dry 750,000 to 1 008 ,000 gallons per day were pumped from each of the seven shafts. 4. Mr. L. B. Ward gives the following data: “This company has no municipal contract.. Its area of operation comprises Blythebourne and Borough Park tracts, situated in the Thirtieth Ward. The supply is pumped from open wells at a depth of 80 feet. The works consist of 1 principal pumping station, and 1 reserve station, also 5 elevated tanks (wooden structures) of 25,000 gallons each. Daily pumpage 200,000 gallons. An average of 106,000 gallons per day is also received from the city.” : 5. Mr. J. C. Breckenridge, general manager of the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company, in a letter dated April 29, 1901, gives the following data regarding this well: “ Well was put down 1,503 feet; 8 inches in diameter to 1,000 feet, and 6 inches below that point. It was never pumped to determine the yield, as the water always tested salty and unfit for boiler use. The original plan was to go down to a fissure in the bed rock where it was supposed a stream of running water suitable for boiler use could be found. The nature of the material penetrated was as follows: Record of Brooklyn Rapid Transit. Company’s well at Brooklyn, N. Y. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. Ie Sand... 2 cet Ss ao 2a de = ee eee ee roe en 2k Se ee 0-73 Qo Clayoss on oS bs So oR Ee tree St i eee 73-95 Sankaty: ~ : 3:, Rinersand |. 3: oc. 5 22 ssnos ee ee ee Oe oa Seek oe ee 95-101 4. Clays. 2.cc64 222 Soe Sch Re ee ee Idaho 73 2 2 2 ke Meee in 101-139 Jameco: 5. “Hard pan,” with small stones, black, and varying im size.......-.-------------- 139-169 6. Coarse sand. ---- inne a! ate aera be cnarellntt Grete ERASE comer (Gl Le ah a 169-189 7. Berd pen? ito bedwrock= sete. sae) acer ee eee a ee Nate A a eg eee 189-212 - “At 140 feet no clay, struck a bowlder and were obliged to shoot the well to get it out of the way, as it jammed the drilling at the end of casing. At 292 feet a sand pocket was struck. When the sand had been pumped out the cavity was filled with cement and the drilling continued. Work was started on August 31, 1897 and Sunes December 21, 1898.” a Am. Nat., vol. | 1869, 1 p. 335. © Merchants’ Reeecnion report on w. ater sppely of the city of New York, 1900, p. 181. ‘JD ‘wae ‘9 ‘f Aq peysiuiny se}ou pue uoljeujwiexe jeuosied-wosy 'UeUMOg Yeles) Ag TANNAL YAMAS NATWOOYNS HLNOS SHL NI GQSYSLNNOON]E VLIVYLS JO NOILOSS IVNIGNLISNOT GNV NV1d ! JOA9| 40eM UIPW 40 puos0g —- auojspurg BD NOILVNV1dX3 ' a rs }99} 001 09 0 Qyeos JLo, }99} 0002 Oost OO00L 00S 0 8]e9S JELUOZHOH *pursyoinb ysouye »Bujswoq-s0jum + Buyseoq-49)9m *‘joae4D pue pues umoiqg puss ‘pues puy ‘jaavsh pun ‘joansb pur Buyseoq-sayemy © punsyoind xorg ATISIUNCARHIDS DESaIpe A eule BUR a OAE Bujaraq-soj}em ‘pues umoig Ty jeaedb Bujanaq-49.eM | | i See eee | ia oN ‘ ' =r = = = = ——$—_ - ———_- qe al | i prow pve Reo —— = Se ‘S15p|M0q i! a 1g 2)!2, Aog pue Avid ae Na i pues yor/g pur Avig ! Daley. Zee a | Aan eneid puns ay s BES me 3 4 ofby*-- pur purs 4M048 "pus suepimog uMo1g SlapjMoq pue Ae|D SIS) “Shor say 12na) Aaplmon Prey mc on doen ew Arig 89 pue fx Ee 44NS [Pe ve t Set Ai ee oe pues poy SdapjmMoq pue hfe pur fei9 | a TasuiS_$9 = aa | [e) S | 5 J [tes = PASS mero) ——— = se ae 2) mh) o oe > = =P =a < Ww ~ = o 5 2 S 8 = tes = = Epes i IEERMS Eo) 28 fe) ie val = mn | 2 = ees oe (S = 4 72 = = L335u1S (4s) es x wD rf |? | =r Oo ° ta > = ——l i L = r I33u8LS 19 3 QS > A | < < m Le | L Zz mlz peaay | 1331S 09 eS Cc | 5 ] i" m m wn S| | Le. ie I. z 1331S 65 m [ 5 || 4 AXX “1d $% “ON Y3dVd IWNOISS340ud QUICKSAND Ziel zS O« ite 20 AZAYNS 1VOIDO1039 *S “Nh ‘hea eae nO ete no Vai 1 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 169 7. This well is about.10 feet above low tide and was completed in November, 1903. It is entirely in sand and gravel. At 50 feet clay was encountered, below which the driller stated it was useless to look for water in this vicinity. The clay suggests the Sankaty, and it is supposed that the underlying Jameco does not yield potable water at this point, because of the removal of the clay covering in the upper bay. 10. Q. M. Gen. C. F. Humphrey reports: At Governors Island an 8-inch well was recently sunk to a depth of 1,822 feet 6 inches. At 1,175 feet a flow of 15 gallons per minute was obtained. By torpedoing the well the flow was increased to about 18 gallons per minute. The water was salty and chemical analysis pronounced it unfit for drinking purposes. The following samples have been received from this well: Record of United States Army well on Governors Island, New Y ork. Feet leplcdiclar-ewithubow ders: seme ees evn a Se ee eae see eet s 13 Dail, TReGl Genre ino) lyon Gliese ok cia Mere eae ore ie ena Se eee ee at a 44-55 OwVenyiney pray ml CHCcOUS SIU vaClayee sane s =) eee Joe = 2 t es eo 60 6. Dark multicolored gravel, with fragments of Recent shells...-.-....:-.-...-.-.------- 70 7-8. Disintegrated micaceous rock, with fragments of Recent shells...........---.------- 73-87 9. Highly micaceous schist or diorite, thought by Mr. EK. C. Eckel, of this Survey, to resemble Ue REL Ann SONYGLOMhCHee mrt earn Sete eM ey eminem te. 4 tA ae 87-1, 700 Vi. Record of well on Ellis Island, New Y ork. Feet iepsandrandicmanelsesers eee es reseed Eee VEEL Sls BER oe So eet Se 0-35 By, VEO AY 0) NEG TNT a or ee a SS Se rE ae = one ee Ne Bree 35-1, 400 12. Samples and record in the Long Island Historical Museum show: 7 Record of Long Island Railroad well in Brooklyn, N. Y. Feet Woundnonave i ClayIGlCe Acre catia te Sern ae oe A bens. Seen ae NE oe wee eS we a ele 0-88 2. Micaceous gnéiss (possibly Harrison diorite—Hckel)...........-.-.-.--.-.----------- 88-120 13. See Pls. XX VI, XXVII. 16. The following analysis has been made by the Brooklyn health department: Analysis of well water at Gravesend pumping station. Parts per million. Total GOCE S53 32 scins Soe cee oa canto aed nS oe ee oe Die ee eee eee eee ae 127. 00 OSS Om) We MNGIM, aeerce Be aR co See a ik fey i SO a ee a 27. 00 IRNGO GUIDING. cae e Sn SS CORR AO iS a So OO RE ere eI I ee eee ne nen . 002 ANloinsarinve nel Mosul aihe. SSS Pee eee as oes cel a) oa eee eee Ease Eee eee . 000 Chlonmercreilonideseece smitty cee ie Naps ener at eee ee I ea 12. 50 Swot CONGO .s,. “Sag Soo See Me eee Se Sele Pcie Ste Meare Pnnen et oe a ee i an 20. 60 INURORAN AS GIMP 3288 565.4 aees Sees ciety sera SNe eS pea 8 ee nS aa 5. 76 IN S(iTRORERONY AIS ONHEITES 2ostes e eie eese Cael So el tee Sener aioe ene ee ae None. ‘A Noyaeall avs MESH. Ss ch Se aa a ee ey on aC en 76. 00 IReTmMAMentslaand Mess meee ete etree sa ener ue | ceed oe ee les 2 yh 65. 50 18. Mr. L. B. Ward gives the following data regarding this company: “This tract of 90 acres, located in the Thirtieth Ward, between Fifteenth and Highteenth avenues, and Fifty-third and Sixtieth streets, has an independent water service, with 1.7 mile of distributing pipes and one pumping station located at Seventeenth avenue and Sixtieth street, supplied from a single well.” 23. Temperature 52° to 53°. Water used for cooling and manufacturing. 17116--No. 44—06——12 170 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Sanitary analysis of water from well at Eighth avenue and Eighteenth street, Brooklyn. [Analyst not reported. ] Parts per million. Potal'solids: .<'s...: h.'s2 oh sake Bs sen Ae ee re pel = 376. 04 WMoss!onignitiont (slighty eharersim 8) eee == ary pe eee ame er enn gS a a rg ee 34. 80 Chiotings:22 lec: Sj Se ee eee eee re ee ee er ee 30. 02 Nitrogen ofitreevammonia 22225224 yao ere ee eee ene eee ee 05 INiitrog em! of allo umn oy cilia ra ro 2 eee ee 03 Nitrogen\ofmutrites sa: a5 22 J Se Se aoe een ey re Sa oy ee ee - .05 Nitrogen‘ ofnitrates. 52-8 2ee ae ae en eee Pe 2 oe WSs io a ee 12. 07 Temporary hardness. 2-2-8055 28 ee eee een ee ne de peau a ye i ea PONS AGOS Permanent hardness. --.--------- Re ANE SEGRE BS AS dare ee Oe Es PEIN Se a 55, 84 Total hardiness... 2.55 520.22) ee ot Spine Ae ae Ee eye as Ah ys ap re hee ene Troms << 2/5. sgl oss oS 2 ei Se Se ee ate gegen pencil es a Very faint trace. Samples received from Mr. R. A. Ward, treasurer, show the following section: Record of well at Exghth avenue and, Highteenth street, Brooklyn. ; Wisconsin till: Feet. _ 1. “Reddish bowlder:clay-.2.3 apts aan | Ue ae lel oases 2. Fine to coarse silty sand with a little gravel.-_._......_.-...._..-.------ Haves rene 15 3. Same, but much cleaner; note on samples says, “Struck first water, which yielded 3 gallons per minute’? 28 he Rpm memeber ele oh oe tN yo ne ge 25 Wisconsin and Tisbury: . : ; 4-54 Weddish-browm bowlder clay 5) eer eee eee se econ ene 35-45 6-14. Clean, dark-colored, reddish-brown glacial sand and gravel __.-_-...-.------.-- 55-135 25. Sample preserved in Mr. Gregory’s office dated April 24, 1894, and marked ‘“‘141 feet; 46 gallons per minute”’ is a mixture of sand and coarse gravel with much glacial material. It is believed to represent the Jameco gravels. The Tartar Chemical Company report that the water falls to 14 feet when the well is pumped. Temperature 54°. . Analysis of unfiltered well water from Ninth street and Gowanus Canal, Brooklyn. “[Water taken February 20, 1893.] Evaporated, 4 liters. Parts per million. Total solids yi. te 22 Behe kel LN Fe Rene ena eye eet Ih et oe a 225 SiOse. 27) Oe en eee LO SG ea FS 02 19 CaQ@ice otis. ane eh Se 5 Lc a ee ree pen he ah, A 47 Nites © ae ae ee eee A ri ges, a oo a 5a, 9 GE Be Bee eM Re ees 14 Traces of FeAl,O,. Analysis of filtered well water from Ninth street and Gowanus Canal, Brooklyn. [Water taken February 23, 1893.] Evaporated, 7 liters. Parts per million. Totalisolids 22)5-2.05..2c3.026 Lo eas ee eae ns ee. tol eee 171.0 SiO sale eae he a Sc oe Se 2 DA oy 22s Bo elOua CaO sso eee Se ied pee tent TS oie ah x ts Gio eo eR ag ree A 2 46.8 MgO bid dae Sede A Es Sti Soe cca Se a eT cd rc On 14.8 rata. winivey wo oe aoe bune vovin ese 2 sor to abs vats gre 1 eee Aoow sonia weve Wotle mM evelg wo wd acme te rt ° | iy 7m M ‘ae ee TA Pika uf a 4 Pe, ha Ae ; I a.) U. S, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XXVI CHART FOR BORINGS Top soil Fill Sand and gravol Hardpao Sand Sand, clays and gravel | Sand and mica, Smif Bowlders o River mud Frock Land boring notes. For wash borings, surface elevations show distance above M.H.W, Sub-surlace elevations show distance below surface, TEST BORINGS OF RAPID TRANSIT RAILROAD COMMISSION ACROSS EAST RIVER, Bs 230 2 F cone) gf [e) fe) ON~ 39708 17 9 3D <2) 9) 16) a 9 41 36 3 Tone lo iS By PIER 17 4 Mean high water Hate | | | ote HA Hales Hates acl al ' ie eH | ett Ri LA hel H etl The Ahad Hise t Ht H ee fl i EXPLANATION | nt ! 4 | Halim! H || ; ' td 1 1 1 1 H { H PLAN co ; ‘ 2 a ol =| fon al of 22 © River-wash borings = ol el fle si o| os] a ly i ES ee Dismond-diill borings ro als & Diamond: dil boring L es SIN alt Pandisand Land-wash borings ——- ayn recess! - = --f jo ea a S. BS t esky o aes i === F204 any 2 Sy toes a Alls | oe Sailecats T ti Ika Sand and eravel | ~ce Sand and gravel 1 mS Te ' t H Be i PROFILE ext | Fatacred ier Ne=— a { \ line san and clay ' “1 4 Bowlers or rock terminating wash borings t H ' / Pas | ies Ss © End wash borings in sand or clay I ; io . { | / 3 NI © End diamond-diill borings in sand or clay | \ i / . i / rN yas ch ' i % i aN soo og | 2 z jai ‘ es / | /8 ¢ ‘ iN a 2 & ie ue ee \| 7 & a AES %%, &) yi Gi a : & ee : t 2 S a © Horizontal seal aera T Scale i= 1 200 100 ° 200 400 600 800 feet : Vertical scale r 1 Pa a os 0 b a feet TEST BORINGS OF RAPID TRANSIT RAILROAD COMMISSION. . PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XXVI BROOKLYN PROFILE Mean high water PLAN Zz ° Ee =< Zz = a a x rf) © End wash borings in sand or clay © River-wash borings O- Diamond-drill borin > Bowlders or rock terminating wash porings co End diamond-drill borings in sand or clay Land-wash borings \ \ Z Sf \ 2 aa Seo © ost \ t1)) ae Nal 2 a oa aes gree 1 € | | e | pi cM Olze ere .€ 9°SS = = ©3259 N A ii t 1 TSs. n ) / ' | = 2 See ea -~9.8°08 GY /_—------ p— -4---~—___/- ----- a & \= GOIN, Cl fe tz y 0 CaN Ee Gf ee aS “s — i) | Se ae eS ESE ——— =) . . cdc eran a “SERIE see = aN yn po N id 7 ==> So LOO 6c Qk a SOX B\ \> ~ 3) Ce ie tS eee ee eee 2 ee Ss ae ae fe ee 7 m& } 2 ‘ol ey cea me) (OPS a eee —5 +--+ —_—_-2---————_66'18 Eve a w 3 on. S \ ‘siy mo} S05 ~~ O- ees c ea oe ae s oo 6 See ee Sola Wal S <7 ae © ee i o — 7 Ow = oe 6 le ae Gaara aeT oD re) Toast 4 < a Ee ce) Ole pais? 7S £°€6 Sand and \ oO WW 1 \ \ | i) Sa i | N ~ ~ GCE \ N o so cog \ \ Oe. 8 SS te SS te ose. TRCely mena ne yer S20 te: _ ee OE a : ! OS. te “Se Bee € a Se Se |e [Eee Sey) ey eS oie Gs ERR SD ge ee ee ee ee ee es oe Se aa 7 OcE tea eat PAIMG: Keeecia nO J ©7683 + e) 26 v78 ‘OOL 800 feet 80 feet 600 60 400 40 Vertical scale 20 Horizontal scale 200 100 10 200 20 OSS EAST RIVER. / WEA GA +f OW AgSAS JANE AIO “UV IAHQOORE A Peeks te AORTA AS , MALS. eyed dase eqnived MiriebesngeG nes ‘ ggnined Meow: Band | whet. : : { b~ ‘ eh tat > ‘ a » } bers UF AIVOR4 GRA ey Sietentiters? ine he wabtiwoGl ai, QahS. 1G tases! ih egy edient: Banaae had te wivcw bits @ aged ti bewinal hn? & ‘ “? yeaa ee + fast wc wan oor ge vee £ ay eget) slice laoiiisy ; paket sincln N foresee alee pepe meee cen ttt eit fwol rT) ¥y Cam \" sane v7 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. al Analysis of well water from Ninth street and Gowanus Canal, Brooklyn. [Analysis by Charles L. Bauer, Springfield, Ohio, September 26, 1896.] Parts per million. Calcrmm sulphate meena es geo tn SS Be ee OS eels ke ek See 46. 3 (Calchumucarboneibe smerny. be a ts NRG ORG Mane phn, SRR Shey se ee a ote ye 2 Del en es .0 MalomesiamnssUllp averse reas ahs See ae ree gee Rete nS a AOE Satan Sis os ee ee 49.6 Misiones tumay cal OMe uer soe rete awe ley em ie ema ye UPaeye (OMe r ea Lot AV duels eae 117.3 Sodiumiuchlonideyes === see ees == Mee ee ae ea nou SRE hose Serer eee eee ee ae Be: 26.2 JRO VA ro on sew bi BS A ened RRR ES in 5 oa IR ooo ce ee .0 Wiolattile meri ds orc eninl cHet c or te ie = etre mm er peer RL cig Pegeth Liye Ate NARs OCR Sh ed Cane ill, © PRO GAIESO Seer ase ey ne cee een MRM Dope tains Meta A ll Sy ah ean oe RAE 410. 4 Remarks: Odorless and clear. Analysis of well water from Ninth street and Gowanus Canal, Brooklyn. Analysis by bureau of chemistry, board of health, Brooklyn, September 16, 1897; G. J. Volekening, chief chemist; H. W. Walker, assistant chemist.] Parts per million. Chhilonmemmuchilonidest sem aee serene then sence cs eis, oak eae cel eae Rn tart Sahay ye mye a 47. 02 Wquivalent to sodium chloride..--.........--..-.--..-- Fey SRA pee Remar he ipitedy ect tes Wk P gBe2 77. 50 TEAS OU OC SEIES AEE ron St SS Mee Me Sees eh Ee NS eR Re Ree eS he fi ge SON A UES 00 Nitrozenmingmibratestamdtnitnites= sees) mens yee re te. AUN SE NE aL Re ety eee 16. 90 RreckammMonia=s ese sees = = sip At SRC eee rh 533 8 Rey Uh av Tare on A Ae 00 ANlloniMTTANONG CHoaTANO MNEs oA ow. Wl aae bbe 5b eray hinee mae ee Ree neha Career weateha Le 00 Hardness equivalent to carbonate of lime (before boiling)--......-.-..--.-.------------ 197.5 Hardness equivalent to carbonate of lime (after boiling)...............-.-.-.-...2...-- 197.5 Oreamreramedisy,ol ail ye mee speeee ents se lers eat steak 20 ae Pen yaa een ANS Ree 145.3 Nitin eal lisramea ye pees eer oe ete Uae Ys Tea) ole cee ae ty Heh ee) Eo MN ae as 98 a a” oye 384. 7 lotalksolidsioyaewearoratl On seer ee te eee eye Se ae re eee eres ees ea es 530. 1 Analysis of well water from Ninth street and Gowanus Canal, Brooklyn. [Analysis by Pittsburg Filter Manufacturing Company, Pittsburg, March 20, 1903; F. T. Aschman, chemist.]- Parts per million. Soditum¥cll onde sea re Cheeni ape eee Ee Nee Ree eee Pn LA Sy ais a Sk ih aide a Le aes 58.0 (Cpr oltatan Mayall ON SRE eaters cee meee cies RS oe oy ieee Cs Ree eR nD 100. 0 Cal orumMacarbomatec to en meee ee Pee aE sm ye REBT UR acne Wh OWL, ee See On Ree 80. 4 IN Eveam@ishdiioal sO COINS ren reel on a elope era cen elerea pe Ae te Bite aN eee ei Le aye 57.8 ronka cl¥ailtimainum nox desS ase ee ex) eos se Set ye ee eal ee ENS a ee a 5.8 (SHU ea fe Me FF Br cy) hes ai A REP TS en MR i AY A ea ORNs TA lee 19.0 Organic and volatile matters...........--.--- ET oe catenin FS MRO NES) Traces. UNO Galle sOlicsittnet set yes ee aan Bee aes oe Me A ea Sly Beet RES ale We Stabe Marl Ae 321.0 Canbonudiomid cere . 202 <3. Saree ees See ete ey Se 100-331 os Gramitemock:. 22 se a sa ee ae eee Cet e eats. 2 ha Sew eee 331- t 1 7 an > = ‘ fb t : pak ? ; PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XXVII U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Horizontal scale < we Mt is 490 400 800 feet Vertical scale 20 10 a aS #0 80 feet Surface elevations = elevations above mean high water Sub-surtace elevations=distance below surface EAST RIVER CLINTON sT. Court ST. EXPLANATION Top avil of clay, sand, gravol, ote. Sand, clay, and gravel Bowlder 41.0 Bowldor Sand and gravel with trace clay Bowlders Sand and gravol Mean high|water Sand and clay Sand with traco clay } Hardpan River mud Hordpan and clay Foundations Sand Clay Bowlders LL. POAT ENON'G CO. NY. prootlt B AVENUE, TEST BORINGS OF RAPID TRANSIT RAILROAD COMMISSION FROM EAST RIVER TO DE KAL y ~~ nines anes : casper anaes PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XXVII Horizontal scale 200 100 tt) 200 400 600 800 feet . Vertical scale : 20 10 0 20 40 60 80 feet Surface elevations elevations above mean high water Sub-surface elevations—distance below surface EXPLANATION i Top soil of clay, +1 sand, gravel, etc. | Sand, clay, and gravel Sand and gravel with trace clay Sand and gravel | Sand and clay Sand with trace clay Hardpan River mud Hardpan and clay Foundations Sand Clay “| Bowlders L.L. POATES ENGR'G CO., N.Y. WR A 1 i : , - bs iy! b $8 OW IGA JAMES tos! ow ‘namespace fa hr avods enoitevels =e aneiisveta quae Jiod comets am enotkewals waatineetid WOPTAMAIING ' we toverg bute Game yett vot? atiw ‘every inne hae® wt veto bee baad » ee — pete oe DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. ilies 31. Record of well at Lewis and De Kalb avenues, Brooklyn. 2 : eet Alea Sree) eee ences te as oa ye ee ee rere oie, ee oes Se eee 0- 63 Tisbury ?: evil chit ecakye sea SCONES: 4-12 a eee Wee ENA 22 eee eee ade eee 63— 91 See Coarse eraivgandawinite sams san eee te oe ace eee oe eres, oe ee eee 91-101 3:3. A Sample preserved by Mr. Gregory, marked “125-138 feet,” is a highly erratic glacial gravel. 3D. Record of well at Forest street and Evergreen avenue, Brooklyn. Wisconsin: Fect. Hemiosmennideowl ders. 20-82. jum eee se aa ovate kn 0O- 23 Wisconsin and Tisbury: 2. Yellow gravel and sand.------...-- SE hes Sf es A cl Nee She GN a get APR eS a 23— 63 Semuellown cra mela bawetelrs acer me Me oe ere cers eee ys orl See Soe Macey ae 63-105 Sankaty or Cretaceous: EE, TRUIOUS 246-259 22. White granite, yielding good clear water, which dissolved scale in boilers, and contained some sodae2 2.682203 oh 4..< SR ee pe ers ee 5 see ee 259-275 23. Keddish’ brownaranite: | 2-= =) epee eee Aiea (RES wes 3 teed ae 275-288 24. Black gramite; more: waters. 32 <= 5s See = aS oe 2 ee 288-296 20. White granites... .25 .- 255-34. 6s ihe. bo Le ee ee 296-312 26:. Black gramites..25 .. 2.2 24)2- 2 ge Te nn ee ee 312-316 Mr. Wankel adds: “All the water above the rock is of very poor quality. The water from the rock rose to within 50 feet of the surface. A supply of 60 gallons was obtained at 275 feet and 80 gallons at 296. This well was put down in the granite building which inclosed the large pumping engine.” The civil engineer at the navy-yard reports in a letter transmitted by the Secretary of the Navy: “At a point marked 2 on the map a well was driven to a depth now unknown, but from such sources as are now available, this depth is supposed to have been about 120 feet. The water was found to be brackish and the well was abandoned.” From the location given, this is clearly the well described by Mr. Wankel. 52. Mr. Wankel says: ‘‘This well furnished about 60 gallons per minute of very good clear water from the rock at about 190 feet. It dissolved scale in boilers, and contained some soda and carbonic-acid gas.” Record of well at Brooklyn Navy-Y¥ ard, Brooklyn. Feet U.: Pillediground:: 25.4. <22..- 32 522 5 Senses oe. 2. Soe eee ee O- 11 2: - Marsh. /< 2252 nl sce sR ee heres 2 ok NE 11— 23 3: Bluievelays: 2223s e 2 pbc 1 ee eee a J: Le Ae ee 23— 26 © AMineswhitevsand: <2 % 2.2 00. aay ee eg Ue ere 26— 29 5. Coarse: sanid-k sss nee hiws |. SS ec e-|22)2 e 29- 35 6. Hardpam2 ya se ee Yi. aoe. ee NEE DE AE Ute ee 5— 51 7. Mixed sandiet:.92 202 222. 9. 2 a ee PL 5 210 51— 56 8. Yellow: waitersand:2:. 222... J25 5 ee nS 2 56— 62 9; Brown watersand..\ 2. 2 Sls Se eee ea) 5 3 ee 62— 74 110: ‘Coarse brown waiter sand&==5 52s S025 see eee i6.. ee 74 83 11. Gray sand) :...2 Sse 28 =o se 52 ae ee eRe yooh ee 83— 85- 12. Beach sand. :s. 2. = eines ane oo ener am ce. 2S 85— 88 13.) Bluetclayseseos ee eee oie ag et op Se ene Nae hc es oy 3 Od 88 93 14. Sand and gravel, “brackish water”... - Fe ee a Pies See 82 5,31) rr 93— 96 15. Blueseranite 2226 so = ee ee eee ey eR ret tn itech Ae 96-220 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 177 The civil engineer of the nayy-yard reports: “Only one well was a success. It still exists and it is stated that the depth is about 216 feet, and that rock was struck at a depth of 96 feet. From measurements made recently the depth of this well is found to be 205.6 feet from the top of the casing.” 53. Record of well at Brooklyn Navy-Y ard, Brooklyn. raniledverouind meme ce is) «2c eR ems rt. uate = Be kas er SoS pepe aa hae lays RS bilieblerelayarese ase ate seer seta. ete Name nn See ee Sls Cee ae Spilcnd pani eerenernty see Oe 5 5S ae Ce piene ne aes So oon ts Leg ott sen ees SOM CIVaRy CLO aC Lanes eee 2 my as ere MR sete ee nn chai Satay Sly One ioe TEL RG FOROS wes cae oe ees aS NR Nae he ety cts Che ey a ke os RSERTOVG| cue SG PRISM Sie Are ae cy, iy a Sh Se ener pea TELE HONE cies es eh is SUR pe SY et 2s Rae Ree eT ee IR Seg eT Ss huneypastycand 2 save os es pee same eo A Re eh RO Sear gees mS yg 5 Crrenines WO NOLS Sey Vege eS ak 5 Us ae RF eee ees at | yee rae Peilinant sor ararbew rere: pw Ho SA) 2 mbes keg ene ema EON an) PLN os RE rt GAR RES at EY SOOANDOa EWN — Feet. oO 9 9- 35 35- 46 46— 54 54 66 66— 74 74— 80 80— 98 98-101 101-108 54. The various depths given in the following record are referred to the top of the coping of dry docks 2 and 3: Record of well at Brooklyn Nawy-Y ard, Brooklyn. Feet. MPS lira oN ome rate ety ete Nene SIs oe Mee: Lye AE TNS ae tO A, he AA nob fe 0 -9.5 2. Bluish clay-like materials mixed with shells. -.--- tafe Mae SARE Mere AEA te 9. 5-25 Bk NS owes bes SSCS. bs oo So Rls oe ES as ein Ae eye eames Same a Wy ee eben a ENDS, Seen 5 AG Anelimesiichitrclayeyasand eee i= i Meroe eg ee kt A oe et oe ate eer ee 26 28 He MIMOMITOMECOLONC CAS am Cee eieteene eae mre ee sy ce ek Dpto es eel hel Soy hn 285 a ol Gram Ehinre gem alORsei clees ee ee ois Meee eee ees ema es Dm ye) Lee eae t (Bs Ns eta ere Bl BE VAmMinekdaricedrabrsnn damental ee hee sein Set oR Ry Sym k Ae a) Jost sc i 33 ©6889 35. The original record of this well, published by E. Lewis, jr.,im the Popular Science Monthly, volume 10, 1877, page 443, is as follows: Record of well at 556 Kent avenue, Brooklyn. TUS Shame eeneres fore Slle e heee S l s ae e e Ee Pe SG Se 0 22, MCT RSENIG LS Hoe Po pete Bate BAe Sits BORA Ra SS Ie let eS en an ge 30 See Ow deridniit mem eee ee mms ae ete me Mee HL DS 2a a NE eee 2S 32 Gb QUE ek aS Be aria Sere Ochna ae Si RNR RS EEL EA Sree ene a ae 2 ee Re a ae! 102 (Sy) Ov SiH aie SI OCIS), tae Satake OU rape er OER ae ag tes Sea Rees cL me ge A 129 Ge Ooarsex sundae ue tae aes tener oe eee gd sae ce Mt OE ee 129 Samples preserved in the museum of the Long Island Historical Society show the following Record of well at 556 Kent avenue, Brooklyn. il. Thengllolere CERRO es a Ee ig Ses I oe ERR eR ene eric 9 SPR ey gee Ree 2. Water-worn fragments of snells apparently Recent from a layer at a depth of --------- 3. Medium white sand, not clearly glacial. Depth not given, marked “ water-bearing stratum.” An error has apparently been made in transcribing the record, which is published by Me N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 3, p. 346) and reprinted by Darton (Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey No. 138, 1896, Feet. — 30 — 32 —102 -129 -129.5 — vo section: Feet. 0-70 129.5 aril (Amines p- 34). Mr. Fred S. Benson, chief engineer of the eastern division of the Brooklyn Union Gas Company, reports under date of November 30, 1603: ‘The well you refer to as being 129 feet 6 mches deep was put down by the Nassau Gaslight Company in 1873 or 1874. The well was located at Kent avenue and Cross street, Brooklyn. Its yield when first tested was 500 gallons per minute. We have since put down two other pipes in the same excavation, but the quantity of water has diminished yearly. I might add that the pipes bave been drawn up to a depth of 85 feet from the ground level, that-being the depth from which the maximum quantity was obtained in 1902.”’ 178 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 60. Mr. C. D. Corwin reports the following section: Record of well at Bushwick and Meserole avenues, Brooklyn. Feet. 1. Yellow clay and:stones. 242 22. = oo Jo aoe ee ee ee eee ene ee Sa eee 0-49 D2 Gray SANG: pai ano ocie wiee Loe oe 2 eis = Aegan eet pre Sie) ek es ee 49-55 3..hime sandiand mica). vs 2). se a cer ee kee A ee oon «as 55-63 4. Yellow clay, with quartzite, slate, conglomerate, and feldspar pebbles -......--------. 63-101 5. Water-bearing/eraysand and eravelln. <2 ue eee 101-117 6s Blue clayn(motipassed thro mea) ieee ee ie aes rier oe Dee aa Opn 117-120 62. Phillips and Worthington report the following section: Record of well on Ten Eyck street, between Bushwick avenue and Florence street, Brooklyn. Wisconsin: feet. 1. Interlying strata of clay, sand, and gravel (very heavily bedded with bowlders)... 0-52 Tisbury ?: p 2. Coarse yellow'sand ‘and eravelle meer cae cee cl... ue = oe eee eee 52-75 Sankaty ?: : 3. Blue clayeee-. es Se Sn eee Ee 2. co 2 ugh acre aes a eee 75-100 - Jameco? and Cretaceous: ; ae 4. Beach sands. 3c PO eG 5 vice eeens EARS Glee SEE ie 100-240 This well was abandoned and a new one sunk, which obtained its supply from the water-bearing strata between 52 and 75 feet. ; Mr. I. H. Ford gives the following section: Record of well on Ten Eyck street, between Bushwick avenue and Florence street, Brooklyn. ; Feet. Hs Dug well... vice de hg eS ee ss ot 2S 0-58 . Tisbury ?: : 2. Water-bearing sand. ...-...-- Sgt Pas eR er eS 3 Ae it bah 58-76 Sankaty ?: 3» Reddish-browny clay. 2. e525 aot See ee ce a ole CONE AS ele ee 76-160 GA. These wells are entirely in sand; there is plenty -of water, but if too much is drawn, salt water from Newtown Creek comes in. Analysis of the water shows 1,000 parts of chlorine per million. — 65. A test well at this point gave the following section: « Record of well at Porter and Maspeth avenues, Brooklyn. Wisconsin: Feet. 1Stones'and rough mratenialllsimols pide eee a eee ees aor ee ee 0-12 Wisconsin and Tisbury ?: ; 2 owm, Sand. etc: sea eee eee Ay aet oh oP 5 ce eR ge RE Re NE 724) RUN oN 12-48 ‘Sankaty ?: 3. Clay having) a jblue.color.. 2 eee pene tira ° 2 (eo) > $ c jo] a (= 4 m 113 112° Tite Ti0° 709° 170-1180 of 15 1140 119° 120° 7 E > n > n ip < 4 < =| (O m / m < IN G'S 120 121 122 128 124 125 126 127 128 7 “\41B1.0r B. 240/ ABBREVIATIONS A. Artificial ground G. Gravel S. Sand B. Bowlder fS. Fine sand D. Disintegrated rock Horizontallscale cS. Coarse sand Br. or B. Bed rock or bowlder 0 50 100 200 300 400 500 feet (Sy (elk Br. Bed rock Mas a= ea St. Silt L.L. POATES ENGR'G CO,, N.Y. RAILROAD TUNNEL; THOMSON AVENUE TO ARCH STREET, LONG ISLAND CITY. A? Se Pics mete an wr: ante Pee PART _ - — LN Ae cet AB - th +) acon FR os : ae ae = ‘eS! Be aki’ U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Elevation 300 is mean high water Elevation 300 is mean high water W A Soi B 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 14.2 143 144 or! \I7|Br, or E a )UIBr. or B. WASH BOR ION Gas 240’ — tf MAP AND DIAGRAM OF BORINGS FOR PENNSYLVANIA, NEW YORK AND LONG ISL . fi — E ‘ 5 ‘ a i PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XXIX > Bs) ea, a wv Ps x , GS : A — ; Ss tA x Os 1459 & Ss x 400 14800 146 0138 o3! 0144 ~4 0147 ABBREVIATIONS A. Artificial ground G. Gravel S. Sand B. Bowlder fS. Fine sand D. Disintegrated rock cS. Coarse sand Br. or B. Bed rock or bowlder C. Clay Br, Bed rock Ste Silt Horizontal scale 0 50 100 200 300 400 500 feet ee ee ee SS SS L. L. POATES ENGR'G CO., N.Y. RAILROAD TUNNEL; ARCH STREET TO VERNON AVENUE, LONG ISLAND CITY. D ; } KIRK a FP i ; j ’ rn + { — > : — } ‘oho-xe takeneninn tte 1 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 183 $9. The elevation of this well is about 8 feet above mean tide. Record of well at Vernon and Nott avenues, Long Island City. Feet. IAPAShVan dl samc ufill imams ete sia Manone erie Wee Cee eee oc mS ue ae 0-14 Dies GCOaRseyviellOwise Nees ems a 2 ae reine ce eee Uae Me IE ae Se ES oe ae 14-23 Sri luersandn disintegrated Tock) pssst tee tae miro eye Sa ge Re eh 23-25" ARN GCIS SN Seer eR ec yes SG Nae ER Ge She thay a Bo elle Sri eth Bechet nt Sta 25-85 © 91. This well, which is about 5 feet above the adjacent sea marsh, is reported to have passed through nothing but gravel, but a near-by well struck beds of blue clay with but 1 or 2 feet of gravel. Both were test wells put down by the water department of Long Island City. 92. Record of well at 596 Jackson avenue, Long Island City. f eet hat (Clkyy pl Op catie, ee teeters eee ha elle hea ey PN ce Nea re wey yen Re es Ae AE 0-10 ZR SHIM ORO CHOTA eee, span ae eee eee Sper uahe Pee ie ee ee Abe J oe SI ae 10-16 3. Layer of stones averaging about half the size of paving stones...............---.----- 16-19 doo \WVIMIUSGIoe 4 ated Raat See oi Sea Spc yeu Oe? NR er eens ait 19-20 Sy Compact mixture oi sam diam decay ees seme ears elie whee Seve) ens = eee Ae sus een ee oe 20-21 Gueblacktandkwhitevoravelee saat a. «meee aga te Mane eae AY So Serena mie Red She ue 21-25 93. A group of 20 or 30 wells, of which several are flowing; they are so connected that it is impossible to tell which is and which is not flowing. The one nearest the branch is reported to have originally flowed 18 gallons per minute; it flowed July 19, 1903, about one-half gallon per minute from the pipe and 1 or 2 gallons on the outside of the pipe. The Long Island Railroad Company reports one well flowing slightly, but readily pumped down. The water is excellent, but the supply not great. Analysis of water from well.at Jackson avenue and Hill street, Long Island City. Parts per million. Rire@valnirn@ WaT aus ey a ey ee ee rae OP a aerial Vs Spay en ea aE /) GC yk SPS TI Ae 0. 091 JAllloyuboatnavona GT oaU TY OT ODE apis alae eee Nene os cose seeeeie a) (Wey Wak nee MMe ieee, (LU cymrnvidy ane ats Maa . 128 Oxeyoemecons Utne dies. eG Ss ah in era Oe ene i aU a ener tel Seen all aera. ae . 842 INTROS D Aas et oS RR RL ot Rte he AE coger) oh sree A Boab 4s) 76:0 OAS TOS eee Cee Trace. ANI GIES eae ears be OO cy nn a mete Los See BR ag in PRe aR Ne men MeL Ae ee he sea cy dan alas A el: . 993 SS OGLanvana Lal OT. Cl eyes seeteeie a pee e res e mee ige e a im Den As NE Pray ge Pe ey Pa 16. 330 TE IBWRO NOES ahs SEE a eS Ae teal tee hsm Be en i A ee erat ek or Rl ee a ee a es ea I ae 120 Rermranent gam dMesster se pe sees eee er nPele fare etry We ey Ses Sy ck Re Se 0) sRemiponsnypiandnesss essere thereat cle AS ety kane eee n ee Mee cciscralersice swe a lave 70 mo tallisOLGS Eee te cree epee eet, Cae En sent Ok RE ENE e_ miesiey ns Meme ule Spee 2 og yl Et et 250 In the near-by well the following section was encountered by Mr. S. H. Allen: Record of well at Jackson avenue and Hill street, Long Island City. Feet. Tat SEU COR es cies Sis es ate eek ies CES Pas Te Da Se ee eI el Be 0-31 Dardis ckedkonaveleviltnewateta 5 ey sr enn el ae eo a ee a 31-38 94. Record of well at Long Island Railroad and Remsen street, Long Island City. Feet. leg bowlders/ and’ oxnieeaeeem eset ee pes Serre ete eee 0-40 2, SONORA EE cod dB ame ico ca ac S6 OARS Oe esse ae EISSN te ie ee 40-50 Selvathen coarsenwater-peamnovoraviellas sites Sk een ee es ee nce gee 50-61 95. Mr. Allen states that the well at this point will flow when the near-by waterworks station is not pumping; when it is pumping its maximum capacity the well will lower about 15 feet; it is also affected by the pumping at the ice factory near Jackson and Steinway avenues (No. 98). 184 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 96. Record of well at Buckley street and Middleburg avenue, Long Island City. Peet. . Ts Samay oe sk cis Bak COS whe ee as Se nee ch A 0-12 2. Bowlders -.-- - serteel kbc. todo Se eee er Seer secs by Che Gave es Ce eee 12-19 30) Black:andwhitegravel: 5... ==. 3) =e eee oe eee a on 19 The bowlders in stratum 2 were so large and numerous at 12 feet that a ‘hole 10 feet square was s dug and the bowlders removed; the bowlders varied from 8 to 10 feet in diameter. 98. Mr.S. H. Allen furnishes the following data regarding the six wells which he completed at this point: Well No. 1: Depth, 66 feet; diameter, 4 inches; depth to water, 3 feet; tested, 48 gallons per minute, full capacity not reached. . Record of well No. 1 at Long Island Railroad and Lowery street, Long Island City. Feet Is Dark=browin): Sand). So) & 2-2 ace Se ee nese ciate, = 5 Se ns ese oe ee ae 0-15 2. SSandt 2222 fsbo. fed otra lee 8 a NS Se ee eg Se ee 15-380 3. Bard pan. a. 86 a. sai. Se ee ne ae oc, eh re ee ee 30-35 4. (Coarse'gravell with waters 222 Sse oe ame ae ceca S'S Ss Rese eee ee eee 35-66 Well No. 2: Depth, 97 feet; diameter, 2 inches; depth to water, 5 feet; capacity, 160 gallons per minute. With direct suction the water lowers to 17.9 feet, but will not lower Bagaos oa Well No. 3: Depth, 51 feet; diameter, 4 inches; capacity, 60 gallons per minute. Well No. 4: Depth, 54 feet; diameter, 2 ches; capacity, 60 gallons per minute. Well No. 5: Depth, 55 feet; diameter, 3 inches; capacity, unsatisfactory. Well No. 6: Depth, 66 feet; diameter, 3 inches; capacity, 60 gallons. Sweeney & Gray completed three wells at this place and report the following typical section: Record of well at Long Island Railroad and Lowery street, Long Island City. . Feet. le Medivmred sand 525.22 2, Se Se aoe clae a2 Os Se ee ea men 0-20 2. Mixture of red, blue, and white clays.-......----- Be oa Sab situa a ee ana 20-23 3. Mixture of sand and gravel cemented with iron_......-..:.-.-.-.+----------/------- 23-30 4.Pine blue, water-bearing sande: eee meee leet tus ic =o 5 ae en ee 30-45 5.cOrdinary sand andigravel:: a eanemee eee tine ac Le pe ak LS eee ee 45-55 6. Black and white gravel...-..-- Moet Geis Sey eae RE eee oe oS So eiS 2 healt 55-62 99. For records of original wells put down at this station see Pl. XXXIV, which was prepared by Mr. A.S. Farmer from samples. Mr. Farmer has also furnished the following record and samples of the test boring made in connection with a new series of wells which was completed at this point in the spring of 1904: Record of wells at Long Island Railroad and Grove street, Long Island City. Recent: Feet. 1. Marsh deposits... - 2.ia: Streep eater ayes) 5.5 lek ads ee ee On ee Oa - Wisconsin: 2: Slate-colored' clay? . .. 022522 see ereeee eee coe ey. Ye hee neg a 2-7 3. Sand and) elay, cemented! into ard py pees ye ose eye ake eee ne eae 4. Water-bearing sand; not a very good water stratum....-..._...........-.-.....- 32- 33 Wisconsin or Tisbury: : 5. Sand and gravel up to one-half inch in diameter cemented into hardpan; very hard ito aptly i002 32, = a nee eye t tS Ne ee 33- 55 6. Reddish brown sand mixed with small gravel. ---....-...--..-.-..:.22--2.5--.--- 5d- 58 Cretaceous (Raritan ): 7. Sand and clay of greenish color; easy to drill; color changing to gray at 85.......... 55- 85 8. White clay (kaolin) 2 222 3s2c Seen a A i ee 85-110 9. White and greenish clay (not puecuss.ad)) evidently a rock-weathering product. ---. - 110-118 Fordham ?: ' 10: (Gneiss. 22 i. Sees ees CES coe a I eRe re te See 118-125 ; | 2 i too ir es ss | a n : Sided] | AAViA => T2ZAE “ ae fd FRE sk | oe Hoe ih * \ . gies ae AD SR SESS - Es : 3 he ie: a 009; won, | Pe ac : fey iid aane Pyisi AP TLE on a Sot Te ei. me i len fl \| SRST | | Se ee soe ee fa) ET ed Reed ie Fa | TTA | of . a | | | ea PEGMMil| | = re .. HLELLLLLL ina i tdi hil bak Beane ees ~ U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PATS eee LA | (a ia es 6| = Cr) vn] 2 3) ' <| 2 0} B FL ON 133Y1S IN NIN S7IANNP 7 —/t ! v; SAU EAS = | 8 7 Ad Sabai 3 usrase 5 Fame 17 om AN GTHATY ®—> I[SVA Jayem Ysiy UBOW Ss! OOE UOl}eaa|y MAP AND DIAGRAM OF BORINGS FOR PENNSYLVANIA, NEW YORK AND LONG Ig PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XXX Ca es AVENUE Ww =) Fe f WwW EN 2 AVENUE 2 ___036 034 033 031 032 A 027 026 Fe (e) Zz oc WwW > aR IN G-S 8 23 24 25 26 27 31 32 33 34 36 al ie. B. 7s) 1 —7 Sen | Se ae 5.B. Hest ae We Va) “an | at i wes Ii — 230! 220! ABBREVIATIONS ; A. Artificial ground G, Gravel 210 S. Sand B. Bowlder ‘ fS, Fine sand D. Disintegrated rock 200 cS, Coarse sand Br. or B. Bed rock or bowlder Cc. Clay Br. Bed rock St. Silt : Horizontal scale ' 0 50 100 200 300 400 500 feet EU a YC L. L. POATES ENGR'G CO,, N.Y. ; ¢ i? Lis AD A bo eee en enya Oe b2TSR = ® aA ZenueeaIon an YE A A tool Gos 5 «© ams Se nner en + ey CZ: a a U. S. ¢ JayEM YsIy UBAW sl OOE UOl}EAe|Z J9}eM YoY UeOW Ss! OOE UOIPEAa|y U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XXXI ms 093 98 a °88 “ S95. i ae fa) ° °94 92 290 263 ii im rr al a fe 5 80 7 74 & ©73 Ok ae, 0101 SB) gy Wea ono sia ISL AND Brag OGG 267) 208) C | N a fo x FLUSHING eee STREET y 1080 °105 5 a & an q iS) WASH BORINGS Phi 40 62 63 66 67 68 69 70 val 72 73 74 75 76 77 PanfesS.G. SMlBrorB. Elevation 300 is mean high water Elevation 300 is mean high water oS.G. 2 1MBiorB. Wy BORINGS 102 108 104 ABBREVIATIONS A, Artificial ground G. Gravel S. Sand B. Bowlder {S, Fine sand D. Disintegrated rock eS, Coarse sand Br. or B.—Bed rock or bowlder Cc, Clay Br. Bed rock St. Silt Horizontal scale 100 200 300 400 500 feet Elevation 300 is mean high water Elevation 300 is mean high water LiL. POATES ENGR'G CO,, NY. MAP AND DIAGRAM OF BORINGS FOR PENNSYLVANIA, NEW YORK AND LONG ISLAND RAILROAD TUNNEL; EASTERN HALF OF EAST RIVER. | EEE jutcanniaill Eilat it TE ae LMM ve & & s > ST © EDR Et Mat fi Phe ay: er, - oo tr onc teem _ = a . “ Siete ro > DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 185 A well put down by the commission on additional water supply about 60 feet west of the pumping station showed the following section: Record of commission’s test well at Long Island Railroad and Grove street, Long Island City. Wisconsin: Feet. Se blacksaummises tare del everest pect evel te = es he arp eS ee SS 5.0- 5.5 Ams Gicaiyais home emis eiiGiva cl asyey eine se ere ea Teg 2 ate eis Se 5. 5= 6.5 5. Multicolored fine silt to medium sand.........-.---.------+------------------ 9. 5-10. 5 6-9. Dark, multicolored, glacial sand and gravel...-...-..-..-.----------------- 12. 0-35 Hermes syellowishybxoxygayclacialissm essen aie ss ee eee ee 41 -42 100. Record of well on Steinway avenue, between Prerce and Graham avenues, Brooklyn. Feet Thy SHINO so apse ee Se seeaS ca co oS kE oe Be es a ee ae iS ie tte eaten ga ee 0O- 8 2s uerclay: Mol bOwldensenseeeern 2 se ar ee Cedied sat V ee ca seper asec osee oe de Je aes - 8-30 &, Oiuiokemmacl niin MAC WAtOl oc ceese ances sae sea es oe See eeeed se soe ose see soe 30-38 A, VIRGINS ses SES GS pS 0 SET EEN eR IIS ID a a OR 38-39 SUA Cin Clls stig aieeee eyo oo eis ile ae Seay ae eee NS ERT nea tee ate ace ie ge ee 39-43 QOL. Mr. Allen sunk five wells on the east side of Fifth avenue between Pierce and Graham streets to an average depth of 32 feet; one he sunk to a depth of 60 feet and reached rock without getting a second water-bearing stratum. Water in these wells has been lowered from 18 feet below the surface to 30 feet below the surface by the pumping of the ice-factory well; and the wells have been driven 5 feet deeper, or to 37 feet. A well just across the block, on Fourth avenue, belonging to Mr. Vanderhyde, reached rock at 58 feet; water was found on the rock. 102. Record of well at Washington and Fourth avenues, Long Island City. Feet Is. Gian. hy See aso ee eS & Ee SRN! ee Renee a este gr a ey 0-10 22; SSRNIG ae cee a bee ae ces aoe ese ote ey eer Li cll PE les ed tte fel Aen Sed ly ORR 10-32 Sum Ciiavie lwlb hilar eybowldetSeaser Semmes) ae sec. ea ese = 582 ee eee oe ee 32-40 AMPS TUCKC ayes ee nee ae ee een eee nee Se ee us eet ec dash ke cs aoe TAOS 50 5. Red sand and gravel with some small black gravel................-.-.....--..------- 50-57 104. Record of well at Pierce avenue and Crescent street, Long Island City. Feet lEnGravel ancdybluishmockesees ens ee-— oe ee eee ee ana eS oe oe Bon Saee cas ewaes nae 0-34 2p JING GEN Cuma eS ea oo oe care Gu Sees Ae aun Ses ee eee eee ea ee Pe 34-64 Bh (CHONTOI Sac eters, etc y Be eS te Sie eee Bete CO eee eS 64-74 105. Well is pumped empty and then allowed to fill; water is used for manufacturing purposes, and not for drinking. Sanitary analysis of water of well at Williams and Beebe avenues, Long Island City. [By E. H. Richards.] Appearance: Parts per million. ALGHAOKOTIN o.5.o\s 5/5 Goch Se ee A OE es ee None. SIEGEL ho bo ere eer ee oe Gab oo bsebG ods Soe e Se Bee ae eae Slight. ODP Sabo notecs2d ce gears os eee oe EoD e eae PACE oe ee tee ee None Odor: Col ee oa ne ee eee ee. Se ee AE ee ae None. JRO Wye tatoos 96 occa d So GAMO EE SOS cle See SI rn eae Faintly earthy. MotalyresiduevonkeyapoOrationwer =n... .6) se oe ese eee eee se Ses] secede ees giclee nels 836 Ammonia: IMO Sogees aoc ocsoca aces cae Saree ea ES Ce eae ae BOTS ae rene oe rae Mie ie 0. 006 Airmen ONG eoseesksbs odor sacs Soe O eee Dee See ee ee 036 17116—No. 44—06——13 186 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Parts per million. Chlotine. ..:. 22. 2. 2se ed scese coe ee ne ieee Se = nee eee eae ane ar ee 80. 000 “Nitrogen as nitrites... 2: 222 see 5 ae Ree ee ee ers eee . 003 Nitrogen as nitrates. -cic2 2 ccasee Ske ae ee ee ee eee 34. 000 Oxygen: consumed 62ers. 25 Ue passe nee eee . 180 I am afraid it is a case of the border line. I do not know why the nitrates should be so high, unless there is some contamination.—E. H. Richards, May 22, 1900. i 106. I the spring of 1903 Mr. Allen completed three wells in the kitchens of new houses on the west side of Ely street between Paynter and Beebe streets, which afforded the following section: Records of wells on Ely avenue between Payntar and Beebe avenues, Long Island City. : Feet i.j@uicksand)- 295 eee ey Sa Ee Sci See ge ha Le a ee Om=12 2. Blues clay 0. -06 oa otk eg ee ee a a re eae . 12 -17.5 Bf Gravel.< 22.24. 2 So Bos se os be SR ee ee ee ees 17. 5-20.-5 - 4\Sand . <2. 55 peek OS cee cs ne Ee ee ee ae eee ones 20. 5-22. 5 5: Bed rocks. «52 geet A ek 2a SS oe 0 ee ee ee 22. 5- The well in the house nearest Paynter street flows about 5 gallons per minute 2 feet above the ground; the others flow, but a less amount. On the corner of Beebe and Paynter streets, just northwest of the jast of these houses, is an old factory with a well about 20 feet deep which reached bed rock and furnished flowing water. This well has now stopped flowing, because of the construction. of the sewer along Beebe street which drains the water from it. The elevation at the corner of Ely and Paynter streets is 9 feet, city datum. 110. The water of this well is extremely brackish and can not be used in boilers; it is used for mixing clays. The elevation of the grade line, corner of Wallach and Vernon avenues, is 14.89 feet, city datum. Record of well at 401 Vernon avenue, Long Island City. _ Feet if! Asha "aim tseachtain Me a erent ee Tae oO- 4 2. Coarse redisand) 2. 2. SOA. SSS ee eee ees (ime si TE Dk Uae ae cae ae 4- 22. SiRodk: .. Mes aos sas Ls ed ee ee eee 22 Sl 8 aps ero ee er 22-115 115. These wells are reported as being about one-aalf mile north of bridge No. 4 (Blackwells Island bridge). There are two 3-inch wells, and two 44-inch wells. Record of well near Blackwells Island bridge, Long Island City. Feet {. Marsh muds). 22252 32 2k Sous Se ee a eee a 0-16 2. “Mud ‘and sand oq 28. 22.25 28,32) 5282 Ses ren eC eee 16-20 StS: (ee ee eeRee ere rece ta Cr ee Eo seo be encaueenceees 20-31 4. sibeditock 2 2.225 sede ees RSS el ee en ee 31- 116. Record of well at Broadway and Academy street, Long Island City. ate ‘ ee 1. Heavy, coarse, building sand, with bowlders of various sizes....-.-.----------------- 0-35 2. Very large bowlders packed closely together, many weighing a ton or more-.--.-.----- 35-40 3. Coarse gravel containing stones 4 to 6 inches in diameter._.._.-_-..----------------- 40-50 4. Very tenacious blue clay, containing no stones --._---_-.-------------------------- 50-57 5ufhine ‘yellow sanders] a Ae cSt. 2 eee ae ee ee Boreas aie ie 42 eA 57-60 6... Fine ‘white sand: 0-4 Since )oe 2 A scp eR eee ee ee 60-90 The bowlders in stratum 2 so hindered the sinking of the well that it was necessary to dig a hole 10 feet square and blast them out. At 90 feet a large supply of brackish water was obtained. 117. Record of well at Ninth and Jamaica avenues, Long Island City. 7 eet 1. Stratified sand and gravel -.....-.--------- JS Ss eo kee ee Oe or 0-48 2 eabine reddish sand! ==. 5 oss aaa Fe Cee eee he cee a 48-58 YSYRUC GADIDO JO] x8. ; eee en pag? i | A | ) : : | s . "a — rare ’ . . J. : j i ’ 4 / von ot q as Me eT RO ‘a RY SEQN EJ San ieee eee F YAO mn DY Wa VJ =t . b . m * | ny ? ; 7 io e , . | ‘ll As : QACIVITTVTHIAT - o Zo i -) i A z x be a | c r . & ee | Hi SS a So ae ) . ; wel Bat = | ek .! : . . , 7 Fh x - laa ‘ - U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY = | eA RaY- FO UR _STREET i ; \ 5 \ \ 044 \ hm ARTY = it AeaReD N EW: VY mike Kk C-)aieean AVENUE FIRST Ses o4 THIRTY-SECOND : ; Yes | REET Elevation 300 is mean high water ‘ MAP AND DIAGRAM OF BORINGS FOR PENNSYLVANIA, NEW YORK # PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XXXII \ \ \ = \ \ ‘ ; 4 : \ \ 340\ 1 Ra \ \ Ve Sl ABBREVIATIONS ‘3 aa y NG - A. Artificial ground G. Gravel : cal \S S. Sand B. Bowlder \o RY ‘4 ae oy fS. Fine sand D. Disintegrated rock Se Ve ne cS, Coarse sand Br. or B. Bed rock or bowlder te 216 Cc. Clay Br. Bed rock Ve St. Silt Vo \ ee 08 , \s ; 09 is °10 | 021 \o VY 020 VS i= \e 140 11\3 190 : o . : \ °18 2) ol3A \ Horizontal scale eid | ‘ : 0 50 100 200 300 400 500 feet \ i R \ . \ 3 \\ \ ; \ C Our EB ORMEN GS \ \ | R 1 310’ \ n high water 300° ~ : ; s Teer 290 = == : \lZ ey “C. Bus iss SSC _479 : ya Ds GD. m 5 Sy > Br oy : vy 260’ & y = ‘3 2) = 250’ S oa ja B 2 2 ~_940' 3 f = 2 . ~ =) P Sif - a 230 we z Br Zi ; ey GCS : = Te R 2205 5-+ 7% alk an 5 a Niaz, te , : & z Br (oo i 200’ wy - 190/ EES“ ————} : yale 180/ joe = — 170’ ss — B_ 160/ —— 150’ ar B. —— 140’ L.L. POATES ENGR'G CO., N.Y. LONG ISLAND RAILROAD TUNNEL; WESTERN HALF OF EAST RIVER. wa inet 1 AOURTS ie oe Lik Py emp aoc ¥.. vee pore oe — woe Gut. | oT ik ME ie HET a Le Sc Ruaae eae a Paty bas a FEET N N CT ee CU Ww Ja}2M YSIy LeAW SI QOE UOl}eAa]y WwW ——————— soe st Jayem ysiy uzaW SI QOE vo!eAa|y PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO, 44 PL. XXXII U, S, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY S =x 2 =z AS = > 6 1890 el SS =e | is io a 022 26 < 029 i= ang, 2 304 25 ~ {2 27 ii t Y le ¥ re (oe) 12 °57 s °56 SG {= Hn ae ae ee o54 °55 le 04) o44 1s 049 043 id le 6 057 35 © CRT Y oe Ws i ° 04 05 ° a PSs COW, i= ja I 4 1 I | = WASH BROS Re aiNaGes SI 36 37 38 39 4 42 43 44 4 5 6 7 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 35 ~ 2 = } a sayem yZiy ueew #1 QO UOREAS rey oS r= Elevation 300 is mean high water | | Vi | | | o o BORN GS c 46 47 49 50 51 54 55 56 57 58 59 61 64 65 i 2 . ABBREVIATIONS 260’ A, Artificial ground G. Gravel S. Sand B. Bowlder 250! {S. Fine sand D. Disintegrated rock cS. Coarse sand Br. or B. Bed rock or bowlder 240/ c. Clay Br, Bed rock St. Silt ~ Se 3 Horizontal scale t 50 100 200 300 400 500 feet = sayem yBiy ueaw st gpg uoKeAa] 3 = < a) < = € @ 220 ° So cy c 2 3 — ry LLL. POATES ENGA'G CO, N.Y. AVENUE, NEW YORK CITY. MAP AND DIAGRAM OF BORINGS FOR PENNSYLVANIA, NEW YORK AND LONG ISLAND RAILROAD TUNNEL; EAST RIVER TO FIRST DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 187 In this well the first water was encountered at 32 feet; below this was 7 feet of clayey sand and a second layer of clay and gravel. 118. Record of well at 408 Ninth avenue, Long Island City. Feet ih Sand with bowlderseeee=---2-------- PG, Seda tas Pee Noyes ee ene eas oie ye oe, 0-50 de, (Oyimeleenvadl watin manning glace = ae eee 2 eens sees 22 oo aera ee Seen eee Sere 50-57 SVAN EIGER RININeEOIOl. 2 Peon beee oe ene Se reo aeenoe Ima San eee ae ae eeer seers BY ee 4. Very hard layer of red sand and gravel. 119. Record of well at Steinway and Jamaica avenues, Long Island City. Feet il, Giicell amyallsyauln loowibloise. 52 See 5= Skene Heck neeaes Scop sesaeeeosesees se ce aor 0-18 & (Cine eee eee in cle Se l= se ee ee Sen ere eas eer ate 18-36 3. Red gravel, water-bearing. --- -- -- Pee ae OR OS eT ET Ee ee 36-65 120. Record of well at Albert street and Jamaica avenue, Long Island ‘City. Feet ie Wnstratinedyelactallgcamdaarrd terrae lees ste eee ey sear at r= eee el sis 0-4 2. QUNOROGl< . Ssons ne keededes oo essed deasosecasoe Seonecee ewe Edor eneceonae te socie 4-39 By Gmail Obie < oe Mes eececeteeo ee coer bons oe secdneea sce see ae Je sen opees oor saece soe 39-42 4. Red sand and gravel, water-bearing----.-...--------- AS ie 32 SOC eh he ye ea 42-60 124. Record of well on Twelfth street between Broadway and Jamaica avenue, Long Island City. : Feet. ieeWnstratheds sandwandwbowlderse sees =) 5 ses see = = 2s os eee eens 0-30 OmStratthedmedisand ee tesa see. sete eee eens oo Selo eRe eee ae eee Ss.) 30-60 3. Water-bearing gravel with more or less clay..:........--.-.-.-..--.-.----------- 60-65 EL VEARYGS GC m peel bath hots Be GO ei aes Ee Rn ao ete a i ae PE pete te ease 65- Mr. Allen reports that in this vicinity the water-bearing gravel lying between the stratified sand and black clay ranges in thickness from 0 to 23 feet. 122. Record of well at Grand street and Third avenue, Long Island City. Feet Peblumus-ciaimedusnndiysloamea-= 9 see semen oe ena) oe ae seal ae Sa as 0.1- 0.4 ealveddishy sandy loamitte asc st ae a= a oe Gane ces ee. See SES ee ileal 7 Suewinestomnediuma reddishi yellow, silty sand\s- =e ys | J ee 6.0- 7.0 4-6. Dark brownish gray multicolored glacial sand and gravel.....-......_.-.------ 11. 5-23.0 Se Same Dut mwal ama Ch ened Gishiesitie we eee e ere nia wen ees ye ee oe or 24. 0-31.0 123. Mr. Allen reports that this well is in an area which is about a block and a half square, in which it is quite easy to get water; outside of this local basin it is much more difficult. 125. Surface water was shut out at 225 feet, and the well tested at 352 and 608; both tests gave salty water. 126. No water encountered until 43 feet, where it was found in a crevice of the rock, and came up to within 4 feet of the surface. Water contains too much lime for boiler use. Well pumps 18 gallons a minute at suction limit. Record of well at Steinway avenue and River road, Long Island City. Feet epaite low: dbowild ety gaGlaye eer Se er rhs eye res aaa ee, Nm ee Sole ae eS 0-24. Pa Ouicksand) (veryaninenclernysaind——noO) Nal Gah)= sean ae ee eh ee eee ee 24-37 SmOourse, white crave mand sbeachiisandss-- 298-022-2925 08. oe eee Sees! 1S 37-42 4. Conglomerate rock (“like the rock at Scranton, Pa., just above the hard coal’).... 42-45 Epp Cua CISS /er'= Ste Cree Oy ers a OL c/a ats SN TR Mier yk Ht) eas 45-55 128. Impotable water is reported at 14 feet; good water at 48 feet. 129. Mr. Harper states that the record of material penetrated in this well is exactly the same as in the other wells which he put down on Barren Island. (See Nos. 130 and 131.) 188 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 130. The following section has been prepared by Mr. Lewis Woolman from samples furnished by Mr. Thomas B. Harper : 4 ; Record of T. F. White Company’s well on Barren Island, New ¥ ork. Pleistocene: a Feet. 1) Intervals moSpecimens 2.5 2) CP se ae peep rete 522 erat ee 0- 70 2. Brownish sands, sometimes slightly yellowish and sometimes slightly reddish in CaStesecme ase Bede oe Sa oe Se Sy 27a a 1 ae 70-130 3. Reddish-brown and yellowish-brown sands, same as next above, with the addition - : of pebbles and cobbles, etc. (Jameco)---........-.---------------- ahs te 0 130-220 Cretaceous: Ae WVihitish® sam dsas 22, ee es A oe PP a eM 220-240 5: Browils Sands 202 2) 5230s. 15 She ee eee Re ee Sy 9) 22 202 -.- 240-260 6. Bluish-white sands with some lignite throughout -._.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-----.--.-- 260-500 fia Dark, micaceous|sandiy clayesnoplemie mee a=) = 1-1 ee eee 500-690 8. Yellowish-white, water-bearing sand, coarse at 700 to 720 (Lloyd sand) 131. The following samples were furnished by Mr. Thomas B. Harper to the New Jersey Geological Survey: 2 Bs Record of Sanitary Utilization Company’s well on Barren Island, New York. =~ Pleistocene: . : _ Feet. 1. Whitish sand for some distance down from the surface; heavy gravels and cob- bles at's 52244 5 Sees See nee o's = 2 Re ee ee ee 140 3. “Reddish” (?) sand. i ee : 4. Dark-colored conglomerate, quartz grains and pebbles size of mustard seed to thats ot shelloamlsc rarmcieyallim ui S arte seer Sen 218 bC@obbles atisome «distances pel ow epee soe = eee a er ee 230 Cretaceous: 6. Whitish sand. 7. “Cemented material” of feldspar and quartz..:-.....-.....---.-..--.------- 495-500 8; ‘Bluish ‘soft marl (@2)ie eye eee os = y= y=) pee ee ee 500-560 9. Alterations of sands and clays, each 15 to 20 feet thick......-..-..-.._._.-. 560-660 TOL Red; claiy aibcsec: sce Seer eke ie 28,2 Sociol a Ss ee 706 11. Yellowish-white coarse sand and fine gravel, water bearing (Lloyd sand) ------ 712-720 12. Whitish clay, prospected 4 feet, or from ===. 2.222222 22 22 ee eee 720-724 4132. The following section was reported by Mr. Chester D. Corwin: Record of Sanitary Utilization Company’s well on Barren Island, New York. ~ Feet. li; Medium’ fine jeray: smd). 2.5 ose oe re Stem > Saas) koe ete ret ee 0-135 2: White beach: sands: - 27. Ses See eee ete Ste sre ofa cataracts AOE ae aN Seer Pao 135-525 3. Hardpan, clay and stones; clay and gravel-like cement; color between gray and rowan e255 22 See

| £ ols &,0V foie f et - 0 ee ee . a — o . 4 2 2 aa az : ; + t s a - a a ei | - ae, a, | “wot i d> mal a" | mated 1. Pe raises oy dee? ' , ' © S.. > : . ‘oH 7 (bates ane sey : woaid WS | Moen WF audenogomod | 2 Rhu. ae =; oa s es. P Tatomats ne ee . — 7 ss | .. = = = ot = — i ; Dnbe Orie § at : i . : } ye a oe | &. hawk pet P , | : J Pest | 4 | i" ; betirgen t bet a i | | IL | padres base iit ' ' - “t a 4 = oo z , | Setagnied H ie" reas I on os , | feaviced-dal q ; dk p> ‘“edtegor ‘ vanicys 1 | , f : : : 4 oh SVoyat - — ryan 4 a |. ar fs ii wy tr } ; ae ms bs 4 r ay . { Pd wae _— lad ; } i prrtcod As 285 ae | i A p awe “ bs a i J ———— _ ? i 61% - < ~* : ius Wa alae oak | '# " : : ge peeeropipe ; : id } f FUGeHEQornOn P abein . | | ; 1 epettwnets ai ; thi Ags ¥ | ee bay HH : i ; i i" L { < - L, fay recs | ' : my a | f dsetd stidw pot } ; | : ows bhart | 4 ! } ; bin j en's wrLACs “ esis mn : L f Mamraroyius, : | i t eee Sh | LP RE hn a weitan et 3 1 ; i - t roe | i Cog ae ¢* ' ' tag : | peer . + Jot a bie RW | 24 rhug Daeg | U. S, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY _| blackish brown, HeUSareay ye fine grains, light drab, coarse grains and brown, in finer matrix ~ tt : is} © coarse grains in finer matrix, a gravel ; i homogeneous ; \grains cemented cemented in, ’ in character together Sand i Gravel | pave and sand ' light brown, oe grains i o light drab, 1 =e 0 _| fine grains, q cemented Sy eens _|Sravel and sand | < d h together Sand j together 2 : AU ss i Yo light drab, i “blackish brown Sie Pconresionbe ; White, black Sand = ' } eS : cemented Sand + cementin | | porphyritic ~| and brown, ~| blackish brown, = x 2 | | y i Sr conrsernrans = fine grains, together = blackish brown, | material present | | character ~ & rot) g = | in finer matrix, comenticy | coarse and ; : oa terial present fine grains ! orphyritic inks neg Sand | ae Stones ell Sand ' ~| light brown, ; Sand ~|white and slate | = blackish brown, x fine erelng, | wee black w eolaee ques Sand Sl “coarse and cemente and brown, ' 46 2 a ' ; % together “> coarse grains diameter .| blackish brown, MnEYBrate Sand oa os : © fine grains: I | blackish brow in finer matrix, homogeneous es 1 ~s coarse grain orphyritic 8 C | i ane 1 in character Sand in finer matri ~| blackish brown 1 , {| i Sand : coarse and together - an “f : Sand .| white, black | fine grains white, black i = and brown, ; : ; ’ | BS Nj = | cemented : 1 \ \ | 1 1 -| porphyritic Gravel | character white and slate we) colored’ quartz, | yg to "in u diameter aay ; Sand ~| blackish brow) 20 fine grains#’ homogeneou) ! Stones + in character: _| white and slate W colored quartz, Yyg to Ya’ in- diameter 25 Sand © i blackish brown, | \p coarse and | | fine grains | | Water bearing ? 30 35+} é 40+ 45 » | | | 50 ; _ RECORD OF TEST BORINGS MADE AT LONG . Prepared from the s) Clay PRCFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XXXIV material present i Loam Bray Clay and loam = Clay black cee 6 | las mixed with grit t Yellow H z t | Sand | Sand 1 Sand gray, I gray, ks ray, ca i i very fine grains i Clay by - Mane avery fine grains | | So y g ; gray | very fine grains | approaching = cemente | approaching very fine grains | | clay in aa | together, clay in SS pomanted composition ' very fine grains approaching composition o ‘ogetner | Wass) yaitieln clay in approaching Yoh a | Bein fj coarse ones, composition t | y iti | cementing 1 CO IBC SION imaterial present Sand Sand | <| blackish brown, blackish brown, | = fine grains: _ fine grains, Sand ! : “Y homogeneous Fomented | white. black in character together ‘9 and brown } | coarse siliceous H Gravelend ' grains ' 1 \ | | | Sand | stones Sa ep lackishi brawn sl white and slate =) 1 Sand eth? = F colored quartz lizht brown coarse grains ” 5 , | blackish brown, xf, MS : A Vg to Yp in Ay Sand > coarse grains in finer matrix ae 1 a oe grains | gray, a dines ee ' ! diameter n finer matri : } es a very fine grains | cementing | I. v t approaching | clay in composition ! Stones | white and slate \ | Sand ‘© colored quartz, white, black i wes GALA . Vg to Yp in Sa. and brown ' 2 a id diameter ™ coarse siliceous | gtains- Water bearing? _ | White and slate =Scolored quartz, i ™ We | Yas to Yo" in | diameter 1 Sand white, black and brown, | coarse siliceous \ grains © © Gravel | white and slate ‘colored quartz, Ye to ¥,"in \ diameter AND CITY PUMPING STATION NO. 3 (NO. 99). les by A. S. Farmer. No.17 K Loam <5 Clay | “y _dark brown 3 yellow ‘ | Clay Se aay % gray | yellow i mixed with grit] | ; ¥ | Sand Sand | white, black white, black A = and brown f Stones ey tne Bron ‘uieoarserand Mert Eieiate coarse grains, ; : =a Me e a sa cemented fine grains, nee ore SIU Z, : together cementing | Ys to Y in material present H diameter ¥ ; Stones _| white and slate I ~ colored quartz, t 4, to Y,"in diameter © Feet 5 Se) eee 4 vr Pot i | t : é- , oss — = —— —¥-4 . singe 5 ; eh - oD ye «| woaiigrg | | vera , | Nod : 4 Erie ati baenten id an " ed wig” | nie SE LO ak: toon peers rer a a : : ea * : » | b 3 Ne ; : * } oes Oe fir : Tarte 4 | | : : 2 arene nee : - a9 dee ~ 4 ~ le call . : Lpalewg ont eet Lng ome 4 i Bie wet | ainaie ORE dele banten « TR ceed | Ce * ittsethewles > | hide) | beet cen ' r a leslie litt | oot atiogaynans Pe Bw, a sage fh a ata As ‘ . pond : , - .7 Vatu) te a — oa 2 rapes MATES f | pwwond Gaustowtel f- i pg { | : |, rettarg aah { qunahagomet vetaereto 2} 4 : a i e* Ba - LE nitielentiaaeeclan : : F ba | 2 j * seu bangiee . & a nb ot ee ont. tT - sapmenalls | vet DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 189 134. Mr. L. B. Ward gives the following data: “This company operates under the franchise of the Long Island Water Supply Company in the Twenty-sixth Ward, where its property is situated. It pumps 70,000 gallons of water daily from driven wells for the supply of houses built on its tract No. 1, and takes 90,600 gallons additional from the Long Island Water Supply Company for use in tract No. 2. The plant consists of a pumping station and a standpipe. It supplies 176 houses on tract No. 1 and 275 houses on tract No. 2.” : 135. Mr. Robert Van Buren, of the department of water supply, Borough of Brooklyn, has kindly furnished samples from the deep wells put down at New Lots in 1903. From these the following section has been compiled (see fig. 10): Record of deep wells of department of water supply at New Lots road and Fountain avenue, Hast New York. Recent: Feet. Te Pte hee ee eS i es cis o. = eae CES ee Ora ato ae a re ee eee Se O- 4 Wisconsin and Tisbury?: os 2 Gray, sandivacclaygewib omensviell sursc2 stet eos co eee sce Sas Base eee Seis = fears 4— 12 3-5. Light, multicolored, fine to coarse, glacial sand. -.....:.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.---:- 12-70 Gaulich toma yavclay ae meeeyeenet mee. eee eas (Meee UR ALR Sa Os, pit ALS Soe 70— 72 (eekine tommeciumm-»lehtmyellowselactalisands y= 5-425 o> eee se eee 72— 93 8. Reddish brown fine to coarse glacial sand ........-..--...-.-.--+.---.------ 93-113 Sankaty: : Omplenehit= orang malviell liven Cl ayer cae Sate Res we es ers I en ot ts rer a hy a Stee emu, 113-118 Jameco: 10. Coarse, multicolored, highly erratic glacial sand and gravel........----------- 118-164 Messrs. P. H. & J. Conlan reported to the Geological Survey of New Jersey “ in 1896 the following: “The greatest yield and the best quality of water for the Long Island Water Supply Company were found at East New York, where it is all gravel and coarse sand. The yield was about two and one-half million gallons per day from six 8-inch wells that run from 65 to 95 feet deep.” In 1898 the same firm reported:? ‘‘We have erected a pumping plant for the Long Island Water Supply Company in Brooklyn, N. Y. We put down five wells averaging a depth of 80 feet. Supply collectively was 2,000,000 gallons per day of 24 hours. The strata were: Record of wells of department of water supply at New Lots road and Fountain avenue, East New Y ork. Feet We UO PAGOT SR Os Pe A ek, Se i Le Sn ae eM 2 et oe oy QO 4 AS VATVDYS) ASEAVG 2 2 eB os) as Ea A Be Ne a a ee eR Sg Ce ct 4- 10 Den Grrav elicit imavie Len eine eee Sieber Gata ev Ue eh AEC AN nl ee a es te 10- 35 Ah MIRA) APM OWN OER es old dake mee Sete easy Cage aaa ir a Mite ne Baie A einlona eee 35- 36 hy ‘Seana have eelNIG oe Sloe cat IOS Oe a seg en alee at vane eA a corer 36-100 Gh, CUS CaS Sic oe aicra Bhs So tii a cag ES RO ages erg rey ep te op 100- ep ine sed sand enemy pee ee ceri Nate cine pte ee Ie ee oes ret ON -140 “We went to 140 feet with one well, but got no water. It was fine red sand with much iron and no gravel, and we went no deeper. The levels of the wells are about high-tide level; a very high tide breaks up, so that they are all connected at tide level, but the water is fresh and good for use, but a little hard.” 136. The following section has been prepared from the samples preserved in the office of the depart- ment of water supply in the n.unicipal building, Brooklyn (see fig. 10): Record of Brooklyn test well, No. 17. Wisconsin: Feet leap Yiellowallosimy’ send Mpeg ees eee Ser ee ae AA gM Wine, OG} 8 2. Light, reddish-brown, fine Loy coanse> speckled isamds ose = seen e oe eee 8- 70 Tisbury: 3. Light-yellow sand and pebbles (orange sand) .._-.....-...-.-__..-..-...-.--- 70— 95 a Ann. Rept. Geol. Survey New Jersey for 1896, 1897, p. 186. |» Ann. Rept. Geol. Survey New Jersey for 1898, 1899, p. 142. 190 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Sankaty: Feet. 4. Dark-gray clay with vegetable matter (swamp deposit) .-....-...-.----------- 95-106 Sankaty ?: 5. Light-yellow fine to medium sand _....-.-.-----.-------- woh psl os (aa ge 106-128 Jameco: ; ; 6) Kine; dark. reddish-brown sands elacial. 22 55-2 5 aes ea ees 128-140 “i: Very coarse, multicolored¢sand 4232 2 2222) ts eee eee eee es eee 140-150 8. Coarse multicolored gravel, with a very small percentage of quartz..........-- 150-170 9. Fine to coarse dark reddish-yellow sands and gravel ........-.....-.--------- 170-191 The elevation, of the surface at this point is 10.6 feet above the Brooklyn ype. 137. The following records have been prepared from the samples preserved in the office of the depart- ment of water supply, municipal building, Brooklyn (see fig. 10): Record of Brooklyn test well, No. 4. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Dark, humus-stained surface, sandy loam---.-..------- Pee ns Riese, eee 20> ,9 2. Clean reddish-brown sands and gravels of glacial orig .-.........------------- = 9— 97 Tisbury: ots 3) Dirty-eray,sands with a few pebbles {2 se ese as = see eee Dae 6 OE SEA6 Sankaty: gos 4’, Gray qpebblyclaiy so. acs. 2 sta See ae ee cae ae re ae 126-141 Jameco: 5. Coarse multicolored gravel with a very few quartz pebbles_......-.-.--------- 141-149 Mr. De Varona reports: ‘‘Water level above the blue clay is about 16 feet below the surface of the ground, and below the clay it is about 2.5 feet below the surface.’’@ Analysis of water of Brooklyn test well, No. 4.? Parts per million. Motalsolids eA 2 22h aces 2h ee re PORTS REE Maes Mare Ic, Se a 93. 000 Loss on ignition (organic and volatile matter)...........-.-...--------------------- 29. 000 Ammonia: Pn@6 ine BSNS Se 2 ee se Sei kp eee ee a ey ny ee 014 Albummmnoid sees js2 22) 2c ee SS I re ee pe ee 078 ChilorineSascchlorides. 35-22-62 22 son 5 Mean 8 2 en a i aes ee 3. 500 Sodan schilorider Ses & sie 2, 2) ju, 3 oe ee ee ee a eS a 5.770 Nitrogen: as) mibraibesty.. = 22 22S ie ee teas No Re een cet eT creep a . 422 Nitrogenwas umitritesi. 224 00 ns SLe eae cee oe sale So) eee ae ee se eee Ce » 060 MotalMiardnesse sy: es 5 22h ee ec a 31. 500 Permanentinardnessi\- - o.2.. 22 SS ooh ao ee 31. 500 138. The following section has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn department of water supply: Record of wells at Old Spring Creek pumping station. Wiell number: 2. 2.2 -ee cee eee en sae ee eee eee 1A. 4A. 5A. Recent: easecceeeereee nee ISN ECC) Eee ose Aaa asa sSnameeoe ac 0O- 3 0O- 2 0O- 2 Wisconsin and Tisbury-.