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\NSAS UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE BULLETIN. —

ed Vol. III, No. 9—April, 1906.
(Whole Series, Vol. XIII, No. 9.)

in)

= | ves

3 Richard E. Scammon.

c 4
e
eee PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY, |
| LawreENce, Kan.
“a
y

Entered at the post-office in Lawrence as second-class matter.

KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN,

Vor Wie No: 9: APRIL, 1906. Re rasa

(Vou. XIII, No 9

THE UNIONIDA be KANSAS/fart I.

AN ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF THE KANSAS UNIONIDA.*

BY RICHARD EB. SCAMMON//
With plates LXII to LXXXVI. ;

INTRODUCTION.

HIS paper is the first of a series in which the author will

attempt to give an account of our present knowledge of

the Unionide, or pearly, fresh-water mussels, of the state of
Kansas.

It was originally intended to embody this material in a
single paper, but in the course of the work it has been found
advisable to divide it rather arbitrarily into three parts. The
first part, as given herein, is an illustrated and descriptive
catalogue of the Unios known to occur within the limits of
the state ; the second will be a discussion of their geographical
distribution ; the third will contain a description of the soft
parts of each species. It is a matter of regret that this last
cannot be included in the present paper, but as yet the mate-
rial at hand is not sufficient to warrant such a report.

The literature dealing with the Kansas Unionidee is not ex-
tensive. Barring a few descriptions of new speciest+ (all of
which have turned out to be synonyms), the only work
done on the Kansas Unios is that of Call, which appeared as
a series of six reports in the Washburn Laboratory of Natural
Science Bulletin, from 1884 to 1887 (4,5). These reports
consist of a list of some forty-nine species, with notes on their

* Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of master of arts,
+See bibliography.

(279)

280 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

distribution and synonymy. While this list will always be
of great value to those working on the Unios of the western
Mississippi region, it is preliminary in its character and
hardly available to the average student. Modern synonymy,
much of which Doctor Call has himself worked out, has re-
duced this list to forty species and three subspecies.

In this catalogue are listed sixty-one species and five sub-
species. There is no doubt that future collecting will add
many more species to this list. The author has tried to
make certain of the identification and locality of every species
listed, and, with three exceptions,* has examined native
specimens of each. In the great majority of cases a large
series was available for the study of each species.

The greater part of the material upon which this paper is
based was obtained from the collection of the University of
Kansas (built up through the efforts of Dr. F. H. Snow) and
from the collection of the author from Douglas, Franklin,
Johnson, Jefferson and Cherokee counties, and the Neosho
river near the state line. Several correspondents over the
state have contributed data and material. The author has
also examined the collections of the Academy of Science, at
Topeka; Ottawa University, at Ottawa; Kansas Agricultural
College, at Manhattan; and Washburn College, at Topeka.
In the last-named institution is deposited most of the material
upon which Doctor Call based his report.

The classification followed in this paper is that of Simp-
son’s ‘‘Synopsis of the Naiades’’ (20), and the description of
the genera and higher groups are extracts from that acknowl-
edged authority. Simpson’s synonymy has been accepted in
all cases save that of Anodonta bealii, which the author feels
convinced is only another form of the highly variable Ano-
donta grandis. While strongly opposed on principle to varie-
ties or subspecies among the Naiades, the author has adopted
a number for the sake of convenience. Only those synonyms
which seem to be of the most importance are given. Lind-
hall’s correction of the orthography of the Naiades (24) has
been adopted throughout.

As a number of measurements have been given in connec-

*Lampsilis higginsti, Quadrula speciosa, Q. aspera,

SCAMMON: THE UNIONID.E OF KANSAS, PART I. 281

tion with the descriptions, it may be well to define them.
The ‘‘longitudinal axis’’ of the shell is considered to be a
line drawn through the ventral margins of the large anterior
and posterior muscle cicatrices. The longest line which can
be passed through the valve parallel to this axis is given as
the length of the shell. The height is considered to be the
length of the line passing through the umbones of the shell
at right angles to the longitudinal axis. By taking this con-
ception of the height, the sex variation of the shells of the
higher Unios is eliminated from this measurement. It has
seemed best to give the position of the umbones in relation to
the length of the shell in more definite terms. To secure
this relation in numerical terms, a line is dropped perpendicu-
larly from the tip of the umbones to the greatest longitudinal
axis, and the distance from the intersection of the two lines
to the anterior margin of the valve is given as a decimal frac-
tion of the entire length of the greatest longitudinal axis.
This relation has been termed the umboidal ratio.

The two following terms have been employed in the de-
scriptions, and are suggested for general use. First, the
word ‘‘interdentum,”’ as signifying the plate bridging the
space between the pseudocardinals and the laterals; sec-
ond, the term ‘‘branchial outline,’’ as indicating the slight
groove to be seen in the cavity of many of the more solid
Unios, and which is caused by the slightly raised outline of
the branchie.

The statements concerning the general distribution of each
species are derived in the main from Simpson’s ‘‘Synopsis,”’
and this information is therefore in almost every case to be
credited to that author. In considering the distribution
within the state, an effort has been made to extend due
credit in all cases where exact localities are named. In deal-
ing with this local distribution, Doctor Call’s work (4) has
been most valuable.

I wish here to express my thanks to those who have aided
me in this work. These are due particularly to Dr. C. E.
McClung, under whose direction this work was done, and
who has by his numerous kindnesses and suggestions ren-
dered it possible. The following gentlemen haye kindly per-

282 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

mitted me to examine the material under their charge, and
in several cases to remove data and material for further study :
Professor Wilson, of Ottawa University ; Professor Shattuck,
of Washburn College; Prof. E. A. Popenoe, of the Kansas
State Agricultural College; and Mr. Eugene Smyth, cura-
tor of the Kansas Academy of Science.

I have received valuable material for study from Doctor
Newlon, of Oswego; Mr. H. T. Martin, of the University ;
Mr. W.R. B. Robertson, Mr. Brenman, and Professor Smith,
of Minneapolis, Kan. Mr.Wm. H. Dall, curator of mollusks,
National Museum, has kindly contributed data which is cred-
ited in the text.

Although the geographical distribution is left for more ex-
tensive treatment in a future paper, the following outline of
the hydrography of Kansas is inserted to make clear the
geographical references in the notes:

The streams of Kansas reach the Mississippi by two chan-
nels—the Missouri river and the Arkansasriver. The streams
of the state group themselves into three general systems. To
the north the Kansas system, consisting of the Kansas river
and its tributaries and emptying into the Missouri on its ap-
proach to the east state line. This system drains the northern
half of the state. The Osage river, together with its tributary,
the Marais des Cygnes, drains a triangular area haying for
its limits the central third of the eastern state line and ex-
tending west as far as the ninety-seventh meridian. The
Osage flows into the Missouri river about half-way across
the state of that name. The southern half of the state is
drained in the west by the Arkansas river, and in the east
by a number of parallel streams flowing southward which I
have called the ‘‘clear-water streams”’ of the southern drain-
age. These streams eventually join the Arkansas. The most
important of these are the Verdigris, the Walnut, the Neosho,
and the Spring.

SCAMMON: THE UNIONID® OF KANSAS, PART I. 283

Family UNIONIDZ.

‘‘Shell nacreous, with a thick epidermis, beaks usually
sculptured, often showing the remains of nuclear shell ; liga-
ment opisthodetic ; hinge with or without teeth, though with
vestiges of them in every genus; when present, schizodont,
and arranged as pseudocardinals and laterals; pallial line
usually simple; prismatic border ordinarily narrow.

“Animal with labial palpi almost always wider than long ;
anal opening usually separated from the superanal ; embryo a
glochidium, the soft parts being inclosed in a bivalve shell, and
borne in the outer or inner or all four leaves of the branchiz.’’
( Simpson.)

HETEROGENZ.

‘Male and female shells different. The latter are inflated
in the post-basal region ; embryos are contained in the ovisacs
separated by a sulcus and occupying the hinder part of the
outer gills.’’ (Simpson.)

GENUS TRUNCILLA RAFINESQUE, 1819.

‘*Shell rounded or oval, solid, inflated, generally smooth
and rayed with a delicate beak sculpture which has a tend-
ency to be doubly looped, that in the female having a de-
cided inflation in the post-basal region, which is thinner than
the rest of the shell, of different texture, often toothed, and
usually radially sculptured ; laterals double in each valve,
the inner in the right valve smaller. Animal generally hay-
ing the inner gill united to the abdominal sac; female with
a heavy flap of mantle which fills the post-basal swelling of
shell and which has an inner ridge inside at some distance
above the edge; marsupium very distinct, occupying the
swollen part of the shell.’’ (Simpson.)

Truncilla triquetra RAFINESQUE. Plate LXIII, fig. 1.
Truncilla triquetra Rafinesque, Ann. Gen. Sci. Phys. Brussels, x11,
1820, p. 300, pl. LXxxI, figs. 1-4.
Unio triangularis Barnes, Amer. Jour. Sci., Iv, 18238, p. 272, pl. x1,
fig. 17.
Unio formosus Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Iv, 1834, p. 111, pl. xiv,
fig. 41.

284 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Shell small, fairly solid, roundly elongate, triangular in
outline, inflated, females particularly so. Anterior maring
projecting and decidedly rounded; ventral margin gently
and regularly bowed, posterior margin oblique, straight or
slightly rounded ; dorsal margin short, straight or slightly
curved. Umbones full, high, decurved. Anterior and lat-
eral slopes fully rounded, umboidal ridge well marked ; pos-
terior slope abrupt and straight or slightly excavated, marked
with numerous fine, continuous, very slightly elevated ridges.
Epidermis smooth and shining in most cases, straw-yellow
to honey color, strongly marked with rays of dark green
made up of arrow-shaped spots. Lines of growth smooth,
distinct, and continuous. Ligament short, thick, light or
dark brown, lunule rather large.

Interior: Pseudocardinals high, erect, pointed, slightly
serrate at the apices, double in each valve. Interdentum
narrow and rounded, cut away in the right valve. Laterals
short, slightly curved, high, thick. Anterior adductor cica-
trix much longer than wide, well excavated. Posterior scars
large, well impressed, distinct. Dorsal muscle scars large,
three to five in number, located on the lower surface of the
interdentum. Pallial line impressed in its anterior two-
thirds. Cavity of the beaks and of the shell deep. Nacre
milky white.

Height. Length. Breadth. Um. ra.
32* 0.50 27 0.30 ou

T’. triquetra is distributed over the Mississippi region from
western New York to Indian Territory. Its only recorded
occurrence in Kansas is in the Marais des Cygnes river at Ot-
tawa. It will probably be found throughout the eastern half
of the state, although it is without doubt a rare species.

This is a distinctive species which will hardly be confused
with any other found in the state. In no other form is the
sexual dimorphism more pronounced; the female shell has
an inflation which appears almost abnormal.

*All measurements are given in millimeters,

SCAMMON: THE UNIONID® OF KANSAS, PART I. 285

Genus LAMPSILIS RaFinesqugE, 1820.

‘Shell oval to elliptical, smooth or slightly concentrically
sculptured, usually without a posterior ridge ; epidermis gen-
erally smooth and shining, often brilliantly rayed; beak
sculpture, for the most part, consisting of fine, parallel
ridges, which show a tendency to fall into an anterior and a
posterior loop; hinge with one or two pseudocardinals and
one lateral in the right valye, and two pseudocardinals and
two laterals in the left; female shell having a moderate and
gradual inflation in the post-ventral region opposite the mar-
supium. Animal with the inner gills attached nearly or
quite through entire length to the abdominal sac ; marsupium
occupying the hinder part of the outer gills; ovisacs distinct,
separated by sulci, rounded below, haying a fold near their
bases, the whole projecting below the inner gills; mantle
edge doubled and thickened, often swollen behind in a sort of
flap in the female.’’ (Simpson )

Lampsilis ventricosa BARNES. Plate LXIII, fig. 2.

Unio ventricosus Barnes. Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, No. Iv, 1882, pl.
XXXII.

one occidens Lea. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 11, 1829, p. 485, pl. x,
eG:

Unio subovatus Lea. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Iv, 1831, p. 118, pl.
XVI, fig. 46.

Unio canadensis Lea. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 1857, p. 85.

Shell large, of moderate thickness, subelliptical in females,
elliptical in males; females much inflated, males less so.
Anterior margin decidedly rounded; ventral margin nearly
straight in female, bowed in male; posterior margin often
slightly emarginate in the female, roundly pointed in the
male; dorsal margin somewhat curved or straight. Umboi-
dal ratio approximately one-third. Umbones large and full,
marked with a few coarse ridges. Anterior umboidal slope
rounded short ; posterior slope long and flat in males, rather
short and high in females. Shell generally smooth except
in old specimens; lines of growth dark, continuous, imbri-
cated. Epidermis from straw-yellow to dark brown, with a
few posteriorly placed dark-green rays in some specimens.
Ligament short, stout, black.

Interior : Pseudocardinals high, serrate, directed anteriorly,

286 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

two in the left and one (with sometimes an anterior auxiliary
one) in the right valve. Lateral teeth short or moderately
long, highest posteriorly, slightly curved, anterior adductor
cicatrix well impressed, large, much longer than wide, an-
terior retractor scar of good size, semicircular ; posterior ad-
ductor well marked, large, about as long as wide; posterior
retractor scar large, generally distinct from the adductor
cicatrix. Pallial line impressed anteriorly. Dorsal scars
form a prominent pitted line on the under surface of the in-
terdentum. Cavity of beaks and shell very large. Nacre
satin white, iridescent dorsally and posteriorly.

Dorsal pos-
Length. Height. Breadth. Um.ra. terior angle.
75 49 32 0.30 130° of (Coll. K. A. 8S.)
108 72 51 .28+ 144° rot (480.1).
145 Qi Sos 30 150° 9 “(Goll K SAn Cs)
93 64 48 04 142° 2 (431.1).
107 74 62 .30 142° 9 (62.1).

Lampsilis ventricosa var. satura LEA. Not figured.
Unio satur Lea, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vv, 1852, p. 252.

To be distinguished from the typical species by the more
delicate shell, and by the darker epidermis, which often has an
olive-green cast. The anterior slope is generally longer and
the posterior more truncated than in the species proper.

This species is found all over the Mississippi drainage and
in the St. Lawrence system and Nelson river and its tribu-
taries. The variety satura is found in the Southwest to the
Sabine river, Texas. It has been reported from all the main
rivers of the state. In the Kansas drainage system it is not
common. Cragin has reported it from the Kansas river, at
Topeka, and from Shunganunga creek, in Shawnee county.
Popenoe, however, has never found it in the west-central
part of the system in the course of his rather extensive col-
lecting there. In the Wakarusa river, near Lawrence, it is
arare shell, and it has never been found in the Kansas at
that place. In the Marais des Cygnes drainage this form
is quite abundant, and it is still more soin the larger streams
of the southern area. The animal prefers deep water and a
muddy bed, although it is found in ripples. The distribu-
tion of the variety is coextensive with that of the species. As

SCAMMON: THE UNIONID® OF KANSAS, PART I. 287

Call has suggested (5), the difference between the two forms
is probably dependent directly on individual habitat.

The sexual dimorphism is particularly striking, the in-
flated and sometimes posteriorly truncated females being
readily distinguished from the longer and more flattened
males. The decided yariation in the color of the epidermis
and the number and prominence of the lines of growth bear
no relation to the sex. There is some variation in the thick-
ness of the shell.

Lampsilis luteola LAMARCK. Plate LXIV, fig. 2.

Unio luteola Lamarck. An. sans Vert., VI, 1819, p. 79.

Shell large, of variable thickness, subelliptical, males
slightly inflated, females decidedly so. Anterior margin
rounded ; ventral margin straight, often slightly bowed, much
produced posteriorly in the female ; posterior margin bluntly
rounded in the male and obtusely angulate in the female ; dorsal
margin almost straight and meeting the posterior at an angle
of from 145 to 150 degrees. Umboidal ratio from 0.15 to
0.25. Umbones prominent, somewhat inflated, marked by
from eight to sixteen sharp undulate ridges. Epidermis
smooth or rough, according to station, lines of growth promi-
nent and continuous, color variable, generally straw yellow,
sometimes rayed over the posterior portion of disk with bands
of sage-green of variable thickness and frequency. Ligament
stout, long, deep brown.

Interior: Pseudocardinals high, lamellar or columnar ser-
rate, directed anteriorly, two in the left valve and one (and
sometimes two) in the right. Laterals of moderate length,
thin, highest posteriorly, slightly curved. Anterior adductor
cicatrix large, well impressed, variable as to shape, but
much longer than wide, retractor cicatrix large and well im-
pressed. Posterior scars large, lightly impressed, often fused.
Dorsal scars small, pits scattered over the cavity of the um-
bones. Pallial line well impressed anteriorly and well marked
posteriorly. Cavity of beaks shallow, of shell rather large.
Nacre white, sometimes slightly iridescent posteriorly.

288 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

f Ventral pos- Dorsal pos-
Length. Height, Breadth. Um.ra. teriorangle. terior angle.

119 56 38 0.25 107° 146° g (72.1)
90 45 33 .20-+ 104° 152° 2 (70.2)
*136 60 60 .19-+ 110° 150° 2 (70.5)
128 62 45 .21-+- 146° 150° roy (6.1)
134 58 47 18+ 155° 145° rol (70.3)
131 56 45 22+ 127° 148° rol (70.6)

The general range of Lampsilis luteola is the Mississippi
drainage southwest of the Brazos river, Texas, and Canada
east of the Rocky Mountains. It is perhaps the most abun-
dant and best distributed of the Kansas Unios, being acommon
species in all the drainage basins. Its reported western limit
of range is the Blue river, at Manhattan ( Popenoe), but doubt-
less it is to be found much farther west. I have reports of
its occurrence from nearly 100 localities and I never visited
a stream of any size in eastern Kansas along whose banks
there were not to be found shells of this species.

L. luteola is a mud-loving species, and is most abundant
in the larger and more sluggish streams. It is found in com-
pany with L. anodontoides, but it does not follow that species
into the smaller tributaries.

The male and female shells differ not only in the posterior
swelling of the valves but also in the relation of the lower
posterior margin to the ventral one. In the female shells the
angle between these two is approximately 105 degrees, in the
males 145 degrees. The young female shells are often enor-
mously distended posteriorly.

This species is often confused with L. anodontoides. The
females of luteola, however, can be easily recognized by the
great posterior swelling, and the males by their more rounded
posterior margins and wide and heavy shells.

Lampsilis powellii LEA. Not figured.

Unio powellii Lea, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., v, 1852, p. 252; Trans.
Amer. Phil. Soe., v, 1853, p. 270, pl. xrx, fig. 25.

Shell large, rather thin, elliptical in outline, neither in-
flated nor compressed. Anterior margin almost circularly
rounded; ventral margin gently and eyenly bowed; poste-
rior margin roundly biangulate; dorsal margin rather long
and straight. Umboidal ratio in specimens examined, 0.20.

*An unusually swollen female.

SCAMMON: THE UNIONID® OF KANSAS, PART I. 289

Umbones rather flattened. Anterior and lateral slopes flat-
tened and rounded; posterior slope very slightly excavated
and marked with two radial lines. Epidermis smooth and
generally shining, olive-brown. Ligament long and rather
thick.

Interior: Pseudocardinals small, serrate, rather bluntly
pointed, single in the right and double in the left valve.
Laterals long, slightly curved, lamellar. Interdentum long,
narrow, rounded. Anterior adductor cicatrix well impressed,
large, much longer than wide; posterior scars large, very
lightly impressed, confluent. Dorsal cicatrices on the lower ~
surface of the interdentum. Pallial line well impressed in its
anterior one-half and crenulate. Cavity of the beaks deep,
of the shell moderately deep. Nacre white, decidedly irides-
cent posteriorly.

Dorsal pos-
Length. Height. Breadth. Um.ra. teriorangle,
110 0.50 39 0.20 146° fou (432.1)

L. powelliz is a southern form, found from Guadalupe river,
Texas, to the rivers of southern Kansas. It has been found
in Spring river at Baxter Springs (Call), and a single male
specimen was among a lot of material received by the author
from Doctor Newlon and collected from the Neosho river at
Oswego. Call (5) mentions that his specimen bears broad
brownish rays oyer the dorsal slope. My specimen is too de-
corticated in this region to show this character, if present.
Lea states that the shell is eradiate. Powellii can be distin-
guished from L. luteola, its nearest ally in local waters, by
the smaller and less pointed pseudocardinals and the thin-
ner, squarer and less inflated shell.

Lampsilis ligamentina LAMARCK. Plate LXV, fig. 2.

Unio ligamentina Lamarck. An. sans Vert., VI, 1819, p. 72.

Shell large, moderately thick — quite thick anteriorly—wide,
elliptical, slightly compressed. Anterior margin rounded ;
ventral margin more or less bowed ; posterior margin roundly
triangulate ; dorsal margin slightly curved. Umbones slightly
inflated and marked with from five to ten fine undulated ridges.
Anterior umboidal slope rather sharply rounded, umboidal
ridge prominent and obtusely angled. Epidermis marked

290 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

with numerous continuous coarse lines of growth which soon
lose the triangulate character of the posterior margin as they
approach the umbones, and so form one rounded curve pos-
teriorly. Epidermis dark straw color in the young speci-
mens and deep brown in the old; dark green rays of variable
width run from the beaks to the ventral margin in young
specimens and sometimes occur obscurely in old ones. Liga-
ment very large, robust, dark brown.

Interior: Pseudocardinals massive, rather low, rounded
serrate, double in the left and right, the right anterior being
‘rudimentary. Laterals of variable length, curved, coarse, ser-
rate. Interdentum of very variable length and width. An-
terior adductor cicatrix deep, longer than wide, rough, set
under the anterior pseudocardinal in the left valve; pro-
tractor cicatrix longer than wide, quite deep. Posterior scars
large, impressed, confluent. Pallial line impressed anteriorly.
Dorsal muscle sears large and deep, in the cavity of the beaks
or on the lower surface of the interdentum, sometimes on the
base of the anterior pseudocardinals. Cavity of the beaks
moderate, of the shell rather large. Nacre, satin-white to
salmon-pink, the last less common, somewhat iridescent pos-

teriorly.
Length. Height. Breadth. Um.,ra.

98 55 37 0.19 (480.1)
121 62 50 18 (200.6)
98 60 39 24 580. 1)
132 65 66 26 200.5)

Lampsilis ligamentina var. gibba SIMPSON. Not figured.

Unio crassus Sowerby, Conch. Icon, XvI, 1868, pl. xcv, fig. 520.

Lampsilis ligamentinus, var. gibbus Simpson, Proc. U. 8. Museum,
1900, vol. xxi, p. 540.

To be distinguished from the true species by the greater
prominence of the umboidal ridge and the fusing into one
curve of the posterior and dorsal margins. This gives the
specimens a peculiar humped appearance. The variety is
generally smaller and darker colored, and the nacre is more
frequently tinted with salmon.

Ligamentina is found in the entire Mississippi drainage,
southern Michigan, western New York, and Ontario. The
variety gibba occurs south from the Ohio river. The species
proper occurs in all the Kansas drainage systems, but in the

SCAMMON: THE UNIONID©® OF KANSAS, PART I. 291

Kansas river system itis uncommon. Cragin has reported
it from Mill creek, Wabaunsee county, and it is occasionally
found in the Wakarusa river. In the Marais des Cygnes and
the eastern and southern rivers it is quite common, in fact,
one of the most abundant shells in the latter. It has not been
reported from the Arkansas river. The variety is confined
to the eastern rivers of the southern drainage, where it is
often more abundant than the true species.

Lampsilis higginsii LEA. Not figured.

Unio higginsvi Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1x, 1857, p. 84.

«Shell thin, oblique, ventricose, very much unequilateral,
rounded anteriorly, hinge fairly heavy ; beaks very prominent,
full, incurved ; epidermis olive-green, polished, very much
rayed ; cardinal teeth large, heavy, erect, crenulate, double in
either valve; laterals fairly long, moderately heavy, almost
straight; nacre either white or tingedwith salmon color.’’
( Lea.)

L. higginsii ranges from Ohio west to Iowa, and thence to
Kansas, according to Simpson. A specimen of this species
from the Blue river is in the National Museum (Dall). The
description given above is a translation of the Latin one pub-
lished by Lea in the proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy
of Science for 1857.

Lampsilis anodontoides Lea. Plate LXIV, fig. 1.

Unio anodontoides Lea. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Iv, 1834, p. 81, pl.
vin, fig. 11.

Shell of moderate size, fairly solid, oblong anterior margin
shortly rounded ; ventral margin slightly curved, somewhat
produced in females; posterior margin roundly pointed in
males, blunt in females; dorsal margin straight or slightly
curved and joining the posterior at an angle of from 150 to
160 degrees. Umboidal ratio, 0.20. Umbones prominent,
and marked with from eight to ten slightly double-looped
ridges. Anterior umboidal slope quite abruptly rounded;
lateral slope rounded and marked by a broad and exceedingly
shallow furrow, ventrally in females. Posterior umboidal
ridge well marked ; posterior slope very abrupt in old speci-
mens, and often slightly excavated. Epidermis, from pale

292 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

straw to rich yellow, radiate rather obscurely in the young;
the rays hardly visible in old specimens. Epidermis smooth
and shining in the young, roughened with dark, continuous
lines of growth in old shells ; posterior slope much roughened.
Ligament long, rather thick, dark brown.

Interior : Pseudocardinals double in the left, and single, with
sometimes an auxiliary; in the right, erect, thin, plate-like,
slightly serrate at their tips. Laterals long, thin, straight,
or nearly so. Anterior large, moderately impressed, elongate,
fan-shaped. Posterior scars lightly impressed, confluent,
rather large. Dorsal scars irregular as to numbers and posi-
tion in umboidal cavity. Pallial line impressed for anterior
third or fourth. Cavity of beaks slight, of the shell consider-
able. Nacre pearly white, often pink, in the central cavity,
quite iridescent.

