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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS

ZOOLOGY

WILLIAM EMERSON RITTER
AND
CHARLES ATWOOD KOFOID

EDITORS

VOLUME XIV

WITH 60 PLATES

4 S ,

/ me A yD 1091

( MARL 1921
YVI4G6
“Stignail Mus®

a

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS
BERKELEY
1914-1918

CONTENTS

PAGES
1. A Report upon the Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay, Based
upon the Operations of the United States Fisheries Steamer
‘‘Albatross’’ during the years 1912 and 1913, by Francis B.
Sumner, George D. Louderback, Waldo L. Schmitt, and Edward
C. Johnston; 13 plates and 20 text figures —......---cs--cccccceeceeeeeeeeeceees 1-198

2. Molluscan Fauna of San Francisco Bay, by E. L. Packard; 47 plates 199-452
TNIKG RED: 6 li ea Sa ah ae oe ce Ne oe crt a ae OS 453-457

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tional Mur

INDEX*

Acanthochitonidae, 299.
Acila, 246.
castrensis, 246.
Acmaea, 300.
asmi, 300.
limatula, 301.
mitra, 303.
patina, 229, 301.
var. pintadina, 301.
pelta, 302.
persona, 302.
var. umbonata, 303.
Aecmaeidae, 300.
Actaeon, 345.
punctocoelatus, 345.
Actaeonidae, 345.
Acteocina, 345.
eerealis, 345.

Acteocinidae, 345.

Adesmacea, 287.

Adula, 260.

faleata, 260.
stylina, 260.

Albatross, U. 8. Steamer, 2, 3, 57, 207,
214.

‘“ Albatross Bottom—Sampling Appar-
atus,’’ 15, 16-19.

Allen, W. E., acknowledgment, 86.

Alsberg, C. L., acknowledgment, 10.

Amphineura, 291.

Amphissa, 330.

corrugata, 330.
Anatinacea, 261.
Anomia, 255.

peruviana, 229, 225.

Anomiacea, 255.

Anomidae, 255.

Apparatus used in dredging and plank-
ton work, 5, 7-8, 11-19; illustra-
tions of, 118-128.

Area, 250.

transversa, 223, 229, 250.

Arecacea, 250.

Areidae, 250.

Arntzen, Valdemar, 14, 15.

Astralium link, 309.

triumphans, 223, 309.
Barleeia, 326.

subtenuis, 326.

Bartsch, Paul, 208, 209; acknowledg-
ment, 209.

Bathytoma, 343.

carpenteriana, 343.

Bittium, 326.

eschrichti var. montereyense, 326.

subplanulatum, 327.

* Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., vol. 14.

[453]

Buecinidae, 330.
Bucket, ‘‘orange-peel,’’ for deep-sea
dredging, 7, 122.
Burrage, G. H., 3, 207; acknowledg-
ment, 9.
Cadulus, 291.
fusiformis, 291.
Calliostoma, 311.
canaliculatum, 311.
costatum, 229, 311.
Cancellaria, 341.
erawfordiana, 341.
Caneellariidae, 341.
Cantharus, sp., 330.
Capulidae, 322.
Cardiacea, 266.
Cardiidae, 266.
Cardium, 266.
corbis, 239, 243, 266.
centifilosum, 267.
Cerithidea, 326.
californica, 229, 326.
Cerithiidae, 326.
Cerithiopsidae, 328.
Cerithiopsis, 328; sp., 328.
Chama, 263.
pellucida, 263.
Chamacea, 263.
Chamidae, 263.
Chesapeake Bay, water temperature,
54, 55, 99; salinity, 87.
Coleman, R. A., acknowledgment, 10.
Columbella, 329.
gausapata, 329.
Columbellidae, 329.
Conidae, 344.
Conus, 344.
ealifornicus, 344.
Crepidula, 322.
convexa, 322.
nivea, 323.
Crucibulum, 324,
spinosum, 324.
Cryptochiton, 300.
stelleri, 300.
Chrysodomus, 330.
dirus, 330.
tabulatus, 331.
Current velocity and tidal range in
San Francisco Bay, 23-28.
Cuspidaria, 262.
californica, 262.
Cuspidariidae, 262.
Cypraeidae, 328.
Dall, W. H., 208, 209; acknowledg-
ment, 209.

Index

Darbee-Immel Oyster Company, ac-

knowledgment, 4, 85.
Davidson, George, cited, 21, 23.
Dean, and McGlashan, cited, 77.
Dentaliidae, 290.
Dentalium, 290.
indianorum, 290.
Decoglossa, 300.
Dredge, for use upon stony bottoms,
120.
Dreissensiidae, 259.
Entodesma, 262.
saxicola, 262.
Epitoniidae, 318;
Epitonium, 318.
cerebricostatum, 318.
hindsi, 319.
sawinae, 319.
Erato, 328.
vitellina, 328.
Hulimidae, 314.
Humaticina, 325.
oldroydi, 325.
Farallon Islands, 3, 215.
Fauna, Mollusean, of San Francisco
Bay. See Molluscan Fauna, ete,
Fissurella, 308.
voleano, 308.
Fissuridea, 307.
aspera, 307.
Fissurellidae, 307.
Fusinidae, 339.
Fusinus, 339.
harfordi, 339.
luteopictus, 339.
Gadina, 346.
reticulata, 346,
Gadinidae, 346.
Gadiniidae.
Gastropoda, 300.
Gemma, 273.
gemma var. purpurea, 223, 273.
Glyeymeris, 250.
subobsoleta, 250.
Haliotidae, 305.
assimilis, 307.
cracherodi, 305.
gigantea, 305.
Haliotis, 305.
fulgens, 306.
rufescens, 306.
Henshaw, and McGlashan, cited, 77.
Hinnites, 253.
giganteus, 225, 253.
Hipponix antiquata, 322.
Defrance, 322.
Hollinger, H., 209.
Holway, R. S., acknowledgment, 9.
Hydrographic work, methods and re-
sults of, 2-10; procedure followed,
and apparatus used, 11-19; ap-
paratus illustrated, 118-128.
Ilyanassa, 333.
obsoleta, 223, 333.

Ischnochiton, 292.
ecooperi, 293.
dentiens, 292.
magdalensis, 294.
stearnsi, 293.
Ischnochitonidae, 292.
Johnston, E. C., 1, 4, 10, 57, 207; ae-
knowledgment, 209.
Katharina, 299.
tunicata, 299.
Kellia, 265.
laperousi, 265.
Knudsen, ““Hydrographic Tables,’’
57.
Kofoid, C. A., 3, 207; acknowledg-
ment, 9, 209.
Laverty, Samuel, acknowledgment, 10.
Louderback, G. D., 1, 10, 91, 207.
Lucuna, 321.
porrecta, 321.
unifasciata, 229, 321.
variegata, 322,
Lasaea, 266.
rubra, 266.
Leda, 247.
hamata, 247.
navisa, 247.
taphria, 248.
Ledidae, 247.
Lepeta, 304.
concentrica, 304,
Lepidopleuridae, 291.
Lepidopleurus, 291.
farallonis, 291.
Leptonacea, 265.
Leptonidae, 265.
Leptothyra, 310.
carpenteri, 310.
Littorina, 320.
planaxis, 229, 320.
seutulata, 320.
Littorinidae, 320.
Lottia, 304.
gigantea, 304.
Louderback, G. D., 1, 10, 91, 207.
Lucuna, 321,
porrecta, 321.
unifasciata, 229, 321.
variegata, 322.
Lucinacea, 263.
Lueinidae, 263.
Lyonsia, 261.
californica, 261.
Lyonsiidae, 261,
McAdie, A. G., cited, 21, 52.
McEwen, G. F., acknowledgment, 58.
McGlashan, H. D., acknowledgment,
9, 10, 14 note.
McGlashan, H. D., and Dean, cited,
ithe
McGlashan, H. D., and Henshaw, cited,
Ti
Macoma, 277.
balthica, 243, 277.

Index

indentata, 277.
inquinata,. 225, 243, 278.
nasuta, 239, 243, 279.
secta, 280.

yoldiformis, 280.

Mactracea, 282.

Mactridae, 282.

Mangilia, 344.

angulata, 344.

Marcia, 268.

subdiaphana, 268.
Margarites, 313.
lirulata, 313.
pulloides, 229.
pupilla, 314.
Martesia, 289.
intercalata, 289.
Megatebennus, 308.
bimaculata, 308.
Melanella, 314.
micans, 314.
Mitra, 339.
idea, 339.
Modiolus, 257; sp., 259.
demissus, 223, 257.
modiolus, 259.
politus, 258.
rectus, 258.

Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco
Bay, 199; preservation of mate-
rial, 207; classification of, 208;
method of study, 208-209; review
of literature, 209-210.

Environment: San Francisco Bay,
210; physical, 210; biological,
213; open ocean, 214.

General character, 214.

Distribution, 226-241; general, 226;
influence of depth, 227; of tem-
perature, 230; of salinity, 234;
of character of bottom, 235.

Quantitative analysis of the fauna,
241-244,

Summary, 244-245.

Catalogue of species, 245-346.

Literature cited, 347; explanation
of plates, 359.

Monia, 255.

macroschisma, 255.

Mopalia, 296.

ciliata, 296.
var. lignosa, 297.

kennerleyi var. swani, 229, 297.

muscosa, 297.

wosnessenski, 298.

Mopaliidae, 296.

Moraghan, M. B., Oyster Company,
acknowledgment, 4, 85.

Morgan Oyster Company, acknowledg-
ment, 4, 84.

Murex, 334.

carpenteri, 334.

interfossa, 229, 335.

lurida, 335.

Muricidae, 334.
Mya, 283.
arenaria, 223, 243, 283.
californica, 239, 243, 284.
eancellata, 285.
edulis, 239.
Myacea, 283.
Myacidae, 283.
Mytilacea, 256.
Mytilidae, 256.
Mytilus, 256.
californianus, 235, 256.
edulis, 256.
Nash, Louise, 209.
Nassa, 331.
fossata, 331.
mendica, 332.
perpinguis, 333.
Nassidae, 331.
Naticidae, 324.
Nueula, 246.
tenuis, 246.
Nuculacea, 246.
Nuculidae, 246.
Nuttallina, 294.
seabra, 294.
Odostomia, 316.
farallonensis, 317.
franciscana, 222, 316.
gravida, 317.
inflata, 318.
Olivella, 340.
biplicata, 340.
intorta, 340.
pedroana, 341.
Olividae, 340.
Ostracea, 251.
Ostrea, 251.
elongata, 223, 252.
lurida, 225, 239, 243, 251.
virginica, 223.
Ostreidae, 251.
Ovulidae, 329.
Oyster industry in San Francisco Bay
region, 4, 5.
Packard, E. L., 199.
Pandora, 261.
filosa, 261.
Pandoridae, 261.
Panope, 287.
generosa, 287.
Paphia, 270.
staminea, 270.
var. orbella, 271.
var. petiti, 272.
var. ruderata, 271.
tenerrima, 272.
Pecten, 253.
hastatus, 253.
latiauritus, 254.
Pectinacea, 253.
Pectinidae, 253.
Pedicularia, 329.
californica, 329.

Indez

Pelecypoda, 246.
Petricola, 274.
carditoides, 274.
Petricolidae, 274.
Phacoides, 263.
annulatus, 263.
tenuisculptus, 264.
Phasianella, 310.
pulloides, 310.
Phasianellidae, 310.
Pholadidae, 287.
Pholadidea, 288.
ovoidea, 288.
penita, 288.
var. parva, 289.
Pholas, 287.
pacificus, 287.
Placiporella, 298.
sinuata, 298.
Platypoda, 314.
Pleutotomidae, 342.
Polinices, 324.
draconis, 324.
lewisi, 325.
Poromyacea, 262.
Porterfield, L. B., acknowledgment, 9.
Price current meter, illustration of,

124.
Psephidia, 273.
ovalis, 273.

Ptenoglossa, 318.

Pyramidellidae, 315.

Rachiglossa, 329.

Report upon the Physical Conditions
in San Francisco Bay. Based
upon the operations of the United
States Fisheries Steamer ‘‘ Alba-
tross’’ during the years 1912 and
1913, 1, 211.

Rhipodoglossa, 305.

Rissoidae, 326.

Rochefortia, 265.

ferruginosa, 265.

Salinity, of San Francisco Bay, 56-88.

San Francisco Bay, Report upon the
Physical Conditions in, 1-198;
procedure followed and apparatus
used, 11-19; illustrations of ap-
paratus, 118, 120, 122, 124, 126,
128; dimensions, area, and yolume
of the Bay, 19-23; tidal range
and current velocity in, 23-28;
temperature, 28-56; salinity, 56-
88; bottom deposits, 59-97; sum-
mary, 98-101; literature cited,
102-103; dredging stations, 104,
106, 129-149; hydrographic sta-
tions, 108, 110, 150-184; bottom
conditions, 112, 114; determina-
tion of bottom samples, 185-196;
percentages of nitrogen, 116, 197-
198; bottom sampling apparatus,
illustrations of, 126, 128.

[456]

San Francisco Bay, Molluscan Fauna
from, 199. :
San Pablo Bay, 3.
Saxicava, 286.
arctica, 286.
pholadis, 229, 286.
Saxicavidae, 286.
Saxidomus, 269.
nuttalli, 269.
Scaphopoda, 290.
Schizothaerus, 283.
nuttalli, 283.
Schmitt, W. L., 1, 10, 57, 207; ac-
knowledgment, 209.
Schott, cited, 82.
Septifer, 259.
bifurcatus, 259.
Siliqua, 281.
nuttalli, 281.
Siphonodentaliidae, 291.
Sledge-trawl, illustration of, 118.
Solen, 281.
sicarius,
Solenacea, 281.
Solenidae, 281.
Soule, H. B., 3, 207; acknowledgment,
Sh
Spisula, 282.
catilliformis, 235, 282.
Sumner, F. B., 1, 10, 57, 207; acknowl-
edgment, 209.
Taeniglossa, 320.
Tegula, 312.
brunnea, 312.
funebrale, 229, 312.
montereyi, 313.
Tellina, 275.
bodegensis, 235, 275.
bultoni, 275.
carpenteri, 276.
salmonea, 276.
Tellinacea, 275.
Tellinidae, 275.
Temperature, in San Francisco Bay,
28-56.
Teredinidae, 290.
Thais, 229, 336.
emarginata, 338.
var. ostrina, 338.
lamellosa, 243, 336.
var. franciscana, 337.
var. septentrionalis, 337.
lima, 337.
Thaisidae, 336.
Thorade, cited, 51, 52, 99.
Thyasira, 264.
gouldi, 264.
Thyasiridae, 264.
Tidal range and current velocity in
San Francisco Bay, 23-28.
Tonicella, 292.
lineata, 229-292.

281.

Index

Toxoglossa, 341.
Trachydermon, 295.
dentiens, 229.
hartwegi, 295.
raymondi, 229, 295.
Trivia, 328.
californica, 328.
Trochidae, 311.
Turbinidae, 309.
Turbonilla, 315.
franciscana, 222, 315.
keepi, 316.
Turris, 342.
incisa, 342.
perversa, 342.
tabulata, 343.
U. S. Bureau of Chemistry, acknowl-
edgment, 101.
U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, 2.

[457]

Urosalpinx, 335.
cinereus, 223, 335.

Veneracea, 268.

Veneridae, 268.

Venerupis, 272.

lamellifera, 272.
Volutidae, 339.
Volvula, 346.

cylindrica, 346.

Woods Hole, water temperature, 55,
99; salinity, 86; bottom charac-
ters, 95.

Xylotrya, 290; sp., 290.

Yoldia, 248.

cooperi, 248.

ensifera, 249.
Zirfaea, 289.

gabbi, 225, 243, 289.

Zittell, ‘‘ Textbook of Palaeontology,’’
208.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS
IN
ZOOLOGY
Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 1-198, pls. 1-13, 20 text figures July 29, 1914

A REPORT UPON THE PHYSICAL CONDITIONS. |
IN SAN FRANCISCO BAY, BASED UPON THE
OPERATIONS’ OF THE UNITED STATES
FISHERIES STEAMER “ALBATROSS” DURING
THE YEARS 1912 AND 1913

(Published by Permission of the United States Commissioner of Fisheries)

BY

FRANCIS B. SUMNER, GEORGE D..LOUDERBACK, WALDO L. SCHMITT,
: anpD EDWARD C, JOHNSTON

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS
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Vv

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS
IN

ZOOLOGY

ol. 14, No. 1, pp. 1-198, pls. 1-13, 20 text figures July 29, 1914

A REPORT UPON THE PHYSICAL CONDITIONS

IN SAN FRANCISCO BAY, BASED UPON THE
OPERATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES
FISHERIES STEAMER “ALBATROSS” DUR-
ING THE YEARS 1912 AND 1913

(Published by Permission of the United States Commissioner of Fisheries)

BY

FRANCIS B. SUMNER, GEORGE D. LOUDERBACK, WALDO L. SCHMITT,

AND EDWARD C. JOHNSTON

CONTENTS

PAGE
A. Methods and results of hydrographie work .- 2
DMieams Derasfyvety HU Ti © Ya eee ee ce eae ene eee 2

Il. Procedure followed and apparatus used in the hydrographic work
ARETE PELE ON cetsce ere eae ee eon ee cere ace oncic eeeoeeeeer 11
III. Dimensions, area, and volume of San Francisco Bay --......-.-.---.-.--- 19
TiVenTidallrangerand (current velocity oi. ---: care cee cece nsceeercenceencenennanencnae= 23
We SiRerer gee) ocak eens ne een ere erecta oc: teer acne eer 28
WIL, SEaUTIAME? cetececcoedece ethane oes a oes een rere apron ene ciao acre ster ctrer rei aanicne Rrra 56
B. Preliminary report upon the bottom deposits -....-........-..- 89
(Ch SUITE a -ee ceeteceenaee eee eer atc eae eR sree .. 98
De eliterature cited) 22.2.2... 102
Explanation of plates .............-....- ef AR ae er a oa ae tes west capes noes 104
E. Appendix I. ‘‘Albatross’’ dredging stations, 1912-1913 -.............-...-.-.-.- 129
F. Appendix II. ‘‘Albatross’’ hydrographic stations, 1912-1913 -................. 150
G. Appendix III. Determinations of the bottom samples —........-..-.------..--- 185
Hy Appendix iV) Percentages of mitrogem 2-2. p ieee lence nnn sennenee 197

2 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou, 14

A.—METHODS AND RESULTS OF THE HypROGRAPHIC WORK

I. INTRODUCTION

The present report discusses the physical conditions encountered
during a biological survey of San Francisco Bay, which was com-
menced in January, 1912, and covered the whole of that year, together
with about half of the sueceeding one. No comprehensive account of
this survey can be attempted until the principal biological data are
ready for presentation in a generalized and serviceable form. For
this we must await the completion of the labors of a number of spec-
ialists who have undertaken the study of the various groups comprised
in the fauna and flora of these waters. It has been regarded as highly
desirable, however, that a preliminary report should be prepared,
discussing the physical conditions which obtain in San Francisco Bay,
and embodying the hydrographic observations made in the course of
this survey. And the present seems an opportune time to record in
brief the history and scope of the survey as a whole.

In February, 1911, the Biological Division of the University of
California prepared a series of recommendations looking to a biolog-
ical survey of San Francisco Bay. Correspondence was entered into
with Stanford University and with the State Fish and Game Com-
mission of California, both of which organizations pledged their sup-
port to the undertaking. A carefully prepared plan was at length
drawn up by those chiefly interested in the project, and this plan was
submitted to the Bureau of Fisheries and to the California delegation
in Congress.

Attention was therein called to the value of the fisheries of San
Francisco Bay, and to the scanty knowledge of the biological and
physical conditions upon which their existence depended. From the
more purely scientific standpoint, the importance was urged of ob-
taining data upon which to base a handbook or series of monographic
papers dealing with the local marine fauna and flora. Such a work
would be of great value to naturalists, as well as to those having
economic problems more clearly in view.

The presence of the United States Fisheries steamer ‘‘ Albatross’’
in the neighborhood of San Francisco during a considerable part of
each year suggested the most practicable means by which such a survey

1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay 3

could be conducted, and it was therefore proposed that the federal
Bureau of Fisheries should undertake the execution of this project,
in co-operation with the institutions named.

That Bureau assented cordially to the proposal, which had already
been discussed informally at a considerably earlier date. In October,
1911, formal approval was given to the plan, under conditions pre-
seribed by the Bureau of Fisheries. The execution of the project was
later vested in a board, consisting of the commanding officer and the
Albatross’’, and a third member to be designated
by the committee representing the local institutions above mentioned.
Professor C. A. Kofoid, of the University of California, was chosen
as the representative of the latter body, while the other members were
Commander G. H. Burrage, U. 8. N., sueceeded by Lieutenant-Com-
mander H. B. Soule, U. 8S. N., together with the senior author of the

ce

naturalist of the

present report.

A definite programme of work was formulated, and some important
additions to the equipment of the ‘‘ Albatross’? were decided upon.
Field operations were commenced on January 30, 1912.

This survey has been concerned almost wholly with San Francisco
Bay, including San Pablo Bay, though a considerable number of
stations were dredged outside of the Golden Gate, even to a point
beyond the Farallon Islands.

The stations which were occupied by the ‘‘Albatross’’ or by one
of her launches have been classified under two main heads: (1) those
at which our chief attention was devoted to dredging or trawling,
and (2) those at which we were chiefly concerned with hydrographic
observations and with plankton collection. The former have been
designated in our records as “‘ dredging stations,’’ the latter as “‘hydro-
To each series an independent set of consecutive

9?

graphic stations.
numbers has been given, continuous with those of the past ‘‘ Alba-
tross’’ records. The station numbers are preceded by the letters D
and H respectively. In the former series there are, at the date of
writing, 149 stations, in the latter series 322 stations.

In the deeper waters the ‘‘Albatross’’ herself was employed in
these operations, in the shallower waters a launch was used. In either
case, however, the position of the vessel was determined at various
points in the course of a haul by means of a sextant or an azimuth
compass. With the launches it was, of course, impossible to employ
any of the heavier types of apparatus, so that the exploration of the
extensive areas of shoal water, so characteristic of San Francisco Bay,

+ University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14

has necessarily been much less thorough than that of the navigable
waters.

Even less attention has been devoted to the littoral (intertidal)
zone, though collecting parties visited the following points and ob-
tained considerable material: Bonita Point (piles of pier and between
tides on shore), Presidio shore, Sausalito (piles of pier and on beach),
Red Rock, Richmond, Key Route pier (off Oakland).

This limitation of the scope of our collecting operations has resulted
from the inadequacy of the force available for such work, as well as
from the necessity of restricting the amount of material accumulated
for subsequent examination. It was early decided that we must resist
the temptation, to which so many collectors yield, of continuing indefi-
nitely the gathering of specimens, without regard for the likelihood
of compiling any scientific results of value.

It is fully realized, however, that a complete biological survey of
these waters requires the exploration of certain fields as yet scarcely
touched, and it is hoped that some of the more important of these
gaps may be filled in before the preparation of the final report.

Certain special investigations were undertaken, with a view to
bringing our work into more immediate relation with the local fisheries
interests. Several trips were made, for example, to the oyster beds
of the Morgan, M. B. Moraghan and Darbee-Immel oyster companies,
in the southern parts of the bay. We must here acknowledge the
courtesy of representatives of these various companies, who provided
us with every facility for the work. At each of the beds tow-net hauls
were made and samples of the water, of the bottom, and of the oysters
themselves were brought away. Further water samples for titration
have likewise been kindly supplied us by the Morgan Oyster Company
at regular intervals throughout about ten months.

Mr. Johnston, Fisheries Expert of the ‘‘Albatross,’’ has made
many seine hauls, chiefly in that part of the bay lying nearest to the
Golden Gate. He has likewise made numerous visits to the fish mar-
kets of San Francisco, recording the occurrence of the various mar-
ketable fishes at different seasons, and frequently the prices at which
they were sold. Mr. Johnston furthermore accompanied the trawling
steamers of the A. Paladini Company on a considerable number of
fishing trips outside of the bay during the latter half of 1912, securing
abundant records of the catch and in many eases specimens of interest.

It must be stated, however, that thus far a larger share of the
efforts of the scientific staff has been devoted to the more fundamental

1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay 5

task of accurately portraying the principal life conditions to which
organisms in general are subjected in San Francisco Bay. This work
is the necessary preliminary to any investigation of the more special
problems relating to this or that fishery industry. Furthermore, our
experience has already made it evident that no satisfactory study of
these problems can be attempted without the expenditure of much
time and of expert labor on the part of a number of persons through-
out a period of several vears. Any investigation less thorough than
this would necessarily be superficial, and would probably involve a
waste of time and of money.

The decline of the oyster industry, in particular, demands a thor-
oughgoing investigation on the part of competent experts, who should
be detailed for this duty alone. According to Statistical Bulletin
no. 289 of the United States Bureau of Fisheries (‘‘Oyster Industry
of the Pacifie Coast States, 1912’’), the yield of oysters in California
(ehiefly San Francisco Bay) has fallen from 420,000 bushels, valued
at $867,000, in 1899, to 68,037 bushels, valued at $280,344, in 1912.
A great diversity of opinion is expressed by those chiefly interested
as to the cause of this disastrous decline, but all agree that the matter
ought to be seriously investigated.

While the present report does not claim to make any direct con-
tribution to a solution of this problem, we are of the opinion that the
physical data which we offer herewith will have to be fully reckoned
with by those who undertake the task. Indeed, any investigation
which is not based upon an adequate knowledge of these data may
be dismissed as futile.

An account of the methods employed in the course of our hydro-
eraphie observations will be deferred to the following chapter. Those
which were followed in the dredging and the plankton work will,
however, be recorded briefly forthwith.

At the dredging stations of the regular series we made use of one
or more of the following types of apparatus:

(1) The beam trawl. This was either of the Tanner or the Agassiz
type, and varied in beam length from 3 to 12 feet (0.9 to 3.7 meters).

(2) A special improvement of the Tanner trawl, to which we have
given the name of ‘‘sledge trawl’’ (plate 8). It was found that the
narrow iron runners of an ordinary beam trawl sank so deeply into
the soft bottom of certain regions of the bay that the net speedily
filled with mud and was landed with great difficulty, if at all. Not
infrequently the bag burst just before leaving the water, so that the

6 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14

entire contents, weighing a ton or more, were lost. To remedy this
difficulty the simple expedient was adopted of attaching a broad

ce

wooden ‘‘shoe’’ to each of the trawl runners. These ‘‘shoes’’ were
of oak plank, eleven inches wide and about one inch thick, and were
bent upward at the fore end after the manner of Norwegian snow-
shoes or skis. This device was found to serve the purpose admirably.
Surface organisms were scraped from bottoms of soft mud, often
throughout a course of half a mile or more, while little or none of the
mud remained in the bag.

(3) The ordinary dredge, of the type said to have been originated
by O. F. Miiller (referred to in our records under the familiar name
of ‘‘boat dredge’’). This was commonly provided with an inner bag
of fine fish netting, tied at the bottom, and an outer sheathing of
canvas. The latter was commonly left open at the end to permit the
passage of water, though it was sometimes tied up in order to retain
the bottom material. Sometimes the dredge net was dispensed with,
the canvas bag (‘‘mud bag’’) alone being used. In operations with
the ‘‘ Albatross’? the dredge most commonly used had a width of 19
inches (48 em.) and was generally fastened to the end of the trawl
net. When dredging was conducted with the launch, a smaller pat-
tern was employed, and it was used independently of any other form
of apparatus.

(4) A very heavily built iron dredge (plate 9), which, except for
the strength of the materials used, followed the pattern of a com-
mercial oyster dredge. The design for this was adapted from the
figure given by the Massachusetts Commissioners of Fisheries and
Game (1909). The length of the toothed bar was 3 feet 6 inches
(1.07 meters), while the distance from this to the attachment of the
cable was 4 feet 7 inches (1.4 meters). Most of the iron used had a
section of 1 by 2 inches, while the teeth were three-quarter inch square.
The bag was about 3 feet deep and consisted of steel rings 2 inches
in diameter and of one-quarter inch materials. When in use this
chain bag was commonly lined with a bag of fish netting, in order
that the finer bottom materials and the smaller organisms might be
retained.

It is rather surprising how little thought seems to have been de-
voted by those engaged in devising oceanic collecting apparatus to
types of dredges suitable for use upon very rough bottoms. The one
here figured has repeatedly brought up hundreds of pounds of stones,
some of them a foot or more in diameter, from bottoms upon which
a beam trawl would speedily have come to grief. The only accident

1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay o

thus far has been the breaking of some of the teeth. Since these are
fastened to the frame by bolts, they may readily be replaced.

(5) An iron mud dredge, of the type known commercially as the
‘‘orange-peel bucket’? (pl. 10). The one employed was the ‘* Dwarf
Bucket, No. 7’’ of the catalogue of the Hayward Company of New
York. The capacity, according to the manufacturer’s statement, was
21% eubie feet (0.07 eubie meter). Since, however, in our work the
mass of mud commonly projected from several inches to a foot above
the rim of the bucket, it is probable that we sometimes obtained twice
the volume stated. As employed by us, this mud bucket was operated
by a single cable, the closure being effected by means of an automatic
tripping mechanism devised for the purpose. For ordinary indus-
trial uses two cables are employed with this apparatus, one of which
is used for lowering it, the other for closing and raising it. In our
device the fall of a ring, following the grounding of the dredge,
released the cable from its connection with a hook (‘‘slip-hook’’) fas-
tened to the upper end of the apparatus. As soon as the reeling in
was commenced the strain was transferred to a terminal section of
extra flexible cable, wound around a sheave, the revolution of which
brought together the blades (pl. 10, figs. 11-13).

A conical canvas hood was adjusted to the upper frame of this
dredge, in order to prevent the washing out of the contents while
being raised through the water. During descent a large flap, or valve,
permitted the water to escape.

So far as we know, ours is the first application to biological ex-
ploration of this type of apparatus. After considerable experience,
we can unreservedly recommend its use for such purposes, at least
in relatively shallow waters. Its chief advantage lies in the taking
of comparatively large masses of mud from a single spot, and partic-
ularly in the penetrating power of the apparatus which renders pos-
sible the capture of deeply burrowing annelids, lamellibranchs, ete.

The material brought in by these various types of dredges and
trawls was emptied upon a graduated series of screens (the ‘‘table
sieve’’ of Verrill and Chester) and subjected to washing with a hose.
The coarsest of these screens had meshes one inch square, the finest
having meshes one twenty-fourth inch square. The organisms of
various groups were sorted and preserved, either on deck or in the
laboratory, and were subsequently referred to specialists for exam-
ination.

In the plankton collecting, three tow-nets were used simultaneously,
these being operated on the dredging cable. A large net of 000 silk

8 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14

bolting-cloth was employed, attached to a rine 4 feet in diameter,
together with two smaller nets, of no. 12 and no. 20! bolting-cloth
respectively, and having an aperture of about 14 inches. The contents
of the three nets were preserved separately, and kept distinet by those
engaged in studying the collections.

The tow-net hauls were horizontal ones of rather indefinite dura-
tion and depth. When the current was sufficiently strong, the nets
were allowed to swing freely in the latter during the ten-minute
period in which the vessel was at anchor for the hydrographic obser-
vations. When the tidal current was too weak to carry the nets into
a horizontal position the vessel steamed slowly for five or ten minutes
after lifting anchor, and the plankton haul was then made. The nets
were lowered to a point some distance above the bottom, an iron
weight (138 pounds) being attached to the end of the cable. Exact
control of depth was unfortunately impossible, and care was necessary
in order to prevent the rim of the larger net from scraping the bottom
and scooping up large quantities of mud. Vertical hauls were found
to be impracticable, owing to the force of the tidal currents.

In such shoal waters as those of San Francisco Bay, and particu-
larly amid such swift currents, it does not seem likely that the vertical
distribution of plankton is commonly of much significance. At any
rate, no observations have been made by us to test this point.

In addition to the taking of plankton at the regular hydrographic
stations, tow-net hauls with the three nets referred to have been made
at weekly intervals in the vicinity of Sausalito, throughout a consid-
erable number of months, at various seasons of the year.

The animal and plant species from each of these various stations
have in a large degree been sorted out and referred to appropriate
specialists. Bottom samples were likewise saved from most of the
dredging stations and from many of the hydrographic stations, while
water samples, both from surface and bottom, were preserved at all of
the latter.

For the use of those engaged in a study of one or another group
of organisms, blue-print charts were early prepared, indicating the
position of the various stations so far occupied in San Francisco Bay,
and mineograph sheets were likewise distributed, giving such notes
as to depth, character of bottom, salinity, temperature, ete., as had
been recorded for each. These data, in a revised form, appear in the
appendices to the present report. A special chart (pls. 3 and 4) for

1 This is the cloth generally known to planktologists as “No. 20.’’? Lohmann

(1911) states that this number was changed by the manufacturers in 1907 to
GEIS Pa?

1914) Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay 9

plotting the distribution of species or of physical conditions was like-
wise prepared by the draughtsman of the Bureau, and an edition of
one thousand was printed at the Government Printing Office.

The early publication of the results thus far obtained upon the
physical conditions encountered in San Francisco Bay is regarded
as important as an aid to those engaged in the study of the various
organisms collected in the course of the present survey. Since the
chief value of such studies lies in the light whieh they may throw

upon the distribution of species—economie and otherwise—it is of

the utmost importance for us to discover the various physical factors
which may be responsible for the occurrence of these species in a
given locality. That definite correlations actually exist between phys-
ical conditions and the distribution of species is a mere platitude to
zoologists, but it is equally true that in comparatively few cases do
we know the factors which are actually responsible for limiting the
range of a given form. Much light may sometimes be thrown upon
this subject by the method of carefully plotting the distribution pat-
terns of various species within an area in which the physical conditions
are fairly well known (see Sumner, Osburn, Cole, and Davis. 1913).

In the ease of all such undertakings as the present, any results
of value which are obtained must be credited to the united efforts of
a large number of persons. This number is unfortunately too great
in the present instance to permit of the names of all of them appearing
on the title page of this report. A large share of credit for whatever
success has attended our efforts is due to the naval officers of the
‘* Albatross’’, particularly to the successive commanders, Commander
G. H. Burrage and, throughout a much greater part of the time, Lieu-
tenant-Commander H. B. Soule, and to the executive officer, Lieu-
tenant L. B. Porterfield.

To Professor C. A. Kofoid is due much of the eredit for initiating
the entire project here discussed, as well as for giving to the authors
the benefit of his wide experience in marine exploration throughout
the course of the work.

Through the courtesy of the University of California we have
much of the time occupied quarters in the Zoology Building, in which
considerable portions of our laboratory work have been carried on.

Acknowledgment must be made to Professor R. 8S. Holway for
valuable information and suggestions regarding the hydrography and
physical geography of this region. To Mr. H. D. McGlashan, district
engineer of the United States Geological Survey, we are indebted for
information regarding the flow of the two great rivers which discharge

10 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14

into San Francisco Bay, as well as the methods employed in computing
this. We have also to thank Mr. McGlashan for the loan of a Price
current meter during the early phases of our work.

The determination of nitrogen in sixty mud samples from the bay
was made through the courtesy of Dr. C. L. Alsberg, Chief of the
Bureau of Chemistry of the United States Department of Agriculture.

Acknowledgments will be made, at the proper time, of the services
of those zoologists and botanists who have given their time to the task
of identifying the various collections.

The senior author of this report, as naturalist of the ‘‘ Albatross’’,
has had general supervision of the field work of the vessel, the dis-
position of the material collected and other executive duties relating
to the conduct of the survey. He has likewise superintended the com-
pilation of the data herewith published and has written the present
report as a whole.

Professor Louderback has in a large degree prescribed the methods
which have been followed in the examination of the bottom samples,
and has, to a considerable extent, supervised the laboratory analyses
of these samples, as well as making a personal study of them. He
will independently prepare a more complete report upon the bottom
samples, when these have been subjected to further study.

Messrs. Schmitt and Johnston, of the scientific staff of the ‘‘ Alba-
tross’’, have had immediate charge of the field collecting and hydro-
eraphie observations on the greater number of days, after the earlier
operations of the survey. They have also performed nearly all of the
titrations of the sea water, and most of the laboratory work involved
in the analysis of the bottom samples. To their lot, likewise, has
fallen the larger part of the tedious computations necessary for the
presentation of these results in generalized form. Their share in the
work is far from having been purely mechanical, and they are there-
fore justly entitled to rank among the joint authors of the present
report.

Mention must also be made of the important services of the clerk
of the ‘‘Albatross’’, Mr. R. A. Coleman, who has carried out with
much care and precision a considerable part of the statistical work
necessary for a proper treatment of the physical data.

The various curves for temperature and salinity, as well as the
three charts (pls. 5, 6, 7) giving the results of the bottom analyses,
are the work of Mr. Samuel Laverty, a student in the College of Civil
Engineering of the University of California.

1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay 11

II. PROCEDURE FOLLOWED AND APPARATUS USED IN
THE HYDROGRAPHIC WORK OF THE SURVEY

The principal hydrographic observations here to be discussed ex-
tended through a period of one year, viz., from February, 1912, to
January, 1913. Six complete series of observations were made
throughout the entire bay. It was intended that these series should
be at intervals of two months, and this plan was adhered to, so far
as possible. Circumstances disturbed the regular programme some-
what, however, and the actual periods of observation were as follows:
(1) February 13 to 27, 1912; (2) April 23 to May 6, 1912; (3) July
22 to 31, 1912; (4) October 7 to 12, 1912; (5) November 25 to De-
cember 5, 1912, and (6) January 13 to 28, 1913.

During each of these six periods the various stations were visited
twice, once during the flood and once during the ebb tide. Since
there were twenty-three regular hydrographic stations, there would
thus have been 276 sets of observations in the regular series, had there
been no gaps in the latter. As a matter of fact, the number was
somewhat less than this, owing to certain unavoidable omissions.

In addition to the data derived from this principal series of
stations, hydrographic observations were made at a considerable num-
ber of other points in the bay, notably at the oyster beds, and lke-
wise outside of the Golden Gate, at most of the dredging stations in
those waters. Furthermore, a rather extensive supplementary set of
observations was made in the bay during July, 1913. Six of the earlier
stations were then visited at flood and ebb tide, and twelve new ones
were added in regions where the regular stations were lacking.

On two occasions, also, the ship was anchored at a single point
throughout approximately a complete tidal cycle of twelve hours, the
observations being made hourly.

For the purposes of the field operations, the stations of the regular
series were divided into three groups, according to locality. These
corresponded to the ‘‘upper middle’’, and ‘‘lower’’ sections of the
bay, referred to below (p. 23}. It will be seen that the station num-

IED ACS
;

bers do not form a single consecutive series. This resulted from
circumstances which it is hardly worth while to explain. The num-
bers which appear on the charts and in the temperature and density
tables of the present report are the ones given at the time of the
first visits to the respective stations. The repetitions of these same

12 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Von. 14

positions during the later periods of the work were all treated in the
ship’s records as new stations, and were designated by new numbers.
Plankton collections made at the same point at different times thus
bear different numbers. In Appendix II these later hydrographic
stations may be identified in position with those of the primary series.

Ordinarily the entire series of observations for one of the periods
required six days. A separate day was devoted to each of the regions
above indicated (containing seven or eight stations) at each phase of
the tide (flood and ebb). It was our endeavor to commence work in
each region, or group of stations, as soon as possible after the turn
of the tide, and to finish the group before the next period of slack
water. This was commonly accomplished, though it was not invari-
ably possible. The duration of current flow in a given direction could
not commonly be predicted with any accuracy from the time of high
or of low water, as stated in the ‘‘Tide Tables.’’ Except on three days
of the hydrographic work (one in the first, one in the second, and one
in the fourth period), the vessel invariably moved up stream in passing
from one station to another. There was thus avoided the possibility
of our repeating observations upon practically the same mass of water,
which might have been the case had we steamed down stream and
anchored for the customary period.

Before commencing the observations at any given station, the ship
was anchored and allowed to swing into position according to the
direction of wind and current. She remained at anchor for ten
minutes after the commencement of operations. The phase of tide
could commonly be determined from the direction of the drift past
the ship. In a few eases, observations which should have been made
during the ebb period were made during the commencement (or the
end) of the flood period, or vice versa, and in certain cases the ebb
(or flood) observation for a given period was omitted altogether.
Allowance has been made in the computations for these imperfections
in our data.

The procedure followed at each hydrographic station involved the
following operations :

(1) The depth was taken by one of the seamen from the bow, while
it was likewise indicated by the sounding machine on the quarter-
deck, from which the thermometers and water-sample bottles were
operated.

(2) A water sample from the surface was obtained by lowering a
copper vessel on the end of a rope.

1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay 13

(3) The surface temperature was taken by means of a Negretti-
Zambra reversing thermometer, immersed to a depth of a foot or two
beneath the water surface. The thermometer was operated by a mes-
senger, which was released after an interval of ten minutes. This
was believed to be a more reliable method than that of dipping an
ordinary thermometer into a pail of water on deck, for the temper-
ature of such water might change appreciably before the reading could
be made.

(4) A water sample from the bottom was taken by means of an
Ekman reversing water bottle. This instrument has been fully de-
seribed by its inventor (Ekman, 1905a), and no further account of it
is required here. Two of these instruments were made for the ‘‘ Alba-
tross’’ by Mr. Valdemar Arntzen, expert mechanic of the University
of California.

Both surface and bottom waters were preserved in snap-top pint
bottles, having a porcelain stopper and rubber ring. The kind used
were those known to the trade as ‘‘citrate of magnesia bottles.’’ They
were thoroughly washed with sea water before use.

(5) The bottom temperature was determined by means of two
Negretti-Zambra thermometers, mounted in the frame of an Ekman
water bottle, and reversing with this. The mean of the two readings
has been employed by us in our computations. The instruments were
left at the bottom for ten minutes.

The thermometers used were all standardized, and the proper
corrections have been applied to the readings. Although the scale,
in our instruments, was comparatively short, our readings are be-
lieved to have been aecurate to within one-tenth of one degree Fahren-
heit.2. Amid differences of such magnitude as were found in San
Francisco Bay, errors of smaller extent are believed to be negligible.

(6) Air temperatures were not taken by the scientific staff, since
they were recorded at hourly intervals on the ‘‘ Albatross”’
to custom, by the ship’s quartermasters. The thermometers used for
this purpose have not been carefully tested, but they are believed to
be accurate to within a half degree F. A greater source of error is

, according

undoubtedly the heat from the ship’s furnaces, which must, at times,
have a considerable effect upon the recorded air temperature. For
this and other reasons little use has been made by us of these figures.

2 Unfortunately the instruments all bore the Fahrenheit scale, but the centi-
grade equivalents are given in the tables.

14 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14

(7) The velocity of the tidal current was ascertained with a Price
current meter,’ which was suspended from the port or starboard
gangway, at a distance of four or five feet from the ship’s side. It
was immersed to a depth of only two or three feet beneath the water’s
surface. This useful instrument is represented in plate 11, which is
reproduced by the courtesy of the manufacturers, Messrs. W. and
L. E. Gurley, of Troy, New York. The revolutions of the wheel,
which is construeted much like that of an anemometer, produce clicks
which are communicated to the ear by means of a telephone receiver.
From the number of clicks in a given interval (determined by a stop-
watch) the velocity of the stream in feet per second can be readily
ascertained by reference to a table.

The instrument now owned by the ‘‘ Albatross’’ was tested by the
Bureau of Standards. The tests of the latter were, however, made
in fresh water. For strict accuracy, it would be necessary to apply
a correction, owing to the higher viscosity of sea water. The extent
of this error is not even approximately known.

(8) Tow-net hauls were made according to the system described
above (pp. 7 and 8).

(9) During two of the bi-monthly periods samples of the bottom
material for quantitative studies were taken by means of a special
apparatus, at all of the hydrographic stations of the regular series,
except at a very few where the bottom was too hard to allow of a
sufficient penetration by the instrument. Samples of the same sort
were obtained at a number of stations which did not belong to the
regular hydrographie series.

As above stated, portions of the bottom material, brought up by
the dredge, were preserved at nearly all of the dredging stations, but
these were not adapted to revealing certain important features of the
bottom of the bay. It was regarded as an important requirement to
obtain cylindrical samples or cores, extending into the mud or sand
as deeply as possible and preserving whatever stratification might
exist there.

Two instruments of somewhat different type were tried for the
purpose. The first was the Ekman (1905b) bottom sampler, one of
which was constructed for us by Mr. Arntzen. A rather extensive
trial of this apparatus was made, and bottom samples were taken at

3 Our thanks are due to Mr. H. D, MeGlashan, of the United States Geolog-
ieal Survey, Water Resources Division, for the loan of one of these instruments
during the second of our periods of observation. Later one was purchased for
the vessel.

1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay 15

a considerable number of hydrographic stations. But the Ekman
sampler was found to have two rather fundamental defects, which
rendered it inadequate for the purposes of the work in hand.

In the first place, the stationary weight is placed altogether too
high, so that the center of gravity is actually above the midpoint in
the length of the instrument. As a consequence, the latter could not
be depended upon to maintain its vertical position throughout the
course of the descent. In the fairly swift currents of this bay it was
found that the lower end of the tube began to veer as soon as it
entered the water, and undoubtedly it struck the bottom at a consid-
erable angle in most cases.

In the second place, the pair of jaws which are intended to meet
below the cutting edge of the tube, and prevent the escape of the mud,
frequently failed to work, and the sample was partly or wholly lost.
This was due to the very slight leverage exerted on these jaws by
the pressure of the movable weight. The force was found to be
searcely more than sufficient, even when the latter fell the entire
length of the tube, and brought to bear a considerable impact upon
the basal ends of the jaws. But commonly no great impact was
exerted, owing to the tube’s being buried in the mud before the release
of the weight. Thus the only force brought to bear on the jaws was
oftentimes the mere pressure of the movable weight, after the with-
drawal of the apparatus from the bottom. And it may be added that
the clogging effects of the mud not infrequently prevented the ‘‘mov-
able’’ weight from falling at all.

A considerable number of samples were none the less taken with
the Ekman instrument, though these were, on the average, much
shorter than those taken with the apparatus soon to be described.
At the suggestion of Professor Kofoid, pasteboard tubes were used
in the Ekman sampler, certain minor modifications in the latter being
necessary as a consequence. The pasteboard tube, with its enclosed
mud, could be removed entire, and corked at both ends. This ex-
tremely practicable idea was likewise adapted to the improved instru-
ment which was later used.

In view of the inadequacy of the Ekman sampling apparatus, and
the importance of obtaining mud samples of the greatest possible
depth, considerable thought was devoted to this matter by the scien-
tifie staff of the ‘‘Albatross’’, and by Professor Kofoid and others.
The problem was placed in the hands of Mr. Valdemar Arntzen, ex-
pert mechanic of the University of California, who designed and

16 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14

made the apparatus finally adopted, and himself contributed a number
of its distinguishing features. f

This instrument avoids the two principal defects of the Ekman
apparatus: (1) the undue raising of the center of gravity, owing to
the concentration of weight at an elevated point, and (2) the insuffi-
cient mechanism for closing the lower end of the tube, after the
entrance of the bottom material. The former result is attained by
distributing the weight uniformly from a level not far above that of
the lower end of the tube for a distance of 4 feet 6 inches (137 em.)
along the latter. The shutting in of the tube contents at the lower
end is insured by a special valve whose structure and mode of oper-
ation will be deseribed shortly. Many of the features of our appar-
atus have obviously been borrowed from that of Ekman.

This improved instrument has been named the ‘‘ ‘ Albatross’

>

30ttom-sampling Apparatus.’’ The chief features of its construction
are shown in plates 12 and 13. Two examples, differing slightly in
construction, have been manufactured for the use of the ‘* Albatross’’.
The first of these, after being used very successfully in San Francisco
Bay, was sent to the Fisheries steamer ‘‘ Fish Hawk,’’ for use in the
Gulf of Mexico. The second differs from this chiefly in the length
of the upper rod or stem (Stm), which is shorter and thicker in the
later pattern. This change was made owing to the tendency of this
rod to bend under the influence of the powerful lateral strain to which
it was frequently subjected in being hauled out of the mud.

The length of the second model is 9 feet 3 inches over all (282 em.),
that of the first one being somewhat greater than this. The length
of the inner tube, between the upper and lower valves (and thus the
maximum length of the samples taken), is slightly less than 6 feet
(180 em.). The total weight of the apparatus is 154 pounds (70 kilo-
erams) for the first model, or 175 pounds (79.5 kilograms) for the
second. With the exception of the lead filling, the instrument is
constructed wholly of brass and bronze.

The Albatross sampling apparatus is divisible at the flanges (F1.)
into two leneths, which are uncoupled by loosening the wing-nuts.

+The application of this particular type of valve is Mr. Arntzen’s chief
contribution to the instrument, and upon it, in large measure, depends the
success of the latter. His originality in this invention is in no wise lessened by
the faet that a somewhat similar arrangement had already been employed by
the Prince of Monaco, since this fact was overlooked until the completion of
our own instrument. (See Richard, 1900, pp. 13 to 16, figs. 8, 4, 5.) The valve
there deseribed is only roughly comparable with our own, however, and other-
wise the two instruments have little in common.

1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay 7

The upper portion consists of a heavy brass tube (Up. T.), termin-

ce

ating in the “‘stirrup’’ (Str.), which bears the release lugs (FR. L.) and
the upper valve (Up. V.) This tube contains a heavy sliding rod of
bronze (Stm.), terminating above in a ring or eye (fg.), to which the
rope or cable is fastened, and below in a transverse bar, the “‘trip bar”?
(7. B.), to which is attached the upper section of the long, slender brass
rod that operates the lower valve.

The lower portion of the apparatus consists of an inner and outer
brass tube, between which is a layer of lead, giving the required
weight. Within the lead, on one side, is a third tube of small diam-
eter, through which passes the lower section of the slender brass rod,
above referred to, which connects the trip bar with the lower valve.