| 2. Fine to medium yellow to reddish yellow 3-125 2-126 2-124 sand with some gravel. : Sanikaitiyss sve sees 3) Grayieravelly, Clay, --c-- esses ne- Fema eee 125-133 | 127-1387 | 127-136 | 126-136 124-134 WAMCCOM Ms ecco 4, Multicolored sand and.gravel with rela- | 133-158} 187-151 | 136-153 | 136-153 134-151 tively small percentage of quartz. a Ann. Rept. Commr. City Works of Brooklyn for 1895, 1896, p. 346. 6 Analysis by the Brooklyn health départment, op. cit., pp. 140, 142. —— DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 191 Messrs. W. D. Andrews & Brother, who put in the original plant at this point, report under date of _ March 8, 1895: “At Spring Creek and Baisley trial tubes and wells were driven to a depth of 100 fect or more, from which water flowed, and would rise 2 or 3 feet above the surface if confined in a tube. -By hand pumping these 2-inch wells would yield 30 to 40 gallons per minute.” Analysis of water from shallow driven well plant at Spring Creek pumping station. [By Brooklyn health department. } Parts per million. MO TalesOlid See eaten EERE is aurea nega eck eer ne oes a oe Se ee 194. 429 Loss on ignition (organic and volatile matter)........._.....-...-.-...-.-...--.---- 40. 429 IIGES) Chaco ees Sok boos San Ae eo Se ERO ee ER ee ee te ee ae . 005 Albuminoid ammonia... -..--..------ SAS Hew Pe Cee SI eee eae Ser aS .015 Chilorinesas*chlontdes eet ee ae eu ee se pe 2 Os eee 12. 857 SOCLum Chl Ord els see ewe eee I ye 2k Se Ee eS aed ee 21. 186 WOE, AG) TNE os owe sono ee ages sone Seno aaS Slee ae eee ee ee ae 4. 510 INitrop env as mibhites! eyes cme eae ee eee ELE 2 ESS eRe Cohen eGe eee None. Motalnar dinesoee ee se ee anes ee er San tees en ee ae SOR eee Rs Bak 110. 214 iRermanentshardnesst- sweet eee aya Ue i Se ee eek ne se de Sees Shei 809. 29 139. The following analysis was furnished by Mr. I. M. De Varona: Analysis of water from well at temporary Spring Creek pumping station. [Analysis by Brooklyn health department. | Parts per million. A oy ee sistoV hs bs Seer iy ah ate. Ak, sy Napa cn a SUNS gy te a ee eee pees 223. 500 Ihossuom 1emittons (Organichandswolatile smettem aes sees es see 2 sees e ye 52. 000 IPSC AUNATIT O Tal She ee ee Sen ee ne KEE AEP cay). eS IY See BSR es bet . 000 Al buminordhamimnonia ass ere ea eee een oe a re ee Sot 017 Chlorine as chlorides. ...-...-._.-- EERO ES OPE SES Soma oe ataS CAGE ee en ee eee ee ie et) a 14. 000 SaciumanchlOrides 44). ee eeepc see ne ee eho ee ee ee 23. 070 INitroven\insenitra tessa ements reese NE be ae eS oe Fale OS eke ae 6. 965 INEROC EMI AS, MILLI TOS eer eee esse eres Rae 2 Shee ee Seve cp oa a None. “ARO GIL: Tae NaViSet eis, hc t's oS chee ees ee Sey ee ene ea 92. 500 Rermanent; hardnessive seeeemere es fee clo ie ye EE Ne oe Se aioe a See oe ee 91. 000 ZAI. Section from samples preserved by the Brooklyn water department (see fig. 10): Record of Brooklyn test well No. 5. Wisconsin: Feet. i) Mellows sumiaice loans. 55s en unary Aaa oe Sh ce Memeo SS OG 2. Reddish brown multicolored sands and gravel of glacial origin._....._..._.___. 16-192 Sankaty: Bs (Cimhy Cy ccscacccose josie, SUB aes SASSER eee ORE Pee cope RA AO ees eRe we ciara 192-200 4. Dark multicolored silty sand (glacial) ----- Sao Saale ner en Net cs ee eS 200-216 De Giraysasilitnyarc] ayers ees eons = ee eee eet ae en AS eee Sn 216-281 Jameco: 6. Gray silt with multicolored pebbles (glacial) ...............-.-...---.-.------ 281-284 Accompanying the samples preserved in the glass tube is a sample in an envelope, marked “Test well No. 5, below clay, received August 21, 1895.” This sample consists of large dark-colored pebbles, only ‘about one-fourth of which are quartz. Mr. I. M. De Varona adds: ‘‘When the pipe was down about 284 feet the water level was about 46 feet below the surface.’’ Elevation of ground 61.8 feet, Brooklyn base. i 192 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOUROES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Analysis of water from Brooklyn test well No. 5. [By Brooklyn health department.] Parts per million. Total solids: 222-325... 53 52205 5= Se et a ae ee eee oh ihn e tet ee 139. 000 Mossyonliemition (organic and ayo) etal emma ter) eee eee ee eee 20. 000 Rréé ammonia. ..225:.245) sso ee eae Gomer. oe eons eo bt ee ee eee None. Albuminoid! ammonia: 2s. 22 ee eee ee Sc Lied 2 eee ee a 024 Chlorine as chlorides... 2 ees Se see te ie 5 eee a ae 8. 500 Sodium chloride. cascc tee hee er ae eosin ee eS 14. 010 Nitrogenvas nitrates ' acme etre eaters ee Ales cs ye cece ees ne a . 659 Nitrogen “as, (tribes: 2... 5: ees Se eects ates, 5 Haul Mee reps eer I ae re ae ". None. Total: hardness=- <2) 3 eee ane Ee ee Boca rine aoe 2 Se st. fae 63. 500 Permanent hardness. =< 24 --c.o 2 Seed de Se Bee ee ee ee 63. 500 142, The wells of this company are arranged in two groups about one-half mile apart, the northern one consisting of 4 wells and the southern one of 12. The pumping station is located about midway between them, in the factory of the Agate-Nickel Steel Ware Company. Section from samples preserved in the office of the Agate-Nickel Steel Ware Company: Record of Woodhaven Water Supply Company’s well near Woodhaven. Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. ily IbiedAnirlortonwinls inner liniad eARYORM GUNG. 5. ot oncce ee sees seec onasce Saones fees cscoes 0-16 2-3. Coarse glacial sand and gravel, contaiming a large percentage of granitic and : sachistose. pebbles \..2 Dinty, orayeme ditunas Sanda eee erie anor sce cialis oe oe snes ete aloes come csme 540-556 Pre-Cretaceous: RO Chae etn ete Ren ee ee eas ea ee SR ote Ss Sa eee ce es She erea 596-570 144, Record of commission’s test well near Union Pluce. Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 1. Surface dark-yellow sandy loam. Prsiveddish=yellowaisain chyic laisse eer relnraietste win (eral ee eee ean see en 135 32) Dankeyellowssanduandismealll ansvellsesscets .< ale sae ee ee ere Re Siotaithes, 5 2.Jt eS Sa 6 Sees 88-112 { 5 ; | . DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 199 188. This well was put down by Mr. Gilbert Baldwin under the direction of Mr. Jesse Conklin. Mr. Conklin, under date of April 25, 1895, gives the following: “At Far Rockaway, about one-fourth mile from the ocean I drove a well 210 feet. I found water at 15 feet from the surface and got a good supply. I drove 180 feet through beach sand and gravel. At 195 feet struck petrified wood. Last 15 feet was clear white gravel, with a very good supply of water of about 40 gallons.” From Mr. Baldwin it is learned that this water was so salty that the well was abandoned. The record, according to Mr. Baldwin, is as follows: Record of B. L. Carroll’s well near Far Rockaway. Tisbury: | Feet. sine: beach! cand Mean ees. cae ues foes Se cee esc 5 c/qaa ccs weak O- 25 De Coarse: SANG aM Ope uane eee sens oe Sere te See een tears un aly nie cha cejalete eciein iw ic,a.e cn Se 25- 45 Sankaty: ; See Clay: NOsstOle SUMPmIa eR RU ee ee eS eee eres oe Be ee esa date Boilies, = 45- 65 Jameco and Cretaceous?: 4. Wine gravel and sand with brackish water (this layer furnished but a small quan- City: (OL | Ween) pepe creer ere es A phone = aos e erate, crap steve = eleaime eee 65-180 5. Coarse gravel with a vigorous supply of salty water..-..............-.......- 180-190 The second well was drilled at a distance of about 400 feet, and Mr. Carroll reports the following section: Record of B. L. Carroll’s well near Far Rockaway. Tisbury: Feet. (Re eachi: samc. sters 79 ce ae ae pact Ie aia ¢ Seo Sood sae cecete eo 0-20 Sankaty : 2S WINE OCW gS renee eR 8 he col ace ee ee ere ee EE =.=. 20-60 Sankaty and Jameco: DMO MUCKS AN Ce ht 2)! Sa Aes SN ye ee Loe ee See oe caer ain 60-90 Jameco: GL, CHEK EAR GE Eee eer co cod Ce Soke GER OE TE IETE Seer oe ae ee ee ee 90- The water from this layer was of sufficiently good quality for ordinary use. Analysis showed a large _ amount of chlorine, but this was not sufficient to be perceptible to the taste. 189. Record of James Cajfery’s well near Far Rockaway. ’ Feet lpmOrdinany, Soil;sandya LOanbeasser seem eee ns aah Se eet ek ce a sae 0- 2 2 wuiIneEsand). withi no svavielmexcemtmnestuedices sn se 2.8 eee ene sce cece eee 2-30 Mr. Walsh reports that the material was so fine that he used a Cook strainer to prevent the sand from entering the tube and clogging the well. He adds that in general the water on Rockaway Ridge occurs from 12 to 18 feet below the surface, and that the water near the center of the ridge is better in quality than that near the margin. At the edge of the meadows there is a fine nonwater-bearing sand. 190. The following analysis is reported by the Long Island Railroad Company: Analysis of water from railroad well at Far Rockaway. : Parts per million. SiO) cami: OF GCA er eae te eens Sen ee NE he Le Si tee cen ca Nie cial olen low 4.8 CaComam dio © wears ates ae MM Re AU TL oka Rl oe yey cpg tes ul eye te cres Traces. CHS Oe Seen steele dadadabeteke SANE date Se ee ene ee one enn a ne 88. 1 CHG OM cho nema he Se BE co.cc otk in tN er ee lr ae gate ALONG IG OM 8 2 acre atone oO Gece Sig ends cores SS ERTL Se ae ee a ee 68. 2 ING fg SCO PRUE SCR Sod dod SoS PER AE IES AOE 311 “ROHAN SONG e oboe bd ace co neem Seen Ole A AER e EES Tee ee 207.9 A corrosive water at 200 pounds pressure. 200 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 191. This was the site of the first plant of the Queens County Water Company. Mr. C. A. Lockwood, who put in the wells, reports that there were twenty 5-inch wells, 50 feet deep. These were entirely in light- brown sand and gravel. As these wells did not yield a sufficient supply two deep wells were sunk to a depth of 200 feet, but in both brackish water was encountered and they were abandoned. The section reported is as follows: Record of well of Queens County Water Company near Far Rockaway. Tisbury: : Feet. 1. Light-brown sand and gravel similar to the rest of the Rockaway Ridge material.. 0- 60 Sankaty: ( 2. Blue Clay sc. s/o oes A eee are, Soe ae a 60-100 Jameco and Cretaceous?: Sa Beachtsa nd eas = === eee EES Sie Ea ee Een Sey Su SEEK 100-200 The above record is for the well nearest the bay north of Far Rockaway; the one farther south near the railroad station contained clay from 60 to 78 feet. 1938. Record of T. R. Chapman’s well on Hooks Creek. ' Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet.. Te Sand S252 os i ae en SE see 0- 2. Quicksand) 23.22. e. nae So ae Poe eS Lk 2 ee eee eet eee nes 3. Alternate layers of sand and clay; brackish water ....-......-.------------ pa 8200) Sankaty: Pal 4.. Dark-colored clay: 2 {2322 Seca se ee nes ne AS SE EE oe DEE es 140-200 5. Very hard clay; required 120 blows from 1-ton hammer to drill 1 inch..._-_---- 200-202 Jameco: 6. Gravel with ‘artesian svatere esr ere oe oe eters cele 2 a. ee aca epee 202-203 Water at first flowed a good stream several feet above the surface, but the yield is now much less. - 195. The following record has been prepared from samples preserved by the department of water sup- ply in the municipal building, Brooklyn (see fig. 10): Record of Brooklyn test well No. 16 at Shetuckei pumping station. Wisconsin: . Feet. il, Kine «dark-brown loumiy,sandmase sees eee cies oe sae ee Sea ae eee 0-20 2. Fine to coarse, light, yellowish white, speckled sand _.........._..---------.--- - 20-89 Tisbury: 3. ime eray sande: o.d 225s ee eee eee ee ee he Se oe oe 2 cir ee 90-105 AS Hine torcourse) red dish-loroyviay sei Cleese ese eee are eee 105-135 Sankaty: Be (Graycclay. = -23.05. 2G: Se oe eee oe Se ee ne Se See eee TEL Jameco: 6. Dark multicolored sand and gravel with some clay (glacial) .........-..-...-.-.. 146-154 Elevation of ground, 12.7 feet Brooklyn base; water was found below the blue clay, and water level was originally 9 feet from the surface. The elevation of the water in this test well ranged from 11 to 17 feet below the surface in 1901. : DESORIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 201 196. The following records have been compiled from the manuscript reports of Mr. Peter C. Jacobson which were kindly placed at our disposal by chief engineer I. M. De Varona (see fig. 10): Records of wells at Springfield pumping station. | | Section. | Well | Water-beari Total Fl Yield f is No. Blue clay Sand ce depth. sats Duna. Remarks. Sand. with wood | gravel; some | and sand. wood and clay. Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. Gallons. Gallons. a15| O74| 74182 182-207 207 aeneon: 700, 000 | 3] 0-50 50-117 117-177 U7? CUES | pate Seles ley ge Sand with water, no | ie gravel, 117 to 134 feet. 2| 0-50| 50-124 124-178 Ty Sia) anys SN ee Rs Oe Began to flow at 134 feet. Accent ciel ne n= Aare reat 177 iL ae |S Se a en Flow increased to 25 gal- lons on washing out. CE one EER es Geel 160-177 UCP Dae ee ttn 74 Oe Palette, eres ee Water-bearing sand and | gravel at 160 feet. Th eee ed] CRE Sree 160-177 177 15 | € 1,000, 000 Do. ase i. Meeerere) ee 7© 179 Ci) SES eee eee | Do. 9 | Bees sk 76=1355\- ee ea ee oral eee ee ee | Flows at 135 feet. TIQ)s! eo hoe a sl eer ee 132-156 GG as eee = ee a | ; ATI pee ILD 2 SL 0 ES i GY (eb eal spre Ree! PO eieee eat oS Oe eeenre 2 ISS} Se eae leery tens aie | Fine sand and gravel | | worked down for bot- | tom. a This is from a report on this well made in July, 1897. c November 17, 1897. b August 24, 1897. d October 26, 1897. In the report for June 7, 1897, the following record is given, apparently referring to well No. 15: Record of well 15 at Springfield pumping station. Wisconsin: Feet. fe Shanprwaber=pearlo casa d meee se ete Senne e on Cee, as see ee nese eels 0-25 Tisbury: 2. Fine hard packed sand with very little water_-.....--..-.--------------------! 25-78 Sankaty: Se bluevclayawibhesamdeamderrameles a eae ces CE te Se ane am one 78-123 Jameco: 4. Small gravel and sand with a large percentage of carbonized wood; water bearing; water level 6 inches above surface; will yield with hand pump 75 gallons per minute; pumping with hand pump lowers it 6 feet; when pumping is stopped the levelliot Gfeetisirecovered| im 4 minute: 22-2. 22 222 S22 = 22 cee 123-129 5. Sand of various fineness containing carbonized wood and Gaile LOE ee See a 129-158 6. Gravel, sand, and a little clay mixed; water bearing. --------- Shea at TOSS On June 14 it was stated that the flow of well 15 had increased to 9 ee per minute and that its pumping capacity was almost a million gallons a day. As no samples from these wells were preserved and as the data are very meager and somewhat confusing, it is not possible to arrive at a very satisfactory conclusion regarding the exact structure at this pomt. From the location of the wells and from the data furnished by adjoining wells it is felt that the water-bearing sands and grayels are, in part at least, Jameco, and the blue clay, Sankaty. The locality is very near the eastern edge of the old Sound River Valley, and the irregularity of the lower part of this section is doubtless due to 17116—No. 44—06——14 202 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. the unevenness of the old land surface and the redeposition of the pre-Pleistocene materials. The statement of the inspector that the water-bearing stratum grows finer and the gravel less toward the west seems to indicate a rise in the old surface in that direction, as indicated in fig. 10. Toward the east it is known from the samples of well No. 197 that the pre-Pleistocene beds are very near the surface. All the data at hand point to the conclusion that the development at this place is in a small valley in the older beds. Analysis of Springfield Pond pump well at Springfield. (Surface water; analysis by Brooklyn health department.] Parts per million. MNotal solids- eo 20 Oise eh SE ee ee ee ee oro Croc ie ec ree ee 86.00. Goss onwenition (organize ama) vol sit ern ett ere) peer ee 29. 10 ree ramumo naa ee se eee see ee eee FT he SO ee Ee REE OTS tS Shae ye . 06 Albuminoid ammonia: -oi52< 2c ete Meee rate Be 2s ic cies shesn Be eac s ote yee eae ere ea ees Chlorine. as.chlorides...)-2)... 4c Ser eee ete ee Sc wale Sere ee ee aT » 10.58 Chlozine equivalent to} sodium chiloridesssee eae ee 5 a eee ee re er een TENS Nitrogen as nitrates. 2.) L ose eee esac meee sees eb oe Se Mo ees oe ene a 2.13 Nitrogen ‘as nitrites: cs cau ones oe noe eta Sen eee USMS sigs © Seren Se Seer ee eee ee eee None. Hardness equivalent to carbonate of lime (before boiling).................-.-.-:..--...-. 28.80 Hardness equivalent to carbonate of lime (after boiling)................---------- Ed riescae 18 26. 90. ae - 19%. The following record has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn waterworks in the municipal building, Brooklyn (see fig. 10) : ; Record of well near Springfield pumping station. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Fine to medium, light, reddish-yellow sands. -........-..------------------ 0 — 33 2. Same, bubranluitlowiohter: 2 .- =)aSo.5 Scere Seas oe re at eee Re Eee 33 — 39 3. Light, brownish-yellow, fine to medium sands. ......---..-.-.------------- 39 — 54 Tisbury: i ; 4. Bright-yellow silt (looks like surface loam)........-.-.-.-.--------------- A = 56 5. Fine olive-yellow sand. -....-.-2--.-.-------- PRPs cht cp cee ee er 56 — 59 6) Bright-orangertine) to conrse sandtsesee =e ee ae ee ree 59 - 77 We Taghtayellow sand: \.5.-5/55 94 22 So Sater ee ee eee . 77 -106.5 Jameco?: 8. Fine steel-gray sand with quartz, jasper, and ferruginous sandstone pebbles. -- 106. 5-109. 5 Cretaceous: 9. Very dark-blue clay (different from clay above the glacial gravels).._-_____- 109. 5-130 10. Light-gray sands with lignite at 136 and 140 -.........-...-...-.---.....- 130 -234 GS itera ee Ue a uae Senne Sabi S ee Oa OS ele 234 —236 IZ White clays fo see ck <2 oe 5 Se ee ee Se pee Oe ee 236 -251 1S. Dark-bluerclaye «2. <. ot. ye eee ee ie ee ea 251 —258 Has Rime eraiy Sand... 2k Ue ate tee meee es ect eR ee 258 -271 In-addition to the samples preserved in the glass tube, there are a number of samples in cans which may be described as follows: 107-110, several large quartz, jasper, and ferruginous sandstone pebbles; 110-125, lignite and gray clay; 125, lignite and pyrite; ‘130,specimen found in white sand October 25, 1895””—large pieces of lignitized wood, evidently part of a tree. Elevation of surface is 10.3 feet, Brooklyn base. 199. Section prepared from samples preserved by the Brooklyn water department, in the municipal building, Brooklyn: Record of test well No. 18, near Oconee pumping station. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Dark reddish=browniloam <<... 62.25 serene 6 ee ee ee ee O- 8 Wisconsin and Tisbury: 2. Fine to coarse, light, reddish-yellow sand...-.-....--.----.--.-.--------------- 9- 56 Tisbury: ; 3. Bine; light, erayash=yellow; sama: 2-2 =a see eee ete eee er 56— 89 4. Dark) medium, reddish-brown! sand: cesar ee eee ee eee 89-115 | : DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 203 Sankaty: Feet. Sauna votes Clan eee ene Meese ee ee Pee trea 2 eos Scie eae seca 115-185 Jameco: 6. Dark, multicolored, very coarse sand (glacial) -......--.-.---.----------------- 185-192 Elevation of surface, 10.3 feet; average height of water in December, 1901, 17 feet from the surface; in November of the same year, 16.2. 200. Section prepared from samples preserved by the Brooklyn water department, in the municipal building, Brooklyn (see fig. 10): Record of test well at Barsley’s pumping station. Wisconsin: Feet. Pexellowishysamdrandneuavieleeees see ast .2 oes eels ac 2 = toe ened epee ois. 0 —- 21.5 2 eehinexy ellow.S20 dee aera tpn ed oe oi pete aaa le nceereys elas 21. 5— 34 31 Coarsen yellowishisanGeemmprrre rae a se oce = Shs sarc ce seen eins ae Gee 34 —- 39 Tisbury: : AMpeRime sy ello wis hy San deme meee Sere a eye oe are a eee ete, sere ose acne 39 — 58 SelGuarya sald an Gy cu aie memes ee area ates mye iat eicinyae arcs cer eie)nizin-/scsepre. coat l= 58 — 77.5 Ge Gale Sani de ce a: pe MEM Oy ates se torso oh MSSM Uo. te. ile 77. 5— 97.5 7. Yellowish sand and gravel............-.---- ia cpe aye armen: Ryser sats a Soest Se 97. 5-103 S, Wellloyasowsenedl, cariyelly ayo! Clehy: caloancete ea eooobee esac see obec eaeeeroree 103 -106 Sankaty : W), BIOGEN act Boe Bie ad ale ecg. Sra eae Tne RIN neseN ee 106 -139.5 lO mB luetclayzand:quicksandtememere ates cea. sos een fea lee ee cies Seem 139. 5-156 Jameco: (hia lackisatardy and (er avele ements ee eee aa heats Se eee oer Se aie . 156 -166 2a lacks sam: 252 .niset pe eee eta he Pe car oi eee pe Wie) hen xanga Sa Hs 166 -174 UB worl Betiaves a oy Eve GE Nn BR ee PJ cI ee eee a No 174 -200 Elevation of surface, 6.7 feet; see report of Andrews & Bro., under No. 138. Analysis of water from test well at Baisley’s pumping station. [By Brooklyn health department.] Parts per million. Total solids. .....-.-- TES Bolen So doo a SOEs ate ee Ane eS a ee 167. 50 Loss on ignition (organic and volatile matter)............-------------------- wet PR Ve 58. 12 IDIaG) yan MEE ee Is acae Se Oak ooo. oc Ce caste SER eI ae Se a ae a a . 06 Nibuminord aninonlat—s--eee eee eee eee se ae of atime scene owe tothe ek oe eee wee . 02 Chilonneastchiloridess=-. ewer eres one ree ens ae cate eet Sale coiee se bolask 37. 98 Chioninerequivalent torsodiumchlontdesesee ee oe eee eee eee ee 62. 61 Nitrogen as nitrates.....-.....-.-.-- DE ESERIES DE ees ee st een er 2. 39 Nitropenasimibnitese= 22 ame eee eee sls. o 8 yo ee os aS Caen Ber ere ee 05 Hardness equivalent to carbonate of lime (before boiling).-.-..........-.-..--.-----.--. 68.68 Hardness equivalent to carbonate of lime (after boiling)...................-.-.---.-.--- 61. 37 904 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 201. The following summary of the material penetrated at the Jameco pumping station has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn waterworks (see fig. 10): Records of wells at Jameco pumping station. Cramer IWell:mamiber’ jae eese see aeons e eects —{ 724A] 34.|/4A.)1B.| 2B. | 3B./ 4B.) 5B. |6B.|8B.)9B.| 10B © 4 No. 1.| No. 2. | =| = | 0 0/0) 0 ‘0 0 @) | = 0 (0) Recent. | 1. Peat and silt. to | to | to to _to to | to | 5S | Sy 6 4) 4.5; 6 = = to | || wo |- ® || © 0 0 2. Yellow loam. ws -| to | to 5 Dial 2.5) 2 | Wisconsin. | 3. Fine to coarse reddish-yellow sand 0 5 Daalbeo wien) |eao: to Gi = hatontn 19.5] 2 4.5] 6 and gravel, containing considerable material of glacial origin and per- | to to | to} to} to | to | to | to | to | to to haps representing Wisconsin out- | | ‘ . wash. 30 32 | 20 |} 18 | 22) 31 | 33 | 31 | 25) 34 |38?) 37 39 3 | : > to | 4. Very light-yellow to gray sands, gen- | 30 82 | 20} 18) 22/31 | 33 831 | 25 | 34 | 38?) 37, 39 erally very fine, but occasionally | ete Tisbury. containing a few pebbles. Con-| to to | to| to| to} to} to to | to} to | to} to}. to tains very little material which is | : fon lee clearly of glacial origin. 84 84 83 | 81 | 79 | 80 } 83.5 | 86.5) 83 | 87.5) 80 | 78 | 80) 84 a | | | | 84 84 | 83 | 81] 79 | 80 | 83.5 |86.5 | 83 |/87.5 80] 78) 80| 84 | 5. Dark-gray (“blue”) clay. to ino) | clae| | 105 | 106 | | | Gel 1@)|@) OO © | ©} ©) ©1710) ©) ©: Sankaty. | ®& Fine grayish-yellow silty sand with} +5 | +o | to| to|to|to| to | to | to| to | to| tol to| to pebbles. | 113 | 114. | 113 | 114 | 7. Dark-gray (‘‘blue’’) clay. to to ins 141 137 | 141) 138 | 137 | 141] 141.5] 141 | 143.) 140 | 144| 143 | 143] 135 st, aes | H | 141 137 |,141| 138 | 137 | 141| 141.5) 141 | 143! 140 | 144 | 143 | 143} 135 Jameco. 8. Dae brow ee Sera, multi- to to | to| to|to'| to| to | to to | to | to; to | to! to sr 160 161 | 154) 150) 151 | 154] 153.5) 155 | 157) 153 | 153 157 | 161 145 | ? | a Stratum 6 absent. The 183 shallow-driven wells which originally constituted this station were supplemented by 7 deep wells. Data regarding these is presented by Chief Engineer I. M. De Varona in the following table: Records of deep wells at Jameco pumping station. Nei | Saget | Sus st | com: Pepi mal lowper’a4) hours, when | | Inches. | Inches. Jats Uite Gallons. Gallons. 186 4 2 1891 | 165 O | 30, 240 172, 800 185 23 1892 | 163 0 34, 560 158, 400 100 + 24 1892 150 4 129, 600 403, 200 ee 4 23 1893 | 157 43) . 34,560 504, 000 : pooner 6 24 1893 151 43 684, 000 720, 000 |-------- 6 43 1893 154 9 144, 000 432, 000 Rati Deals 6 43 1893 150 10 201, 600 864, 000 In 1894 wells No. 100 and 186 were pulled up, cleaned, and redriven to depths of 157 feet 8 inches and 160 feet 7 inches, respectively. After being cleaned the normal flow of well No. 100 was 4,320 gallons per day, and with a pump it yielded 20,160 gallons; well No. 186 flowed 5,760 gallons per day, which was increased. to 60,480 gallons by pumping. No. 185 was tested without cleaning, and flowed 20,160 gallons, and with a pump yielded 90,000 gallons per day of Dwentystem hours. ~ ——— a ee DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 205 The results from these wells were so satisfactory that arrangements were made with Messrs. Andrews & Bro. to construct additional wells. Four 8-inch wells completed late in 1894 gave the following results: Records of Andrews deep wells at Jameco pumping station. : ahve | Length of pipe an plows No. of Thick f Thick Ba ieeweteeas aol aa Da 1 yield atl Saneretesturn, acy Sinai aia ler Beh ear ee STR ee Its Cipke EN Bith | Ft. in. Gallons. 1A a2 (0 55 6 OC 10 4 201, 000 2A 83. 0 59 4 | 11 54 144,000 | 3A Si G6 57 Oe | iil 4 159, 000 Aa ee SO) 58 8) | 12 7k 222, 000 In January, 1895, a test was made of these wells extending over a period of twelve days, during which time the’ wells were run under various combinations, from singly to all four together; the gaging showed an average daily delivery of over 1,000,000 gallons when one well was being pumped, and 3,500,000 gallons with the four wells connected. During the period of observations the elevation of the underground water at the 2-inch test wells, Nos. 8 and 9, at Jameco (each of which was about 140 feet deep), and the deep test wellat Baisley’s station (No. 200), about one-haif mile distant, was noted. The lowering of the water at the station was approximately 5 feet when 1,000,000 gallons were being pumped, and 10 feet when the delivery was 3,500,000 gallons. The greatest lowering shown at Baisley’s deep test well was slightly over 4 feet. The effect of the rise and the fall of the tide on the level of the ground water could not be taken into account at the time in determining the lowering of the water. Early in 1895 Mr. C. P. Cramer, of Paterson, N. J., completed a 10-inch well 160 feet deep, which flowed 150,000 gallons in twenty-four hours. A test of the four 8-inch Andrews wells (Nos. 1A, 2A, 3A, and 4A) and the 10-inch Cramer well (No. 5A), was made from December 9 to 28, 1895, the wells being run singly and in groups of from 2 to 5. Hlevations of the deep underground water level were taken at the Jameco test wells Nos. 8 and 9, at the 5-inch test wells Nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, and 11, and at Baisley’s deep test well. The average daily yield per well was approximately 1,000,000 gallons, with nearly a pro rata increase for each well connected, making the total yield about 5,000,000 gallons. During the test, lasting twenty days, the total amount pumped was 61,239,555 gallons, and when pumping the maximum of 5,000,000 gallons daily the greatest lowering of water at Jameco was slightly over 14 feet. The greatest lowering of water in the deep test wells during the above test is given as follows: Depth to which water level in neighboring deep test wells was lowered by pumping at Jameco station, December 9-28, 1895. Feet AME CORLES tp WiC LUN Os: Sas ean eRe oe eee ORL tah ce tee ee eye Seeks 1523; ameconsestuwiellisNio sO nme meen ne SPE ea! Se Lead. Seed ie eI aN Soe 2s ie sepa std - 18.44 iBaisleysydeeprtestawell (200) Beeewen tc) 0) Ae ie Jo oe cose bce see ylec’ 8. 86 URestarmelleN os IM(202) Sennen aime len Se EE tal. al ae eel ehenee deen ei 9. 99 MestawelleNos2 (203) eee ent or wae em amie 1s ya Sos Jae yrs eke cin aR 8. 69 Tae WCUUNOGE! GI) 52s co 36 bo SE SESS Se ee ee en eee an soil Mestawell Nos on (LI) Ramer ee Oy oe ek Ee eis Soy es ek ned 91 MestencellisNoiie (206) eeepc ee Ne oe le Lee ES oe coke secede doc il, 5 westaeLIUINio: pili (212) eee arannnreenrney sy 52 ars 58g Sry Jee ee iaseltk in ieclsckars Ho 25) The locations of these wells are shown on Pl. XXIV. 206 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Analyses of waters from wells at Jameco pumping station. [By the Brooklyn health department. Parts per million.] | avon Ole, No. 2A | No. 4A No. 5A (hal | gis. | afewsy. | dreway, | (ranien. e | Number of analyses. -. --.---- - | 2 1h 4 | 3 1 Total Sols.) 0 te tetas eat 174. 50 | 125.00 | 119. 25 | 123.66 138. 00 Loss on ignition (organic and | ise volatile matter) -_...-_.--.- ; 44.50) 20.00; 15.50) 19.383 35.00 | Minerallimartters= = 2255225 222. 130.00 | 105.00 | 103.75 104.33 | 103. 00 reeyanm onal ees sees see 48 78 7 61 | 1.04 Albumioid ammonia. -.-.---- - | S| 15 07 | at . 00 Chlorine as chlorides...........| 32.50) 4.50] 9.37| 6.66, . 6.00 Sodium: chioridess5 2225555554) 5550 [7.42 We a5, 44 - 10.98 9.89 Nitrogen as nitrates.__._..___- .42 fil ot 34 | . 00 Nitrogen as nitrites...........-| None. | None. | None. | None. | None. Total hardness................, 50.75} 92.00] 70.00] 72.83| 60.50 | Permanent hardness.....-...-. 50.75 | 87.00 | 40. 25 | 69.16 60.50 | | aAnn. Rept. Comm. City Works, Brooklyn, 1895, pp. 139, 141. A letter from W. D. Andrews & Bro., dated May 8, 1895, gives the following: ‘“‘In 1890 at Jameco Park we, on our own account, sunk test wells 4, 5, and 6 inches in diameter. From veins of water varying in depth from 30 to 160 feet the water rose 10 feet above the surface. The natural flow from one 4-inch open-ended pipe was 90 gallons per minute. Another 6-inch tube delivered at the ground level 500 gallons per minute and rose inside of the tube 11 feet above the surface. Durimg Major Boody’s term we made several 6-inch wells at Jameco station having an average depth of 150 feet and a natural flow at the surface of 120 to 180 gallons per minute.” 202. The following section has been prepared from samples preserved by the department of water supply, municipal building, Brooklyn: Record of Brooklyn test well No. 1, Brooklyn aqueduct and Cornell Creek. Wisconsin: Feet. 1 Light yellowish sands and! gravels elactaliys = oes os ee ee O- 54 Tisbury: 2. Wine, yellowish-gray., “pepper and salt” samdi===- 5-2-5 22 45 eas oe see ee 54- 62 3. Fine; yellowish=whitesand:< -:.22 {= 5-425) Ss es AP ee ee ee ee 62—- 75, 4. Grayish white silty sand and gravel (very few glacial pebbles)_--.....-.--------- 75— 89 Sankaty: 5: (Gray Clays2. cece Ss5neteed Looe te eee ee ee ee ee ee 89-142 Jameco: : é 6: Dark multicolored sandsand\jeraivel= sees sees =e a 142-156 “When the well casing was worked down to the surface of the ground the flow was 30 gallons per minute. The normal level of the water in the strata below the clay bed was 0.75 foot above the sur- face of the ground.” @ j a Ann. Rept. Dept. City Works, Brooklyn, for 1895, 1896, p. 343. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 207 Analysis of water from Brooklyn test well No. 1, Brooklyn aqueduct and Cornell Creek. [By Brooklyn health department. ] Parts per million. Mopallsclidses= =a era e: eS Ss 2) AS iS OS Ah es 8 Ae ns RS er Ae Ok 124. 00 TOSS Ola STNG 10 ae eee ee eat oie cea peta Seah I eile oe Aes eye eyes 14. 00 VRS A OOUAKOT Cae Gln ais gio Aes es os eyes SEE SNe © EL a a a na ee eae 2.05 PA bum im ord waar o Diameters) te nee A ny ee Soo es i ge See ne . 00 Chlormesaszchlond esse eee eer: Ane = ee oe eae Fee Ek ae ees 5. 50 SSO CNP RO MOC EY a5 ooo dood BROCE ee SEES Bee ee ee ee Ae ee eee ene eens a 9. 06 INTC REISE STAC. cata hos a Sea en aCe In gene See ie ee nee ee 30 Nitrogen ast mi tiiteseemme eer ter er Sees. Smet ea la. 5 uae) ay dante Sok yee Deets = mates None. TNO SUGGES. ade ac a Sols SAS eee eee ae ee a ee = se 75. 00 Rermanentah and essa een re ry ee ae ee il ee re Sete Sore Se Se =e 47.00 203. The following section has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn water department (see fig. 10): Record of Brooklyn test well No. 2, Brooklyn aqueduct and Rockaway road.. Wisconsin: Feet. IepHinestomyetyarcoarsemleddisiisilty; assim dessa ee eae ae eee = ae ees ae aa 0- 19 Tisbury: 2. Fine light, yellowish gray, “pepper and salt” sand .._....-.--.- ee ee Se yp LOST AS 3. Fine, darker, yellowish gray sand; some pebbles near otiom af lbs Bee oes ae 43-— 72 AveHine mer aiyls li. (Sa Caen ent etek ey csr the wa oS olay ese asim tpt see hae ee 72= 83 Sankaty: : Om Darkconayie silva lay aeeenee ey nea eine acess ieee oe NNER ee se See et eee ee 83-140 Ga Very) tine,«dark-orayaroamdiy silt: - 52523-2586 95-25 5see eee ee = ae neh cee eee 140-154 Jameco: 7. Dark multicolored sands and gravels; only a small percentage of quartz (pro- mouncedlya el aciall) prepare set yee ole ears ac eel ee eerie Selec en sek 2 es 154-258 “At a depth of 169 feet the water rose in the well to within 18 inches of the surface. When the pipe was down to 239 feet, the top of the pipe being 2.25 feet below the surface of ground, the flow was 5 gallons per minute.” Elevation 7.4 feet, Brooklyn base. Analysis of water from Brooklyn test well No. 2, Brooklyn aqueduct and Rockaway road. [By Brooklyn health department. ] Parts per million. ALOR ROG SIS RMR E RB oS wed Koc dS SSO Mes POO eS Be Ie eee ae Se eee an ee emi?! oa) ISOS HOR UAH O NS Sees ooo 5 of bo 5 SSeS ee ea es ae ers ee ene rene te 15. 00 INE) GINS Aesess occ os ac eo tees ede Poss Cee eo coe eae Bee eee eee a ees 51 Albumin ordain Oma sete oS eM 2 eS ae Ik See elas os ie Noes es , 10 @lilorimevashchloridesoanneReeInE © Sel tsyee Naren ess) ug ee Coe ee 7.00 Sovabieiamy) COT: od = ie are = = ok cael eeee Rene eI Ces a 11. 54 Nitrogen) asanitra te sme penn ees comer ee thee a Ae a a ye ie etietie te aoe aS . 76 INDRRO NOY LIS, TAPES: 55 ana oo ob ee eS Ae ee Sele oR a ee a ae es eer .05 hotalahardness #2. see ee ee ae ee ee cle ee Ree ee PET se NS BES EL 16. 00 Rermanent, hardness. seaman ett ey GS ee Se ek eee k ME Saat 16. 00 204. The following section has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn water department (see fig. 10): 908 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Record of Brooklyn test well No. 3, Brooklyn aqueduct and New York avenue. Wisconsin: . . Feet. 1. Reddish yellow silty sand and gravel_........-.-------- i RRR ae Sec 5 2 oO 9 ae and ‘Tisbury: . Fine to coarse reddish yellow sand with pebbles in lower portion (glacial). .--- 9- 45 A aes 3. Fine light=yellow-sand:... 2.42 52 Seco ne See 2s en eee oe eee See ee eee 45-— 86 Sankaty: 4. Dark-orayqsiltyulead=coloredeclay sess eae See eee eae ee 86-139 5. | Very thme;, darkeonsiy, ‘silty sand 92 se as ee ne ae ot ...- 139-158 6) Medium, ;dark-ordy-i silty sande: sae. S552 eee ee ee eee eee ee 158-160 7: Gray Claye sels See ee ee See ee Ee Ste ey se 160-201 Jameco: ; 8. Dark, multicolored, silty, fine to coarse sand (glacial)_-....._.-_.......--..-.- 201-277 Elevation 9.8 feet, Brooklyn base. In addition to the samples preserved in the glass tube a number were found in a can marked “Third, 5-inch test well;”’ they are as follows: “69 feet clay,” light-gray silty clay; ““72 feet wood,” small pieces of peat, evidently a swamp deposit; “140 to 158 feet wood,” fragments of lignitized driftwood; ‘‘161 to 202 feet wood,” lignitized pieces of driftwood. “No water was found in the strata below the clay bed.” © ~ 205. The following section has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn water department (see fig. 10): Record of Brooklyn test well No. 8, Brooklyn aqueduct and Farmers avenue. Wisconsin: i Feet. il eddishmyellow,timeltor coarse samc sss seers oe eee 0- 27 Tisbury: 2. Light, brownish yellow, fre tocoarse, Sand! SeF ase eect ee 27— 59 3. Fine speckled gray sand.............---.-.--- Peat ree GM RUE RR See chen 59- 72 Sankaty: . 4) (Grave Clave: 2ee eae. 2 eee PG Se 20s cae aN lee hae a a Poe ee ae 72-212 Jameco: 5. Dark, multicolored, fine to medium, dirty glacial sand (same as 8 in well 204)... 212-260 Cretaceous: 6. White micaceousjsands. 2... 252k 3 sat: Se ee = ee ere re 260-293 Elevation 10 feet, Brooklyn base. / The following samples were preserved in can marked ‘“‘Wighth, 5-inch test well:” “59.7 to 72.3 feet, specimens found in gray sand October 7, 1895”—water rolled twigs (only slightly lignitized), water rolled pieces of lignite, and large flakes of muscovite; “258 to 275 feet, specimens found in sharp white sand October 14, 1895,” fragments of lignitized wood; “‘ 258 to 275 feet,” several small pieces of yellow amber, and a piece as large as a pigeon’s egg of yellow gum. No water was found in the strata below the clay bed. 206. The following section has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn water department (see fig. 10): Record of Brooklyn test well No. 7, Brooklyn aqueduct, northwest of Springfield pumping station. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Yellow surface loam: s.. 26234285 em Sale ce pe oO 3 2. Light, multicolored, clean, fine to coarse sand...........--------------------- 3 20 Tisbury: 3, Clean; reddish: yellow, tune jtoncoarselsandhea see er eee e a eee 20- 32 4. Dirty yellowish-white, medium, ‘‘pepper and salt” sand........--..--.------- 32— 43 5. Fine to coarse, dark, yellowish gray sand...-.......-.-.---.-.:---.---------- 43— 65 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 209 Sankaty: Feet. Oi Greveiclatyan Ge bluemel aiygen) Nee saa oer = se ete ha eo) tet an ee ee Dis 65— 70 er SRCw AS 0 een ae ee eee em oe Ss DONA LIB) Per See ge Ce ook, dB Sas ats etapa 70- 78 SieGuraiycl aye eee nae: oe ee te vale eben A A aks Se 78-170 Jameco: 9. Reddish yellow multicolored sand and pebbles (glacial)._.-.......____....--- 170-183 Cretaceous: 10. Fine to coarse white sand with a few slightly darker quartz pebbles below... 183-420 The following samples are preserved in cans: “90 to 95 feet,” pieces of gray clay with vegetable matter, apparently marsh or swamp deposit. “88 feet, drilled through something hard for about a foot, presumably a log, as these fragments of wood were washed up.” “These fragments of wood” prove to be pieces of peat made up of parts of many small plants closely compacted. “230 feet,” large pebbles of rose quartz, much disintegrated felspathic rock, black chert, banded lime- stone, ferruginous sandstone, conglomerate, iron pyrite, and lignite. “Contained in gravel washed up from a depth of 171 feet’’—fragments of soft red Newark sandstone. “Pieces of wood washed up from a depth of 196 feet September 6, 1895’’—lignitized wood, evidently parts of a log. As the material in the tube from 183 to 420 is clearly not glacial, the sample from 230 shows some disagreement. According to the tube samples the glacial material ended at 182 feet, while according to the samples in the cans it extends to at least 230 feet. Elevation of surface, 10 feet Brooklyn base. ‘‘No water was found in the strata below the clay bed.” 207. Record of commission’s test well near New York and Locust avenues, south of’ Jamaica. Wisconsin: ; Feet. (COM Surtacen loadsa eae eee meee Sars Ss tees ha 2 32 ae SPI eS ek ee es 0.5- 1.5 3=Om@utwasht cray classe meee Ante ann Shoe Se a tee 8. aie gale 5.0- 29.5 See Table XII. 208. Record of commission’s test well on Rockaway road. Wisconsin: Feet. =n -Vellownsuriacew loam San erie ee erin etc FS Pctn ciara eee eae 0.5- 1 3-10. Outwash gravel with quite a considerable percentage of erratic material. -_- a .31 See Table XII. 209. Record of commission’s test well, 2 miles south of Dunton. Wisconsin: Feet. e230 Oanse San yaNl OA IEreEmnene en ies Melb meni myers ec ee a Oe, le ee eee Seca M 2 SOs Mellowish-reduclacialasamdnandtonavellys-s2s=. 4225055 2525825 e ea sad 2- 35 10-12. Dark, yellowish-gray, fine sand with much biotite....-.......-.--...-..-.. 35 44 210. Record of commission’s well near Morris Park. Wisconsin and Tisbury : Feet. [E2-w Mellow ASU COM Ona EEE stars, 8 a Seema sine tetrad es = - SER oka oe O= il 3- 8. Fime to coarse, grayish-brown, glacial sand...........--.--.--------------- 5- 31 G=12 S Dark steel-orayacandm (Glacial) p22 5.45 52 22220222 e- 222i 32 cy eae= Jo 582 31- 50.5 211. Record of commission’s test well near Jamaica. Wisconsin: Feet. lEwoeME ed Moron claeere weenie yer Nee Metre aren ee od) Ss /acite eee e ese e QO 4 4-12. Dark-gray fine sand and gravel with much biotite and erratic material... - 4 41 13. Small, multicolored, glacial gravel with much erratic material.._......-..-- 41- 43 210 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Tisbury: Feet (4=27,) Dark-eraiy fine) ito! sae divin S aici ere ae eee ae 43-106 28-30. Medium to coarse light-yellow sand with a very small percentage of glacial material. 22 nculoe Ss epee ee eee eae Sea See ee ee 106-111 Sankaty: 31=33.. Blue. sandy clay. ..-/.: cee See eee eee Se ee ene ee eaetiny Sem 111-122 212. The following section has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn water department (see fig. 13): Record of Brooklyn test well No. 11, near Jamaica. Wisconsin: Feet i, Kine to coarse) light) sand) wath) some wpebbless- =. 42 => 446s nee eee O- 3 2. Medium) reddish-brown! ‘said: a2 2 eee eee es oe eae ee eee Se (38- 7 Be Gamiien aS) oajste 25 2k eee ats te Saale 5S eV NO ec a 7-20 Tisbury: 4. Fine to coarse reddish-yellow sands (glacial)......--.---------------------«--- 20- 43 5. Fine, yellowish-gray, speckled sands (glacial) ..............-.-.--------+.:---- 43-— 89 6. Coarser yellowish gray sand with gravel. -.---- wa sik Red pee = Rh Sankaty: vee: Be Ts GURY. CLP: < aps, ose aoe aks ae ee Ce res ee ae ee Re eee 95-189 Jameco: ‘ 8, Dark multicolored fine) to) coarseysamdi(@lactall)e= 2s ee ree 189-200 Elevation of surface, 19.2 feet. were found. Between 190 and 198 feet below the surface large quantities of water 213. Mr. C. A. Lockwood has kindly furnished the following record of a deep well put down at the pumping station of the Jamaica Water Supply Company (see fig. 13): Record of well at pumping station of Jamaica Water Supply Company, Jamaica. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1, Surface: loam SAU See ctew cece ee ees ic ER Rees Stee eae eee eee 0) = iS 2. (Sand) end (eravel: da ee. Ae ne foie be os «iene en Be alee eer ee 1.5— 60 Sankaty: 3) Blue clays. qc aches! bs te she os Oe ee eee ees 60 -104 Jameco: 4. (Coarse sand and) reddish: oravell.2? 15°. 5225 op ee eee: eee eee 104 -120 Cretaceous: os Bluerclayalikes threat amy is treatin) oye ee ce create are eee ee * 120 - -140 6. Coarse sand and gravel lighter in color than preceding......-.-.--------- 140 —156 (fe ellos Clay Inlkeeveulnehi ml saa, GB) Gia 2 ose ss coosceasn a6 Sedeceaeoweao sade 156 -175 8. \Coamsedorarr Sandie 2 22. pee see ye eee eae aren er ae ee ee ee 175 —235 oO: “Pretty?” red) clays. 4 26.5, o2.0\a6 ck were eee Scenery eee ge ee eet 235 239 WO? Wigmites 28 ole es eee ee oe cee aoc eee 239 —240 ie Very coarse, sharp) nearly swiltite) sey cles ie are eee eee ee 240 — 12. Pink clay of the consistency of putty, described as very beautiful in APPCALANCSs 28 - .. Gos i s ers ree) ere ate eters asta Petes ees, eee ee 241 13; Lieiiites 42 23.52. cee oe Secees See a re Pe ee 241 —242 14, White: puttyalike clay. 2. 2. ou ee Bee ete ee en 242 —243 15. Beach: isandte i. 2c8 cw 8 he Gergen ee tee ee ee 243 —352 Near this well another well was put down to a depth of 330 feet, when work was discontinued because of the great amount of lignite encountered. The first clay bed in the second well was of somewhat less thickness than in the first. Clam shells are reported at various depths. The water in this well contains considerable quantities of iron. —' DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 211 Other wells at the Jamaica pumping station are as follows: One 8-foot brick-curb well 57 feet deep; one 8-inch tile well 50 feet deep; one 10-inch well 150 feet deep. The material above the first layer of clay in these wells varies in different localities from sand and gravel to a red or gray sand and in some places to quicksand. Mr. Lockwood reports that the capacity of the entire series of wells is 7,000,000 gallons a day, but that only 3,000,000 gallons a day are actually pumped during the summer months, and that the average for the year is from 2,275,000 to 2,500,000 gallons a day. The smallest wells at the station are 5 inches in diameter and out of a single one of these 250,000 gallons a day is pumped. In 1886 if the 10-inch and 5-inch wells at the station were allowed to remain without pumping, it took the water five seconds to recover its natural level. In 1903 it took four and one-half minutes to recover. In the interval of seventeen years the water level has been lowered about | foot. Analysis of well water from pumping station of Jamaica Water Supply Company, Jamaica. {By Brooklyn health department, July 31, 1903. Analyst, Richard J. Reilly, assistant chemist. ] Parts per million. JNO HMO ae ales Shey Ser are cits. 015 =, 2 RR MRI PEA Rehr nm ete PT Clear. (Choi eas Sack eee cient ath cle mma Coe BIE CO oe SOS Oe See ear ae tet ee ee anaer None. Odori(heateditomlOO Sek meee meester cles acen se ee cee bee ads dee Watiee ee Seabees Soaeeee None. Schiele = Sa yas ocenad Sb sg h0ciehc US OBOE Cee ee Re ee oe ee oe See ener ae meee (ln kopewayes tint @lnlfoyaskee es 2 ee ee eee Se eer eS cis ie aCe ene Cd 17. 00 Socuamrch Guides ence rene ot Ve sis hs coe olan cm cide Semi ie wraiwd Sekelalehe Scracne 1 28. 01 Phosphates. ---.--- -- Be, ae I a pt SAEED EA OS AIS nce Me OAS Sa AAP None. INIHROE GIR in, ANT LL St aeeta sere teamnIe et aie ial etal 2 ita fapet | apa aad uss os Gietal docnciata asl apmete aati =tarmy Beste None. INU ayeetey OT MNT ATE SSP SE he es in ciao eRe Pe PE a On 6. 00 incenanimlonia see vac te seep nearer ss cid mics lai la tte aie as, cya a pein erent nee lm uateia gs moe nels . 005 AMioyiiaamiateniel AunmUNOME eo oe Soo oe e565 soo ao eeee es ooe Teal Nie ie el pee Re 01 CARYoy HEAL luabeta la CISC) So acre, hos Soc. Aye Rea es SN ae a ee I 83. 4 TP vinashavsiniy MACHT S Sead citer: chao ae Hee OGC BETS DIGIC oe Geis See re Ate ee man 75.0 Oreanicrandiviolanlemaattens (OSsKomiomItTOn) sees nee = 22 eats eee ee 39.0 Mineral matter (nonvolatile).-..-..-.- he Re Ses Mee rs eee ee ele ae 120.0 Motalisolidsa(byacwapOua Ui) Me weters ape aya rersfleyelaya ep rveta mm eyelets byoiz leis aja wteereers eho: se 159. 0 Analysis of well water from pumping station of Jamaica Water Supply Company, Jamaica. [By Long Island Railroad Company, May, 1897.] Parts per million. SiO Mee or Ae See DORE ete tie ym EX Biot Uns tia at SRO oaiaeie seme’, winte ociene ee W7¢e 11 INOW GRACIA Oo. ccloeicls ao cage dole SRS DAG OM eneen tO ece Ean a Oem Ae rete rags Oe 2.39 CHICO Bae G8 oc Soodsens sede Sect Doct RODEO Sees nae eee eae Em eee Pte sete 29. 07 COO) 2 ee ee a Ss seb Wuhan Baa IAL 16, 42 CHSO) ee aR is seice sl co ance Qche AER E DEIR Cl fi CURSOS Ale Eee IPR EE ER Ely ee eet Be 23.77 WIG ON ee Ses do Grecia hia= Gio.d reese AAS RSS ae Re ee eee EES 14.71 IMEKOU SS A Rated cher ote lice creda TCT et RSP REC eT I aR a ie ee ee Oe, Soa 8. 21 DE ROBE, oo ooact 6.6 dite BORE POO RO HE Ee a CRS eee aE oe ee Roe Be Merten 111. 67 214. Record of commission’s test well near Jamaica. Wisconsin: Feet. (a tSiuiaievery, Clanalle epyavelyr: [Korine see ate Seve Reel eI ee ne Tes oa See ey es ere ere ee Dy, Solostonll, neyelshidnayclllony Woh Phila oe Oke e ane aes oe dees ee eb eee eerie e SAE NIC LLO WSU aS HIG OP mMmeM tate lepey sere tete a) Slay else ater tee rala\a a) sia sm ymiecle'e:aicteis, s syaerse ateve 5. 5-11 BG. Senaeheyg we Cay Cle. cee chee eee oe eee oR eee Soe Sass See See ete 15 -21.5 7-8. Sand bucket sample shows sand with a considerable percentage of fine gravel, and a wash sample shows reddish yellow sand....-.-.-.--------------- 25 -3dl 212 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 215. Record of commission’s test well near Jamaica. Wisconsin: 7 Feet. 19: Surface loam. 465895 45 ee eee {Ea volts Ae ee 0-1 3-8: Outwaskt gravel..2 2s). Rae en ere ce Le ee See Et 1 -25.5 See Table XII. 217. Record of commission’s test well near Springland. Wisconsin. : : Feet. =D; Suuncharce do al aes Sais a ee te a oa OO = 1 3-8. Outwash sand and gravel with much biotite..__..__..._._....._.........-.... 3 24.5 See Table XII. 216. Record of commission’s test well near Jamaica. Wisconsin: . Feet. 1-2: Yellow surtace loarinsj- 2.205 ees oe ee ee a re crear O- 2 3-5. Outwash material increasing in coarseness with depth..-_....-.--------------- 5 -16 Yellowish: sandy clay: 0: Us 0222 ie eee ye ae tee 2 ee 19. 5-20 6-8. Reddish-brown outwash sand and gravel:.._...-...-.-...------------------- 21. -32 See Table XII. ; 218. Record of commission’s test well near Queens. Wisconsin and Tisbury ?: aah: Feet. 1=2. Yellow:surface loam-1 2220205 ee eee ee oe oe ee eee aetna 0-1 3. Yellow loamy sand. 2.2 = 5.4220 e eee eee ere ee enh en eee ee a ene ie 5- 5.95 4-5. Light, grayish yellow, outwash sand and gravel... ..--.-- Dokl sR se eeae rerral Om 1G Gy Tae, Chdi<, suceleeemny Sainel (Glee)... o- se be eecssasseacosaco asad sacosebescce= 20-21 7-11. Light, grayish yellow, outwash sand and gravel..........._.....-..-.-..---- 26-60 See Table XII. 219A. This is a small private, high-service system, which draws its water from the mains of the Jamaica Water Supply Company and supplies an area of about.195 acres. 220. The following section has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn water department: Record of Brooklyn test well No. 7, near Hollis. Wisconsin: . 3 1 Feet 1. Reddish yellow surface loam and loamy sand_....--..---.-.------------------- O- 15 Wisconsin and Tisbury: 2. Light, reddish yellow, multicolored sands and gravel (glacial) ......-----_....-.- 15- 69 Tisbury: : Say Mediumelioht ovaytish yelloyyisandle === see eae naan ene ee ne 69— 77 4) Light=yellow sand... 2 03)... 2h2 002 5 GE eee ee | oe See a ee 77— 98 Cretaceous ?: a Wear ine, Gen, slliny Clay (Clone Gay”). 22 == acs25ssucqsens ee suse sdenadseeoese 98-103 Cretaceous: 6. Reddish yellow sand and gravel, with muscovite............-...---.-------.-.- 103-117 Go Wiel, yellonmisn yolaniiey, Tae ChiONN SANMOS. <5 = eee ee seco oe es secc oe sezsscaeens 117-144 Sa Darker yellows ln svylae rs ails sees eee eae re pele 144-157 9. Light, yellowish white, fine to medium sands. __-...-.---- 5 Soh, Se Oe gaa _- 157-217 10. Witite ‘quartz pebbles. sx:s 3) 76/1 oo yee oe ees Se 217-224 ike MTS 110) Convey, Ihvelore, welllon elm SeINCS— 2 oo soa scds esse esocasoe otagetsseelsce= 224-294 12: Bone pinkisands.222 eG seSsee tee ae eee eee 294-297 13. Fimereddish: yellow isang a 2-5 yey. 5 2 Sete a ta a 297-302 14. Dark blue-graiyclaye 5 ovens, 52 Ge Se eee tr ee ase Ae, ed ae 302-319 15: Bineveray sands e sa. a ee ee Pe Bila oye ereverciiiens athe eee ee 319-337 16., Very fine pinkish.gray Sand). 42.2222 25 =e nee == ae a noe ener re 337-348 17. Very fine olive-gray sand.-.-..-_.--- nS ramets opened ick, aloe al ek ge 348-354 18. Alternate layers of very fine and fine pinkish gray sand..--.-..._._._.-.....--- 354-369 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. Pills Cretaceous—Continued. Feet. Oke Hine: ichieoumumpenn dees See ce ee ok ee ey ed ae 369-401 20a Me dium dankconovgsnin Gl eke spy ase ee sn a ce oo oNte ce inst ee See She 401—403 Zila Vienymunenvenyadank-prayasand 08s eee nN. eeu eek ee ee 403-407 Blevation, 58.6 feet, Brooklyn base. The samples below No .7 all have cons derable muscovite and resemble the yellow Cretaceous sands of the old Westbury section (well No. 430) and the Melville section in the West Hills. 221. Record of commission’s test well near Woodhull Park. 5-9. Medium gray sand with much biotite. 20-52 22%. The plant of the Montauk Water Company, situated at Dunton, consists of eighteen 10-inch tile wells having an average depth of 50 feet. The type of the well and the character of strata penetrated is shown in the accompanying figure (fig. 63). Mr. C. A. Lockwood gives the following section of a well com- pleted by him at this point: Wisconsin: Feet. 12a ellow,sumtace loamy e422 eee ee O- 5.2 3. Very fine dark-gray clayey sand_____- 10-11 4-8. Highly erratic outwash sand and PTA VCE: BOS ee rites, es eee 15-29 3 See Table XJT. % 222. Record of commission’s test well near West Jamaica. : Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. o [Py Surtacersandiyallo nna = see eee 0-2 $ 2-4. Reddish brown fine to coarse glacial ic Sand see hese. oe ae 2-20 Solid vitrified sewer pipe with sulphur cemented joints Record of Montauk Water Company’s well at Dunton. Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. evcandyaloainaes ede oo eee eee 0-8 Dea ltrerclaivaeeem eee ess & pens nee oe 8-24 3. Coarse gray sand and gravel .__..__- 24-64 ce The following analyses were reported by the Long Island Rail- s road Company, April, 1897, and September, 1901, respectively: cy ~| Analyses of water from Montauk Water Company’s well at Dunton. s 5 Parts per million. 6 = PSN C8 elie ates a cs el cca ne eae ina er 19.15 Ss INGO CHC MIO O osname ne ae ee see Bil 38 (CINCO ue ole eta Cae Fae bee 42. 07 =5 INTE Os ce WIRE eR Ys ene as M3: 23. 08 ass (OEISO VE. Mcwe eae ee tag Bae Mega 10. 09 = MoS ©) Sera ote avcieene pee Ae ope erage ce sel bil = TESCl ame oe te A) Ne AL nee 14.19 Fe NEO an te ea he ee ae a one 4,96 114. 56 te : ISILON CU Ces 8 ch RIES ee te 20. 35 Fr@. 63.—Type of well used at the Montauk (CIC O) sas ose 23 Scie = op See sasha ESD waterworks plant at Dunton, N. Y. MeC (3. Pipes a= i mm i an 25. 65 ObSOns sites Se Ae ae ERS eer eS es 13. 00 MESO he soe db skbedats ac ceca eR cs DAR OE EBS See SUES Seine ee eee eee eee 7.69 WieO cee oo ee ee UE ne ia en ea ee ey 16. 42 EN (31 © epee ope seer mieten, Sb eRe ee cg nay ee eS LE aise iad ya se Selsig ae ee a 13. 00 150. 66 An excellent boiler water, but forms some scale. 214 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Analysis of water from Montauk Water Company’s well at Dunton. [Analyst, H. B. Hodges.] _ Parts per million Silica “oxide: of iron, and aluminas’ see. 0502 4.2 222 i oe eee 11. 97 Carbonates: of lime andimalonesia ese seer oars re es oe eee es Sere 77.98 Sulphate'-of: lime’ and magnesia -yo- 5226) 2.22. S25 eee ce ae a ee ee 22. 06 Chlorides.) '244. a2. 8 Se See terns, Sot = b's 22 oe ee ee eee, ee ee eee 39. 50 Soluble. sulphates: 22% poe eee 38 Sy ahve iS sc lnits eee a eee oe 51. 98 Total solidst! Siseee eren eee: coe. oa eae eee Ae ete 2 | eo OS Seen DOS ALO, 2A. Record of commission’s test well near Willow Glen. Wisconsin: ; Feet. i). seumius-stamediclays s- 05-2 ..2.- 2c oe oe oe oa eee 0.0- 0.5 2-Reddishtyellowsclavaene #.221< 22S sce es eee tts oe Le ieee Pye te 3-45 Veryiunesreddish-vellow, (clayey; Sandee. ae see sere ee ae 7 -14 5-6, Veryatinendank=eraly,. ol aciell series mere ee oie re ree 19 -25 225. The average section at this point is reported as follows: Record of wells of Oitizens’ Water Supply Company at head of Flushing Creek. — Wisconsin and Tisbury ?: ; Feet. lee Luishyclaygandistoness: 2) =o =e ee eee Boe Ge SSS ao) OSS Se 0-18 2 Coarselbrowmisandkandp Tay el =e ee Sse ghee ee a 18-45 3. Hime brow sama e 52 22 205k Ss sae erat ep ee 45- - Water below 50 feet is poor. 226. Mr. Edgar L. Wakeman, proprietor of the Deep Glen Spring, reports that in 1903 between 2,000 and 2,500 gallons of this spring water were placed on the market every week, having a value of from $200 to $250. : Analysis of water of. Deep Glen Spring, near Flushing. Parts per million. Sodium: chlonidete cages 222 5 ohn ds teeter See eT ee Oe 26. 3940 Sodium: bromides. Saye verges ak 2S when hee tare eel Sey yer et . 0360 Od Tumutod tessa eee ae EEE re ie ee a eh ert SANS Ree sei ail . 0051 Sodium/and! potasstumsullphaties = 5 22 2,3 yay ee eee ee ee 2. 8272 Sodium carbonate: jeer os wee ns sees oe ee eee ane et Gg) SORE See eee ee 6. 5040 Strontium’ carbonsterss qa. feces hon - = Secice ece SORE a ee en ee ee _ . 0022 Calcium. - --- Cras bose ee eA oa oOo eA Sa so oee 1. 5851 Magnesitim. 22. cee aascer : dese toes 2 Ce Se Ses Ba ee eee ee ee . 5147 Tiron 2ois as oe Geo eS te siese a e s/e ek Se a ns SS SRI hoe . 0955 Silica, 2 soso 5 ets Seer ee es oct 2. 2 Se es Se reer 7517 Organic ‘and: volatileymattentyas a= oo. oe BE ee eg ga eae Trace. 227. Record of commission’s test well north of Jamaica. Wisconsin: Be css Feet. (Black, humus-staiae ds yomshve)livall opin eee =) ye eee =r aera eee eee eee 0- 0.5 2. Yellow: cravelly, loamee soe se eee eS nc ee ee es 1-1.5 3-4, Reddish yellow iclayeyssands22- 2 2.5 «52 Soe Vee cee 5-11 5-8. Dark, grayish brown, fine to medium sand _..............-.-.--------------- 15-31 9-11. Dark, multicolored, glacial sand and gravel _..-.-....---- I theta cata 0 VN erat 35-46 228. Record of well between Queens and Bayside. i Wisconsin and Tisbury: s Feet. 1. Loam and: loamy clay: 2 ee emer ee eateries eee coe Sense 0-50 2. Sand and onavelss sese= eee eee Sei a aclnisig ato PS Wes Wa eee 50-86 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. Daa 5) 229. Record of commission’s test well near Flushing. Wisconsin: Feet, 1-8. Yellowish gray sand of probable outwash origin _.................--.-----.-- 0-31 9. Yellowish gray sand with small percentage of clay .-..............-.----------- 34-35 See Table XIT. ' 230. This well flows 12 or 14 inches above the top of the ground. It is just below the dam of the ice pond, and Mr. Sweeney believes that this is possibly responsible for the head. Record of well of Casino Lake Ice Company at Casino Lake, near Flushing. Feet WS LAC ON TTC: ae ae a ne raise SAB EE Be) A oe «Sai tenets c-waie ae O- 5 Pea @OMpAch meine OmsnnCenUGs AVC) aan = aes oe ee oA eno = capes ets ns, - 5-13 3. Clean coarse red sand......-.-.----- OIE Se ete ee BOIS es ee ee 13-35 ee tive-witite quantize lane Semen oP eee a be oe ee od) AS 35-40 231. This is the old College Point municipal plant, which was built in 1874-75 at the Kassena spring south of Flushing.” It has now been decided to replace or supplement the spring supply by driven wells. The following sections of 3 test wells are reported by Mr. C. D. Corwin: Record of test well No. 1, Fresh Meadow pumping station, south of Flushing. Feet IeeBlack: silty mud ss. 2a ee Set Se EE Soe cee ae ne oe cml 0. 0- 2.6 Pe, MSO SOB an ail WON Se IS oe cic I ee ee ae 2.6- 5 SS AN) Gp SIAC OTA eG |e a Rr OE Bec Lye LS eo Ne Ae lS 5 -10 ARNE OW a SHIN Ce sero are ee ee es eX Ee IMS oc cm ayniz a oer 10 -12 ome Mediamiserany Sands. 22 seer as. m= 2 Se. |, Seine teat es eeepsiegeiaded we ae 12 -24 Gukine yellowisand.+15--ne ae ee era Bae Se eo. et edte oe sac kceres Ss ae 24 -26 (ep wellow? medium sand) withmwatevssss: =. 2 fo -osec5 2 aoc de ee ee be eee bee ece 26 —40 Sm Ooarseyellowssan dss ssa eee Ree ies oe Seesaw seid es SSA. seen ese oa so 40 -55 Opeyellowsand «white rclayaendetimensin dees 85 522 2222-22 282 ae eee 225 DD OD Ome ellow, clay: anditine card aes = eee eel ota BEE oS ee Shy aso Je 65-75 imine: wihite: SHnd | howedmshioMtlvereese saeco ao shes aces 25sec ota cies eee 75 -80 At 49 feet flowed 14 gallons per minute 24 inches above ground. Brook is 9 inches higher than pond. Temperature of water of well, 56°; of pond, 44°. Mr. Corwin has furnished the following samples from this well: Record of test well No. 1, Fresh Meadow pumping station, south of Flushing. Wisconsin or Tisbury: Feet. 1. Clean, orange-colored, quartz sand and small gravel, with considerable percentage Ofeglactall ma terie meee ante of 09a oni on ee Rs alin ced 49 Mannetto or Cretaceous: 2-3. Very coarse orange sand and small gravel; quartz with a small percentage of decayed white chert, which suggests Cretaceous or Mannetto........-...-.-.----- 50-57 Cretaceous ?: 4, Medium white quartz sand, with much muscovite.........-.-.-.------------- 57-85 Record of test well No. 2, Fresh Meadow pumping station, south of Flushing. Feet Remake Silty: TUG. =- eee eet 7. athe ic es ire ates Si yey ge eA a ll ae PON 0. 0- 2.6 Pee Own Claya Wilkins tOUCsmmnE MeN es aire et ee eC Se ae ek taken a cok wld 2.6- 5 oo NSnMCGl GHGh FARR Mees on no wie cic be Rey er Oe Ene ee ee ee 5 -10 th WOINONGy CRINGE SS ee on Se a2 22 oe SOBER Ree Be Ce eee eee 10 -12 5, Mig tinal seh Ren Wee se. sea 2 Gn See oe Caen See ee a eee ee 12 -24 Gamiiintcskyellow: SANG See eee eee Ae Pe ee ee i eae 24 -26 fpeMediummesyellow sands weter-beanine 5. 2-28 aa ses 2 oe oe ewe ee ee ew a 26 -—55 Sa Commmenyellows and wwintersand miMtxeda-- 2-2 22 es eee eet Ae ein OD =D CR iibeusa nde andac ay. samme rene Le we he ook Ne ee ne 57-80 a Fire and Water Engineering, vol. 23, 1898, p. 91. 216 On ke Wh VS. Record of commission’s test well near Flushing. UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Record of test well No. 3, Fresh Meadow pumping station, south of Flushing. . Gray sand! withstones’2..4.254 22. ae Se Sees Ss oe ee ee ee , Hardpan; ‘clay jandsstones.... . <2: <<... oho. -5 ee ee » Medium sandiwathedittles water... = 22/2422 5522 seen et ee eee s Medium idark#samdeay ioc. 06 2c oo oe Ee eee ee ee » Mediumverayrsandinwath? water: 5. 22 <2) yo Se eee etre epee afc eee . Medium sand, darker---- Se eee eee PR a, 82 7 Seo os ee eS Wisconsin: (2 Suriaceloameere esas. ae te AC a I RE aS cic ml om 3—(eeellowsesilty.-sand: and jbowlders=2 22255 ee = eee oer : S-9h Kinessand! to small eravel) dark, milticoloredsee= ss ees 4 ee eee ee 233. Record of commission’s test well near Broadway. Wisconsin: I viellowssandy loam. ........2:::o5js5ee see Neen Cen eee ee 4 Rinerdarks yellowish), (claiyeiy, psi tiyse sama cle ees es renee pe 5-6. Dark multicolored sand and gravel; large percentage of erratics.._._.->-.-.- 7-11. Dark, yellowish brown, fine to medium sand with considerable mica. --..-.----- 234. Record of commission’s test well at Queens avenue and Rocky Hill road. Wisconsin: 2) Dark loamy: ‘sand and gravel: eo a5 she. ates ee ee 3-8. Glacial sand and gravel with a very large percentage of fresh glacial material. - Wisconsin and Tisbury: 9. Dark, reddish brown, fine to coarse micaceous sand (apparently glacial)... .--.- Tisbury: 1O—litehines toycoanse yellow sandiy(elaciall) same sere aera een ae oe 235. Record of commission’s test well near Auburndale. Wisconsin: 1-3. Yellow loamy sand......-- Re ee ge eee alas Samu Je eee ne oe ous 4-8. Dark yellowish brown sand and gravel of glacial origin...-....-.-.------.-- Oe Darkasilingisand stormed! frome drallimesiunlioc kas ee LOS Mee Multicolored: yelacialll: oxray;ell till eee eee eee eens een et eee See Table XII. 236. Record of commission’s test well near Bayside. Wisconsin: ilYellowishiibrowmr surface. loam. 2 )5.2.2s- 2s eee ee eee ee eee eee . 2-o Reddishmloamiy ysand? ==... = 10) cee cis ce ee oe eRe ee eee ee 45 Yellowisheibrownesilt sto fines cravelll(elactalll)saees =m seen 5: Yellowishelayeytsamdts so... 2. Sasser ee ee 6. Blackuclayeyesandsne- dia. 26 252-5. See ee HES ee ee eens Wisconsin and Tisbury: 7-14. Dark reddish brown sand and gravel (pronouncedly glacial)..........--.---- Tisbury: fs), IOvedntsy, aeaolabisla ywalllony,, vaneeehivien Seve 23 Segoe 22 22 22 eo ecce aces se seeesseedee 16. Grayish white sand and gravel with a very small percentage of glacial material. - Cretaceous? 17. Medium grayish yellow sand with muscovite (probably not glacial) ......---.-- DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. DUT / 237. Record of commission’s test well near Bayside. Wisconsin: Feet eZ on CHOW A SADC aRC years meet eree a a= em en 2 ane es hee Ts Q- 2 oad Yellow clayey isang withysome pebblesssessessere-- 2224-5524. ones eee 3- 5.5 201) DATKAC AV CV ce nC Hemmer eter cine me tem mmc aay lo) Noe A eee 10-18 7-10. Mottled sand and gravel (pronouncedly glacial)..............-...-...-...- 20-29. 5 11. Multicolored sand and gravel similar to that found below the blue clay on the SOUt MSN OTC peep ety amen at tel taps cre anor cate ee pereecie Geta ansie ea relete ced Sisto sianeie ciety 35-36 1,780,000 gals, | per 24 hrs. Test well No.1 © Test well No.2 7Test well No.3 Test/well No.4 Yvest wet No.5 Scale 200 300 400 6500 feet eee er ede te ee ah Fie. 64.—Sketch map showing location of test borings at Bayside pumping station. 12-13. Dark yellowish clayey sand (glacial).......-.......--.-.----------------- 40-46 14-16. Dark, multicolored, fine to coarse sand (glacial)....-......-.------------- 49-65 Tisbury: 5 17. Fine to coarse yellow sand with very little glacial material _......-.-.-.-.-.- 65-66 Tisbury ?: 18. Yellow sand and small gravel with many fragments of ferruginous concretions. . 70-71 17116—No. 44—06——15 218 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 238. The 21 wells which now supply the Bayside pumping station are all finished in glacial sand and gravel of Wisconsin or Tisbury age. The engineer at the station reports that the wells will begin flowing about five hours after pumping is stopped. Ten test wells were put down several years ago around the edge of Oakland Lake just above the pumping station; the material penetrated is shown in the following table, which was prepared from the samples by Mr. Alexander S. Farmer. the accompanying sketch map, fig. 64. The location of the wells is shown on Description of samples from test borings at Bayside pumping station. [By Alexander S. Farmer.] Test Composition of soil at a depth of— boring No. 5 feet. 10 feet. 15 feet. 20 feet. 1 | Sand, brown, mixed with | Sand, brownish white, | Sand, brownish white, | Sand, white with brown- black; fine quartz grains. mixed with black; coarse mixed with a little black; ish tinge; fine quartz and fine quartz grains. coarse grains, homogene- grains, homogeneous in ous in character. Water character. é bearing? 2| Sand, brown, mixed with | Sand, brown, mixed with | Sand, white with brownish | Sand, white with brown- black; coarse and fine black; coarse and fine tinge; very fine quartz ish tinge; very fine quartz grains. quartz grains. grains, homogeneous in quartz grains, homoge- character. neous in character. ° — 3 | Sand, brown; coarse grains | Sand, brown; coarse quartz | Sand, light brown; fine | Sand, light brown: fine zs to } inch in diameter in grains 7 te } inch in di- quartz grains mixed with quartz grains mixed a matrix of finer quartz ameter in a matrix of some coarse ones. with some coarse ones. grains; porphyritic in finer grains: porphyritice che acter. Water bear- in character. Water ing? bearing? } 4 | Sand, brown; coarse grains | Sand, brown; coarse grains | Clay, white................. Clay, white. in finer matrix. in finer matrix. é 5 | Sand, light brown; coarse | Sand, light brown; coarse | Small gravel } to } inch in | Sand, cemented in slate- grains in finer matrix; grains in finer matrix; diameter, cemented in colored clay matrix. porphyritic in character. porphyritie in character. brownish-white clay ma- : trix; porphyritie struc- ure. ‘ 6 | Sand, light brown; coarse | Sand, light brown; coarse | Sand, light brown; coarse | Sand, light brown; coarse grains. Water bearing? grains, #4, to } inch diam- grains, 7, to + inch diam- grains, 3; to inch diam- eter, mixed with finer | -eter,, mixed with finer eter, mixed with finer ones; porphyritic charac- ones; porphyritic charac- ones; porphyritie char- ter. Water bearing? ter. Water hearing? acter. Water bearing? 