Dorsal-
Length. Height. Breadth. posterior, D.p.-D.v. Um.ra.
angle. angle,
110 52 43 153° 67° 19+ <] (68.1)
78 38 20 157° 63° ars g (122.1)
104 48 41 160° 1G 18 fos (66.1)
105 47 44 LBA? cchictaatiic, 6 «a0 .21+ ie (4.1)
108 45 38 BC) Ren aa Aer .21 rot (69.1)

This species is distributed over the Mississippi drainage
and the Gulf drainage from Florida west into Mexico. It is
common in all the Kansas drainage systems, but most abun-
dant in the Kansas basin. Its western reported range in
the state is Kingman (Call), in the Arkansas drainage, and
Wildcat creek, Riley county (Popenoe). It lives preferably
in muddy or sandy beds, and is found in rivers and streams of
all sizes, often ascending into the smallest tributaries. It is
quite active in its movements and is a rapid burrower. In
spite of its adaptability to environment, as shown by its wide
distribution, L. anodontoides is not a hardy species. It is one
of the first to die when kept in an aquarium.

This species was among a lot of Unios found in the Pleisto-
cene on Hell creek, in Gove county, of this state, by Mr. H.
T. Martin, of Kansas University. The specimens turned
over to me were typical anodontoides, and were in a fair state
of preservation. Mr. Martin states that these forms are un-
doubtedly of Pleistocene and not recent origin, and were

SCAMMON: THE UNIONID® OF KaNSAS, PART I. 293

found associated with vertebrate remains of Pleistocene
fauna.

Anodontoides is quite constant in its characters. The sex-
ual dimorphism, however, is well marked, as in all the higher
members of the genus Lampsilis, by the post-basal swelling
of the female shell. This species is liable to confusion with
L. recta and still more so with L. fallaciosa, to which it is
very closely related. A statement of the principal differences
will be found in the notes on the latter species.

Lampsilis fallaciosa (SMITH) Stimpson. Plate LXVI, fig. 1.

Lampsilis fallaciosus Smith, Bull. U. S. Fish Com., 1899, p. 291, pl.
pe Simpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1900, p. 74, pl. 1,
ge. 5.

Shell of moderate size, rather thin, decidedly elongated.
General outline similar to that of L. anodontoides, but the point
of the posterior margin is placed more dorsally. Umboidal

ratio, 0.18 to 0.24. Umbones low and somewhat flattened,
their sculpture of broad /-shaped lines, very pronounced,
Umboidal slopes similar to LZ. anodontoides but with a more
rounded umboidal ridge Epidermis smooth and shining, a
clear yellow, with umbones of an ashy tinge, almost always
strikingly rayed with thin bands of grass- or bice-green ;
the rays often fused to make the posterior umboidal slope
solid green. The laterals and pseudocardinals of the same
character of anodontoides but lighter. Nacre almost always
salmon tinted in the shell cavity of the male but generally
white in the female, iridescent.

Dorso-yen-

Length. Weight. Breadth. Um.ra. tral angle.
88 38 30 0.22+ 162° fou (121.1)
79 33 28 .23— 160° ou (404.1)
81 37 30 19 155° 2 (121.1)

This species is found in the upper Mississippi drainage
south to Tennessee and Arkansas. There is no doubt that it
is also to be found in the other drainage basins of the state,
although I have seen specimens of it only from the Kansas
drainage. As Call’s anodontoides includes both anodontoides
and fallaciosa, the later species haying been established quite
recently, it is impossible to tell anything about the respective
range of the two species from his list.

2—Bull., Vol. III, No. 9.

294 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Fallaciosa stands very close to anodontoides, and may yet
be regarded as a variety of thatform. The latter is a heavier,
coarser shell, with a more pronounced umboidal ridge, less
umboidal sculpture, and a duller color than fallaciosa.
The relation of the height to the length of the shell of
anodontoides in a series of Kansas shells was 1: 1.95; the
similar relation in fallaciosa was 1: 2.30. The shell of the
latter is much more brilliantly rayed and the female is more
produced. Simpson states there is a horny raised ridge on
the inside of the mantle behind which is not present in speci-
mens of anodontoides.

Lampsilis recta LAMARCK. Plate LXVI, fig. 2.

Unio recta Lamarck. An. sans Vert., vi, 1819, p. 74.

Shell large, thick, thickest anterior to the umbones, elon-
gate, moderately compressed, females produced posteriorly.
Anterior margin nearly circular; ventral very slightly bowed,
much produced in females; posterior margin pointed at an
extremely variable angle; dorsal margin slightly curved and
meeting the posterior at an approximate angle of 160 degrees.
Umboidal ratio, from 0.16 to 0.22. Umbones small and full,
marked with fine concentric ridges. Anterior and lateral
slopes rounded. Umboidal ridge prominent and continuously
rounded. Posterior umboidal slope narrow and abrupt.
Epidermis smooth and shiny, very dark brown to black in
adult shells ; young shells marked with wide olive-green rays
over the entire shell; old shells eradiate. Lines of growth
numerous, rounded, continuous. Ligament long, stout, dark
brown.

Interior: Pseudocardinals, high, erect, columnar or high
pyramidal except for the left posterior, which is often plate-
like, serrate, double in the left and sometimes in the right, the
anterior right when developed sharp and spine-like, the pos-
terior right large; laterals long, high, straight or slightly
curved; anterior adductor cicatrix of moderate size and ex-
cayation, narrow, fan-shaped, sometimes set slightly under the
anterior left pseudocardinal; retractor cicatrix, large and
semicircular in outline. Posterior cicatrices of moderate size,
lightly impressed, much longer than wide, confluent. Pal-

SCAMMON: THE UNIONID® OF KANSAS, PART I. 295

lial line impressed the anterior half. Dorsal cicatrices a long,
narrow pit on the inner surface of the interdentum, often
with auxiliary pits in the cavity of the umbones. Nacre
variable, white, salmon-pink, rarely purple.

Dorsal pos- Angle of pos-
Length. Height. Breadth. Um,ra. terior angle. terior point.

149 66 42 0.28 162° 62° fof (164.1)
130 47 34 18 157° 65° wt (120.1)
148 59 42 21 155° 103° 2 (65.2)
135 60 44 “19 152° 54° J (5.1

142 56 56 18 163° 60° Q (165.3)

L. recta is present all over the Mississippi, the Alabama
and the St. Lawrence drainage systems. It is also found in
Michigan and the Red River of the North. In Kansas its
distribution is peculiar. In the rivers of the southern area it
is abundant, and it is also common in the Marais des Cygnes
system. In the Kansas system, however, it is confined to
the western tributaries; only one specimen has been re-
ported from below Mill creek, in Wabaunsee county, about
120 miles from the juncture of the Kansas with the Missouri
river. The one specimen was a fine male and was found in
the Wakarusa river, near Lawrence. Above Mill creek the
species is fairly common. ‘This peculiar distribution will be
discussed in a later paper. Aecta is not choice of its loca-
tion, being found either in deep or shallow water and ina
gravel or mud bottom.

L. recta is not a variable species, aside from the decided
irregularity in the color of the nacre. The shining black
epidermis will distinguish it at once from L. anodontoides
and L. fallaciosa, to which it is very closely related. Itisa
lighter shell than Unio gibbosus, which it somewhat resem-
bles in form, and its beak sculpture is entirely different, that
of recta being made up of fine and numerous loops, while
the ridges of gibbosus are few and coarse.

Lampsilis subrostrata Say. Plate LXVII, figs. 1, 2.
Unio subrostratus Say, New Harm. Diss., Jan. 15, 1831.
Unio topekaensis Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., xu, 1868, p. 144.
Shell rather small, long ellipsoid, rather thin, females
slightly swollen, males somewhat compressed. Anterior mar-

* Not accarate; a broken shell.

296 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

gin rather squarely rounded; ventral margin gently bowed,
slightly emarginate and produced in females; posterior mar-
gin bluntly pointed, decidedly dorsally in female, sharply
pointed in male; dorsal margin straight, very slightly ob-
lique, meeting the posterior at an angle of from 150 to 165
degrees. Umboidal ratio, near 0.20. Umbones rather low,
directed slightly forward, and heavily marked with a series
of broad, slightly curved /A-shaped ridges, eight to ten in
number. Epidermis marked with numerous fine continuous
lines of growth, from light brown to dark, rusty brown, the
lighter specimens rayed posteriorly with broad bands of green.
Ligament light brown, rather long, thin.

Interior: Pseudocardinals double in the left, single and
sometimes double in the right valve, variable, generally thin
and lamellar, but occasionally pyramidal ; erect, finely ser-
rate, left anterior generally twice as long as the left posterior
and set on a diagonal parallel toit. Lateral teeth long, thin,
slightly curved. Anterior adductor cicatrix well excavated,
much longer than wide; retractor cicatrix large and well im-
pressed. Posterior cicatrices variable, large, lightly im-
pressed, confluent. Dorsal muscle scars from one to six,
variable in position. Pallial line faint posteriorly but well
marked anteriorly. Cavity of beaks shallow, of the shell
rather large. Nacre white with considerable iridescence.

Dorso-posterior Dorsal pos-
Leneth. Height. Breadth. Um.ra. ventral angle. terior angle.

65 31 23 0.184 60° 161° of (11.1)
64 31 22.5 21 66° 162° 2 (40.1)
33 16 8.5 .19+ 59° 158° of (9.1)
60 29 21 x 60° 160° 9 (11.2)
47 23 17 22 70° 156° o (402.1)

L. subrostrata is found in eastern Texas and as far north as
latitude 41 degrees in the Mississippi drainage. In Kansas it
is found in all the drainage basins and is fairly common in all
of them. The species has been reported as far west as Ellis
(Call). Subrostrata is a lover of mud beds and quiet waters.
It occurs in permanent ponds and lakes as well as streams.
In the southern drainage, while quite common in the quiet
streams which flow into the larger rivers, it is not common
in the rivers themselves. The very characteristic pointed

* Umbones too worn to determine accurately,

SCAMMON: THE UNIONID® OF KANSAS, PART I. 297

posterior margin will render this an easily identified species.
It is interesting to note that Lea, in 1868, described a form
of this species from the Kansas river as Unio topekaensis.

Lampsilis ellipsiformis CONRAD. Plate LXV, fig. 1.

Unio ellipsiformis Conrad, Monog., vill, 1836, p. 60, pl. XXxIV, fig. 1.
Unio spatulatus Lea, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., Iv, 1845, p. 164.

Shell small, subsolid elliptical, slightly inflated. Anterior
margin fully rounded; ventral margin slightly bowed ; pos-
terior margin roundly pointed ; dorsal margin curved, curving
into the dorsal posterior margin. Umboidal ratio, about
0.30. Umbones flattened and ornamented with several
coarse, slightly doubly looped ridges. Umboidal slopes flatly
rounded, posterior umboidal ridge not sharply marked. Epi-
dermis smooth and shining, yellow with numerous well-
marked dark green rays of variable width, wavy posteriorly.
Lines of growth coarse, dark, and continuous. Ligament
stout and elongate.

Interior: Pseudocardinals ragged, erect, bluntly pointed,
double in both valves; teeth of equal size in the left valve,
anterior tooth the smaller in the right valve. Laterals short
and fairly curved. Interdentum of moderate length, narrow,
and rounded. Anterior adductor cicatrix well excavated, of
moderate size, semiellipsoid in outline; posterior scars well
impressed, large, fused. Dorsal muscle scars few in number,
large, placed on the cavity of the beaks. Pallial line distinct
for the anterior two-thirds. Cavity of the shell small, of the
beaks very slight. Nacre white, silvery posteriorly.

Length. Height. Breadth. Um. ra.
56 32 18 0.29 fof 210.1
58 82 19.5 29+ co Coll. W. Coll.

L. ellipsiformis occupies the Mississippi valley north of
thirty-eight degrees, and also is found in southern Canada
and the Red River of the North. In Kansas it has been re-
ported only from the Marais des Cygnes river, but seems
fairly well distributed up and down that stream. Its favor-
ite habitat is strictly mud banks. The only species with
which this form will be confused is the young of L. ligamen-
tina. It has, however, a more elongate and compressed shell
than haye the young of that species.

298 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Lampsilis parva BARNES. Plate LXVII, fig. 3.

ses parvus Barnes, Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts., v1, 1823, pl. x1,
g. 18

Shell small, elliptical, thin, inflated. Anterior margin
rounded ; ventral margin gently bowed; posterior margin
rounded ; dorsal margin straight, meeting the posterior at an
angle of from 140 to 150 degrees. Umbones placed well for-
ward, large and a little inflated, ornamented with five or
six coarse concentric ridges. Anterior umboidal slope well
rounded, posterior slope less so. Epidermis smooth, gener-
ally dull and cloth-like, eradiate, hair brown, with some-
times a greenish cast marginally ; umbones often of a lighter
shade. Lines of growth numerous, continuous, fine, often
darker in color.

Interior: Pseudocardinals double in the left valve and
single or double in the right, fine, triangular, erect, the an-
terior right, when present, small and feeble. Laterals long,
straight, thin. Anterior adductor scar well impressed, longer
than wide. Posterior cicatrices large, lightly outlined, con-
fluent. Pallial line impressed anteriorly. Dorsal scars few
and placed in the cavity of the umbones. Lines of growth
show on the inside of the shell as concentric rounded ridges.
Cavity of beaks moderately large, of shell large. Nacre white,
iridescent.

Dorsal pos-

Length, Height. terior angle. Breadth.
30 16 16 157 g (142.1)
28 16 15 148 9 (141.1)
18.5 10 6.5 139 o (141.2)
22 12 9 145 co (141.3)

L. parva ranges from western New York and southern Can-
ada throughout the Mississippi valley to eastern Texas. It
is found in all the Kansas drainage systems, and has been re-
ported from as far west as Big creek, at Ellis (Call). It is
not an uncommon species in the eastern portion of the Kan-
sas area. Its habitat is muddy and sluggish streams. It
burrows several inches into the mud.

This is the smallest species found in Kansas, the average
length being about an inch. The females are much more
inflated than the males. The small size and heavily undu-
lated beaks will serve at once to identify it. A very near

SCAMMON : THE UNIONID® OF KANSAS, PART I. 249

ally of this form, texasensis, probably will be found in the
southern rivers of the state. It is to be distinguished from
parva by the more pointed posterior margin.

Lampsilis alata Say. Plate LXVIII.

Unio alatus Say, Nich. Encye., Ul, 1816, pl. Iv, fig. 2.

Shell large, subsolid, alate, slightly inflated. Anterior
margin rather pointedly rounded; ventral margin straight,
slightly bowed ; posterior margin straight centrally, rounded
at the ends, set at a variable angle with the posterior margin ;
the upper end of the posterior margin on a level with the um-
bones. Wing generally high and thin, triangular in outline.
Umboidal ratio very variable. Umbones depressed, orna-
mented with one or two minute concentric ridges. Umboidal
slopes flatly rounded. Epidermis smooth but with numerous
growth lines, which become imbricated and broken into two
or three shallow waves at the base of the wing. Color vari-
able, parrot or sage-green, horn color to chestnut brown or
black in old specimens ; obscure rays of dark green are present
in young specimens.

Interior: Pseudocardinals generally thin, erect, serrate,
double in both valves; posterior pseudocardinal the larger in
the right valve; in the left valve both teeth of about equal
size. Lateral teeth short, gradually becoming higher and
thinner, posteriorly straight or very slightly curved. Anterior
muscle scars large, striate, deeply impressed. Posterior
scars large, wider than long, outlined only, confluent. Pallial
line impressed for ashort distance anteriorly. Dorsal muscle
scars large and shallow, arranged in a diagonal row across the
umbone cavity. Cavity of umbones and shell shallow in
males, deep in females. Nacre purple, mauve, salmon-pink.

Ventral
Length. Height. Breadth. posterior Um. ra.

angle,
124 75 46 86° 0.24+ 9 (180.1)
115 64 34 105° -o2 rofl (13.1)
137 73 45 110° .214+ 9 (481.1)
125 70 55 100° .22+- 9 (185.1)
112 55 35 89° 18 fou (12.1)

The general distribution of L. alata covers all the Missis-
sippi valley as far south as Arkansas. In Kansas it is not
an abundant shell. In the Kansas drainage, the area in

300 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

which it is most common, the shell has been reported as far
west as the Solomon river. It is sometimes found in the
Marais des Cygnes, at Melvern, and from there east. It is
reported only from the Neosho river and its tributary, Fall
river (Popenoe), in the southern drainage. Here it is re-
placed in the main by L. purpurata, which is better fitted to
survive the conditions present there. Its habitat is muddy
river-beds, in deep water—generally confined to the larger
streams.

When in good condition this is one of our most beautiful
Unios. The variation is confined principally to the color of
the epidermis and the nacre. This has been covered in the
description above. Alata may be confused with two other
forms—L. purpurata and levissima. From purpurata it may
be separated in well-preserved specimens by its high wing,
but in old specimens this is often almost gone. It is, how-
ever, a lighter shell, less swollen, and almost square behind,
while purpurata is rounded. The pseudocardinals are lighter
in alata. Levissima is much thinner and more rounded than
alata, and the pseudocardinals in the former are reduced to
a thin erect plate in each valve.

Lampsilis purpurata LAMARCK. Not figured.
Unio purpurata Lamarck, An. sans Vert., VI, 1819, p. 71.
Unio ater Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 11, 1880, p. 426, pl. vu, fig. 9.
Shell large, fairly thick, particularly anteriorly and outside
of the pallial line, elliptical slightly alate; females inflated,
males less so. Anterior margin projecting and decidedly
‘rounded; ventral margin straight, showing a very slight
tendency to become emarginate centrally ; posterior margin
rounded, but tending to become biangulate dorsally ; dorsal
margin alow, thick wing. Umboidal ratio, 0.15 to 0.30. Um-
bones large, swollen, rounded, marked in young specimens
with a series of five or six v-shaped ridges. Umboidal slopes
all fully curved, lateral showing a very faint furrow ven-
trally ; on the posterior slope are two more or less distinct
raised lines running from umbone to posterior margin. Epi-
dermis smooth and shiny over and below the umbones, but
roughened by the imbrications of the lines of growth margin-

SCAMMON: THE UNIONID® OF KANSAS, PART I. 301

ally. Lines of growth fairly continuous. Epidermis dark
brown to black, eradiate in old specimens, obscurely marked
with wide, dark green rays in young. Ligament long, light
brown, stout.

Interior: Pseudocardinals double in both valves, rather
high, very ragged, pyramidal, sometimes directed anteriorly.
Laterals of moderate length, thick, high, slightly serrate, a
little bowed. Anterior adductor cicatrix ray deeply im-
pressed, large. Posterior cicatrices large, moderately im-
pressed, wider than long, confluent. Pallial line impressed
for the first two-thirds of its length. Dorsal cicatrices large,
situated in the cavity of the umbones, variable as to number
and arrangement. Cavity of umbones moderate, of shell
rather deep, particularly in female. Nacre a light pinkish
purple, shiny and iridescent posteriorly.

Length. Height. Breadth. Um. ra.

141 72 61 0.22 ? (3824.1)
123 61 46 18+ o (825.1)
121 60 47.5 21 Q (324.2)
88 49 44 28 Q (825.2)
78 46 34 26 + SA (825.3)

L. purpurata is a southern species, ranging as far north as
northern Kansas and southern Missouri and from eastern
Texas to the Alabama drainage. It is present in all the
drainage systems of Kansas, but is most abundant in the
southern rivers. It has been found as far west as the Solomon
river in the Kansas drainage.

In the Kansas and Marais des Cygnes areas it is fully as
common as L. alata, its lighter shelled northern ally. Its
favorite habitat is deep mud, in three to fifteen feet of water.

Purpurata is not a variable species, although being often
attacked by parasites distortions of the shell frequently occur.
It probably reaches its maximum size in Kansas waters. Call
(4) gives the length of a number of large specimens from the
Arkansas river and its tributaries. The length given is from
146 to169.5mm. A large male shell from the Blue river, in
the Popenoe collection, at Manhattan, has a length of 192
mm. andaheight of 121mm. The only form with which this
may be confused is L. alata, and the differences between these
two species are noted under JL. alata.

302 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Lampsilis gracilis BARNES. Plate LXVII, fig. 4.
Unio gracilis Barnes, Amer. Jour. of Sci. and Arts, VI, 1828, p. 472.
Shell large, thin, widely elliptical, not inflated, alate, and
sometimes bialate. Anterior margin projecting and rounded ;
ventral margin gently and evenly bowed; posterior margin
rounded. Posterior margin winged in young specimens but
generally about straight in old ones; anterior wing small and
never present in old specimens. Umboidal ratio variable,
0.15 to 0.25. Umbones low and compressed, bearing several
coarse, doubly looped ridges, but often worn smooth. Um-
boidal slopes flatly rounded, the posterior slightly excavated.
Epidermis smooth and shiny or dull and cloth-like; color
dark straw yellow, marked posteriorly with thin bands of
dark green; where cloth-like, dull gray. Lines of growth
numerous, continuous, crowded and imbricated posteriorly.
Ligament long, fairly stout, dark brown.

Interior : Pseudocardinals weak, degenerate, thin and plate-
like, single in each valve, sometimes mere nodules; laterals
weak, short, thin, rather curved. Anterior adductor cicatrix
lightly impressed, much longer than wide; anterior f;ro-
tractor cicatrix very wide and short, lightly impressed.
Posterior cicatrices large, very slightly marked, confluent,
wider than long. Pallial line slightly impressed anteriorly.
Dorsal cicatrices prominent, about seven in number, ar-
ranged diagonally across the umbones. Cavity of the beaks
slight, of the shell moderate. Nacre rose or salmon-pink
umboidally, shading off into pearl ; iridescent over greater part
of the shell:

Length. Height. Breadth. Um. ra.

146 87 46 0.17 roy (8.1)
120 70 38 22 rol (51.1)
121 67 39 .25 9 (7.1)
103 60 36 25 2 (150.1)
106 60 33 20 2. (50.1)

L. gracilis has an extended range, being found from eastern
Texas to the St. Lawrence, and east in the Hudson river. It
is a common species in all river systems of Kansas. Its
western range as reported in the Kansas drainage is the
Solomon river, and the little Little Arkansas river in the
southern drainage. It is often found in the Wakarusa and in

SCAMMON: THE UNIONID® OF KANSAS, PART I. 303

the Kansas river near Lawrence. Its habitat is mud and
sand-bars, in deep water with little current.

The peculiar bialate character of this shell is lost in old speci-
mens, but it is very striking in young specimens from favored
localities. The most variable character is the degenerate
pseudocardinals, which may be thin, erect, and knife-like, or
else absent but for two pearly nodules. The only species with
which this one may be confused is L. lxvissima. Levissima,
however, is much thiner, has a darker nacre and epidermis,
and the pseudocardinals are higher and directed obliquely.

Lampsilis levissima LEA. Not figured.

Symphynota levissima Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 11, 1830, p. 444,
pl. xi, fig. 23.

Shell large, fragile, bialate, rather compressed, broad oval
in outline. Anterior margin below the wing strongly curved ;
ventral margin strongly bowed; posterior margin rounded.
Posterior wing high, thin, triangular; anterior wing low,
triangular. Umboidal ratio, 0.25 to 0.35. Umbones low,
pointed, marked with one or two fine concentric ridges, light
gray in color. Anterior umboidal slope almost flat; other
slopes quite flatly rounded. Epidermis smooth and shining,
varying in color from gray horn to greenish yellow; young
specimens almost covered with fine rays. Lines of growth
fine, continuous, imbricated posteriorly, and in old specimens
marginally, often indicated only by darker color across the
disk.

Interior: Pseudocardinals thin, plate-like, rather high,
triangular in elevation, set obliquely, single in the left and
double in the right valve, the dorsal right being very minute.
Laterals of moderate length, slightly curved, high, very thin.
Anterior adductor cicatrix large, longer than wide, marked.
Protractor cicatrix large, faint. Posterior scars large, very
faint, confluent. Pallial line faint. Dorsal muscle scars
large, faint, ill defined, arranged in a diagonal row across
the cavity of the umbone. Lines of growth show plainly
as rounded ridges on the inside of the shell. Nacre salmon
to purple-pink and very iridescent.

304 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Length. Height. Breadth. Um.ra.

131 85 42 0.364 (328.1)
108 57 30 26 (327.1)
83 AT 26 294+ (327.2)
183 100% 502 27 ~~ (Coll. K. S. A. G.)

L. levissima is distributed over the Mississippi drainage
generally, and from western New York and southern Michi-
gan to eastern Texas. In Kansas it is found in the Kan-
sas river and many of its tributaries, as far west as the
junction of the Solomon with the Smoky Hill river, in Dickin-
son county. It has also been reported from Fall river and
the Arkansas in the southern drainage. Its habitat is mud
or sand-banks, in quiet water of some depth. The delicate
character of the shell and the hinge render it unfit for other
conditions.

This is one of the thinnest of the Unios. The most strik-
ing character of the shell is the peculiar similarity of the
pseudocardinals and laterals. When perfect, it is a beautiful
shell. The differences from other closely allied forms has
been noted under JL. alata and L. gracilis. It is not a vari-
able species.

Lampsilis leptodon RAFINESQUE. Not figured.

Unio leptodon Rafinesque, Ann. Gen. Sci. Phys. Brux., 1820, p. 295,
pl. LXXxx.

Symphynota tenuissima Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soe., 111, 1829, p. 453,
pl. x1, fig. 21.

Shell small, thin, elongate ellipsoid, compressed, connate.
Anterior margin an abrupt curve; ventral margin decidedly
bowed ; posterior margin elongately and roundly pointed ;
dorsal margin straight. Umboidal slopes very flatly rounded
—in fact, almost straight. Umbones placed well forward
(umboidal ratio, about 0.18). Umbones much flattened and
very small. Epidermis smooth and shining, greenish straw-
color, heavily radiate. Lines of growth dark and continuous,
but few in number.

Interior: Pseudocardinals degenerate and hardly percepti-
ble in the left valve; single, small, delicate and irregular in
the right valve. Lateral teeth long, straight, extremely
lamellar, sometimes single in both valves. Anterior ad-
ductor cicatrix well impressed, much longer than wide;

SCAMMON: THE UNIONID® OF KANSAS, PART I. 305

posterior scars faint and fused. Pallial line hardly outlined.
Cavity of the shell slight; of the beaks, hardly present.
Nacre bluish white, iridescent.

