AAA Le aay Vat dae veaiag eat LOK ‘i te Nie ek WO vibe x Nie vate ak Pea th ns Ye titedth aa \ vn OC Ok a Eh red de UJ ‘ 7 f TERE Le, PARRA a BNC CRA vee ay. : RAE X \ eee Ux h ANNO i aN a ny i) AA mtaraignnaes S a y On) Veh ag alent socal NER ARM OUGE son ; : wh One x aye yy ‘i SaOD pon eu OMe Prt vals Oe he ny ah eeate a bed) oe VIM Vereerde ) 0 Hara OA) Mea Ney \ PN hw *, } 5 ; . : se " LWA i if vite sae , eae yo) WA ait 3 We heae's nh *y ray thea We Sate eta De hey ehh Oe ey ] Sea eles ve es any : i ! 2 RP ir w\ WWE ei Cae 2) VeehR . ity ya's eee wie reat] Tee re ye ey sy) i icant WUE ‘ Ey watt ft ee hy en) Pe Sn Ms hy: ‘yt ey eke ONY ene i ‘ ji Pty eer : . ok } eke Ms eA Na Teal A ’ RICKY) » NWF Ee HERA RAO NAN was ny ran AA aia eth A Moyes Ni Prine) . * Ne ; NE yy a PRA) ‘ ie) beak ¥ y 7 ay : ay y Ley RRQ RM GP ANA RNA CME LA 8 iN Rhy aw pel ee ee 2 « Dee Ve CLONE Chet Ne eie kha} mee MOE ema. bie OR ys RD | Nis S238, o ae — fae Oe: ang Se Poeaae eta ke 3 Ane i) ahh 9 ie Le aes oe Bate Ss hy ~ a + eek 4 iy at Siete Wea eeaaatay ake i Ou Soa chs ed kas ¢ v aan RNA ee UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS ZOOLOGY WILLIAM EMERSON RITTER EDITOR VOLUME I WITH 28 PLATES BERKELEY THE UNIVERSITY PRESS Lo. 1902-1905 ff No. No. No. ip ov CONTENTS. The Hydroida of the Pacific Coast of North America, by Hanmgebeal Lorrey. ielates sli sa ccrcehisielsepeietscise ILO INCA c Se siccica Coan CUd Soe En Oooo mote > AconGoNnS DTS tam DUGLONEE OTS PECLES) Pay ciepeneyereleyl-) |Pl ale) Pl ela als =] elele |S 1S loa | | 9 Bim |e |: ale lel Boles iig - ® | 8 || 2 8 F m |r | o | : ! ie =] QD La =a é. “UIULOF VD : “spue[s] UBynelTy “ROLLOULY JSBOD 4S AA “‘e[nsuIuag JO “‘N Bysepy “NOILOAINLSIG AO ATAV TL, a ZL 0} Pesece [-oeieu oseees [scenes] eamecau [aeennsil|ancece Sa) SESS J ESSE ESTEE TSE] ESSE] SEES SESE (SSE [plojoy - a ; : ou UuITy WNUTDETBY ¥ “‘yyeQ wimsuep “qQ0N WINyesn1.100 se ees pay TINje[NUUB WINID9[BHy Ell | aera undayisnpom wntosiedmey, ovprroe[e voysv[qoyda[ey ) seplorepnqny ~ BULIBUL da nN TORU Y By eer ha) Tae qed} | Bete oe “UUyy BStAIpur ie ~(Sy) Beo0010 ~ YAIBID ST[ReLoq eraepnqny,. 7 sane ro vuyped rac (yav[D) Boureo eydaomss0— oeplavuuad ees Peers ee ed ea eters |anere= + peered eer Pere Creer ee ees “119 [LU erurjoeipApy ovpuurjowapAy -aanqusedura y, “eIRAysSny “pueleaz MON “RIS -adoarng Torrey.—Hydroida of the Pacific Coast. “ROLAZV INOS “BInqiug ByweEg “Aug Soitoyuoyy “spuR[s] weTyNeTy “panuyuop —NOILAAIALSIC, dO AIAV TL, “MOIsey OSeIq Ueg “MOIsey OLpagd UBS “Boy Oostouvly aeg “mosey Yploqun yxy, puy[eso.] ‘puBlweerr Do “BOLLAULY JSBOD SEG “Wolsey punog yosug esuBy [BolyemAyyed “e[MSUIUeg JO "Sg BYSELV “eMsuLdeg JO "N VASBTV “BELLLOFTTUD “suoyyey UT “uasioqzzidg puv ‘uedeyy wep “ROLLOULY JSBOD JSAM, Lae a 3 o > |Zoouoey. ications. Publ Vd + “Sy Vy Bvoygtord ““490N BYBOUTT ~ “490N Tpreyxary ~~ [[LBowyy Basoeyur ~aOply isxyoury YAV[D STUMLOFISHE ae tOsey “SIBQ BNSTXE “ yaRID BydeAd YAIRI ByB[MoLyUep YaByTO BpMoato “y[BO Byenuezye viiepnuedmey oepliiepnurdmes) “HTB TMOsTTA *qQnNV Tunsoldeds ““yre[Q uINynos NN Tnysnqoa qJNN tans Aed ~ -"qqnN UINgeUo “AOU “MOU ISU1}}nNU enaes TWOPUYO (* WNBA * eK KOK OK UWINTDe[B Hy, ty of Californ wWwersr “RIS “RYBASUY ‘oanqyeied ula y, “pun[eaz MeN “BolyVy GyNOS uedRyy Uee Un *‘puBlad] ‘purlueaty Do esuey [BoLouAyyeg "BOLIOULY 4SBOD 4SeG “SULOY}Ry UT ME eae 2 |e ele ey ee ek Maer ICED Ep | ee 1} olwle lt le!e)/S |e aR et EE |] fee Uf teen) geile l/e |/SGlpl/aloe|n Costa iz ete ies eee =e | ie o |] ee Blo Be ES ea tS a ee |e mile |e | 4] ° joel a |v Seis | lsitealreate 3/5 o]} 8 | &) ee lie mi. |o | 5 Big =A S “BEULLOFTLLD “Spue[sy] URNeTy “R[nsutueg JO "N BYSBlLV “uasteqzidg pue 10 “RBOLLGULW JSBOS) ISA AA “panuyuoj—NOWAAIALSIG 40 TAY, Torrey.—Hydroida of the Pacific Coast. 11 Vou. 1.] ae | eae syoulpyy vyeorpd 8 ‘SOUL, BULISSLOUO] “HBO lygias a “y[BOD SIplowis Ranh Gaur Byepnoimes < (SB[Bq) BSouUlyRIes ATRD SITLSBAZ oo" nN BIqup * ~ ‘UUTyT BUMLOJOYsIp “AQOW ST[VansstuUL0D “qquyy SI[RALOg Crertom so WNT BIBULOUL os ——-Aou ‘OU TYABl[d lo SIRE STTIOBIS BOBIATJOUOD, “oo ULI STTIQNTOA = (: uur) BYR [LOLA YlR[Q ByBlOadacn ylvyQ Bsoleds "49M Pteggta (‘Sy "V) Bprsit OK OK OK Ok baer etcetera JINN Bise1 vuepnuedurey, wa 2 nln|n|2|m g PIPIS\SIE P| 2] FPP IB Be BE PE Ele = | & 3 =! = || 8 © Rn = = = =I hez 5 5 = E ot ct 5 i} = © rg = =e ey =| 2 Zz, | a 3 cee Sesh ne LEIA oan Sulla eye cligall oecilecallie las 5 =o s 52 ro) ¢ y 2 gal tle nal epee Peele ie) psa gales y 2 . = 5 - 3 3 £/ 2 Salt tee! |u| eee. leeeiea) en lees nes s a : 2 Be z & : | 3 | a S @ | a | e S : = Be| & ey Wey | |Hleo|e\|s\a\e ‘paniyuog—NOWAdALsiq LO WAV, ~ eas) Boo a. Bis |@ | 5 og | E. | ? = a ps ae ° : L m | aa 3 3 g E 5 | z Be 2 3 Bie a = 2. E z 5 a “REMI FTE) : a sd og 3 “ROLLAULY 4SVOK ISOM ° a S ° a ° o N os University of California Publications. 12 €1 0}G°6 €1 ‘einyeiodma y, Do ‘osuRy [BolLomAqyeq “smmoyyey Ur “elpeaysny ~ Cunry) vpmnd : YSViy, ByBorns Becerra SIplouisap eIaE[NyL0g, dnoas ‘euameudcy OBPILIB[ N4LIG = (lappy) BUIIT[IoRIs ¥ concen, “ SIBQ ‘JY BSOOTJNAT * (Surme,,q,) Bsomnp ~~ “qInyT SdoteRype vooyer, “‘VQUN BSIOMIM BIIBIUMRIY y Saas “qqny Suedses WNT [eT Ty oeplaojery ji eee S00 LOT BNOLdS -MODUT SBIJUBUINeY TL, : Stpas By1e0UT Feeearees UG: 0) tan[[teod BTjeqoHy Fp “nN Bsoona vurpnurdmey),, ‘(cuuvy) Bsurids B[poo4TBD,, © (qopry) Twoysuroly “(ptRTD) Bsseaduio0a e ~ (syourpy) Byenorpeo BIgd[O, oii ace ee Y[BOD Slte[noins BilaqCQ “purlRaz MON “BOLIFY YINOS “RISW W uer pwe[ueety uokB ay ‘uesa1eqzyidg pu ‘punpooy “‘BoLLAULY JSVOD Sey “MOLsey OFeIq URG n\n|)e2| nm 2 fe 6 | ® q ¥ 2 silele&lal/e/2|é wW)e | ss ) elo] oe |] & © hase os Wes WS a|/e)/o);/ei12/]@2 Fa) pol et | eta een |e | a ,lelwlelelele Pics (Se 8 (a | ee m | 2 | | 2 | og} | che [ab ah i) 6 Bilo!|@ig 5 oO i] mo) e F ay se I itep =I am o\a seeks & “RIUELOGTLL “ROLIOUTY 4SBOD 4JSOA, “SpuRIS]T URINOTY “R[MSUIUeg JO "N BYSBLY “panuyUuojg—NOWLAdINLsiq AO ATA, € 13 Torrey.—Hydroida of the Pacific Coast. VoL. 1.] pees (4sBaq,) Bprsiny ” > (aopry) Byeprdsnory ee = (Lappy) Bljeue, * ~ Bun ByRooes m ~~ (uay) swruozdjod ee ee eee yaeyy eyeauid =" ENR ]ABAP BURL We ee Buiadsay cr eae ae Sana as BULoa[ ey & ira liane SHYOULP] STUMMOFISNT i po ee Sas BlaziIyuep “1 UBUL[]Y Bollod es ‘YOsatoyY WYLRpO ViTarByNyLEG dnoas vyperepngaeg ——CadoA) STTTQBataa * (19) vortpurpdéd sisdoursejag,, | dnoais sisdouisrpeg ex I, BUBOSTOURAT | | : | sere = Boeeta liven ee (cuury) BYBO[BY a a geen lesa li ata lfeataa lie Pea wom mes SULINN SULISIP BIUBUIT[RAPAH y cael leone etl dnois viueui[[erpA py | eal 5 [ete Vike Ve Ue [ae re Nace fe er rel ebb | peli | © o palletcy Ween | aah NW rsh w/o |elelelelisiglealel ele] 5 Sed eis PL ee) IS IS ee EL WMS IPE) Mee Wick ee Naa | I f |elslFl? | |8el 6 [Sl Plelsielelelele| el 3 Fs Ble | & | Pe )ee| Ss [@lelSlea lela) 2) ale | 2} ct ct |) Pst fe 2 41) a ea wo) S peg | Balm} S| <5 || I BE We Wis aS BASE SB le a etl el eee lie eae : Pe eae PRE E22 1S /e lala sels ° 2 ee] @ Per ree es Pe stiles @\s\a/8 “panwyuo)—NOWLAALAISK AO ATAYL 2 |Be] 2 1B | G | eS ee tom Be ° Bs Bele aleu|. ee eae eg be Zz SS ee lis 5 Ss “VIULOFT [VO ; ; F 3 “ROLLOULY JSVOD ISOM ES Os - Aree IBID VpLoany * YIB[D Bysnqor 7 sie TO) wsoun[d YlIB[D BejuRsis * “SULyJUN suRselo *% SULyINN ByLISOD * y Beatie: Cerrina, SULLY 190d VIUBINY Ly a ee sisuwence awe "TD SIPLQBIBA % BUS | ee ree Se Tyseay a oo ‘IO Seplorwimyy * * S1BQ BIETIOZ “TO, SITLatts BNASUODUL ooo KBLINTY lauds POE SY oe) Gree yang py sives| costes seeecseenss “AOTT LLOLIqey ale | xe ‘IO. Seplossoadno Peele | eee ‘S YW VoejuesiE vLIe[njieg, Sp fs ee eT BPIG]B! Bl[OLB[Ng.1IG dnoais viaemyy, [Zoouoay. ++ KKK KK K | } | | | | | University of California Publications. 2 Pe sells | ele Pelee ele zlelele Me oO 3 e lelaleiP |S |PEl S folwlelelslElelelele ¢ 3 aS 2 eh PSs ae Soames: leteenlieSe|salll|tea es a con zal |e Z B lq) 1s BE] 2 |e lel el ale la|e | A = = |P lel Bean A eo Fon Ea salen ea RE allies IDE lees 2 e 5 | 8 B GUE e Bale ce eolreuls: ea ccpliwe| rs 2 : . BS | ee ° lac} =) = a = g %. 3. t by %. 2 g ie g “pantywop —NOWWAATMLSTG 40 ATAY YT, o bic} \. . 3 5 | @ =] mo fs i" fo) BE ae 3 = ean oM ei |e} z : a Ziel ! : go ts) a E + Sp : » BS iS “RUMLLOFTTRO, 5 g Z | % | g “ROLLAULY 4SBOD 4SAAA 14 ite) “MOT O1v OTB Todord B Aq POMOT[OF JOU OAR YOIYA OSOY] + BIMLOFITRD JO re APISIOATU) OY} JO WOLaT[Od oY} UI poyUosoaddar oav YSt19ysev UB Aq pepodsad soroods oy, “Wes1oqzz1dg ‘dg :ureyqnos 'g ‘UAey4AOU 'N :9]PPrUr “TW mekRyK TEP LE !puvpeoy ‘] !purpuceary ‘Hy ‘uteyste ‘gq :410yvA deap ‘q ‘puRIs] BUI[RIeO 'D !UIBWUWg VOTH ‘gq FoVUBOYTUSIS SUIMOT[OJZ OY} OAV [QRZ OY} UL S10},0T OTT, a ge eee s[BqOy, cores eecmesse NT OBIMITLGATA spate ey (SII[G) Boeovjes ‘yaev[p Seprorepnuinyd ~ [ereyydes Baesruesey ] pee “WANN BLOzITASRT] qn 1epoos “yep ‘ae ‘eqeynurqes SS Bole ele MUL qi cae (YAVID) MVP BooTIpPUN (a[eq) Bjonpoad vlawusooleyy Rca eae aa BIUO[BAB B[[9UIJUV, * KK OK OK Torrey.—Hydroida of the Pacific Ooast. (Avaainyy) Sopruorgynays * fet acc ical (‘uury) vuinyd ry ’ Bnordsuoout a ~~sisuesoip eruaydor[syy ovplarepumnt gd . =) wo |el|alal>| elal »l|alm|e2|a| ga] >| > A SEIS Sele lele| e ElElIEIEFlalelele 3 ia ct a | & 3} oo | rg ¢ 18 |g =} o a ea eh @ eI a |N ier sh er || SF a eee Goss as ees tx i=] | > a 2 | 9° o roy 4p leshill 4 3 Sta 5 5 g |F\e|e Pele) S (Slee le lela |e) a4 fz B. B/S aq- | o |i] & Blo|a@lo 3 2 a | 8 Piste fe emalllesal 4 etal) eel) i Peat eal ty Ul iad - © » . i a i) ss 2 @ @ 2 bo @ 2 ej | e “penuyuoy —NOILAAIMLSIG: AO ATAV S ey hye) |} eb Is 5 o | 5 |] | = leh ¢ ge aa|s | ° ‘ Ko) Beye ts) B oS me |) Py ls, el = = e 2 ; ie iS “UIULO FT) : z y ; : ; 3 g “ROLIaULY JSBOO ISOAL ‘2 F 16 University of California Publications. [Zoouoey. “eyTRaqsUy ae: 4 “punpeeg MeN, ; ec : oa ion g | = | “Boligy yynog tol A se we ow tal q se “4SEq PUL TION ‘eIsy oOo mM & © foo = GN ee) (a) : is Fs 2 “ado Oo NO oe io, xt ean Or a nl tol S pat as zs | ‘uedvpy Uep pur ‘aesteqzjtdg ; | a ey ‘ SS an no Dd = FF O foal : puULlaoy ‘puRlusety : ADVE EDN RERONCASTGOE ICN Gy TS SL Gel SF GA eh te) | — | “WOLsey OSeIq uRG a : + > : ao oO M © = ; = tat 2) 4 : “MOlseay OLpag URG a en) - © © BD — i} a “RaInqieg BURG a ia oa So Ht OD Mm | FI “Avg AoteyUoyy = i ma © N © st + © wo] >) —— — : —_ — — = z | 5 “MOLsay OostouR.g URG a Rok eat Soe el Ieee) 1s a —- = — = : S “mosey yploquiny, mt (Sl Gel GA GSI : = =. —— = Fa & i 5 Wolsey punog josng Oo N 2 a SS o oOo FO @w eo] = | cre | aie = = “eynsulueg Jo yNog Bysepy Gy te) ey TN sa) GI Ga Gl im) te | i Dm A Sa ee ; ; | “spuvls] TeynelTy tO Wey ke St : | “Bnsuded JO YON BYSRpy S 1 0 © A ce AH AH AN fo “A}L[BOOT OF AvT[NVed satvedg an 7m 0 S LOM ene a COMET col = : x Be BY : : i i i : ° : : t : : : i : Bee ee enc ee eee Be Zz tol (—! t (=) : t : ' ' ‘ iS 2 ras 5 be : ; : : : : BHO : H 7 Bs : ¥ : FE LE B, acarae ney areas ee ee ee ° & a , a i] " ° c 3 He 2° 7) H 7) ° Beet : : : : nega a Be Se eh H fish fei 2 iS a Sy St 2) el CO che Jee} : Heese | ee | Bas Be clceeis) fee ee aS a288 cel Cl sl rs, SP ae ee Sago se ws eS Si ae el oe Azad ° = ° = r=) o * oO (2) aeReaT 7 Tey HOU SN OR) Pans ies Eon a 8S & 2 Pes, ee el) eae A582 < Hees isl Se ics ene MOE ek AZRE? wm ort. ae gO es = + | ae at ae Si Satay ees eae S << El Ec eC) TC | 5 re Vou. 1.) “ORPILAB NUMAN Torrey.—Hydroida of the Pacifie Coast. Zoou.—2 “xa a we oa HY eH TH cs “OR PIARTNY.LaG, sy) PS) ES aa oh Sea Sah Sere TS jeeprloogery ia oa Hon! i ‘auprulpnurdurey Surpnjout ‘onplianmurdurey a te sol eae Sh “oeplloe[e bb 00 =) Ga ‘oupWt&10D PUL oupQUL, SuIpnyour ‘gupuaeuueg Be Te Stak oh soulsig- Ses! -oepIUTyoRApATL : i 4 : : : “ouplLipuepag : 4 : | 4 i “OR PIUAIOZD) i a H 4a SO H : “OUDIAKIO ties cv “ORPILIOULIG [OUT ‘aRpII[[TAUresnNog i oa oA H Cron | 4% Poe Of eo aN E ‘aoe Bees ode HOO re cess Sa or He 5S ae 5 yee Be Bl dB ogee ty a: =n a : 2 F : y : : ae oe orth WE ee aE A < fel fel wee) : i : : a o er Oe S. Be tS ; : : : =| Ay 2 Ay “Bp (=| Oo t F =I a a B DI i OS S&S & E Bi A 58 A SS Gs) i OE z a os On cS) J i= fect Am 5 re (any Dn es & Sicha H @ 3 4 -— OQ 6 53 2 io} FA ° =] » o S mH ° So BGs a ai ae + 8 6 s oe ag & Gg S68 ia, 2 ee Set ds a 3 ja § oF el Cs GS o « =I =I =| ‘=| qm pe ee es fe Pe Sa a ZA ef fo fal tap) te) Keo) 18 University of California Publications. [ZooLoay. KEY TO THE HYDROIDA OF THE WESTERN COAST OF NORTH AMERICA.* 1. No true hydrothecae or gonangia........... asco tevnuetesie nceeess .Gymnoblastea 1. True hydrothecae and gonangia present Calyptoblastea 2. Tentacles in proximal and distal sets.......-... 0.0... Pennariidae 2. Filiform tentacles in one whorl 2s Renbaclesseatbere ds soc. cee cn eens ce wcrere soe ne eee cae eee 3. A single nutritive polyp, rooted in the apn perisare rudimentary.. ree ee eee eM eb eS Oe bt een er Corymorpha 3. Several saumiama polyps from a common hydrorhiza........ Tubularia 4. About 40 prox. tentacles; body a coral red C. (Rhizonema) carnea! 4. Not more than 30 prox. tentacles; stem colorless....C. palma (p. 37) 5. Gonophores with laterally compressed processes........... Beet ee eee 5. Gonophores with conical or tentaculate processes................... eee : 5. Se with seo aca radial canals; no processes —.. _...... T. indivisa! 6. With A processes, 32- 34 proximal and 50-60 distal tentacles... _.... Se eR eine Bae ee reo ee T. borealis! 6. With 6-10 processes and 25 proximal tentacles ....T. crocea (p. 43) 7. 4 tentaculiform processes on female gonophore, as long as gono- ~~] . Processes conical; proximal tents. 18-20 phore; proximal tents. 22-25 .. .........................--- I. marina (p. 46) . 3-5 tentaculiform processes on gonophores, half as long as gono- phores; proximal tents. 40-50 ..T. harrimani? T. larynx® = Proximal tents s30—40 se aes area T. tubularoides* . Hydranths of two sorts; large sterile and small fertile, each with clavate proboscis; spiral zooids; hydrorhiza encrusting, with GIL UU ATA Spin CB see essere eee cece ceases ee Hydractiniidae Hydractinia milleri (p. 34) 8. 9. Eudendrium ON Proboscis) Conia eager ee Bougainvilliidae 10. Hydrocaulus annulated throughout .. 12. mentioned in their several synonymies; . Hydrocaulus not annuluated SaaS = . Height of colony 2 inches or less; fomaele nines: acenils Withoutrtenta cles ce.c---eq cose oe eee E. vaginatum® . Height of colony 4-5 inches; female gonophores with tentacles .... ..E. californicum (p. 32) Sten) sadly pr sSaaigel! Terns sslysmalnenatte se meee E. rameum (p. 33) mw orn bs | *Some of the species in the key are described in this paper, others in papers descriptions of the rest may be found in the papers to which the indices after the specific names refer, which have been selected with especial reference to their accessibility. 1] Torrey.—Hydroida of the Pacific Coast. Vou. 12. Stem Poly siphons at base only; peesoeey branches simple ....... .. ....... HE, ramosum (p. 34) 13. Atractyloides formosa? (SSRN Tena 1G Lp eer serra tee ed oats eee ene ee EA ee seracb tn ecoverapochs ay Sh henspscke 14. Gonophores fixed sporosaes TARIGonophoresetne a! Meds lrce-ceccsee cee ceceest erence neces ae c= 15. Stem polysiphonie . 15. Stem simple ; 16. Stems several inches long, robust... 000000 000.0... B. robusta (p. 29) V6S3Stemi less thamiiam imehy om pera eesee ceeveecsces eee secscees seennecees B, nutans” 17. Stems annulated throughout.............-...--.26.cses--- B. annulata (p. 28) 17. Stems) not annulated throughout <22.22 2s... ee ceecenccecnceeeencsececcee cree 18. Hydranth with 10-12 tentacles .........00.2..0.. -s-ce eee eee B. Scie . Hydranth with 14-16 tentacles; hydrorhiza creeping over base of B. franciseana (p. 28) 19. SP Rc scceceareeeece P. repens (p. 29) 19. Branches slightly annulated; tentacles 10-16...... .. P. (2) formosus? 20. Mentacles) filiform’: fixed SpOrosacs) 2... tes cecccecee scene sscesee eee Clavidae Hydrocaulus rudimental; hydranths eclaviform; gonophores prox- imal to tentacles Clava 20. Tentacles capitate .... BE Be SO Rea ee eee EN ee Corynidae 21. More than 20 tents.; color red......................-. Clava leptostyla (p. 30) 22. Gonophores free medusae.............2.-.2-. essen .. Syneoryne 22. Gonophores fixed sporosaes; tents. of one sort ........ ....-.--. Coryne 23. Tentacles 20-30; colony 2 or more inches high ...... Ss. eximia (p. 31) 23. Tentacles 16; colony 4 in. to 14 in. high.......... S. mirabilis (p. 31) 24. Branches regularly annulated throughout ......... 00.2... C. brachiata? 25. Hydrothecae saucer-shaped; hydranth with conical proboscis ......... See ESE Pee Sree RES paeseebes wares Haleciidae BRN OWES CLCLOG | serene ey ees e, secese cents veces cerca see 28. Fascicled .... . Annulated RS ROPING tr SA TL ST Cl eee re ae a cece eee ace hp cen eee eee nates , . Hydrotheeae usually half as deep as broad; gonothecae very much . Hydrothecae well developed, -oscHlor nematophores absent PIG OTLODPMOPES IME CUS OL see ress scen sates so esee entree setvesacnteenterce scene tose: MECLONO PHOTOS HIIXECESPOROSAGS! eee sccesen ene nne acer ceec eee ey nets eee eens Halecium . Rim of hydrotheea strongly everted . Hydrothecae campanulate, pedunculate, with partial septum at TD US © eee ee rccesec cc linet sce conea sou -udtt leanerrsiensrecs ate wsseieeeons Campanulariidae . Hydrotheeae tubular, without basal eelinta, margin smooth, no OPOL GUILIN tees ees saree: attra ceecedecgsen\sessteisceseseton tote ttaetecs sce cteeeesazae Lafoeidae ee betOSee obec hee epee e a ae eee eae Peete eee ae a Rem eer cote wees .------ DELrtulariidae . Hydrothecae well developed, sessile, borne on one side of stem or .Plumulariidae Campalecium branch only; nematophores present ... hydranth with 24-28 ten- tacles; gonophore with 4 tentacles............. C. medusiferum (p. 48) compressed....... Paes fon uN sae acest eet oe H. annulatum (p. 49) . Annulated or corrugated, unbranched or irregularly branched; about 20 tentacles... mene Ee a #H. corrugatum! : EECEEENT and eee saamnlsiiedio “Gapeninie linmciadle para- SUDIG ies so UR UO INDE CLOG tet ere saber Rv eeeed yn Me ohh H. ornatum? 