7 | Sand, brown; coarse grains | Sand, light brown; con- | Sand, light brown: coarse | Sand, light brown; fine containing some mica; tains some black; very grains in finer matrix; grains; mica present; homogeneous in charac- fine grains; mica present; mica present; porphyritic homogeneous in charac- ter. homogeneous in charac-| incharacter. Water ter. ter. bearing? : ; , 8 | Sand, light brown; coarse | Sand, light brown; coarse | Sand, light brown; coarse | Sand, light brown; coarse grains in finer matrix. grains in finer matrix. grains in finer matrix. grains in finer matrix. Water bearing? Water bearing? Water bearing? 9 | Sand, light brown; coarse | Sand, light brown; coarse | Sand, light ‘brown; coarse | Sand, light brown; fine | grains,,7; to #; inch diam- grains, ;; to 3 inch diam- grains, +, to 3; inch diam- grains, homogeneous in eter, in finermatrix; mica eter, in finer matrix; mica eter, in finer matrix; mica character. present; porphyritic present; porphyritic present; porphyritic character. Water bear- character. Water bear- character. Water bear- | ing? ing? : ing? 10 | Sand, buff colored; fine | Sand, buff colored; fine | Sand, light brown; fine Do. grains approaching clay grains approaching clay grains, homogeneous in in composition. in composition. character. Test Composition of soil at a depth of— boring o. 25 feet. 30 feet. 35 feet. 40 feet. 1 | Sand, white with brownish | Sand, almost white; very | Sand, almost white; very | Sand, white with brown- tinge; very fine quartz fine quartz grains, homo- fine quartz grains, homo- ish tinge; coarse.quartz grains, homogeneous in geneous in character. geneous in character. rains, 4 to inch in character. jameter, mixed with coarse and fine grains; porphyritie in charac- ter. Water bearing? 2 Sand, brownish white; | Sand, brownish white; | Sand, light brown; very Sand, white with brownish tinge; fine quartz grains, homogeneous in charac- ter. coarse quartz rains,’ homogeneous in charac- ter. Water bearing? coarse and fine quartz grains. fine quartz grains, ho- mogeneous in character. EE se DESCRIPTIVE NOTE S ON WELLS. 219 Description of sanyples from test borings at Bayside pumping station—Continued. Composition of soil at a depth of— Test boring No. 25 feet. 30 feet. 35 feet. 40 feet. \—— = = eres — | 3 Sand, light brown; very | Sand, brown; coarse quartz | Gravel, brown; grains aver- | Sand, light brown;- very | fine quartz grains, homo- grains, homogeneous in aging +; inch in diameter, fine grains mixed with geneous in character. character. Waiter bear- homogeneous in charac- coarse ones. ing? ter. Water bearing? 4 Sand, light brown; very | Sand, very light brown; | Gravel,light brown; grains | Sand, light brown; fine | fine grains, homogeneous very fine grains, homo- averaging + inch in di- grains mixed with coarse in character. geneous in character. ameter, homogeneous in ones. character. Water bear- ing? 5 | Sand, cemented in slate- |} Sand, light brown; coarse | Sand, brownish white; | Sand, light ‘brown; very colored clay matrix. grains, homogeneous in very fine grains; resem- fine grains, homogene- character. Water bear- bles sea sand; homogene- ous in character. ing? ous in character. 6 | Sand, light brown; coarse | Sand, light brown; coarse | Sand, light brown; coarse | Sand, light brown; fine grains, jj; to } inch diam- grains, ;; to } inch diam- grains, #7; to } inch diam- grains mixed with coarse eter, mixed with finer eter, mixed with finer eter, mixed with finer ones. ones; porphyritic charac- ones; porphyritic in char- ones; porphyritic in char- ter. Water bearing? acter. Water bearing? acter ater bearing? 7 | Grains averaging ;#; inch in | Clay, grayish white-..-.-.-.-.-.- Sand, light brown; fine | Sand, light brown; fine diameter, cemented to grains, homogeneous in grains, homogeneous in some extent in grayish- character. character. white clay matrix. , 8 | Sand, light brown; coarse | Sand, light brown; coarse | Sand, light colored; very | Sand, light colored; very grains in finer matrix. grains in finer matrix. fine grains approaching fine grains, homogene- Water bearing? Water bearing? clay in composition. ous in character. 9! Sand, light brown; fine | Sand, light brown; coarse | Sand, gray; large grains, } | Sand, light brown; coarse grains, homogeneous in grains, ; inch diameter, inch diameter, in finer grains in finer matrix. character. in finer matrix. Water matrix; porphyritic in Water bearing? bearing? character. Water bear- ing? 10 | Sand, blackish brown; | Sand, white; very fine | Saad, light brown; coarse | Sand, light brown; fine coarse grains, homogene- grains containing coarse grains in finer matrix. grains, homogeneous in ous in character. Water ones; resembles sea sand. character. bearing? Test Composition of soil at a depth of— boring No. 45 feet. 50 feet. 55 feet. 60 feet. 1 | Sand, brownish white; | Sand, brownish white; | Clay, yellowish white..-.-.-. Clay, yellowish white. coarse, differentiating to coarse quartz grains, fine quartz grains. Wa- homogeneous in charac- ter bearing? ter. Water bearing? 2! Sand, light brown; very | Sand, light brown; very | Sand, light brown; very | Sand, light brown; very fine quartz grains, homo- fine quartz grains, homo- fine quartz grains, homo- fine quartz grains, ho- geneous in character. geneous in character. geneous in character. mogeneous in character. 3 | Sand, light brown; very | Sand, light brown; very | Sand, light brown; coarse | Sand, very light brown; fine grains mixed with fine grains mixed with grains in finer matrix. fine grains mixed with coarse ones. coarse ones. coarse ones. 4 | Clay, yellowish white-....-- Clay, yellowish white..--..- Clay, yellowish white... --- Clay, yellowish white. 5 | Sand, light brown; very | Sand, light brown; very | Sand, light brown; fine | Sand, light brown; fine: fine grains, homogeneous fine grains, homogeneous grains mixed with coarse grains mixed with in character. in character. ones. coarse ones. 6] Sand, light brown; fine | Sand, light brown; fine |..--- (6 Kotte a erate epee Do. grains mixed with coarse grains mixed with coarse ones. ones. - 7 | Sand, light brown; fine | Clay, grayish white......... Clay, hehitidraibs=. 22-5252 Clay, light drab. grains, homogeneous in character. 8 | Sand, almost white; resem- | Sand, grayish white; very |-..--- UG Kole aes ee yO Do. bles sea sand; much mica fine grains; on the border present. line between clay and sand. 9 | Sand, light brown; coarse | Sand, light colored; fine | Sand, grayish white; al- | Sand, grayish white; al- grains in finer matrix. | grains containing some most clay: impalpable most clay; impalpable Water bearing? ! @oarse ones. character. character. 10 | Sand, light brown; fine Clay, grayish white. grains, homogeneous in character. | Clay, grayish white......-.. 220 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 239. The following section has been prepared by Mr. Alexander S. Farmer: | Record oj well at pumping station No. 1, Whitestone. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Water-bearing’ sand. and graivellie ss meee yee trte oe wre se let re gee 0-25 Sankaty: 2. Blue .clayic 23 eases ied <5 ee a 25-45 Jameco: : Sb MieniGelenavaercbyorlbsenclemane! enn... s2seqssedasscaus boob secs ceasece sass 45-95 Cretaceous ?: cs © ee Sea ee eee ET cee NS os 2S SS Re ASEM OES akinke Son Sees 95- 240. This well was driven in the bay 100 feet from the shore; at high tide it is covered with from 12 to 14 feet of water. ; Record of well of McWilliams Coal Company near Whitestone Landing. Recent: Feet. i. Raver. matt). 2.0.2. 0s tecSe 5 Secale ee ere ee eS on 2 oes ns eee nee ape ea OF (5 Cretaceous: 2. Blue, white; and red clay, arranged im alternate layers, but containing no sand ee OF @tavel-2e 25.54.22 0 ae Sg re ep eet) 2 Ne eee 3" 62575" 241. Four test wells were put down to depths ranging from 90 to 120 feet; in all of them the water was found to be brackish, and the wells were abandoned. ‘The tops of the wells are about 15 feet above high tide level, and the water in them fluctuates with the tide, to an amount thought by the driller to be almost equal to that in the bay; they are situated about 400 feet from the water’s edge. Record oj railroad wells near Whitestone Landing. Recent: ’ Feet. 1. Coarse, sandy, marsh material and “ muck”. -_--- Be eect ek yn SA Se CR O- 15 Tisbury: 2. White beach sand: 22.45 oa ee ee ees Jes oe seer el OpMOOm Sankaty: D Be (Chaise oe SS EE so Beis eciter y e e fe cc ace ee 60- 85 Jameco: 4. Coarse varicolored gravel _.........-...------- se Si elon art age SERS Mp eo Fs 8 85-120 242. This was formerly a private plant from which the water was pumped into a ground reservoir on the hill behind it. It was later acquired by the city, and is now used only as a reserve station. 243. Stotthoff Brothers report the following section for this well: Record of W. W. Cole’s well near Whitestone. Feet. Ie Dup* welll. 35...2(o. 2022 SAS eee See Ee Cee Ae RE a Ee eye ee 0-16 Sankaty?: DClaye sof ee ela 2 2S 2G eR eR SU es op ile ct oe ee eR 16-56 > Sankaty? and Jameco?: ; 32 Quicksand! 2-28 Je. e Jo. 232 SSS eee ee Oe eee ee eee 56-70 Jameco: ars ‘ 4 Medium), ‘coarse, water-bearine gravel) "525 70-96 244. No definite information has been obtained regarding the deep well at this point, other than that it is about 500 feet deep. The depth to bed rock, which is an interesting point, because this well is in the line of the old Sound River Valley, is likewise not obtainable. It was reported from one source as being about 10 feet above sea level, but Maj. Edward Burr, of the Corps of Engineers, reports that the excavations at this point have not shown rock at such a height. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 221 2A6. Record of H. B. Gilbert’s well near Great Neck, Elm Point. Wisconsin: © Feet. ileesviellowe-clarvgsnatt ab OwilG Gls eee = see meet satel bee c= oe nel eee ee ae ees O- 12 Tisbury: aN ay i SH Cee eee Sal eta as ee ser a eis 2. tS ore sees eee eee 12— 24 CSA REISE a TET EINEN Swe 2 Sree cers Lies aR pe AG (a a an EP 24— 56 Tisbury ¢: ae Ue: Gan alay= COlOTC CES Capen yee ae sete eee e eo oN ss ae ee 56- 66 eNO MOC ses cac co once ogRee Sen Aes ee HEe Rae eS COE See ee a eee eet = 66-103 G. Come seungl gine! ginaiwell, weuee lenis. {2s oe a ne oe hse se cee oeese aes = 103-114 A near-by dug well encountered water at 26 feet, evidently in layer No. 3. This dug well goes dry in dry seasons. 247. Record of J. E. Martin’s well near Great Neck, Elm Point. Wisconsin: 1. Yellow clay with bowlders...:_.--.-.-----.-_--= pot yet rahe A olla ale anid lite 7, laleichonia Clehy syatiln Sanmllll Goes: 222s oe oe eee eee = sears Ore eer a ee Tisbury: 3. Gray sand, passing below into gravel about the size of shelled corn 249. Mr. J. H. Herbert has kindly furnished the following samples from this well: Record of H. B. Gilbert’s well near Great Neck, Elm Point. Wisconsin: 1-2. Red sandy clay (glacial) Cretaceous: 3. Fine white sand with lignite 4. Very fine, white, sandy clay Oa lRine ond Asam dean Cum OmTUe reser te We es ele ee ASR oe en Nn Se kee Ga Gralye lamunatedecl a yaar tee nese = sae. le ee eer oe eae Le The well was abandoned at this poimt and a new well (248) arnle at a distance of about where a good supply was obtained in glacial gravel. Feet. 0-22 22-30 30-67 Feet. 6-11 13 ly 19-24 60 300 yards, 251. The driller reports a dry hole at 65 feet, and water at 66. The well is about 6 feet above high tide near the beach, and it is stated that a float placed in this well did not fluctuate with the tide. Record of H.C. Childs’s well near Hewlett Point. Wisconsin: ie Sura ces OAliye Sal C meee eae ate Sey sina ye RRS wicca eee 0-3 Wisconsin and Oretaceous?: DD, (STE NZASENING He 2 u's coe Sato So BEE RRO E teehee SOR po eee 3-26 Cretaceous ?: Bp SUMPMOL ee tials oo Bee cee See e Oe See Coe ae oe Oe eee ee eee eee 26-29 A Quicksand. se are tee See sce Re Et Shed oc Pres Maite caine sae Scat 29-35 ay, Glommsrminhy SainGl, GIANT: se cases Sioa ie te ae Re Seta SAS a ee 35-65 GEO ere cet ba cat We ci oe ee eee OES Chee ee ee cret 65-65. 5 Te NGrrch gala WOOP sco oc cock Sa Goes Here Hee Ae Sees le Nate eee eran eee 65. 5-66 252. Mr. Herbert reports having sunk a 6-inch pipe 40 feet in the bottom of a 52-foot dug well; he then encountered hard rock (probably a bowlder) and discontinued the work. The material penetrated was all quicksand and gray beach sand. 254. It is stated that Mr. Griffin had 17 wells put down at his place without success; one on the edge of the beach, about 200 yards north of well No. 251, is reported to have been 90 feet deep and to have found no water. The well completed by Mr. Herbert furnishes a good supply of water. The material encountered in this well is as follows: 222 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Record of C. L. Grijfin’s well near Hewlett Povnt. ; 4 Feet Us Ropmsolle ne es” eels MRR 5) 5e-55 54 See eer, Dee RA SS eae A 0-3 2. Blue vclays. 22. 2226 32 sc 2 2 ee oe ee OE Ag he eM ens yh S ek ai 3-26 A @wicksand): 22028 220s esos eee ee tC Ree 26- 5. aght-eray ‘hardpan. 2s. 2228 eee ee ee eens eae ee ee on 6. Gray: eravelic 252.242. 38 = ee ee ee eo ee ee —68 255. Record of W. H. Arnold’s well near Hewlett Point. i ee Tl. Hard. dark-colored searth: 22 25. /Se5 esses as ae a ee 0-16 22 Xellow sam diy = ee ener . 12.000 ==" . Mineral matter (nonvolatile) CO, restored with ammonium carbonate.__-_-,-_.--_--- 34. 500 otal¥solids; (by evaporation) \ dried aty [lO AC same 8 2 eee 46. 5i Appearances. 2 Pe0 2 =< goo Se oe oe a Sete, Ne ce. Sere eee _ Slightly turbid. Colors; ase. dacs Ay ee ee = Sere Slightly yellowish on account of sediment. Odor (heated to: 100° BY) S 22 22..-62 Se ee ee cn ake eee ee None. Taste ...2: 25.222 26562020222 322.06 2 re ee = aa eee None. The Long Island Railroad Company report the following analysis of water taken from the mains of the . Queens County Water Company at Rockaway Beach, May, 1897: Analysis of water of Queens County Water Company at Rockaway Beach. Parts per million. (0 a er er emeweeee lee eee Te Bes 14.71 ALO; and We,Q352> --.-2 25222 5- 25s eee Bate eee 3. 42 CaCOh oc ee ee a ee 3 eS ee Trace MeCQ3: 22 222k alt She: Se SS oo er ee Re eee 4.10 CaSO prt eee Ree Rae ae ee Pie oh 1 es ee 8. 04 MaQ yeh gute ue toh A I Re 3 Sie i 4. 62 INGO Ms stot So he Ss Ged ae Se ee ef ee 2 ee 2, Be tad es neha ee gs eR eR oe, Sg ee 37. 11 274. Mr. Walsh reports that at a depth of 50 feet layers of lignite and mud were encountered, in which were found “snail shells, skimmer shells, and razor shells.” (See fig. 13.) Record of well near Hewlett. ; Tisbury: Feet. 1. Sand and gravel similar to material elsewhere on Rockaway Ridge_.._.--.-..-- 0-13 Sankaty: : 2. Blue Clay. = 2.22.32 be sobs: ese oe pee ee ek ee 13-21 - Sankaty and Jameco: 3. Fine sand with no available water. __-_---- eR EN LE ee ae ees 21-70 4. Good’ water-bearing ‘sand!)— 22.2. =e oe eee eas oe eo eee 70- 0 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. POAT 275. Record of Mrs. Julia Flower’s well near Lynbrook. Tisbury: & Feet. Ib Brownt tomredycandmandmeravell se... 2252 ase ose ye See See hee O- 13.5 Sankaty and Cretaceous: 2a PertechlymenympluemelayveanoStoness2s.52 24). ae ele. oa.2 2028-2 ek eee oe eee 17- 80 3. White clay, which became creamy under the action of the wash pipe. ___--.-- 80- 82 ASSEN AYASUL YEN ISCNOG LS es thes S cee es or UNE yr a eat re et ne a Ne SE == B= 0) 5, ine Geyy Stiamlleve ko Wah tn SOHO Mo. s5e4eansesssees oss bas co bee see 90-130 6. Fine sand, somewhat clayey from clay above. ....-.....-.-.-.-.-+-.----.-.- 130-135 7. Sand, changing gradually to white gravel. (This layer was water bearing, but the water had a puckerish taste, like alum.) --.-.-...-.-.-.-.-.-.-.--._-- 135-155 8. A blue dry clay, similar to that in sections 2 and 5.._..........-.-.-----.-- 155-180 277. Through the kindness of Mr. Franklin B. Lord, president of the Queens County Water Company, and Mr. Chas. R. Bettes, chief engineer, self-recording gages were placed on three wells at this point: One 504 feet deep, another 74, and the third 14 feet deep. A portion of the results of this work is shown in Pl. XVIII; a detailed report may be expected later. Mr. Lord-reports that in 1903 the deep well was pumped at the rate of from 36,000 to 44,000 gallons for twenty-four hours, for a period of twenty-four and one-fourth hours, with three stops of fifteen minutes each. This reduced the level of the water 3.92 feet; it returned to its normal Jevel in seventy minutes after the pumping was stopped. During this test the level of the water in the 74-foot well was not reduced, and the 504-foot well was not affected by the pumping of the shallower well. On February 13, 1903, the 74-foot well was given a five-hour test, and the level of the water was reduced more than 22 feet; it regained its normal level in eighteen minutes. In December, 1903, a new well was started at this place from which Mr. Bettes has furnished the following samples: Record of Queens County Water Company’s well at Lynbrook. ‘T:sbury: Feet. 1. Coarse yellow quartz sand; no erratic material....-..._.._..-.-.-._.__---.-_- 0- 29 Ody ike erecta past VG lease 3 =, ccc: ASE cess esd Oy OO oe IS en ee 29- 31 Shy SHUTS AS INO Sos. cae, Seeger gs OMe a erty eRe 5 oe ae ae eee oes eee 3l— 73 Cretaceous? : ARs oht=crane siliyac lagen meses) Cea a eects eee a ete? Fee ye ae Dae 73- 89 5. Light-yellow medium sand; no erratic material..................-..--.--.---- 89-150 Cretaceous: Gee Eimektommne citings ors wots] Cas ri Gl epee eee eye ye eee eee 150-158 (i Netystmesblackesmuicaceouss lonititerous)silt=ses= = =e eee ee eee 158-200 8-9. Very fine, dark-colored, lignitiferous sand._........_-.-.------------------- 200-228 10. Medium lght-gray sand with small amount of lignite....._.......-.._--..--- 228-340 i Darke coloredemlioninteroussssiltiveclaya=er= = eae ee ae re ee eee 340-363 12, NigGhionn Ghionyayellony saingl, Whethies. oes 6 sos. seecses= 5 eo sden ses sense scese 363-403 13s Mediumptomcoarsegenaygesnl dee aes. see se 5 Sa aee See fee See eee 403-536 928 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Analysis of water from wells of Queens County Water Company at Lynbrook. [By F. C. Chandler, February 25, 1903: Parts per million.] eae 72-foot well. Appearances .c 22 22 Secs... eee eee Clear. Faint milkiness. Colors ath ae ae oe ee None. None when filtered. Odor (heated to 10022) a2 ee None. None. Waste! e- oe 52,.t eats ee eee None. None. Chlorine in chlorides--.--- - - EAE iat crs | 3. 000 9. 000 Sodiumchlorid ess) eee eee eeee eee 4, 950 14.851 Hehosphartesis (asi; OF) Seas ere None. None. Nitro enim mit nites i= eee None. None. Nitro genminiy nitrates =e 014 . 062 Pree. ammonia... Yoh. hee eee eae . 022 . 016 re Al buminordjanmionia=s=s— = 55 === =a . 026 006 ee = Total: mitrogens2. J2528 see ue eee eee . 053 : 580. | Hardness: Before jboilings 22 25082 Saeeapere rs. | 8. 855 | 13.915 iAtter polling: = 22 =~ ae ee eee eee ae 3. 795 8. 855 Organic and volatile (loss on ignition) -.-- - 2. 000 5. 000 Mineral matter (nonvolatile), CO,, restored | with ammonium carbonate__.__._---_- 13. 500 40. 500 Total solids (by evaporation) driedat 110°C _| 15. 500 45. 500 278%. The following record is taken from a blueprint kindly furnished by Chief Engineer I. M. De Varona: ~* Record of Brooklyn test well No. 24. Wisconsin and Tisbury: t Feet. Uh "Roprisoile Steere tices Seis Seem a ee tis: = ee ey. See Peay 0O- 4 2» Yellowishisand) water bearing: =222 2222225. 12 Je -/P e ae hee ee 4— 20 37 Gray sand, water bearing. 202 tee = Seeks ee re ce ae eee Ceara 20- 28 A Gray, sand) with lititlesgravels waren bearing! ==. == =: oes se =e pane see veene 28— 36 5: ‘Hineweray sandise A422 222 2 eae. oh eon seo Ree ee ere 36— 40 6G Yellowishusamdiamdiersvelits S25 352.22 62 nk Ales ee eee ee 40- 44 (eeellowishe sandman dm carayiel mins COSm Oleic leyy ae see ee 44- 58 8: Sandyiclay,wandulance wravelie se 2 25 o 082 els 2 el ee ar ee a 58- 68 Tisbury? : OM Shanpmyellowa,sain diswitlnetma cessor xc aiyas= te) ers eee nanan aa 68-— 78 Cretaceous ?: TOS Gray sand am diclayaees aie onp! 30558 = ecspee ae ie ne 78— 88 LL” Blue ‘clay;vsand and *wood=.22 52222. cac ase ce =. eee ee ee 88—-92 12.. Yellowish sand “amdhclay2aee 5% S205 2 eet oe oe oe ey 92— 98. U3. Wihtte: ‘sand "woodsmandyel aye -2e.=. ciate 22a. ne es ee ee ee 98-108 Cretaceous: ; . 14. Gray ‘sand, cwoodsmandielayece oni. aed We Soha ye en ee 108-128 15: Brownissand,) woodsamdeclaneees seo. «a8 aoe ne sera See ee 128-138 GR \iVlovine comel idm tees OF Cle o- oc ceceesce Shee ceeeesecdemasnecese REO SS 138-160 17, Whitey sand swithisyoocdlam clic] aiyaee ces = sy eee ne oe 160-200 Elevation of surface, 16.0 feet. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 229 279. The following record is taken from a blueprint kindly furnished by Chief Engineer I. M. De Varona: Record of Brooklyn test well No. 23. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. Wes COMO? BRING 3 ccs ce cide wena ears 1S oy TEE Sr SR nS PES ret SR te er 0O- 8 28 Giaiye San awalbe le OGHIn Dime = Meee eee 2 stele ook, 2 a ae es oe ct ae 8- 36 Se) Coarsencrayasandmwatermbearimonween: oo a5 ne eee ste Sle see 36-— 52 AN VV ihitbessancdmmcraviellmmatadiclavame ee ce eae ceca eo eo he eed 52- 74 Transition : Ha evellowarsandmawabemM OCU Caray ane = oA yee ee eS sk ee eee 74— 78 Cretaceous?: Gai Clay aesan degra digoushyc) eempwee te ee eeemints sen SON se hee ee ee ese ee cae 78-100 ie Clay wsandronavielemen dhswOOGsee . yee mise ee cee aro See ee ee deere scam eta ee 100-106 Ss Wihitersandsaclayamandiwoodsesse- eer’ 225 ace ho eee ee See ee 106-130 Cretaceous: Of Sand idarkaclaypmandmwoOodt.s22ee 2422 jocee Jee ncina. eae eee eens --- 130-148 10. White sand, clay, and wood...-....---.----.--- Both Soha! Ce ia, ae eA 148-168 ii Sandwonavielsmyioadsrannd iblieucl ayers seas seen eee eee ee ree en 168-172 Zee mC] any se meee men, TE Piao 2 Ratify Se, MOREL ed SiS eS ae Ate i Sa 172-185 13. Sandstone, iron ore, and wood embedded in black clay..........-.-.-.-.----- 185-198 IAAVVoodwan dich lackeclaiven saan arr sem nese eno. Oke ee eke eee ee Eee 198-202 Jowbine iwhitessand. wood pandsclayec 25-2455 ee yates ee ose ee 202-220 towSand-awood and) lolue clay 22sec eset vis ee AE Me Le aed 220-247 Ame luewelayaan deiron yOoLewens = sae eerie Seen on pat wee wets ND pei 247-260 Ste sand wwoodhmunduclayaas set. eae ort Sere Sey 2 na 1 ers eS 260-276 19. Sand, wood, clay, and TLOMMOLCSMM = Tere Wa Bac, Came a? Ny we Kee ary) Ye 276-282 ADS Spring, Obyyy eine) WOO ta pea ste ct eae Sade Saat es 5 SSRs es eee er ae 282-296 21. Hard pan; iron..-- - ey See re eee Be eae. (oe EAN i, EA MIR SE bebe Oi 296-298 APRs TBI CENT srs Se See a ee CN AN he ee ges te Sg a SO 298-312 28, SHiNGl, woos aac) Chi osecs eee aedee = esos Sots SUSU ESE Oce Se se Sa eee sec 312-367 2G Clavmawat imam iittlemsam dyes samo. Se. ob ae Ma ew ea 9 Se ce 367-374 OSA Ce OO Ce maT CC] Ay aeeane seer es cts A ae Fen Wane ym eel SA ESE eke ee 374-390 Elevation of surface, 16.7 feet. 280. The following record is taken from a blueprint kindly furnished by Chief Engineer I. M. De Varona: Record of Brooklyn test well No. 22. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. I ellovaisan depen En ee ae thee Lt lal ee ee ee ees O- 15 Za Sharp erayishesandenwatersibeanine wwe one. - Soe 2 eens hese oe eee eee 15-— 24 3. Coarse, grayish sand, with gravel, water bearing.............--.-------------- 24-— 36 4Asame sand: wlancenseravelmwater peMringe.. 222-25. 2 2025. 22s. so nen eee ee ee 36- 44 Os Bineweravishwsand-anetensbDeanin pair |r An Ge acne ee ease ee Seams oe meses: 44- 56 Ge Gravelepsan drenncdmckayere nese pyten makes hen ok It eee ee em eee Ne 56— 67 Wisconsin and Tisbury ?: (a Sharprayellow sand water bearing. 92) —5. 2-45-22 45-500 S2 2 see oe se cine = 67— 82 Si, WormaTa en yalsla Sei EAS OS Genes aE 6 ae ae EOS Sees PE OB aOe boas ESCs oe ee eee nee 82— 90 9. Fine grayish sand with gravel, wood, and clay..........-.-.----------------- 90-100 Tisbury and Cretaceous?: 10. Fine grayish sand with larger gravel, wood, and clay..-..-.-.-.-.----------- 100-107 Cretaceous: ill, Gren cainel walday vol enol Olivas tbcc csas58 cneo oe so Sune EeSSseo te seeeeeeee 107-145 112, Ginn clei dtes sore ccou So SG OS Sa Se eek SOS OS SS Se Snes e eee ee a a 145-169 Ste Clavemuoodm an dminonipymitest neste ieee ee See ee Dee cee 169-180 14S Sane; craveluclaysmwood, sand gion piytltessae= see sens = 4 ase eee eee oe = 180-190 Lom@Einevorayishesand i claymmand\ woods e-m-e"4-elj.22s505 och ease coe cee ee = 190-220 230 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Cretaceous—Continued. Feet. IGS Binevsand clays swood, texndisiron po yan ties Sse ee es gees 220-276 if, tSlabinge Pamhysia spraeh Cen gmGl wool 22. ce sec coeeeore se stee eeeseg esses 276-310 TS eu Black muck) woods seins sim cls ap ee ae ene mere yee 310-324 19. Light-colored gray sand, wood, and traces of clay_..._....___._..-.-.-.....- 324-327 20. Wihiteliclay, wood) isan. ama ier sive eae eee eee = ea 327-333 2) Ward “pan. with swhiteyclay- 22: toh 53ers seein oo SSN eae ee a 333-343 22. Sharp grayish sand, wood, and traces of clay------- er ea ys Sb 343-347 Ask, sopnmasy NAGLE) SIU Aye [eee - os sae e seer basen nese soceas sence le 347-356 24; White iclay;isand, "and!-wood= 9552 -sa eee eet are pe 2, Ce . 356-370 Elevation of surface, 17.4 feet. \ ; 281. As no samples were preserved from test well No. 21, the following record is taken from the reports of the inspector: @ i Record of Brooklyn test well No. 21. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. ie Yellow sand. s.1i5.o. 3.5 ei Sees S02 Dye, SE eee ee OF 8 2 Kine. yellowash :sand.2.2: .. Ste es ee eee eee DG ee ee eee 8 28 3. Fine yellowish sand with a large quantity of mica scales____.-._.-..._._._.- 2813 Ose eee 4°. Coarser. ‘yellowish),sandy 7.259 esa eae Se ee eee {. .B6= 507 ee . Wisconsin and Tisbury?: ioe | d= eHiner yellowish sams swt ly ssn ell Uo rene eee gy 50- 65. GiHines white jsand) swith lange: c:ra vie emer = tee = 5 ere een 65— 69 7. Fine white sand with wood and traces of clay_--_- cee at nr SN cles ees ag eae a 69- 80 Tisbury and Cretaceous?: , 8. Fine brownish sand with wood and traces of clay....--..-.-.-----.--.------ 80— 85 Cretaceous: OM Gray.tsan dl awabhiswooderndgbralcesi fac! ony gees i esa a 85-116 10. Fine gray sand with wood and traces of clay................-.-.---.---.--- 116-195 A Black: clay and, wood 2.2. 1 joer ee Noe ee = ee Aes eee ee eel ee 195-202 123 Grays sand) wath) wood amcde traces iio tac siya ses ees tea aes eee eee 202-225 is Crany Gly vada Yoel emavsl Inerefonin... o.- 2 se222522e252 se hes se 2 eee s 522222: 225-236 (4 Gray sand twathm traces sofiwood lenny cla c leiy geese espero ee 236-240 15. Gray quicksand with traces of wood and clay_-...---.-....-.----.-..-.--.- 240-248 16. Gray clay 5 moO NaS ee mn ae a pee Re 42 248-262 tie (Grey Savevel Gata EES OF Wool engl Gbjy..--.+25-.222) 25222222 26-205 222525: 262-276 1; Chany senacl yatiln y@ocl, Okiys, cua! Inenehpai. 5. 2s eye oo se 2s see 276-282 19: Fine: gray: sandwand" clays... -2 5: see ema aes = ses is Se eee 282-290 20. Sharp grayish sand with traces of wood and clay, slightly water bearing. -.-- - 290-295 21. Sharp grayish sand with wood and traces of clay._...-__-.___.-...-.....-.- 295-345 228 Grayacand swiths wood eand|itracesmoti cl] aig = aan ea 345-380 23. Fine white sand with traces of wood and clay.............-----...-.------- 380-410 Elevation of surface 17.8 feet. 282. As no samples were preserved from test well No. 20, the following record is taken from the report of the inspector:? Record of Brooklyn test well No. 20. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. i. Yellow ‘sand’. 215,205.08 Sols 20,23 eee Pe etc oI 2 = 2h he 0O- 6 2: Yellowish sand)... 2.22 22.2 3.24 5. oe eee eee eee eee 82 oes oe See 6— 20 3. Yellowishicand: with an little terete) eee eee a = ee 20- 26 4: ‘Fine yellowishi'sand: 2 2:35.20 22 22 2 ee ae Sra 26- 36 5. ‘Small jheht-colored (eravell wath erayg:sHnd eee eet 8 ee 36— 78 a Ann. Rept. Dept. City Works of Brooklyn for 1896, 1897, pp. 302-303. b Thid., p. 301. ; DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 231 Cretaceous? : 8 Feet 6. Fine gray sand with traces of clay_...------ Be has Ae SG AOL ee ete 2 78-— 85 fie GV aiyicC avgen lm ovarveleae say neta at aoe eens ea enema eee eee 85— 90 Cretaceous: Sa Gray, san dawit haclayaandnwi0 Oda emesis se ae Se ated oe eee eee 90-100 GC). Chany coal Watln Glen, w@ol, mich men@l ce oc ence ee seer eee abe ope ee cee eee 100-110 LOM Riney ora varsenta mut hilar ands wood errs ee ems eee eae ey ee 110-124 HEVKineloraygisandmwitoeclaye; wood wandsovaveles se) 422s eees 5 ees] 4s eee ee 124-130 2) Gravarsand ww omel anyerenn dij WOOCm as sefemiay= sehr sarap core tae aye asleep 130-148 sy, Didier feicayy Siorqo) ein Wyandoy @) Whalley WwoVeyel = 32 2 ee ee 148-152 14a Dark oraivaclayanwilbamwood mand. snaivelyee === = see sean ee ec ee aoe 152-154 15. Light-gray sand with wood and traces of clay..........--...-.-.-------.--- 154172 16S Hiner ichteovaysand swith wood and iclays222+2252525ss2 2555255525555 5 5222 - 172-178 17. Fine white sand with wood and clay_.-.-.-.-_.--.-.---- PE WE Et rene 178-212 18. Sharp light-gray sand with wood and clay (contains water, but not enough for | UUMTAY OVNI) 3 3 o.6, SR GNA ea 212-225 LO} Hardpanvandgwoodker een]! ess ss aese ee free SAC Rie a RI eer ek a 225-228 20. Gray sand with clay and wood (contains water but not enough for pumping). 228-242 Elevation of surface 14.6 feet. 283. Record of C. Schreiber’s well at Valley Stream. Heet. SAT CMAT GL OTS: Ve link <5 Mer er ante, crag nn ork, ac, tes ee Rises oS Genes oe oe Senne, e 0-18 Mr. Baldwin says that the description of this well will apply to all the wells in the vicinity of Valley Stream. In some places it is 2 or 3 feet farther to the water, but there is no change in the material. 284. The Long Island Railroad Company gives the following part analysis of its shallow dug well at this point: Analysis of railroad well at Valley Stream. Parts per million. Mlotallsolids:cerey ae> 35 Mepemanee pee iWin Ue aca eee ee PS eRe 56. 09 285. The following section has been prepared from samples preserved by the Brooklyn water depart- ment (see fig. 10): Record of Brooklyn test well No. 19. Wisconsin: Feet. veddishltyellowgelonmaygrsamd sport See :speckile cyt lnm to exc lcceges ear el ee 32— 58 Tisbury: 4. Yellowish-white sand and gravel. No glacial pebbles....-............--..--- 58— 70 Janieco: 5. Fine, reddish yellow, silty sand becoming coarser below, and containing good : sized pebbles;) many erratics). = see aeeee eae ee oe A Nee 70-102 Cretaceous: 6: Gray clay ie .o 230k 225 ae ee wee eae ee Sra ng a hE dB ea 102-105 7. Very dark clay, lignite, and pebbles... ..-.--: Nea eG Fe ial a he ae ee 105-112 8: Hine gray ‘sand!‘with ‘emite sa: 7 Ja 2) eam see toe Sacto, 3 eee ee 112-122 9. Gray Clay 22 cot oes ee Sa ee nae ee 122-130 10; Fine. dark-eray ‘sand: j2¢.o- Sa) oo eee Sat a eee ee 130-175 i” Very; coarse gray sand and smalllijpeblo) esaerem sees 175-190 12. Fine dark-gray sand with occasional quartz pebbles and lignite-.-.......--.-- 190-412 Elevation 21.5.feet, Brooklyn base. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. DBD The presence of reddish yellow silty sand containing a considerable percentage of the compound peb- bles which ordinarily characterize the glacial deposits, and which is here not separated by a clay bed from the overlying yellow sands with no glacial material, is unique in this section and doubtless represents a Jameco deposit, which has either never been covered by Sankaty clay or from which the clay has been removed by erosion. 29%. The following section has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn water department (see fig. 10): Record of Brooklyn test well No. 14. Wisconsin: Feet. il sSuriaced onmiee eee ees eee s ee See ee Secs ese eS hee ue bees ee O- 6 Transition: 25) Mediurniliaht-yellowsspecllediisamdta= =. gees = sees eee ee yaa eae e ee ee 6- 50 Tisbury: Sobinestopliohtayvell owgcnn Oem a5 ee ee es ewe eee See See psi ae 50- 55 4. Eine stoucoarsomenayisiiewiitensand esse. ease eset cee ee ee 55- 58 Cretaceous: 5. Very light-yellow silt, looks like loess... .-._-- aes Sos ee ens ela F 58- 62 6. Fine sand to coarse gravel, with many pieces of ferruginous concretion.------ - 62-— 72 (ealuchit=y ello warsan dl Repeater nero eS a de Se T2— 17 Ss Yellowish) wihtte sam diaemdmoreaeles sees 92 eee eres ee eee ee eee Ti— 92 CEelmiacechydiesiny Seale sos Soha os ake Gee re ee Ie i a ey el rae 92-125 LOM Verve tier dark ornaisan dppase es aS eaoC ein eee ease eee oS = esse eer 125-135 11. Grayish white fine to medium sands, with lignite at 181 and at 244 feet.___-- 135-328 Dew AVe tay stume) Onan aa siltnyae Cl Sayre a Pay a a en is eek et) ere Steal ay yay sl 328-342 Swe tae fer SING ns oc 3 ae Hoek eed oS OE axe DEAE es Se eens eee 342-350 ESS WOE IRM SING 5 os oo bn ceo SEG DORE oto Rar het Se ee ate are ie 350-365 los Mine tome ditamamenaygisan deer setests= 27 sere. ees eee eres 2 op a 2 365-390 Elevation of surface, 16.7 feet. ‘‘No water found in this well.” 294. Record of commission’s well near Rosedale. Wisconsin: Feet. [=e SULLA COM O Ses eR re ee Se rt a Aa pie ee Seen ea etek 2 Wee zs 0-1 3- Oieddish=vellowmouiwasneonavcle mercer sa. sacs = tae a ey Sey 5-30. 5 See Table XII. 295. The following section has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn water department: Record of Brooklyn test well No. 10, near Springfield. Wisconsin: Feet. iy ellowssttalcer| opines reas nye ev eern os opens ee Bod ht NE Di see QO- 2 2. Kine to coarse yellow sands and gravel (glacial). ...-...-.-.--.--.----------- 2— 40 Tisbury: 3. Medium bright-yellow ‘sands, probably glacial-_.....-.-----.----2------------ 40- 54 AP Hine: ands coarsemyellowasum ens sal dS eee ee ysl 8 = eee aoe ee nee eee 54-— 73 ,, Ohpinae cenncl eine! @rar@l oc a. cacédseteuss sees se gneseeas Shu Been nccure rere ate 73— 80 Transition: : Gen Grraty.qsein mv inmeran iG imei omibe mere teN= ae ye eee Nera See 7h os ee: 80— 89 Sankaty ?: f Bewe lue=omaiye (Cl a yaewee mene ramen are etcetera, ee fee sk SE EU ee DEE he BI eae 89- 94 Cretaceous: Sabinetiwihitersand Mags ween mr wien er Ang oak Sais on alee ee bee 94-102 9. Fine gray sands with lignitized wood, well marked at 110-112, 139, 177-180, KOOZLOOHQIGHD2 OMDB het PAD 250-252) 29on oUGmeetas = 22s ease ae sso ae 102-357 All trace of glacial material ceases at 54 feet, and in the examination of samples this point was selected for the line between the Pleistocene and pre-Pleistocene deposits. The yellow gravels, however, suggest the Far Rockaway material, and the blue-gray clay the Sankaty. Elevation of surface, 27 feet. “‘No water was found in the strata below the blue clay bed.” 236 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 296. Record of commission’s test well near Fosters Meadows. Wisconsin and Tisbury? ‘ Feet. 1=2:. Surface doamto.: 2228 28S a eee eee ja Mee ee oO 1 3-10. Reddish-brown outwash sand, with very little gravel._......-.-.---.------- 5-35. 5 See Table XII. 297. Record of commission’s test well 1 mile north of Valley Stream. Recent ? ; ; Feet 122. Surface loans <2 <2 2. 2B eee eee ar a ee ene a ee 0 - +t 3-4. Black sand; considerable percentage of MnO, (swamp deposit) -.----------- Pati Oe) Wisconsin and Tisbury: 5-8: duight -yellowMsand.s” 02 2c 42 See Aen: eee fede tele oe ad Go Se Sere 9. 5-26 There is very little glacial material in the two lower samples. ; 298. Record of commission’s test well 2 miles north of Valley Stream. Wisconsin: Feet. | 1-2. “Yellow surface: loant 2-4. otek eee eee ees cee eae ee ee O- 1 3-6. (Outwash™ sand, reddish browntemase meee eee ae saan ease eee ee 5-21 Tisbury ? ee 7. Light-yellow sand (nothing recognizably glacial).........-.-.-...-.----------- 25-25: See 299. Record of commission’s test well between Valley Stream and Floral Park. Wisconsin: : Feet. 12. Surface: loam. sess oa res eee oe eke ee che A eee ene oreo 0 =-@ 3-9. Reddish brown silty sand and gravel (considerable glacial material )__--_- 6 — 36 Tisbury: 10-16. Lighter, brownish yellow, medium sand, doubtfully glacial; no sharp line can be drawn between this material and that either above or below. --.--- 42 —-73 Cretaceous: = 718 Bine tocoarsem whites sand eease seas as = eres ae eae 76 — 82 19-21. White sand and gravel (not recognizably glacial):...............-.--- 84 - 96 22-23. Yellowish white sand with a little clay.............-.-....--.------- 96. 5— 98.5 24: Light \erayssandand)roravells. oo... 2c 2-22.12 2 eee oe ee 99. 5-100. 5 25.) Very tine dark=vellow:\clayey;Samd 222 2e mete ete mee ae eee a ee ore 101. 7-102 26. Very fine, light grayish white sand, with much‘ silvery white muscovite. -.- 105. 5-106. 5 28.) Very, lichtorayishenyellow-cleryery, (Sarid sees nea ee ens 106. 6-107. 1 29. Very fine white sand with muscovite and a little lignite................- 107. 5-108 30. Very fine clayey sand with lignite and muscovite, yellowish brown.....-.- 108 —109 31. Fine grayish sand with muscovite and lignite..........-.....----------- 110 -111 S20nVeLy, fine browmish whitey sed se esse ee aa ere 112. 5-113. 5 33. Very, dark grayishs and, with) muscovites=ss5e5 2225 ses o5 5. =e eee eee 114. 7-115. 5 Stablack: sandy clay: with lignite ees ae eee ey ey ee eee a 115. 5-116. 5 Bip Wey doles Sch Oba wae IWS). 6 cond See caSecbde ss Sones sees eaccscs 120 -120.5 300. Record of commission’s test well 2 miles southeast of Queens. Wisconsin and Tisbury ?: Feet. 1-12. Reddish-yellow glacial sands and gravel, with much biotite.-._...._.------- 0-41 301. Record of commission’s test well 1 mile south of Queens. Wisconsin and Tisbury?: 1. Dark sandy loam. 2. Subsoil sandy loam. Feet. 3. Medium: yellow ‘sand! :. /= 3550-8 2. Soe eae ote ee ee 5- 5.5 4. Sand with fine gravel; considerable erratic material. ..............---.------- 10-11 5. Wash sample shows fine grayish sand, while the sand-bucket sample shows a large percentage of gravel....-.-.-.---- fe eT ER de atau S ae ea Oe ee 15-15. 5 6. Grayish-yellow sand (sand-bucket and wash samples very nearly the same) ---- --- 20-21 7. Same, except that sand-bucket sample shows some, gravel. _......--------------- 25-25. 5 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 237 302. A number of shallow wells were put down at this point by the commission on additional water supply for pollution tests, by Mr. George Whipple, of the Mount Prospect laboratory. The material pene- trated was entirely glacial outwash sand and gravel. 303. Record of commission’s test well near Floral Park. Wisconsin and Visbury: Feet. Pe Surbaces: can keseln cya OA Timers: omy a= amr mre = ree Nee yne ye eee Sen eee 0- 2 hightermloamypsand esomievonaviel arse seis as ae eee Gee a5 5. ee eae Sale = 6 Be Coarse: yellowisandeeseme meee ote eee ne 5 ee ee ee a eae eee 5- 5.5 4. Medium grayish-yellow sand with some small gravel.......-..-.-.-------------- 10-10. 5 He ASAIN saw Mein O LER ORANG ern ees eee oe aes ee Or SN a ee crear Ssnce Seu s 15-16 C70 tine cryin yolllony sand oats le JSendns sees coh i Ae eee as ae ne ees 20-26 8. Grayish yellow sand with considerable gravel. ........-.....-.-.--------------- 30-30. 5 Omteddishevelll owgsaidaemeryseyos ase fe ce cca te eee ee ce ere Se ne me ee Se Seo 30-30 NOS Same Dutmwmauhemonewre viele soo nen. secs ek ane eames eases 40-41 The whole section is apparently outwash gravel. See Tables XII and XIII. 304. Record of commission’s test well, 2 miles south of New Hyde Park. Wisconsin and Tisbury ?: Feet. {=> eivellowslonmivasaidmerwree ame Saye mes eae. See ye ae te eee ethene 1- 3 3. Yellow sand, some clay. -..--..------ SE Eee eS AOE, aime ee dae See 6 Ay (Coarsevetayishiyellowssan de. — oc 2iac sete ao sioan cietne one eR eR Ee Oe ae ee eae 10-11 5-6. Reddish yellow sand_-.----- - ouise BOS See Se mer eto Bo Sos ae cys Se Sie 12-15 7-8. Coarse yellow sand to fine gravel, with some erates |s 25255-5552. 22 5255s = 19-25 9-110" Grayisheyellowssand, swith muchybrotite= 22.222] 222 22 ee ee eee 29-36 pi Coarse) oranyasimyellowesan dee. ee ase ep ease eee ee ee 38 305. Record of commission’s test well near New Hyde Park. Wisconsin: Feet. Pb lackssandyalOa la Seen ee eee es te Me See ue Oe epee a ome Bee ee O- 5 Da Weddishiyellowgclavevasamd: y2. s2 a. se. Sec eases aoe es Sai eek ee Se Set esse 4 Seplveddishmyellowmswm diva aye ese er eso, Se een eee Sree ce Sl Pe 8- 9 4. Reddish brown very fine to coarse sand, with much mica and erratics_---.---.---- 14-15 5. Gravel up to three-eighths inch in diameter; some erratics_.._....-.------------- 19.5 Tisbury: G=7. Reddishi yellow fime torcoarse sandi=_)--2--.2---.--.--.------------.-------- 2-26 SiO) Da SPING 5 poco ce Se bam Saw ee Sows ae cae eS ee ae ae rea 28-32. 5 306. Record of commission’s test well near New Hyde Park. Wisconsin: Feet. 1—2. Surface loam and sand_--:-.------- Fi es ea RE ee 0- 1 3-9. Reddish-brown outwash sand and gravel____.-_..-_..----------------------- 5-36 Tisbury: 10-13. Fine to coarse grayish sand, clearly glacial, but differmg in appearance from AEE TORU EMO] Ninn os sueceeen ames aoe ea RE nF Ny pe ea 5 Pe ee eR, 36-56 307. Record of commission’s test well near New Hyde Park. Wisconsin: Feet. 1-26 ‘SurtacewLoamiyeca nee ss mee seen e 2 nan seen eee se ee O- 1 3-5. Light reddish yellow outwash sand and gravel___.._.._.-.----------------- 5-16 De eDank-onaygoubwashecanmduamdvonavel ee = eee ee ee ee W173: 6-7. Reddish brown silt to coarse sand (glacial outwash)._.-...--..---.--------- 20-26 S—O Rimento) coumsepemayashrsamds (Glacial) se 922 2 ee 30-38 OM Very tine light-orayishysumd endiclayass- 2. -2--2-s229222e-s6. 2-524 ee esse 43-43. 5, Transition: 16.) Grayish) brown outwash sand andieraveliss.2 22-2222. -2-22----.2--2-2---- 45-71 Tisbury: ' 17. Coarse light-yellow sand, with a much smaller percentage of glacial material than imusamaplestabOvyesse: soe ose sete = ae 2 of a adic SON oe ee ee eae 73-74 238 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 308. Record of commission’s test well near New Hyde Park. Wisconsin: i Feet. 1-2: Surface loam -2).12.32 hace eee ee ee oe ee eee eee QO 1 3-17. Dark-gray outwash sand and gravel; very large percentage of erratic material. . 2. 5-66. 5 See Tables XII, XIII. 310. Record of commission’s test well near Floral Park. Wisconsin: ‘ ; Feet. 122. Dark :eravelly loam 2... 52 <5 ee ee ares oie ae 018). 72s) ae oe @ = ie 3-8. Grayish brown outwash sand and gravel...........-.:_.-.-.-.-.-.--::-.. 4 =83] Tisbury: 9-12. Medium to fine gray sand._..-...-.---._.- ayer 2 22 ean ea ee 30 — 53 135 Mediumoreraiyssanvdlpvvaitlniesmmell Scores |e meee ene ee 55 —- 56 14-17. Fine grayish-brown gravel, with some sand; contains some erratic material. 60 S77 Cretaceous: 18: Very fine yellow sand 2.23.2 ser eeepeeter no Sp 1d SS seer cee eer 80. 5— 81.5 - 19-23. Light yellow, medium, quartz sand lacking the erratic particles inthe lpper Samiples'...2 2 so2G de ce See a ee ers ein le ihe bcc ea 84 —106 24296. Very fine, yellow; siliy;sand saa ese neers eee. a 22s eae ee 109-117 27. Dark sandy iclay. 2.25... .cehe See eee ee eo 2 Se eee 120° -121 28.: Very fine dark-gray ‘sandis.225-- eres. eet ee eee ey ele 130 -134 . 29. Very fine, dirty yellow sand! eet meee eee se eee sees ee eee ee eee 148 -149 Sample No. 25 was obtained when the small hand pump was changed to a larger force pump. It consists of coarse, varigated gravel with many glacial pebbles, and represents the accumulated coarser material from the upper part of the well. It does not represent material from the depth, 113 feet, from which it was obtained. See Tables XII, XIII. : di. Record of commission’s test well near Creedmoor. Feet. 1585 Outwashtsandsiandicravell sss = =e eee Se ys AERIS Oe ee ae 0-73 See Table XII. 315. See fig. 35 and Pl. XIV. 316. J. H. Herbert reports the following section for this well: Record of Jagnow Brothers’ well near Douglaston. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 15. Mellow ‘¢layandi sand! <2) je se ae epee ee een 02 as er ee eee 0- 35 2, Yellowssandvatnd)smaalllllibowild ence meester ose ee ole ee eee nee 30- 47 3) (Coarse: yellow ‘sand!and \oraiviell Se wepey eee re scio c=: Nae ee eee ae eee 47— 55 AN Coarse) brownisandeanditomeeiraiye leeway e 2 ea ee ea 55- 67 5. eine! bro wanes arse ee ye ee ea se, Liat aia i a a eee pin ee 67- 71 6: Mine yellow: sand |. < 12222. See ee re a Sk ee a age eee ee ee lena if. White beach sama! :2 . 22 “es. oe Benet ese sey oS eek ie en a 77— 89 8: "White andiyellow sandy clay) = Aes errseee meee eee aa 2c ee = ee eee 89-107 OX Coarsesyellowsan dian dijerreny.cll Cees ares se ey 107-127 317. The well at this place was started by Stotthoff Brothers, who furnished the following samples: Record of well of W. K. Vanderbilt, jr., near Lake Success. Heeb. 1. Nowéecords.. 528.35. 265 ee ee 2a ee cre re 0O- 40 Wisconsin, Tisbury, and Mannetto: f 2. Fine sand to large gravel, with a large percentage of erratic material____________- 40-125 3. Reddish-yellow medium sand, with small gravel (contains glacial material)........ 125-145 Cretaceous: 4. Yellow medium sand (not glacial)... -. Wer ie pros. as. lp ee ep rl A197) DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 239 The water in this well stood 116 feet from the surface and tested 21 gallons per minute for twenty- four hours, when the test was pushed up to 40 gallons per minute. The elevation of the ground is 171 feet as determined by the engineers of the commission on additional water supply. The screen was placed from 166 to 186 feet. Later this well was deepened by Thomas B. Harper, of Jenkinstown, Pa. The following record has been transmitted to the Survey by Mr. Alexander S. Farmer: Record of well of W. K. Vanderbilt, jr., near Lake Success. Pleistocene: Feet, IN OEM aMMEN AVG | EN a dis Seis lal ty elegans 10— 80 2s WViellows Sandi er eee Pyle ee steer ga ae ie ee eis wlan ee aa 80-100 Transition: 3. Wolo? seuacl eual erenyall, weno lorena 228 2 8 Woe soe eee oe espa se se aen 100-200 Cretaceous: A, InlenGl @nis[) seinG! OP Cane Mel SHIN oo os Se yes oe o2 se S42 See ee sees 3 Shes 200-425 5. Sand and clay in layers; light-colored clay and yellowish-white sand.-....-. ---.- 425-460 6. Organic matter—wood; becomes black after exposure.-..-..-...-.-.----------- 460-538 CeO Ene cite au 6.8 os deb ae eee aS EE TR RE Perak Ie ta 560-660 Saelinesyellowish—vwintersandslulovidisanncdae ssn eae r= a aye = eee eer 660-700 9. White and coarse gravel; free water-bearing strata; Lloyd sand........-...-.-.- 700-750 10. Blue clay; becomes light colored upon exposure........---.-.---.------------- 750-755 3418. Record of commission’s test well near Lake Success. Wisconsin: Feet. OE Salon senna hy Kopin stats 4 GSE eee eee re SS oe eee oe eee a eee O- 3 3 Om Dank-oravisheel acialascan de aee=e se sss ae on 8 ee ere ee ee eee ee ee eee 8-35 See Table XII. ° 319. According to Mr. E. Lewis, oyster and clam shells were taken from the sands beneath the bowlder drift at Lakeville at a depth of 140 feet.@ 320. Record of commission’s test well between New Hyde Park and Lake Success. Wisconsin and Tisbury ?: Feet. Ey yD) akeisan dived 0 ann ener eares oe niet oe ee re eee lace epee = NRE Po O- 0.4 2a ene lowsloanayg sain Umeemmer ae ian aonb tee Nee ili. seen Ue ag 0.4- 1.5 Seq wD lackesan cig Oamienemenmes ane cane Mies ro Melee ae ec ee ae = toe 1.5- 4.4 4-6. Yellowish-brown outwash sand and gravel..........-.-..------/----------- 4,424 (Ow Vietyatine ny ellowatoscnalyenslltny asaya Gee p= ae Ses re ene er A 24 -36 10. Yellow sand to fine gravel containing many erratics.......-.-.---.--------- 39. 5-40 IES a Me diuimurra yacanGemmmeerrae ere nee ere eatin cide dnas Sains ee 41 -42 12s Kineroravelawatlaumamysenntlesses- ys sen see ee ee so) eee 43 45 321. Record of E. C. Willetts’s well near Plattsdale. Wisconsin: Feet. TPIOEY OIE eo Sela aie ca ook SRI et ate A oe NS en 0- 4 Dealwedyel avg aia dyStOU CS seat yaa AP een a Me ed. Sra Spee Se Ween cee Sit 4-36 3. Hardpan; very hard substance containing many angular stones cemented together NPD OL SURO cereale oe Ge Ele neues So et Se ON ee es ea Ue eee nae ERS O'S 4. Very fine white sand containing dark-colored mica; water bearing.....-.----------- 37- In spring the water comes up to within a few feet of the surface; in the dry season it is within 21 or 22 feet of the surface: evidently a perched water table. ble. Record of A. Kiefer’s well near Plattsdale. Wisconsin: ; Feet. (Pav enya bard manliwathtsomercobblesssees: see es] asses 242525 s= 2) eee se eee 0 - 80 Cretaceous: Ps SCV ON ASE NOUS |g bes lot Bs cy sk Sd ey ed SR Oy 80 -114 Do. Clagett eee Bet Si ey Fm atte dina a 114 114.5 deh st NAY/EST ENE OF FEY UM OVSAMESTITOY a ase st ee a 114. 5-116 @ Pop. Sci. Monthly, vol. 10, 1877, p. 442. 240 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 323. Record of commission’s test well 1 mile south of Manhasset. Wisconsin and Tisbury ?: Feet 1=2. (Sandy ‘loam. ....- 25s 22 35S .ce cise ea ae ee ene ae 0O- 1.5 3. Dark- brown’ silty sand: 25.302 - 2 | <5 eee eee eee 4-5 4-9. ‘Send and'gravell (glacial e995 sea aera aa ee ee 9-35 10-11. Brownish-yellow silty sand (apparently glacial)-- Fe OS 2 ee 39-47 See Tables XII, XTIT. S24. Record of W. J. Hamulton’s well near Little Neck. Wisconsin? and Tisbury: Feet Hime: yellow: samd:s3 5 22.2 ee eae eyes ec a Q- 45 2. Coarse yellow sand... -- --- Sage ie eT ee eee ee MER Ree Sea iinr nS oo. 45— 55 3: White beach sands... £22507 Se Serene: Cee Siete Me Tea ee ee Le OD Cretaceous?: ; AY Wihite coarsejsandand)'smallllijorane leer es re teen oes ee a 63- 71 ‘o8) Wibite time sand and yellowzrtin en euisnye)l meres eter ae eee 71— 83 - Cretaceous: 62) White; fine, beach sand ®;.:: #3 2-2 seen eee ee es eee ee 83— 99- .- 7.-NV bite, coarse, beach: Sand =... 5 essere IS oS = es ee ae ee 99-102 S.Blue. clay. 22.22% 2s 62 Be Be a ase a te oe er 102-125 9. Wihite coarse samd’ 2 22/5 58 a ee eer ee rn 0 2 SE a ne ee 125-143 LOS Wihite small gravel! <_< 555 2) See esa pseine eeetae ieee cat ere aes Feo ichte gt 143-147 325. Same section as 324. 326. Record of commission’s test well near Thomaston. Wisconsin: Feet. 1=3., Mellow sandy-iclarys . 2: 12 = 5p Pee See er es epee 0 -4 4-5. Dark, multicolored, fine sand to coarse gravel, provouncedly glacial pase Sie 6-8. Yellowish-brown clayey silt with eravel___-.---.---.-.-.----------------- 16 —27 Tisbury: SoiDas ime) tolcoarse elaciall sama samc seme lees eee aaa 32, 41.5 Cretaceous: 13s neht-yellow, hiehly micaceous, cleiyerys sand es ogee ee 42. 7-43. 5 14 WewWhiten clayey. hichily) micaceoustsancleeee 55a sen een 44. 5-60. 5 If}. [Mia jormaltaslor \ydavtness nombre KOS SENN, os. So SoSH ete eee coc edec ee sede bese 64. 5-65. 5 LO MEE yslightt—vellow:icl avery sare oe ones eae ee 69. 5-70. 5 20 hinettorcoarsesyellow: sama. iP ert cain ee a sree een eee ene een 75 —76 21, Medium to coarse white sand; water bearmg.__--.2 22-22-25 --22-222---5 22-25 fis) =) 327. Record of J. B. Hixon’s well near Thomaston. Wisconsin: Feet. "AL Mellowaclaiyr eerie eo 2 28.2 2520 snp Se De ee ee ee 0-26 Transition: - 2. Yellowsinelsande= == s2= = 22 Ee ot ee Are se eae Sate A etneancia ce 6 26-44 Tisbury: 3. Coarse, brown, iron-stained gravel...._............----- bigness WU badd aetapeens 44-52 4. Brown samdvamdielaye cance. oe cise sc. ee oe Oe a 52-56 Cretaceous: ; 5. White and pinkish ae ees ch alete ces ey aaa aint ee ae 56-61 6., Whitei fine Ibeachusamd@aeee 2 Sees se Sok os te 61-77 7. Yellow fine beachisamdiees tas cays oe cia re ee oo a yen Sg 77-83 8. Yellow clay. “and samdeec Sees Speirs Sate Se Ste Sail re ee 83-85 9... Yellow: coarse sand’: Soe sept oat. so = 2 2 tee ee ee ee 85-93 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 241 329. Phillips & Worthington report the following section: Record of railroad well at Great Neck station, Thomaston. Tisbury: Feet ERTS Enos Ee 2) AG cto Sltehcd ee aE so Rtn ee 0— 90 Cretaceous: Pe SOC EN Res eos oS Shao Soe cae en a ee ee ee eee ee G0— 93 3. VWater-pearnestratagolsal dee maces sere. see ee sae ae eae = Abe ean ea eee ee 93-100 EA OUP oe Ceo Sacto sn ech m mic Stake EAR era Re sea ra 100-112 330. Record of commission’s test well near Manhasset. Wisconsin: : Feet l=oe Warkesbrowsish-yiellowarclayelyasal Gees == 25 ye fo ee ee ee ee 0-5 Cretaceous?: A=(- Biney dark=oray on bluish-eray silty sand: == 2222-55225 =5 59258 eas enn eee eee 9-25 332. Water rises to a height of 13 feet above the surface, which is perhaps 5 feet above extreme high tide. Z Mr. Hamilton reports that the only change ever noticed in this well was during the earthquake that occurred in September, 1898. Then the well commenced to flow very strongly and continued to do so for eight or ten hours, when it became normal and has remained so ever since. Record of J. F. Hamilton’s well at Manhasset. Feet le, Gravelixand ironstone eae er ess rite a os ys Sn ete era ce 0-10 Dee OVW G SNG ae ee eRe Sie enc 5 ER ee ee ee ee 10-70 ox, Aligarh ae a Sees So areced ah Cad 5 pee U ee Ses ere Ce ate rene ne 70-70. 6 Zs OWNING CEN 510 ey ee SNE, oe ASE: SES SS GO ee St eo een Pate SI ee 70. 6-74 > aloe SiG Na ON Sie Rene ag oc Slo SS a ae a a ee 74-75 Gl, Chuneiectrarsl, mim BIOS WIE. 22.26 5522 oo ne eee nena ee eee] eee eee ee eee 75-78 Hie OT ROTC Soil ene eee Pe ay Ee A Cee AY ME i SSG eS Oe eae tle tas 78- 335. Fig. 33 illustrates a typical case of a flowing well having many of the aspects of a spring. In this case the pipe was driven to a depth of 10 feet and flowing water obtained, as illustrated. It also shows the difference in flow at high and low tide, which is common in nearly all of the wells along the shore and the mud springs or mud cones on the bottom of the bay; these latter are evidently the same as the cones which were studied near Douglaston. B35 Ye Record of commission’s test well near Manhasset Hull. Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 1=37 Dark bowldenyeasunlacedloam) 22222. 522-2. 22 Sasso 9 Sete pee oa ee eee 0-5 4-10. Reddish brown glacial sand and gravel, with large percentage of erratic material. 11-28 bs. Record of H. Lusigarten’s well near Manhasset Hill. Wisconsin: ; Feet. Oa a. Hae RR ee Ses Scie e sets 2 a en ciate ese Meee es See ee ee 0-3 OPES pall] seen ea ee ae Ser Beale 2h. BE cee el eee be: eas < 3-4 Transition : 3. Light-colored sand and gravel _----_------- FeO jet I ee 7-85 Tisbury: AM @ nicksancdwand Wome lames ees Se a ae ee ee Se ee) et as 85-127 340. Record of commission’s test well near Manhasset Hill. Wisconsin: Feet. le Saebrownishyellowasilhvarsal Gea eee 26s oS = yok ee eek Es eis Oe ts os Seiefal = cae 0-5 4-11. Dark fine sand and small gravel, containing much glacial débris.....-.-.... 9-46 Cretaceous: : ZENO MRine white smicaceaus, clayey sande s se es see ee nee | ee ee = 48-87. 5 242 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. sil. Record oj Great Neck School well at Great Neck. Tisbury: Feet. (Surface sand! and voravellas==s== == === serene Po ae ee eae He SoS = 0-26 Cretaceous? : Daisies. SE SSS S Se Sneek er aok Sr ens ee 26-52 Mr. Kasteard left this well one night without having encountered water; when he came back the next morning there was 9 feet of water in the well, and the water gradually rose until it came within 30 feet of the surface; it is probable that he had gotten down very near the bottom of the clay layer and that during the night the water worked its way through. the 342. Record of Mrs. M. G. King’s well near Great Neck. Wisconsin: Feet. implvediclayeyaloamiees a =seree a wi oe ena Sg Ss gi Soa hes Aen eee eS 0-4 2. White medium: sand). s 2 2-2.51..555 =) a eee on et Oe 4-6 ype c endali oy hee eee eG on See a se Bier ee 222 = ee ee ~ 6-12 Tisbury: A Wihite sand! swith) occesionallstnenlksio tan nee sss ares =e 12-22 5. White sand, described as good buildmg sand_--_--_____._._...__.---__-__-.___ 22-45. 6. Sand! ‘with /cobbles. .2c-2222 550s see pe aE og ee, a 45-48 7 lOudinary Sands. i222. ee eae ee eR sc oi on ore eae ee ee See _. 48-52 344. Record of H. B. Booth’s well, Great Neck. Pleistocene: Feet. Ls SandWvandworayell 22. 526 o/s okie ae es Pe Sore ee 0-6 Cretaceous: 2. Clay of various colors; some dark, some light, some reddish.................... 6-240 3. Water-bearne jsand) (lloyd ssaidl) Saeed eee! 240- 345. The following section should probably be regarded as only approximate: Record of H. B. Anderson’s well, Great Neck. Pleistocene: Feet ie) arditclayaand eravellsisore loony: cers see sere ameter et ieee nn ann em 0-50 Cretaceous: : 2. Ouicksandlandl very, tine mw iiiGe sad papers ssa ae ee ar ee ee ee 50-237 347. Record of Wm. R. Grace’s well, Great Neck. Feet. 1. Wartous’sandsi a0. 22 oe = ice ee NS Li ee Ea ee Se ee ee 0-103 2s Weber | path nce ee eRe, eee et Fay FS aS eee ge =e 103-104 348. Record of V. P. Travis’s well, Great Neck. Feet. i. Sand! sind joravel. tie ee sa 3k Ee 32a ale eens eerie a gee Bree = 2. Hard yellow clay. ; 32) Wellowwater-bearine ‘oravel 25 ese se t= = = =) eee -119 Surface water was encountered at 24 feet; the water from the lower horizon stands 77 feet from surface. 350. Mr. Herbert has kindly furnished the following samples from this well: Record of Robert Cox’s well, Great Neck. Tisbury: Feet. 1.\Clean: iolaciall Yoraivell: 2. <2). <<) SR Rie ep et eae ea ya 0-6 Cretaceous: 2. Coarse) white samdmandisinalll) oraivel eee ee ee eee ee 8-9 3. White Sandi 5 setae saris See eae De cy ge ey gE ed a ee 11 4. Fine: ‘yellowish white ;sendi os. =. 0252, 425 oe eee re eee 21 iy Oats: Helms) GOINGS oe cle oo otic coesce ead 2 apa a SOE OEE EE See ee eee 35 62 Very; time whiteysand@eeeens eee eee epee SSeS oo YP ee 52 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 2 351. Mr. Isaac Kasteard, who dug the upper part of this well, reports the following section: Record of Robt. Seizer’s well near Plandome Mills. Wisconsin: Feet. ise l\Warter-bepinin casa Camas rae ets Ses eek ee (ch et CSRS ie een Ne oe ee 0-17 2 Flinn ig Sana Clee ene ee pees. PAY ee Sethe a ro ok a EAM oe ee ae 2 AS eed 17-21 Sy, Olbsy auc! qriickenacl (Comusmaiarse sED)) 5-65-22 sce dene ss ea eene seen ses 2ess8s- 21- Mr. George Schmidt, who completed this well, gives the following data: Record of Robt. Seizer’s well near Plandome Mills. Wisconsin: : vi Feet. ACD Ue ewe ee aE pe R TEC Re Sere A awh eu eee i Ee al 0-21 Tisbury ?: PIR SIN OME SS SA 5G 5 GS OHS 2 ie Scat te AM SO eS Sete ee eo ee ee eae ols a ee 21-50 Sankaty ¢: SEMA “eiaGl sping! 22. Kas de eee aay Se a eee ee ee te et ene Ares ee eee 50-100 Jameco?: ; 4. Coarsevsandiwiunenomclayeremee cyano ee hee Se vee oe ee eats eye ele Se Ae ete ee 100-113 3a2. Record of Charles Vanderbilt’s well near Port Washington. Wisconsin and Tisbury: ; Feet. Hes Sumiac eal oars ses as ermpes etaeens 3 eel id eco tyke Es ea dh eae Sell Ie Sia Beret 0-8 2 WCE GW CL CON SHINGL: os sve See aee Ee setae ae ee eee eee ae ene 8-80 Bia OETESC) SEVNO a dis eiin cs sai ce SiS SESE eR ee en ane er te gee aon at 80- by Record of commission’s test well near Port Washington. - Wisconsin: Feet Sekine yellowish brovwlensiliyarsan eee) iene eee rr ee ete eee oe 0 -5 Transition: 3-6. Dark yellowish brown sand and gravel of glacial origin..._.__.______.____- 9 -25 Tisbury: fea Nien tines prowmesmlcace ols sil tiyy Sal Gen se sens ney ee ees eee eee (28) &: aVeryadine,yellowowbitemsility sande: je see. eee Sager oases esos eee 31. 5-32. 5 9= OF ined ark—browmlsnllcaCeOuUs sonia Geese oe Seve ees = meee = eos 36. 5-40 11. Dark-gray micaceous sand to small gravel; looks like glacial rock débris.... 45 —46 (De Wierye tine bro wnamistltversandes =e soos see ASS cee ne tee SS ae 49. 5-50. 5 13. Yellowish brown sand with small gravel (glacial material)...........-...... 54 -55 Cretaceous?: 14-16. Very fine reddish-brown to steel-gray, silty, micaceous sand ._..-.....--- 59 ~-—70 17-18. Dark, steel-gray, very fine, clayey silt (blue clay) -...._.-...-..--------- v4 —19 19-20. Dark, grayish-brown, micaceous, silty sand.......__....---.------------ 82. 5-87 357. Record of T. Valentine’s well near Port Washington. Wisconsin: Feet. ibendpantandidankemrongsoilssveryay lec eee eee ae ee nee ee a eee O- 15 Transition: PR ACO 0) MSS aa Geses.s o o & ake SO OS ee pe Ree aa Se ee 15- 33 Tisbury: San el Ong SAT Ce rere rea Re Pere Ser Seah gy eye ey tI eye come ces A ne 2g oe her 33- 53 Manhasset bowlder bed: 4. A very compact layer of stones, which appeared to be put in almost artificially... 53- 60 Tisbury: oD. Wibite ‘sand, desenbed! as) good! building sand)-./---) 2 == = 2 8-2-8 60— 80 Tisbury ?: GG, - NOBUO N NSE NENG Leto Bese cp cco Cts SSE eee eo a ee a 80-123 Cha. NAOT) FEN tes oe he & aos Poe Se ees tee ee See ee ee 123-129 43 244 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 358. Record of N. H. Jacobs’s well near Port Washington. Feet L.Dug: well c 2 s5cc 2% 2 3 ates 22 ee os Sek Secs Se ES rs a ere 024 2:..Yellow ‘sands and :praveli:.).2 U4. 22 oo ee se eee eee = Ree ESE Sect a 24-32 3) Clay, between blue) and!) white im colores 59> sees aee ee oe ee ee oe ee eee o2 OD 4. ‘Sandi and ‘eraveliwater-beanme 2% = ya ear a ree eS a. 2 ee 35- 360. Mr. George Schmidt reports the following section: Record of T. E. Webb’s well near Port Washington. f Z eet 1. Roam, gravel, amdizsamd’s ah ..24 2 2 Soo eee ere Ue tee Ee ee O 68 Die Oh eRe at she tg Reine te See ee A Naar coe ae 2 eae oe 68-200 3. Sand andy oravel: water-bearing! =». a. g ae ae eee 8 a es ere ea 200-205. 6 At 207 feet carbonized wood was found. Top of well is 73 feet above high water. Mr. John Fischer, who drilled the first 145 feet of this well, reports that water was found in soft, clayey sand, and that the greater part of the well was in soft clay or clayey sand; at 140 feet a lignitized log was struck. 361. Record of Isaac Kasteard’s well near Port Washington, N.Y. & , eet 1; Surface “loam no stones: 2...) ste awe apnea ll = 0st 3 alas ein ee ener am eC) aed - 2. Cobbles and iron ore (size of cobbles, 4 to 8 inches in diameter)... _.- Unease 10-18. 3. Varicolored sands, each stratum about 4 feet thick (described as good building sand)... 18-69 362. The Long Island Railroad Company have furnished the following partial analysis from their 60 to 70 foot driven well: ee Analysis of railroad well near Port Washington. Parts per million. otal solids:= 2232255 2525 ee ee ee en eee Ate ts pe SS Sa ale 74. 72 Chlorine... bs... Ponce ee ee ae a re ges, Sean ae oe ae ey ea a ee ee 12. 82 363. Record of F. Vanoski’s well near Port Washington. Feet i lardpan—clay ‘and! bowlders’= seems esas ea sss ee ee 0-6 2. Varicolored coarse sand, containing occasional streaks of iron... -..--.-.-------------- 6-46 364A. Record of Charles H. Mason’s well’ near Port Washington. Feet 1. Bimexbrowm: samdt oases Pc Sys cae Sa ey eae ee oe 0-18 2 Blacksmarlcontanminee oyster siellls tes ses 5 eee ee a ete eee ee 18-38 3., Claiyey: loamay 2a.) wearer ies 22 2 a ih Wine ghee en Ue ee 38-42 4.) "Black marl”? wathiypebbles: <2. 2h 0S oe aa eg ee pepe Pe 42-52 DeViely; fine Sang sawart ines Omlem weber be agin eee er-ape ete eae eae ga a Se ee 52-79 65, White; sand -andiroravelmmixed =. ~ 2-5 _ ps ae eee ee Ne, ee 79-83 A’ shell from stratum No. 2 has been identified by Dr. W. H. Dall as Ostrea virginica and is regarded as probably Pleistocene. 365. Record of Catholic Church well near. Port Washington. Feet, Ivioam! and! feravelsasus i. -s os be eee ee Lek, See ae 2 Sea 4 2. \Coatse: whitelisamde e252 oo Nh 2B a pn Re ee ee a=) Sg a A ge 4-52 3: Very fine: Samed) 2ee22 2 aicec oo eles 52 Sk ee ee ae Ee SSE eS Sy oe oR ea OD 2 CCL 366. Record of well of Dodge estate near Port Washington. Wisconsin: Feet. 1 eYellowsstony jloam=esee es = eee Si AO PUES eee = NE ASI Sas a ie 0- 6 Tisbury: 2. Wine. dry, sand. 22." 20! 28 2... eee ee ee ee 6-16 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 245 Manhasset bowlder bed?: Feet. 3. Rough stratum of cobbles with scarcely any sand between .......-.------------- 16-22 Tisbury: 4 White; buillding¥sand:iveny ‘compacts *s---296e ss 42 - = 2 se ie oe nee ee ee coe 22-40 On Wibiterloosemdinysa nd ser yer a 5 cert Poe euro 2ee Genes Scene seems emes 40-50 Sankaty or Cretaceous: Gs) Vellow-rdnyaiclayermecs eae te tet eee see espe cn eh. wie oes eee 50-71 7.) Bluenclay, Comal oe SONIC WaAlete arm -apea ete asic ys ee ae eis 1 ee ee 71-91 The pipe broke off at the last depth given and the clay was not penetrated. 368. Record of G. Zabriskie’s well near Sands Point. Feet. Ie Bine: whitesbeachtsan diester nsession ee cre ko acter eee SEE ee ac O- 80 2. Blue clay (likeeputty when wet, impalpable when dry)...........---.-.----------- 80-120 3. Pure white sand; whiter than that in stratum 1_.......-_.....:.-.---.----------- 120-250 In the sand at 120 feet lignite, clam shells, and oyster shells were found. At 250 feet a hard substance was encountered upon which drilling made no impression; Mr. Schmidt then abandoned the job, and Mr. A. J. Connolly attempted to drill farther; after working three weeks, he also abandoned the well. Mr. Schmidt says that none of the hard material was brought to the surface. This probably represents bed rock. 369. Record of well at Castle Gould, near Port Washington. Wisconsin: Feet. le Sune ces Onin eee A Sere Seger Soh Ee el Sete Me a 0O- 3 2. Black hardpan (rough, stony material, with no clay)....-..------------------- 3-26 Tisbury: 3 i COALSCR OTE Cle ey en ope) 2 IS aE meta See NE eee oc So parse emia Berd 26-30 HeENG Lae aaa = Bigmcls BA oc ce oT SRO ROS Naa eee are ee 30-40 THM SAG COMES MNCH Seo oases Se A a Sera eke oe 5 eke a ee ae ee ee 40-42 6. Coarse sand (described as good building sand).-.-..-.---...----------------- 42-88 370. Mr. C. H. Danis reports that he put down a test well at this point to a depth of about 300 feet; the material passed through was successive small layers of sand and clay, none exceeding 4 to 6 inches in depth. At last a thick bed of gravel was reached, when the pipe broke; the water in the well rose to a point 12 feet above mean high tide; it would, therefore, have been a flowing well on the beach. 371. Record of well at Castle Gould, near Port Washington. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. ir Coanse eravelpawathaveny Uittle waters... ---5--252.