L. leptodon inhabits the streams of the northern Mississippi
drainage and also occurs in Manitoba (Simpson). It has
been found in Kansas only in the Neosho river (Call). It is
the most delicate member of the genus and its outward form
may confuse it with the anodons but laterals and pseudo-
cardinals are present.

GENUS OBOVARIA RAFINESQUE, 1819.

‘Shell short, oval, rounded or retuse, solid inflated, thick
in front, thinner behind, with high beaks, which are sculp-
tured with very faint, irregular, often broken, and slightly
nodulous ridge, which shows a tendency to fall into two
loops, the posterior often open behind; epidermis dull,
brownish, silky or cloth-like, rarely rayed, rays indistinct;
female shell but slightly inflated in the post-basal region,
commonly having a shallow furrow or flattened area at the
posterior end; pseudocardinals solid, stumpy ; laterals short,
club-shaped ; anterior and posterior cicatrices deep and dis-
tinct ; nacre bluish white or purple.

‘Animal with very short gills, the inner united to the ab-
dominal sac throughout, marsupium projecting far below the
rest of the branchiz and occupying the posterior portion of
the outer gills, dolabriform or kidney-shaped ; mantle with
a wide, thickened, double-edged border, the inner edge
of which is often slightly toothed at its post-basal part.’’
( Simpson.)

Obovaria ellipsis Lea. Plate LXIX, fig. 2.

Unio ellipsis Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., mI, 1828, p. 268, pl. Iv,
fig. 4.
Unio pearlii Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 1874, p. 191.

Shell of moderate size, short, oval, quite heavy, particularly
anteriorly, somewhat inflated. Anterior margin rounded ;
ventral margin decidedly bowed ; posterior margin rounded
or roundly pointed dorsally; dorsal margin rather curved,
and meeting the posterior at a quite variable angle of from
130 to 160 degrees. Umboidal ratio generally small but very

306 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

variable ; umbones full and swollen, decurved and ornamented
with about seven slightly double-looped ridges. Anterior
umboidal slope abruptly rounded ; posterior slope gradually
rounded but flattened somewhat near the posterior margin in
the female. Epidermis smooth, often cloth-like, with occa-
sional dark continuous lines of growth, in color from dark
horn to honey-brown; young specimens a sage-green and
marked with numerous narrow rays of dull green, which are
often obscurely present in the adult shell. Ligament rather
long, stout, chestnut brown.

Interior: Pseudocardinals heavy, very variable, generally
high, erect, columnar or pyramidal, the posterior left often
long and lamellar, double in the left and single in the right
valve. lLaterals of varying length and curvature, coarse and
high. Anterior adductor cicatrix of moderate size, deeply
excavated, set in front of the pseudocardinals. Posterior scars
of moderate size, well impressed, often confluent. Pallial line
generally impressed its entire length. Dorsal cicatrices
numerous round pits in the cavity of the umbones. Cavity
of beaks and shell moderate. Nacre white, slightly iridescent
posteriorly.

Dorsal pos-

Length. Height. Breadth. Um.ra. terior angle.
85 55 49 0.12 155° g ( 21.1)
65 46 32 0.28 140° roi (155.1)
83 60 46 0.22 140° 2 (156.1)
72 50 40 0.23+ 144° ros (156.2)
42 35 23.5 0.30 148° co) (156.3)

O. ellipsis is found in the St. Lawrence drainage, and as far
south as Tennessee and Arkansas in the Mississippi drainage.
It has been found in all the drainage basins of the state, but
it is most common in the Kansas river and its larger tribu-
taries. It is here that, according to Call, it reaches its maxi-
mum development. I have seen shells having a length of three
and three-fourths inches.

It is alover of water of moderate depth and of sandy river-
beds. Before the great floods of 1903-’04 it could be found
in large numbers on the sand-bars near Lawrence. Its strong
musculature and smooth shell enable it to move with compara-
tive rapidity, and I have traced its furrow for fifty yards on
sand-banks in the Kansas river.

SCAMMON: THE UNIONID& OF KANSAS, PART I. 307

The outline and the umboidal ratio of ellipsis are somewhat
variable but otherwise it is an extremely constant species.
The relation of the height to the length in adult shells aver-
ages about as 1 to 14 and there is very little departure from
this mean except in young shells, which vary somewhat. The
longest shells are males, but the males as a class are no longer
than females.

GENUS PLAGIOLA ( RAFINESQUE, 1819) AGASSIZ.

‘«Shell triangular ovate, somewhat inflated, solid, with a
distinct and often sharp posterior ridge; surface concentric-
ally sculptured; umboidal area somewhat flattened; peaks
high, sculptured with delicate, parallel, doubly looped ridges,
the anterior rounded, the posterior angular; pseudocardinals
ragged; laterals club-shaped, straight or slightly curved ;
cavity of the beaks moderate, often somewhat compressed ;
nacre silvery ; female shells more or less inflated at the post-
basal region.

“Animal with outer gills narrow in front, wide behind ;
inner gills wide in front, posteriorly free or united to the
abdominal sac; marsupium occupying the posterior part of
the outer gills, but not extending quite to the hinder end,
consisting of well-marked ovisacs which are rounded below;
a distinct sulcus extends the whole length of the kidney-
shaped marsupium at the inside and outside at some distance
above its base; mantle edge thickened and somewhat doubled,
in some cases toothed or fringed below.’’ (Simpson.)

Plagiola securis LEA. Plate LXIX, fig. 1.

Unio securis Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., m1, 1829, p. 437, pl. x1,
fig. 17.
Unio lineolatus Conrad, New Fresh-water Shells, 1834, p. 70.

Shell of moderate size, thick, thickest dorso-anteriorly,
roundly triangular in outline, much compressed, particu-
larly in the umboidal region. Anterior margin flatly
rounded ; ventral margin gently bowed; posterior and dorsal
margin one gentle and continuous curve. Umboidal ratio,
approximately 0.19. Umbones much flattened, pointed, in-
curved. Anterior umboidal slope flatly rounded; lateral
slope almost flat ; umboidal ridge sharp and continuous; pos-

308 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

terior slope sharply truncated, often at right angles to the
lateral slope dorsally. Shell concentrically sculptured with
smooth, continuous ridges, which are much crowded on the
posterior slope. Epidermis from horn color to deep chestnut
brown, and more or less marked with a series of curved rays,
rays, which are made up of a series of widely separated dark
dots. Ligament short, thick, dark brown.

Interior: Pseudocardinals double in the left and single in
right valve, erect, large, pyramidal, coarsely serrate. Lat-
erals of moderate length, curved or almost straight, oblique,
heavy, tending to be double in both valves. Interdentum
large and smooth, but cut away back of the right pseudo-
cardinal. Muscle cicatrices of moderate size, the two adduc-
tor scars of about equal size and excavation. Pallial line
well impressed, often its entire length. Dorsal cicatrices a
line of pits in the wall of the umbone cavity. Cavity of the
umbones moderately large, of the shell slight, that of the
female greater than that of the male shell. Nacre milk white,
very slightly iridescent posteriorly.

Length. Height. Breadth. Um.ra.

82 53 23 0.20 rol (147.2
105 65 42 19 ro (36.1)
71 57 34 18+ 8 (36.2)
76 53 20 20+ o (147.1)

This species is distributed generally over the Mississippi
drainage as far south as Louisiana, and is also found in the
Tombigbee and Alabama river systems. Its distribution in
Kansas is limited to the clear-water rivers of the southern
drainage. The exact localities from which it has been re-
ported are: Spring river, Baxer Springs (Cragin) ; Fall river,
Wilson county (Mead and Popenoe) ; Neosho river, at Os-
wego (Newlon), and at Burlington and the southern state
line. At the last locality it is quite common in the rocky
riffles. The species is not confined to rifles, however, but
occurs in a variety of locations.

This form shows a decided variation, which is dependent
directly on its habitat. In localities where rocks abound and
the current is swift the animal develops a strong musculature
and a stout, heavy shell. Slow-flowing streams with muddy
beds cause the animal to develop a long, light, greatly com-

SCAMMON:

THE UNIONIDZ OF KANSAS, PART I.

309

pressed shell, with a comparatively weak musculature. <A
comparison of forms from these two different habitats in the
same stream are given below:

Specimens from Neosho
river at state line,

Specimens from Neosho
river at Burlington.

A B
Thickness of shell............... Wery, thickts sss: =. Moderately thick.
Color of epidermis .............. Dark chestnut...... Horn color.
Rays. Distinct. Indistinct,
Ratio of height to length....... 0.60 0.60 to 0.70
Ratio of breadth to length*..... Approx. .20 Approx. .40

*This ratio is taken from male shells in both cases.

A complete series of gradations may be found between these
two extremes. The dimorphism of this form is indicated by
the somewhat greater inflation of the female. There is no
other Kansas Unio with which this can easily be confused.

Plagiola elegans Lea. Plate LXX, fig. 3.

Unio elegans Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Iv, 1831, p. 83, pl. Ix, fig. 18.
Unio truncatis Say, Amer. Conch., VI, 1834.

Shell rather small, somewhat thickened anteriorly, thin
posteriorly, trigonal, inflated. Anterior margin curved ; ven-
tral margin curved, often somewhat emarginate the posterior
third ; posterior margin pointed, sometimes straight and join-
ing the dorsal margin at a wide angle and sometimes form-
ing a continuous gentle curve with it; dorsal margin short,
straight or gently curved oblique. Umboidal ratio, 0.25 to
0.30. Umbones full, elevated, slightly incurved, marked in
some cases with a few faint concentric ridges. Anterior
umboidal slope fully rounded; lateral slope fully rounded
anteriorly and marked by a broad furrow in some cases ; pos-
terior umboidal ridge sharp, well defined, and continuous
from umbones to margin; posterior slope slightly incurved.
Color of the epidermis from grass-green to dark brown, often
rayed; rays thin, thread-like, sometimes wavy, crowded.
Lines of growth fairly continuous, even, rarely imbricated.
Ligament short, dark brown.

Interior: Pseudocardinals erect, very high and sharp

3—Bull., Vol, III, No. 9.

810 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

pointed, ragged, double in the left and single in the right
valve. Laterals rather long, thin, curved. Anterior adductor
cicatrix an elongated quadrant, well impressed dorso-poste-
riorly ; posterior cicatrices large, lightly impressed, confluent.
Dorsal scars rather large pits in the cavity of the umbones.
Pallial line well impressed anteriorly. Cavity of beaks and
of the shell considerable. Nacre white, quite iridescent.

Dorsal pos-
Length. Height. Breadth. Um.ra. terior angle.
54 39 26 0.25 145° (89.1)
50.5 38 25.5 380+ 149° (38-1)
44 31 19.5 .28+ 152° (38.1
46 31 21 .29+- 147° (39.3)
37 24 16 orf 147° (38.2)

This beautiful little Unio has a general range coextensive
with that of the preceding member of this genus. Its range
in Kansas, however, far exceeds that of P. securis, for it is
common to all the drainage systems of the state. It has been
reported as far west as Wildcat creek, Riley county (Popenoe)
in the Kansas drainage, and is found as far west as the Little
Arkansas in the southern drainage (Call). Its habitat is the
muddy or sandy beds of streams of some size. In my collect-
ing I have never found this form abundant, although present
in all good-sized streams. It isoften found in the Wakarusa
and sometimes in the Kansas river at Lawrence.

The variability of this form is slight and is confined mainly
to the color and character of the epidermis. The umboidal
ridge is much more prominent in young than in old shells.
Its nearest relation, P. donaciformis, can be easily identified
from elegans by the greater length and the finer pseudocar-
dinals of the former. The relation of the height to the length
of the shell in elegans averages 1:1.3, The same relation in
donaciformis is 1:1.8. P. elegans can easily be separated
from the young of the trigonal Quadrulas by its thinner shell
and sharp, erect teeth.

Plagiola donaciformis Lea. Plate LXX, figs. 1, 2.
Unio donaciformis Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., m1, 1827, p. 267, pl.
IV, fig. 3.
Unio zig-zag Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., m1, 1829, p. 440, pl. xu,
fig. 19.

Shell small, moderate in thickness, elongate ellipsoid,

SCAMMON: THE UNIONID® OF KANSAS, PART I. 311

neither compressed nor inflated. Anterior margin variably
curved ; ventral margin decidedly bowed; posterior margin
roundly or sharply pointed; dorsal margin straight, slightly
oblique, and meeting the upper part of the posterior margin
at an angle of 150 degrees. Umboidal ratio, 0.30. Um-
bones rather full, not high, curved inward and downward,
with numerous fine concentric ridges, which are some-
times double-looped. Anterior umboidal slope rather flatly
rounded ; posterior slope sharp near the umbones, but rounded
ventrally, slightly excavated. Epidermis smooth, some-
times shiny, marked with numerous fine, fairly continuous
lines of growth, in color variable; type A, dirty brown with
a greenish cast, marked with numerous dark rays more or
less green, conspicuous; type B, light horn, with brown
rays made up of V-shaped dashes of dark color directed
ventrally ; all variations occur between these two; color over
umbones generally a lighter shade. Ligament short, thick,
dark brown.

Interior: Pseudocardinals double in the left and single in
the right valve, high, thin, pointed, the left posterior de-
cidedly curved dorsally. Laterals straight, long, directed
ventrally, the dorsal lateral in the left valve often degen-
erate. Anterior adductor cicatrix much longer than wide,
well excavated dorsally; posterior cicatrices small, lightly
rarely confluent. Pallial line slightly impressed anteriorly.
Dorsal muscle scars often large, in the cavity of the beaks.
Cavity of beaks deep, of shell moderate. Nacre white, irides-
cent posteriorly.

Dorsal
Length. Height. Breadth. Um. ra. posterior
P angle,
63 33 22 0.28 144° 9 400.1
45 22 18 .30 155° ou 401.1
52 30 21.5 30 150° ou (400.2
38 25 15 32 157° 9 (402.1

P. donaciformis ranges from Michigan south to the Ala-
bama river and to Trinity river, Texas. It is common to all
the Kansas drainage systems and abundant in all of them.
It does not frequent the smaller streams but seems to be con-
fined to the sandy and muddy beds of rivers. Formerly it
was quite common in the eastern portion of the Kansas river.

312 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

As arule there is little variability in either the outline or
inflation of this species, but the coloration of the epidermis is
subject to great variations. The ground shade may be either
light straw, brown, olive-gray, or almost black. The rays
when present may be either solid or made up of numerous
small V-shaped dark spots, which have given to this form the
name of Unio zig-zag. All gradations may be found between
these different types.

GENUS TRITOGONIA Aaassiz, 1852.

‘Shell solid, elongate rhomboid, having a strong irregular
posterior ridge, obliquely truncated behind in the male; in
the female this region is somewhat compressed and rounded ;
base incurved; whole surface except rounded wing of the
females covered with pustules; beaks low, incurved, and
turned forward over the well-developed lunule, which is
elongate and filled with epidermal matter; beak sculpture
strong, consisting of irregular subparallel ridges which are
curved up behind, and fine radiating ridges in front and
behind this ; epidermis dark olive ; hinge plate rather narrow,
pseudocardinals strong, ragged; laterals long and straight,
near to the pseudocardinals ; adductor scars shallow; cavity
of the beaks rather deep and compressed; female shell more
compressed than that of the male.

“Animal with inner gills much larger than the outer,
generally free for the most part from the abdominal sac;
palpi enormous, elongate, united to each other behind, and
to the mantle a part of their length; mantle thin, with a
thickened, dark double border, the inner edge often toothed
throughout, the base much thickened at the posterior end
and folded at the branchial opening ; branchial opening large,
with numerous crowded papilli; anal opening smooth or
with only fine dentations; superanal opening long, closed
below ; in the female there is a thickened flap of the mantle
which fills the circular posterior expansion of the shell, and
which has a smaller flap inside; foot and abdominal sac
large, the latter winged in front.’’ ( Simpson.)

SCAMMON: THE UNIONID® OF KANSAS, PART I. 313

Tritogonia tuberculata BARNES. Plate LXX, fig. 4.

Unio tuberculatus Barnes, Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vi, 1823, p.
125, pl. vu, figs. 8a, 8b.

Unio verricosus Say, Amer. Conch., VI, 1834.

Shell large, solid, elongate, and irregularly trapezoidal.
Anterior margin and front third of the ventral margin a gen-
tle curve, middle third of the ventral margin incurved, pos-
terior third of the ventral margin straight or curved somewhat
upward; posterior margin somewhat oblique and rounded,
straight in males and greatly produced in females; dorsal
margin straight or slightly curved and meeting posterior
margin at a variable angle. Umboidal ratio variable, from
0.15 to 0.25 Umbones sharp, low, incurved, marked with
a number of acute tubercles, which posteriorly form fine
lines in some cases. Anterior umboidal slope flatly rounded,
lateral slope slightly excavated, both thickly studded with
small, low tubercles, which often arrange themselves into
diagonal rows. Posterior umboidal ridge very prominent,
slightly curved posteriorly; in the males numerous side
ridges are given off which run to the posterior margin; this
character not well developed in females; posterior slope of
male short and truncate, of female developed ventrally into
along, smooth wing. Epidermis from rusty chestnut brown
to dark horn color, with sometimes a greenish tinge. Lines
of growth coarse, but not continuous. Ligament long, dark
brown. Lunule large, black.

Interior: Pseudocardinals large, pyramidal, ragged, double
in the left, single and sometimes double in the right. Later-
als long, straight, rather beavy. Anterior adductor cicatrix
deep, and sometimes set slightly under the anterior pseudo-
cardinal; retractor cicatrix small and well impressed. Pos-
terior scars well marked, of moderate size, fused. Dorsal
cicatrices small. Pallial line impressed and crenulate an-
teriorly. Cavity of beaks deep, of the shell moderate. Nacre
milk-white, iridescent posteriorly.

Length. Height. Bredth. Um. ra.
168 81 47 0.19 g (215.1)
159 74 39 17+ 9 (215.2)
118.5 67 33.5 23+ of (28.1)
118 63 34 .19- rot (87.1)
123 60 32 16+ (37.2)

314 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCK BULLETIN.

T. tuberculata is found throughout the Mississippi drainage
and in those streams emptying into the Gulf from Alabama
to Texas. Its distribution in Kansas is general. Its reported
western range in the southern drainage is the Little Arkansas
river at Wichita (Mead). In the Kansas drainage it has been
found as far west as the Smoky Hill river at Salina. It
doubtless ranges somewhat further westward. The largest
specimens I have seen from Kansas waters were two females
from the latter locality. Their measurements are given in
the table above (215.1 and 215.2).

There seems to be no definite habitat for this species. It
is found in almost all locations except sandy, shifting river-
beds. In the Wakarusa river at Lawrence, where it is a com-
mon species, it is found well rooted in the gravel and shingle
in a swift current, and again buried to the siphons in the thick
black mud, where there is but little current, in company with
Symphynota complanata and Strophitus edentulus. I have found
specimens in Indian creek, in Johnson county, lying on a hard
rock bottom in six inches of rapidly flowing water.

This is one of the easiest species in which to distinguish
the sexes. The males are short, thick, and abruptly truncate
posteriorly ; the females long, slender, and provided with
the posterior wing. There is great variation in the num-
ber and position of the pustules. This is one of the easiest
of Kansas Unios to identify.

MESOGENZ.

‘*Male and female shells alike, short, solid, inflated, em-
bryo occupying a few distinct ovisacs in the center of the
outer gills.’’ (Simpson.)

GENUS CYPROGENIA Aaassiz, 1852.

‘‘Shell solid, inflated, rounded triangular, sometimes
slightly retuse, generally alittle biangulate behind ; posterior
ridge unusually well developed, especially in the young shell;
umboidal region flattened parallel with the axis of the shell,
sometimes compressed ; beaks turned inward and forward, the
sculpture very faint, consisting of slightly doubly looped
ridges; sculpture of the shell nodular, radially wrinkled or

SCAMMON: THE UNIONID® OF KANSAS, PART I. 315

lachrymose; ligament black and conspicuous; lunule dis-
tinct and well developed; epidermis shining, painted with
a delicate dark mottling on a light ground; hinge plate wide
and flat; pseudocardinals heavy, triangular, blunt, ragged ;
laterals short, obliquely striated ; cavity of beaks not deep;
adductor scars small, well impressed, those at the posterior
round ; nacre bright and silvery.

‘‘Animal with inner gills partly free from the abdominal
sac, rounded below outer gills, smaller marsupium consisting
of from seven to twenty-three very long purple oyisacs pen-
dant from the central base of the outer gills and formed into
a close coil with the ends turned inwardly ; branchial opening
large, with many small papille; anal opening smooth.’’
(Simpson. )

Cyprogenia alberti ConRAD. Plate LXXI, fig. 2.

Unio alberti Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 295, pl.
XXXVI, fig. 1.

Unio lamarcianus Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., x, 1852, p. 236, pl.
Xvi, fig. 20.

Unio popenoi Call, Bull. Washb. Coll., 1, 1885, p. 48, pl. 1.

Shell moderately large, very roundly triangular, com-
pressed, solid, thickest anteriorly. Anterior margin irregu-
larly rounded ; posterior margin gently curved, emarginate
posteriorly ; posterior margin short, slightly emarginate
centrally ; dorsal margin long, oblique, curved. Umboidal
ratio, 0.20 to0.40. Umbones triangular, flat but fairly high,
pointed, plainly marked with the high but rounded umboidal
ridge, directed slightly forward. Anterior umboidal slope
fully rounded, lateral slope bearing a shallow but distinct
furrow ; posterior umboidal ridge high, distinct, spreading
out ventrally and rounded on both sides; posterior slope
slightly excavated; the umboidal third of the shell much
compressed. Shell sculpture consisting of several rounded,
concentric ridges toward the center of the disk and a series of
fine diagonal furrows above them in the lateral furrow. Epi-
dermis straw yellow with wide, dark rays of green, which
are curved forward, the spaces between the rays dotted with
minute triangular dots of green, which arrange themselves
at times into fine lines. Ligament long, thin, dark brown.

316 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Interior: Pseudocardinals fairly large, erect, pointed, rag-
ged, double in the left and single in the right valve. Laterals
short, low, heavy, straight, very oblique; interdentum long,
broad, and smooth. Anterior adductor cicatrix rather small,
located in front of the pseudocardinals, much longer than
wide, well excavated. Posterior cicatrices small, well im-
pressed, distinct. Dorsal cicatrices forming a line on the
under surface of the interdentum. Pallial line impressed
only anteriorly. Hardly any beak cavity ; cavity of the shell
small. Nacrea beautiful white, slightly iridescent posteriorly.

Length. Height. Breadth. Um. ra.
74 64 37 0.386 (Coll. K. S. A. C.)
76 64 36 .21)
|
a BS a 30 | (Coll. Kan. Aed. Sci.)
65 51 24 ol

C. alberti is limited in range to southern Kansas, Missouri,
Indian Territory, and Arkansas. Its distribution in Kansas
is limited to the clear-water streams of the southern drain-
age. The streams in which it has been found are Fall river
(Mead, Popenoe), Verdigris river (Cragin, Popenoe), and
Neosho river (Fenis). Even in these streams it is a rare
species.

As compared with specimens before me from the White
river, Arkansas, the Kansas form is a much larger, more
inflated and massive shell, with smaller muscle cicatrices.
Doctor Call described specimens from the Neosho and Verdi-
gris rivers as a new species (Unio popenoi), but later on
worked out the synonomy and placed it under U. alberti
(5-6).

There is no other Unio in Kansas which can be confused
with this one. The peculiar markings of the epidermis and
the extreme flattening of the beaks for about one-third the
distance vertically across the disk is very characteristic.

GENUS OBLIQUARIA (RAFINESQUE, 1820) SIMPSON.

‘Shell inflated, solid, oval, ending in tolerably sharp point
behind, having a row of large compressed longitudinal knobs
running off from the beaks to the center of the base, those
on one valve alternating in position with the knobs of the

SCAMMON: THE UNIONID#® OF KANSAS, PART I. 317

other, and a well-developed posterior ridge, the space be-
tween the ridge and the knobs somewhat excavated ; posterior
slope and sometimes the whole shell more or less corrugately
sculptured ; beaks prominent, incurved, and pointed slightly
forward towards a tolerably well-developed lunule; beak
sculpture strong, consisting of four or five heavy, parallel
ridges, which fall low in front but are curved up behind;
epidermis smooth, generally shining, painted with numerous
delicate, wavy, darker, broken rays; pseudocardinals strong,
direct, and ragged ; laterals short, nearly straight; anterior
muscle scars small, sides of the pit smooth, bottom ragged ;
front part of shell very solid, suddenly becoming rather thin
just behind the knobs; male and female shells essentially
alike.

‘Animal with smali branchize, rounded below, inner the
larger, free from the abdominal sac in part; marsupium of a
few distinctly marked ovisacs (4 to 7), occupying a position
just behind the center of the outer gills, projecting far below
the rest of the branchiz, their bases rounded; mantle cut
away at the thinner portion of the shell; anal opening smooth
or haying only minute crenulations.’’ (Simpson.)

Obliquaria reflexa RAFINESQUE. Plate LXXI, fig. 1.

Obliquaria reflexa Rafinesque, Ann. Gen. Sci. Phys., 1820, p. 306.
Unio cornutus Barnes, Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vi, 1823, p. 122, pl.

Iv, figs. 5, 5a, 5b, 5c.