The inner brass tube has an internal diameter of two inches (51
mm.). When in use it contains a closely fitting tube of pasteboard,
which has previously been thoroughly soaked in melted paraffin. A
new pasteboard tube is, of course, inserted with each use of the
apparatus. This tube is held in position at each end by an annular
ledge or seat. The lower of these ledges (pl. 13, LZ.) lies just above
the lower valve, the upper one is situated just below the upper valve.
The upper ledge is borne on a threaded ring, which may be adjusted
up or down, in accordance with the exact length of the pasteboard tube.

The insertion and removal of the pasteboard tubes necessitates the
uncoupling of the apparatus at the flanges. After removal the tube
is cut down to the exact length of the sample taken, and a paraffined
cork is inserted at each end. This first pasteboard tube is then in-
serted into a slightly larger one for the sake of greater rigidity, and
enough melted paraffin is poured into each end to cover the corks
sufficiently.

The outer brass tube has an external diameter of 35¢ inches (92
mm.). This tube, with its lead filling, extends upward for a distance
of 54 inches (137 em.). At its lower end is the “‘valve-housing’’
(V. H.), which contains a valve (V.) like that of an ordinary faucet.
When open, this is transversed by an aperture which is 134 inches
(44 mm.) in diameter and is of uniform calibre above and _ below,
without offering any rough edges or other obstacles to the passage of
the mud. The pasteboard tubes likewise have this same internal
diameter.

The valve-housing tapers toward the bottom, terminating in a
detachable ‘‘shoe’’ (Sh.) bearing a cutting edge for penetrating the
mud.

18 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vor. 14

When the apparatus is to be used, the upper rod or stem is pushed
down. The lugs are rotated inward (against the force of spiral springs
in their interior), so that they come to lie above the transverse bar
and block its ascent to the upper limit of the stirrup. When lifted
by the ring or eye at the top, the weight of the apparatus is thus
thrown upon the stirrup, but no pull is exerted upon the slender rod
controlling the lower valve.

In our work, the apparatus is dropped freely from a distance of
some feet above the water line, the rope being allowed to run out with-
out hindrance. Upon reaching the bottom the upper sliding rod falls
of its own weight, carrying with it the transverse bar and releasing
the lugs, which assume their original positions. When the line is
reeled in this rod and bar are now free to slide upward as far as the
stirrup will allow. In so doing the slender rod is drawn up, thus
closing the lower valve. This slender rod is made in two pieces, which
are connected by a temporary link of copper wire (pl. 12, fig. 15) just
below the flanges. The object of the latter arrangement is to save
the valve from damage, in ease it is prevented from closing by the
presence of a stone or large shell. In that ease the whole weight of
the instrument (plus the force required to extricate it from the mud)
is thrown upon the wire link, which breaks and relieves the valve of
further strain. Ordinarily, one thickness of no. 14 (American gauge)
copper wire has been used for making this link.

The upper valve allows the water to escape from the tube during
the descent of the apparatus, while preventing its entrance during
ascent. The lower valve prevents the escape of the mud during the
ascent, though it has sometimes failed to close completely when the
wire link was too long. Its complete closure is not, however, necessary
in tenacious mud, provided that the upper valve functions properly.

This apparatus cannot be used except upon bottoms of mud or of
fine sand. The cutting edge at the lower edge is naturally blunted
and dented by striking stones, and for this reason extra parts are
necessary. Shells, however, are frequently found to be cut rather
smoothly, even the comparatively thick shell of the native oyster
(Ostrea lurida) having, on oceasions, been stamped out as if by a
punch. In general, the depth to which the tube penetrates is inversely
proportional to amount of sand, shells or other matter contained in
the mud. In perfectly clear mud, such as that found near the southern
end of San Francisco Bay, perfect samples 180 em. in length (1.e., up
to the capacity of the apparatus) were taken on a number of occasions.

1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay 19

Since on these bottoms the instrument buried itself in the mud far
beyond the upper valve, it is certain that much longer samples could
have been taken had the length of the tube been greater.

These various water and bottom samples taken during the field
work were preserved for subsequent laboratory study on shore. The
methods followed in the treatment of these will be discussed at length
in a later section of this report.

Some months after the preparation of the present report, it was
found possible to test the Albatross sampler in comparatively deep
water. The trial was made on April 6, 1914, about 13 miles southwest
of Farallon Light, at a depth of 815 fathoms. The instrument was
lowered twice, a bottom sample being taken in each case. The longer
of these was nearly 3 feet (86 em.) long, the other being about 6
inches shorter.

III. DIMENSIONS, AREA, AND VOLUME OF
SAN FRANCISCO BAY

Those unfamiliar with the general geographical features of San
Francisco Bay will find these indicated in plate 1. This bay extends
in a direction roughly parallel to the coast line, i.e., from north-by-
west to south-by-east, and lies between latitude 37° 25’ and 38° 10’ N.
At a point considerably nearer the northern than the southern end
it communicates with the Pacific Ocean through a strait, the Golden
Gate, which has a minimum width of less than one nautical mile.

Exact figures respecting the linear dimensions and area of this
bay are difficult to give, since the limits of an irregular body of water,
surrounded by marshes and prolonged into estuaries, must necessarily
be chosen rather arbitrarily. Throughout the present paper the name
“‘San Francisco Bay’’ will be applied to the entire sheet of water,
extending from the mouth of Sonoma Creek at the extreme northern
end to the mouth of the so-called ‘‘Coyote River’’ at the extreme
southern. We ean find no valid reason, either geographic or hydro-
eraphie, for treating San Pablo Bay as an independent body of water.

As thus defined, San Francisco Bay has a length of about 45
nautical miles, or 52 statute miles (83 kilometers), measured along a
straight line between the points above mentioned. By water the dis-
tance between these points would, of course, be considerably greater

20 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14

than this. The maximum width of the bay is rather more than 10
nautical miles (16 kilometers).

As regards area, the figures employed in the present report were
obtained by dissecting Coast and Geodetic Survey Chart No. 5530
and carefully weighing the amount of paper covered by the bay as a
whole, as well as by the various regions which it was desired to treat
separately. The weight of a unit area was determined from that of
a large rectangle, occupying a given number of degrees of latitude
and longitude.® Two separate charts were used for these determina-
tions, and the mean of the two sets of figures were employed.

Carquinez Strait and Suisun Bay were naturally omitted from the
area computed, this last being regarded as terminating at a line drawn
from Mare Island Light to Selby. At its lower end the bay was
considered as extending to the level of Beacon No. 11, at the mouth of
““Coyote River.’’ The Golden Gate was included, as far out as a line
drawn from Point Bonita to Mile Rock, this being the limit recognized
by the Coast and Geodetic Survey. The areas covered by the various
islands were, of course, deducted from the total, while salt marshes
and estuaries were likewise excluded.

The following figures are the outcome of these determinations.
The miles here intended are statute miles (1 square mile = 2.59 square
kilometers ).

TABLE 1
1. Total Surface Covered at High Tide

Square miles Percentage

San Francisco Bay, in narrow sense .....-......------.- 287.7 71.9
Sam Pablo anys cc2c:22. cic ecccee reper eee eee 112.3 28.1
Total area of San Francisco Bay?.................... 400.0 100.0

2. Areas Covered by Water of Various Depths
Square miles Percentage

Area exposed at low tide ....-.------------ccecsereceecscenoee 54.2 13.6
From last zone to 3-fathom line --.............-....- 226.0 56.5
Between 3- and 5-fathom lines -............ oe 45.9 11.5
Meeper) than’ deta toms ecesee eee eee ereren 73.5 18.4

"Potall: avecs.e.te sesc ops capes er 399.6 100.0

5 The value in square miles of an area 30’ square, at the mean latitude of
San Francisco Bay, was found by reference to the Smithsonian Geographical
Tables.

6 The figures obtained from the two charts upon which these figures are
based were 397.4 and 402.7 respectively. A third chart, which was treated
somewhat less carefully, gave an area of about 397 square miles.

1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay 21

According to other estimates, the total area of San Francisco Bay
is somewhat greater than is here stated. Thus Professor George Dav-
idson, according to some manuscript notes, placed at our disposal by
Professor Holway, calculated this as 435 square miles, while McAdie
(1913) gives 420 square miles. These differences are probably due
to the inclusion in the other estimates of salt marshes or estuaries
which have been excluded in our computations.

Tt is evident that, throughout the greater part of its extent, San
Francisco Bay is a very shallow body of water. Seventy per cent
of its area is less than three fathoms (5.5 meters) deep, while more
than 80 per cent is less than five fathoms (9 meters) deep. In ex-
tensive regions within the upper and lower sections of the bay navi-
gable water is confined to a comparatively narrow central channel,

Considerable depths occur, however, in the middle section of the
bay, nearest to the Golden Gate. Thus depths of from 25 to 30 fath-
oms are reached between Angel and Aleatraz islands, while 36 fathoms
(66 meters) are recorded at either end of Raccoon Strait, and 63
fathoms (115 meters) in the narrower part of the Golden Gate. The
great depth of these straits is plainly due to the scouring action of
the tidal currents. Outside the Golden Gate the water rapidly be-
comes shallow again, soundings of only five fathoms being encoun-
tered at a distance of about five miles off shore. Here we find an
elongated curved shoal, known as ‘‘The Bar,’’ surrounding the outer
entrance to the Golden Gate, throughout an are of about 270°.

The mean depth of San Francisco Bay at mean low tide has been
computed according to the following method: It has been seen above
that the area comprised between the three-fathom line and the zone
exposed at low tide is 226.0 square miles. Since the depth throughout
this area may be supposed to be graduated fairly uniformly from 0
to 3 fathoms, a mean depth of 114 fathoms (= 9 feet) may be fairly
assumed.

There are, as has been shown, 119.4 square miles of water having
a depth greater than three fathoms. In order to determine the mean
depth of these portions of the bay, they were divided on the chart
(C. and G. S. chart No. 5530) into small rectangles of an arbitrary
size.” The mean of the published soundings within each rectangle
was obtained, and then the average of these various averages was

7 These rectangles, 204 in number, covered 1 minute of latitude, and were
1 em. in width. Partial (marginal) rectangles were included in the compu-

tations, provided that over half of their area was occupied by water more than
three fathoms deep.

22 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14

found. As thus computed, the mean depth of the bay, beyond the
three-fathom line, was 8.10 fathoms, or 48.6 feet at low tide. From
this average and that for the shoal water zone, the mean for the entire
bay may readily be computed. This is found to be 22.7 feet (6.9
meters) .§

It is of interest to determine, if only approximately, the volume
of water in San Francisco Bay. As just shown, 226 square miles
(= 144,640 acres) have a mean depth of 9 feet at low tide. This
gives us 1,301,760 acre-feet as the volume of water in this shallower
zone. The deeper portions of the bay comprise 119.4 square miles
(= 76,416 acres), having a mean depth of 48.6 feet. These deeper
portions thus contain 3,713,818 acre-feet. The total volume of the
bay at mean low tide is, according to this computation, 5,015,578 aecre-
feet (6,187,000,000 cubic meters). The amount of water present at
high tide is greater than this by 1,077,568,° i.e., there are 6,093,146
acre-feet (7,516,000,000 cubic meters) of water present at mean high
tide.

For certain purposes which will be discussed later, the bay as a
whole has been divided into four quite unequal segments. The first
of these includes San Pablo Bay, which is bounded below by a line
passing from Point San Pablo to Point San Pedro. The second
division extends from the latter line to one drawn from Bluff Point
(Raecoon Strait) to Point Richmond. The third division extends
from the preceding to a line through the Ferry Building and Goat
Island Light. Finally, the fourth division extends from the latter
line to the lower end of the bay.

The mean depths of these divisions are as follows:

1. 7.4 fathoms
2. 8.7 fathoms
3. 14.8 fathoms
4. 7.8 fathoms

The percentages of water by volume, at low tide, are as follows:

. 17 per cent
. 10 per cent
. 36 per cent
. 37 per cent

HR oo DO

8 This system is obviously a more exact one than that of taking a simple
average of all recorded soundings for the bay. Since these soundings are much
more closely grouped in the deeper parts of the bay than in the shoaler ones,
the resulting figure would undoubtedly be too high.

2 Derived as follows: There are 221,056 acres of water in the bay below the
low-tide line. The mean tidal range being 4.52 feet, we have, for this area, a
mean addition of 999,173 acre feet. There are, between high and low water
mark, 34,688 acres. Here we may assume a mean depth, at high tide, of 2.26
feet, and thus a volume of 78,395 acre feet. The sum is 1,077,568 acre feet.

1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay Di

The first of the foregoing segments is that referred to as the
““apper’” in the list of dredging stations (see Appendix I) ; the second
and third together form the division referred to as the ‘‘middle’’ one;
while the fourth is there referred to as the ‘‘lower’’ one. The second,
third, and fourth segments form ‘‘San Francisco Bay’’ in the nar-
rower sense in which the term is frequently used.

?

No streams of any considerable size discharge into San Francisco
Bay, except near its upper end (San Pablo Bay), where the combined
waters of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers enter through
Carquinez Strait. Many of the numerous estuaries receive the drain-
age of small creeks, which are, for the most part, dry or nearly so,
throughout the long summer period. The extent of the discharge of
fresh water into San Francisco Bay will be discussed at another point.

IV. TIDAL RANGE AND CURRENT VELOCITY

The vertical range of the tides at twenty-eight points within San
Francisco Bay (ineluding San Pablo Bay) is given in the ‘‘Tide
Tables’’ of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. The mean
range for the mean tides, at all of these stations, is 4.49 feet (1.37
meters). These stations are not, however, uniformly distributed
throughout the bay, an undue proportion of them being located in
the more central region, near the large cities. Nine of these stations
have therefore been selected, at approximately equal distances from
one another, as representative of the tidal range in the bay as a whole.
The figures are presented herewith:

TABLE 2
RANGE OF TIDE, IN FEET, AT NINE PoINTS IN SAN FRANCISCO Bay

(Figures from Tide Tables of U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1913)

Locality Mean Spring Neap
LONG ot) 2 ek ee 3.9 4.8 3.0
TEX DAWA: Se YANSEEMG US 0) a eae eee ee eS 4.6 5.6 8)
PROD ers Speen LN ee eee ceca eae nce ance osneeseseces 3.3 4.0 2.5
Saree Mateo mE Oi tases reese eee Del 6.2 3.9
Redwood City Creek, entrance .............. 6.1 7.4 4.7
IWVeSt IB CLKel Ory, eetectecerge soeseotowehssesewsseeeseees 4.3 5.2 3.4
Tetostiahy Skat, OPE y a ON aoe eee ae 4.1 4.9 3.2
Petaluma PB Ouniti es sereescese eee eee ees - 4.5 5.4 3.5
Mier emisNebrn QusTa ig tit s22e save nectesrecceseen een oaes 4.8 5.6 Bil

OVE ari tee oats niet n= sas See ee Saree 4.52 5.46 3.49

24 University of Califorma Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14

As judged by the foregoing table, the mean tidal range throughout
San Francisco Bay, for the month as a whole, is 4.52 feet (1.38 meters).
This range varies from 3.49 feet (mean of the neap tides) to 5.46 feet
(mean of the spring tides). These figures are based upon the semi-
daily range, i.e., the difference of level between succeeding high and
low tides. The spring ranges represent the greatest semidaily ranges
for the month, the neap ranges the least semi-daily ranges for the
month.

The figures above given are, however, averages, based upon numer-
ous measurements. For a given station, the actual difference between
the greatest and the smallest tide occurring in the course of a year
would be very much greater than this table would indicate. Thus
at Fort Point, in the Golden Gate, ranges as low as 0.4 foot and as
high as 7.8 feet occur. Furthermore, it must be borne in mind that
these are predicted rather than observed ranges, and that they take
no account of temporary conditions, such as the state of the wind or
the rate of discharge of the rivers. Thus the actual extremes may be
even greater than those just given.

A computation, based upon twenty-four entire days, taken at equal
intervals, throughout the year 1912,?° gives us the mean length of the
period between low and high water as 6 hours 19 minutes, and the
mean length of the interval between high and low water as 6 hours
7 minutes. It must be stated, however, that on any given day no such
approximate equality is commonly maintained between the period of
rising and of falling tide. Either phase may be in excess. Indeed,
one phase may last more than twice as long as the other.

These periods must not be confused with the periods of the ‘‘flood’’
and ‘‘ebb’’ currents, respectively. As is well known, the time of high
or of low water may not correspond at all to the time at which the
direction of the tidal current is reversed. We read in the United States
**Coast Pilot’’? (1909) that ‘‘the ebb current runs out much longer
than the flood runs in through the entrance to San Francisco Bay’’
(p. 74).

It has already been shown that during the mean ebb tide about
1,077,600 acre-feet of water pass out of San Francisco Bay, or about
17.7 per cent of the volume present at the time of high water.*t This

10 This computation is based upon the figures given in the ‘‘Tide Tables.’’

The twenty-four hour period commencing with the first change of tide on the
first and fifteenth day of each month was taken.

11JIn this computation it has been assumed that the various parts of the bay
reach high water mark simultaneously. This is not quite true, since high tide

1914} Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay 25

figure may seem surprisingly large in view of the slight width of the
communication between the bay and the ocean. But it is an inevitable
deduction from the known facts regarding the area of the bay and
the range of the tide. Moreover, a rough computation of the sectional
area of the stream passing through the Golden Gate shows us that no
very swift currents need be assumed in order to account for the dis-
charge of this vast volume of water.

Assuming the width of the narrowest part of this strait to be one
statute mile (1.6 kilometers), and the mean depth along this line to
be 168 feet (51.24 meters), we have a sectional area of 887,040 square
feet, or about 20 acres (8.1 hectares). To allow of the passage of
1,077,600 acre-feet (one and one-third billion cubie meters) of water
within a period of six hours, we need only assume a mean sectional
velocity, during this period, of 1.5 nautical miles (2.7 kilometers)
per hour. Now we are told in the ‘‘Coast Pilot’’ that ‘‘in the Golden
Gate on the ebb during spring tide a maximum velocity of 6 to 7
miles per hour has been observed.’’? These last, of course, are maxi-
mum figures, not average ones, and, furthermore, they are based on
surface measurements, and do not represent the mean sectional velocity,
which would be considerably less.

No measurements of current velocity were made in the Golden Gate
itself during the present survey. It may be worth while, however,
to give the results of two series of observations, each extending through-
out approximately one complete tidal cycle (about twelve hours), which
were made at no great distance within the Golden Gate, and directly
in the path of a strong current. At the points chosen, the stream
was considerably wider than in the Golden Gate, but the depth was
much less. Hence the current velocity was perhaps not much reduced.

On the first of these occasions (station 5128, see Table 10 and text
figs. F and R), the mean current velocity indicated during the flood
period was 1.66 knots (nautical miles) per hour, the maximum rate
being 2.63. During the ebb period, the mean velocity obtained was
1.51 knots, the maximum being 2.23. It will be shown shortly that
the ebb currents are, on the average, swifter than the flood currents.
The exceptional condition here found resulted doubtless from the
relative extent of the rise and fall during this particular period.
During the first flood phase for the day, according to the ‘‘Tide
Tables,’’ the water rose 4.1 feet at Fort Point, while it fell only 2.5
feet during the succeeding ebb.

occurs at Redwood City 56 minutes later than at San Francisco, and at Mare
Island 1%4 hours later than at San Francisco.

26 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14

On the second of these occasions (station 5329), the mean flood
current (first flood of day) was 1.09 knots per hour, the mean ebb
current being 0.96 knot. Here, again, the ebb current was of lower
average velocity, and for the same reason. The flood stream brought
a rise of 5.6 feet, the ebb a fall of only 1.3 feet.

It may be worth while here to refer to a series of tidal observations
made in the strait connecting San Pablo Bay with the main body of
San Francisco Bay (station 5330). Here, on July 21, 1913, the flood
current had a mean velocity of 1.28 knots. The observations were not
continued through the ebb period.

The observations upon current velocity, during the present survey,
were for the most part incidental to the study of other problems.
Originally, they were made for the purpose of determining the stage
of the tidal flow, in its relations to the temperature and salinity ob-
servations and to the occurrence of plankton. The value of these
figures is consequently somewhat limited.

The current-meter readings were made only during the second,
fourth, and fifth of the bimonthly periods, and a part of the sixth.
They do not, therefore, cover the entire year. Again, our mode of
procedure was not calculated to determine the mean rate of flow at
the various stations. As stated above (p. 12), operations on any
given date were commenced shortly after the turn of the tide, and
the stations of each section of the bay were worked in a definite order.
Thus stations at the beginning of the series would show an (appar-
ently) lower current velocity than those which were reached later in
the tidal eyele. As has already been stated, the meter was suspended
from one of the gangways, at a distance of only four or five feet from
the ship’s side, so that unless the vessel were exactly lined up with
the current the rate of flow past the instrument must have been inter-
fered with somewhat.

Nevertheless, the following figures seem worth presenting, since
they are based on 142 observations which were probably as accurate
as the methods would permit. There are here included only the figures
derived from the regular stations during the second, fourth, and fifth
periods.

The average of the readings for the ebb current was 1.68 knots
(3.12 kilometers) per hour, the maximum figure (at station 5082)
being 3.03 knots. The average of all the flood readings was 1.19 knots
(2.21 kilometers), the maximum (at station 5112) being 2.90.

1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay 27

As regards seasonal variations, the following figures are offered :
2nd period 4th period 5th period
(April—May ) (October) (Nov.—Dec.)
10} 0) Npeeceerr ee sete 1.72 1.62 1.61
I foyey ll eee 1.27 1.33 0.93

The differences here shown may have been due either to differences
in the range of the tide during the period of observation, or to dif-
ferences in the amount of fresh water coming from the rivers. The
distinctly higher averages for the ebb current are probably due to
the latter influence. In the ‘‘Coast Pilot,’ p. 74, we read: ‘‘At
periods of great freshets in the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers
there have been instances of very slight surface current, or none at
all, on the small flood in the Golden Gate.’’

The rate of the tidal current in a given locality may have an
important effect upon the occurrence of various sedentary organ-
isms. The powerful streams passing through Raccoon Strait and the
Golden Gate prevent the accumulation of mud or fine sand, and thus
are responsible for the stony or gravelly bottoms which prevail there.
On the other hand, fixed or slow-moving organisms are largely de-
pendent for their food upon particles which are passively brought to
them in the tidal currents. It is perhaps worth while to devote a few
moments to computing the mean rate of tidal flow over the bottom of
San Franciseo Bay as a whole.

The mean current velocity, as derived from the above discussed
observations at the regular stations, was about 1.4 knot per hour. It
must be recalled, however, that the meter was placed but a few feet
below the surface. This is about the level at which the maximum rate
of flow is found. As the bottom is approached the effect of friction
increases, until just above the bottom the rate must be very materially
reduced. Now it is evidently this reduced rate of flow at the bottom
which conditions the supply of food and oxygen for the various organ-
isms of the benthos.

It must also be borne in mind that our current readings in the
northern and southern sections of the bay were all made in the navi-
gable waters of the central channels. where the currents were naturally
swifter than in the marginal shoal regions. Another circumstance
which has doubtless contributed toward giving us too high a mean
figure for the current velocity throughout the bay is the fact that no
readings were taken during the period of slack water. The meter was
used only during times of visible flow.

28 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14

Allowing for all of these circumstances, we may make an estimate
(which has no claim to exactness), and say that the mean rate of
water flow for all phases of the tide, over the entire bottom of San
Francisco Bay, is between two-thirds and three-quarters of a knot
per hour. As regards the surface and intermediate layers, the rate
is doubtless somewhat higher than this, perhaps reaching a mean rate
of one knot per hour.

V. TEMPERATURE

Tables 3 to 8 give the water temperatures recorded for each station
of the regular series at each of the six bimonthly periods during which
our observations were made. The instruments used all bore the Fahr-
enheit scale, but the centigrade equivalents have likewise been included
in the tables.

The air temperatures, as already stated, were not recorded by the
scientific staff, but they have been supplied from the ship’s log-book.
It can hardly be doubted that the thermometers used for this purpose
were at times considerably influenced by the heat from the furnaces,
so that no great importance can be attributed to these figures. More-
over, those air temperatures only have been included in the tables
which were recorded at approximately the same time as the water
temperatures. Thus the figures are for the daytime only. They do
not fairly represent the mean condition for the twenty-four hours,
but are considerably higher than this. For water temperatures, the
diurnal variations are of course comparatively slight, and they may
be left out of consideration in our discussions.

The ‘‘surface’’ figure for a given station at a given period is the
mean of the surface figure recorded during the flood-tide observations
and that recorded during the ebb-tide observations. Similarly, the
““bottom’’ figure is the mean of the ebb and flood figures for the
bottom.

The ‘‘flood’’ figure for each station is the mean of the surface and
bottom figures for the flood tide, the ‘‘ebb’’ figure being the mean of
the surface and bottom figures for the ebb tide.

The mean figure for each station for a given period is the mean
of the surface and bottom means for that station and period. The
mean of the flood and ebb figures would commonly have given the
same result, though exceptions would have occurred, owing to the
occasional omission of a record at one or the other phase of the tide.

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1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay 35

Each of the foregoing tables likewise gives the mean figures for
the bay as a whole during the period in question, viz., the means for
surface and bottom temperatures, those for flood and ebb, and finally
the grand average for the period. These means for the bay as a whcle
are not simple averages, such as would result from adding up the
figures in the various vertical columns and dividing each sum by the
number of stations. Instead of this, the average for each of the four
groups of stations (see p. 22) has first been obtained. Each of these
averages has then been multiplied by the figure representing the per-
centage of the total water of the bay contained in the section in
question. Finally, these products have been added and divided by 100.

Such a “
mean temperature of the bay as a whole than the simple mean of all
the station figures would have done.

Table 9 gives the yearly average for each station and for the bay
asa whole. The surface figure for each station was obtained as follows:
The mean of the surface temperatures for all the periods was com-
puted separately for the ebb and flood tides. The mean of the two
resulting figures is that which has been employed in the table for the
year. The same procedure was followed in computing the bottom
figures in this table.

The flood and ebb figures were similarly obtained, each representing
the mean of the surface and bottom figures for the corresponding
phase of the tide. Since the object of presenting the flood and ebb
figures separately is to permit of a comparison between the two, these
figures have been omitted in the case of those stations for which the
observations at one or the other phase of the tide were not complete.**

For the station means, the surface and bottom figures of this table
have been averaged as in the preceding cases. In averaging the various
station figures to obtain the grand averages for the bay as a whole,
the same method has been employed as has already been described for
tables 3 to 8.

?

weighted’? mean obviously represents more fairly the

12 Viz., when for a given station the flood or ebb figure was lacking for one
or more of the periods. Suppose, for example, that the flood figure, but not
that for the ebb, were available for the season of highest temperature. The
mean temperature for the flood observations would be unduly high, as com-
pared with that for the ebb observations. Erroneous conclusions might readily
be drawn. This is a type of error against which it has been constantly necessary
to guard.

[ Vou. 14

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1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay 3

Herewith are the averages for surface and bottom considered sep-
arately for each phase of the tide:

Flood Ebb
Surface Bottom Surface 3ottom
‘ or ~\ = =) ia : ~
Fahr. Cent. Fahr. Cent. Fahr. Cent. Fahr, Cent.
55.974 13.819 55.477 13.048 55.112 12.840 54.574 12.541

The various local and seasonal differences in these tables have been
represented graphically in a series of charts (pl. 3 and text figs. A-K)
which will next be considered.

In plate 3 the mean annual temperature, based upon the six periods
of observation, is indicated for each station. Since the surface and
bottom temperatures were taken in each ease, and the stations were
visited both at flood and ebb tide, each station mean is normally based
upon twenty-four observations.

It will be seen that the highest mean temperatures for the year
were found at the southernmost group of stations, the next highest
temperatures being in San Pablo Bay. The lowest mean temperatures
for the year are in the vicinity of the Golden Gate.

In figure A, the same data are represented in the form of a curve.
The stations are arranged along the horizontal axis, at distances pro-
portionate to their relative positions in the bay, while the temperatures
are indicated on the vertical axis.

The differences shown by the last two charts are obviously not
creat, all of the figures lying between 1220 and 13°28 C (53°6 and
5629 F). From the biological standpoint, moreover, it is likely that
these annual temperature averages have little significance. Important
differences in the temperature conditions of different parts of the
bay are largely effaced in the process of averaging, as will appear
from a glance at the next chart (fig. B) showing a separate curve for
each of the bimonthly periods.

In the curve for the first period of our observations (February
13 to 27, 1912) it will be seen that the bay was at a strikingly uniform
temperature level throughout its entire length. The extremes are
11°76 C off San Francisco and 12°56 C off Angel Island, the total
range being only 0°8 C.

Passing to the next period (April 23 to May 6), local temperature
differences begin to manifest themselves. At each end of the bay the
water is now appreciably warmer than in the neighborhood of the

[ Vou. 14

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39

Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay

1914]

ol:
iste Period IM (Wuly 22-31 i912) D

10:
TES Period IY (Oct. 7-12, 1912)
16
Ist
jag Period Il (Apr2s-Moy 6.1919
13k
Period I Fab.i3-
if i
tile ~Period W(Nov. 25-Dec:s. 1912)
lol
al
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23 § 3 gene eae 3 &§& &§ ss 3 3 os Sc esie es
2
E 2
wD to]
N Oo
§ i—
5 3
S &

Fig. B. Distribution of bay temperatures at each of the six periods of the hydrographie work.

S
o

Point San Mateo

40 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14

Golden Gate. While the water at the station nearest the latter (No.
4967) has actually become slightly cooler, that at the northern end
of the series (No. 4975) has risen 1°89 C, while that at the southern
end (No. 5001) has risen 2°15 C.

In the third period (July 22 to 31) the local differentiation has
greatly increased, the total temperature range throughout the bay
being over 5° C. As before. the coldest water lies in the vicinity of
the Golden Gate, although this has risen nearly 2° C sinee the last
observations. From the Golden Gate the temperature rises fairly
uniformly toward the upper and lower ends of the bay, where approxi-
mately the same temperatures are found.

In the fourth period (October 7 to 12) a general fall of temper-
ature has become evident, though the ends of the bay have cooled
more rapidly than the central region near the Golden Gate. The
latter waters remain, however, cooler than those farther removed from
the ocean, the greatest difference now amounting to 3°8 C.

In the fifth period (November 25 to December 5) we have for the
second time a high degree of uniformity throughout the waters of the
bay, the greatest difference recorded being 1°18 C.

Finally, in the sixth period of our observations (January 13 to 28,
1913), we behold an inversion of the summer temperature conditions.
The highest temperatures are found in the central region of the bay,
adjacent to the ocean, a downward gradient being manifest toward
either end. The differences are not as great, however, as at the warm-
est period of the year, the extremes being 6°04 and 9208 C. It is to
be noted, also, that the water is decidedly colder in the northern than
in the southern end of the bay. This is doubtless due to the lower
temperature of the water from the rivers, coming as it does from
regions where colder winter conditions prevail than in the coastal belt.

It has thus been found that, while the various parts of the bay
differ but slightly in their mean annual temperatures, they may differ
very considerably in the total range of temperature which they under-
go in the course of the annual cycle. The annual range for each
station of our series is depicted in figure C. The ordinates in this
chart represent not absolute figures, but the difference between the
lowest and highest annual temperature for each station. The tem-
peratures here considered are not the individual thermometer read-
ings, but the means of the four readings recorded for each period,
ie., those represented in the columns headed “‘mean of surface and
bottom’’ in Tables 3 to 8.

4]

rancisco Bay

7

sin San k

ion

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Physical C

Sumner, et al.

1914]

g s 5 e Boy FS be

ge g g g gz z CREE YEE

t=

Ss

‘=

nH Oo
Ce} -
N ho}
ee Oo
a 3
o [3]
oO oO

Fig. C. Seasonal range of temperature at each station. The ordinate for e
and lowest annual figure for that point.

Point San Moteo

Wee

We

Wore
oc
6c

ach point represents the difference between the highest

42 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14
y gy

The station having the smallest annual range of temperature is
that nearest the Golden Gate (No. 4967), where the difference between
the highest figure (at period III) and the lowest figure (at period VI)
was 4°92 C.

From this central region of the bay toward either end the magni-
tude of the annual temperature range increases fairly rapidly. It
is greatest at the mouth of the rivers (Carquinez Strait), where an
annual range of 12°65 C wes found. At the southernmost station of
the series (No. 5001) the range was found to be about 1.5 degrees less
than this (11°18 C).

Thus far, the charts have represented the regional distribution of
temperatures, the stations being arranged serially along the horizontal
axis. In the next two charts (figs. D and E), together with some
others which will follow, the mean conditions for the bay as a whole
are represented, the periods of work being arranged along the hori-
zontal axis.

Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. dan,

Fig. D. Annual temperature curves for entire bay. The continuous line
is based on surface figures, the broken line on bottom ones.

Figure D represents the temperature changes undergone in the
course of an annual cycle, so far as may be judged from the single
year covered by our principal series of observations (February, 1912,
to January, 1913). In this chart the surface and bottom conditions
have been depicted separately. The period of highest temperature
was in July, when a mean temperature (mean of surface and bottom)
of 16°68 C was obtained. The period of lowest temperature fell in
January, when the mean figure was 8°33 C. There was thus an
annual range, for the bay as a whole, of 8°35 C.

1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay 43

It is quite probable that these figures do not represent at all ex-
actly the average annual temperature cycle. In order to construct
eurves which would be really typical of the local temperature con-
ditions, it would be necessary to have data covering a considerable
number of years. In particular, the temperatures recorded during
January, 1913, are believed to be abnormally low, since the obser-
vations were made shortly after an exceptionally severe spell of cold
weather.

It must likewise be borne in mind that we are dealing with only
six periods of observation, separated by intervals of approximately
two months. The six points which are connected by any one of these
curves represent the mean temperatures for the respective periods
of observation, referred to the mean dates of these periods. It is
hardly probable that the time of highest water temperature for the
year fell exactly on July 26, nor that of lowest water temperature
on January 20. Indeed, the maximum and minimum points for this
year may have been several weeks removed from the dates shown on
our charts.

The relations of surface and bottom temperatures during the
different seasons are of interest. For the first of our periods (Feb-
ruary 13-27, 1912) the two are practically identical (12°23 and
12°21 C). During the next three periods of observation the mean
surface temperature is higher, the difference being greatest in July,
when the surface water was warmer, on the average, by 0°7 C. At
the fifth period of our observations (November 25—December 5), an
approximate equality is again reached, while at the sixth period
(January 13-28) the relation is reversed, the bottom water being
warmer by 0°22 C.

The higher surface temperatures during the summer months are
doubtless due to the absorption of solar heat by the superficial strata
of the water, the heat rays failing, in large part, to reach the bottom.
The lower specific gravity of this warm surface water retards its
mixture with the layers beneath.

In winter, when the radiation of heat from the water exceeds the
absorption of solar rays, it is natural that the superficial strata should
be cooled more rapidly than the underlying ones. But in this case
the surface cooling would give rise to convection currents, so that the
difference between surface and bottom temperatures would not be as
creat as during the summer months.

These differences between surface and bottom temperatures are

44 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14

perhaps also partially explainable by the influence of the overlying
air. The latter, during the summer months, commonly has a consid-
erably higher temperature than that of the water, while in winter this
condition is reversed, the water being warmer than the air.

Feb. Mor. Apr. May Jun. Jul Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.

Fig. E. Annual temperature curves for entire bay. The continuous line
is based on flood figures, the broken line on ebb ones.

Figure E, like the preceding one, represents the annual temper-
ature cycle, but in the present case the two curves show the conditions
during the flood and ebb tides respectively. It will be noted that the
flood figures, for all but one period, indicate higher temperatures than
do the ebb figures, and that in the single exceptional case the differ-
ence is insignificant. For the year as a whole, the mean of the flood
figures is nearly 0°5 C higher than for the ebb figures (Table 9).
Moreover, this relation is found to hold for each of the stations with-
out exception, and to hold for the surface water as well as for the
bottom water.

On first thought it would seem paradoxical that the water should
have a higher temperature during the flood tide than during the ebb.
The former water might be supposed to come more directly from the
ocean than the latter, and the ocean, throughout most of the year, has
been shown to have a lower temperature than the bay. The ease is
exactly paraliel to that which will be discussed in the chapter on salin-
ity (pp. 70-72), and the cause in the two cases is probably the same.
The comparison which our figures afford is not exactly a comparison
between the flood and the ebb tide as a whole, but a comparison be-
tween the early flood and the early ebb.

As was stated above, the experiment was twice made of anchoring
the ship in the course of the main current which passes through the

1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay 45

Golden Gate, and making hourly observations throughout an entire
tidal eyele. In figure F, representing the observations of May 14,
1912, it will be seen that the temperature of the surface water com-
menced to rise at about the change from flood to ebb tide, until it

5

6

7am 6 9 em Ipm 2 3 4

Fig. F. Temperature readings taken at a point between Alcatraz Island
and station H-4967, at hourly intervals, during one complete tidal cycle, on
May 14, 1912. The continuous line is based on surface figures, the broken line
on bottom ones.

reached a point 2° higher than at any time during the flood. For
the bottom water this tendency was much less regular, though the
mean figure for the ebb was 0°18 C higher than the flood. Table 10
is a complete record of these observations.

TABLE 10

HYDROGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS NEAR GOLDEN GATE, AT STATION 5128, DURING ONE
TipAL CycLr, May 14, 1912

Temperature
Current, A — Salinity

Hour Phase of knots per Fahr. Cent. Fahr. Cent.

A.M. tide hour Surface Surface Bottom Bottom Surface Bottom
7:00 Flood 1.33 52.6 11.4 54.4 12.4 26.91 29.50
7:55 Flood 2.63 54.0 12.2 54.0 2.2 28.79 29.34
8:55 Flood 2.27 53.8 12.1 53.8 12.1 29.50 30.11
9:55 Flood 2.00 53.7 12.1 53.8 12.1 30.28 30.37

10:55 Flood 1.33 53.6 12.0 53.7 12.1 29.80 30.59

11:55 Flood? 0.40 54.2 12.3 54.7 12.6 29.65 30.63
P.M.

12:55 Ebb? 1.59 54.7 12.6 53.8 eal 28.79 30.28
1:55 Ebb 2.00 56.0 13.3 53.9 12.2 27.33 28.47
2:55 Ebb 2.23 56.0 13.3 54.3 12.4 26.67 29.65
3:55 Ebb 1.55 57.5 14.2 54.2 12.3 25.92 28.88
4:55 Ebb 1.01 57.5 14.2 54.9 12.7 25.46 28.72
5:55 Ebb® 0.66 57.5 14.2 55.2 12:9 25.00 28.56

1 Ship began to swing about.
2 Commencing ebb.
8’ End of ebb (?).

46 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14

The results of the second series of observations of this sort will
be found in Appendix IT (station 5329), but the curves based upon
these figures have not been reproduced. The conditions here repre-
sented are difficult to interpret. There is to be distinguished a gen-
eral, though quite irregular, fall of temperature for both surface and
bottom water during the flood phase; while during the ebb there is
a gradual rise for the bottom water along with a considerable fall for
the surface. The mean figures for the respective phases of the tide
are flood—surface 14°56, bottom 14°13; ebb—surface 14°08, bottom
13°19. It is interesting that the mean of all these figures is 13299 C,
while that for station 4967 (near this point) for the July period of
the preceding year was 14°00 C.

The conditions during a single tidal cycle are so complicated that
a simple comparison between the temperatures or salinities recorded
for any two consecutive phases of the tide is obviously unsafe. This
is particularly true in such a ease as that last referred to, in which
the change of level during the flood period was 5.6 feet, while during
the sueceeding ebb period it was only 1.3 feet.

Jon. Apr May = Jun Aug Sept Oct Nov. Dec Jon.

Fig. G. Variations in the regional range of temperature during an annual
eyele. The ordinates represent the differences between the highest and lowest
temperatures occurring simultaneously in the bay at any given time of the year.

Figure G indicates the regional range of temperature throughout
the annual eyele. The ordinates in this chart represent the differences
between the highest and lowest temperatures occurring simultaneously
in the bay at any given time of the year. As in figures D and E, the
abscissas represent time intervals.

The temperature range will be seen to be greatest during the July
period, when it was about 5° C, and least in the February period,
when it was 0°8 C. In reality, we may distinguish in our curve two
maxima (third and sixth periods) and two minima (first and fifth

1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay 47

periods). Roughly speaking, we have one season when the bay is
warmer than the ocean (summer), another when the bay is cooler than
the ocean (winter), and two seasons when the two are at about equal
temperatures (spring and fall). That these seasons do not correspond
with any exactness to the ones generally known by these names is
obvious.

Certain supplementary observations, already referred to, were made
on July 18 to 23, 1913. Some of these afford an interesting basis of
comparison between the summer conditions of two different years.
Others were made for the purpose of determining the temperature
and salinity conditions in the extensive shoal areas which are inac-
cessible to the ‘‘ Albatross’’.

Six of the stations of the regular hydrographic series were visited
at ebb and flood tide. Of these there was one in each of the upper
sections of the bay, and three in section 4 (see p. 22). In no ease did
the mean recorded temperature for one of these stations differ from
that of the corresponding period of the preceding year by as much as
1° ©. The mean difference was 0°35, the 1913 figures being, on the
average, higher.

It was thought that the four regular stations in section 3 might
not be wholly representative of the conditions throughout that division,
since they were confined to its northern half. Accordingly, two new
stations were added, one near the Presidio Shoal, the other in the
neighborhood of Goat Island. Along with these may be included
station 5329, near Yellow Bluff (just within the Golden Gate). The
mean temperature at these three points, at ebb and flood tide, was
15°12 C. That for this section of the bay during the same month of
the preceding year was 15°02 C.

There is thus a pretty close agreement between the results of the
two years’ observations, in eases where the same or similar localities
are compared. As regards the shoal water areas, which are not acces-
sible to the ‘‘ Albatross’’, no comparisons between the two years are
possible, since we have only the records for July, 1913. It is to be
noted, however, that the temperatures here found were considerably
higher than those recorded for the deeper waters of the same sections.

Thus the temperatures at five launch stations, arranged along a
line completely across San Pablo Bay, and having a mean depth of
less than two fathoms, ranged from 17°3 to 20°4 C, the mean being
18°55 C. In comparison with this, we have 16°52 as the average of
the twenty figures obtained on the same day (July 21) at station

48 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14

H-5330 (== H-4981), at the lower end of San Pablo Bay, in the main
channel. If we confine the temperatures for the latter station to the
actual hours covered by the shoal-water observations, this figure be-
comes 16°07 C.

In the southern part of the bay a similar line of three stations,
across the shoal area, east of the main channel, at a mean depth of
two fathoms, gave a mean iemperature of 20°56 C In comparison
“with this we have 18°48 C, which was the mean figure on the same day
(July 23) for three ‘‘ Albatross’’ stations in the deeper waters of this
section.

Thus the figures for the summer temperatures of the upper and
lower regions of the bay, as expressed in the preceding tables, are
doubtless somewhat too low, since they are based exclusively upon the
conditions in the deeper, somewhat cooler waters to which the regular
hydrographic stations were confined. Conversely, it is probable that
the winter temperatures of these deeper waters were somewhat higher
than those of the great expanses of shoal water.

It seems worth while to introduce here, during the passage of this
paper through the press, the results of some temperature determina-
tions made on March 5 and 6, 1914. Nine stations were chosen, cor-
responding to certain of the primary hydrographic stations in each
of the regions of the bay. Since two of these stations were visited
twice, and since surface and bottom readings were obtained in all
cases, the total number of figures is 22. The mean temperature thus
obtained was 12°39 C. That found at the same stations and same
phases of the tide, from February 13 to 27, 1912, was 112995 C. The
agreement is certainly close. The higher figure for 1914 is perhaps
to be accounted for by the fact that the observations for this year
were made about two weeks later.

Through the courtesy of the Morgan Oyster Company, we are able
to present temperature records taken throughout six months of the
year 1913 at their Millbrae and Dumbarton beds. The former bed
is located between Point San Bruno and Point San Mateo, the latter
being near the extreme southern end of the bay. The figures are pre-
sented in Table 11. The temperatures given for April, May, and June
are each based upon four readings, made twice per month at both high
and low water. The other figures are based upon two readings only,
both on the same day. The temperatures given are for the surface.

These thermometer readings, we learn, were not made while the
bulb of the instrument was immersed, but after the removal of the

1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay 49

latter from the water. It is likely, therefore, that they are not very
exact. We have, however, tested the thermometers used and corrected

the figures accordingly.

TABLE 11

TEMPERATURE READINGS AT Two BEDS OF THE MORGAN OYSTER COMPANY,

MARCH TO SEPTEMBER, 1913

Millbrae Dumbarton
Dates Fahr. Cent. Fahr. Cent.
March 21 =. toe.0 alu lei 49.0 9.4
April 4, 18 58.5 - 14.7 57.5 14.2
May 2, 16 61.2 16.2 62.5 16.9
June I} 15 ... 64.2 17.9 66.5 19.2

July 15 ... 19.2 70.0 21.1
August 15 = 17.8 68.0 20.0
September 15) -----_- 66.0 18.9 67.0 19.4

It is interesting to compare these figures with some given by Town-
send (1893, p. 348) for ‘‘oyster beds, 1 mile from Dumbarton Point,’
during the summer and fall of 1891. The mean of Townsend’s figures
for the period from July 12 to September 27 is 69°8 F, the extremes
being 58° and 74°. For the same three months of the later year the
mean of our figures for the Dumbarton beds is 68°3 F, the extremes
recorded being 65° and 71°.

The temperature relations between the air and the water in the
neighborhood of San Francisco deserve some attention. In the absence
of disturbing factors, the relations between air and water temperature
on an island, or along the coast of a continent, are comparatively simple
in our latitudes. The mean annual temperatures for the two are ap-
proximately the same, though a considerably greater range is recorded
for the air than for the water. In the summer the air temperature
is higher than that of the water, in the winter the converse is the case,
while at two points, in the spring and in the fall, the two curves cross
one another. As an illustrative case, in which these conditions are
realized, the reader is referred to the Bulletin of the Bureau of Fish-
eries for 1911, chart 219.

In San Francisco Bay these simple relations are disturbed by two
special factors, which work in opposition to one another.

(1) Considerable quantities of fresh water are continually dis-
charged into the bay by the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. This
water comes immediately from the Great Valley region of California,

50 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14

where it attains much higher temperatures in summer and much lower
ones in winter than would waters confined to the more temperate coastal
belt. Our studies of salinity for one complete annual cycle show that
on the average about nineteen per cent of the total volume of water
which was contained in the bay at any given time during the period
had been derived from these rivers.

(2) The ocean waters of this portion of the Pacifie Coast, in conse-
quence of hydrographic conditions which eannot here be discussed,
undergo a comparatively slight annual temperature range (see Hol-
way, 1905, Thorade, 1909, and McEwen, 1912). According to Thorade,
that part of the ocean which adjoins San Francisco Bay lies between
the isotherms of 11° and 12° C in February and March, when the water
is coolest, and between the isotherms of 14° and 15° C in October, when
it is warmest. Causes peculiar to the western coasts of certain conti-
nents prevent these waters from attaining the summer temperatures
which are proper to their latitude. Sinee, as has been shown above,
about one-sixth of the entire contents of the bay is discharged during
the average ebb tide, to be replaced by water from outside during the
ensuing flood, it is inevitable that the local ocean temperature should
exert a marked influence upon that of San Francisco Bay.

A comparison is none the less interesting between the water temper-
ature of San Francisco Bay and the air temperature of points in the
vicinity. For the twelve months commencing February 1, 1912, the
mean air temperatures of San Francisco and Berkeley, on opposite
sides of the bay, were 13°44 C and 13°62 C, respectively, according to
United States Weather Bureau records. The mean of these two figures
is 13953 C. The mean temperature of the bay during this period was
12°91 C, or 0°62 lower than that for the air.

The curves in figure H permit of a comparison between air and
water temperatures throughout the year. The curve for water tem-
perature is similar to those already shown in figures D and E, being
in the present case based upon the mean of surface and bottom figures.
The air temperatures for the month immediately preceding our earliest
hydrographie observations have here been included. In comparing
these curves it must be borne in mind that that for the water is based
upon observations at intervals of two months, while those for the air
are based upon monthly means.

It will be seen that during the colder months the curves for the
air lie below those for the water, the converse being true, on the
whole, during the warmer season. These conditions are better shown

1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay 51

in the Berkeley curve than in that for San Francisco, the climate of
the latter city being more largely influenced by proximity to the
ocean than that of the former.

Few observations were made by us upon the ocean temperature,
outside of the Golden Gate. We have, however, figures from ten such
stations. At stations H-5219 to 5225 (— D-5785, and 5787 to 5792—

Berkeley.-”
me be ee EPaSaN

~. - 7

oe Feb. Mor. Apr. May. Jun Jul Aug. Sept Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan,
1212 1913

Fig. H. Relations between local air and water temperatures. The con-
tinuous line represents the annual temperature variations (already shown) for
the bay as a whole. The two broken lines are based upon the monthly means
for air temperature at San Francisco and Berkeley during the year covered by
the hydrographie observations.

see plate 2), temperatures were taken on October 15 to 22, 1912.
The mean surface temperature for these stations was 11°54 C (52°78
F), the extremes being 11°04 and 12°16. The mean bottom temper-
ature, for five of these stations, was found to be 10°01, though this
figure is not regarded as wholly reliable (see p. 151).

On November 4, at stations H—5226 and 5227 (D-5806, 5807),
not far outside of the Golden Gate, the mean surface temperature
was 12°21 C (53°98 F), the mean bottom temperature being 11746 C
(52°63 EB).