-2252-5-e-ce-252snc-se coer 6- 51 Tisbury and Cretaceous: Dig Wile as aril bpm mrnees ye on a Nes RI ey St AS fe ie 51-109 Cretaceous: 3m Crane] any enna ae neath Nee ose, cle, vot) ha ns nN ie ee ee has Pe A 109-119 oS RINC ESA eeennemennne a retire Bit Rina pops Ae) oi Os a eel eee 119-127 SoS Bill Cl Vga | Shy emerges Mey rake Cereb the Ae Bat NS AN a chnkeale 4 oe oie Geertin ts SiN 127-152 Ge @Quicksan deeper e et et em ee 2 Soha Ae eee ses see aumasad 152-158 WA Bluenclay eee eee She EN ehh A eke ales pa Mae pat og ORL Ye, at 158-161 Son \aiier De alin omsan Camere meter tem eee ie hs ee eB SA) ae on 161-166 tO OMS SENG Sk no SS OS ASA ae POS BS, Oe eat Ee te ee ne 166-169 LOM @utcK sand eens ye Se he eo eet deta g Ss 169- “We placed a Cook patent strainer between 161 and 166 feet, and although at the first test the well only showed 23 gallons per minute, we were able, after developing the well, to get over 30 gallons per minute. Lower do wn the hill, at a difference in elevation of about 40 feet, where we had 10 feet of this coarser water- bearing sand, we obtained 102 gallons per minute.’’—J. D. Kilpatrick. 372. Mr. Danis reports the material penetrated in this well as all white sand. This well flows at times, and would flow continually if the sand were coarser, the stoppage of the flow apparently being due to clogging with fine sand. The elevation is about 15 feet above mean high tide. ~ 246 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 373. The following section to a depth of 158 feet has been prepared from samples furnished by Mr. Paul K. Ames, of the Long Beach Association; the remainder is from the record of the driller, Mr. W. C. Jaegle: _ Record of well of Long Beach Association at Long Beach. Recent: Feet. 1. White beach sand, with water-worn fragments of shells_._....-.-.-.-.-.----- O0- 36 2. Dirty gray sand, with small quartz pebbles and particles of vegetable matter.. 36- 40 Tisbury: : ‘ 3. Fine to coarse gray sand, with a few small quartz pebbles (salt water)..-..._- 40-— 50 4. Medium(‘gray.isand:: moverayel: 25225 see ee ee ee. le ee SI 55 5. Grayish yellow sand and small gravel, with a few greensand grains ___._.----- 55- 65 6: Yellowishoray ‘sandsnj2552 oe oe See eee ee ee 65- 70 7. Orange-yellow sand and gravel, similar to Rockaway material..........-...... 70+ 73 Sankaty: 8. Gray sand and gravel, similar to No. 7 in texture, but not iron-stained__--.__- 73- 76 9. Large quartz gravel and pieces of blue clay containing sand and gravel._..... 76— 82 | Jameco: 10. Dark, multicolored coarse sand and gravel; considerable percentage of flattened shale pebbles; only 50 to 60 per cent of quartz; some biotite; looks as if it might be a sample taken from the Wisconsin moraine in the center of island._.. .82—- 90 © = _ Cretaceous: ‘ 11. Black sand composed of fine, gray, quartz sand with a large percentage of lignite: some FeS and S; several large pieces of lignitized wood at 99 feet__.._..__- 90— 99 12. Grayish sand with some free sulphur and a few particles of lignite.........-- 99-107 13. White sand with occasional patches tinged lemon yellow, perhaps due to iron Stains 17a) few? jpanticless om sme cymsral ya irae eee eee ne er 107-111 14, Dark-oray ‘silty ‘sand sc 2% 4. 22 eee ese eee ee IPH) 15. White sand with small pieces of lignite; note on bottle says ‘‘120, petrified wood’’. 119-121 IG Won, Corde Colones! Cleyy (Clone Clay”) 2.2 sccoeccssece ce cous deo5 sonesees zs: 121-135 17. Coarse, gray, clayey sand, with particles of sulphur_.........-..-------------- 135-148 18? Medium (dark-orayJsand)(saltiyatets ese ree a ee ee 143-145 19. Very ‘coarse \dark-oray sands: 9 eee ee eee Te ee eee 145-156 20. Olive-green sand and small quartz gravel; some sulphur salt water).--.-.-.-.--- 156-158 2) Veny darkilead-colored! clay= ==). -en see =e Sool 0 el 0G as eas ee 158-174 22. White sand, containing at 190 a log of lignitized wood_--.-...-...-------------- 174-192 23° White cravel jandisalt-water- 9 eee wanes. so 8S eto ee eee 192-196 24. (Clay: 2 p2nhs eee eco ec) ee oni: mI SE eee ee ey nee 196-200 25>) Pime:sandin: Js 8 2 6 352 2 1 Ree. os eee eee ee eee 200-220 26. ‘Solid blueitlaye:eicle. =... 2S eo Be ee 220-270 (At 270 fresh water, sweet and chalybeate. ) 274 White‘sandvand wood... 25-2 em Meera ote tere = kee Se ee 270-276 D8. Clays p52 8 CE SON. oye = 5 BER ete oe isyere dT ie eae 276-282 29) White'sand ‘and; wood.. : 2.2.2 824 ee eee ee 2 oe 2 ee Se e227) 30) Blueiclay: s.sSs-e25 Scan) ce Seopa la oa 297-305 31) White:sand, wood sand ‘waterst cose see eee eo oe ee ee 305-308 Sou iBlierclayceses- soe oct ee Dae: Saket ee ca ht 308-317 33. White sand containing wood and artesian water_._-.--.--- et eee eee So Pre 317-325 34. Blue. clayies =o: sos he5 $3 Soe sn Rn CAS 325-340 35. White sand and mineral] water; has considerable CO,, sparkling and effervescent._ 340-356 36." Blue claiy. 2c 5< ce Maes Sse ee kt 7 Ala tL ae ae 390-360 37.. White: sand..and pureswater..2 21: Soper ess Sh eee 364-378 38. Bluevelay.. 22 2520s 23 hohe ee ee Re ee aS hese ee ee 378-380 39: Wiiite:sand. (32 22 212 eee see ote re a es Se ee eee 380-381 40. White clay... = 222220 a2 oc ao tee 2 See oe ane ee ee 381-383 41 . Kine ‘sand with artestam: water]... => 9 See co ee = ee ee SSG DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. DAG On May 6, 1903, well was flowing 5 gallons per minute, at a height of about 1 foot above the surface of the ground; it.was from this well that the tide curve shown in fig. 34, was obtained. The water from a depth of 270 feet has been analyzed by Endermann and Saarbach, analytical chemists of New York, with the following results: Analysis of water from depth of 270 feet in Long Beach Association’s well at Long Beach. Parts per million. EAU 9) io a ae I ED yn RE ee ETI iN Ere Bh So hia et del: Sw ME Sia a 125. 000 TEARS Ry gE Cee, So cc ie RNR oes = Oe i te a ea PS) 3. 525 Ma om esi at. too he ee tener pce pe fapcholas eran. Sin. 2c ee ah wet aye Antes tenn arsine rg me 4. 276 Oxadero fsiron =e rR yo eon nies Pie) Sey Wa WAN Oe 2 EY tl es te Ne 7.057 Chi OTine Saas ee a Rp 8 eure) 3 war elateck Sao mae NeS S Se mee ee a 158. 750 SOU COWIE NS bee coche Dt = aos CS et ANGE Re a no ee eee Ce ORS ee 14. 760 SHU ere eae ee Ee Sod Sbin 2 Richt o eG ene Oe EE ee Ae ee ee Seon oe See eee 3}, By 7/ Noth ete tis es Sh i ac yk ep ne eg Sree en 317. 545 Analysis of water from 383 to 386 feet by Doctors Endermann and Saarbach: Analysis of water from depth of 383-386 feet in well of Long Beach Association at Long Beach. Parts per million. WP otalirestdues: sees oe eee see ne oe ee ee ee a oe sy By Orcanicvand!volatilesmattenee weer east een ee eels ot Saker ee Rane Sele 54. 72 Mineraliresid Wess20 sat ieee Oe yes eh.) ah oe eee ee ie cee 102.6 Bree Aad Ones ee ee RES, eC ec Say eo oe a Bee eee ae . 07 AN DUNT Odi am ONS se eres ee se ey ee Bee Te Poe eae .13 INGEN OUS eo Cl Clear aes a emai ee ae Ch ee Ske eee Soke None. BINAETCHAC] eye Aira ene =A chs aie peels Sy 2 68 Oo. Re et Sok er ea a eral Oxygemnrequireditororcanticameanterses == a6 ee eee See ae eee SoBe BLS Slee 4.79 Chlorine se seo re I Ne oe Ain ea SR ge i ME IS UO 29. 07 374. The following section has been prepared from samples preserved in the museum of the Long Island Historical Society: Record of well at Hempstead poorhouse, Barnum Island, New ¥ ork. Tisbury: Feet. ei Orangersandten dkonaveleyeee mere ae cae ae ae ee ee oe eee O- 4 2 einesyellowishwbkormesamdesssase ee. mol at LN eee eS oN ee ee 5 Av Orancersandeandecrayelenn eat see eae vee ene eee oe PS Le 15 5. Very, dark-gray, clayey sand, with a few quartz pebbles_.............-.--------- 22 6. Small and medium quartz pebbles orange yellow.........-.....-.-.---.---.--- 29 (eebinestoycoarserorune eave lows Sandee ener 2s oe. eo eee Soe eee ee ee 40 Ses Sal Cette ae en eee Ar BN a ee oe ee eek wale eeew gees ees 60 9. Yellow clay and gravel, partly cemented with iron _....--..:-.------------------ 63 LO mine syrellowesain leew mnee Wo kane Seen wo ee he eg eee ee 70 Transition: ii wEine tomncdiumydarkeoraygsandsse se esas te eee ele he oi eee ee 74 Sankaty: 12. Very fine dark-gray clay, with a little lignitized wood _...-...-.--.-.----------- 75 Sau ank= orev] ayaa rnane Meterie A NA eel eas he Lee ole 95 ESAT CY 6 nen a een ee ney Sr aie ene ebay Soe ae Pe a sree Sesh eyoaie 113 jee Dark-onay clayevacundgandgonaeleas sate wee ee ewe ee eee 2 Be 126 Jameco?: 16. Gravel of quartz and chert; has no recognizable erratics, but colors suggest glacial material; quite different from the orange sand at the top of the section.-...-..- 129 948 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Cretaceous: Feet. U7. Dark-sray sands 2242.2). Se. ce eee ee NEE 2s de eS han aC ei 135 18. White: micaceousisand’: 2) o223 22 = Sa eee oe Be hee a ee . 147 19. White sand and orange gravel; a few fragments of red quartzite..............-_- 168 20: Coarse’ pray sand) 5.2 2-554 o ese eRe ore on ae eee ee eleae) 21. Fine to coarse dirty yellowish gray sand................---------------------- 175 22. Coarse white sand with Home =... 2s yee ee ee ee soe. < Ree en Ce 180 23s lhignite} =. ss. a see a ee eee Sy a2 PSE ae NRA fh SH Si Sota3 200 24s Venyitineyoray, clayey, San Cs eee ee een eee ere rae eee see eo 225 25. Coarse grayish whittersam dy 2c). -) 2a a peter eee =) 2 a8 ar ep ne 243 26:-Much lignite ineray samd 2-955 - seen mere ee eel et ee eee eee 245-270 27... Gray sand and jlignitecs 5. 1t...< eee eee ee ae oe he eee 270-370 28. Giay, clay 2s 2). sais, Ales Eel EOE Set pene clue 2 ce eS Na ener . 380 29. Carbonaceousiclays 122-2252 eee eee Eee Re ae Se yt is el ~ 883 These samples were furnished by the driller, Mr. Theodore A. Carmen, who gave the following data regarding this well in a letter dated April 24, 1895: ow ““Some years ago I attempted to bore a well near the shore; at 123 feet reached fresh water; we con- tinued boring to a depth of 380 feet; the soil was fine beach coin and clay, but the water was not “200d eae did not rise to the surface.” Be A record of the well has been published by Lewis,“ who adds the following remarks on the senna “The deposit of clay between 70 and 126 feet seems closely analogous to many clays now found upon, and at various depths beneath, the surface of the island; it is evidently a local deposit, such as might occur in the depressions of the surface. Two tube wells have been driven at no great distance from Barnums Island, one 97 and the other 194 feet, in which no similar layer of clay was detected.” Other records have been published by Merrill,? Darton,“ and Woolman./@ 375. As the artesian water obtained from the deep well at Long Beach, No. 373, was so chalybeate that - it was undesirable for domestic use, a pumping plant was established at Hast Rockaway which draws its water from shallow wells in the surface gravels. The following analysis by Doctors Endermann and Saarbach has been furnished by Mr. Paul K. Ames: Analysis of water from pumping plant of Long Beach Association near East Rockaway. Parts per million. Totaile residwesne > 55-75 2 epee een se eee RSS soe Se Se Fe one ee eee 94. 05 Organic ‘and! volatile:matter 5222. 25. eeear eee nes o-ee Ses d= ee eee ee 13. 68 Minéralisresidueé:...2.22580-)ye0s 5 2S <= ser i 2 a Bc Ss eee 80. 37 ree) ean OT gh = 30 ed iy, ee Ene 8k ee Trace. Albuminoid ammonia ee ee ER 2. 5 SS oo Bae EE es ee atiscseseos auc Trace. Naitroustacid! >. see See 2 hes 5 fo ae en Ae hs Sef eels he a None. INDGEYG: CVI Mis Sorc cel re eye 2S pe a eo sc ee, 2. 82 Oxygen equined Wor tore aint e) eter eee eee ey ee eee 56. 94 * GhlOrimes Se: sso sees eS =k see 2 witches i eee oe re 19. 32 BSTOA. Record of J. H. Clark’s well at East Rockaway. Tisbury: Feet. Wi Gande ec eae od Sock se ot ee eee ces cae See 0- 6 2: (Coarse: ‘white oravel. i. : 1.2) Ese Re Sri sit ee eg a 6— 8 Se Sand ake Shs Sh ced Lc Sle eet ke Sc 8-21 4. Coarse. white: gravels:2_2 22 Ain ete ee ae atone Co Oe eee eee 21-24 Tisbury?: By, NO cBy which? tasted! dikeMalume e251 20226 ces Sey ee ae eee 24-27 EoD: Sci. alien vol. 10, 1877, p. 442. b Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 3, 1886, p. 350. c Bull. N. Y. Geol. Survey No. 138, 1896, pp. 32-33. dad Ann. Rept. Geol. Survey New Jersey for 1896, 1897, p. 160. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. , 249 The driller, Mr. Fass, did not penetrate the clay in this well, but pulled up the pipe and obtained the water from the gravel above it. 376. Record of J. M. Smith’s well near Rockville Center. Tisbury: Feet. 1. Stratified, yellow sand and quartz gravel, containing a small percentage of erratic Materials arp res er skeen ones vo Rc eek Bs OL SO os See 0-17 2. Cobble bed; large, yellow, iron-stained quartz bowlders .........-.....--------- 17-18 Mr. McCarten says that eight or ten attempts have been made to drive wells on the property of Mr. Smith, all of which have been unsuccessful on account of the pipe bending in the attempt to pass through the layer of stones, which is water bearing and 26 inches in thickness. The sand and gravel below the layer of cobbles is said to be relatively dry. 377. The following record has been copied from a blueprint kindly furnished by Chief Engineer I. M. De Varona: Record of Brooklyn test well No. 26,near Smith Pond. Recent to Tisbury: Feet. i, Woes euol spinel. 2... 22 55ee=s esses ee Jodie aera en eater eats uaa S ~0= 15 Qe Bluishy erage] aye see ets t= ae one emia tesla ine ae Se ele rae aie ee 15- 24 Seay Cllowasandnan dmouaye Mmmeiawe Nee ee a Seem cn sea Se eee eee 24— 56 Cretaceous ?: dL ign pany clay inbxacl yntiln {oe SENG oapesae ncoomenes ance es okesseceeesHi 56- 64 5. Bluish gray and yellow clay mixed with fine sand._...._.._._.__.-...--..__-- 64- 71 Cretaceous: @, Yello? sruacl Yamin traces: OF Oly ..aSscossescesso secu see=ceseeseeee jt ek 71— 76 7. Gray sand, gravel, clay, and wood...........-.-.----- Usha ine en ely ae 76— 84 Seellowusunds cl aymandmnOOdes ces ene eh aaa aes ces ce ss Shae ce Sec ete oe 84- 96 O. Greny Saal johiiisin Clay, ainel qos. sone ne keaae sos sa5e sees sea seese aaa 96-108 OS Wellows clay saad pam dipwoodeee ee sae eee ee eee Ses Sc See jacks cea 108-114 ik Gravasand cl ayer an UmmOOdsans Hare ae eelan Sots Se ee ene See ot Slee ec 114-118 12) Vellowasand xelaynandmwOOdses= nea =. 0 28s2 ses sees oss one 8 Meese ee 118-128 13), Brnenayclloyy ceacl, Gly, einl Wool. 25. ss5c2 a5 eesse5 sos as see eee ee eee 128-134 14. White sand, clay, and wood (slightly water-bearing from 170.7).---.------- 134-184 U5, WWaawine) enavol, loon Clayy, einel WyeCG = cee see cava Senn ee nose eseses se ese ee ceses 184-202 NGS Solidmerayerel aye ma OMualeI Mees a ames ohm ony eet yc ewes (a ee 202-214 17. Gray clay, sand, and wood; slightly water-bearing.-.......-...-..-.------.--- 214-235 18. Gray clay, fine sand, and wood; slightly water-bearing.............-.-.------- 235-279 19. White sand, clay, and wood; slightly water-bearing..........-.--------------- 279-510 0), Sollicl Gi Gt ceidk louis Gemy Color... aacsgsee be eee ee essase eases see eeen see 510-518 21. Clay, sand, and wood; slightly water-bearing................-...-.-.-...-.-.. 518-522 PAS Olio Gers TNO WEN 226 SURG AE Reet enna 46 See eee een ae oa ne eee ee eee 522-527 23. Light-gray clay, sand, and wood; slightly water-bearing-.............-......-- 527-554 24. Sand, gravel, clay, and wood; water-bearimg................-.-.-----.-.----- 554-578 25. Sharp white sand and white clay; no wood; flows 5 gallons per minute... --- 578-579 26. Small gravel, white sand, and white clay; flows 5 gallons per minute. -...-.- 579-587 Bleyation of surface, 8.3 feet. “ First water at 25 feet; rises to 6 feet below at the surface; the best supply of water is from 42-45 feet.” 378. Record of commission’s test well near Rockville Center. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 12; IDdicoroyanloannyy sane! age aS ee Re OGs 2o5 Seekers ee se eee eee ere 0. 5- 1.5 Bs IReche salons wine GaMGl tos dene ses! shes Heed eee a oes 4.5 AM Veny, tine) whitesssnderomsnmell cravelenss == se-—2nse sss. = ees ee 8- 9 5. Very fine grayish yellow sand; some fine gravel.......-.-.-------------- 13-14 Guavellowrsiliyaclay. mounlediredee ssn. see se see ao eee ss ccc os So secs es cea UA Fe 3 17116—No. 44—06: 17 250 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. : Feet. daReddisht -yelloy; sand sees = a sear Te Soa nice che Ae ae ea 17. 5-18 8. Red sand, fine to medium, with biotite._...._._...____- 8A So he Sn eee 18. 5-19 9. Dight=yellow ‘simd 22-22. 32350 soe ee eae es oe ee ee 22-22. 5 10. Same, with considerable yellow clay.---.--.---- BES: Aa eee 23-23. 5 11) Red and: yellowisand_2-2.% 25 ssa eeeee ye ee Se ee 26. 5-27 12. Fine, dark gray-blue clay, with quartz sand and lignite...._..._..-.-.--..-- 27° -27.5 13.) Grayvishesand ain dll omit ess =e eee een he Pee Seen 29 -30 14 Light reddishy yellowesand) momenraitl Cs meester seo nae ee eee 33 —34 15516. Medium’ ‘white sand 2.2 See eae eee ee eo ely ee . 36 —42 V7... Medium -Vellow ‘sand’s2 "2:2 sy. Seep Niece ee ecg ne Sn epee 43. 5-44 19. Eine’ to medium: gray sand ss oe eer en ca aa Soe ee 47 —48 20! Wine tor coarse yeranyis li syelll owas s ae eens mete ee ee 48° —49 21. Fine to very coarse brownish yellow sand and quartz gravel (bowlder struck in PHS ) se tiot terse ig Gk cee ae eS tes OU A ce 49, 5-51 22:2 Bowlers. 21:2. ee Sopa eens ree por ie—aee e laee ae ee e 51 -52 — 23: Medium’ yellow sands. 5.52.2 e= seme tee 8 2 a eee 52. 5-53 Cretaceous: 24. Medium white gray sand and a little white clay........:.-......._.-.-.4:. 58. 5-54, 5. 25.) Vety, fine oraiy ssamd\jamd) jovlc ayn ley eaeee sea ee ee eee eee ee 55 -55.5 26: Very: coarsewhite sand 5.228 sea eee een ee eee noe se ee Mae at em 55. 5-56 27. Kine to coarse quartz sand and) eraveles=2 222 = 22-2 2222225222 Se Sees 58 -60 28: Hine quartz sand apparently pulverized rock 2-22 =- 222 2-- 252s sees 61 -62 29. Medium “grayish Gray silt toomedium’ sand) highly muicaceous:==22522222222-2-2------2------ 70 — 71 OM Brichtned sandy silthereeerees =] a2 ee ec Sse ete Se see eases ote eee 1M 16 20. Light, grayish brown, micaceous, sandy silt............-.-.-.-.---.-- fee 80 - 81 21-22. Greenish yellow, micaceous, sandy silt... ..........-.-.---------------. 85 —- 91 23. Grayish brown, micaceous, silty sand, with some lignite._.._.._..-..---.--- 91.7—- 91.8 DAP hineslight=vellowssamd seen. a en 6 se eee eee ee. oe kkk ea ns 93. 5— 94 25. Fine, greenish yellow, micaceous, silty sand..-........-.------------------ 95 — 96 949), ID id eferany, TMC eCOUS), Shiny Ral oe eo SoBe onan noe asso seeeoueneHeeeeeees 100 -101 27-28. Medium light yellowish white sand..........-.---------.------------- 105 -111 AQ), IROaIElA GMs Slivy SINC... be asce ce ee seaaee so eode oese ce ee ae aeanesesese 115 -116 30! Darks yellowishtorayisilbyisamdeee tees ce esses nee ep ee eee 120 -121 31. Laminated black and white sandy clay.........-..-.-.------------------- 123. 5-125 408. Record of commission’s test well near East Meadow Brook. Wisconsin and Tisbury ?: Feet. 1-8. Light-yellow outwash sand and gravel. _._._...-.-.---.-.----------------- 0-35 409. Record of commission’s test well near Garden City. Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 1-9. Light-yellow outwash sand and pravel.........-...-.--------------------- 0-37 See Table XII. 410. Record of commission’s test well at Garden City. Wisconsin: Feet. 122s Dark-coloredifonanelllivslosmmeess reese 2 sles oe eye eye 2 ee ue 0 - 1.6 3-7. Brownish-yellow outwash sands and gravel, with much glacial material-------- 2. 3-23 Tisbury ?: 8-10. Fine to coarse reddish yellow sand, not clearly glacial_.-..-.....-.--------- 27 =-36.8 See Tables XII, XIII. 254 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Ail. Record of commission’s test well at Garden City. Wisconsin and Tisbury: : Feet. i.e Black !loamiy sande oats So ae 20 ee pera ees rcs eo oe eae et 2. Yellow sand to coarse gravel with a little yellow clay.................-.---.------- 3-6. Bright reddish yellow sand and fine gravel_..........--.--------------------- 5-21 7. Fine yellow gravel with little, if any, glacial material (same as 11, well 402)-..--...--- 4 A413. Record of commission’s test well at Garden City. Wisconsin: |. Feet. ti: Dark ‘sandy loam-withjeravels. 1-2 -22- eee = 32 A ee eee 0.5 2. Yellow: sandy clays o5 32220 = 2 cics dee eo = 2 a ee 2 die Yellowssand andi onavelk: 32-412. 5 ee 22 2 Jak ee 4 AT 1Ohs GrrawyasknnyelLowa sam duo 1116 ore: ve | ee eee Or pe eee 8. 5-38. All samples apparently represent outwash material, and contain much biotite. 414. Mr. George L. Hubbell, general manager, states that the water level in the well owned by the ~ Garden City Water Supply Company can be reduced 12 feet by excessive pumping, and that when the water level falls after several months’ steady pumping the hydrants are opened and the pumps are run at their full capacity night and day for from twenty-four to thirty-six hours. When the normal rate of pumping is — resumed the water level rises 5 feet. A layer of clay is encountered between 20 and 24 feet, which is overlain and underlain by sand and gravel. 416. Record of commission’s test well near Mineola. Wisconsin and Tisbury?: ; : Feet: L.. Blackisunia ce Silt osc. °5 .<3)< 20 = ae ee ee Ee er ia ee Sao eee a ee 2-38. Vellowseraivelly: losin. -\<= 2/5 yey se ee ene a ie ee a A ae 1.2- 3.4 4-8. Fine sand to small gravel (outwash glacial material)-_-..._...-.-.-.-.+---- 6 -27 9. Very fine, reddish, clayey sand......---.--------- role d eels J eel ie Ce A ee 30. 9-31 10-12. Fine silt to small gravel (outwash material)..-.._....-.-----.----------- 31 -42.5 See Table XII. 41s. Record of commission’s test well near Mineola. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Black surface loam._....------ ety a RE OUR TONAL Ae 1 Le Mle Cg Ts La 0.5 2: #Y ellow:'siltyioravelly.sand..2. oe ee << oe ee ee a ae 3-10. Fine silt to small gravel (outwash glacial material)....._.....-...---..---- 6. 5-42 Tisbury: dil Very: fine licht=yellow, silty sand=as esses =. 92-522 55 |e eee 50 —51 12) Medium) yellowssand ((doubthulllysolactal) Pees - 4-2 952 eee eee 51 —53.8 13. Coarse reddish yellow sand (doubtfully glacial)...........:.-.-.....-.------- 53 -55.7 See Tables XII, XIII. 419. Record of commission’s test well near Mineola. Wisconsin: Feet. 12 (Black\sandydoaml 0. "a6 tee eee eee PL Sh See eM OS5iam 2 Dark loamry'sand with orsivel 2 5 <5 see eee eas = | ys eee ee ere 2 3. Grayish yellow sand with fine gravel_........-..-.------ se MEE ete 22 cle ae 4 -6 4: Same’ but. withymore eravel-.. “22 = see a. - 2 = ee ee 10 -11.5 5-65 smalllionavell with) mach) erratic maatientalllye sa 22 2. = eee ee eens 15 -20.5 Tisbury: 7. Yellow:sandswath smallltoravel/ 22 Se oes eee ae ae ores ee ee 20. 5-21 8; same, withravlithleiclavies == n=.) =e eat saye Ras 2b er 25. 5-26 9=10‘Smmall gravel 252.2 2 Boe ae eee oe = Se eee 29. 5-36 LL. Very coarse yellow sand 242-74... “See eee eee ee 38 -39 12-13. Fine grayish yellow sand-.--- - ai ee coe eG as ORE Bee ere 43 -48.5 14. Same, but with a little coarse gravel...........--- See Sid a eae en ee ae 53: —53..5 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. | 2 420. Record of C. Edison’s well near East Williston. = eet. iL se OtapTRSC cy ats Hales GR ots 3 Soe IO OS MOR SR Ae RS ee ee eae ee ere 343- Strainers are placed from 300 to 308 feet and from 330 to 340 feet. Elevation of ground, 197.5 feet. A431. The Cretaceous sand which underlies the Wheatley Hills, while water-bearing, is so fine that it is difficult to finish a well in it. Mr. E. D. Morgan has been particularly persistent in his search for a coarser layer that would yield an adequate supply of water. The records of several of the wells drilled at this place are given below. The section of the well completed by Mr. John Fisher is reported as follows: Record of LE. D. Morgan’s well in Wheatley Hills. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. SGI ONS AN o> 5

  • - : 5.) Same rather fimers.22. 55. 5 te, Pa eee ee ree et ne ap Sree ee ee 47-52 ~ See Table XIII. ; 455. Record of well of Nassau County Water Company, near Glen Cove. Recent: Feet. 1. Marshomud-.-- 352 22 35.32) eee ewes naw iene Os eee 0- 2 2. “Brownsand: 32. A022 28. Soe ee es ee gee ee ee 2- 8 Tisbury: 3: Sand! and “brown eravel’: 5: sees seen oe 2) By / Deane ie Ee as ae a 8-35 A: Coase ‘gravel. oie.Sis ee eee eee eee eee ies 3a See ie ee copa 35-54 ba Binet gravels: 2822 se oe eee S56 Ac ea AE Par Se ok SME et al ce 54 “The gravel [in this well] is as large as a man’s fist; the sand is white and coarse from.8 to 54. This well flows 6 feet in the air, and its pumping capacity is 250 gallons per minute.” Samples in the office of Mr. Oscar Darling, consulting engineer, show the following section for the first 10-inch well: Record of well of Nassau County Water Company, near Glen Cove. Tisbury: Feet. 1. Light-yellow sand and gravel with small percentage of glacial material--.----- 0-23 2, Yellow sandy “clay-:-...: .7 2. Saeeeeeee ee. 2 e 2 2 ee ee =f Ze 3. Eine yellow sand)?! 20... 2 [eee sae eae 3 ee ee ee 31 4. Pepper and salt sand (much glacial material).-..____._.-__.-_-.-._....--.-.- 37-41 he (Coarseowhite Sande...) 2. 2< Aeon crs. a Se eS en a 46-66 This well flowed first at 41 feet. The 2-inch test well flowed first at a depth of 34 feet; it flowed, at 18 inches above the surface, 20 gallons per minute. Mr. Darling gives the elevation of the ground at the pumping station as 50 feet above mean high tide. 456. Record of Friends’ Academy well near Locust V alley. Tisbury: ~ * Feet. 1. Vellowssandeosso 2452 22). = 52. See A eee eet es QO 4 : 2, Light-colored‘sand! and ‘gravel... 255 Sepa sie see oe eee ee 4 80 Manhasset bowlder bed?: 3: Brown. jclayst 2222 Seek on ie oso oe see eee ee eee 80- 87 Tisbury: 4. Reddish brown sand, with some water-_--_-- hs 1 ee 2 cr Oe eae oes eee 87— 90 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 263 Cretaceous?: Feet. Shilalenncl sma Clan, (Clingie loeb) pases oeee ono aan abe aan ae e ee eee eee eee 90- 93 Gio Grraiy gain Gace cas ou ese | Beret tts peters Se ee oh renee ets icky a ee Serio cvsaireee 93-156 (eitardssanng varcl ava (Ga eancpans)) sete ae eer ae eee kines 2 | 2 a/c ee ee 156-160 SanwWihivensancdmwabhewatense qact meee teh wa Cee bo et 160-164 CO) tA ESN YON as a ap et io SRE a Spe aN oS oN ee er 164-168 Cretaceous: OSMBrownysheaellowatomwontie) SAMs ws eet eeree yeh ctee se Sickie geese 168-197 ESV Viaitemclavas becomun cup imke beloweemee= seme erste ese Seles ee 22 | eee 197-209 12 Creenishmwinitessanc mw tao Utn wallets ss erse aa eee see see seen ee 209-212 TS Winter sandivandwenavel-watene canine mecem ss same see eee 2 ee ee eee 212-222 457. Record of F. E. Willets’s well near Glen Cove. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. UE MAB IRON AN GOLMAAL 2, 3 5 che nes OI GAS ROE ee I an HO eee SR O=9 2 sBrownishe cravelmaindssand ese e= a sees ee oe sai OPAL So AAR oh ee oe 9- 29 Manhasset bowlder bed: Soe Lard pales avaawilt Mm DOwlGd erse- mo: 28 feet sees were teseie moeele cl oe ae mee ees Seve 29- 44 . Tisbury: A ibieht-colotedh Sandi Meererete ec we cis 2 ec’ MeeS mon eee ie eg oe ee eee 44- 70 ePRESTO;Wilnil sll CA years = ney sp epee re cqueelic ote on 1 2 Ses MIO Ae = tee | eR oe 70— 85 6. Sand, growing whiter as the depth increases. .......-.----------------------- 85-158 Cretaceous ? 7. Clay, with enough grit to make it hard (“hardpan”’)..-.-.-.-.-..------------ 158-164 ST aWihiteronarel (no wate) BemeeEser see aa- cea Aace ae ee een ees Soe cete 164-182 9. White coarse sand, with an abundant supply of water...........-.----------- 182-186 Aas. Record of S. Seeman’s well near Glen Cove. Wisconsin: Feet. ily Jelena ongia CAE en sos aattesee See creat oR on BS Cerra eel ee ar are 0- 15 Tisbury: PAIS ENO PHENO MECC 3d. ce. din a Oo ORE Ae SIAR en er 15- Transition: SomN ANUS SETAC es cp Sige iesey cs Sach SISO CSR TES SS Tee PEN een eae eet nn ee Cretaceous: ARV initenclavambecomln cmpimkwbelowrere oh ..422 oo a2 ese ne seecien ats oe Saleen DV bite SANG may alcelim DG alkin Cupane eeater Ge ie oe a ees 2 Fete. ad Sick, ei pemnore -140 459. Record of S. Burke’s well near Glen Cove. Wisconsin: Feet. i, “etnglopins”’ lovronvin Cleny wall slates tke) looks. 2 o2a26 ao as oes] cee ee soon cea O- 41 Tisbury: ORUBTOWAIS Oy Sain Gagan Ce Oley Gms Mee ser ee ernetfe eee eevee ee de Be ee 41-150 Cretaceous: 3. Whitish clay, becomime pink im its lower portion...._-.-.--..---..---.------- 150-165 AAV Mitossand sconuaimimem waters jest) eG ee ee 165-170 Mr. Dubois states that this bed of white or pink clay commonly overlies the water-bearing strata in this section. 4160. Record of North Country Club well near Glen Cove. Tisbury: Feet. Ve: SNOUT NE NEL 8 ea ey enc cok gc IE ice a re O- 20 Ds, QUO ee Fad Sein SS po Secor oe eo OE AE ET ROR NET es ER cer a eS 20- 21 SHED ry bro wins h=yell owgesela dee. ope eae ee Ee ie Ly ee oe 21— 90 Cretaceous: dil NWVAGHINSY (GIR es Sera a ars Oc-c,0 Li eee eee Sere era ea an 90- 94 By Seine es a ue te S88 rao con GOS PEARS ENERO ROEM hee Se en ae eee ee 94-129 264 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. AG. Record of John Minnken’s well near Glen Cove. Recent: Feet. I. Willed: growndas 25. Ss eee oe ere Fide, Fe heen O= 5 2 Petit. oj. nt aden Boscete Be oe eee eine = Oa ee 5 -10 Tisbury: 3. Very light-brown sand 25.1 Aegis 2 Irae Sree tase ae ee 10-70 Cretaceous: in Ay Pinlevelaiy aides es te ol el sol 0 ge ae ae 4 ere ors tre he 70-78 5. White sand and gravel, water bearing; similar to the gravel in Baldwin’s well (No. A76) 25.0. se oo ee SE ae 78-80 This well flows at a height of about 40 feet above sea level. ; AGS. Record of Crystal Springs Ice Company’s wells near Glen Cove. Recent: Feet. AeMiarsh: sdeposth. < s2-2 <<< je:dcig 2s Sept re ne 22 1S = Re a ea ple 0-20 Tisbury: : 2. Sand, with water (small flow of fresh water at 28 feet)........_.....-..-....- 20-28. Cretaceous: ae 3. Bluish clay, becoming white below.....-.-.-.---.------------- Eee Pe ty FOTO) An Viniteserayell wathy emtesitana vyeitie casei eye see a oa ee eins Same ae 70-73 5. White clay (not passed through). - ial see ae sndasd Bes Sera Bee 73- Two-inch well flowed 18 gallons per minute when first drilled, but the flow seems to have decreased slightly; 4-inch well flowed 30 gallons, with no decrease noticed. Water was piped up to 143 feet above ground in 1899. Mr. Oscar Darling reports the surface at the 4-inch well to be 30 feet above mean high tide. AGA. Mr. Ralph D. Carter gives the following section of this well: Record of J. P. Tangeman’s well near Glen Cove Landing. Ee: ea Ne ee iL Wihttessan diy ce oe vec ese ee CURED Ale Sn 8 gS 0- 87 2.) Mardpan:: 3 220o. once Se Soren ee See eR 87— 90 3. Water-bearing stratum of gravel, sand, and clay, containing mica...........-.. 90-100 4 \Gray=colored clays 2.42200 oe Serre ey oe Regen near eR waa. VN ok C3 100-105 465. Record of W. M. Valentine’s well near Dosoris. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. il. (Brown loamy aes O5h: tae eee Re Secs. 2. 25.2. AER Seeing ae ee 0-. 6 2: Gray to; brownvsand jand ‘oravel eee ss 25°02 = | 2 aera ae a eee an ape ene 6— 76 Manhasset bowlder bed: : 3.“ Elardpan’? 3055 28525. 5 Sk ai, 2 eee eee ey = 2 a2 ee ee ere a 76— 79 Tisbury: : 4, Brownish ‘sandywith water. 2-. eeeseeemes == 4225-25-55 nee ee eee eee 79- 83 5. Some etavel.at about... -). S.cveseeeeeeas bac - 2d 5e eee ee eee ee 125 Cretaceous: 6: Very white:clayey sand: 22s <-\eeee ae isa- = ad Ss ee ee eee 144-200 7. Blue clay, with a very hard layer at the base_-_-.-..---. me Wpetiies Phe pila eal Sap ee 200-215 466. This plant was originally constructed to supply the Prat estate, but the mains were ultimately extended to Lattingtown and Glen Cove. Mr. Frederick Miller put in the first two wells near the pumping station, after he had made the two tests mentioned under well 467. These were both 6-inch wells, one 38 and the other 48 feet deep. The 38-foot well has an elevation of about 48 feet, and flowed when first put down. Since the wells have been pumped, this well has ceased flowing. In 1900 Mr. Munger put in two additional 6-inch wells, one 38 feet and the other 82 feet deep. The 82-foot well is on the lowest ground of the series, being only about 30 feet above high tide; it is report ted to flow 4 to 5 gallons per minute. Its section is approximately as follows: DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 265 Record of Pratt estate well near Dosoris. Feet Thy BYOB S Sc So Go eR eT NOE SEU NE Ee Oye A aR a ee RDS 0- 2 Cretaceous: 2 BINCKC ay eae ee eee eee artes tae see eens ge ih ee ee ee 2-17 Su Neddishesandmandgeravielbae emer. cuer eee nee 2. ee ee oe ee 17-19 Abe BDO EW ita S55 GS sees Sold SN Re eee ee ae ae eu ae 19-30 Om Minetwhitersandsee eee wee to conn eee Mite Ms Se Sk oac eleee. Se eeets 30-36 GreAlternateslayerssotecrayellssaad, anduclays sees see eos lease 2 ee ee 36-82 Water was first struck at about 40 feet, but did not flow; at 70 feet water was again encountered, which filled the pipe almost to the top; at 75 feet the water flowed over the top of the pipe. The yield of these 4 wells is given as about 100,000 gallons per day. The standpipe, which has a capacity of 158,000 gallons, is situated on the top of a hill, at an elevation of 160 feet. About 250 feet southwest of one of the good wells at the pumping station, Mr. Munger put down four 14-inch test wells to a depth of 125 feet without getting water. He reports the same character of soil, but no water. Z 467. Mr. Munger reports two wells sunk at this point toa depth of 125 feet, through sand and clay, without any results. A469. Record of D. F. Bush’s well near Dosoris Pond. Recent: j Feet. 1. Yellowish brown sand.---- - Sorters ae cee hak eh a SES ot webs ie eee 0 -4 Drea sh tdep sitet. a to Seer ene ee ane oe Os De et Bh Wisconsin ?: See blueclayvewithepebblesk Galtamadpanni® a= nese os 28 ee eee ee ee ae ele 7 -15 Tisbury: AMO uicksan ee 4 ae errs SSeS e se See BEeS.cs Sak s4 asks tae ee S 15 -85 Sankaty: eeLVed Gis bimotanne lia dia C) mymememees tam etic) pe ey pycfee ees ee he we eee 85 -88 GkaVieryanedtsandesst weer mms. ok oun le SESS ee Ss pas cee ease 88 -88.5 (egkeddishaonsiyelWmandaclavemernc so sete ye eee ee Se fee ones Soe 88. 5-95 Jameco: 8. Light-colored gravel with a considerable percentage of glacial material; furnishes ALLE AM WALCO e NAL Me eee we eee eee ee 95 ~-97 Mr. Dubois has furnished a sample from stratum 8. 470. The following section has been compiled from samples furnished through the kindness of Messrs. P. H. and J. Conlan: Record of C. O. Gates’s well near Peacock Point. Pleistocene: Feet. Seas hpi | caine... 2 od seroaks HES Meree es aes ae ae Cee ot 0- 40 2. Greenish gray sandy clay, with a few quartz pebbles... .......-.- fet eerie Se 45 3-5. Dark, reddish brown sandy clay, with some biotite ......_.........-.......- 60 — 80 Transition: Giskinescray isp dee eeeeeee ets ete eee en I Nee Te ae ees ae 90 Cretaceous: 7. Laminated, reddish brown, sandy clay; mo biotite ............-.....-.-----.--- 95 Savery tines pinlashwwihnitemalicaceous!samdes- 5-22 225222 220-222 55-22-55 2-2 _ 100 SI4> lichtqoraymMediumarsmicaceous) sandss-—4-- = 9-2-9229 2 2-8 8 2 eee 105-130 Hoa ankeyonays hb ROwubesal Givme Clave meses ec eae oe ese ee Se 135 iG seeeb blesmotstenn cima uSEcnMnGsiOMGese = = mrs ter ee ee 140 17-20. Laminated red and white clay. In the fragments furnished, the laminations show very great distortion; whether this is the natural condition of bed or is the result of method of taking samples is not known. Sample 17 contains a few fragments of a lamellibranch, but the sample shows 17116—No. 44—06——18 266 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. evidence of having been laid out on the ground before it was packed in the bottle, and the shell may have been picked up there--..---..-.--- 145-160 21—26. Brick red, very plastic clay_........--..--- Reig. 165-190 Lloyd sand: 27-30. Fine reddish sand; the red color seems to be due in a great measure to the redclay, irony theroverkyin a bec ase syste oor se een ee eee 195-210 31-33.) Medium lieittayell ov sand = 5s ee ener cers wee ge 215-225 34. Fine to coarse, light yellow, quartz gravel, with a few fragments of white, chalky lookmys ‘chert. 322. 2.5522 eee a Se ee 230- Elevation 9.0 feet, Geological Survey base. Mr. Bowman reports that the well flows 30 gallons per minute. For partial analysis by Prof. Charles S. Slichter, see page 68. 471. Mr. E. K. Hutchinson reports the following section for this well: Record of C. O. Gates’s well near Peacock Point. Pleistocene: Feet. 1; Bine:sand:-and ‘gravels 2 2 1.2 eee ee, ao) ee ioe Se re O> 805 - Cretaceous: 2. Alternate layers of red, black, gray, and milky-white clay...........-.-.--..--- 80-200 cS Lloyd sand: , tials 3. Fine sand, gradually growing coarser. .-..--.-.-..--.---.------- MN Se Dene 200-225 472. Water brings up a fine, micaceous, white sand, which settles with difficulty. It is claimed that storms from the north do not affect the water, but that storms from the east cause it to be very turbid. Record of well near Peacock Point. Pleistocene: ~ Feet. 1. "Beach ‘sandand) oravel:. £1555 seh ameter tees Peto ego nates ee ee 0-138 Cretaceous: 2: Ried: Clay csso-621 5.25 2oee eee eee destin se Se eee ee 138-198 Lloyd sand: 3. Sand with attesian: water 5.2: eosme enna es a1 eos elt eee oe he 198-210 473. Mr. Hutchinson reports the following section: Record of W. D. Gutherie’s well near Lattingtown. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Sand wand @ravel./so: 2 Aes Sen ee Soak ee eee Seen eee 0- 80 Cretaceous: 2. Clay, blue, white, and red, encountered in order given..-.......-.---.--------- 80-260 Lloyd sand: > 39 Varicolored sand and Venavel, become mco ase rss = = see eee 260-340 This well began flowing at 260 and continued to 340 feet. One of the workmen engaged on well gives the following record: Record of W. D. Gutherie’s well near Lattingtown. ‘ Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. ‘Sand and) gravel! 05. s22- 2a. sje see se ne Ol ei eee ee 0-110 Cretaceous: : , 2. White, blue, brown, and red clay, encountered in the order given ...--.-.------ 110-260. Lloyd sand: 3. White and yellow sand, in layers of 3 or 4 feet, alternating with layers of white clay. 260-342 Elevation 13.0 feet, Geological Survey base. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 267 474A. Record of W. D. Gutherie’s well near Lattingtown. Recent: > Feet. TU MSNA ONY OI TUTTE ee Based cc te eG ees eC CNN Ce a RO ER ae Sey 0- 5 Wisconsin and Tisbury: - 5 Poo gl OIRON' MOUS] A CEG se Se ore oe Pe See Cat ae RES eR te eS 5-60 Cretaceous?: 3. eblue clays withhornvelmotypassed throuphess---- 225-2222 22 = 22 8) see] ee 60-92 At 13 feet the water rose in a pipe 2 feet above the surface, and at 25 feet, 2.5 feet. 475. Record of W. Price’s well near Lattingtown. Wisconsin ?: Feet. { ViBTOWwnt Clayeeee nese ieee ncn ates flea ee oe ete Woe ks 2 O- 15 Transition: 2S Nine ySam Ges eee meee ye ety Beek ee! ocean VES eet bia eee a 15- 35 Cretaceous: : 3%; Bluerclay ee eee me aeeee ese ete ath Sc Sse house eh Ma ouee. Systm eo ees 35- 37 Aspire ht=-coloredaclayaeerre emer eat en A Re te lees a ele TE 37- ee iain kes la ype a eo eee rene ECS EN oh Sak Re a dae Ae a ee —160 Gualight=yellowmerae leeses seme me Sirs 2S eee ce eee ee 160-162 Elevation of surface 140 feet above mean sea level. 476. Mr. W. H. Baldwin, jr., has kindly furnished the following record of this well: Record of well of W. H. Baldwin, jr., near Lattingtown. Wisconsin: Feet. lp LesRonyiel JOR aguas oo ae nds SS GO See AE Oe See et es Sel ee 0- 3 Drsrave lity.§ Onis seen mein. Aide aah rn eas ly yee, CONeey WU bie. 3- 7 Transition: : See Vellowishhsandyan digonaveltsee ss asta aie me ate Se se ee ae 2 a ge Tisbury: 4. Sand and gravel, with occasional thin streaks of clay.......---------.------- 12-107 5. White gravel, hard and flinty.......--- SEE eae cn ae ee ete ee eee 107-120 Cretaceous: Oe Clay are eee eee er Mee Se See eee Oman end Nene a oe cee 120-130 fee ellowsstickyasand = witihesome) water 2-2 5226 222 2=e. 25 ee ese ee ae ne eee 130-134 8. Gravel, with occasional streaks of very hard hardpan---.-.-.-.--------------- 134-199 Ore Veryehandeclaygupedemprr nee os yar pee eo ie ethic Se is teeth eee 199-255 LOSAWihite Sand peepee eae aac te ee at ote RM ie Se Stee ee 255-257 1. Gray ‘sande 3s en ee etsy Me ot Sel ey ee OR A ee ed Sees eS 257-260 12 Wihitevandispinkesondvelee se ete See ewe eee veo! Lee eee 2s es ees 260-265 Elevation of surface 179.5 feet above sea level, Geological Survey base. Analysis of water from well of W. H. Baldwin, jr., near Lattingtown. Motalisolidss: 52 seeee eae ee MERE eee or ee aise emi nea aos See Ee See 48. 00 (Cla rAIe. Sons en oe ecco nt os tomb See eee tno eer Se cae 5 = eee aes a as el ae eee 7.60 INMUTROBTTN ORIOL CVAD NOT se eo eee ee ge eee . 022 Notiroseniasalbumunold tamumoniaete = ee ee ea aye Ue eee . 024 INiirocenwas) nitrites. . een mee er see en EE Py RR hk oe hie . 003 INGO gene aSeNibrateS a. eerie ys yee ee = oa grccct 3. 300 MGdorsandacolor es eee See ee eee eit en ae Skee ot pe oe ee None: The solid matter is all in solution and is practically all sulphates. The amount (2.8 grains per gallon) is extremely small. This is an unusually soft water (almost as soft as rainwater) and bears no evidence of contamination.—(. N. Forrest, chemist and inspector, Long Island Railroad. 268 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 479. Record of L. C. Wier’s well near Lattingtown. Pleistocene: = Feet. 1 Same: as No) 48ile!.. fe 3 5 05 Ae 5 bes a ee eee ee ye 2 os 0-124 Cretaceous: 2. White: claYices: 2: shdacd Sa68 Se 6 a eee ae 5 ae een ee 124-130 By White. sands. <2 4og.22. 0255925 33 5 eens We? Oa) 20 Jie Cee een 130-132 480. Record of L. C. Wier’s well near Lattizigtown. P -Feet- 1. Sand with an occasional stratum of impervious clay.......-...-------.-.----- On Sie? 2.) Beachysand and ‘eravel-2) 225255555500 eee Pe Reem Se 5 See TEATS: AS. Record of L. 0. Wier’s well near Lattingtown. Tisbury: Feet i; (Sand) and eravels--5 2222S ee ee Eoces tr edspise ss eee es oer ees 0 -60- Manhasset bowlder bed?: 2) ed clay with, sravell\(hardp ain) esses eee 52 een 60 -63 Tisbury and Mannetto?: 3. White ‘sand'iand -pravel!. 04 S22. Seer gees = soca. eee 63 73) = 4. ‘Orange’ sand with ‘water: Jo: 2232 eee As ls 2 pe a ea 73-94. 9 - Cretaceous: : 5. White clayi. fs. 2.00. ee Oe De 482. Record is reported as very similar to that of 481. ASS. Record of E. Latting’s well near Lattingtown. Tisbury: Feet i. Sand and eravel... .s...222 yo geese eee ye See See Pee See 0-60 Manhasset bowlder bed: 2. Red clay and ‘gravel: s.3. 2 5st hemor 08 oh tan eae Ea eee 60-63 Tisbury: % ; 3. White sanid. and gravel:.:S 28st eae 25s ec See Sosa ion aes Aen 63-73 Mannetto?: 4./Orange:..sand with water! J. S2etsses sea sat < 2 285 i ee eve sey ae ee 73-126 Cretaceous: ; é 5y White: clays... nck a2 Joa 26 eee gas © oo Se 8 SOR et ee eee eee eee 126-132 6: White sands 352 26. 26:5, eS we 4 ok a epee Sah ee 132-138 AS4. Record of W. D. Gutherie’s well near Lattingtown. Tisbury: — Feet (IES AWW oral ye] eee ae ag eo eg 0-60 Manhasset bowlder bed: 22 Red clay Quite sandy. 4 Quite sandy; central portions with pebbles. The deep test well No. 2 at this station has an elevation of 7.69 feet, and furnishes flowing water when the station is not in operation. In September, 1900, when the station was actively pumping, the average height of the water in the deep wells was 1.8 feet above the seein base, while in the shallow wells it was 2.8 feet below the Brooklyn base. : ADA. Record of commission’s test well at Wantagh pumping station. Feet 13) Sand and, oraivell with) some: peat istee at 5a an ae ape eee 3-95 226) Reddish=broyn siine mon conse ys anid s= = eee eee ee nnn eee 9. 5-20 496. According to the report of the commission’s inspector this well began to flow at 62 to 63 feet. Record of commission’s test well at Wantagh pumping station. : Feet. 1-5. Dark, reddish brown, swamp-stained sand and gravel, for the most part quartz. 0-16 6-8. Very light-yellow quartz gravel, with very few, if any, erratics........---.-.---.- 16-30 QF Very, time, dark-cray, mica ceous Sal dese ee apse ee seer ae ee 30-31 LOS Vellowishwerayasand randy time ler aiye eee eee a ea ee 32-33 | HE135 Very, tinesidank-corajyy. mica ceous send eee ee en ee eS 14... Blue«clay; with quartz «pebbles: << 42-2 22 ae eee ee ee eas tee ee 48-60 15-18. Very fine, dark-gray, micaceous sand, with lignite.....-.--- US AS ES ere 63-71 See Table XIII. 496. From the upper part of this well no samples were received, but Prof. C. S. Slichter has furnished the following data: “ Clay was encountered at a depth of 44 feet. At 62 feet an artesian head of about 32 inches was developed.” DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 25 Record of commission’s test well near Wantagh pumping station. ; Feet. INO Sala lest eee ene seme es at ay Meller cuore aleve) 2) alee NM nia iat. ALO ae EN weirs aie ermynin faye) © 0-64 I Vieryatine} dankconayemmicaceous isan dese a= se ia5 hema sess ons eo) nee occ een ee aie 64-64. 5 2. Grayish yellow fine sand to small gravel (glacial?)..............-.-..------------- 67-67. 5 Soe chit sonenvansll bygusa Gee nIS xt alt ath ser neve alee Na ay a cl Sere oe wl Ware ieee see 72-73 4 Medium pwiitermmicaceousmsand|sa4-e eee aeeeee seo... 5 ek ete ene 77-18 oe Mediums yellowishmwihitie; micaceous sands ss es 252456 se 54 s2 ee ss a2 = 2 eee see 82-83 A497. Record of commission’s test well near Wantagh pumping station. : Feet (ee Eluntusestainedwlomaays san deme sees sacar tes saya ya Sam see Sle ae a spe ates O- 0.25 Dm Grevellyeloas sspears snes ere anne eNO oo oe eee oe Ue See eS 2- 3 4-5. Brownish’ yellow outwash sand and gravel..........--....-.-.-----.---.----- 5.5-138 498. Record of commission’s test well near Camp Meeting grounds. Feet Eu US=ss tain colploatniyghs a CMe ey eee ee tetera re eer ae tee tei eee ee 0-5 Ze \iellowassn civil oan yee tee inne eats An Sarat Se a SE fae ata ity io a wel 1- 1.5 JOM Grayishiyellowsoutwesmmsam adam) romeaveles = se se ae eee see ees eee e e 4-17 499. Record of commission’s test well near Smithville South. Feet Etumoisss tale dil odme tesserae teas oo as Se Meee A aS ES ae 0-4 Dra vellows clayey alopmMie ate emeee ee Ssclns sion Soe aloes OSE abi ae Se Seles gees 1.4 2.4 omGrayishiyellowasand and eraivels (OWtyash)) sess 522 42555 se= 2s asso 82S ee = 5 -14.25 500. This was one of the wells put down at Camp Black during the Spanish-American war; its exact ocation was not learned. Record of United States Army well on Hempstead Plains. Feet PSRO DE SO oer en ens een Been aaa es Me Hae Ce oes 5: Perea seer 0- 3 2eaVVinibeb\coarse, samd wamduenayele ses soe ee yee) sea) ee ee Sa Mae Cee ee ae 3-15 Sh Slate=coloneds clara ene my Peters Seat a ewan Ae ela iein en op Sere ecole lel 15-17 ABaVWihitersand yan die ona] Saeemeei aa aby eae See a a ok | Slee ee so A 501. Record of commission’s test well near Hicksville. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. I Suriaces oa memes seperate stay meee eh A SS SR nies oie oe See eee 0 -5 2-OMOutiwashtenndeandmeraveleese eke scene eee See on eee 2.5-41 11. Fine to coarse yellowish sand with small particles of glacial material-.-..--.-- 45 -46 Cretaceous?: 12-13. Fine light-yellow sand with considerable mica (probably not glacial) ; suggests the older sands exposed in the Melville section. .__...-.-.-.-.----------- 50 -56 See Table XII. 002. Record of commassion’s test well near Hicksville. Wisconsin: Feet. Tes SPV OSL A AION, ens cic orm Lies inet pA ec I = a Q = 3} 4-6. Light-yellow outwash sand and gravel..........-.---------------- Bea 4.5- 11, Tisbury: : 7-8. Sand and gravel with a considerable percentage of black silt; looks very : much like an old land surface (no glacial pebbles)_..-....------------ 15 — 22 9-15. Very light, yellowish white, fine sand to small gravel, containimg a very small percentage of glacial pebbles....:.--..------------------------- 25 - 57 276 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Cretaceous?: Feet. 16. Very fine yellowish white sand, with a little lignite-..............--.------ 59 - 61 17-25. Light, yellowish white, speckled, fine sand and small gravel; gravel is white quartz, with occasional particles of ferruginous jandstone ; no pebbles of recognizable glacial material.........--....-.------------- 64. 5-100 Cretaceous: 26-32. Uniform, light-yellow to white, micaceous sand. - Bee eae oma) OL) alte O 33. Fine sand to small gravel, containing a apasidlenarnls auather a semi ferru- ginous, sandstone fragments, which give sample a speckled appearance. 132. 5-135. 5 See Table XII. 503. Samples preserved in the office of Mr. Oscar Darling, consulting engineer, show the following section: d Record of Nassau County Water Company’s well near Hicksville. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. - i Glacial: sand-and gravel. 23425 24).5 Soe ee ee eee ee 0-85 The well plant consists of two 8-inch wells placed in the bottom of a pit 50 feet deep, in which the direct suction pump is also placed. An Acme system is used having a storage capacity of 25,000 gallons. 505. Record of well of H. J. Heinz Company near Hicksville, Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 12 ‘Sandiand)eravell -). 238259. 2s. eee See eee bS Saas 0-90 Cretaceous: 2. Sand andl ay.2. o.oo Soule pe eee ee elas ae a es oa 90- 506. Record of commission’s test well near Hicksville. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Light-yellow surface loam.-......-.------------ Bee ee Seopa 0. 5— 1 DS lDevdke, Injonensesirmacl, loppoiyy SeNNGl~ os ce co be cb ae enc oue Seneca sseeseenseesewe 1. 8 2.2 3-13. Light-colored outwash sand and gravel... ........-...---.---.------+---- 3-03 Cretaceous: 14-16}. White, micaceous, clayey sand, pronouncedly Cretaceous in character. --- - 59 ~75 17-18. Fine, micaceous, reddish-brown, clayey sand...........------------------ 75 -80.5 See Table XII. 007. . Record oj Jos. Steinart’s well near Hicksville. Wisconsin and Tisbury: ~ Feet, Gravel ctos.cikte Se ak 2 ays 2 bk Se Se ee aes ora ea 0- 75 Cretaceous: 2. Gravel with lignite and white clay, water bearing; water would not clear... --.--.- - 75-120 vow Very black clayey. < <\.2 50/585 os ee ee ke, eo ee 120-130 4 Grayjsand withyabundantisupp hyo iyralie rss se eee eee ee gee 130-150 508. Mr. F. K. Waish reports the following section: Record of St. John’s Protectory well near euisisatil. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. A very compact sand with no gravel and no clay..............-.-...----------- 0-75 2. Water-bearing gravel... 5. 5 22 Agee eee Sa ne ses Se ee 75-80 909. Record oj well oj Colored Children’s Home near Westbury. Wisconsin: ; Feet. i. Sharp dirty-white sand. 62.20 <2c;. serene seers ee ass = <= One eee eee 0-20 Cretaceous ?: ; : 2. Mixtumevof ore ya quitcksaymal alin cl sl etna eae res alee pee mae ey ee (00) O11. The following Pease, foreman: DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS, 2G. section has been prepared from the record and samples furnished by Mr. George H. Record of W. P. Thompson’s well near Old Westbury. Wisconsin: Feet. iB Owl dere] ayer a rae uence eet eee ce S202 oe Pe Q- 23 Mannetto: : 2. Yellow quartz sand and gravel (no glacial material)_._.._......_..............- 23— 56 Cretaceous? : 3a aYcllowssiltveclayemesemplinguloessssawesss se see 2 8 SC 244-2 822s ee 56- 98 Cretaceous: : A A MTRNE, KD) CORNED W7ElllONy- SONG eee See eS open ane eee eae er ee 98-108 5. Very coarse light-yellow sand, with some gravel; slightly water bearing. ________- 108-128 Gtplitine san dea Merten Seer te ae eet aa aero ML Lee Seu sie cigs s 128-131 7. Eine light-yellow sand; slightly water bearing.........-.....-.-.--.--.-.-_--... 131-14 SaiCoarsersandrawaltergoearinos ams .m eine = ce ee tees ce Wen etc Se cee See 144-190 9. Coarse light-yellow sand and gravel, becoming finer below.-----..-.....-.-...--- 190-209 Strainer was placed between 195 and 205 feet. The well tested about 60 gallons per minute. Test was made on two consecutive days, and each test was continued ten hours. a2. Record of J H. Harriman’s well in Wheatley Hills. Wisconsin and Mannetto: Feet. ie oamband: bowlderss(Someryellow/eraivel)=5-=--2422-- 422-222 2-2 ese ee 0- 70 Cretaceous? : 2. Clay, with very little grit and no gravel (yellow, almost a loam, resembling loess IMACOlOTMO Ub MO tMNEteR TUNE) es nn - Ne ee ee ee ee ee one Ses oe ae wel 70-130 Cretaceous: So Whitey oraveleawithylayerstouewiterclaye=ss> 93-5 k aac e eee ee ee 130-200 An Winitersan dinwithinwalelemeet tay eet esi ce eters ce ee Beye en oun ee stn Sine, an ele 200-220 513. Record of commission’s test well near Jericho. Pleistocene: Feet i Darkgsandiyaloambeepesrete nee aie che. Sete. Me ia See Pk ee toate 0-1 SUMO QE) SEITC Ls Ways a ee ARE eS ets ENG Rae OO RD 4 -5 3-6. Yellowish-brown fine to coarse glacial sand. -.-.-.---.--------------------- 8 -18 7. Yellowish-white coarse to fine gravel (doubtfully glacial).-.......-.-...-.--.-- 18. 5-19. 5 Sebinewounediumiavellowish=browmsam de == see eee sone ee ee ee ee 23 -23.5 9-10. Yellowish-white medium to coarse sand.-.-..-.--------------------------- 28. 5-35. 5 11. Fine reddish-brown sand with considerable muscovite.---.-.------.---------- 39 -40 12-13. Medium to coarse yellowish-white sand with some biotite.--..-...-.-.--.-- 44 -50 Cretaceous ?: 14-15. Fine to medium yellowish-white sand_..-......-....-------------------- 54 -56 Ge iVenyaimemeddish=whitersand sate". seas ==. hee See Oe ey on Se ee 59 -60 514. Record of H. R. Winthrop’s well near Jericho. i = eet. il, Siiismee lon =. 22 ones Sg ae Ne a la l- 6 Pleistocene and Cretaceous: E Dey CoarselsanduanGectane epee emerson yx A ls 2. BREE ae SSR ee seks 8 6-183 No change in the material from 6 to 183 feet. It was all of the same degree of fineness. Water was first encountered at 150 feet; down to that depth the material was almost perfectly dry. Four samples from the well, ranging from 171 feet 9 inches to 182 feet 10 inches, show very light-yellow sand and gravel, with no erratic material. It is therefore impossible to tell how much of this section is to be considered Pleistocene and how much pre-Pleistocene. 278 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 515. Record of T. Willis’s well near Jericho. Wisconsin: a * Feet. 1. Ordinary sand with an occasional bowlder (several blasts were necessary ).-- - -- - - O- 50 Mannetto? and Cretaceous: 2. .@uickcande= see eer Ee oe oo cin acai Sore ate ‘ Bee ee a ea A 50- 53 3. Red sand, with alternate layers of yellow and reddish-yellow gravels...-..-...... 53-175.5 See record and sample from well No. 514, which indicate that part of this gravel should be con- sidered pre-Pleistocene. : 516. The following record has been compiled from information furnished by Mr. John- J. Hicks and Mr. William C. Jaegle: Record of Jacob Jackson’s well near Jericho. Pleistocene: ‘Feet. is Suriace’sandandieravel) =. 52.333. ee eee ee ais la ee ea 0- 40 Cretaceous: ; 2. Black sticky clay, containing lignitized wood_-__..._.-.-.--.-------_--------=:- 40- 80 73. andy clay, and gravel. 5.53.52 5-0 oe eee ER eras Ge oe eee 80-165 4) Sand\(d-ineh: pipe’). 2.52.55 2 ee eee of ciel e oe ce ees ere ae ae 165-168 Mr. Hicks reports that this well was drilled from 165 to 210 feet by A. W. Gallienne. Mr. Jaanle, how ever, drove a new pipe in the same well to a depth of 3 feet and found good water, so the Gallienne well is to be discounted. 517. Samples from this well, together with a section drawn by W. Goold Levison December 28, 1881, are preserved in the museum of the Long Island Historical Society. : In the following section the record given on the left is from Mr. Levison’s drawing, and that on the right is from the samples: : Records of Jules Kunz’s well near Jericho. Drawing. Feet. Samples. ‘ : 1. Clay and gravel loam..---.------ 0 —15 Yellow quartz sand and gravel. Wisconsin. . - - - - - 2 { : ae 2. Compact, tough, unmodified drift - 15 - 51 No sample. Mannetto?..._._.| 3. Gravel and sand; “‘glacialrubble”-| 51° — 81 Fine sand to medium yellow gravel (all quartz). i 4. Sharp, yellow, friable sand - --- --- 81 — 96 Yellow silty sand (Cretaceous?). 5. Sandy clay; laminated; piece of 96 -103 Finely laminated yellow and white tree (probably chestnut ). clay. 6. Blue and gray, compact, sandy, | 103 -133 Very dark, laminated, micaceous rather tough clay, abounding - sandy clay, showing ripple marks Cretnceoe ea in nodules and crusts of iron ~ (“blue clay’’). pyrites. : 7. Micaceous sand; water; graysand;| 133 -—143 Fine, pink, clayey sand. fine dune sand. 8. Medium, white, micaceous sand.-_| 143. 5-147.5 Do. Merrill® and Darton ® have both published records of this well in which an error has evidently been made in copying in the thickness of the yellow gravel, which extends from 51 to 81 feet. 518. This is a dug well from which the supply is now obtained from four 3-inch strainers 12 feet long, placed horizontally in the water-bearing gravel just above the clay, and connected directly with the suction pipe from the pump. a Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 3, 1886, p. 353. > Bull. U. S. Geological Survey No. 138, p. 35. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 279 Record of Allard & McGuire's well near Syosset. Pleistocene: , Feet. tegen circ or shal Pe cache Men re ee WA Ne eh ye eee Ie 0-47 4, (CuENOle oe 2 2 sek be Pr, ore a es EE RNS Sh Eee eee a RNR Ie See 47-50 Cretaceous: Serluead-coloredmc avatar rsa pte e mer Mee Nn ee ry oes ie acces ote |S NES eR carta 50-53 519. Mr. Jaegle states that in sinking this well he encountered, at a depth of 150 feet, a stratum of fine gravel, overlaid by gravelly clay, from which the air rushed with considerable force. This is probably a blowing well similar to those which have been described in many parts of the*West (see p. 74). 520. Record of county poor farm well near Brookville. Feet. ee Winitews andWandmonaye emia nae eee ek Ok Sete eo eta oer e 0-105 2. Quicksand; fine dark-colored sand with coarse material at bottom..-..-_.--.------- 105-278 521. Record of H. Rushmore’s well near Brookville. Feet iL, Simones Ioan miavel nem @uclinerny emale oo. 5e555 25e2 Soe 55 25 ce oe ee eee oe eee ~ 0 75 2. Quicksand. . ----- 1g ie Bic cs SESS oS See aS ie Re Ace 75-375 Bye IBIMOMOE RE oa Bees A SUE o\n chet Gere Ske ee oe eet Rear s Py e 375-377 4. Hardpan (gravel and sand packed very hard)..-.......-.----------------------- 377-396 This record was reported by Mr. J. L. Bogart, who lives on the adjoining property and who was much interested in the well at the time it was sunk. azz. Record of commission’s well near Hast Norwich. Wisconsin: Feet. Ih Darkesurfacemloamandioravellses ese seen ees ee ee ne ee Bae 1-5 Poy IME hIi=valony ANCHE Sil senae =a odes senses ca sscosseneere sae eSaeSuee 4.5-7 A™ Yicllowisheenayeiclayevesanderme, sess eee Mee Pee eee ee 12. 5-13. 8 S-OmGrayishesandpamdsora eli (clacial)) sy tae eer ney eee ee 14. 2-20 Wisconsin?: 7. Light yellowish-white silt to coarse sand_-..-..-.-.--------------------- 20\ -23 523. Record of Quinan well near East Norwich. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. haWerva stony sandmandworavelteen 245 See ces yon e sete setae ence ene 0-100 Tisbury and Cretaceous: Zowiellowish=redgsand mera sek es yee Es oe ee eon oe ees Et oe ees 100-120 Cretaceous: ; Ser blackwclayeaoe comin oumwiiihe seme .2 a. Ae 2 een ney gee eve cow neve fee Noe ster 120-124 GOB pal iii coincl, Cans COOGEE secjes s5 seene esos oS Je eee ae aes ae eee 124-127 om Coarseksanam Qvatermbeanine) he. .5 8c te trtae ae hee noe cece cece se, ceeeaes 127-149 GaN FS one aeccc Geos ca oR SSeS SRE SE Oe en ane ee ete = er ee a eee eet 149- o2A. Record of Ludlum well near East Norwich. soci eet. ee Crave lis siege paae aera) eae sree Cheetah UL Nae lee on eee 0-212 Die Sande =o. ei ce ee meee en a 18 URE eS epee ats sella Fale Sere ae a tome pat 212-224 Bi CUE ee ee Gc a he Le Ge OOS ete cae ee Pn 224— 525. The first test well at this place, which was put down about 25 feet from the engine house, was unsuccessful. The samples preserved in the office of Mr. Oscar Darling, consulting engineer, show the following section: Record of Nassau County Water Company's well at Oyster Bay. Pleistocene: Feet. ihe \AASIED SEmaOL yOOl CARVE «a cis cole ee nti as ae ae ere Aus eee ae eee ne ae eee 0O- 5 Os) COED PACH S Bema) po eandicac tee se erage aa ao. ces ONES a eee eee 5- 15 3. Medium yellow sand.----._----- ee epee Ue USCA ett ay rae nis eke MC ante Beep 15- 60 ds Cian eich Tyan San, [NOUS oe ass Some Seasee oo oe SAB OeEE eee eae aes aan eee 60-160 280 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Water was found in abundance in the coarse gravel from 5 to 15 feet, but the sand below this poimt while water bearing, was regarded as too fine to furnish water for waterworks purposes. An attempt was then made to develop the stratum at 10 feet by a series of gang wells, but it was found to be only a small pocket. About 300 feet north of the pumping station, and down the valley, coarse water-bearing grave] was found at a depth of 10 feet which had a thickness of from 10 to 30 feet. It is expected that a gang ~ of twelve 4-inch wells of an average depth of 35 feet will be put down at this point. The water from these wells stands just level with the surface, which is 23.5 feet above mean high tide. 526. This well was driven in 1900. At a.depth of 3 or 4 feet from the surface clay was encountered, below which there was gravel, and then clay to a depth of 50 feet, where water was encountered which - flowed 8 to 9 gallons per minute. Below this was sand and gravel, which furnished a small flow of artesian water, to a depth of 160 feet, where a layer of clay 2 feet thick was encountered. At 62 feet a strong artesian head was encountered which forced the water 11 inches above the 3-inch pipe, and furnished over 100 gallons per minute. As the water did not clear, it was driven through clay and sand to 165 feet, where it was stopped in sand and gravel. At this point it furnished about 80 gallons per minute of clear water. At 17 feet above the surface of the ground the well delivers 5 gallons per minute. : The following partial analysis was made by Prof. C. 8. Slichter: Analysis of water from Townsend Underhill’s well near Oyster Bay. Parts per million: - Hardiness: 2. Scone he elves oe it pe a ee Chlorine. |) fcc eid ee Se eee ee ee ee ee oe ot Ee ft ioe SMe hen eel 7:08 TAlicalinity.. 0. si. ii2. 2 dun sro Te. 1 Last aera 27.5 Temperature, 59° FP. 527. This well was driven in 1900 and now furnishes 15 gallons per minute at a height of 3 feet above the ground. The well is about 20 feet above mean sea level. Record of Charles Weeks’s well near Oyster Bay. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. i. Sandicand: ‘oravel = 5 235 eee eer eres OP oS Aa ee O- 1a: Sankaty ?: ear ae OC) ae eee Se a SoS 2 See a Enns Sere ool ened Sa.5 15— 90 Jameco?: 3: Micaceous sand, gradually growing coarser_.....-...-..----- Pe a eee sea 90-110 a28. Record of J. M. Sammis’s well near Oyster Bay. Wisconsin and Tisbury: ’ ; "Feet. is Sandeand: (gravel switha poor waitersem = seers = oe ree os = eee nae eer ee ee O- 30 Sankaty?: De Clay sie. 2 owe keds ges ne Ee ee = eine ae eo 30- 35 Cretaceous?: 3. bine whitersand= waths little mweater sae (2) ce ee ere 35-140 See fig. 16. 529. Mr. E. K. Hutchinson, under date of April 29, 1896, gives the following data regarding this well: . Record of well of Van Sise & Co. near Oyster Bay. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. ?. Sand “and! ovavelin’ 3251. 02.) 2 See eee eee a eae 0-30 Sankaty?: De Cais eo ao ee SE Lc Ss Te ee ee es pee ee 30-35 3. Clay and ‘sand! no. water: coc 5.2 {eee se cn. 2 a ee ree 35-53 Jameco?: 4. Yellow sand and gravel Flows 9 gallons per minute. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 281 The flow of this well was measured by W. H. C. Pynchon, April 11, 1903, and found to be 3 gallons per minute, at a height of 18 inches above the surface, or 10 to 12 feet above mean sea level (see fig. 16). 530. On April 27, 1903, Mr. Pynchon found the flow to be 5 gallons per minute from a reduced nozzle at 18 inches above the surface. He reports that the water will rise 24 feet above the surface. Record of D. W. Smith’s well at Oyster Bay. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. ie Sandean d¥cts clean ere ets eta eee eer eh ol. es ee ene 0-35 Sankaty?: Dh CHS 23 sscaesn tao ach > os Soee Bee ee ae aes Tene eet eee aa er A ee cee 35-50 Jameco?: Soe bmemyellowssan dm onowin Pa COAnSely ae een es meena Jee ence Sse ee 50-65 531. Mr. Hutchinson states that the origimal flow was 15 gallons per minute. On May 27, 1903, Mr. Pynchon found it to be 8.5 gallons. The water will rise about 6 feet above the surface of the ground- Fic. 67.—Sketch map showing locations of wells described at Oyster Bay. 532. The water-bearing gravel is reported to be unusually coarse in this well. When first completed, it flowed 21 gallons per minute. Record of E. K. Hutchinson’s well at Oyster Bay. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Sand and gravel ___--_- i Seg iC EGS Ess SSCS EN 0-35 Sankaty ?: Ds, OUR Sea ce oe 6S Se ob aha SRR Ree EIS ee ae ee eee ee 35-50 Jameco?: Bho OL MOE AOR TINS COMROM 5 x ais Soete oer Se eee ee eee Ba ee nee 50-83 533. The clay layer usually encountered in this vicinity is reported as very thin in this well. 534. The original flow is reported as 10 gallons per minute. When measured by Mr. Pynchon April 27, 1903, it was 4 gallons per minute at a height of 2 feet above the surface. 535. The original flow was 9 to 10 gallons per minute. The flow April 27,1903, was 2 gallons per minute at a height of 2 feet and 4 inches above the surface. 17116—No. 44—06——_19 282 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 539. The following section of this well was furnished by Mr. E. K. Hutchinson im a letter dated April 29, 1895: 5 Record of A. J. & A. S. Hutchinson well -at Oyster Bay. Wisconsin and Tisbury: 4 . Feet. 1. Sand and gravel, with plenty of water of poor quality. __-- amare. 0- 30 2s Claivi. -n2.0 2S.2 engines Le ee Se ee Sa 8 Le le 30- 35 3. Sand and gravel; plenty of water raised 6 feet above level of first water. -.-.