Shell rather small, inflated, thick anteriorly, of only mod-
erate thickness posteriorly, outline variable, wide or narrow,
ovate, pointed posteriorly. Anterior margin and anterior half
of ventral margin forming a semicircular curve, posterior
position of ventral margin curved or straight, sometimes
slightly emarginate ; posterior margin short, commonly join-
ing the dorsal margin at an angle of from 130 to 145 degrees
but sometimes forming a common curve with it. Umboidal
ratio, one-fourth to one-third. Umbones large and full, in-
curved, marked with several heavy ridges. Anterior umboi-
dal slope fully rounded ; lateral slope ornamented with a series
(generally four) of large, prominent knobs, which are located
in a slightly curved line and are about twice their diameter
apart, the area between them slightly excavated ; knobs alter-

318 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

nating with each other on the opposite valves; posterior to
the knobs a very shallow furrow is generally present. Um-
boidal ridge permanent, continuous, rounded ; posterior slope
slightly excavated, ornamented with small, obscure, transverse
ridges. Epidermis smooth ; in color brown, color sometimes
arranged in concentric bands of lighter and darker shades,
frequently rayed with obscure, narrow, wavy lines of dark
green. Lines of growth rounded and continuous, often dark
colored. Ligament short, thick, dark brown; lunule small
but well marked.

Interior : Pseudocardinals large, ragged, pyramidal, double
in the left and single in the right valve, the right tooth sur-
rounded by a trench in which the left pseudocardinals lock.
Laterals low, thick, short, slightly curved. Anterior ad-
ductor cicatrix small, well excavated, long and narrow, the
floor roughened ; posterior scars rather small, well impressed,
distinct. Pallial line impressed for anterior half. Dorsal
cicatrices forming a line on the base of the pseudocardinals.
Cavity of beaks variable, generally small, of the shell small.
Nacre silver white, slightly iridescent posteriorly.

Dorsal] pos- Number of

Length. Height. Breadth. Um.ra, terior angle. nodules.
56 50 32 0.30 132° 4-5 (23. 3
48 34.5 23.5 380 131° 4-4 (34.1
62 49 36.5 .27+ Curved. 4-4 (22.1)
58 45 27.5 .29 144° 4-3 58 1)
42.5 29 18 .26+ Curved. 3 (326.1

This species ranges from Michigan south and southwest to
Alabama and central Texas. In Kansas it is found in the
clear-water rivers of the southern drainage and in them is
an occasional but not a common species. Only one specimen
has been found in the Marais des Cygnes drainage. This
was a single valve from the Marais des Cygnes at Ottawa.
Cragin similarly reports a single specimen from the Kansas
drainage, found at Mill creek, in Wabaunsee county. The
favorite habitat is gravel-beds. No species is more distinct
than this one. It can be distinguished from any other Kan-
sas Unio without difficulty by the prominent lateral knobs
alone. There is comparatively little variation.

SCAMMON: THE UNIONID# OF KANSAS, PART I. 319

PTYCHOGENZ.

‘*Male and female shells essentially alike; embryos con-
tained in distinct ovisacs with rounded bases, occupying the
entire outer gills, which, when gravid, consist of a series of
folds.’’ (Simpson.)

GENUS PTYCHOBRANCHUS Simpson, 1900.

‘Shell triangular, solid, sometimes becoming arcuate in
old specimens ; umboidal region rather elevated ; beak sculp-
ture consisting of faint, somewhat broken ridges, which have
a tendency to be doubly looped; posterior ridge round but
well developed ; epidermis usually painted with wavy hair-
line rays or broken radiating bars, which show a tendency
to form square spots; hinge plate rather wide and flat;
pseudocardinals small, low, triangular, and roughened ; lat-
erals club-shaped, remote; cavity of the beaks shallow;
muscle scars rather deep.

‘‘Animal with inner gills free all or part of their length
from the abdominal sac; marsupium occupying the basal
half of the whole length of the outer gills and hanging in
from six to twenty beautiful folds; ovisacs distinct, each
ending below in an enlarged, rounded bulb with a colored
spot in its center; mantle thin, with a dark, thickened bor-
der; branchial opening large, with very minute papille or
crenulations, sometimes smooth; anal opening crenulate or
smooth.’’ (Simpson.)

Ptychobranchus phaseolus HILDRETH. Plate LXXII, fig. 2.

Unio phaseolus Hildreth, Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, xIv, 1828, p. 283.

wine lade Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil Soc., 11, 1830, p. 431, pl. 1x,
g. 13.

Oni camelus Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., v, 1834, p. 102, pl. xv,
g. 45.

Shell of moderate to large size, compressed, elongate ellip-
soid in the outline, very heavy. Anterior margin very decid-
edly rounded; ventral margin gently bowed or straight; pos-
terior margin roundly pointed, the point being directed ven-
trally ; dorsal margin oblique and curved, generally passing
gradually into the posterior margin. Umboidal ratio, about
0.25. Umbones low and compressed, marked with a number

320 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

of very fine undulating ridges. Umboidal slopes flattened
dorsally but decidedly curved marginally. Posterior um-
boidal ridge prominent but rounded. Epidermis light horn
color (often with an olive-green cast) to dark chestnut-brown.
Rays either fine, dark, and wavy, or broad and interrupted.
Lines of growth numerous, coarse, and often imbricated.
Lunule large and elongate. Ligament short and stout.

Interior: Pseudocardinals small, low, serrate, bluntly pyra-
midal, single in the right and double in the left valve. Lat-
erals short, heavy, slightly curved, oblique. Interdentum
quite long, smooth, broad. Anterior adductor cicatrix deeply
pitted, elongate, placed in front of the pseudocardinals. Pos-
terior scars deeply impresssd and distinct, the retractor al-
most hidden, and placed in on the tip of the lateral tooth ;
adductor scar elongate and pointed posteriorly. Dorsal mus-
cle scar large and well impressed on the lower surface of the
interdentum. Pallial line impressed its entire length. Bran-
chial area well impressed, cavity of shell small. Beaks prac-
tically without acavity. Nacre milk-white, slightly iridescent
posteriorly.

Length. Height. Breadth. Um. ra.
79 42 25 0.28 (811.2)
98 55 34 .23 te 1)
82 45 34 .23 311.1)
87 46 29 .20 (311.3)

The range of this species is throughout the southern portion
of the Mississippi valley, the Ohio river drainage, and the pe-
ninsula of Michigan. In Kansas it is found quite commonly
in the clear-water rivers of the southern drainage, particularly
in the smaller streams. One specimen has been reported by
Call from the Wakarusa river, but careful collecting along
that stream at intervals during the last five years has failed
to bring to light any more specimens. Inthe southern rivers
of the state the shell reaches unusual size, some specimens
in the State Agricultural College, collected by Professor
Popenoe, have a length of over 110 mm.

This form varies much in shape, and often presents a
humped appearance, which has led to its description as a
separate species. There are, however, all gradations between
this form and the typical one. This species may be confused

SCAMMON: THE UNIONID® OF KANSAS, PART I. 321

with P. clintonense (given below) and with Unio gibbosus. The
beak sculpture of the form under discussion consists of nu-
merous fine ridges, while the umbone ridges of U. gibbosus are
few and extremely coarse. However, owing to the peculiarly
soft character of the shell substance, the beaks of phaseolus
are almost always much worn. The epidermis of phaseolus
is lighter and more cloth-like in texture than that of gibbosus,
and the adult gibbosus is eradiate. The lateral teeth of gibbosus
are longer than those of phaseolus.

Ptychobranchus clintonense Simpson. Not figured.

Ptychobranchus clintonensis Simpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1900, pt.1, p. 79, pl. 5, fig. 3.

“Shell elongate, elliptical, sometimes slightly obovate,
feebly biangulate behind, quite solid, beak sculpture not
seen; epidermis somewhat cloth-like, dirty olive, the hinder
two-thirds of the shell ornamented with delicate, wavy, capil-
lary rays; pseudocardinals low, laterals very heavy, remote ;
muscle scars large and well defined; nacre lurid, with green-
ish-brown blotches. Length, 73; height, 40; breadth, 22.”
( Simpson.)

This species is described by Simpson from the Little Red
river near Clinton, Ark. J have a number of specimens from
Spring river at Baxter Springs which will probably fall un-
der this species, but until there is more material in better
condition at hand for identification I list this species for the
state as doubtful. It is quite close to the preceding one.

DIAGENZ.

‘Male and female shells alike; embryos contained in the
outer gills in short ovisacs, which run crosswise of the bran-
chie, and are discharged entire into the water.’? (Simpson.)

GENUS STROPHITUS RAFINESQUE, 1820.

‘‘Shell elliptical to rhomboid, inflated, subsolid, pointed
or biangulate behind, with a low posterior ridge which is
sometimes double; beaks full, sculpture consisting of a few
strong concentric ridges which curve sharply upward behind ;
epidermis rayed or rayless, shining; hinge line incurved in
front of the beaks; teeth rudimentary, a vestigeal, compressed

322 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

tooth in each valve, and sometimes a secondary tooth ; laterals
rarely present; muscle scars shallow.

‘Animal with the marsupium occupying the whole of the
outer gills, consisting of short, horizontal ovisacs, which run
directly across the gills, and are discharged through the
outer wall with the ovules in them; ovules ten to twenty-five
in each ovisac and arranged in one or two rows, inner gills
the larger, free in part from the abdominal sac, or wholly
united ; mantle generally bordered behind with square black
spots; branchial opening with numerous papillee ; opening
papillose or crenulate.’’ (Simpson.)

Strophitus edentulus Say. Plate LXXII, fig. 1.

Alasmodonta edentula Say, New Harm. Diss., 1, No. 22, 1829, p. 340.

Anodonta wardiana Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Iv, 1836, p. 46, pl.
XIV, fig. 42.

Anodonta arkansasensis Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., x1, 1852, p.
298, pl. XxIx, fig. 56.

Shell moderate to large, rather thin, but variable in this
respect, slightly thickened anteriorly, long elliptical, not
much inflated. Anterior margin rounded; ventral margin
somewhat bowed ; posterior margin roundly triangulate, the
point of juncture of the two posterior margins being exceed-
ingly variable in its position; dorsal margin straight, and
joined with the posterior at a very greatly varying angle.
Umboidal ratio approximately one-third of the entire length,
and quite constant. Umbones fairly prominent, but not
much raised, and ornamented with three or four coarse
ridges. Lines of growth quite continuous and very variable
in their prominence. Color of epidermis varies from light
horn to almost black; young specimens marked with dark
green rays, old shells eradiate. Ligament stout, almost
black.

Interior: Pseudocardinals represented by one or two
pearly nodules below or anterior to the umbones, hinge ridge
rather heavy. Anterior muscle scars well marked; anterior
adductor cicatrix sometimes slightly impressed; posterior
scars small but well marked, often fused. Pallial line hardly
apparent; prominent lines of growth show on interior surface
as slight rounded ridges. Cavity of shell moderately deep,

SCAMMON: THE UNIONID® OF KANSAS, PART I. 323

of umbones shallow. Nacre variable, sometimes silver-white ;
cavity of the shell often salmon-yellow, varying to salmon-
rose ; posterior and lower margins of the shell iridescent.

Length. Height. Breadth. Um. ra.

100 58 34 0.33 (161.1)
62 43 27.5 37 (160.1)
81 44 30 33 (160.2)
56 29 18 .39+ (160.3)
67.5 35 23 33 (160.4)

This species is found throughout the Mississippi and St.
Lawrence drainage areas and in eastern Texas. In Kansas
it is common to all the drainage basins. It has been re-
ported as far west as Reno county (Mead) in the southern
drainage, and as the Smoky Hill river at Salina in the west-
ern drainage. In the streams and small rivers of the east
central part of the state it is quite abundant. Although pre-
ferring a muddy bottom and quiet water, it is able, by anchor-
ing itself in the silt with its muscular foot, to withstand a
strong current. It is a rapid burrower and quite tenacious
of life.

There is but little variation in this form while it remains
in quiet, muddy streams, but rapid flowing and rocky streams
produce a variety of forms and colors in the shell, any of
which would be sufficient to characterize a species were they
constant.

The peculiar rudiments of pseudocardinals will serve to
“separate this species from any other in the state.

HOMOGENZ.

‘Male and female shells alike, oval to elongate ; beak sculp-
ture coarse; embryos filling the entire gills in the form of
thick, smooth pads; the ovisacs not separated by sulci.’’
( Simpson.)

GENUS ANODONTA Lamarck, 1799.

‘*Shell elliptical, thin, inflated, often slightly winged pos-
teriorly ; beak sculpture consisting of rather numerous more
or less parallel ridges, usually somewhat doubly looped, and
becoming slightly nodulous on the loops; surface generally
smooth, shining; hinge edentulous, reduced to a mere line,
regularly curved ; muscle scars rather faint; nacre dull.

324 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIKNCE BULLETIN.

‘Animal with the marsupium occupying the whole outer
gills, when filled forming a smooth, very thick, liver-colored
pad ; gills free from the abdominal sac from one-half to their
entire length; palpi generally large; branchial opening pap-
illose; anal opening without papille, though sometimes
very slightly crenulate; superanal opening generally small,
widely separated from the anal.’’ (Simpson.)

Anodonta imbecillis SAy. Plate LXXIV, fig. 1.
Anodonta imbecillis Say, New Harm. Diss., 0, No. 28, 1829, p. 355.
Anodonta incerta Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc.. v, 1834, p. 46, pl. v1,

fig. 16.

Shell moderate in size, very thin, elliptical, inflated. An-
terior margin rounded; ventral margin bowed, sometimes
slightly produced posteriorly; posterior margin roundly
pointed, point variable in length and sometimes turned
slightly upward ; dorsal margin straight, variable in length,
dorsal posterior angle from 145 to 150 degrees. There is a tend-
ency to form a dorsal wing. Umboidal ratio, approximately
0.30; umbones extremely small and flat, marked by several
fine broken ridges concentrically arranged. Anterior and
lateral slopes rounded ; posterior slope somewhat excavated.
Lines of growth continuous, dark in color, infrequent. Epi-
dermis smooth and polished, bottle-green to pea-green in
color, the umbones a light horn-brown; postumboidal slope
often dark brown, disk often marked with dark green rays.
Ligament slight, long.

Interior: Muscle scars slightly marked, anterior ones the
more so; pallial line sometimes marked. Cavity of shell large
of beaks practically none. Nacre silver-white, iridescent over

the entire cavity.
Dorsal pos-

Length. Height. Breadth. terior angle. Um. ra.
74 34 27.5 158° 0.30 (33.1)
77 36 30 154° 81 (33.3)
53 26 19 145° 380 (81.1)
63 31 24.5 145° 29+ (33.4)
62.5 26.5 24 151° .29 (33.6)

A. imbecillis has a general distribution in all the Mississippi
valley, Texas, North and South Carolina. It is found in all
the Kansas drainage areas and is plentiful in fayored stations
in all of them. It is reported by Call as far west as Reno

SCAMMON: THE UNIONID® OF KANSAS, PART I. 325

county in the southern drainage area, and I have received
specimens from as far west as Hays, from Big creek, a tribu-
tary of the Smoky Hill river, in the Kansas drainage. The
largest specimens that I have seen from the state were from
Rock creek, Douglas county. This species is a lover of quiet
water and muddy or somewhat sandy banks. It is in fact
unfitted to survive other conditions on account of its fragile
shell.

There is no species with which this form can be easily con-
fused ; the extreme fragileness of the shell and lack of umbones
will distinguish it from the young of A. grandis. It varies
but little.

Anodonta suborbiculata Say. Plate LXXIII.

Anodonta suborbiculata Say, New Harm. Diss. (newspaper form), Jan.
29, 1831.

Shell very large, thin, slightly compressed, suborbiculate
in outline. Anterior margin flatly curved; ventral margin
almost circular; posterior margin rounded for the first fifth
ventrally, and very slightly incurved for the remaining four-
fifths; dorsal margin straight or very slightly curved. Um-
boidal ratio variable, from 0.25 to 0.40. Umbones very low
and flat, and ornamented with four or five pairs of slight
nodules arranged in a series which represent degenerate
double-looped ridges. Anterior and lateral umboidal slopes
flatly curved ; posterior umboidal ridge low but distinct; pos-
terior slope slightly excavated. Epidermis straw-yellow to
dark brown in color, smooth and shining except for the pos-
terior umboidal slope, which is slightly roughened ; fine green
rays are sometimes present. Lines of growth fine and con-
tinuous. Ligament dark and rather stout.

Interior: Hinge line very thin. Muscle scars large, very
faint. Pallial line very faint. Cavity of shell rather large,
of beaks very slight. Nacre white, varying to a light salmon,
deepest in color near the umbones, very iridescent.

Dorsal pos-
Length. Height. Breadth. Um.ra. terior angle.
176 133 58 0.26-+- 140° ;
as 8 dS dO’ ago (Coll. Kan. Acad. Sci.)
72 58 18 32 110° (Coll. W. C.)

This species extends from Nebraska and Illinois south to
4—Bull., Vol. III, No. 9.

326 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Louisiana (Simpson). It is generally a rare species, but
sometimes abundant locally (Call). It has been reported
from only two localities in the state, the Neosho river in the
southern drainage (Call), and Silver Lake, Shawnee county,
in the Kansas drainage. Its habitat is the muddy beds of
slow streams and ponds.

This is the largest anodon found in the state. The largest
specimen I have seen from the state measured 176 mm. in
length. It is in the Quintard collection of the Kansas Acad-
emy of Science, at Topeka. There is but little variation.
The juvenile shells are much more rayed than are the adult,
and the dorsal posterior angle grows less acute as the shell
increases in size and age.

Anodonta grandis Say. Plate LXXIV, fig. 3.

Anodonta grandis Say, New Harm. Diss., 1, 1829, p. 341.

Anodonta ovata Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., v1, 1838, p. 2, pl. I, fig. 2.

Anodonta salmonia Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., v1, 1838, p. 45, pl.

xIV, fig. 41.
Anodonta lewisii Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 1857, p. 84.
Shell large, moderately thin, inflated, wide elliptical. An-

terior margin rounded ; ventral margin generally gently bowed
but sometimes almost straight ; posterior margin bluntly an-
gulate or rounded ; dorsal margin straight or slightly curved
and extremely variable in its length, the dorsal posterior
angle quite variable. Umboidal ratio quite constant, at
approximately one third. Umbones more or less inflated and
marked with three or four coarse double-looped ridges. Um-
boidal slopes rounded, the posterior and anterior slope flat-
tened near their margins. Epidermis smooth, shining, variable
in color, generally green over the disk and brownish gray
on the umbones, and the posterior slope almost black, the
color often arranged in concentric bands of different shades ;
large old specimens are often black, young specimens ob-
scurely rayed. Ligament moderately long, stout, very dark
brown. Posterior hinge line slightly curved and well defined.
Muscle cicatrices large, rather faintly outlined. Pallial line
not visible in some specimens and never impressed. Dorsal
muscle scars occasionally impressed, but often faint, located
in the wall of the tip of the umbone cavity. Umboidal cavity
small, cavity of shell large.

SCAMMON: THE UNIONID# OF KANSAS, PART I. 327

Dorsal pos-

Length. Height. Breadth, Um,ra, terior angle.
124 72 46 0.30 156° (27.1)
135 =e SHES 49 .28+ Rounded. (56.1)
122 70 38 .32 154° (25.1)
103 57 37 .38l 151° (57.1)
97 55 31 31+ 146° (26.1)

A. grandis and its varieties range from the upper St. Law-
rence and Lake Winnipeg southwest through the Mississippi
drainage to Texas. It is our commonest and one of our
largest anodons, and is well distributed over all the Kansas
drainage areas. Its favorite habitat is the muddy beds of
permanent ponds and lakes and slow-flowing streams. Some-
times, however, the species becomes established in large,
rapidly flowing, but not rocky streams. It is abundant in
the lakes formed from old river-beds of the Missouri river
along the northern part of the east boundary of the state,
but it is not present in similar bodies of water along the Kan-
sas river near Lawrence.

This is one of the most variable of Anodons, and is pos-
sessed of an extensive synonymy on that account. The rela-
tion of the height to the length and the umboidal ratio are
fairly constant, but the shell varies in almost every character.
There is much difference in the thickness of the shell, due to
the station, and whole colonies will be found where the
epidermis is a rusty black instead of the typical shiny green.
There have been numerous varieties of this species described,
and the form called var. gigantea is present in Kansas waters,
but I think the series of intermediates is so complete that it
does not merit even the distinction of a variety. I regard the
A. bealii reported from this state as a synonym of grandis.

Anodonta danielsii LEA. Not figured.
Anodonta danielsii Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 1858, p. 139.
Shell long, thin, elongate elliptical, slightly inflated. An-
terior margin rounded; ventral margin gently bowed; pos-
terior margin roundly pointed; dorsal margin straight or
slightly curved, and meeting the posterior margin at an angle
of about 155 degrees. Umboidal ratio, approximately 0.28.
Umbones prominent but not inflated, and sculptured with
two or three sets of rather small, deep, double loops. Um-
boidal slopes gently rounded. Epidermis smooth and

328 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

polished, seal- to olive-brown, the umbones light brownish
drab; posterior umboidal slope roughened and very dark
brown or black. Eradiate or showing the slightest traces of
rays. Lines of growth continuous and imbricated marginally.

Interior: Hinge line slightly thickened; anterior scars
lightly impressed, large, often fused. Posterior scars faintly
marked, large, confluent. Pallial line sometimes marked.
Cavity of the beaks and shell deep. Nacre silver-white and
iridescent.

Dorsal pos-

Length. Height. Breadth. Um.ra. terior angle.
130 68 47 0.27— 154° (220.1)
116 61 35 284+ 156° (217.1)
100 53 34.5 215 153° (216.1)
86 41 36 a) 154° (80.1)

This species is confined to the rivers of Kansas and Indian
Territory. In Kansas it has been reported from twenty lo-
calities, scattered all over the state and in all the drainage
areas. Its reported western range is Big creek, in Ellis county
(Call). The largest specimens I have seen are from the
Smoky Hill river at Salina. This species is not rare in any
of the drainage areas.

The relation of the height to the length, the umboidal ratio
and the dorsal posterior marginal angle are all remarkably
constant in the series which I have examined. It is a slen-
derer species than A. grandis, and is more cylindrical and less
pointed posteriorly. The color of the epidermis is quite dif-
ferent from that of the typical grandis. The specimens re-
ported by Call as A. dejecta are without doubt this species.

Anodonta opaca LEA. Plate LXXV.

A pi opaca Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., x, 1852, p. 285, pl. xxv,
g. 46.

Shell large, thin, broadly elliptical, inflated. Anterior
margin rounded ; ventral margin straight or slightly bowed ;
posterior margin roundly biangulate, the dorsal half some-
times slightly incurved. Umboidal ratio, two-fifths of the
entire length of the shell. Umbones large, high, and much
inflated, marked with several concentric, nodulous, double-
looped ridges. Anterior and lateral umboidal slopes abruptly
curved ; posterior slope abrupt and often slightly incurved.
Epidermis smooth and shining, yellow, with a light green

SCAMMON: THE UNIONID® OF KANSAS, PART I. 329

cast, obscurely marked with numerous fine greenish rays,
which extend over the anterior and lateral slopes; the um-
bones often of an olive-gray color. Lines of growth promi-
nent, raised, but smooth anteriorly, imbricated posteriorly.
Ligament long, fairly stout, of a light brown color.

Interior : Hinge line gently bowed. Muscle scars large and
faint; the anterior scars of almost equal size, and distinct ;
the posterior scars confluent. Pallial line hardly visible,
wavy. Cavity of shell large, of umbones very large. Nacre
silvery or pinkish, moderately iridescent.

Length. Height. Breadth. Um. ra.
119 82 54 42 (Coll. W. C.)

A. opaca is a Southern species. Its range is from Louisi-
ana and Mississippi north to Kansas. I know of only one
locality for this form in Kansas: Quimbly creek, in Clay
county, a small tributary of the Kansas drainage. Doubtless
it also occurs in the southern series of the state.

This form can hardly be confused with any other Anodon.
It resembles A. grandis in coloring and slightly in outline,
but the ratio of the height to the length in grandis is as 1 to
2, while in the form under discussion it is as 2to3. The
high and extremely full beaks are very characteristic.

Genus ANODONTOIDES Simpson.

‘Shell elliptical, inflated, thin, with a faint posterior ridge,
sometimes constricted at the center of the base; beaks rather
full, with a few coarse, subparallel, concentric ridges, which
are curved up rather suddenly behind, and back of these are
some fine radiating ridges ; epidermis smooth, shining, often
rayed; hinge line slightly incurved in front of the beaks,
edentulous or bearing the merest rudiments of teeth; muscle
scars shallow, irregular; nacre bluish white.

‘‘Animal with the marsupium occupying the outer and
sometimes the four leaves of the branchizw; ovules more
numerous-in the outer, the whole pad-like; gills large, inner
semicircular, free from the abdominal sac or united to it;
branchial opening large, with many small papille; anal
opening with well-developed papille.’’ (Simpson.)

330 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Anodontoides ferussacianus LEA. Plate LXXIV, fig. 2.

Anodontoides ferussacianus Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soe., v, 1834, p.
45, pl. vi, fig. 1

Shell of moderate size, elliptical, narrowing posteriorly,
thin, slightly inflated. Anterior margin fully rounded; ven-
tral decidedly bowed, sometimes a little incurved centrally ;
posterior margin roundly pointed, dorsal margin straight to
slightly curved. Umbones of moderate height and inflation,
and ornamented with several ridges, which are bluntly pointed
posteriorly. Anterior and lateral umboidal slopes fully
rounded ; posterior slope often slightly excavated near the
dorsal margin. Epidermis smooth and shining, of dark
olive-green or brown, lightest over the umbones, and often
ornamented with wide, rather obscure dark green rays.
Lines of growth dark and continuous, but not generally im-
bricated or roughened. Ligament weak and light brown in
color.

Interior: Hinge line slightly thickened, slightly incurved
in front of the beaks, and sometimes showing a slight rudi-
ment of a pseudocardinal. Muscle scars fairly well outlined,
large, the anterior scars distinct, the posterior scars confluent.
Pallial line outlined for its entire length. Cavity of the shell
large, of the beaks slight. Nacre white or bluish, slightly
iridescent.

Length. Height. Breadth. Um. ra.
75 37 22 0.30 (Coll. W. C.)

This species is found throughout the Mississippi drainage
and in a number of rivers of eastern Canada. In Kansas it
has been reported only from the northern or Kansas drainage.
In this area we have a series of reports extending from the
eastern boundary of the state west to Sappa creek, near
Oberlin. Call (5.) This is the extreme western range of the
Kansas Unionide as at present reported.