19 14 15 19 16 iy 18 26 20 39. 40. 40. 40. 41. 41. University of California Publications. [Zoovogy. . Stem geniculate, pedicels taking the place of stem joints; gono- theeae annulated, with annulated pedicels................. H. speciosum? . Branched, 14 inches high; hydrothecae on internodes sessile, not reaching beyond distal node; rim not everted....H. kofoidi (p. 49) 2. Densely and irregularly branched, often three branches from same shoulderlike process ; hydrotheeae sub-alternate, rim everted.......... pes . H. densum* cea Sancnall eercrod) Sfmcoe rim i Tepe eneene not everted; gonothecea ovate, female surmounted by two hydranths.. BARI 5 ee ets ST ok cee ee H. halecinum® 2. Stem and branches polysiphonic, stiff; hydrothecae everted; gono- thecae compressed) Spiny ccc... f-.c-cecce- conse sereeren eee H. murieatum® . Each internode of branches with one or two proximal annulae, with distal hydrothecae reaching beyond end of internode; ultimate Ibramehesy genic ull ates eae ee ee H. nuttingi (p. 50) 2. Flabellate colony; hydranth small, 20 tentacles, pedicels from proximal part of internode ie... =e ee H. reversum? 2. Thick stem and branches fascicled with many tubes, branching profusely; hydranths numerous, crowded, in whorls and clusters, with 10 tentacles; rim of hydrotheca non-everted.....H. robustum? 2. Stout, coarse, ultimate branches divided into wedge-shaped inter- nodes: gonothecae with orifice on one side... .......... H. seutum® 2. Hydrothecae everted; male gonotheea a circular disk, with peduncle WLLL OME" OL! Li yy. Ol ANT UL 8, eee eee ee ee ES H. wilsoni* @ INOT=Opere al ate svete sees ace eee ce eae aera ee . Operculate; operculum of numerous small triangular pieces . Gonophores sessile; SpOYroSacS ........-..-.<-..c-0cc-ssence. coreenseee Garinenninen . Gonophores sessile, medusoid .. + Gonophoresitreciin Cd US8 Clee... cecreesce tree ee ene . Hydrothecae tubular, smooth margin, hydranth with conical pro- .Gonothyraea boseis Hebella mMbeMs unbranched) sees ee sees svessecespeee eseacieecustateeetet eave eovneseeeess « ASUOMS! FASCICLE 28a secyeeceeve. cave c seen rc en tec tree ae treet te ce ee ee ee stems! sim pl ei cs sees eec ste sce sc ecpack cae ces ces eso ee ee . Pedicels of hydranths in whorls of 4 to 6, at regular intervals.. 7. Pedicels of hydranths alternating in one plane............ . Hydrotheea with 10-12 blunt denticles: base rounded...... ee ecu! . Hydrotheea with 12 ree denticles: epee to base Bee eee -.:-- C. verticillata® . Colony often 200 mm. ony Ggninis Tunnnine hydrotheca with 10 bicuspid teeth, hydranth with 26 tentacles .C. pacifica (p. 53) Colony 5-10 mm. long; hydrotheeca with 11-12 moderate teeth; hydranth with 20-24 tentacles..............-.----.2-.0------- C. fascia (p. 52) Colonies small, with few branches, which are parallel to the aren stem .. Hydrotheea small, funnel-shaped, with even rim... C. exigua® Stems unbranched except for the hydrotheca pedicels, which are short and regularly alternate, giving the colony the aspect of a Sorte] art ae ssi ccs as eee er eRe nee Bae C. rigida* Length of hydrotheea, .65-1.00 mm.; breadth, .36-.45 mm.; 14-15 EOQUAMONE War OTs eee ne eee ee eee C, denticulata (p. 51) Length of hydrotheca, .5 m.; breadth, .25 m.; margin with 9-10 teeth _..... a C. attenuata® 41 VOL. . Hydrotheca with longitudinal striations . Hydrotheca unstriated . Hydrotheea small, tubular; striations due to deep oneaandictal 1] Torrey.—Hydroida of the Pacific Coast. ny Mar rinsotuhy drothecasr Ootiiyec. ce. ceeescessecseac cs ccccsevcnc wckeveesteeteectewes seoeteeree . Margin of hydrotheca denticulate... aa . Hydrotheea broadly campanulate ; peeetiecs Sch about 10 aundlas Beebe Seog Tec CERES SPSRCPEEEED BERR ECC ESO EEO MERCER ES ER ee Ra S ER ae C. integra? . Hydrotheea large, cylindrical, delicate; long slender pedicel with 1 distal and 2 or 3 proximal annulae only............... ......C. ritteri? . Hydrotheca very large, tubular, urceolate, with everted margin; hydramth! withi20)tentacless cco. cccce-cccdere soe-voh cccearessenes =-= .C. regia’ flutings and continuous with 7-10 sharp teeth.............. C. ‘kincaidi™ . Striations continuous with iuterdenticular spaces... 2... . Hydrotheea deep, tapering to pedicel, margin with 10-12 square- topped teeth; gonotheca elongate, with numerous large annulae Bie ney SN OUR SD. eA Saeed Same e bean C. hincksi (p. 53) 5 Hiedrotheen large, delicate, depth to breadth as 3:2, sides parallel, base hemispherical; 12- 14 rounded teeth -..... 200 oe C. lineata’ . Hydrotheea large, deeply campanulate, urceolate, with short ped- icel; 10 low, blunt teeth; striations in distal quarter..C. speciosa! . Rim of hydrotheca usually everted, with 12-15 low teeth or crena- tions; gonotheca smooth, compressed, with small terminal SU QTL ee eee een ecco os ee erence eae nero eae C. everta (p. 51) . Hydrotheea deep, cylindrical, with 12 blunt marginal teeth; gono- Ghecaextusitormlyes vce se cece ne eater eee C. fusiformis (p. 52) . Hydrotheea variable, margin often reduplicated, with 12-15 rounded teeth; gonotheca fusiform................ C. urceolata (p. 54) . Hydrotheea small, tubular, margin often reduplicated, with 9 MOC ETALOL LCE bike see eee ete Perea eee C. volubilis (p. 54) . Hydrotheea deep, margin with 10 square-topped or bicuspid teeth; gonophores with tentacles but without radial canals -_... ..... Pe ey eer ee eo Aten Sener ee eek ME G. elarki (p. 55) 48. Bivdrorhoen deep, with 10- 11 sharp teeth; gonophores with radial e@analsvamdiitentacles! ie =o. cccesceevecestoee esee Geeta sees onneeteecece G. gracilis® 48. Hydrotheca funnel-shaped, with smooth margin; gonophore with- outiradial ‘camals: or! tentacles i..-..c. Gonotheca without hornsioris pines esse eee eee een ee . Hydrotheea never completely immersed . bel ceuens : . Hydrotheca completely immersed in wuadeom ania ‘of eect . Aperture well defined; gonothecae constantly bimucronate . Hydrothecae tubular, almost completely Sanh enaed . Hydrothecae immersed for half their length, narrowing distally. University of California Publications. [Zoouoey. round, with a number of teeth projecting downward................... ..... Sertularia variabilis' . Hydrotheeae alternate; gonotheca widest in middle, tapering to both\ends; aperture:small) terminal 22... PEG OnOLhecassm Oot heater eee Sertularia filicula (p. 68) Gonotheca with about five conspicuous longitudinal ridges... .... Sertularia costata? Hydrotheea tubular, deeply speacnsad aH round aperture, opposite on branches; gonotheca with "three or five lodgitudinal ridges ..Thuiaria turgida’ . Hydrothecae subalternate, deeply immersed, curving outward, oval aperture; stem and branches stout; gonotheca ovate; large ter- Mall hep Oru Geese eee ce Thuiaria gigantea! . Branches spirally arranged, hydrothecae sub-opposite to alternate, distal end of alternate reaching beyond base of next; gonotheca jbimu cronate 222s sty ee ee Sertularia thuiaroides! . Branches pinnate, distal end of alternating hydrotheca barely TEAC bine yOAsey Ota e xh er eee eee Sertularia traski (p. 69) 5. Hydrothecae opposite on branches, curved strongly outward .......... pia EAS ee cae pee tet i Bee te SIRS tel ae, ee Sertularia similis! branches to an internode, hydrothecae deeply immersed... Bae ep ied See asec eee eee ee cee see nee SeSeee Sertularia cupressoides! only; hydrocaulus largest distally; gonotheeca with two truncate SSID OS soso aces eee eae ee eee Thuiaria robusta! . Hydrotheca always completely immersed; aperture toward stem; gonothecae very nee bicornuate, in single row on upper side of prancheses= sees Thuiaria plumosa! Boss becs =, Suesucuse tse cuseceonoy Be cecoele acti eseen coeceeeceae Sertularia argentea (p. 67) é hespanes less clearly defined ; enraiicons only occasionally bimu- (CNOMBC eee e se esac rece eae ee ee ee ee Sertularia fabricii® . Gonotheca with bottle-shaped distal end, small round aperture; hydrotheea with two prominent teeth; stems densely clustered... See ee oe Mee en Sertularia greenei (p. 69) 5 Goneieca are round aperture; colony one-half inch high, stem flexuous, hydrotheea free for distal half. .. Sertularia tenera’ Selaginopsis cylindrica! Dee arith kia ire ee eS Selaginopsis mirabilis! Nematophores movable Nematophores fixed 93 eee sae LOW . Hydrocladia borne on erect stems ............... ......... ....... Plumularia 94 Vou. 1] Torrey.—Hydroida of the Pacific Coast. 25 93. Hydrocladia borne directly on stolon .....Antenella avalonia (p. 74) 94. Hydroecladial internodes thecate and non-theeate 95 94. Hydrocladial internodes thecate only. ..............2---ssccceccescscssssenenseseneseeees 98 95. Nodal septa transverse; supra calycine and intermediate nemato- TDHOTES RO TOSEM here ceets cee coeete eae ee aR CR ao ros cok geese 96 . Nodal septa alternately transverse and oblique; hydrocladia Biter nating; hydrothecae free for half their length... P. alicia (p. 75) . Never more than two intermediate internodes; hydrotheea as deep as longer diameter, front forming an angle with stem _................. SSSR ie BOSE See EEE EN er RE Pee terre pees ere eee ee P. setacea (p. 79) . Often more than two intermediate internodes; longer diameter of hydrotheca greater than depth, front parallel with stem... 97 . Septal ridges moderate, usually two on each intermediate inter- INO GO) eee ce ees ae ee ee ee P. lagenifera (p. 77) . Septal ridges heavy, never more than one on each intermediate INGEINOC Ghent ieee ee ee ee P. lagenifera septifera (p. 78) . Nematophores monothalamice.. ee 99 8. Nematophores dithalamic: again of ydrothecn “enn half AS greater diameter; gonothecae fusiform ._........ ..P. virginiae” . Margin of hydrotheca slightly recurved ..................-02-cseeece. esceeeeeeseeeeenes 100 . Margin of hydrotheca not reeurved; gonothecae on stem or stolon, WAL eMUMeTOUsM One's pine Seneca mene ene es P. echinulata® . Cauline internodes with one to three branches each; gonotheca oval, borne in plaze of hydrocladium ... _..... ...... P. goodei (p. 76) . Cauline internodes each with one branch; gonothecae axial, with- OUILRS DIN OS Sees eee eee ee en ee P. plumularoides (p. 78) . Stem fascicled; hydrocladia branched; no marginal teeth; gono- thecae unprotected —.......... Cee i SoA TD OM ate Nuditheea 102 Pa LOTMA SLIT) Gye eee eee cere ate ee apres ene Nn ee ce ee ee . 103 2. Hydrotheca without anterior constriction; gonotheca with two or threeinematophorestat Wase) sc ee eet eee eee N. dalli” 103. Gonothecae protected by corbulae, each of which is a modified hydrocladium; no hydrotheeca at base of each gonangial leaf... Be Fc eg a ee a eee eee 8 Aglaophenia 104 103. Gonothecae unprotected; no septal ridges in hydrocladial inter- nodes; an anterior intertheeal ridge... ae be .Halicornaria 107 104, Hydrotheea with 11 irregular teeth ........... i Porinonides (is 7/3)) 104. Hydrotheca with 9 teeth ies . 105 0 see Meditamatoo there cured yrs cee te ee eee pee area eee 106 105. Median! tooth mot recurved: -.-....---ccce----seee-ceeees esse A. pluma (p. 73) 106. Hydroeladial nodes well marked; mesial nemataphore reaches vSOK ANI OL COVE Lay Rol eKO} A] OV =\ Of ee sen caeeeoeeene eeerne- eer A. ineonspicua (p. 72) 106. Hydrocladial nodes weak; mesial nematophore does not reach MOMEONOL My ATOUNECA pean eee ee A. diegensis (p. 71) NO fem Noman rim alete ethics ssi cena ee eee H. producta (p. 75) 1. Clark (’76, 1). 8. Hincks (’68). °. Nutting (’'01, 1). 9. Mrask (754). 8, Calkins (’99). 10. L. Agassiz (’65). 4. A. Agassiz ('65). ll, Kirehenpauer (’84). 5. Fewkes (’89). 12. Nutting (’'00). 6, Clark (°76, 2). 13 Mereschkowsky (’78). . Nutting (’99). 26 University of California Publications. [Zoouoey. Systematic Discussion. GYMNOBLASTEA. Hydroida without true hydrothecae or gonothecae. Gonophores when free, usually furnished with eye-spots, gonads on wall of manubrium. Fam. BOuGAINVILLUDAE. Atractylide, Hincks, Brit. Hydr. Zooph., 1868, p. 87. Trophosome. ydranth with a single verticil of filiform tentacles around the base of a conical or dome-shaped proboscis. Gonosome. Gonophores in the form of fixed sporosacs or free meduse. There is, it appears to me, as little advantage in separating this family into two (Bimeriide, Bougainvilliide) on the basis of the free or fixed character of the gonophores, as there is in dividing the Corynidw into two families on the same grounds. I have ventured, therefore, to restore the family Atractylide, as Hineks understood it, changing the name, however, for reasons which Allman has fully set forth (’71, p. 299). The oldest genus in the family thus constituted is Bougainvillia, for which reason I have given its name to the family. Bimeria. Wright. Bimeria. T.S. Wright, Edin. N. Phil. Jour., 1859, n. s., X., p. 109. Hineks, Brit. Hydr. Zooph., 1868, p. 103. Allman, Gymnobl. Hydr., 1871, p. 297. Garveia. T. S. Wright, Edin. N. P. Jour. 1859, p. 109. Hineks, Brit. Hydr. Zooph., 1868, p. 101. Allman, Gymnobl. Hydr., 1871, p. 294. Nutting, Proc. Wash. Ac. Se., 1901, III., p. 166. Trophosome. Colony branching, hydranth fusiform with conical probos- cis, and invested with perisare which may cover the tentacles and proboscis proximally. Gonosome. Gonophores sporosaes, never borne on body of hydranth. The original diagnosis of Bimeria was based upon specimens of B. vestita Wright, which up to the present time has been the only species definitely referred to the genus, with the exception of a species from San Diego, Cal., described by Clark (’76), under the provisional name of Bimeria (2) gracilis. The character which distinguishes the trophosome of Bimeria from that of Garveia in the diagnosis of Hincks (’68) and AIl- bo ~ Vo. 1.] Torrey.—Hydroida of the Pacific Coast. man (’71) is the continuation of the perisare so as to invest the proximal portion of each tentacle. Allman adds that the peri- sare also covers the hypostome to within a short distance of the mouth. I have examined specimens of Garveta annulata Nutting from the collection which contained the type of his species, and find that they are similar in all respects to a hydroid from the entrance of San Francisco Bay. These San Francisco speci- mens were carefully examined to determine the presence or absence of perisare on the tentacles. It was extremely difficult to make out the distal limit of the perisare. It is certainly attached to the coenosare, thinning away distally very gradually. Soaking in caustic potash destroyed more than the distal half of each tentacle, and demonstrated that the basal portion of each was sheathed in delicate perisare, as shown in Fig. 1, Pl. I. Repeat- edly have I seen the perisare continue upon the bases of the tentacles in the expanded living hydranth. It is by no means an “opake brown” (Hincks, ’68, p. 103) nor is it so conspicu- ous and its distal limit so clearly marked as in Allman’s figure of B,. vestita (71, Pl. XII). But these cannot be considered differences of generic importance. Neither do I think that the extent of the perisare offers any longer a proper criterion for the separation of the two genera. The tentacles of B. vestita are alternately elevated and depressed; those of @. nutans and the present species are not. This character by itself, however, is not even of specific importance. While the trophosomes do not offer distinguishing characters, the gonosomes of these genera are held to be distinet for two reasons: first, the gonophore is “borne on the summit of a true branchlet, where it takes the place of the hydranth on an ordi- nary branehlet” (Allman); second, the perisare of this branch- let expands below the gonophore into a sort of cup (Nutting). The Alaska and San Francisco specimens agree in possessing gonophores, some of which are completely covered with perisare, as in the typical Bimeria, and lack the proximal cup-like expan- sion, while others are left half naked by the rupture and retrac- tion of their perisareal covering, and still others possess what approximates the cup-like expansion that Nutting describes. 28 University of California Publications. [Zoouoay. The “branehlets” on which the gonophores are borne are no less like peduncles than those of the B. vestita which Allman figures. They are similar to hydranth-bearing branches in color, dia- meter and the transverse wrinkling of the perisare characteristic of the species.* In the gonosome, then, as in the trophosome, G. annulata is intermediate between the types of Bimeria and Garveia, possess- ing and combining the essential characters of each. It seems no longer desirable, therefore, to retain both generic names. Originally both appeared on the same page of one of T. S. Wright’s papers (1859, p. 109), with Bimeria first. This name will consequently take precedence. Bimeria annulata Nutting. Pl. I. Figs. 1, 2, 3. Garveia annulata, Nutting, Proe. Wash. Ac. Se., 1901, III, p. 165. Distribution. Santa Catalina I., Cal., 42 fathoms; San Francisco Entrance, Cal., between tides. Yakutat and Sitka, Al. (Nutting). Bimeria franciscana, sp. nov. Plate I. Fig. 4. Trophosome. Stems rising to the height of about 70 mm. in dense clusters from a tangled hydrorhiza which creeps over the bases of the stems for a few millimeters. Branches arise at short intervals in all planes; some may be more than half as long as the main stem. On these are borne secondary branches, which have hydranths. All secondaries borne on the distal side of the branches, alternately to right and left. Hydranths fusiform with 14-16 tentacles; conical hypostome. Perisare of the main stem moderately thick, smooth, without annul. On the branches it is much thinner and roughened by irregular wrinkles which extend to hydranths. A few more or less definite annule at the origin of the branches and branchlets. Body of each hydranth invested with perisare. Color brown throughout. Gonosome. Sporosacs with very short peduneles borne irregularly on secondaries and ultimates in the proximal half of the colony in abundance. Female with prominent spadix and one or two ova. Invested with a layer of perisare. Distribution. San Francisco Bay, between tides. * The annulation of the stem is by no means so regular and prominent as the figure in Nutting’s paper (1901, Pl. XVI, fig. 1) would lead one to suppose, nor are the gonophore stalks there shown typical for all colonies. Vou. 1.] Torrey.