---- 35-120 Sankaty ': : 4, Clay; 10: water ai -.c Sette ee eee a ee es OA ae 120-185 Jameco?: ; 9. Yellow, sandiandyerayvel myqthwertest am ywrel teeter =e eae 185-190 The original flow from stratum 5 was about 70 gallons per minute at 3 feet above the ground. The water will rise to a point 17 feet above the surface at low tide and will overflow at high tide. The surface is 2 to 3 feet above mean high tide. 542. Mr. W. H. C. Pynchon reports the following history of this well: “First position: Driven to a depth of 106 feet through sand and gravel with water all the way for 80. feet, then clay to 105 feet. It was left on Saturday night with water just dripping from the well pipe which stood 2 feet above ground. The flow kept on increasing until at the end of eight days it was flowing 50 gallons a minute from 2-inch pipe, about as much sand as water. It ran so for one week and then began to fall off, until at the end of one week more it was not running at all. Second position: It was then driven to 130 feet, but no flow Pipe was pulled up and its lower 6 feet perforated and covered with 40-mesh wire gauze. Third position: The pipe was then reinserted in the hole to a depth of about 125 feet, with the result that the water came up on the outside of the pipe instead of the inside so that earth had to be raramed in all around the pipe. It then flowed 18 gallons per minute at 3 feet above the surface, though the water will rise to a level of about 9 feet. The wellhead is now 3.50 feet above high tide.” (For general relations see fig. 16.) 543. The flow at low tide, June 30, 1903, was 26.5 gallons per minute. Record of Dr. O..L. Jones’s well at Oyster Bay. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. {ee Graveleaee seer Jace eaa ae aaa ea aera csectan ne osiae Ss siskoeu eta 3 Sees 0- 60 Sankaty? 2. Clays... a eee Spe ee 2 cet ana eee 60-135 Jameco?: 3. Whittle: flow at seh 2= Ser eo eee ea ee Se eee Oe 135-140 4. Coarse, sand. .:ss2 2 a2 acted See OEE Se Elo Sena =o eR iee tee eee 140- Cretaceous: ~ 5; Clay. ..n.- 22. a8. ch Ske ee eS ee ee EOBEE 2 oes cae sans .e 0 ae eee 6. Very heavy gravel mixed with white sticky clay..........-.-.-...-----.-.--- —220 Prof. C. S. Slichter has made the following partial analysis of this water: Analysis of water from Dr. O. L. Jones’s well at Oyster Bay. f Parts per million. Wardness: .-\..4. sce s2e6 26.beie Jee ees hese ce ee 20.0 Ghliorine. 22 Ss 3) Se ee ee be a SEER AOE OR Abo a.ct 4,25 Alkalinity -.- 02 2252224220450 2 ee ee oi oi a ats ee 17.0 Temperature: 2. ooe5 0. \oscslade 2 ee BO eee OPE ee sce nue) ee 57° F 544, “Driven in July, 1896. It is located on the beach at the edge of the salt marsh, and the tide rises ordinarily about 1 foot over the wellhead, 1. e., well is about 6 feet above low-tide mark. At low tide the flow is not over 20 gallons per minute, but just before the tide goes over the wellhead it flows 100 gallons a minute. Water comes from gray and black sand, but is free from iron.” This well was sounded in connection with observations on the effect of the tide on the rate of flow and found to be 93.1 feét deep. (For general relations see fig. 16.) DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 283 The sample of water, marked Mohannes Spring, Oyster Bay, Long Island, submitted to me for exami- Dation contains: Analysis of water from Mohannes Casino well at Oyster Bay. Parts per million. EAD DCRT AID COn ieee ane IRE 2 a= Se) 2 Aa ee es hota Suites seins oa ae oi ae Clear. ISON BEE Seed oe ain Se ch Ses See epee PIE ene ener ene None Colors ee ee eee rae eeietew dw deine woes Selzecee as None Odora(heateditomlOOgshy pyre rr tian. errs eee ee So atk oe eon SE eae None. Chionnesmichlouid espe eerenneer hetero ere 2. Se eke. oe de ee ea tees oad 7. 92 Sodium chloride. ---- tel ecce de peddle SoS eee Ge ces See ee Cee me ee ee ee ee 13. 08 Eh osp haere ee neo Reel ee Ie Re MoS eo el ed ly eee ee None NIKO Cen RIN eth (CS en eee eee aires Set AE ee ee None Nitrogen in nitrates (reduced by sodium amalgam)_...--.--..---------------------- . 495 IRR SviPMENOMM OS See ee. so dea Sec se ORS oR See ee Ce ee ee ree ee en ees eee Trace AMlloysromucronval ehanmnONAss ssbeabic ctsS Seo ae nee Sa ete es aa one eee Trace. Motale nitrogen) Slee =e ea ea irre alienate Boe eee ae cea Ap Os ee . 495 Motel hardness ayaa nes StS. Sse cee cla acne te cee ey Se cere 28. 3 Me Lermanente yar dnes a ae meperre Ie eegs ae ere i ee ee Sc niae i eth oe ee bi 3 28.3 Oxcanicwandivoletilen (ossmoum Ot On) ee mers er ee eee eee ae eee eee 8. 00 Mineral matter (monvolatile)......_....-.....-- Bosh ohn SE ie AC ot ee a 46. 00 hotalisolids’(byxevaporalion) peer ersee ae ean 2 ena ec eee se cee 2 oe eek eee eco 54. 00 This sample of water is of great organic purity; it is very soft and is admirably adapted for use as a drinking water as well as for domestic purposes.—Hrnst J. Lederle, Ph. D. The ‘“Mohannes Spring” is the 99-foot artesian well described in the table of wells. - 545. The water is so strongly impregnated with iron that it is unfit to drink. Yield 2 feet above the ground, 18 gallons per minute, at high tide. Record of T. Underhill’s well at Oyster Bay. Recent to Tisbury: Feet. spilling! CabiiGl geo eocec neck boosie See ee Ree are Soke ye O- 25 Sankaty: PEON anes ne de ie Sooacege sacs See ee Fee Oe ne a 25- 80 Jameco: 3. Hine gray and black sand), growime coarser_.-.....-.------------------------- 80-107 Total depth according to sounding, 114 feet. Analysis of water from T. Underhill’s well at Oyster Bay. [By Prof. C. S. Slichter.] Hela Gn eSS ea; ae ape roe eer te ee ene a eo Seto eine ash nie int eee xs Aieatnth A Samos 46.9 (C Fall ors CAN ree arn mee ete ree ee ee Hoh ah ok co Me ein aa va ie eh 6.18 PAN eu iat pe eat oes ere ey ee rene reser Sl UN se ee ee 37.5 Temperature... . -- PSD G eis emcee Hae Bak Seacoast ee tay) 1. a46. Record of Lee well at Oyster Bay. Feet 1. Heavy sand and gravel... .--- heoponbhasesthadae ese eer Seen ee 0- 50 Ds. Gueny AAW De) CAN 32 Seno Sle wash a cole eeoe 4 Sees E eee eae See 50-125 3. Beach sand, growing coarser, well commenced to flow at 160 feet.................- 130-200 Depth by sounding, 188.3 feet. : Analysis of water from Lee well at Oyster Bay. [By Prof. C. S. Slichter.] IS iC MESE RE Se SONS d BE OS co coche Seen eaNes Sat ee = 5 a6 ae eeee 37.0 (QMOMNC 5 See oe Se SAS BEC Se Ge A Siete i Es ee 3.9 ANISM 5sal gerd DBS org e hoot od Uolocios da SERA OTe Re RON Oe ee a 43.7 58 F° 284 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 47. Analysis of water from Burgess well at Oyster Bay. [By Prof. GC. 8. Slichtér.] Parts per million. Flardmess: 22 2:22 ew 2 bie 0 tele oeye spelen ree = ere eee eae tare ose foo eo| Sn AS ae eee 28.7 Chlorine y. 2.2.22) Sadie tae eee Sr aE REI re RE oss Se si Sic, 2 Sys. ch ae Ria a eee 4.77 Teimperdture. .. 2; 0a psec 2 circ eel eee ere ets oe ee ree etree ois os eee ee 58° F. See Pl. XIII, A. 548. Record of Hamilton well near Oyster Bay. Wisconsin and ‘Tisbury: _ Feet,- We(Gmammel ic cis, cSt ect oe odes cle eb eee Ree etic eccne ache 2 Ce a ee .0- 30 Sankaty ?: : D. Cliywawicc 2 lk ooo coos ow aorta em ae CESS ore, oni a rn ~ 30- 80 Jameco?: 3... cand with. water, not arteslanecsessce ae eemeet scenic «oe. ee eee 80-130 Cretaceous: Oe 01) Re RS ees AP 5 2S cid GOMOD CREE ERC BSiea se sae Seo 130-227 . A second well was drilled near this one and a good flow obtained at 105 feet. 549. Record of William Trotter’s well near Oyster Bay. 7 - Wisconsin and Tisbury: : Feet. 1. GQreveleic. ao cess nea’ 2 date eee ae AS 1G, <1. tt eee Beak 0-10 Sankaty ?: ’ : Di CNB. apo r0rs sive sie then wie ee atte eee SIE rte Yc as cage eer erie ie ean eee 10-70 Jameco?: 3. Gravel, with artesian water: soqnccmae eres Haren e elias ca Sele ee Nari. occ Ree 70-90 Analysis of water from William Trotter's well near Oyster Bay. [By Prof. C. S. Slichter.], ; a Parts per million. Ff ardmesss sce wceio aie oS ide sk Cech, ot Ree RS RINONE Sibla, wich Ue Sear ct ope ie, ae eae 21.9 C6) (0) 4 0): ee Se cho ica roe ee ee eC ete por Gino oists Sas 6.2 Alice limity sero = seer tome ene sae eactinacinytos coast eOpeene eer ckecucesscoooasse 21.0 Temperatures .\.:. <5 evan = ck oesle-s SE eee eh Yat vn i eee bow Le 551. Water is reported for the whole depth of the well, but did not flow until a depth of 259 feet was reached. Record of H. Dollard’s well near Oyster Bay. Feet 1, Surtace sands and sravell withisomel waters iat se emit taper arene O- 45 2. Fine dark-colored brown sand, becoming coarser at the bottom and passing into a lead- colored pt avel: «oo. <2 2e nce cere Re MEP te Syste tS io ibis. Sie ereie oie ae ene 45-259 Analysis of water from H. Dollard’s well near Oyster Bay. [By Prof. C. S. Slichter.] Parts per million. Flardness: 2). ne < oes cttw te. 3 ph eee eee =: - i a io iisicr aie Se 7 Sh 7 Chlorine: 2.2.16 so co karen once ets oo) ok Cae See STE ey Roo oe 6. 02 Alkalinity .0.2 202. 50.0800 ¢ 06 sce ob 06 Oe EE ee: coe lo dhe 6 a 19. 95 Poem peratures js ascivo SAaw we Soe Se RE ee oe eS Sete mien eS Se 62° F 552. The following section is from Mr. Hd. Schmidt: Record of Edward Swan’s well near Oyster Bay. 1. Coarse sand, slightly yellow in color, with occasional layer of gravel............----- 0-60 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 285 3. This well was very easily drilled. The material became coarser and coarser until at 465 feet an excellent flow was obtained. There was no red clay here and no hard red stratum. A little blue clay was found at 150 feet. Record of EH. Roosevelt's well near Oyster Bay. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. [Pa sandhancycnaueleamanernbeniinp sea ees ec ee ae elo! 0-100 Cretaceous: 2. Brown sandy clay, grading into gray sandy clay......-.-.--.-.-----------.-.---- 100-465 554. For partial analysis see page 68. (See fig. 16 for general relations.) 555. Record of G. M. Fletcher's well on Center Island, New Y ork. Pleistocene and Cretaceous?: Feet. I Sand withrankoccasionalnstratiuml ot Clays == 29a. 042 5-2) 44 se eee sees ses. 0-160 Cretaceous: 2. Alternate layers of yellow, black, red, blue (hard like flint), and milky-white OWS cle am Sacmcc cha ar Gi cites oI a anv ee ee Se 160 -316 SV CLYIINe HCACK HIG ween eere eee oe ke AB a 8 ee ao cic 316 —330 AS Thin strain olbrowmisialeseete--e-s5- 02. esbee coe s a ao.= 2. oa Bo0l —oa0: 4 5. Coarse sand (with some water)-....-.-- -- EN A he A Nats © ea en RNR 20) Guelbimrsiraniing ol browmesitlemespcemine sees ts 225 foe os see ae fe Sef 360 -—360. 2 ie Very hne sandy craduallyrerowine COarsen=-. = 2525. 5-4sssce-e4505 5-55 526-% 360. 2-370. 10 Elevation above tide 12 feet. At the last depth given the particles ranged from one-eighth to one-half inch in diameter. A concretion was encountered at 280 feet, and lignite at 330, 350, and 370 feet. j Mr. Frank Nichols, foreman in charge of the drilling of this well, reports that salt water was encountered at 18 feet and again at 100 feet. Fresh water was first encountered at 360 feet. 556. For partial analysis see page 68. 557. Nichols states that the natural pressure is “‘lower’’ in this well than in the others, and this, together with the fact that salt water was used in drilling the well, necessitated long pumping before the water became fresh. The clay contains a great deal of sand and is very micaceous. The low pressure is probably due to the fact that the main artesian gravel was not reached. It will be noticed on Pl. II that this well lacks 50 feet of reaching the coarse Lloyd gravel, in which the other wells are finished. Record of S. T. Shaw's well on Center Island, New Y ork. Pleistocene: Feet. I Cosrsenvelowecras aero eee ee eee ay Sk Se eae eee oe nee 2 O- 50 Pleistocene and Cretaceous: ZeHe (DCACO SACRA CEC Uveeeeeen Sern Aerie) Woe Pe Oe ON cine been se ees 50-150 Cretaceous: 3. White, blue, and gray clay; red clay and sand and gray clay; encountered in the OLC ers Onn 6 Heer NPE Amy ye ea ne es a Ae ee cin sae ote 150-295 4) CORTSCISA LIC eet ene neem: eta Sete Ato ear AE asia diajacee noe pee ose 295-298 658. Mr. R. F. Nichols, foreman in charge of the drilling of this well, reports the following section: Record of C. Hoyt’s well on Center Island, New Y ork. Pleistocene: Feet, 1. Very coarse gravel, coarse as black walnuts..-....-------------- EC acts aes 0— 60 Cretaceous: Ph, Nala) Eunelyony KiNG ay CEN oe na cccens =o Soe eE SAC OS TEE AS Seer een ere 60- 72 Sie MAVONGG) DERGIN. ChmGbie Oo. wees aol) SIE ee ee eee ae eS 72— 90 “Ns COMary jor ilinn NO) Gehan st Semaetets dae Se. he tos ae le ete eee 90-130 5 (Ghimy eGitchy Wb t sos se oo tos ogee nee a eee ee Ee oe iene eee ees 130-275 286 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Cretaceous: : : Feet. 6. Very hard stratum, brownish red in color, were two days in drilling 8 inches; described as very similar to hard stratum reported in Fletcher well (No. 555)__ 275- 7. Gray sandy Clay. 25.- 95: 30 ee eee ee Sie ihin ee See eee Se Avsecond hardiustrertuna ses aa a ae gE PP 5 En —300 9. Sand, becoming coarser and passing into white gravel-like peas.__...-.....-...--- 300-321 Well began to flow at 300 feet. Elevation above mean high tide, 4 feet. 559. Mr. R. F. Nichols, foreman, reports that this well began to flow. at night. The screen was put in and the well was left at the depth to which it had been sunk. : ; Record of C. W. Wetmore’s well on Center Island, New Y ork. : Pleistocene: Feet. is Sand! and eravel.y .25 07252 see re eee eat Pe VS ren oe ee 0- 60 Cretaceous: : ie 2 Clay; 0) bowldersss= === == ses eee pee eee men were nee oe OGUERND 3: Very whitessands (dloydi sand) seers nee 1 & chs ee ee a 300-318 Elevation above mean high tide, 3 feet. For partial analysis, see page 68. 560. The material encountered in this well is very similar to that found in No. 558. Eloy yal ee considerable lignite was found. cue es ’ 562. Mr. A. Neilson, superintendent of the Pierce estate, reports the fallen: “The writer was not managing the property when the well was put down, and so can not give record of strata. ‘There was originally an old open well 30 feet deep, which was a good one, but to get more water a 6-inch pipe was put down 10 feet below the bottom of the open well. This well is about 600 feet back from the shore of the sound, and the top is about 30 feet above high water. The tides do not change the water in any way. About 150 feet from the one described there is another well about 80 feet deep, all 6-inch pipe, which I believe is a better well, though it has never been tested to its full capacity.” Mr. Frank Wankel, now foreman of the Hudson Engineering and Contracting Company, reports that a number of years ago he sunk a 6-inch well for Colonel Kruger, and it may be that this is the well referred to in the above letter. Mr. Wankel gives the following data regarding it: Record of Colonel Kruger’s well near Bayville. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet: beachssand sees === eee ie, en a pe ee Re yet IO Se Sa eis a 0-169 2. Coarse gravel: a2: S25 <- Sree cee ee ee ee ene ee ee ee 160-170 At this depth a fine material was encountered and the driving was discontinued. No clay was encountered. The well is 200 feet from the water’s edge, and 50 or 60 feet above sea level, and tests 15 gallons a minute at full capacity. 564. Mr. Danis stated that early in July, 1903, the pipe, which originally extended 9 feet above the surface, was cut off even with the ground, and the flow increased very rapidly from 75 to 120 gallons per minute, weir measurement. Sand then followed and the water finally became very red. After a time it cleared and continued to flow at the increased rate. Record of I. Cox’s well near Mill Neck. Tisbury: Feet. 1. White sand with fresh water..........-.-.----------- "bated 2 Re ie pe a eee O- 12 2. White sand with very salty water. -..--....----------- Pe ee SS 12-100 Sankaty?: 3. Black muck’. 22222 0/222 020s hee ee ee eS ee 100-150 Cretaceous: 4. Thin layers oficlay and quicksand=sseemeeree eee ae eee eee 150-200. 5. Red clay, with occasional layers of gray clay containing lignitized wood -..-...---- 200-300 6. Sand, becoming coarser and filled with water (Lloyd sand).....-.-.....-.---.--- 300-330 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 287 566. Record of commassion’s test well at Massapequa pumping station. Feet JE2 Ss Reatuwit hasan dean dgonavielsemss< nea smi ers: comm aes ad ove semen eee waitin ck Seo a O- 2 3-4. Dark-brown vegetable stained sand and gravel..........-.-.--------------------- 2-5 5-9. Yellow-brown sand and gravel (probably glacial outwash)..........-.------------- 5-24 567. According to Mr. Ward this plant consists of fifty-three 44-inch wells, 37 to 106 feet deep. All the deeper wells furnish artesian water. Samples of the shallower wells, preserved in the municipal building, Brooklyn, show the following generalized section: Generalized section of Brooklyn waterworks wells at Massapequa pumping station. Feet. 1. Light yellowish gray sand and gravel; nothing readily recognizable as of glacial origin. 0-25 25 Hineyreddishyprowmetonyellowishyonay sands see sss-2- ss 2 222 ee seo] see anes n esse 25-40 See bineyeraygsan dees eee es se to Nese cook ee Seles ues ness eee 40- The elevation of deep test well No. 1, which is a flowing well, is 10.1 feet Brooklyn base. 568. Mr. Solomon Ketchem, secretary, reports that the supply of the Amityville Water Company is derived from 6-inch wells, 40 feet deep, sunk in 1893; the water level is 12 feet below the surface and is lowered 4 feet by pumping. The yield in 1900 was as follows: Yield of Amityville Water Company’s wells in 1900. Gallons. Masxtinautoaydalthya ose epee a ares ee = 2 eee ne cere Se eRe ee er ED 156, 000 Wiha roonron-C AK Soe Staeawe aOsc Se bse tse peer oh a Ree at nS me eee eee 53, 000 INTERES Cilia SEE Sao ia SEAS 2 & ay CORN eae eae ten PRS oy Uy tet hel rare et 104, 000 569. The whole section given below is glacial outwash. Record of commission's well near Massapequa pumping station. Feet. ea Viellow,salichyal Opies sen em eee. ee seers ce cee eee et ios aoa Ss 0-2. 4 3-9. Fine reddish-yellow sand to small gravel_.............---------------- SSMS, : 4. 5-31 See Table XII. 570. Record of commission's well near Massapequa pumping station. Feet IeeEiumus-staineduloamnygsandiandienayelusssee ee = 5 sees] see see 2 sees 0.0- 0.4 2s neddish=yellowalonmyssandsandtoraveless:= 69 2255 9282 sees 2 2 222 eee 1.0- 3.5 4-6. Light yellowish-white outwash sand and gravel _.-....-.-.-.------------------- 6. 0-17.75 571. Record of commission’s well near Massapequa pumping station. Feet IES Suriace Gane eee eee ye eee en hae EON, ed Cee oe Jobe ae ese Q- 2 3-9. Light-colored sand and quartz gravel only a very small percentage of erratic material- 5-31 a72. Record of commission’s well near Massapequa pumping station. Feet. 1223S 0ntace:loamessseee mene rt ene ese aoe. | ee ha ees dienes ce tee C= 1% 3-9. Light grayish sand and small gravel, with a smaller percentage of erratics than in the wellsitanthe aves tearm epee ae SO pene ey ee OP SE ee ee SY aol 5-35. 5 573. Record of commission’s well near Massapequa pumping station. Feet. a Niello yeriavshy Nomine . - saoctkous la on Ge eee ee ee eae ele ee en en eae ener 0- 1.5 3-7. Reddish yellow fine to coarse sand (glacial outwash)..-..--..-.------------------- 425 o74. Record of commission’s well near Massapequa pumping station. Wisconsin: Feet. Ws ‘Shorgine Sdkonans 3 dn caso 2 BQO See DOE EO Se ee Ce ae 0 - 2.3 oemellows loamyssand! andkenavyele es Nao ee oe a ae oss cae cine ee 2; = Bb) 4-9. Coarse outwash sand and gravel................---.- kes fe apace Sen gee eee 5 32 288 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Tisbury: Feet. 10, Hine yellowish gray 'sand: 2.55 cece ee ea ne 36 -36.5 iil, Weny iia yelllonaise euthy SAG oc ee se cc ce oss Ssesenecee Se SE EC Seems 37. 5-38 12. Mediumisand 2 eos ac aR eee: See ees ae eee og 5 eee 40 -41 13: Fine to coatse Sand) 12222 2S ae eee = eee AR a rr ae 45 —46 14-15. Coarse sand to fine gravel, with small layer of silt..........-.._......_...- 50. 5-53 IG=18.. Hine: silty: Sandises eee. he okie ee eee se Se ee 55 -61.5 19... Fine to mediumsande:2 25265525) ie Ae See ice epee a 63 -64 20.» Cosizse: Sain Gre. 20) = cae ie ee Sa SR Soe Mice ret oT ie eee 65. 5-66. 5 21 Himersiltyesands os 6 tame cere sae eye re ae I eae te Seer ee eS sean aS ABs £10 7 5 Cretaceous: 22. Very fine, greenish yellow, micaceous sand. -..-....-._.-.-.-.--.------------ 74, 5-75. 5 23-24. Medium, white, coarse sand._..._...............- «erate eh eee op aCe 80 --85 This series of samples shows apparently four stages of deposition above a depth of 70 feet. Sve Table XII. 575. Record of commission's well near Massapequa pumping station. Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 1. Surface Joanne <2 yet. hee Sicha crass Hee er or | age Oe ees 3, NEMlony Sena! cual gaavalll re yyelle 5-2 es sson sense ceone sees ete peherete ohall 15-4 4-5. Yellowish white sand and small gravel._.._........--..-.---.-------.--__- 6 -11 6. Small gravel, with considerable percentage of erratics......-.-.-.-.-.--------- 15 -16 Ua WN iO) CORMSO SAIN Lee abesecssaasdeoeeatosezorse dese Ho oe oe aoe 20 —21 Cretaceous ?: 8-12. Fine white sand with tendency toward a yellow color in the upper samples, possiblyrdueltorameoldelaindisuicta cess se ees ee 24 -41.5 See Table XII. 576. Record of Dry fuss & Nibbe’s well near Central Park. Pleistocene: 3 : Feet. i, Sumlacetoravel: 22.2202 2 Skee ee ee ee ee ee Ae ees 0) 15 Cretaceous: Pg) CEVA Gto (2) pi ee ane eRe oe reese ac Gx ga mee ene NOM om meee econ oe o's 15 -35 3. Inonsock. J A523 ee ae Soe ere Seren OR a eae pein eS mee al Si 35 30.95 4. Fine dark sand, becoming coarser and containing water_---_..---.------- - 30. 9-05 Mr. J. Elliott reports having dug a well at this place in which ne site ala very near the surface and passed through 3 feet of iron rock. Analysis of water from Dryfuss & Nibbe’s well near Central Park. [By Prof: C. 8. Slichter.] Parts per million. iardnéss: 22. Dec 2 Srts ote sD a ee 2s I aT 185 Ghiorinés2. secs e Se ee ea e 55. 6 Allkalimiby.e 242228 Jos Soke ae ee ee Te VD 26. 2 Temperature: (aio sce es oo he Ue ee ee ee Se TIO EEE ee 56-F. The high hardness and chlorine indicates Haat this well has tions contaminated with the brines from the pickle factory. f 5877. Mr. Elliott reports that in some of these wells thin layers of clay were found at 4 feet and 20 feet. He adds that similar layers of clay are often found in wells at a distance of half a mile from the foot of the hills, at which point the silty or clayey layers disappear. _ 878. The high chlorine in the analysis below is doubtless due to brine from the pickle factory. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 289 Analysis of water from well of J. Keller & Sons near Farmingdale {By Prof. C. S. Slichter. ] Parts per million. (Ela rdness ee: ae eee Eee Mic ie See ebay eS eee aa ee ete a eee St 30.6 © hill reine Se eae mesa ee erect i A Sea aS 2 2t Se ot 2 32.6 A kal inte ee ee rns A ce RN eo OE Se Ue eee Sa yee a 21.5 ReMIpPelLat ike ane ae ae ee Se oe aN ea ue Soc ES ees sec etae sale 63-F. 580. Record of commission’s test well near Farmingdale. Feet Ie SUVS MOAN 2 & 28 a Gis ota ood ee ee RS ae a ne oC = il 2-6. Light sands, passing into small gravel, with a very small percentage of erratics. - -- -- - 1-21 582. Mr. J. H. Gutheil gives the following data: “ Diameter, 3 feet from 0 to 81; 1} inches from 81 to 111 feet. The surface of the ground is black soil mixed with coarse gravel; yellow clay is underneath; then pure sand in depths of 10 to 15 feet, separated by iron ore and hardpan. About the middle of the dis- tance in depth I found a coarse yellow sand, very sticky, as if mixed with mud.” 583. Record of Harms estate well near Plainview. Pleistocene: Feet. IPS Grave lee eee = een en N= Sie ste 8 ar Morya eeys eee See nets e/aeiers wo eee 0-50 Cretaceous: Zee Nitennalteslayersrobsliahbyenenya sina ib lake) ayes = st er =e eee eee 50-70 3. Dark, rather coarse sand, with water_...._--- Toa Oho 584. Mr. Elliott furnished four samples representing material between 58 and 70 feet; all are fine yellow Cretaceous (?) sand. ‘ Analysis of water from John Titus’s well near Plainview. [By Prof. C. S. Shchter. ] Parts per million. [Efandnessie ee Ee peer nee ares meee, Se on ses Be oe EMSS ote Nk Soe ten ol 20 (Chilorine Aes ss rt are yee cee ee Oc 8 0 ys FAN SO SS so eee es oe 2.76 AAU) MODY, Geese ek setae SSe se AES S oak be eS ee Se ee ae era 9 Mennpenatlne See tee eer oh ea one Be AR ee pectin die ee +(e? 18. 585. Record of Oscar Jackson’s well in West Hills. Pleistocene: Feet. 1. Dark surface soil mixed with large field stones. .-...-..---------------------- O- 2 Cretaceous: PASO ies be ies ore acini Gaines aes OES ae es Te ar ee a Ze MG By Adin woe MNCL. 55 Saco beac oe ee Seca se oe srebeeensbnonheboe se see ee 6- 16 4. Coarse gravel mixed with clay, parted by veins of iron ore and hardpan. ------ - 16— 56 5. Sand with veins of black and blue clay 2 to 3 feet thick....._....-...---.-.--- 56-119 Gee Drivientematenialanotkmownters Ser ee oc nee ak eee oe ud 119-141. 5 586. Mr. Dubois has furnished the following samples from this well: Record of H. L. Stimpson’s well in the West Hills. Wisconsin: Feet. 1-3. Clayey sand and gravel with many compound pebbles...-...-.-.----------- 8- 20 Mannetto: 4. Orange-yellow quartz pebbles, with a very few fragments of compound rocks, the latter probably derived from the overlying beds.--...--..-.-.-.--------- 28 5. Orange-yellow quartz pebbles, with considerable sand and yellow clay, and many frapments (ofidecayediwihttescherts=))5- 2255 -4-5-----4------------2e55--255- 40 6. White quartz sand, with much fine-grained red ironstone and decayed chert --. 52 290 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. . Cretaceous ?: Feet. 7-17. White to light-yellow quartz sand and gravel containing fragments of decayed white Chorbic2.2 sj23 25sec See eee oe rece cic er 60-120 LS. Hine} toyeoarse ted cts ln yell wags oi cee eee eae 125 IG) Waiuavey romeomesey wyyloulitiey SAuAGL. |= L522 eos eect nee atte ene! aS 8 2 130 20. Fine to ‘coarse =yellow, sami oye see te are le yan 135 21-22. Medium, yellow, silty sand, with many small, brown, ferruginous nodules and...a: few ipelletsvof clay Sy ea eS were oos.s- 5a. da eee 140-145 23-24. Medium to coarse light-yellow sand with many fragments of dark-brown fer- rugimous sindstone: (2.23.4 Sees are a ta 587. Record of Richard Collier's well near Woodbury. Pleistocene: : Feet. it: Surface loam; mo pravelian.<. ee ..c2 epee ee see eee 0-15 2 sand: withsconsiderable @ravele=sey oases n= o> 28 eee ee 15- 35. 18. Gravel. 22 ce he goes ce eS es er rr 35- 98 Cretaceous: ; 4: Black ‘Glave. <22..\s 22. oes oe eee ee 0 2 hee 98-138 : 5.- Hard iton ‘rocks! >... °°. een ee 138-138. 5 _ 6. White sand): 2-522 2.3022 5 2 ee re ee 138. 5-144 Analysis of water from Richard Collier's well near Woodbury. [By Prof. C. S. Slichter. ] Parts per million. Hardness. co) este heme es ae ee sing ee any Seen S esfnk ene a 52.5 Chlorine sot 2.2 see) ds See bo a a ra ee 16.6 Alkalimitycu22 25 Oo. foe sce bak ee ene ee es ee a a eD 12a) Temperatiare. 2.258 \s0~ 0. cased 3005 Se eee = Se ae ee 60° F.° 388. Mr. William Jaegle, who drilled this well, reports that between 120 and 150 feet he encountered a dry gravel from which the air rushed with considerable force, and that it blows intermittently between the 4-inch and 6-inch casing. The 6-inch casing extends to a depth of 120 feet and the 4inch to a depth of 185 feet. 589. Mr. William Jaegle reports that a blowing well formerly existed at this place, but that it was destroyed in an attempt to find the hidden treasure which this blowing was thought to indicate. 590. It is stated that this well blows before a storm, and that it makes enough noise to be heard in the house. : 591. These samples were taken from the dump by one of the men who had been with the well from the start. The surface about the well is distinctly morainal in character, but the samples indicate that the Pleis- tocene material is of no very great thickness. The sands are apparently the same as the sands shown in the Melville section. : Record of Cold Spring Creamery well near Cold Spring station,. Cretaceous: Feet. i. Dark clayey ‘sands... 22.25: Seppe tere ae chee ee eee ee eee 0-20 "2: Medium ‘yellow: sand! 2... 22.2 3c e eee ao eo = ce 20-60 3. Medium reddish yellow sand, containing water................-.------------- 60-96 592. Record of H. A. Monfort’s well near Cold Spring station. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. ‘Loam and eravel..- 2... 2.2... SUSE ne Se eee QO- 4 Wisconsin and Cretaceous: 2: White: sand: (dry) 22/12. OR Ss ee a we, Co ae ee spe one SACS 0) _ Cretaceous: nates 3. Dark. clay. - osc cscig te eke Saha peice ne pe 90-1380 4. Orange clayey sandi.:.: $aecsit G22 ae ee ee eee 130-173 5. Blue ‘clay: «225.6300 Hotei ne ee ca, Se ee 173-181 6. White sand: <2 255. Sage eee eee (sh BB. 3 ik Eo NN a pee 181-195 a DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 291 593. Analysis of water from Mountain Mist Springs, West Hills. [By G. J. Volckening, E. M., Feb. 21, 1898.] Parts per million. SOCiUmna chill Or Cle tee eee mers eee een oe Pewts,<, Seis hath oes Soe See Serle ee 13.95 [Ginga Sree eee etna re na REE het a Jereeie Ser aes Huta AE adie oe dane eae neat se aoe 6. 80 INIBANSS OE. ses oo okw onc o0e BS REE epee So Set eA le 2. 15 owe sann dlsail tin a eee ee cre orca a he els Soe SENOS as ciciea oe scyne ces Se Ai Suliphericeanthiy dictd came ere esr ser ne 2 aes Steep c ees oi cea cig reise dis ge cere 2. 53 Carboniccaniny dn dele meperEes te ae ec eS ere ile Sted el bane etede ss 5.15 Silicate sera ea ese =e Bs ee lea tte oo Ge a ae He 8.17 J ACA” (OQ ORORANIO sn ca ecacke Meee tee eas ee ee a a eee 1.00 ANG ke Bios 6s se oe Ses oo eee ee ea ea 40. 16 594. The section in this well is reported as very similar to that of well No. 595. 395. Record of Columbia farm well near Cold Spring Harbor. Wisconsin and Tisbury: 1. Sands and gravel. Cretaceous: Feet. 2. Water-bearmg sand, yielding milky water at............-.-.-.:----------:--- 186 3. Alternate layers of fine white or lead-colored clay and sands, the sands containing WUC BOE ON SRA LCE. 6 Sn 2-8 Ge tee Seen SUS aon oe ee emer 186-195 596. At 160 feet the well is reported to have furnished quite a little gas, which has very much the odor of marsh gas. Record of W. R. Jones’s well near Cold Spring Harbor. Tisbury: 4 Feet. Ps Sandvandmenaveleaare apt eee ey oe ae ote oo one pA cies a eecie ss = 0-190 Cretaceous: Zeblackeclay become awnuterebeloweasese es = sens a eee eee ee oe So oe 190-200 3. White sand with water-.---- 2 Cha tea ae bO Gets Ais Wee i a ee ee ene 200-228 598. Record of Mrs. W. Wood's well near Cold Spring Harbor. Tisbury: Feet. 1. Sand and gravel with an abundant supply of clear water, which turned dark on fo oil gohan p ee nro ee elie Se) ees eu, eM tie ec alane 0- 40 Cretaceous: 2. Alternate layers of white or lead-colored sands and clays.-.....---.-.--------- 40-163 599. Record of well of Van Wyke heirs near Cold Spring Harbor. Tisbury: Feet. ie Surtacer'sandtandWenmvelersse mest ce ees apes oe Ses oon awe Be See O- 35 2esandmandeonavelmvalulmeam ibblehwaterssse == 25 52-0 afc 8a eo] cles Sees 35- 40 Cretaceous: ; Se cand amd clayeateceme era eh oc ee ea ek a Se et eee ets Soe chee ae Ses 40-150 Ae WVelterspe akin mse nC epee ya ae ene nape 8 A Se ae ck Se cineca =e LOE 601. Record of W. E. Jones’s well near Cold Spring Harbor. Pleistocene: : Feet. Ie SPC ee ea sake sins oe Sabai ooo mee pe Nap SN RES RE 0-160 Qe Clay cygisan Cease eevee ein des eioaet ee deleted See oa Ghee sled 160-179 Sea ravele wate olacialinpebplesemese see sone ee Mera ee e as oon 5 un acts 179-195 602. This is stated to be the well which in Darton’s report is given as “Cold Spring Harbor, 125 feet deep; flow 18 gallons per minute.” e ~ 292 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 603. Record of G. E. Brightson’s well near Cold Spring Harbor. on ee 1. ‘Gravelly clay; quite hard...) 227) 25 2 eee oe er ee ieee a ee eee 0— 30 2. Fine gravel and: coarse ‘sand: 3.2 S25 see ee ee ee ee eee 30-105 3:, Blue. claye. so Soc oe os ee ee eee eee OP ee ee nee 105-135 4."Bluish’ said ice 5o 5b Se ee Sa ee ee ee 135-170 5. Very coarse sand, water bearing: + 32-22) 52 eee shee oe = ae ea 170-177 604. Record of L. C. Tiffany’s well near Cold Spring Harbor. Tisbury: - Feet. 1. Gravely, 2 oo es See See ee ele 0-125 Cretaceous?: , : 2- (Clay, with, somevgrits.. =... 28 se AE See Se 2 BSS ee re 125-135 3). Bine*samdé-. = ss -ee eo oe ne eee oe hn ee eee 135-225 4; Blue clays. ook: See ee ee ee es See ee ee eee 225-235 do. Coarse; sand, with: abundant) suppliyarotewenteree = 9 eo oar eee ee eee ee 235-243 - 607. Record of Wm. White’s well near Cold Spring Harbor. Tisbury : : Reet. 1... Sand: anid gravel-: eu. 25 S862 UE Se es lS = ee O- 40 Cretaceous ?: 2 Blacks clay= s: - 35 e eee $e Ce eee eee ko) a 40- 41 3. sand sand veravel: o4 226 = ]25 poe ee eee eee “fue 2 la Si ies ee ee rate 41— 95 A~ Brown! clay, passme™ below. amitoy writen cl iy ee) ee ee 95-118 &, Redtisamd’s 22.522 5.0225 ee ee ee ee eee ae eee 118-120 6), Bine- white-sand) .s se 5.2 2o)- ese eee eee ee tt ae Oe ee 120-179 The well began to flow at 120 feet, but choked with sand, and a free flow was not obtained until a depth of 179 feet was reached. This well flowed 12 feet above high tide. 608. Record of J. T. Jones’s well near Cold Spring Harbor. Tisbury: Feet. i) Top soil and) ‘gravel wath hichiiys sum enpliyaltier sees yee 0-12 Tisbury ?: : 2. Black muck=n< 22 cee. 2 ee ee eee Sabet Aes isin eee Se eee 12-20 3s Coarse sand” and .sravell <> 24— a eee ees ee =P” ek ee 20-60 Cretaceous: A; Witter clave cn: 3. onto. oo oe ee ee ee eee are Seek St ey 60-65 Oudved: Sand: oe) 22500 Senne ee pe ee A ee en eee 65-66 36), Coarse whiter sand: wath? artesian iw ieleeer= ss ee) oe a ee ee 66-70 609. Record of L. C. Tiffany’s well near Cold Spring Harbor. Tisbury: Feet. d-Marky mud... os. -.2och ae 2 ee ae ae eee Sec 0- 5 2-7) Beacheoravel, with lance Stones esc eee ne a ee a 5-50 Cretaceous ?: 3. Clay, black on’ top, becoming; whites oe] ower = ete oe ee eee 50-58 4, Hine sand; becoming? coarser below. arene a ee a ee 58-76. 8 When the artesian sand was first struck, it is estimated that the well flowed 120 gallons per minute, but the water contained a large amount of fine, white, micaceous sand. “To cut off this, the well was driven deeper and the flow reduced to 75 gallons per minute (measured). This is the maximum yield, the flow being less at low tide. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELIS. 293 610. Record of H. De Forest’s well near Cold Spring Harbor. Tisbury: Feet. iWpper crave malicesan deme ene at er ey hes ho eee oe = ice 0- 80 Cretaceous: Phe NAMES ORS en ADS o cic Sine a ee Ser Is os Ie ee 80 - 80.5 Se Orangepsan dase eee se eset sess es Doe es sate Lee octets 80. 5— 95 AS Sandsibrichtem yellow tua Nol 32.0222. 22222 22 eee eee Sec ee eects 95 -133 he WANG, C55 ed sets eS Sol eS eae = HES ene ng 133 —148 Gua Hinexsantdebecomincucoaiseyee tas seem ee eens See ee eee 148 -165 612. The following record has been prepared from samples preserved from this well: Record of R. De Forest's well near Cold Spring Harbor. Wisconsin: Feet. ie Glactalecandieandmel amen tree Meee cee oe ee tae ee fee eee Bees 5 2) Larger quantzandieramiterpebblessss-5 2225-5. 2a. 4.222225 45522555-2-52-2-- 15 Cretaceous: : . ore Mediumillighitayellowasam Ghee seer scars eto ars cre ae 2 Apes es eee ae 17— 25 4. Pink sand) medium= 9) 55- = 522 ----- - ae gue Bits pee eee Bp ee a ee 28.8 5. Medium, white, quartz sand with much mica..-............-._.-.-.-._.--- 32 Gr Bimes pial sam cl eae eee as Soca a2 ais 2 aioe ee en eer cele 3 60 de Medium coarse wihtitemquantzpsand= ==" 22 2222552255 ees see see 70 Sa Coarse quantzewithelangempiecessol WWeSs 22-52-22 222-2 a ee 120 ORV Vilnite lamin atedcl ame ees. eee Se ee eo a BEN ee ee eee 160-167 LO Mhineworavel-mawatenubeanin remy 4-7 Se 2 Soe eee Ansa oes cihce fe 177-183. 8 613. Record of Eagle dock well near Cold Spring Harbor. Recent: Feet. I, Ute leer ywnG soe oe cs Cone so a eS a OS COS RIGS De IESE Deke ee ee ee ee 0- 10 1 MIC cars aoe pare NE Se PR eee ete Serra ee ldeeg eee at ntal de BAe Dae 10- 14 Tisbury: : Suubeachwonravielewilumsaloyawaleree=ia0 SS Se Seen abe ea aden 2 oy te 14-100 Sankaty ALS OUR Bn Sdn Satna nals Sets ae ee ene are 100-158 Jameco 5. Fine sand, passing into coarse gravel containing artesian water_.......---.---- 158-176 The samples of the water-bearing gravel preserved by Capt. W. R. Bingham show a very large per- centage of erratic material. G14. Mr. Webster reports that the measured flow of this well at 12.10 p. m., December 31, 1902, was 39 gallons per minute. Mr. J. G. Hannah, the former owner of the well, reports that on November 5, 1902, the flow at low tide was 16 gallons per minute and at high tide 50 gallons per minute. Mr. Webster has kindly furnished the following analysis, and notes by Prof. Herbert E. Smith, State chemist of Connecticut: Analysis of water from James Bowen’s well near Cold Spring Harbor. Residue on evaporation: a Parts per million. INO ea sacecdon ds ce ls oseo 5d ce hea ASE Ee SEES gate are 39.0 Vol stiles et aes ee rae re rh Se Sete rae hae mies sib.s pues eee eo diel 13.5 Chlorine comiloine cle aeeneenmy serene es a se Re ey eS een oo ee keene cod 4.00 Nitrogen of free ammonia...-..........--- SUS She el See reas ap te te ee eee pe - 032 Nimo OF allowmainoiel syamonooiny. 252525 s52ee5nsecoe os eee e es coos ed ar bee een ee ee . 012 INTROS OM OUMGES S Gace oa eaacee ose eds CESS Oe Oe Se ee a ee eee . 001 INMURO RO) GE MUS ee Soin wo ne obec ed PSRs GSO GD OSES SE eee eee eee eee . 00 Oxygen consumed from permanganate in one-half hour at 100° C.............-.-.-.- .2 andnesseasmcarbonatevolecal clummeas earn ese ne see tae ease cm eceeee secs ce. © LOKOO 294 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Professor Smith says: “The sample was clear, free from sediment, colorless, and odorless. These results show that the water contains a very small amount of mineral matter, that it is soft, and that it is of high organic purity. The figure for chlorine is subnormal for the locality of the well, and the nitrogen of nitrates is not much, if any, above the normal. These results indicate, in my opinion, that the water is fae from sewage oe drainage communion and excellent for engine nine domestic uses. “The figures for organic matter are very satisfactory indeed. The figure for chlorine (4) is the chlorine that is normal to a narrow strip in the central portion of Long Island. According to the chlorine map, this area is about 35 miles long, with an average width of not over 2 miles, and runs through Suffolk County, back of Cold Spring Harbor. As the normal on the coast is 6 or above, the result in this sample would indicate that the water comes from the interior portion of the island. “T of course do not wish to make too strict an interpretation of a single analysis, but staes the differ- ence between the local chlorine and that found is so distinct as in this case, I think it pretty safe to conclude that the water sent me comes from the interior.” In this connection see the analysis from the deep wells given on page 68 and analyses of wells Nos. 526, 543, 545, 546, 547, 549, 554, 556, and 559. 615. Record of L. V. Bell’s well near Cold Spring Harbor. 1. Coarse sand and gravel, with one or two layers of cobbles; no clay --.-.--.-.--.-- 0-65 = 16. This well is in the basement and begins in pink Cretaceous sand. 617. Mr. Matthew King, foreman for P. H. & J. Conlan, poe that this well is 325 feet deep, but Mr. J. Conlan states that it was finished at 140 feet. 620. Record of T. S. Williams’s well near Cold Spring Harbor. Wisconsin: : . Feet. Ds Gravelie 22 o/oas oe ore Sek )a5 See a eee eee eee Ss es ee 0 — 30 Cretaceous: ' 2: Redeand i wibitie ss ance: eee re ee fonts dosti See ei ea 30 — 80 3. Wihite yclay 204 eee eee BE eee er rase cine dic Site. He 2 Lt ae em eae 80 — 86 4. Kine white: sand iresh water ser eerie oe anc oe eee 86 -136 5., White: clay “and. Sand $2 > -2¢he emor eee oc et.6os none See ee ene 136 -146 6. Yellow sand and gravel (looks like brown sugar ) Soak eee ee 146 -160- 7 Red ‘and “white el ary hs Pee cree ae sae ee oc = ee 160 -162 8. Fine white’ sand.::22 4.42. cee ee ae oa. eee eee eee 162 -178 9. Coarse quartz gravel; no sand; gravel about 1 inch diameter_............ 178 -200 LOS Pine white sand [becom ga poms hee eas ae 200 -230 11. Small ‘praweles.c. sc) A Seay tere oS eae eee 230 -230.5 12: White ‘sands. +22. 2. 5 3). oc: See a ee re 2 Rok eles 230. 5-256 13. Yellow. clay?22 =. 2320. 22 2S spe es hee eet ee 256 —257 14, ‘Reddish ‘sand. 2... -. - se Meee eae ee ee ee oo oS eee 257 + —262 wild. Gray clayeo jas. es bse. See ae ee a ee Ue tae eee 262 -394 16. Coarse yellow ‘gravel. 2-2: (ogee eee asc see Oise eee 394 —398 This well flows 10 gallons per minute at a height of 8.5 feet above mean high tide. 621. Mr. Danis reports the following section for this well: Record of Walter Jennings’s well near Cold Spring Harbor. Wisconsin: Feet: 1. Stony soils. 2.2 22.220 ook SOS ee ese ee ee 0-10 Cretaceous: 2: Clays ce eee sh a eee eee Se os a a ee eee SS Ae Bes 10-12 8. Sand: 2s ae.- 0 coke. se oe ee Se oe ee 12-40 4. Clays: 2.2 sna ede Sobol ale. Reese Oe Sree 26 ot eae 40-42 5S) aRediisand 32-2 Se ee eee Se Pee iho ce RL ere ONE SO Sg CS) 6.. White sand. .-o2- ck cena 55 tke ee ee re ee ee OOD DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 995 622. This well was first driven 42 feet and water obtained which was used for a time, but proved unsatisfactory. It was then deepened and two more water-bearing sands encountered. The present supply from the lower layer is reported to be very good. 623. Record of R. De Forest’s well, West Neck. Cretaceous: Feet. i, Ibo mislnsies) eeinGhy Oli cot opae eee bose sss eee eee eee eee Seer 0-117 2h NRA) BEING nS io So's. ce hint Be See ase ee See eee acta ene 117-187 Bi Ci se Sodsesedbeidc 6665 Se nee SSeS ee cee ana gee Reg ee 137-157 a, (Comes: \wrlaile Seincls Welieie leans Se poe. aoeo pane doen rece aaae ease eee Sse 157-168 624. Record of Alex. Denton’s well near Huntington. Wisconsin: Feet. Ear d pane ae eee tee tet Sen reve Soe gas ak eee nss Sele sehe dees 0- 30 Tisbury ?: Dee inet iinite san cl Smee PE Pes Spee es Se PE Ee ee, 2) apes et MS, Solin to 80-165 Cretaceous: Semliight colored kclavyaaeremeerse See am eee ea ye a sees Se eke aad 165-175 Ara Water:bedringusand wan erte weer ee 6 sa. aah a yetolsht Sacer ee assed oe wkd 175-181 625. Record of H. J. Dubois’s well near Huntington. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. imGraveleands sands ssemeeeetee ES tes Rete Serie! eee) nee ene iso 0- 80 Tisbury and Cretaceous: 2. Very fine brown clayey sand.........-..-..-- DRIES ee ee eS ee es pees ss 80-255 Cretaceous: opine toncounsemuent—yvell owasmndep= senses sas see ee 255-264 626. On May 11, 1903, gage readings were begun on this well. Observations for six hours showed no fluctuations in the level of the water, which rose about 10 inches above the top of the pipe out of which it was flowing before being piped up. Mr. Sammis says that when first driven the water did not reach the top of the pipe but stood several inches below it. After one or two weeks’ pumping the well began to flow. 627. This well was all in sandy gravel, with the exception of a thin layer of clay just above the white water-bearing gravel. 628. This well was abandoned in the summer of 1903, but Mr. Dubois states that they intend to sink it deeper. It will be seen from Pl. XVI that the Lloyd gravel should be encountered at this place at about 500 feet below sea level, or about 125 feet below the present bottom of the well. The chances of getting a - good supply of water by deepening the well 150 feet are, therefore, regarded as extremely good. Record of B. Ward’s well, West Neck. Wisconsin: Feet. iS AIO AN ese oy ee eee re ON TIUR ee es Se reise cas ob og lade ee O- 10 Tisbury: Pe, SELOCIMNNG|! CANON. 5 ben as cape Sa sees Se NaS Sa Ie Cre eer er ere 10- 88 Sankaty ?: ; See) Vel Cl Ale ae ener ee ee eee eee oe NES oon AA wet onees dedeees 88-116 Jameco?: 4. Dark-brown gravel mixed with clay--...-.-..-.--- EE RESON Sees awe seu as 116-149 Transition: em Darke bro wins a Cesena eats eer Ree ee yen Vey Ue ways See ie clon) seine 2 sa ss 2 148-164 Cretaceous: Grebilnepshard pane =e etree ene wae ie det colar ete nos onees sels 164-173 Cis OSC Oy gees een oO ose Ore Se - SRE So 2 re ne ee ae 173-193 Saubinkacliverss. Soothe nmr ace merece sass ee Se ekwioseectees sees Socess Shea 193-273 > OMB row Masal devel Om ers ea Natal atels a) )2 oe) sfejoe) set se soe ieee crete ie cess 273-280 296 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Cretaceous—Continued. : Feet. LO: Pink. clay ss.32 Bea ace eee eee eee pat) nibs aie Soe See eee 280-335 WN. Pebbles. 522% 24 sc ssc ae 5 eS Ae eee ee ae ean ee 335-336 12. Dark-brown sandy :clay "2 5 = eee. ae ee 336-347 13.: Sandstonese-- 422-22 -- Hee SS 2 a ee 347-350 14.. Pink: clayies ja.cec stats SE et en a nts Dey oo 2 covey a 350-386 15. Brown sand. sess .o2 525.35 ee ee 386-416 16s Bineysands likes quicksand essere eee EE Mee ees Se sn, 1s 416-417 Lif.” Brown. clay a oc° sce Se Ee ae I 222 he 417-429 182" Water sands. 6228 occ es Fe ene oe ee eos te ce ". 429-430 19) Light#blie lays) .2 22 2 eee oes oot |. Le 2 eee ne ~ 430-432 20. Very“black clay: 2.22 s2 45 ae ere. as ee eee 432-435 21. Light-blue clay, turning to reddish color near bottom of stratum..._....__-- - 435-439 22. Brick=ted’ Clay-2..-. 13.4253 eo Re _- 439-444 23> Slate=colored: claiy ..< Ss: jacse eee eee ee ane = = ok. casa 444-447 24. White iclay, like kaolin. 97202 Waemepeeer 0) 22052 os 2S ee ee ee 447-449 25. Very. dark-blue clay... =e eee ee eee c 2. So ee ee ee 449-453 26: Blue sclay ‘with charcoali3: Sey eae ees 2 ao 22 cece eee eee 453-455 27. Light-blue: clay ...:..2.2.23 20, se eee aoe ee ose. crse 23 ee 455-461, 28:iLight-preen: clay .ce. see eee eee ce ene 22 oo ee eee eae ... 4612465 29: Red! clay... 2.. 51950 Se ee are ee 465-471 30) Dark-onay «clay ->.0-4-.- 22 ee a eee ois So el ea pe pe cave al Sa 471-476 3h. Lighteblue clay..:.2:2.... =a eee Se eee 476-479 32. Dark-brown sand... 2. ss) 2 aeeeeee ere ee oe = = acts a sy eee 479-480 33., Green: clays. 1222.25.05. k See eee ee Spey ee rere 480-482 34: Red clay. mixed. with- blue Se aeeteereeese: 2255 S22 eae eee ee eee 482-485 35e) Velys tine) brow sand snot el mvt Im ey zeae ee ~ 485-487 36: Very white clays sx. 2tc silts ee cee 1S 2 Sele ce Ne Ne ee eds . 487-488 37, (Black clayic 255 «sok cee eee oe sae net ye Pes Sansa 488-491 Son Danke brownl Cl aiys= seen Bei. PSE cS ee eee 491-495 395) Dralb-coloreduclayaees =e ee ees ae GS ged HLA ae ae ~ 495-497 40. Hardpan, or sand rock; looks like an oolitic limestone_.._..-......--.-.....- 497-498 629. Record of Mrs. M. H. Clots’s well, West Neck. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. ft. Surface loam. 22. ce ll che eee merece Secs soe EN eee ee 0-10 2: Hardpan-with ‘eravell ! 226 sees ese ae se ee Se ee See ae ee 10-25 Tisbury and Sankaty: : 3: Fine. brown ‘sand: va, littlesclayzs=eeereensee = 25-5. So Se ase ee se ee ee 25-85 Sankaty: : AL iBlueclay?..22 25.2052 eee sere ee re eee ae eee es 85-93 -Jameco?: 5s Browil eravielly: samdls wettest evita res ae ee eee se) 93-97 630. The 4-inch pipe is cut off 17 feet from surface, and the well flows 10 gallons per minute into an underground cistern. Water would rise to within 4 feet of the surface. A 5-4inch well was sunk about 10 feet from the 4-inch well, to a depth of 147 feet, and flows into the underground cistern 18 gallons per minute. Record of A. Heckscher’s well near Halesite. Wisconsin: Feet. L.. Surtace: See 22 Beet So ae ee eee Te ct oP een 0-10 Cretaceous: 2: Pink: clay. ..402 = sce. v2 SE eee eee Roe ne oe Ree eae 10-140 3. Coarse white gravel.....-...--.- NE eas sen ee ee EO EE oe 2a nes 140-142 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 297 631. Record of Mrs. A. W. Marsh’s well, West Neck. f Feet Us) DWE oS acs as 1 5 SAS SE PHS Se OS eye arene net ge Dae mS rm eet eg a 0O- 80 Cretaceous: 2 aN rt ene ee eS ee, po AG eR a ooh Sane Gunes SERS ne a 80- 90 SU SHOGEC I ec n a wate cee BC eae ee SET eI eR ieee te I ee 90-110 ON SETAC! WOO = oS. e oat ce Sees Ss as een os ane ene ee 110-111 SEU VAIL CC eihy yee aN tect cays Ou Fe favevere evar Sree yates See ee es so et 111-115 GaWatersbeaninos cam daermemeete a hover eee tens Stake even o-catn la Sagres vis Ge Mee Sal oe 115-131 632. Record of R. B. Conklin’s well, West Neck. Wisconsin: Feet. Ie Sunfiaceseant ieee eee 3 5S Rae BS Saas Seley ie eee ies ne aa Ate aI te ed 0 -10 2h BOW] ders i ae EEE EE Ot ier as tty tte Ube eee oe SMe So RE a a 10 -12.5 ’ 3. Gravel and clay mixed with surface material..........:-.----.------------ 12. 5-24 Tisbury: AU NRCC IE CU AS HING. 4 ke ook Senta GSR ease eee ee eee erie 24 —29 ow Darkera yin ciowe lemme ee eee ni) Se 2s, Se Ve te a ee SE 29 -30 Cretaceous?: GP Witter Spaad(® i: Saas ie en S ee Sees Pee es ea eee ae -.. 380 —46 ie. Wihttetquartzovaveliwatens bearing. 03 nee nae eee os ede cee 46 -51 SEC] LO war SaiD Ce een Ere Ls re ad LI Be eta ack cs Ae 51 -56 633. This well was visited in company with Dr. O. L. Jones on April 24, 1903, and the following sam- ples and records obtained. At this time the pipe had been cut off about a foot below the mean level of the ground (5 to 6 feet above high tide), and the well was flowing about 5 gallons per minute. The foreman stated that at low tide the water ceased to flow, but when the tide had risen 1 foot the well commenced to flow and the flow increased until high tide. Record of Dr. O. L. Jones’s well, Lloyd Neck. Recent to Tisbury: Feet. leonard: (onaniel syne een meee oe OA eae? a ep tee tL eee ih ea 0- 95 Sankaty ?: 2. Dark-gray laminated clay, with pieces of partly lignitized wood____..____-_- 95-105 Jameco?: Eom Kime tomcoarses yellowpsamda (glacial?) = se 22a) a ee 105-122 Cretaceous: Ace Dank-oray. larninatediic) mypeetee pn es. 2. gk oe Soom ASS Ue ee 122-222 Lloyd ‘sand: 5-6. Very light-yellow sand, with fragments of white, very much decayed chert... 222-243 7. White quartz gravel, with a few pebbles of ferruginous sandstone and white chert. 243-246 8. Coarse, light-yellow sand, with a few fossil fragments ____..-...-..----------- 247.5 9. Small yellow quartz gravel, with a few white chert pebbles_._...-.....-.-.- 248.5 The fossils from No. 8 were submitted to Dr. T. W. Stanton and he regarded them as Upper Cretaceous. They show: (1) Crmoid stem; (2) fragment of shell; (8) Clawsa americana, a bryozoan very common in the Rancocas formation in New Jersey. (Identified by Ray S. Bassler.) 635. Record of commassion’s test well 1 mile northeast of Amityville. Feet. TPA ISLUT BENGE HOR ate, eas od lee Sila Ae mat lent ET a tC a ae 0-1 SemCraviel wand) avellovmel oaiiiaease emer aetert errr tar S/N re a aca Nel Se os oe 1-2 4-8. White quartz, sand, and gravel; very few if any erratics.......-.-.----------- 5-25 See Table XII. 636. Record of commission's test well 1 mile north of Lindenhurst. Feet its. Wear Cbisis Raith Obes nates aseeceseng oo0e «Gas HONE eee ee eee ete 0 -0.5 2-4. Sand and gravel, with a small percentage of erratics........_..-.-.----------- 0. 5-16 pO Mediumecrays sands (possibly elacial) passes seesen as 2s eee eee oes oe ee 16 -21 17116—No. 44—06——20 298 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 637. Record of commission’s test well 2 miles northwest of Lindenhurst. Feet. 1-2. Surface loam ‘and sand: 22 = aaa eee ee ee 0-1 3-9. Sand and small gravel; very small percentage of erratics.-.....-.----2.--------- 1-29. 5 See Table XII. 638. Record of commission’s test well near M aywood. Feet 1-2. Surface loam......- seine ¢ 5 on! Sl ce RRR encores Sad 5 Sh en 0-1 3-9. Light grayish-white sand and quartz gravel; very small percentage of erratics - - 5-30 639. ’ Record of commission’s test well 1.5 miles south of Pinelawn. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Dark-colored. Joamy sand!" Suet ee ee 2 | 0 -0.5 2-5. Dirty: yellow sand! and! smallltonay cleans ae Re oe oo ae See . 5-16 - 6-7. White sand and gravels ‘some ermaties!=>-4-5--- == 22-2. a5 ee 20 -26— 8: Kine: yellow sand)... 2-2-2. ar eee ere on ne in 53 2 30 -35 9-14. Medium grayish-yellow sand; some erratics -....-...-.-.----------------- 40 -60 * Cretaceous: 15-19. Coarse, sharp yellowish-white sand). -2=--.-22...-£52-225522-2 522 eee 60-85. - 20-21. Very dark;‘fine lignitic sand ees a9 seen: 2 acc. a2 Sa ee ee ee e e See Table XII. 640. Record of commission’s test well 2 miles north of Lindenhurst. : Feet 1=2:“Surtace: loamiss 5212 SS 2S ee ee ee mar ee eer cS IO Setar en ee: Q- 2 3-5. Medium“yellow sand’. 2-2. se See gee eee eS SE eet ee ee 2-12 6. Very light-colored sand and gravel; small percentage of glacial material.......-.-.- 14-30: 5 . 641. Record of commission’s test well 2 miles south of Wyandanch. ; : Feet 1-2. Surface gravelly loam:: 422.2 see a ae os ee 0-1 3-8. Very light-colored sand and gravel with a very small percentage of glacial material- 31 GAZ. Record of commission’s test well near Pinelawn. 2 Feet. 1. Dark-colored:surtace loams22 2 — 2-2 pee en ee ee ee ee 2 ae ee 0-0. 5 2; White; sand and oravell withisomereralicss==eee =o" 562. - 42> See ee 5-42 643. The following analysis was made February 5, 1894, by C. F. Chandler, Ph. D. and Charles E. Pellew, E. M.: : Analysis of water from Colonial spring near Wyandanch. . Parts per million, Potassic sulphate... -.22.0025 bn. 202 Se See ee eee aims oe a he ee re 3. 30 Potasstumichloridé:: 222. 22 i 52's. Se te re OS ee Se eee 7.42 Sodium) chlorides 252-2. 32 eee aap el = bel. Sees ts ee ge Seer ee 7y Calcic}earbonate. 2... 2 22... 25 £2) 222 1 ote cod) a - 5.09 Magnesic'carbonatesz,.. 2.22.25 55053528 Ses Seen) ee BR 3. 03 Oxidetof ironyand ‘aluminum: - --/)= 3222s ee eer. ee eee ee Re 2G Silieae 20 eee eee eects seg aoe 3 a ea nee Ue ee Tht55) Organic/andiyolatile: matter. 5: -<. 3 See ope eee ee oo oe 2 ae See 1. 50 Total residues onieyvaporabion ay 250 oe hae eee ee 41. 87 “The ‘Colonial’ is a pure alkaline water, showing unusual freedom from organic matter.” _ The analysis of the Mo-Mo-Ne spring was made by the same chemists, who pronounced it the purest water they had ever examined. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 299 Analysis of the Mo-Mo-Ne spring near Wyandanch. Parts per million. Rotassicrsul ph ate spate reer wee isre oases ce tete in ee ee A a ee 2.00 IRC UES Sue AORN, Sooo GSES See SU eC Sie Nn er PA nm ee 1.08 Sodiumych! Oni evens eeertase e aet ea eee gre Se 2 Se eee eee eer eee 8. 20 SOdicrGarb Ona tess =a en Teena Me te Skee SE ye) ele ee I Soke ne BRS LA nd 12 GCalciercarbon ales. sae nae ei an Se Me ome a oe Mey ek eka. oe Wee ee 1.56 Malenesicicarbonatewa mmesrmctn = are eee aes este Swen Sl ethose et toc eee ee 2.30 @xadevofuronyvannd Fall umn tee eee eye SoS Se ees ey he ee ee . 28 SI Cas ses eee eee PNT R eT m,n wee Seas st Seid cke Pe ea Salat ee he Lee Seb 8.01 Organicrandivolabilenmatte meer a) )aitoce au eve ea Peta Se ec ee bee 2 we ate 3.35 MotallresiduestonlevaporaioubatyZo0 whee ee nese cine eis ee ee Sel eres ate een oe 27. 90 G44. Mr. George Carll reports regarding this region: ‘‘My well was first dug 130 feet and gave a fair supply of good water. When the well was finished the bottom was a kind of a quicksand and clay, that at times would make the water of a whitish color. I afterwards sunk two terra-cotta tubes, making it 136 feet deep, and the water was from 12 to 15 feet in depth. About 500 or 600 yards to the north are neyer-failing springs. The wells north and south range from 20 to 50 feet in depth. I struck the same bed of clay at 47 feet, but there was nearly 3 feet difference in striking it in just the width of the well, and consequently I could get but little water.’’ : 645. Mr. Elliott states that the thin clay layer which occurs yery near the surface in this well extends for about 1 mile south of his house, and north as far as Huntington. Record of J. Elliott’s well near Melville. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. Tee hoami sand: sandiona velemmemeras ele escenario Sect eee sake eo ps fot Sh es oe 0- 4 Pig Oly il Se Mah oa BOBS cia do oe So SSE Cee SNR ae Ne ee ee 4- 5 Suioandiand: crayeli pee PeM ts see =e Sanscite) eeeez ee pis eee See see 5-56 648. All deep wells in this neighborhood lost more or less water in 1900-1901. Record of A. C. Soper & Company’s well near Fairground. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. EoD ueewelllé(Sanch) pane eee yey eek ke ee cae cee ese 0-120 Cretaceous: DES ETN = See een ea REN NGC ee cs gs Hoe Acts 8 oe, ee ae 120-130 Peel OL Biya ses ayant ear ea Se Saye ese = ated Me Ss ek Se es Bo 130-200 4, Very fine sand, mixed with a little clay; plenty of water but could not pump on ACCOUMMOMSOD DUAR Semin Semets= se ele e.)- eeleery vee) Se ee Re eal eae 200-260 5. Coarse sand; very good water; pumps without trouble............./...-.-.-.--- 260-267 649. Record of F. Gallienne’s well near Huntington. . , eet lea Glacialtsandifan dkeraniel epee oct eet eye ewe ee Ee eee O- 65 Ze) Wark- ova, samduandy clan aerate epee alates =. Mat cy Shoes Lee Bec ee hhh 65- 70 3. Dark dirty-gray sand and gravel (probably glacial)............---.------------- 70— 90 . Cretaceous: 4. Very fine, dark-colored, silty, micaceous sand. ..........----------------------- 95-120 i), AC Ey eames sedan eatoliecia nolan gee OAS Sis UCI nae eee ee a 120-200 650. Mr. Darling states that this is a gravity system depending on a ground reservoir situated 170 feet above mean high tide. The material penetrated in the group of driven wells is as follows: a 300 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Record of wells of Huntington waterworks, Huntington. Wisconsin: Fect, Silt, uatisce cllivealts acl ayes ee ee eee See asa 2. SU 2 Wats ee 0-5 2 Wow) passin ss ntOs hard po als ee ee eee Soh p54) eee 5-25 Tisbury: 3: Water-bearing pravele 9555-22525.) 5s5ee=e We UNS ae souls coe She Sea See 25-60 Hach well will yield 150 gallons per minute without lowering the water below the suction limit. 652. Record of well of Huntington Light and Power’ Company near Halesite. Recent: Feet. 1p Bille diiero umes eee PRE i 2 2 eS Se Ee Veg a ae, O- 6 2, Shean) CRYVOSith. sn Sse = ses - See SS SG By ie ee Se SAS Sa 6-10 Tisbury: : . : 3:-Darkisand amd eraveli co. 25.2 5G Ue eee ee es oi Sn es en ene eT (0) Sankaty ?: 4 VBlueiclayes \oeee2 2 Si aee 15 2 ce Rt em Ate a oP oS LO 70-71 Jameco?: j 6: duight yellowish eravell 22 soe ae ce 12a ee 71-75. - 653. Record of R. F. Carmen’s well near Centerport. Tisbury : elt Feet. 1.-Sand, andieravel....s25. . 228 ye. ee Ses Ske 0-154 Cretaceous: ; 2. BlUe Gayaio.. -s. 32 Le es ss See oa. | = 2 Le ea ag 154-229 3: White: eravell 222 52.2 Sete aden 2 ee ae SEES S Soicycnd c= S15) 3 a 229-258 G5A. Record of R. S. McCrary’s well near Centerport. Wisconsin and Tisbury: = Reet. i. Coarse. sand and some: water... Aes eee ese oe oe ee ee ee ee 0-161 2.) Sandie. s-is2 hc 8 a eee ee ee ee ee 8 oe ee Oe a 161-175 Jameco?: : 3. Multicolored'stones as large asia mamis/fist= 952252222222 55 625-22 2) ee 17&-185 655. Record of C. A. Hallock’s well near Centerport. Wisconsin: : Feet. 1. Surface pravel. Me + 2 523s > Seen eerste 5 Loe ae ee O- 4 Cretaceous: 2. Pink clay; solid) sticloy:2: = 7. wee eee © rye ee 6 oe See ee ee eee 438 32 Dark-colored femayyelles wre tery be 20100) eae ean ae a oe ae 38-42 G57. Record of J. J. Robinson’s well near Centerport. beta ee Dine welll eet Sa es oie eS em ede Je Sis Eas ae a eng See O-— 26 2=Bluishisandy claiy..<2)2 sss. 5-2 Ge Se ee eee 2 es ae = 26-110. 3: Nellowperavell. o-- S28 22 sk 5 Se ee ee ee eo, So ee 110-117 658. This plant was originally supplied from springs which yielded about 200 gallons per minute. The water from these was collected in a basin at the pumping station and then lifted to a ground reservoir haying a capacity of about 250,000 gallons. Early in 1903 two very successful artesian wells were completed, and the spring supply has now been abandoned. The wells, which are 8 inches in diameter and 47 feet deep, are situated about 32 feet above mean high tide, and it has been found that 250 gallons per minute must be pumped from them to cause them to cease flowing. The ground reservoir is still used to supply the lower parts of the town, and an Acme system, having storage capacity of 25,000 gallons, has been installed for high-level service. The following samples from one of the wells have been furnished by Mr. Henry Cabre, driller: DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 3801 Record of well of Northport waterworks, Northport. Wisconsin: Feet. il AClaveyg rave letersi tes a2 SSS sc eee Soe ctes Sheek SY Beets tte gee toe W= i 2. Siltyisand, jimeydarieneddish brown. 9.45.2 28) fro. ee Be 2 Pe l= 3} 3. Wony ine, meclolisin loon, Cleyey Shh 64555 cogs dase seeses ses een odeteseoans 3-5 4. Reddish brown silt to small gravel; contains a considerable percentage of erratics. - 5-10 Tisbury: 5-6-5 Medivmerdinnyemyellowssands- se Sere ease oes ne ose. we bees doce 10-20 7. Fine white sand to coarse gravel (doubtfully glacial)............----.--.----.--- 20-25 Poa Minerdintvemyell owpsuNGeeme seine Sess wayne enon Seo 8 aka Se ees oe 25-30 Oe Med nmnbksam dae ee ene eS en Pe Se ee ae 28 Pe Ne ae be he 30-35 WO=13s, Wiech een! io) Saomllll orehyelee seo ao eeen as saea tee soe seas bee soe seca eae 30-48 LAro Me diumaydintypsyellowssandeenee Sec Sees ee. ee eh ee oe 48-51 This whole section, while not pronouncedly glacial, is probably to be regarded as composed of reworked material of Glacial age. 659. Record of A. O. Gildersleeve’s well near Larkfield. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. i. Coarse sand, mixed with gravel and small stones Seed hs oe ets ee one O- 50 2 NC OALSCL SHC h ee SeenON Cee l oR 2 Ba ach. ow ee eA eo RES Yeo 50-186 660. Record of Fred Nevins’s well near Northport. Wisconsin: Peet. 1. Loamy clay. _ Tisbury: . 2. Sand, becoming coarser with increasing depth. 30, 1901: SUV AbeT= De ATI OFS a0 Ck a beeen pee ek Aya arcie ep esis vo ne I eee ee oe Se 165 A Sharp white sand iawatermbeaniacnate sa 446s see Snes ae eso ee oe See ac eo 196 662. The following analysis was made by George A. Ferguson and Raymond J. Nestell, November Analysis of water from F. J. Smith’s well near Northport. Parts per million. Chilorimesinychl onides*ee == smremee ete eae an eee eS ala: owl a ee 19. 252 Hguiyalentimsodiunichloridessaeers = Aa 50.2555 See ek teehee ee 31.774 IbOsplabesy-Aee ao =a eee ee aoe Se Ae SS Se Se Selah eee None. Nitrogen) in nitratess == =see see "Be gl SR ed cre Scan EROS, ee ee rR eT 4. 490 ENTIUEIGOS Ys 5 Se) paae a ee MPa as eee SS eS 2. SG cae ee ale None INES RD AMANO ION ee Se oa elds ae chs See Sees ese BSN ae ie en nes Seay ar 040 PAU buna od aman ola ae en ee epee rete ee ee ee ee ee . 040 Hardness equivalent in calcium carbonate: ; Temporary x ee ee 56. 000 Rerinanennt. 44a ae Manners enrol eS 18. 000 Organicrandicvola til erm attierseee om nee ot ye oes Mee ele See ee 35. 000 Mineralimaatteriat tern omibi OU brewer pamelor ee se ee ee SE es So ce 125. 000 Total solids at 230° F 663. This flowing well consists of a short pipe driven into an old spring site. The water rises 5 feet in the pipe. It is a good example of a type of well common on the north shore which is on the border line between a spring and an artesian well. (See fig. 33.) 664. Record of D. B. Moss’s well near Little Neck. Feet. Pe liinessandtonwelvelplee lemepe meer seman Ope oe enmity. Se na 0-48 Dil Cripwy Oli Base nies sic aa o ctrl etinn tea eR SeN n> oicecirng. 2c a ae 48- ou Veryatine brownysand wsomeywalens jee See ee rae es ce See ee Me. l= O0 4. Coarse white gravel 67-75 302 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 666. Record of well of P. Van Iderstine’s Sons, Little Neck. Tisbury: Feet. 1. Light-colored coarse sand and gravel..._...._.........-- Jie. toh eee 0-130 2. Water-beammejoravel( 62-25-2225 seen ee ee 130-143 669. This is the Port Eaton well reported by Darton,“ who gives the following record, furnished to him by Mr. Nimmo: Record of Dr. O. L. Jones’s well on Eaton Neck. Feet I's Quartz ioravelMand sand: =a. 15 5-year Ie) Ce ae 10 2: Quartzigravel-and ‘sand! <6. 2 522.5 eee ee ene gs J) D0 Vie 20 3: Mineisand ‘naixed swithuclaiy =) ao oo5e ck ee ee oS en 30 As Gravel fatima ee Graveliwathworlliysa: sian ell amo wrt levies aa 0 30 Cretaceous? 2. Dark-brown clayey sand, becoming coarser below and yielding artesian water.... 30-160 686. Record of J. F. McGiff’s well near Fort Salonga. Wisconsin: : Feet. L. Soil eee toe oh Sake |2 hae) RIS ey en pea en aot = JU A a ea O 5 Tisbury: ; 2.. Ferrugimous| sand)! #22825. 26 ee i am Sp ie PS oa 5 6 3: Clean, Jicht-coloredApebbly-samd sy Se eee ee ee ene a a ee 6-113 Cretaceous: ss ‘ 4. Tenacious sandy clay ._--.----.--- iM, Ps TIN, eee Sn ae 113-118 5, Wiater-bearinolcravelio=eeee = a= ene eae ae os SE ee 113- DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 305 688. Mr. Velsor has furnished the followimg samples from this well: Record of Doctor Gillette’s well near Fort Salonga. Wisconsin: Feet. lee Venye inesiehigorarisie loans seams p= sea ee ee Os ast 8 0-8 Tisbury: 2. Glacial sand and gravel, for the most part quite clean, but containing a little silt DEL WECTRO OMAN OMS une ee Smee fone eek tS Le USSG, eels os see 8-73 Below 45 feet the samples show quite a little ferrugimous concretionary material. 691. This was the site of the original pumping station of the Great South Bay Water Company. The supply was from a gang of 5-inch wells, 60 feet deep, of which Mr. C. A. Lockwood gives the following data: Record of old wells of Great South Bay Water Company at Bayshore. Feet. 1. White beach sand becoming finer near the bottom of the well...-....-..-....----- 0-60 For the first two years these wells, of which there were 12 or 15 in all, yielded a sufficient supply, but at the expiration of that time the demand increased, and a 350-foot well was sunk to obtain a greater supply. The material encountered in putting down this well was all white beach sand with some lignite at 300 feet. The water from the gang of 60-foot wells became more and more charged with iron, and had a smell similar to that of decayed vegetation; its taste was also bad. It was for this reason, together with the fact that a greater supply was desired, that the deep tests were sunk and, when these failed, the station was moved to No. 675. Mr. Sands, the superintendent, has furnished the following notes regarding these deep test wells made by Mr. John C. Lockwood, the former president of the Great South Bay Water Company, who had charge of the drilling: Record of deep test wells of Great South Bay Water Company at Bayshore. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. ily Wolloweshine! eine umwell, 2... seem seeeeneewebe seas pode ese co =s see eee 0- 59 Sankaty ?: Pea @laivan loons Omecte tila) trem. 2 h25 a= ss ce ye nseene ease eee ec cnenseacececes 59- Cretaceous: 3. No record. CU CHR ae oe Sipe Se ae Se cS a SE Sep emcee eR IS Sete eels a gee oe en ee 144-146 5. No record. 