When young this species is easily identified by its bright
green shell and striking rays, but the older shells lose these
characters. It may be separated from Anodonta grandis by
its more pointed beaks, cylindrical shell, and gradually pointed
posterior margin. This last is not always constant.

SCAMMON: THE UNIONID® OF KANSAS, PART I. 331

GENUS SYMPHYNOTA LEA, 1829.

‘Shell elliptic rhomboid, compressed ; beaks low, sculpture
consisting of strong bars; one pseudocardinal in the right
valve and two in the left, the hinder somewhat /A-shaped,
cutting off the hinge plate in the right valve; laterals gener-
ally imperfect.

“‘Animal with the gills semicircular below, inner the larger,
filling nearly the whole length from the abdominal sac; mar-
supium thick, pad-like, filling the outer gills; mantle strongly
attached at pallial line; branchial opening papillose; anal
opening without papille.’’ (Simpson.)

Symphynota costata RAFINESQUE. Plate LXXVI, fig. 1.

Alasmidonta costata Rafinesque, Ann. Gen. Sci. Brux., v, 1820, p. 318,
pl. Lxxxul, figs.15, 16.

Alasmodonta rugosa Barnes, Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, VI, 1823, p.
278, pl. XIU, fig. 21.

Shell large, elongate oval, moderately thick, compressed in
male, less so in female. Anterior margin an abrupt curve ;
anterior portion of yentral margin gently curved, posterior
portion straight ; posterior margin roundly biangulate ; dorsal
margin straight or slightly curved. Umboidal ratio, from
0.25 to 0.50. Umbones flat and low, marked with three very
coarse, parallel ridges. Umboidal slopes all flatly rounded,
the posterior slope marked with a series of moderate-sized
undulations which are curved slightly upward anteriorly.
Lines of growth coarse, numerous, continuous. Epidermis
horn color to deep brown. Ligament long, dark brown.

Interior: Pseudocardinals large, erect, serrate, double in
the left and single in the right valve. Lateral teeth indi-
cated only by an indistinct broken ridge on each hinge plate.
Anterior scars rather large, smooth ; adductor cicatrix deeply
impressed in its dorsal portion ; retractor cicatrix lightly im-
pressed and generally fused at the anterior end with the
adductor cicatrix. Posterior scars large, lightly impressed,
fused. Dorsal cicatrices a row of small scars almost at the
base of the pseudocardinals. Pallial impression sometimes
well marked. Cavity of the umbones slight, of the shell
moderate. Nacre rich cream color in the cavity of the shell,
white marginally, iridescent posteriorly.

332 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Length. Height. Width. Um, ra.

126 65 37 0.27 of ren
106 62 48 28 2 15.1)
130 68 44 30 ro (Coll. W. C.)
115 68 43 29 9 (Coll. W. C.)

S. rugosa is distributed throughout the Mississippi valley,
and is also found in Manitoba, in the St. Lawrence drainage,
and at Columbus, Miss. In Kansas it has been found only
in the Neosho river and two of its tributaries, the Cottonwood
river and Fall river. I do not believe this to be a common
species at any place in the state.

There will be no difficulty in identifying this form. The
peculiar lateral teeth rudiments will at once indicate the
genus and the rugose posterior slope the species. The two
sexes are easily distinguished; the female is much shorter
and more inflated than the male. Aside from the sexual va-
riation, the only other decided variant is the number and
character of the posterior undulations.

Symphynota complanata BARNES. Plate LXXVI, fig. 2.

Alasmodonta complanata Barnes, Amer. Jour. of Sci. and Arts, VI,
1823, p. 278, pl. xm, fig. 21.

Shell large, moderately thick anteriorly, thinner poste-
riorly, wide ellipsoid, compressed in male, less so in fe-
male; young specimens strongly alate, but this character
often lost in olderspecimens. Anterior margin rounded ; ven-
tral margin well rounded in female, less so in the male; pos-
terior margin roundly biangulate in young, rounded in old
specimens. Wing high in old, pointed in young specimens.
Umboidal ratio, 0.20 to 0.25. Umbones flattened and marked
with four or five rows of double-looped, coarse, \y-shaped
ridges. Umboidal slopes flattened in male, flatly rounded in
female. Epidermis in young specimens smooth, shiny, light
to dark brown, sometimes rayed, in old specimens rough, dark
brown to black, eradiate. Lines of growth raised, continuous,
numerous, sometimes slightly wavy at the base of the wing.
Ligament long, light brown.

Interior: Pseudocardinals variable, generally double in left
and single in the right valve, large, pyramidally serrate.
Lateral teeth indicated by a low, irregular ridge on each
hinge plate. Interdentum sometimes present, sometimes ex-

SCAMMON: THE UNIONID# OF KANSAS, PART I. 333

cavated in the right valve to form a socket for the anterior
left pseudocardinal. Anterior muscle scars not deeply exca-
vated but large. Posterior scars large, fused, lightly out-
lined. Pallial line slightly impressed anteriorly, outlined
posteriorly. Dorsal muscle scars pitted, numerous on pos-
terior face of pseudocardinals. Cavity of the beaks slight, of
the shell moderate, greatest in females. Nacre white, iri-
descent posteriorly.

P, v.-p. d.
Length. Height. Breadth. Um ra. Mae
188 110 52 0.21+ 140° fo (16.1)
171 105 62 nA ilsule io) (16.2)
134 78 34 20 155° fof (16.3)
160 96 56 22+ 188° g (*)
162 92 51.5 120 142° ol (*)

S. complanata is found in the Mississippi drainage north of
the Arkansas river and in the St. Lawrence drainage. It is
a common: species in all the drainage basins of Kansas, and
has been reported as far west as Wichita and the Solomon river
at Minneapolis. It ranks close to Lampsilis luteola in abun-
dance in the streams of the northeastern part of the state.
Although most abundant in water from six to twelve feet in
depth and in a mud bottom, smaller specimens may often be
found in company with such forms as Quadrula plicata and
Tritogonia tuberculata in swift-flowing water of a foot or less
in depth and embedded in a grayelly bed. It attains a size
equal to any Unio in the state. It possesses a strong muscu-
lature, is a rapid burrower, and is very tenacious of life.

GENUS UNIO ReErzius, 1788.

‘‘Shell inequilateral, oval to elongated, rounded in front
and pointed or biangulate behind, with a more or less deyel-
oped posterior ridge, often becoming slightly arcuate when
old; beaks only moderately full, generally sculptured with
coarse ridges, which run parallel with the growth lines, or are
somewhat doubly looped, sometimes broken and showing fine
radiating lines behind ; surface smooth, slightly concentrically
ridged or pustulose; epidermis rather dull colored, rayless
or feebly rayed; hinge plate narrow, two pseudocardinals and
two laterals in the left valve, and one pseudocardinal and one

*From Minneapolis, Kan., high-school collection.

334 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

lateral in the right, with rarely a vestige of a second lateral ;
cavity of the beaks not deep or compressed.

‘‘Animal having the inner branchiz free from the abdomi-
nal sac for from one-half to their entire length; marsupium
occupying the whole length of the outer gills only, forming
a thick, smooth bag when filled with young; gills united to
the mantle behind to their extreme points or very nearly
so; papille on branchial and anal openings unbranched ; su-
peranal opening always closed below.’’ (Simpson.)

Unio gibbosus BARNES. Pl. LX XVII.

Unio gibbosus Barnes, Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, XIV, 1828, p. 286.
Unio arctior Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., v1, 1838, p. 10, pl. Iv, fig. 10.

Shell rather large, thick, but variable in this respect,
thickest anteriorly, elongate, flat ellipsoid, often tapering
posteriorly, compressed. Anterior margin shortly rounded ;
ventral margin straight, often slightly sulcate posteriorly ;
posterior margin more or less roundly pointed; dorsal mar-
gin long and curved, sometimes curving insensibly into the
posterior margin, oblique, and set on an average angle of
about twenty-five degrees from the ventral margin. Um-
boidal ratio quite constant, approximately one-fourth of the
entire length. Umbones flat, and marked with several coarse
concentric ridges. Anterior umboidal slope rounded ; lateral
slope flatly rounded and sometimes marked with a broad,
shallow radial furrow posteriorly ; posterior umboidal slope
abruptly curved ; umboidal ridge quite well marked. Lines
of growth numerous, continuous, in older specimens imbri-
cated, particularly posteriorly. Ligament long, stout, rich
brown in color. Lunule long and slender.

Interior: Pseudocardinals low, rounded, thick, evenly ser-
rate, double in the left and single in the right, but often with
one or two auxiliary spurs in the right valve. Lateralslong,
more or less oblique, straight, slightly curved, slightly
roughened posteriorly. Interdentum broad and long. An-
terior adductor cicatrix of moderate depth and size, some-
times placed slightly under the anterior pseudocardinals,
particularly in old specimens. Retractor cicatrix well im-
pressed, variable in shape and size. Posterior scars moderate

SCAMMON: THE UNIONID® OF KANSAS, PART I. 335

in size, long, somewhat fused, impressed, often deeply. Pal-
lial line impressed anteriorly and often its entire length.
Dorsal cicatrices a row of pits on the under side of the inter-
dentum. Hardly any umboidal cavity ; cavity of shell moder-
ate, branchial outline distinct. Nacre from milk-white to
pink or deep purple, sometimes almost leaden, often white
anteriorly and purple posteriorly ; iridescence hardly present.
Length. Height. Width. Um. ra.

107 47 31.5 0.21 (53.1)
114 52 34 19+ (250.1)
108 50 35 21 (3800.1)
115 48 34 21 (53.2)

99 50 35.5 19+ (800.1)

U. gibbosus is distributed throughout the Mississippi drain-
age, the St. Lawrence drainage, and the Alabama drainage.
It is also found from northern Florida west to the Guadalupe
river, Texas. Its distribution in Kansas is rather peculiar.
In the clear waters of the southern drainage it is a common
species; in the Marais des Cygnes and its tributaries it is
very abundant, perhaps the most so of any Unio. In the
Kansas drainage, however, I know of only one specimen
being found. This was a single valve, picked up at Blanton
ford, on the Wakarusa river, near Lawrence. This is the
only specimen from this stream, although the river has been
thoroughly collected. It is found both on gravel bars and
rifles, and in deep water, embedded in the mud.

Certain characters of the shell of this species are extremely
variable. Perhaps the color of the nacre is the most striking
of these. It is possible to make up a complete series of
specimens of this species, showing a gradual variation of
nacre from a deep leaden purple to pure white. Of the white
forms the most common is that with a tinge of purple dorsal-
anteriorly. Occasionally specimens are found in which the
cavity of the shell is pink. In my experience the purple
nacre form is the most common in the Neosho river, while
the white nacre form is the most abundant one in the Marais
des Cygnes. The thickness of the shell is quite variable.
There is also much yariation in the length and curvature of
the dorsal margin; in some specimens the extreme curvature
and length of this margin give the shell a peculiar humped

336 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

appearance. The relation of the height of the shell to its
length is commonly about as one to three, but specimens
often occur in which the height is one-half or more of the
length. It is a peculiar fact that in spite of the variation in
the thickness and height of the shell the cubic capacity of
the valves bears a quite constant relation to their length.
The umboidal ratio is also fairly constant.

U. gibbosus is an easily recognized species in spite of its
variation. The only forms with which it might be confused
are Lampsilis recta and Ptychobranchus phaseolus. The dis-
tinguishing characteristics are mentioned in the notes on
those two species.

Unio tetralasmus Say. Plate LX XVIII, fig. 1.

Unio tetralasmus Say, Amer. Conch., 11, 1880, pl. XXIII.

Unio symmetricus Lea, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., tv, 1845, p. 164.

Unio jamesianus Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 1857, p. 84.

Shell moderate to large, moderate thickness, long elliptical,

slightly compressed. Anterior margin rounded ; ventral mar-
gin slightly bowed and forming quite a sharp angle with
posterior margin; posterior margin straight or slightly
bowed ; dorsal margin straight and forming an approximate
angle of 140 to 145 degrees with the posterior margin. Um-
boidal ratio, 0.20 to 0.30. Umbones full, decurved, and
marked with from five to eight rather coarse concentric
ridges. Anterior umboidal slope fully rounded; lateral
slope moderately rounded ; posterior slope slightly angular.
Epidermis smooth and shining, except for an occasional nar-
row rough band and for the dorsum of the posterior slope ;
in color from light horn to dark seal-brown, sometimes
marked obscurely with fine rays of dull olive-brown. The
color of the epidermis is often arranged in broad concentric
but not continuous bands of light and dark; umbones gen-
erally brown. Lines of growth fine, slightly imbricated, and
continuous. Ligament long, narrow, and black.

Interior: Pseudocardinals thin, erect, plate-like, high or
low, double in left and single in the right valve, as a whole
very variable. Laterals thin, of moderate length, and slightly
curved. Anterior muscle cicatrices large and only fairly well

SCAMMON: THE UNIONID& OF KANSAS, PART I. 337

impressed ; posterior scars large, outlined, but not impressed,
confluent. Dorsal cicatrices large, shallow pits in the cavity
of the umbones. Pallial line marked its entire length, but
not compressed. Cavity of the beaks slight, of the shell
moderately large. Branchial outlines sometimes slightly
marked. Nacre a silvery white.

Dorsal pos-
Length. Height. Breadth. Um. ra. terior angle.
70 34 21 0.26 144° (180.1)
57 29.5 17.5 -20 145° (180.2)
90 50 30 .24 140° *)
67 34 21.5 .26-+ 140° (*)
ey 36 24 a2) 138° (approx.) (*)

Unio tetralasmus var. camptodon Say. Not figured.
Unio camptodon Say, Amer. Conch., v, 1832, pl. XIII.
Unio geometricus Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., v, 1832, p. 38, pl.
Iv, fig. 10.

To be distinguished from the foregoing by a slightly more
rhomboid outline and in dull, drab-colored and cloth-like epi-
dermis, which is roughened by frequent coarse, continuous
lines of growth. Otherwise agreeing with the species proper.

The general distribution of U. tetralasmus is throughout the
Mississippi valley as far north as forty degrees latitude and
southwest to Mexico. It is also found in the Ohio and Ala-
bama river systems.

In Kansas this species is found in all the drainage areas,
but perhaps most frequently in the small, muddy tributaries
and the large ponds and lakes of the southern drainage basin.
There is hardly another species which has an equal range over
the state; it has been reported from as far west as Garden
City (Call) in the southern drainage, and as a tributary of
the Solomon river at Minneapolis in the Kansas area. I have
seen some specimens of remarkable size and beauty from
the latter place. It is often found in the Wakarusa river at
Lawrence.

In all the material which I have gone over and have per-
sonally collected, I have found only one lot which could be
referred to the variety camptodon. This material was from a
pond near Thayer, Neosho county. As Doctor Call did not dis-

*Collection Minneapolis high school,

238 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

criminate between the variety and species in his list, it is im-
possible to make out the respective localities of his material.

There is hardly a Unio more subject to variation than this
one, particularly in the character of the epidermis and the
posterior outline. However, the relation of the height to the
length (approximately 1 to 2) and the dorsal posterior an-
gle remain remarkably constant. The species can best be
identified by the peculiarly undulated beaks and the broken
concentric bands of color of the epidermis.

GENUS PLEUROBEMA (RaAFINESQUE, 1820) AGASSIZ.

‘‘Shell solid, triangular to rhomboid, usually with a promi-
nent umboidal region; beaks at or near the anterior end of
the shell, incurved and pointed over a small but well-developed
lunule ; beak sculpture coarse, consisting of a few irregular,
often-broken ridges with a curve upward posteriorly ; poste-
rior ridge present, but low and rounded ; epidermis showing
rest periods plainly, tawny to olive, often ornamented with
rays which show a tendency to break into square spots ; hinge
rather strong, the plate generally narrow; pseudocardinals
double in both valves, in the right valve the inner being
smaller; muscle scars deep, the posterior rounded, cavity of
the beaks shallow; nacre silvery ; male and female shells es-
sentially alike.

‘‘Animal having the inner gills much the larger, rounded
below, free from the abdominal sac for a part or all of their
length ; marsupium occupying the entire outer gills, the ovi-
sacs in some cases seeming to be arranged in pairs. Animal
generally yellowish to salmon-red, sometimes more or less
brown or blackish.’’ (Simpson.)

Pleurobema exsopus GREEN. Plate LXXVIII, fig. 2.

Unio xsopus Green, Cont. Mac. Lyceum, I, No. 2, 1827, p. 46, fig. 3.
Unio cyphia Conrad, New Fresh-water Shells, 1834, p. 68.

Shell large, thick, particularly anteriorly, roundly trape-
zoidal, tapering behind, rather inflated dorso-anteriorly. An-
terior margin fully rounded ; ventral margin gently and equally
curved, slightly emarginate posteriorly; posterior margin
roundly biangulate ; dorsal margin straight and somewhat

SCAMMON: THE UNIONID® OF KANSAS, PART I. 339

oblique. Umboidal ratio in specimens examined averaged
0.12 to 0.18. Umbones ornamented with several coarse con-
centric ridges and a few fine radiating lines. Anterior slope
full and rounded ; lateral slope rounded anteriorly, occupied
by a broad, distinct radial furrow, which extends from the tip
of the umbone to the ventral margin; on each side of the
dorsal half of the radial furrow is found a scattered row of
large, low tubercles which are often quite obscure ; posterior
umboidal ridge prominent. Posterior slope narrow, abrupt,
decidedly incurved dorsally, with broken transverse ridges on
the upper half. Epidermis dark horn, brown, black. Lines
of growth pronounced and continuous, imbricated marginally.
Ligament long, of moderate thickness, dark brown. Lunule
well developed.

Interior: Pseudocardinals large, erect, ragged, double in
the left and single in the right valve, the right pseudocardinal
arising from a pit. Interdentum narrow, not very long.
Laterals long, straight, slightly oblique. Anterior adductor
cicatrices deeply excavated, rough, roundly triangular in out-
line; anterior retractor scar deeply pitted; posterior scars
large, lightly impressed, fused; dorsal scars large on the
lower surface of the interdentum and the base of the pseudo-
cardinals. Pallial line impressed anteriorly, outlined pos-
teriorly. Cavity of beaks and shell moderate. Nacre pearly

white.
Length. Breadth. Height. Um. ra.

125 54 82 0.18 (460.1)
78 43 58 .12+ (Coll. W. C.)
90 42 55 -15+4+ (471.1)

This species is found in the Cumberland, Ohio and Ten-
nessee river systems, and ranges west to Kansas. I have
seen only three specimens from Kansas. These came from
the Verdigris river at Coffeyville. They are of the typical
form.

Pleurobema cicatricosum Say. Not figured.
Unio varicosus Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Iv, 1829, p. 90, pl. x,
fig. 20.
Unio cicatricosus Say, New Harm. Diss., 1, No. 19, 1829, p. 292.
Shell large, thick, extremely ponderous in the region of
the umbones and anteriorly, elongately and roundly triangu-

340 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIKNCE BULLETIN.

lar in outline, subinflated. Anterior margin straight or
slightly incurved dorsally, bluntly rounded below; ventral
margin straight or slightly emarginate; posterior margin
produced below and roundly pointed; dorsal margin oblique
and forming a continuous curve with the posterior margin.
Umboidal ratio, nil. Umbones very full and high, and di-
rected anteriorly, ornamented with a few coarse ridges. An-
terior umboidal slope slightly incuryed or straight, very
abrupt, lateral margin fully rounded anteriorly and flatly
rounded posteriorly, ornamented with a number of coarse,
concentric folds, which are variable in their elevation ; pos-
terior umboidal slope abrupt, slightly rounded. Epidermis
marked with numerous coarse, continuous lines of growth,
rusty brown to black in color. Lunule large, ligament thick.

Interior: Pseudocardinals high, rough, heavy, double in
the left and single in the right valve ; the left pseudocardinals
sharp, A-shaped ridges, of which the posterior is the longer,
meeting at right angles dorsally ; right pseudocardinal a high
truncate pyramid arising from a pit. Interdentum broad and
short, cut away in the right valve. Laterals heavy, long, ob-
lique, slightly curved. Anterior adductor cicatrix rather
small, very deep, elongate, semicircular in outline ; posterior
muscle scars rather small, deeply impressed, distinct ; dorsal
muscle scars extending from the anterior adductor cicatrices
to the anterior end of the lateral teeth. Pallial line impressed
its entire length. Cavity of the shell not large, of the beaks
slight ; branchial impression well marked. Nacre satin-white.

Length, Height. Breadth, Um, ra.
75 53* AT mil. (477.1)

The range of this species as given by Simpson is the Ohio
river, Tennessee, and possibly Claiborne, Ala. This is the
first report of its occurrence west of the Mississippi. The
one specimen which was found came from a grayel-bed on
the Neosho river near the southern state line.

There is considerable yariation in the extent of the folds on
the lateral slopes.

*Taken through region of pseudocardinals.

SCAMMON: THE UNIONID® OF KANSAS, PART I. 341

TETRAGENEZ.

‘‘Male and female shells alike, solid; beak sculpture con-
sisting of coarse subparallel ridges; beak cavities deep; mar-
supium filling all four gills, smooth, pad-like.’’ (Simpson.)

GENUS QUADRULA (RAFINESQUE, 1820) AGASSIZ.

‘‘Shell triangular quadrate or rhomboid, solid, inflated,
with rather prominent beaks, which are generally sculptured
with a few coarse, irregular, subparallel ridges that are in-
flated when they cross the posterior ridge; posterior ridge
ordinarily well developed; base often incurved in old speci-
mens; disks sculptured or smooth; epidermis usually dull
colored, dark, and rayless or feebly rayed; hinge plate
heavy, wide, flattened ; pseudocardinals solid, direct, ragged ;
laterals double in the left and single in the right valve, often
with a secondary lateral below the large one in the right
valye; cavity of the beaks deep and compressed; dorsal
scars under the hinge plate; male and female shells alike.

‘‘Animal having the inner gills the larger, generally free
from the abdominal sac the greater part or all of their
length ; marsupium occupying all the four gills throughout,
the whole smooth and pad-like.’’ (Simpson.)

Quadrula plicata Say. Plate LXXIX.
Unio plicata Say, Nich. Encyc., 1, 1816, pl. m1, fig. 1.

Shell large, thick, particularly anteriorly, wide, oval in
outline. Anterior margin flatly curved ; ventral margin gently
bowed ; posterior margin bluntly rounded or roundly biangu-
late; dorsal margin straight or slightly curved and slightly
oblique. Umbones large, inflated, high, directed anteriorly,
sculptured at the tips with several coarse ridges. Umboidal
ratio, from 0.07 to 0.14. The disk of the shell covered with
from four to nine coarse, parallel, more or less irregular folds,
which extend obliquely from the highest portion of the beaks
to the ventral and posterior margins. Anterior slope short,
abrubtly curved; posterior slope somewhat abrupt, slightly
excavated, sometimes marked with a series of short plications

_5—Bull., Vol. III, No. 9.

342 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

which are directed upwards at the dorsal margin. Epidermis
dark brown to black in color, rough except over the umbones.
Lines of growth coarse and continuous, imbricated margin-
ally. Ligament long and stout, black. Lunule large.
Interior: Pseudocardinals large, high, heavy, ragged,
double in the left, and single and sometimes double in the
right valve; when double the right anterior tooth is small
and low. Laterals of moderate length, stout, curved slightly
downward. Interdentum broad, flat, cut away in the right
valve to receive the posterior left pseudocardinal. Anterior
muscle cicatrices large, long, and narrow, of only moderate
depth, with roughened floors ; adductor cicatrix often curved
a little around the anterior pseudocardinal. Posterior scars
large, lightly impressed, fused. Pallial line heavily impressed
and crenulate anteriorly. Cavity of the beaks not large, of the
shell fairly large. Nacre white, very iridescent posteriorly.

Length. Height. Breadth. Um, ra.

150 99 71 0.09 (14.1)
134 86 47.5 -08 (814.1)
113 78 53 -09 (316.1)
120 87 64 12 (318.1)
101 55 47.5 -09 (314.3)

Q. plicata ranges from Lake Winnipeg and Lake Erie south
to the Arkansas and Tennessee rivers. It is common in all
Kansas drainage areas, although it is not as abundant as the
closely related Q. undulata. It is reported as far west as the
Whitewater river in the Arkansas drainage (Call), and as
Wild Cat creek, Riley county, in the Kansas drainage ( Pope-
noe). Ido not think that the species ranges much further
west than this latter point. Plicata is found buried in deep
mud in from two to ten feet of water, along with such forms
as Symphynota complanata and Tritogonia turberculata. In
favorable conditions the shell becomes very massive and at-
tains some size; a specimen from the Blue river was 165 mm.
in length and the dry shell weighed 800 grams. Another
specimen was 195 mm. in length.

Q. plicata is separated from the other undulate Unios by its
full, high beaks and curved dorsal margin. ‘The plications
are very variable in extent and distinctness.

SCAMMON: THE UNIONID& OF KANSAS, PART I. 343

Quadrula perplicata ConrAD. Not figured.
Unio perplicatus Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 1841, p. 19.
ne gieocneiotte Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., x, 1847, p. 70, pl. 11,
Shell large, quite thick, somewhat inflated, quadrate, wider
before than behind. Anterior margin flatly rounded; ven-
tral margin regularly and gently bowed; posterior margin
flatly rounded, inclined to be biangulate; dorsal margin
straight, directed somewhat upward. Umboidal ratio, about
0.25. Umbones fairly inflated, but not very high. Anterior
umboidal slope rather abruptly rounded; lateral slope fully
rounded ; posterior slope wide, flattened, inclined to be
slightly excavate. Lateral slope ornamented with a series
of more or less regular folds, four to seven in number, di-
rected obliquely across the disk from the umbones to the
ventro-posterior margin; the posterior slope bearing a con-
tinuation of the series of folds, which in this region are
smaller, arranged more transyersely, and bowed dorsally at
either end. Epidermis glossy chestnut brown, with imbri-
cated lines of growth marginally. Lunule small. Ligament
short and stout.