The figure given by Thorade (1909) for the mean surface tempera-
ture of the Pacifie Ocean, off San Francisco, in October, is 14°6 C,
that for November being 13°28 C. Our figures are thus considerably
lower than Thorade’s, a fact which is perhaps to be accounted for
by the nearness of our stations to the coast line, in comparison with

52 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14

the breadth of the area comprehended by the latter writer. (Unfor-
tunately, we do not know the extent of the area designated by Thorade
as ‘‘vor San Francisco’’). This would be in accordance with conditions
known to occur elsewhere along the California coast, where the inshore
waters are colder than those found at considerable distances from
land.

Jon ~ Feb, Mar. Apr. May dun. Jul Aug, Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec Jan

Fig. I. Relations between local air and water temperatures. The con-
tinuous line is based on the monthly means for the Pacific Ocean, near San
Francisco, according to Thorade (1909). The dotted lines are based upon
the monthly means for air temperature at San Francisco, one of these being
plotted according to figures of Thorade, the other according to the records of
United States Weather Bureau.

In figure I, we have a curve representing the annual temperature
eyele for the Pacific Ocean, ‘‘off San Francisco,’’ along with two
curves representing the air temperature in that city. The curve

”

for ocean temperature and one of those for air temperature are
based upon a diagram of Thorade’st® (1909), the other curve for air
temperature being based upon the records of the San Francisco station
of the United States Weather Bureau for the past forty years.

The mean ocean temperature for the year, according to Thorade’s
figures, is 12°86 C (55°13 F). For the air temperature of the city,
MeAdie (1913) gives 12°96 C (54°96 EF) as the most reliable mean."

The water eurve of Thorade exhibits two annual maxima, one
in June, the other in October, and he seems disposed to believe that

13 Thorade, 1909, p. 72. This writer’s figures for ocean temperature are based
upon data collected by German steamers in the years 1898 to 1904, and pub-
lished by the Deutsche Seewarte; also upon certain earlier records of the
‘ Albatross’’. ,

14 The figures upon which Thorade’s curve for air temperature is based
yield a mean of about 18°4 C, This writer cites another set of monthly means,
attributed by him to Hann, the average of which is 12°9 C, while the figures of

Hann himself (1906) give a mean of 13°2 C. We have thus a variety of figures
to choose from.

1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay 53

there are two corresponding maxima for air temperature. Since our
own curve for San Francisco Bay is based upon bimonthly observa-
tions, it is impossible to state exactly when the maximum temperature
for the year occurred. Indeed, it is possible that we should ourselves
have found two maxima if we had obtained records for every month
of the year.

“Jon Feb . Apr. May = Jun. Jul Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.

Fig. J. Comparison of the annual temperature curve for San Francisco
Bay (already given) and a curve for ocean temperature, which has been ren-
dered comparable with the former by the omission of those months during which
no observations were made by the present survey.

If this diagram for ocean temperatures be rendered comparable
with ours for the bay by omitting the months for which we have no
observations, it will be found that only a single maximum is indicated
(figure J). This, however, falls in October, instead of in July, as
in the case of our observations. Other differences between these
curves relate to the time of minimum temperature, and the consid-
erably smaller annual temperature range shown by the ocean than
by the bay.

Curves for water and air temperatures in the Golden Gate (Fort
Point) based upon ten years’ observations (1874 to 1883) were given
by Davidson twenty-five years ago (see ‘‘Pacifie Coast Pilot,’’ 4th
edition, 1889, pp. 228-230). The month of maximum water tempera-
ture, according to Davidson, is September, the minimum falling in
January. For the air there are two maxima, one in June, the other
in September. The mean annual water temperature, based upon his
figures, is 13°03 C (55°45 F), the annual range being 5°91 ©. For
our station 4967, nearest to the Golden Gate, the mean annual tempera-
ture was found to be 12°01 C, the annual range being 4°9 C.

54 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Von. 14

In figure K, we have compared the annual temperature curves
for San Francisco Bay, and for the adjacent parts of the Pacific
Ocean, with those for the waters of two points along the Atlantie
Coast.

San Francisco

Chesapeake

-itc . Woods Hole

Jan. Feb. Moar. Apr. May Jun. Jul Aug Sept. Ocl. Nov. Dec

Fig. K. Comparison of annual water temperature curves for San Francisco
Bay (based on findings of present survey), the neighboring ocean (figures of
Thorade), Woods Hole (records of U. S. Bureau of Fisheries station) and
Chesapeake Bay (records of light-house keepers, in files of U. S. Bureau of

Fisheries).

Let us consider first that for Chesapeake Bay. The figures upon
which this curve is based are derived from unpublished observations
made for the United States Fish Commission by lighthouse keepers at
eight different points, which, with the exception of Baltimore, lay in the

|
O1

1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay

lower (southern) third of the bay. At each point the observations
extended through a considerable number of years (six to fourteen),
the latest being made in 1890. We have employed only surface
figures in the construction of the curve here presented. At no point,
however, was the difference between the surface and bottom readings
worth considering.

The mean latitude of these points in Chesapeake Bay is very
nearly the same as that of San Francisco Bay. The mean annual
water temperature for the former bay, computed from the records
referred to, is 14°38 C (57°89 F), that for the latter bay being
12°91 C (55°23 F). The chief difference between the temperature
conditions of these two bodies of water lies, however, in their respective
annual ranges. In Chesapeake Bay this amounts to 22°12 C (39°82 F),
while in San Francisco Bay it is not much more than a third (thirty-
eight per cent) as great, being 8°35 C (15°03 F).° Thus the equable
climate for which the California coast is famous is reflected in (we
should rather say, is largely due to) the equable temperature of its
coastal waters'®, though the direction of the prevailing winds is hke-
wise an important factor.

The resemblance between the Chesapeake Bay curve and that for
Woods Hole is sufficiently striking. The latter is based upon the
monthly means for a period of six years, as recorded at the Woods
Hole station of the Bureau of Fisheries (see Sumner, Osburn, Cole,
and Davis, 1913, p. 47). The vertical distance between the Woods
Hole and Chesapeake Bay curves remains surprisingly constant
throughout the year, representing, on the average, 3°82 C. The
mean annual temperature of the surface water in Woods Hole Harbor
is 10956 C (51°01 F), or more than 2° C lower than that of San
Francisco Bay. The annual range, computed as for the other points,
is 21°50 C (38°74 F).””

In some loealities of the California coastal region we behold the
anomaly of familiar garden fruits and vegetables failing to ripen

15 These figures are based in each case upon the difference between the
highest and lowest monthly mean for the year. The actual range for any single
year, i.e., the difference between the lowest and highest temperature reached,
would, of course, be much greater than this.

16Of course, the annual range of the water temperature, outside of San
Francisco Bay, is even less, being only 3°3 C. But it would not be fair to
compare this with inclosed bodies of water, such as Chesapeake Bay and Vine-
yard Sound.

17 Rathbun (1890, p. 458 and pl. LXX) has made a similar comparison be-
tween water temperatures recorded at the Vineyard Sound Lightship and some
which were recorded along the San Francisco water front. The relations be-

tween the two sets of figures are in general harmony with those which we have
indicated.

56 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14

where palms and other tropical plants flourish. The ripening of the
former is retarded by the low prevailing summer temperatures, while
the perennial vegetative growth of the latter is rendered possible by
the absence of winter frosts. In the same latitudes, on the opposite
side of the continent, tomatoes and Indian corn ripen as a matter
of course, while palms and agaves cannot be grown out of doors.

It is more than possible that the distribution of many marine
organisms is similarly conditioned. It would be surprising if the
occurrence of low temperatures during the period of reproduction
did not limit the northward distribution of various species along the
California coast, despite the relatively high annual mean and the
absence of really cold waters during the winter. It is hoped that
information bearing upon this point will be brought to light by those
who are investigating the biological collections made in the course
of the present survey.

One possible instance of high economie importance deserves men-
tion at this point. It is well known locally that the eastern oyster
reproduces only sporadically in San Francisco Bay (see Townsend,
1893), and it has been assumed that this is due, in part at least, to
the comparatively low temperature of the water in summer. As we
have shown above, however, and as was long ago pointed out by
Townsend, there are shoal waters in the southern end of the bay
where the summer temperature conditions are more nearly like those
of similar points on the Atlantic Coast. Moreover the fact that in
recent years even the spat which has been transplanted here from
eastern waters has failed to mature satisfactorily, makes it seem
probable that we must look to other causes besides temperature for
the failure of the oyster to propagate in San Francisco Bay. We
leave this problem, however, to those who are prepared to study it
unremittingly in all its phases.

VI. SALINITY

The methods followed in obtaining and preserving the water
samples for salinity determinations have already been deseribed
(pp: 12; 13).

The determinations were made in a laboratory on shore. The
method employed was Mohr’s silver nitrate test, which indicated the
percentage of chlorine in each sample. From this the salinity could

1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay il

be readily obtained by reference to Knudsen’s ‘‘ Hydrographic
Tables’’ (1901).

During the first year’s work, including all of the salinity tests
upon which our tables (12 to 18) are based, decinormal silver solutions
were used in the titrations and Schellbach’s burettes having a capacity
of 25 ee. were employed for both silver and sea-water. The silver
solutions were checked, from time to time, by comparison with deci-
normal sodium ehloride solutions, which were prepared as accurately
as possible. This was, of course, an inadequate method of verification,
since errors were no less likely in the one set of solutions than the
other. It would, however, have probably revealed the occurrence of
any accidental inaccuracy in the preparation of the silver solution,
or of any appreciable change in the coneentration of the latter. As
will be narrated below, however, we have referred our results, or
some of them, to another and more exact standard.

The titrations were performed by Messrs. Schmitt and Johnston,
their observations being occasionally checked by the senior author
of this report. Each sample was commonly tested four times, twice
by each of the persons first named. Whenever a discrepancy of a
certain magnitude was found between their respective results, the
test was repeated by both until the figures agreed with sufficient
precision. In twenty-five cases selected at random from the first
year’s titration work, there were fifteen cases of complete agreement,
while the mean difference between the two observers was 0.32 per
cent, 1.e., 382 ten-thousandths of the mean reading for the two.

After we had completed the titration of the first vear’s series of
water samples we received the standard outfit adopted by the Inter-
national Council for the Exploration of the Sea, and it is intended
that this shall henceforth be employed in the hydrographic work of
the ‘* Albatross.”? It has been used for all of the titrations since
February, 1913. The mean difference, in twenty random eases, be-
tween the figures of our two observers, obtained by this method, was
0.14 per cent.

A considerable number of tests have been made by us for the
purpose of comparing the results obtained with the standard outfit
and with the titration methods first employed by us.

Samples of some of the silver and sodium chloride solutions which
had been used for these earlier titrations were tested by reference to
the ‘‘standard sea-water
tions of some of the water specimens from our hydrographic stations

9

of the Central Laboratory. Likewise, por-

58 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14

in San Francisco Bay, which had been saved for this purpose, were
titrated with the ‘‘standard’”’ outfit and solutions. Finally, in August,
1913, seven of the recently taken water samples were titrated accord-
ing to both the older and the newer methods.

These comparisons indicate a mean difference of 2.3 per cent be-
tween the results obtained by the two methods. The magnitude of this
difference agrees fairly closely in the various cases, and is invariably
of the same sign, the figures obtained by the ‘‘standard’’ method
being smaller. Since the latter is probably more accurate than that
earlier employed by us, we have corrected all of the first year’s
figures by the amount of this mean difference, i.e., we have deducted
2.3 per cent of their value. (In reality, they were multiphed by 0.977).

Dr. G. F. McEwen, of the Scripps Institution of the University of
California, has been so good as to determine the specific gravity of
eight of our samples from San Francisco Bay, by means of an appa-
ratus of high precision. For seven of these samples, the mean
difference between Dr. McEwen’s figures and ours (with the
““standard’’ titration outfit) was 0.7 per cent, our figures being the
lower. In other words, our figures were, on the average, less than
Dr. McEwen’s by seven-thousandths of the latter. In the eighth
case, it is obvious that an error of some sort was made, for the recorded
difference is far greater than could be accounted for by the difference
of method.

We are disposed to question whether the accuracy of the titration
method of determining the salinity of sea-water has not been some-
what overestimated. A considerable source of error is to be found
in the reading of the burette scale, and an even greater one in
determining the point at which the color change takes place in the
solution. The mere fact that an observer can with practice learn to
obtain almost identically the same figure upon repeating the test of
a given sample, or even the fact that two experienced observers may
obtain readings which differ by a very minute quantity, does not
prove that their errors are infinitesimal. It may merely prove that
their errors are equal. As a result of adopting uniform methods of
procedure, our two observers obtained, after some months of practice,
salinity figures which agreed with one another very closely. And yet
it has been shown that throughout this phase of the work there was
a nearly constant error of more than two per cent in their figures,
standard’’ method to be absolutely accurate.

We believe, none the less, that the titration method, even as em-

ee

assuming the

1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay 59

ployed by us, is sufficiently precise to meet the needs of our work
in San Francisco Bay. Indeed, a higher degree of precision would
searcely have added to the scientific value of the data presented. The
problems have been quite different from those which are dealt with
in much of the recent oceanographic work, where it has been important
to distinguish between neighboring strata or currents which differ
but slightly in salinity. In San Francisco Bay, on the other hand,
very great differences of salinity were found in passing from one end
of the bay to the other, or even on comparing samples taken at different
times of the year. Any slight errors, due to defective methods, would
thus be insignificant in comparison with actual differences among the
water samples tested.

In the compilation of tables 12 to 18, giving the results of our
salinity determinations, the same procedure has been adopted as in
the case of our temperature figures, and the reader is consequently
referred to pp. 28 and 35 for an understanding of these tables. Our
discussion of the salinity data will likewise follow much the same
order as in the case of temperature.

It must be borne in mind that these tables do not show the highest
and the lowest individual salinities found by us, since the figures,
even for single stations and single periods, are averages based upon
two or more samples. The highest salinity met with in the bay was
33.27, at station H-5188 (4967), ebb tide, bottom, October 12, 1912.
The lowest figure was 3.25, at H—-5088 (4975), flood tide, surface,
April 23, 1912.

TABLE 12

SALINITY OF SAN FRANCISCO Bay

Period I (February 13— February 27, 1912)

Division
of Bay Station Surface Bottom Flood Ebb Average*
3 4967 30.27 31.09 31.09 30.27 30.68

(36%) 4968 27.90¥ 27.11 28.18 26.84 27.51
4969 27.44 28.66 28.66 27.44 28.05
4970 26.96 28.60 28.74 27.71 27.78

2 4971 26.47 27.73 27.96 26.24 27.10
(10%) 4972 24.55 26.49 26.39 24.65 25.52
4973 21.00 24.04 24.55 20.50 22.52

4974 19.91 23.12 23.42 19.60 21.51

* Mean of surface and bottom.

60 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14
TABLE 12—(Continued)
Division
of Bay Station Surface Bottom Flood Ebb Average*
1 4975 10.46 15.61 9.84 16.24 13.04
(17%) 4976 13.63 17.54 15.36 15.81 15.58
4977 13,23 LOT 15.46 17.48 16.47
4978 17.80 21.30 21.27 17.83 19.55
4979 22.88 23.15 24.20 21.83 23.02
4980 21.52 23.02 24.40 20.15 22.28
4981 20.17 23.22 21.45 21.95 21.70
4 5001 28.45 28.59 28.68 28.35 28.52
(387%) 5002 28.42¥ 28.32 28.48 28.26 28.37
5003 28.25 28.30 28.31 28.25 28.28
5004 28.12V 28.07 28.08 28.11 28.10
5005 27.82% 27.79 27.85 27.77 27.81
5006 27.64 27.58 27.50 27.73 27.61
5007 26.97 27.44 27.05 27.37 27.21
5008 27.02 28.34 27.7 28.10 27.93
Means (weighted) 25.658 26.792 26.610 25.922 26.225
TABLE 13
SALINITY OF SAN FRANCISCO Bay
Period II (April 23—May 6)
Division
of Bay Station Surface Bottom Flood Ebb Average*
3 4967 28.96 29.64 27.17 31.438 29.30
(36%) 4968 26.51 31.16 22.99 30.59 28.83
4969 25.38 29.83 24.85 80.37 27.61
4970 24.12 29.22 24.32 29.06 26.62
2 4971 22.52 28.61 22.83 28.29 25.57
(10%) 4972 23.45 27.35 24.41 26.39 25.40
4973 23.19 26.86 25.20 24.85 25.02
4974 21.47 25.10 23.60 22.96 23.28
1 4975 9.95 13.35 TUNG S) seeeseee 11.65
(17%) 4976 12.45 14.29 BERS / | eecereen 13.37
4977 9.08 10.89 14.00 5.97 9.98
4978 17.08¥ 12.65 17.15 8.09 14.87
4979 16.04 21.89 20.42 13.13 18.96
4980 18.06 22.05 21.01 16.17 20.06
4981 16.78 22.98 21.51 18.25 19.88
4 5001 26.87 27.04 26.82 27.08 26.96
(37%) 5002 27.01 27.01 26.94 27.17 27.01
5003 27.09% 27.04 27.01 27.12 27.07
5004 27.17, 27.01 27.09 27.01 27.09
5005 25.93 27.01 27.01 24.85 26.47
5006 26.73 27.08 27.52 26.29 26.91
5007 26.94 27.81 27.59 27.17 27.38
5008 26.21 28.47 27,24 27.45 27.35
Means (weighted) 24.021 26.460 24.276 25.489 25.233

* Mean of surface and bottom.

1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay 61

TABLE 14

SALINITY oF SAN FrRANcIscO Bay

Period III (July 22—July 81)

Division
of Bay Station Surface Bottom Flood Ebb Average*
3 4967 31.42 31.63 31.84 31.21 31.53

(36%) 4968 30.21 31.04 30.97 30.28 30.63
4969 29.52 30.78 29.72, 30.58 30.15
4970 27.41 30.27 28.43 29.26 28.84

2 4971 26.02 29.88 28.54 27.36 27.94
(10%) 4972 27.23 27.63 26.39 28.47 27.43
4973 26.49 27.66 26.15 28.00 27.07

4974 23.91 27.52 24.41 27.02 25.71

1 4975 12.55 16.74 12.40 16.89 14.65
(17%) 4976 11.35 16.11 NGG rea 13.73
4977 17.62 19.50 16.78 20.33 18.56

4978 21.91 22.05 EO 8 ees 21.98

4979 25.12 26.09 25.39 25.81 25.60

4980 26.47 27.01 PACH een 26.74

4981 27.32 29.01 28.73 27.59 28.17

4 5001 27.62 27.66 27.86 27.42 27.64
(387%) 5002 27.82f 27.75 27.86 27.71 27.79
5003 27.817 27.73 27.90 27.64 27.78
5004 28.00 28.16 28.33 27.82 28.08
5005 28.24 28.51 28.64 28.10 28.37
5006 28.38 28.68 28.57 27.52 28.54
5007 28.78 29.26 29.14 28.90 29.03
5008 29.12 30.59 30.46 29.25 29.86
Means (weighted) 27.162 28.307 27.648 27.917 27.738
TABLE 15
SALINITY OF SAN FRaNcIsco Bay
Period IV (October 7—October 12)
Division
of Bay Station Surface Bottom Flood Ebb Average*
3 4967 33.14Y 32.90 32.80 33.24 33.02

(36%) 4968 32.49 32.58 32.14 32.92 32.58
4969 32.44V 32.39 32.13 32.70 32.42
4970 31.97 32.13 31.39 32.71 32.06

4 4971 31.90 32.16 31.60 32.48 32.04
(10%) 4972 31.90 30.42 28.58 32.08 31.16
4973 29.46 30.25 29.37 30.34 29.86

4974 29.07 30.11 29.07 30.11 29.58

* Mean of surface and bottom.

62 Umversity of California Publications in Zoology [ Von. 14

TABLE 15—(Continued)

Division
of Bay Station Surface Bottom Flood Ebb Average*
1 4975 17.40 19.14 15.55 21.00 18.27

(17%) 4976 16.93 18.99 17.75 18.17 17.97
4977 20.53 22.55 21.16 21.91 21.54
4978 24.95 26.08 24.96 24,11 24.54
4979 27.25 28.67 28.61 27.32 27.96
4980 28.17 30.06 29.64 28.58 29.11
4981 29.81 31.07 30.24 30.64 30.44

4 5001 31.16 3122 30.98 31.40 31.19
(37%) 5002) Sield) eo QIntOmmrSO99 a meSe SOM mnSieats
5008 ©31.29V 31.28 31.10 31.48 31.29
5004 31.23¥ 31.09 31.04 31.28 31.17
5005 31.08 31.21 30.97 31.81 31.15
5006 31.86 31.51 31.86 31.51 31.44
5007 31.69 31.98 3151 32.16 31.83
5008 31.82 32.06 3147 32.41 931.94

Means (weighted) 30.316 30.711 30.139 30.832 30.506

TABLE 16

SALINITY OF SAN FRANCISCO Bay
Period V (November 25—December 5)

Division
of Bay Station Surface Bottom Flood Ebb Average*
3 4967 32.21 32.32 32.21 32.32 32.27

(36%) 4968 32.13V 32.09 31.90 32.32 32.11
4969 30.95 31.82 30.82 31.95 31.39
4970 30.17 31.32 29.83 31.66 30.75

2 4971 28.97 31.51 28.60 30.42 30.24
(10%) 4972 29.88 31.14 30.08 30.93 30.51
4973 28.51 30.08 28.24 29.37 28.80

4974 27.29 28.81 27.92 28.18 28.05

1 4975 13.82 18.89 17.33 15.38 16.35
(17%) 4976 14.18 17.82 17.98 14.02 16.00
4977 17.43 22.52 20.16 ORGS 19.98

4978 20.08 25.07 24.22 20.93 22.58
4979 25.26 27.37 22.57 25.18 26.31
4980 25.91 28.14 27.05 26.99 27.02
4981 26.71 PASS y dese 27.82 27.82
4 5001 30.01 30.27 . 29.86 30.43 30.14
(37%) 5002 29.85¥ 29.72 29.33 30.24 29.78
5008 29.39 29.52 28.72 30.19 29.46
5004 29.36 29.17 28.59 29.95 29.27
5005 29.10 29.33 28.94 29.50 29.22
5006 29.52¥ 29.38 29.84 29.08 29.43
5007 29.46 29.65 29.93 29.18 29.55
5008 29.04 Sie esse 30.07 30.07
Means (weighted) 28.517 29.630 28.748 29.198 29.072

* Mean of surface and bottom.

1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay 63

TABLE 17

SALINity oF SAN FrRANcIScO Bay

Period VI (January 13—January 28)

Division
of Bay Station Surface Bottom Flood Ebb Average*
3 4967 29.00 29.89 29.50 29.39 29.45

(36%) 4968 27.83 30.11 28.06 29.90 28.98
4969 27.13 29.02 27.12 29.03 28.08
4970 22.48 28.41 23.88 27.01 25.45

2 4971 26.31 26.72 26.49 26.55 26.52
(10%) 4972 21.15 26.20 22.56 24.81 23.68
4973 16.15 23.14 19.10 20.19 19.65
4974 16.54 22.22 18.42 20.34 19.38
1 4975 12.48 17.30 15.04 14.74 14.89
(17%) 4976 14.00 15:9 2 eee 14.96 14.96
4977 14.84 20.27 17.83 17.28 17.56
4978 18.48 22.78 20.58 20.69 20.63
4979 23.40¥ 22.80 25.37 22.78 24.08
4980 25.70V 24.34 26.05 23.99 25.02
4981 24.39 Paap ee 24.85 24.85
4 5001 28.46 29.01 28.69 28.77 28.73
(37%) 5002 28.59 28.78 28.41 28.96 28.68
50038 28.21 28.25 27.98 28.48 28.23
5004 27.80 27.94 28.24 28.37 27.86
5005 27.20 27.47 26.82 27.86 27.34
5006 26.71 27.40 26.24 27.87 27.05
5007 27.05 28.11 26.41 28.75 27.58
5008 27.2 29.46 27.36 29.30 28.33
Means (weighted) 25.052 27.158 25.639 26.622 26.104
TABLE 18
SALINITY or SAN FRANCISCO Bay
Averages for Entire Year
Division
of Bay Station Surface Bottom Flood Ebb Average*
3 4967 30.83 31.24 30.77 31.31 31.04

(36%) 4968 29.52 30.63 29.66 30.47 30.07
4969 28.81 30.41 28.89 30.35 29.61
4970 27.05 29.99 27.47 29.57 28.52

2 4971 27.038 29.22 27.70 28.56 28.13
(10%) 4972 25.70 28.21 26.03 27.89 26.96
4973 23.98 26.99 25.44 25.54 25.49

4974 23.03 25.73 24.47 24.29 24.39

* Mean of surface and bottom.

64 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14

TABLE 18—(Continued)

Division
of Bay Station Surface Bottom Flood Ebb Average*
1 4975 13.21 17.27 13.64 16.85 15.24
(17%) 4976 14.23 17.16 (15.64)+ (15.74)+ 15.69
4977 15.46 19.25 17.57 17.13 17.35
4978 19.45 21.55 (21.69)+ (19.31)t 19.62
4979 23.32 25.60 25.25 23.68 24.46
4980 23.97 26.00 (25.81)t (24.15)t 24.98
4981 23.96 26.72 (25.49) t (25.19)t 25.33
4 5001 28.76 28.97 28.82 28.91 28.86

(37%) 5002 28.80 28.99 28.67 29.11 28.90
5003 28.67 28.69 28.51 28.86 28.68
5004 28.77¥ 28.58 28.41 28.93 28.67
5005 28.24 28.71 28.37 28.58 28.47
5006 28.39 28.61 28.51 28.49 28.50
5007 28.49 29.05 28.61 28.93 28.76
5008 28.44 29.86 28.86 29.44 29.14

bo

Means (weighted) 26.769 28.192 26.881 27.573 27.480

Divisions of the Bay
Divisions
Surface Bottom Fload Ebb Average*
1 19.084 21.9386 18.816 19.221 20.509
2 24.936 27.540 25.910 26.570 26.239
3 29.054 30.570 29.198 30.426 29.810
4 28.571 28.932 28.595 28.906 28.751

* Mean of surface and bottom.

7 Figures thus designated are not included in the estimates, because of the omission of
certain observations at these stations. They are consequently not comparable with the figures
for the other stations.

With the exception of plate 4, all of the salinity charts are based
upon our figures as they were before the correction of 2.3 per cent
above referred to (p. 58) had been applied. The ordinates of these
charts consequently do not quite agree with the corresponding figures
in the tables, though the form of the curves is not in any case appreci-
ably altered. The more exact value for any station and period may be
found if desired by reference to the tables.

Plate 4 represents the mean annual salinity at each of the twenty-
three regular hydrographic stations of the survey, each figure being
based normally upon twenty-four determinations, at six different
periods of the year.

In figure L these same relations are represented by the method of
coordinates, and separate curves have here been plotted for surface

Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay

Sumner, et al.

1914 |

o o i a rz [-] — N — [=) G3
cg oR ~ éS ~ oS = 5 ‘< e Sw S

oD o nD oO Dn a D D a
2 3 2 z 7 S| ¢ Tr Tv 7T xe 7 ? Tv 7 8 2
= °
GS og
S
S $

o

yD o 2
N = S
g re B
el o =
x 3g i=
= g S
ts]
S) 1) a

Fig. L. Mean annual salinity at each of the hydrographic stations of the regular series. The stations are arranged along the
horizontal axis at intervals proportionate to the actual distances between them, irrespective of direction. The vertical scale repre-
sents salinity in parts per thousand. The salinity figures upon which this and the next eight diagrams are based have been found to
be too high by about 2.8 per cent. There is consequently a small constant diserepaney between the diagrams and the tables, the
latter being more correct. (See pp. 57, 58.)

66 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14

and bottom water. It will be noted that the mean annual salinity
ranges from less than 16 per mille in Carquinez Strait, which re-
ceives the discharge of the rivers, to over 31 per mille, just within
the Golden Gate. The rise of these curves from Carquinez Strait to
the latter point is fairly regular, save for a marked fall in both which
is encountered in passing from San Pablo Bay into the main body of
San Francisco Bay, i.e., from station H-4981 to H-4974. This might
easily be interpreted as due to the admixture at this point of con-
siderable quantities of fresh water, but no adequate source of fresh
water is known here and the phenomenon may readily be explained
otherwise.

As already stated (pp. 11, 12), the upper, middle and lower regions
of the bay were worked on different days. Now station H—4974 lies
at the upper end of the middle series of stations, while H-4981 lies
at the lower end of the upper series. Consequently, on the flood-tide
work observations for the middle region were commenced at the
former station, whereas the observations for the upper region were
ended at the latter. It is needless to state that water taken at the
commencement of the flood period will have a lower salinity for any
given point than water taken toward its close. Conversely, at the
time of the ebb-tide work the observations for the upper region were
commenced at H-4981, while the observations of the middle region
were ended at H-4974. Water taken at the end of the ebb period will
naturally have a lower salinity than water taken at the beginning of
the ebb period.

Thus in both eases the conditions under which the work was per-
formed led to the taking of water samples of a lower salinity at station
H-4974 than at station H-4981. The peculiarities of our curves are
thus adequately accounted for. Moreover, the same considerations
show us how cautious we must be in comparing the mean salinity of
any two stations unless we know that the two were visited at approxi-
mately the same stage of the tide. This same source of error will be
be discussed under another form later (pp. 71, 72).

From the Golden Gate, the salinity curve naturally falls toward
the lower end of the bay. Commencing with the first station below
San Francisco, there is, however, no significant decline shown by the
surface water, though such a decline is to be noted for some distance
in the ease of the bottom water. The slight rise of both of these curves
at the extreme southern end is probably of significance, since it is
manifested by four of the six seasonal curves in figure M. We have

1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay 67

further evidence of a rise in salinity at the lower end of the bay (see
p. 85).

It might have been expected that the difference between the sur-
face and bottom salinity would be greatest at the point where the
larger part of the fresh water enters the bay, and that this difference
would be found to decrease gradually as we passed to the southward,
owing to the mixing of the various strata amid the swift tidal cur-
rents. On the other hand, the divergence of the surface and bottom
curves from the extreme south towards the neighborhood of San
Francisco points to the conclusion that little fresh water is discharged
directly into the southern half of the bay. It seems likely that the
ereater part of such fresh water as it receives is brought thither
through the ageney of the tides and comes originally from the rivers
entering at the north.

Figure M represents the regional distribution of salinities during
each of the six periods covered by the observations. It will be noted
that the period of lowest salinity was the second one (April 23-
May 6), when the mean figure for the bay as a whole was 25.23, while
the period of highest salinity was the fourth one (October 7-12),
when the mean for the bay was 30.51. These facts accord well with
what we know of the rainfall and the discharge of the rivers, as will
be pointed out below.

It will be noted that, with a single exception, all of the curves
are indented at station H-4974, that is, either an absolute decrease
of salinity, or a diminished rate of increase, was found in passing
from station H—4981 to that just mentioned. (In the exceptional
case, the curve is indented at an adjacent station). This phenomenon
has just been discussed and no further comment is necessary.

In figure N we have portrayed the annual range of salinity for each
station. Each of the ordinates represents the difference, at that point,
between the highest and lowest salinity recorded for the year. While
the distribution of a species with relation to salinity seems more
likely to be determined by the maximum or minimum salt concentra-
tion, it is not impossible that in some cases it may be due to the total
range of salinity to which the organism is exposed in the course of
a year.

This range, as will be readily noted, is highest in San Pablo Bay,
where an annual range of nearly 12 per mille is found at one point.
Here the mean salinity during the October period was more than
twice that found during the April-May period.

Unversity of California Publications in Zoology

Pinte ra OO On inet Oi saat

(OOS

[ Vou. 14

OsjJOW UdS yujlog

ayJ05 uapioy

Fig. M. Distribution of salinities in the bay at each of the six periods of the hydrographie work.

69

Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay

Sumner, et al.

1914]

Carquinez Strait 4975

Fig. N. Seasonal range of salinity at each station.
and lowest annual figure for that point.

The

Iden Gate
Point San Mateo

ordinate for each point represents the difference between the highest

70 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14

The range is, as might have been expected, least near the Golden
Gate, where it is less than 4 per mille, and it does not rise much
higher than this throughout the lower portion of the bay. Another
region showing a comparatively slight annual range of salinity was
found at Carquinez Strait. The reason for this is not evident.

Ss 1 ae
Feb. Mor. Apr May Jun. Jul Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. van.

Fig. O. Annual salinity curves for entire bay. The continuous line is
based on surface figures, the broken line upon bottom ones.

Figure O shows the mean salinity of the bay as a whole through-
out the annual cycle. Separate curves have here been plotted for the
surface and bottom water. The time of minimum salinity during our
observations occurred in the second period (April-May), the curves
rising to a maximum in the fourth period (October). The effects of
the rainy and dry seasons are obvious in a general way. These rela-
tions will be discussed more fully below.

The relations between the curves for surface and bottom salinity
offer some features of interest. The distance between the two is
greatest during the period of lowest salinity, 1.e., at the time when
the largest amount of fresh water enters the bay. On the other hand,
this difference is least during the period of highest salinity, in
October. These conditions, like many others which we have observed,
might well have been predicted in advance.

A relation the reason for which is less obvious is shown in figure P,
representing annual salinity curves based upon the ebb and flood
observations respectively. It is, on first thought, surprising to find
the mean salinities for the flood tide to be lower than those for the
ebb in five out of six of the periods of observation. The mean figures
for the year as a whole, as will be seen by reference to Table 18, are:

1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay 71

flood, 26.88; ebb, 27.57. Moreover, these relations hold both for sur-
face and for bottom. The figures for these considered separately are:

Flood Ebb
f aa SSS
Surface Bottom Surface Bottom
26.00 27.75 26.94 28.21

Again, if we exclude the four stations (see footnote on p. 64)
for which we cannot fairly compare the flood and ebb observations,
we find that at fifteen of the remaining nineteen stations the flood
figure is the lower.

1 | SS SS SS Se
Feb. Mor. Apr. May Jun. vu. Aug. Sept Oct. Nov. Dec. Jon.

Fig. P. Annual salinity curves for entire bay. The continuous line is
based on flood figures, the broken line on ebb ones.

Since the mean salinity of the bay increases with tolerable regu-
larity from Carquinez Strait to the Golden Gate, it might have been
expected that the flood stream would, in general, shift water from a
zone of higher salinity to a zone of lower salinity. The explanation
of this unexpected condition is, however, quite simple. As in
another case already referred to, the anomaly doubtless depends upon
the procedure followed in making our observations.

If, at any given point, water samples were taken continuously
through a succession of tidal phases, it would be found that, in general,
the salinity would begin to rise with the onset of the flood stream,
reaching its maximum at about the period of slack water. With the
commencement of the ebb, the salinity would gradually fall again
until it once more reached its minimum. Early flood observations
would thus show practically the same salinity as late ebb observa-
tions, and an even lower salinity than early ebb observations. The
higher salinity shown by our ‘‘ebb’’ figures is quite intelligible on
the assumption that the observations were made preponderatingly
during the earlier half of each tidal phase.

72 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14

Now, a scrutiny of our original records shows that this assumption
is quite justifiable. It was in general our aim to commence our obser-
vations for the day at the very beginning of one or the other phase
of the tide. In about a third of the cases it is expressly recorded
that this was done, while the same was doubtless true in many other
instances. Our field notes likewise show that the hydrographic obser-
vations for a given day extended through an average period of less
than three and three-fourths hours, and consequently must commonly
have been completed long before the tide turned. In those few cases
in which it was necessary to-trespass on the ebb period, in order to

”?

complete the ‘‘flood’’ observations for the day, or vice versa, the

figures have been rejected from our computations.

lood Observations
} Eb Observations

i
|

x
=)
iS
3
5}

6

Fig. Q. Diagram illustrating explanation of higher mean salinity of water
samples taken during ebb tide than during flood tide.

The diagram figure Q will illustrate the foregoing explanation
of the average higher salinity of our “‘ebb’’ water samples. The
curves here figured are, however, considerably generalized. The
actual conditions shown throughout any single tidal cycle are far from
being as simple as this, as will be seen by a glance at figure R. It is
plain, first of all, that the surface and bottom waters have changed
more or less independently of one another. If we may judge from
the salinity, the turn of the tide for the former occured at about
10 a.m., which corresponds to the time of high water, as stated in the
“Tide Tables.’’ On the other hand, the fall of salinity for the bottom
water did not occur until some two hours later. This was likewise
the time at which the ship began to swing about. The next time of
low water, according to the ‘‘Tide Tables,’’ was 3:17 p.m., which cor-
responds neither to the time of reversal of the current, as observed
on the ship, nor to the rise of salinity at the surface or bottom.

1914} Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay 73

These irregularities are perhaps related to the fact, already
referred to, that the succeeding ebb and flood phases of the tide fre-
quently do not agree with one another either in duration or in vertical
range, and that the reversal of the current does not coincide with
the commencing rise or fall of water level. We must likewise con-
sider that the continued inflow, at the head of the bay, of water having

23 l2m ipm 2

Fig. R. Salinity of water samples taken at a point between Aleatraz
Island and station H-4967, at hourly intervals, during one complete tidal cycle,
on May 14, 1912. The continuous line is based on surface figures, the broken
line on bottom ones.

a much lower specific gravity than sea-water, probably results in pro-
longing the duration of the ebb stream at the surface, as compared
with that at the bottom.

The results of the other series of observations, conducted through-
out one tidal eyele, near the Golden Gate (station H—5329) are even
more difficult to explain. While the salinity of the bottom water rose
throughout the flood period, and began to decline at about the same
time that the reversal of current was noted, that of the surface was
subject to various irregularities, the highest point being reached about
three hours after the commencement of the ebb stream. These facts
suggest the occurrence of various cross-currents or eddies in the
vicinity of the anchorage, a supposition for which we have other evi-
dence. It is of significance to recall that during this last series of
observations there was a (predicted) rise of 5.6 feet during the flood
period, followed by a fall of only 1.3 feet during the ebb.

In figure S we have compared our curve for annual salinity
throughout the bay as a whole with that for the rainfall of the regions
contributory to it. The latter curve is based not upon the average
conditions for a long period, but upon the year covered by our hydro-
graphic observations, together with the few months preceding the
commencement of our work. The rainfall indicated for each month
is the mean of that recorded by United States Weather Bureau

74 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Von. 14

observers at three points: (1) at Red Bluff, representing the Saecra-
mento Valley; (2) at Fresno, representing the San Joaquin Valley,
and (3) at San Francisco, representing the bay region."®

Nn

o =

JI
30
29
od
ey
a ee a

Jan. Feb. Mar Apr. May Jun. Jul Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. et
isle

Fig. 8S. Relation between the salinity of San Francisco Bay and the rain-
fall of the regions tributary to it. The curve for rainfall (upper) is based upon
the mean of the monthly precipitation (in inches) at Red Bluff, Fresno and San
Francisco, during the year covered by the hydrographic observations.

The relations which are discoverable between these curves are ones
which might have been anticipated. There is plainly a general cor-
respondence between the period of greatest rainfall and that of lowest
salinity, and between the period of least rainfall and that of the
highest salinity. That the period of greatest salinity should lag
somewhat behind the period of least rainfall is likewise a condition
which we should have expected to find, since the effect of the early
fall rains would not be evident immediately in the discharge of the
rivers. In the diagram it is plain that the salinity of the bay con-
tinued to increase between the July period of observations and the
October period, although there was a mean rainfall at the three points
named of nearly two inches in September (chiefly during the first
week of that month).

18 While the three points chosen are doubtless not situated in the partieular
localities which supply the greatest amounts of water to San Francisco Bay,

their fluctuations of rainfall are probably proportionate to those at the chief
sources of this water. ;

1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay 75

We should also have expected that the period of least salinity
would lag behind that of the greatest rainfall, and this relation is
apparently indicated by our diagram. We must remember, however,
that we have no record of the salinity of the bay between February
and April. The actual minimum for the year may have occurred at
some distance from the point indicated.

The following table gives the mean rainfall for each month of the
year at each of the three points above referred to, based upon many
years’ records of the United States Weather Bureau. It is likely
that these figures may be of interest, in comparison with those upon
which our curve is based, representing an exceptionally dry season.

TABLE 19

RAINFALL AT THREE PoINTS REPRESENTING REGIONS TRIBUTARY TO
San Francisco Bay

Red Bluff San Francisco Fresno Mean for

Mean of Mean of Mean of the three
Month 31 years 62 years 30 years points
July 0.02 0.02 Trace 0.01
August 0.03 0.02 Trace 0.02
September 0.69 0.30 0.29 0.43
October 1.44 1.01 0.63 1.03
November 3.07 2.55 3 2.25
December 4.61 4.56 1.47 3.55
January 4.49 4.90 1.71 3.70
February 3.76 3.55 1.36 2.89
Mareh 3.73 3.78 1.81 Sal
April 1.85 1.67 0.57 1.50
May 1.27 0.73 0.56 0.85
June 0.47 0.16 0.11 0.25
Total 25.43 23.25 10.04 19.59

! ! ! | | je
Apr. May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.

Feb. Mar.

Fig. T. Variations in the regional range of salinity during an annual
cycle. The ordinates represent the differences between the highest and lowest
salinities occurring simultaneously in the bay at any given time of the year.

Jan.

Figure T represents the regional range in salinity throughout the
annual eyele. It is quite intelligible that the greatest extremes were

76 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14

found in the second period, when the largest amount of fresh water
was being discharged into the northern end of the bay. On the other
hand, the range fell to nearly its lowest point in Oetober, when the
salinity throughout the bay as a whole was greatest. Why the actual
minimum oceurred in January, rather than in October, is not so clear.

We regret our inability to compare our annual salinity curve with
one representing the discharge of the rivers for the entire period during
which our water samples were collected. Unfortunately, at the date
of writing this report, the figures for the river flow have been com-
puted only to September, 1912. The estimated run-off of the Saecra-
mento and San Joaquin rivers is, however, given herewith for the first
nine months of that year. We are indebted to the United States Geo-
logical Survey for the use of the unpublished records for the last three

months.
Acre-feet
January 1,266,000 June 2,498,000
February 972,000 July 772,000
March 1,714,000 August 471,000
April 1,616,000 September 498,000
May 3,446,000

It will be seen that in this particular year, which was, in that
respect, typical, the month of maximum river flow was May. It was
during the second period of our hydrographic observations. which
fell in late April and early May, that the lowest mean salinity for
the year was found. In another year this minimum might have been
found during the February period of observations. An examination of
the various years’ records for the run-off of the Sacramento and San
Joaquin systems discloses not only very great differences in the total
discharge from year to year, but equally great differences in the
distribution of their discharge according to seasons. In some years
the maximum river flow falls in January, in others the maximum is
not reached until May. It is obvious, therefore, that no typical
salinity curve for the bay could be based upon a single year’s
observations.

Since one of the most important of the physical factors affecting
life in this bay, its salinity, varies inversely with the amount of water
discharged by the two great river systems emptying into it, a some-
what detailed consideration of the flow of these rivers seems desirable.
Our estimates of river flow have been computed from Water Supply
Papers 298 and 299 of the United States Geological Survey (Me-

1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay 77

tlashan and Henshaw, 1912; MeGlashan and Dean, 1912). The total
run-off of these river systems has been obtained approximately by
adding the figures for the main rivers and those for the tributaries
entering below the points where the former observations were made.
For the Sacramento River basin, we have added together the figures
for the Sacramento River (near Red Bluff), Stony Creek (near
Fruto), Feather River (at Oroville), Yuba River (near Smartsville),
Bear River (at Van Trent), American River (at Fairoaks), Cache
Creek (at Yolo), and Putah Creek (at Winters). For the San Joaquin
Basin, we have combined the figures for the San Joaquin River (near
Friant), Mereed River (near Merced Falls), Tuolumne River (near
Lagrange), Stanislaus River (at Knights Ferry), Calaveras River (at
Jenny Lind), Mokelumne River (near Clements), and Cosumnes
River (at Michigan Bar).

The minor tributaries are omitted from these calculations as well
as the surface drainage into all these streams, below the observation
stations (including that into San Francisco Bay as a whole). On the
other hand, much of the water from some of them is diverted for
irrigation.

In table 20 are recorded the figures for the run-off in acre-feet’? of
these two river systems during ten years for which complete estimates
are available. The figures for the first six of these years have been
computed from the estimates of the State Engineering Department of
California, those for the last four from the figures of the United States
Geological Survey. Both sets of data are published in the papers of

TABLE 20

DISCHARGE OF SACRAMENTO AND SAN JOAQUIN RIVER SYSTEMS IN ACRE-FEET,
BasED UPON RECORDS FOR TEN YEARS

Sacramento San Joaquin Combined

Year system system flow
1878-79 26,387,000 7,090,000 33,477,000
1879-80 32,300,000 12,091,000 44,391,000
1880-81 32,000,000 9,916,000 41,916,000
1881-82 25,300,000 8,367,000 33,667,000
1882-83 17,800,000 6,361,000 24,161,000

1883-84 29,900,000 18,212,000 43,112,000
1907-08 15,291,000 4,023,000 19,314,000
1908-09 33,756,000 11,178,000 44,934,000
1909-10 20,705,000 8,106,000 28,811,000
1910-11 27,906,000 14,460,000 42,366,000

Mean of 10 yrs. 26,134,500 9,480,400 35,614,900

19 One acre foot = 48,560 cubie feet = 325,850 gallons = 1,233.5 cubic meters
= 1,233,500 liters.

78 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14

MeGlashan and others (1912). The basis of computation has been
somewhat different for the earlier and later sets of figures since
different gaging stations were employed in the two cases.

It will be seen here that the greatest annual discharge during the
ten years considered is to the least as more than two to one. Vastly
greater differences in the rate of river flow are however recorded for
the different months of an average year. In table 21 it will be seen
that the mean discharge for May is more than thirteen times that for
September. On the other hand, the mean salinity of the bay as a
whole for the April-May period of our observations was found to be
such as to imply the presence of only two and one-half times as much
fresh water as during the October period. Even allowing for the facet
that during the year 1912 the river flow for April and May was less
than half the normal, it will be seen that there can be no simple in-
verse proportion between the salinity of the bay and the discharge
of the rivers. Another phase of this same subject will be considered
in the next few paragraphs.

TABLE 21

MeEAN MontHLY DISCHARGE OF SACRAMENTO AND SAN JOAQUIN RIVER SYSTEMS,
Basep Upon REcoRDS FoR TEN YEARS

Run-off in

Month acre-feet
October 527,356
November 748,586
December 1,352,997
January 3,738,103
February 3,453,295
Mareh 4,710,754
April 6,137,662
May 6,467,948
June 4,854,338
July 2,027,965
August 766,125

September 490,364

Total 35,275,493

The mean annual discharge of the two river systems based upon
records covering ten years has been shown to be about 35,600,000 aecre-
feet of which about 26,100,000 comes from the Sacramento and its
tributaries and about 9,500,00 from the San Joaquin and its
tributaries.

There are, in the course of a year, about 706 ebb tides, during
which water passes from the bay into the ocean. The amount of

1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay 79

river water which, on the average, must leave the bay with each ebb

35,600,000
706

22 and 24) that the total amount of water which passes out during

each ebb tide is, on the average, about 1,077,600 acre-feet. From

this it follows that the river water which enters the head of the bay

tide is thus or 50,425 aere-feet. It has been shown (pp.

in the course of a single tidal eycle amounts to less than five per cent
of the total quantity of water discharged through the Golden Gate
during the same period. Accordingly, more than ninety-five per cent
of this quantity must have previously entered from the ocean.

The year during which our observations were conducted was a
particularly dry one. The rainfall for the three representative points
above referred to (pp. 74, 75) was only seventy-six per cent of the
average during the year 1912, while the discharge of the rivers for
the first nine months of that year (beyond which the figures are not
yet available) was only about forty per cent of the normal. It prob-
ably would be safe to assume, therefore, that, within this period, not
more than 2.5 per cent of the total volume of water discharged from
the bay during an average ebb tide, came from the rivers. The re-
maining 97.5 per cent must have entered from the ocean during the
preceding flood.

It might seem, on first thought, that we should have found a mean
salinity in the bay such as would result from combining 97.5 per cent
ocean water and 2.5 per cent fresh water. Assuming for the former
a salinity of 34 per mille, the bay water should have had, according
to this mode of reasoning, a mean salinity for the year of 33.15. In
reality, it was found to be 27.48.

Even if we substitute for pure ocean water, in these computations,
water of the mean salinity actually met with during the flood stream in
the Golden Gate (30.77) ,?° we have, as the result of such a mixture, a
mean salinity of 30 per mille. In order to bring about the condition
actually found, we should have to combine 89 per cent of water from
the Golden Gate with 11 per cent of the river water. In other words,
it would be necessary to assume a river discharge more than four times
as great as that calculated from the published records.

This contradiction rests upon a false conception of the actual
movements of water in the bay. If sea-water of the assumed salinity
and fresh water from the rivers really mixed throughout the bay, in

20 Based on samples taken during the flood series of observations at station
H-4967, which was the nearest of all to the Golden Gate.

80 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Von. 14

the proportions above stated, the resulting water would doubtless be
of a much higher salinity than that actually found.

In reality, these accessions of fresh and salt water behave quite
differently from one another. The former gives rise, despite tidal
fluctuations, to a net southward movement of the waters of the bay,
from Carquinez Strait to the Golden Gate. There thus tends to be a
progressive, though intermittent, displacement of the salt water by
that from the rivers. If the action of the tides should suddenly cease,
the upper arm, at least, of San Francisco Bay would soon become
perfectly fresh.