—Hydroida of the Pacific Coast. 29 This is in all probability the hydroid that A. Agassiz (’65, p. 152) suggests may be the hydrarium of Bougainvillia ( Hip- pocrene) mertensti. There is nothing in his notice to indicate that he saw the gonosome on the hydroid, and that would account for a mistake in referring a free medusa to a form with fixed sporosaes. His brief description, so far as it goes, answers well for the present species. So far as I know, there is no Bougain- villia in San Franeciseo Bay. Bimeria robusta, sp. nov. PIT. Pigs: 5, 6; 7. Trophosome. Hydrorhiza enerusting. Stems and larger branches stout, polysiphonie. Colony may be 13 em. long, longest branches 4 em. or even 6 em.long. The latter arise irregularly. Hydranth pedicels from these, or from secondaries which are always short (6-8 mm.) and may bear 2-4 hydranths. All branches rather closely associated. Perisare wrinkled throughout, investing the hydranth body and possibly bases of the tentacles. Hydranths fusiform, with conical proboscis, the largest with 11 tentacles, rarely 12, in one case 16. Five tentacles are longer and often stouter than the others, subequal, suberect, and belong to the first whorl. The tentacles of the second whorl, alternate with these, are shorter, subequal, and bend downward. Gonosome, Absent. Distribution. San Pedro, Cal. Covered with diatoms and Tentaculifera. Growing in company with Endendrium rameum and Tubularia crocea, on the float at the ferry landing. This species is placed provisionally in the genus Bimeria until the character of the gonosome shall have been determined. Perigonimus Sars. Trophosome. Wydrocaulus branched or simple, rooted by a filiform hydrorhiza. Hydranth fusiform with conical hypostome. Gonosome. Free meduse, with either two or four marginal tentacles with bulbous bases but without ocelli. Perigonimus repens (Wright), Hincks. Atractylis repens, Wright, Proce. Roy. Phys. Soc. Ed., I, p. 450. Perigonimus repens, Hineks, Brit. Hyd. Zooph., 1868, p. 90. Perigonimus repens, Calkins, Proce. Bot. Soe. N. H., 1899, XXVIII, No. 3, p. 339. Distribution, Sausalito, Cal., between tides. Townsend Har- bor, Wash. (Calkins). Great Britain (Allman). 30 University of California Publications. — [Zoouoay. A single colony covering the shell of Nassa mendica. Some of the medusz were about ready for liberation (March 25, 1895). Fam. CLAVIDA. Trophosome. Hydranths clavate or fusiform, with scattered filiform ten- tacles. Gonosome. Gonophores fixed sporosacs. Clava, Gmelin. ‘* Trophosome. Hydrocaulus rudimental and consisting of very short tubular processes from the free surface of a hydrorhiza which is composed of creeping tubes, either distinct or adnate to one another by their sides, and invested, as well as the rudimental hydrocaulus, by an obvious perisare. Hydranths elaviform. ““ Gonosome. Sporosaes springing from the body of the hydranths at the proximal side of the tentacles.’? Allman, ’71. Clava leptostyla Ag. TS Ms Taivet ta) tes (1, alo), alal, 1), Clava leptostyla, Ag., Contr. N. H. U. S., 1862, IV, p. 218. Distribution. San Francisco Bay, Cal. Massachusetts Bay (Agassiz). Great Britain (?) (Hincks). Between tides. Found the year round, with sporosacs, in Oakland Harbor, (brackish water). The sexes of this species are ordinarily sep- arate, but occasionally a colony will be found with individuals of both sexes, one predominating greatly, however; instances of hermaphroditic gonophores have been met with also. Regeneration. This species regenerates readily. Pieces cut from a hydranth may produce hydranths at each end.(Figs. 8,9). The basal portion of the hydranth, if left attached to the stolon, will produce tentacles and a mouth. The development of the tentacles on one such piece was followed. During the night after the animal was sectioned four tentacles appeared at the same level (Fig. 10), and, to judge by their equal length, sim- ultaneously. The next four appeared simultaneously just prox- imal to and alternating with these (Fig. 11). The third four appeared simultaneously, proximal to these directly in line with those of the first quartette (Fig. 12). The scattering of the tentacles evidently takes place later. According to Allman’s observations on C. squamata, the tentacles appear on the fixed planula in the same way; so that Vou. 1.] Torrey.—Hydroida of the Pacific Coast. 31 there is in Clava a certain correspondence of methods of regen- eration and normal development. This correspondence is not necessarily true for all hydroids, (e.g., Tubularia, p.46), which makes it important to determine the factors which lhe behind the differences wherever they exist. Fam. CORYNID2. Trophosome. Hydranths spindle shaped, with scattered capitate tentacles, and a conical proboscis. Gonosome. ‘‘ Fixed sporosaes, or meduse with a very long manubrium, four marginal tentacles and four sense bulbs with eye-spots.’’? Nutting, 1901, p. 164. Syncoryne. Trophosome. Characters of the family. Gonosome. ‘‘ Free meduse with a very long manubrium, four margina tentacles and four sense bulbs with eye-spots.’’ Nutting, 1901, p. 164. Syncoryne eximia Allman. Coryne eximia, Allman, Ann. N. H., 1859 (3), IV, p. 141. Syncoryne eximia, Allman, Ann. N. H., 1864, (3), XIII, p.357. Nutting, Proc. Wash. Ae. Se., 1901, III, p. 166. Distribution. Pacific Grove, Cal. Juneau, Al. (Nutting). Gt. Britain (Allman). Lofoten Is., Norway (Sars). Fragment of stem. No gonophores. Dec. 19, 1896. Syncoryne mirabilis Ag. Coryne mirabilis, Ag., Contra N. H. U. §S., 1862, IV, p. 185. Coryne rosaria, A. Ag., Ill. Cat., 1865, II, p. 176. Distribution. San Francisco Bay, between tides, Atl. U.S. (Ag. and Clark). Spitzbergen (Marktanner—Turn.). It does not seem to me that a separation of the western rep- resentative of this species from the eastern is advisable. The trophosomes agree in all points, and it is doubtful whether the meduse are distinguishable. As Agassiz has said concerning S. mirabilis, it lives either in the open sea or in brackish water in equal abundance. Corresponding with these extremes of habitat it lives in San Francisco Bay under two forms. The one grows at the entrance of the bay, upon rocks which are exposed to the breakers of the 32 University of California Publications. [Zoouoey. open ocean; the other has been found upon wharf piling on the eastern shore of the bay, where the water is comparatively quiet, usually muddy and brackish. The former has the more vigorous appearance; the perisarcal tube is firm and is filled by the coenosare; the stems reach the height of an inch, and may branch three or four times. The latter has a more delicate perisare, from which the attenuated coenosare has shrunk away. The branching is not profuse, but the branches are longer and are matted together in tangled masses not characteristic of the other form. The colonies from the Bay entrance possessed numerous meduse Dee. 14, 1895. There were a few medusze on colonies collected at West Berkeley (bay form) August, 1894. Fam. EUDENDRIIDA. Trophosome. Branching hydrocaulus, invested with perisare. Hydranths more or less ovate with a single whorl of filiform tentacles; proboscis abruptly differentiated from the body. Gonosome. Gonophores fixed sporosacs. The integrity of this family can no longer rest solely upon the shape of the proboscis. In Hydractinia milleri the proboscis represents a condition transitional between the conical and trumpet shaped types. In combination, however, with the non- fusiform hydranth and the branching hydroeaulus, the limits of the family are still sufficiently well marked. Eudendrium. Trophosome. Same as for family. Gonosome. Male gonophores polythalamic, borne on body of hydranth in a whorl proximal to tentacles. Female gonophores monothalamic, less regularly distributed on hydranth body or stalk. Eudendrium californicum, sp. noy. El eti Hios elo ela. Trophosome. Stem stout, simple, reaching 140 mm. or more in length, in clusters of 6 or 8 from an encrusting platelike hydrorhiza. Each ascends in a very loose spiral, giving rise to branches at moderately frequent inter- vals in all planes. These branches first bend away from the stem at a wide angle, turning upward near the tip. The branches are usually less than 20 mm. long, of nearly the diameter of the stem and branching similarly, though their branches (secondaries) tend to bend toward the distal end of the colony. Hydranths, with 20-22 tentacles, borne on secondaries, though one fertile hydranth may appear at times near the base of a primary. Color of hydranths flesh pink. Vou. 1.} Torrey.—Hydroida of the Pucifie Coast. 33 Gonosome. Perisare annulated regularly in narrow annul on stem and branches, extending as a thin expansion upon the bodies of the hydranths to the bases of the tentacles. Very dark brown, may be almost black. Female gonophores monothalamic, crowded on the body of the hydranth immediately proximal to the tentacles; each gonophore usually with one ovum to which its orange color is due. Male gonophores dithalamic, in two or three whorls just proximal to tentacles; a delicate pink with small green spadix. Gonophores of both sexes invested with perisarc. Distribution. Entrance of San Francisco Bay; Tomales Bay, Cal.; Pacific Grove, Cal., between tides. This species resembles HE. vaginatum closely, but differs in the distinctly narrower annulation of the perisare, and the habit, which is much freer and more graceful, though the branches are quite rigid. The annulation agrees perfectly with that figured by Clark (’76) for a hydroid from Santa Cruz; this, with his description and the fact that H. californicum occurs both north and south of Santa Cruz, removes any doubt in my mind that his species is identical with the latter, rather than with H. vaginatum. It is probable that #. pygmwum Clark (’76) is a synonym of #. vaginatum, as Nutting suggests. Colonies with female gonophores were collected during Novem- ber, December, January; male gonophores were seen in January, 1902. It is clear from Fig. 14 that the gonophores are borne on young but fully formed hydranths which may not lose their tentacles as the gonophores develop. Often the gonophores become so numerous as to crowd the tentacles, which are then usually more or less concealed; but in no case that [have examined are they wanting. Eudendrium rameum Pallas. Tubularia ramea, Pallas, Elenchus Zoophytorum, p. 83. Eudenrium rameum, Johnston, Brit. Zooph., 1847, p. 45. Distribution. San Pedro, Cal. Mediterranean, Norway, Great Britain (Allman). Jan Mayen (Marktanner-Turneretscher) . The hydroid which I have referred to this species, hitherto unrecorded for the Pacific Coast, reaches a length of 11 em. The stem is polysiphonie, the perisare heavy and brown. Branches appear irregularly but tend to lie in one plane, more or less alternate. Secondary branches approximately alternate, in planes Zoou.—3 34 University of California Publications. [Zoovoey. at an angle of 120°. ‘Tertiaries arise similarly on secondaries and may branch. All branches with 2-5 rings at the base, though not always sharply marked. Hydranths usually on the distal side of the branches; tentacles 24-27, in one whorl; prominent nettle cells in a close spiral on each tentacle; hypostome trumpet shaped. Gonosome absent (December, 1901). Growing at the surface, on a float at the ferry landing. Eudendrium ramosum Linn. Tubularia ramosa, Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. X. Eudendrium ramosum, Ehrenberg, Corallenth. des r. Meeres. Abh. Berl. Ac., 1832, p. 296. Allman, Gym. Hyd., 1871, p. 332. Distribution. Pacifie Grove, Cal. Great Britain (Allman). Adria, Rovigno, Jan Mayen (Mark. T.) The gonosome is not present, but the trophosome agrees in all details, save size, with the description and figure in Allman’s monograph. Length of tallest stem 35 mm. Not previously reported from the Pacific Coast. Fam. HypDRACTINUDAE. Trophosome. Two sorts of persons: clavate or cylindrical naked hydranths arising from the encrusting hydrorhiza, with a cirelet of filiform tentacles and a conical or clavate proboscis; spiral zooids, usually at the edge of the colony. Hydrorhiza may be beset with spiny processes. Gonosome. Sporosaes borne upon more or less specialized hydranths. Hydractinia Van Ben. With the characters of the family. Hydractinia milleri, sp. nov. Pl. II. Figs. 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20. Trophosome. Sterile hydranths with 8-20 filiform tentacles, which in contraction may be seen to be arranged in closely approximated alternating series of four each around the base of a clavate (in contraction subconical) proboscis. Larger ones 3-5 mm. long (preserved specimens). Spiral zooids at the edges of the colony about as long as the sterile hydranths, but much more slender; end knobbed, the whole structure resembling a very long tentacle. Processes from the encrusting hydrophyton, tubular without spinules or coenosareal investment, 4-1 mm. in length. Gonosome. Fertile hydranths, usually not more than one half as long as sterile ones and more slender, with 3-8 filiform tentacles around the base of a long clavate proboscis, with a terminal mouth. Sporosacs borne on hydrauth about midway between base and tentacles. Male sporosaes Vou. 1.] Torrey.—Hydroida of the Pacifie Coast. 85 spherical with small spadix; female smaller, slightly elongated, with dis- tally extended spadix, and containing one, or at most, two eggs. Distribution. San Francisco Entrance; Tomales Bay, Cal. This hydroid grows commonly in patches sometimes several square inches in extent on rocks exposed to the breakers of the open sea, between tidal limits. The color of the hydranth and male gonophore is a very delicate pink; the female gonophores are of a faint orange due mainly to the yolk in the egg. The perisare of the hydrophyton is of a dark horn color. Each gonophore has a separate origin from the fertile hydranth. I have never seen more than four on the same hydranth. This species is readily distinguished from the eastern H. polyclina and European H. echinata by the tentacles on the fertile hydranths, the smooth tubular processes from the hydro- rhiza, and the small number of eggs in the female gonophore. The sterile hydranths are much stouter than those of H. poly- celina, with which I have compared them. The species is related closely to the Stylactis fusicola (Sars) of Allman. The latter has all the characters of Hydractinia save the spival zooids and the coenosareal covering of the hydrorhiza—both of which ehar- acters might have been easily overlooked. Sars originally described the species as a Podocoryne, from which genus it is excluded by the possession of fixed sporosaes. I feel, however, that Allman was hardly justified in removing it to his genus Stylactis. The arrangement of tentacles in series of four each is of considerable interest. These series evidently represent succes- sive generations of tentacles—though four do not appear simul- taneously in all cases at least, since at the edge of a colony young hydranths often may be seen with three or five tentacles not of a uniform size. This development in quartettes I have repeatedly observed in regenerating hydranths of CO. leptostylu, and the same thing occurs in the egg development (Allman). In a recent paper Paul Morgenstern (’01, p. 567) shows that the first four tentacles in Cordylophora, a near relative of Clava, appear in twos at the same level. This is true also for Syncoryne ( Coryne) mirabilis Ag. I have found that the regenerated distal tentacles in 36 University of California Publications. |Zoouocy. Corymorpha palma appear similarly to those in Clava up to the number of twelve at least. In embryos of Tubularia the first tentacles to be developed are two in number and opposite. The distal tentacles develop in fours. In regenerating, however, both proximal and distal tentacles appear in considerable num- bers simultaneously and in a peculiar manner. Possibly the conditions under which regeneration takes place have determined the method of regeneration in this ease. There is a wide discrepancy here between this method and the one employed by the related Corymorpha, where the distal tentacles appear in fours and as buds, not ridges. The appearance of the tentacles in Hydra has been variously reported. In one case, in a Hydra bud two opposite tentacles appeared simultaneously, then a single dorsal one, followed by a ventral one, completing the quartette. Another form is worthy of note in this connection — the Bimeria robusta of San Pedro. The tentacles of the budding hydranths in this species appear in fives, there being usually two complete whorls of five tentacles each, and another with from one to three. In the adult condition the whorls are almost indistin- guishable except by the habit of carrying the tentacles alternately raised and depressed. I venture to suspect that the related Perigonimus may develop on this plan, a view supported by Allman’s figure of P. repens. There may be here a criterion for the determination of larger groupings of far more moment than the fixed or free habit of the gonophores. But it is quite impossible at present to establish certain phylogenies on this basis. I shall refer more in detail to the growth of tentacles in discussing the species concerned. The exceptional shape of the proboscis of H. milleri should be emphasized, as it is of some taxonomic importance. It is usually long, and especially prominent in the fertile hydranths where it is set off from the body of the hydranth by a narrowed base and is swollen distally. Even in eases of extreme con- traction, which are common among the sterile hydranths, this swollen extremity preserves its identity (Pl. I], Fig. 18). In no case have I seen what might be called a typically conical proboscis. The shape is clearly intermediate between the conical and the trumpet shaped types, the latter of which is so characteristic of the Hudendriide. Vot. 1.] Torrey.