Interior: Pseudocardinals of moderate size and height,
roundly pyramidal, double in the left, and single, with some-
times one or two auxilaries, in the right valve. Interdentum
broad, smooth, rather long. Laterals short, straight, a little
oblique. Anterior adductor cicatrix evenly and shallowly ex-
cavated, with a roughened floor, uniform in outline; pos-
terior scars broader than long, lightly impressed, confluent ;
dorsal muscle scars on the lower surface of the interdentum
and pseudocardinals. Pallial line impressed and crenulate
the first two-thirds. Cavity of beaks and shell fairly large.
Nacre a beautiful silver-white, iridescent posteriorly.

Length. Height. Breadth. Um. ra.
87 50 44 0.23 (470.1)

Q. perplicata is a Southern species, found in the Alabama
drainage and the streams flowing into the Gulf of Mexico, as
far west as central Texas and north to Kansas. The only
specimens from Kansas of which I have personal knowledge
are two received from Doctor Newlon, from the Neosho river

344 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

at Oswego. Simpson (20) state sthat this form is found in
southern Kansas, but gives no exact localities.

This species is shorter and higher than Q. plicata; and the
dorsal margin of Q. perplicata is straight and directed upward,
while that of @. plicata is generally curved and directed ven-
trally. The rather high beaks of Q. perplicata will serve to
distinguish it from Q. undulata.

Quadrula undulata BARNES. Plate LXXX, fig. 2.

Unio undulatus Barnes, Amer. Jour. Sci., VI, 18238, p. 120, pl. m1.

Shell large, solid, thickest anteriorly, elongate quadrate
in outline, somewhat compressed. Anterior margin flatly
rounded; ventral margin gently bowed; posterior margin
roundly biangulate, the dorsal posterior margin being ap-
proximately three times the length of the ventral posterior
margin ; dorsal margin straight, except for the posterior third,
which is slightly curved. Umboidal ratio extremely variable,
from 0.10 to 0.30. Umbones compressed, flattened, and in-
curved, marked with from four to six coarse, concentric
ridges. Disk of the shell covered with a series of coarse
oblique folds, which run from the highest points of the um-
bones to the posterior and dorsal margins. The plications are
from five to eight in number, but break up considerably mar-
ginally. Posterior umboidal slope slightly excavated and
covered with a parallel series of undulations, which are di-
rected dorsally. The anterior of these undulations arise
independently on the umbones; the posterior ones are con-
tinuations of the dorsal disk undulations. Epidermis chest-
nut brown to black in color. Lines of growth coarse,
numerous, continuous, imbricated posteriorly. Ligament
long, stout, black. Lunule long and slender.

Interior: Pseudocardinals of moderate size, double in both
valves, those of the left valve high, pyramidal, ragged ; the
posterior of the right valve high, rough, and pyramidal, the an-
terior small and lamellar. Interdentum long and narrow, cut
away in the right valve to receive the posterior right pseudo-
cardinal. Laterals long, either thick or thin, slightly curved.
Anterior adductor cicatrix kidney-shaped, of moderate and
even depth, floor roughly pitted ; protractor cicatrix large and

SCAMMON: TBE UNIONID® OF KANSAS, PART I. 345

rough ; posterior scars large, faint, confluent. Pallial line im-
pressed and crenulate for the anterior two-thirds of its length.
Dorsal muscle scars variable in shape andnumber. Cavity of
the beaks deep, of the shell moderate; branchial depression
well outlined. Nacre white, iridescent posteriorly.

Length. Height. Breadth, Um. ra,
130 80 53

0.26 (14.1)

105 67 35 18+ (312.2)
90 58 39 126 (14.2)
110 72 37 113+ ae
114 58 42 12 313.1)

Quadrula undulata var. latecostata LEA. Not figured.
Unio latecostatus Lea, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., Iv, 1845, p. 163.
Distinguished from the species proper by the finer and
more regular undulations and thinner and more compressed
shell.

Quadrula undulata var. pilsbryi MARSH. Not figured.
Unio pilsbryi Marsh, Nautilus, v, 1891, p. 1.
Differs from the species in being produced ventro-pos-
teriorly and in bearing plications which tend to break up into
short transverse bars.

Q. undulata has very extensive distribution. It is found
throughout the Mississippi basin north into Canada and the
St. Lawrence drainage, south in the Alabama river system,
west almost to Mexico. It is a common species in all the
drainage areas of Kansas, but is, perhaps, most abundant in
the smaller tributaries of the Kansas river. Here it stands
next to Lampsilis luteola in abundance, and the riffles are
often covered with the shells. The reported range is as far
west as the Smoky Hill river at Salina; it probably goes
much further west. On Chapman creek, a tributary of the
Smoky Hill, it is very abundant; in a lot of about 150 shells,
fully fifty per cent. were Q. undulato, but there was not a
single specimen of the nearly related @. plicata in the lot.

The variety latecostata is found only in the southern drain-
age. The best examples I have seen were from Lake Thayer,
in Neosho county. Simpson (20) has stated that it is in
Kansas that this form merges with the true species. This I
believe to be true, for while transitional forms between the va-

346 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

riety and the species are common in the Kansas river drain-
age, the typical variety is yet to be found there.

The form pilsbryi was originally described as a distinct
species from Arkansas. Specimens of the variety from Kan-
sas correspond very well with specimens of pilsbryi from the
former state. As yet it has been reported from only two lo-
calities in the state—Ottawa creek, a small tributary of the
Marais des Cygnes, and Mill creek, in the Kansas drainage.

This species is not particular as to habitat, and its distribu-
tion is entirely uninfluenced by the depth of the water in which
it lives; sandy bottoms, however, are avoided. The main
distinctions between this and other closely related forms has
been already pointed out.

Quadrula heros Say. Plate LXXX, fig. 1.
Unio heros Say, New Harm. Diss., m1, No. 19, 1829, p. 29.
Unie ee Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Iv, 1831, p. 70, pl. Iv,
Shell large, of moderate thickness, rhomboid in outline,
compressed anteriorly, somewhat inflated medianly. An-
terior margin flatly rounded ; ventral margin gently curved ;
posterior margin straight except for the slight undulations
caused by the folds of the shell; dorsal margin straight.
Umboidal ratio, 0.08 to 0.12. Umbones rather flattened and
sculptured, with very coarse double-looped ridges, which
further down the disk break up into rows of crescent-shaped
nodules, which extend from one-half to one-third of the dis-
tance down the anterior slope. Anterior and lateral slopes
flatly rounded; posterior slope slightly excavated. Disk
ornamented with a series of oblique coarse folds, which ex-
tend from a line on the disk which would pass through the
umbones to the posterior margin. The dorsal ridges curve
decidedly upward to the dorsal margin. Epidermis very
dark brown to black. Lines of growth numerous and con-
tinuous and imbricated posteriorly. Ligament short, thick,
dark brown.
Interior: Pseudocardinals large, high, heavy, ragged,
double in the left and single and sometimes double in the
right valve; when double in the right the anterior tooth is

SCAMMON: THE UNIONIDZ OF KANSAS, PART I. 347

small and weak. Laterals short, stout, curved slightly ven-
trally. Interdentum broad and flat, but cut away in the
right valve to receive the posterior pseudocardinal. Anterior
muscle cicatrices both long and narrow, of moderate depth,
and with roughened floors; the anterior pseudocardinal often
curved about half-way around the base of the pseudocardi-
nals. Posterior scars large, lightly impressed, longer than
wide, confluent. Pallial line crenulate and heavily impressed
anteriorly. Dorsal scars well impressed, scattered over the
ventral surface of the interdentum. Cavity of the shell quite
deep, of the beaks large. Nacre pure white, very iridescent
along the posterior margin.

Length. Height. Breadth. Um. ra.
15 99 qi

0.09 (14.1)
134 36 47.5 08 (314.2)
113 78 53 09 = (316.1)
128 87 64 Ho) (81891)
101 55 41.5 09 (314.8)

@. heros is found throughout the Mississippi valley, east
into Alabama, west into Mexico. It has been reported from
all the drainage systems in Kansas. In the Kansas and the
southern drainage basins it is a rare species. In the Marais
des Cygnes system it is occasionally found, but it is not at all
common. Although this is said to be the largest Unio of
American waters, I have not seen specimens of any great
size from the Kansas streams. There will be no difficulty in
distinguishing heros from the other undulate Unios. It is the
only form in which the umbones and the greater part of the
anterior umboidal slope are covered with pustules.

Quadrula cylindrica Say. Plate LXXXI, fig. 2.

Unio cylindricus Say, Nich. Encye., Ul, 1816, pl. Iv, fig. 3.

Shell of moderate size, elongate rectangular, thick, inflated,
nodulated, height about one-third of the length. Anterior
margin almost semicircular; ventral margin straight except
where it is inbowed by a long, very shallow indentation ;
posterior margin bluntly pointed, the ventro-posterior margin
short and straight, dorsal posterior margin longer and in-
curved ; dorsal margin straight and meeting the dorsal pos-
terior margin at a fairly constant angle. Umboidal ratio, ap-

348 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

proximately 0.20. Umbones prominent but not high, marked
with coarse lines and small nodules. Anterior umboidal slope
fully rounded ; lateral slope well rounded, and together with
the anterior is marked with obscure, low, small, triangular-
shaped elevations; in some cases the dorsal margin of the
anterior slope is marked with a few small undulations. Pos-
terior ridge well marked, rounded, with a series of from
three to five large irregular nodules which vary greatly in
their prominence. Posterior slope flat and more or less un-
dulated. Lines of growth rounded andcontinuous. Epider-
mis horn color or russet, marked with numerous triangular
patches of dark green, which extend only a short distance up
from the ventral margin. Ligament fairly strong, long, dark
chestnut.

Interior: Pseudocardinals rather small, low and pyramidal,
double and sometimes trifid in each valve. Anterior cica-
trices small, quite deep, sometimes fused; posterior scars of
moderate size, very faintly outlined, confluent. Dorsal
cicatrices small and located on the lower surface of the inter-
dentum. Pallial line impressed in the anterior half. Nacre
pure white, iridescent posteriorly.

Posterior
Length. Height. Breadth.* Um. ra. veal
angie.
97.5 40.5 30 0.20+ 137° Cen
100 39.5 30 RAL 134° 186.1)
96.5 41 30.5 .21+ 130° (186.2)
87 37 26.5 .20 131° (186.3)

@. cylindrica ranges from the Ohio, the Cumberland and
the Tennessee river systems west to Kansas. It is found in
Kansas only in the clear-water streams of the southern drain-
age—the Spring, the Neosho, and the Verdigris. Although
seeming to be nowhere abundant, it is not a rare species in
the streams mentioned. Its favorite habitat is bars of gravel
or shingle in a rather swift current. The thick and nodu-
lous shell fits it admirably for these conditions.

This is one of the most distinct and easiest recognized
Unios found in Kansas waters. At first sight the elongate
shell makes it appear out of place among the other members
of its genus, but all the members of the small group to which

*This measurement is taken through the umbones.

SCAMMON: THE UNIONID# OF KANSAS, PART I. 349

it belongs have marked peculiarities of shell. The nodules
vary much in different specimens, and I have seen specimens
in which they were low and evenly rounded, but generally
this is the most striking character of the shell. The epider-
mal markings and the pseudocardinals exhibit minor varia-
tions.

Quadrula metanevra RAFINESQUE. Plate LXXXI, fig. 1.

Obliquaria (Quadrula) metanevra Rafinesque, Ann. Gen. Sci. Brux.,
V, 1820, p. 305, pl. LXxxv, figs. 15, 16.

Shell generally of moderate size, thick, thickest anteriorly,
somewhat compressed, trapezoidal in outline. Anterior mar-
gin and the anterior half of the ventral margin almost form-
ing a semicircle, remainder of the ventral margin at first
slightly incurved and then forming a rounded and produced
lobe, of which the ventral portion of the posterior margin
forms the upper part. Upper portion of posterior margin
almost straight; dorsal margin straight or slightly curved.
Umboidal ratio, approximately one-third. Umbones large
and full; when not worn (as is usually the case), triangular
and sharp. Anterior and lateral umboidal slopes fully
rounded, and more or less ornamented with large, low, tuber-
cles, sometimes entirely smooth ; umboidal ridge very promi-
nent, rounded abruptly anteriorly and posteriorly, widening
ventrally, generally bearing several large irregular nodules
and also low tubercles; posterior slope rounded and orna-
mented dorsally with obscure broken ridges. Lines of growth
prominent, regular, and continuous. Epidermis variable in
color, from straw to deep chestnut-brown, often marked
with dark green triangular patches, the apices of which are
directed vertically. Ligament short, thick, honey-brown to
black in color.

Interior: Pseudocardinals large, low, massive, coarsely
striate, double in the left valve, with one large and one or
two low auxiliary teeth in the right valve. Laterals short,
very heavy, generally curved, but sometimes straight oblique,
sometimes inclined to be double in the right as well as the left
valve. Interdentum broad and flat. Anterior adductor cica-
trix well marked but shallow, placed in front of the pseudo-

350 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

cardinals; posterior scars large, lightly impressed, often
fused, and sometimes roughened. Pallial line impressed an-
teriorly, sometimes throughout its length. Dorsal scars on
the base of the interdentum. Cavity of the shell moderate,
of the beaks deep. Nacre pure white.

Length. Height. Breadth.

55 48.5 36 (242.1)
77 63 49 (Coll. K. S. A. C.)
74 54 35 (241.2)
77 60 41.1 (240.1)

(). metanevra occurs throughout the northern portion of the
Mississippi valley. In Kansas it is confined to the clear-
water rivers of the southern drainage, being found as far up
the Neosho as its juncture with the Cottonwood river. Gravel-
bars are its favorite habitat. Although well distributed it
is never (in the author’s experience) very common. The
largest specimen I have ever seen from this state came from
Fall river, a tributary of the Neosho. It is in the Popenoe
collection of the State Agricultural College and its dimen-
sions are given above.

It will be impossible to confuse this Unio with any other
found in Kansas. The umboidal ridge, semicircular in out-
line, will alone serve to distinguish it. There is much varia-
tion in the character of the nodules found on the umboidal
ridge. The Kansas representatives are all less nodulous in this
region than are those of a series which I haye examined from
the Cumberland river of Tennessee.

Quadrula aspera Lea. Not figured.
Unio asper Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Iv, 1831, p. 85, pl. xx, fig. 15.
‘‘Shell subtriangular, angular behind and rounded before,
covered with small, rough tubercles, except in a furrow which
passes from the beak obliquely to the basal margin, which is
there arcuate; the tubercles on the posterior slope arrange
themselves into a series of undulations as far as the beaks ;
substance of the shell thick; beaks slightly prominent, liga-
ment short and thick; epidermis brown and wrinkled ; car-
dinal tooth rather large, slightly elevated, and widely cleft in
the left valve, single emerging from a pit in the right; lateral
teeth small, slightly curved in a direction over the cardinal

SCAMMON: THE UNIONIDZ OF KANSAS, PART I. 351

teeth ; posterior and anterior cicatrices both distinct; dorsal
cicatrices situated on the under part of the cardinal tooth,
within the cavity ; cavity of the beaks deep and angulated ;
nacre yery pearly and iridescent.’’ ( Lea.)

This species, according to Simpson, ranges from Kansas
south to Texas. I have never found this species in the state,
nor is it present in any of the collections of Kansas Unios which
I have examined. It is very close to Q. lachrymosa. I
admit it only on Simpson’s authority. Doctor Dall states
that it has been collected from the Neosho in Indian Territory.
The description is Lea’s original in the Transactions of the
American Philosophical Society.

Quadrula lachrymosa LEA. Plate LX XXII, fig. 2.

Unio lachrymosus Lea. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., mI, 1828, p. 272,
pl. vi, fig. 8.

Opie Geperrinvis Lea. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Iv, 1831, p. 71, pl. v,
g. 3.

Shell moderate to large, solid, thickest anteriorly, com-
pressed or moderately inflated, quadrate in outline. Anterior
margin and the anterior third of the ventral margin one regu-
lar and almost circular curve, remainder of the ventral margin
straight or slightly incurved ; posterior margin slightly curved,
straight, or emarginate; dorsal margin straight or a little
curved, slightly oblique, connecting with the posterior slope at
anangle of from 90 to 120 degrees. Umboidal ratio, 0.25 to 0.40.
Umbones small, moderately elevated, incurved, ornamented
with small, double-looped nodulous ridges. Anterior umboidal
slope rather fully rounded ; lateral slope more or less grooved
with a broad, shallow, radial furrow, the sides of which are
commonly ornamented with an irregular band of tubercles,
which is made up of many small and a few large, tear-like pro-
jections. These bands rarely extend to the ventral margin, and
the posterior is generally the shorter of the two. Postumboidal
ridge generally well marked and posterior slope generally
slightly excavated and more or less pustulose dorsally. Epi-
dermis fairly smooth and sometimes shiny, in color from
greenish horn to dark chestnut-brown. The umbones of
the young shells are often covered with a large triangular
patch of dark green. Lines of growth numerous, raised, and

362 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

continuous. Ligament thick, dark brown. Lunule long and
narrow.

Interior: Pseudocardinals high, pyramidal, ragged, single
in the right and double in the left valve, the right pseudo-
cardinal being surrounded by a shallow, rounded ditch. Lat-
erals straight or curved, long, high, oblique. Interdentum
variable, cut away for the right valve to receive the left
posterior pseudocardinal. Anterior adductor cicatrix semi-
circular in outline, fairly deep. Posterior cicatrices slightly
larger than the anterior ones, well marked, confluent. Pal-
lial line well impressed for its anterior two-thirds. Dorsal
scars a row of pits on the lower surface of the interdentum and
pseudocardinals. Cavity of the beaks large and deep, of the
shells moderate. Nacre pearly white, iridescent posteriorly.

Dorsal poste-

Length. Height. Breadth. Um. ra. rior angle.
106 96 67 0.36 129 (18.1)
105 65 47 .24 110° (320.1)
82 69 48 31 93° (322.1)
90 65 41 .80 115° (321.1)
79 63 40 .83 122° (19.1)

(). lachrymosa is found in the St. Lawrence basin and the
Mississippi drainage. It ranges southwest into Texas. It is
a common species in all the Kansas systems and particularly
abundant in the eastern Kansas drainage. It has been re-
ported as far west as the Smoky Hill river at Salina. This
species is not at all choice as to habitat. It often rivals
Obovaria ellipsis as a habitant of sand-bars, and is also found
in mud or shingle in water of variable depth.

The shell is as variable as its environment. The epidermis
may be greenish yellow or dark brown, the tubercles numer-
ous and erect or few and obscure. The sizeof the adult shell
is also a variant. The shells of the animals living in muddy
stations are large and massive; those from sand-bars thinner
and smaller. The author found in a large series of material
taken from beds of shingle in the Wakarusa river that the
mean relation of the length to the height was 1.110: 1.000.
The extremes were 1.029: 1.000 and 1.218 : 1.000, respectively.

The chief distinctions between this and other members of
the lachrymosa group will be found under Q. aspera and
Q. fragosa.

SCAMMON: THE UNIONIDZ OF KANSAS, PART I. 353

Quadrula fragosa ConRAD. Plate LXXXII, fig. 1.
Unie fragosus Conrad, Mon. Fresh-water Shells, 11, 1836, p. 12, pl. v1,
ig. 2s

Shell of moderate size, fairly thick, thickest anteriorly,
quadrate in outline. Anterior margin and the first half of
the ventral margin a full curve; posterior half of the ventral
margin slightly incurved ; posterior margin almost straight
and at right angles to the posterior half of the ventral margin ;
dorsal margin straight or slightly curved, slightly oblique.
Umboidal ratio variable, from 0.20 to 0.30. Umbones of
moderate height and inflation, incurved, tuberculate. An-
terior umboidal slope smoothly rounded ; lateral slope marked
posteriorly by a wide radial furrow, along each side of which
is a row of erect, prominent tubercles, which run from the
umbones to the margin; minor tubercles are scattered among
the major ones, particularly those of the anterior series ; poste-
rior umboidal slope somewhat excavated and covered with a
series of small, irregular plications, which are gently bowed
ventrally. Lines of growth fairly continuous and prominent.
Epidermis horn color to seal-brown. Ligament short, of
moderate thickness, light brown in color. Lunule small.

Interior: Pseudocardinals large, erect, serrate, double in
the left and single in the right valve. Interdentum broad
and short, quite oblique. Anterior adductor scar placed in
front of the pseudocardinals, set slightly under the anterior
left pseudocardinal, small, quite deeply excavated, with a level
floor. Posterior scars of moderate size, impressed, distinct.
Pallial line impressed for the greater part of its length
Dorsal muscle scars few but well marked, placed on the lower
surface of the pseudocardinals. Cavity of the shell moder-
ately large, of the beaks large. Nacre silvery white, irides-
cent on the posterior half.

Length. Height. Breadth. Um. ra.

76 62 41 0.20. (245.1)
62 50 29.5 130. (244.1)
62 53 38 28 (280.1)

This species is found in the Ohio, Cumberland and Ten-
nessee river drainage systems and ranges west into Kansas,
Nebraska, and Minnesota. In Kansas it is confined to the
southern drainage system. It has also been reported from

354 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Soldier creek, a tributary of the Kansas river from the north,
but I think that it is quite possible that this is a mistake.
In my collecting this shell has always been a rare one.

Although closely related to Q. lachrymosa, the species at
hand is quite a distinct one. The anterior umboidal slope is
less extensive than in Q. lachrymosa, and the tubercles are
more numerous and erect. The posterior umboidal slope is
covered with tubercular transverse plications. The same
region of Q. lachrymosa bears scattered tubercles only.

Quadula speciosa LEA. Not figured.

Shell entirely covered with tubercles, almost quadrate, much
compressed, the sides flattened, almost equilateral. Poste-
rior margin slightly biangular and emarginate ; anterior mar-
gin rounded ; hinge fairly heavy, beaks subelevated, sharp,
with fine undulations ; epidermis greenish yellow, somewhat
furrowed, sometimes obscurely rayed, sometimes eradiate,
a little shiny ; cardinal teeth fairly large, compressed oblique,
erect, striate, double in either valve; lateral teeth straight,
fairly long, oblique. Nacre pearly and iridescent.

This form ranges from Kansas south to Texas. I have
never found it in the state, but Mr. W. H. Dall informs me
that it has been collected from the Smoky Hill river. It is
one of the lachrymose Unios. Its nearest ally in Kansas
waters is Q. fragosa. The description is a translation of Lea’s
original one.

Quadrula pustulosa LEA. Plate LX XXIII, fig. 1.
Unio pustulosus Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Iv, 1831, p. 76, pl. Vu,

fig. 7.

Unio dorfeuillianus Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., v1, 1888, p. 73, pl.
XV, fig. 54.

Unio schoolcraftensis Lea. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vv, 1834, p. 37, pl.
Ill, fig. 69.

Shell of medium size, solid, often quite heavy, orbicular
or roundly quadrate, compressed or subinflated. Anterior
margin circularly rounded ; ventral margin slightly to decid-
edly bowed, sometimes slightly produced posteriorly, and at
an angle of from 90 to 120 degrees ; posterior angle straight or
gently bowed and meeting the dorsal margin at an extremely
variable angle; dorsal margin either straight or bowed,

SCAMMON: THE UNIONID OF KANSAS, PART I. 355

slightly oblique. Umboidal ratio not a constant, varying
from 0.15 to 0.35. Umbones vary in height, with moderate
inflation, to low and uninflated ; ornamented with from three
to five broken ridges, but free from pustules. Anterior um-
boidal slope fully rounded ; lateral slope fully or flatly rounded
and sometimes bearing a shallow and faint radial furrow;
posterior slope generally incurved and often abrupt. The
posterior and lateral slopes bearing pustules which may be
numerous and cover most of the disk, or may be few and ob-
scure ; they are irregular in position and the pustules on the
opposite valves do not always correspond; pustules lachry-
mosal in character but variable in size and outline. Epi-
dermis light horn to dark chestnut-brown in color, the younger
and lighter colored specimens ornamented over the umbones
and sometimes half-way down the disk with a very broad,
triangular green ray, which tends to break up into a number
of finer ones; a similar ray is often present on the posterior
slope. Lines of growth well marked, darker than surround-
ing epidermis. Ligament of variable length, stout.

Interior: Pseudocardinals rather heavy, ragged, double in
the left and single (with sometimes an anterior and pos-
terior auxiliary) in the right valve; the left pseudocardinals
generally but not always joined dorsally ; right pseudocardi-
nal large and heavy, surrounded by a pit. Anterior ad-
ductor scars deep, semicircular or quadrant-like in outline,
extending somewhat under the anterior pseudocardinal in
the left valve. Posterior scars rather large for the size of
the shell, well impressed, distinct or fused. Pallial line im-
pressed about two-thirds of its length. Dorsal scars ina
row on the lower surface of the interdentum and upon the
base of the pseudocardinals. Cavity of the umbones quite
large, of the shell small.

Interdentum broad and short. Laterals very variable in
length, curved or straight, highest posteriorly, set at right
angles to the longer axis of the pseudocardinals. Nacre satin
or pearly white.

356 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIKNCE BULLETIN.

Dorsal
Length. Height Breadth. OUm.ra. posterior

angle,
57 50 36 0.22 114° (41.1)
60 47 18 -20 115° (463.1)
56 49 33 .25+ 130+° (724.1)
45 45 31 18 140° (464.1)
52 43 26 .84 115° (466.1)

(). pustulosa ranges over the entire Mississippi drainage and
into Michigan, it extends east into the Alabama river system
and west to central Texas. It is quite common throughout
the Kansas drainage systems. It is found in streams of some
size, either in gravel or mud bottom.

(). pustulosus is one of the most variable species of an ex-
tremely variable group. It is hardly possible to write a
description of this form which will cover all its varied muta-
tions. The general outline may assume almost any form
except a decidedly elongate one, and the umboidal ratio has
absolutely no stability. The pustules may crowd the disk or
the shell may be practically smooth. The pseudocardinals
and laterals are subject to much variation both as to position
and to form, and the interdentum may be broad and long or
almost absent.