On the other hand, the water from the sea—itself diluted—enters
but a comparatively short distance into the bay, after which it passes
out to the ocean again. Assuming a mean velocity for the flood
current of 1.2 nautical miles per hour (see p. 26), none of this outside
water can commonly penetrate more than seven or eight miles beyond
the Golden Gate.2t This would carry it but a third or a fourth of
the way to either end of the bay. Within this central area it displaces
a great volume of the water already present, driving it both to the
north and the south. The incoming water doubtless mixes, to a consid-
erable extent, however, with the bay water, along a very irregular
boundary. But the water which recedes on the ebb tide is largely the
same as that which enters on the flood, somewhat augmented and
diluted, to be sure, as a result of the continued influx of fresh water
at the head of the bay.

Beyond this central area which may receive water directly from
the sea outside, the flood stream merely shifts the bay water from
regions of higher salinity to regions of lower salinity, mixing the two
together to a greater or less extent. Thus, even in San Pablo Bay,
which receives the entire discharge of the two great rivers, the mean
salinity indicates the presence of sixty per cent of sea-water, while
in Carquinez Strait itself the mean salinity is nearly half that of
sea-water.

If we could determine for any considerable period the mean
salinity of the water entering the bay through the Golden Gate, as
well as that of the water passing out with the ebb stream, these values,
together with the mean volume of the water discharged with each
tide, would give us the rate of inflow of the fresh water during this

21 In reality such a distance would be reached only in the midchannel and
near the surface.

1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay 81

period. Such figures would serve as a useful check upon those for
river flow, computed in other ways.

Unfortunately, we have no adequate data of the sort referred to.
Of the two oceasions when hydrographic observations were conducted
at hourly intervals throughout a complete tidal eyele, the first gave
results which are in fairly close agreement with the estimated river
flow for the same period. The second, on the contrary, showed an
actually higher mean salinity for the ‘‘ebb’’ phase as a whole than
for the ‘‘flood’’ phase. Various other anomalies in the results last
referred to have already been discussed. They show the futility of
attempting to base any far-reaching conclusions upon single experi-
ments of this sort.

In order to ascertain the condition of the water in that part of
the ocean adjacent to San Francisco Bay, salinity determinations were
made between October 15 and November 4, 1912, at nine stations out-
side of the Golden Gate (plate 2). Seven of these (D—5807 and 5806,
and 5792-5788 inclusive) were made at about equal intervals along a
line extending from the Golden Gate to a point nearly south of South-
east Farallon Island. The nearest of this group to the Golden Gate
(D-5807) was about three and one-half nautical miles from the latter,
the depth being nine fathoms. The farthest station from shore
(D-5788) was about twenty-six nautical miles from the Golden Gate,
at a depth of over sixty fathoms.

Hydrographic observations were likewise made at two other stations
(D-5785 and 5787) from sixteen to twenty miles southwest of the
Golden Gate, at depths of about forty fathoms.

It was our endeavor at most of these stations to take water samples
and temperatures at the surface and bottom and at a point about
midway between the two. Since the messenger which should have
reversed the lowermost water bottle failed to work in some eases, and
since no significant stratification was commonly observed as regards
the salinity, I will present herewith the mean figure for each station.
The following stations are arranged in sequence, commencing with
that one nearest to the Golden Gate:

H-5227 (D-5807)
H-5226 (D-5806)...
H-5225 (D-5792)...
H-5224 (D-5791)
H-5223 (D-5790)...
H-5222 (D-5789)... 34.10
5221 (D=5 7/88) 34.05

82 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14

The other two stations, which did not lie along this main line, gave
the following figures :

H-5220 (D-5787).........---.----- 34.08
H-5219 (D-5785).................. 34.04

It will be seen that, with the exception of the first two stations
listed, which show an evident reduction of salinity,?? the water at these
outlying points exhibits practically the same degree of concentration.
Indeed, the figure for station H—5225, ten miles distant from the
Golden Gate, is exactly the same (34.05) as that for station H—5221,
twenty-six miles distant. During October, at least, the influence of
the water of San Francisco Bay would thus seem to be limited to a
comparatively narrow zone immediately outside of the Golden Gate.
Whether or not this is true during the spring season, when from ten
to twenty times as much fresh water is passing out of the bay, we
have at present no means of knowing.

Excluding the two stations nearest to the Golden Gate, the mean
salinity of these off-shore stations was 34.04.

According to the salinity chart of Schott (1902), it would appear
that the waters adjacent to the California coast, in the latitude of
San Francisco, should have a concentration of less than 33.5 per
mille, though the isohaline of 34 is represented as bending far to the
northward as the coast is approached. It is not evident, however, to
what degree Schott’s figures represent annual averages, and it is like-
wise not stated how close to shore the observations were carried.
According to the theory of upwelling, we should expect to find water
of a higher salinity, derived from the deeper parts of the ocean, in
the immediate neighborhood of the western coast.

Some basis for a comparison between the salinity conditions of two
successive years is afforded by the results of the supplementary obser-
vations of July 18 to 23, 1913, already referred to in the chapter on
temperature.

The six hydrographic stations of the regular series which were
revisited in July, 1913, gave a mean salinity which differed by only
0.32 per mille from the mean of these stations for the same month of
the preceding year. The 1913 readings were slightly lower on the
average than the 1912 ones, the differences ranging from -+ 0.87 to
— 1.73 per mille. Station H—5329, near the Golden Gate, may likewise
be fairly compared with 4967 of the regular series, which was in the
same vicinity. For the former station, twenty-eight samples taken

22 The field records indicate an ebb tide at this time.

1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay 83

during approximately one complete tidal cycle, on July 18, 1913, gave
a mean salinity of 31.07. For station 4967, the mean figure derived
from the July samples of the preceding year was 31.53.

It must here be remarked that both of the years in question were
years of about equally deficient rainfall. For the year 1911-1912
(July, 1911, to June, 1912), the mean precipitation at the three points
considered on page 74. was 12.73 inches. For the year 1912-1913,
the mean figure was 12.39 inches.

Fortunately, we are able to insert, during the passage of this paper
through the press, the results of some water analyses, based upon
samples taken on March 5 and 6, 1914. Unlike the two preceding
years, the season of 1913-1914 was one of exceptionally high rainfall.
Up to the taking of these later samples (strictly speaking, from July
1, 1913 to March 3, 1914), the mean precipitation, for the three points
chosen as representing regions tributary to San Francisco Bay (p. 74),
was 22.17 inches. That for the same period during the preceding
year was 9.04, the ‘‘normal’’ being 13.78.

The water samples, particularly the surface ones, show a strikingly
low salinity for the later year, as compared with the same period in
1912. For the surface waters, the later figures average only 36 per
cent of the earlier ones, for the bottom waters they average 81 per cent
of the earlier ones. The following table gives these figures by stations,
permitting of a comparison between the water of the bay for March 5
and 6, 1914, and that at corresponding phases of the tide from Febru-
ary 13 to 27, 1912.

TABLE 21a

SALINITY OF WATER AT CERTAIN HypRoGRAPHIC STATIONS WHICH WERE REVISITED
on MarcH 5 AND 6, 1914
Station Reference

No. Station Tide Surface Bottom

1912 1914 1912 1914

5351 4967 Ebb 29.53 12.81 31.01 29.04
5357 4967 Flood 31.00 11.62 31.18 80.34
5352 4970 Ebb 26.96 11.78 28.46 18.35
5353 4974 UG UAT ae = 21.74 24.65
5356 4975 exe TSO ae al 18.56 Dalit,
5355 4978 Gs 14.19 4.02 21.47 13.42
5354 4980 “S 19.02 7.65 21.28 11.04
5362 5001 oe 28.38 12.27 28.33 23.17
5361 5005 GG 27.79 11.85 27.75 20.32
5360 5008 iad 27.37 12.32 28.84 30.07
5363 5008 Flood 27.68 11.46 27.85 29.23
Averages 23.94 8.71 26.04 21.22

* Surface samples from these stations gave chlorine permillages so low that the salinities
could not be obtained from Knudsen’s Hydrographic Tables. These samples have therefore
been regarded as nearly pure river water. In computing the averages, their salinity has been
considered as zero.

84 Umversity of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14

Two stations in the central division of the bay, near the Golden
Gate and near Goat Island, respectively, were likewise visited on March
6, 1914, at both the flood and the ebb tides (H. 5358, 5359, 5364, 5365).
The mean figure for the four surface samples here taken was 13.08,
that for the four bottom samples being 30.18. Since no earlier samples
had been obtained at these stations, for the same time of the year, it is
impossible to make comparisons.

It is thus plain that the salinity figures which we have earlier
recorded, for the spring months at least, do not fairly represent the
condition of San Francisco Bay after a season of high rainfall, and
they are doubtless considerably higher than would have been obtained
after a season of even average precipitation.

The two series of shoal water stations across the upper and lower
portions of the bay, in July, 1913 (see p. 47), gave results which are
perhaps not wholly comparable. The three hydrographic stations
5348 to 5350, in the shoal waters of the southern arm of the bay, gave
a mean salinity (surface and bottom) of 27.57, while four samples,
taken at practically the same time at station 5001, in the main channel,
gave a mean salinity of 27.83. These differences may have no special
significance.

A much greater difference was found in San Pablo Bay. where the
mean salinity (surface and bottom) of five stations, extending through
its region of greatest breadth, was 22.67 during the flood tide, while
that of eight samples taken at station 5330 (= 4981) during the same
period, was 27.86. This is not quite a fair comparison, however, since
the last-named station was situated at the lower end of San Pablo
Bay, while the line of shoal-water stations crossed the latter at a
distance of some miles to the north. But even when due allowance
is made for the difference in the stage of the tide, the lower salinity
of the shoal water area is still sufficiently striking. It is doubtless
due to the fresh water discharged by certain estuaries.

Owing to the courtesy of the Morgan Oyster Company, we are
able to present salinity figures for two of that company’s principal
beds, based upon samples collected throughout a considerable part
of one year. The results of these titrations are presented in table
22. For the months of March, April, May and June, each figure
civen is the mean derived from four samples taken at two-weeks’
intervals, and at both high and low-water. The remaining figures
are based upon only two titrations each, with the exception of one,
which is based upon ten.

1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay 85

TABLE 22

SALINITY OF THE WATER AT TwO BEDS OF THE MORGAN OYSTER COMPANY,
DuRING A NUMBER OF CONSECUTIVE MONTHS

Month Millbrae Dumbarton
November, 1912 __......... 31.20
December 900 eee 31.07
January, 1913... 30.50
February 25.86 27.48
March 26.76 27.29
April 26.29 27.22
May 25.17 27.43
June 24.38 27.27
July 28.23 28.37
August 29.78 30.32
September 30.73 31.49

An interesting fact which appears from this table is the consider-
ably higher salinity which is uniformly shown by the Dumbarton
water, taken near the extreme southern end of the bay, in comparison
with that from Millbrae, nearer by many miles to the Golden Gate,
and in much freer communication with the great reservoir of pure
ocean water. Since no considerable source of fresh water is known
to occur near the Millbrae beds, we are inclined to attribute the higher
salinity at Dumbarton to the extensive evaporation which must oceur
throughout such a large area of very shoal water. It will be recalled
(p. 66) that an appreciable rise in salinity was commonly found in
passing from the region below San Francisco to the southernmost of
our hydrographie stations (5001).

We are likewise indebted to Messrs. Eaton and Moraghan, of the
Darbee and Immel and M. B. Moraghan oyster companies respectively,
for the opportunity of testing twenty-four water samples, taken in
November and December, 1912, at their beds near Point San Mateo.
The mean salinity for the November samples is 31.05, that for the
December ones being 30.01. These figures indicate a salinity of the
same general magnitude as has been recorded for the other beds during
these months.

It is regrettable that a satisfactory series of salinity determinations,
made in earlier years, is not available for comparison with these of
ours, particularly in view of the recent steady decline in the oyster-
raising industry of San Francisco Bay. Unfortunately, the only
figures of which we are aware, based upon the analysis of water from

86 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Von. 14

the oyster beds, are so few in number, and present such ineongruities,
that they certainly do not furnish a fair comparison between the years
in question.

In the course of this survey, a few samples of nearly or quite fresh
water were collected incidentally from streams tributary to San
Francisco Bay.

From Napa Creek, several miles above Mare Island, we obtained
a single sample on April 1, 1912, at about high water. The salinity
was found to be 5.62. From Suisun Bay, at station D-5961, a water
sample was obtained on April 2, 1912, during the early flood tide.
The chlorine permillage was 0.088. If this sample be regarded as
diluted sea-water, the salinity equivalent, according to Knudsen’s
tables, was 0.19 per mille, indicating the presence of rather more than
one-half of one per cent of sea-water.

Thanks to Mr. W. E. Allen, of the Stockton High School, we have
had the opportunity of examining some samples of water from the
San Joaquin River, at Stockton, California, taken during the months
of January to July, 1913. Stockton is over thirty miles from the
point at which the combined waters of the Sacramento and San
Joaquin rivers discharge into Suisun Bay. The rise and fall of the
tide are, however, pronounced there.

As might have been expected, the proportion of chlorine was so
low in these samples that it was necessary to concentrate the water by
evaporation before making the titrations. The resulting figures differ
so enormously from one another that we are at a loss for an explana-
tion. The mean chlorine content of the eleven samples which were
tested was 0.076 gm. per liter, while the figures ranged from 0.003 to
0.169. It may be added that these two extremes represent samples
taken during contiguous months. In fact, so little law is evident
among these figures that we must reserve judgment as to their signif-
icanece. Perhaps future studies of the river water at Stockton will
render them intelligible.

As in the case of our temperature data, it will be instructive to
compare the salinity conditions in San Francisco Bay with those in
certain other bodies of water where observations of this nature have
been made.

For Buzzard’s Bay and Vineyard Sound, the density ranged,
during the observations made in the course of the biological survey
of the Woods Hole Region (Sumner, Osburn, Cole and Davis, 1913)
from 1.0212 to 1.0244, representing salinities of about 28.7 and 33.0

1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay 87

respectively. The mean for the two bodies of water was about 31.7,
a figure slightly higher than that for San Francisco Bay at the station
nearest the Golden Gate, and about fifteen per cent higher than that
for the bay as a whole. The absence of any large streams within the
Woods Hole region, and the free intermingling of the coastal water
with the ocean through the tides, are obviously responsible both for
the higher mean salinity and for the small range of salinity in that
region.

In Chesapeake Bay, on the other hand, the salinity averages much
lower than in San Francisco Bay. Figures are available from twenty-
four stations within the upper two-thirds of Chesapeake Bay. These
are derived from the ‘‘Manual of Oyster Culture in Maryland,’’ by
Grave (1912, pp. 47-48). We have converted the density figures
given in this report into corresponding ones for salinity, making due
allowance for the temperatures at which the salinometer readings
were made.

The observations in Chesapeake Bay were made during two periods
of the year: (1) during that of greatest rainfall (April 20 to May 8),
and (2) during the period of least expected rainfall (October 10 to
26).2° The mean salinity for all the stations for the first period was
10.86, that for the second being 14.20. The mean of these two figures
is 12.53. This represents an average salinity considerably less than
half that of San Francisco Bay. It is a lower figure, indeed, than the
annual mean for any of our hydrographic stations, even those in
Carquinez Strait.

The mean figure for the Chesapeake Bay station having the highest
salinity (average for the two periods) was 18.90, that for the station
having the lowest salinity being 4.33.

The determination of water density by means of salinometers has
been the one hitherto chiefly employed in this country and, despite
the inexactness of the readings, this method will doubtless continue
to be widely used on account of its greater convenience. We there-
fore append table 23, for converting salinity figures of a wide range
into those for specific gravity. In one column is given the specific
gravity of various grades of salt water at 0° C, in the other their
specific gravity at 15° C (= 59° EF). Most salinometers now used
in this country are graduated so as to give correct readings at the
latter temperature. All of the figures comprised in this table have

23 As it happened, the rainfall for this latter period was much greater than
usual, giving density figures which were doubtless lower than normal.

88 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14

been obtained (or computed) from Knudsen’s ‘‘ Hydrographic
Tables.”’

TABLE 23

SALINITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SEA WATER AND BRACKISH WATER

(Based upon Knudsen’s Hydrographic Tables)

Specific gravity Specific gravity
at0°O (32°F) ati15°C (59° F)
referred to referred to
Salinity distilled water distilled water

(per 1000) at 4° C at 4° C
5 1.003897 1.00801
6 1.00478 1.00378
7 1.00559 1.00455
8 1.00639 1.00531
9 1.00721 1.00608
10 1.00801 1.00684
11 1.00882 1.00761
12 1.00962 1.00837
13 1.01043 1.00914
14 1.01124 1.00991
15 1.01204 1.01067
16 1.01285 1.01144
17 1.01365 1.01220
18 1.01445 1.01296
19 1.01526 1.01373
20 1.01606 1.01449
21 1.01687 1.01526
22 1.01767 1.01602
23 1.01847 1.01678
24 1.01928 1.01756
25 1.02008 1.01832
26 1.02089 1.01909
27 1.02169 1.01985
28 1.02249 1.02061
29 1.02330 1.021389
30 1.02410 1.02215
31 1.02491 1.02292
32 1.02571 1.02368
33 1.02651 1.02445
34 1.02732 1.02522
35 1.02813 1.02599
36 1.02894 1.02676

1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay 89

B.—PRELIMINARY REPoRT Upon THE Bottom Derposits

As stated in Part A, bottom samples were taken at all of the dredg-
ing stations. They were likewise taken at most of the positions repre-
sented by the hydrographic stations of the regular series.** At the
dredging stations samples of the bottom material brought up by one
or more of the appliances used were saved, notes being made regarding
the consistency, color and texture of this material while fresh. These
notes will be found in the records of the dredging stations, constituting
Appendix I to the present report. That these preliminary character-
izations of the various bottoms do not always agree with the results
of the more careful subsequent examinations in the laboratory is
probably due, in most cases, to the lack of uniformity in the mass of
material brought in by the dredge. A deseription quite applicable
to one part of the dredge-load would, in some eases, have been quite
inadequate if another sample had been chosen.

The bottom materials were preserved in various ways. Stones and
gravel were simply dried and kept in bags. Mud and sand were
placed in bottles or jars. It was our practice at the outset to retain
two of these samples, one in alcohol, the other without any preserva-
tive. Later, two alcoholic samples were bottled. One of these was
intended for use in the study of the bottom material itself, the other
for an examination of the organisms contained in it. At three of the
last dredging stations (5847-5849) samples were obtained by the use
of the ‘‘Albatross’’ bottom-sampler and these were treated after
the manner of those taken at the hydrographic stations.

At the hydrographic stations of the regular series (see footnote
below) samples were taken on two of the bimonthly eruises, excep-
tion being made of a few stations at which the bottom was too hard to
permit of the penetration of the instrument. A set of samples was
first taken with the Ekman tubular bottom-sampler. This instrument,
as already stated, was found to be inadequate for our requirements.

;

24 We do not say ‘‘at all of the hydrographic stations,’’ since each of the
repetitions of the primary stations has been treated in our records as a separate
station.

90 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14

Only a few of the samples thus obtained have been subjected to
quantitative treatment. Later, a series was obtained with the ‘‘ Alba-

”

tross’’ improved sampler, a description of which has already been
given (pp. 15-19). These specimens were retained, until we were pre-
pared to examine them, in the paraffined pasteboard tubes referred
to in the description of the apparatus. As in the case of the other
bottom material, two samples were taken at each point where the
instrument was used, one being intended primarily for biological
study, the other for geological or mineralogieal.

Altogether, material from seventy-nine stations has been subjected
to the system of examination to be described below. Since from a
considerable number of stations two or more sections of a tube sample
have been treated separately, it may be said that one hundred and
twenty-two bottom samples have been subjected to these analyses.

These various specimens comprised: (1) dried material. including
the large stones and much of the gravel, together with the sand from
certain earlier stations; (2) material preserved in alcohol, including
most of the sand and much of the mud; and (3) the tube specimens,
taken with the bottom sampling machines and kept for future study
in the pasteboard tubes. These last were in all cases composed of mud
or muddy sand.

Materials taken in the bag of an ordinary dredge, dragged along
a course a half mile or more in length, obviously do not represent the
conditions existing at any single spot upon the bottom. Several quite
distinct types of bottom deposit may be passed over and scraped up
in the course of such a haul. Moreover, a sample of this sort will
contain only materials from a very superficial layer. The specimens
from the stations between D—5700 and D-—5809 are of this character.

Materials obtained by means of the ‘‘orange-peel bucket’’ have the
advantage of being taken from a single restricted spot, and further-
more of being derived from greater depths. It is impossible, how-
ever, to obtain stratified samples by means of this instrument. Hence
it was our practice during the survey to bottle merely a small repre-
sentative portion of such material, or a mixture derived from several
points in the mass, in case the latter varied noticeably in appearance.
The samples from stations D—5816 to 5833 were of this character.

The tube samples alone furnished specimens which preserved the
natural stratification of the bottom deposits at points whose positions
were accurately known. All of the samples from the hydrographic

1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay 91

stations were of this character, together with those from the dredging
stations 5847 and 5848.

The object of the analysis of these samples was twofold: (1) to
make a quantitative determination of the physical texture of the
various materials found in different parts of the bay, regardless of
chemical composition, and (2) to ascertain the proportions of shelly
matter (calcium carbonate) and of vegetable debris. To these must
be added a third object, in the case of about sixty of the mud samples,
namely, a determination of the total amount of nitrogen present.

As already stated, the laboratory methods here employed were
largely prescribed by Professor Louderback, who also, in considerable
measure, supervised the analyses. The mode of procedure necessarily
differed somewhat with the nature of the specimen at hand. The
materials were classified roughly under the three following heads,
though it will be understood that no one of these was often entirely
free from the others.

I. Stones and gravel—The portion chosen for study was dried, if
necessary, then weighed. Any shells or shell fragments which might
be present were removed and weighed separately, and the same was
done with fragments of wood or other vegetable debris. In some eases,
stones were scraped to remove barnacles, caleareous Bryozoa, ete.
The size of a few of the largest stones was determined by ealiper
measurements and by weighing.

If, as commonly happened, the sample comprised any finer in-
vredients, it was sifted upon a series of screens, having circular
apertures 10mm., 5mm., and 2mm. in diameter respectively. The
amount of the material remaining upon each screen was weighed
separately. That passing through the two-millimeter sieve was re-
garded as sand, and was treated as will be described below. If this
latter contained mud the two were separated according to the pro-
cedure employed in general for such mixtures.

Il. Sand.—When the sample consisted preponderatingly of non-
muddy material, fine enough to pass through the two-millimeter sieve,
it was regarded as sand. The specimen was dried, if necessary, after
which it was weighed. It was then passed through the above-mentioned
series of screens, to remove pebbles, shells and vegetable debris, which
were separated and weighed.

If an appreciable amount of mud was present in the sand, this
sifting was done under water in order to prevent caking and to insure

92 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou. 14

that all of the mud should pass through the finest screen. Each lot
of material retained by the larger screens was dried and weighed.

That which passed through the two-millimeter screen was used
for certain further determinations. Except in the case of mud-free
material, one portion was washed in order to separate the mud from
the sand, another was tested for calcium carbonate.

For the former operation, a small quantity, usually 10 oms., was
placed in a small narrow jar, and shaken violently with a definite
quantity of distilled water. After settling for a number of seconds,
depending on the character of the sample, the water was siphoned
off, down to a definite level, and the jar filled and shaken again. The
process was repeated until the water quickly ceased to be turbid and
the sediment consisted of particles over 50 microns in diameter. (This
last was determined roughly by microscopic examination). The
washings were saved for future studies upon the mud. The sand was
dried and weighed.

Two methods were employed in determining the calcium carbonate.
In the case of mud-free samples, the material was weighed before
and after extraction with HCl, it being assumed that the material
dissolved consisted chiefly of shelly matter.

In the ease of samples containing mud, a small portion (commonly
10 ems.) was taken and carefully weighed. An exactly weighed
amount of HCl was added and the loss due to the escape of gas
(chiefly CO.) was determined gravimetrically. The amount of calcium
carbonate originally present could readily be computed from the loss
of CO,, allowance being made for a certain amount of the latter which
remained in solution in the liquid.

Both of these methods involve a certain error, namely, the assump-
tion that whatever was dissolved in hydrochloric acid, with the
liberation of gas, consisted of caleium carbonate. While the error
is not believed to be very great proportionally, its magnitude is not
known.

III. Muds.—Samples were regarded as muds which consisted
predominantly of material that remained in suspension for consid-
erable periods in water. (See above). Since practically all of the
muds contained a certain percentage of sand, and frequently of shells
and pebbles as well, the method of treatment was much the same as
that already described for the sand, the only difference depending
upon the smaller proportion of coarser ingredients which were en-
countered. The calcium carbonate was determined by the second of the
methods above deseribed.

1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay 93

In the case of the tube samples, sections about 10 em. lone were
removed at two or more levels in these cylindrical masses of mud. One
was taken at the top, another commonly at the bottom, while in most
cases a third was taken from an intermediate level. This came from
a point about midway between the two ends, unless features in the
stratification of the deposit rendered it desirable to take the sample
from another level. In a few instances four sections were removed.

Each of these sections was divided longitudinally into quarters.
One of these quarters was subjected to the treatment accorded to other
mud samples, a second was sent to the United States Bureau of Chem-
istry for the determination of nitrogen, a third was reserved for biologi-
eal examination, while the fourth was retained for further possible
mineralogical studies.

Commonly the longer of the two tube samples taken at a given
station was employed in these studies but both of them were opened
and examined by Professor Louderback, notes being made by him on
the original and final length?’ of the total sample, and of interesting
features in its stratification.

The results of these sifting and weighing operations together with
the calcium carbonate determinations are presented in Appendix III.
Here are given the absolute and percentage values of the particles of
various sizes. In the columns headed ‘‘Gross Weight’’ these values
are quite independent of the composition of the various particles.
Fragments of shell have been thrown together with sand grains or
pebbles of the same size.

Reference to the ‘‘CaCO,”’ columns, however, shows us the absolute
and relative amounts of shelly material in each grade of the screenings,
so that the proportion of the inorganic particles in each may readily
be obtained.

For all the coarser grades (over two millimeters) the figures for
“calcium carbonate’’
and shell fragments. They are, therefore, doubtless somewhat too
high, since mollusean shells contain a certain percentage of the organic
substance conchiolin. In old fragments, however, such as those which
chiefly are found in bottom deposits, it is likely that most of this

represent merely the dry weight of the shells

organic matter has disappeared.

25 The first was determined by measuring the distance between the two
corks, the second was the actual length of the mud after the shrinkage due to
evaporation. The former figure probably exaggerated, in some eases, the orig-
inal length of the sample, since the upper cork may from the first have failed
to reach the surface of the mud. The dry (or partly dry) measurements are
necessarily the ones considered in the tables and charts, where sections of the
tube samples from various levels are designated.

94 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14

The limited quantities of vegetable remains found in certain of
the bottom samples have likewise been indicated in another column.
These materials were sometimes more prominent than their slight
(dry) weight would seem to indicate. At the upper end of the bay,
in particular, drifted wood fragments were abundant in certain
dredge-hauls. These were completely waterlogged and much eroded,
sometimes forming veritable wooden pebbles. Other remains of land
plants, perhaps also of fresh-water ones and of Zostera, occurred
freely throughout the bay, though forming a scarcely appreciable
fraction of the dry weight of most of the bottom samples. Marine
algae seem to have contributed almost nothing to these deposits.

In our table, material which passed through the two-millimeter
sieve has been divided into

< 9?

‘sand’’ and ‘‘mud’’. The words are

evidently used in a more restricted sense here than in our field notes.
““sand,’’ in which
these finer particles predominated, but which were none the less

mixtures of materials of various grades of coarseness, and which com-

In the latter, bottom deposits were designated as

monly contained more or less mud as well. Likewise practically all
of the ‘‘muds’’ contained a certain proportion of coarser ingredients.
The method which we adopted for separating the mud and sand and
the distinction which was drawn between the two have already been
discussed (p. 92). Where the occurrence of mud is not expressly
indicated in our table, it may be assumed that the material passing
through our finest sieve was entirely composed of sand, or at least
of non-muddy matter. Finely divided shell fragments sometimes
constituted an appreciable fraction of this material.

In certain eases, notably at the dredging stations 5738, 5778, 5808
and 5809, the bottom samples which were preserved for study com-
prised only the finer ingredients, the stones which here abounded being
too large to be included. Thus the figures given in our table do not
fairly express the actual character of these bottoms. Indeed no really
quantitative treatment of such deposits would be possible without
making an inventory of the entire dredge-haul. This is particularly
true of the deeper portions of the Golden Gate, where hundreds of
pounds of large stones, with very little finer materials, were some-
times brought up at one time. Lists of the larger stones, with their
dimensions and weight, were prepared for two such stations, D—5845
and 5846, and some of these data have been included in the records
for those stations, but no account was here taken of the finer materials.

The bottom conditions in San Francisco Bay, so far as revealed

1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay 95

by these preliminary studies, have been represented in plates 5, 6,
and 7.

Plate 5 is based upon the samples taken with the dredge, together
with the upper (surface) sections of the tube samples. The number
of circles upon this chart, representing stations, will be found to be
less than the number of stations included in the table giving the results
of our analyses. While there are seventy-nine of the latter, only sixty-
four of the former have been plotted. This has resulted from two
causes: (1) the character of the bottom at certain of the stations
is Inadequately represented in the tables, for reasons which have just
been explained; (2) certain of the stations, particularly in the central
region of the bay, were very close together or actually intersected
one another. Thus the symbols representing the bottom character
at these stations would have overlapped considerably had not some of
these been omitted. In a few other cases, overlapping has been
avoided by a slight shifting apart of two of the symbols. In general,
the center of the circle represents the position of the station, or, in
the case of a dredge-haul, the middle point of the line traversed.

In these symbols, percentages by weight of the various-sized par-
ticles have been indicated by the relative areas of the sectors. The
finest dots designate sand (1.e., particles less than two millimeters in
diameter, but coarser than mud), the next larger ones represent par-
ticles two to five millimeters in diameter, the next five to ten, and the
largest ones particles over ten millimeters. Mud is represented by
the uniformly black areas. In constructing these sectors, no ingredient
was included unless it represented three per cent or more of the total,
i.e., there are no sectors of less than eleven degrees.

In the report upon the biological survey of the Woods Hole region
(see Sumner, Osburn, Cole, and Davis, 1913), bottom characters were
represented by a similar system of circles divided into variously
shaded sectors. There, however, no quantitative study was made of
the various ingredients, so that the sectors did not represent per-
centages.

Since the adoption of the system of symbols employed in the
present report, our attention has been called to another work, in
which the actual proportions of the ingredients have been represented
by sectors of various sizes. The system of shading does not, however,
agree with that adopted here (see Hiilsen, 1912).

Since calcium carbonate appeared in any or all of the screenings,
the proportion of this material in a given sample plainly cannot be

96 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14

represented by a single sector, comparable with the others into which
the circle is divided. It has seemed a fairer procedure to represent
the calcium carbonate as a smaller circle at the center of the large
one and eneroaching upon the area of all the sectors.2° The area (not
the diameter) of this inner circle is proportionate to the percentage
of calcium carbonate in the sample. Quantities less than two per cent
have not been represented in these symbols.

With the calcium carbonate there has been included, as already
stated the shells and shell fragments which were dried and weighed
without any chemical treatment.

In interpreting these symbols, it must be borne in mind that the
coarser grades of stippling do not invariably represent pure gravel,
but that shells and shell fragments are thus likewise designated. The
size of the circle representing calcium carbonate will commonly serve
as a clue to the nature of these coarser particles, however, and in any
doubtful case their character can be determined by reference to the
table.

In plate 6 have been presented the results of the analyses of the
tube specimens obtained by the use of the ‘‘Albatross’’ bottom-
sampling apparatus (except at four stations, 5129 A, B, C, and D,
where the Ekman apparatus was used). The stations are arranged
along the (interrupted) horizontal axis from the northern end of
the bay, the distances being proportional to the actual distances be-
tween the stations, independently of direction. The vertical axis
represents depth in centimeters. In plotting these circles the same
system has been followed as that employed in the construction of the
previous chart.

Plate 7 represents the proportions of nitrogen at various levels in
these tube samples. The areas of the circles are proportional to the
percentages of nitrogen. The absolute figures will be found in Ap-
pendix IV. They include all the nitrogen, however, combined.*" The
method employed was that of Gunning.

No extended discussion of these various conditions will be at-
tempted here, partly because a more complete report upon these bottom
deposits will probably be prepared within the coming year by one
of the present authors, partly because we can at present discern few

26 Of course it would not be likely to encroach equally upon all of these,
but such details can hardly be taken into account in constructing a diagram
such as this.

27 Dr. Alsberg writes: ‘‘A few of the muds were tested for nitrates, and
none were found. The nitrogen evidently occurs in organic compounds, the
composition of which may vary widely. All the nitrogen was determined.’’

1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay 97

features of interest which are not obvious to anyone who eares to
inspect the charts.

One feature of this sort is the greater proportion of mud in the
upper and lower, as compared with the middle, sections of the bay.
In the latter region mud is of frequent occurrence, but it contains
much larger proportions of sand. A similar area was found near the
opening of Carquinez Strait. Near the Golden Gate, mud gives way
to fairly clean sand and gravel. On the other hand, particularly
pure mud predominates in the southern end of the bay.

Turning to the vertical distribution, there is in general a larger
proportion of mud in the surface layers than in the intermediate and
bottom ones. This law is subject, however, to many exceptions. An
intermediate shell-bed, of considerable horizontal extent, was found
in the lower half of the bay, throughout a region where shells are
practically wanting at the surface.

A conspicuous feature shown by plates 6 and 7 is the greater
penetration of the apparatus, and consequent greater length of the
samples, in the bottoms of fairly pure mud.

In the nitrogen chart, no general principle can be discerned beyond
the self-evident correlation between the amount of nitrogen and the
amount of mud. Important correlations may be expected, however,
between the conditions here portrayed and the distribution of various
sedentary or burrowing organisms. The discovery of such facts, as
well as other important ecological relations, must be left to the biolo-
cists who are studying the various collections obtained in the course
of this survey.

98 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14

SUMMARY

1. This report discusses the methods employed in the course of a
biological survey of San Francisco Bay, conducted by the United
States Fisheries Steamer “‘ Albatross’’ during the years 1912 and 1913,
together with the principal data derived from the hydrographic
observations which were made.

2. The latter were for the most part conducted during six obser-
vation periods, at approximately bimonthly intervals, throughout the
course of one year. To this regular series must be added considerable
supplementary work, carried on during the following year.

3. The physical factors of the environment to which attention was
chiefly devoted were depth, velocity of current, temperature, salinity
and character of bottom. Various caleulations have likewise been
made, based upon the published records of the United States Coast
and Geodetic Survey and other sources.

4. The mean depth of San Francisco Bay (computed from charted
soundings) is 22.7 feet (6.9 meters). Leaving out of account the
Golden Gate, the greatest depth in the bay is 36 fathoms (66 meters).
Throughout more than eighty per cent of its area, the depth is less
than five fathoms (nine meters).

5. The volume of water, at mean low tide, has been estimated as
5,015,600 acre-feet (6,187,000,000 cubic meters). The amount of
water present at mean high tide is greater than this by 1,077,600 aecre-
feet. Thus, about 17.7 per cent of the water present at high tide
passes out during the average ebb.

6. The mean rate of the tidal currents, based upon 142 surface
observations, made at all phases of the tide, throughout the navigable
parts of the bay, was found to be about 1.4 knots (nautical miles) per
hour. The average figure for the ebb current readings was 1.68 knots,
the average for the flood readings being 1.19 knots. The maximum
figure recorded during our observations was 3.03 knots, though much
swifter currents are known to occur in the Golden Gate.

7. The mean tidal range, at nine points distributed at fairly equal
intervals throughout the bay (based upon Coast Survey figures) is
4.52 feet (1.38 meters).

8. The mean temperature of the entire bay, during the year
covered by our observations, was 12°91 C (55°23 F). The regional
means ranged from 12°01 C, the annual mean for a station near the

1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay 99

Golden Gate, to 13°81 C, which is that for a station in the southern
arm of the bay. The highest single temperature encountered by us
was 20°6 C, on July 23, 1913, in shoal water in the lower part of the
bay. The lowest was 6°0 C, on January 13, 1913, in Carquinez Strait.

The seasonal means varied from 8°33 C, representing the mean
temperature of the entire bay in January, 1913, to 16°68 C, repre-
senting the mean for the bay in July, 1912. The annual range of tem-
perature for the bay as a whole was thus 8°35 C. The greatest sea-
sonal range was met with at the two ends of the bay, particularly the
northern, the least range being found in the vicinity of the Golden
Gate. The regional range was lowest in February, when the highest
and lowest temperatures recorded differed by 0°8 C. It was greatest
in July, when the range was about 5° C.

9. Comparisons have been offered between the annual mean and
the annual range of water temperature in San Francisco Bay with
corresponding figures for two inlets of the ocean, on the opposite side
of the continent. Chesapeake Bay (or the lower third of it, from
which most of the records came), has about the same latitude as San
Francisco Bay, while Woods Hole harbor is considerably farther
north. The figures are as follows:

Mean Range
San Prancisco! Bayi -..-2-2...--.--- 12°91 € 8235 C
@hesapealken aye sss. eee ee eee 14°38 C 22°12 €
Woods Hole harbor ..............-..... 10°56 C 21250 C

10. For the Pacific Ocean in the neighborhood of San Francisco,
the figures, according to Thorade (1909), are: mean, 12°86 C; range
323. Thus, it is plain that the more equable climate of the Pacific
coast of the United States, as compared with that of the Atlantic coast,
is associated with a much greater uniformity in the temperature of
the neighboring water masses.

11. During five of the six bimonthly periods of observation, the
surface temperatures, throughout San Francisco Bay, were higher
than those for the bottom. In January, however, this condition was
reversed, the surface temperatures being lower than the bottom ones,
by an average difference of 0°2 C.

12. The mean salinity of the entire bay, during the year of our
observations, was 27.48 per mille. This is a grade of concentration
such as would result from a mixture of 81 per cent of ocean water
and 19 per cent of river water. The regional means ranged from

100 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14

15.24, the annual mean for a station in Carquinez Strait, to 31.04,
the mean for a station near the Golden Gate. The salinity was found
to fall steadily from the ocean to the northern end. It was likewise
found to fall somewhat as we passed to the southern arm of the bay,
though rising slightly at the lower end.

The highest single salinity figure recorded for the bay was 33.27,
on October 12, 1912, at the station nearest the Golden Gate, the lowest
being 3.25, on April 23, in Carquinez Strait. (See, however, the figures
for March, 1914.)

The seasonal means varied from 25.23, representing the mean
salinity of the entire bay in the April-May period to 30.51, represent-
ing the mean for the bay in October. The regional range was lowest
in January (not in October, as might have been expected), highest at
the time of the April-May observations.

In considering all of these figures for salinity, it must be borne in
mind that both years in which the observations were made were ones
of very deficient rainfall. Supplementary data, obtained after the
heavy precipitation of the winter of 1913-1914, indicate that, for the
spring months, at least, the figures here presented are considerably
higher than the average.

13. The mean salinity figure for the surface samples was 26.77,
that for the bottom samples being 28.19. This difference between
surface and bottom was naturally highest where the waters of the
rivers enter the bay, and lowest near the Golden Gate.

14. Contrary to expectation, the mean salinity of water samples
taken during the flood phase of the tide was appreciably and pretty
constantly lower than that of samples taken during the ebb phase.
This seeming paradox was explained by a consideration of our method
of procedure in obtaining the water samples. These were commonly
obtained early in the course of a given tidal phase, and early flood
water is naturally less concentrated than early ebb water.

15. Certain general relations were established between the salinity
of the bay water and the recorded river flow and rainfall for the
regions tributary thereto. Such relations were, however, ones which
might have been predicted in advance.

16. The salinity of the local ocean water, at ten stations, from
ten to twenty-six nautical miles beyond the Golden Gate, was found,
during late October and early November, to be 34.04. The observa-
tions were, however, made early in the rainy season and at about the
period of least river flow. In the spring, the discharge of the local

1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay 101

rivers is from ten to twenty times as great as in the fall, so that an
appreciable dilution of the coastal waters might then be expected.

17. The mean salinity of San Francisco Bay, so far as we may
judge from the year covered by our observations, appears to be over
twice as great as that of Chesapeake Bay, while it is considerably less
than that of Buzzard’s Bay, on the New England coast.

18. A physical analysis was made of bottom samples from seventy-
nine stations, the proportions of ingredients of various grades of
coarseness being determined. The percentage of calcium carbonate
(derived nearly or quite exclusively from shells) was hkewise deter-
mined for all of the samples taken, while the nitrogen content was
ascertained for a selected series by the United States Bureau of
Chemistry. :

At twenty-seven of the stations, long cylindrical samples were
taken with a special bottom-sampling apparatus devised for the pur-
pose. These made possible a study of the natural stratification of the
bottom. In the case of such samples, from two to four segments were
analyzed separately.

Few general statements can be made regarding the distribution,
either horizontal or vertical, of the various types of bottom materials
in San Francisco Bay, and the reader is therefore referred to the
charts (plates 5, 6, 7), which depict these data.

Transmitted January 13, 1914.

102 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14

LITERATURE CITED

EKMAN, V. W.

1905a. On the use of insulated water-bottles and reversing thermometers.
Cons. Perm. Int. pour 1’Expl. de la Mer, Publ. de Cire., 23, 28 pp.,
pls. 1, 2.

1905b. An apparatus for the collection of bottom samples. Ibid., 27, 2-6,
5 figs. in text.

GRAVE, C.

1912. Manual of oyster culture in Maryland. Fourth Report of the Mary-

land Shell Fish Comm. Repr., 75 pp., pls. 8-13, 1 diagram.
Hann, J.

1906. Lehrbuch der Meteorologie (Leipzig, C. H. Tauchnitz), ed. 2, xii +

642 pp., 9 pls., 14 charts, 4 tables, 89 figs. in text.
Houtway R. S.

1905. Cold water belt along the west coast of the United States. Univ.

Calif. Publ. Bull. Dept. Geol., 4, 263-266, pls. 31-37.
HUusen, K.

1912. Investigations of bottom samples taken from Lake Glubokoje in the
Moscow District. Works Hydrobiol. Station at Glubokoje Lake, 4,
20-41, pls. 2-4, 1 fig. in text. (Russian).

KNUDSEN, M.
1901. Hydrographische Tabellen (Copenhagen, Gad), v + 63 pp.
LOHMANN, H.

1911. Ueber das Nannoplankton und die Zentrifugierung kleinster Wasser-
proben zur Gewinnung desselben in lebendem Zustande. Int. Rev.
der ges. Hydrob. und Hydrogr., 4, 1-38, pls. 1-5, 5 figs. in text.

MASSACHUSETTS COMMISSIONERS ON FISHERIES AND GAME.

1909. Report upon the mollusk fisheries of Massachusetts (Boston, State

Printers), 243 pp., [50] pls.
McApzrg, A. G.

1913. The climate of San Francisco. Weather Bureau, U. 8S. Dept. of Agri-

culture, Bull. 44, 33 pp., 14 figs. in text.
McEwen, G. F.

1912. The distribution of ocean temperatures along the west coast of North
America deduced from Ekman’s theory of the upwelling of cold
water from the adjacent ocean depths. Int. Rev. der ges. Hydrob.
u. Hydrog., 5, 248-286, 21 figs. in text.

McGuasuHan, H. D., anp HENSHAW, F. F.

1912. Water resources of California: part I. Stream measurements in
Sacramento River basin. U. 8. Geol. Surv., Water Supply Paper
298, 411 pp., 8 pls., 3 figs. in text.

McGuasuHan, H. D., anp Dean, H. J.

1912. Water resources of California: part II. Stream measurements in
San Joaquin River basin. U. 8. Geol. Surv., Water Supply Paper,
299, 439 pp., 7 pls.

RATHBUN, R.

1890. The transplanting of lobsters to the Pacific Coast of the United

States. Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., 8, 453-472, pls. 70, 71.

1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay — 103

RICHARD, J.
1900. Les campagnes scientifiques de S. A. 8. le Prince Albert I* de
Monaco. Expos. Uniy. de 1900 [Paris], (Imprimerie de Monaco,
Monaco), 140 pp., 10 pls., 60 figs. in text.
Scuorr, G.
1902. Die Verteilung des Salzgehalts im Oberflachenwasser der Ozeane.
Petermann’s Mitt., 48, 217-223.
SumNER, F. B., OssuRN, R. C., CoLE, L. J., AND Davis, B. M.
1918. <A biological survey of the waters of Woods Hole and vicinity. In
two parts. Bull. U. 8. Bur. Fish., 31, 1-860, 274 charts.
THORADE, H.
1909. Uber die Kalifornische Meeresstrémung. Oberflichentemperaturen
und Stromungen an der Westkiiste Nordamerikas. Ann. der Hydr.
und marit. Meteor., 37, 17-34, 63-76, pls. 5, 10, 11.
TOWNSEND, C. H.
1898. Report of observations respecting the oyster resources and oyster
fishery of the Pacifie Coast of the United States. Report U. 8S.
Fish Commission 1889-1891, pp. 348-872, pls. 2-11.
UNITED STATES COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY.
1909. United States coast pilot. Pacifie coast: California, Oregon and
Washington (Washington, Government Printing Office), ed. 2,
251 pp., 6 maps.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES

PLATE 1

Fig. 1. Dredging stations of the ‘‘Albatross’’ in San Francisco Bay, during
1912 and 1913.

[104]

Sac) See eee

UNIV. CALIF. PUBL, ZOOL, VOL. I4 (SUMNER, ET AL.] PLATE |

107 —08

ons, vat.
“c net 6:7)

- y ‘

oe pe CARO O77
a STR4;7, "2

s

N\ A, ia, 38
= u 00

2 Brett

ol ANNUAL

INCREASE — =

pe
aoe I “iy,

122°05" |
= a

SOUTMANPTON
‘SMOAL, CT.

yPt Bonita“

fsror ALcatnat 2 KEY ROUTE
$927 ONE DIES

$710 0%-0 ~OS7/2

OAKLAND
S.PPIER

3, eG
haar eo
‘ \ =
P
venga
~~ BUENA LT rari at

FERRY BUILDING %™

DREDGING STATIONS le
FISHERIES STEAMER ALBATROSS |

SS anibahe SAN FRANCISCO BAY

CALIFORNIA

i
1912 —1913 |

NAUTICAL MILES |

bey
ie
m+
Qa
_
WM Hunte
Q
oO

' ¢ 3 4 s
KILOMETERS

| (Seem 7 6 9 10 |

BASED ON
C.%G.S. CHART 5530

a

05

} Fig. 1. Dredging Stations of thy ‘Albatross’’ in San Franeiseo Bay.

PLATE 2

Fig. 2. Dredging stations of the ‘‘Albatross’’ outside of San Francisco
Bay, during 1912.

[106]

10° 0S’ 12300 5S)

50

40 35.

1——I = i——| fe i——t <a a = cn — Des = ice =a

NORTH FARALLON.

“MIDDLE FARALLON

Qa

“SS 5.E. FARALLON |

5789
Ce

Ne ae

ig. 2. Dredging stations of the

** Albatross”?

S7IC

outside of San Francisco Bay,

$737

22.

PLATE 3

Fig. 3. Chart showing the mean annual water temperature, in degrees Centi-
grade, at each of the hydrographic stations of the regular series. (This chart
will also serve to show the position of the primary hydrographie stations).

[108]

UNIV, CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. |4 [SUMNER, ET AL.] PLATE 3

VALLEJO

4979

© 13.06 i ¥ yeti ‘ i
4980 Sees SS
© 12.44 a) > F ine
itn
Pt SanPedro 6 a ‘ Tae
13.29 vt ; ‘
a Sura Cc URN A Poe >

FERRY BUILDING 5008 ‘ =
E O 1264) |

1 \

5007, *
O 12.85
—

5006

Own __ SAN FRANCISCO —

GALIFORNIA

5005 ~_

(@) 13.28 , NAUTICAL MILES,
P 1 2 3 =e

5004 ’ . KILOMETERS: x
O 13.53, A bate 4 5S 827 B.. Oe

5003
O13.81 +! as
5002 ° : 2

013.75

\ 501 3S

013.69;

Fig. 3. Chart showing mean annual water temperatures.

PLATE 4

Fig. 4. Chart showing the mean annual salinity at each of the hydrographic
stations of the regular series, expressed as the weight of salts per thousand
parts of sea-water.

[110]

UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14 (SUMNER, ET AL.] PLATE

Nived
4977 _---O

O 17.35 15.69

MARTINEZ

- ~

=a toe
THIS'e sm 1914,
ANNUAL

INGREKERD — 3

eT INS

Y

KEY ROUTE
PIER

OAKLAND

CALIFORNIA
5005 |
© 28.47 NAUTICAL MILES.
' 2 3 4 $s
5004 KILOMETERS
ee
© 28.67 Dante: SNES RSS Ols MB we |
5003 . (|
© 28.68 — ; + 46
5002
© 28.90
5001
© 28.80

20°

Fig. 4. Chart showing mean annua! salinities.

PLATE 5

Fig. 5. Chart showing bottom conditions at 64 stations in San Francisco
Bay, based upon the analysis of samples taken in part with the dredge, in part
with the bottom-sampling apparatus. Of the latter, the superficial layers only
are included in this chart.

In these symbols, percentages by weight of the various sized particles have
been indicated by the relative areas of the sectors. The finest dots denote
sand (i.e., particles less than two millimeters in diameter, but coarser than
mud); the next larger ones represent particles 2 to 5 millimeters in diameter;
the next 5 to 10; and the largest ones particles over 10 millimeters in diameter.
Mud is represented by the uniformly black areas. Calcium carbonate is repre-
sented by the white circles at the center of certain of the symbols. The area
(not the diameter) of this inner circle is proportionate to the percentage of
calcium carbonate in the sample. (See pp. 95, 96 for fuller explanation.)