—Hydroida of the Pacific Coast. 37 Fam. PENNARIID2. “Hydroecaulus branched or unbranched. Hydranths much enlarged proximally with one ring of large filiform tentacles about the base and with another set of capitate or filiform tentacles distributed irregulary or regu- larly. Proboscis conical, short, and not distinctly limited but passing gradually into the hydranth. Gonophores in the form of meduse or of sporophores.” (Calkins, ’99, p. 335, translated from Schneider, ’97.) Corymorpha. Trophosome. Hydranths solitary, rooted by filamentous processes; with several whorls of closely set distal and one whorl of larger proximal fili- form tentacles. Cavity of stalk in the shape of a number of superficial longitudinal canals of equal size. Perisare thin, non-supporting. Gonosome. Gonophores borne between proximal and distal tentacles, medusiform, fixed or free, with four radial canals and one to four tentacles, all of which may be rudimental. ; Corymorpha palma, sp. nov. Pl. If. Fig. 21. Trophosome. Stem 2-4 inches long, rooted in the sand by a dense tangle of filamentous processes and ecoyered by perisare proximally for 4 or + its length. Thickest near proximal end, tapering gradually into a narrow neck which supports the hydranth. Hydranth with 18-30 proximal tentacles in one whorl, with a span of an inch or less; distal tentacles more than twice as numerous, more or less irregularly placed around the mouth in several whorls. Gonosome. Gonophores medusoid, permanently fixed to peduncles spring- ing from the base of the proboscis just within the whorl of proximal tenta- eles; each with a ring canal, four radial canals, and a manubrum at least twice as long as the bell, without a mouth; tentacles, wanting; velum may be present or absent. Distribution. San Pedro, Cal., throughout the year; be- tween tides. This species resembles the eastern C. pendula closely, but differs in lacking all but the merest rudiments of tentacular processes on the medusa bell, which is much shorter, relatively to the manubrium, than in C. pendula. Nor is the color a “bright pink’’ (Agassiz), it being an extremely delicate pink, if it can be said to have any color at all in hydranth and stem. The endoderm of the gonophores is usually furnished with green color bodies. I was long in doubt as to whether the gonophores ever became free. On individuals collected in summer and winter months, 38 University of California Publications. [Zoouoey. gonophores were always present in various stages of development ranging from the earliest appearance of buds to medusoids with long manubrium and pulsating bell. This pulsation seemed to indicate that the medusa was ready for liberation and was attempt- ing to free itself. Yet these apparent struggles for liberty have continued, in aquaria, for more than ten days, without success. The bell finally shriveled away, leaving entirely naked the long mouthless manubrium. I have never seen a medusa detach itself nor were they seen to my knowledge in the tow taken daily in San Pedro Harbor during the latter part of May, and the entire months of June and July, 1901, although I have seen eggs on the manubrium of different attached meduse during the same months.* The individuals examined in December had no sexual cells, which makes it probable that the breeding season is limited to the warmer months of the year. The perisare surrounding the lower part of the stem is thin and flexible; this invested portion of the stem is more transparent than the rest, and its ectoderm contains very few scattered nettle cells, compared with the many that appear at once as soon as the distal edge of the perisare is passed and cover the rest of the stem. CO. palma inhabits sand and mud flats between tides, often thickly covering patches many square yards in extent. The filamentous rootlets by which it is anchored, arise as outpocket- ings on the proximal coenosareal canals, under the perisare. These small processes, or frustules (Allman), may occur regularly in pairs on each canal, or they may be more or less scattered or alternately arranged. There are usually not more than eight pairs on each canal, rather closely associated. The proximal ones are longest. Hach process in elongating grows downward for some distance, closely applied to the stem in the manner of a stolon as though responding to a thigmotactic stimulus. The enlarged * Since this paper was sent to press eggs of Corymorpha have been laid in the the laboratory (in May, June, and July, 1902). They drop from the manubrium of the attached medusa, and stick by their adhesive coat to whatever they first touch. There is no free swimming larva. Often the young are clustered on the root fila- ments of old hydroids. ‘The new species of Tubularia recently described by Hargitt (Am. Nat., July, 1902) is undoubtedly based on such clusters of young individuals of Corymorpha. Buds of the peduncles which support the medusoids appear very early. I shall describe the development more fully in another paper. Vou, 1.] Torrey.—Hydroida of the Pacific Coast. 39 free end is connected by a much attenuated stalk to the place of origin. It finally turns outward, investing itself with perisare and may attain to the length of an inch, penetrating between and adhering to sand grains. The longest processes are usually nothing but perisare, the attenuated coenosare having disappeared. The characteristic attitudes of the expanded hydroid are some- what different from those of C. pendula. It is oftenest perfectly erect, in quiet water, the plane of the tentacles being slightly tilted from the horizontal. It may bend downward, however, in which case the arching includes the greater part of the stem. I have never seen it assume the pendulous attitude shown in » Agassiz’s figures of C. pendula. Orientation. A few simple experiments demonstrated that the erect posture of the stem was assumed in response to a geotropic stimulus. To determine relatively the specific gravity of different parts of the polyp, the basal tufts of sand-inerusted filaments were cut from several polyps and the latter were placed in an aquarium. They sank directly to the bottom, distal (hydranth) end foremost. Then several other polyps, together with two polyps with proximal filaments removed, were put into a jar filled with water so that all but a small bubble of air was excluded when sealed. When the rooted polyps had assumed erect postures the jar was transferred to a dark closet and tilted at an angle of 45°, the polyps remaining parallel to the sides of the jar. In an hour all the polyps had become erect. The jar was righted, and within another hour the polyps had oriented themselves again in line with the pull of gravity. The polyps without basal filaments did not change their position materially during the whole experiment, without doubt because they lacked a proximal point of support. There was no difference in the result when the experiment was performed in the light or in darkness. To determine whether light exercised a directive influence, several polyps were exposed before a window, so sereened that the light came from one direction only. At the end of three hours, no effeet on their attitudes was visible. Light thus appears to be without influence as an orienting factor, and the following experiment was per- formed in the day light. 40 University of California Publications. [Zoonoey. Two individuals were suspended by a string so that the stems pointed directly downward. Within seven hours both had as- sumed horizontal positions. At the end of thirty hours one was bent sharply upon itself so that the distal four-fifths of the stem was vertical, the knot by which the animal was tied interfering with the assumption of a vertical position by the entire stem; the other polyp was extended upward at an angle of 45° On the following day both were as nearly vertical as the knot would allow; and so they remained until released several days later. To determine whether the sensitiveness to the stimulus of gravity was local or general, three polyps were transversely sectioned, the first just below the hydranth, the second half way - down the stem, the third near the base. They were placed in the dark in an airtight jar, which was set at different angles as in the first experiment. Like results followed. Each piece responded, the shortest taking the longest time to become erect, the longest one the shortest time, but all finally arranging them- selves in line with the pull of gravity. To determine whether the muscles of the stem or the vacuolated endoderm cells (skeletal cells) respond to the stimulus of gravity, the following experiments were made. An individual was decap- itated, and cuts were made on one side at three levels, half through the column, thus destroying the continuity of the muscle layer on that side in three places. The muscles contracted between the wounds, causing them to gape; the gaps were soon filled by skeletal cells. The column bent toward the side opposite the wounds showing the greater potency of the uncut muscle layer. When, however, it was laid upon the bottom of the aquarium, wounded side uppermost, it assumed an erect posture in about an hour—movying toward the muscularly weaker side. Another individual was cut in a similar manner, though there were eight or ten cuts, alternately on one side and the other. These cuts interrupted the continuity of the muscle layer on the entire circumference except for very short distances. The colamn lay quite limp on the floor of the aquarium immediately after the operation. Within two hours, however, it had stiffened into an erect posture, though the wounds had not closed. Vor. 1,] Torrey.—Hydroida of the Pacific Coast. 41 These experiments seem to demonstrate what was suggested by the slowness of the orientation of the normal individual and the method of lengthening the stem by increasing the turgescence of the skeletal cells (since the diameter may increase at the same time) viz., that the skeletal cells alone are susceptible to geotactic stimulation, the muscles producing only sueh comparatively rapid movements as the contraction of the tentacles and the proboscis, and the bending of the column away from the perpen- dicular against the stimulation of gravity. Response to tactual stimulation. A vigorous stimulus, such as a pinch by forceps, results in a contraction of the stem within two seconds, whether the stimulus is applied to a tentacle or the proboscis or the proximal or distal portion of the stem itself. Only that part of the stem contracts that is not invested in perisare, though the perisare seems to be too thin to be an effec- tive hindrance to contraction in the basal region. The fact may be formulated in this way: A vigorous stimulus applied in any region of the body produces a definite localized response. The phenomenon reminds one foreibly of the behavior of Mimosa under stimulation, and is due to the same immediate cause—a change in the turgescence of certain large vacuolated cells, which in Corymorpha form the axis of the stem. A stimulus too slight to produce any reaction when appled to the stem, may be effective with a tentacle. The tentacle may respond at once and independently of all the others, by shorten- ing slightly, and waving toward the proboscis. This reaction is the same, whether the stimulus be applied to the tip or base, upper or lower side. If the stimulus be increased, all the tenta- cles may contract, without any evidence of response in the stem. These reflex movements indicate the presence of a co-ordi- nating mechanism which appears to have adaptive value for the prehension of food and for protection. Regeneration. O. palma regenerates certain lost parts with great readiness. Pieces of the stem produce remarkable cases of hetermorphosis, which will be considered in another paper. A few of the facts connected with the regeneration of the hydranth may be mentioned here. Proximal and distal tentacles appeared on several regenerating 42 University of California Publications. (Zoouoey. pieces of the stem in the following manner: The proximal tentacles, averaging about twenty-four in the adult, arose as buds, in two series. The tentacles of the first series appeared simultaneously to the number of seven to fourteen, the number being conditioned apparently by the diameter of the stem and the number of canals in it; a tentacle arose on each canal. The tentacles of the second series appeared singly, between the tenta- cles of the first series, some time after the latter. The distal tentacles are filiform in the adult, and are scattered and more numerous than the proximal ones; in small regenerating pieces they are somewhat capitate at first and arranged more or less regularly in whorls of four (quartettes), each whorl being proximal and alternating with the one immediately preceding it. The tentacles of the several whorls did not develop simultane- ously. They may appear one at a time, in no order that I have yet determined; but their arrangement in quartettes in the first two or three whorls seems to be certain. The bearing of these observations upon the question of the affinities of Corymorpha is important. The young regenerated hydranth of C. palma is essentially identical in form with young hydranths of Pennaria and Tubularia.* Each possesses a flask- shaped body, a whorl of filiform proximal tentacles and one or more quartettes of capitate distal tentacles. This agreement supports the view of Schneider, which has been adopted by Calkins (’99), and with which I am in accord, that the Tubu- laride and Pennaride should be united to form but a single family, since the capitate or filiform character of the distal tenta- cles offers hardly sufficient ground on which to base a distinction between families. The Tubularide as here used include both the Corymorphide and Hybocodonide of Allman (’71) and later authors. For the Hybocodonidew have been distinguished from the Tubularide only by the possession of free swimming medusae, those of the latter family being permanently attached. The dif- ference is of minor importance. Moreover, Tubularia couthouyi and Corymorpha palma should hardly be placed in distinet fam- ilies on account of differences in extent of perisare, and character *With the uncertain Vorticlava Alder and Acharadria Wright also, which lack the gonosome and are probably immature forms. Vou. 1.] Torrey.—Hydroida of the Pacific Coast. 43 of root filaments, the only respects in which they differ conspicu- ously. It is because of the transitional condition of these filaments in such forms as Tubularia couthouyi that we are able confidently to interpret those of Corymorpha as homologous with the creeping hydrorhiza of other forms. It may be mentioned that peripheral canals and a solid endo- dermal axis are present in 7. couthouyi and T. indivisa, as well as in Corymorpha. This condition seems to be a direct adapta- tion to size, since all three species have exceptionally large diameters. Tubularia Linn. Trophosome. Hydroecaulus usually unbranched and rising from a creeping hydrorhiza; both completely invested with perisare. Hydranth with two sets of filiform tentacles. Gonosome. Gonophores fixed, more or less medusoid. Tubularia crocea (Ag.). Pl Il.) Bigs.) '22), 23% Parypha crocea, Agassiz, Contr. N. H. U. S., IV, 1862. Parypha microcephala, A. Agassiz, Ill. Cat., Il, 1865. Tubularia crocea, (Ag.), Allman, Gymn. Hydr., 1871. Distribution. San Francisco Bay, San Pedro Harbor, San Diego Bay, Cal. Eastern U.S. (Ag.). This species is essentially a brackish water, harbor form. It has been recorded already for San Francisco, Cal., by Alex. Agassiz, in his Illustrated Catalogue (765) under the name of Parypha microcephala. Agassiz distinguished it from P. crocea in the belief that it had a more slender stem and smaller head. Numerous observations on the living animals from Oakland Harbor, at different times of the year, have demonstrated to me that these characters are not constant; and I cannot find any others upon which to base a separation of the western from the eastern form. According to observations made at San Pedro during December, on living animals, the tentacular processes on the female gonophores are eight in number, though they may vary greatly in size and shape, appearing at times as little more than small welts about the bell mouth. L. Agassiz says of the male gonophores: “The male medusoids never have any tenta- eles, nor do they deviate from an almost perfectly spherical 44 University of California Publications. [Zoouoey. shape.” Fig. 15, Pl. XXIII of his work, however, shows a raised welt at the edge of the bell mouth, divided by radial wrinkles into a number of rudimentary processes. Fig. 22 of the present paper represents a male gonophore drawn at San Pedro from life, on which there are eight unmistakable flattened tentacular processes. It does not represent the condition in all male gonophores, however, for these tentacular pro- cesses vary In size almost to the vanishing point. The shape of the bell is not constant, either, though varying far less than that of the female gonophores. All of these variations in size and shape are due either to different degrees of contraction— which applies especially to the tentacular processes; or to the nature of the contents—which applies especially to the shape of the gonophores. The female gonophores are less symmetrical than the male only when they become distorted by the growth of the contained embryos, which often number four or even more. I have seen actinule liberated at Oakland in September and at San Pedro in July, August and December. Specimens dated May 10, 1898, in the University of California collection, have heavily loaded male gonophores. In midwinter, headless stems only are found ordinarily in Oak- land Harbor. At the same time of year the species is growing luxuriantly at San Pedro where it is found the year round. The difference is perhaps to be explained by a difference of habit. The headless stems in Oakland Harbor are attached to fixed sup- ports, such as the piles of wharves and bridges, sometimes as many as three feet above mean low water mark. Consequently they are exposed to the air at least once a day, at ebb tide. On the other hand, the San Pedro colonies which grow so luxuriantly the year round are attached as a rule to floating timbers, unused barges and other floating supports; consequently they are never uncovered at ebb tide. It is possible that the severity of the diurnal change to which the Oakland colonies are subjected during the winter is the cause of the loss of the hydranths. | Whether well formed colonies continue below mean low water through the winter I cannot say positively, but so far as | have been able to see from the surface at low tide, they do not. If they do not, then it is probable either that the temperature of water is too low Vou. 1.] Torrey.