The main distinctions between this and other nearly related
forms will be found under the latter.

Quadrula pustulata Lea. Plate LX XXIII, fig. 2.
Unio pustulatus Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 1834, p. 79, pl. vu, fig. 9.

Unio nodulatus Say, Amer. Conch., VI, 1834.

Shell rather small, solid, particularly so anteriorly, sub-
orbicular but for a square dorso-posterior projection, inflated.
Anterior margin and anterior half of the ventral margin circu-
larly rounded ; posterior half of the ventral margin straight
or slightly emarginate; posterior margin straight or very
slightly incurved, meeting the dorsal margin at an approxi-
mate angle of ninety degrees; dorsal margin straight, ob-
lique. Umboidal ratio, 0.20 to 1.35. Umbones very full,
fairly high, decurved, bearing three or four small concentric
ridges on their tips. Anterior umboidal slope fully rounded,
as is also the lateral one; posterior slope abrupt anteriorly,
very flatly curved posteriorly, being produced dorso-posteriorly
into a sort of triangular wing, which, however, is in no way

SCAMMON: THE UNIONID® OF KANSAS, PART I. 357

analogous to the ale of the true winged Unios. Lateral slope
ornamented with two radial rows of small, erect pustules,
arranged linearly, and from three to five in number, some-
times with a group of irregularly placed pustules at the mar-
ginal end of the rows; posterior slope bearing a few obscure
pustules arranged in five or six transverse rows. Epidermis
light to dark horn color, with sometimes a light cast of
green ; young specimens show a green triangular patch over
the umbones. Lines of growth far removed, considerably
darker than the epidermis of the body of the shell. Lunule
small and cordate in outline. Ligament stout and thick.

Interior: Pseudocardinals large for the size of the shell,
erect, ragged, double in the left and single in the right valve ;
the left anterior pseudocardinal generally the larger, the right
pseudocardinal arising from a pit. Interdentum broad but
very short. Laterals at right angles to the free edge of the
interdentum, straight or slightly curved, oblique, fairly long.
Anterior adductor cicatrix deeply excavate, semicircular in
outline, placed in front of the pseudocardinals; posterior
scars small, lightly impressed, confluent. Pallial line im-
pressed its anterior two-thirds. Dorsal cicatrices on the base
of the pseudocardinals. Cavity of the shell small, of the
beaks rather large. Nacre milk-white, very slightly iridescent
posteriorly.

Length. Breadth. Height. Um.ra.
46 41 33 0.24 (475.1)
47 42 32 132 (476.1)

Quadrula pustulata occurs in the lower half of the Mississippi
drainage, in the Ohio river system, and in southern Michigan.
In Kansas it is found only in the Verdigris river and the
Neosho, in the southern drainage.

Q. pustulata is generally confused with its near ally, Q.
pustulosa. It is, however, quite a distinct species. In the
form under discussion the dorso-posterior angle is produced
in a manner rarely found in pustulosa, and the arrangement
of the tubercles is entirely different. The tubercles of Q.
pustulosa are scattered irregularly over the disk; those of Q.
pustulata are arranged in two radial rows which extend from
the umbones to the ventral margin; they are set far apart, at

6—Bull., Vol, III, No. 9.

358 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

fairly regular intervals. The upper one or two tubercles of
the posterior series are sometimes lacking.

Quadrula houstonensis LEA. Not figured.

Unio houstonensis Lea. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11, 1859, p. 155.

Shell large, thick, moderately inflated, very roundly quad-
rate, slightly broader below than above. Anterior margin
straight or very slightly curved above, abruptly rounded be-
low; ventral margin regularly curved; posterior margin
slightly curved and set at about right angles to the ventral
margin; dorsal margin straight or slightly curved, oblique.
Umbones large, full, high, directed a little anteriorly. An-
terior and lateral umboidal slopes full and rounded ; poste-
rior slope somewhat truncate and very slightly incurved.
Epidermis dark yellow, with smooth, rounded and regular
lines of growth, which may be imbricated posteriorly. Liga-
ment high, thick, and of moderate length. Lunule large.

Interior: Pseudocardinals of moderate size and light,
double in the left and single (with sometimes a small ante-
rior auxiliary) in the right valve; the left pseudocardinals
being low and pyramidal, and arranged as the legs of a broad
A, the right arising from a deep, ragged pit. Interdentum
broad and long. Laterals short, thick, very oblique, curved,
highest posteriorly. Anterior adductor cicatrix deep, not
large, elongate, roundly triangular in outline. Posterior
scars rather small, well impressed, distinct. Dorsal scars in
a long row on the under surface of the interdentum and
pseudocardinal. Pallial line well impressed its entire length.
Cavity of the shell moderate, of the beaks deep and com-
pressed. Nacre silver-white, slightly iridescent posteriorly.

Length. Height. Breadth. Um. ra.
73 70 48 0.18 (46.1)

This species is found in Texas, Louisiana, southern Arkan-
sas, and Kansas. It is reported from Mill creek, in the Kan-
sas system (Call), and in the Verdigris (Call) and Spring
river. It is not a common species. It resembles smooth
specimens of Q. pustulosa, but is smooth, heavier and larger
than that species.

SCAMMON: THE UNIONID& OF KANSAS, PART I. 359

Quadrula rubiginosa LEA. Plate LXXXIV, fig. 2.

Unio rubiginosus Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., m1, 1829, p. 427, pl.
vill, fig. 10.

Shell moderate in size, subinflated, solid, elongate and
roundly quadrate. Anterior margin fully rounded; ventral
margin slightly curved anteriorly, straight or a little emar-
ginate posteriorly; posterior margin straight or slightly
curved, more or less produced; dorsal margin straight,
slightly oblique, meeting the posterior margin at an approxi-
mate angle of 130 degrees. Umboidal ratio, 0.15 to 0.25.
Umbones full but not much elevated, ornamented with four
to eight rough concentric ridges. Anterior margin fully
rounded ; posterior position of the lateral slope occupied with
a very wide radial furrow; posterior umboidal ridge gener-
ally sharp and well defined almost its entire length ; pos-
terior slope fairly abrupt and in most cases a little excavated.
Epidermis greenish horn to deep chestnut-brown in color,
sometimes possessing a cloth-like texture. Lines of growth
at irregular intervals and generally of a darker color than the
surrounding epidermis. Lunuleratherlarge,elongate. Liga-
ment fairly stout, long or short; color variable.

Interior: Pseudocardinal fairly large, rough, double in the
left, single in the right valve. Anterior left pseudocardinal
an erect pyramidal ridge, posterior left roundly pyramidal ;
posterior pseudocardinal heavy and erect, high, surrounded
by a trench into which the left pseudocardinals fit. Interden-
tum very variable in length and breadth. Laterals long,
curyed or straight oblique. Anterior adductor cicatrix quad-
rate in outline, deeply excavated ; posterior scars deeply im-
pressed, distinct or confluent. Pallial line impressed for
one-half its length. Cavity of the beaks rather large, of the
shell small. Nacre white or pinkish, iridescent posteriorly.

Length. Height. Breadth. Um.ra. or

65 46 25 0.214 137° (211.1)
78 53 37 15+ 136° (207.3)
65 45 25 23 127° (475.1)
61 44 32 21 133° (213.1)

Q. rubiginosa ranges from the St. Lawrence and Nelson
rivers, in Canada, to eastern Texas. It is a common species

360 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

in all the Kansas river systems, but is most plentiful in the
Marais des Cygnes. It is an inhabitant of muddy river-beds.

The variation is considerable. The elongation of the pos-
terior slope, the excavation of the radial furrow and the
inflation all exhibit it to a marked degree. The young speci-
mens generally bear a series of green rays over the umbones,
but this character is not often present in the adult shell.

The two species with which rubiginosa might be confused
are (. trigona and Q. coccinea. Under the descriptions of these
two species will be found a statement of the main distinguish-
ing characters.

Quadrula trigona LEA. Not figured.

Unio trigonus Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Iv, 1831, p. 110, pl. XVI,
fig. 40.

‘*Shell trigonal, thick and heavy, much inflated, broadly
rounded, and behind the posterior margin being produced
ventrally ; dorsal margin curved; ventral margin more or
less sinuous; surface more or less shining, roughened by
lines of growth; umbones large, elevated, inflated, dark
brown, directed anteriorly, and unmarked except by growth
lines; anterior umboidal slope short and flatly rounded ;
posterior slope strongly angled, with an excavation on each
side of the angle, which reaches from the apex to the ven-
tral border, where it forms a decided beak-like projection ;
viewed anteriorly, the shell is strongly heart-shaped, resem-
bling in this respect some cardia, particularly Jsocardia cor.
Ligament short, wide, stout, very dark brown or black ; epi-
dermis reddish or blackish horn, unmarked by rays; cardi-
nal teeth double in the left and single in the right valve,
very stout, generally not much elevated, triangular, diverg-
ing, very deeply grooved and striated; lateral teeth short,
solid, elevated, lamellar serrated, directed and curved ven-
trally ; the right lateral and the lower left lateral have each
a depression and a rudiment of an additional tooth ; connect-
ing bridge thick, wide, flat, smooth ; anterior adductor mus-
cle scar forming a truncated oval, very deeply excavated,
striated ; posterior adductor muscle scar oval, well impressed,
striated ; protractor pedis muscle scar wider than long, deeply

SCAMMON: THE UNIONID#® OF KANSAS, PART I. 361

impressed, striated ; retractor pedis muscle scar oval, very
deeply pitted, striated ; dorsal muscle scars situated on the
posterior face of the cardinal teeth and the under side of the
connecting bridge, deep, large; pallial line impressed ; cay-
ity of the beaks deep; nacre silvery white, more or less iri-
descent.’”’ (Baker, 2.)

Q. trigona occurs throughout the Mississippi drainage, north
into the St. Lawrence and south into Alabama. It has been
reported from all the larger streams of southern Kansas and
from Bull creek at Paola (Call), in the Marais des Cygnes
drainage.

Trigona is close to Q. rubiginosa but is a more inflated and
heavier shell, with more massive dentation.

Quadrula coccinea ConraD. Plate LXXXIV, fig. 1.
Unio coccineus Conrad, Mon. Fresh-water Shells, 111, 1836, p. 29, pl. XIII,
fig. 1.

Shell of moderate size and solidity, suborbiculate in out-
line, slightly compressed. Anterior margin flatly or fully
rounded, ventral margin gently bowed; posterior margin bi-
angulate, produced below, straight or slightly curved, quite
oblique, set at an angle; dorsal margin straight or slightly
curved, oblique, joining the posterior margin at an angle of
from 130 to 150 degrees. Umboidal ratio extremely variable.
Umbones quite high and moderately full, marked with nu-
merous fine concentric ridges and three coarse broken ones.
Lateral and anterior slopes flatly rounded; posterior slope
slightly incurvyed; posterior umboidal ridge not prominent,
rounded. Epidermis smooth, shining, over umbones horn
color to dark reddish brown, with the umboidal region covered
with bright green rays of variable width. Lines of growth
coarse, heavy, and often imbricated. Ligament thick, of
moderate length. Lunule cordate.

Interior: Pseudocardinals of medium size and variable
height, double in the left and single in the right valve, the
right pseudocardinal surrounded by a trench. Interdentum
long, width variable, cut away in the right valve. Laterals
long, oblique, straight, or slightly curved, heavy, striate,
sometimes double in each valve. Anterior adductor scars

362 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIKNCE BULLETIN.

semicircular in outline and quite deep, rather small when
compared to the size of the shell; posterior scars distinct,
well impressed, the adductor cicatrix quite elongate. Dorsal
muscle scars small pits scattered on the lower surface of the
interdentum. Cavity of the shell not large, of the umbones
small. Nacre white or salmon-pink.

D. p.-V. p.
Length. Height. Breadth. Um. ra. angle.
65 50 34 0.10 130° ( 58.1)
64 48 35 A! 140° (401.1)
69 51 31 17 140° (Coll. K. S. A. C.)
77 56 40 .29 145° (402.1)

(). coccinea is found throughout the Mississippi and St.
Lawrence drainage basins. It is common to all the Kansas
river systems. I have never found it abundant, although
it is generally present in all streams of any size. It is
rare in the Wakarusa river at Lawrence and absent from the
Kansas river there.

The variation is mainly in the color of the epidermis and
the thickness of the shell. The shells from the clear-water
rivers of the southern drainage are heavier than those from
the Kansas and Marais des Cygnes. The nacre of coccinea is
either pink or white. The white form is the commoner one.

This species is often confused with Q. rubiginosa. Rubigi-
nosa is more sharply and distinctly biangulate and produced
posteriorly than is coccinea. The posterior portion of the
ventral margin of Q. coccinea is slightly rounded, that of Q.
rubiginosa is emarginate. (. trigona is distinguished from
Q. coccinea by its much inflated beaks.

Quadrula solida LEA. Plate LXXXV.

Unio solidus Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., v1, 1838, p. 13, pl. v, fig. 13.
Unio fulgidus Lea, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., Iv, 1845, p. 164.

Shell moderate to large in size, very thick and solid, par-
ticularly in region of the beaks, roundly quadrate or trian-
gular, subinflated. Anterior margin flattened above, rather
abruptly rounded below; ventral margin almost straight,
slightly incurved centrally. Posterior margin straight or
curved, sometimes slightly incurved centrally, a little pro-
duced ventrally; dorsal margin more or less oblique,
straight or curved, sometimes forming one unbroken curve

SCAMMON : THE UNIONID® OF KANSAS, PART I. 363

with the posterior margin. Umboidal ratio, from 0.15 to 0.20.
Umbones large, full, high, bluntly incurved, directed for-
ward, very slightly ornamented with a few coarse, con-
centricridges. Anterior umboidal slope very abruptly curved,
in some cases almost straight dorsally; lateral slope fully
rounded, bearing a very faint, broad groove extending from
the posterior portion of the ventral margin about one-half
the distance up the slope; posterior umboidal slope rather
abrupt and sometimes slightly excavated. Epidermis smooth
in young and rough in old specimens, honey color to black ;
young specimens ornamented over the umbones with dark
green, narrow rays. Lines of growth coarse, crowded, and
imbricated. Lunule very large. Ligament long, thick, dark
brown.

Interior: Pseudocardinals very heavy, large, erect, ragged,
double in the left and single (with sometimes an anterior and
a posterior auxiliary) in the right valve; the left pseudo-
cardinals light, running to an edge, arranged in the form of
a V or U; the right pseudocardinal broad and truncated and
surrounded by a deep v-shaped trench. Interdentum broad,
flat, and long. Laterals short, thick, straight or curved, very
oblique. Anterior adductor cicatrix elongate, small, deeply
pitted, the left one communicating with the trench about the
left pseudocardinal. Posterior scars large, deeply impressed,
distinct. Dorsal muscle scars arranged in a long row on the
lower surface of the pseudocardinals. Pallial line impressed
almost its entire length. Cavity of the shell slight, of the
beaks deep but compressed. Branchial outline well marked
dorsally. Nacre satin-white.

Length. Breadth. Height. Um, ra.

72.5 52 67 0.164+ (Coll. K. S. A. C.)

70 44 64 .20 (319.1)

68 47 61 155 (Coll. W. C.)

47 34 42 .15+ (Coll. W. C., juvenile.)

Solida is distributed throughout Mississippi drainage. Lo-
cally it is found in the Neosho, the Verdigris and the Walnut
rivers, of the southern drainage. Itis to be found on gravel-
bars and is not a rare species.

Q. solida possesses the most massive shell of any Kansas
Unio. It is closely related to Q. coccinea and Q. plena, but it

364 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

is much more massive and quadrate than either of these
forms. The beaks of this form are more elevated than those
of Q. coccinea.

The pseudocardinals of solida are particularly characteristic,
being larger in proportion to the size of the shell than any
other Kansas Unio.

Quadrula plena LEA. Not figured.
ae ese Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., vil, 1843, p. 211, pl. xv,
g. 3.

Shell large, thick particularly anteriorly, inflated in the
umboidal region, roundly triangular or ellipsoid in outline.
Anterior margin straight or slightly curved above, decidedly
curved below; ventral margin straight or very slightly
incuryed ; posterior margin curved, sometimes a little pro-
duced below; dorsal margin long, straight, oblique. Um-
boidal ratio, less than 0.10. Umbones very full, high,
incurved and recurved. Anterior umboidal slope very ab-
ruptly curved below, incuryed above ; lateral slope moderately
rounded, sometimes bearing a faint, broad radial furrow ;
posterior slope narrow, abrupt, sometimes slightly incurved.
Epidermis shiny over the umbones, dark horn to black in
color. Lines of growth prominent. lLunule large, very va-
riable in shape. Ligament rather short, thick, and stout.

Interior: Pseudocardinals low and stumpy, rough and ser-
rate, double in the left valve and single in the right; anterior
left pseudocardinal small, often thin, posterior left pseudo-
cardinal a broad truncated pyramid, serrate on top; right
pseudocardinal the highest of the set, surrounded by trench.
Interdentum broad but very short ; laterals very long, slightly
curved, not very heavy, continued to the ligament dorso-
anteriorly. Anterior adductor cicatrix rather small for the
size of the shell, very deeply excavated, quadrant-like in out-
line, confluent with the anterior retractor cicatrix ; posterior
scars well impressed, distinct. Pallial line impressed for its
anterior two-thirds. Dorsal cicatrices a line on the lower
surface of the interdentum. Cavity of the shell rather large,
of the beaks moderate. Nacre white or salmon-pink.

SCAMMON: THE UNIONID® OF KANSAS, PART I. 365

Length. Height. Breadth. Um. ra.

88 62 AT 0.06 (317.1)
85 60 44 09 (460.1)
85 62 47 045 (Coll. K. S. A. C.)
62 48 37 06 (461.1)
78 54 45 08 (462.1)

Q. plena is found in the Ohio, the Cumberland and the
Tennessee river drainages, and extends west into Kansas,
Indian Territory, and Arkansas. It is found only in the
clear-water rivers of the southern drainage in the state. It
is fairly common, being found on the gravel-bars of the
larger streams. Plena varies considerably in its elongation.
The older specimens are much longer in proportion to their
height than are the younger ones. The sheils have either
pink or white nacre, in my experience. The form haying the
pink nacre is the more abundant.

The main differences between this form and Q. solida and
Q. ebenus is noted under the descriptions of those species.
Q. pyramidata is much more liable to be confused with plena
than are either of the above species ; it is, however, a higher
shell, with more elevated umbones and a more flattened or
emarginate anterior margin.

Quadrula pyramidata Lea. Not figured.

Unio pyramidatus Lea. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Iv, 1834, p. 109, pl.
XVI, fig. 39.

Unio mytiloides Deshayes Encyclopédie M¢thodique, Historie des Vers,
par Bruguiére et Lamarck, 1, 1830, p. 586, pl. CCXLIXx, fig. 4.

Shell moderate in size, heavy, thick anteriorly, much thinner
ventro-posteriorly, elliptical, triangular in outline. Anterior
margin straight or slightly incurved above, rather abruptly
rounded below; ventral margin straight or a little incurved,
slightly oblique, short; posterior margin slightly rounded ;
dorsal margin quite long, oblique. Umboidal ratio, from
0.05 to 0.09. Beaks very much elevated, incurved and de-
curved. Anterior umboidal slope very abrupt, and bearing a
very slight furrow running from the anterior side of the um-
bones to the upper part of the anterior margin; lateral slope
much higher anteriorly than posteriorly, and bearing a nar-
row, radial flattened area, corresponding in position to the
radial furrow in some related forms; posterior slope very
abrupt and slightly incurved. Epidermis dark brown, with

366 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

numerous regular but hardly continuous lines of growth,
sometimes possessing a cloth-like texture. Ligament fairly
stout and long.

Interior: Pseudocardinals massive, ragged, double in the
left and single in the right, the right pseudocardinal arising
from a deep pit; laterals long, fairly heavy, very slightly
curved, oblique, tending to double in the right as well as in
the left valve. Interdentum very short, broad. Anterior ad-
ductor cicatrix small, quadrant-like in outline, very deep.
Posterior scars much impressed, distinct, the adductor cica-
trix broader behind than before. Pallial line well impressed in
its anterior half. Dorsal cicatrices a line on the lower surface
of the interdentum and the base of the pseudocardinals ; cay-
ity of shell moderate, of the beaks shallow and a little com-
pressed ; branchial depression deep but not distinctly outlined ;
nacre a warm pink, slightly iridescent posteriorly.

Length. Height. Breadth. Um. ra.

60 42 41 0.06)
70 54 44 085 - (Coll. W. C.)
32 28 08S

@. pyramidata is found in the Mississippi drainage, north of
the states of Mississippi and Louisiana. It has been reported
from the Verdigris and Neosho rivers in Kansas. It has
only been reported from two localites, and is apparently a
rare species.

There is no species but Q. plena that can be confused with
@. pyramidata. A discussion of the differences between these
two closely related species will be found in the notes on Q.
plena.

Quadrula ebenus LEA. Not figured.
Unio ebenus Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Iv, 1831, p. 84, pl. Ix, fig.
14.

Shell of moderate size, solid, broadly elliptical in outline.
Anterior margin flatly rounded; ventral margin slightly
bowed ; posterior margin rounded but sometimes showing a
tendency to be biangulate; dorsal margin oblique, straight
or slightly curved. Umboidal ratio, 0.10 or less. Umbones
full, of moderate height, incuryed, and directed anteriorly.
Anterior umboidal slope fully curved; lateral slope rather

SCAMMON: THE UNIONID® OF KANSAS, PART I. 367

flatly rounded and bearing a radial flattened area, which corre-
sponds with the radial groove present in other closely related
species. Posterior slope abrupt and straight. Epidermis
smooth and shining over the umbones, dark brown to black.
Lines of growth very regular, rounded, and continuous, im-
bricated marginally. Ligament long, high, dark brown.
Lunule small and narrow.

Interior: Pseudocardinals of moderate size, low heavy,
ragged, double in the left and single in the right valve. The
anterior left pseudocardinal a low, pyramidal ridge joining
at a wide angle with the posterior tooth, which is an elon-
gate, truncately pyramidal ridge ; right pseudocardinal high
and ragged, surrounded by a pit. Interdentum broad and
long, depressed in the right valve. Laterals short, thick,
oblique, curved. Anterior adductor cicatrix very deep, an
elongate quadrant in outline; posterior scars rather small,
well impressed, distinct. Dorsal cicatrices on the lower sur-
face of the interdentum forming a line. Pallial line im-
pressed its entire length. Cavity of the beaks and of the
shell moderate. Nacre white, slightly iridescent posteriorly.

Length, Height. Breadth, Um. ra.
72 55 38 0.09 (470.1)

@. ebenus is found throughout the Mississippi valley gen-
erally, except for the northwestern portion. Call reports it
from the Kansas river at Topeka. It is also present in the
Neosho river at the southern state line and at Burlington.

The shell can be separated from the other heavy Quadrulas
of its type by its greater compression, less inflated and ante-
riorly directed beaks, and widely elliptical outline. The out-
line of all the nearly related forms is roundly triangular.

Two other Quadrulas haye been reported from Kansas by
Call (4), Q. rubida Lea and Q. spherica Lea. As both these
species are confined, except for this one locality, to the eastern
streams flowing into the Gulf of Mexico, I withhold them
from this catalogue until I have more data concerning them.
Simpson (20) states that Call’s Q. rubida is probably a some-
what sulcate Q. rubiginosa.

368 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Key to the Kansas Unionide.

This key is a parely local and artificial one. It is intended only to supplement the figures
and descriptions in the identification of species.

I. SHELL Roves.
A. Shell bearing undulations across the disk.

a. Undulations confined to the posterior slope, laterals not present. Sym-
phynota costata,

b. Laterals present.
1, Umbones high and full. Quadrula plicata.

2. Umbones fairly high and foll; shell decidedly broader behind than
before; plications regular. Quadrula perplicata.

3. Umbones compressed.

1'. Umbones smooth except for slight ridges on theirtips. Quad-
rula undulata,

2". Umbones very pustulose. Quadrula heros.

B. Shell ornamented with coarse concentric folds on the lateral slopes, very heavy;
beaks placed far forward. Pleurobema cicatricosum.

C. Shell with a very pronounced umboidal ridge, which is ornamented with several
large, irregular nodules.
a. Shell decidedly elongate, pseudocardinals small. Quadrula cylindrica.
b. Shell roundly quadrate, pseudocardinals large. Quadrula metanevra.

D. Shell elongate with strong umboidal ridge, tubercular anterior, generally brokenly
plicate posteriorly. Tritogonia tuberculata.

E. Shell roundly triangular, lateral slopes bearing a single radial row of erect tuber-
cles 3-5 in number. Obliquaria reflexa,.

F. Shell pustulose.
a. Pustules arranged in two radial rows on either side of a shallow radial furrow.

1. Pustules confined to the dorsal half of the disk, shell produced posteri-
orly. Pleurobema wsopus.

2. Pustules generally extending over the surface of the disk, shell quadrate.
Group of Quadrula lachrymosa,.

b. Pustulesirregularly scattered over the disk, shell sometimes almost epustulate.
Group of Quadrula pustulosa,

II, SHELL SMOOTH.
A. Neither laterals nor pseudocardinals present.
a. Beaks hardly apparent.
1. Shellsmall and cylindrical. Anodonta gracilis.
2. Shell large and circular in outline. Anodonta suborbiculata,
b. Beaks of moderate inflation and elevation.

1, Shell large, hinge line straight in front of the umbones, relation of
length to breadth as 2is tol. Group of Anodonta grandis.

2, Shell of only moderate size, hinge line slightly incurved in front of the
beaks; shell drawn out to a point posteriorly. Anodontoides ferus-
sactanus.

c. Shell with extremely high and inflated beaks. Anodonta opaca.

B. Laterals absent, pseudocardinals present as mere rounded knobs. Steophitus eden-
tulus.

C, Psendocardinals well developed, laterals indicated only by one low ridge on each
valve. Shell often alate. Symphynota complanata.

D. Laterals and pseudocardinals present.

a. Shell alate.