[112]

he ea ee

On en mane iO cree ad

UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. [4

(SUMNER, ET AL.] PLATE 5

3798 1.5704

seas
(4978)

Hesesy = DSR A
)

D-s752

D-5709
5308

(4074) )
D-3740 v

H-5308

(4978)

need
Hs129C
‘ H6s29B a
Hseog Hsi20A 7
iy G
aD

D-s808 A

fa LUCCP

ig. 5. Chart showing Dott jitions in San Francisco Bay.

pm con

PLATE 6

Fig. 6. Diagram showing the results of the analysis of the samples taken
with the bottom-sampling apparatus. The stations are arranged at proportionate
distances along the interrupted horizontal axis. The vertical axis represents
depth in centimeters. The distance of the center of each circle below the
zero-point on the seale denotes the distance of the middle of the section of
the sample below the surface. The symbols have the same significance as in
the preceding chart.

[114]

UNIV, CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14

H-6289 H-5288 H-5287
(4977) (4978) (4979)

A-5306
H-5129D (5008)

=p

100

120
130
140
150

100

120
130
140
150
160
170

UNIV, CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14

H-6280 H-5288
(4977) (4978)
41-5129 D

AY-6305
(5008)

H-5286 H-5285
(4980) (4981)

P /

?
v
H-5307
(5006)
P
>
le

da

[SUMNER, ET AL.] PLATE 6

-5304 H-6303 H-5302 = H-5301 H-5300 H-6299 H-5298
(4974) (4978) (4972) (4971) (4970) (4969) (4968) H-6129A H-5129B H-5129C H-6129D

H-6308 H-6309 H-5810 H-5311 H-5312 H°5318
(5005) (5004) (5008) (5002) (5001) (5001) D-5848 A, D6a7 A

ar y

Fig. 6. Diagram of analyses of bottom samples.

ast Sésessia.

big

a on 3D. ) = x

|
ape Se a Oe ee
baa Bet Yea yee ER SRT Bal

*- nalts

PLATE 7

Fig. 7. Diagram showing the proportion of nitrogen in the various tube
samples, based upon analyses by the United States Bureau of Chemistry. The
proportional amounts of this element are indicated by the areas of the circles.
The absolute figures will be found in Appendix IV. The horizontal and vertical
scales have the same significance as in plate 6.

[116]

100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170

UNIV, CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL, VOL. 14

H-5289 H-5288
(4977) (4978)

H-5129D

H-5287 H-5286 H-5285
(4979) (4980) (4981)

H-5305 H-5306 H-5307
(5008) (5007) (5006)

H-5304 H-5302 H-5301 H-5300 H-5298
(4974) (4972) (4971) (4970) (4968)

H-5312 H-5313
(5004) (5001)

Ce
Se

H-5308 H-5309 H-5310 H-5311
(5005) (5004) (5003) (5002)

Fig. 7. Diagram showing proportions of nitrogen in bottom samples.

(SUMNER, ET AL,] PLATE 7

H-5129 B H-5129C H-5129D

D-5848 A

D-5847 A

B JOV 1005 BUS ALIA VIA

| 37809 [JA TR AIMMUe]

(2k)
co SSeS
i

PLATE 7

~
ii on @ my hawing the proportions

vi, bated godn wuaieeve by the United &
pirgpeartiond) @ayante Of tbs alement ure i dicaiosd
Thh 2lecioie Agared will le fuusd be -Appendix Iv
case have the mame signiGeante wa in plate 6,

zo
A Ore Ocean 2

Lite-lt OLERAL@OER- BORE

COLA 1002-4 CoRR

rer) (iret) fever}

ho,

eM Se

Asie Dere-H g ase
S

PLATE 8

Fig. 8. The ‘‘sledge-trawl:’’ a small Tanner beam-trawl, provided |
broad, wooden runners, for use upon bottoms of soft mud. (After photograp
_ by Charles De Long).

UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL, 14 [SUMNER, ET AL.] PLATE

PLATE 9

Special dredge of the ‘‘oyster-dredge’’ pattern, heavily made for use upon
stony bottoms. (After photographs by Charles De Long).

Fig. 9. Side view.
Fig. 10. Front view.

[120]

10

‘Ovster dredge.

Figs. 9 and 10.

PLATE 10

The ‘‘orange-peel bucket.’’ (After photographs by Charles De Long).
Fig. 11. Open, ready for descent.
Fig. 12. Closed, showing canvas sheathing.

Fig. 13. Closed, uncovered to show construction.

[122]

>

ns]

[qv 13 'Y4aNw

41W1d

_
Fig. 14. The Price current-meter. (Reproduced through the courtesy an -
the manufacturers, Messrs. W. and L. E. Gurley, Troy, New York). :

7
7

PLATE 11

LAT

Fig. 14. Price current meter.
fy

of

a
ae

PLATE 12

The ‘‘Albatross’’ bottom-sampling apparatus. (After photographs by
Charles De Long).

Fig. 15. Apparatus ready to be dropped.

Fig. 16. Upper and lower sections taken apart.
Rg., ring for attachment of rope.
Stm., stem.
Up. T., wpper tube, in which the last slides.
R. L., release lugs.
Up. V., upper valve.
Fil., flanges.
T. B., trip-bar.
Str., stirrup.
V. R., slender brass rod which operates lower valve.
I. T., inner tube.
O. T., outer tube.
V. H., valve housing.
Sh., shoe.

[126]

UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14 [SUMNER, ET AL]

FL —

Oo

16

15

Figs. 15-16. ‘‘Albatross’’ bottom-sampling apparatus.

PLATE 13

Valve housing of the ‘‘Albatross’’ bottom-sampler. (After photographs by
Charles De Long).
Fig. 17. Upper view.
Fig. 18-20. Separate pieces.
V. H., valve housing.
V., valve.
L., ledge or seat upon which rests the lower end of the pasteboard tube.
C., cap, which, when in position, covers the valve.
Sh., shoe, bearing cutting edge.

[128]

UNIV. CALIF, PUBL. ZOOL, VOL. |4 [SUMNER, ET AL.] PLATE 13

Figs. 17-20. ‘‘Albatross’’ bottem-sampling apparatus.

1914} Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay — 129

APPENDIX I

‘CALBATROSS’’ DREDGING STATIONS IN AND NEAR SAN FRANCISCO
BAY, 1912-1913. (Ineluding stations dredged with a launch).

The bearings given for the stations in this table represent the
position of the vessel at the commencement of each dredge-haul, as
recorded in the ship’s log. The positions of the stations, as plotted in
the charts (plates 1 and 2), have, however, been more carefully verified
than the recorded bearings, and if any discrepancy should be found
between the two, the presumption is that the charts are correct.

For greater convenience in locating these stations, they have been
referred to the “‘upper,’’ ‘‘middle’’ or ‘‘lower’’ regions of the bay
(see pp. 22, 23 for limits), or to the region outside the Golden Gate,
where 17 dredge-hauls were made.

Unless otherwise specified, the ‘‘ Albatross’? was employed in
dredging at these stations; in shoal waters, however, a launch was
used. The position was determined at the beginning and end of each
haul, and occasionally at intervening points, the ‘‘station’’ being
plotted on the chart as a line connecting two or more cireles. An
arrowhead commonly indicates the direction of the haul. For the
larger number of stations, the contents of the dredge or trawl repre-
sented material which might have been taken throughout the whole
length of this line.

In the case of most stations dredged with the launch (e.g., no. 5747)
this line was gone over twice in opposite directions, one form of dredge
(or trawl) being used in the first haul, another in the second. Ordin-
arily, the material derived from these two hauls was preserved
separately, the label bearing the station number, followed by A or B,
denoting the first and second hauls respectively (occasionally C, when
a second repetition was made). These letters do not appear in the
present table nor in the charts. They must not be confused with the
letters referred to in the next paragraph. Bottom samples from these
stations were derived from the dredge-hauls only.

In the case of a considerable number of stations (nos. 5815, ete.),
the ‘‘orange-peel bucket’’ was used at each end (‘‘A’’ and ‘‘B’’),
the 5-foot ‘‘sledge-trawl’’ being hauled through the intervening dis-
tance. The material from each of these stations was accordingly pre-
served in three separate lots. It was our endeavor to save all of the

130 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14

animals and animal remains from the mud-bueket hauls for quanti-
tative studies.

The ‘‘character of bottom’”’

given in the present table is that which
was recorded after a superficial inspection of the contents of the
dredge on the ship. The results of a more exhaustive examination of
some of these bottom-samples will be found im Appendix ITI.

There are included in this table the temperature and salinity
recorded for the hydrographic station nearest in position to each of
the dredging stations. This has been done in order that students of
the dredging collections may be able, without searching, to find the
approximate physical conditions under which a given organism lived
It must be borne in mind, however, that in the case of some dredging
stations the nearest hydrographic station was a mile or more distant.

131

co Bay

TPAaNCIs

San

LONS UN

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i

ical Cond

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Ph

or, et al.s

Sum ire

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San Francisco Bay

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Physical Cond

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1914]

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150 University of Califorma Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14

APPENDIX II

‘“ALBATROSS’’ HYDROGRAPHIC STATIONS IN AND NEAR SAN
FRANCISCO BAY, 1912-1913

The great majority of the stations here listed belong to a regular
series, twenty-three in number, which were visited at intervals of
approximately two months, during both the flood and ebb tides. In
the subjoined table those stations which are not referred to any other
stations for their position represent the earliest observations of the
regular series. These numbers may be found directly by reference to
the charts (plates 3 and 4) indicating the hydrographic stations. The
later visits to approximately the same positions were treated in the
ship’s records as independent stations, and given new numbers. In
order that these stations may be readily identified with those of the
original series having corresponding positions, the earlier number has,
in each case, been given in the third column of this table. <A list of
hydrographie stations having approximately the same positions is
likewise given below.

The bearings of all of the hydrographic stations are indicated in
the present table. In a few cases, these furnish the only clew to the
position of a station, since a number of hydrographic stations do not
belong to the regular series above referred to. In most cases, however,
such stations occupy the same position as certain of the dredgmg sta-
tions. Thus, when one of the latter numbers occurs in the third column
of the table, the position of the hydrographic station in question must
be found by reference to one of the two charts giving the dredging
stations.

Finally, during considerable periods, covering parts of two years,
tow-net hauls were made at weekly intervals in waters within a mile
or two of the ship’s anchorage. These hauls were not treated as regular
hydrographic stations, and no numbers were assigned to them, but
they are none the less listed at the end of the present table.

Except where the contrary is specified, the apparatus used at the
hydrographic stations consisted of surface and bottom thermometers,
the Ekman reversing water-bottle (bearing the bottom thermometers )
and three tow-nets: one having a 48-inch hoop and made of no. 000
silk, and two having 14-inch hoops and made of no. 12 and no. 20 silk
respectively.

1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay 151

During three of the periods and part of another (see p. 26) the
Price current meter was used.

At one complete series of the regular hydrographic stations in
April and May, 1912, the Ekman bottom sampler was regularly em-
ployed, while at one series in January, 1913, the ‘‘ Albatross’’ sampler
was employed. ;

In the ease of stations H-5219 to 5227, it is probable that ‘‘inter-

be)

mediate’’ and ‘‘bottom’’ records for the temperature and salinity are
sometimes inaccurate, owing to the failure of the intermediate water
bottle to remain clamped in position, or of the second messenger to

become released.

HYDROGRAPHIC STATIONS HAVING APPROXIMATELY THE
SAME POSITIONS

4967: 5000, 5097, 5120, 5130, 5157, 5188, 5218, 5240, 5277, 5297, 5328.

4968: 4999, 5098, 5121, 5131, 5156, 5189, 5217, 5: 8, 5298, 5327, 5338, 5340.
4969: 4998, 5099, 5122, 5132, 5155, 5190, 5216, 5238, 5279, 5299, 5326.

4970: 4997, 5100, 5128, 5133, 5154, 5191, 5215, 5237, 5280, 5300, 5325.

4971: 4996, 5101, 5124, 5134, 5158, 5192, 5214, 5236, 5281, 5301, 5324, 5339.
4972: 4995, 5102, 5125, 5135, 5152, 5198, 5218, 5235, 5282, 5302, 5323.

4973: 4994, 5103, 5126, 5136, 5 3

4974: 4993, 5104, 5127, 51387, 5150, 5195, 5211, 5233, 5284. 5304, 5321.
4975: 4986, 5088, 5111, 5149, 5166, 5179, 5196, 5241, 5268, 5291, 5292.

]
1
151, 5194, 5212, 52
1
1
4976: 4987, 5087, 5110, 5167, 6178, 5197, 5242, 5267, 5290.
1
1
1
1
1

3
4, 5288, 5308, 5322.
3

4977: 4988, 5086, 5109, 5148, 5168, 5177, 5198, 5243, 5266, 5289, 5293.
4978: 4989, 5085, 5108, 5169, 5176, 5199, 5244, 5265, 5288, 5294.
4979: 4990, 5084, 5107, 5147, 5170, 5175, 5200, 5245, 5264, 5287, 5295.
4980: 4991, 5083, 5106, 5171, 5174, 5201, 5246, 5263, 5286, 5296.

4981: 4992, 5082, 5105, 5146, 5172, 5173, 5202, 5247, 5262, 5285, 5330.

5001: 5017, 5096, 5119, 5145, 5158, 5187, 5210, 5248, 5276, 5312, 5313, 5345.
5002: 5016, 5095, 5118, 5144, 5159, 5186, 5209, 5 5, 5311, 5314.

5003: 5015, 5094, 5117, 5148, 5160, 5185, 5208, 5250, 5274, 5310, 5315.

5004: 5014, 50938, 5116, 5142, 5161, 5184, 5207, 5251, 5273, 5309, 5316, 5344, 5346.
5005: 5013, 5092, 5115, 5141, 5162, 5188, 5206, 5252, 5272, 5308, 5317.

5006: 5012, 5091, 5114, 5140, 5163, 5182, 5205, 5253, 5271, 5307, 5318.

5007: 5010, 5011, 5090, 5113, 5139, 5164, 5181, 5204, 5254, 5270, 5306, 5319, 5343,
5847.

5008: 5009, 5089, 5112, 5138, 5165, 5180, 5255, 5269, 5305, 5320.

[ Vou. 14

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APPENDIX III
DETERMINATIONS OF THE BoTToM SAMPLES

Note.—S. = sand; M.=mud.

Vegetuble
Size of particles Gross weight CaCO, Remains
Station in millimeters Absolute Per cent Absolute Per cent Absolute
D.5700 Over 10mm. 193.35 22.64 35.39 18.30 0.01
5-10 mm. 41.70 4.88 2.65 6.385 0.10
2—- 5mm. 59.43 6.96 8.62 14.50 0.01
Under 2mm. 559.60 65.52 17.54 Bah caer
Total 854.08 100.00 64.20 (Ea ae
D.5701 Over 10mm. 14.54 Pe beasts) A aettoreree ny ecrereer
5-10 mm. 28.20 TCI), 9 eteeeeee ns eeeeece ee ge iecece art
2- 5mm. 85.37 42.67
Under 2mm. 71.94 35.96 2.09 $$$290 35 .......-
Total 200.05 100.00 2.09 TOA) eee
D.5702 Over 10mm. 547.60 69.34 178.20 32.54 3.25
5-10 mm. 150.20 19.02 21.54 14.34 0.63
2- 5mm. 71.53 9.06 15.25 21.32 2.09
Under 2mm. 20.37 2.58 4.61 DOGS teres
Total 789.70 100.00 219.60 DEB Oy eaze:
D.5709 2- 5mm. 0.16 0.08 0.16 110000") a=
‘ §S. 96.002
Under 2mm. 199.83 YM. 3.925 1.21 OQ exe
Total 199.99 100.00 1.37 Ol680) eee
D.5711 Over 10mm. 20.83 3.09 18.33 SSi00ie ee
5-10 mm. 20.17 3.00 3.82 USi92) | eee
2- 5mm. 87.53 13.00 6.78 7.74
Under 2mm. 544.60 80.91 28.26 iy)! ee eee
Total 673.13 100.00 57.19 S495 0 tee
D.5712 5-10 mm. 0.82 0:82 -- - SHESS. stance
2—- 5mm. 7.32 WSO eee” Fae
Under 2mm. 91.82 91.86 3.80 B14 ees
Total 99.96 100.00 3.80 OH eee
D.5713 5-10 mm. 0.15 (lO Se ee eee
2—- 5mm. 0.50 0.25 0.18 36.60 0.002
Under 2mm. 199.29 99.67 4.03 202, Rees
Total 199.95 100.00 4.21 OAL EE) yen eters
D.5738* Over 10mm. 105.03 53.00 7.23 6.88
5-10 mm. 28.85 14.56 0.22 0.76
2—- 5mm. 42.24 Ziel 0.61 0.14
Under 2mm. 22.06 11.13 0.40 1.82
Total 198.19 100.00 8.47 BT aren

* This sample was preserved in a bottle and lacked the larger stones. Six of these which were kept
separately, weighed about 200 gms. each.

186 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14

DETERMINATIONS OF THE Borrom SaMPLES—(Continued)

Vegetable
Size of particles Gross weight Caco, Hae
Station in millimeters Absolute Per cent Absolute Per cent Absolute
D.5739 5-10 mm. 0.23 0.12 0.06 25:86, 7 eee
2- 5mm. 0.04 O02) Ses EAS ee
(S. 90.24)
Under 2mm. 199.68 UM. 9.625 1.38 0:69 ===
Total 199.95 100.00 1.44 2)
D.5740 Over 10mm. 0.47 0.47 0.39 81.91 0.018
2- 5mm. 0.15 0.15 0.14 1100:00) ee
F > §S. 74.192 =
Under 2mm. 99.32 UM. 25.195 0.56 007 eee
Total 99.94 100.00 1.09 109° \es
D.5741 Over 10mm. 12.34 M86: 9 civ VES eee
5-10 mm. iLB3il 0.20 0.26 19:92; ee
2- 5mm. 2.73 0.41 1.92 0:33
Under 2mm. 647.40 97.53 22.89 3.54
Total 663.78 100.00 25.07 3.78
D.5742 5-10 mm. 0.04 O02; tc Sass Dee
2—- 5mm. 0.96 0.48 0.80 83.79 0.10
Under 2mm. 199.01 . Sis 3.03 ie |
Total 200.01 100.00 3.83 1.92
D.5743 2—- 5mm. 0.03 ODS: WP cc ye ee ees 0.03
9 , §S. 86.822 F
Under 2mm. 99.04 UM. 13.155 0.79 0:80 Ee
Total 99.07 100.00 0.79 0:80: ” Saeeee
D.5744 Under 2mm. 10.00 aM. Raed, 0.13 125 |
D.5745 Over 10mm. 0.07 0.03 0.07 00:00)
2—- 5mm. 0.17 0.09 0.12 66.09 0.03
Under 2mm. 199.71 AM. Sa 1.24 Oe: ae
Total 199.95 100.00 1.43 Out eee
D.5746 5-10 mm. 0.20 0.10 0.06 3319 eee
2- 5mm. 4.03 2.02 1.51 37.47 0.005
oa Sish SEXaIl?) = 9
Under 2mm. 195.74 YM. 2.275 4.87 2:49) ee
Total 199.97 100.00 6.44 3:22" ee
Sh Be
D.5747 Under 2mm. 10.00 HF og 56 0.06 0.60
D.5749 Over 10mm. 0.12 0.09 0.12 100/00)
5-10 mm. 0.22 0.15 0.22 1100/00) ee
2- 5mm. 0.67 0.45 0.67 i000 0s
= {fs .7(
Under 2mm. 146.05 DN aan 1.58 108), | Soe
Total 147.06 100.00 2.59 716; | Pees

1914]

D.5760

D.5761

D.5762

D.5763

D.5774

Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay

DETERMINATIONS OF THE BoTToM SAMPLES— (Continued)

Size of particles
in millimeters

Under 2mm.

Over 10mm.
5-10 mm.
2— 5mm.

Under 2mm.

Total

Over 10mm.
5-10 mm.
2- 5mm.

Under 2mm.

Total

Under 2mm.

Under 2mm.

Under 2mm.

Under 2mm.

Over 10mm.
5-10 mm.
2—- 5mm.
Under 2mm.

Total

Over 10mm.
5-10 mm.
2—- 5mm.

Under 2mm.

Total

Under 2mm.
Over 10mm.
5-10 mm.
2- 5mm.
Under 2mm.

Total

Over 10mm.
5-10 mm.
2- 5mm.
Under 2mm.

Total

Gross weight

Absolute

10.00

11.53
6.88
2.07

179.44 3

199.92

0.20
0.49
0.34

113.52

114.55

10.00

10.00

10.00

10.00

103.64
104.99
235.47
204.30

648.40

0.14
0.70
0.64

198.54

200.02

10.00
516.51
50.58
3.52
3.96

574.57

1371.00
201.39
74.47
2.74

1649.60

Per cent
§S. 13.052
UM. 86.955

100.00

0.17

0.43

0.30
§S. 19.49)
UM. 79.615

100.00

S. 30.802

100.00

§S. 8.16)
UM. 91.845
89.90
8.80
0.61
0.69

100.00

83.11
12.21
4.51
0.17

100.00

Caco, eins
Absolute Per cent Absolute
0.08 O'85) 9
1.41 12.23 0.17
1.55 22.58 0.08
0.45 21.74 0.04
1.95 09)" 9 cess
5.36 268% eae
0.20 NO OLO ON yy eeeee=e
0.28 OMe40 eerces
0.34 TOOL00) es
1,14 000 9 eee
1.96 fd i ee eee
0.11 ARG xseeneese
0.08 (03 ((: See
0.06 O}G 2 ees eenee ==
i eee pe ee teteers
“045 0.42 fae
0.37 ORG Bee
9.76 ARTiBe detec
10.58 MEGS) eececes
0.14 TO0L00KY | Vee
0.70 100.00
0.64 100.00
2.02 1.02
3.50 Meise ee) eteeeees
M0) See saree
2.61 OLS 00) eee
0.85 1.68 0.01
2.67 Wae9O) eecee
2.99 Mork 9 eresece
9.12 159) | fees
0.29
0.48
1.04 B82. See
1.81 Ov 4 Wie catees

Station
D.5775

D.5779

D.5780

(Beginning of
haul)

D.5780
(End of haul)

D.5781

D.5793

* Medium-sized rounded stones,

University of California Publications in Zoology

DETERMINATIONS OF THE BotToM SAMPLES—(Continued)

Size of particles
in millimeters
Over 10mm.
5-10 mm.
2—- 5mm.

Under 2mm.
Total
Over 10mm.
2—- 5mm.
Under 2mm.
Total
Over 10mm.
5-10 mm.
2—- 5mm.
Under 2mm.
Total
Under 2mm.
Over 10mm.
5-10 mm.
2—- 5mm.
Under 2mm.
Total
Over 10mm.
5-10 mm.
2- 5mm.
Under 2mm.
Total
Over 10mm.
5-10 mm.
2—- 5mm.
Under 2mm.
Total
Over 10mm.
5-10 mm
2—- 5mm.
Under 2mm.
Total

one

Absolute
1600.00
333.80

27.22

18.19

sel ale cles

1 woo-7

331.28

1.47
0.67
0.40

104.61

[ Vou. 14

Vegetabl
Gross weight CaCO, Henin
Per cent Absolute Per cent Absolute
SOME Bese ae eee
M6i86. | Nise) Gece Pees
1.38 0.48 US 0.03
§S. 0.732
UM. 0.195 1.10 06> ee
100.00 1.58 0:08) ees
0.14 0.28 110,050. 0) eee
0.67 0.10 7.41 0.01
(S. 96.78)
PM. 2.415 35 O63:
100.00 1.73 0:86 eee
5.18 1.54 10000 ae
2.39 0.27 37.08
0.81 0.19 78:10) eee
(S. 78.092 5
UM. 13.535 1.90 0:70) ee
100.00 3.90 13:09 ees
S. 3.27)
IM. 96.735 0.07 0.67. ee
0.49 0.71 100:00)) ee
0.67 0.99 110.000) eee
0.49 0.72 100!00 ees
(S. 5.59)
IM. 92.765 1.40 0:93) eee
100.00 3.82 2:62; eae
1.63 2.30 100:00) >> =
0.70 0.98 00:00) ees
0.93 esi 100:00>7 ees
(S. 9.532
IM. 87.215 1.64 120) - =e
100.00 6.23 4:42) | es
23.40 77.53 100/005 eee
26.72 88.53 10000"
26.54 87.91 100200)
(S. 9.612 sd
1M. 13.736 31.63 40:93) ate
100.00 285:60) 86:21) eee
1.37 147 00:00 eee
0:63.) esac Vee
O38; takes 6 steetee 7 eee
§S. 65.592
UM. 32.035 PIES css
100.00 2.16 200 ) Whee

107.15

weighing 1400 grams, were taken in this dredge-haul.

portion which they formed of the entire material has not been recorded.

The pro-

1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay 189
DETERMINATIONS OF THE BoTtoM SAMPLES—(Continued)
F Vegetabl
Size of particles Gross weight CaCO, Raniains’
Station in millimeters Absolute Per cent Absolute Per cent Absolute
D.5794 5-10 mm. 0.78 0.39 0.34 43:06) eee
2—- 5mm. 0.97 0.48 0.50 SuTO.) eens
Under 2mm 199.65 §S. 77.322 1.84 0.92
2 5 99.65 9M. 21.815 8 a
Total 201.40 100.00 2.68 WBS bey aeeecect
D.5796 5-10 mm. 1.31 0.35 TEP 91.92 0.07
2- 5mm. 28.57 7.58 25.42 89.08 0.19
5) §S. 90.452 <p
Under 2mm. 346.90 UM. 1.625 5.87 MOSS cere
Total 376.78 100.00 62.50 G58) eee
D.5800 Over 10mm. 3.87 1.50 0.64 16.49
5-10 mm. 17.14 6.67 1.09 6.37
2—- 5mm. 40.99 15.94 IeG2 4.20
Under 2mm. 195.10 75.89 6.98 BHspy ee) oe
Total 257.10 100.00 10.88 qi040" (.a25
D.5801 Over 10mm. 1371.08 58.59 19.05 1.39
5-10 mm. 48.43 2.07 4.33 8.95
2—- 5mm. 203.50 8.69 32.60 16.01
Under 2mm. 717.30 30.65 24.79 3t46) Ge peers
Total 2340.31 100.00 80.77 Bey ee
D.5808* Over 10mm. 342.12 51.06 17.92 5.24
5-10 mm. 167.09 24.93 1.80 1.08
2- 5mm. 78.99 11.79 2.36 2.99
Under 2mm. 81.91 12.22 1.45 2 LH (neers
Total 670.11 100.00 23.53 sole) vseceeces
D.5809* Over 10mm. 2100.02 78.00 40.72 W940 eee
5-10 mm. 94.68 3.52 2.54 2.68 0.01
2—- 5mm. 250.41 9.30 3.88 155 0.03
Under 2mm. 247.30 9.18 5.43 DOs as
Total 2692.41 100.00 52.57 N95 Sy eae
D.5816—A Over 10mm. 2.69 8.29 2.69 NO. OYOO) eres=es
5-10 mm. 1.84 5.67 1.63 88.75
2—- 5mm. 1.85 5.69 ish jit See eee
5 Gyan. Mise Geese?) AG
Under 2mm. 26.05 UM. 30.555 ait AVG ec
Total 32.43 100.00 6.74 2OKI9s 0 eee
D.5827-A Over 10mm. 2.26 D359 ay aes = eee ee
5-10 mm. 9.22 GIO BIe Wises) "Qeccesk) hy Ate
2—- 5mm. 20.07 PANY) | OHSY0) PNO
Under 2mm. 64.69 G7e21e eB SEB eee
Total 96.24 100.00 2.68 OF ON me se cen

* The nature of the bottom at these two stations is not fairly indicated by the tables, which include
the finer ingredients only. A large part of the material brought in consisted of large stones, one of these
reaching a length of about 35 cm.

190 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14

DETERMINATIONS OF THE BotToM SAMPLES—(Continued)

Vegetabl
Size of particles Gross weight CaCO, Reniaing?
Station in millimeters Absolute Per cent Absolute Per cent Absolute
D.5827-B 5-10 mm. BPO, 3.41 0.34 0:89) = eee
2- 5mm. 55.61 50.27 0.73 O.u3) | ese
Under 2mm. 51.25 46.32 0.77 V5 9 ee
Total 110.63 100.00 1.84 66. eee
D,.5829-A Over 10mm. 0.56 0.78 0.56 100:00." ee
5-10 mm. 5.88 8.20 0.05 0:93: eee
2- 5mm. 14.41 20.08 0.77 5:36 eee
Under 2mm. 50.88 70.94 1.11 218 <2ee
Total (ARIE: 100.00 2.49 3:48 eee
D.5830-A Under 2mm. 86.25 WN oheo 0.06 0:50)
D.5831 5-10 mm. 0.32 1.24 0.07 21:37) ya ee
2- 5mm. 0.28 1.10 0.06 20:49" ee
Under 2mm. 25.14 ie aeiae 0.20 78: 0 =
Total 25.74 100.00 0.33 126°. ~ 2582
D.5832 Over 10mm. 0.62 0.26 0.14 23:27 eee
5-10 mm. 1.35 0.57 0.52 38:81) . ===
2- 5mm. 1.20 0.50 0.91 75.83
Under 2mm. 235.04 iM. Cae 2.17 092. ae
Total 238.21 100.00 3.74 Lov “=.=
S. 9.47
D.5833 Under 2mm, 10.00 Ni abet 0.09 0.92 oe

D.5847-A 5) §S. 0.282
(6-10 em) Under 2mm. 10.00 YM.99.725 9 1:35 > Sees
(65-75 em.) 5) §S. 0.732 =
D.5847-A Under 2mm. 10.00 M.99.27§. 4:07 ~~ ase
D.5847-A Over 10mm. 3.56 11.89 3.56 100.00
(125-136 em.) 5-10 mm. 3.15 10.53 1.61 51.11
2- 5mm. 1.76 5.88 1.50 85.34 ,
Under 2mm. 21.45 WM. 28.054 0.77 359.
Total 29.92 100.00 7.44 24:86) eee
D.5847-A 5-10 mm. 0.04 0.31 0.04 10000"
(137-140 em. end) 2—- 5mm. 0.01 0.05 0:01) =) 31100:0 0 ee
Under 2 Hine, 2s PRR. 0.13 1.12
nder =mm. . UM. 94.165 5 Biro Bs
Total 11.73 100.00 0.18 148° 2
D.5848-A 5} ‘ (S. 10.85) =
(0-10 em.) Under 2mm. 10.00 UM. 89.155 0.07 0.69 # Gree
D.5848—A Under 2mm TOO Mee cee 0.10 1109) el ae

(56-66 em.) 2 UM. 91.625

1914]

Station

D.5848—A

(112-122 em.)

H.5129-A
(0-25 em.)

H.5129-A
(25-49 em., end)

H.5129-B
(0-20 em.)

H.5129-B
(57.5-77.5 em.,

end)

H.5129-C
(0-20 em.)

H.5129-C
(50.5-70.5 em.,
end)

H.5129-D bis
(0-20 em.)

11.5129-D bis)
(29.5-49.5 em.)

Size of particles
in millimeters

2—- 5mm.

Under

Total

Over 10mm.
5-10 mm.

2—- 5mm.
Under 2mm.
Total

Over 10mm.
5-10 mm.
2—- 5mm.

Under

Total

Under 2mm.

Under

2mm.

Over 10mm.
5-10 mm.
2- 5mm.

Under 2mm.
Total

Over 10mm.

5-10 mm.

2—- 5mm.

Under 2mm.
Total

5-10 mm.
2- 5mm.

Under

Total

Over 10mm.
5-10 mm.
2- 5mm.

Under

Total

2mm.

2 mm.

2mm.

2mm.

Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay

191
DETERMINATIONS OF THE BortoM SAMPLES— (Continued)
Vv ble
Gross weight Caco, caine.
Absolute Per cent Absolute Per cent Absolute
0.02 0.04 0.02 WOO00 eee
3 Ss 98 =
48.13 IM. 98:98) 0.59 1g040 Une tet
48.15 100.00 0.61 28, geese
0.80 0.20 0.31 100:00) eee
0.20 0.14 0.20 0020 On econ
0.33 0.22 0.32 98° 0 Seer
= S. 72.9§
147.45 NL cc, 1.24 0.84
148.28 100.00 2.07 at
1.63 0.98 1.68 100.00
0.97 0.58 0.97 100/00! ==
0.46 0.28 0.46 LOOOO* etns
162.74 fe Bare 1.12 oo) |) ee
165.80 100.00 4.18 20 2 eens
§S. 38.92) =
10.00 J yf. 61.085 0.08 0178) es
a 3
10.00 ya Soe 0.07 0.72 ae
0.09 0.15 0.09 TODOS)
0.43 0.73 0.43 100.00
0.29 0.50 0.29 100.00
aaa See BOLE) -
57.98 1M. 67.785 1.00 oa ect
58.79 100.00 1.81 3 0 Sie
2.07 2.77 2.07 100.00
1.08 1.45 1.08 100.00
1.38 1.86 1.39 100/00 eee
» (8. 58.93) ;
70.00 JF. 34.995 3.01 4.30
74.53 100.00 7.55 WM
0.05 0.15 0.05 0000)
0.10 0.28 0.10 OO!00)> ee
92 §S- 32.162
36.23 YM. 67.415 4.31 TalGue A See:
36.38 100.00 4.46 123265") ee
6.31 5.61 3.33 52.67
9.24 8.21 2.72 29.46
8.38 7.45 3.10 RYAIL ES Ne eee
(S. 38.85) : P
88.63 JME. 39.88, 2.03 2.29
112.56 100.00 11.18 GiO3i = pees

192

Station
H.5285
(0-10 em.)

H.5828
(90-100 em., end)

H.5286
(0-10 em.)

H.5286
(65-75 em.)

H.5286

(142-152 em., end)

H.5287
(68-78 em.)

H.5287

(187-147 em., end)

H.5288
(0-10 em.)

H.5288
(58-63 em.)

H.5288

(107-117 em., end)

H.5289
(0-10 em.)

H.5289
(31-41 em., end)

H.5298
(0-10 em.)

University of California Publications in Zoology

DETERMINATIONS OF THE Bo1TOM SAMPLES—(Continued)

Size of particles
in millimeters

Under 2mm.
Under 2mm.
Under 2mm.
Under 2mm.
Under 2mm.
2—- 5mm.
Under 2mm.
Total
Under 2mm.
Under 2mm.
Under 2mm.
Under 2mm.
2—- 5mm.
Under 2mm.
Total
Under 2mm.
2—- 5mm.
Under 2mm.
Total
2—- 5mm.
Under 2mm.
Total
Under 2mm.
Under 2mm.

Gross weight

Absolute Per cent
§S. 3.652
10.00 of. 96.355
§S. 9.22)
10.00 9M. 90.785
§S. 0.882

10.00 OM. 99.124
§8. 11.772
10.00 9M. 88.235
§S. 10.38)
10.00 IM. 89.625
0.01 0.03
§S. 8.52)
29.97 9M. 91.455
29.98 100.00
(8. 5.992
10.00 9M. 94.015
§S. 30.35)

10.00 9M. 69.655
(8. 7.13)

10.00 9M. 92.875
§S. 6.30)
10.00 9 Mr. 93.705
0.03 0.11
=. §S. 29.282
28.57 9M. 70.615
28.60 100.00
§S. 43.73)
10.00 9M. 56.275
0.03 0.10
«ar $8: 73.03
27.08 9M. 26.875
27.11 100.00
0.01 0.02
4744 §S- 82.80)
calla 5 BEL}
47.45 100.00
1.00 $8: 39232

UM. 60.075

(S. 52.91)
UM. 47.095

CaCO,
Absolute Per cent
0.12 1.22
0.18 1.31
0.22 2.20
0.07 0.73
0.10 1.00
0.01 100.00
0.24 0.79
0.25 0.82
0.09 0.88
0.08 0.78
0.07 0.67
0.08 0.80
0.24 0.82
0.24 0.82
0.07 0.74
0.20 0.74
0.20 0.74
0.01 100.00
0.30 0.63
0.31 0.63
0.09 0.86
0.12 1.18

[ Vou. 14

Vegetable
Remains
Absolute

1914]

Station
1.5299
(0-10 em.)

(28-38 em., end)

H.5300
(0-10 em.)

11.5300
(44-54 em.)

H.5300
(88-98 em., end)

1.5301 bis
(0-10 em.)

H.5301 bis
(46-56 em., end)

7.5302
(0-10 em.)

1.5302
(42-52 em., end)

Size of particles
in millimeters

Over

Under 2mm.
Total
Over 10mm.

5-10 mm.
2—- 5mm.

Under 2mm.
Total
Under 2mm.
2- 5 mm.
Under 2mm.
Total
5-10 mm.
2—- 5mm.
Under 2mm.
Total
Under 2mm.
Over 10mm.
5-10 mm.
2- 5mm.
Under 2mm.
Total
Over 10mm.
5-10 mm.
2—- 5mm.
Under 2mm.
Total
5-10 mm.
2- 5mm.
Under 2mm.

Total

10 mm.
5-10 mm.
2—- 5mm.

Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay

DETERMINATIONS OF THE BortomM SAMPLES—(Continued)

Vegetable

Gross weight CaCO, Remains
Absolute Per cent Absolute Per cent Absolute
0.98 1.63 0.98 100.00
0.61 1.01 0.61 100.00
0.59 0.99 0.54 OZ See
57.92 IM Ta 605 0.51 0.88
60.10 100.00 2.64 B38 OT ei
0.19 0.28 0.19 10010 Oe
0.24 0.35 0.24 OOOO ee
0.10 0.15 0.06 bY 12 eo ee
pee (ish Mea a a
67.75 1M. 21.454 0.45 ONG Sa ee
68.28 100.00 0.94 1e38) Ge eee
10.00 iN ae 0.08 (Nic: Ma ee
0.01 0.03 0.01 100/00 eee
xq §S. 68.43) a
40.59 UM. 31.545 0.31 OTB, Nas eke
40.60 100.00 0.32 (O28 0 wees
0.04 0.09 0.05 1100:0039)
0.03 0.06 0.03 110.010 0) ee
§S. 60.29)
50.18 UM. 39.565 0.40 (O31) ee
50.25 100.00 0.48 OCB See
§S. 31.15) +
10.00 UM. 68.855 0.07 0:69
0.48 1.01 0.48 100.00
2.34 4.92 1.18 50.70
4.44 9.35 2.88 64223
S. 66.00 ie é
40.28 ie 18 79¢ 2.75 G82 as
47.54 100.00 7.29 1550 eee
0.14 0.51 0.14 100.00
0.24 0.88 0.03 11.62
0.30 1.11 0.20 66.89
1 9F 99
26.71 Wi. Pa . 0.41 sccm | eae
27.39 100.00 0.78 285%, esses
0.06 0.13 0.06 1:00:00) eee
0.94 2.02 0.84 89°36 cence
(8. 60.49) OIG
45.4 UM. 37.365 1.34 BORN sceetds
46.48 100.00 2.24 4.82

194 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vo. 14

DETERMINATIONS OF THE BovroM SAMPLES— (Continued)

Vegetable
Size of particles Gross weight CaCO, Remains
Station in millimeters Absolute Per cent Absolute Per cent Absolute
H.5303 5-10 mm. 0.15 0.30 0.02 T3:60) eee
(0-10 em.) 2- 5mm 0.04 0.09 0.02 48:84 0°
Under 2mm. 48.41 M. BLely 0.50 103: eee
Total 48.60 100.00 0.54 i 86
H.53038 2- 5mm. 0.08 0.17 0.04 O28) eee
- §S. 77.64
(30.5-40.5em., Under 2mm. 45.37 Ni. er: 0.42 O92 |
end) —
Total 45.45 100.00 0.46 101 ee
H.5304 9 §S. 41.17)
(0-10 em.) Under 2mm. 10.00 YM. 58.835 0.09 0:90 ee
H.5304 . 6 §S. 37.30) 5 =
(54-64 cm.) Under 2mm. 10.00 UM. 62.70 0.07 OS7215 neers
H.5304 Over 10mm. 0.11 0.22 0.11 100.00
(109-119 em., end) 5-10 mm. 0.25 O49. ke eee
2- 5mm. 0.60 1.20 0.35 58.47
Under 2mm Hap se Cee) 0.71 1.43
cj : “> UM: 25.706
Total 50.18 100.00 isily/ 2:335 9 eee
H.5305 Over 10mm. 0.45 0.52 0.45 1100300) eee
(42-52 em., end) 5-10 mm. 1.16 1.34 1.16 10.00, 0 eeeeeees
2- 5mm. PEG 1.34 1.16 1100200 eee
9 2 §S. 75.72) ‘
Under 2mm. 83.88 UM. 21.085 1.22 1:46; 0) eee
Total 86.65 100.00 3.99 4°60, * “Se
H.5306 Over 10mm. 0.74 1.54 0.74 1:00:00) ees
(0-10 em.) 5-10 mm. 2.16 4.48 2.16 100.00
2- 5mm. 1.35 2.81 1.85) 100.00
§S. 55.29) or =
Under 2mm. 43.93 YM. 35.885 0.75 170" yee
Total 48.18 100.00 5.00 10:38; eee
H.5306 5-10 mm. 0.24 0.83 0.24 100100 ee
(37-47 em.) 2- 5mm. 0.11 0.37 0.11 1100100) ee
5 §S. 16.40
Under 2mm. 28.85 UM. 82.405 0.26 O19 eee
Total 29.20 100.00 0.61 2510) ees
H.5306 5 §S. 2.50) x =
(75-85 em.,end) Under 2mm. 10.00 UM. 97.505 0.07 0373) | ees
H.5307 5) §S. 10.25)
(0-10 em.) Under 2mm. 10.00 YM. 89.755 9 OH ecenece

1914]

Station
11.5307

(67-77 em.)

H.53807

(184.5-144.5 em.,

end)

H.5808
(0-10 em.)

H.5308
(66-76 em.)

H.5308

(182-142 em., end)

H.5309
(0-10 em.)

H.5309
(70-80 em.)

H.53809

(148-158 em., end)

H.5310
(0-10 em.)

H.5310
(91-108 em.)

H.5810

(162-172 em., end)

H.5311
(0-10 em.)

Size of particles
in millimeters

Over 10mm.

5-10 mm.
2— 5mm.
Under 2mm.

Total

Under 2mm.

Under 2mm.

5-10 mm.
2— 5mm.

Under 2mm.

Total

5-10 mm.
2—- 5mm.

Under 2mm.

Total

Under 2mm.

Over 10mm.
5-10 mm.
2— 5mm.

Under 2mm.

Total

Under 2mm.

Under 2mm.

Over 10mm.
5-10 mm.
2— 5mm.

Under 2mm.

Total

Under 2mm.

Under 2mm.

Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay

UM. 99.665

195
DETERMINATIONS OF THE Borrom SamPLES—(Continued)
Gross weight CaCo, Meese
Absolute Per cent Absolute Per cent Absolute
0.17 0.58 0.17 100.00
0.12 0.04 100.00
0.0 .
od ose 0.04 100.00
29.99 SWF 88176 0.40 i a ee
30.24 100.00 0.65 2:6 eae
sS. 12.02)
10.00 IM. 87.985 0.09 OOM ee
~ g
10.00 Mi a 0.08 Osa. 9 ye
0.64 1.77 GA WM
0.44 1.20 Ov TON).
mon WS
35.23 ME B07 0.46 130) we epee
36.31 100.00 1.54 re
0.07 0.19 0.07 100.00 .......
0.09 0.23 0.09 100.000 —
38.2 PM, 89.996 0.39 THOU eee
38.42 100.00 0.55 ie a nee
10.00 pM. 90.854 0.09 OK Bese
1.58 6.68 0.82 51.58
1.10 4.66 1.10 100.00
2.56 10.82 2.55 Ol Sun ee ane
(8. 36.71)
18.43 UM. 41.135 1.53 B29" eee
23.67 100.00 6.00 MoS poe
= SS. s207
10.00 $¥i gs ose 0.09 O86. oe
§S. 0.30)
10.00 95, 99,708 0.09 Oy Ses
2.70 6.05 2.70 100.00
3.48 7.79 3.48 100.00
217 4.86 214 OWA ee
cp an §S- 46.292
56.30 YM. 35.015 1e39 Rhian idee
44.65 100.00 9.71 Sis eee
(8. 13.43)
10.00 yr 86.575 0.11 OGM
10.00 $8. 0-342 0.09 Ogee

196 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14

DETERMINATIONS OF THE BoTtOM SAMPLES—( Continued)

Vegetable
: Size of particles Gross weight CaCO, Remains
Station in millimeters Absolute Per cent Absolute Per cent Absolute
H.5311 5-10 mm. 0.12 0.45 0.12 100.00
(47-57 em.) 2- 5mm. 0.17 0.66 0.17 100.00
Under 2mm. 26.05 aL ones 0.36 33. oe
Total 26.34 100.00 0.65 RAToy © © ee
H.5311 Over 10mm. 0.88 1.16 0.89 100.00
(94-104 em., end) 5-10 mm. 2.70 3.54 2.70 100.00
2- 5mm. 2.67 3.49 2.66 100.00 :
= = §S. 72.64)
Under 2mm. 70.03 UM. 19.175 0.93 M84 9 9 Serer
Total 76.28 100.00 7.18 949) ess
H.53812 5-10 mm. 0.06 0.24 0.06 00:00 tees
(0-10 em.) 2- 5mm 0.08 0.11 0.08 0,0'0. Oe
Under 2mm. 26.37 ne Gee t 0.22 0,64"), Sa ae
Total 26.46 100.00 0.31 LAS Saas
H.5312 3 §S. 0.462
(62-72 em.) Under 2mm. 10.00 UM. 99.545 0.10 O96) 9. pees
H.5312 Over 10mm. 16.44 20.02 16.44 1100/00, ee
(123.5-133.5 em., 5-10 mm. 5.71 6.95 5.71 100.00 :
end) 2—- 5mm. 3.59 4.38 3.59 1100! 0 0] eee
Under 2mm. 56.37 AN. Bean 4.86 362)
Total 82.11 100.00 30.60 S721» Rees
0-10 em. S. 0.80 7
ee ) Under 2mm. 10.00 Ni. 99:50, Becsiith ss 0:79 — 2eeee
H.5313 6) , §S. 0.802
(71-81 em.) Under 2mm. 10.00 UM. 99.205 0.08 OST A eee
H.5313 5-10 mm. 0.12 0.40 0.12 10000) 5 > eee
(142-152 em., end) 2—- 5mm. 0.16 0.55 0.09 56:80) eee
Under 2mm. 28.93 iM BB.58 0.35 22) | ees

Total 29.21 100.00 0.56 193° 9 ee

1914] Sumner, et al.: Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay — 197

APPENDIX IV

PERCENTAGES OF NITROGEN, ACCORDING TO ANALYSES BY THE UNITED STATES
BuREAU OF CHEMISTRY

Station of Station Section of Per cent Nitrogen
reference number sample in dry material Average
H.5298 0-10 em. 0.111
4968 fit 5298 75-85 em., end de valle
e H.5300 0-10 em. 0.096 eal
4970 H.5300 44-54 em. 0.058 0.078
H.5300 88-98 em., end 0.080
= H.5301-bis 0-10 em. 0.103
4971 {tt 5301-bis 46-56 em., end ae 0.066
=G H.5302 0-10 em. 0.102
euie {t 5302 42-52 em., end 0.079 bree0
J H.5304 0-10 em. o:0g6) poe
4974 H.5304 54-64 em. 0.089 0.078
H.5304 109-119 em., end 0.050
4977 H.5289 0-10 em. 0.087 0.087
H.5288 0-10 em. 0.092)
4978 H.5288 53-63 em. 0.136 - 0.110
H.5288 107-117 em., end 0.103
e H.5287 0-10 em. 0.145)
4979 H.5287 68-78 em. oi 0.133
H.5287 137-147 em., end 0.164
H.5286 0-10 em. 0.111
4980 H.5286 65-75 em. 0.117 0.126
H.5286 142-152 em., end 0.149
H.5285 0-10 em 0.105
4981 H.5285 45-53 em. 0.106 0.114
H.5285 90-100 em., end 0.132
H.5312 0-10 em. 0.152 rn
BuO eae 62-72 em. ae Se
lelse3ls} 0-10 em. 0.166
5001 {insa3 71-81 em. 0.166 0.174
H.5313 142-152 em., end 0.189
‘s 5311 0-10 em. 0.153
00" { 5311 47-57 em. 0.167 Gote9

5310 0-10 em. 0.153

50038 H.5310 91-108 em. 0.065 0.108
H.5310 162-172 em., end 0.105
H.5309 0-10 em. 0.165

5004 {309 70-80 em. 0.103 0.132
H.5309 148-158 em., end 0.129

198

PERCENTAGES OF NITROGEN,

Station of
reference

5005

5006

5007

University of California Publications in Zoology

|

Station
number
H.5308
H.5308
H.5308

H.5307
H.5307
H.5307
H.5306

H.5306
H.5306

D.5847-A
D.5847-A

Section of
sample
0-10 em.
66-76 em.
132-142 em., end

0-10 em.
67-77 em.
134.5-144.5 em., end

0-10 em.
37-47 em.
75-85 em., end

0-10 em.
65-75 em.
125-136 em.
137-140 em.

0-10 em.
56-66 em.
112-122 em., end

Per cent Nitrogen
in dry material

0.128
0.111 ¢
0.104

|

0.150
erre
0.141

0.118

[ Vou. 14

ACCORDING TO ANALYSES BY THE UNITED STATES
BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY— (Continued)

Average

0.114

0.134

0.074

0.134

0.083

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS— (Continued)

4: The Marine Biological Station of San Diogo, Its History, Present Con-
ditions, Achievements, and Aims, by Wm. E. Ritter, Pp. 137-248,
plates 18-24, and 2 maps, March, 1912: 2.2 .ccc. cick cee cee eeeeeeee

5. Oxygen and Polarity in Tubularia, by Harry Beal Torrey. Pp. 249-
SPO Lie EO gL OU oe a as ie eae Gree Mae oe ks Petia

6, The Occurrence and Vertical Distribution of the Copepoda of the San
Diego Region, with particular reference to Nineteen Species, by Cal-
vin O, Esterly. Pp. 253-340, 7 text-figures. July, 1912 .0..02cccc 0.