—Hydroida of the Pacific Coast. 45 for them, or that they do not grow during any season below mean low water mark. From their prevalence on floating sup- ports, near the surface and hence near the oxygen supply—usually a position of great advantage in harbor water, so constantly fouled with sewage and other dirt—I suspect the latter to be the more probable alternative.* A word might be added with reference to S. F. Clark’s species, Tubularia elegans, collected on the piles of a wharf in San Diego Bay. Clark’s description would suffice for 7. crocea, with two exceptions: 1. There are “about thirty tentacles in the proximal set” in 7’. elegans, while I have never seen more than twenty-five by actual count in 7. crocea. 2. Instead of several flattened tentacular processes around the mouth of the gonophore, there are four conical tubercles crowning the larger gonophores, which Clark has figured. The first difference is of little consequence, since “about thirty” might mean twenty-five. The second is more important, and I would not have been led to doubt the validity of Clark’s species, had I not found in the University of California collection several colonies of 7. crocea from Coronado. In some of the female gonophores, the tentacular processes are much contracted and might be judged without careful observation to be conical and fewer in number than they really are. Clark’s material was very poor, being in “the same delapidated condition” as a Bimeria (2) packed with it, whose “hydranths and sporosaes especially were in a very worn and mutilated state.’’ These facts make it evident that Clark’s figure is rather diagrammatic and that he did not have sufficiently well preserved material to be certain of the tentacular processes. For these reasons I am of the opinion that 7. elegans will prove to be a synonym of 7. crocea Ag. Regeneration. Regeneration of pieces of the stem oceur in the way already known for 7. mesembreanthemum. Both distal and proximal sets of tentacles first appear as welts or ridges on * Since every colony arises from a single actinula, its position must be deter- mined by the influences that control the movements of the actinula during its free existence. It would be interesting to know whether these influences include any of the tropisms, for instance, geotropism and chemotropism (with respect to oxygen. ) 46 University of California Publications. [Zoouoey. the coenosare. The proximal set has about one-half (12) its adult number; the distal approximating their final number quite closely (15-18). This regenerative process, interesting to the naturalist because among other reasons it oceurs constantly in nature, is doubly so because it departs so widely from the method of development of the tentacles in the egg embryo. In the latter the tentacles arise as buds, not ridges. The distal tentacles appear in successive alternating whorls of four each (quartettes) . The proximal arise in a less orderly fashion, one or two at a time; probably a secondary modification of the quartette type, since the first two tentacles are opposite, and the actinula has a symmetrical eight tentacle stage. Both proximal and distal ten- tacles are capitate for a time, which is true also for Pennaria and the regenerated distal tentacles of Corymorpha. The questions of relationship which these facts suggest have been considered in another place (p. 42). There is at present no explanation for this difference between regeneration and embryonal development. Driesch (’01) has seen the tentacles appear as ridges on a small naked piece of Tubularia stem which seems to exclude the possibility that con- finement within the perisare might be the determining factor. The question needs further investigation however. Tubularia marina, sp. nov. Pl. III. Figs. 24, 25. Trophosome. Stems rising in elusters, from a creeping hydrohiza to a height of 30-50 mm.; moderately stout, unbranched, increasing in diameter distally; more or less annulated; annule more frequent and regular in proximal half. Hydranths with 22-26 proximal and 18 distal tentacles. Gonosome. Colonies dioecious. Gonophores in about ten pendulous racemose clusters which may be as long as the proximal tentacles, and contain more than twenty gonophores each, in well developed specimens. Male gonophores very broadly ovate with four small apical processes slightly flattened laterally. Female gonophores more narrowly ovate than male, with four stout, stiff tentacles with bulbous bases, sometimes forking near their ends and as long as the gonophore. Actinule(S. F.). Distribution. Trinidad, (June), San Francisco, (Dee., Jan., Feb.) and Pacific Grove, (Dee.) Cal. This species is easily recognized by the unusually long ten- tacles on the female gonophores. A. Agassiz, in his Illustrated Vou. 1.] ' Torrey.—Hydroida of the Pacific Coast. 47 Catalogue (’65, p. 196), has mentioned a species of Tubularia which he ealls Thamnoenidia tubularoides, and which is charac- terized by the ‘ ‘stoutness of the stem and size of the head, surrounded by as many as from thirty and even forty tentacles in large specimens. Found growing profusely on the bottom of the coal barges which bring coal from Benicia to the Pacific Mail Company’s steamers at San Francisco.” This deseription is very meagre, but is sufficient, I think, to show that it does not refer to the species I have just described. 7. marina is in no sense a harbor species, but grows between tides on the lee side of rocks exposed to the breakers of the open sea. Its head is not noticeably large as compared with TZ. crocea, and the largest number of tentacles I have seen is twenty-six, on one occasion only. The female gonophores are so characteristic that I feel sure they would have been deseribed in Agassiz’s notes had he seen them. I have not seen any hydroid in the bay corre- sponding to his deseription. The nearest relative of this species on this coast appears to be T. harrimani Nutting, from which it may be distinguished by the much smaller number of proximal tentacles, and the greater length of the tentacles of the female gonophores. CALYPTOBLASTEA. Hydroida with true hydrothecwe and gonothece. Gonophores when free usually with otocysts; gonads on radial canals. Fam. HALecup2. Trophosome. Hydrotheee arranged alternately on hydrocaulus, shallow, saucer-shaped, incapable of containing the large hydranths in contraction, margin smooth; hydranth with conical proboscis and one whorl of filiform tentacles. Gonosome. Gonophores sporosacs or medusoid. Whether the Haleciidae are primitive or highly modified Calyptoblastea is a problem that is at present without an alto- gether satisfactory solution. The hydranth-bearing blastostyles and reduced hydrothecae place them near the Gymnoblastea. The presence of sarcostyles (Diplocyathus Allman) and a row of bosses on the inner surface of the theca are characters of the highly specialized Plumulariidae (ef. P. plumularoides). Sessile 48 University of California Publications. [Zoouoey. hydrothecae are characteristic of both Plumularidae and Sertu- lariidae. The mode of branching, while exhibiting at times a certain irregularity suggestive of the Gymnoblastea, most nearly approaches the type of branching in the Campanulariidae, which family the Haleciidae further resemble through such forms as Diplocyathus dichotomous Allman, in which the hydrothecae have rudimentary stalks, and Campalecium medusiferum, described below, in which the gonotheca contains a series of medusoid gono- phores. This union of the characters of the various families of the Calyptoblastea is strong support for the view, which I am disposed to adopt, that the Haleciidae stand nearest of them all to the ancestral Gymnoblastea. Campalecium, gen. nov. Trophosome. As in Halecium. Gonosome. Gonothecae each with a blastostyle bearing several medusoid gonophores. This genus bears a relation to Halecium similar to that between Gonothyraea and Campanularia. The distinction is not a sharp one, being based on the degree of degeneration of the gonophores, yet it is serviceable in the absence of intergrading forms. Campalecium medusiferum, sp. noy. Pl; Il. Figs: 26, 27, 28) 29° Halecium tenellum, Clark, Trans. Conn. Ac., 1876, III, p. 255. Trophosome. Stems short (5-10 mm.), sparingly and irregularly branched, rooted by a creeping stolon. Hydrotheea with strongly everted rim. Hydranth large, with low conical proboscis and 24 to 28 tentacles in one whorl. Gonosome. Gonotheea on short pedunele arising just below a hydro- theca; about three times as long as broad; broadest at distal end which is truneate, tapering gradually to the peduncle. Orifice not determined. Gonophores 2 to 5, in linear series, medusoid, with 4 tentacles developing in pairs which differ in size, and a conical manubrium. Distribution. Long Beach, Cal., in 6 fathoms. Bottom covered with Nitophyllum. July 6, 1901. The material consists of a few stems on a stolon which was tangled round the bases of stems of P. setacea and S. halecina. The skeletal characters agree closely with Hincks’s description of Vou. 1,] Torrey.—Hydroida of the Pacific Ooast. 49 H. tenellum, but the medusoid gonophores constitute an impor- tant difference in the gonosome. Whether the gonophores are ever liberated as medusae I have no means of knowing at present. Their development to an advanced stage, however, before definitive sex cells appear (they are not present in any of the gonophores) and before the gonotheea containing them has obtained an external opening, is a condition of affairs usually associated with the formation of free medusae—as yet unknown among the Haleciidae. The species whieh Clark (’76) identifies with Haleciwm tenellum Hineks is in all probability Campalecium medusiferum. Halecium. Trophosome. No sareostyles. Other characters those of family. Gonosome. Female blastostyles usually bear two distal hydranths. Gonophores sporosaes. Halecium annulatum, sp. nov. Pl. III. Figs. 30, 31. Trophosome. Stems rising from a ereeping stolon to a height of 7 mm. ; the longer have two or three regularly alternating branches. Stem and branches more or less regularly annulated throughout. Hydrothecae may be half as deep as broad; margin everted. Sessile hydrothecae alternately on either side of stem or branch; peduncles arising within these earry other hydrothecae which may also give rise to other peduncles. Gonosome. Female gonothecae broadly ovate, excessively compressed, with terminal aperture. Single gonophore with numerous ova, surrounded by blastostylar processes reaching to gonothecal wall. Distribution. South of Coronado, Cal.; 10-fathom line; eel grass. Growing on seaweed. July 6, 1901. Halecium kofoidi, sp. nov. Js UES Ia, BID, bls Trophosome. Colony with a thick trunk from which branches arise irreg- ularly, forming a sparse tuft 14 inches high. The branches may branch again; from these secondaries the ultimate branchlets grow, alternating regularly on either side of the branch. All branches are divided obliquely into internodes of approximately equal length. Each internode usually bears on a shoulder at its distal end a sessile hydrotheea which does not reach beyond the distal internode. Within this hydrotheca another may arise on a short stalk, and within the latter still another on a similar stalk. These stalks are somewhat constricted at the base, and bend away slightly from the stem. Occasionally a stalked hydrotheea arises directly from the internode without the interposition of a sessile hydrotheca. There may be 50 University of California Publications. [Zoouoey. one or two wavy annulations at its base. Secondary and ultimate branches arise from the bases of hydrothecae. The wall of the hydrotheea is especially thickened, the interior contour in profile being convex while the outer one is straight. There is a circle of bosses of variable number and arrangement around the inner surface of the wall. Gonosome. Male gonothecae present. When mature they are long, oval, smooth, three to four times as long as broad, each attached just below a hydrotheea by a short pedicel which may have one or two faint annula- tions. The base of the gonotheca may have a wavy outline. Small terminal aperture. Color of stem and base of branches brown. Coenosare in poor condition. Distribution. Off Point Loma, San Diego, Cal., bottom of sand and cobbles; harbor in 5 fathoms; Catalina I., in 42 fathoms. Halecium nuttingi, nom. nov. Halecium geniculatum, Nutting, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XXI, p. 774. Distribution. Dredged off Pt. Loma, San Diego, Cal., July, 1901; sandy, cobbly bottom. Puget Sound (Nutting). The single colony of this species in the collection agrees with Nutting’s description in every detail save the number of tentacles (18-24 instead of 16-20), and the fasciculation, which is promi- nent on the stem, larger branches and bases of the smaller branches; the gonosome is absent also. Several stems of vary- ing lengths, the longest 40 mm., arise from a stolon creeping over a fragment of seaweed frond. On the longest stem two stemlike branches are borne. On each of these and the stem, secondary branches of irregular lengths—none more than 10 mm.— arise alternately on either side in approximately the same plane. These may branch again. The non-fascicled branches are more or less regularly annulated at their bases. Only the ultimates are geniculate. Occasionally they acquire annulations similarly to those of H. annulatum, from which they can be distinguished by the larger size of hydranth and diameter of branches. The specific name given by Nutting had been used already by Norman for a British species of Halecium (Rep. Brit. Assn., 1866, p. 196), so I have taken the liberty of substituting Dr. Nutting’s own name in its stead. Vou. 1] Torrey.—Hydroida of the Pacific Ooast. 51 Fam. CAMPANULARIIDAE, Trophosome. UHydrothecae well developed, pedunculate, non-operculate, with septum at base. Gonosome. Gonophores free medusae or fixed. Campanularia. Trophosome. Colony regularly branching or unbranched, simple or poly- siphonic; hydrothecae campanulate. Gonosome. Gonophoces fixed sporosacs. Campanularia denticulata Clark. PILIVe Biss 34: C. denticulata, Clark, Proe. Ae. Se. Phil., 1876, XXVIII, p. 213. Distribution. San Pedro Harbor, on float at ferry landing. Port Etches, Al,, dredged 10-18 fathoms; clayey mud (Clark). The San Pedro colonies agree with Clark’s description with the one exception that they branch. The Alaska form lacks a gonosome and is probably immature. The branches bearing hydrothecae are completely ringed, with 5-15 rings. They arise in all planes. Above each axil the main stem has 3-8 rings. Below and opposite the origin of the hydrotheca there is a definite knee. The stem is straight between knees; as a whole not flexuous. Hydranths with 22 tentacles. Hydrothecae .65mm. x .36mm.; .75mm. x .47mm.; 1.00mmx .45mm. Tallest stem 20mm. Gonosome absent. Campanularia everta Clark. IMGIDYG Ihispehy sta, Bin C. everta, Clark, Trans. Conn. Ac., 1876, II], p. 253. Distribution. Catalina I., 42 fathoms; San Diego, 1-24 fathoms, fine sand; Pacific Grove, Cal. San Diego (Clark). Growing on seaweed. July, 1901. This is an exceedingly variable species. The rim of the hydrothecae may or may not be everted; it is usually, but not always crenate. The wall of the hydrotheea may be very thick or very thin, and is either straight or convex in profile. The stem may be long or short, smooth, wavy or irregularly jointed. A constant feature is the presence of a spherical annula imme- diately below the theca. The gonotheca is somewhat compressed, 52 University of California Publications. [Zoouoey. ovate, with a small round terminal orifice. The wall varies in thickness and may be slightly wavy. Acrocysts containing three or four embryos were found on female colonies from Catalina. Male gonothecae are smaller than female. Transitions between all the forms of hydrothecae can be traced in the same colony. The typical form is different, how- ever, in different localities. As a rule the Catalina specimens have thicker walls than those from Pacific Grove, whose walls are often quite thin; the San Diego material is intermediate in this respect. C. everta may be distinguished from Clytia compressa, which it closely resembles, by the gonosome only. The gonothecae have a much narrower aperture and the gonophores are fixed sporosacs. Campanularia fascia, sp. nov. PLIV. Fig. 38. Trophosome. Height of longest stem, 45mm. Branching irregularly and profusely, forming a coarse, shrubby tuft. Stem and branches polysiphonice ; ultimates alone monosiphonie. Perisare thin throughout, wrinkling easily. Ultimates wavy or ringed, never with more than two hydranths. Shorter hydranth stalks with 8-10 rings; longer with 9-1] at base and 5-8 immedi- ately below hydranth, with wavy interval. Hydrothecae less than twice as long as broad, cylindrical in distal half, tapering gradually to narrow base. Rim with 11-12 moderately sharp teeth. Hydranth with 20-24 tentacles. Gonosome absent. Distribution. Pt. Loma, San Diego, Cal.; hard sand bot- tom. Covered with Calycella syringa. Campanularia fusiformis Clark. C. fusiformis, Clark, Trans. Conn. Ac., 1876, III, p. 254. Distribution. Point Reyes Peninsula, growing on Bimeria annulata; Dillon’s, Cal., on Sertularia anguina. Vancouver I., on S. anguina. Between tides. This species resembles OC. urceolata closely. The hydrothecae are deeper, narrower, with fewer and blunter teeth. The gono- theca often has a long neck. It may be sessile or raised on a pedunele with five or six annulae. Gonophores present July 7, 1898, and August 10, 1892. Vor. 1.] Torrey.