1. Nacre pinkish in the cavity and over the dentition of the shell, pseudo-
cardinals small, rounded knobs. Lampsilis gracilis.

2. Nacre deep purple pink all over the interior of the shell.

1'. Shell very thin, pseudocardinals extremely lamellar, Lamp-
silts levissima,

2", Pseudocardinals of moderate size and typical form; shell

oa posteriorly. Lampsilis alata.

3’. Shell only slightly alate, inflated, subsolid, pseudocardinals
of typical form, epidermis generally black. Lampsilis pur-
purata,

SCAMMON: THE UNIONID® OF KANSAS, PART I. 369

II, SHELL Smoora.
D, Laterals and pseudocardinals present.
b. Shell non-alate.

1, Shell thin or at most subsolid, body of shell somewhat or decidedly in-
flated, rays often present over the disk, pseudocardinals small, sharp-
pointed, erect. Interdentum absent or narrow, long, and rounded.

1*, Shell with moderately high and inflated beaks, two-thirds as
high as long, generally yellow with greenish rays, strongly
dimorphic.

a’, Shell small and roundly triangular. Truncilla iri-
quetra,

b’. Shell large and very broadly elliptical, often strongly
truncate posteriorly, Lampsilis ventricosa.

2*, Shell with low uninflated beaks.
a‘. shell roundly triangular, with very erect pseudocar-
dinals and sharp and elevated umboidal ridge.

aa. Shell inflated and almost circularly triangular.
Plagiola elegans.

bb. Shell rather compressed and elliptically trian-
gular, Plagiola donaciformis.

b.* Shell elliptical.
aa. Shell small (not over 40 mm. in length), epi-
dermis cloth-like, beaks coarsely undulate.

* Posterior marginrounded. Lampsilis parva.

** Posterior margin pointed. Lampsilis texas-
ensis.

bb, Shell large.

* Shell very fragile and somewhat compressed,
pseudocardinals degenerate.

} Shell obscurely rayed, large, generally
yellow, nacre pinkish. Lampsilis
gracilis.§

tt Shell decidedly rayed, nacre silver
white. Lampsilis leptodon.

** Shell thin or subsolid, pseudocardinals not de-
generate.

} Shell rather broadly elliptical, with a
regularly rounded posterior margin.

¢ Shell subsolid, ligament quite
large; pseudocardinals large for
this group and rounded. Inter-
dentum present. Group of Lamp-
silis ligamentina.

tt Shell fairly thin, pseudocardinals
fairly pointed, ligament not large.
Interdentum absent or degener-
ate; females greatly inflated pos-
teriorly. Group of Lampsilis
luteola,

tf Shell elongate, elliptical pointed pos-
teriorly.
¢ Shell rather compressed, eradi-
ate, epidermis bearing concentric
bands of different shades, mono-
. morphic. Unio tetralasmus.

tt Shellnotcompressed,rays present
except in the very dark members;
color of epidermis not arranged
concentrically ; dimorphic.

0 Shell rather small (not over
75 mm.), seal brown, um-
bones covered with many
fine widely V-shaped crenu-
lations. Lampsilis subros-
trata,

00 Shell fairly lange; Genexally
popaled straw color, with
right green rays. Group

of Lampsilis fallaciosa.
000 Shell very dark, polished
eradiate, nacre white, pink,
or purple. Lampsilis recta.

370 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.

Il, SHELL SMooTH.
D. Laterals and pseudocardinals present.
b. Shell non-alate.
2. Shell solid, compressed, beaks low and compressed, pseudocardinals
fairly heavy, interdentum present and prominent.
a. Shell roundly triangular in outline.

at. Shell, with broad, green rays, incurved ventral margin
and lateral furrow. Cyprogenia alberti.

b*. Shell without lateral furrow, ventral margin not in-

curved. Plagiola securis.

b. eee clongssaly ellipsoid in outline.
. Shell broadly or narrowly ellipsoidal; epidermis light
to dark brown, with fine hair rays posteriorly ; ; beaks
with very fine crenulations. Groups of Phychobranch us
phaseolus.

b'. Shell generally narrowly elliptical; epidermis dark
brown or black, eradiate; beak sculpture a few very
coarse concentric folds; nacre white, pink, or purple.
Unio gibbosus.

c. Shell quadrate, sometimes with green rays over the umbones,
Quadrula rubiginosa,
3. Shell roundly elliptical, triangular or quadrate, inflated in the umboidal
region or just posterior to it, solid, pseudocardinals heavy and rag-
ged, the right pseudocardinal surrounded by a trench.

a. Shell fairly solid, roundly triangular or quadrate, beaks not
high. Group of Quadrula trigona.

b. Shell solid, roundly elliptical, beaks not high.

a’. Beaks full but not high; epidermis honey-brown with
sometimes a greenish cast. Obovaria ellipsis.

b*. Beaks rather compressed; epidermis very dark brown
or black. Quadrula ebenus.

c. Shell roundly triangular, high, with full, high, rounded, in-
curved beaks, very solid, with very large pseudocardinals,
Group of Quadrula plena.

d, Shell suborbicular, heavy, large, with rather full, high beaks,
Quadrula houstonensis. (This will also include the smooth,
circular forms of Q. pustulosa,)

§ This is intended as check on the forms of L. gracilis which have lost their alr.

SCAMMON: THE UNIONIDE OF KANSAS, PART I. 371

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Only works of direct use in the preparation of this paper
are listed below.

1. AUGLEY, SAMUEL. Catalogue of the Land and Fresh-water Shells of
Nebraska. Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey of the Territories,
I, 1877, pp. 676-704.

2. BAKER, FRANK COLLINS. The Mollusca of the Chicago Area. The
Pelecypoda. Nat. Hist. Survey of the Chicago Acad. of Sci., Bull.
No. 3, pt. 1, 1898.

3. BARNES, D. W. On the Genera Unio and Alasmodonta, with Intro-
ductory Remarks. Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vi, 1823.

4. CALL, R. ELLSworRTH. Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fresh-
water Mollusks of Kansas, Ist to 6th Contributions. Bulletins of
the Washburn Laboratory of Natural History: (a) 1st and 2d, pp.
49-54, vol. 1, No. 2, Jan., 1885; (6) 3d, pp. 93-97, vol. 1, No. 3, 1885;
(c) 4th, pp. 115-124, vol. 1, No. 4, 1885; (d) 5th, pp. 177-184, vol. 1,
No. 6, 1886; (e)* 6th, pp. 11-25, vol. 11, No. 8, 1887.

5. Description of a New Species of Unio from Kansas. Bull.
Wash. Coll., 1885, pp. 48, 49, pt. 1.

5a. The Parvus Group of Unionide. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., 1890,
pp. 45-51 (abstract).

6. A Study of the Unionide of Arkansas, with Incidental Refer-
ences to their Distribution in the Mississippi Valley. Trans. Acad.
Sci. St. Louis, vil, 1895, pp. 1-65, 21 plates.

ie A Descriptive Illustrated Catalogue of the Mollusca of Indiana.

Department of Geology and Natural Resources, Indiana, 1899, pp.
336-535, 78 plates.

8. CRAGIN, F. W. A New Species of Unio from Indian Territory. Bull.
Wash. Coll. Lab., 1887, p. 6.

9. LEA, IsAAc. Observations on the Naiades, ete. Trans. Amer. Phil.
Soc., 1831, pp. 63-121, 16 plates.

10. ——— Observations on the Naiades, etc. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc.,
1834, pp. 23-119, 19 plates.

11. ——— Descriptions of New Fresh-water and Land Shells. Trans.
Amer. Phil. Soc., 1838, pp. 1-154, 34 plates.

12. —— Descriptions of New Fresh-water and Land Shells. Trans.
Amer. Phil. Soc., 1842, pp. 163-252, 23 plates.

*This last report contains a concise review of the preceding papers.

372 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN.
13. LEA, Isaac. Descriptions of New Fresh-water and Land Shells. Trans.
Amer. Phil. Soc., 1848, pp. 67-101, 9 plates.

14. ——— Descriptions of New Species of the Family Unionidw. Trans.
Amer. Phil. Soc., 1852, pp. 253-294, 18 plates.

15. ——— Descriptions of Ten New Unionidz of the United States. Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, pp. 168, 169.

16. MARCH, WILLIAM A. Descriptions of Two New Species of Unio from
Arkansas. Nautilus, 1891, pp. 29, 30, 1 plate.

17. Prtspry, Henry A. New and Unfigured Unionide. Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1892, pp. 128-132, 3 plates.

18. Smmpson, C. T. Notes on Some Indian Territory Shells. Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 1888, pp. 449-454.

19. ——— Types of Anodonta dejecta Rediscovered. Nautilus, 1894, pp.
52, 53.
20. Synopsis of the Naiades or Pearly Fresh-water Mussels, 1900.

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxl, pp. 52, 501, 1044, 1 plate.

New and Unfigured Unionidae. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1900, pp. 74, 86, pll. I-v.

21.

22. SmitH, HuGH M. The Mussel Fishery and Pearl Button Industry of
the Mississippi River. Bull. U. S. Fish Com., 1898 (1899), pp. 289-
314, 31 plates.

23. WricHt, B. H., and WALKER, B. Check-list of North American
Naiades. Detroit, 1902.

24. LINDAHL, JosuA.+ Orthography of the Names of the Naiades. Joul.
Cinn. Acad. Sci., 1906.

+ Received while paper was in press.

Numbers indicate the
cate the plate.

INDEX.

principal text references;

roman numerals indi-

sesopus (Pleurobema), 338, Lxxvili Mesogene, 314
alata (Lampsilis), 299, Ixviii metanevra (Quadrula), 349, Ixxxi
alberta (Cyprogenia), 315, lxxi Obliquaria, 317
Anodonta, 323 Obovaria, 305
Anodontoides, 329 opaca (Anodonta), 328, Ixxv
anodontoides (Lampsilis), 291, lxiv parva (Lampsilis), 298, Ixvii
aspera (Quadrula), 350 perplicata (Quadrula), 343
bealii (Anodonta), 280, 327 phaseolus (Ptychobranchus), 319, Lxxli
camptodon (Unio), 337 pilsbryi (Quadrula), 345
cicatricosum (Pleurobema), 339 Plagiola, 307
clintonense (Ptychobranchus), #21 plena (Quadrula), 364
coccinea (Quadrula), 361, Ixxxiv Pleurobema, 338
complanata (Symphynota), 332, Ixxvi plicata (Quadrula), 341, lxxix
costata (Symphynota), 331, lxxvi powellii (Lampsilis). 288
cylendrica (Quadrula), 347, lxxxi Ptychobranchus, 319
Cyprogenia, 34 Ptychogene, 319
danielsii (Anodonta), 327 purpurata (Lampsilis), 300
dejecta (Anodonta), 328 pustulata (Quadrula), 356, lxxxiii
Diogene, 321 pustulosa (Quadrula), 354, laxxiil
donaciformis (Plagiola), 310, Ixx pyramidata (Quadrula), 365
ebenus (Quadrula), 366 Quadrula, 341
edentulus (Strophitus), 322, lxxii recta (Lampsilis), 294, Ixvi
elegans (Plagiola), 309, Ixx reflexa (Obliquaria), 317, lxxi
ellipsiformis (Lampsilis), 297, xv rubida (Quadrula), 367
ellipsis (Obovaria), 305, lxix rubiginosa (Quadrula), 359, lxxxiv
fallaciosa (Lampsilis), 293, Ixv | satura (Lampsilis), 286
ferussacianus (Anadoutoides), 330, lxxiv securis (Plagiola), 307, xix
fragosa (Quadrula), 353, lxxxii solida (Quadrula), 362, lxxxv
gibba (Lampsilis), 290 speciosa (Quadrula), 354
gibbosus (Unio), 334, Ixxvii spherica (Quadrula), 367
gigantea (Anodonta), 327 Strophitus, 321
gracilis (Lampsilis), 302, Ixvii suborbiculata (Anodonta), 325, lxxiii
grandis (Anodonta), 326, Ixxiv subrostrata (Lampsilis), 295, Ixvii
heros (Quadrula), 346, lxxx | Symphynota, 331
Heterogene, 283 Tetragene, 341
higginosii (Lampsilis), 291 tetralasmus (Unio), 336, [xxvii
Homogene, 323 texasensis (Lampsilis), 299
houstonensis (Quadrula), 358 topekaensis (Unio), 297
imbecillis (Anodonta), 324, xxiv trigona (Quadrula), 360
lachrymosa (Quadrula), 351, lxxxii triquetra (Truncilla), 283, lxiii
Jeevissima (Lampsilis), 303 Tritogonia, 312
Lampsilis, 285 | tubereulata (Tritogonia), 313, lxx
latecostata (Quadrula), B45 | undulata (Quadrula), 344, lxx
leptodon (Lampsilis), 304 | Unio, 333
ligamentina (Lampsilis), 289, Ixv | Unionide, 283
luteola (Lampsilis), 287, Ixiv ventricosa (Lampsilis), 285, lxiii
ZOOLOGICAL LABORATORY, UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS, March 3, 1906.

ERRATUM. —For bibliographical reference 24, read Joul. Cinn. Soc. Nat.
Hist., 1906, instead of ‘‘Joul. Cinn. Acad. Sci., 1906.”’

(373)

a oa Sa ry oe
Valisdeead i) nob ithe
Aap both ‘yi An si ag:

PLATE LXII.

Lampsilis recta, female, with shell structures indicated.

FIGURE 1.

AAC Anterior adductor cicatrix or scar.
AC Anterior pseudocardinal.
ARC Anterior retractor cicatrix.
B Branchial depression.

IN Interdentum.

L Ligament.

LT Lateral teeth or laterals.
LU Lunule.

12 Pallial line.

PAC Posterior adductor cicatrix.
PC Posterior pseudocardinal.
PRC Posterior retractor cicatrix.
U Umbone or beak.

FIGURE 2.
A Anterior margin.
AS Anterior slope.
B Beak or umbone.

DM Dorsal margin.

L Ligament.

LF Lateral furrow.

LS Lateral slope.

LU _Lunule.

PM Posterior margin.

PS Posterior slope.

PU Posterior umboidal ridge.
Vv Ventral margin.

PLATE LXII.

PLATE txt,

LXIII.

PLATE

\ a

LZ
LZ:

PLATE LXIV.
FIGURE 1.—Lampsilis anodontoides. 2
Figure 2.—Lampsilis luteola. 9

PLATE LXTV-

SS

==>

=

Zo Ss

—— Zy
Se).
= ZN NWR
Y WAS
DUNN
\

WA
\t
wn
\aN
‘ \

Thal
i

\\

KS
WE S S
We \ \ \\ S
NQIIOXs SSS
\ \ S

PLATE LXV.
Figure 1.—Lampsilis ellipsiformis. col
Figure 2.—Lampsilis ligamentina,

PEATE XV.

ey Bail AY J
a. M c ae
i<-

eS a

hat HAWAEAT UTE Mnibi

PLATE LXVI.

Ficure 1.—Lampsilis fallaciosa. & 7
FIGURE 2.—Lampsilis recta. Q

1/4 NT

PLATE LXVI.

See ATS Pe

‘yee hs
ary)

19

an

Vad Pep. TH
- = om

;
’ '’ 71 ae ad

Lat

mai, 3

+

PLATE LXVII.

FicuRES 1 and 2.—Lampsilis subrostrata.
FIGURE 3.—Lampsilis parva.
FiGgurRE 4.—Lampsilis gracilis (juvenile).

leibAMbid; ID. WANT

- s

i ae

ta

PLATE LXVIII.
-Lampsilis alata. ¢

—

Sua

PLATE LX VIII.

eyes

M

Leth
\

Wi Ss

CoS i

ae SSS ss
———

PLATE LXIX.

Figure 1.—Plagiola securis.
FIGURE 2.—Obovaria ellipsilis.

oo

MAMA AMNTIMINATN

PLATE LXIX.

Ai Ne \
BSS
\

Wis \

Sip
Aes sf ry

‘alah 4

hike ®

PLATE LXX.

FIGURES 1 and 2.—Plagiola donaciformis.
FIGURE 3.—Plagiola elegans.
FiGuRE 4.—Tritogonia tuberculata. @

PLATE LXX.

7 7 as bd 5
re Hess Ava on Je)
; roy

m1 Tear Heitle hte} re 7! aie

>.
‘

i

i

iy

PLATE LXXI..

FicurE 1.—Obliquaria reflexa.
FIGURE, 2.—Cyprogenia alberti.

PLATE LXXI.

PLATE LXXII.

FIGURE 1.—Strophitus edentulus.
Figure 2.—Ptychobranchus phaseolus.

PLATE LXXII.

PLATE LXXIII.
Anodonta suborbiculata.
a“

PEATE LX,

ly
Y
we
SES,

om pa
i we
alan
. \
\
ae

7 ay eiy ry
‘vas Pal Te SahG

Bur vv 7 pee <4 5)
ADI hy Tasch mice pak ie)
7 sree 4 wat
> ae oe ¥) me en LL enol

a
‘

PLATE LXXIV.
FiGure 1.—Anodonta imbecillis.

FIGURE 2.—Anodontoides ferrussacianus.
FIGURE 3.—Anodonta grandis.

Mule
AA (

LL =
Se = = >
VEZ Z =
Wy fi, Zz
Yy =
Uf Ye Zi
Gf MAE.
HH hh
/ a
Wh 3 Z
Wy) Jf
if if Yi ae
i h i f
AM, }
} 1 4
i | / ;
H |
\
}
|
Wy »
WANN h t
AN
AY
\ \ \ A\\
\\ \ \ \ AN
\ \\ \\
WW \\ \\ YAN SS
UGS Ss
WBARAG.8
WANS
XS S
S

|

SS
ze =
LEE
Be

fe
Ui
\ aS

io
WW

RAS

AS Ss
SS WSS
SSG

“AIXXT GLVI1d

1 Ve
—_
®

<4
i
-
‘ \
-
=
=
Re
xy
«
.

PLATE LXXV.
Anodonta opaca.
=

PLATE LXXY.

PLATE LXXVI.

FicurE 1.—Symphynota costa.
FicurE 2.—Symphynota complanata.

PLATE LXXVI.

y, i) iy) M he

& oa ee
‘all IRE ‘ : ‘
i Ai Hi iy S 2 ZS
di Al nt a ce oe \
é A LIS \ =
\

Hd

PLATE LXXVII.
a

PLATE LXXVII.

ah
ea 5
he ih =
Pet) ery)
on °

ms

ap
~~

miei. Ones
Peay OVI Or,
&. her Gaui ried |

PLATE LXXVIII.

FicurE 1.—Unio tetralasmus.
FIGURE 2.—Pleurobema xsopus.

PLATE LXXVIII.

‘
- j =2 Par 3 '
ALPE) 2 VV RPT
”
T;
7 ‘ ¥
fe
Paes eS
= iv, «
¢ :
*
t
’
’
= i
te
.
Pa
‘ Mes
4
+
oe 4 ne
‘
i
.
>
’
, coor
< : ‘
- c
,
5
we. '
ay z
: ; «
- 2)
>

PLATE LXXIX.

Quadrula plicata.

PEATE LX XIX.

i

(a ck
SS

SS

Vij
1/17

Wy
\

\\\N
\\ Ay

\

PLATE LXXX.

Ficure 1.—Quadrula heros.
Ficure 2.—Quadrula undulata,

PLATE LXXX.

Ut
WR

IW se
i \ SS 1) ANN

=Y i
y,,

a SN
= Ms
SAQ
SS

He

ie
ICMR WN) Stes
ees
NYA S

SS SK
=a

== WN i

PLATE LXXXI.

FicurE 1.—Quadrula metenevra.
FIGURE 2.—Quadrula cylendrica.

PLATE LXXXI.

\ ——
WIS

\\ \\ ey = Zi yy ii
\ SS 5
W S SEAZZzZ YY
WS ZL

SS ee Z

=

LW Lj oD Z Bee
rah fa a ie cai

NS Wh
mt ny

, lf A fi

ff l VAS

Vi fi! gs:
wdc iS = ==
( Hat (SWS SS =
WSS

NA \\“ NS se2
we — = =

= =f
.
= i]
-
’
Perey 2 Yo Fer Gas
wit ' 3 sve ib
“
a od
“
ar
‘ ys
F!
re
* 7 '
r
'
CE
y
“ .
a ay
-
a
} :
P|
ak - a
‘
* ” 7
. alld oe =

PLATE LXXXII.

FIGURE 1.—Quadrula lachrymosa.
FIGURE 2.—Quadrula fragosa.

TEAL YANAND, EPO O50 01

2 il

as

PLATE LXXXIII.

FiGuRE 1.—Quadrula postulata.
Figure 2.—Quadrula postulosa.

TIXXxT HLVId

PLATE LXXXIV.
Ficure 1,—Quadrula coccinea.
Ficure 2.—Quadrula rubiginosa.

PLATE LXXXIV.

s ==’
1}

PLATE LXXXV.
Quadrula solida (juvenile).

~ —_ >

PLATE LXXXV.

— x sang — — i ja ‘ was _ _
NS 2 ut fh Sw 3 “
2 Ys n yf D d D B }
= 24 = 2 ESQ =
Se : : Me :
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= w = ye = BL wo =
ps)

\ = > = = = > re

— pe) rea a = Pe —

. & - D = o = 3

» = D z Oo = ta z
NIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31YVHYSIT LIBRARIES INSTITU
= x 2 = 2 = =e — z NS
z KS = re = = AS = > .

D Vey Bo fe) Da 0 NYS 2 ro)

ZN 3 2 g | ZR 8 z

= 2 = 2 E WQ 2 =

= > = > = > =

Ww i z w = w = od 7)
LINS S31YVYSIT_ LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILMLILSNI_NVINOSHLIWS S31 UV:

oa a Bh i oe ae w 6X »

. = x. tl Zp a « 4 aw zc

me = eee ip = oe = \

S Uy PY, & Ps G

. oe fo) = ey, ro) = rs) i ees

. = 2 a5 z al = = es
NIAN_ INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI_NVINOSHLINS S3!1YVUGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN_ INSTITU

Ee z ee, = a e -_

yy OO = wo N = wo = wo

GY, > 5 2 Sg 5 2 5 2

YA? ras > SS ed > = >

os = NS" 5 a : =

o z Bien oe o Z o
LINS S31YVESIT_ LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI_ NVINOSHLINS, S31¥V
. e wn ¥

= < 2 < =

+s GUL, * = 5 = 3

ake “Ye a Oo mo = , oO a

g be 2 g é ‘3 g
fv Ff 2 2 = 87 /

= Z. t

2 5 2 z z z

NIAN INSTITUTION NOILONLILSNI LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITU

LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN

=
iy = a a = 3
%. : : : = $%.:
oe = Pe c = ~ c
per e 4 a = ar
fo) = o ro) = fo)
z aT = z a Zz

HWS CAINYHSEAINTD LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLIWS S3/IYV?

< = yo s = <= aX ac = <
‘ZS = z WN 5 => WO 5 ‘Z
5 z Oo YY : = 5 Wi SS z ° {;
= 3 = WW 3 2 SRS 2
z 2 E x 2 E RAZ iS
4 = > = qe ee Ss : > G =
a 2 a Seu a Bee n
BRARIES SMITHSONIAN _ INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI_NVINOSHLIWS Saluvudit_ LIBRARIES SM
w G 2 a) dee a uw
oe = x = we =i wee
< = < =I < = ty
a S a Ss oc S a4
= rs} = 3 = IS} =
=I z 4 4 Soe ceed 2 =
ILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31YVYEIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI_ NV
eu 5 a S iy & S =
wo > = ow — oo re wo
i TNS 5 x = 2 = 2
2 ANE 2 = a = Z
7) : é wo z w = 7)
BRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31YVYEIT LIBRARIES SM
‘. ” Zs n z n ay 35 n
= < z < s < <
= Pa ah a z = z zs
x ro) XY = 2 (Gy 3e re) xc
sen 8 E SS g me é 2 SN 3
NOY Z E QZ E Zz, EF Ne
“wr =p oe = = z oS 8
ILOLILSNI S3!1YVYGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI_ NV
Zz A S 7) = 7) =
un (ep) uJ no a wn
=) a) + = ~4 Se 4
_ [a = a .— ec =
= oe a <x i | x =
c w (= e Se
Ho + a 4 x =
S) 2 fs) ae 3 = 3
= 4 2 x7, z = =
BRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILONLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3ZIYVYS!IT LIBRARIES SN
3 : 3 = ge 5 = 5
= pe - = = 2 5
=) > =) =)
E3 = = = = = Ey
5 = F = “ te
Nii o z o - Z O z
JILNLILSNI NWINOSHLINS S3IYVYSIT_LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI_ Ni
A <2) Zz Ren n = x ” =
= = S NS = < NS a =
z 5 zZOS 5 Z2NN. 5 er
2 B BRR 8 2 Ne 2 2 |
= z = \. = = 2 5
= > = — = > =
a 2 a a ee a ne 7)
BRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI Saiuvudit SN
uJ ' no ee n ea) “a WwW
aa of Fy a | =x oH = = oa
tae — oc aa - a.
< we, 7g a < os) = a < ly
a Gu = o = o = a %
fea) Y — ica) _ ao = oO
= - oO — fe) = .e) =
| za =! = cys ee = =H
ILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3I1YVYEIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN_INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NY
Tuite = = z . ee = =
a S Ea S PS
ao — o = ow = o
Ps) WY = = = 2 = x
> } SS = > = i> = >
= \s B 2 - he E =
Dei a 4 Z a zZ a
BRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILOLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31uvualt SLIBRARIES Sh
: = a.) = < ae a ae =
xf 5 Es xs) = 5 =
Y wow a An a) ” a, ily
a r= VI r O MOS oO ahs aN Ory
‘ z E Ng 2 = z te =
~ 2 = ‘S = = = = e
HLALILSNI_NVINOSHLINS S31YVYEIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN EKTOTION NOLL SNE
a w a w = Ww 5
= « = e yn cc =
a 5a =a < | < =
= . 5 & S - =
rs) = 5 S S = 2
rH a Po = br wal a

RPRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITLITION

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