6. Clay (15 or 20 feet thick) “At 262 feet got strong flow, water rising 9 feet 6 inches above surface when casing was run upward.” The following analysis was published in the first rules and regulations of the company: Analysis of water from old wells of Great South Bay Water Company at Bayshore. [Analysis by C. F. Chandler, Ph. D., New York, December 5, 1889.] Parts per million. Appearance in 2-foot tube. _.----- aap Bi gana tide toes aS ae Sema eee ee ee Clear, colorless. OC Rees Be foe ees ot a al eb eee i. Soe hee PE eke None MMOS e Sega oie son clSe-o6:5.0.5 baw ob Ges SEE eae eRe ee nee None Chilorinévan'loamy ‘sand... 25322253 6 Ao = Oe eee Ree rey ee 0 —0.4 2: Yellow loamy: sam d:.-..0. 22222 ee ae = 2 ee ee 0.4- 2 3-11. Light-yellow or grayish yellow fine sand to small gravel, with a few glacial pebbles. 2-45 See Table XIII. 730. Record of commission’s test well near Ronkonkoma. . Reet. 1 Black, loamy sand: 2.2... seve tse ket oe IE ere aor cre oe Ea - Surface. 2. Yellowwloamiy sand. 22.525. 222 eee ees kaa ee eee Subsoil. 3-65 Wighteerayish: white sand! amdsoraivelis(elalcrall)) yess as ae 21a 2-20 @. Fine tomedim white'sand, with tracesionhemite==--)--- 2.) 9 eee 24-25 8-14. Light-yellow fine sand to small gravel, with a few erratic fragments in the lower Samples.) costa yoo 1 hee ea tgs 21S ue 2 er 29-62 ol. Record of commission’s test well near Ronkonkoma. F Feet 1.” Black-loamiy samdis/9: <)22 Sc 72 SS Ne een fe) OF Eee 0) 1056 2., Yellow loamy ‘Sandys he Se Se ee ee lage a te a koe .6 2 3-5. Grayish yellow sand and gravel with a few erratics._.......1....-.-...-- Soh 4-5 GunVieryaibniginits vermatltom. clay eiyses 210 clipes rea arate et ne ea ee 18 7-13. Very light grayish yellow sands and gravel, with a small percentage of glacial materials ..2-U. os actis eae ee wed ne ee eee ORO ESS cea = Coa ae en are epee 24-56 See Table XIII. 7d. Record of commission’s test well near Ronkonkoma. Feet itaBlack Joamiy jsand=! 22.2.2 9-4. 254.7 Ee era ae = 2 ae en eat 0 —0:5 25 Yellowish /loamiy ‘sands 3222S", ee ae 2 5O= 8 3-4. Light-yellow sand with a few gravels.......-.--------- od Ae See ee ee 4-10 5, Wenyy Mie Wo) waeChivion SABHA loMOWAN SHIN, ..- 2 22csseseassseseeasceseaesnes ace 14 -15 6-9. Reddish yellow sand and gravel, with pronounced glacial pebbles. -...-...-.-.- 19 -35 See Table XIII. : TSA. Record of John Klaiber’s well near Ronkonkoma. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet, LeiSandy loam, 22/2 see Sth) 2 Be aa ce SPS dt IS ee ae 0O- 8 2, Coarse, sharp) sand) mnomstones! non clayeees see eres) a8 ee eee eee ee 8-81 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. d11 736. The location of this well as given on the map is probably slightly in error. Record of William Ralston’s well near Lake Ronkonkoma. Wisconsin and Tisbury: e Feet. Ue SLUUSIEN CE MOWER sce este Suey NY CRE ERE Soe ep PR 0- 5 2B XOOPS AARON 2 cis opi day Sole Oe Sai anes oe Se Ss ee ee re 5-12 Oem Vediunnmrjbitemsan deme nrc ane ts See oe yen ue oS oe ae eee te 12-22 4, Black hardpan, with stones about the size of walnuts....._..................- 22-25 ome Mediumevinitewsan das enmeses smear cee y Se eae okie 22 te tek eee 25-54 G37. Record of J. Weber’s well near Lake Ronkonkoma. Pleistocene: Feet. SHS EMG Paes on Ho dete dee tad AERE So See ee ae Sea eae See ee eS O- 13 2. Sand, with a little gravel and occasional streaks of clay............--.-...-.- 13— 25 3, Coarse SVE coc so-so. pe PE en eg 25— 38 RN COME iB NAO) S| OXON AUG (NES =, css Soca 2S ates ee Se 38-103 On VVaten=beanines san @eeeepen ane 2. ceo eo aE CF ee Baas A eae at ECS ys 103-117 Mr. W. T. Arthur has kindly furnished the following samples from this well: Record of J. Weber’s well near Lake Ronkonkoma. ; Feet. 1. Medium to very coarse, dirty, quartz sand, with some small gravel; has the general aspect of glacial material, and contains a few rounded fragments of soft, fine-grained, mica Sehist witht biG (ite aap wrrneen cis Sat ces sense St a ee A ete No adie 103-117 2. Very fine, light-gray, silty sand, with much muscovite......_....-..--...---.---.-.- 117- - The water from the sand and gravel between 112 and 117 rises just to lake level. 738. There was 8 feet of water in pipe when the well was completed; the lake level was then said to below. Later the lake level rose and a corresponding rise of the water mm the well occurred. Record of G. EL. Plunkett's well near Lake Ronkonkoma. Feet. il, Due welll. cesececse BS co cicaty-2 gS See eee ee es ee POM aT yc Sen Re 0-60 2X, CORVESER SENOS Be te esiele oe Se SSeS Se ec SER Ta ta ea 60-70 739. Record of Rk. W. Newton’s well near Lake Ronkonkoma. Feet IRS CCE! LO aii ee ee eee Nene Ne So» Sy aed ES a eid oe cu ee Aa ines O- 5 Dy MnO IMPINGE. oo ce ca dead of UPec OO aE eee ee et ee 5-55 Shy (Clemo eee ees o ceo su eo aoe ORS Ree Re Ss a a ee ee ee 55-60 Mr. Rogers reports that where waterworn gravel is encountered at any depth exceeding about 50 feet the supply of water is always abundant and good. This statement of Mr. Rogers is equivalent to saying that wherever a coarse gravel is found below the main water table an abundant supply is obtained (p. 67). A sample furnished by Mr. Rogers, marked ‘‘Newton well, 60 feet, 1896,” is fine light-yellow glacial sand with some gravel. 74@. Water stands 8 feet below surface; this is said to be at the same level as Lake Ronkonkoma. Record of well of W. Imhauser estate near Lake Ronkonkoma. Pleistocene: Feet. iL lei a seve) DOW GE. noone ce Gas ab au noe oa aS Oe Seis ee OIE et ene eet eer 0-62 Dea Mediums am de a aenraeee ee Seentnn ee eno eur aes She ee Pe ens ne bee 65-75 744. Mr. Ralston, who has lived near Lake Ronkonkoma all his life, reports that in digging or driving wells on the west side of the lake a considerable thickness of clay is encountered in nearly every instance, while on the east side the material is for the most part sandy, the sand being of the kind known as “beach sand.” 312 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Record of Nelson Newton’s well near Lake Ronkonkoma. Feet, LSurfsce loamy. «2. 2c le ee PEC ia ae O- 5 2. Wellow samdlc i2)sc.c:s cnc SU a Pe ee ee SD i ot 5-10 3. White ‘beach, sand. .e ots 5 ae aoe ee ei re ee os 10-33 GAS. Record of W. H. Warner’s well er Lake Ronkonkoma. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. [PREines sandeep essen vB ashes 35, Le te 5 Se YS ee 2 ayn te eg ee 0 -35 2. Clay. S20 ues oo) Le ee rr ee ecmemeer a Se 35 =36.5 3:, sand) andoravel’:< on 05 2): i.e ae EE ao, 4 Neel 2 ie ees 36. 5-47 744. In wet weather the water is milky, indicating, Mr. Terry thinks, that clay lies a short distance below 86 feet. Record of John Morrissey’s well near Lake Grove. Wisconsin and Tisbury: ; Feet. le Stonygsamd= ss se 27: Soe 2 eee Be ent hod awd. sks eee 0-8 2:>Coarsé. sand: Mo ‘Stones 5 22. = es Sener he 0s oyun ee 8-15 3. Yellow sand, described as being like the subsoil in sandy places_._...__---.--- 15-17 | 4. Coarse sand, with stones varying in diameter from 4 to 6 inches. -_____- ayes aes 17-45 5 Stones’ and” pravels 2: 3,0! 2c) h es ewe le 2 2 Ce ee - 45-58 GOrdinary sands. 2). 220 S52 eee eee oO eee ene 2 358286 _ G45. Record of Irving Overton's well near Lake Grove. ; Wisconsin and Tisbury: : Feet. Le Stony top *soile e222) Se eee pee = Li eee 0-6 2: Winer material to: finessand!): 05.5 \aaeeeeeemeperte ers - se an as ’ 6-14 3. Clean awhite sands”. 555» 2e Sah Se See eee is 21-2 ee 14-35 A Giamell sung) Oly. 2-4 25 ss 5s 5s: EIR a a Aare a Pl a Cates cht 30-45 5. More or less stomy gravel_....-..24---2-2----- Oe ee SG Meiers a Skin _ 45-52 6: Ordimany Sand! 2352 se 25 5a en re reas et ee eee 52- 746. Record of Doctor Monecke’s well near Lake Grove. z eet 1 Light sandy; top) soil s_ 2-2 se Tae ree re ae Be See. erat ces ee O- 4 2. Yellow:sand subsoil; no: istomesic =o se eee oc eee ea 4-8 3. Hard blue clay, no stones or pebbles --...--.---- Se ee er ee ee US Se 8-21 Ay Milica mando o5, 85 eee oe oe ay ee gM ge ost Oye 1 I age 21-24 Water rose in the pipe, stopping further work. The water was muddy, but had no bad odor or bad taste. : In putting down another well on this same property for Doctor Monecke, leaves and muck were encountered at 23 feet. There was a 14 inch stratum of this material, and the water coming from it had a very bad odor. 7A9. Record of commission's test well near St. James. Feet Dark humus-staimed loam)... 2). 5 2)- == oe eee ens as oan ope ee ee eee eee 0 = 0:3. 2. Reddish ‘brown?sandy loam: .. = == 5S Sees ease a ere ee 3-3 3) Brownishityellow sand) andVoravela: 33-55 see ee ee 5 ee ee 3°26 4-11. Dirty, gray, fine sand to coarse gravel; a small quantity of glacial material... 6 —45 12-14. Dark, yellowish gray, very fine to coarse sand, glacial ...........-...------- 45 —59 750. Record of Father Ducey’s well near St. James. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Hardpan, a compact mixture of sand and gravel, containing bowlders. -- ---- --- 0O- 60 Tisbury: 2. Gravel. and sand: ..82%< sch ko eek Re eee el 2) Nites pe Renee ea 60-150 Mr. Rogers has sent the following sample from this well: : Feet. 1-2 Clean, light-colored sand and gravel, clearly glaciaJ, perhaps Tisbury------..---.--- 140-150 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. ailtes 75. Record of Jerome Saxe’s well near St. James. Pleistocene: . Feet. [Pe Vienye Coatsenst Ons craic lem hws ae Se eye te. 2 kn De eee ale ae 0- 30 ey BINGO MN eis Gtk Alo: ered dled eRe eRe eek 5 an A ee ee DS 30-150 ‘Sor LavgiGontalnini oy amlenmnS ON eSa oe ety eee cres ssc le ee 150-160 4. Gravel, ete... -....-.- Se evn AARON, Lo Bisa ARG igh ee EATS le Mee gees, Jy, 2 160-208 By OWMARSNC Ln ea lsks ce ax kyo A GRAN ars OS ae a ec Or 208-245 627Cleani white! erayelis== e522 =: 5. pos NPN SPN a CL gel Us ee a ee eg Bee 245-250 Mr. Rogers has furnished the following sample from this well: Feet. 1. Clean, light-colored glacial sand and gravel at..-......._.__.- BAA NS Sask er Oh her ee 250 7oa2. Record of D. Emmett’s well near St. James. y Feet. 1. Sand and gravel stones from the size of a fist to a robin’s egg. _._______________.. 0- 30 Zilia (2) 2 peep eee teeeetis tee tre an al. ele k lope ee ees se tones Sees 30- 90 See Qian cksam d(C) en erm mmmerctiieate eia 8s ee eaf I Sie N pie te ee et yee eS 90-140 ae Clays ystilou qaitat Ieee eins, Ost CaN GE eee a as ee ey ere eee ane 140-190 tN) UR CESai1 Ol setae, Sere ee er Oe eS A a Mes Bea a, hte See Bee Ros, Saas ie Me ae 190-290 Gem Giry Ole seme sai eee eI ee nee orn A iCal t oe ee ea Sy lw ie ee 290-300 753. Mr. Rogers reports this well to be 82 or 83 feet.above the level of the Sound, and that the water in the well rose to the level of the water in the Sound. He has furnished a sample of clean, light-colored glacial sand and gravel taken at a depth of 97 feet: Record of D. Emmett’s well near St. James. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. ih Sandrandacravell.- Speers est as Carl Losses oe ewe les sie kee os 0-30 ep bichtavellow,iMeusa neater a sae ee el ee es 2 ee oa 30-40 Sh NAVeliere=| olsen a bare Span OLS 2c 2 PO ee ce ee a I eee yy eee ana 40-97 754. According to the location indicated on the map, the depth to water in this well is abnormally great, and it is quite possible that the location is an error. Record of D. Emmett’s well near St. James. . Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. (ee Mls (probablyalsommeludimeyoubwashieravel))=22 5-22-2222 S22 22s se 0-140 Cretaceous: Pas IMD A UAV ASENO GL, Swi em So, 2.6 ps eR RR te 140-160 750. Record of commission’s well near St. James. Wisconsin: Feet. NS Dion MOM SUIAENCS. LOAN... 4 a. cp BRR ee ee Se O- 4 SenVeny, tnemyellowgloameand esa diss setae ne ss ca ee ce aes doe ee ae 2 See 4-5 Wisconsin and Tisbury: 4-16. Fine sand and small gravel, yellowish gray above and darker below (glacial). - 5-69 Tisbury: 17-20. Dark, yellowish gray, fine to medium sand, probably glacial. ..........---- 69-90 The material shown in samples 17-20 is the same as that shown in samples 12-14 in well No. 749. See Table XIII. 756. Record of commassion’s test well near St. James. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1, Jalimpsssin veel GuiBieS' Iori. eae aoe ee eee eee a ere 0 -0.4 BY Nollgny seuohy leeied. 622 fo eso eens Se aw ok Be tS Pee nee ere 4:3 Suaiiellowssal eee repeat eeeeer ners ween ee an Meek R eee ween 2. kets 2e 3-5 4-16. Gray sand and gravel (considerable glacial material).--....-...-.....-.-- 5 -70 757. This well was first dug to 94 feet and then the 6-inch pipe sunk 40 feet. The sinking of the pipe did not in any way affect the water level in the well. 17116—No. 44—06——21 314 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 759. Record of George Erland’s well near Stony Brook. , Feet Ie Surface’ logit. 2.256. ose ee ot oor oe oe eee pa Toa 3 0- 10 25 Dark: almost red ‘Sand!.2 22. 2). 24 Se eee eee eee eee SAS La 22 Mk gee 10- 60 SoQuicksand 3.0.5.2 ates poese Sen eee eee 7 ee 60-160 4’ Coarse, dark, almostired sand se-2 a see eee eB Mais tithe Bee Re Se ee ree 106-107 760. - Record of W. Rowland’s well near. Setauket. Wisconsin: Feet. leHardpatiact secs wee os SS ee Set ee es Oe Sk kas Oe a eter 0- 25 Tisbury: ‘ : 2. Sand and gravel with one or two strata of hardpan....--.---.-------.------- 25— 60 3. Water-bearing: gravel! oo 5c ba ceerqeeererem ee seca ale OSS ot ace rere eterna tana . 60- 62 Cretaceous?: + 4. Quicksand! mixed ‘with: some) clayeeeeeen ene) cok ae. oe eee eaten 62-251 Bs Gravel.co oe - oa) sir 5 3 bs Se Le ot ae oii ince wana er 251-252 761. Record of William Clarke's well near Setauket. Feet. 1. Surface loam. --.-..-- i. Co Se ee ee ets, Stas | aes a a ea ee 0-10 2. Vanious! strata: Ob sandieamd| (pyre) aie eae eneeie eee oo he eee at Ael0Se 3. Yellow clay, containing no stones (2 feet thick). 4. Quicksand. 5. Coarse\sharp sand .2. <- <2. 3h ossen eee See ae ye Se Aca ee ee Se _ -90 762. Record of Howard Wallace’s well near Setauket. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet... 1. (Surface loam:,.<- 2): Lok. ee eee eon ae oecG OSes ae aS ee eee "0-12 2) Conrsel sand! and) pravellges s-- essa ace See aoe sass Se beeen IID) 3. Quicksand 2: 2420 Se ace Oe eee Sythe = 320s ate de eee eee ee 50-52 4. Coarse) reddish) sand!o 45 Stee en eee eae Sn essed Gc eal 52-70 Mr. Rogers has furnished a sample marked ‘70 feet, 1896,” which is clearly glacial material. 763. The following samples have been received from this well: Record of W. T. Cox’s well near Setauket. Tisbury: Feet. 1. Light, brownish yellow glacial sand and gravel, possibly Tisbury. .-..-..--.-...- 0- 85 Cretaceous: ; 2-3.. Very fine, dark-gray, micaceous, sandy clay -<_-:--+.-.---.-2--- 2.222 e eee 85-132 4. Medium to coarse, white, quartz sand, with some mica and white clay -..--.-- 132-145 5. Hine) and! coarse, prev. uolCACEOUS mse IG eee. sa se ep ee eee 145-155 6. Light-yellow-medium,,saind|- - 22 Sae Sete ees eel a Se eee ee 155-180 7. Light-yellow «clayey ‘sandy 2 ogee ete te Om Sacha eee 180-188 Water is reported-to have stood only 4 feet below the surface when well was between 145 and 155 feet, but at 188 feet it stood 10 feet below the surface. Under date of October 5, 1903, Mr. W. T. Cox reports: “The water came from fine gravel mixed with sand, which looked like brown sugar. The water was obtained, Mr. Hutchinson told me, at 320 feet. He measured the flow carefully and stated that it was 18 gallons a minute at low water and considerably more at high water. Water was abundant from 188 feet to the bottom of the well, but the fineness of the material prevented a flow, which commenced when a slightly coarser layer was encountered at 320 feet.” 764, Record of Nort House well at Setauket. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Hardpan. ...ces och tes 2. 25,55 Sepa eee eee ie eee = 022 Dace LOW el Calin eee eee et 5 ok eh oe ate mer ae we Saeed Sec e cee A= 74 2 Balnisvelllony mmecltinn seindle. (oaks se cee ne oe Gs coe) oe ose A Nor see 3-5 4. Dark-eray sand and gravel, with much glacial material.._.....-.-....--.----- 9 -10 Tisbury: Soy MinOno Conse sallow Shingle 5 pa keoe sees naneee oe eee ae eae ae eee eee 14 -20 7-12. Light-gray sand and gravel, with some glacial pebbles. ....._......-..-.--- 24 —50 785. Record of A. P. Terry’s well near Farmingville. Wisconsin: Feet. eh Sand! 222 3a et Sa eee ser ner sh Soe eu eas SEE Eos Jo sees te O- 4 2 Gravel andsstoness2 woml2smeneshimydiameten= ss se55 555 === s=5 se esses 2 eee 4— 16 Tisbury: ‘ Bee COArsess nary: Sadan emmmnrnmerns ea Sas Ste ee ee ee sees 16— 23 dh ACTINIC tage eM bacac os kc aa'5 SRS SEE E Seas Ge ees ae erate tae ee ane estes 23 37 EBs SYN Ul 5: icy ik a AS Er ev ER nS 37— 46 Ga Graveliandistonesssenene see sso] aa SN ed eee Poe ea a 9 a eA ee a 46— 63 H/o COATS E} SEIN Cl pay cat See ORR nee eee mk a yee AE Del SY OO 63— 71 Ss Coanseroraiyell saa sepa me eis ena Oe tt ete ite ra gee ae Se eae LEE Oi= 7 Oy Rinentsan dees sss sash se Sees Cee ce HES eee Ue Eee ee aebeeey 2 73— 78 OM Shans wither coarsersHndsayatnebldcks specksas === see a= sees es 2a ee a 78— 86 itl (case mimnGl. sao. 4. Lace ba eet See ee ee ee ere eee 86— 90 WA (COMpse: CENCE Bes asclse ox Sc soe as eee = eee eee Ree ees oy er ec eee 90- 94 TRS ISA Ny fea go sci ALS oS Ree tm 2 ge 94-104 let @ourse:cravelkandscnvalllfstomess <= sso). ioe Geese koe 2 eee esac eee sees vee 104-110 At 54 feet a stone 10 by 14 mches was taken out of this well. 786. Record of August Fuch’s well near Farmingville. Wisconsin: Feet I STOR aN i IONE DT a ote eo sic cred eg BGS re ee eo 0-12 2. Coarse white sand, with occasional stones 3 to 5 inches in diameter_____________.- 12-40 Tisbury: Se Mediomywitteycleamisan deems sat! Ses oeoo a aeee PAS soe eee as tees 40-58 4, Yellow hardpan (a very hard and stony layer)........-.---.-.--- Piste SENS kh Be fa! 58-62 pe Meditummelearsoniclnmcandpaee ine Seance eS SOU be tt 62-65 Gogg Guay ele se ae eee erect ey Pe am) re pols casei cick, shyawd cheicieys 65-70 Mr. Terry reports that at 70 feet he struck “real” hardpan, on top of which water was found. GS7. ' Record of D. Schwarting’s well near Farmingville. Wisconsin: Feet. iL, Seunel Bal nOngs 2. kon cons cheb eeu ee Saco e eer Se eee ae ee ea ere eee 0-13 2. Coarser material; mixture of loam, sravel, and stones......_.........-......-.-- 13-17 Tisbury: So Coarsenculll -yintorsen (eens et nee re en en rs ae eyes. Secs ee a2) 17-22 4, Sandy material, with some mica and an occasional stone..._.___.---.-.--------- 22-27 318 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 788. Record of William Clark’s well near Farmingville. Wisconsin and Tisbury: : Feet. - Heavy gravelly loam o's 4/3352. eee eee eee 2 See 0 6 . Fine gravel, with an occasional stone the size of one’s fist). Ue 6-45 3. Coarse gravel? foi. oaek se So eae on eae gene Lie 45-59 4 Material became coarser at increasing depths, and water was found in very coarse stony gravel. 789. Record of Mrs. Max Richter’s well near Farmingville. Wisconsin and Tisbury: ‘Feet. it. (Gravelly loam }.)s\-2 2522-46 eee Se ee i eee re ee 0-.4 2. ‘Sand: with an occasional stone:eas ee ee eee Soe e a See Fc ee 4-30 3: Wihitettcleam tsar doe 25 f Ste ae ee eh oo oe en 30-60 790. This well is described as at “Waverly, 3 miles northwest of Holbrook,” and its exact location not known. Record of Frank Franz’s well at Waverly. Feet iT. Sandvandoraivel:.o 25 'c 25.2 seks, Sa en eee Ie cee oe ee a ee 0-45 2) (Gravelliandstone; 4 to) 6 anchesiimi diame te reese ee ee -2:. Ae 3. Sand; slightly yellow i colors.-25. 333s see een ees ae 30 eee 49-55 4. Ordinary; sands! +2 2.i22 28255655 = eee es eee ee eee ees 5a-80 791. Record of J. F. Byrne’s well near Selden. Feet 1. Sand and gravel. -- eae 2 ik eee ee Soo nt en 0-14 2. Coarse sand and aout eee ee eae Shia. ois ee ee 14-30 3. Coarse:stony gravel.2.2 32.55 5se2 bone eee eee: Se oe eee eee ee Bile) 4. Coarse, sharp, white sand, containing black specks which were thought to be iron pyrites. 45-64 792. Record of Doctor Emerson’s well near Selden. a . ee Le Sandy top soil. 1 sich once SSeS Sea eee ees os 2 hee Pee eee eee 0-3 2. Medium, white, fine sand; no mica.-___.-___-_------- Rene. Joc Stee eee 3-14 3. Very fine, hard, gray material, with a great deal of mica; soft and velvety to the touch. 14-17 4° Medium:white:sand; no‘stonés) 5-7. -.= sas See eee ee ee ee ee eee = 17-40 5: Coarse: sand). 2t 22552 .-)22 S553 eS eee ee, et 40-43 6: Dark-colored fine: sand 22. 22.532 52 ee oa eos ee 43-53 is Coarsé'sand::. 2 5225. aes ee ees sic Ste ye Be ge os eases sy 53- 793. ; Record of Axel Hodges’s well near Selden. , Han ee A: Thightsamd.s, 2 22.22 2k soe Fe ieecae 84,8 2 Pe eee eee Nash 2 eee ee O- 4 2. Medium sand) containine a, little micas) moystones= =) — =) == 2-2-5455) se see ee ese 4-14 3. Yellow sand, almost like subsoil... ..-..-- eich ke ie RON ek i Sak oto aN el 14-16 4. Mica sand, said to glisten in the sun like silver, this being probably due to the presence of muscovite; there were no stones in this stratum _-........._.....__-.-_-.--- 16-38 On account of the increasing stickiness of the sand Mr. Terry believes that clay underlies it. 794. Record of Adolph Sembler’s well at New Village. ee ee 1. Medium dull sand; no top SON ae eee 2a ae 0-4 2: ‘Coarser yellow sand 3 =~ 25-3225 0 oe ee a eS ns ee ee 4-8 3. Very fine mica sand; from 8 to 32 feet the sides of the well stood up like a wall; there was no’ caving whatever=:< . = 22.55.42 soneeee seeies eae an = ee Snore ee eer eae 8-32 4, Blue clay;-mo: stones J 2222 =. oo See ee Oe ee ee eee ee 32-34 5 a"? Mica. muda. 2 be eee ee ee Olean ye aie ae sete tie a ate Sree Se 34-38 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 319 795. Record of commission’s test well near Terryville. Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 1. Fime yellowish gray sand, evidently filling. -..-_..-...-.---.-.--------------- 0 -0.3 Die Sa VC ll Owe SA Glivee |G airlseep es Sent ae anes pola es a ea rvs eS le es Be .3- 6 4-5. Yellowish gray sand with a few erratics..........-..----------- ioescede 6 -15 6-10. Very fine gray sand with some biotite..._......-.-.---.------------:-- 15 —38 - Cretaceous ?: 11-16. Fine to coarse reddish yellow sand.._.......-.-.----------------------- 40 -70 796. Record of commission’s well near Terryville. Wisconsin and Tisbury: ; Feet. ie Eumus-stataedesuitacemloams 2): eases 22 cee a ooss-ctet a eee ee ee ese ee 0 —0:3 2 Dankered dishiesain dyes OAM mee) pie tee Sos eee oS aS isin ete oes ce .3- 3 3-4. Light-yellow medium sand, passing gradually into bed below.-..-.---.---.- 3 -10 5-11. Fine grayish white sand, with muscovite and biotite......-.......------- 10 -45 12-14. Medium to coarse light-yellow sand...........:-------.--------------- 45 -57 See Table XIII. 797. Record of commission’s test well near Echo. Feet ee Darks humuUssstaimedWloamepneeee eee 26: e sus Bees ce Saee Sesame seisa wae 0 -0.3 2raDark=vellow. loaves es emer ae teem ie eee See SEO cy al ae i wl ae .3- 4 See Vediamipyellow.sancd sey tenn mere Nees seen Se BE ee ee eee ee ae 4 -5 4-19. Dirty gray sand to small gravel; small percentage of giacial material. _____-.-- 5 -85 Samples 13 and 14, 50 to 60 feet below the surface, show a very considerable amount of glacial material. . 798. ; Record of commission’s test well near Echo. Feet Ipmmus=stainedsuriace loamesee ta. 4242. acess nes toes eine ac ee see eeec ce 0 -0.4 Q7aDaricayellow sandy: oda germs 14a ee se 4 3 owe Vediummryellowesandy, lonmiemeeseeee = eaesee See cree sees ae eee seen aseciae 3-5 4-21. Dirty gray fine sand to small gravel; very small percentage of glacial material. 5 -—95 See Table XIII. d $00. This well is approximately 5 feet above mean high tide. Mr. Overton reports it to be 63 feet’ deep, which would more nearly agree with the depth of the Port Jefferson Water Company’s wells, which obtain their water at about a depth of 50 feet. They are also flowing wells. As the well was attached to a ram, the depth could not be measured readily. : Record of J. J. Overton’s well near Port Jefferson. Feet. Ts. | DONO Ae ERS Rae TES SE 5 Ale i BOSS Seen Seat ee Oe) Se ie, eee ee ae O- 4 Tisbury: . 2. Coarse white sand with occasional layers of white gravel._..........-._._.__. 4-20 Sol. Record of J. L. Darling’s well near Port Jefferson. Tisbury: Feet, lesSandyy Loamne sets seperate ye He ene: ek ee Sooge Net See Gas seals tee Beene O- 4 2, Mecbivim yellow to Wwlotie seoGl.. ococsscncob sub sooeseSse sour odes seeeees sees] 4-20 Cretaceous ?: D> SOM, lioN 10) Glan) COORG! Clie = 565 secaee code sca Sede oa sense as ae soeneee 20-40 AP Vediturny viniteesan Carer emer pets meee keen Uo eho Ske cec eee eek 40-96 The elevation of the surface at this well is approximately 50 feet above mean high tide. The clay described in stratum 3 is similar to that found in the brickyard 150 yards south of Mr. Darling’s house. $03. The supply of the Port Jefferson Water Company is from two 6-inch wells, 54 feet deep, which will normally flow about 4 feet above the surface. One well tests 7,000 to 8,000 gallons per hour, while the two together give only 8,000 to 9,000. Mr. T. B. Rogers gives the following section of these wells: oZU UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Record of Port Jefferson Water Company’s wells, Port Jefferson. Wisconsin and Tisbury ?: : Feet. 1. Surface Joamyy 0: — ol: sa4 SS ein eee tees = Sie See oe oe ee 0-5 9. Sand and gravel .o-.\\ 05205 Se seen teeta et, 0 5-51 3. Hardpant.. 2) 2.525 2005-6 es Beles ee eee 51-54 Mr. Rogers also furnishes a sample of the main water-bearing stratum, which is a clean, highly erratic, glacial sand. ; : The Long Island Railroad Company has furnished the following partial analysis of water from the mains of the Port Jefferson Water Company (March 30, 1903): Analysis of water from Port Jefferson Water Company’s. wells, Port Jefferson. P arts-per million. Total solids): 22. 09-520 oe ee eee ee ee ec Lh pee ae es Chom ee POs Chloringsos 25.0244 no ge2 ee 302 Le ee eee in = ee 8. 04 S04. This well will flow about 5 feet above high tide. By means of a ram it supplies the bank and adjaining buildings. Record of N. W. Davis's well, Port Jefferson. Ca Tisbury: ‘ Peon = 1. Medium! white’ sand 2022s. eee ener ye ee ence Pkt hay 0-75. 5 $06. Mr. Davis reports that this is a closed-point well and that he can give no record of the material passed through, but that it appeared to be very fine sand with probably some clay. He bases this opinion on the amount of fine sand which was pumped out during the water tests at different depths. At 140 feet very coarse material, probably coarse gravel, was encountered. 807%. Record of J. W. Brown's well near Port Jefferson. ; Feet Le Brown Joam. 6.2.0.2... bee er ear oS.) 2S a 0- 3 Tisbury: ; 2... Medium white sand... Jo.2 5 20 ieeye aes ee temts mers Denes’ AP Sen eee 3-90 SO8. Record of J. Biddle’s well near Port Jefferson. Wisconsin: Feet. i Gravelly sand) andl some bow) d ers is eee eee et ieee eee seats Sey O- 15 Tisbury and Cretaceous?: 2. Medium white sand with a little brown, sticky ‘clay at about 100 feet ___..__- 15-120 Attempts were made to dig a well on ground 20 feet higher, but the effort was abandoned on account of bowlders. : ® SI. The following samples have been received from Mr. Rogers: Record of well of Port Jefferson Company, Port Jefferson. Tisbury: Feet. | IP Me dium ioht=coloredits arcs (Ce cite 5) seen eaten eet ne a D12 2. Light-colored sand and gravel; fragments of ferruginous concretions and con- siderable erratic material. -- - - ORE UE ee esr cane oa te a se ee 240 3) Light-colored) alactalGsamd( arm cli oe) yell eaeaewas eye een aos eee 265 4. Same as: Books go. 2k cs SSS 8 Se eee eee ete ee Sic. rer oe te ern 280 Cretaceous: 5. Dark-drab clay, containing some coarse quartz sand; leaves the fingers white as does ‘Cretaceous material: 2: eeee eee ele 2 bay reese 325 6. Light-drab clay, containing some coarse quartz sand, evidently from laminated layers... . Aas. ‘a: Ge eee Ee: Sy ee 340 7. Fine to medium, white, highly micaeeous, quartz sand (“not much water”’)___---- 370 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 321 i S12. Mr. Davis reports that the surface in the vicinity of this well is rather thickly covered with bowl- ders and that he expected to encounter them in putting down this well, but that not a single bowlder was encountered, nor even coarse gravel. Record of J. H. Hopkins’s well near Mount Sinai. Feet. 1. Surface loam.--.- -: Ue rts ae eae es ee aes SI Cs Lc See OR eee 0-3 Tisbury: 2 Medium syihitemsandmepe rt Sse ewer ee. Samim s 258 rw Wut oS Pe eS ee hy: 3-95 SLs. Record of J. M. Shaw’s well near Bellport. ; Feet. ip Surtace: lommisamdisellowssam dae 2-2 ra pitta. ae See ise ey2 rae ee eee 0- 4 Tisbury: Za NVinitesandenwit hemor nance ain codrseMess ar = 24s eee = eee eee ee 4-45 S14. Record of W. McGee's well, 2 miles west of Yaphank station. Wisconsin and Tisbury: i Feet. Le Moai topRsOllemOnstONGsmra ake ks Se) es Ah EE in Shin 2 ee le 0- 4 259 COARSCRS 211 See en ee erste ie (ot Ney 2 SOs pli yk ok, want Se OE 4-68 Mr. Terry reports that the material of this well was the most even in character that he ever found. S18. Record of Judge Barilett’s well near Middle Island, New Y ork. Wisconsin: Feet. east Leach amit.2 S Wah e neem ERR eer a Ne rae) 2.0 od CR eae a Dae Se atatd aos ee 0-39 Mr. Terry reports that the stones were embedded in a very heavy loam. Water was encountered at 8 feet, in a 6-inch stratum of yellow mud. Another similar stratum was found at 32 feet. In the spring of the year the water stands 8 feet below the surface; in the dry season at 30 or 32 feet. The water at the 8-foot level is impure. S19. Record of Hawman Brothers’ well near Rocky Point. Feet. Usdouitace sl oan: ae ars a see eee 2 SR cite Sere Ae WS ea a) n cia AS, Oe peal ee are 0O- 3 Tisbury: 2. Medium white sand /with mo gravel mor clay-----.-.---.-.-----------_------- 3-128 S22. Record of Mrs. Groty’s well near Manor. Wisconsin ?; Feet. fp SULLA CCn | OAT aerate eer een eee seein ee eee Seti ncsen NS ae 2a nu Mai ook 0- 3 DEH C lav ON SUOMOS sy Seem ert APPR SR EE Sem On erect te mat EEG TY ey ae ans Pps ai Re 3-29 Seis NOG Sans Se eben oa, depe keto al aiaac ied o Oita Sede ee eal ne eR RE et 29- aha $24. Mr. Davis says that none of the water-bearing material in this well can be called gravel. In most Ae of the wells in the vicinity of Port Jefferson he calculates on getting water a little above sea level, the elevation of the water level being greater at greater distances from the sea. Record of G. HE. Hageman’s well near Wardencly fe. Feet IPAS opi aataal Cosma eae yas 3 ee OCS Ree ye le Ml el Eisenstein 0-3 Tisbury: 2-e Nedivim® vibes sam cle eee etn eaee pee ee ee ee RR en a ee 3-123 $25. Mr. Nikoia Tesla reports the following section: Record of Nikola Tesla’s well near Wardencly ffe. Tisbury and Cretaceous?: Feet. (pS uimer sam detet ae Olpms yeu ail aN eM ACEI Me OL) eal alld Sad 0-122 is GAT VIGO eras eM Wri need Pale SR LIE Po vec ees eben ee OMe oe Nis AUS ae ae eae Se 122-124 322 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURVES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. “At a greater depth than that shown in this well layers of fine sand and gravel, each about 2 feet thick, alternate seemingly to an infinite depth. This was observed in digging a large shaft near the well, and it is assumed that the soil in the well is of the same character.” A sample furnished by Mr. T. B. Rogers, the driller, from a depth of 167 feet, is a clean glacial sand and gravel. The shaft referred to in Mr. Tesla’s letter was 135 feet deep. In the bottom of this two pipes were driven at angles of 45 degrees. According to Mr. W. H. Beerd, the driller,.the section is as follows, depths along the pipe having been reduced to vertical depths: ‘ Record of shaft sunk near Nikola Tesla’s well, Wardencly ffe. Tisbury: Feet. 1)Sand: and) gravel in’ dup: welle- ws preresee es) ee ee) hae aay 22... 0-185 Cretaceous?: 2. Fine gray sand.....-.-..-- See Rese else otn cS! PC Se. Cuan bo eee Mie seta 135-205 3. Coarse white gravels a2 5255 95 Sear ie aig i aya ec aee 2 Red Se eS aa ie, (205-223 Cretaceous: 4 Mae: white! Sem do). Ne ae ee 7 ee ape maa OS ee nS ec a ea Cg 223-347 $26. According to Mr. Saxe, this well shows medium-white fine sand all the way to its bottom at 90. feet. A sample from a depth of 80 feet shows light-yellow sand not clearly glacial. Mr. Warden reports the following section: Record of well of the North Shore Industrial Company near Woodville Landing. Wisconsin: Feet. ib. Sand and) clays. o 22 2 Sts kita eee ees ae Ee ee a) ee 0-30. Tisbury and Cretaceous?: 2. Wihite:sand)y-very: fime: (72 1s 2 RAs Se seep cee ce ced oa eee ra 30-50 3. .Grayel,;orowing coarser 5_ _ 42 ee teweree eee f= ds = 2 eal ne oe eye eee 50-94 S27. Record of Wardencly ffe Brick and Tile Company’s well, Woodville Landing. Feet 1. Heavystenacious \clayi 2-2" oe ye ae ee et ho 2 fe eee ene 0-47 2\Coarsepravel. . 55402 see eee Se OVA ee ART co.cc S28. Record of well of Long Island Railroad at Wading River. Feet: Ia Sunfacerloannte; pare e sete eer RE sy oh PGRN SUAS RG teh sR he hi eer aS QO 5 2. Coarse white sand, passing below into coarse gravel.___......-_-_.--.-_--------.--- 5-110 829. Record of Mrs. De Groat’s well near Wading River. Recent: Feet. ieCreeks mau, beamin eave rye bla class ie i= ees ae ee 0-20 Wisconsin: 2. Hardpan (an iron cemented mixture of clay and stones)........_..-.-.---.-.. 20-88 The pipe broke at a depth of 38 feet and the well was abandoned. $30. Record of S. W. Wheeler's well near Wading River. Feet Te Surtaice Joamal: 225.53 ss sprees ce ne ear eA, LV Nae ee O- 4 Tisbury: 2. Medium’ white sand: = seev 6 oo 2 se eae eee see te tian eee Aaah ena 4-68 Mr. Davis reports that in all his well experience he has not encountered bowlders below the surface between Wading River and Port Jefferson. S31. Record of Dr. William Carr’s well near Center Moriches. Wisconsin ?: ; Feet. 1) Whiteysand jand gravel) withy many stonesssss seen ae eee ee eee 0-18 2. Clay; no stones. 24562. a M9 <1 'C a peeeeme ees a Sa © sn athe Aaa 18-20 3: “White: sand © sia V8 ues Sie a is Ae ener eterna og art ane ee 20—- and DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. Record of Otto Lauraman’s well near Center Moriches. $32. Wisconsin ?: Lai Wari Coyle surmised spe Stee rene revs d sms ne eres aoe aes T 2 Ue cose tee IRE Be 2: Coarse; whiter uonavellyys sand-ence Sens. eee aah. a ed She ee A lee Soddlandanyapyellowmclayeeetes tage ose sms A nye ae Soe sanyo ce ee ee epee ee Aes Coase RSa desea Meee hte! a RW IS sens Neca piece nea eZee Sel pl 833. Record of William Hallock’s well near Center Moriches. Wisconsin ?: UE Sula cemlo aim eempete mere eto e Serer mane SARS ram weet ee ER mel gala aps Cee 2raWihite me Fomrarcellivg decal asee epg ence eo sty) ah fey eas Geyer er ic aS SP El LOSE). oe 3. Hard, dry, yellow clay with an occasional stone ............-.--------------- $36. Record of W. Frank Smith’s well near Hast Moriches. Wisconsin and Tisbury: AV be VS Bil Cl esate Se eee RRS re hen! Se A Sirsa ky UR gia Aras By epee 1, Se lk eek ee a Mot WQuicksand!o. hele eee een at hae BRE spel Baer ee lee Diao be S38. Wisconsin: $39. Wisconsin: 1. Surface loam 840. Mr. Nichol reports that he drove the pipe several feet into the clay bed and then pulled it up again, ~ obtained the water from above the clay. S41. Wisconsin ?: 1. Black loam Record of Wallace Raynor’s well near South Manor. 2. Clay, with occasional layers of sand; no stones........-.-----.--------------- Su Quicksand iy saw eee eet Nee ee hed Stern eer aes Ie oe een ete Ass iO lave vee 2 Setar epee eee ey emery teen aya av tae ae faie te Sebh nites ASS ies ea ele ces ‘oF Coarse: sandsSwaten be ait one sewer ses (ina lee Syne ye oe eee cet Saas s 842. Record of Porter Howell’s well near South Manor. Wisconsin ?: oak Woy ee se ee le Specs re Eula a ea ee OP BR a ee eR 324 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. S43. 9 Record of J. W. Nichol’s well near Manorville. Wisconsin ?: : Feet. Ls Sturfaee” mmateresealls Ps Se. ae aa areata emcee erie an ae ie Mo! 2p 3 9) le oe Tear Be 0-6 2. Clay 22 Pe Fe EN ANE RR De ee te eee PU nO) Ee let Soy SN Share SO ape a 6-7 Be Coarse swihibe sare see eee na a area ne ogee ene | 7-12 S44, Record of M. E. Raynor’s well near Manorville. Wisconsin 2: He 3 Feet TE Sade es ea OS Us 8 ENE SOURS ee na aed a nen ETE aE cs Ley | in Ged ee eget 0-12 2 Sam diy, cl ayy = soho sic ea) ea) arene erase eee yee ee ay ee eee reece CUO The clay in this well is described as beg heavier (purer) at increasing depths. Water was found in a thin stratum of sand overlain and undeérlain by clay. S45. The Long Island Railroad Company report the following partial analysis: Analysis of water from railroad well at Manorville. Parts per million. "Totallisolids 0321.2 2 o'h ts Sti s e se Sie ec ene heh DY 25s 1 ae 153. 9 S46. Record of Mrs. Jones's well near Manorville. Hee Wisconsin ?: Feet. Be Ts‘ Suinfacer losin’ a5: Se ae ihe ea ee epee cae tT bon” cae Nes a ee eee ees OE Re 2. Clay, with occasional layers of water-bearing sand; no stones...._--..-.------- 3-42 3... Water-bearme, sandiss5, 20 s,5 2 egal: Silt 2 2 at ape ee Seah vt eae alr 42- Mr. Nichol reports that the clay in stratum 2 was the color of putty, and that he has often encountered it in digging near the surface. He has never found stones in it. , $47. Mr. Preston Raynor reports the following sections from two wells on his place: Record of Preston Raynor's well No. 1, Manorville. Wisconsin ?: ‘Feet. 1! oammand’ yellow “sand! 52:5 ayek pee ee ees ye meee tur. pecan tm Ue a gms 0-12 2: Clay ;*no ‘stonessin: = 2 2218 U peine eeeene aera aged BESS). oo Fhe Re ee Ree na 12-28 © 3. Hine clean! ‘sande iee ee lee Ne eee eee pee ase Foo a Ma ae er een 28-32 Wisconsin?: , Feet T Blacks loginmi.it 1 oe Oa ee ey eri epee Seem res Lv aTr So pS 98 A sete A eean 0-3 2. Hard idlay smo stomess i125 /755 ee ties eee ee a, So Se 8 Se oy a eee Ee 3-40 Bt Dandies ole shh ya Oe heel ee Ba ae a ee Ree tc Ae Sm scree Ie ea a 40-42 Mr. Raynor reports that he has never found a single stone in his vicinity. Clay is exposed in many of the ponds at low water, and several firms have made brick in this vicinity. S48. Mr. W. H. Beers has reported the following partial record: Record of Dr. J. H. Darlington’s well near Hulse Landing. Wisconsin: : Feet. 1; Black, surface! loans: 22°. 208) oo Serene carat ok ara ER ee eee ae 0-2 2... Sandy subsoils 2: ez woh AA tN ale See et Ah LP a ea een Ea 2-3 Bs! Wellow fsuurfiace' cl sus i205 1 Us a pee cde a re a Nae a ee OO 3-4 Transition: A’ Coarse craviels 22) cetie ke ole aage Ae eae teas Soave ea 4 ale) yl ote tenee aa acr eae 4-5 Tisbury: 5, Fine white’ /beachr sand: =). eects Se pe is eee pe tee Se Raa eere Oe eg SN Sn BEANE By 5-35 Sankaty?: ; 6 Dark-red) clay alilesiboniek gimecol ome ya ipsereeee sapere teen 2 fey! ety Sal a eileen a ieee ee 35-43 7. Black isand, hike) thatem)\ slugeishycreekspondssansee 4) 26-2 oe eee seen nT 3 —O() oe ae DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 825 S49. Record of R. B. Dayton’s well near Remsenburg. Wisconsin?: Feet. heel Toys no Peete ya aoe eS Rieti Wire AF Ot Sed eM Ree AS DCL -8 oh WRENS Maas ole ir 0- 2. Sand and gravel.......- Ca aetar SR OLS rare oe rae ea ata eare tt a Ae Ree 3. Slate-coloredtclaymsmete sa. see ae sunita iu Wee Ry pet le BEL ae, eee NIDA eae Al gE V8 4 Sandivandiovaiclesemem me peses roe sexe aCe cron dp: VIDUAL Le Perel WMI Ri eee —20 $50. Record of Jacob Raynor's well near Speonk. Wisconsin ?: Feet. it Surtacesloumbmeandisyellowg sand si sa — ayesha) si ae ch eS sete ee Sa 0-5 2 Mediumlican deme aenarc S eta i. deer ene) aap ES Ae RCo! Ape eee SETS 5-21 SEO wyalts C y aes sneer em ec ett Sorters fe te yah re Sey tli ONES LN ETS ae aN Io 21-25 Acs Coarse ;wiithen Sal Geren ener os Maret eed Me cies Oras oy Shs ie Ro PtP ete 25-2 S51. Record of Ellsworth Raynor’s well near Speonk. Wisconsin?: } Feet. iSurtace!loumpandipyellowa sana sealant poy) eso ae ea lee ee ee 0-4 Die WVlaitbe S's era cl ms enamine ee rere setae he yay yx) Srl ASN le ease ae eh eel AAO 2G et A eh 4-18 Sh, (CUE Fe RIE eee oO Cele onc RIG Secrest MERC eR HE AN IPE ag eae ener hy Ud 18-20 AAV Gee Sait cl ert ah ena imre alee oa oP ys Byala le ne alate Mabe Nisha s ule 20-26 $52. Record same as 850. S54. Record of C. H. Wells’s well near Baiting Hollow. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. Thy: AS ot hail opal es etek cero ics Sich a rea COS Ct tee re cn pes Ye O= 5 Ore bine sith blvevellO wasn Geen se eaten «oem a aimee Boer ea Wen 5- 50 3. Hardpan (a hard stratum which carries no water and is composed of a mix- ture of clay and quite coarse gravel, seemingly cemented together with iron.. 50- 51_ He Wihiter sande see 523s ee ae Be eta som Aye IN ann eiedhen eects Wace Lat eit 51-105 Mr. Young says that the record above is duplicated im every well which he has put down in the vicinity of Baiting Hollow. The surface loam is of about the same thickness in each place, while the depth to stratum No. 2 varies from 45 to 60 feet, and the total depth of the wells from 90 to 110 feet. The depth to water varies with the elevation. Mr. Young gives the following owners of wells in this vicinity, which have similar sections: Howell Benjamin, John B. Warner, Charles Warner, George F. Terry, John W. Fanning, J. C. Young, J. L. Young, Sydney Shaw, E. Hallock, Frank O. Reeves. 855. Record of Charles Warner’s well near Baiting Hollow. Feet. Is Heamyrsunlace@lonmiemesmr a was emo ae, Dia eh Beye eects e Le owe PN Om eae Tisbury: 2. White sand with occasional streaks of clay; no change in coarseness of sand at TN CLEASIN CMO Dis aan EP TENT Re te See yN Me Ora ulle Nagi om see 4. 5-100 856. Record of Howell Sandford’s well near Baiting Hollow. Tisbury: Feet. ll; Weavy suntace:losimmeeeteer aaa ead cult te RATES) eA Ned. ee Melt oe dee O 5 2. White! sand) wath occasional streaks) ot clay22-)---2 5-555) 2022 2 ee eee 5-104 The material in this well is almost exactly similar to that in No. 855. There is no change in coarseness of sand at increasing depths. ; 326 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. S56A. Mr. Terry has furnished the following samples from this well: Record of Sydney Shaw's well at Centerville. Tisbury: Feet. 1-10. Light yellowish outwash sands with a little gravel ....-.........--...-.--- 0-65 Below 65 feet the well was driven with a closed point at no samples were obtained. S57. Record of A. Zabriskie’s well near West Hampton Beach. Wisconsin?: Feet. ll. Sunfacé:loamand yellow) sand: (“ses eiereee mesicte sek etc nee rete 0- 4 2. Hardpan (described as a clay mixture of a slaty color whose particles seem to be.camented, torether,) sic). 5 ooe eater ee fee eet eel AU A ek eae '4 5 B.. WINIGG: SAAC SSS RE ANE Te Sree be Mie ar ITS Sr Ric en . §-20 858. Record of Hallock & Smail’s well near Quogue Beach. Recent: Feet. . 1. Black marsh: deposits. 32.2 s.r See eee eer ce ere aS Ae ne 0- 10 Pleistocene: : 2° Medium: white. sand bearing ‘salt| watermmeseeeens. 2. o. ono. oes cee ao ee ee Oana Cretaceous?: ; Feet. ~ 3. ‘Green greasy: clay} 2.5250) ee eee eects 2 cya ee PN OM 150-180 4. Medium white sand, containing a great deal of lignite...................-...- 180-225 The sand gradually grew coarser until at 225 feet it was quite coarse. The top of the well is at tide level, and at the time it was drilled the water would rise in a pipe 12 feet above the surface. Analysis of water from Hallock & Small’s well, Quoque Beach. [By F. E. Chandler, New York, April 25, 1899.] : Parts per million. Appeamance. 2-5 nein wes cle = See Ree Sere ee ee ees one oc arth Sanaa canes Clear. Golots 2s skS Sos oh ese SoS Ae Oe ee ee ene SEO hte OAS 2) Ne Ga CEI e None. . Odor ((heateditio LOOT WM: isk rea na oe aL er Ee None. Wastes neh ce SPR Ua eS, STR ee oe et ec ch Ed SI oP ee ee None. Chlozine tn. chlorides. t. sooo Sak SOS Sk ee ee ees i ay LS Net. es 10. 00 Equivalent to sodium chloride --.--- Nae cea rch sts hn SORTS SU I A ES ge 16. 48 Phosphates: (assPgO, isos Beak shes a ag a Te a a Ne as ee aes ... None. Nitrogen, in’ nites! 6s. Sock 5 ~ 2 SO Ee ES aie IS cote hay eee Bocce None. Nitrogent insnitrates ue}. ..- sce eosae et eee he Seer ek een eee eats 1. 20 ~ Pree tammioniia: 22262 5 ¢ see ssoe Sorte ee eee eae Ee 7 bran. vee oe arent ae _ 04 Adbuminoid ‘ammonia. 20) Soot. ce a eee era ire ee CCl gare etn Se eae . 02 Total nitropen: 85 bees he Ce etree creel ee creat tegatana CU 1.27 Total bardhess: 2200 52. SSSR SS SN eee terre Cayce aha coin iohaen ean ere ee 6. 00 Permanent: hardness). 02). co hac Se See ee aie cre Sn Sree ee eer 6. 00 Orranie cand volatiles (loss) Dera egatl Se Se 224-230 6. White micaceous sand with fragments of lignitized wood -....-..------------- 230-235 7. Very coarse quartz sand with mica and lignitized wood .._..........-.----.--- 235-247 The fragmentary material from 135 feet was referred to Dr. W. H. Dall, who reports as follows: ‘“Con- tains fragments of Mulina, Astarte, an unidentifiable bivalve, a specimen of Nassa trivittata Say and frag- ments of an echinoderm. This is probably Pleistocene.” $60. The well is on high ground and will flow from 1 to 2 gallons a minute. Record of J. Wendell’s well near Quogue. Pleistocene: Feet. HD SOL ee sty SR ee ee Pac he Die SRA Nas WIPE he Oe eEMT SS 2 ON Tc eA et 0O- 5 2 wands withwlittleystrenkepouiclaysseat ar. set ke atoe i ele Bea aiue eae ae 5- 90 Pleistocene and Cretaceous: Sea) Ayres hs ree ee ee ee en ieee Nc me Nah Wey ona om Meet Sele Ae Sy ee) ch Dui 2 90-200 Cretaceous: : 4 Clayewith) lion tes sateen meee een Men. sp ene See CaN TER eR RA oe 2 ilies 200-265 5) Coarse whitessandanwateribearinee: aj. sense. eh oa lates Oe le Beate 265-277 $61. The driller, Mr. F. K. Walsh, gives the following record: Record of Quantuck Water Company’s well near Quogue. Recent: Feet. Opin at etic see cme yet nn trey Nee Hon MMe Sy ele dee Dt 2 eee 0-1 Wisconsin and Tisbury: 2 EAOOSE: SAIC te, Chee ee tes eae eee ee eA = ene el ale CEN, CSS 1- 3 3. Sand, clay, and stones as large as one’s head......:....-.-.-------:--------- 3- 5 4m Very; coarse sand withy a. uttlevenavel: 2-6 soe. Sosa coe nee oe - eect 5-20 5. Very coarse sand and fine gravel with coarse stones.....-.-.----------------- 20-40 Analysis of water from Quantuck Water Company’s well, Quogue. [By C. F. Chandler, New York, December 17, 1902.] Parts per million. SA pearance! sé = sical ye ee eee Se ee Clear, with very slight sediment on bottom. (OO ai ce eet ere Re ON ie Os Sel Ee oe Gee enone Ba et ae SORE ESR ce Oe 8 Ot None. Odora (heaved tito 10020k) pean eer eter wale sean MMe UN thet Sy gee None. DENS (ve ee reve ee Ds nia Cec SN ak Aig ta ee lee RN i aN Wy ee a Re None. Chioriney ia. chlorideses sy apes ee nares) cel sien! ee cere loa. all ae 11. 00 Hquivealent’ to-sodiunpchlomdessema cere ene Neco aoe create et See ee eee 18.15 pbosphates (ag Pi On) emer ree tere epee se eet Sy eae igs ee Thee eee None. INitrogenw ini nitrites: were ee Ee ee Maia ek ee Oe te ee CR ee ON Dei None. Nitro sen, tiny Mibr alse y rsa eine ae eam = LE hale a a YE 07 RIrce ATK OL Ta 55 aoe eee nade ERNE er EA oo bee eh Bid ca BE oN 8 Tepes 01 All buIMinold tani Ona => ae Meme artes eee ese tea SS ye at oh ee 03 Motalentivogents: 2 S25 ase eet ane eee rk per ren te es ie Seay arene ia ap eto .10 Mo talerandiness aan er seeen ee nr a es an Sc fern ee a detains 7.99 Renmeanent sare ss area eae fee ere ee a nN Sl ore fe IR ke sa a Re aS Slavs a oes 2 5. 33 Organic and volatile (loss on ignition). - 8 x BM ey Ree Bes eyee tert Ne 4.00 Mineral matter (nonvolatile) CO, Peeiared ne ammonium earbonata ig aie tue es AE 28. 50 Movs solidsn (bysevaporablon)wanledmate ll Onl meearyee ses ee erases eee ne ee 32. 50 “This water is very pure indeed. It shows no signs whatever of contamination of any kind. The water does not contain any appreciable quantity of iron.” $63. The pumping station of the Riverhead waterworks is in the Tower rolling mill and the pumps are 1 Knowles vertical triplex water-power pump, capacity 135 gallons per minute; and 1 single-stroke water- power pump in reserye. The water is delivered into a tank having a capacity of 40,000 gallons, which is situated in the tower of the mill. - 328 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Mr. John R. Perkins, the former president of the company, reports the following data: ‘‘At the depth of 83 feet the first well flowed at the rate of 3 barrels a minute, but the water contained so much iron that the well was sunk deeper, to an approximate depth of 300 feet. The second well was sunk to a depth of 320 feet. Both contained a great deal of iron. The minimum amount pumped is 4,000 gallons an hour; the maximum amount is 8,000.” The driller, Mr. N. W. Davis, gives the following information: ‘gwo wells, one 8 inches (225 feet deep), one 6 inches (305 feet deep). Lignitized wood at 180-200 feet. No clay beds found, but there were occa- — sional beds of clay mixed with sand. Water first flowed over the pipe at 60 feet. The first well for this company was 85 feet deep and flowed a large amount of very chalybeate water. The well was made deeper. to obtain a purer water. The flow becomes less at greater depths.” In a letter dated April 25, 1903, he states, regarding the first well: “‘Sunk an 8-inch well for the River- head waterworks 82 feet deep. Formation was sand, dark gravel, thick bed of clay, then sand mixed with jittle gravel. This yielded about 120 to 130 gallons per minute.” z $64. Mr. Young reports that the points in all the wells in the vicinity of Riverhead corrode very quickly. Surface wells in the vicinity of Riverhead average a depth of 18 feet. Record of ¥ etter & Moore’s well near Riverhead. Wisconsin ?: Feet. 1. Dark-brown sand and gravel containing dark-colored stones; the whole discolored ee byaiconiae= =e baie hele $2 gYE eee ee ee DS i. Se ee 869. Record of Capt. Jas. Downs’s well near Jamesport. - Pat Feet 1. Clean fine sand, very slightly gray im color. ---.--.-2-=------------+:---- epee whe! 0-18 2) Bard layer22 $4.8. 2.2 cote 2 es Oe Se 5s oss 2222 225555555-- 18-19 3. Coarse light-colored sand containing less mica than usual... .........-.--------------- 19-45 $70. Record of J. J. McLaughlin’s well near Jamesport. Feet i Brackish water: 225. :_ 42-222. 8522 Soe ee SRS 9 ~~ 10-12 2.) Bresh walters... 5-2 ss sin28 se Sto 2 a ee aoe. 2 Se eee ee 60-70 $72. The Long Island Railroad Company has furnished the following partial analysis, dated February, 1899, of the water from their 20-foot driven well: Analysis of water of railroad well at Mattituck. Parts per million. "Totalisolds:2\ sre, k's tO Oe ee CSB ae ao ne a fag a 123. 63 Chlonme <2 =. '-5.- oso 2 2 Se ee at Sake oth, ts ee ae ee a 9. 58 S74. Record of the Thane well near Shinnecock Hills. Feet it. White beach sand: ; 00s = <5) cat eee eee gen el 20 a. | Se Ae ee 0-25 2. Coarse sand toiorayel. 9p). 2) claiy.! ce eee rate heey ese ee ees See 2 Sieh ae pee ge . 635-640 LO: Yellowish-white= clay: ~ .2:..: Ae sopoetsee pee = a atiat oonicit aoe = sehen tae een 640-645 (Salmon colored!claiy2 9. 221554. aa ee eee sete ae Bim NS ou coe ae 645- 12) fine} rather dark, quartzsand epee peeer aes eae es a= 2 ee ee ee : 13.) Fine, ‘dark-colored ‘sand. =. 244s eee ek coe ott cocci See eee 650 14. Comes quartz sand containing fresh water (Lloyd sand?)..-....-.-.-- Eases 650-670 Pre-Cretaceous: U5; SChist 323.532, /.gud2 5.2 sk a Po eee aisles 2 Ge ee 670-690 One of the drillers reports that at 665 feet fresh water flowed over the top of the casing in a stream about the size of a pencil; the supply, however, was not deemed sufficient for pumping. Salt water was encountered between 225 and 555 feet. The Long Island Railroad Company furnished the allow analysis of water taken from the mains of the Greenport waterworks, November, 1901: Analysis of water from Greenport waterworks, Greenport. ‘ Parts per mil- lion. SIO}, C665 sso 5 = n3 2S 2 stag; ISS 2 I ee) ce Tisbury: : 2. Sand and gravel in alternate laye.s, each layer about 8 or 10 feet thick........._-- 30-76 909. Mrs. Hattie Conover, daughter of Mr. Uriah White, artesian-well driller, reports: ‘‘My father drilled the well at Orient in 1891 for the Orient Manufacturing Company. I am unable to give you any information regarding the well, except that I find one letter referring to it, giving its depth at that time as 406 feet, but the work was continued about three months longer. The water obtained was very salt, and they encountered a hard rock, and had to abandon the well, at a heavy loss.” 91@. According to Mr. Van Scoy, president of the Easthampton Home Water Company, the supply is derived from three 4-inch wells 70 to 75 feet deep, driven in the bottom of a pit 20 feet in diameter and 25 feet deep. On testing the wells a single well yielded 10,000 gallons per hour and two wells 15,000 and 16,000 gallons. Mr. Joe Seaman, foreman for Mr. W. C. Jaegle, gives the following section: Record of Easthampton Home Water Company’s well near Easthampton. Wisconsin to Tisbury: Feet. SRN SS eee e sare eee eee CORI So a Gai a eee cee TRS ga 0- 3 2. Clay---- : 3-10 hs. SS BWOYG Oe Se es a ooo eel ee eg ee es 10-86 The sample, from a depth of 86 feet, which Mr. Seaman has furnished is a light-colored glacial gravel. Analysis of water from Home Water Company’s wells, Easthampton. [By Fraser & Co., April 15, 1899.] Parts per million. Colon sear e e oe Pee en Se Saee te seek ee seaslsn/eseaseoet a. S Very slight. TRI GbR Se Goan ee’ aoe g sees Sa ac Sate cite en rete as te a tes ACR eg sR Shght. Se CUM Mie sR ene ays) es ee eee Seas. SSS AS YES Bo Se oe eee Slight. INSIOAE SS ie ean STE SSS Se ain Si Se ee CERT aR ee Se Palatable 0) dors On Chane eee ee ee Eee Rien ee oe Meehan ceca Soe ce ee eae eae None. INitroven\oiuineelandisalimevamimomiaess a). 6S 524.) eee eee es oe ee ee 0.018 Nitrogen of albuminoid ammonia. -_._..-.----------------- SO ete ns BOC EN nee cere ee .010 INT EGO Reneas ani bribes een emer ate Soe See Sol Ot eee ie Me eb None. INiGrogentasynibrates i= emesee en eetnr teens iat ea Sa WSL Ae oe ee eg Sek. Le None. ex Clorinietae es iar ie eee wn ap me eer ty. Sieh EAR. eds UA NS sets sere 12.35 PRO SOUS so See ee nee ee ee se eae ae eee. ew oe 3 cetine douse eens eeeis 43.00 IDGEEF CUNEO Sees eSae SS ch6.5c.nGb Soc S USS Se eet eee et 11.1 PAD Dearance: On! iP Nill Ome seep e ne et oe eee! AL ee ek oe oe deal White. Notalshamdnesses seas sees ee eee i es seep ne eee ewe cotloues kc o 10.0 Memponaeyshardnesste se oe Meee en signees hee ciee ee eden l se ese pees 6.0 Hira ® We S ee Ss Si tee, Seed evel eee Shs Saas a ERS EL oe tee Se cE a Trace Bacteriological examination: Rermentation!| testaeaes saeee eee eee ae ere one enite see ae ome Seles Skies Negative. iButretactionktes tate eee eee eee een ree ae a eee ae oe aoe oak Sa) Negative. “The examination indicates that these specimens of water are soft and free from pollution and any excess of organic matter. The water is, therefore, recommended for drinking and general domestic purposes.” 336 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 911. Record of United States Army well on Plum Island, New Y ork. Wisconsin: : Feet. 1 ay Oo) 0 eer A EAEE SRS a ot ae Set ae EIGER GBe ade note 0- 2.5 2. Sand ‘andlargeybowldens:sc2s3-e see a eee er ae = eee ae tty a eee 2. 5-20 Tisbury ?: 3.0 Rime sand. 22202 Sl oe) a oe ee bee gente Aaesoeseees22ssoenesse0 20 -31 4; Fine’sand and! eravel. (20.04 52 3.0 a een rs ips ee ee ee ee SA 5s Coarse sandlandiime era ye] ene eee see ae ene ne ae AG Se ee 49 -89 “We erected a pumping plant here, which has been in operation since 1899.” 913. Record of Long Island Railroad well at Amagansett. Wisconsin and Tisbury: - Feet. 1. Coarse reddish brown sand, turning to white gravel. ........-.-.-.-.-------- 2 O507 914. Record of United States Army well at Gull Island, New Y ork. ee ee 1. ioam and ‘sand so. 2:2o°. ooo Pe ee ree ee ee See 0- 30 2. Coarse ‘sands o2) ett 1 Books See ee ae ere ek. 2 Sts oat te cee Rees 30- 40 3. Very .coarsetsand sc 2 2222 0e i= | ae eee eee Soe 2 cl ee ele Oe aap cee ae 40—.46 4-‘Very coarse” sand jand ‘gravel <.osc eee ae oer ee Se ae ee eres 46— 52 5: Sand So. 5 (52 he Pecos Sas Le Bee ae Oe ae c= 2 eS eee aes 52- 57 6: Fines quicksand’ =<. Sens) 5.) eae eee ee = ae ae Rae 57- 82 ii Sandman (clay.c ess. 30 seen ae eee eee nae we wlth Sd Se 82— 87 8) Gravel) and "sand... 295. Soe oo Re ee ees Be 2 | ee eee 87— 91 9°, Coarse; gravelvand, sand!: J. h eee ose aaa eee ee en ea. os See ee eS 91— 98 TO: Pimessand yesh. fee ee ee Ee ee ears 1a) Se ' 98-108 11. Light=colored: Clays !so5 2 soe, 32 Soe ee a Sree OS = Re ea roe ~ 108-112 12. Dark-blue clay, rather oily; when exposed to the air became very hard........... 112-291 Water was struck at 15 feet, but was very salty; the well flowed at 91 feet, also very salty; no water below 110. ‘ 915. Record of United States Army well at Montauk. Feet 1. Hardpan (very compact mixture of clay, gravel, and sand)...._....._...--....--.- 0-12 2. Bowlders very closely packed together...-....---.-.-.--------------------------- 12-16 3: Coarse créddish: bro wan jSeim dey - oe e ee e eae nwh a se 16-30 Surface water encountered at 9 feet. Mr. Lockwood put down 3 wells at this place during the Spanish-American war. The second well was similar to the above, but a third well driven some distance from the two former ones had the following section: Record of United States Army well at Montauk. Feet 1. Sand: and spravels 2.00. 1 ope oh ae 2c, A regi ae om et 0-15 2). Beach: Sand oi esis os 2. cS DSSS Rey Sn Un eal ce eo - 15-27 BS. .Quicksand)ac. (225325 229 ee nt 27-37 Mr. Lockwood reports that this well would be exhausted in a minute, and that it took an hour to fill up, So the pipe was pulled up 10 feet, when the well yielded 100,000 to 103,000 gallons a day. 916. The Long Island Railroad Company have furnished the following partial analysis of water from their driven well: Analysis of railroad well at Montauk. [July, 1898.] Parts per million. Mineral: solidsic.. .¢-.. 2 2525 5 See et a ea eee Patt pk Oc oe tae ee ae 186.56 . Organicas eat hn Sea ee “otal Mes ase Roe hn, Sk 2a cele aux Nan eam a 51.3 Chlorine 22 cee ee ee Ae ee oe iin Pa le ea LOR EV Mg te ta Peels A eR hs 93. 02 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 337 917. The following analysis of Fort Pond water was made by the Long Island Railroad Company, September, 1897: Analysis of Fort Pond water, Montauk. Parts per million. SO} ei ES SAA Beas SILA = aaa Moa ae ee ONE: one a ae an ee ee ae ee 5. 98 COO ise Bees ns 2 yd MO an OR ne ern 16. 24 Nes CO) ae ered Soy wales 5 OS Wel ae MERE SEE era nS = Wee ee fee 14.71 CaSO pe eee Rees ore eer ner ree Ss eee ae ee erin cee keh ees ee oaeon gnc le 102. 26 MoS Ooo eee or rere ene i en eee HE Le Reset. Loaded eee ee 47, 37 INE) ise rats teense acim cich) ciicicio cas Sa Boot aes Uae er Oo eam ee eee 186. 72 NEOs Mets he ae oe a ae Oe ee 1, 216. 84 ARO RNs disc Ssh oS ree edo eta em etic SS tae a eee ae 1, 590. 13 Not used for boilers. 918. The following analysis of Great Pond water was made by the Long Island Railroad Company, September, 1897: ° Analysis of water of Great Pond Lake, Montauk. Parts per million. SIO ee eee See LSS oo dhik oui ty Os OM ee ell ee en, Se a ae 14.71 (CIOL O ie i eI E85 os acer Ae tre ee UE AEA ae aM lee 9a a oe Se 25. 14 WHO Arras eg BES EES os Gin A RCE CeIn BP a NNR earns OREN ee 33. 17 (CHO) So Speed ee Sno sc Bec SOA Se EE ERE NINE he ee me a oe 249.15 WIS Ota are Sees Be oo Boe OU gs eRe ne a ee ee 353. 29 1 es ONS RS A I 8 Sie oo oc ne See Re a ee cr eee 614. 74 IRIN ON ee is ee gS oe 2S 5 CSS Ce eee ee ie oe ee 4, 855. 54 Wailea ES BES ES soo kl ac doe SOROS ae re EE ee ae ee eee ee ee en 6, 145, 74 Not used for boilers. 919. Record of Ferguson well on Fishers Island, New Y ork. Pleistocene in part: Feet. ik GravelstbowlderswandesandMats #927 - ee Se ee cee oe oe ee LS Sle 0-260 _Cretaceous?: Pel UO EOE Saas Ged os dog 6 So ose ICO Eo tea ee eet ee ee 260-281 Pre-cretaceous: 3. Rock, light-gray granite...........-...---.-- ie LRG 7 PIA eaten Mag (YO 281-485 Salt water was encountered at 201 feet, fresh water at 328, and salt water at 485 feet. C EAB Re. RESULTS OF SIZING AND FILTRATION TESTS. By W. O. Crossy. SIZING TESTS. In the detailed study of the underground water resources of any area it. is important to know the extent to which the soil or underlying rock: will absorb — and transmit water. As both absorption and transmission depend more or less directly on the porosity of the strata, which in turn depends upon’ the relative size and arrangement of the particles composing them, one method of approaching the problem is to mechanically separate representative samples by means of sieves of known sizes and to construct from the data thus obtained a curve showing at a glance the relative proportions of coarse and fine materials and the degree of uniformity in the composition. From this curve may readily be deduced the effective size and the uniformity coefficient. - The effective size is the size of grain that would allow a sand to have its actual transmission capacity if all the grains were of the same diameter. It may be determined from the dimensions of the mesh of a sieve that will permit 10 per cent of the sample to pass through it, but will retain the other 90 per cent. Thus in any soil 10 per cent of the grains are smaller than effective size and 90 per cent are larger. The uniformity coefficient is the ratio of the effective size to the size of grain which is larger than 60 per cent of the particles and smaller than 40 per cent. The actual degree of uniformity of the grains in any sample varies inversely as the coefficient; and hence porosity and transmission must, in general, vary indirectly as the uniformity coefficient and directly as the effective size. Other things being equal, they are low when the coefficient is high, that is, when the grains are diversified in size and the constitution of the sand highly composite, and also when the effective size is small. Otherwise stated, uniformity of grain. tends to the maximum values for both porosity and transmission and a high effective size favors transmission, especially by minimizing friction. It will thus be seen that these elements afford a check upon the porosity and transmission values as determined by actual trial in the filtration tests, and that they also afford a means of rating or grading, at least approximately, materials for which filtration tests have not been made. 338 The determinations of the effective size and uniformity coefficient are, natu- rally, more accurate for relatively coarse than for fine materials because of the difficulty of separating and measuring minute particles; and hence it is especially desirable to supplement these determinations by filtration tests for fine-grained SIZING TESTS. samples, or for those containing large proportions of quartz flour and clay. retically, it should be possible to deduce a factor or formula for the conversion of sizing results into filtration results, and vice versa; but under the existing limitations of the. sizing tests this is manifestly impossible, at least for relatively impalpable materials. Taste XIJ.—Results of sizing tests. a Surface loam. mati, | sion well | S2mple | Depth | satealire | pore | pope cent | Feet | Millimeters. | Millimeters. 159 662 | 1 CO th OTE ae el ee 0.70 2 Gane see ae aie Deranged Be 138 SESE Oc 5: |. sk ee, wea Uigtirakere See 1.30 4 6 0. 181 a 1 aes ees 5 | 10.0-10.5 22 Eig 4 Seen ela | ae) TOs! 235 Geo e e eee 7| 19.0-19.5 760 ShOse en ae 8 | 24. 5-25.0 35 LSTA Rane Lata, Gil) 303i 241 FOG aes ne 100) 35. 36 455 5 |e aia (|, 3695-87 245 2. 82 ie 12! 40.5-41.5 | 165 BN eae ee hae agp 15| 49 50 178 APTS) te, ese 16} 54.5-55.5 26 3.92 | sf 17 59.5-60.5 31 S5Gin Ee | | 18 | 64 -65 . 204 OTH Nova eeeie ed 166 | 827 14) (Ge ieee Stes eee ae 208 | Dal SX cern {isaeanetgee WV bat eres 153 SMR NOt Bic ah Rs 28 165 A 30) eit | em Ne | 145 EMG) cle: he Meme Wi Che 20 S| ie Sg .131 ADD hee eh Ramen. 7| 20 -21 195 ROA ies eo Ge 8| 25 -26 170 | Bulge ey 9| 29.5-30.5 202 DEO ae te aes 2 167 828 1 (Gale se need Oe eae 125 2 Urea he 2 es Fe Pees sc, Goethe 0. 112 BOS" ees eee eee ae _ 595 A 10% 2 0. 182 SUR SP see ea b Subsoil. 340 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. TaBLe XI1.—Results of sizing tests—Continued. rue, | Soma | Sane | Dep. | Pave | Ue | Ste | Feet. Millimeters. | | Millimeters. 167 828 | Sil ie 16 .198 3°08 ae eee ee 6 20m 1.28 DAMM ee cease Ge | 7 | 23.5-24.5 2. 50 . | 132". eee ee Si) 26027 . 185 | 2.49 E 9| 29.5-30.5 . 238 6.72 an 10 | 35 .-36 475 4, QO" Seen. 11 | 39 —40 166 | 2 D0 pee 173 859 1 Beil) ec a. 2 ee F128 Mae = US |. oe a eee 2 aEZ “3.)) “50s .18 3 AAU Be Ramee 4.) Oe ir 225 622) sie ee 5 ea Os1D es eee I | (@) 180 762 im (0) es Ses | 458 PAE (Ee c= So a | . 205 3 |, GaSe 5 nena 2 9008 ae . 700 Ai} MOMCSTE ieee ieee Gory: - SL aa . 329 5.|| QSSa1Sh Sy sea eeees 22s | .379 6| 15 -16 131 | HESSHic ee Saas 7| 17 -18 84 | 3. USsleseeh ae ereee Si) G20 167 S804 e eke awa 9) 22 -23 825 | 2°16 Eee se 10 | 25 -26 235 | 4. SiA\. Neen ses iis) S20 102 | 4.16:\6. eee 207 628 1 | BE | oe ses, be ee a 32 2 1.5 an Gr ee ai PWibaeohes .20 7 (a |e ee 4| 10 -l1 225 40: eS See 5 ise eiG 22 9° 7ic| Wap 6)| “eas 260 2: 56 WO ee | 7 R20E aoa . 266 Ob eae ae | | | 8| 25 -26 . 228 278: | A eee | 9| 29 -29.5 528 3. 00" |=. ea ee ee |, @aDpeali: wiGSBNNee a4 5 16 3,25:|\ Ue aes | | | 2 1.0 . 182 313 aes | | 3B: Ooasas 213 27 2a SCENE | | Ma en). il 21 | 2. S8aitt Saehwnt te | | Gy Weis = 211 | SAC | Wee ea a Surface loam. b Subsoil. c 63.9 per cent finer than 200 (0.10). SIZING THSTS. Taste XII.—Results of sizing tests—Continued. Commis- number. | S10 well number. | Depth. Meee | cesmbeat s Reneaeee | Feet. Millimeters. Millimeters. 20g) eset ee 6) 12 13 0.190. Ope a mean | | 15: =16 240 | OR ISalis a ee ee | Sh 20 ek 218 | BO 5G ee ee | 9| 25. -26 243 ASSH eee ce arR 105/30). =31 335 SuOb Mey e ee ts 215 627 1 | | ends yn ao ee 0. 56 | | 2 1.0 107 | a(n aah eae | By o.0= 555 = 245 | ShlGr eae ve non. ue | A) a al 229 | DED eas ky een | 5 | is 2G 265 | STS ile. MN 6) 20.0-20.5 | 29 ID FA as | 7 | 2B ae 40 (sitet ee Mere ees | 8 | 25.0-25.5 | 27 2.78 |. 3: 216 «639 1 5 | 132 UT ern sie hee 2 1.0 212 BEING. Duet, Bales 3.5 | 28 2.39 |. : 4| 5.0-5.5 245 5 | aan ay NN 5| 9.5-10.5 229 DOH etek ee ax 6 | 15.0-15.5 | 247 Baste oo 7 SD ei 26 iLL Leeks oe 8 | 24.0-24.5 24 DG sinmer > Fak. 217 717 1 40.5 119 root eas tao See 3D. ||, 0 ia a eee ae ree Ge 58 | 3] 5.0- 5.5 238 | Drei eee Dae 3 | 2510) 14 722 | DN hee ear | = { 15 16 231 | Nien ae ae | 19. 5-20. 0 . 220 | 2. 66 | 6| 21 -22 244 SSE alae hae a | 7 925) 26 225 DG ie HO | 8| 31 -32 245 6. 53 ee 218 «688 1 BD On ou ge ener sen (eae Aree o Fs 3 Dial. Tats amie Mec, oie [Ze aerate . 34 3| 5.0-5.5 A AS 8e| one Fee 0! 