—Hydroida of the Pacific Coast. 53 Campanularia hincksi Alder. Campanularia hincksii, Alder, Trans. Tynes. F. Club, 1857, III, p. 127. Hineks, Brit. Hydr. Zooph., 1868, p. 162. Distribution. Mouth of San Diego, Cal.; shallow water, shelly bottom. British coasts (Hincks), from 10-20 fathoms to deep water. In the San Diego specimens the diaphragm is not so heavy as in Hincks’s figures. The gonotheeae may have 15-18 rings. July 13, 1901. Campularia pacifica (A. Ag.) Pl. IV. Figs. 39, 40, 41. Laomedea pacifica, Agassiz, Ill. Cat., 1865, II, p. 94. Trophosome. Stems stout, frequently reaching a length of 200 mm.; branching profusely, forming an exceedingly dense and bushy colony. Stem and larger branches polysiphonic; 2-4 annulae above the origin of each branch. Hydrothecae borne on pedicels of moderate length, usually annulated throughout; 5-8 annulae; deep, gradually tapering to base, rim with ten teeth, each with two cusps. Hydranth with 26 tentacles. Ganosome. Gonothecae elongated, clubshaped, female somewhat broader than male; bottle neck and moderate round aperture. Gonophores fixed sporosaes. Distribution. San Francisco Bay. Gulf of Georgia, Wash., and San Francisco, Cal. (Agassiz). Bering Str., Avatska Bay, Kamtschatka (Stimpson). This is a common species in Oakland Harbor the year round, where it flourishes in the brackish and dirty water, attached to the supports of wharves and bridges, between tides. The branches arise in all planes, and with the exception of occasional stem-like branches, are short. Two usually appear at the same point, one at right angles to and much smaller than the other. Both rebranch profusely. Gonophores are produced from March to November at least. They show no traces of bell. The endoderm of the manubrium is lobed as in Gonothyrwa and serves as a nutritive organ for the sex cells. There may be six, eight or even more ova in the larger gonophores, which vary in number from four to twelve or fifteen. 54 University of California Publications. [Zoonoey. Campanularia urceolata, Clark. Pl. V. Figs. 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47. C. cylindrica, Clark, Trans. Conn. Ac., 1876, III, p. 254. C. wreeolata, Clark, Proce. Phil. Ac. Se., 1876, XXVIII, p. 215, C. turgida, Clark, ibid. C. reduplicata, Nutting, Proce. Wash. Ac., 1901, III, p. 172. C. urceolata, Nutting, ibid. Distribution. San Francisco, Tomales Bay, Pacific Grove, Cal., between tides. Yakutat, Al. (Nutting). lLituya Bay (9 fathoms) and Port Etches (12-18 fathoms), Al.; California (Clark). The hydrothecae of this species are quite variable, the gono- - thecae somewhat less so. On the stolon (Fig. 42) two hydro- theeae, one typieal of C. wrceolata, the other of CO. reduplicata, may be borne side by side. These are the extremes. There are various gradations between them, corresponding to the typical hydrotheeae of C. cylindrica and C. turgida as figured and described by Clark (’76). The gonothecae may be sessile or elevated on a pedicel of a few rings; always with small circular orifices. The walls are smooth or slightly wrinkled. There are numerous gonophores in each gonotheeca. A fact of some interest is the beautiful spiral annulation which appears on the hydrorhiza whenever it happens to grow for a space without touching the substratum. The hydrorhiza is smooth when in contact with the substratum (Sertularia anguina in the case of the San Francisco specimens). It is throughout its length twice the diameter of the stem. In one instance its free end had narrowed abruptly into a hydrotheca stalk with a hydrotheca at its extremity (Fig. 47). It seems clear that this striking heteromorphosis, and the change of form of the perisare of the stolon are causally related to the presence or absence of a contact stimulus. Campanularia volubilis (Linn.), Pl. V. Fig. 48. Sertularia volubilis, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., XII ed., p. 1511. Campanularia volubilis, Alder, Tr. Tynes. F. C., 1857, III, p. 126. Hincks, Brit. Hydr. Zodph., 1868, p. 160. Hartlaub, Zodl. Jahrb. Abth. Syst., Geogr. and Biol., 1901, XIV, p. 349. Nutting, Bull. U.S. F. C., 1901, XIX, p. 345. Vot. 1.] Torrey.—Hydroida of the Pacific Coast. 55 Distribution. San Pedro and Tomales Bay, Cal. Bare I., near Vancouver, B. C. (Hartlaub). Gulf of St. Lawrence, 20-30 fathoms, (Packard). Massachusetts (Agassiz). “Off Reikiavil, Iceland, in 100 fathoms, amongst icebergs, on Sertularia” (Hincks). Norway (Sars). Mingan Is. (Hincks). Dredged near San Pedro, Cal., from a sandy bottom covered with small stones and some kelp roots, in 9 fathoms. A single gonotheea, lost before it could be drawn, was much compressed. The margin of the hydrotheca is furnished with nine teeth and is frequently reduplicated. The colonies from Tomales Bay grew between the tides. Gonothyraea clarki, nom. nov. Gonothyraea hyalina, S. F. Clark, Proe. Phil. Ac., 1776, XXVIII, p. 215. Distribution. Oakland, Cal. Alaska, 13-30 fathoms (Clark). Shetland (Hineks). The form from Oakland Harbor agrees in all respects with Clark’s description, save that the extracapsular medusoids are more nearly spherical than those of Clark’s material. Male and female medusoids are of the same size and shape, the tentacles of the female being possibly a little longer. A feature which dis- tinguishes this species from G@. loveni is the absence of radial canals, though an endodermal lamella is present. The skeletal characters of the two are indistinguishable (Nutting). Hincks’s G. hyalina was in all probability a form of @. loveni. The ectoderm of the manubrium is very thin and may lie close to the subumbrella ectoderm so that the bell, lacking mes- enchyme entirely, often appears in section to be composed of four extremely attenuated closely applied cell layers. The endoderm of the manubrium is a conspicuous layer of darkly staining col- umnar cells, showing signs of glandular activity and without doubt furnishing with yolk the ova which are pressed against it. I have never seen a medusoid leave the gonotheca and do not know whether it actively aids itself or not. Certainly it does not move, so far as I have observed, after leaving the gonotheea. The blastostyle thins out as the medusoids leave, as though under a tension. But this tension could hardly be exerted by 56 University of California Publications. [Zoo.oay the medusoids, which are motionless on the free ends of narrow blastostylar processes with no perisareal covering. I have seen neither tentacles on, nor fertilized ova in, intra- capsular medusoids, though a great many observations have been made. In rare instances, an extracapsular medusoid is found with unfertilized ova. On one occasion a dancing mass of sperm was crowded around the bell mouth of an extracapsular medusoid, apparently attracted to that spot. It is here that the sperm probably penetrate, after the medusoid has left the gono- theea. There may be four embryos in each female medusoid, which are retained until the planula stage. There are usually four medusoids to the blastostyle in female, and five to seven in male colonies. Occasionally blastostyles with sterile medusoids are met with, such as those deseribed by Weismann (’83). The cause of this sterility has not been determined, so far as I know. It is the more obscure because a whole colony is not always affected, but only here and there a blastostyle. The general external conditions of temperature, oxygen, light, food, ete., would seem to be the same for all parts of the colony; so that the cause is probably local, possibly malnutrition from some mechanical defect in the circulatory canals. Colonies in the University of California collection with medusoids taken in January, March, April, May, September. Obelia. Trophosome. All kuown species branched; otherwise as in Campanularia. Gonosome. Blastostyles in axils of branches, giving rise to free disk- shaped medusae with four radial and a ring canal, eight lithocysts and more than eight tentacles; mouth without tentacles. Obelia commissuralis, McCr. Obelia commissuralis, MeCrady, Gymno. Charls. Harbor, p. 95. Agassiz, Contr. N. H. U. S., 1862, IV, p. 315. Distribution. San Francisco Bay, Cal., between tides. Kastern U. S. (Agassiz). This species has not been recorded previously for the Pacific Coast. The San Francisco specimens are identical with Agassiz’s deseription of the Eastern form. oO ~ Vou. 1.] Torrey.—Hydroida of the Pacifie Ooast. It is not an unusual thing to see the branches of O. commis- suralis—and the associated C. pacifica and G. clarki-—grown out into tendril-like processes. These appear so constantly in colonies confined in aquaria, or growing in dirty water or under other unfavorable cireumstanees, that there can be no doubt of a causal relation between their appearance and external conditions, though the definite cause is as yet obscure. The processes are usually attenuated, with very thin perisare, and grow rapidly: 2 to 3.5 mm. in 24 hours. They may be ringed at intervals or smooth, and may be terminated by hydranths of proportionate size. They often behave like stolons. When one comes in contact with a solid substratum, it may cling to it. So long as it is in contact with the substratum it does not develop rings or end in a hydranth. The stimulus of contact, however; is not necessary to the transformation of these processes. While free they may not only remain smooth but give rise to buds at right angles to their own axes, just as attached stolons do. The growing point of each develops rapidly, while the hydrocaulus behind thins out and may degenerate completely. In this way a given area may be quickly occupied by colonies which have arisen non-sexually from a single one sexually produced. Here is a function of possibly adaptive value, its activity dependent, however, on appropriate external conditions. It is apparent that the attenuated branches of these species have no phylogenetic significance, being explicable on physio- logical grounds. I have little doubt that the “long filiform tendrils” described by Calkins in O. surcularis, which bear “in some cases, one or two hydrothecae” are in the same category and have no value as specific characters. Obelia dichotoma (Linn.). Sertularia dichotoma, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 1756, X ed, p. 812. Obelia dichotoma, Schulze, Nordsee Exp., Hydr., 1872, p. 129. Calkins, Proc. Bost. Soe. N. H., 1899, XXVIII, p. 356. Distribution. San Pedro to Coronados Is., Cal. Puget Sound (Calkins). Sitka, Berg Inlet and Orea, Al. (Nutting). British coasts (Hincks). Heligoland (Schulze). Eastern U.S. (Nutting). 58 University of California Publications. [Zoonoey. Colonies in San Pedro Harbor liberated medusae in December, 1901. The medusae possessed from 20-24 tentacles, this varia- tion correlated with a variation in the number of tentacles in the several quadrants, and the spacing of the lithocysts. This is the only departure from the type described by Hineks. All the colonies were growing on kelp when collected, save those in San Pedro Harbor, where they were fastened to the float at the ferry landing. Im all cases they were near the surface except at the Coronados Is., where they came up in a haul at 18-24 fathoms. Obelia geniculata (Linn.). Sertularia geniculata, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. Eucope diaphana, Agassiz, Contr. N. H. U. 8., 1862, IV, p. 322. Obelia geniculata, Allman, Ann. Nat. Hist., 1864. Distribution. San Francisco, Cal., between tides; Catalina I., Cal., in 42 fathoms. New Zealand (Hartlaub). Eastern U.S. (Agassiz). Europe (Hincks). The length of internodes and the thickening of perisare below the shoulder processes vary widely in the same stem. Near the bases of some stems there are no thickenings below the shoulders at all; they appear only near the tips. The Catalina colonies were growing on a frond of Macrecystis; the gonothecae were loaded with medusae (June 28,1901). The San Francisco colonies were found on boulders in the breakers at the entrance of the Bay, also with medusae in the gonothecae (Dee. 14, 1895). Clytia. Trophosome. Colony not regularly branched. Hydrothecae with long pedicels. Gonosome. Gonophores liberated as medusae, with four tentacles. Clytia compressa (Clark). Pl. VI. Fig. 49. Campanularia compressa, Clark, Proce. Ac. N. Se. Phil., 1876, XXVIII, p. 214. Clytia compressa, Nutting, Proe. Wash. Ac. Se., 1901, III, p. 170. Distribution. San Diego (5 fathoms) and San Pedro (3 fathoms), Cal. Orea, Al. (Nutting). Shumagin Islands (Clark), 6-20 fathoms, on Laminaria. Vor. 1.] Torrey.—Hydroida of the Pacific Coast. 59 Colonies growing on seaweed. Trophosome resembles that of C. everta. The hydrothecae vary greatly. The margin is usually wavy, acharacter which is not mentioned in the original deserip- tion. Gonosome present May 23 and July 18, 1901. Calycella (Hincks). Trophosome. WHydrotheea tubular, on short annulated pedicel from a ereeping stolon; operculum of several triangular tooth-like pieces. Gonosome. Gonothecae on stolon; with acrocysts at maturity. Calycella syringa (Linn.). Pl. VI. Fig. 50. Sertularia syringa, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., XII ed., 1767, I, p. 1511. Calycella syringa, Hineks, Ann. Nat. Hist., (3), 1861-2, VIII, p. 298. Calkins, Proce. Bost. Soe. N. H., 1899, XXVIII, p. 358. Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1899, XXI, p. 741; Proc. Wash. Ac. Sce., 1901, III, p. 176. Clark, Proe. Ac. Nat. Se. Phil., 1876, XXVIII, p. 217. Distribution. Mouth of San Diego Bay, Cal., 1-5 fathoms. Puget Sound; Berg Inlet and Kadiak, Al. (Nutting). Coal Harbor and Shumagin Is., Al. (Clark). Beach, Kara Sea (Bergh). British coasts (Hineks). Iceland, 100 fathoms (Hincks). Greenland (Levinsen). Fam. LAFOEIDAE. Trophosome. “Hydrothecae tubular, margins without teeth or opercula, the hydrothecal cavity not divided from the stem cavity by a partial septum. Gonosome. “Gonangia forming a ‘Coppinia’ mass.” (Nutting, ’01). Lafoea. Trophosome. “Colony with a fascicled stem, and with hydrothecae either free or partially immersed in the stem, the distal portion not being abruptly turned upward. Gonosome. “A ‘Coppinia’ mass.” (Nutting, 701.) Lafoea dumosa (Fleming). Sertularia dumosa, Fleming, Edin. Phil. Jour., 1828, II, p. 83. Lafoea dumosa, Sars, Bidrag til Kundskaben om Norges Hydroider, 1873, p. 45. Clark, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil., 1876, XXVIII, p. 216. Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1899, XXI, p. 741; Proce. Wash. Ac. Se., 1901, III, p. 177. Distribution. Port Orchard, Puget Sound. California coast (Clark). Port Etches, Al., 12-18 fathoms, clayey mud (Clark). 60 University of California Publications. [Zoouoey. Dutch Harbor, Al. (Nutting). New England coast (Verrill). West Indies, 450 fathoms (Allman). British Coast (Hincks). North Cape, Norway (Sars). Spitzbergen (Mark.-T.). Lafoea gracillima (Alder). Campanularia gracillima, Alder, Tr. Tynes, N. F. C., 1857, p. 39. Lafoea gracillima, Clark, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil., 1876, p. 216. Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1899, XXI, p. 741; Proc. Wash. Ac. Se., 1901, II, p. 177. Distribution. San Pedro, Cal. Puget Sound; Juneau, Berg Inlet, Orea, Al. (Nutting). Shumagin Is., beach, and Sitka, Al., 15 fathoms, gravel and mud (Clark). New England coast (Verrill). British coast (Alder). Spitzbergen (Mark.-Turn.). No gonosome. August 1, 1901. Fam. SERTULARIDAE. Trophosome. Hydrothecae sessile, more or less adnate to stem, in two or more series, separated from stem by basal septum. Hydranth with a conical proboscis. Gonosome. Gonothecae with fixed gonophores. Owing to our insufficient knowledge of the natural affinities of the members of this family, I have adopted as a temporary method of classification the system of groups proposed by Schneider ((97). With very few exceptions the original generic names have been retained. Sertularella group. Hydrothecae alternate, one to each internode. Sertularella conica Allman. Sertularella conica, Allman, Mem. Harv. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., 1877, V, p. oe Distribution. San Pedro, Cal., S. W. of Tortugas, 60 fathoms (Allman). The specimens at hand agree perfectly with Allman’s figures and description, though the latter does not indicate the range of variation. The habit is nearly simple and the hydrothecae are always wrinkled transversely, though they may approximate in general form the hydrothecae of S. polyzonias. The internodes of the stem vary also, in length and thickness. There is one character, however, which seems to separate this species defi- Vou. 1.] Torrey.