7. Observations on the Suckling Period in the Guinea-Pig, by J. Marion
Bead: Pp, 341-351. September, 1912 32

8. Haeckel’s Sethocephalus eucecryphalus (Radiolaria), a Marine Ciliate,
by Charles Atwood Kofoid. Pp. 353-357.. September, 1912 —............

Index, pp. 359-365.

Vol. 10. (Contributions from the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology.)
1. Report on a Collection of Birds and Mammals from Vancouver Island,
by Harry 8. Swarth. Pp. 1-124, plates 1-4. February, 1912 .....0W..:
2, A New Cony from the Vicinity of Mount Whitney, by Joseph Grinnell.
BPs VAbeL20 5 PanNuary, VORB a ne ee ee
3. The Mole of Southern California, by J. Grinnell and H. 8S, Swarth.
Pp. 131-136, 2 text-figures.
4, Myotis orinomus Elliott, a Bat New to California, by J. Grinnell and
H. 8. Swarth. Pp. 137-142, 2 text-figures,
Nos. 3 and 4 in one cover. April, 1912 .............. Ses Ae pe eae Pres
5. The Bighorn of the Sierra Nevada, by Joseph Grinnell. Pp. 143-153,
@TOxt-n Pures: “Wty ye eee eee oad ocasteceegpeumestn pov hy
6. A New Perognathus from the San Joaquin Valley, California, b
Walter P.. Taylor. Pp. 155-166, 1 text-figure.
7, The Beaver of West Central. California, by Walter P. Taylor. Pp.
167-169.
Nos. 6 and 7 in one cover. May, 1912-0... ccecie cl cceeeeteteeeeceneeeee
8, The Two Pocket Gophers of the Region Contiguous to the Lower Colo-
rado River, in California and Arizona, by Joseph Grinnell, Pp. 171-
7 SA S05 1 Wraps RY U2 | pene cee aetna Re EE ey Mn = PR a er Se EE Reel
9. The Species of the Mammalian Genus Sorex of West-Central Cali-
fornia, with a note on the Vertebrate Palustrine Faunas of the
‘Region, by Joseph Grinnell. Pp; 179-195, figs. 1-6. March, 1913 ..._...
10. An Account of the Birds and Mammals of the San Jacinto Area of
Southern California, with Remarks Upon the Behavior of Geographic
Races on the Margins of Their Habitats, by J. Grinnell and H. 8,
Swarth. Pp. 197-406, pls. 6-10. October, 1913 -......22
Index, pp. 407-417.

Vol. 11. 1. Birds in Relation to a Grasshopper Outbreak in California, by Harold
CujBryant. Pp, a-207 November 1912) oo se ae ae he caceetatomaotces

2. On the Structure and Relationships of Dinosphaera palustris (Lemm.),

by Charles Atwood Kofoid and Josephine Rigden Michener. Pp. 21-

C122 piighasd Bc (fstar 8 Ls) opuieel gM 6 Aeteta Pas es SU NRE aN ee Oy ES NOELLE OND Conner ators
3. A Study of Epithelioma -Contagiosum of the Common Fowl, by
Clifford D. Sweet. Pp. 29-51. January, 1913 <2. Bs

4. The Control-of Pigment Formation in Amphibian Larvae, by Myrtl

B. Jobnson. Pp, 58-88, plate 1. March, 1913 _ 2... ccc eeeedeecn eee

5. Sagitta californica, n.sp., from the San Diego Region, including

Remarks on Its Variation and Distribution, by Ellis L. Michael.

Pp, 89-126, plate Q-- Sure, VOWS naa cance eae poate a nremnensenesene

6. Pycnogonida from the Coast of California, with Description of Two

New Species, by H. V. M. Hall. Pp. 127-142, plates 3-4. August, 1913.

7. Observations on Isolated Living Pigment Cells from the Larvae of
Amphibians, by 8. J. Holmes. Pp. 143-154, plates 5-6.

8. Behavior of Ectodermic Epithelium of Tadpoles when Cultivated in

Plasma, by 8. J. Holmes. Pp. 155-172, plates 7-8.

Nos. 7 and 8 in one cover. September, 1913 2... ccece.e nese

9; On Some Californian Schizopoda, by H. J: Hansen. Pp. 173-180, pl. 9.

November, 1913 3 oe a a EA rence tansegendense neve ann

10. Fourth Saxonomic Report on the Copepoda of the San Diego Region,

by Calvin O. Esterly.. Pp. 181-196, pls, 10-12. November, 1913 -.......

11. The Behavior of Leeches with Especial Reference to Its Modifiability,

A. The General Reactions of the Leeches Dina microstoma Moore and

Glossiphonia stagnalis Linnaeus; B, Modifiability in_the Behavior of

the Leech Dina microstoma Moore, by Wilson Gee. Pp. 197-305, 13

text figures. December, 1923-2... cece sneee sees eteeeen ences erate cnt enenetnnioeee

1.00

+10

15

15

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS — (Continued)

12. The Structure of the Ocelli of Polyorchis oeantitatee by Btta Viola.
Little. “Pp. 307-328, plates 13-15. ~ February, a Diane a ap, Seed RTE

18. Modifications and Adaptations to Functions in the Feathers of Circus
hudsonius, by Asa C. Chandler. Pp. 329-376, pistes. 16-20. March,
ASF: SRE eee Saw PRE Bem ere Mr een thar ee AE is :

14. A Determination of the Economic Status of the
(Sturnella neglecta) in California, by Harold Child Bryant. Pp. 377-
510, plates 21-24, 5 text figures. February, 1914 20-2 ean 1

15, Parasynaptic Stages in the Testis of Ancides lugubris (Hallowell), by .
Bets James Snook and J..A. Long. Pp. 511-528, plates 25- 26, 1 text

Vol. 12, LA study of a Collection of Geese of the Branta canadensis areus from 2
the San Joaquin Valley, California, by Harry 8. Swarth, Pp. 1-24,

plates 1-2, 8 text figs.. November, 1913 22.0.2 tices
2. Nocturnal Wanderings of the California Pocket Gopher, by ‘Harold o.
Bryant. Pp. 25-29, 1 text fig. November, 1913 oo c.ctectenetee 05
8. The Reptiles of the San Jacinto Area of Southern California, by Sarah Soe
Rogers Atsatt. Pp. 31-50. November, 1913- i2..s..-cccccecccteseteceececeecseeoeee 20

4, An Account of the Mammals and Birds of the Lower Colorado Valley, _
with Especial Reference to the Distributional Problems Presented, —
by Joseph Grinnell. Pp. 51-294, plates 3-13, 9 text figs. March, 1914. 240
5, Aplodontia chryseola, a New Mountain Beaver from the Trinity Region - ¢
of Northern California, by Louise Kellogg. Pp. 295-296.
6, A Previously Undéscribed Aplodontia from the Middle North Coast of
California, by Walter P. Taylor. Pp. 297-300. 4
Nos. 5 and 6 in one cover. April, 1914: 2.0020 h lek eetteeeteeeeeeee =
7. A Second Species of the Mammalian Genus Microdipodops from Cali-— *
fornia, by Joseph Grinnell. Pp. 301-304. April, 1914 05

Vol. 13. 1. The Schizopoda of the San Diego Region, by Calvin 0. Esterly.. Pp.
1-20; -plates. J-2. Apri 1914 ae ee et cece to as
2. A Study of the Occurrence and Manner of Distribution of the Cteno-- _
phora of the San Diego Region, by Calvin 0, Esterly. Pp, 21-38,
B 10790 Ones £25 Be pee epee PR ep el cca oe) Ta ARAL eh esac ene MT ers ene
3. A New Self-Regulating Paraffin Bath, by C. W.. ‘Woodworth. Pp. ee :
42, 2 text-figures. April, 1914 i
4, Diplodinium ecaudatum, with an Account
by Robert G. Sharp. Pp. 43-122, plates-3-7, 4 ‘text —. May,

5. The Vertical Distribution and Movements of the Schizopoda ‘of the
San Diego Region, by Calvin O, Esterly. Pp. 123-145. May, 1914......
6. The Anatomy of Heterodontus Fravcisci. I. The Exoskeleton, by J.
piss Daniel. Pp. 147-166, plates 8-9, 4 text Aigures. May 23,

4 =< :

Vol. 14. 1. A Report upon the Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay, Based
upon the Operations of the United States Fisheries Steamer «“Alba-
tross’’ during the Years 1912 and 1913, by F. B. Sumner, G. D.
Louderback, W. L. Schmitt, E. C. Tobnston. Pp. 1-198, plates 1-13,
2Ortext: fires. Duly, 1994 sc - ss ee ee, A cae cca bass

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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS

IN
ZOOLOGY
Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 199-452, pls. 14-60 September 12, 1918

BAY foe uN

aS
BY D8 D EC
E. L. PACKARD ; «
@tional Ni ist
CONTENTS
NoTEe.—Species marked with asterisk (*) were not obtained by the Survey.
PAGE
VOOR TeCOLS NEOs OTE, SA eee Ee te ee 207
Rew Cwm O tein emluberat une yee sess. cies 21. cc. e ss ne Re 209
Environment of the molluscan fauna 210
Sane ranciseo) Bay? 2...----2.:---::-
PUY SUC BIN er cn. neceesbes cae eeee
TESTOLO SC a fase ee sees SS geste o acne 2 sE ck teas aera a Ep pecisten tee
STEM OP CTU OC Cages ereree eee See oe 252 dooce; seme ee ee Re Ree ee
Generalmchamact erno ta bie whan Oy sso cceseccnscccsee ee ore eee ae ea 214
Wis bral Glo mmo tart Ne en OULU IGS ere sec ncen sec c: case eee ear ceee aaa ee ge Poe ena ent aac 226
(Cert ral amy is titer ib VOT researc nese as 5 Res ne eee ae SN ee eee 226
VETBUR GUGINO OLE: COYNE o PE eo ea eR 227
Natit G11 GO mG tae ME TN CLV ULICG ya eee sac nce cere o cca eee me eee ee .. 230
Innis en Gem Lasell iret ype ee asc kos ccs eee ca ers eee oe eee .- 234
Influence of the character of the bottom . 235
Quantitative analysis of the fauna —................ . 241
PSU O00 Wy 2 ee 244
(CHANGES) ORE SY OY SY NSN ae en ee oe ee et ee 245
TEXTS LOGE a ees Ra na Se ee 246
BEN EUT CTTILSR © Celie meee weet meen no cane a ane eee caes ee eee ue ne CAN 246
TANG) DUGG 2 SE ne Se OE eee ee 246
INATO MIE ILE mesh fel ian eee eee eee re Ae eS eee 246
Niall amu ens EMO Nb aT) i eeee seen eee eeee nent eee eee sce tecee ee cree 246
J NCOTULET ENGST C1) ee Pe ee Se ee ne 246
JNCOWES, (COEVEA ASHER] (Gls lb 016 0S) eR Ree ee Serre es eee eer epee 246
We did eh estes tee eens e ce ccaeeetascone es .. 247
TESTE SS VOULICT TOYO) 1X2) ee nc ee ere rnc Er EE 247
Te damian ahem C arp CMCC sere n. cn. sccecesnenee eee renderer ecortner areca nee caeeenaeeee 247
ROC arm arise Dal eee i Ee I eee reece ee one, Sessa 247
VO CECG EWS aE 0) Hee 1 DV eee ee ae Be el eee re ee 248
EUG, NTT Wale een meme a Sc eee 248
SEGI UG EWE COGaYay oer ert CCE) 0) oy er ee A eee ore ee 248

pVioldtamemsiheray 1) ay) cess ae ene ee ee eee Se See 249

200 University of California Publications in Zoology [| Vou. 14

PAGE

AT CACCR x eiccccccecpcssediccespeeeceeccees cacoeecaecesseote sence ce sacecees st nmesnnee ee tetas eee ene nerae 250

WG ct 6 £2 ae a eee roe eee Ee 250

PNG Or) ADE WON CH LOG eeerer tear ter ee ec Cora Se rere cae eee fares ease erenoces Sects 250

PAST ea Xe SASS VOTES 1) 9) BY ge 250

(Gilyeryante rs) ly COS tie meee wesc 250

Glycymeris subobsoleta (Carpenter) * —-..----- anon. ce eenenceecceeneee 250

Ostracea) «::2eses-es io eee ce ee ws cece cca seen cen on ope eeee eran ge ea ac ee cece

CO Jo) p29 0 212 a ee rer De eieereinen Seer

Ostrea Linnaeus
Ostrea lurida Carpenter

@strearm elon gata iS Oleic reese seer ee ee 252

TP CG biun ac Gea ees ss cae aaa ao en cee 253
DEY ( ra vt FEN Vee eee en rhs seamen em Sel nee ectice 253
imma es. De ferences asecsccccssee oes asec oa ae cca 253
PTeraam nth 09 2 eG © US CT ay gpa eae 253

Peeten Miller: 2czcccxcccczsetisc scene ce acon toa oo once semen eae oeene ee 253

PECETEM MOS LGUUS. SOW CTD yj sae a ee ae eee ere ae eee
Pecten latiauritus Conrad ..
ONG NX OS 6 COCK oY eee
Anomidae .....
Anomia Miller
Anomia peruviana d’Orbigny -
rom eve Gircaliy eee 2ens sn seater eee eens
Monia macroschisma (Deshayes) -
Miytilaceas S23... ee eee
Mey Gili aes oon: eee catego cece acccaeeeesacene
Mytilus Linnaeus ....
Mytilus ealifornianus Conrad .

oy OV St O1 ON
aq oo or oo

bo po bo bo bo be
a

a

Mytilus edulis Linnaeus .....

Modiolus Lamarck ...........-..-..------ 257
Modiolus demissus (Dillwyn)* ..... 257
Modiolus rectus Conrad ...............-..--.- 2258
Modiolus politus Verrill and Smith - . 258
Modiolus modioius (Linnaeus) * -......- - 259
IIS IIOVINS SYS ses erereeoeceneestececeseoee . 259

IDYGSSCNSUGAC cecee.-e cee sce seeen ane eeeseneeee - 259

Septifer Recluz . 259
Septifer bifurcatus Reeve ........-.-.-------- . 259

Adula HE and) A. Adams) ——- .. 260
Adula faleata (Gould)* -..............-- .. 260
Adula stylina Carpenter —-............ .. 260

INSDENSEDENOS EG See ees nen bere epee crac cao cece aSE SCE . 261
Pandoridae . 261

Ee GOs e500 eee ~ 261

Pandora: filosan (Carpentier) cece renee saree -- 261
TORSTEN SY erase ene oe be toe oe oe noSe ca Tec Generar eee eceentceseenes .. 261

Say 115 OG Ta ee eee .- 261
Lyonsia californica Conrad .......----.----.-.-2------—---- .- 261

SETI O CLE Sra en ieee cee see eee ... 262
Entodesma saxicola (Baird) -........-......-- maar eOe

POTOMY ACE, -2.----a----n-nnnennenenencenceceneoeeeceecennenenenscnnnnnecanennnnensceersneasoseaencencrennannnnsaccssanns 262

ee

1918 | Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 201

PAGE
(US Pcl ear ACh ae hy case oa eae nc cc anaes cece asses eotge cu oas satus toogsocbouaceeeectseee-: <oneueestes 262
COTES) ONKOL MEET, INTER GK). Seen eee epee cor ereeEr™ Reece Sonne nends 262

Cuspidaria californica Dall

Chamacea

(Gem BG ao see cece csc ce esenc scce cece cenccs eoc easton bone sesovdee caumestecestcetubessa-esvaccUssscseaeeense 263
Chama Linnaeus ..................- 263
Chamarpetluciday (Broderip)) = easecceecceescorses serene aos ee eae 263
DAU OW EEOC, Rs eect ae ee Nr RE Bee er Serer eee EPP ee 263
DERE O TA WG XCM ee oR ane EO ee TPS 263
iPhacoidesm (Blaimvilile)) \Guraiy: Seeseccseeneee neces wer tees crete anes ene 263
iPhacoides!annwlatus’ (Reeve)! fccsseeatseesereesescesecsecevseeesecesseascererees ZOO
Phacordes) tenuisculptus) (Carpentier) ecseccrscccesce sess enon eee 264
SMV AIS UT AGIs cae ace eee cees ater case seescta tases fede tacos eee erect esse sachcn cube tmenesee tees 264
Ny ESD er el ESE) Vc a enor te A 264
ABV aia def vrenieey yexaqull Koby (IEA wll bo) oN) eee epee eee ee eee 264
SES OHIO) EK ENE: YP ee eS 5
DD 29 OO) 01 KG 2S ae a eer ae rn eae 5

Kellia Turton ....
Kelliiasilaperousis | (Deshaiyes)) 2 seccscceacesetcccecescesctenee dane ee eee seers 265
TEHOXC EHO) OHNE ee er ie een ee ee 265
ROCHE OTCUC afer TWO UmOSC) Ll) BLM arenes ee ees eens oer ne en ee oe 265
Tee aes e ae eee ice ae Sun Ls Sea ec me eo sen 266
Thasare anu rene CMiomitiay ow) Soeceescees tence a eee esac ore eo Seer 266
(OPC ENS We ee ae aera RS a LE ee er 266
(Gy ears La GL eV ese eee ence Ee ee rn ee atten 266
(Gated iri 21. Ug spe os oa seh ces ewe ec eemn e eees 266
(Gpayerirh eek Cyd ayts) (AMM on 00) ase eee eee ee Peer eee 266

Cardium (Protocardium) centifilosum Carpenter
Veneracea
Veneridae see
Marcia (H. and A.
Marcia subdiaphana (Carpenter) .
Saxidomusp Conmmadi cc
Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad ..
[arpa Olt Cri sesseesonace eee snoee acer
Paphia staminea (Conrad) ...........-.-...-...
Paphia staminea var. ruderata (Carpenter)* .......---2-2--.2 271
Paphia staminea var. orbella (Carpenter)* .-
Paphia staminea var. petiti (Deshayes) *

Paphia tenerrima (Carpenter) 2
SVI@ LUO TI UP 1S Wer et eu Capa nee eset ses cee ae me seen een ec eee armen eeeaerase: . 272
Vienerupis lamelfera (Conrad) 2222. Z 272
(Cxeraben ey, IDES NEG RES acer ee erree cro sacoeeieece eos SeEER 273
Gemma gemma var. purpurea Lea —..............- 273

Teej) AUC), IDEN are ceecer aie eRe ree ener ereos acascetcoeosepea | Gachin=cansbere een 273
TERS) 0) WSU OR EE WASP DW WU ee eee ee ere ecw eee ce 273

DE Ye eNO NS) eee eee er eee oe ere ra eee oc Poe eee 274
Pe tis CO | ami cairan ear, a teen eee cece we one acer 274
Retracolamcarduto1dles: (Compe) seeceeseneree sree eee petceeree etc 274
Melinlaces sae Ra A heeds h eats a ee eae eee 275
CL ECEN LATO G 1: es ef 3)

202 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14

PAGE

Tellina) Leimn aes! sciccscissc co tee tera eet eaten eee ce cesta er ee Ned
Melina) bodegens1s) CEL GS) eee ce meee nesseenea neers eeeeenaseneenastnagset eee sneeeemcenrae 275
Wellima bultors, Dall ccc epee sec es see eacoeeseea w aces te scree ee oncnecee aero 275
Meira aly Carp ema © real Deal eee ee oe eee eee 276
Tellina salmonea (Carpenter) 7
BWV Onn a TE CN ene ene cn ae ener ae nee nee aera 7
Macoma balthica (Linnaeus) 7
Miaicomayanidentatian Cam pert ericsson cetera eee 277
Miacomay anquimatan| (Desh ayes) ean erce- eens reer 278
Macomanmasutia, (Comms di)! tcp see sere eae cree ee eT)
Macomayoldifionmis | Carpenter yeescmsr scm ereeete cases nes eee oe eaneseeceseaseee 280
GOT ORS EC Las (COM e Ch) i eases seer ene ena renee ene neato 280

SS OMe aye isan 1 1A seen eee nee cece
Solen sicarius Gould
Sal quasar Gr yee cere ere ec nee
Sultquay mut tallll (Cox ad) peers ete ee nae ceases cet ae eee ees 281
Mac hrace ay cect. nlsecececccesctencueeitees sevens cnen cous cece ees ete re conn cp gt scone tueetacesestesy sueesseemiesoenene
EV GUS SKS LNG) Soper eer Ber ere ten Aer eran a eat eooae SE See SoG RS -oeeENOSSRCETEATSCOA conMeRacsRcRener emcee
Spisula Gray eee
Spisullayicarbalitio rts CON Cleese areas eee cere 282
Schizothaerus: :Covrerd) 2esececes sce s ace wae are eee nee aera aerace eee eee anes 283
Schizothaerus nuttallly (Cormac) ee wees en center eee 283
RUB EXO SEY wetcececce eso Racer cope nSSee tea eda cck Hance act Se SREB vo neotae tao peeeatoiaa cameos eaocnuetosborcecosscete 2
DYE gz KANG EX app pee ea cho opener Poo Ean ererenenceereesoas CA :
Mya Linnaeus
OM isyraa) aunt @r0 Sure TN LOU 8 yee nee eee noe eer 283
Mya (Cryptomya) californica (Conrad) —-....-.-.---.---seseeteeeeaee 284
Majas(Rlatydon) tcancellatag@ onrads eerste ce ener eee 285
ISEB OKOP ANCES) See ceesssesece eee eee cass sn eset perenne ae nea Sore COMO CED SCORES 286
ISS nse ease a ek eae emma 286
Samicayvaltamctica, (armaleuis)) perce s rene c ocean eee 286
SE cWONE, TOMOVEGIIS, (IE NEARNENG IS) ass eee rence rene ESOS 286
DE FeW AN) {= mT OY Ue A Rta Soa ee RRR ra Son Serer Secor coe EOS 287
IROMO DEN GENET OSC) GO G crrcrrres ee ree ee aa eee en ea ener 287
BAY CGS Trl IC Cea ee ree oe ae pe re RE acre cme ease oe 287
BPA AKO) EG BUG F:\ = eee cee ee EO gener pene pa eee see Reco CSSEEE, 287
TO) ea Sep La Tin Sh OTL | ee eee ee ee eee ne eee ee 287
Pholas pacificus Stearms ......-.------------c-c-cscseeececeeeeeeee noes neces ceeeeeeene 287
TEA NOVEKGHWCKEES, LEK e CW coo cerecccpimcdeondatencesoscessence suse cucu et cob eens ceeasaacoecocecesecAoSeRctS 288
Pholaididesa oor esum (Gov) jeseeeereeetee erecta as eee se ceescneeiee eee serene ee 288
Pholadidea penita (Comrad)) 2-252 nena cnnec eet etecece emer en nerennne 288
Pholadidea penita var. parva (Tryon) ™* ......-.--..2.:------------eee-eneeeee> 289
TMlears tie si sa a0 sg CN en nee ree meee cca ocr cee 289
Martesia amnitercalata Carpenter © ee tscecenceacccrensneneen sneer ee eee sentra 289
Voabevieveye), (QU GENO) (COE cossceecserecoercnnt tebae Sure tree ete hod sotonceposseaaerece coe aceKe SeOSeSE
Zirfaea gabbi Tryon
Teredinidae
Xylotrya Leach
EXGyr Ot rey Slgye SS [De eee eee

1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 203

Scaphopoda
Dentaliidae -.
Dentalium Linnaeus
Dentalium indianorum Carpenter -
Siphonodentaliidae
COW I OHS 2 OW EN 9 0 sce OR ee cae ao eee eee 291

Cadulus fusiformis Philippi and Sharp ~.......0....2.2220e.cee1eceeeee- 291

Amphineura
Lepidopleuridae
Lepidopleurus Risso
Lepidopleurus farallonis Dall*
Ischnochitonidae
Tonicella Carpenter ..............
Tonicella lineata (Wood)
Ischnochiton Gray
Ischnochiton dentiens (Gould) —.
Ischnochiton stearnsi Dall*
Ischnochiton cooperi Carpenter* .
Tschnochiton magdalensis Hinds*
Nuttallina Carpenter ................
Nuttallina scabra Reeve
Trachydermon Carpenter
Trachydermon hartwegi (Carpenter)* ....
Trachydermon raymondi Pilsbry ..
Mopaliidae
Mopalia Gray
Mopalia ciliata Sowerby -..
Mopalia ciliata var. lignosa (Gould)
Mopalia kennerleyi var. swani Carpenter*
Mopalia muscosa (Gould)
Mopalia wosessenski Middendorft
Placiporella Carpenter
Placiphorella sinuata Carpenter* ...
Acanthochitonidae
JECGIRAME MESA, (GHEE! caer eet Perot eere ctor cogoc torcerceceroact acer occeteeerccecteeade qeccconcoas CM)
Katharina tunicata Wood*
Cryptochiton Middendorft
Cryptochiton stelleri (Middendorff)* ...

e299)

Gastropoda
Docoglossa
Acmaeidae
Acemaea Eschscholtz .........-.2.2.---...-.
Acmaea asmi (Middendorft)*

Aemaea limatula Carpenter _..

Aemaea patina Eschscholtz

Acmaea patina var. pintadina Gould*

Acmaea pelta Eschscholtz*

Aemaea persona Eschscholtz

Acmaea persona var. wmbonata (Nuttall) *

Aemaea mitra Eschscholtz* ....

300
300
300
301
301
301
302
302

204 University of California Publications in Zoology — [Vou. 14

PAGE
Dottie, AG aly) ce Se aeecce secon cesce cee ee ate Janet nc ccteee aoe eee eee Po nee Sen 304
Botti gigantea (Gracy) |\Carperten™ esses eaceeseenereeseeeeeeeenenre 304
ST EA er eee a ee 304
Lepeta ‘concemtnica, (Nid ded orth) ene ene eee ee 304
BERIT, 1.0), SS ee PS 305
Haliotidae
alli otis: Lsimn evs ace ccc A seca wean oe ee eee meee ee 305
Haliotisenachemody Wiech ees ane ae 305
Hiatiotia granted Chemin Zi canna nese eera ee OUD
TF QUGHUS MMU TES CENIS Sve OL teense ne esa rr enn eee 306
TEU oRIKAErOSY PCANGRU VENDIO) ON oe eee ec ace 2 asta See oe 306
SET ONO TAS ICIS SUTTUUUDS i) CUM eee eae see eee sesheseeepteasee 307
SPs 110s IL (CH sae sce oe 807
AFEVT s SSULTELUCH SASS UMP SO mew eno 307
Fissuridea aspera (Hschscholtz)) —..----g2--2c2ccceccccececeeecscecwcenseeneeesteeee 307
BEST 55 cr © ag ar UN eee ene 308
PUSSUMEU@ VOLCGIO TRECV.C 8) cee ee eens ce sn eee ne eee a nee 308
AVI eens Foe rac Payee ee ree 308
Megatebennus bimeacilatia (GD alll) % Sees ec reece 308
Par ime) eeze sede ceca nes cece ee ec eee ecw seer tos Ose anew Pom eee eRe 309
Asselin Matra eo oo wcc ecco c ance nace earns een 309
INET pohodesy oleewaksy (Vea) ov) Se eee 309
Weptothyma Camp ember, 2.2. ene seen eee ee nme nna m ae rence 310
Beptothyra canp enter eal share esse aaa eee eee 310
IDINEISPENNGIUINCEKS) | yy eae t secs ease
Phasianella Lamarck
Phasianella pulloides Carpenten™ ge oe eee cere een 310
Trochidae hes
Calliostoma Swainson
Calliostoma canaliculatwm (Martyn) -.....--2.2..---------:e-seecee-eseeeeeeeeeee 311
Calliostoma costatumy (Martyr) 22... anaes eee reece cree en nee 311
Tegula Lesson
Tegula toranmed) (PMs pis) assess eee een reer 312
Meonilay fumebmalle) (CA Atl ans) eee ce ese en nner eee ener steerer
Meg ulan monster. yy (IST CY) ie tees eee cea eee eee ee oes
Margarites Leach -.-............--
Margarites lirulata Carpenter
Margarites pupilla (Gould) -.
JENICO, soec sesso cemeontcsecactaae eee eoceeoe esas
WBrullamnd ale eee serene eee

Melanella Bowdich
Melanella (Hulima) micans (Carpenter) —
Bsns EM CL UT Ca een cee eee
WtirneoyoyenU Dey, VSS 0) cere nceeeeceeecerecnst oe
Turbonilla franciscana Bartsch ...
Turbonilla keepi Dall and Bartsch ..
(@ Gos toma't ab eran eee ween ee eee ee
Odostompualiran cis can a6 am Gs Chee ese ee eee eee
Odostomia farallonensis Dall and Bartsch*
[Odostomia gravida Gould* |
Odostomia inflata Carpenter*

——

1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 205

PAGE

TEAICTNOY EUG SSE) ea ee ee... Re ee ee 318
BBY PUG OTIS C pees tees stan cease een tas ees nececehoee Ree ay ete esee es ee tn .- 318
SBI TGO NT TINS Olt Oa eaesese eases ss ceases. Sere eer ena: . 318
Epitonium cerebricostatum (Carpenter) * —.....2.... . 318
Epitonium hindsi (Carpenter) -....-...-.-----s-cecceceeoeceoes .. 219
Epitonium sawinae (Dall) -................::ce-eseseeeeeees . 319
AREEVS VARS SAYS ISEEY, car ee er Sa aE ee .- 320

Littorinidae

Littorina Ferussae 320
Littorina planaxis (Nuttall) Philippi -....
Littorina secutulata Gould —...2.-..

Lucuna Turton
Lacuna porrecta Carpenter
Lacuna unifasciata Carpenter _ wieucescess aster testeacce 321
acunaey ariel ata CAnp enh e teem eee mee ees ee 322

Gaol Cale reece seen seer een sees ESBS Eee CEE LESS Sa Sk epee Seen mere eeaeee are 322
Hipponix Defrance sc oe $e SSS See ee eases eee og ee eae, sezan shee cece 322
Hipponix antiquata Lamarck Pais Ooe
@ repo yl evap Meena ahr case ec eaten Petes nee 322
Greprdtilar comyiexai |S ays) see ceees eee ee tease cee eee oo ee ee 322
Creni dill ayeminiea ged ann See meee ee ee heen eee 323
Creer ool tian Sayville repeal 324
Crucibulum spinoswm (Sowerby) * -.2-.-:-:-.ccs---2cecccseceoececeeeececccceeneenee- 324
Naticidae
Polinices Montfort
zo init es rclir 21¢ OTS an (C1) BI) ee ee eee eee 324
HEZO Tn Ge Sime yysay (GeO CL!) eeeeee ce eee seeeen ae ere oe eee ene 825
TUTE COATING LEIS OSA) 2 eee ae ee perce tree Ve nae ee 325
BnunrayT Cin ae mOry.Ciy Dealt ee eeenececeene ss eee ee eo 325
Rissoidae
Barleeia Clark
Banleciagsub bens © arp em be ry ees eee eel ns ee ee 326
(OUEST AEGAN fol ea ne va res laa ieee ee do Ae 326
@erithideaes wan s on cas. 2-2 cee ee ee ae ree en eee ere 326
Cerithidea californica (Haldeman) * .2.0.22. ck ccccccecceeeeeceeeeeeee 326
SSSA NUSIY 9) L(SP10) 0M aetetape ee eee RE a ee ee ae epee 326
Bittium eschrichti, var. montereyense Bartsch ............-.........-........ 326
EB itis uy) anal eart oad eT bs c eee eee eee ee 327
Ceriphiopsid ae yee ste sfe ssa tS 2s eck es canes eee re pe eee ee Se, ee ere 328
Werth Op SsiSe MOTD CS aes cee cases eee eee eee ee ae Sees oa ee 328
[WGeniehion sis spel) cx ctct:.cness eee meee ee ee es BOE
M1 UEC aE rece te

Trivia Gray
LETRA COUL OT IUUCOP ATV | Heer sae eee eae teen © een ae eae 328
Erato Risso

CO) A UN BIG EY) Sa ee eR ee ee ee eee 829

Ee chit cull alretee S yerensiin so rae sees eet re ee ees 329

Pedicularia californica Neweomb* .....--2 ccc sesGesuendsiecee 329
TRC ATI WSIS, ese eee oe ee oe

Columbellidae

206 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14

PAGE
G@olumbellla), Wamare le. ois. eo vocescenceeeen cae teer ceca e epee cee eee ee eee 329
Columbella gausapata, (Gould ee 329
BUe@inid ae sets ease ah eee ae eee ene a ea
Amphissa H. and A, Adams ...
Amphussa corrugata’ (Reeve) secs se ee nee eee ree reece ceeenanes 330
Canttharus' Bolter: 2.2m c2ectecce ccc eae ec ccaeenenccanameee ere ee 330
COLT ALOE IE) Sieh eeceeeete eee ee ee ree seen eo 330
Chrysodomus Swainson
Chrysodomus) dirs Reeves sacs ea ease aetna cee erae eee 330
@hnsysod oma! tebe itims yy is ir le ee ere reac tee ae eee eeeee nee 331
TINGS Bae eee er eee Se eS cca 331
TINGE S55 ea AEs eh a pe ene 331
Nissim fos siartieay (Go Ul ll) me ste taeeaee ace ece eee eee meee 331
INE WSF aa Cey, CC COG ee st Rr ec cok cob eoce eee neectb bane 332
AN 5p yp HN US ELE 7 ee eee 333
TH AIMEE, (SUC EO ee ere ce aero cance ce aceon nese any erage oe aeccsstceecisesaee 333
HMiliyramtalss a OO SOLE tea (250g) see seams eee en 333
NADI Os FEY 2) secre eer ere eee oe Eee cht borane boop camncer become dysca een teeneeceatcecteas 334
IMiar ee Werrmir e S e ace aseaecc ess canna eae . 334
Maumen campeniteray (Ly er) 9 aesens rsa aera eee 334
Murex (Ocinebra) interfossa (Carpenter) -.......-..-------------------- 335
Murex (Ocinebra) lurida (Middendorff) —..............-.-.------.----- .--. 335
(Wirosselll pitexey Sip Oa) eee eee ee 335
(War osallyp imix CUETO DIS (5 yp) ieee neeene na ae ee 335
TN EUS 10Ch eae psec ee ae a ce oe eee 336
Thais Bolten 336
Mhais)lamelllosals((Gimeliim)) ieaeestee soccer ees sateen nse er cree ee rancence eae eens 336
Thais lamellosa var. septentrionalis (Reeve) * -......-.....2..--:---1- BEyE
Thais lametlosa vars fnanciscama, “Walle Pees sees eeeres eee eens 337
SPivanis® Unamia) st Nien tiy mn) a mens eect ec eo ae 337
Pharsemangunata) 1D esb ayes) yeceesss eee ae aes ce eee eee neeeeeeeee 338
Thais emarginata var. ostrina (Gould) 0.2. eeeteeeeee 338
Fusinidae
Fusinus Rafinesque -.
vesunes: Uauteoptctus: (Dsl) eee eee eee se cee are ones tee see sone emeeeee 339
Fusinus harfordi (Stearns) * <2. 2-2 ence ane sa ccc epeensecenersenencaenercenernemerees 339
WWE creer retest te ore orc ote oe ates Sack bascatectererbansacestnesaledcecce ceersecceneecocs 339
Mitra Lamarck ......
DIVA pe ren RCL LPN ng eee
Olivadaemerese =:

Olivella Swainson
Olivella biplicata Sowerby -..
Olivella intorta Carpenter
Olivella pedroana (Conrad)

Toxoglossa
Caneellariidae -.............-----

(Greaira cee dN survreg ei earn ea 1s ane eee eee

Gamelll syria ex su yy orcas rn ey 1D a aoe erence ree 341
Pleurtot Orie’ ecz.cccscees eee saeco sce aces Sas ae cee ans ae es one

Turris Bolten
Turris incisa Carpenter
Turria perversa (Gabb) -.

1918 ] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 207

Turris (Bela) tabulata (Carpenter)
Bathytoma Harris and Barrows
Bathytoma carpenteriana (Gabb)
Mangilia Risso
Mangilia angulata Carpenter
Conidae
Commistelaimm gous esses ere eee
Conus californicus Hinds*
Actaeonidae
Actaeon Montfort
Actaeon punctocoelatus (Carpenter) -..
Acteocinidae
Acteocina Gray .
Acteocina cerealis (Gould)
AiO Livan] ay AC ANC eS yates sons cnc enne eres veae
Wiolwarl emery lin'dirt ¢ ak Cap On te rasa eeeeeenreene aes eee eee
Gadiniad der = eee sc ae :
Gadinia Gray
Gadinia reticulata (Sowerby)
Literature cited
bisep ll am atom iO'ts plates hanes accece ces coe cee cck a Fae o et pe cee ee erent Sch peers SOOO,

INTRODUCTION

The United States Fisheries Steamer ‘‘ Albatross’? was commis-
sioned in Oetober, 1911, by the Bureau of Fisheries, to make a bio-
logical survey of San Francisco Bay. The operations were directed
by a board consisting of Dr. F. B. Sumner, naturalist, Professor ©. A.
Kofoid, of the University of California, and Commander G. H. Bur-
rage, U. S. N., succeeded by Lieutenant-Commander H. B. Soule,
U.S. N. The field work began on January 30, 1912, and continued
until April 7, 1913, when the last dredge haul was made.

A portion of the results of this survey dealing with the physical
conditions within San Francisco Bay has been published in a joint
paper by Dr. F. B. Sumner, Dr. G. D. Louderback, Mr. W. L. Schmitt,
and Mr. E. C. Johnston (1914). Discussions and detailed data are
given regarding the temperature, salinity, depth of the water, and the
character of the bottom for the various stations occupied by the
“* Albatross.’’ These data serve as the basis for ecological studies now
being made of the different groups of marine organisms obtained
during the survey.

The mollusean material obtained by the various types of dredges
employed, and by shore collecting at a limited number of localities,
was preserved in alcohol or formalin and shipped to the Zoological
Laboratory of the University of California. The dredging material

208 University of California Publications in Zoology — | Vou. 14

was divided into two classes, herein designated the ‘‘qualitative’’ or
the ‘‘quantitative,’’ depending upon whether the collection was made
by one of several common types of dredges or by the orange-peel bucket
dredge, which was employed here for the first time for biological
purposes. The records of these quantitative hauls are included in
this paper, but these data are incorporated only in part in the dis-
cussions.

The qualitative material has been made the basis for this paper.
The mollusks from each station were identified, measured, counted,
and their condition noted. The identifications have been facilitated
by comparison with a typical set from the collection that had been
determined by Dr. W. H. Dall and Dr. Paul Bartsch, of the United
States National Museum. The maximum, minimum, and modal lengths
for each species were recorded for each station. A record of the
number of specimens (of the number of valves in the case of dead
peleeypods) was likewise made for each species. The condition of
each specimen, i.e., whether it was living at the time of dredging, or
Was represented by a worn shell, was also noted.

In the systematic portion of this paper no attempt has been made
to give a complete synonymy for each species, but at least one refer-
ence includes such a synonymy. The synonyms listed inelude the
names under which the speeies was originally described and the more
common ones found in the literature dealing with the region of San
Francisco. Complete titles of works cited may be found in the
bibhography at the end of this paper.

The original descriptions of the species are quoted whenever it
seemed practicable. For those that were originally described in a
foreign language, a subsequent deseription by an author who has
given a concise diagnosis of the form in English is used. The dimen-
sions given are the minimum and maximum length of all the specimens
of the species which were obtained by the Survey.

The italicized type in the parentheses following the number of the
dredging station indicates the number of living specimens of the
species obtained at that station, while the arabic number indicates
the number of valves, in the ease of peleeypods, or the number of
specimens of other mollusks that were dead at the time of dredging.

This catalogue of species includes the forms taken by the Survey
and those that have been reported from San Francisco and vicinity
by other workers. Zittel’s Textbook of Palaeontology, 1912, Eastman
translation, has been used primarily for the classification employed.

1918 | Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 209

The asterisk following a station number indicates that a part or all
of the specimens of the designated species from that station were
determined by Dr. Dall; the dagger indicates those that were deter-
mined by Dr. Bartsch.

The known range of the species along the coast has either been
compiled or has been taken directly from an author to whom eredit
has been duly given. The recent paper by Dall (1916a) has been
made the basis of the range of the Pelecypoda. The range of the
Gastropoda is as yet less well known.

Charts have been prepared showing the local distribution of eight-
een of the more common species. Localities at which a particular
species was taken alive are indicated on an outline map of San Fran-
cisco Bay by a dot, while those at which only shells were taken are
indicated by a circle.

The illustrations of the species are reproduced from photographs
taken by Mr. H. Hollinger and retouched by Mrs. Louise Nash. In
a few instances specimens from near-by localities have been substituted
for the poor ones represented in the collection of the Survey. Such
cases are noted in the explanation of the plates.

This study has been pursued under the direction of Professor
Charles A. Kofoid, to whom the writer is greatly indebted for many
suggestions and eriticisms. Gratitude is due Dr. Francis B. Sumner
for his criticisms of the paper and for valuable assistance given during
the progress of the work. The author wishes to acknowledge his
indebtedness to Dr. William H. Dall, who has reviewed the manu-
script, and who together with Dr. Paul Bartsch has determined speci-
mens representing nearly the complete fauna. Mr. Waldo L. Schmitt
and Mr. Edward C. Johnston as naturalists on the ‘‘ Albatross’’ have
assisted the writer In many ways.

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

The conchological literature contains many references to San Fran-
cisco Bay and immediate vicinity, scattered through foreign and
American papers. A number of exploring expeditions entered the
bay of San Francisco in the early part of the last century. Their
biological collections were often studied in Europe, and consequently
a considerable number of our local mollusks has been deseribed by
foreign authors.

These early papers were carefully reviewed by Philip P. Carpenter
(1856a) in a paper entitled, ‘‘Report of the present state of knowl-

210 University of California Publications in Zoology (Vou. 14

edge with regard to the mollusea of the West Coast of North America.”’
Seven years later (1863) a second paper appeared under the title,
‘Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with
regard to the mollusks of the West Coast of North America.’’ In these
papers a number of preliminary descriptions of mollusean species were
given. The detailed descriptions were subsequently published in
various scientific publications, of which the Proceedings of the Zoo-
logical Society of London is perhaps the most important. Frequent
reference to San Francisco is made in these papers in connection with
the ranges of certain species, but any comprehensive faunal survey
of this region is lacking.

The lst of more recent conchological papers dealing with the
Californian region is a long one. With a few exceptions their con-
tributions to the conchology of San Francisco Bay and vicinity have
been made rather incidental to considerations other than that of
making a faunal survey of this region. The more important of such
contributors are: Cooper, Stearns, Tryon, Pilsbry, Dall, Keep, Ray-
mond, Wood, Arnold, Berry, Bartsch, Clark, and Oreutt. Recog-
nition of the contributions of these, as well as of many others, is noted
in the systematic portion of this paper.

Two articles have been published in which lists of the local fauna
are given. The first of these, by Wood and Raymond, appeared in
1891 under the title, ‘‘Mollusks of San Francisco County,’’ together
with a supplementary note (Wood, 1891) entitled, *‘ Additional mol-
lusks of San Francisco Bay.’’ These papers give the marine and land
forms collected by the authors within the region designated. The
second paper (Blankinship and Keeler, 1892), although not devoted
primarily to conchology, as might be inferred from the title, ‘‘On the
natural history of the Farallon Islands,’’ is of interest since it con-
tains a list of a number of marine mollusks compiled by Dr. J. C.
Cooper.

ENVIRONMENT OF THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA
San Francisco Bay

Physical—tThe physical and biological environments found within
the waters of San Francisco Bay will be discussed briefly before the
fauna is considered, so that certain peculiarities of mollusean distri-
bution may be more easily interpreted. The data upon which the
following discussion is based are taken from the comprehensive paper

1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 211

entitled, ‘‘A report upon the physical conditions in San Francisco
Bay, based upon the operations of the United States Fisheries’
Steamer ‘ Albatross’ during the years 1912 and 1913,’’ by F. B’ Sum-
ner, G. D. Louderback, W. L. Schmitt, and E. C. Johnston (1914).

San Francisco Bay is ‘‘an irregular body of water surrounded by
marshes and prolonged into estuaries . . . extending from the mouth
of Sonoma Creek at the extreme northern end to the mouth of the
so-called ‘Coyote River’ at the extreme southern.’’ As thus defined
it includes San Pablo Bay. It has a length of 52 statute miles and a
maximum width of 11.5 miles and an estimated area of 400 square
miles.

The Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers empty into the upper
part of- San Francisco Bay through Carquinez Strait. There are
several small streams, most of which are intermittent, that contribute
considerable volumes of water to the bay during the rainy season.
The total discharge of these streams affects the temperature and
salinity of the waters of the bay, besides bringing in sediments that
are in part deposited within San Francisco Bay.

The depth of San Francisco Bay ranges up to 63 fathoms encoun-
tered in the narrower portion of Golden Gate. It has been shown by
Sumner et al. (p. 21) that only 18.4 per cent of the total area of the
bay has a depth greater than 5 fathoms. The mean depth has been
computed to be 22.7 feet. The deeper waters are found in the middle
division of the bay within the Golden Gate and in Raccoon Strait
just north of Angel Island. The deeper waters of the upper and
lower divisions of the bay are confined to narrow central channels.

It may be well to define here the divisions of the bay since these
terms will appear frequently throughout the paper. Sumner ef al.
(1914, p. 22) recognize three divisions of San Francisco Bay. The

,

‘“apper’’ one includes San Pablo Bay; the ‘‘middle’’ one extends
from a line passing through the points of San Pedro and San Pablo
to a line drawn from the Ferry Building to the Goat Island Light ;
the third or ‘‘lower’’ division lies to the south of this latter line.

The mean tidal range for the entire bay throughout the month is
given as 4.52 feet. The actual extremes during the course of the year
are much greater, ranging from 0.4 to 7.8 feet at Fort Point within
the Golden Gate.

The rate of the tidal currents was determined for a number of
localities to be about 1.4 knots per hour at a distance of a few feet
below the surface. It was estimated that the mean rate of water flow

212 University of California Publications in Zoology | Vou. 14

over the entire bottom was between 0.67 and 0.75 knots per hour. In
Golden Gate and Raccoon Strait the currents are strong enough to
scour the bottom, leaving only the coarser sediments.

The mean annual temperature for the entire bay is 12°91C. The
highest recorded temperature is 20°6C and the lowest is 6°C. The
highest of the regional means for the year was obtained in the lower
division of the bay and the lowest in the middle segment. A seasonal
range of 12°65C occurs in the northern end of the bay, decreasing to
4°92C at the Golden Gate and rising to 11°18C at the southern end.
These extremes of temperature are perhaps of less importance in
determining the distribution of marine organisms than are those pre-
vailing at the times of the year that coimecide with the reproductive
periods of the different species.

In the above-mentioned report it has been shown that there are
considerable seasonal variations in the temperatures within the dif-
ferent regions of the bay. During February the temperatures are
quite uniform for the entire bay, being at that time lower than are
those of the ocean outside the Golden Gate. During the latter part
of April and early May the waters at either end of the bay are warmer
than in February, whereas those of the middle division are colder than
they are at the earlier period. At the next period, the latter part of
July, a rise of temperature is noted, the Golden Gate remaining the
coolest region of the bay. During this period the temperature of the
bay is higher than that of the ocean off San Francisco. In the early
part of October a general decrease in the temperature is evident, and
at this period, as well as in the early part of May, the oceanic temper-
atures are nearly the same as those of the bay. In late November a
general uniformity of temperatures somewhat lower than those of the
open ocean prevails throughout the bay. The lowest temperatures
of the year occur in January, at which time the waters of the middle
division are the warmest, while those of San Pablo Bay are the coldest.
Both during this month and in February the waters of the bay are
colder than are those of the ocean.

From the standpoint of the mollusk, these temperatures may not
be as Important as are the bottom temperatures. Yet it is not im-
probable that the temperature of a higher stratum is more significant
in determining the distribution of the mollusk, for it is in the higher
stratum that the larval stages are generally passed. The annual
range of the bottom temperature for the entire bay is 8°35C. The
bottom and surface temperatures are more nearly alike in the winter
than in the summer.

1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay Zales

The salinity of San Francisco Bay ranges from 3.25 to 33.27 per
mille. The mean for the entire bay for the year was found to be
27.48. The regional annual mean is less than 16 per mille in Car-
quinez Strait, while it reaches as high as 31 just within the Golden
Gate. As might be expected, the seasonal range is greatest in San
Pablo Bay, which receives the discharge of the Sacramento and San
Joaquin rivers, reaching a minimum at the Golden Gate and increasing
but shghtly toward the lower end of the bay. The seasonal minimum
mean salinity for the entire bay oceurs in April and May and the
maximum in October, according in general with the high and low
water stages of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. The bottom
salinity for the entire bay is greater than the mean surface salinity
throughout the year, the difference between the two being greater
during April and May, when the surface salinity is the lowest for the
year.

An examination of the bottom conditions of the bay reveals a
diversified character such as might be expected by one familiar with
the geographic features of this region. Materials ranging from large
angular stones to fine muds are represented. San Pablo Bay is muddy
except for a small area at the lower end of Carquinez Strait. Mud
occurs also in local areas within the middle division, but in the deeper
water explored by the Survey the bottom is arenaceous. The bottom
within the Golden Gate is composed in the main of sand and gravel,
but in places the currents are so strong that they prevent the accum-
ulation of little except gravel. The lower division of the bay is pre-
dominantly muddy. At some localities within the lower and middle
segments the bottom appears to be paved with shells of Ostrea lurida
and Mya arenaria. The distribution of the different types of bottoms
is admirably shown by Sumner et al. (pl. 5).