2a| e10) = 11 233 Be eayiees cae ae: 5| 15 -16 238 | Seeon ees ky line S| 20 a 190 SOG) eee Aw Tel OS ash 212 BUSOh nerd: 3 eis Seeeo) ett 262 | SESGH aha! Jablvek 9] 45 46 247 | OP ad eee tee 10| 55 -56 25 | DEAGU Mar ists 2 a. 341 342 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. TaBLE XI1—Results of sizing tests—Continued. oat) sou wet | SRS | Testes Bete >| Utena aaa | | | Feet. Millimeters. | Millimeters. 218 | 688 | 11 | 59 -60 0. 283 2:86), e aac eee 221 687 1 sities ae See Mecsas Ec 0. 22 | 2 a reek = eS | sto 0 . 26 | 3 S50). [tae eae a eee oe | 435 ole i) ali 172 AJG5 || Gaerne eee 5| 15 -16 310 2. 99NIC 2 wane | Ge 2 21 518 5 yaaa eee ee 7| 25 -26 _ 282 Rep leseieteee. Wig e | 8 | 28° 29 295 1,88. eee 229, 695. 1 | ie eS RONAN eects bg 2). Dae aes | 255 | 5 ie RIMM mel... oe 28. Bi tO Ses ei ASD N Seen ZO 1) © Sli 208 3: 66i ae eee iy =A . 205 A ee ota 6| 20 -21 240 2562 tee ae ae | 25 =25 22 DSTA Goodale, eee S/O sit 229 14g Soe eee Go] ano oean eernr | . N eeae ae TO 27 “ees a ee 188 235 | 1090 Ty) Seppe Teg Ole ann este | oft eee nial DON SRR alien |) 4 Jae -10 a ig .134 AoiQer'| ce ae A 10 t 195 2.8.0 |. eta 5 ly Mie 16 . 209 S121 eee 6| 20 —21 245 7 (0) esr eee 7 | (0) ==o8 22 75 eae ee 8 -27 . 206 Say ee ae 9) eso= RNa yBeie (co eas 293 294 659 1 <5 [i te ce hae a 38 2 1.0 215 TAT ln tee eae lo. OS 5.5 .192 Pe eine vO) ae 100 te 224 eee Manse yaw. 5| 15.0-15.5 233 Dai itl Meme a Wie 6| 20 -21 212 125 ax cpa 7 | S2BRO=2Ba5 245 TRC La een eee 8| 25 -26 243 1: Sy ses es lee 9 | 30.0-30.5 250 170: eee ae 296 660 1 A 128 2 Oi || tere sae we nae 2 1.0 20 | Pa wal CE stn a 3.|. ebtOsn5N5 522 D777! | meee SIZING TESTS. Taste XII.— Results of sizing tests—Continued. yMaicrram fee: | pene | Baetee | atom | pe cat Feet. Millimeters. | Millimeters. 296 660 4 10 -11 0. 22 ZS09N 82 2552s 5| 15 -16 . 258 DAO Bee ae ete 6 | 20 —-21 . 207 TEAS ee tes eis 7 \ 238 —24 . 212 HRS | Sectiete sa ea ee 8 | 25 -26 . 226 DAE SY fell eS ot 9; 29 -30 215 OO Nee ee secs 10 | 35.0-35.5 . 216 DAGH Seas soos ose eres 303 607 il Bet OTs ees se ae aes tel |e Beate ee 0. 442 2 1-1 5 ZAMS) DAOS lens cen ee ears 3 5.0— 5.5 . 229 aR OP eine Me Oars 4 10. 0-10. 5 . 221 eM tea eee Be 2 ene 5 15. 0-15. 5 .23 Cho EYP Ie pense ete herons 6 | 20. 0-20. 5 . 206 Sy ING | oes Bee hes 7 | 25 -26 .22 MODs =e Se NS, 8 | 30.0-380.5 .20 SHOON Sta 322 9| 35 -36 218 Gis OB) Wee ee ere Hee 10} 40 -41 .23 (ne cclodten eee es 308 907 1 oa uC itl ete Set eee 9 A Ly ee ce . 28 2 SSS Oho. state wena 282 3 2.5— 3.0 7210 ich, (Or eens asses 4 (Gj = 7 . 231 ARS OY Ney RI ee on 20> =i . 347 VAST E c.n aycie ete a: 6 15. 0-15. 5 . 274 4.05 | 5 7 | 20.0-20.5 . 264 SH all Res Se ate 8 | 25 -26 . 268 Gy5dn Sal eee 9| 30.5-31.5 . 36 9. 78 |. 10 | 32 -33 . 228 aT cet A ae Reece eee, Di 35) =36 . 257 TWO Sse see 12) 40 -41 . 26 tal (7a ee ieee aia 13 | 44 -45 . 22 DOO Pee a eee 14 50 -51 . 216 ab OW Soyer ae 15 || Git, Bo. . 226 ONGOM Ke ee ee 310 829 TE tae arte 3 23 27 AY STARE Ay ESP ee Pele . 38 3 4.0- 4.5 -23 Silos es a eee 4 10 -11 . 358 Alas eee peta. 5 15. 0-15. 5 -225 ys (ls) de ee eee 6} 20 -21 (23; 5 COn ep neeee meee 7| 25 -26 .2) Sa Soi Ree sas 8 | 30 -30 . 239 GGSORI ASE 2 wee 344 TaBLE XII.— Results of sizing tests—Continued. | Well | Commis- UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. number. | Bion wel Hears » Depth. | ge | Lee ieee | Feet. | Millimeters. | Millimeters. 310'| _ S20u|_ STs | een eee Ou 34) —35 . 290 OX Nal Bes 10} 39 -40 .198 IOs ee 32 a 11| 45 -47 .172 Be2G) a |s8ide 83 381 697 Sa elle5= 130 8 oD (NS ox ete: See 4} 16.5-17.0 224 i, Oe |e 5| 19.0-19.5 .29 Selig emer he Gi24 25 . 233 7), ea 7| 25. 5-26.0 527 ileal een Sine 0-27..8 . 240 DBO dna eee ae 9| 29 -30 87 Aa SIs |< 5 ates 104) 934 84 5 148 Sy ae Sea et 11 | 345-35 .169 NONI eg een 129) 6370-38 . 169 jC ee a 382 658 BH one=10.5 212 2 Sale ae AMO) ial . 237 Rage ate as 5| 15 -16 228 NOV alee he teins 6| 20 -21 216 oh G60) ae eee Wee: 26 28 STN Nee alice ea Saco = 30 238 ce Cy es ee 9| 31.5-32.3 | 168 il 2 ae 10| 34. 5-35.0 .189 iL aa ae RE 11 | 35.5-36.0 124 POS ane a eee 12) 40 -41 . 196 ago ea laehe a Sul peti 42 .138. HAE lbp Binenes oe ap 14] 46 -47 .198 DiGi ralmeeest ee as 15 | 50 -51 . 282 eerie a ates Roatan a Surface. 345 346 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Taste XII.— Results of sizing tests—Continued. Well. number. Commis- sion well number. number. Sample |: 382 390 391 658 617 618 28 ee - © NO oF WW co Co OCOMONBRA KWH H Depth. 25 29. 0-29. 8 0.4 1.5 2.5 5 = 6 § =9 10. 5-11. 5 14 -15 16 -17 18. 5-19. 0 23 —24 26. 5-27. 5 31. 0-32. 3 0 — 0.8 Effective ‘Uniformity 60 per cent size. coefficient. finer than— M Mimeters. Millimeters. 0. 245 Lo ile | on eee eee . 187 DA aati Sy ie, poke LA Gsl er eter . 213 LG2h re eee ee . 170 2.103) oe ees ee :378 7294 Bios emer Sis Peas g8 . 280 [AS led Bees See ae . 239 LOR De Ree eee . 209 Be oe a ae 177 2/00 Se Seles oll 2504 joe ce eee . 169 LSS iS eis ae ee .172 8 ea Sis (Ee a sem aie Sb ARS Bootes Meee as & 0. 305 Perera ee alli sarc ierapeneees .25 .35 S.OUN A ees Se . 346 4 Obi a Re SS . 26 PASTE exes a . 22 2AM Nae et . 22 DRO Eee eye Meee . 24 790005 (Pernt Mil . 236 Bi WSS Sees ae Bee HIPS Mallee cree ates . 141 ALS ha Pg ee 8 ae te Severe eet De NS is Se . 42 Speen yeeeeteyeal|l. ee Sere ict .30 . 345 GiG7i ee eee aes . 24 LOW SSu|E ee ete oA 253005 soc eee 247 2500S ee see ee . 251 2. Wie See ee 211 Been oy gee hs yt 31 B32) ER ee ees .39 Mes MUD ae Reins Eee 159 B52 eer Sete peers 17 ple Nias! (eee Reet ee eRe Ie skete icrs [loses ele Sie eee . 225 . AL PSLZE ee eee Oy 415 6.14 ee eee 289 2.01 |... Dae SIZING TESTS. 347 TaBLe XII.—Results of sizing tests—Continued. eee etre ewe: Depart’ |” Pate | Vattoraity | ope cant | | Feet. Millimeters. | Millimeters. 400845 SH) 1, 0-11. 8 0.225 | BL ODE vee Gul Gl =17 313 S04 ue er! 7| 21 -22 240 A OGnin see owe ae 8 | 26 -27 29 | A (Sin acta ona Onset) 320 fall TmOGp IE Mente eee 401 | 846 it") Oa satiay Le Ws i se ae | 0. 63 MMs 2es fe Gilera he Not aa 3 Sil 2 5 D7 38 Ae Rigs es AG ese 516) 5 22 4.°9 1, 5| 9.5-10.5 256 S28 ue Ne ee ee 6} 14.5-15.5 205 PAGS sei wl 19 =80 300 POSEN ony oe 9) 21.5-22.5 12 SG), | ape Naame Sere 10| 23 -24 18 BROOM pete te 11| 28 -29 23 Dy Boy | Spal 12| 31 -32 30 GESarle le. eae 403 | 847 Teer: 2044s |e. Ne 1.38 91 ab 5= 19 29 TOMTOM eee ee = Simes 05 394 45 TILA 1) eee cea a ge 2/9 223 DOIN eps te Balaton “tal 228 PEGa em etias sae 6| 12 -13 Al N17, eal ae a ate Tal ase 16 315 BAIR ee aS S| ds: 19 t4 SES y ae Re socee 9| 93 —24 216 DEER he ns Hae 101] 28% =29 23 Ol Ran ete od 11 | 33.0-33.5 24 AQUA eee ues) 409 | 422 1 Oe oJ oer ae ete) | 3.30 2 b1.5 | .51 HE NG os comes 3 5 23 GUS 2A ei: POR 4 10 30 AT 5 15 252 LLC | eS a 6 29 207 SL | peal eae 7 28 10 GC ibe Same 8 35 20 PROM Maso 53 9 37 231 ori (ieee Nene 410| 362 1 Dag 161 il 21 eS aR io ate e 758 ch iey ents ene By ye eo) .318 Cs. 1 Re ae 4 7 =& £283 Uss3S) a SOs Roe a | a Surface. : 6 Subsoil. 348 TaBLe XII.—Results of sizing tests—Continued. UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Gab | ston welt | Same Gcpame pete) || Unto Feet. MM alimetersy Millimeters. 410 862 Meike) 18) 0.27 A206 ix nag : Gap lee ils AL 1100,|.ee ae il OP) S38 . 459 TAO es ee | 8'| s27meze 215 be re terete de | OQ) teon es 241 EDs ee een | 10) 36 -36.8 | . 232 3, Adj ee ae ie 416 863 1s MORE MONG MIMeneG tani tc| Ge. ki bteg 0. 236 NN PeI ls Saal SNe apm epee A 2. 08 Ppictes GWA 28 16/07; |e tee ee 4: iG eer .28 AS Nee ie Bi il Lie £38) | 6.58) tenet | yee = ily 445 Gti a ee eae 7 | Qin =o AL Big th Memcen ae | 8| 26° = 97 38 6/80 ul Pee ees | 9) | SSORO=SIMO Ge mere ee) Lc aah al . 229 1.) Sil Se 365 | 6,39 Jie eaasmnio hee 37 33 OOOvlH. hee 12| 41, 5-42.5 365 | B00 al owe eatieea ta cae 418| 901 Lh Case es lake win gh |: 2 eee 44 2 \ 2.0" 254 48 Eos), ieee 3 | 6052-810 368 | pee emcee Cee 4\ i) 12 35 PS | Se eae pal | 5 | 16. 17 362 EY sy Maen ee | 6| 21 22 362 8:01 eke ee | 7 |) 26,27 325 7, Bi \o0 ae | g| 31 -32 33 OM oy eb wee: 9| 36.4-36.9 198 SV a taemean see 10 |. 41 —42- 350 6191p ee ae 11 apelin eee re HS 1 c.g 242 | 12)| — 510=53'8 p21 PiSiterose eee eres) 53 cosh a5 PA Ts a a 421 906 1, | Om =sORSaeer ee sm ee a eee 34 Pee Or = 21.0 206 CET U eee 3) Mypage . 269 TAY Salant eee 4| 12.2-13.2 OD (is aS 5| 17.5-18.5 243 ge tt ems Sh 6 | 22.5-23.5 23 3. Oe kte eee 7| 25.0-25.5 79 ysis toes S| 20) ail 215 3100 1a ak eae 911 358-36 228 257611 eee SIZING TESTS. 349 Taste XII.—Results of sizing tests—Continued. poesia cena Grereas| Gece’. | SNe | Unter yore ent | Feet. Millimeters. Millimeters. 421 906 10M) 40 9411 0.29 Geeta Gee (|) 4 49 1.30 DE SS iWon ge Ms 12| 45 46 229 Ohlsen Beene 12) | EO) eal 220 Me raat ras We 2d 1 14| 54 -55 1.10 atthe Eee 429 959 iL SOT ae Oi ae, a 0. 136 S| SUCROSE Eee al Ree ee ee (2) 3 || MEnetong 18 ES ie RMT ANN 0) 511.5 20 Ai yl BO pee ee 5 a iG 214 7 eee ee 6| 20 -21 239 Orgs eae © pk S 7 || OR Be 44 Osi Saree eae Sul 27 28 28 Bee Natale aN Ons 32 23 PA Se cease Ne 10| 36 -37 259 Belg Maatoas * Ne 4 501 909 it}! Ast aaa ee |e annie eer 55 2 2.5 3.5 243 FCO eee SM cio 7 235 Hear | A) 1) 205 ONO a ee | 5| 15 -16 780 ts ey eee | | eyein 2 193 2. 33 | | aly, 27 229 DEO Male Fe aaa | 5) Oe 260 SS iOibee leeks 9)|, 35 -=86 310 De Otay ee a ae 10) |) Aaya 235 PEGS) eae Uo | 11| 45 —46 208 Te Gib cers ee aes | 128) 6508 Shit 210 Beeo ero ee an 13] 55 56 178 RAO I eee. te ed 502 | 955 Te MR RIO ee ah NN 2 ss) 25 Umer ON yates oe Me lon 725 3 ESO 235 EGP) eae OR | Al SALES 64 C860 ae cee 4 | Sh ia Ges Sa 45 TglignGrieres ie oe | 6 | 10: =11 215 1OLGOes 22 | 7 | 15.0-17.5 219 is, (2) nee | 8| 20 -22 23 10. 00 9| 25.0-26.5 27 WeSOl ees. o. 10| 30 -32 234 11. 54 | ‘gant ee Rae Ol eS5n 36 365 8.36 Ee cnaennent 12| 41 -42 218 5. J et Ya 261 per cent finer than: 0.10. 350 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. TasBLeE XII.—Results of sizing tests—Continued. | pe, | sion wel sae ed BES ue | Ges | Feet | Millimeters. Millimeters. | 502 955| 13 | 45.0- 46.5 | 0. 54 AG ea et ee | (CV) 5 a aes OY om || th SSRs Beles at Te eye 2.00 Te iam c.,| | 16:),50s SG Ieee Meee vi 2 ne 0.535 | 17 | 64.5- 65.5 | 42 PA I aes ete 18 | 70.0- 71.5 | . 365 2.60" Seek ere ere 19 5 aaa 42 3.52) |e eae ae 20 |: 804 = 8k 225 4:00 |e 21 83 2.21 1:35 0|e tere aoe ' 22| 85 — 86 63 4,4 eae 23 | 90.0- 90.5 .38 9/37. ieee 24 | 90.0- 95.5 a 3 GE Raaadet then | 25 |100. 0-105. 5 BST EPRI Dalene to 26 101 -102 23 SOG ee Mere tee | 27 |104. 5-105. 0 219 LSS Aer gee eee 28 |109 -110 .20 (Gt ee eee 29 |114. 5-115. 5 .185 150. Sees 30 |120 -121 _218 166 '| ee he 31 |124. 5-125. 5 .218 1665 28 et oles 32 |129. 5-131.0 226 LBlates ee a 33 |132. 5-135. 5 233 468 (nt hoe 506 | 1142 1 nS Ok enon eee ee || ea 3 2: |) ERO 275 POG \ tS ees 3 | S36 . 226 456 cee oe 4) 10 at 51 72D S| en er 5|15 —- 16 .29 3 FON etek pees 6) 2D) oH .48 6:04 ane 7 | 2556 . 50 4.6 Sie prea | 8! 30 - 32 23 291 45s 9) 354287 .40 7.175 eel ead eae 10| 40 — 41 35 571M: eee 11| 45 — 46 . 335 | 5508 ae ae |< 42/50 ae 275, 349 |. © Sees le 23] \aauesaioe n23 9:43) ae aie eee 14 | 60 - 61 7 | PM 1a ect i ie, 15 65 — 66 218 | 1 Gi ek te 16 | 70 — 71 218 | 1 82 ho Rane 17 | 75 — 76 20 | PROT BR pt WO OA | 18 | 79. 5- 80.5 19 121) ie eee 569 | 849 | 1 | Beas ol oe ea Bee AL a This sample too small to analyze. SIZING TESTS. TaBLe XII.— Results of sizing tests—Continued. oe eae reas Dae, || ae | URRaen oe ene Feet. Millimeters. Millimeters. 569 849 DI aly A ae 0. 605 Bn nO" 405 0. 239 G6 once crn ato 1 27 SEROt (eae eal. tN 5) he 27 SUSOT ok eal eh 6i| 15 =16 34 COTY Lae ee ae 7 | 20.5-21.5 26 ACTON ee whl oe ol 8| 25 -26 238 DPAnalieny wm ea! OH s0r =3i 49 S06G eee 574 865 Tee ORS SLO) ce ee ee ee 216 yoy SUT RONG Tae ecg! 8 ong aie 205 OBR at ailac ee OM one Re ee 23 AN Naat 31 DAG e eae acl Bi 9. 10 30 (O67 eis 216 54 Gaara ees Othe Ti 20) 21 375 sci SE Re ee 8| 25 -27 26 SAGES ete 3 hae 9| 30 -32 65 ASOGN| Messe Oe 10 | 35.0-36.5 213 HOGA Pea ee sion 0 11| 37.5-38.0 144 DEON Gan ween (oR 40) 41 242 Dinero Waa Sel! 13| 45 46 228 ATA ON at eta 14| 50.5-53.0. 52 PEN ON oe ok Ry 15| 52.4-52.6 ath TAS) pat lal gees 16| 55 —58 105 suse ee 17 | 58. 5-59. 5 118 Diese Mee ae sate” 18 | 60.5-61.5 220 LAGE) |: oe Oe Ss 19| 63 -64 19 DAB As De Ca ne 20 | 65. 5-66. 5 65 ec eee eee te 21! 70.0-72.5 20 SPO eae Ace aie 22.| 74.5-75.5 22 Gen Rees 23| 80 -81 232 ol lage oo ale 24°; 84 —85 332 Ter eee ae ee 575 908 1 110 145 FAST dase ao Ve De e512" 0 62 CLOnh ees soeee Sale May ea 33 GROG Eh awe uit oN Ge 7 137 TAOS NR eres ae Bele ton salt 363 PAW bas ee es | 15. 16 529 FSi lr sek eR 7 | 20) ot 213 DRT ele erat 8| 24 -25 195 de aL | ent 351 352 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. TasBLe XII.—Results of sizing tests—Continued. a Surface. ‘ ruber | Soul | Sombie | Deo | age | Chan | | ee | Feet. | Millimeters. 575 | 908% 9| 27.0-28.5 | 0.215 1.08 108) 13 32) . 218 1.09 1 |) 85 =37 Sons 1.3 12 40.5-41.5 n228 15 635 743 | 1 Ofer Slee ae = ome a Oe 2 peel Oe a aes. eens 3 i= 3 . 53 6. 51 4 5. -6 . 38 7.37 & | i) =alil 341 7.68 61) 15) 16 . 398 4,22 7 || 16) 20 . 28 4. 57 S| Bl os . 38 2.6 637 729 1 (ag |e al = or eee 2 Sel Obi. ok Pepe a eR: 3 i 23 . 308 8.08 4 5 =6 . 858 8.1 5) |) 10st 435 7.13 6| 15 -16 25 4.8 Z| 320) Re oi 23 wT 8| 24 -26 £345, 2. 43 9} 29 . 338 5.47 639 826 1 (GSS oe Ae Ee ee ae 2 J 20 156 6. 73 3 516 . 259 4. 02 4) 10 -12 434 4.61 5} 15 -16 .219 4. 93 6 | 20) =211 365 2.8 7| 25 =26 42 6.21 8! 30 -31 22 1.59 9| 35 =36 . 209 1.55 10)))) 40) 41 314 3.12 11 | 455 46 . 265 3.21 12) 505i 34 1.76 13 | 55 56 266 2.03 14| 60 -61 22 1. 93 15| 65 -66 i 2. 51 16 | 70° —71 . 382 2. 49 LA Woe aa . 281 3.47 18 | 80 -81 . 231 2. 86 19 | 85 -86 . 46 272, 60 per cent finer than— Millimeters. SIZING TESTS. 353 os TaBLeE XII.— Results of sizing tests—Continued. A | stem ees | epentj DatIve. | Unilormnity, | foe cent Feet. Millimesers. Millimeters. 639 826 20 | 87.0- 87.5 0.125 D7 Dileep ects. Soe HEI gO Die taieereg et hs Peery ee ae 0. 182 694 861 1 ORS Sree ares See Sees 3 45) ) 4). Se (OS gl letae ke sears see eral ene ee ee 39 3 5.0— 5.5 224 2. 63 e 4 | 10.0— 10.5 22 A AZS Te ed oor eye ok 5|15 - 16 195 2) a eee WN ee 6 | 20 —- 21 TG) Sel Oi ews spree eS 7 | 30. 0- 30.5 a3) DRO Uwlee me reer 3 || Bon S= sty, D 38 PAs Ti eee ee ee 9 | 40. 0- 40.5 523 3. 00 10 | 45.0- 45.5 .214 leo ee oe oe 11 | 50.0- 50.5 238 De2D) es ae ee ese = ADS = 56 . 222 HATA eps te Ta 13 | 60.0- 60.5 .19 eS Tiga les oe ee 14 | 65.0— 65.5 . 224 DRDO tet Ty tee 15 | 69.0- 69.5] —.229 eglepallh ten ech ay = 16 | 75.0- 75.5 - 242 AOI sl aes Sed 2 17 | 80.0- 80.5 . 208 HR yh iee: Sea e 18 | 85.0- 85.5 | . 209 TRS QS ahs? 5 been, 19 | 90.0- 90.5 . 200 GPE Poe eee 20 | 95.0- 95.5 22 59 chee sense oe 21 100. 0-100. 5 .18 ACY RE ceeeee 22 101. 5-102. 0 LENE I A182 eee are 322, 695 843 1 SDN (Sel een eet ae en .4 2 TL = (22 ON et a ee ee I a as .6 3} 550= (5.5 . 22 AS O4G | ee eee 4 | 10.0- 10.5 220 Ie 7By A oe open eee 5 | 15.0- 15.5 22 Bape, ak Sephora 6 | 20.0— 20.5 De Dis Thott ee ae 7 | 25 = 26 .42 (ESI) eee eee 8 | 30.0— 30.5 28) SSA Me oe, are ae 9| 35 — 36 . 235 Bie (one RSS, &, Sam ee 354 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. FILTRATION TESTS. — Filtration tests were made with columns of carefully packed material, 6 inches long and one ten-millionth of an acre in section, under a 5-foot head of water. Recently boiled water of normal room temperature was used. Before beginning the filtration test with a sample the air was expelled by admitting water from a burette slowly at the bottom of the column, and the volume of water thus required to fill the sand was carefully measured. This volume expressed in cubic centimeters and also in percentages constitutes the porosity determination. The upper end of the tube was then connected with the 5-foot esd of: water for the filtration test. Water was allowed to flow unmeasured for several minutes ‘ until the finer sand particles should have time to adjust themselves and until any residuum of air left in thé sand should have been dissolved out; the flow was then carefully measured for five minutes and multiplied by 12 to get the rate per hour. Under the conditions of the tests it is, obviously, impossible to rept: the structure of the material as it existed in the ground; and yet this structure—the mede of association and arrangement of the grains of varying sizes—must profoundly influence the filtration rate. This is, probably, the most serious limita- tion of the filtration tests; for while we may fairly assume that the material in the ground is closely packed (hard-packed), we have, in general, or with ordinary boring samples, no means of knowing whether it is a homogeneous mixture or, as must commonly be the case, distinctly laminated, coarse, pervious layers alter- nating with fine, impervious layers, in a way to insure the maximum flow in a horizontal direction. If a general assumption must be made, it were, doubtless, most conservative to assume the horizontal flow as greater and the vertical flow as less than the filtration rate, which may be, in many cases, an approximate mean. Taste XIII—Results of filtration tests. | | ot Porosity. fies : es con ell Res Depth (feet). | Rose neernBer=y | cms. |Percent.| Our 148 1204 9 S0=Sla) 7 32.4 960 | ston 35-36 17 32 4 Shere 1 | 36-37| 145] 27.3| 2,880 12 44-45 | 17 32 5, 520 13 50-51 16.5| 31.1 540 14 | 55-5611). 18,.|- 38.9 960 | 15 62-63; 16 | 30.1] 4,320 | | Sv ialits 67-68| 14.5 | 27.31" 3 14a 17 | eas 17,5 |-.°38 3, 780 / 18 | 82-83 | 19 35.8 | 5,100 | 19 88-89} 14.5] 27.3] 2,204 | 20 95-96| 17 | 32 828 303 | 607 5 15 “15.5 | 18 | 33.9 6, 180 6 | 20° 20.5} 18 33.9| 2,040 | — FILTRATION TESTS. Taste XIII.—Results of filtration tests—Continued. Commis- eOLOSIUYE Filtration: a wel sion well Sample Depth (feet). Cm.3 per Term 2 Cm.3. | Per cent. Ours 303 607 || Pap sae 19 35.8 | 4,200 Selaeie=s0e 5m lz B20) |< 8% 880 || 25 239 18 33.9 | 2,616 LOU 0% 241 15.5 | 29.2] 3,660 308 907 1 35-36 | 15 28.3 | 4,800 12 40-41| 16.5| 31.1] 6,240 13 | 44 -45 20 37.7 | 7,440 12 BO il 15.05.) 2082 |) 93) 360 15] 55.5-56.5| 17 32 7, 560 310 829 3!) 30) £80 16.5! 31.1] 5,640 9) 35 -36 16 30.1 | 3,540 10| 40 -41 18 33.9 | 4,620 11 | 45 -46 17 32 8, 760 12 50 -53 24 45.2) 4,920 13 55 56 19.5| 36.7 14,400 14 60 -61 19.5 | 36.7] 17,940 15| 65 -66 18.5| 34.9] 10,200 16h. 70" 71 21 39.6 | 20, 880 Le) 75 77 15 28.3 | 21,840 13a) 280! 5-81. 5) 226 49 84 323 956 Gi 19) =20 16 30.1 | ~ 4,080 7h ee 16,60) ead) © 2136 8 | 29 -30 15 28.3 936 9 | 34 35 21 39.6 | 14,880 10| 39 -40 12.5| 23.5] 2,640 Tie 45. “=47 14 26. 4 636 382 | «658 3) 9510.5| 24 47 624 GL SCO) TIA) Roe ls 29.4/ 3,960 Bes) 316 lh 22 43.1| 9,840 Gein 2OW =2m Wh 1125-1 9905) | 4,740 Tan 25) Sogo OT 41.1 | 9,120 8| 29 -30 12 23.5 |. 2,940 Ora. 63203), 22 43.1 852 . 10) 34.5-35.0| 17.5| 34.3] 80,000 400 845 Se NOON 8 33291 | 7200 a6 7 Ve aB 66 11, 880 Sa ealieedta Sh eriess |) 34.9 |e 4) E80 6) 16. 217 18 33.9 | 8,280 ele 22, pea 33 4, 320 355 a Wells 658 and 846 have porosity percentages reckoned on basis of 51 em.’ capacity for filtration tube; all others 53 cm.’ capacity. 356 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. TaBLeE XIJII.—Results of filtration tests—Continued. E is- | re iltration: somber sion wel number. | Depth Geet). ae SNE “Cina per 400 845 Si) $26 G27 1725) || 88 8, 340 | 9 OSI =825 1935) | 986.7 ts 283540 401 7846 | Bile 2a ab APES 21 Bde 5 A il 200" | | 4) 55-6.5) 13.5 | 264) 3,300 | Ey WousstOsS |i ize 1-38.31" ayo Giles Waebetae Pere (885356 AAO | 219920 16. *| (3. 34 “9n420 Qy Os 285) | 145. | 28.41 444 10|"93y-04--| 13.5 |° 96.4) DBs 11 oRh 29 190) |< S7e2al eeaesso | 12 eusiieso eral, 17; 33.3.| 8,280 403 847 | SletOmetieea aGu. 4 B01) < 4680 Gel? IB ealG 9 |< 20l1. |MG G80 7| 15 316" |, 17:75. 38.4 | 9,420 8) 18 -19 | 14 26.4 12,960 9.) 230.294 18.5 34.9 | 4,380 | | 105] 286 =29 16%5> | Stale. 5a840 410-862 3 |. 2.3-22:5,| 20 37.7 | 3,060 4 7 = 6 1G 5 Rese | 2700 | neal =a 3° 12.5 23.5 6,060 | Ghali 18 13.5 25.4 8,760 Toe Bes 13 24.5 | 7,740 | Sie Oe os lee 1 28.3. 2,880 Gi) a32—-=23 = lees 43.3 |/-3. 180 | 10 36.0-36.8) 16.5 31.1 6,000 418} 901 Sy ate Sloe gs | “sical” 132260 | 36.4-36.9 | 14.5 W73)| + oa | 10)| 7442 17.5 33 13, 704 | 11) 4551 23 | 48.3.1. 2880 12 51.0-53.8| 20 37.7 | 7,860 13 58.8-55.7| 36 67.9 | 21,840 421 | 906 | 9| 85 -36 18.5 | 34.9| 9,480 | | 10 |) 40) 4 | 18 | 33:9]. 15,420 | 1 4 24 45.2 | 60,000 12 45 46 21 39.6 | 12, 504 13°] 50: =51 20.5 | 386 | 11,340 | 14} 54 S55 "1-19 |. 35.8 | 52/800 422-959 8 | 27-98 1625 -|. 81-17) 114340 | 9) 3h 232 16 30.1 8,400 | : } | a Wells 658 and 846 have porosity percentages reckoned on basis of 51 cm.’ capacity for filtration tube; all others 53 cm.3 capacity. FILTRATION TESTS. TaBLe XIII—Results of filtration tests—Continued. : Porosity— : 2 nati, | sion well | Sample” Depin cet), "Ons per 2 | Cm.3. | Per cent. y | 422 959 10 36 -37 Ree | 232 12, 060 454 960 i 5m 6 16.5| 31.1} 6,000 2) 9 sh 10 19.5| 36.7| 3,480 3| 21.1-25.0| 18 33.9| 3,480 4 37 -40 18 33.9 | 18,240 5) aie 52 17 32 | 1, 980 495 | 1272 if ONS te O | W625) si at) 73;360 2 1592 One h5 28.3 | 9,720 3| 5 -6 16 30.1 | 17,400 ae LO ir 11 20.7} 2,940 i) iseie). | amas | aa. |. 73260 6| 20 -21 7 eB 8, 940 7 | 24 + -95 ig | 33.9] 7,260 8 | 29 -30 19.5 | 36.7 | 8,760 9 30 -31 20 Sit |) 915,080 10) | 3209=33 16 30.1| 2,160 fel. Sak =35 24 | 45.2] 1,500 12| 40 41 20.5| 386| 852 13 a5e=46) | feo: | 987.7 | © 1,560 EL ASME AO! S| FUME Sal Stork | (@) 1) Gom6l Ber) Lagi e| S408 16 63-65 20.5) 38.6 756 Ae) O585-G7e5)| 128 43.3 372 EEO wz 21.5 | 40.5 251 697 | 1087 a.) s0)5 | 22" | Sais) 979320 4| 10 -12 fie 032°.) 7860 5| 15 16 16.5| 31.1] 7,560 6+) 208 31 S105 | 40 6, 000 | 25h 26 Gece eeostad 00 GOA S)] 2908320 17 32 5, 580 698 | 1088 4; 10.0-10.5| 16 30.1 | 60,600 5) fe015.5 | 25.5) 229.2 | 10,200 6| 20.0-20.5| 16 | 30.1 | 10,620 7| 25.0-25.5| 17 32 6, 600 8} 30.0-30.5| 16 | 30.1] 9,360 707| 1141 Sl ae ee 13.5| 26.4); 4,140 He | Seb Oe 16M es S0L 1 1.320 mh gone 25 1G) ) F800 |. 5857760 6| 25 -30 15.5-| 29.2 | 15,360 | a Does not filter. 357 358 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Taste XIII].—Results of filtration tests—Continued. pee eels Porosity— eranione mil, | Seah | SERRE | pene: coon. | ———__ Tete Ova tae i 30-35] 16 30.1) 42,960 = 8 35- 40 | 16 30.1 | 10, 560 9 40- 45 | 18 33:9 | 58,200 10 ' 45= 50 18.5 34.9 | 12,660 Ty 50- 55 | 15.5 | 29.2) 12,960 12 55- 60| ‘18 33.9 | 9,840 . 13 60- 65| 14 26.4 15,180 14 65= 70) 15.5 29.2) 8,700 15 7O= 73.) — 11e 30.1 | 9,360 16 78- 81} 19 35.8 6, 960 17 BIB Sarl wz 32 8, 280 18 85- 88| 18 33.9 |° 5,760 19 88- 92] 20.5| 38.6] 10,800 20 PET O Te 17 32 21, 420 21 97-100 | 17 32 9, 240 22 100-103 | 20 37.7 | 5,640 708 | 1195 4 HolOWe WANS) 7 27 3) 27820 5 1S 15 | EE 26. 4 6, 828 6 = 204) ied 32 8, 040 “a 25- 28 16.5] 31.1]. 7,940 8 29- 30] 16 30.1] 3,744 9 SS BH | eee Bre 8, 280 10 35- 40 | 17 32 11, 040 11 AQ Aaa ACS | 2743) OG 729 1198 4 = a0) els: 5h.) 29920 neH420 5 14-15|- 145] 27.3] 4,020 6 193204) 18 24.5| 3,984 " Dh DS | aN) 28.3 | 8,520 8 ZO 30n 16, ball) Slate 9360 9 34- 35'| 20 37.7 | 9,960 10 39- 40/ 17 32 10, 920 uW 44-45 | 18 33.9| 8,760 | (ee Sleihe e200 3 Been) A Si bill) 25s4 aero) 240 | 4 9-10] 16 30.1 | 9,780 5 = WS | ER 8 7, | 7 24-25] 16.5]. 31.1] 10,620 . 8 Po=eo) Ne a7 32 7, 560 | 9 S43 baleretGlS | Bid gn 7260 10 39- 40| 17 32 3, 060 11 44-45 | 17 32 10, 740 FILTRATION TESTS. Taste XIII.—Results of filtration tests—Continued. We | Commis’) sample ith ee vuliration: number. sion well number, | Depth eet). Lae Hat fat 5, ett. 72h) 200 12 49-50| 16.5] 31.1] 10,980 13 54 55| 15.5] 29.2! 6,480 732 |) 1202 4 G5 HO ales) | 272318) $40 5 (ee: Wl Wes, 6 88 1, 800 6 19= 20) tbu|) 38 27, 000 7 OVE at) 32 8, 820 8 255130) ae ulon leas 1, 860 | 9 SA Bbuly ailigan |. 632 19, 800 755; 1206 4 9210) |) 6xoa) Sib1 840 6 19-20] 14 26.4 | 14,520 8 29- 30| 17 32 3, 000 10 Boor) | 5 lz 32 3, 240 12 49-50] 15.5] 29.2] 4,140 14 59- 60| 16 20M 274980 16 69- 70] 18 33.9] 5,580 . 18 TOSSON) 1s 5n) wreGeT.| se2a700 20 so 900) ai 39.6 | 4,860 ae sale 3 A= 5 |. 19 35.8 | 9,360 6 19- 20'| 1995 |) 362% 7200 9 S485) lshan lt 8490! «7, 320 12 49- 50| 20.5] 38.6] 5,340 15 64-65} 19.5] 36.7| 6,540 18 79- 80| 19 35.8 | 3,480 21 94-95| 19.5] 36.7] 3,960 24 109-110} 195] 36.7] 6,360 7 124-125 | 21 39.6 | 2,700 30 134-135 | 22 41.5 54 33 | 149-150] 20.5| 386] 4,344 781! 1169 4 B= FIO) 18 33.9| 7,620 5 14-15] 21 39.6 | 8,580 | 6 | 19- 20| 16 30.1 | 9,540 7 | 24 25 19 35.8 | 8,940 8 29- 30/ 18.5] 349] 10,080 9 | 34. 35| 20.5| 38.6| 14,640 10 39- 40 | 22 41.5] 5,280 11 44-45 | 22 41.5 | 14,700 12 49-51] 20.5] 38.6] 13,380: 796 | 1214 4 Bov10) ae20 37.7| 3,300 6 15-20| 195] 36.7| 6,360 359 360 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Taste XII1.—Results of filtration tests—Continued. 7 i | | Rg aa | Filtration: mies, | SOB SABE | Deptn Ge. | “nt | | 796 | 1214 | 8 25-30 | 20 37.7 | 5,640 fai | yet0. 3540)| 919.5 | 3607) ek0G0 le Se eR 45-50 |. 20.5| 38.6] 3,480 14 | 55-57 | 19 35.8 | 3,600 798 | 1215 4 | Bat0. 17 32 9, 180 6 15-20| 17 32 7,200 8 o5=20)). 16.5 |. 31.1 12 86.780 10 3540) 17.5. 38 5, 940 12 | 45-50, 185] 349] 5,280 14 55-60 | 17.5:| 38 10, 320 16 | 65-70 | 15 28.3 | 4,440 18 | 75-80 | 17 a 3, 240 20. 85-90 | 16 30:1| 2,736 | | I - | CHAPTER VI. THE SURFACE STREAMS OF LONG ISLAND. By Ropert E. Horton. CHARACTER OF LONG ISLAND STREAMS. In a region of moderate rainfall a sloping valley which is continuously depressed below the ground-water horizon will contain a perennial stream. If the bed of the valley is in some degree impervious, the stream may continue over regions where the ground-water horizon hes at greater depth, or a perennial stream may be fed from natural or artificial surface storage in lakes in impervious basins lying above the general ground-water bed. In general, however, a stream whose channel lies above the ground-water horizon will be intermittent, and such an intermittent stream may flow under the following conditions: (a) Whenever the ground-water plane, in its periodic fluctuation, rises above the topographical elevation of the stream bed; (6) whenever the surface supply from rainfall or melting snow is in excess of the amount absorbed by the soil, so that surface run-off takes place. The great sand and gravel deposits of Long Island afford streams differing in character from those generally found elsewhere in New York and in the New England States, where rock is generally found near the surface. Many of the Long Island catchment areas may be described as narrow strips extending inland from the south shore of the island, having in many cases a nearly uniform slope of about 20 feet per mile. The soil is coarse grained and permeable, and the ground-water table slopes toward the south shore at a rate of 10 or 12 feet per mile. In other words, the ground-water table approaches the surface at a rate of 8 to 10 feet per mile, and in the first few miles back from the coast the ground water lies very near the general ground surface. The general ground surface and ground-water planes intersect at tide water. The stream valleys are flat bottomed and generally marshy, and are depressed a few feet below the general surface. The bed of the stream valley, running parallel to the general slope of the surface, intersects the ground-water horizon a short distance inland, commonly 1 to 5 miles, and it is at this point of intersection that the surface streams usually have their visible sources. ; The level of the ground water is subject to periodic fluctuations of a few feet; hence the point of its intersection of the stream valley is not invariable, but may recede and advance with the season or with the rise and fall of ground water, as was observed by the writer in 1903. These conditions are illustrated for an ideal stream in figs. 68 and 69. From tide water to the point A of intersection of the stream valley with the minimum ground-water level the stream is perennial. 17116—No. 44—06——24 361 362 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. From A to B, covering the range of fluctuation of ground water, the stream is intermittent, having its source at A in times of low ground water and at B in times of high ground water. The distance A-B is usually-shght. Above the point B YGround EL L ater surface LG iy LA Uy) Ground water’9 Pw i ; surface U.* WAR \= Vi Ce = =" | Steam Lp dk op 6 Tks Uhl) D/ Fig. 68.—Long Island marsh stream valley. the stream flows only in times of freshets, when supplied by surface run-off. There ~ are also flats and glacial depressions, as at C, from which no surface run-off ever takes place. ; If for any reason, as, for example, the existence of an suteron of i impervious material in the sarel slope, a permanent stream supply is brought-to the surface at; some point in the catchment basin above the point B, a disappearing stream may result, similar in character to streams from the Rocky Mountains which are lost in the porous soils of the Great Plains, but of course very much smaller. A number of such streams arising in springs have been observed. Cc ce ev " viakel table ove ays & oe SN ya Z gue fnax er table Deep porous soil Fic. 69.—Ideal Long Island stream profile. UTILIZATION OF LONG ISLAND SURFACE STREAMS. The streams are too small in volume and declivity to od extensive water powers. In constructing the South Shore highway it was necessary to build earth dikes across the flat stream valleys, and these dikes have been utilized in many instances - as mill dams, the absence of severe freshets on these streams making ee overflow or wasteway channels unnecessary. The second important use of the surface streams has been in the formation of numerous private ponds for landscape effect in private parks and for water supply for estates and summer residences. Certain streams are utilized in cranberry culture and to a limited extent for irrigation of -truck lands. The streams and ground waters are utilized as sources of water supply for Brooklyn and for the extensive summer-resort pepepulecion at towns along the south shore of the island. a WATER SUPPLY OF BROOKLYN. 3863 THE WATER SUPPLY OF BROOKLYN, N. Y.4 Brooklyn was incorporated as a city in 1834; it then contained a population of 23,000. The question of constructing a system of public water supply was almost continually agitated from this date until 1856, when the construction of a waterworks sysuem was undertaken, including supply ponds on a number of streams near Brooklyn, on the south shore of Long Island. The original works were completed in 1862, and comprised six supply ponds receiving the drainage from an aggregate catchment area of 65.6 square miles, including additions made to the waterworks previous to their later extension eastward. The cost of the original works was $4,200,000. Previous to the construction of the municipal waterworks, franchises had been secured and small supplies had been developed by a number of private water companies. . In 1889 the extension of the waterworks eastward from Rockville Center to Massapequa was undertaken. The extension of the system added a drainage area of 88.5 square miles, making the total area tributary to the complete system 154.1 square miles. . The names and capacities of the supply ponds in the old and new systems are given in the following tables, together with the population and annual con- sumption of water from the municipal system of Brooklyn:? Area, elevation, and capacity of supply ponds for Brooklyn waterworks. Elevation Area at vailabl pep ot astear weet we | >) ceca. Feet. Acres. U.S. Gallons. Baisley, Stra see ee ee ee a as ces 9. 569 40.0 41, 940, 000 Sprimetiel deg seeps ees a 5. 078 7.34 7,199, 000 SUMONSON Sie. a ee ee eee seas e 16. 995 8.75 9, 879, 000 Clear'Streamey eee eee eee eeisa ace oo 13. 194 1.07 977, 500 iWiaitt(ss! 25: vee S epenyy het 6. 53 3. 43 3, 750, 000 Valley Streamays too eet sheeted J. 2) 14. 583 17.78 | 20,850, 000 TEMG CH SVemge exes Poe af oot el Al ere ae ea 13. 682 8.0 9, 046, 000 Hempsteadlsenctas se a eis eres a 12. 216 P43}, SY 26, 900, 000 Srila SES oe ee eee eset et ey ho atc 5. 086 27.25 | 41, 580, 000 Millia Sear oe eee oe ate ays - 6.6 13.63 | 11, 100, 000 Blast Mendowatse sae ereite tices sparc o se Wet. 16.15 | 18, 830, 000 INéwibrideeasc Nea tree ieee neat fe = 2 8.5 8. 90 11, 428, 000 Wantagh. Va aGea arama erasers oy tee: 9.7 10.14 | 15,030, 000 Seamianss, Vtee veer crete tn eM opee Sree et 2 14.9 14. 78 28, 990, 000 Massapequa). qa. -cemicee acs oeeececcalh bled 14.55 | 16,990, 000 aSee The Brooklyn Water Works and Sewers, memoir by James P. Kirkwood, 1857; also History and Description of the Water Supply of the City of Brooklyn, by I. M. De Varona, 1896. b From report of I, M. De Varona, 1896. UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Population of Brooklyn and daily water consumption per capita. Consump- Population de- tion per Year Population, | Ren men | Serie da supply. lyn water supply. U. S. gallons. Second-feet. \|U.S.gallons. 1860. 2-222 he ere 266, 714 266, 714 3, 293, 000 5. 004 12.3 1S 6We oe ea eee 272, 350 272, 350 4,064, 000 6. 299 14. 9 IetOVAS sighed oe Bie eS 278, 106 278, 106 5, 026, 000 7.790 18.1 USGS Sse s areas 283, 983 283, 983 6, 494, 000 10. 065 22.9 1 ho RS Meee 289, 985 289, 985 8, 105, 000 12. 562 27.9 PS GoM e Cree eres 296, 112 296, 112 9, 232, 000 14. 310 31.2 USGGxe se eee sepals 313, 852 313, 852 10, 908, 000 16. 907 34.3 SG re ene ee 332, 656 332,656 | 12,351, 000 19. 144 8%; Exc|: S680 aces ence ar 352, 585 352, 585 15, 709, 000 24, 349, 44.6 a S69. aera 373, 710 373, 710 17, 629, 000 27.325 47.2 STO oe eae ee ere 396, 099 396, 099 18, 654, 000 28. 914 47.1 US Tiere sare ege tact 412, 403 412, 403 19, 351, 000 29. 994. 46.9 ey (PA teen pe re A 429, 380 429, 380 22,714, 000 35. 207 52.9 ISYORmeeets see isa oe 447, 054 447, 054 24, 875, 000 38. 556 55. 6 WS 74s oe 2s eee 465, 455 465, 455 24, 755, 000 38. 370 Bsa) LR 7o ean teen es 484, 616 484,616 | 27, 150, 000 | 42. 082 56. 0 STOR SeeE see 500, 014 500, 014 28, 109, 000 43. 569 56. 2 WSU Gice tener stein ies is 515, 903 515, 903 30, 345, 000 47. 035 58. 8 TS 78ers tate aero 532, 296 532, 296 30, 507, 000 47. 286 57.3 S79 eee 549, 211 549, 211 32, 912, 000 51. 014 59. 9 1880-525 8ee tee 566, 663 566, 663 30, 745, 000 47. 655 54. 3 URSIM Ss eee cy se 584, 659 584,659 | 32, 722, 000 50. 719 56. 0 S82 ere aes Sr 601, 103 601, 103 34, 623, 000 | 53. 665 57. 6 1GS3e 2k earn 617, 517 617,517 | 36, 149,000 56. 031 58. 5 WSS Ae yas apne dase 634, 887 634, 887 38, 880, 000 60. 264 61.2 USS is ats eee cp rece 673, 050 673, 050 43, 379, 000 67. 237 | 64.5 SSG) Se ae eee 750, 000 728, 929 45, 304, 000 70. 221 62. 2 SST ss eee Wee 765, 000 741, 104 46, 278, 000 71. 731 62. 4 SSS ee en ae 782, 221 756, 195 49, 794, 000 77, 181 65. 3) TSO # Rogie steel Ohi y 852, 467 823,367 | 52, 197, 000 80. 905 6geane | Oe ie Beers eine 853, 945 853, 587 55, 201, 000 85. 562 67.0 USO iipeks, wee eee 880, 780 846,330 | 58,083, 000 90.029 68.6 1892. 957, 958 919, 417 67, 566, 000 104. 727 73.5 TS9Se phage: cone 1,003, 781 961, 039 75, 823, 000 117. 526 78.9 1894 a2 Boe enna 1, 080, 000 996, 500 71, 360, 000 110. 608 71.6 18052 Saha 1, 105, 000 1,013, 500 | 117. 389 TAGT 75, 735, 000 GAGINGS OF SURFACH STREAMS. GAGINGS OF LONG ISLAND STREAMS. 365 The principal results of gagings made prior to the year 1903 are shown in the accompanying tables. a The following gagings, by William McAlpine, were made by inserting in the streams wooden sluiceways, through which all the surface flow was passed. The drainage basin of Parsonage Creek is given as 21.74 square miles, and the com- bined areas tributary to all the streams which extended along the south shore from Jamaica Creek to East Meadow Brook is stated to be somewhat in excess of 100 square miles. The precipitation at Erasmus Hall during the period of gaging was as follows: Precipitation at Erasmus Hall, Long Island. Precipitation. Month. 1851. Normal. Inches. Inches. Dilly ae eer me eas k ee aia See 3. 85 3.21 AUIBUSt Seepage Sto se misiecaars bale 3. 23 4.44 September seeccssa.20 He - 3.49 a ees EPCS 4.02 3.59 255d) || WSioe sete oes 4.37 3.16 3. 00) N2Ae eee eee 3.44 2.78 3.36 SER chen see 3.92 3.54 2.09) |) Vek oe eee 4.22 3.03 2.99 || Bhs. sssesccccc< 3.34 2.73 Beye {EL oe Bae 4.66 3.47 2.47 Wi Took: 25. See eee 4.30 3.00 2.94 | 26 wins eeon sees 3.57 2.74 3.43 ieee me seeececs: 12940) 93869) ee 2:5 v | LG eee eee ACN pede) |) ~ (2.90) 27-cmee ese 3.26 | 2.69 3.36 (ie eral beh phe 6.34 3.18 2566) ||Wlt ve eeeeaceeee 4.11 3.45 4.01 | 28.8 2c eee | 4.41 2.99 3.43 Tica peel eee 5.65 3.26 2505) ||| 1Bsse see eee 3.78 3.39 4.63)! 298. osteeeee 4.05 DvP) 3.43 Bie se Se 4.94 3.27 2000] LOL. 2o-5 sees 3.61 3.01 3.3/0) || SONSe cee ee nenees 4.63 2.84 3.38 0) SE eS aah 4.81 3.27 93200205 cece nee eee 3.71 2.94 3:61 | olen? sceeeeee gE (0%, eee Sey TOMES sera 4.73 3. 28 3.66 Pal eee se eee eee 3.42 | _ 2.93 3.51 | Wer. lunar Seale | 3.97 Le ascent. etssece 5.29 3.23 3233" || 228 5 eae eee 3.38 2.87 3.47 a At weirs of New York water supply commission. WANTAGH STREAMS AT WANTAGH, LONG ISLAND. A group of short branching streams, having their visible sources 3 miles inland, drain a relatively flat area, the topographic boundary of which is difficult of precise determination, but has been estimated at 17.6 square miles. This area lies entirely south of the ground-water divide of Long Island. The drainage area is lenticular, the northern end lying at elevation 250 feet. A dry stream valley, not very clearly demarcated, extends nearly to the northern limit of the basin. The drainage basin contains about 40 per cent cultivated land and an equal percentage of pasture and grass areas, the remainder being chiefly wooded. There are several private ponds near the mouth of the stream. Water has also been diverted to the conduit of the Brooklyn waterworks since 1891.¢ The stream above Seamans Pond is divided between three channels. Two low weirs were erected just above Seamans Pond, and gaging records were main- tained there from July 21 to November 8, 1903, by the New York water supply ‘commission. The discharge determined from gagings June 1 to October 15, 1883, is stated at 3,400,000 gallons (5.25 second-feet). The year 1883 was preceded by several years of somewhat deficient rainfall. Details of these gagings are not available. MASSAPEQUA CREEK. oral Mean daily discharge, in second-feet, of Wantagh streams at Wantagh, Long Island, for 1903.4 t Day. July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. Day. July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Day. July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. ene nici |=jraniace ) Alte BV TO) |) T2101) Beeson 16.73 | 12.52 | 14.02 Plaka: 16.62 | 12.24 | 12.19 12.80 YOM Be eh oxidase TP PAN alates ea Wl ee ee a lsemeses 1G}, 133) TRY || TOSS Wy Bee eee 13.12 | 11.98 | 10.18 UPS Geese rie ij-llclaaeiesel TZ AO VA LEO 2 Stl | SUE tere |e eee 14. 89 OB |) TOL ITN) B5.naecn 12.75 | 10.73 | 11. 03 12.13 0 A ae) Ree | 13.10 | 14.91 ON Sova iulores =e eee eal leso2 cL 902560) | 7A Hie ae SES 8.53 | 13.86 | 10.52 11.40 Ge ee aera ees APIO) | WGN) TBO |) WS Se sseeclsae sec 13.66 | 14,22 | 11.30 | 21 SENSI Roe 9.82 | 12.56 | 11.27 12.30 Gg ta cia Neeaan ee | 21.19 | 14.11 9. 81 | Wrocewoscnelseceoo= TAOS AS 7GN I LO828) || 28e mene ce 11.36 | 18.70 | 12.68 12.67 Mean aaa |epyte sand HGS || THAI |) OSS |] TW espace eae 10.88 | 13.09 | 19.90 | 202 sae ee 12.52 | 25.65 | 10.06 12. 67 Gouccssqeea|seeome 16.00 | 10.85 | 10.23 |) 19.-..-...-|....... 13.35 | 10.71 | 14.06 | BOR cleaner | 12.19 | 19.92 | 13.75 | 12.56 Qe Be cycle cele pacts UG SCM |) UG PA) PEGI Ih P40) Soccer| |saeeaas 13.72 | 12.75 | 12. 86 | ol ceased | 12,30 | 10.07 |_...-.- 12.06 1D oe, SoRRRICnS EES 165233) W279 Wan9O 21ee ses. 8 13.55 | 12.26 9.68 | 11.17 iene! meee | 45.68 \y2.17 | 13.13 1 Se anes orescence UA) PO 7A} |) 113 6) |) PRso ao ees 14.35 | 12.36 | 11.10 | 13.12 } | | if a At weirs of New York water supply commission. MASSAPEQUA CREEK AT FARMINGDALE AND FREEPORT, LONG ISLAND. Massapequa Creek drains an area extending inland a distance of 14 miles from the mouth of the stream. In shape, the drainage basin is irregular, but eradually increases from a width of 1 mile at the mouth to a maximum width of 5 miles near the northern divide. The topography is diversified, including a flat valley on the east; a table-land on the north, comprising about 5 square miles, the drainage from which is chiefly into depressions; a group of hills rising to alti- tude 300 feet near the center of the basin; and a generally southerly slope, some- what rolling, in the southwest portion of the surface catchment area. The stream comprises three short branches which unite 2 miles above the outlet of the stream into tide water. The longest branch has its visible source at a distance of 5 miles inland. A gaging station was established on this branch of the stream May 6, 1903, at a small weir forming the outlet of a private pond. The area of the pond is so small as to exert but little regulating influence, and the stream entering the pond is entirely unregulated. In order to procure a record at as early a date as possible readings were taken on the weir without modification, until such changes could be made as were desirable to secure the best results during low water. The weir was located just above the head of the property of the Brooklyn water department. The stream below the weir flows through a marsh valley, bordered by sandy slopes. The bed of the marsh is porous gravel overlain by 2 or 3 feet of muck and vegetation, through which the surface waters percolate. Springs enter the margin of the small pond at the Farmingdale weir, and the stream has its visible sources a short distance above this pond. The precise point at which the stream rises apparently varies with the season and stage of ground water, which also determine the position of the seepage or wet sand areas observed on the slopes in certain places in this catchment basin. Throughout the lower portion of the drainage basin the ground-water horizon lies within a few feet of the surface. The entire drainage basin lies south of the summit of the ground-water table of Long Island. a See The Water Supply of the City of Brooklyn, by I. M. De Varona, 1896, page 74. 372 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Massapequa Creek is utilized in conjunction with the water-supply system of Brooklyn. The drainage basin and the position of the conduit lme are shown on the Northport and Babylon sheets of the United States Geological Survey’s topographic map. The drainage areas are as follows Drainage areas, Massapequa Creek. Rarming dale gaping, Statiors 21s terre oe ie yy Nar Sede Above gaging station, Brooklyn waterworks. ._......._-.---.----------------- See 3 Above outlet Brooklyn waterworks supply pond Above mouth of stream, at tide water “ Square miles. 13.7 41.5 The catchment area comprises about 60 per cent woodland, 20 pe cent sodded areas, and 20 per cent of land under cultivation. A series of gagings of this stream, June 1 to October 15, 1883, at a point near s, or 4.8 second-feet. the mouth showed a mean Thaghores of 3,097,000 geile. Details are not available. Mean daily discharge, in second-feet, of Massapequa Creek at Farmingdale, Long Island, for 1903. | | Day | May June. | July. | Aug Sept Day. May. | -June July Aug Sept | | } | ~ | | | | z ; ent ee re eet ess 0:94:|) 10549) 0243) MuOc4a Mi iiBioe tees 220 vo 1282S 10728 |e ene 0.39 6.25 DUSeNAS. _ See aeeeee Pee eel ii ake .49 .43 AS) ORAS e abe net ees 1.28 Pipl eee .35 7, CU eames ere De 15 24 ge, een Meter Ge lie Sn] oa) 1 ae Smee 1.28 oy eee 43 18 | LE re Tere deem NE 79 49 28 se) |ll Diiget Sean Cee TOS i ees 100) | eee 35 Sted Ee MRE ee re IS 2 paca Bh ALT 49] 1.68 SED) || 2PM cee Ss mes aa 1.28 pre leet .31 aia GRE ects ene 2.06 PA .49 .89 Wapatleose reece bs Ue: 12285) aaa ea 35 a iil (ERE ee seed ae 2.06) 1.56 .49 581; Se) 221 OZR acm Fess ea cS 1 28¢ bre (75OY ihe eee .31 .12 Se eae aera Bo 2.06 | 1, 11 LEE GB} SMM OSes ee 22 1.28 Be Gell apes 248385 Gone QU ene alee | 2.06 .72 .49 FG 2i MOM E2O eee ec GOSH Re peasants Seoee .42 21 Ozee ges exc Meese | 2.06) 72 49 53 BPP h | Oia a ee ae 1.28 20/222 eee -33 15 He Ace Pee ane | 2.06) .72 aS 62 MOO ORS atest le ah 1.28 BO) it Mines as .88 .19 ‘ | 1} 12 on Nie ee et 2,06 | 1.89 .72 SEPIA etlyy |i ese eigen aS LSA glies S189) |e 1.06 .07 ES LE Ss | POS ||) ae itrl 2 ce IAG PSO See teeta oa 3 94 . 84 46 .62 .10 VR ee eae | 2.06 | 1263 eG SEGW0e ATES) Bile ats ae coma Biot Mane Ne (b) 750) | (C) TEE aay. Boe Saeieee | 1.66} .99 .49 .43 16) ee Mes lisek anh 20 1G: sot teeter ame ec | 1.28 72 49 43 =32 || Darcie eee Pee EN | 1.28 Ou eras | ae eshte a The Brooklyn waterworks supply from this stream is described in The Water Supply of Brooklyn, by I. M. De Varona, 1896, pp. 75-76. b Gage readings by New York water-supply commission beginning July 31, 1903. ¢ Stream reported to go dry at times. CARLLS RIVER. 373 Mean daily discharge, in second-feet, of Massapequa Creek at Massapequa, Long Island, for 1903.4 7 Day. June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. Oct. | Day. June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. Oct. eS Soe esr eieicicie sel Acie eos 20. 51 10.77 13. 59 8.92 | 1s Sees Reese eRe Soe 12.18 10. 62 12.31 16. 12 HAS SASH AOR R nace Bia Zaose 18.07 10. 27 12. 08 Cer) | 1 ee see e es ae Be Aon ee Pees 15. 53 10. 32 10. 32 13. 50 Bis Sea SE ER eC Sane re peaacke 17.55 9.61 11, 25 EECA Sse ene Bret eee 17. 33 14. 57 10. 85 9.71 11.47 Oe ee Ua ee eee ae me ee 16.88 | 10. 47 11. 10 SE OO Dien e raters caer case 20.13 16.07 10. 42 9. 24 11.09 O65 SeEC en eo ete ae oaens 16. 16 29. 50 GSM Pmt | OOM yee fees as 15. 65 14. 40 9. 87 9.18 10. 62 Geta ee noe aes Res 16.37 24. 54 11. 47 ts elle Bae ees Sees sae ee 18. 70 13.99 9.82 9.14 10. 50 (esse Se ee ae eaeee oe ema ros 16. 06 20.76 10. 69 joo elt ee oe Oe eeee ee 23.51 13. 03 9.91 9.06 10. 35 ie SOE annie Metal ee aay Os 15. 16 15. 69 10. 37 BR OO BNO QO Ronen meee etal 18. 54 12.97 10. 69 8. 86 10. 25 QS e ee Rar Sek Bliee see ae 14. 83 14, 39 10. 34 LQ DEW AG eae rect 17. 16 12. 42 12. 02 8.65 10. 17 ORES = cents eee ae sel Sea 14. 28 13.70 10. 33 TSAO SM Die een a eta 2 ae 16. 39 11.23 10. 82 9.12 9.98 USES Soeee oa aeooscne Cane are 15.39 14. 63 10.13 TGs Ght Il 71s eee ee Bs ae ree 15.75 11.05 16. 28 11.30 9.98 RR Eto cy sites [pe rats Ste 14. 86 14.91 9. 81 1S PAD sae eae seeeresene 27.18 10. 81 26. 54 9. 36 9. 82 1 Oe aa eR eee eens og 16. 01 11. 59 9. 60 1OFQON 30ers eee patie me 28. 58 10. 99 21.62 8.89 9. 76 Rae NSO Po Flas ones 15. 29 PAPA 9.51 ICS | ed arte reeenia se ace el See ane 10. 99 SSE Se eaecess 9.76 eee Eee IS598 LS 70) | 9242) 9.71 Mean A eedioke 9Pa|Gaune 14.47 | 13.96] 10.29] 11.02 IDs Soe eene eee eeee Ge meee a 13. 62 11. 29 10. 70 9. 53 Is Senge Sedectosee se meres cos 13.11 11.10 11. 26 12.72 a At weir of New York water-supply commission. CARLLS RIVER AT BABYLON, LONG ISLAND. -The drainage basin of this group of streams extends northward to within 2 miles of tide water, where it drains a small flat area at elevation 200 feet. A surface drainage valley can be traced from the head of the area following closely _ the right-hand watershed line to the head of the surface stream near Wyandanch. The central portion of the drainage basin is 5 miles wide and includes the Half Hollow and Dix group of hills. The Colonial Springs issue from the south slope of Half Hollow Hills. The outflowing streams are absorbed by the soil, after running for a short distance. The surface stream is branching and its valley is flat and marshy. Its longest branch is visible about 5 miles above the mouth. Five large private ponds have been constructed on the main branches, and the regimen of flow is largely arbitrary. The drainage basin is shown on the Northport and Babylon sheets of the United States Geological Survey’s topographic map, and covers 365 square miles above the gaging stations. Highway embankments across the swamp valley serve to concentrate the flow of surface waters into narrow bridge openings, but some water may be lost by diversion into the surrounding gravels, due to the ponding. Temporary gages were erected at bridges crossing the two main branches of the stream above Kennel Club Pond, May 6, 1903. The gaging stations were completed early in June by planking the side walls of the bridges, affording smooth rectangular channels in which current-meter measurements were made. The combined dis- charge at the two gaging stations represents the total surface flow of the stream, and is shown in the following table. 374 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. List of discharge measurements of Carlls River (East and West branches) at Babylon, Long Island, for 1908. WEST BRANCH. Date. Hydrographer. Gage height.| Discharge. | Feet. Second-feet. MayG22 22 3222 oH. P. SROUNG Ye. 42.2 see eee eee 1. 50 9. 60 June 13_..--.- - K. P. Roundy and A. P. Porter.-.-...--- 1.735 15. 96 duly 6: 2252. -.| ANP Porters 2.222 eae eon ae! 1. 66 12573) EAST BRANCH. May:i6522. 422] PedRound yo - 225s aera se Sera 1.10 26. 58 June 13.._._.-- EK. P. Roundy and A. P. Porter_........- 1.395 37.13 July 6.2522 * os: |-As PS Porter teh eee eek See 1.185 28. 37 BOTH BRANCHES. = May Grea ds ale ees eee a Se 1a ae 36. 18 June 13s 2 seal? S328 sess, eee eee eee oa Lee 53. 09 Fah 6 emia el aE TR so ce LOOM ROE Woe Soaae 41.10 Combined mean daily discharge, in second-feet, of East and West branches of Carlls River, at Babylon, Long I. sland, for 1903. ; eee ee tag ered | . y May. | June. | July. Day. May. | June. | July. || Day. May. | June. | July | i} | | pees: pase 7 eR ee SVRGY ee CORE eee ccaecspes (@) CDG 2y GRBEVINO ME sue canal Ab AG) ee a6e Sal neers OF oe ot AL | 34.4 | (a) 1g eae @) |) 544) 42.2) )) 23, 2 ee Svein 24 che. SAEs SRS A me i 2 fo ela ee a 8. 49 The ground-water divide at the north of the drainage areas of these streams probably lies some distance north of the surface divide. Both streams flow through swampy valleys crossed by fairly impermeable dikes constructed for highways. A temporary gaging station was maintained on Orowoc Creek, May 9 to July 16, 1903, inclusive. The gage, a finely divided scale, was erected at the first highway bridge above the Long Island Railroad in Islip. The stream passes through a single rectangular span 4 feet in width, having timber sides and smooth gravel bottom. The section was rendered emicaiie for accurate gaging by moderate repair, and the following measurements were made with a specially rated current meter, velocities being taken in every square foot _of cross-sectional area or less: OROWOC AND DOXSEE CREEKS. ae Discharge measurements of Orowoe Creek for 1903. Date. | Hydrographer. lGuee height. Discharge. | | Feet. | Second-jeet. May 9) Seer Hpeaoun devas nse see ei i | 1. 45 | 8. 86 Sftinenleiey ee NING Tite ee ee ee 1.47 | 9. 00 Sulys7skae eae | eae loss ae eee eee 1.38 | 5.93 | a Gaging station not completed. Orowoc Creek is utilized as a supply for a small private pond at the South Shore Highway. A second small pond les above the gaging station. The stream above the point of gaging is practically uncontrolled. Doxsee Creek was gaged at a weir forming the outlet of a private pond. The regimen of the stream was arbitrarily controlled at times as required for flooding of cranberry flats. In order to secure a record as early as possible in the season, a gage was erected at the existing weir May 6, 1903. A metal crest weir conforming essentially to fixed standards was installed June 6, 1903, and the record continued until July 15, 1903. Combined mean daily discharge, in second-feet, of Orowoc and Doxsee creeks at Islip, Long Island, for 1903. | { | | | | Day. | May. | June. | July. | Day. | May. | June. | July. l Day. | May. | June. | July. it ee ae tee Fess, ie Soa SOUS. ||| TO Iora06u|sl7230l) evatea|itooweee ee WU Ge77el eee eee Tat eeee eee eee Sree HCOs| 1G 5s ee fes26H Cpe 1052! etexerel|, 28-8 = cock ke sled. oo. are clase BN se pees Hels sc hl |e ae SENG TER, lL 7-3 aaa ee ee | ate Me oe a aceste ss goede it 3 | 5 Reoere7am0cee lh eoxcanon TNGED ee eae Se Rie [SEER Ss aa MA GOR | Tome 2. bere"! 00m) Foetal 262.8 ec AOS 72ueee eee Osc ceeeeeee | amie Ss Ale lestOxOma nese eo: | MLS) |acqscsai-vsseéss | Whedscseeessacee eee 105209 Benen ce eee eee RESET 1057 || Eee eee SECC aa reel Pemerne? | Osis see) teil Re TONGS ere © Ce ee | lier WEBI) 9.077 II) 1s. seeteseae BO Tes 7ulLe cok a Wee oy | Daley alae ee | ee TOR |e sanace Oy, ac ier igrO70. | LOM) ueOgniRzDNee ak = hes es eel lee a eg Rn eee (Paeer =! ODN gece iD go jean | 30.99| 3.31 embrall bots eee CLHLAE shih CROSS-SECTION : a Fic. 71.—Weir on private pond, Cutting Creek, near Great River, Long Island. Discharge measurements of central branch of Connetquot Brook, for 1903. l l | | Date. | Hydrographer. lone ave Discharge. | Feet. Second-jeet. Apre225_ = ot RB Eontoneeea = carl aaa 69.5 June 20. .-| E. P. Roundey--.-.----.- 2.57 58.3 July do 5: 2}2An RP. Portercese= ass 2.72 82.3 LAKE RONKONKOMA AND ADJACENT STREAMS. 379 The results of gagings of Cutting Creek are given in the following table. The regimen is rendered artifical by pondage. The discharge was obtained at an existing pond weir having a level crest, free discharge, four complete contractions, and no velocity of approach. The discharge usually varied but little during a single day, and the mean of two readings on a finely divided scale has been used in conjunction with the Francis formula in calculating the discharge. Mean daily discharge in second-feet of Cutting Creek at East Islip, Long Island, for 1903. Day. . May. | June. July. | Day. May. | June. July. | Day. May. | June. | July. | 1 1 = = — ———s | | = = _ = (reer ee ee (a) 6.19 | iPass eee eee ee TOM eno) GOUl ee OE) Sean ee O86 |ecy22 eee se es eh PA Are Ln (a) GIGIIMIBES. eee shee [pmseil2aexGr (Seine eseree Oe ae eee ate .32 | 6340) eee lave sere Sees Fou etnchy (a) GO" || ZG es ee SEAT eT SACO ees ep Ob Ma Bek 2k wi oC 0 Gai) | Bee seo Lh Re ee ee (@) iD? | 1 Means eee Dla mele ene oe tROG Gees ee oe Seed SP. CHAE Se obec 7A ee aaa an (a) Gil | Web eegesedede if || WOOL kaebose De ee Gene Oller ete Gite eee ay: re be (ere | alga ane 307 MexR 50) Sema OS ee heey | Gish GAO ae ee Fi oper yp gee Pol 4 Quit Aes { TYS3e Spence eae 32 Bil Oy (Ae pene Hees ake ee fe AGI line 6419) aaeeee ne Re rn e Mee Ae eh 3 5 584 |e Wl Onmre micas yeas |he! sete ERE HIS Se 3h |)6 0 cele ae ene Cll GOP es Se O12 ee ae ee oe 7.20 |... |W). oo eases beeaeee PROG) |Beecnace || Medeetecdnerdtelodsccosdlpaecosce Seeds Sc TOM ee ee S58 ung 04s ote A ae oe ae Ci Ail aaa? ls incl Hil ee ee 5.58 | 9.83 | | aaa 2 ayaied Sh ci| Ss Be 64019 | eeee a Water reserved as pondage, June 1 to 7, inclusive. LAKE RONKONKOMA AND ADJACENT STREAMS. The inland basin of Lake Ronkonkoma les immediately north of the topo- graphical catchment area of the Connetquot streams. It appears probable that. the ground-water divide lies considerably north of the surface divide between the catchment basins, so that the effective catchment tributary to the Connetquot. streams is thereby increased. Lake Ronkonkoma has a surface area of about 0.5 square mile, and receives the surface run-off from a total area of 8 square miles. This remarkable depression extends somewhat below sea level and represents virtually a natural well. The range of surface fluctuations of this lake has not been reliably determined. Lake Ronkonkoma lies in a catchment basin topographically tributary to Nissequogue River, a northward-flowing stream haying a surface drainage basin. of 44 square miles. This is the largest basin on the north slope of Long Island. The surface stream extends inland nearly to the watershed line. A brief reconnaissance of streams east of the Connetquot area was made April 23, 1903. Edwards and Tuttle creeks have surface drainage basins of 6.7 and 9 square miles, respectively, and are utilized at private ponds. Patchogue Creek, in addition to supplying private ponds, is utilized to furnish water power at the lace factory of the Patchogue Manufacturing Company, under a head of 14 feet. This stream drains a surface area of 14 square miles. Swan River at East Patchogue affords a fall of about 12 feet at tide water, with good pondage. This stream drains a surface area of 7.8 square miles. The visible stream extends inland 4.5 miles. Its catchment area is narrow and elongated, extending 7 miles inland. 380 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. The South Shore highway dike is utilized as a dam on Mud Creek, affording a pond of perhaps 10 acres area, and about 6 feet fall, where a drag sawmill, with a breast water wheel, was formerly operated. The estimated ‘ipdnowee of Mud Creek, April 23, 1903, was 6.7 second-feet, from a surface drainage area of 5 square miles. — CARMANS RIVER, OR CONNECTICUT RIVER OF LONG ISLAND. The drainage area of this stream is an irregular triangle, having its apex at the mouth of the stream, and its base, which is about 10 miles in length, extending parallel to the north shore of Long Island, at an average distance of 1.5 miles there- from, and at elevation 150 to 200 feet. The surface of the drainage basin slopes © from elevation 150 near the northern divide to tide-water elevation at the mouth, in a distance of 12 to 13 miles. The surface stream extends inland only 10 miles. There are no perennial streams in the upper catchment area, although the topo- graphic stream valley is defined nearly to the northern divide of the basin. The northwestern portion of the drainage basin lies in the Saint James plateau, north of the group of sand hills which le near the center of the island at Selden, and reaches westward nearly to Lake Ronkonkoma. The general topography is moderately rolling. A few areas depressions of one-fourth square mile area or less are found near the northern divide, and the upper 2.5 miles of the course of a dry tributary valley on the left of the main stream have been cut off and form a depression. The catchment area is overlain by sand and gravel, and is larval? covered with scrub oaks and conifers. From South Haven to the mouth of the stream, a distance of 3 miles, the chan- nel is bordered by marsh and the current is sluggish. Tidal influence extends to South Haven. A temporary gaging station was established at South Haven May 8, 1903, but was discontinued July 16, 1903, before an opportunity had been found to determine the range and cycle of daily tides at this pot. The gage readings are not at present available. Discharge measurements were made as follows: Discharge of Carmans River, Long Island, for 1903. Date. Hydrographer. Gage height. | Discharge. | | | Feet. | Second-feet. - : | IN oy PRYOR en eee seeogeen esc: 2252 ac bnsmeoaoeS = | Sat ee ee 74 Mays8 oc 2.543. | BP: Roundey Sees... 74. [Peau 88 ae eerarOS ae July 8.....--.-| A. P. Porter. -------2---- 222-2 ---- eas 87.5 | a reed i floats. Gristmill n not running. b Ebbing tide. An earthen dike at South Haven affords a fall of 6 feet and a storage pond that is utilized by a gristmill and a sawmill. An earthen dam at Yaphank affords extensive pondage. A custom saw and grist mill operate under a head of 10 feet. PECONIC RIVER. 38] One mile above Yaphank is a third dam, about 6 feet high, which has been abandoned. The course of the stream intermediate to the dams is through a swamp channel. The major portion of the fall is utilized at existing dams. The drainage basin is shown on the Moriches and Setauket sheets of the United States Geological Survey’s topographic map. Drainage areas of Carmans River, Long Island. Location. ae | Total. Sq. miles, | Sq. miles. Above Wpper brid ces ndap hanlcae! sss ee eee ee sale 69 69 Waphank to) Souphplanyembise y= ee eee ee sine ae 10 79 South» El aiveny tommouthnc ener oe hae. ee ae er teys a eer 3.6 83 a Tidal section. PECONIC RIVER. This stream has the most extended surface-drainage basin on Long Island. Its drainage comprises an irregular rectangular area, of which the northern divide is within one-half mile to 14 miles of Long Island Sound and at an altitude of 150 to 200 feet above tide. The general slope of the basin is toward the south- east. The surface divide on the west is not sharply defined, but is at an average elevation of 120 feet above tide. The southern watershed is about 5 miles from the seacoast. The drainage area above Calverton is in general flat and contains about 25 undrained depressions, chiefly of but a few acres area. Deep Pond, at an eleva- tion of 23 feet, lies in the largest depression and receives the drainage from an area of 0.35 square mile. Below Calverton the drainage on the north is comparatively flat and is besprinkled with undrained hollows. Farther south the topography of the drainage basin is intricate and precipi- tous, the river valley being at an average elevation of 20 feet, and the southern divide, 2.5 miles distant, at elevations of 200 to 300 feet. Small undrained depressions are very numerous on this slope and receive a large proportion of the precipitation. The drainage basin is shown on the Moriches and Riverhead sheets of the United States Geological Survey’s topographic map, from which the following areas have been deduced: Drainage areas of Peconic River, Long Island. Place to Loeation. | place. Total. Sq. miles. ee miles. Above Long Island R. R. bridge, near Calverton... -_----.-- 59 59 eAibovie vivernea diary seve. s ce, 2 ine eter a nae seemene ee eee 25 84 | 382 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Peconic River is tributary to Peconic Bay, which bifurcates the eastern eud of Long Island. The surface stream is formed by the junction of two short branches 9 miles from Riverhead. At this point the stream is 40 feet above tide. Almost the entire fall from its source is taken up at flood dams for cranberry marshes and at water-power dams. Water power on Peconic River. Riverhead: Earth dike of usual Long Island type. Five to 7 feet head, varying with tide. Good pondage. Water privilege divided between the Tower mill and the Peconic gristmill. : Electric-light plant: One and one-half miles above Riverhead. Earth dike. Extensive pondage. Formerly a woolen mill, stated to have 95 horsepower, 6.5 feet head. : Dam No. 3: Forge and gristmill. Unused for many years. Earth dike; 5.5 feet fall. Calverton: E. L. Brown gristmill. Five feet fall. Also unused drag sawmill. Antiquated “tub and flutter’ water wheels. _A brief reconnaissance of this stream was made April 24, 1903. Slack water exists throughout almost the entire course of the stream, affording no opportunity for the erection of a weir. Sufficient fall exists at the Long Island Railroad bridge near Calverton to afford an opportunity for gaging. The discharge at this point was roughly estimated at 45 second-feet April 24, 1903, and as measured by E. P. Roundey May 11,1903, was 48 second-feet; gage height, 1.3 feet. April 24, 1903, the discharge at Manorville highway bridge, estimated from surface floats, was 33 second-feet. April 24, 1903, the discharge estimated from float measurements at the junction of the north and south branches 1.5 miles above Manorville was 22.5 second-feet. The stream flows in a flat valley of the usual Long Island type. The channel is bordered by marshes, forming a flat having an average width of perhaps 1,000 feet. This marshy flat is subdivided transversely by low dikes having gates utilized in flooding the inclosed cranberry marshes. The soil is gravel, with sand at the surface and forming the hills. Much of the area is covered with scrub oak. The drainage basin extends 4 miles westward from the visible heads of the two main branches, including an area of 25 square miles in which there are no visible streams. A well-marked dry stream valley reaches, however, from the junction of the branches to the westerly watershed line. The drainage south of Peconic River basin comprises numerous small water courses in marshy valleys, the surface streams heading at but little distance above the limit of tide water. The two eastern prongs of Long Island are comprised chiefly of absorbent sandy soils, affording very little surface run-off, and consequently having scarcely any surface streams. HYDROLOGIC CONDITIONS IN 1903. 383 Mean daily gage height, in feet, of Peconic River, at Calverton, Long Island, for 1903. Day. | May. | June. | July. Day. May. | June. | July. |, Day. May. | June. | July. Te be eee eet TEatOs pu moO Nake 6 lee 1.22) 1.42 igi! Oe ag eee Weise neriesuwe|. ee ceee Dh. | eee A SO a ON mUIoM WDSc. Deete25yale50 iyl59| bos eee 1 20 eter | oes ee i Ma rel eee ffeil) algal | net eee eee ge fe RIRSONVRIEAD, SHOE Sy Nik. Ye Jes eee 1h20))) 128 oo. es 1 ie ae ee ace ene 120) aU OH pS essa se=2 [peel isl S5yerll fe Te 15 ult 25 oe Sees 208 elo 25 9 | eee Beer ct ell, aden. 20 teeter |G sen... cede. TO I) RESTO || > SSSR Ae a eae TAD) Gg Gee chy Al reas Tenis. || sess | are ee (ROO) | eene3O Me |e nee Pet oe nt 12011 1 ee eee a 5 she See eee 5 1,15 TSS hs © eee eee 1.20 I SOnes Se see ser |} Bcc seocassesss 1.20 ted lays il te See meat Cae ee heats Toei | Wet@ I @. peace esas | GO| ew ee ODL GSNeimuneeR hg, alee artes IL Soke Geen ee es 1404) Gal, 1011208... 22-2: | Sod eae eS ie) ie Sei TIGA lupo ie es (0 = oe ea leaps a 40) | PRION DT <5 ee ROOM erica Ieee Sicko tre cce eel Saas oe a Ne aoeee ili eet sae | oe cee) 0 | | | : HYDROLOGIC CONDITIONS ON LONG ISLAND DURING 14993. At the time the stream gaging was undertaken by the United States Geological Survey in April, 1903, the ground-water level was very high, as a result of heavy precipitation during the first sixteen days of April. Beginning on April 17 a period of fifty-one days ensued with no precipitation of consequence. During this period the ground-water level in wells. on Long Island fell steadily. The average lowering of ground water in a number of wells was as follows: Depletion of ground Minimum depth to ground water. Re Coes to June, 1903. } Feet 0 to 5 feet... - oP eee eae ites oe mae 2.17 WOM) WC 3 eae ee ee 1.62 WO Ao) WBC, a See ee ee eee eee 1. 42 TEED). (50) PAU) ANGEL sco Se ee eS eee 1.35 20stop2onlicetene san oS coe sete eee 92 Over BID WO2bs .soeces2s252s 52525555264] 22) 10). 3 Data concerning the ground-water stages during this drought, in conjunction with the contemporary gagings, afford an opportunity to study the regimen of the streams in relation to ground water. The rainfall was so slight that little or no accretion to the ground-water supply occurred from this source. The condition of the soil above the ground-water table appears to have been that of continually decreasing saturation. June 7 to 15, 1903, abnormally heavy rainfall occurred and was followed by considerable amounts of precipitation at frequent but irregular intervals to the end of the season, a condition tending to produce strata of differing saturation in the soil above the ground-water table, a disturbing factor in any attempted solution of the relations of rainfall, ground water, and run-off. 384 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. In order to facilitate comparison of the earlier gagings with the later data, the mean annual precipitation on Long Island and its departure from the normal has been presented in the following table, as given in the records compiled by the New York Water Supply Commission in 1903: Precipitation on Long Island, 1903, at United States’ Weather Bureau stations. Date. | Cutchogue. | Setauket. Soa ED | | - Inches. Inches. | Inches. March precipitation. | es | 1. 