—Hydroida of the Pacific Coast. 61 nitely from S. polyzonias: there are without exception three teeth and three pieces to the opereulum on each hydrotheca. The gonosome still remains unknown. (August 1, 1901.) Sertularella dentifera, sp. nov. Pl. VI. Figs. 51, 52. Trophosome. Stems slender, flexuous, branched. Branches arising within or in place of hydrothecae; similar to stem. Hydrothecae free for three- quarters of their length, tubular, slightly enlarged at base; margin redupli- cated, furnished with three moderate teeth forming a triangle with apex nearest stem. Gonosome not present. Distribution. San Pedro, Cal. In size and habit this species resemblés S. conica Allman, and was brought up in the same haul with specimens of the latter. It is represented in the collection by a single stem, with portions of two branches. The mode of origin of its branches—within hydrothecae—places it in Allman’s genus Thecocladium. That genus, however, seems to me quite as unnecessary as Synthecium, whose validity is discussed below (p. 62.) Sertularella fusiformis, Hincks. Pl. VI. Figs. 53, 54. Sertularia fusiformis, Hincks, Ann. N. H., 1861-2, (3), VIII, p. 253. Sertularella fusiformis, Hincks, Brit. Hydr. Zodph., 1868, p. 245. Distribution. San Francisco, Cal., between tides. Great Britain, between tides (Hincks). New Zealand (var. nana, Hartlaub). Female gonothecae with acrocysts, January 22, 1902. Sertularella halecina, sp. nov. Pl. VI. Fig. 55. Pl. VII. Fig. 56. Trophosome. Stems rising from a creeping stolon, about an inch in length and may branch once or twice. Branches similar to the stem, with two or three annulae at the base of each, and a hydrotheca in the axil. Stem and branches divided by faint oblique nodes, which may often be wanting, into equal internodes. Hydrothecae alternate, one to each inter- node, adnate at base only; cylindrical, with a slight swelling on the lower side at base and a wide aperture with a smooth everted rim, which may be reduplicated; without operculum. Gonosome. Gonothecae (male) arise from within hydrothecae; long, 62 University of California Publications. |Zoonoey. tubular, somewhat broader than hydrothecae and five to six times as long as broad. 1 Lf ya (Ax Fig. 3. Foot disk of dividing polyp; a later stage than that shown in Fig. 2. From below. Fig. 4. Foot disk of a dividing polyp, showing rupture. From below. As a result of the tension, the attenuated tissue on the foot disk between the centers is ruptured before long, and a gaping, diamond shaped wound is formed (Fig. 4). From this point, the division runs rapidly to completion. The diamond increases 214 University of California Publications. [Zoonocy in length, at the same time encroaching in its lesser diameter more and more upon the column, until, with a tear across the mouth disk, the independence of the two moieties is established. Such, in general, is the process of fission; but there are several facts connected with it which should not be overlooked. The division, which is usually approximately equal, may be very unequal; in rare instances, a polyp is divided into three parts, two large and approximately equal, the third very small. In every case, however, the fission plane passes through the mouth disk, and almost invariably through the mouth also. When the mouth is involved, the fission plane always passes approximately perpendicular to its major axis. If the dividing polyp be di- elyphiec, the division (into two) gives one siphonoglyph to each portion.* It has been frequently observed that polyps resulting from fission themselves divide, and in every case the second fission plane parallels the first, that is, it also passes perpendicular to the major axis of the mouth. The second division may succeed the first before the regeneration of a second siphonoglyph, as sections show, so that not only may division oceur in mono- glyphic polyps, but in such cases, may give rise to polyps which have no siphonoglyphs at first. Rearrangements of mesenteries foreshadowing both first and second divisions may occur together in the undivided polyp, in rare eases. With respect to the relation of the fission plane to the mesenteries, it can be said that among 51 polyps resulting from fission, sections taken before new mesenteries had had time to regenerate and complicate the investigation, showed that ten had resulted from division through exocoels, thirty-two from division through endocoels (in a large but unrecorded majority of cases, between mesenteries which reached the oesophagus), and nine from division through an exocoel on one side and an endocoel on the other. The rate of fission varies within rather wide limits. The process may begin and end within twenty-four hours, as in S. luciae also (Davenport, 703), or it may require weeks for completion. Experiments indicate that the food supply may be * Of. M. dianthus (Torrey, '98), in which species the fission plane is parallel to the greater axis of the mouth, and divides the one siphonoglyph in monoglyphic, one or both in diglyphie polyps. Vou.1.] Torrey—Mery.—Regeneration in Sagartia Davisi. 215 a factor in the result. Davenport has reported that “by feeding to repletion, division already begun could be delayed, even apparently prevented.” in S. duciae. Our own experiments pointed in a similar direction, but were not conclusive. There is no question that when food in the shape of a small amphipod ov morsel of flesh is seized by a dividing polyp, the process of division ceases for a time; the tension in the elongated foot decreases, the centers of the mesenterial systems draw together while remaining quite distinct, and do not move apart until the food is digested and disposed of. But similar delay may be caused by strong mechanical stimulation at short intervals. And it is questionable whether it is the mechanical or chemical stimu- lation of the tissues of the body by the food, or thei abundant nourishment by absorption of the products of digestion, that is at the root of the matter. The fact that aquaria polyps which show the effects of starvation for long periods by actually decreasing in size, do not appear to divide, gives some coun- tenance to the former view. (b) The regenerative processes succeeding fission of this type are not sufficiently distinct from those succeeding those of the second type to warrant a separate description. For this reason they will be deseribed after fission of the second type has been considered. 2. The second method of non-sexual reproduction in SN. davisi to be considered resembles the process deseribed by Mrs. Thynne. (a) Fission is not preceded by a rearrangement of mesenteries about two centers, and is usually completed within twenty-four, often within fifteen hours (i.e., over night). It may result in the formation of two, three, four or five independent pieces which may be equal in size but are usually unequal, especially when there are more than two. The tear begins on one side, involving all tissues from column wall to oesophagus inclusive. Meanwhile, the moieties separate as in fission of the first type, and the tissues on the other side of the body between the two are put upon the stretch. The prompt completion of the division leads ordinarily to but two individuals, the tear proceeding in general perpendicularly to the major mouth axis. It occasion- 216 University of California Publications. [ZoouoGy ally happens, however, that before the division is completed, an area of the foot disk near one of the free edges produced by the tear, becomes secondarily attached and ceases to follow the migrations of the moiety with which it is connected. A new strain in the intermediate tissue results, ending in complete rupture and the establishment, by regeneration, of a third polyp, usually much smaller than the other two, but possessing from the first a portion of the oesophagus, mouth disk and a few tentacles. A fourth and rarely a fifth fragment may be formed similarly before the division may be said to have given way to a period of repair. In the last ease, the fission plane passes quite irregularly with respect to the original major mouth axis. The process as a whole is strikingly irregular, and appears to differ from the basal fragmentation of Metridium only in so far as each fragment retains a bit of the oesophagus and a few tentacles. (b) Regeneration succeeding fission of both foregoing types. As soon as fission has been accomplished, the torn edges of the body wall roll in and the wound closes, with the tentacles retracted. In fission of the second type, the edges begin to roll in on one side as soon as formed, without waiting for the com- pletion of the division on the other side. In a day or two, each new polyp now expand, and the edges of the wound may be seen to have fused. Along the line of fusion a strip of new tissue begins to appear, easily recognizable by its color, which is many shades lighter than the rest of the body wall. This is the zone of regeneration, in which new tentacles and mesenteries soon make their appearance. The mesenteries are the first to develop, but there is no con- stant relation between the appearance of mesenteries and ten- tacles, the latter appearing now earlier, now later, and in no absolutely fixed order. The first pair of mesenteries arises in the middle of the zone, and is soon followed by two other mesen- teries, one on each side of the original pair. This stage with four mesenteries of approximately equal size is so frequently met with that it was some time before it was discovered that they do not appear simultaneously. Next, stages with six mesenteries are obtained, due probably to the addition of a mesentery on each side of the first four. But beyond this point we can say Vou.1] Torrey—Mery.—Regeneration in Sagartia Davisi. 217 nothing definite as to the order of their appearance. The first pair, second pair, or all of these first six mesenteries, and indeed of the first eight or ten mesenteries, may reach the oesophagus. There is no fixed order of increase in size. The first tentacle appears between the first two mesenteries. Two tentacles follow simultaneously, one on each side of the group of the first four. Then four tentacles appear, not always simulta- neously, however, one on each side of each of the last two. Beyond this point the regeneration of tentacles was not followed. We have been unable as yet to ascertain definitely whether the process of regeneration results in bringing the polyp back to its original condition as regards number and arrangement of mesenteries and tentacles; or, to state the question in a different form, whether the number and arrangement of new tentacles and mesenteries are in any way conditioned by the number of olc tentacles and mesenteries at the beginning of the regeneration. These problems will admit of ready solution as soon as a further supply of material is obtained. It may be definitely said, how- ever, that regeneration does not tend to restore a particular structural type. The sexual type, at present unknown, is prob- ably itself variable. A small percentage of regular hexamerous diglyphie polyps is found. If this be assumed as the sexual type, which will then be the fundamental type of the species, in all probability, it is clear that such regeneration as shown in Figs. 5 and 6 does not tend to establish it. Many polyps are + . Figs. 5 and 6. Semi-diagrammatie cross sections of polyps in process of regeneration, showing perfect mesenteries and zone of regeneration (X). 218 University of California Publications. |Zoouoay met with also which show no signs of a zone of regeneration, but possess only two pairs of perfect mesenteries. If they are products of fission, as is probable, then in them regeneration seems to be at a standstill. Such eases suggest the influence of external factors; lack of food, for instance, might alone prevent the return to the parent condition which might otherwise have oceurred. 3. The third method of non-sexual reproduction in SN. davisi may be deseribed as aboral-oral division by constriction. This is the least conspicuous method of the three, occurring so rarely that we have never seen the completion of the process in a normal individual. In consequence, we cannot demonstrate its normal occurrence, but are strongly inclined, from indirect evi- dence, to believe that it does actually play some part, though a very small one, in the propagation of the species. — Q b C Fig. 7, a, b, ec. A series of polyps which may represent different stages of aboral-oral fission by constriction, In the first place, cases that appear to represent stages in the process have been found which can be arranged in a progressive series (Fig. 7 a,b, ¢). Case ¢ might have risen as the result of an accidental tear through the foot disk, a condition we have mentioned as sometimes occurring in Metridium, where it has no connection with normal methods of non-sexual reproduction. Against this view, results of experiments to be described below may be brought, indicating that a tear of such proportions would probably initiate a fission that would reach a speedy completion. We have no facts to indicate that ¢ represents a double monster sprung from an abnormal embryo, and do not favor such a view. On the other hand, the condition represented in a has been met with many times as a resting condition, though identical Vou.1.] Torrey—Mery.— Regeneration in Sagartia Davisi. 219 with that early stage of fission of the first type which imme- diately preceded a tear (Figs. 2, 3). The condition represented in b may be readily derived from a, and there is evidence that it is so derived. For the condition represented by b has been seen to merge into the condition represented by a as a result of a separation of the two foot disks and a consequent stretching of the intermediate tissue. We think it highly probable that dur- ing a period of comparative inactivity in such a case as a, two foot disks have been differentiated from the tissue of the isthmus connecting them, this isthmus being formed largely if not exclu- sively by tissue of the body wali (ef. Fig. 3.) The best evidence, however, is to be obtained from the actual division of one polyp, abnormal, it is true, but doubly interesting on that account. This polyp was abnormal in that it possessed a second mouth and set of tentacles on the side of the column. It was unique in this respect among the many hundreds of polyps we have examined; and since budding is unknown in the species, we are disposed to believe that the supernumerary structures were produced as the result of a wound on the column; that they can be so produced experimentally will be shown later. When the abnormal polyp was first observed, no signs of (division were noticed in the foot disk. A few days later the mesenteries on the foot disk were seen to be arranged around two centers. The foot disk had lengthened along the line passing through both centers. Two toot disks were soon distin- guishable, separated by a constriction which proceeded slowly upward. Without sign of rupture, a complete division was finally effected. Instead of passing as usual across the mouth disk, however, the fission plane passed between the two niouth disks, a peculiarity for which the presence of the supernumerary mouth and tentacles must be in some way accountable. The direction of the fission plane with respect to the major axis of either mouth was not observed, so that it still remained to be determined whether or not the doubling of the mouth disks, besides modifying to some extent the direction taken by the fission plane, might not also have precipitated the division. By way of solution, wounds were made in the columns of a number of polyps in whose foot disks there were no signs of division. 220 University of California Publications. [ZooLoGy Simple euts and punctures healed readily without the production of new structures. When pieces were cut out of the body wall, and the fusion of the edges of the wound was thus hindered, better results were obtained—six double-headed polyps in all. None of these showed any tendency to divide in any way, though they were watched for three weeks. This result looks like a demonstration of the view that division is not Initiated by a doubling of mouth and mouth disk, and is consequently little less than a demonstration of the normal occurrence of fission by constriction in S. davisi. We shall repeat the experiments on a larger seale. II. CAUSES OF FISSION. Fission of the first two types in SN. davisi depends to such a degree upon active movements of different areas of the foot disk in opposite directions that the idea readily suggests itself that the establishment of some sort of physiological discontinuity between these areas may be the key to the causal problem. ..+.++.+-+.-+-+ 00: 148 IBOsOne Glamossatrim be lethodonen ae cief-taaeteicie eters cteseastseieiereise acini 260 Somew News lintimni dae. ete... -c-- ado ouoonouadanddooosDdcopbp ant 59 yan, ile DW o¥oocoen obonbocdstoeorcodcaonedD bono oo Bando 52, 59 (Chih jatalleRee) bb Gonoen coongnooD bodes noonee oDoCDOscdaccn eta douce 47 Cpnjopileroiitiy GY soco0 gogo Ge ood dood oD colsco Gascoancceondasbogbhooc 48 rineahyisb(evainen aise PASE) & Eb eacoocscocano oon ooeneoccousaoLoadan 48 (CrrjpRibnstGe® 9 bodooouuuepouUotioD Soe oeEcorcomoodonmecsosoddC 51, 63 Ope AMEe, 55 oo binndouccagun doooU cS UooE econ aoaEdOD Coon oOHSotee 51 (UG ls Shon EEA SnO SOMO OCHUOD Ob OSUonbUS cach Dobos oAbass cic 54 Glaamombnel, bites, CLE clin donoedavoppooedonses so lcGaucUs 9G bOURuoCES 51 Guan lee sBreci/ sodeacocpdonoodccodcdousScHocaonsoduon coud 51, 59 npr (bhaniayestsy) Goong daongeoconouyoU cD ddcoobonssooabooNbodGdaC 52 IM eIhioMME! 