Chemical analyses have been made of bottom samples from a
number of stations. They show that the percentage of free or com-
bined nitrogen is higher in the upper and lower divisions of the bay.

Biological—tThe different biological environments under which the
mollusks of San Francisco Bay are living cannot be definitely de-
scribed. The materials obtained by the operations of the ‘‘ Albatross”
are now being studied by specialists. When the different reports are
completed it may be possible to recognize certain relationships be-
tween the distribution of some of the mollusks and that of other groups
of animals or plants. The relative abundance of the plankton, which
probably serves as the most important food supply of the peleeypods,

214 University of California Publications in Zoology | Vou. 14

undoubtedly varies somewhat within the different regions of the bay.
Recent studies made by Mr. E. P. Rankin show that the number of
species and individuals of diatoms decreases as one passes from the
middle to the upper division of the bay. If these data were plotted,
relationships of some of the bivalves to distribution might be expected,
unless everywhere within the bay the plankton is present in quantities
above the requirements of the mollusks. The latter is likely to be
the case, since Professor Kofoid’s studies show that the plankton of
the bay is relatively rich.

For the predatory gastropods the optimum habitat is, of course,
determined by the presence of their. prey. Thus the distribution pat-
terns of Urosalpinx and Ilyanassa are similar to those of the native
and eastern oysters.

THE OPEN OCEAN

The investigations of the ‘‘ Albatross’’ outside the Golden Gate were
confined, during this Survey, to the waters lying between the San
Francisco Peninsula and the Farallon Islands, with the exception of
a single bottom sample taken west of the Farallones. Excepting this
latter locality, the water ranged in depth from 81% to 68 fathoms.
Just outside the Golden Gate is a shoal, known as the ‘‘Bar,’’ upon
which depths of only 5 fathoms are encountered at a distance of five
miles offshore.

The annual mean temperature for the ocean off San Francisco is
given by Sumner et al. (1914, p. 52) as 12°86C. The.range for the
years is about 3°C, the lowest temperatures occurring in April and
the highest in October. The mean annual salinity for the offshore
stations is 34.04 per mille.

No attempt has been made to make a detailed investigation of the
character of the offshore bottom. The field descriptions of the samples
obtained from each dredge haul indicate that the bottom is predomi-
nantly of a dark greenish sand.

GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE FAUNA

The mollusean fauna taken by the Biological Survey within San
Francisco Bay and adjacent waters comprises 112 species and 2
varieties. These are distributed among 3 classes representing 49
families and 78 genera. A little over 50 per cent are bivalves. The
gastropods are represented by 47 species and 1 variety, the seapho-
pods by 2 species, and the chitons by 6 species and 1 variety.

1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 215

This number of species and varieties obtained by the Survey in-
cludes only about 65 per cent of the known mollusean fauna of these
waters. The catalogue of species (p. 245) contains 173 species and 13
varieties that have been collected by the Survey, or previously re-
ported from San Francisco Bay, San Francisco County, or the Far-
allon Islands. It is probable that the marine fauna is still larger,
for there is a considerable number of species that are known to occur
both north and south of this region. The following lst as compiled
includes 118 such species which may be found in the vicinity of San

Francisco.

INCOMPLETE List OF MOLLUSCAN SPECIES WHOSE RANGES INCLUDE SAN FRANCISCO

But Have Nor As Yer BEEN REPORTED FROM THIS REGION

Pelecypoda*
Acharax agassizi Dall
Acharax johnsoni Dall
Adula ecaliforniensis Philippi
Adula diegensis Dall
Axinopsis sericatus Carpenter
Axinopsis virdis Dall
Calyptogenia pacifica Dall
Cardium ecaliforniense Deshayes
Cardita subquadrata Carpenter
Cooperella subdiaphana Carpenter
Crenella columbiana Dall
Crenella decussta Montagu
Cummingia lamellosa Sowerby
Cuspidaria apodenia Dall
Cuspidaria chilensis Dall
Dermatomya tenuiconcha Dall
Diplodonta orbella Gould
Entodesma inflatum Conrad
Glyeymeris migueliana Dall
Kellia suborbicularis Montagu
Leda acuta Conrad
Leda conceptionis Dall
Leda minuta Fabricius
Leda penderi Dall
Lima subauriculata Montagu
Lyonsia gouldi Dall
Macoma ecalcarea Gmelin
Macoma expansa Carpenter
Macoma incongrua Martens
Macoma inflatula Dall
Macoma inquinata var. arnheimi

Dall

* Compiled from Dall (1916a).

Macoma quadrana Dall

Mactra californica Conrad

Malletia pacifict Dall

Marcia kennerlyi (Carpenter)
Reeve

Martesia xylophaga C. B. Adams

Miodontiseus prolongatus Carpenter

Modiolus flabellatus Gould

Musculus olivaceous Dall

Mya intermedia Dall

Mytilimeria nuttali Conrad

Nucula linki Dall

Ostrea palmula Carpenter

Pandora bilirata Conrad

Pandora punctatus Conrad

Panope generosa Gould

Panope generosa var. solida Dall

Paphia staminea var. laciniata
Carpenter

Paphia staminea var. spatiosa Dall

Pecten alaskense Dall

Pecten hindsi var. navarchus Dall

Pecten tillamookense Arnold

Pecten vancouverense Whiteaves

Phacoides annulata var. densili-
neata Dall

Pholadidea penita var. concame-
rata Deshayes

Pholadidea rostrata Valenciennes

Psammobia ecalifornicus Conrad

Psephidia lordi Baird

Rochefortia tumida Carpenter

Semele rubropicta Dall

216 University of California Publications in Zoology — [Vou. 14

Sphenia fragilis Carpenter Cerithiopsis columna (Carpenter)
Sphenia ovoidea Carpenter Chrysodomus kelletti (Hinds)
Spisula faleata (Gould) Columbella tuberosa (Carpenter)
Tindaria gibbsi Dall Crepidula dorsata Broderip
Tindaria kennerlyi Dall Crepidula excavata Broderip
Tindaria martiniana Dall Epitonium indianorum (Carpenter)
Thracia beringi Dall Fossarus compacta (Carpenter)
Thracia curta Conrad Fossarus fenestratus (Carpenter)
Thyasira barbarensis Dall Galerus mammillaris (Broderip)
Thyasira bisecta Conrad Hipponix cranioides (Carpenter)
Thyasira excavata Dall Lacuna solidula (Loven)
Thyasira trisinuata var. polygona Carpenter
Jeffreys Lazaria subquadriata (Carpenter)
Tivela stultorum Mawe Melanella compacta (Carpenter)
Transennella tantilla Gould Murex trialatus (Sowerby)
Turtonia minuta Fabricus Murex nuttalli (Conrad)
Vesicomya lepta Dall Murex (Ocinebra) foveolata
Vesicomya ovalis Dall (Hinds)
Venericardia crebricostata Krause Nassa californiana (Conrad)
Venericardia ventricosa Gould Odostomia angularis Dall and
Yoldia beringiana Dall Bartsch
Yoldia montereyensis Dall Odostomia oregonensis Dall and
Yoldia orcia Dall Bartsch
Yoldia sanesia Dall Odostomia tenuisculpta (Carpenter)
Gastropoda* Pachypoma inequale (Martyn)
Acmaea incessa (Hinds) Phoreus pulligo (Martyn)
Acmaea triangularis Carpenter Puneturella cucullata (Gould)
Aemaea instabilis (Gould) Solariella cidaris (A. Adams)
Bittium eschrichti (Middendorff) Tritonium oregonense (Redfield)
Calliostoma annulatum (Martyn) Trophon disparilis (Dall)
Calliostoma canalieulatum (Martyn) Trophon scitulus (Dall)
Calliostoma variegata Carpenter Trophon gracilis (Perry)

* This list has been compiled from various authors.

This long list will probably be modified as the different faunas are
studied more intensely. However, it suffices to show that the known
fauna of this region is considerably less than the actual fauna.

The diserepaney between the number of known forms and the
number obtained by the Survey is due in part to the faet that little
attention was given to shore collecting. Mollusks were obtained,
however, at the following shore stations: Bonita Point, Sausalito,
Fort Point, Key Route Pier (Oakland), Point Richmond, Red Rock,
and MeNear’s Landing.

In the discussions that follow only the material obtained by the
Survey will be considered unless the contrary is stated. As a matter
of convenience the fauna obtained in the open ocean off the Golden
Gate will be designated as the ‘‘outside’’ fauna in contrast to the
““bay’’ fauna.

1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 217

The outside fauna consists of 62 (+ 62) species, of which 34 are
pelecypods, 32 are gastropods, and 2 are scaphopods. Forty-six per
cent of this fauna was not obtained within San Francisco Bay. This
great difference between the two faunas is not due to depth, but pre-
sumably to other factors, such as decreased salinity, fluctuating tem-
peratures, and varied bottom conditions peculiar to partially enclosed
waters. The mollusks that are restricted in our records to the ocean
off San Francisco are indicated in the following list of the outside
fauna by an asterisk.

MOoLiuSCAN FAUNA OBTAINED IN THE OPEN OCEAN OFr SAN FRANCISCO

Acila castrensis (Hinds) *
Actaeon punctocoelatus (Conrad) *
Acteocina cerealis (Gould) *
Astralium triumphans Philippi*
Barleeia subtenuis Carpenter*
Bathytoma carpenteriana Stearns*
Bittium subplanulatum Bartsch*
Cadulus fusiformis Philippi*
Cancellaria crawfordiana Dall*
Cardium corbis (Martyn)
Cardium (Protocardia) centifilosum
Carpenter*
Chrysodomus tabulatus Baird*
Columbella gausapata Gould
Crepidula nivea Adams?
Cuspidaria californica Dall*
Dentalium indianorum Linnaeus*
Epitonium sawinae (Dall)
Eunaticina oldroydi (Dall)
Hinnites giganteus Gray
Lacuna porrecta Carpenter
Leda hamata Carpenter*
Leda taphria Dall
Lyonsia californica Conrad
Macoma indentata Carpenter*
Macoma inquinata Deshayes?
Macoma nasuta (Conrad) ?
Macoma yoldiformis Carpenter*
Mangilia angulata Carpenter*
Marcia subdiaphana (Carpenter) *
Melanella (Eulima) micans
(Carpenter) *
Modiolus politus Verrill and Smith
Murex (Ocinebra) interfossa
(Carpenter) *
Mya arenaria Linnaeus

Mya (Cryptomya) californica
(Conrad)

Mytilus edulus Linnaeus

Nassa fossata (Gould)

Nassa mendica Gould

Nassa perpinguis Hinds

Nucula tenuis (Montagu) *

Odostomia franciscana Bartsch

Olivella intorta Carpenter

Olivella pedroana Conrad*

Ostrea lurida Carpenter

Pandora filosa (Carpenter) *

Paphia staminea (Conrad)

Phacoides annulatus (Reeve) *

Phacoides tenuisculptus (Carpenter)

Polinices draconis (Dall)

Polinices lewisi (Gould)

Psephidia ovalis Dall

Siliqua nuttalli (Conrad)

Solen sicarius Gould

Tellina buttoni Dall?

Tellina carpenteri Dall*

Tellina salmonea (Carpenter)

Thais emarginata var. ostrina
(Gould)

Thais lamellosa (Gmelin)

Thyasira gouldi (Philippi) *

Turbonilla keepi Dall and Bartsch*

Turbonilla franciscana Bartsch*

Turris (Bela) tabulata Carpenter*

Turris incisa Carpenter*

Turris perversa (Gabb)*

Volvula cylindrica Carpenter*

Xylotrya, sp.

Yoldia cooperi Gabb*

Yoldia ensifera Dall*

Zirfaea gabbi Tryon

218 University of California Publications in Zoology — [Vou. 14

It will be seen that the gastropods comprise approximately 50
per cent of the outside fauna. This proportion is greater by 12 per
cent than obtains within the bay. A consideration of the entire known
fauna as catalogued below shows that the univalves exceed the bivalves
by about 4 per cent. It is not evident why the proportion of gastro-
pods should be greater in the outside than in the bay fauna.

The waters outside the Golden Gate are more favorable to a varied
mollusean life than are those within San Francisco Bay. This is
shown by the greater average number of species per station than ob-
tains in any of the regions of the bay. The most productive station,
as far as species are concerned, is D 5789, only a short distance south-
east of the Farallon Islands. This station yielded 25 species of mol-
lusks that were represented by living specimens. This is more than
twice the number (12) taken at a single station within the bay. The
record of this most productive outside station is given below (table 1).

TABLE 1
RECORD OF THE Most PRODUCTIVE OUTSIDE Station (D 5789)
No. of
living No. of
specimens shells

Acila castrensis 3 1
Acteocina cerealis -... 3 2
Actaeon punctocoelatus 2

Bathytoma carpenteriana 15 2
Cadulus fusiformis 104
Canecellaria crawfordiana 14

Cardium centifilosum 2 4
Columbella gausapata 11 1
Chrysodomus tabulatus -.. 3 1
Cuspidaria californica 6 3
Dentalium indianorum 50 Ses
Epitonium sawinae il 1
Leda hamata 4

Leda taphria —. 5 sess
Macoma yoldiformis 1 il
Mangila angulata 5
Marcia subdiaphana 15 4
Melanella micans .............------------ 3

Modiolus politus 1

Mytilus edulis 31

Nassa perpinguis 7 62
Pandora filosa -......... 3
Phacoides annulatus 6
Phacoides tenuisculptus 2 3
Polinices draconis 1 1
Volvula cylindrica 7 2
Yoldia ensifera 7 4

1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 219

The average number of species represented by living specimens
per station is 6.7. This is not the average per dredge haul, for in the
majority of cases two hauls were made at a station. Unfortunately
the author’s records do not give the requisite data upon which to base
the more accurate average. This number is twice as great as the same
average for the entire bay and over three times as great as obtains in
the upper division of the bay, where conditions are least favorable to
a varied mollusean life.

The relative abundance of mollusks in the different regions may
be approximated by taking the average number of lying specimens
per station. In the list given above of station D 5789, 368 living
specimens were recorded. These were obtained by dragging a 12-foot
Agassiz trawl a distance of one mile and then covering the same course
with a 19-inch boat dredge. It is not presumed that this number of
living specimens could be considered as representing all of the indi-
viduals living within the area covered by the dredging operations.
However, the average of a number of such stations gives a figure that
has a comparative significance. When the number of living specimens
only are considered it is found that the average per station for the
region outside the Golden Gate is 74.4. This is but little larger than
that for the lower division of the bay (70), but it is about three times
as large as that for the upper division (26.3). :

When these figures are compared with the average number per

>

dredge haul for the ‘‘quantitative’’ stations of any two of these
regions, different ratios are obtained. The average number of living
individuals per haul (orange-peel bucket dredge) for the upper divi-
sion of the bay is 4, while that for the lower is 27.9. This ratio is only
about one-half of that obtained above. Obviously these quantitative
results are the more accurate since they are based upon the actual
numbers of mollusks living upon equal areas. Thus it appears that
the figures obtained by the first method can give only a very general
idea of the relative abundance of the mollusks hying within a given
area.

The fauna from San Francisco Bay comprises 81 species and varie-
ties, 43 of which are pelecypods, 31 gastropods, and 7 chitons. In the
list of the bay fauna given below those species that were taken exclu-
sively within the bay are followed by an asterisk.

Fifty-nine per cent of the species listed below were taken exclu-
sively within San Francisco Bay. This percentage would be some-
what decreased had collections been made along the lttoral outside

220 University of California Publications in Zoology (Vou. 14
the Golden Gate. Nevertheless the relatively small percentage of forms
common to the two contiguous regions is noteworthy. A number of
the forms listed below were rarely taken. Such species obviously
have little significance in such a study. Therefore it has seemed ad-
vantageous to prepare a list of the more common species.

Mo.LuuscaN FAUNA OBTAINED WITHIN SAN FRANCISCO Bay

Acmaea patina Eschscholtz*
Acmaea persona Eschscholtz*
Adula stylina Carpenter*
Acteocina cerealis (Gould) ?
Anomia peruviana d’Orbigny*
Arca transversa Say*
Calliostoma costatum (Martyn) *
Cardium corbis (Martyn)
Columbella gausapata (Gould)
Crepidula convexa Say*
Crepidula nivea Adams
Entodesma saxicola (Baird)*
Epitonium hindsi (Carpenter) *
Ischnochiton dentiens (Gould) *
Fissuridea aspera (Eschscholtz) *
Gemma gemma var. purpura Lea*
Hinnites giganteus Gray*
Ilyanassa obsoleta (Say) *
Kellia laperousi (Deshayes) *
Lasaea rubra (Montagu) *
Lacuna porrecta Carpenter
Lacuna unifasciata Carpenter*
Lacuna variegata Carpenter*
Leda taphria Dall
Littorina planaxis (Nuttall) *
Littorina scutulata Gould*
Lyonsia californica Conrad*
Macoma balthica (Linnaeus)
Macoma inquinata (Deshayes)
Macoma nasuta (Conrad)
Margarites pupilla (Gould) *
Modiolus politus Verrill and Smith?
Modiolus rectus Conrad*
Monia macroschisma (Deshayes) *
Mopalia ciliata Sowerby*
Mopalia kennerleyi var. swani

Carpenter*
Mopalia muscosa Hinds
Mopalia wosessenski Middendorft*
Murex (Ocinebra) interfossata

(Carpenter) ?
Murex (Ocinebra) lurida

( Middendorff) *
Mya arenaria Linnaeus

Mya (Cryptomya) ealifornicus
Conrad
Mytilus californicus Conrad*
Mytilus edulis Linnaeus
Nassa fossata (Gould)
Nassa perpinguis Hinds
Nassa mendica Gould
Odostoma franciseana Bartsch
Olivella biplicata Sowerby*
Olivella intorta Carpenter
Ostrea elongata Solander*
Ostrea lurida Carpenter
Paphia staminea (Conrad)
Paphia tenerrima (Carpenter) *
Pecten latiauritus Conrad*
Petricola carditoides (Conrad) *
Phacoides tenuisculptus (Carpenter)
Pholadidea penita (Conrad) *
Pholas pacificus Stearns*
Polinices draconis (Dall)
Polinices lewesi (Gould)
Psephidia ovalis Dall
Saxicava arctica (Linnaeus) *
Saxicava pholadis (Linnaeus)
Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad*
Schizothaerus nuttalli (Conrad) *
Siliqua nuttalli (Conrad)
Spisula catilliformis Conrad*
Solen sicarius Gould
Tegula funebrale (A. Adams) *
Tellina bodegensis Hinds*
Tellina buttoni Dall
Tellina salmonea (Carpenter)
Tonicella lineata (Wood) *
Trachydermon raymondi Pilsbry*
Thais emarginata var. ostrina
(Gould)
Thais lamellosa (Gmelin)
Turbonilla franciscana Bartsch
Turris incisa (Carpenter) *
Urosalpinx cinereus (Say) *
Xylotrya, sp.
Zirfaea gabbi Tryon

1918 | Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 221

The more common or prevalent species may arbitrarily be defined
as those that were taken at one-fourth or more of the stations of any
given group of stations, as suggested by Sumner ef al. (1913, p. 69).
In the following list (table 2) the prevalent species for the different
divisions of San Francisco Bay are given.

TABLE 2
PREVALENT SPECIES FOR THE ENTIRE Bay (QUANTITATIVE HAULS) AND FOR EACH

OF THE THREE DIVISIONS Hntine Bay

(quantita-

Prevalent species Upper Lower Middle tive hauls)
Cardium ecorbis ..... rae x x x
IMiacom ab alli nie aise snses cere eaneeereee x x
INTE KOC aR TAK ( TWIG es ee eee ae shes x x
Macoma nasuta .- x x x
Mya arenaria x x
Mya californica .. g x
Mytilus edulis -. x fat
Ostrea lurida x x
Paphia staminea
Schizothaerus nuttalli - Pass ne x
Mibhvayr Salann Cll OS akecesqcoceccesceec esc 2h es x x
JINGLE G69) 0) Oak) es cen ans er ane 22 x x

The distribution of these prevalent species, together with six others
that oceurred at ten or more stations, has been plotted upon outline
maps of San Francisco Bay. Localities at which a particular species
was taken alive are indicated on the plates (42-55) by a dot, while
those at which only shells were taken are indicated by a cirele. These
charts show at a glance the approximate ranges of the species within
the bay. It will be noted that the distribution patterns differ quite
widely.

The most productive station within San Francisco Bay from the
standpoint of the number of species is D 5796, situated north of Angel
Island within Raccoon Strait. The species listed on the following page
were obtained at this locality.

This list is not entirely comparable to that given in table 1 of
the most productive outside station, for the largest number of deter-
mined species and the largest number represented by living specimens
were not here obtained at the same station. At D 5781 twelve different
living specimens were dredged.

A study of the ranges of the known fauna as listed in the catalogue
of species gives some suggestion as to the position of the fauna in
relation to climatie zones. One hundred and twenty-nine species and

222 University of California Publications in Zoology | Vou. 14

varieties are known to range north of San Francisco, whereas 154
oceur south of that place. These figures are of less value in deter-
mining the relationships of the fauna to other West Coast faunas than
are those derived according to a method used by Sumner et al. (1911,
p. 184). Those authors compare the number of *‘ predominantly north-
ward ranging’’ species with the number of southward ranging forms.
They define ‘‘predominately northward ranging’’ species as one,
‘‘whose range (in latitude) to the northward on our coast is at least
twice as great as is its range to the southward.’’ Applying this
method to our fauna as catalogued gives 77 species as predominantly
northward ranging ; 55 as predominantly southward ranging ; 37 whose
known ranges are nearly equal to the north and south of San Fran-
cisco; 14 which are known only from San Francisco, and 11 species
that cannot properly be classified, since their ranges are imperfectly
known. This indicates, if the faunas north and south of San Francisco
are about equally well known, that the local fauna has closer affinities
with the northern fauna than with that to the south.

Two new species of mollusks have been discovered as a result of
the dredging operations of the ‘‘Albatross.’? They have been de-
seribed by Dr. Bartsch under the names of Odostoma franciscana and
Turbonilla franciscana.

The mollusean fauna of this region includes several exotic species,
most of which have inadvertently been introduced with young oysters

TABLE 3
ReEcorD OF THE Most Propuctive BAy Station (D 5796)
No. of
living No. of
specimens shells
(Car dim COND IS) eee co cen eee 17 18
Columibellay ran sap arta sere cseeetee ees. 0 5
Mya californica ............ Ne OE ee 0 10
ITE cXoy cells), co eM (CPW NS eM a ete 0 5
Macoma nasuta ~...... 0 3
Mona aerosc his asec eece meena eee 0 1
Miryitallis)<@ Gili) 22-2 ceee arc -neaee ence eee 0 1
INassafoss arta .-.c 5 eae erate eee recta 0 1
INASSa! (MONG C a) oeea 22. c noc ceeneseeceeeease eee enceaes 2
Ostrea lurida 10
Paphia staminea 1
Schizothaerus nuttalli 2
Siliqua nuttalli ........... 1
Tellina salmonea 0 2
Thais Jamellosa 1 27
Zirfaea gabbi 0 1

1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 223

from the Atlantic coast. One of these, Arca transversa Say, has not
heretofore been reported from the West. It is represented in the
Survey collections by a number of old valves. Living specimens have
not as yet been taken, so it is not certain that this common Atlantic
form is now living within San Francisco Bay. Australiwm triumphans
Philippi was dredged alive just outside the Golden Gate. Although
the locality hes within the course of oceanic traffic, the probabilities
are against the dredging of a single specimen that may have been
carried across the Pacifie and then dropped from the bottom of the
ship. If this species is exotic, it presumably has established itself
within these waters. The eastern oyster, Ostrea elongata Solander,
more generally known as O. virginica, is grown within San Francisco
Bay. It does not reproduce, at least sufficiently for economic pur-
poses, So young oysters are introduced from the east to replenish the
beds, depleted by the annual harvest. Mya arenaria Linnaeus, the
‘soft shelled’’ or ‘‘mud clam,’’ is thought to be exotic. It is not
known to be cireumpolar in distribution and does not occur native in
Puget Sound. That it is not indigenous to San Francisco Bay ap-
pears to be indicated by the lack of shells of this edible clam in the
undisturbed Indian shell mounds that occur in the vicinity of the bay.
Urosalpine cinereus Stimpson was first noted by Stearns (1894, p. 94).
Tt is now abundant in the lower division of the bay in the vicinity of
Point San Mateo, where it plays havoe with the oysters. Another
predatory gastropod, Ilyanassa obsoleta Say, first appeared in 1909,
according to Keep (1911). As yet it is confined to the southern part
of the bay, where it is associated with the preceding species. Modiolus
demissus (Dillwyn), another eastern form, was first reported by
Stearns in 1899. It has now established itself in these waters, and it
is oceasionally found in the San Francisco markets. The venerid,
Gemma gemma var. purpura Lea, known here since 1899, now occurs
in great numbers within the shallow waters along the southeastern
shores of the bay.

The tubular bottom samples have revealed the fact that conditions
have not been equally favorable to mollusecan life during different
periods of time. Sumner et al. (1914, pl. 6) have shown that in cer-
tain regions of the bay, notably south of Hunters Point, in the lower
division, the stratified samples contain layers of shell, covered by a
superficial deposit of nearly pure mud. Of the ten sections shown in
diagram for the region south of that point only one (H 5300) is rep-
resented as having an appreciable amount of calcium carbonate (shell)

Rock numbers*

Dimensions in inches

Weight in pounds —.........

Entodesma saxicola

Zirfaea gabbi ....

224 University of California Publications in Zoology — [Vou. 14

at the surface, while nine of them show considerable percentages of
lime at depths from 40 to 140 centimeters. In the other divisions of
the bay the tubular samples are, with a very few exceptions, nearly
uniform in respect to the lime content from the top to the bottom.
In the lower extremity of the bay five of the ten sections show shells
only in the middle portion of the sample, indicating a change from an
unfavorable to a favorable and then back again to a comparatively un-
favorable environment for the mollusks. At two of the five remaining
stations the sampling apparatus did not penetrate to the shell horizon,
which appears to be quite extensive in that region.

The reason for such fluctuating conditions is not evident. Were
it not for the bottom stratum of relatively limeless mud the present
unfavorable conditions might be attributed to some factor introduced
as a result of the proximity of the cities of San Francisco, Oakland,
and Alameda. These changes may be due to the variations in the
silting up of the basin of deposition, whereby during certain periods
deposition proceeded at too rapid a rate to favor abundant mollusean
life. Such variations in sedimentation might be expected as a result
of local diastrophic movements, such as are indicated by changes of
level registered by the Indian shell mounds around the bay. Or pos-

TABLE 4
FAUNA OBTAINED IN CAVITIES IN Rocks at Stations D 5845 anp D 5846

Species
Crepidula nivea

rene ertat 1 2 3 4 5 6 i 8 aka) aie aks} ae Gy als)
=
s
is)
wa ae a5 ~~ ia
> ive) No} x © % a V-) & inl
. a x SCS ayy. Ne) K <n x < x eS
cial ne x oa) = x © 2 © er eS eS mn Oo
Se eS Bo gee. Ok ee ee
s ea x x a as oa, I a ef LAGS = oo
fe) ited aa ~ Sa ol a io cl I (o>) Oo vA x tal
14% 2 20 2 6% 2%16% 6 6 8% 19 8 5 14% 19%6
Zest x E
ee eee Wy Westen oe eae aso. Ge, cates eee ee eee mm
Kellia lapuerosi -........ -... See) RS ete cere teks ET Gee Se ee CS
Hinnites giganteus ...... .... .... ro igteet psdkj 528 Se. Sector Sl ee x
Macoma inquinata .... -... siz hewese * sik) “Ghee, Sie SEV eee eee ee Eee he ee =
Paphia staminea ......... .... Sas) assy (ests. rsben © kde Peet EEL OX : E C
Pholas pacifieus ......... .... ses | Seas) WX we SE) eee a ee
Pholadideasovordea: sxc. Wave eect, ears ee eee ot
Pholadidea penita ...... -... Kinet EX : x ox
Petricolaycanditoides ss, $9 Gee cs | core ste eee eee CCX CQ
Ostrea lurida; = SAR Ae Oem eI Nae Meee eae Neth We Ie =
Saxicava arctica ......... .... sate, Qekh Dtabee.. Bx ote
x =

* Rocks 1-6 inclusive, came from station D 5845, the others from D 5846.
7 Living specimens.

na
cS

a
a

13 xX Th X 6%

1918 | Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 225

sibly they are due in part to the effects of hydraulic mining, which,
according to Davidson, resulted in the deposition of 60 feet of mud
within San Francisco Bay. Dall in a personal communeation states
that ‘‘the changes (diminution) of the fauna (molluscan) since my
first dredgings in 1865 are notorious among local collectors.”’

The dredging of pholadid specimens at unusual depths within the
Golden Gate leads to a special investigation with the view of deter-
mining the bathymetric range of these forms. Dredge hauls were
made with the oyster dredge at stations D 5845 and D 5846 within
the outer portion of the Golden Gate. A number of boulders repre-
senting a variety of rock types were obtained. The rocks that had
been bored by mollusks were measured, weighed, and then broken in
order to obtain the enclosed mollusks. Rocks number 1 and 7 were
serpentine, number 16 being a gray schist. The remainder of the
rocks that had been bored were sandstone or shale, presumably of
Franciscan Jurassic age, such as occur along the shores of the Golden
Gate.

Within old pholadid borings were found a number of molluscan
species, several of which are not commonly considered as nestlers,
These included Zirfaca gabbi, Macoma inquinata, Ostrea lurida, and
Hinnites giganteus. The last species was found in a large pholadid
boring, in which it had become imprisoned and to which it had at-
tempted to conform but eventually had been killed by its restricted
quarters.

The fauna from the different rocks is given in the accompanying
table (4), together with the rough dimensions and weights of each
boulder.

Living pholads were obtained in rocks number 6 and 10 at a depth
of 59 fathoms. The boulders from which these specimens were taken
are too large and too irregular to have been moved from shallower
water during the life of the mollusk. This occurrence indicates a
bathymetric range for these borers considerably greater than is gen-
erally attributed to them, especially by geologists who commonly
employ them as indicators of ancient strand lines. Even these figures
do not represent the maximum range for members of the family, since
Dall informs the writer that a specimen has been taken from a depth
of 1270 fathoms.

226 University of California Publications in Zoology — [Vou. 14

DISTRIBUTION OF THE MOLLUSKS
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION

Our knowledge of the benthos is largely derived from various
types of dredgings. Under the ordinary methods a dredge is hauled
along the bottom for a distance often measured in miles. Obviously
such a haul may traverse a diversified bottom and the fauna from
several types of bottoms becomes mixed. Such a commingling has to
some extent been minimized in this survey by making the dredge hauls
in the majority of cases less than a mile in length. The different
environmental conditions of San Francisco Bay are now accurately
known from the published analyses of the bottom samples and the
other hydrographic data obtained by the Survey.

A system of dredging that offers greater possibilities for biological
purposes has been employed by Peterson (1914, p. 5) within the
Cattegat, and still another by Sumner in this Survey, whereby a
numerical census of the life of a small area was obtained. The orange-
peel bucket dredge (see Sumner et al., 1914, p. 7) had not previously
been used for biological work. It is evident that ‘‘its chief advantage
hes in the taking of comparatively large masses of mud from a single
spot, and particularly in the penetrating power of the apparatus,
which renders possible the capture of deeply burrowing annelids,
lamellibranchs, ete.’’ The results of this phase of the Survey are
summarized below. The occurrences of the species taken by means
of this dredge are given in the eatalogue of species, and these data
have been used in the plotting of the distribution charts (pls. 42-59).

In order to analyze the environment of a species, it is necessary to
consider the factors that in any way might react with the organism,
causing it during its own life or during a number of generations to
better adapt itself to its surroundings. From the standpoint of the
Mollusea, these factors are numerous and little understood. The ecol-
ogist is generally unable to trace the processes of adjustment of a
species to its environment as the palaeontologist apparently can do
from a study of successive horizons. He must, therefore, content him-
self with observations upon the degree of perfection of the adjustment
between the animal and its environment at a definite period of time.

If a bivalve is modified, for instance, according to one biological
theory, as a result of the impact of its environment or through selective

1918 | Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 227

processes for successive generations, there should be a definite relation-
ship between its structures and certain factors in its optimum habitat.
Such codrdinations as these ought to be revealed through a detailed
study of the distribution of the animal. But such adjustments of the
organism to habitat might vary according to what has been termed
the plasticity of species toward changes, and, in addition, to other
causes, according to the length of time in which the species has been
subjected to the present conditions. Not all of the species listed in
this paper are specifically of the same age, as is indicated by their
palaeontologic histories. Therefore it is improbable that all of them,
or even a majority of them, have become specialized in the same de-
gree. Thus all would not be so nearly adjusted to a particular habitat
that their spatial distribution would be a function of any one type
of environment. It is quite unlikely, then, that the distribution pat-
terns, such as shown on plates 42 to 59, of all of the species could be
interpreted with the same facility. On the other hand, it is not sur-
prising to note that certain species have become, for some reason, so
specialized that they now appear to be distributed according to one
or more factors of their environment. Of course, certain other hy-
potheses bearing upon speciation and dispersal would not all yield
these conclusions.

The separation of a single factor from the diversified environment
and the determination of its effects upon an organism is attended with
difficulties even to the biologist who ean bring his subjects into the
laboratory under controlled conditions. The student of marine Mol-
lusea seldom controls the environments with which he deals. His
conclusions as to the importance of a factor are obtained by indirect
methods. They involve the elimination of certain important factors
and the studying of the effects of those that remain.

Some of these factors governing distribution are: the depth of the
water; temperature; salinity; character of the bottom; the food sup-
ply, and other biological factors, including organisms which may not
be beneficial to the species under consideration.

INFLUENCE OF DEPTH

The influence of depth upon a marine organism is a result of the
interaction of several factors, including pressure, temperature, lght,
aecess to food supply, and gaseous content of the water. The pressure
at the deepest part of the Golden Gate exceeds that of ten atmospheres.
It is improbable that this interferes greatly with the molluscan life,

228 University of California Publications in Zoology (Vou. 14

for not only does the intertidal species Coluwmbella gausapata live
under such conditions but Nassa perpinguis, another shallow water
form, was dredged from a depth twelve times as great at the station
west of the Farallon Islands. Temperature in general decreases with
depth, but within the comparatively shallow waters of San Francisco
Bay other factors interfere in such a way as to cause the average
mean bottom temperature during a portion of the year to exceed that
of the surface by 0°2C.

Light penetrates oceanic waters to a depth of about 100 fathoms
sufficiently to assist in the metabolism of plants. The components of
sunlight do not all reach such depths. Some, like the red rays, are
thought to be effective but little below 7 fathoms, while the blue and
green rays extend to much greater depths. Engelmann (1883) and
others maintain that the quality of light determines the distribution
of green, brown, and red algae. Light becomes a factor in determining
the distribution in depth of any mollusk living directly or indirectly
upon a particular type of algae. However, lack of data regarding the
distribution of the algae within the loeal waters prevents the further
consideration of this matter.

Dissolved gases play a conspicuous réle in the life of the benthos.
The amount of gas held in solution in sea water is in a large measure
a function of the pressure. Tidal currents, of course, prevent the
stagnation of any considerable portion of a water body. As a result
of such movements of the water an essential gas, as oxygen, becomes
distributed even within the depths. In the same manner a harmful
vas such as hydrogen sulphide, generated from the decay of organic
matter, is prevented from accumulating. Although we have no direct
evidence, it is probable that the mean rate of water-flow over the
bottom of the bay, as computed by Sumner ef al. (1914, p. 28), is
sufficiently high, so that neither the lack of oxygen nor the excess of
a harmful gas has much significance to the mollusk living within San
Francisco Bay, except locally near the mouths of sewers.

Three bathymetric zones are recognized within the region covered
by this report. They are the littoral, or intertidal, the laminarian,
including practically all of the ‘‘Albatross’’ dredging stations, and
the deep water zone represented by a single haul made in 815 fathoms
off the continental shelf west of the Farallon Islands.

The littoral zone of San Francisco Bay varies considerably as to
physical conditions. The narrow, rocky benches bordering a portion
of the Golden Gate and many of the islands of the bay, contrast

1918 | Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 229

strongly with the wide mud flats in the vicinity of the estuaries and
in front of the lowlands. These areas are subject to the same extremes
of temperature as the adjacent land, whenever the tide is out. The
life at one time may be bathed in fresh water and at another covered
by salt water. Unfortunately these factors have not been investigated
by this Survey.

There has been no attempt to make a complete biological survey
of the intertidal region, although it covers 13.6 per cent of the bay
(Sumner ef al., 1914, p. 20). The collecting stations mentioned above
were for the most part on rocky shores. A notable exception to this
is the Key Route Pier (Oakland) locality, where specimens were taken
from the piles and the mud flats near by. Along the rocky shores at
the high-tide mark the two species of Littorina and the various mem-
bers of the Acmaeidae are the most conspicuous mollusks. Those
localities, as in the ease of the flats bordering the marsh lands, are
lacking in suitable objects for support, and abound in specimens of
Cerithidea californica. Farther down the beach, near the low tide
mark, several of the burrowing clams occur in the sandy or muddy
localities, while Thais and the chitons occupy a similar position on the
rocky beaches.

The following species were taken by the Survey only at the shore
stations: Acmaca patina, Lacuna unifasciata, Littorina planaxis,
Mopalia kennerlyi var. swani, Saxicava pholadis, Tegula funebrale,
Toncella lineata, Trachydermon dentiens, and T. raymondi. It is
probable that these species are not restricted to the littoral zone, but
that they represent a few of the more characteristic forms of that
region. The fauna of the littoral, of course, includes a considerable
number of species that range into the adlittoral zone.

The laminarian zone, within San Francisco Bay, is not divisible
into definite subzones upon the basis of the mollusean life. However,
it is of interest to note a few of the species that were dredged exclu-
sively in the shallower portion of the bay. In no ease is it possible
to state that the depth factor is responsible for this apparent distri-
bution. An area equal to about three-fourths that of the entire bay
is comprised within the limits of the low-tide mark and that of the six
fathom line. Out of the 47 species that were taken by the Survey at
depths ranging from 0 to 6 fathoms, only five were restricted to that
depth. These are: Anomia peruviana, Arca transversa, Calliostoma
cossatum, Margarites pulloides, and Murex interfossa. All of these
were rarely dredged, so in their records have little significance.

230 University of California Publications in Zoology — [Vou. 14

About forty species were taken at depths ranging from 6 to 16
fathoms. None of them obtained exclusively within that depth was
dredged at more than one station. Thus there appears also in this
case to be no definite relationship between distribution and depth of
water. Highty-three species and varieties were dredged at depths
between 16 and 68 fathoms. About 50 per cent of these forms were
taken by the Survey exclusively at these depths. Since nearly 50
per cent of these restricted species are listed only from the outside
fauna, it 1s probable that some other factor besides depth is the con-
trolling one.

The deep water fauna is represented by the following species:
Columbella gausapata, Epitonium ef. hindsi, Leda hamata, Nassa
perpingwis, and Pandora filosa. They were obtained by means of the
“* Albatross’’ bottom sampling apparatus in 815 fathoms of water west
of the Farallon Islands. As will be noted, two of these species have
been listed from shallow water.

It is evident that the three bathymetric zones represented within
the waters covered by this report can not be divided into distinet sub-
zones upon the basis of the presence or absence of certain mollusks.
The very few species that according to our records are restricted to
the particular depths considered above were either rarely dredged or
had a distribution such as to suggest that some other factor besides
depth was more important. It is not unlikely, however, that detailed
quantitative studies would show that the relative abundance of indi-
viduals of a given species varies with depth, from a maximum which
would give a clew to the optimum depth for the species under consid-
eration. With such data available it might be possible to recognize
several bathymetric zones.

INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE

Temperature has long been recognized as a factor in determining
the distribution of marine organisms, but the manner in which it
operates in restricting the range of the life of the benthos is a much
disputed point. It appears probable that no one principle is equally
applicable in even a majority of cases. The northward and south-
ward ranges of mollusks are no doubt determined in some way by the
temperatures of the waters in which they live. Unfavorable temper-
atures may react upon the mollusk so as to interfere with its repro-
ductive activities or to hinder the development of its larvae.

1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 231

The reproductive periods of a comparatively few mollusks are
known and none that belong to this fauna are known to the writer.
Unfortunately little information is obtainable from the operations of
the ‘‘ Albatross,’’ for dredge hauls were not made between the dates
of May 28 and October 15. None of the specimens collected at other
times was examined with this in view. The reproductive period of
Macoma nasuta, one of the most common bivalves, extends over a
considerable portion of the year. This seems to follow from the fact
that a number of living specimens less than ten millimeters in length
were dredged during the months of January to May and again in
October.

It is presumed by Sumner ef al. (1911, p. 178) that a considerable
proportion of the marine invertebrates of Woods Hole reproduce in
the winter. It is possible that the same statement would hold for the
region of San Francisco, especially since the winter temperatures are
much higher in these local waters. If the majority reproduce in the
spring and summer, and if the low temperatures interfere with the
reproductive functions and early development of the mollusk, the
temperature factor should be recognized through a consideration of
the distribution of the predominantly southward ranging species.

In the following lists the predominately northward and southward
ranging species are given for reference.

PREDOMINANTLY NORTHWARD RANGING SPECIES TAKEN BY THE ‘‘ ALBATROSS’’

Acila castrensis Macoma balthica
Acmaea patina Macoma inquinata
Acmaea persona Macoma nasuta
Adula stylina Macoma yoldiformis
Amphissa corrugata Mangilia pupilla
Calliostomia costatum Marcia subdiaphana
Cardium corbis Melanella micans
Cardium centifilosum Monia macroschisma

Chrysodomus tabulatus Mopalia ciliata

Cuspidaria californica
Columbella gausapata
Dentalium indianorum
Entodesma saxicola
Fissuridea aspera
Hinnites giganteus
Ischnochiton dentiens
Kellia laperousi
Lacuna porrecta
Littorina planaxis
Littorina scutulata
Lyonsia californica

Mopalia muscosa
Mopalia wossenssenski
Murex interfossa
Murex lurida

Mya arenaria

Mya californica
Mytilus edulis
Mytilus ecalifornicus
Nucula tenuis
Nassa mendica
Ostrea lurida
Pandora filosa

232 University of California Publications in Zoology — [Vou. 14

Paphia staminea Saxicava pholadis
Paphia tenerrima Schizothaerus nuttalli
Petricola carditoides Siliqua nuttalli
Phacoides annulatus Tegula funebrale
Phacoides tenuisculptus Tellina salmonea
Pholadidea penita Thais lamellosa
Pholadidea ovoidea Thyasria gouldi
Polinices lewisi Trachydermon raymondi
Psephidia ovalis Turris incisa
Saxidomus nuttalli Yoldia encifera
Saxicava arctica Zirfaea gabbi

PREDOMINANTLY SOUTHWARD RANGING SPECIES TAKE BY THE ‘‘ ALBATROSS’’

Acteocina cerealis Leda taphria
Actaeon punctocoelatus Leda hamata
Anomia peruviana Modiolus politus
Barleeia subtenuis Modiolus rectus
Bathytoma carpenteriana Nassa perpinguis
Bittium subplanatum Olivella intorta
Cancellaria crawfordiana Pecten latiauritus
Epitonium hindsi Polinices draconis
Epitonium sawinae Turbonilla keepi
Lasea rubra Volvula eylindrica
Lacuna unifasciata Yoldia cooperi

If such a list be compared with the list of prevalent species of the
outside fauna (table 5) it is found that 46 per cent of the prevalent
species are predominantly southward ranging, whereas only 39 per
cent are northward ranging.

TABLE 5

PREVALENT SPECIES IN THE OUTSIDE FauNA
Bathytoma carpenteriana Olivella intorta
Columbella gausapata Olivella pedroana
Epitonium sawinae Pandora filosa
Leda taphria Phacoides tenuisculptus
Mangilia angulata Siliqua nuttalli
Nassa perpinguis Tellina salmonea

This high percentage of southern forms occurring in the outside
fauna is significant and may be emphasized in another way. Of the
22 predominately southward ranging species taken by the Survey, 10
or 45 per cent are restricted in their known local distribution to the
open ocean. Four others were rarely taken within the bay. Thus
nearly 60 per cent of the predominately southward ranging species
taken by the Survey are either restricted to or occur almost exelu-
sively in the waters outside the Golden Gate. It is also found that

1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 233

the majority of the entire outside fauna as known from the ‘‘ Alba-
tross’’ collections are predominately southward ranging.

This condition may be contrasted with the seareity of southern
forms within San Francisco Bay. The list of prevalent species for
the bay (table 2) and for the different divisions of the bay does not
contain a single predominately southward ranging form. Each of
these prevalent species is predominately northward ranging. The
bay fauna as a whole also has a northern aspect.

There appears to be little if any difference in the distribution of
the few southern species that live in the bay, although there is a
considerable seasonal range of temperature in the different divisions
of the bay. It is perhaps more than a coincidence that the middle
division of the bay is the richest faunally, and that it is the coldest
section of the bay during the summer months.

This distribution of southern forms outside the Golden Gate and
of northern forms within San Francisco Bay is surprising when it is
recalled that the water of the bay is relatively warmer in the summer
than that of the open ocean. In other words, cold summer temper-
atures do not appear to be an important factor in limiting the north-
ward range of the southern species. If it can be shown, however, that
the same species reproduce during the winter months, the conclusion
would be that the relatively cold water of the bay prevents the de-
velopment of their larvae, and therefore limits them in their distri-
bution to the warmer waters of the open ocean. Regardless of the
value of such a supposition, it is evident that the distribution of the
southward ranging species is in some way dependent upon the winter
temperature conditions, and not upon that of the summer.

The southward range of the northern species might be expected
to be in some way limited by the warm waters. Such species would
be expected to comprise the major portion of outside fauna, for the
summer temperature of the open ocean is lower than that of the bay,
but such is not the case. These forms are in the warmer waters of
the bay. However, they are most abundant in the middle division of
the bay, which at this season is the coldest portion of the bay. If the
winter conditions are considered,- it is found that the northern species
are in the colder waters of the bay instead of the warmer water of
the open ocean. The effect of temperature in limiting these species
is obscure unless it may be assumed that they reproduce in the winter
and that the colder bay waters are more suitable for the development
of their young than the warmer water of the open ocean. Such con-

234 University of California Publications in Zoology — [Vou. 14

clusions as to the breeding habits of the molluscan species have little
value, unless it be that they stimulate much needed investigation along
these lines.

The occurrence of the predominately southward ranging species
in the open ocean and their general absence from San Francisco Bay
indicates that their distribution is in some way determined by the
winter temperature. It is to be presumed that temperature acts in
some way upon the reproductive activities of the mollusks. On the
other hand, the northern species occur more abundantly within the
bay, which during the winter months is relatively colder than the
open ocean. This suggests that the warm water of the winter in some
way limits the southern range of the northern species.

INFLUENCE OF SALINITY

Salinity is especially significant as a factor in determining the
distribution of marine invertebrates in such regions as estuaries or
salt marshes. The Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers reduce the
salinity of the Carquinez Strait at the upper end of San Pablo Bay
to an annual mean of less than 16 per mille. In this same region at
hydrographie station H 5975 the seasonal range of bottom salinity
lies between 13.35 and 19.14 per mille. Nevertheless this low salinity
does not impose an effective barrier to Macoma balthica, M. nasuta,
Mya arenaria, nor Mytilus edulis. Still farther up the stream at
stations D 5760 and D 5761 the conditions are unfavorable to even
these hardy species. They are likewise absent at D 5759, at the mouth
of Napa Creek. It is evident that in these cases it is the minimum
salt concentration that determines the distribution of these mollusks.

Estuarine conditions exist also at station D 5766, within Alameda
Channel. Since but little fresh water empties into this inlet, the sa-
linity is presumably much the same as at the nearest hydrographic
station, H 5008, which is typical for that portion of the lower division
of the bay. It is not surprising to find that the fauna from that inlet
is also typical of the lower bay, and that it includes species not dredged
within Carquinez Strait.

These few species that are capable of living in water of such low
salinity cannot be properly designated as brackish water forms, for
they occur abundantly in other regions where the salinity is high.
All excepting Mya arenaria are prevalent species within the middle
division of the bay, where the mean annual salinity is nearly twice
as great as it is in Carquinez Strait. These species represent the more

1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 235

adaptable forms of the entire fauna. Their general distribution
throughout the bay shows that they can adjust themselves to diverse
environments. It is not surprising, therefore, to note that they have
a wide geographic range, two being cireumpolar in distribution.

The true brackish water fauna of San Francisco Bay has not been
investigated in this Survey. It is not unlikely that the species Ceri-
theridea californica would be found to be restricted to brackish water,
since it occurs in the salt marshes bordering the bay and was not taken
by the Survey in the bay proper.

The mollusean fauna from San Pablo Bay is meager in comparison
to that from the other divisions of the bay. The prevalent species
here are among those listed as prevalent also within the lower and
middle segments. However, a number of those that are prevalent in
the latter regions are not abundantly represented in the upper division.
Cardium corbis, for instance, was taken at only four hauls within the
latter division. A glance at the distribution charts of the more eom-
mon species (pls. 42 to 59) shows that in the majority of cases the
species are represented as extending up into the lower end of San
Pablo Bay. This distribution may be best explained by the salinity
factor. The other factors are not equally applicable, for neither the
character of the bottom nor the temperature changes so markedly in
the vicinity of Point San Pablo as do the curves for salinity. (See
Sumner ef al., 1914.)