26 1.05 | 1.20 - AprilGl 1G sinclisiyess ==) === === === 4.26 3. 61 | 4.19 | Ape 5. re Tr. Tralee ee | May 32222222422 2 ee ere ey ea TEES ciRe ees eee May 4 Z ‘Ante -08 | ol | Mey 5.222225 ude ces. 2a ee Th. . 07 | 01. May 62.0 32. ok Ae 4 09 1 Eh at nese eee ae pete 22 ee oes 52 oe lat eee . 02 | .06 | May Sic: si: 2.00 Aes f4e 105 le ee ei asia | May 20 eso sak Soa ee hae te eo | oh ce May 21.00... ee | 25 |. i ee May 22.2... cue re 15 | dg earasalp Moy 28 22! 2 ee Seema ks | 03 May 24.0. Jos 78 Soe 2, ae ere, 8 .O1 ‘Nes bree Mary 28... 205 242 Ree eee ere tess .19 |. ras May 30:....2..01) oe (48: | ee SS May: 30. 32sec .aho Se ee eis ee alee cee pine Total, April 17 to June 6, inclusive - 94 | . 50 1. 26 dune 725, 1nclusivess)-95-) eee D5 7 6. 49 4.47 June )29:5... 2.2.2 aS ee eee =O 1.35 . 20 July. so ee ee ee 1.89 2. 26 1. 66 August®2652t42: 21) 2 See Ue 1h 6. 28 7.37 September. © 20 hss5. Se eee 1.25 | 2.61 1. 24 October). .0432 50a). SU oe eee 4.53 | 3. 66 3.42 HYDROLOGIC CONDITIONS IN 1903. 385 Mean annual precipitation on Long Island.@ De- Agere- De- Agere-_ | Des | Agere- = Precipi- Gare Balle Precipi- pane GEM > Precipi- rare | gate Year. tation.| from | “e Year. tation.| from | 9% | Year. tation. from | 4 nor- ae nor- sees | nor- tae mal. : mal a mal. ir seas Boba Ess | pak 2 Inches.| Inches. | Inches. Inches.| Inches. Inches. Inches.| Inches. | Inches. (WS26R sce cecee- 3 54.31 |4+11.75 |+11.75 || 1852.....-.-.-- 36.91 |— 5.65 |—75.09 || 1878....-.....- 46.91 ae 3.35 | —69.19 ISU IP Senos Aste 50.79) |4- 8-28) |--19.48) | 18538... -.--_.-- AB OBy If 5 532) GO Vii | Sao eee ae | 40.07 |\— 2.49 | —71.68 IPAS ae emer 43.95 |4+ 1.39 |+21.37 || 1854.........-- 47.23 |4+ 4.67 |—65. 10 | ISSO a a aeseen | 39.19 l= snot |) o.04 IEPA eres eieae 45.07 |+ 2.51 |+23.88 || 1855.......---- 43.03 |+ .47 |—64.63 ASSIs < tee le | 35. 53 == 7.03 | —82.08 [S30 Re seen eeis 45.41 |4+ 2.85 |+26.78 || 1856......--.-- Seon = CSI) EGS Gey Ill TER. ace ee 39.40 |— 3.16 | —85. 24 LCE ae esate 39.16 |— 3.40 |+ 23.33 |} 1857.....-.---- 41.39 |— 1.17 |—70.10 S88 oe edsehe 5% 36.95 |— 5.61 —90. 85 ACEP ate eee See 40.37 |— 2.19 |+-21.14 |) 1858... ......-- SELEY N= Bei) Sze Be) ji) Wee ee | 46.81 \-+ 4.25 | —86.60 USB es ae oe 38.45 |— 4.11 |--17.03 || 1859... .-..---- 58.29 |+15.73 |—57.56 | S85 sess set 39.09 = 3.47 | —90.07 Bye Sgemene sae Bee 8). 3y) SEI: Zl |I| TER | 30.43 |4+12.13 |—69.69 || 1886........__. | 48.64 + 6.08 | —83.99 SSO Rees sem 2 80887 ||—122 19 tebe S6La.. 2... - 39. 27 ke 3.29 |—72.98 | 1887 47.07 |+ 4.51 | —79.48 ISSGneee ssc os ieee = G68) |= Gs! Il IGS a sosee eae 43.35 |+ 50. 48 bee 7.92 | —71.56 ASS apes aes 35.29 |= 7.27% }—11..08) |) U863----..--..- 41.18 |— 1. 55.66 |+13.10 | —58.46 ich aeaaeconenes 34.19 |— 8.37 \—19. 45 MSGS AA. ase 3 38.10 ;— 4.4 52.19 '+ 9.63 | —48.83 S39 ae ye erat 38.90 |— 3.66 |—23.11 }| 1865.---.-._--- 43.49 |+ . 45.61 )+ 3.05 | —45.78 SAO MEER AL teins 3734 | 5522) | 28s33nlIk6Ge- =o. 5. - 45.79 |+ 3. 40,32 |— 2.24 | —48. 02 bot NR eae ers ALE (YT A PY BE Oy Il TEI so seenee 45.80 |+ 3. 46.81 + 4.25 | —43.77 1 te a aaa 39.47 |— 3.09 |—29.04 || 1868........--- 45.01 |4+ 2. 44, 30 if 1.74 | —42.03 SABE see canes 36.69 |— 5.87 |—34.91 || 1869.......-.-- 45.67 |+ 3. 38.33 |— 4.23 | —46.26 key: ae ep ae 39.02 |— 3.54 \— 38.45 iC Qs. e8eseeeer 35.02 |— 7.! “39.79 — 2.77 | —49.03 US Pe pes ms = 33. 68) |= "8°88 |—47es3e eile ws . 43.72 |+ 1. 50.95 |+ 7.39 | —41.64 USE Ger cet ae 38.50 |— 4.06 |—51.39 || 1872........... 42.31 |-— . 57.89 |+15.33 | —26.31 aise (eee seen 46.77 |+ 4.21 |—47. SS WLS TS rese a 2 = = 39.27 |— 3.5 43.10 jit 54 | —25.77 SHSSS i SEE eee 33.14 |— 9.42 |—56.60 || 1874........... 41.47 |— 1. 45.19 i+ 2.63 | —23.14 USSOR AU Bee eee 30.40 |—12.16 |\—68.76 || 1875.....-.-.-- 44.43 |+ 1. 50.62 |}+ 8.06 | —15.08 ISON Ss eee see) Fous9e|— 2eR3i—G5e93 Hii SiOsce css oe 45.67 |+ 3. 50. 49 le 7.93 | — 7.15 IED eeeecedces 39)05)/— aril ae iiicasaauegees 41-12 |= 1.4 54 |f (BOR eatin allesaoe Soe a From records of U. S. Signal Service, U.S. Weather Bureau, U. S. Army posts, New York State, etc., as compiled by New York Water Supply Commission. == ‘0 AD h ate o GENERAL INDEX. [An index of wells by names of owners is given on pp. 391-394.] Page. Agawam pumping station, underflow at, diagrams nlhdstratin o's eee seeeeeeemer ay. ee seen 99-100 Amityville Waterworks Co., system of, data concern- Inet «0 eae see sees 82-83, 150-151, 287 water system of, map showing...-.-.- Pl. xix, in pocket. Ammeter. See Meter, recording. ; Analyses of well waters.....--.-.------------- 68-69, 169-170, 183, 185, 190-193, 199, 202-203, 206-207, 211, 213- 214, 226, 228, 231-233, 244, 247-248, 267, 271, 282- 284, 288-291, 293, 298, 301, 303, 305, 333, 335, 337 Assistance, acknowledgments to those rendering. ... 116-117 Babylon Sumpwams Water Co., water system of, data Concenmingaese- eee eee 82-83, 154-155, 303-304 water system of, map showing ..---.- Pl. xix, in pocket. (Eup Nolr, Ciba Hoy (OS 6 os ooo ase escoos eccmecasesossor Ghee hoo [Pak Males Scie aon acino od aseecaeeeqasoseeS Barometic changes, effect of, on ground water. ...---.- effect of,on ground water, diagram showing Basement rocks, occurrence and character of.......-.- SUNT Ce OLE Se eee ate racic eee Bayshore, water system of, map showing. Pl. xix, in pocket. Bayside, water system of, data concerning --.....-..-- 80-81 water system of, map showing.-....- Pl. xix, in pocket. Bayside pumping station, borings at, location of, map SHOWMAN BE ees eee oe sean ome sane Bed rock, character and occurrence of position of, map showing Sechionsisho win ese. se sea Meee eee ce aon ae Belleview road stations, underflow at, figures show- DING sree er le ERS Ae a ey een Pe 106, 107, 108 Berry, E. W., on Matawan formation.........-...-..- 24,25 Bibliography of Long Island.....--:..--.-.--.--.-.--- 16 Blythbourne Water Co., water system of, data con- Cerming et. ee ec seer scence 80-81, 118-119, 168 water system of, map showing..-..... Pl. xix, in pocket. Bowery Bay Building and Improvement Co., system of, data concerning ............ 82-83, 130-131, 197 water system of, map showing. --...-.. Pl. xix, in pocket. Bowman, Isaiah, Veatch, A. C., and, well records by. 126-337 iBnoOken Grounds) wewi Olec- eae eeeeeemeeeeecee sess e 38 Brooklyn, sewer tunnel in south, plan and sections of.. 168 Brooklyn Borough, water supply of-.........- 71-81 363-364 water supply of, map showing systems of......._. Pl. xix, in pocket. Brooklyn Department of Water Supply, data con- COMMIT ES Se Sih SE aROM mene tee een meee LEN At 74-79 DUMpINe TS tatloUsiOf eee eseeeeee eee ee ee eee seen ee 74-79 map showing systems of......._. storage reservoirs of 74-79 Map) SHOWIMEssseeeeee eee eee eee Pl. xix, in pocket. water levelin watershed of........................ 73 effect of pumping on 73 digeramishowine a seeeee reenact eee 72 wells) Ofsimvlexito:s.as cee secre soe se eee OO Browns Point, section at, diagram showing........._- 49 Burgess well, Oyster Bay, view of...............-.--.. 64 Carlls River, data concerning........-.....----....-. 373-374 Carmans River, data concerning....................- 380-381 Cedar Brook station, underflow at, figure showing.... 103 Center Island, section at, diagram showing........-.. 38 Cherry Hill Point, section near, diagram showing. .... 37 Page. Citizens Water Supply Co., water system of, data con- cerning .. 80-81, 82-83, 128-129, 132-133, 194,195, 214 water system of, map showing....-.- Pl. xix, in pocket. well of, effect of tides on, figure showing.-.....-.-- 71 Clark, W. B., on New Jersey geology -.-.-------.------- 21, 23 Coastal plain, drainage of, development of, diagram SHOWIN ge ts eee era ate Hea eee eae 32 Cold Spring Harbor, well at, view of ..............--. 64 College Point, water system of, data concerning...--. 78-79 water system of, map showing...-..-. Pl. xix, in pocket. Commuttatoriclock, views!Of --2222/2.- 2222. -----2-~--- 92,98 Connecticut, well water from, analyses of....-....-.-- 68-69 Connecticut River of Long Island. See Carmans River. Connetquot Brook, data concerning.-.....-.--...---- 378-379 Cook, G. H., on New Jersey geology....--.-.---.------ 21 Creedmoor, moraine near, view of...........-...--.--- 44 Cretaceous rocks of Long Island, artesian area of, map SNOWING = oem eek coe Oe cer sca Cte reas aeee 68 chardcterton: A555 62.35 See a ee ae ees Sete 18 comparison of New Jersey Cretaceous and........- 21-25 diStriputiomions ews se8 oe cee ek See eee ake 19-20 Maps SOWIE. ...2 es o8l Sle see ee ece see ce ees 18, 20, 68 position of, diagrams showing.-..........-..------- 34-39 relationsiole sess sense. Sete aes a RE ee 21-25 CLAN SMO WAN Pe etcts sree ae ls ee eee = 18 SLRUCEUTE Ole ec aaeenae see eee on seals See eee 18-19 maps showing. .....----.---- 18, 19, 68 Summary Oss. os oee- 26 view of, at Melville 22 Waiter: supply Imes.2 sete. fone ete ee cas ssecee 55-56, 65-67 WELISi TOR meee eee eee ett c tore ah ee eee 65-67 Cretaceous rocks of New Jersey, comparison of Long Island Cretaceous and......-.-.--.------.- 21-23 Map SHOW Neer ce = se cect Meese cee eee ee ee 18 SECHLOMEO Peters een eee ee ee ee Seen. eee eee 22 Gretaceousisamd, «view Ole ase cr on eee seen eee eee ee 22 Crosby, W. O., sizing and filtration tests by.....-..- 338-360 Cuesta; definitionioler. = ea-ne-eee once cee ere ee ane ne 30 diagram Showimes <2. -sseese a-eee oe ee ae eae ae sae 29 Cutting Creek, weir on, view of...--....---.-.--------- 378 Dams, effect of, on ground water.....-...-........- 62, 73-74 Seepagedrome ses! sous scmeee at cecee see tee eee oe 106-110 Darton, N. H., on deflection of rivers in Hightstown NET Gites esas sot & Bat ote Eat A, eco ae RRC < Davis, W. M., on escarpment and cuesta 2 Douglaston, well at, effect of tide on...-......-.-.--..- well at, effect of tide on, diagram showing...._..-- rol VICWHOL sie se ce rien oo eee eae cee eg es RE 66 Doxsee Creek, data concerning. ....-...--.------.--. 376-377 Drainage of North Atlantic coastal plain, develop- TOM b Oe se eect sees see ees nee ee 31-32 diagramishowing}s- cece = ce rces sense sees a eee 32 Drillersvotwellswlistofmeceees: sock eee ee ee eeenee 116-117 Dunton}welloat, diastam! ofa 2.-2-52-2.425--2 2 sere 213 East Meadow Brook, data concerning ..--.-..-..... 368-369 underflow at, figure showing......-..-.--.--.----- 101 East Meadow Pond, seepage from.-.-........-.-.-..-- 107-108 Easthampton Water Co., system of, data concerning.. 84-85, 166-167, 335 water system of, map showing...-... Pl. xix, in pocket. HKlectrolyte, spreading of, figures showing............. 93,94 388 Page England, wolds and vales in, diagram showing. ..---- 28 Eocene erosion, occurrence of............-------.------ 27 Brasmus-Hallovaintall at. . 226s emeceesr sneer pemewe n= 365 Escarpment, definition of2—<-.-2e.-e ences. seee-eeieee 29 varied meanings of, diagram showing......-.----- 29 Farmingdale, water system of, map showing Pl. xix, in pocket. Filtration tests of different sands, results of -......- 354-360 Flatbush Waterworks Co., system of, data concern- IDG. eee Bassi SEAS LR aceedetncaee ee 80-81, 118-119 water system of, map showing.....-- Pl. xix, in pocket. Fleischman Manufacturing Co., wells of, location of, Isp SHOWIN cs cok eee a So 180 Flushing, water system of, data concerning...--.-.--.- 80-81 water system of, map showing. ---..- Pl. xix, in pocket. Folding, occurrence and cause of.......-----.--------- 37-40 Fordham gneiss, occurrence and character of.....-. -- 16 Freeport, underflow measurements near.-...-.-..------ 86 water system of, map showing .-.-..-- Pl. xix, in pocket. waterworks of, data concerning....-..---- 82-83, 142-143 Garden City Water Supply Co., system of, data con- COMMING aoc v-ntece Sees oe 82-83, 142-143, 254 -Gardiner erosion, occurrence and character of.....-...- 40 Gardinersisiand erosion on. 4.0 ose. eee see 40 sections of, diagrams showing... ...---.------------ 37,39 zay Head, folding at, character and cause of.....-.--- 37-40 section at, diagram showing....-.-....2-.----.---- 39 Geologic history of Long Island..-......--.-.----.---- 48-50 Geology, outlines tofs .-%.. eer re ase eee eee 15-52 German-American Improvement Co., waterworks of, Gata) Concemmingessaee ee. eee 80-81, 126-127, 189 Glaciation on Long Island, conditions of. -..-.-.- 33-48, 50-52 Glen Cove, water systems of, map showing.....--.--- Pl. xix, in pocket. Grand avenue and Newbridge Brook station, under- flow at, diagram showing. -........-..--.-.- Great South Bay Water Co., water system of, data Concerning een. 2 see 82-85, 154-155, 160-161, 304 water system of, map showing......-- P). xix, in pocket. Greenport, water system of, data concerning. .......- 84-85, 166-167, 331-332 Pl. xix, in pocket. 105 water system of, map showing..-..-.. Ground-water table. See Water table. Harbor Hill glacier, moraine and outwash plain of, WIOWS) Ole Sees eat aso n 6 ee eeetoree 44 Harbor Hill stage, position of ice during, map showing. 44 Hempstead, watersystem of, data concerning. . 82-83, 142-143 water system of, map showing....--. Pl. xix, in pocket. Hempsteads Brooks flow iol: sass5- senses ese cee eee ames 58-59 flow of, increase of, map showing....----.--.--.----- 59 Hempstead reservoir, discharge of......-...----.----- 62 Hicksville, water system of, map showing. PI. xix, in pocket. Hightstown Vale, deflection of rivers in--.........--... 31-32 deflection of rivers in, figure showing 32 MAD SHO WANE wero eee eee eee 32 location and character of 30-31 SECTIONISHOWIN Ese cease ee etasel ae: See Eee 30 Hollick, A., on Long Island geology......--..---.----- 16, 48 Holliswood, water system of, data concerning.-.--..... 80-81 water system of, map showing...-..- Pl xix, in pocket. _Horton, R. E., on surface streams of Long Island... 361-385 Huntington, outwash plain near, view of........----.- 44 Huntington Water Works Co., water system of, data CONCEMDING 2 sos Ae ed 82-83, 154-155, 299-300 water system of, map showing....... Pl. xix, in pocket. Ice:sheet; folding due to. = 2: <5. -2s-2n26-22--Geeneec sue 39-40 Islip, gaging station at, view of.......-...--..-..----- 367 © PRSINES MEANS... cacee cee woes coe eee eee ese 376-377 GENERAL INDEX. Page. Islip, water system of, map showing....- Pl. xix, in pocket. Jamaica Water Supply Co., water system of, data con- CeIn. |. 5 2. See eee 80-81, 132-133, 210-211 water system of, map showing........ Pl. xix, in pocket. Jameco gravel, artesian area of, map showing.......--. 66 deposition and occurrence of.......-....- ---- 34:35, 55 position of, diagrams showing...-.....-- ...- 34-89, 56 Walensupply ans. 2. <2 oe se coe eee ee 55-56, 64-65 WOlISsLOes icin tao cial 2pni- ci ad ein = secs eeeioe ae .-.- 64-65 Jones well, Cold Spring Harbor, view of.........-..--- 64 Kingisisamd pit, view In. - . -ecatecesecnce saeco ae) Knapp, G. W., on Long Island Miocene..............- 25 Lafayette submergence, occurrence of...-.....-------- 28 Lakes, effect of, on ground water 106-110 occurrence and causes of..-.-- 61-63 Landslip phenomena, view of...........--.-..--------- 38 Lindenhurst, fire department wells of, data concern- IND Se hiiccisicie ered wert ace See MAR O ane See 154-155 fire department wells of, map showing. Pl. xix, in pocket. ; Lloyd sand, depth to, maps showing--......-...-...--- 18, 68 position and importance of........- Eras 19, 23, 26, 65-67 diagram showing: .-22)ssosee25seeee eee aaa ik 56 waiteniof, analysesiof: jae jassn wee eon see jee ee 68-60) water supply inis.. 4.42 — asi: sea sees eee eee OD On, WelIS'TO'd.'-'s.. b...' ce) tile: SA Gee eee eerie 65-66 Long Beach, well at, relation of tide and, figure show- ING. 225.22 esGke Meese oes eee eee Foes 70 Long Beach Association, waterworks of, data concern- 10S See eee eRe er oS a ein 82-83, 140-141, 248 Long Island City, water system of, data regarding... 78-79 My pIShO WINS. a... =e eee cae eee eee Pl. xix, in pocket. Long Island City pumping station No, 3, borings at, diagram showing.......-.......-- Se ee Mackay, C. H., waterworks: of, data concerning. ...... 82-83 water system of, map showing ....... Pl. xix,in pocket. McAlpine, W. T., stream measurements by-....-.....-- 365 McGee,W.J., on deflection of rivers in Hightstown Vale. 31-32 Manhasset, well at, figure showing..-...............-. 64 Manhasset bowlder bed, view of--...--....--.--.-.-.-- 40 Manhasset gravel. See Tisbury gravel. Manhanset House, water system of, data concerning. 84-85, 164-165, 331 water system of, map showing....-..- Pl. xix, in pocket. Manhattan Island, sections of, figure showing. .-.---. 17 Mannetto gravel, deposition and distribution of. 33-34 View Ol: «sco Ses aee eee ae eee ee hisks 22 Map showing Cretaceous artesian well area... .- wae 86 showing depth of Lloyd sand.....--......-......-.- 68 showing distribution of Cretaceous........--.. 18, 20, 68 showing distribution of Miocene..................- 27 showing distribution of water-power development. 60 showing deflection of stvreams_..........-.........- showing location of borings for Pennsylvania, New York and Long Island Railroad...-- 182, 184, 186 showing location of underflow stations..........-. 87, 91,92, 99-103, 105-114 showing location of wells.......---.----- 180, 217 ,223, 281 Pl. xix, in pocket. showing north shore artesian-well area 66 showing position of bed rock....-..-.-....-- E 16 showing position of ground-water table Pl. xix, in pocket. _ showing relative position of ice at different stages. - 44 showing structure of Cretaceous beds............-- 18,19 GENERAL Page. Map showing waterworks systems of Long Island. ... Pl. xix, in pocket. Marl series of New Jersey, occurrence and character of - 22 Marthas Vineyard, section of, diagram showing. .---.- 39 Massapequa, underflow medsurements near. ----.-- 86, 95-96 Massapequa Creek, data concerning. .-..-...-..------ 371-373 Matawan formation, occurrence and character of --.-. 22 Mather, W. W., figure cited from...........-..-------- 39 | Melwille, IN: ¥.,; Section meanessseee= sehen ate 20 views of Cretaceous and Manetto deposits near- - - 22 Merrick pumping station, underflow at, figure showing. 102 Merrick Water Co., water system of, data concern- 82-83, 146-147, 273 water system of, map showing. -.-.-- Pl. xix, in pocket. Merrill, . J. H., on geology of Long Island 16 Meter, direct-reading, description and use of. .--..-..-.- 90-97 USE OLE Te SIL OWN Cee eee eee ete ste ayer fore Meter, self-recording, charts of, view of Clock for, views of..........-2.2. Res RMR eile WIEN OL-C Ree etic cic cack cok, ee eee Ore ce ae oe Meters, types of for underflow measurements. .-.....-- 90 Miocene rocks, distribution of..............-.....----- 27-28 distribution of, map showing-...-..-- 21 Miocene submergence, occurrence of 27-28 Montauk Water Co.,watersystem of, data concerning. 80-81, 132-133, 213-214 WelLOf Meune Of. 3... = cts. 2. seo ee ee ee = hee 28-30 pure Cited trom] o0s. ste asee eee ean sea 39 OCCHIETEN COOL. se eee a ee eee eer .--- 28-32 | Woolman, Lewis, on wells and geology of Long Island Veatch, A. C., on geology of Long Island............-- 15-52 | and New Jersey:s.20 pesca cee ce teense 23-24 res eee INDEX OF WELL DATA. (By names of owners.) [For wells by locality, see map (Pl. XXIV,in pocket), from which numbers used in tables and notes, pp. 123-368, can be obtained.] Page. /Nomfhane hy, dmb i6 VS eee see ccens 136, 226 diagram showing.....---.--- 36 Ackerly, sanmann). 25-521 eee 154-155 ANG rool py 1 (en biG KS ey eiseie aed oir 154-155 Albertson, J. A.......-.-.- 142-1438, 256 Allard & McGuire. ..... 148-149, 278-279 Amoaransette cn) 2c osc2 sacle 166-167 American Cordage and Manufac- UNIS C Olas cle Stone eee 122-123 American Hard Rubber Co~. 130-1381, 198 Amityville Water Co~ 82-83, 150, 151, 287 Anderson, H.B 138-139, 242 Anderson, W. B 134-135, 224 Arbuckle Brothers.......-- 120-121, 175 Army, U.S 118-119, 134— 135, 146-147, 166-169, 220, 275, 336 ‘Arnold, Wm. H 134-135, 222 Astoria Silk Works 128-129, 196 Astoria Steel Co 126-127, 187 Babylon Sumpwams Water Co.. 82-83, 154-155, 303-304 Balend GwAss esr ak -eraeeease 162-163 Baker, W. C 134-135, 224 Baldwin} Gilbert. =--..2----2- 134-135 Baldwin, W. H., jr.------- 146-147, 267 diagram showing Barrett Manufacturing Co. 118-119, 169 Bartlett, Judge —.......-. 162-163, 321 Bayside. See New York City de- partment of water supply (Queens Borough). Be@Ker i iaghy sir tea yee eee 164-165, 330 iBeditord Ae Ono ho eee 146-147 TB CUIRBE tm Viev nies conse acer 152-153, 294 Benjamin, Dr. —_...-.. Benner, Charles...........- 166-167, 334-335 158-159, 315 1512) 42210 heer ee ee ope 146-147 Bernheim, Frank 144-145 Bevin. Ace. 2-35 21, 154-155, 302-303 Bickerman, Charles...- 126-127, 187,198 Biddle, J 160-161, 320 Bleeker 2.2 oe nec coe ae ae eee 152-153 Blyndenburgh, Charles .... 156-157, 308 Blythbourne Water Co-.......... 80-81, 118-119, 168 Borden Condensed Milk Co. 118-119, 173 Bosch, Hiredie=ssa-e. es 72, 152-153, 290 Bottjer, H 128-129, 194 IB OMe By) Gems ers tenes eee 158-159 Bowen, James....-..-- 152-153, 293-294 Bowery Bay Building and Im- provement Co.....-. 82-83, 130-131, 197 58 | 138-139, 242 | TEREAGli7 e/a eee 142-143, 255 | Bragnaw estate...........-. 124-125, 183 Brentwood .2<...---ca2 156-158, 307 } Page. Breslau fire department ------- 154-155 iBinid eh emp t OMe. geese se ae 166-176 Bmiehibsony Ga Byes ss-pee- 22 152-153, 292 mo okhaiwenes a= sere seas 162-163 Brooklyn Borough Gas Co....- 118-119 Brooklyn department of water supply. See New York City - department of water supply (Brooklyn Borough). Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co. 118-119, 168 Brooklyn sewer department. --.. 118- 119, 168 Brooklyn Union Gas Co.....--.. 118- 123, 172, 177, 178 Brooklyn waterworks. See New York City department of water supply (Brooklyn Borough). Brower, Samuel.-...----.- 134-135, 224 Browen,, WiaiTLene..-o-- 4-42 - 134-135 ISO nae Sts Cee ac aaeese Ieee ees 156-157 BOW Jin iWiee cee cc cee cee 160-161, 320 Brown, Nicholas. ....-...-..--- 164-165 Burger Brewing Co..........-- 120-121 Bumeess) — 5524 sd eee ates 150-151, 284 Bunker Gin. cece cea 144-145, 263 inhale, (CAS aera epee Ree ae 156-157, 304 BUSH Bh ate seen ance 146-147, 265 Butterfield, Justin.-..-..-.-.-- 156-157 1B; Vat Nee a neeeee ere seee 160-161, 318 Caffery, James 130-131, 198, 199 Calvary Cemetery......... 122-123, 181 Callwemboms: cS osk ic eelowenteceees- 162-163 CamllniGeorgess =. = ac = 154-155, 299 GammenwREBR yeas be se eee 154-155, 300 Carr, William Carroll, B. L Casino Lake Ice Co Clneyormenol, We Wise aoe seoe ace Childs, Elversley 160-161, 315 Childs EKG Gan! 225 2 a5: ea 134-135, 221 Christ Church, Manhasset Hill. 138-139 Chrome Steel Works 120-121 Citizens Water Supply Co .....-_. ile 80-81, 128-129, 132-133, 138-139, 194, 195, 214, 238 diagrams showing........... 36, 58 140-141, 248-249, 267 Clamks Walliams sess --2e =! 160-161, 318 Clarke, Captain —....._... 156-157, 304 Clarke, William........ 158-159, 314, 324 Clots, Mrs. M. H 152-153, 296 Cockran, Bourke 140-141, 245 162-163, 322 130-131, 199 132-133, 215 130-131, 200 Cold Spring Creamery ---- 152-158, 290 Cold Spring Hatchery........- 152-153 ColewD extern en AS aoe 154-155, 301 Cole, W. W 134-135, 220 Page. College Point. See New York City department of water snpply (Queens Borough). Collier sRichand=sse= sense: Colonial Springs Columbia farm 152-153, 291 Commack 156-157 Commission on additional water supply. See New York City. Congress Brewing Co Conklin, Fred (Coyalidlinne IRAN eee onc sean 152-153, 297 Consolidated Gas Co......- 126-127, 187 Consolidated Ice Co..... 64, 152-153, 295 Consumers Hygeia Ice Co.. 124-125, 184 Cottnet, R. L 142-143, 255-256 Cox, Irving 21, 66, 150-151, 286 152-153, 290 154-155, 298 Seder 120-121 152-153, 295 Cox sRobente-eeecee ses 140-141, 242, 260 (Coe ep Meter eh ae 19, 158-159, 314 Coyson And (Sa Bensseseos 122-123, 182 CremiGhioiiil, 1D) a oesen ee ease 146-147, 268 Crescent Chemical Co.......... 118-119 *Orystal Springs Ice @o........._- 64, 144-145, 264, 285 Damblines Civ ses sree 158-159, 313 iD sairaliiny oo) ee eee eee 160-161, 319 Danlimetiony dese sees eee 162-163, 324 ADVAN sia pleli ry ess Ste Sere aS 160-161 IDES UNG eRe ees oe aa aie 160-161, 320 Denise Walliams — 22S - cena kocke 162-163 IDEN AHO, Wes 13 oe ca ceeses se 162-163, 325 De Forrest, Henry ........- 152-153, 293 De Forest, R... 152-153, 293, 295, 317, 319 De Groat, Mrs. —— Debevoise, W. M Decker Bros 162-163, 322 120-121, 174 74, 152-153, 290 Dedmick, |O-nBoe nee ce see sees 7k 160-161 Denbon, Alexs 52222-52422. 152-153, 295 IDI WaNE HO, sw Sess sone 128-129, 196 Diver WUE ee sae se 134-135, 223-224 Dodge estate_.---...-.- 140-141, 244-245 Mollard velenty. .25.--2 soe IDOWAIS PUROe Se eee ae eee 164-166, 328 DD IRVO eee a ein se ee ae 160-161 Dryfuss & Nibbe 150-151, 288 Dubois, H. J 152-153, 295, 320 Ducey, Father ——. 158-159, 312 150-151, 284 Dim hony hs) Wess ao eee 132-133 1D bins (2¥:) eS [eg ees 67, 142-143, 256-257 diagram skowing.---.-..-...- 58 apleWDocks ss eee seea= 152-153, 293, 318 East Marion life-saving station.. 166- 167, 333 Waist uMiamOnes aes. 166-167 East River Gas Co.---..---.--- 124-125 Eastern Brewing Co 120-121, 178 392 Page. Easthampton Home Water Co.. 84-85, 166-167, 335 Edison, Charles. ....:.. 142-143, 254, 274 BMT Ga Jice eee aoe ee 154-155, 299 Emerson, Dr. ——.....---.- 160-161, 318 Emken Chemical Co...-..-..-- 124-125 Emmett, Dieses secee-ee- 19, 158-159, 313 Empire Oil Refinery.-....--.--- 122-123 Epping, Josephine: -228---c-e--- 120-121 Erland, George, sr....----- 158-159, 314 120-121, 173 166-167, 334 Excelsior Brewing Co..---- Fahy Watch Case Co....-- Bamminp dallesenaese sseeesee Fassbender & Stande....-..-.-- Ferguson, E. M. & W.. Flatbush Waterworks Co-......- 80-81, 118-119 | 150-151, 288 | 148-149 146-147, 337,368 | Fleishman Manufacturing Co. 122-123, | 180-181 | Fleming, Mrs. ——.....---- Mletcher(G.Mie seen Flower. Mrs. Julia...----.- 136-137, 227 Flower estate......-.-..-- 122-123, 181 Flushing. See New York City department of water supply (Queens Borough). Bramk Brewe ter oon e eee 128-129 lone, abil ee es eeeecdsae 160-161, 318 Freeport waterworks. ... 82-83, 142-143 Freestone, ——..--.--.-.--.----- 138-139 Friends Academy. ...-- diagram showing.....-..-.--- Froellich, Frank 124-125, 185 Fuch, August. .... OSG Wiehe ae eee Gallienne WEY cee =--eeeee 154-155, 299 Gamadmen, AnSieee, eee neice ae 154-155 Gardner City Water Supply Co.. 82-83, 142-143, 254 166-167, 333 GatesnC. Om parma 66, 146-147, 265-266 Geissenhainer, F. W..........- 144-145 General Chemical Co.........-- 122-123 German-American Improvement (Giese Geshe ane - 80-81, 126-127, 189 Gullbent, Eee B Beer eer eee 134-135, 221 Gildersleeve, H. O.....--.-- 154-155, 301 (Chill, 12y 1k. ay SOM see desetee 118-119 Gillette, Dr. ——........... Gillis, Jas., & Sons.....---- 156-157, 305 122-123, 182 Gilsey estate. 2.97. sec ane a 164-165 Godirey, Mrs iene --- eee 150-151 Goldsmith, Donald............ 164-165 GoodiGround eer seee asses 164-165 Gould, Howard......-..-.- 140-141, 245 Graces Wiehe acct see cise = 138-139, 242 Grate sab Ona eee ene 138-139 Great Neck school.....-... 138-139, 242 Great South Bay Water Co..... 82-85, 154-155, 160-161, 304-306 Greenport waterworks......--.- 84- 85, 166-167. 331-332 (Ciatitiin, Ch Wis ose dee ack 134-135, 221-229 Groty, Mrs.——........--.. 162-163, 321 Gutherie,W. D.. 66, 146-147, 266, 267, 268 Hageman) (Gb ees.-422- 52 Hallock, A. B.-...-- 20, 164-165, 326-327 Hallock iste esse tore eee cee 158-159 Hallock) CeAte oem ese 154-155, 300 126-127, 187 | 66, 150-151, 285 | 58 | 160-161, 317 | 162-163, 321 | INDEX OF WELL DATA. Page. Fla @cks, Hie Ges ee eae 158-159 Hallock, William....._-_.- 162-163, 323 Hallock & Small... 20, 164-165, 326 Elam tone 150-151, 284 Haim ton) be a See 138-139, 241 isieyranllifoin, \We dic seec-e=20- 138-139, 240 | Harek, Rudolph.....-- 124-125; 186-187 | Harms estate.......------- 150-151, 289 | Harnier, Dr. ——....-- Beene G 107, 1871 | Evans ami) ee ee ee 148-149, 277 Harris, George._...-....-2----: 162-163 | Ila@nris; 4.3) ce eee 158-159, 310 | Blait. AcsW 22: Ook eee 134-135, 223 Hawman Brothers.____.... 162-163, 321 Heckscher, August......-- Hecla irony Wolk Ss === eee ee Hedges: Ji... Wites = soe eee Heinz 3H: J COM eres 152-153, 296 122-123 148-149, 276 166-167, 334 | | Hempstead poorhouse. 140-141, 247-248 | diagram showing ... Hempstead Water Co.... 82-83, 142-143 Elerod; Won sees 156-157, 304 Hewlett, Walter PLLXOn jor ee Seer 138-139, 327 Hodges) Axel nee ee 160-161, 318 Hoenighausen, Peter.... 74, 152-153, 290 leloyolianms\s de Il. = sec eisen 160-161, 321 Howard & Fuller Brewing Co.. 120-121 Howell Porters. a= seeeeeee Hoyt, Colgate....._. 66, 150-151, 285-286 diagram showing -.........-. 38 uber, Eleni yeeneeee eee eee 138-139 Humbert & Andrews. ....- 118-119, 172 Hummel, Martin. ....-- SoS SOee 124-125 Huntington Gas Co..-....-.- ‘2. 154-155 Huntington Light and PowerCo. 154— 155, 300 Huntington Water Works Co... 82-83, : 154-155, 299-300 Hutchinson, A. S..... 3 Hiutchinson, Hy Kee eee Rdlewildhio tel aesesseeee eee 130-131 Imhauser, W., estate...... 158-159, 311 India Rubber Comb Co-..-.. 130-131, 198 isenbure laren sereneeeee- 128-129, 195 Islipj.2 = a) Seeeeteeeeetees sss ase 156-157 Jackson, Jacob.-.:---.-..-- 148-149, 278 Jackson, Oscaneeeereeee=-. JACODS: INE ieee eee Jagnow Brothers.......-..-. 138-139, 238 Jamaica Water Supply Co. -..._.. 80-81, 132-133, 210-211 diagram showing ....-....-.. 36 Jennings, Walter.......... 152-153, 294 John Good Cordage and Machine Consists Seon cate ea sa eee 124-125 Johnson, ——_-7---------- 120-121, 174 WIONeS, El chwite eee eee eee 152-153, 291 JONES), J). (Ee erase eee 152-153, 292 Jones, Mrs. ——..-.....-.--- 162-163, 324 JONES), O). Sacer emcee eee ce = 65, 66, 148, 155, 282, 286, 297, 302 diagram showing 38 152-158, 291 152-153, 291 120-121-175 162-163, 323 | 148-149, 281-304 -| 148-149, 281 | Hutchinson, A.J & A.S.... 148-149, 282 | 150-151, 289 | 140-141, 244 36 | 152-153 | Page. Kasteard, Ug e-sh en oce see 140-141, 244 Keene Hoxhalliessn eas seeee 142-143, 256 Keene: viamesmecacseeee seen >. 134-135 Ixeil Charlesseees =a eee 150-151, 289 Keller, J., & Sons.....- 150-151, 288-289 Kelsey. Wisi ste paces to 142-143, 255 Kennedy, John........- 74, 148-149, 279 - Gio Oral, Vivo Whieaseossceces 158-159, 309 Kersona,; —— 96). 54> 144-145, 262 Kelefer, Ate sas ee eee Se 1S Oto ag Kimmerly, Stephen........._.. 140-141 Lert peal fg NEI Clone nee age sue bes 144-145 King Maryn ee ene 138-139, 242 Barks; Meee eee seme 160-161, 316 Klabfleisch, F.H.,;Co.+........ 120-121 Kialaiben, Johns 2-4 soo. .- 158-159, 310 Kilothe; Hlemnmian- > 555.22 222 0a 138-139 Knierum, Edward............- 150-151 Knowles PAC ACs ene o 144-145, 261-282 Kolox Han Conese = eee 118-119, 172 Keroln =. Sen cn eae 162-163 Kruger, ——— oo Soca a ORG Kurz, Jules..._..- Seen elt e 9) 278 Lalance & Grosjean Manufactur- ine Co. aes sere 128-129, 192-193 ‘Damier Je Bn bes see 142-143, 256 atting; Bans ener as 146-147, 268 Lauraman, Otto........:.. 162-163, 323 Lawrence, John............ 134-135, 222 Lawrence Beach Bathing Asso- ClablOMe aera ae ee ees ee: 134-135, 222 IWEWAKOM, IPS Nocsecosceonnsneane IEL® Lee, ——.......-..-+- --- 150-151, 283 Meeman, ©; We. 22-2222... 158-159, 309 L’Hommedieu’s,J.H.,Sons 138-1389, 241 diagram showing ........._.- 64 Liebmann, S., Sons Brewing Co. 120- 121,173 Lindenhurst fire wells.........- 154-155 Long Beach Association........- 24, 70, 82-83, 140-141, 246-248 Long Island Railroad. ......-. 118-119, 124-125, 130-131, 134-143, 148- 149, 154-155, 160-167, 169, 183, 198-199, 220, 231, 241, 244, 303, 315, 322, 324, 328, 332-333, 336 Long Island Sand Co.-... oseos 152-153 Long Island State Hospital. 158-159, 336 Tord) De D Se aeeceeceresee 134-135, 223 Ludlum, ——.............. 148-149 , 279 Ludlum, Alfred...........-. 148-149, 281 Tipton whe Meee aee eee see seen 164-165 Lustgarten, Henry........ 138-139, 241 McCrary, R.S.-.......--.. 154-155, 300 | MeDonald, Mrs. S. F...... 164-165, 329 MeGee, Walter..........--- 162-163, 321 MeGiff, J. F__-=-.-.-.-: -.... 156-157, 304 Wiel have (Oma hoe 82-83, 144-145 MacKenzie, G. C......-- 66, 150-151, 285 diagram showing ..........-- 38 McKilvery, ——.......--..- 126-127, 187 MoLaughiin; Jedeesee see ee 164-165, 328 McWilliams Coal Co......- 134-135, 220 Malcolm Brewing Co.....-.---- 120-121 Maltine Co......-..-.-- 118-119, 169-170 Man, Edward........-.---- 134-135, 223 Manhanset House ... 84-85, 164-165, 331 Manhattan Beach Hotel....... 118-119 Page. Manhattan State Hospital. .-.- 156-157 Marsh, Mrs. A. W....- --- Marsh, Theodore..-.-----=---- 160-161 Nani Med Yee wenas acceeisse 134-135, 221 Mason, C. H 140-141, 244 Massapequa Hotel ......-.----- 150-151 Masury, J. W., & Son.....- 120-121, 175 Nip oermOal, Wig MUS eee eae 158-159, 309 Matherson, W. T. & Co. 124-125, 185-186 MrerrtGUGkKs 55 cose. 28 see eee 164-165 Melville, Frank, jr....-----.2-- 160-161 Merger & Thrall......-.... 120-121, 174 Merrick Water Co.... 82-83, 146-147, 273 Metzner) Mi vA. 2220 cccenje- eee 158-159 Mnllers Marys. 3 tccceceoasee= 162-163 Maltiken| BTOSS=. =---=-cee-ceeee 118-119 Mineola Court-house...--..--.-- 142-143 Minniken, John.........--- 144-145, 264 Mohannes Casino..-...-..-.- 150-151, 283 Mo-Mo-Ne Spring-.-..---..------ 298-299 Monecke, Dr. ——.....--.-- 158-159, 312 Niomigitt, Jl YN sk oescseccaas 152-153, 290 Montauk Brewing Co ...-..- 128-129, 193 Montauk Water Co........----.- 80-81, 132-133, 213-214 Morgan, Charles...........---- 138-139 Morgan, E. D.....-- 67, 142-143, 257-259 diagram showing......-.----- 58 Mionne lla = 4/5/35 ocho sisies 154-155 IMIOTEISh Jisd Ke" 25.82 tenes. 166-167, 334 MomniSOm sD inGe wes cece --s4-e oe 124-125 Morrissey, John.....-.---- 158-159, 312 Mortimer, Stanley.....--.-. 144-145, 259 IMIOSSHID IB estes, ! oot 154-155, 301, 327 Mountain Mist Springs..-. 152-153, 291 NNW, 1B leh t eae ee See es 154-155, 303 Nassau County poor farm . 148-149, 279 Nassau County Water Co ....... 82-83, 144-145, 148-151, 262, 276, 279-280 Nassau Electric Light and Power (COssaaneeen er osenoseeaeene 144-145, 260 Nassau Oyster Co......-.- 160-161, 316 Niawhyy Weliascsasbesene 120-121, 176-177 Neptune Consumers Ice Co. .----- 122- » 123, 178-179 INWMINRS INR Goce erasseace 154-155, 301 New Calvary Cemetery. .--- 128-129, 195 New York and Queens County JRienl boy :Ne |S Ree eee 128-129, 195 New York Architectural Terra (COMMONS eens coe 124-125, 186 New York Asbestos Co.... 124-125, 186 New York-Brooklyn Rapid Tran- SUAGOle ao tee ee eae 118-119, 169 New York City commission on additional water supply .... 126-151, 156-161, 187, 193-198, 209, 211-220, 235-241, 243, 249-255, 261-262, 273- 277, 279, 287-289, 297-298, 306-308, 310, 312-313, 316-317, 319, 339-360 New York City department of wa- tersupply (Brooklyn Borough): Agawam...-.. 78-79, 146-147, 269-270 Baisleys.....-.-.- 76-77, 130-131, 203 diagram showing........- 34 Clear Stream..... 76-77, 136-137, 288 INDEX OF WELL DATA. Page. New York City, department of water supply (Brooklyn Bor- ough): Forest Stream........- 76-77, 136-137, 233-234 diagram showing ..-.....- 34 Freeport ....-...--- 146-147, 270-271 Gravesend ..-.... 76-77, 118-119, 169 Jame Cozens as 76-77, 130-131, 204-206 diagram showing ..-....-- 34 Massapequa. ..-.- 78-79. 150-151, 287 Matowa.....-...- 78-79, 146-147, 273 Merrick .....- 78-79, 146-147, 271-273 INewsAWOUS se sees 76-77, 126-127, 189 diagram showing....--.- cae New Utrecht......... 76-77, 118-119 Wconees eee He eeeses 76-77, 130-131 Shetucket .......-.... 76-77, 130-131 Spring Creek . 76-77, 126-127, 190-191 Springfield ... 76-77, 130-131, 201-202 Mest wells\4os.5.-s.-252c2 126-127 130-133,136-137, 140-141, 189-190, 200, 202-210, 212-213, 228-235, 249 diagrams showing. - 34, 36, 58 Watts Pond... 76-77, 136-137, 231-232 Wantagh......... 78-79, 146-147, 274 New York City department of watersupply (Queens Borough), Bayside ......-- 80-81, 134-135, 218-219 College Point. See Fresh Meadow. Flushing. See Bayside. Fresh Meadow....--.-----.--- 78-79, 132-133-215-216 Long Island City No. 1-....- 78-79, Long Island City No. 2.....-. 78-79, Long Island City No. 3.-....- 78-79, 124-125, 184-185 Whitestone No. 1...--..-...- 80-81, Whitestone No. 2...........- 80-81, 134-135, 220 New York Quarantine Station... 118- 119, 168 New York Quinine and Chemical COnagure dene Sseueeeseee 122-123, 179 New York Sanitary Utilization COM re Fe 66, 126-127, 188 New bOnSeB Ela aes ee eis eee 158-159 Newton, Nelson........... 158-159, 312 Newton, Rs Wiese.) sees. 158-159, 311 Newwitter & Migel.......-.... 126-127 INFOAOL, Deo WW ooecessesus 162-163, 324, 353 Nichols Chemical Co.....-..-.- 122-123 Noback, Frederick......... 156-157, 309 INontPElouse@ise se ness. ce. oe 158-159, 314 North Country Slub....... 144-145, 263 North Shore Industrial Co. 322, 362-363 Northport Waterworks Co...... 82-83, 154-155, 300-301 INO OM eas cosetesse 160-161, 349 NOAA, dA sessoncueesnse 148-149, 281 INOS tances hicanicse se anes ee 144-145 Obermeyer & Liebmann....... 120-121 OUKiete WE Gievaace emcee -cse rere 124-125 17116—No. 44—06——26 393 _ Page. Oldiiield| Point. ee. ss. sees. 160-161, 328 LO}IL GSH aiid D) SAP eae 138-139, 240 Orient Manufacturing Co.. 166-167, 335 Overton, Irying........ 158-159, 312, 319 OOOO, Ned ce osnoceosceac 160-161, 319 Oysterman’s Dock Co.....--.-- 148-149 Parker wists sete eee eae ee 166-167, 335 Ramis) WreiGre vac see ae 142-143, 255 EAISONS. 9 Bie Cine oye eee ees 156-157 BaymenCs Wissacneecn se 164-167, 328, 334 IRA TIO NUD eo Se citeeraceeeeee 156-157, 308 IPednick iC rBererenensecess 156-157, 308 Pennsylvania, New York and Long Island Railroad.... 122-123, 182 Peter Cooper Glue Co..-.-.- 122-123, 178 Pialzgrat, H.C. estate: --------- 80-81 118-119, 169 Pfeizer Chemical Co....- 120-121, 173-174 Pierce, Winslow..-....---- 150-151, 286 Place sElowandee-assmeee =e 140-141 ipo, (Cys ie os-soscescoe 158-159, 311 Port Jefferson Co......- 19, 160-161, 320 Port Jefferson Fire Co..... 160-161, 320 Port Jefferson Water Co....--.-- 84-85, 160-161, 319-320 Port Washington Catholic @hurchiss: 22 -ce eae 140-141, 244, 262 IROStMWirsdlt ecm cere 144-145, 261, 282 IPOSteMrs:—=- oo hfe = -aseaee ess 164-165 IR OWell gles aheaee aa eee ae eee 144-145 Pratt estate .. 64,82-83, 144-145, 264-265 Price, Williams. a. s22csee5 146-147, 267 RKOVOStsy Dis Casa. qeeesasseateees 134-135 Quantuck Water Co.. 84-85, 164-166, 327 Queens Borough. See New York City department of water sup- ply (Queens Borough). Queens County Water Co ......- 24,66, 77, 82-83, 130-131, 136-137, 200, 224-228 diagram showing ......--.--- 36 Quine) | eee ese ease eee 148-149, 279 Ralston, William........-- 158-159, 311 Rassapeaque Club.......-- “156-157, 309 Raynor, Benjamin. .-..---- 162-163, 323 Raynor, Ellsworth. ------- 162-163, 325 TRF aoVrs, UEKCON)- 25 5-scccne- 162-163, 325 Vaya OI Meee eee ant 162-163, 324 Raynor, Preston----------- 162-163, 324 162-163, 323 158-159, 310 Raynor, Wallace----.------ AVebOUL Ele Wirciecine tere Recknaclen Caekber seers eee ee 138-139 DROS CLs f eae ted ae eee ee Se 140-141 RGidj—— se nc ese eto tas eee 164-165, 328 Re ymMOld Shane eee eis 160-161, 317 IR COR SEs see eee ee eee tes 138-139 Richter, Mrs. Max..-.-..-.-. Rivercrest sanitarium. --.. 160-161, 318 128-129, 196 diagram showing ....-..--.-- 58 Riverhead waterworks ........- 84-85, 164-165, 327-328 IRMA CE Mp ne epesseeass 158-159, 310 FVODINS ONO Wie ee eee eee 154-155, 300 Robinson, Mrs.—............-.. 162-163 VODIMSONEDTOSeaeesoeEeeeeeee 122-123 Rockville Center. ---. 82-83, 140-141, 250 ROB CES; Wiel Gm erie eae 162-163, 325, 355 394 Page. Ronkonkoma...........-:----- 158-159 Roosevelt, E.......-.--- 66, 150-151, 285 Roosevelt, Theodore....-.-- 152-153, 294 Rowland, Woodhull..--. 19, 158-159, 314 Rowley, Edward.........-.--- 156-157 Rushmore, Henry......--.- 148-149, 279 Ryan, Mrs. Mary....-.-....---- 124-125 Ryder AsO soce ects nse 164-165, 330 Sag Harbor Waterworks Co...-- 84-85, 166-167, 334 Sagaponaikesa.ccn se == oes ase ~ 166-167 St. John’s Protectory-..-..- 148-149, 276 St.Joseph’s in the Pines... 156-157, 307 StaealliSchoolsee assesses 142-143 DAMIIMIS eee ae eee 148-149 , 280 diagram showing....-.-..---- 38 Sandford, Howell........-- 164-165, 325 Sanford, J. A., & Soms ..........- 20, 166-167, 333-334 158-159, 313, 340 160-161, 315 Scharman, H. B., & Sons....-.- 120-121 Sehreiiber; Asean ee 142-143, 251 sehrevbersiGa cee. sae 136-137, 231 Schwarting, D............- 160-161, 317 Scott, Mrs. M. B....... 134-135, 222, 237 Sea Cliff Hotel: =-.....2--.- 160-161, 315 Sea Cliff Water Co... 82-83, 144-145, 262 Seaman, L. A., estate.........-. 138-139 Seenran! (S oo seem nc eee ae 144-145, 263 NeCLEZ-UNE IS ONSE eee eee eee = 122-123, 178 Selzer, Robert-s-----5-4---- 140-141, 243 Sembler, Adolf........-.--- 160-161, 318 Shanice eee eee 160-161, 321 Ha Wess ky. eee 66, 150-151, 285, 309 Shaw, sydneyeer sesso ees 164-165, 326 Shelter Island Heights Associa- 84-85, 164-165, 330-331 Sherman, C.S 66, 150-151, 285 diagram showing......-....-- 38 Shipman, William, estate.-.--- 158-159 Sinoihi7” Uoleles Ob. Seseos-saeeae 120-121 SIGDTECHG AMM ater eee 124-125, 186 Simpsonyhw.| COMP e see aee eee 136-137 Small uOrenzOr ane eee eee 140-141 Sinha ener 124-125, 183 Smith, Brewster.......--.---- 156-157 Siti, Ch IDs scesacassnsens 156-157, 309 Smith D AW eee .- 148-149, 281 Shania, We Wije 3 ocedasesees 156-157, 309 Smith sibtaiesses: at aee 154-155, 301, 327 Sighs Maite ace sce seeeeee 166-167 Sathya Wie sce csdecesoas 140-141, 267 Senin, Ye Os soscaboassosssas 156-157 Smith wR. He 2. hacaqsasee ees 158-159, 310 Smithy aVactor dH recs-e- ee o-e 156-157 Syatin; WY esoceescas 150-151 Smith, W. Frank........-.- 162-163, 323 Society of St. Johnsland ... 158-159, 309 Soper, A. C., & Co...... 154-155, 299, 325 INDEX OF WELL DATA.~ Page. Southampton Water Co......-.. 84-85, 164-165, 329 Southard, ©: Ee -- es eeeeeee 142-143; 251 Standard Oil Co.... 122-123, 180, 181,191 Stearns: JiNe sso. 164-165, 330 Steele, Alfred .. 3/22 s0-c2-2< 162-163, 323 Steinart, Joseph............ 148-149, 276 Steinhert, Augustus.... 124-125, 183,276 Steinway & Son......-.-- 82-83, 128-129 S151 EO OWS ee peor orScooence soace 162-163 Stimpson, H. L.....-... 150-151, 289-290 diagram showing..........-.. 57 ESvOneD ans) eee 130-131 Stowe; W223 .c-c5-eeeeee 144-145, 259-260 Streeter & Dennison........... 122-123 | Strong) —= 2 Se eee 155-157, 306 Sumpwams Water Co........--- 82-83, 154-155, 303-304 | 66, 67, 138-139, 238-239 diagrams showing --..---.--. 58, 61 Vanosh, Frank.........-.- 140-141, 244 Views Mince eee ne 144-145, 260 Wakeman, E. L.......-.-.- 132-133, 214 Wallace, Howard.....-.--- 158-159, 314 Walsh, B..Kissasteeeeose ase 134-135 Swan, Edward.........-..- 150-151, 284 | Sweeney Manufacturing Co..-- 120-121 Talmon; | SPTaheeeese esas ase. - 152-153 Tanpemldn Jeera 144-145, 264 Tartar Chemical Co... 118-119, 170-171 Terry, A. Pe eeree eee ane 160-161, 317 Tesla, Nikola......---.- 162-163, 321-322 Thane, —=.)> 9: 3a aces 164-165, 328 Thatcher, Johme--2-25--,--- 160-161, 315 Thomas, Me Saeaeeerree ss 142-143, 251 Thompson, Edward....-.--. 154-155, 304 Rhompsons Wirekeeereeesees 148-149, 277 Tiffany, Le Cha ssseeeeee 152-153, 292, 294 Mitus; JObnee se eeeeseeee ae 150-151, 289 Totten we. |Geesseeeese Pe eam ae 156-157 Douscher Weeeeseeeeeeeeee 134-135, 224 ‘Townsend shee Meee) 150-151 Townsend heirs......... 72, 148-149, 281 diagram showing ........--.. 38 Transit Development Co......... 118- 119, 171-172 “DP Tavis, Veber ees 138-139, 242 Trotter, William...:..-.-.- 150-151, 284 Ulmer) eee eee 164-165, 330, 360 Underhill, Townsend............- PA 148-149, 280. 283 Valentine yin ieee c= 144-145, 264 Valentine, Theodore...-.....- 140-141, 144-145, 243, 260-261 Van Iderstine, P., Sons.... 154-155, 302 Van Sise & Co......-.-- 148-149, 280-281 Van Wyke heirs. ..-...----- 152-153, 291 Vanderbilt, Charles......-- 140-141, 243 Vanderbilt Wisi Ree ee 158-159 | Vianderbiltsviam heen) tee sere e= 21, | | Page. Walthers; Max.2.-<5----s 2.22 164-165 Ward, Barclay .. 21,24, 152-153, 295-296 Ward’s shipyards ............-. 126-127 Wardens iiSas ses eee ree rs 162-163, 351 Wardenclyffe Brick and TileCo.. 162- 163, 322 Warner, Charles.....-..-.- 162-163, 325 ‘Warner Wisihioc ce emaaeee 158-159, 312 Water Mill. 222-s.2 se aes 164-165, 329 Watt, hi Cressss-- ce see aes 144-155, 282 Wiebbyut Has 2e eee ene 140-141, 244 Weberwises-c2cs aces eee 158-159, 311 Wieber Johny saee eee s=ees 164-165, 330 Weeks, Charles...._.-....- 148-149, 280 Welsh) Co rleres sneer Sheena 162-163, 325 Well siidiy Mies oe ee eee 164-165, 331 - Wendelloissan ase eececeee 164-165, 327 West Brooklyn Water Co.. 118-119,178 — West Sayville 158-159 Westbury Colored Childrens’ 148-149, 276 Westcott Express Co 124-125, 183 Westinghouse Electric Co. .-122-123, 182 Wetmore, C. W.....-- .. 65, 150-151, 286 Witeeler, S! Wiz =-=--- --- 162-163, 322 Whitaker, E. G....... -- 164-165, 329 White, Mrs. Coles........-..... 148-149 White, Thomas F., Co.. 66, 126-127, 188 Wihites Wan sce eeese aaaeee 152-153, 292 White Lead Co............ 126-127,188 . Whitestone. See New York City department of water supply (Queens Borough). Wihitney Wiis ess. eee 144-145, 259 Wier: Ee Cx sere aceaeee 146-147, 268 Willets}(Bei@2essseassae- oe 138-139, 239 Willetts, F. B.........-.-.-- 144-145, 263 Willetts, Walter......-.... 144-145, 261 Willey, C. A.,& Co .......- 124-125, 183 Willaims Sain Siieaeneeeaes 65, 152-1538, 294 Willis, Bsc seseea ce eer eas 148-149, 278 Wilson, G. B ---- 184-135, 222 Winthrop, H. R..-.--..---.-.- 148-149 Winthrop, Robert............. 148-149 Witherspoon & Co......-.-..-- 124-125 Wonder, Mrs.—.....-.-- 124-125, 185 Wood, Mrs. Welton.....-.- 152-153, 291 Wiood Wiltoneesceess-5.-5 152-153, 295 Woodhaven Water Supply Co... 80-81, 126-127, 192 Wioodruth,A.gr aese ence tee ae 162-163 Woodside Water Co ...-......-- 80-81, 128-129, 194, 195, 197 Wiorbinanyspeeeee eee 142-144, 251 Witight iw. -Devh Sens ase e see 140-141 Yetter & Moore..........- 164-165, 328 Young, Wesley ...-...----- 162-163, 323 Young & Metzner..-....-.----- 124-125 YounerB ap Copeserseeeeeeeaeee 124-125 Zabriskie, Augustus. ..--.. 164-165, 326 Zabriskie, George---------- 140-141, 245 CLASSIFICATION OF THE PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. [Professional Paper No. 44.] The serial publications of the United States Geological Survey consist of (1) Annual Reports, (2) Monographs, (8) Professional Papers, (4) Bulletins, (5) Mineral Resources, (6) Water-Supply and Irrigation Papers, (7) Topographic Atlas of the United States—folios and separate sheets thereof, (8) Geologic Atlas of the United States—folios thereof. The classes numbered 2, 7, and 8 are sold at cost of publication; the others are distributed free. A circular giving complete lists may be had on application. Most of the above publications may be obtained or consulted in the following ways: 1. A limited number are delivered to the Director of the Survey, from whom they may be obtained, free of charge (except classes 2, 7, and 8), on application. 2. A certain number are delivered to Senators and Representatives in Congress, for distribution. 3. Other copies are deposited with the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C., from whom they may be had at practically cost. 4. Copies of all Government publications are furnished to the principal public libraries in the large cities throughout the United States, where they may be consulted by those interested. The Professional Papers, Bulletins, and Water-Supply Papers treat of a variety of subjects, and the total number issued is large. They have therefore been classified into the following series: A, Economic geology; B, Descriptive geology; C, Systematic geology and paleontology; D, Petrography and mineralogy; E, Chemistry and physics; F, Geography; G, Miscellaneous; H, Forestry; I, Irriga- tion; J, Water storage; K, Pumping water; L, Quality of water; M, General hydrographic investi- gations; N, Water power; O, Underground waters; P, Hydrographic progress reports. This paper is the seventy-first in Series B and the thirty-ninth in Series O, the complete lists of which follow. (PP= Professional Paper; B=Bulletin; WS=Water-Supply Paper. ) SERIES B, DESCRIPTIVE GEOLOGY. B 23. Observations on the junction between the Eastern sandstone and the Keweenaw series on Keweenaw Point, Lake Superior, by R. D. Irving and T. C. Chamberlin. 1885. 124 pp.,17 pls. (Out of stock.) B 33. Notes on geology of northern California, by J.S. Diller. 1886. 23 pp. (Out of stock.) B 39. The upper beaches and deltas of Glacial Lake Agassiz, by Warren Upham. 1887. 84 pp.,1pl. (Out of stock.) B 40. Changes in river courses in Washington Territory due to glaciation, by Bailey Willis, 1887. 10 pp.,4pls. (Out of stock. ) , B 45. The present condition of knowledge of the geology of Texas, by R. T. Hill. 1887. 94 pp. (Out of stock.) B 53. The geology of Nantucket, by N.S. Shaler. 1889. 55 pp.,10pls. (Out of stock.) B 57. A geological reconnaissance in southwestern Kansas, by Robert Hay. 1890. 49 pp., 2 pls. B58. The glacial boundary in western Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois, by G. F. Wright, with intro- duction by T. VC. Chamberlin. 1890. 112 pp., 8 pls. (Out of stock.) B 67. The relations of the traps of the Newark system in the New Jersey region, by N. H. Darton. 1890. 82 pp. (Out of stock.) : B 104. Glaciation of the Yellowstone Valley north of the Park, by W. H. Weed. 1893. 41 pp., 4 pls. B 108. A geological reconnaissance in central Washington, by I. C. Russell. 1893. 108 pp.,12 pls. (Out of stock.) B119. A geological reconnaissance in northwest Wyoming, by G. H. Eldridge. 1894. 72 pp., 4 pls. B 137. The geology of the Fort Riley Military Reservation and vicinity, Kansas, by Robert Hay. 1896. 35 pp., 8 pls. B 144. The moraines of the Missouri Coteau and their attendant deposits, by J. E. Todd. 1896. 71 pp., 21 pls. B 158. The moraines of southeastern South Dakota and their attendant deposits, by J. E. Todd. 1899. 171 pp., 27 pls. B 159. The geology of eastern Berkshire County, Massachusetts, by B. K. Emerson. 1899. 139 pp., 9 pls. B 165. Contributions to the geology of Maine, by H. S. Williams and H. EB. Gregory. 1900. 212 pp., 14 pls. WS 70. Geology and water resources of the Patrick and Goshen Hole quadrangles in eastern Wyoming and western Nebraska, by G.I. Adams. 1902. 50 pp., 11 pls. B 199. Geology and water resources of the Snake River Plains of Idaho, by I. C. Russell. 1902. 192 pp., 25 pls. PP 1. Preliminary report on the Ketchikan mining district, Alaska, with an introductory sketch of the geology of south- eastern Alaska, by A. H. Brooks. 1902. 120pp.,2pls. : PP 2. Reconnaissance of the northwestern portion of Seward Peninsula, Alaska, by A. J. Collier. 1902. 70 pp., 11 pls. PP 3. Geology and petrography ofrater Lake National Park, by J. S. Diller and H. B. Pattou. 1902. 167 pp., 19 pls. I I PP 10. PP Hae PP 12. PP 13. B 208. B 209. WS 78. PP 15. PP 17. B 217. B 219. PP 20. BeMAle WS 90. PP 25. P26: PP 27. PP 31. B 235. B 236. B 237. B 238. PP 32. SERIES LIST. Reconnaissance from Fort Hamlin to Kotzebue Sound, Alaska, by way of Dall, Kanuti, Allen, and Kowak rivers, by W. C. Mendenhall. 1902. 68 pp., 10 pls. Clays of the United States east of the Mississippi River, by Heinrich Ries. 1903. 298 pp., 9 pls. Geclogy of the Globe copper district, Arizona, by F. L. Ransome. 1903. 168 pp., 27 pls. Drainage modifications in southeastern Ohio and adjacent parts of West Virginia and Kentucky, by W. G. Tight. 1903. 111 pp., 17 pls. Descriptive geology of Nevada south of the fortieth parallel and adjacent portions of California, by J. B. Bout 1903. 229 pp., 8 pls. Geology of Ascutney Mountain, Vermont, by R. A. Daly. 1903. 122 pp., 7 pls. Preliminary report on artesian basins in southwestern Idaho and southeastern Oregon, by I. C. Russell. 1903.. 51 pp., 2 pls. . Mineral resources of the Mount Wrangell district, Alaska, by W. C. Mendenhall and F.C. Schrader. 1903. 71 pp., 10 pls. ‘ Preliminary report on the geology and water resources of Nebraska west of the one hundred and third meridian, by N. H. Darton. 1903. 69 pp., 43 pls. Notes on the geology of southwestern Idaho and southeastern Oregon, by I. C. Russell. 1903. 83 pp., 18 pls. The ore deposits of Tonopah, Nevada (preliminary report), by J. E. Spurr. 1908. 31 pp.,1pl. A reconnaissance in northern Alaska in 1901, by F.C. Schrader. 1904. 189 pp., 16 pls. The geology and ore deposits of the Bisbee quadrangle, Arizona, by F. L. Ransome. 1904. 168 pp., 29 pls. Geology and water resources of part of the lower James River Valley, South Dakota, by J. E. Todd and C. M. Hall. ‘1904. 47 pp., 23 pls. The copper deposits of the Encampment district, Wyoming, by A. C. Spencer. 1904. 107 pp., 2 pls. Economic resources of the northern Black Hills, by J. D. Irving, with contributions by S. F. Emmons and AY Jaggar, jr. 1904. 222 pp., 20 pls. Es Geological reconnaissance across the Bitterroot Range and Clearwater Mountains in Montana anal Tasho, by Waldemar Lindgren. 1904. 122 pp., 15 pls. . Preliminary report on the geology of the Arbuckle and Wichita mountains in Indian Territory and Oklahoma, by J. A. Taff, with an appendix on reported ore deposits in the Wichita Mountains, by H. F. Bain. 1904. 97 pp., 8 pls. A geological reconnaissance across the Cascade Range near the forty-ninth parallel, by G. O. Smith and F. C. Calkins, 1904. 103 pp., 4 pls. The Porcupine placer district, Alaska, by C. W. Wright. 1904. 35 pp., 10 pls. , Igneous rocks of the Highwood Mountains, Montana, by L. V. Pirsson. 1904. 208 pp., 7 pls. ' Economie geology of the Iola quadrangle, Kansas, by G. I. Adams, Erasmus Haworth, and W. R. Crane. 1904, 83 pp., 1 pl. Geology and underground water resources of the central Great Plains, by N. H. Darton. 1905. 433 pp., 72 pls. WS 110. Contributions to hydrology of eastern United States, 1904; M. G. Fuller, geologist i in charge. 1905. 211 pp.,5pls. B 242. PP 34. PP 35. B 243. B 246. B 247. B 249. B 250. B 261. Geology of the Hudson Valley between.the Hoosic and the Kinderhook, by T. Nelson Dale. 1904. 63 pp., 3 pls. The Delayan lobe of the Lake Michigan Glacier of the Wisconsin stage of glaciation and associated phenomena, by W.C. Alden. 1904. 106 pp., 15 pls. Geology of the Perry Basin in southeastern Maine, by G. O. Smith and David White. 1905. 107 pp., 6 pls. Cement materials and industry of the United States, by E. C. Eckel. 1905. 395 pp., 15 pls. Zinc and lead deposits of northeastern Illinois, by H. F. Bain. 1904. 56 pp., 5 pls. The Fairhaven gold placers of Seward Peninsula, Alaska, by F. H. Moffit. 1905. 85 pp., 14 pls. Limestones of southwestern Pennsylvania, by F.G. Clapp. 1905. 52 pp., 7 pls. The petroleum fields of the Pacific coast of Alaska, with an account of the Bering River coal deposit, by 6. C. Martin. . 1905. 65 pp., 7 pls. The gold placers of the Fortymile, Birch Creek, and Fairbanks regions, Alaska, by L. M. Prindle. 1905. 89 pp., 16 pls. WS. 118. Geology and water resources of a portion of east-central Washington, by F. C. Calkins. 1905. 96 pp., 4 pls. B 262. PP 36. PP 38. PP 42. Preliminary report on the geology and water resources of central Oregon, by I. C. Russell. 1905. 138 pp., 24 pls. The lead, zine, and fluorspar deposits of western Kentucky, by E. O. Ulrich and W.S. Tangier Smith. 1905. 218 pp., 15 pls. Economie geology of the Bingham mining district of Utah, by J. M. Boutwell, with a chapter on areal geology, by Arthur Keith, and an introduction on general geology, by S. F. Emmons. 1905. 413 pp., 49 pls. . The geology of the central Copper River region, Alaska, by W. C. Mendenhall. 1905. : 54. Report of progress in the geological resurvey of the Cripple Creek district, Colorado, by Waldemar Lindgren and ~~ F.L. Ransome. 1904. 36 pp. . The fluorspar deposits of southern Illinois, by H. Foster Bain. 1905. 75 pp., 6 pls. : . Mineral resources ot the Elders Ridge quadrangle, Pennsylvania, by R. W. Stone. 1905. 85 pp., 12 pls. . Geology and paleontology of the Judith River beds, by T. W. Stanton and J. B. Hatcher, with a chapter on the fossil plants, by F. H. Knowlton. 1905. 174 pp., 19 pls. Geology of the Tonopah mining district, Nevada, by J. E. Spur. 1905. 295 pp., 24 pls. WS 123. Geology and underground water conditions of the Jornada del Muerto, New Mexico, by C. R. Keyes. 1905. 42 pp., 9 pls. WS 136. Underground waters of Salt River Valley, Arizona, by W. T. Lee. 1905. 196 pp., 24 pls. PP 43. B 265. B 267. PP 44, The copper deposits of the Clifton-Morenci district, Arizona, by Waldemar Lindgren. 1905. 372 pp., 26 pls. Geology of the Boulder district, Colorado, by N. M. Fenneman. 1905. 101 pp., 5 pls. ’ The copper deposits of Missouri, by H. Foster Bain and E. O. Ulrich. 1905. 52 pp.,1pl. Underground water resources of Long Island, New York, by A. C. Veatch, C.S. Slichter, Isaiah Bowman, W. O- Crosby, and R. E. Horton. 1906. 394 pp., 34 pls. WS 61. WS 67. B_ 199. WS 77. WS 78. WS 90. WS 101. WS 102. WS 104. WS 106. WS 110. AP iy PP 32. WS 111. WS 112. WS 114. WS 118. B 252. WS 120. WS 122. WS 123. WS 136. B 264. PP 44. SERIES LIST. Iii SERIES 0, UNDERGROUND WATERS. . A reconnaissance in southeastern Washington, by I. C. Russell. 1897. 96 pp., 7 pls. (Out of stock.) . Underground waters of southwestern Kansas, by Erasmus Haworth. 1897. 65 pp., 12 pls. (Out of stock.) . Seepage waters of northern Utah, by Samuel Fortier. 1897. 50pp.,3 pls. (Out of stock.) . Underground waters of southeastern Nebraska, by N. H. Darton. 1898. 56 pp., 21 pls. (Out of stock.) . Wells of northern Indiana, by Frank Leverett. 1899. 82 pp., 2 pls. . Wells of southern Indiana (continuation of No. 21), by Frank Leverett.’ 1899. 64 pp. 30. Water resources of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, by A. C. Lane. 1899. 97 pp., 7 pls. (Out of stock.) . Lower Michigan mineral waters, by A. C. Lane. 1899. 97 pp., 4 pls. . Geology and water resources of a portion of southeastern South Dakota, by J.E. Todd. 1900. 34 pp., 19 pls. 3. Geology and water resources of Nez Perces County, Idaho, Pt. I, by I. C. Russell. 1901. 86 pp., 10 pls. . Geology and water resources of Nez Perces County, Idaho, Pt. II, by I. C. Russell. 1901. 87-141 pp. . Geology and water resources of a portion of Yakima County, Wash., by G. O. Smith. 1901. 68 pp., 7 pls. . Preliminary list of deep borings in the United States, Pt. I, by N. H. Darton. 1902. 60 pp. (Out of stock.) . Development and application of water in southern California, Pt. 1, by J.B. Lippincott. 1902. 95pp., 11 pls. (Out of stock.) . Development and application of water in southern California, Pt. II, by J. B. Lippincott. 96-140 pp. (Out of stock. ) Preliminary list of deep borings in the United States, Pt. II, by N. H. Darton. 1902. 67 pp. (Out of stock.) The motions of underground waters, by C. S. Slichter. 1902. 106 pp., 8 pls. Geology and water resources of the Snake River Plains of Idaho, by I. C. Russell. 1902. 192 pp., 25 pls. Water resources of Molokai, Hawaiian Islands, by Waldemar Lindgren. 1903. 62 pp., 4 pls. Preliminary report on artesian basins in southwestern Idaho and southeastern Oregon, by I. C. Russell. 1903. 51 pp., 2 pls. : Geology and water resourcesof part of the lower James River Valley, South Dakota, by J. E. Todd and C. M. Hall. 1904. 45 pp., 23 pls. Underground waters of southern Louisiana, by G. D. Harris; with discussions of their uses for water supplies and for rice irrigation, by M. L. Fuller. 1904. 98 pp., 11 pls. Contributions to the hydrology of eastern United States, 1903, by M. L. Fuller. 1904. 522 pp. The underground waters of Gila Valley, Arizona, by Willis T. Lee. 1904. 71 pp., 5 pls. Water resources of the Philadelphia district, by Florence Bascom. 1904. 75 pp., 4 pls. Contributions to the hydrology of eastern United States, 1904; M. L. Fuller, geologistin charge. 1904. 211 pp.,5pls. Preliminary report on the geology and water resources of Nebraska west of the one hundred and third meridian, by N. H. Darton. 1908. 69 pp., 43 pls. Preliminary report on the geology and underground water resources of the central Great Plains, by N. H. Darton. 1905. 433 pp., 72 pls. Preliminary report on underground waters of Washington, by Henry Landes. 1905. 85 pp., 1 pl. Underfiow tests in the drainage basin of Los Angeles River, by Homer Hamlin. 1905. 55 pp., 7 pls. Underground waters of eastern United States, by M. L. Fuller and others. 1905. 285 pp., 18 pls. Geology and water resources of east-central Washington, by F. C. Calkins. 1905. 96 pp., 4 pls. Preliminary report on the geology and water resources of central Oregon, by 1. C. Russell. 1905. 138 pp., 24 pls. Bibliographic review and index of papers relating to underground waters published by the United States Geo- logical Survey, 1879-1904, by M. L. Fuller. 1905. 128 pp. Relation of the law to underground waters, by D. W. Johnson. 1905. 55 pp. Geology and underground water conditions of the Jornada del Muerto, New Mexico, by C. R. Keyes. 1905. 42pp., 9 pls. Underground waters of Salt River Valley, Arizona, by W. T. Lee. 1905. 196 pp., 23 pls. Record of deep-well drilling for 1904, by M. L. Fuller, E. F. Lines, and A. C. Veatch. 1905. 106 pp. Underground water resources of Long Island, New York, by A. C. Veatch, C. S. Slichter, Isaiah Bowman, W. O. Crosby, and R. E. Horton. 1906. 394 pp., 34 pls. The following papers also relate to this subject: Underground waters of Arkansas Valley in eastern Colorado, by G. K. Gilbert, in Seventeenth Annual, Pt. II; Preliminary report on artesian waters of a portion of the Dakotas, by N.H. Darton, in Seventeenth Annual, Pt. II; Water resources of Illinois, by Frank Leverett, in Seventeenth Annual, Pt. II; Water resources of Indiana and Ohio, by Frank Leverett, in Eighteenth Annual, Pt. 1V; New developments in well boring and irrigation in eastern South Dakota, by N. H. Darton, in Eighteenth Annual, Pt. IV; Rock waters of Ohio, by Edward Orton, in Nineteenth Annual, Pt. IV; Artesian well prospects in the Atlantic coastal plain region, by N. H. Darton, Bulletin No. 138. Correspondence should be addressed to Tue Director, ITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY UN NS) G S) 5 WasHineton, D. C. Frsruary, 1906. O 2 we ee ee eee hes zr Salers be ‘ ‘ iia) 5% SS etd Sn ee NII TE aR nS Ae NOR ER nan ROE nee RRR TNS a le cee ye Nemeth ano Spee pcan x ai a wt SE fo) Zz cc ira] < a =! x eZ © @) ) wa Le e) ca a ran d ; ' A, : t : ; o~ ba ee ; ; oe Z S : i fy . ee! a ; 2 F See ae a Sony as § GEOLOGICAL SURVEY on) 73100" 55" bo = 46 a 5° : = ae 1 | — eS ————————— = GME EP a Ey PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO44 PL XII | t ib cl CAPTAIN . rye 5) HANNO: | MAP SHOWING a HANOR 2 THE POSITION OF THI MAIN GROUND- WATER TABLE ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK COMPILED FROM.A MAP OF THI NEW YORK CITY COMMISSION ON ADDITIONAL WATER SUPPLY, LONG ISLAND DIVISION, 1903 Seo 1od LEGEND parks datum! Contours of main grounds | inte S feet (Dotted ine Ground=water divide © | Surface divide 4 | Driven well stations of the Rrooklyn department of water supply i ‘nnd of private eompantes: © | Wells observed whieh depend on the main ground: water tablos ch depon 1 droid water tables e “ okiyn datuny A plowed in $v nlon a. Ee). yuu ISLANDS all OE SO “ted 1% 8 a ee he nee 02 a ORI re ee be i iE al Ma Nn) I ee ea A RS a een re _ _—*U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ~ aes = = 14 05" 74°00" 55° 3 50 4 45° 15° ? = | 76 3 _ 20 10 45° i 10" 12 06" 13 73°00" | = = | 1 10° 5 | H | 06" aa =H + : | G | | | | a a _————— Ee = z r es en ; | | | F | | | | | | | | 55" ee = —- a om nay [ my lea i) Bit Fons > fh a Wee) = i : IP MA | i epg d E T fe] if A Greenlawn | We hh i, te hie EIKwod | i L 2 50 Yel] S Af uh yah ya! 3 i = hs Sa \ ax ta if ‘Y OuNpatien oh RIVES ee '§ CoP mere | wn D eS 3 Solel 3 jj mer{uer de ) 4: By, 3, e Wh ue é & ( . cy % Ne ea i rented 3 eo Mie 2 1 : a io phi \ ‘ ] iw 7 > — Dade 4 iD} Z ‘pea } f {| 5 “di Pate q c= = ie ql al 4 sinc bs R : = o D ; be hv Great tied fc. = ket ; Kee eal So Sew Ifycle P H ~ 7 i LE bon | 7 | Sey m NDE Fado / J x / Y, Me resartoth | rh os \ ie s “ ft x by e \ \s ¢ uy i ‘ type weal |" \ SS | / . é / . if \ ile “UnoENHDPae, \ 2 4 N N Fine WELLS 3 | q 3 { ; " { r hi H | cay = — - ———— Yellow | | 5 Green | | | | This map reduced trom US. Geoloyial Staves atlas sheets | | | | | A | | | | | | | | ) | | / 3 | | | | j 3 st . ! [oa La | - oll - ; ci eee rF i gape 208 iy Sa See ee: y ; 72°00 26 58 se 16 BB li 10 18 36" 19 30) 20 2) ay i ez (Gee ey ee eos 26s y ioe ms OPER COLIN Oe ENTE PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO.44. PL. XXIV 74°00" | os A AN X che : RG Zh a ti } perpen 4 Se ieee y 5 | | j INABA ae its 50\}-—— iy uf, a D | »y 0: : \ Bentwood ik +h vi, ‘ 08. sure\ Z ns} \. er { Pytelogtue yy 4] = 45’ Fe ee \ | hey a 4 SIN jin? / > PN Faerie | pas Fl 3 Be) i Fari)jintgdale = \ ~ ( - pabolove, ae A g - A C I y ¢ am, His4 _ = x y a p | IN Ns f Y Wel rt PaatTatip / } LY) ee = &: = pee i ee eS: Crved \ Ail ] (ot NE : re : Snes |} L iS Pe a. \ : BA cone Oye) laacict “ k Tae Sault I : é } aR Z i ih c | 40° wit 45° 7 40 18 35" = REAT PECONTC BAY = eet | nl renee SLAND §g PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO 44 PL xxiv 55° O\U N D | fe i | | i | | | — i a : Ut i : | | | LONG anaaohaat GEAR ee | sala | | F ink | | | @ Sc | | | | | | | | | | | | if | | es I ee eee | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | i] | | | | | E| | | | | | / | | | | | | = J ee ee Ee eee 5 0 — | i | | | | | | | | | | | | | ) x D MAP OF 1 ) NY =) yy QV r ) rr ISLAND, NEW YORK SHOWING LOCATION OF WELES = [eee EES 4c DATA COMPILED BY | A.CVEATCH, ASSISTED BY ISAIAH BOWMAN | | 1903 | Seale o 1 z a + 5 6 7 ny ty 10 miles: SSS ee ee é Contour interval 20 feet Datum && mean sea level ad Willetts Pont 1904 LEGEND fi | © | Welllocations CRE Fale eee eee = | {| Test wells of the York Commission | “| on Additional Water Supply as | a | Waterworks pumping stations B | Groups of wells [= __| nines of tunnels or other sections ‘ [eee Note ues correspond to those under which Ue wells | aa eae SERIE SCD nates —— a5) in Chapter i \ A |) 20 2i 22 15) Bs to! 24 05" 25 7200 26 65° 27 SUMUS BIEN SCOUT Te 0 019 953 660 6