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LAAT Soya vetole eielcteleleeyetey stele tere i-iaitel= (eles) ist oletele)letelal= 54 Volum: penieme Cl Soe codooseGoooppac0UGGdoeOSenaudds Sado0da0 54 Case of Physiological Polarization in the Ascidian Heart............. 105 Cell division, relation to formation of lorica in Tintinnidae........... 294 Gell Waiyers) scetrcc yateis fare (aicVeteta ewerenc stexeec elem olsaeielocel oferarern e 30 Chimacti caperlo de OfscOTNarial. alc clstreicte sir: cans etsleraicie eteriens skater: 174 GhfiD~s: evesosdatcugg den bone BEOebe. wees cede Once pea crc Man 58 POL GOWN OLA ett celery oreFogeler ote ctateloreYoo/aVSss\o niay Deon GORE a cattn SiceEe a on Gn AOA RACERS CEG Taae 37, 39 (HURT "CLEC PE Pre CRC RO Re AEE Cn eI CrCl CIC i Ociol nin cl OPM Caco 31 MTVUN GLOWS ereY Foy ace FoF ci "> emus; s/as ey sue one size Pessoa: ayase- stoters tate Shenk « cvchese ses eee 31 TOS CMT MMS EeR TT Ne laF ais teraie cis ore ‘ayehe /soteye (vofeieuentvarsl avers favs ieyenetevenaetesrs avers 31 GG sey MU ASR wreneraee Ne vate css ov icrs. cietehay ota ygsabetes tcetts(shoyeceyels tasee fogs song lee eectors eke ues 26, 31 (HOTS VURAELIC). Selo main DOU OGIO Goa oR DOTS eer on earl mero Tae 69 (Qhitibin, Sawod Hoe Coe aoc Bono AN Coe Oma aBee oon oD Ucmoted one ac qaeon 115 CORI, © 6 5 Sak COQ DOOR Ee De tee OBOE EO rs Breet. ae Ee ond on 116, 117 GETOMIEIEY io. 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Chto p ono eo ncn bobooccoccooupcebconUosdo 290-292 ONGC CS CLM UL ODM O Limon ponersrerataralereiatsieraloahaio iste itelel-jeudetetertels eps D-2o O (REG. 5. todo SoG CoO OC enar en Geran cm Ee notin amine ono obraor 291 Dereon, Cy Coediecoceponcuscodon edd" cs onuedeoDd de eor 211, 214, 215 DHA, 18, Wie sh onoadepoorcodecossuconctecudose cums ot cadocosndwac 171 Development of ‘Corymorpha palma... 3... sees ce ete es eee 38 310 University of California Publications. [Borany PAGE Developmental Sprocess) Of Grisi ais c eteteette stetete etapa erento ner 144 IDreysley linen EM Onb SL Aor copa coco ce cUaS Step asSge Eas coo oases soo 163, 164 IDNR CHES HOMO a Ga doodnh cr odob on or on donuocusecosses gees las 158 IDiplocy am thus years artalelel-teyalisisiial-ileieroaete reiterate eather etait 47 GHANNTINCUEL 6 naccanoouDs0CODUOUCODUAD ODS Ob ada TEN OObOUs GOD dAS 48 Distribution of Hydroida of the Pacific Coast....................... 5 Distribution of thy droidar stables ote. crrt.tetetye er: mieiereenty aries hoete 8, 16, 17 Distribution of the Sense Organs of Microscolex Elegans (title)..... 269 Distribution of the Sense Organs (discussion)....................-. 274 iDistaabubion! vot sMormarie Sea S ON Al ate ayers eter erste teeters toe teie te teeta eet eae Wie: DOU CHO TOSSTIS Mp USES epost dete ete eet elle eet ete == te 173 ADSCNCEVOL) LORMAN eSUAG CU ereletelel=katetel-taa kate ernie ee 200 IDK NY Sim Ones) «Sa soca goDoD COD Ono CODO DIOS Souda OUS DS aOUees ass 220 Dy MEMIENEY ari) sooncocodocdncd condos Ssomedb Ondo cOues donouDOG aC 65 Ecology, Morphology and Speciology of Young Enteropneusta........ 171 fees Oye Wome), 5 Sooo noe omsaonoDoconoaccaoconoos senso ccs 187, 200, 201 Embryology and Embrionic Fission in the Genus Crisia.............. 115 Hmbry.os: ballsstagenn ciel nicer latte anette: eee eee 137 complete development within an ovicell.................++..-- 125, 133 partial development outside the ovicell......................... 126 EGC? 6 sagboooosunoehacdoo soos oo SsDeS Ded eded coe ca sds 139, 141 IDs (OR (Oe sia search seasbobageot onde sees oedescous 20 SoKbe 105, 227 IDO CkV IIE & eos ono od sgon sO DE Doe Toba scan ea sobesonaseduas 58 pip kichtCbe yy pope pro scons cose cba seco De dona se dacs. agadad aac on 32 Ie MGlsit 5 Sooo no cooddod ane as oeo cdo oS noose ORG aDoodsancd coe cS 32 MibAopbicpuen, wey WEL WE 6 Sooo gn cotes daataade cosaaooonams ood 32 PRAM! 5 oop hocodonTb oD Ooo soo Doe cocEdRonc Eno od UES anaos sor 33 PETAGUIN =) ease eatio bya s Grow icy ois col slo nee ais rene ty eleuer oie iste SMe eeye apenas ae eR Na IPMN ey oy soaoUses oObdbU dc onnocco sosucoOe eco des be nAOSooN 34 Neiawibinnn o Scoseconsococoptdoo ea ppcuoconessoecc oases SOK 33 Experimentation in rate of sinking in Tornaria.........../...... 192-196 Hertalizaion, tmesand place Grisiaer jaja hells tetra 128 Hibres, connective tissue... .-.-+---.------.-->- tantra tae tare ry eet) HIERN 5 MAN eeeBee ofooamico Tone ob obsansospaoe de baaasa ee 233, 253 TUCO CRANE BBM GOScaE Ona D a OrOE Smo oreo rs co Olesen cota scraac oe 234 MUCT-MOS) c. Fs fapaueteeveveverevanie ste tenefen srs enedsvereceslokeke here rateteter shes etic tats tat Xe enrol 251 Fission, longitudinal, in Sagartia davisi.................--...---.-- 217 (URES) Ore winisSy GERGENE aban eno codoo peated soos oseg on oon 220 Guillen nbs Ot epee OO eOU Sood oon oD Ha ace Secemodcomdeof 115, 145 INGeEhie hn (Chaneiodle, 65 soon concsnronasoconas ceedosssmodasooaoS 298 mudiimieey Ssadocdoudscreoe do eAn Ono oOo UUOdonDos cous eS SoeuC 187-198 Mngtra, MemMbLANACea-bLUBCALA eyeye oie tate) ovate) -aley-talaperelmtel =) 1et er betelis ey tote t= 123 Iiberc lye twenty maa Anas FOO ORO HOON On ShacuecnOoraDs ordogcooos (CHiniath anos Somebidon Oo Honcho Con cba D EDO oTO Moa COOSOsCON 26 (HUN MMMM ate SaOOO GOO DCO UCKUADDO Goo osaaS goo oseSHaEo og 5 2 (DTU a eeaed id Gn ola or Orit oto O anos Socom como mkais'S 30.6.0 S005 Genital products, origin of in Crisia time and) place of appearance 2. cue ici evtay tat =toed ates (ae ate ia Index to Volume 1. 3p | PAGE (Cri DOCKe Smt mNOTMATI AN j.\cyavereccusei inn Sense Oana 105-114 ELS LENOTO TDN OSIS Meer eile: forage ta aoe) caiva/ sve sips araferrencys cyavaterepsysret oeyapater 221, 222 Heb bance Mamta bl metre, arake cuts yacevecatre ee core, aus)s, eie/eheie) ave levels eusharets weber sveRe one 157 EVV OCOGONLGRG pyai-teys2) sts rsvclsief sei’) cjeve iaveiaawti@iapehe's levslsyeus Gtermieyereleus atescrates,¢ 42 HELays CUss2 CUT ED meeeeeeteneneVenencesn or sy cher suse oiuren cy ciliei ep onsyeiauel sisrelcenc remy aevaeie- eechersy ates eae 34 QONITAUS,4 cdi nde AOC OOROS ATO D SEO OOO Me RoE One oitO mo b 35 MUA Orstpuet TS oyel Oe OIME Fa hor ah el aah aso Vouchevel aN Sazict ses otei «sr yalenefe reverence srailetcyevels = 32, 34 DOG, ocodcogdoprcecbanGods CAOPa SUD CUOOOOGeDnL UN bar enanca 35 Jab GANG NTE « Seocwloncoce to aeenen ono bod donb eBOe comb Oromo a tionae 34 LEhpallliinENre). GROEN Sanna noucoo[ oO aooampO Unc DARD yooDseOaaSdaaae 70 GUID: so ton code edad Sor Beco DEES eC DIA Date map eOnC AU OCiae cs 70 Hydroida of the Pacific Coast of North America....................- 1 1styjGhOWNEEY sh gbodano cosouded OOO ORS SURED Ob ODo Co Doo oOo aD OeonD 123 CC y MUO Ely CLCOLG Dinewe orsnetedevats fos erte\ fay slices esnoh sti sio: oxtecs fershe tele, heres ceVes sverezencseks 18 ION, Cb Je ooo cdo apt oR bio COD OU eMC OC aAOr oan reNtea Gon ater 287 TEGO SAY UCU OCIA Gos ate Boe OO coon sid a bab ConA Some 75 “GHEE, oo acc loubdotdogeucUc De SOOM pOnEUD Ao coadotno COobe Dn STD oa 59 GETACED.. coc oo OBES Boob b.do0 soso RObO DON OoaoID Btido dbopt ons BeonuOOe 59 RUBGUNNIE, 6 conogasempote toma polenoes desosocouODUoSodooOnoone 60 IU ESITACED com toa cota obo goede oobNReo Hen OAod Coop OdOTOor a CbOaaSaN 60 ILPOnNGEbA, TRAN «ods con onenoe DOSAO Ooo Roa EED Go MEome tno toca hs 53 ILBINAG) SidineGinigil OIC caeca once ideo ooo OND OmE aE aGunGeeboG bora c 141 LATOR, ooo. cone dono cdo d pomuandboSnooeoad onde bodcos 115, 128, 133 HOCOMOLLO MMO LHD OTN ATT a eeesretetalyerereialere oic¥ oreyalenersh elotslcysreceuele keys sie 175, 187, 191 Loriea of Tintinnidae, formation of ............. 288, 289, 292, 294, 296 THANE) (AABN) OLE Bq oopaan oo oaoeepe done 288, 291, 293-294, 296-298 312 University of California Publications. [ ZooLocy PAGE Lumbricus agricola ......... oS rayer(lepaters be gored never tote sere CoteTeee 270, 273, 274, 281 SAN OMSEMNS OIE coon gap ooo ondoseooedecune Sach cbeebsnOaS ban’ 273, 274 Mle rays) SRG ubI se: 01 < rere i ovoiet oictets: stetenee Siecvneyenchetenst ether Morekcteaetterte tic uerete er rearvenene 211 iMetaholicyprocesses jim ME Onm arate. terete ttete tr etait een ae eer toate 187 Metamorphicy period! ot Nonna ayreieerieeicii tear rer eerie 182 Method of counting sense organs in Microscolex elegans ............. 271 of preparing material in Microscolex elegans .................... 270 Ole RUPMINNE oy ow cane nolo boUCUtAo oS Ae oebOSUAdaCS 116, 161, 251, 272 Me treiiinaima 5: 5, S05 cireustcijer epesens srcdeqersiaiersueiers is coe sots take tet oysicrave qr siciereke 211, 214, 216 Microscolexcelecans Sensexonoansiani iraer-vetterters-pesiaicts 274, 275, 277, 281 Minne ovorey Tani Al py optaco pS naoso anon coNNaNDON TOSCO SOONOSUI0CGONS 63 INKC Ha SHENEO ENS CPEANGINCENIS) 5 050000000000 S25 aod GOD DOU Oe HN ONOOeADOOOS 74 Moxementisy, active, ob “Eornaria, sisters ociesete ects ot cet ale eer seater ee een 188 MucoustelandsiimPlethodonymeicty-teireiecisetet etter rie tee atte 161 nuclei and (CellswOtws che ayewhgs eek terete rsts ere, oreo eterno 240, 247 physiolocicallisignificamce: Of) jer etreietete ease teresa 163, 164, 165 Re PlacinSspoisonwe lan yy perce ener eee eee neers eres reeenet tees 245 RECTEMON eNeAChlION TON SPAlOS remembers rateiare tekst tetas eh tere ekearc hee ere eek 241, 246 Nenves, endings) ones landemuscless creaey-teieteriisetseeatetelaiieciieie re rrets 252 Gin FAN 5 oon atAUcd oud donndoUTEdoEddbosca dou scoUserS 252, 253 perinuclear endinos Oks c is cm. acyeclelett iene eta erie ere 253 IGWIS Ole thon dovosnotonn deacencrddedonhotougsusoDosocassbosede SAY Non-sexual reproduction in Sagartia davisi......................... 211 Notoch oral! Hinteropmenstay ey crepet-eeiot-tieretetenetenstrte tolerate ioenetel eines teiel 199 OH. ange oss enoconoss ayo dnbo Emon oO Gedo RODedes 496509500 56, 62, 63 (COMMISS UT ALS ear opetarsleteteten bated stetelcpsierencee ertekeinets tren rere centre 4, 56 GRO OMIET S Dodoo aaOdoO COD GOODO HS HUSO UOUaRo oe don bones cesun O09 57 RSMIENIEY TeopopodoooHnoDAe DODO OS sods cascoedccoureuebh soc o0s 58 GibyibnaiC mono ope otenieDcorhe ro nose snob eccoehenase cco adcae 57 QmiGmPynien\ ope PEN ooosohbeocosconcunoweopacccu coe coods Hon beoes 117 of \Corymorpha spalmay see ne cters cts a ote nineteen ice cirevverd eden iols 39 of Sertulariattang entiaye oie lec -arslerctetetces:< oe qoopch adoneodo Oh Goon CONDO BBUF ORS eRonDe Gog beuGn 60 Sextalmelements cori Ou tO tur geraivaeystels/etelelteis)s/ielelehele stele) oe ieiciel> 117, 123, 125 SizerOk MLOTMATTATTUULOTU sy tellers co fana\eys, sensveve sus lave setcveveleaGelscers 174, 181, 182, 192 Siiiliiem., Geol nim, lelbnGall}gct bee aossaoaqocoboupooooodu0eoeccoos 185 Some New Tintinnidae in the Plankton of San Diego Region ......... 287 Specific Gravity of Tornaria ......-.............. 181, 187-193, 197, 202 POLINA TO LONSSIS meretatenciesensaehstetel cata) erletsio!jursire\eloie.e/e/nilel/e fe oieiotale /ayeheieiei= 117, 123 Spermatozoa, scarciby, Of Wm Orisa. <1. soja ale mella=yie\= = ==) = 119, 12] MMEIMG CLO PL CUS Laer toners teYatcheystacerepetsfele- els folayeakele/ olaicloleievers (orelelc¥e iaveseval= 200 Spiral movements of Tornaria .......----------.- 2s ese e eee eee ee 191 Spiral structure of lorica of Tintinnidae ......................+- 297-298 Staiming, am’ Microscolex elepams) .). 20.2. oes elec ee ap emcee oe wee ie 271 tim, [PUENaC bi5 Gemgdo con cos oepOnmOmEC UOMO Oboes oreo Oo.o 161, 251 Simoni apalllgyn" 45 sntesdeos sogboo Ss ood aDoy co dpeubUomoDedta 173 Suman aa ties OF MUN © PT OAC LOTS va) cloyey cpayere = sate. ofePeyolnt se laPesareiavstsia) a/otapauays\= sai 280 Stimulainon, Glesracil 455 cba 7 sqnoonUe cop po soodonomnemacduac lac 161 MiG GE WM Shen acdoudodeosocsesddoodadaccoDeo 176. 177, 181 Studies on the Ecology, Morphology and Speciology of the Young of some Enteropneusta of Western North America .............. 171 Structure and regeneration of the poison glands of Plethodon ........ 211 of sense organs in Microscolex elegans ........-.....------------ 272 Summary of distribution of sense organs in Microscolex elegans.. 280, 281 of embryology and embryonie fission in the genus Crisia ...... 145, 146 of Studies in Ecology, ete., of young Enteropneusta............-. 171 Swimming jin Tornaria ............----+2s+s sere sete eens 189, 191, 197 significance of Stylactis fusicola HOOSAOOOCOHODEDD pUcOC OOM UCDO OUOdc gomiee aoo 187 316 University of California Publications. [ ZooLocy PAGE SYMCOLY ME Sarecclstesyeleecrots ofe cretanctolel sire sioieiclele aaa het Seno eR eyes eee 31 Chel itt Sap ono amonananosDodondsdnOnsOn bo AaanasoonoodeNsec si 31 MILA DUIS) Ws i aicrsie afetelenonerers cveyeh casts ola sao reitaretretete eri eral eae Re reeset al SynPheeham |i evars: evs spovshaoretelos adsrser [oles asset aCe ee ere ee ete 62 Nechniquessmethodsiob an OriSiaye epreeke leer cree satelite ete teers 116 im Whieroscolex: elepansa nian <2 einissioeiseieieeel eee ee eet 273 ibn ted NOG Mesa hoodd paoenoecencd namArngs dadesoe geaastas: 161, 251 Nendrilclike branches inhydroids- ese eee eee eee eee eee 57 Tentacles, arrangement in Hydractinia milleri....................... 35 Origin: in ‘Bimenia, robustas S-.c.sleyt-sikeletocieters ole ee otorerter are erate 36 originiin Clava, leptostylajs./- piss ory-s clare shore elise cnsuniete tetova eeeieterete 30, 35 oniginwin Cordylophoray seers + eearet ol herrea ralcieycriaie eerie ere 35 Crikewhnpabi Cyaan py Vie! sAcenseaoscnunct ponchouracaeocaccne 36 Gmicainerinel sb Ole GoppodouaobuTaSanoD ono Dad badd soasooocce me aacd 36 origin’ in: Peri gonimus! 7). citeciet stasis et iera) hele cone reer eae 36 OTe) IM Syncoryne ania pilishy pepevesel-y-ceeekeed Teel ee iat teetetees 35 origin any Dubularia’ eine ese lescactesQcaee tae ciarchc tele) nel ever rel eer 36 AM) OPNATILA crs oy atasce fa /= toy eeaesevs exe orate stele te elevoleketerecauc iat shelate alee 175, 182 Mertiary: (EMPL OS erera tick wraetaltehates als ar ehetese viele telete erecta erecta 140, 143 MLE Ge neneH nie fora wil Chaiey 6 ono Sod cocSsdaasncodctducce s 120, 121 development Of vere meta aria certs etek Rieke ieee Oren eee 118, 119 Thammoenidiay dubulariodes yxy (cys se-te es ated stel dich ites ieieleiol eee 47 Phamnoptus elepams! 8... 220-2 es sie eee aye el= Clayel epic tele eaters eee seo eeeee 163 ERAT WACYUNATIUCG: « i.0:5 Reus ye a raveveaete eortictoke were ae IS ET ehe ISIE SEIS 70 Abbie hata dye aimomne ooo con conMO oo nooo ORoO nea dS JoeOn Goasosse ss 67 Tintinnidaebibliooraphy ot sr. lense ty etek eee re eee 300 NOLIN OIE Concatode odes GbSey Fo9 rodactiGameadondinoungeoed oade 298 fonmation Of MOTIGa. ese oe cetera ocean 288, 289, 292, 294, 296 minute structure ot loricae acct eleeieer 288, 291, 293-294, 296-298 MEW ISPCCLES OL (7c faxes, 01s yet re mey cute Yel el Pe Poke hoy-Keraraiel eae een Ieee eee 287 of plankton o£ SansDier oss. oesrels eliele eheiietelseettei aerate 287-306 Timtinnopsis: DuUtschliy | F777 /s ar. 172 second or climacteric period ......... 6. eee eee eter e ee eee 174 specific characters Of. .....--.. 1-2 sees eee dence teen eerie ees 174 third or metamorphic period ........- +... eee eee eee eee eee 182 Morrey, H. B. ....2..eccec cece eect eect tenet cents teste e eee e es J, 211 MTritON, CTIStALUS 2... eee seen eee eee eet emer te tees 161, 163 Ti wikiseh: 4 oo pcocbe poreobO oped ooo DO DOE ood COC oOoObUmomEe ho 42, 43 @ORINON A GonopdcodosdouooGDUoUdeE nade ddpouUoUoOdoUGon Garo oon 43 erocea, figs. 22, 23 ...... 2-2 eee e eee teeters 1, 4, 29, 43 GOGIIRD peice nocpo0 0000 odo dua dc gpoueD HOOrOonp oO opoo ORO HOG OOSOG 45 Iingieusl) ode coe oc oko JOU gon COGHOOOe. edo cio DOD OOM ODEO tio 47 TGIRTEE) bdo oei.cre od. boo 00.0 PO DA RORD Oo CORO OOO ODM nG coroners sco. 6 43 marina, figs. 24, 25... .s. cece cece eee eet tet eet eet tees 46 RULED. nnabeo 6c ond 0 CU EAH OC OR OEIC UE AD COLT Bob Comicubm moped ccnp 33 HOR 6 oecho co Gog0 Odo e nHOUGd OCU UROROOD GOO COOD OOD OURO ODIO 34 THERMO ES Sssesovacpboucamdes coed IU CHUcH OPH SOD CO DObodauE: 42 Tubulipora flabellaris ....-.--.2+--+- ss eeee cette tee e ete teens 123 Wallet of jolamds) street lel (-iniar-1= (nel oe eielaeinleicleieienajniajnrie i slow clelcimrecs 232 ce ee t of Determi as , Oris, rom Three Observations, eee f Com t oie Ci R. 4, sie and odents and Ung om oh John Sees Be mee Phirowal the Reversed Action of ae Englebert Pavan ~~ No. 13. The Action of Piloca Nutting, ‘Baitors. t AUpRORTESS} pene “No, 1." Hiatus. in: Greek: Melié ‘poke yy Edy No. 2. - Studies in the Si-clause, by” Herbert C. Nutting. Nov3. The. soe and: ee of ‘the. Mod n: Sei Ji So the Validity of Paligel’s kaw | “Galvanot Ff Paramecitm (a. wearers communi tf 1 ee : Bancroft, No, B. On ‘Fertilization, A Artificial Parthenogeite : Sea “Urchin Bae by. TREE Maes “Loeb. No; 10. /Onthe Diuretic Fee of Gertuin ‘aemolytics, ‘of Calcium: in Suppressing Haemoglobinuria- (a rae ae Bye ~ communication), by John Brace MacCallam Eo: No. 1 On an Improved ‘Method of Artificial Part ak Gh oh Bie communication). by Jacques Loeb Nee 12. “The. Diuretic Action-of Certain Haemolytic Re » Calcium. and Magnesium “in~ Suppres {second anapances sauaets by eas Brace A S “by John Bruce Ma No.” 14: On. an Improved. Meiiod ol {Artificial ; eaten) at ba be! Loeb, Pee 43, text: Seats oa. “Nov Bs _The Ctenophiores of -the ‘San Deke es 2 POEeY c. caere 6, Plate-1- : Soyacea, by Wn. E.. ‘Ritter. -P PEGS Rasree eo S ‘Radteas: all: sederen ot redueets’ for: information ‘on - (except pedo 6 to The Ses aac! ] a | rh ‘ us ‘ ay i ’ 7 P : i ley U f i ale “i 1 ‘ ‘ nM fy a ’ iy \ j ie i t f A Ler n 7 ; | ! 1 , Pha - i ‘ » } een fi a 4 . ; : ' 7 i tah Sin v7 bine -—C—e—S—