The distribution of Mytilus californicus, Spisula catilliformis, and
Tellina bodegensis within the outer portion of the Golden Gate is not
as easily explained. These forms are known to be abundant in the
adlittoral zone along the open ocean. There the temperatures are,
for the most part quite similar to those given above for the waters off
San Francisco. Such conditions probably prevail to a lesser extent
in the outer portion of the Golden Gate.

INFLUENCE OF THE CHARACTER OF THE Borrom

The character of the bottom is a factor of considerable importance
in determining the distribution of mollusks. It is evident that solid
objects are necessary for the attachment of sessile peleeypods such as
Ostrea, Hinnites, or Monia. A support of some sort is essential to the
limpets, and usually to the chitons. Mud may interfere with the
respiratory currents of some species, while it represents the optimum
habitat of certain burrowing forms. Thus a close correspondence be-

236 University of California Publications in Zoology — [Vou. 14

tween the occurrence of certain species and the distribution of a par-
ticular type of bottom is to be expected.

Information regarding the character of the bottom was obtained
by the Survey from four sources. The least accurate of these con-
sisted of taking notes at the time the haul was made of the content of
the dredge. Often this procedure was attended with difficulty, espeec-
lally when the dredge contained materials of a composite nature.
This method is, of course, inaccurate if the bottom is diversified. A
considerable portion of the bottom from a definitely known loeality,
together with the life upon it, was secured by means of the orange-
peel bucket dredge. The other two methods were even more satisfac-
tory. Stratified sections, in one case nearly 170 centimeters long, were
obtained by means of the ‘‘Albatross’’ bottom sampling apparatus
and the Ekman tubular bottom sampler.

Physical and partial chemical analyses have been made of such
tubular samples for 79 stations within San Francisco Bay. An in-
structive chart has been made by Sumner et al. (1914, pl. 5), on which
by a system of shaded sectors of circles the proportions of the different
types of sediments are shown for these stations on an outline map of
the bay. These data have been made the basis for the diseussions that
follow.

The data obtamed at those stations only at which the bottom con-
ditions are definitely known are considered in this section. In a few
instances the position of a dredging station at which a sample was
obtained was lacking. In such a ease it is approximately the same as
that of a hydrographic station at which a sample was taken. The
position of the dredging and the hydrographic stations were declared
identical, therefore, if a part or all of the dredging course was within
0.3 of a nautical mile from the latter. This distance was chosen for
convenience. It represents the approximate equivalent of the radii of
the circles used on plate 5, as mentioned above, to designate the char-
acter of the bottom. This chart when superimposed upon one showing
the location of the dredging stations readily gives the hydrographic
equivalent of any desired position.

These 72 stations at which both bottom samples and faunas were
obtained may be divided into six groups, representing different types
of bottom. The terms ‘‘mud’’ and ‘‘sand’’ are used in the same sense
as used by Sumner ef al. (1914, p. 92). Sand includes material that
will pass through a 2-millimeter sieve, yet does not remain in suspen-
sion in water for any considerable period. These groups may be
characterized as follows:

1918 Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 237

Group 1—Mud: not less than 90 per cent of mud.

Group 2—Mud and sand: not less than 50 per cent of mud or
10 per cent of sand.

Group 3—Sand: not less than 90 per cent of sand.

Group 4—Sand and mud: not less than 50 per cent of sand or
10 per cent of mud.

Group 5—Sand and gravel: not less than 50 per cent of sand or
10 per cent of gravel.

Group 6—Gravel, shells, or stone: total of these equalling not less
than 90 per cent.

Group 7—Gravel and sand: not less than 50 per cent of gravel
or 10 per cent of sand.

In a few instances where the percentage of a certain type of
material at a station lies within 1.or 2 per cent of a certain group to
which it logically belongs it has arbitrarily been included in that
group. Such cases are indicated in the list below by means of an
asterisk. In this list the dredging stations, or their equivalent when
necessary, of the localities at which precise bottom data are available,
are given. The number in the right hand column refers to the bottom
group to which the station belongs.

These stations are quite uniformly distributed throughout the bay,
and may therefore be considered as representative of the bottom con-
ditions prevailing within San Francisco Bay.

Upon the basis of the above groupings (table 6), it may be caleu-
lated that at 18 per cent of the 72 stations mud (group 1) was encoun-
tered, while at 12.5 per cent sand (group 3) was found, and at 9.7
per cent of the stations gravel and stones (group 6) prevailed. If
groups 1 and 2 are considered together it is found that the bottom was
prevailingly muddy at 43 per cent of these stations, prevailingly sandy
at 44.3 per cent, and gravelly at 12.4 per cent. It is of interest to
consider the character of the bottom by regions. In San Pablo Bay
a prevailingly muddy bottom occurs at 53.3 per cent of these stations
within that region and a predominately sandy one (groups 3, 4, and 5)
at 46.6 per cent. Mud was encountered at 33.3 per cent and sand
at 6.6 per cent. These figures may be compared with those for the
lower division of the bay. In that region a prevailingly muddy bottom
oceurs at 77.6 per cent and a predominately sandy one at 22.2 per
cent of the stations. Pure mud occurred at 7 out of the 18 stations
within this region, but at none of the stations was the bottom com-

238 University of California Publications in Zoology — [ Vou. 14

TABLE 6
Srations at WHICH Borrom SAMPLES WERE TAKEN

Upper Division

Dredging Hydrographic Bottom Dredging Hydrographic Bottom
stationsy stations groups stations? stations groups
75517 Gi eee 4 Di5780\ 9 eae 1
DID GON een 3 D 5719 H 5287 1
DVT OA 9 awe 4 D 5716 H 5286 2
D693) = asec 4 DiST5Sipe” =a 2
Di5TO9Y 9 | eexks 1 IDID752) | ees 2
1D yiyshlleje Seeeeteece 4 D 5715 H 5285 1
D 5722 H 5289 4 D 5820 H 5285 1
D 5817 H 5289 4

Middle Division

D 5709 3 IDES rece 4
D 5824 2 D 5744 2
D 5449 2 D 5745 3
D 5756 : od 2 D 5755 5
ID GY Yige rea 1 D 5746 3
D 5826 H 5302 2 IDEA eee 7
D 5798 H 5302 2 Di5829 ANG gee 5
D 5703 H 5301 2 IDBYNG) eee te 6
D 5799 H 5301 2 IDYEYADO) ees 5
D 5705 H 5300 4 TDS) 7
D 5825 H 5300 4 D 5775 6
D 5718 H 5300 4 D 5774 6
D5796_ ee 3 D 5713 a es 3
D 5741 (D 5796) 3 D9) ees 4
D 5742 (D 5796) 3 DiST(S eee 5
D 5795 (D 5796) 3 Di5808% a= Zs
D 5763 By yee oa 4 D5809 eee 6
D 5828 H 5299 4 D'5843% 9 ees
IDG RA eee 4 Di5842% ees

Dij740 eee 4

Lower Division

AD) SYsB Et | pee === D 5839 H 5309 1
DIF8325) |< Wee 4 D 5729 H 5310 4
DISSSShay we eee 1 D 5836 H 5310 4
IDVGYA cect 1 D 5730 H 5311 1
D 5803 H 5307 2 D 5838 H 5311 1
D 5724 H 5307 2 DISTSl ee ee 2
D 5725 H 5307 2 D 5783 (D 5848) 2
D 5835 H 5308 2 D5 SAS he ec ey 2
D 5728 H 5309 1 D584 7(Ave eee al

* The dredging stations numbered D 5831-5841 inclusive, are quantitative stations.
+ The stations are taken in order from the upper to the lower end of the bay.

1918 | Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 239

prised of pure sand as defined above (group 1). It is noteworthy
that in both of these divisions gravel was lacking. In such places as
in the vicinity of Point San Mateo an abundance of old shells offers
ample support to the invertebrates requiring it. The middle division
is predominately sandy. At 53.5 per cent of the stations within this
region the bottom may thus be characterized. At 23 per cent it is
prevailingly muddy and at 22.9 per cent it is predominately gravelly.
Mud was encountered at only one station within this division, sand at
8 or 20.5 per cent, and gravel at 7 stations.

The correlation of these physical conditions with the distribution
of certain of the mollusecan species may now be undertaken. Lists of
the prevalent species for the different types of bottoms, as grouped
above, have been prepared. These lists are based upon the occurrence
of identifiable specimens of the different species, and not solely upon
the occurrence of lying specimens. In some instances this procedure
may lead to incorrect conclusions, for it is evident that dead shells
may be transported considerable distances by various agents, of which
tidal currents and hermit crabs are conspicuous. It will be noted in
the table given below that several of the species oceur in six or more
of the groups. These species whose distribution appears to be unre-
lated to a particular type of bottom are: Cardium corbis, Macoma
nasuta, Mya californica, Mytilus edulis, and Ostrea lurida. It is
rather surprising to note that Mytilus edulis should be taken alive
from a pure mud bottom. In the following table column 7 has undue
weight, for the group has too few stations to have any real significance.

A bottom of sand or of mud is not as favorable to a varied mol-
luscan life as is one comprising two or more types of materials. This
easily anticipated conclusion follows from a comparison of the average
number of species per station represented by living specimens for a
particular bottom group. These averages are two or less for mud
(2.0) and sand (1.3), whereas they are about three for the other
groups. This may also be shown by referring to the list of prevalent
species for the bottom groups. There it is seen that the larger numbers
are in the groups comprising two or more types of materials. This
is presumably due to the greater number of environments at such
localities.

The records of the Survey indicate that a muddy bottom supports
a larger number of mollusks than does a sandy or gravelly one. The
average number of living individuals per stations for the muddy bot-
toms (groups 1 and 2) is 38.4, whereas it is 20.6 for the sandy (groups

240 University of California Publications in Zoology | Vou. 14

3, 4, and 5), and only 9.4 for the gravelly ones. The average for
sand (group 3) is but 5.4, which is only about one-ninth that for
pure mud. That such localities are relatively barren of molluscan
life also appears from the consideration of the average number of
species per station for group 38. This has been shown above to be
considerably less than for the other types of bottoms.

TABLE 7

PREVALENT SPECIES FOR THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF BoTTOM

i} Lo)

2 =| to rc

rs q OE 5

= shies Salles

BS tay St, os ees

a a n wn Rn i) SG

1 2 3 4 5 6 i

(Obra helen, (Ce OIE), eee ae ee ose ee eee SEK EK, I ASC ie i
Columbella gausapata ...........--..--0000. <0 x :

, JHinnites giganteus) 22 Sys Paseo ae eX
Malcom aye alli alee eee nee DES SCRE cok dle 2K NON ee
IEC NDEAN SUA FUORI NEY EY aces ereeeanereeraeceei See x 5x > GMS eee
Mia Com ayenia Bui ta)yes eee eee een OR SG ae
Monia macroschisma ... xX
Miopalliia se iientay sorseacesea seer earn eX
Mop alliia mUS COS). -ceeseremeset tease ean 2 PG eee
Miya Canlit ONC ay eee cee see enee eens Xi KK EEG comme
Mya anenanian 280.35. 2s. pe Sa
Meytiluscalitonni esse see ene eet, wie Heol Bet ie
Mey tilusxe duis) 2-2 ee eee eee i OK BE Ks A
IN S88 LOSS) ccc sec scteeccncesncsrece-cteesen eee wate) GEREN Wiescet Weed OC
Nassa perpinguis XE ES
INials Sa) Men Cay secce.cec- esc ose eee ee een ere = i ECE
@stinea) Miri ay eng se esses o een eee Ki OG KRG 7 Ce
DEAE (z yo) WG BEET, CO ENED Se eee ener tnern nese Sete x =
arp bi a Shana LNG Bi sees sarceneeereteee cee neeeeaer x Ge ex
Petricolay carditoud Gs) secs ce-s scent ees ececaaee ak, Wee eX
holadide@arpemiitiay co fees cea anges Bow set die at
Saxicava arctica ............. tee ee ne pee eee ee eS sh hn
Saxidomus nuttalli -.... Gee Yerany -jeccs Meee eee
Schizothaerus muttalli (2222 ees be RSC Oh ee
SSD cq oveay tea eee cece eee aie) enbsl Se ge
Spisullal (cabin Ov Sees eee nen rere ee Se oS ces
Solem! i9LC@aruS occa ceeecae eee eee eee ee Case NC
MelIimian at GONG e-cseerceee eee voce Mcae |e, Pee ae een ee
Tellina salmonea x oS Ss
Thais lamellosa Xo) OC ae
Tor bonilla traneciscan ay eer os ee
IKylObT Ya, SPs --p2c--c2nencececncnnnenennwernenecennennore) =nam se oe

Vie iNcEN CPA OE, aoccnopctccacoomecceccecncaceoee cat See, OST S

1918 | Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 241

In this section an attempt has been made to segregate a few of the
more important factors from the diversified environments in which
the mollusk lives. Depth as far as the local fauna is concerned does
not appear to have any great significance in determining the distri-
bution. The deeper waters of the Golden Gate yield faunas nearly
identical with those obtained from the shallower. The apparent re-
striction, in a few instances, to certain bathymetric zones appears to
be due to other factors. Low salinity certainly prevents the marine
mollusks from ranging much above the lower end of Carquinez Strait.
It appears to be the most conspicuous factor in accounting for the
meagerness of the San Pablo Bay fauna in contrast to those from the
other divisions of the bay. It is not improbable that low salt eoncen-
tration prevents certain species like Spisula catilliformis and Mytilus
californicus from entering the Golden Gate farther than Fort Point.
The importance of temperature is more uncertain. The greater per-
centage of predominately southward ranging species in the outside
fauna may be due to the more uniform temperature for the year, or
possibly it is to be correlated with the relatively warmer temperature
during the winter months, which may later be found to correspond to
the reproductive periods of the majority of the molluscan species. The
influence of the bottom upon the distribution of the mollusks is the
most conspicuous of the factors considered. As has been noted, cer-
tain forms are capable of living under a variety of conditions of bot-
tom. Several of them were shown to be able to endure marked ex-
tremes of temperature and salinity as well. A composite bottom, com-
prising two or more types of materials, offers a greater variety of local
conditions, and it supports, therefore, a greater number of mollusean
species than the other types. It is seen that mud supports the greater
number of individuals per station, but this may be due in part to the
fact that the dredge sinks deeper in the softer sediments, and thus
obtains a more complete representation of the life from such a bottom.

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE FAUNA

Forty-three dredge hauls were made within San Francisco Bay
by means of the orange-peel bucket dredge. Such a type of dredge
had not previously been used for biological purposes.

This apparatus has an advantage over the various types of trawl
dredges in that it permits the taking of large masses of mud from a
single spot, besides rendering possible the capture of deeply burrowing

242 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou 14

organisms. Its capacity is 2.5 eubie feet, and it encloses a circular
area of 7.8 square feet.

The material collected by means of this apparatus was carefully
sorted and all of the macroscopic organisms were preserved in form-
alin or alcohol. The record of the mollusean material include the
following items: the name of the species, the number of individuals
of each species, the condition of each specimen at the time of dredging,
and the maximum, minimum, and modal lengths of each species from
each haul.

The fauna obtained in this manner comprises 23 peleeypods and
12 gastropods. This number represents about 43 per cent of the bay
fauna.

The list of prevalent species given on page 221 includes the most
adaptable forms found in the local fauna. These species have a gen-
eral distribution throughout the bay, being also conspicuous because
of the wide geographie ranges, which in several instances are circum-
polar.

It has been shown in another paper (Packard, 1918) that the aver-
age quantitative haul is richer in bivalves (4.8) than in univalves
(1.0). On the average 45.4 living mollusks occur within the area cov-
ered by the jaws of the orange-peel bucket dredge. The most produe-
tive haul yielded 16 species, 4 of which were represented by living
specimens. The relative abundance of molluscan species and indi-
viduals for the different divisions of the bay was found to be 2.3 species
per haul in the upper bay, 7.5 in the middle, and 6.9 in the lower, or
21.5 individuals per haul in the upper, 315 in the middle, and 107.5 in
the lower bay.

The mollusks obtained in the quantitative hauls show little rela-
tionship in distribution to depth, although the average number of
living individuals is greater in the deeper portion of the bay. How-
ever, this has little significance, since the deeper hauls were made
within the middle division of the bay, where this apparent relation-
ship may be accredited to other factors. The character of the bottom
is an important factor in distribution. It can be shown that the
number of individuals per unit area is largely dependent upon the
particular type of bottom. A bottom characterized by sand and shells
yields on an average 174 individuals, while a bottom of mud and shells
yields only 82.5. This conclusion does not harmonize with the one
given above (p. 240) that the muddy bottom supports the larger num-
ber of mollusks. This diserepaney may be due to the trawl dredge
not sinking deep enough in sand to capture a representative fauna.

1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 243

A comparison of the lists of the species obtained from the several
types of bottoms shows that most of the species were taken from more
than one type of bottom. This indicates that the mere occurrence
upon a particular type of bottom does not necessarily prove that such
a bottom represents its normal habitat. The relative abundance per
unit of area for the different types of bottom probably more nearly
indicates the optimum habitat of a given species. Thus the average
per haul for each species should give some clew to the most favorable
environment of that species. Cardium corbis, Macoma nasuta, Mya
arenaria, and Zirfaca gabbi are, according to such reasoning, predom-
inately mud dwellers. On the other hand, Mya california, Macoma
balthica, M. inquinata, Ostrea lurida, and Thais lamellosa predominate
on the sandy bottoms. Here again the conclusion drawn from the quan-
titative work does not agree with that based upon the qualitative hauis.
It has already been stated (p. 239) that Cardiwm corbis, Macoma
nasuta, Mya california, and Ostrea lurida do not show a distribution
pattern that appears to be related to any particular type of bottom.
In this case it is not unlikely that the latter conclusion is the more
nearly correct.

A standard specimen curve, showing the number of living indi-
viduals obtained at the dredging stations that are the equivalent of
the hydrographic stations of the regular series, has been made in order
to compare it directly with the temperature and salinity curves pub-
lished by Sumner ef al. The specimen curve shows little relationship
with the mean annual salinity curve. The seasonal range of salinity
curve (Sumner et al., 1914, p. 68, fig. M) shows a certain correspond-
ence with the specimen curve, indicating that there is in general an
increase In the number of living individuals per haul with decrease
in the annual range of salinity. One of the six curves showing the
mean salinity for the different periods of the year suggests that the
low salt concentration during the period from April 23 to May 6
may possibly be a factor limiting the abundant mollusean life to the
middle and lower divisions of the bay.

This same specimen curve when compared with the published tem-
perature curves for the same stations shows that the regions where
the annual range is high are low in the number of mollusks. It also
indicates that the cooler regions of the bay during the summer months
support a greater number of specimens per unit area. However, these
apparent relationships are not considered as being necessarily causal
ones.

244 University of California Publications in Zoology — [Vou. 14

The quantitative work by Rankin and Kofoid indicate that the
plankton of the bay is everywhere rich enough to supply the mollusk
with the requisite amount of food.

The conclusions of the quantitative work parallel in the main
those derived from the less accurate qualitative work; the differences
in results are generally to be accounted for on the basis of the differ-
ences of procedure followed in the two eases.

SUMMARY

San Francisco Bay receives the discharge of the Sacramento and
San Joaquin rivers. This affects the salinity, temperature, and the
bottom conditions prevailing within those waters. These factors have
elsewhere been shown to vary considerably within the bay, producing
a number of environments. Only the more important physical factors
have been considered in this paper.

The molluscan fauna taken by the Survey comprises 112 species
and 3 varieties. This number equals but 65 per cent of the reported
fauna from San Francisco and immediate vicinity.

The fauna obtained in the open ocean off San Francisco comprises
64 determined species, of which 30 are pelecypods, 32 gastropods, and
2 seaphopods.

A consideration of the average number of species per station in-
dicates that the waters of the open ocean are more favorable to a
varied mollusean life than those of the bay. The average number of
individuals represented by living specimens per station is more than
three times as great in the group of stations in the former region as
it is within the upper division of San Francisco Bay.

The fauna obtamed by the Survey within San Francisco Bay
comprises 81 species and varieties, of which 43 are ‘peleeypods, 31
gastropods, and 7 chitons. Fifty-nine per cent of this fauna was taken
exclusively within those waters.

Since 76 species of the entire fauna obtained by the ‘‘ Albatross’’
are predominately northward ranging, whereas only 53 are predomi-
nately southward ranging, the San Franciscan fauna appears to be
more closely related to the northern one.

Two new mollusean species that were taken by the Survey have
been described by Dr. Bartsch (Odostomia franciscana Bartsch and
Turbonilla franciscana Bartsch). Two heretofore unreported exotic
species were obtained by the ‘‘ Albatross.”’

1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 245

The three bathymetric zones represented in these waters are not
divisible into subzones upon the basis of the mollusean life.

The large proportion of the predominantly southward ranging
species are restricted to the waters of the open ocean, where the winter
temperatures are higher than they are in the bay.

The influence of salinity may be noted within Carquinez Strait,
where the low salt concentration acts as an effective barrier to the
marine species. The salinity factor is considered to be the major one
in accounting for the meagerness of the fauna from the upper in
contrast to that from the other divisions of the bay.

The character of the bottom appears to have the greatest signifi-
cance in determining the local distribution of the mollusks. The
stations at which both precise bottom data and faunas were obtained
are grouped into seven classes, each representing a particular type of
bottom. The lists of prevalent species for these bottom groups shows
that the distribution of several of the species is unrelated to any par-
ticular type of bottom. There are other species, however, that are
characteristically found upon one of these types of bottoms.

A bottom of pure sand or pure mud is not as favorable to a varied
mollusean life as is one comprising two or more types of materials.
A mud bottom appears to support a larger number of living individ-
uals than does any of the other types. Sand is shown to be the least
favorable to an abundant molluscan life.

CATALOGUE OF SPECIES

This catalogue includes the forms taken by the Survey and those
that have previously been reported from San Francisco Bay and the
adjacent waters outside the Golden Gate. The synonyms given in-
clude the name under which the species was described and the more
common ones found in the literature dealing with the Mollusea of the
San Francisco region. The dimensions given represent the maximum
and the minimum lengths of all of the specimens obtained by the
Survey. The italicized number in the parenthesis following the num-
ber of the dredging station indicates the number of living specimens
obtained at that station, while the arabic number indicates the number
of valves in the case of the pelecypods, or the number of specimens
of other shell-bearing mollusks that were dead at the time of the
dredging. In a few cases the specimens were not counted, only an
estimated number being given. Occasionally a fragment that could
be determined specifically is recorded by the letter ‘‘f’’.

246 University of California Publications in Zoology | Vou. 14

PELECYPODA

NUCULACEA

NUCULIDAE
Nucula Lamarck

Nucula tenuis (Montagu)
Plate 14, figure 4
Arca tenuis Montagu (1808), pl. 29, fig. 1.
Nucula tenuis, Gould (1841), p. 155.

Description.—This species was originally described as follows:

“Shell sub-cordate, smooth, white, covered with an olivaceous epidermis:
umbo very small: beaks slightly inflected, and placed near to one end. Inside
smooth, white, and somewhat nacred; margin thin and entire: hinge pectinated
with about fifteen elevated teeth placed within the margin, six on one side and
nine on the other, divided by a small concave plate that projects inward.
Greatest diameter a quarter of an inch; the length not quite so much.’’

Length, 4 to 8 mm.

Occurrence—At stations D 5787 (9), D5786* (2), and D5788
(Gl,

This mollusk was dredged by the Survey in the vicinity of the
Farallon Islands, at a depth ranging between 39 and 68 fathoms from
a bottom comprised of dark greenish sand.

Range.—Cireumpolar. Arctic Sea to Coronado Island, California
(Dall).

Acila Adams

Acila castrensis (Hinds)
Plate 14, figures 1 and 2

Nucula castrensis Hinds (1843b), p. 98.
Acila castrensis, Carpenter (1863), p. 664; Gabb (1869), p. 102; Arnold, R.
(1903), p. 95.
Description—This species was described by Arnold, R. (1903), as follows:
“«Shell small, trigonal, convex, of medium thickness; umbones posterior to
the center, turned posteriorly; anterior end longer than posterior, rounded;
posterior end short, truncated; surface divaricately sculptured; hinge with
prominent internal cartilage-pit and numerous sharp teeth on each side.’’
Length, 4 to 11 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5785 (1,1), D 5788* (15), D 5789* (3).
As far as is known this species has not hitherto been reported from
this region. It is restricted to the collections from the open ocean.
Living specimens were dredged off San Francisco by the Survey at

*Specimens for stations thus designated were determined by Dall.

1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 247

three localities, being the most abundant at station D5788. It is
associated with Nucula tenuis at two of these stations. Dredged in
depths ranging from 39 to 68 fathoms on bottoms composed of fine
dark green sand.

Range.—Bering Sea to San Diego, California (Dall).

LEDIDAE
Leda Schumacher

Leda hamata Carpenter
Plate 14, figure 5

Leda hamata Carpenter (1863), p. 644; Arnold, R. (1903), p. 97, pl. 17,
fig. 4.

Description.—This species was described by Arnold (1903) as follows:

‘“Shell small, elongate, trigonal, convex, thin; umbones anterior, turning
slightly toward the posterior end; short, rounded anteriorly; much lengthened,
narrowed and abruptly truncated posteriorly; surface sculptured by strong,
concentric raised lines; a raised band, strongly transversely sculptured by con-
tinuations of the concentric ridges, passes from the umbo, around the escutcheon,
to the posterior end; on the interior of the posterior end is an elongated, raised
process; escutcheon deep-set, smooth.’’

Length, 3 to 10 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5785 (2), D 5789 (4), west of Farallon

Islands (1).

This species has been obtained by the Survey at three dredging
stations outside the Golden Gate. It was taken in depths, ranging
from 39 to 815 fathoms, on bottoms that are predominately sandy.

Range.—Puget Sound to Panama (Dall).

Leda navisa Dall

Leda navisa Dall (1916b), p. 395.

Description.—This species is described by Dall as follows:

““Shell elongate, arcuate, inequilateral, with slender recurved rostrum and
well-marked smooth impressed escutcheon, but no lunule; base convexly arcuate,
rostrum obliquely truncate, anterior end evenly rounded; beaks obscure, 5.5 mm.
from the anterior end; sculpture of numerous sharp concentric low ridges, with
wider flat interspaces, obsolete toward the rostrum; anterior teeth about twelve,
posterior about twenty, the resilifer minute, subumbonal, not projecting; in-
terior chalky, a small medial ridge near the end of the rostrum. Height, 7;
length, 16; diameter, 5 mm.’’

This species was obtained by a previous survey in 191 fathoms of
water off the Farallon Islands.

Range.—Known only from the vicinity of the Farallon Islands,
which is the type locality for the species.

248 University of California Publications in Zoology — [Vou. 14

Leda taphria Dall
Plate 14, figures 7a, 7b, and 8

Leda taphria Dall (1897a), p. 7, pl. 2, figs. 6 and 8.
Leda coelata Hinds, Carpenter (1863), p. 644; Arnold, R. (1903), p. 98,
pl. 17, fig. 5.
Description.—This species is described by Arnold (1903) as follows: _
“*Shell small, trigonal, oblong and rounded in front, produced and pointed
behind; surface sculptured by numerous sharp, concentric, raised lines; umbones
central, turned toward posterior end; escutcheon long, narrow and concentrically
striated; hinge with prominent internal cartilage-pit, and about twenty sharp
teeth on each side; pallial line with a small sinus; umbonal area with a linear
impression joining the anterior adductor.’’
Length, 4 to 20 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5772 (1), D5785* (10, 7), D5786
(G5 )5 ID) Bitte (2 1D) Warns) (())5 1D) sii) (aD), ID Sieeal (GE G), ID ETez
(2).

Carpenter lists this species from this region. Living specimens
were dredged by the Survey at eight stations, all but one of which
are situated outside of the Golden Gate. The exception is a single
living specimen recorded from station D 5772, near Sausalito. The
depth of the water at that station is but 114 fathoms, whereas those
occurring in the open ocean lived in water ranging from 19 to 68
fathoms. The bottom consists of fine dark, green sand, which differs
markedly from the soft mud bottom found at D 5772. This species
appears to be more abundant than Leda hamata, with which it is
associated.

Range.—Bodega Bay to San Diego, California.

Yoldia Miiller

Yoldia cooperi Gabb
Plate 14, figure 9

Yoldia cooperii Gabb (1865), p. 189; Gabb (1869), p. 31, pl. 9, fig. 54;
Arnold, R. (1903), p. 99.

Description—tThe following is the original description of this species as
given by Gabb (1865):

‘«Shell thin, somewhat compressed, very inequilateral, beaks placed about a
third of the length from the anterior end, minute; anterior end narrow; sub-
acuminate, posterior end broadly rounded; base most prominent just posterior
to the middle of the shell; surface sculptured by numerous small concentric
ribs, rarely dichotomous or anastomosing on the widest part of the shell; these
ribs are flat and abruptly truncated on the side nearest the beak, giving the

1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 249

surface, under a glass, the appearance of an overlapping. Epidermis shining,
olivaceous; internally a bluish white; muscular sears large, the anterior tri-
angular; posterior a third the largest, broadly suboval.’’

Gabb confused the terms posterior and anterior as applied to this shell.
These words should be interchanged in the above description.

Length, 55 mm.

Occurrence.—At station D 5788* (7).

This species is represented in the ‘‘Albatross’’ collections, by a
single specimen, that was dredged alive outside the Golden Gate, in
68 fathoms and on a bottom composed of a dark green sand.

This specimen differs somewhat from the type of the species which
is in the collections of the Department of Palaeontology of the Uni-
versity of California, in that it is less produced anteriorly.

Range.—San Francisco to San Diego, California.

Yoldia ensifera Dall
Plate 14, figure 6

Yoldia ensifera Dall (1897a), p. 9, pl. 2, fig. 4.

Description—This species was originally described by Dall (1897) as follows:

“‘Shell large, thin, compressed, with a brilliant olivaceous periostracum,
usually showing darker and lighter zones; valves nearly equilateral, moderately
convex, rostrate, subarcuate; sculpture of fine lines of growth more or less
evident, and on the anterior two-thirds of the shell numerous irregularly fluc-
tuating, distant, incised grooves (like those of Y. scisswrata) which are absent
on the posterior third; base arcuate, anterior dorsal profile rounded evenly from
the beaks; a slight inward wave of the margin is visible anteriorly near the
pedal gape; lunule absent; the escutcheon impressed, and the posterior dorsal
margins of the valves, projecting vertically, blade-like, and slightly pouting;
rostrum pointed, slightly recurved, beaks low, inconspicuous; valves internally
whitish; pallial sinus deep, rounded; chondrophore wide, hardly projecting;
teeth narrow A-shaped, slender, about 30 in front of and 24 behind the chon-
drophore.’’

Length, 10 to 30 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5785 (1), D 5789 (7, 4).

This species has not before been reported from this immediate
vicinity. The two stations at which it was dredged are outside the
Golden Gate. Living specimens were dredged at depths ranging from
39 to 46 fathoms on a bottom composed of fine, dark green sand.

Range.—Southeastern Alaska to San Luis Obispo, California

(Dall).

250 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou. 14

ARCACEA

ARCIDAE
Arca Lamarck

Arca transversa Say
Plate 14, figures 3a and 3b

Arca transversa Say (1822), p. 269; Gould (1841), p. 96; Sumner, Osborn,
Cole, and Davis (1913), p. 684, chart 132.
Scapharca transversa, Dall (1898c), p. 645.

Description.—This species is described by Gould (1841) as follows:

“*Shell transversely oblong, rhomboidal, with from thirty-two to thirty-five
ribs placed at nearly the length of their own diameters distant from each other.
Apices separated by a long narrow space, and situated at the termination of
the posterior (anterior) third of the length of the hinge margin; extremities
of the hinge margin angulated; anterior (posterior) edge, the superior half
rectilinear; posterior (anterior) edge rounded; inferior edge nearly rectilinear,
or very obtusely rounded; on the hinge space, one or two angulated lines are
drawn from the apex diverging to the hinge edge.’’

Length, 12 to 25 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5781* (4), D 45811 (5), D 5813 (1).
This species is represented by several old valves obtained from
three dredging stations at the extreme southern portion of the bay.
It is an eastern species that has not hitherto been reported from this
coast. It was probably introduced with the eastern oyster, with which
it is associated. No living specimens have as yet been obtained, so it
is not certain that it has gained a foothold in these waters.
Range.—San Francisco Bay.

Glycymeris Da Costa
Glycymeris subobsoleta (Carpenter)

Axinea subobsoleta Carpenter (1846b) p. 425.

Description—Professor H. A. Clark of the University of Oregon has kindly
translated the original Latin description as follows:

“‘Shell similar to A. septentrionalis, slightly inequilateral, not tumid, um-
bones obtuse, broad, quite prominent; ash-colored, variegated with reddish
chestnut; epidermis thick, somewhat laminated; ventral and posterior margins
quite rounded, anterior margin produced, dorsal straight, sculptured by sub-
obsolete radiating grooves, often disappearing dorsally; ventral margin strongly
and anterior and posterior internal margins slightly crenulated; cardinal plate
subangular, with a few strong, compressed teeth; abductor scar chestnut-
colored; ligament furrowed.’’

This species was not taken by the Survey, although it has been
reported from the local waters.
Range.—Vancouver Island to Santa Cruz, California (Orcutt).

1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 251

OSTRACEA
OSTREIDAE
Ostrea Linnaeus

Ostrea lurida Carpenter
Plate 14, figures 10a and 10b, and plate 42
Ostrea lurida Carpenter (1863), p. 645; Carpenter (1865c), p. 137; Wood
and Raymond (1891), p. 55; Dall (1898c), p. 687; Arnold, R. (1903),
p- 102.
Ostrea lurida var. laticaudata Nuttall, Carpenter (1863), p. 646.

Description.—Arnold’s (1903) description of this variable species is as
follows:

‘Shell of medium size, irregular, suborbicular, ellipsoidal, or elongated;
surface laminated and sometimes irregularly plaited; beak prominent; hinge
toothless. ’’

Length, 3 to 60 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5700 (4), D 5701 a Di5702* (6),
Dip all (2). Distil2: C0); D573 4), D sma (3), DisT25 oy D 5727
(®), IDBIO (GD)5 ID EGE TCD RI Dea) Darel a D 5742 (3),
D 5744 (1), D5754 (6), D5755 (15), D 5764 (6, 13), D 5766 (30),
“D 5767 (4, 24), D5768 (208, oo); IDS) (GD), ID Sie) (GD), IDYajctcHl
(18, 22), D578 2 (17, 19), D 5783 (12, 8), D 5784 (20, 44), D 5792
@), D'5793 (2), D 5794 (7), 5795 ©), D 5796 (10), D 5800 (7),
D 5801 (3), D5802 (1), D5805 (1), D5808 (2), D5810 (77, 50),
D 5811 (116), D 5812 ee 7,51), D 5813 (41, 70), D 5814 (60), D 5821 B
(1), D 5824 B (6), Boe B (2), D5826 A (f), D5826 B (large
numbers), D 5827 ee D582 A (2) sD 5127 1B); Di5829) (a).
D 5829 A (21), D5832 (large numbers), D 5833 (large numbers),
D 5835 (large numbers), D 5836 (2), D 5839 (2), D 5841 (several),
D 5843 (1), D5846 (1), D 5847 (500), D5848 (200), D5849 (4),
Standard Oil Pier, Richmond (4), Red Rock (6, 11), Sausalito (1),
and questionably at D 5729, D 5731, D 5746, D 5773, D 5798, D 5799,
D 5809.

This native oyster has been reported by various writers under
several varietal names from the vicinity of San Francisco. It is a
hardy species, having a general distribution within the bay besides
occurring in the shallower waters outside the Golden Gate. It is
apparently restricted by the distribution of a type of bottom that
affords a suitable support for the young. The relatively small number
of localities at which shells were obtained is due largely to the fact

252 University of California Publications in Zoology [| Vou. 14

>

that the operations of the ‘‘Albatross’’ were confined to the deeper
region of the bay. Living specimens were dredged in depths ranging
from less than 1 to 4 fathoms. Shells were encountered frequently
within the Golden Gate in 19 fathoms. The shells being light are
quite easily shifted by the currents from the shallow waters to regions
of deeper water, thereby accounting in part for great numbers of dead
specimens dredged at certain localities.

This species is associated with Ostrea elongata (O. virginica), which
has been introduced from the East. The western species possesses a
much thinner shell than does the eastern form. The denticulate hinge-
margin and the more elongate adductor muscle scar also serve to dis-
tinguish O. lurida.

It is used quite extensively as food for man, being harvested in
the lower portion of the bay by several oyster companies.

Range.—Sitka, Alaska, to Cape Lucas, Lower California (Dall).

Ostrea elongata Solander
Plate 15, figures 3a and 3b

Ostrea elongata Solander (1786), p. 151; Dall (1914a), p. 1.
Ostrea virginica Gmelin, Gould (1841), p. 137.

Description—This oyster was described by Gould (1841) in the following
words:

“«Shell narrow, elongated, gradually widening, moderately curved, for the
most part with a long and pointed beak at the apex, and rounded at the other
extremity. Upper valve, the smallest, flattest and smoothest surface; when not
worn, presenting everywhere leaf-like scales, of a somewhat leaden color. The
hinge presents the usual channel in the beak of the lower valve, longer or
shorter according to the age of the shell, and marked with lines exhibiting
the successive removes of the cartilage; and in the upper valve we have the
corresponding elevation, which is also continued back to the point of the shell.
The muscular impression is nearly central, of a dark chestnut, or sometimes
dark violet color.’’

Length, 10 to 100 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5781 (11, 15), D 5782 (5, 23), D 5808
(1), D 5810 (1), D 5811 (9), D 5812 (10), D 5814 (2, 6).

This is the eastern edible oyster which is grown here from seed
oysters shipped from the East. This species does not reproduce to any
extent in these waters.

Range.—Known on the Pacifie Coast from San Francisco Bay and
Puget Sound, where it has been introduced.

1918 ] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 253

PECTINACEA

PECTINIDAE
Hinnites Defrance

Hinnites giganteus Gray
Plate 17, figures la and 1b

Hinnites giganteus Gray (1826), p. 103; Wood and Raymond (1891), p. 55.
Pecten giganteus, Arnold (1906), p. 93, pl. 29, figs. 1, 2, 2a.

Description —Arnold (1906) described this species as follows:

‘«Shell averaging about 75 millimeters in altitude, usually not quite so long
as high, irregular, inequivalve, generally inequilateral on account of attachment
to irregular surface; shell quite thick; margins smooth. Right valve more ven-
tricose than left, ornamented by 9 to 18 narrow, irregular, prominently squamose
ribs, between which in the flat interspaces are less prominent raised lines simi-
larly sculptured; hinge line more than one-half length of disk; ears subequal,
and more or less prominently seulptured by fine, squamose, radiating lines;
byssal sinus sometimes visible. Left valve less ventricose than right, otherwise
similar. Hinge rather narrow and heavy; fosset deeply excavated, oblique,
narrow, and angular; hinge is dark purple in living shells.’’

Length, 7 to 75 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D'5701 (1), D5702 (f.), D5712 (1),
D 5735 (1), D5795 (2), D5800 (2), D5827 A (f.), D5843 (2),
D 5846 (7, 2), and questionably at D 5773, D 5801.

This common West Coast species was reported by Wood and Ray-
mond (1891) from San Francisco. It has been taken by the Survey
at eight stations. It is restricted in its distribution to the open waters
outside the Golden Gate and the middle portion of San Francisco Bay
west of Aleatraz and north of Angel Island. The only living specimen
was obtained at station D 5846 at a depth of 10 fathoms on a stony
bottom. Shells were obtained in depths up to 19 fathoms from bottoms
which were prevailingly stony.

This correlation with a rocky bottcm is due to the fact that this
species becomes sessile at any early age, attaching itself to some foreign
object.

Range.—Aleutian Islands to Magdalena Bay (Dall).

Pecten Miiller
Pecten hastatus Sowerby

Pecten hastatus Sowerby (1842-87), p. 72, pl. 22, fig. 236; Wood and
Raymond (1891), p. 55; Arnold (1906), p. 108, pl. 41, fig. 4, pl. 42,
figs. 1, la, 2, 2a.

Description.—Arnold (1906) described this species as follows:
‘“‘Shell averaging about 64 millimeters in altitude, slightly shorter than
high, inequivalve, equilateral (except for ears), compressed and with serrate

254 University of California Publications in Zoology — [Vou. 14

margins; base evenly rounded below; sides slightly concave above. Right valve
with nine pairs of narrow, elevated, spiny ribs, along the sides of which are a
pair of smaller spiny riblets; major interspaces much wider than ribs, concave-
bottomed and ornamented by one or three thread-like, spiny, intercalary riblets;
whole surface sculptured by microscopic imbricating lines, of which the spines
on the ribs and riblets are only modifications; hinge line equal to one-half
length of disk; ears unequal, the anterior being about two and one-half times
the length of the posterior; anterior ear with seven or eight prominently spiny
radials and minor riblets, and imbricating incremental lines; byssal notch deep
and almost as wide as ear; posterior ear small, and sculptured by fine, spiny
radials and imbricating incremental lines. Left valve with about nine narrow,
very prominently spiny ribs; interspaces wide, concave-bottomed, and orna-
mented by a single prominent, central imbricated riblet, on each side of which
are minor thread-like riblets; whole surface of disk with fine incremental
sculpture as in right valve; ears similar to those of right valve except that
the anterior one has more ribs and riblets and no byssal notch. Hinge with
almost obsolete cardinal erura. Color, golden yellow to pink, the left valve
being the darker.’’

This species is occasionally found in the vicinity of San Francisco.
It is not among the Survey collections. It is listed from this region
by Wood and Raymond (1891).

Range.—Puget Sound to San Pedro, California.

Pecten latiauritus Conrad

Pecten latiauritus Conrad (1837), p. 238, pl. 18, fig. 9; Arnold, R. (1903),
p. 111, pl. 12, figs. 2 and 2a; Arnold (1906), p. 115, pl. 46, figs. 2, 2a,
3, 3a.
Description.—This species was described by Arnold (1906) as follows:
“‘Shell averaging about 25 millimeters in altitude, about as long as high,
inequivalve, compressed, inequilateral, disk obliquely produced posteriorly, thin;
sides straight; margins smooth. Right valve more compressed than left, with
12 to 16 low, rather squarish ribs, separated by equal, more or less distinctly
channeled interspaces; whole surface sculptured by numerous fine concentric
lines; hinge line nearly as long as disk; ears subequal in length; anterior ear
long and narrow, with 5 or 6 prominent radials and numerous fine concentric
lines; byssal notch deep and distinctly separating ear from disk; posterior ear
from rectangularly to acutely pointed, sculptured by obsolete radials and con-
centric lines. Left valve somewhat more convex than right, otherwise similar
to it; anterior ear generally shorter and more prominently sculptured than
posterior.’’
Length, 7 to 8 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5702 (1), D 5825 (1).

Two immature specimens of Pecten that appear to belong to this
species were dredged within the middle division of the bay.

Range—San Francisco, Monterey to San Diego, California
(Oreutt).

1918 ] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 255

ANOMIACEA

ANOMIDAE
Anomia Miiller

Anomia peruviana d’Orbigny
Plate 15, figures 2a and 2b
Anomia peruviana a’Orbigny (1835-43), p. 673; Dall (1910b), p. 148, pl. 28,
fig. 4.
Anomia lampe Gray, Arnold, R. (1903), p. 117.

Description.—Dall described this species as follows:

“«Shell very thin, pearly; white or copper brown on the upper valve, bluish
green internally and on the central part of the lower valve; sessile on other
shells or smooth objects adhering by a prominent byssus which passes through
a large hole in the lower valve. The scars of the muscles in an area on the
inside of the upper valve form a nearly even straight row radiating from the
direction of the hinge.’’

Length, about 26 mm.

Occurrence.—At station D 5811 (3).

Three worn valves dredged within the lower part of the bay have
been referred to this species. Its association with the eastern oyster
suggests the possibility of it being Anomia simplex d’Orbigny, an
eastern form closely resembling our West Coast species. However,
Anomia peruviana has recently been reported by Clark (1914, p. 25)
from Bolinas Bay, so it is not improbable that it is living within San
Francisco Bay. The specimens were obtained from a muddy bottom
at a depth of 3 fathoms.

Range.—Bolinas Bay, California (Clark), Paita, Peru (Dall).

Monia Gray
Monia macroschisma (Deshayes)
Plate 15, figures la and 1b

Placunanomia macroschisma, Carpenter (1863), p. 646; Wood and Ray-
mond (1891), p. 55.
Pododesmus macroschisma, Arnold, R. (1903), p. 116.

Description.—This species is described by Arnold (1903) as follows:

“*Shell adherent, subequivalve, irregular, flattened; hinge with two thick,
divergent, elongated lamella in the inferior, corresponding with two long pits
in the upper valve; upper valve with only two muscular impressions; the pedal
scar radiately striated; surface with incremental laminae and sometimes radial
ridges.’

Length, 15 to 80 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5700 (1), D5702 (2), D5775 (1),
D 5795 (£.), D 5796 (1), D 5800 (2), D 5809 (f.).

256 University of California Publications in Zoology — [Vou. 14

This common bivalve has been reported by Carpenter and by Wood
and Raymond from this region. Obtained by the Survey at six
stations, which are restricted to the Golden Gate and Raccoon Straits.
The single living specimen was dredged from a rocky bottom near the
north shore of the Golden Gate in 10 fathoms of water. Shells were
dredged in 1234 to 53 fathoms. This being a sessile form it occurs
only where suitable support exists, such as stones or large shells.

Range.—Unalaska to Lower California.

MytTimacrEa

MYTILIDAE
Mytilus Linnaeus

Mytilus californianus Conrad
Plate 18, figure 2
Mytilus calfornianus Conrad (1837), p. 242, pl. 18, fig. 15; Carpenter
(1863), p. 648; Wood and Raymond (1891), p. 55.

Description.—This species was described by Conrad (1837) as follows:

“Shell ovate elongated, inflated; anterior margin straight; posterior side
emarginate; ribs not very numerous, slightly prominent, broad, rounded; lines
of growth very prominent.’’

Length, 2 to 90 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5776 (2), D5808 (1), D5809 (1),
D 5842 (1), Presidio shore (149), Bonita Point (72, 1).

This common edible mussel has been reported by various authors
from this region. It appears to be restricted to the intertidal areas
outside the Golden Gate, extending inward as far as Fort Point and
Lime Point. Living specimens were obtained by the Survey only at
the shore stations at Bonita Point and Fort Point. Shells were dredged
at three stations in water ranging in depth from 314 to 53 fathoms.

Range—Unalaska, Aleutian Islands, to Socorro Island (Dall).

Mytilus edulis Linnaeus
Plate 15, figure 4; plate 43

Mytilus edulis Linnaeus (1758), p. 705; Carpenter (1863), p. 643; Dall
(1898c), p. 788; Wood and Raymond (1891), p. 55; Arnold, R. (1903),
p- 118.

Mytilus edulis var. glomeratus Gould, Carpenter (1863), p. 643.

Mytilus trossulus Gould (1850), p. 344.

Description.—Arnold (1908) describes this species as follows:

“«Shell of medium size, wedge-shaped, rounded behind, thin; surface smooth,
except for concentric, incremental lines; umbones terminal; dorsal margin
slightly depressed in middle; hinge-teeth minute.’’

Length, 2 to 60 mm.

1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 257

Occurrence.—At stations D 5705 (1), D 5709 (1), D 5710 (1, 1),

D 5714 (7), D5715 (2), D 5716 (1), D5719 (2), D ), D5721
(10), D 5722 (4), D 5723 (1), D 5726 (2), D5727 (5, 2), D 5728 (1),
D 5729 (5), D 5730 (£.), D 5742 (1), D 5744 (9), D 5748 (£.), D 5749
(1), D5751 (6), D5752 (6), D5753 (1), D5754 (1), D5755 (1),
D 5756 (8), D5757 (1, 5), D 5758 (2), D 5762 (1), D 5764 (11, 13),
D 5765 (1), Sate (13), pe (24, 1), D 5768 (185, 5), D 5769 (1),
D 5773 (1), D5776 (f.), te (2, 1), D5780 (1), D5781 (150),
D 5782 (162, 1), D 5783 . 3), D5784 (105, 1), D 5789 (31), D 5790
(5), D5793 (8), D5794 (9), és 795 (1), D5796 (1), D 5805 (1),

(3), D 5816

);

D 5810) (28, 11), D5811 (6, 36),-D 5813 (1), D5815 B
94), D 5817 (25), D 5817 A (6), D 5817 B (2), D 5818 A (1), D 5819
), D 5821 A (f.), D 5821 B (f.), D 5822 B (8), D 5823 (1), D 5823 A
), D 5824 A (f.), D5824 B (1), D5826 A (5), D5826 B (f£.),
5830 A (4), D5831 (5), D5832 A (7), D 5883 (2), D 5839 (1),

D 5841 (27), D 5847 (1), D 5848 (1), Standard Oil Pier, Richmond

(35, 2), Red Roek (85), Key Route Pier, Oakland (62, 1), Cement

sewer (numerous specimens), Sausalito (31, 1), Bonita Poit (72, 1),

and questionably at D 5739.

This cireumpolar species, recognized by all conchologists writing
of this region, is one of the most adaptable of our West Coast mollusks.
It may be found attached by means of its byssus to almost any object
in situations ranging from the brackish waters of Carquinez Strait to
the saline waters of the open ocean. Living specimens were dredged
in 46 fathoms, but the majority were obtained at depths of less than
4 fathoms.

Range—Cireumpolar, Arctic Sea south to San Diego, California.

Modiolus Lamarck
Modiolus demissus (Dillwyn)
Plate 18, figure 1

Modiolus demissus Dillwyn (1817), p. 314.
Modiola plicatula Lamarck, Gould (1841), p. 126; Dall (1889a), p. 38;
Stearns (1899e), p. 86.

Modiolus demissus, Sumner, Osburn, Cole, and Davis (1913), p. 683.
Description.—Gould (1841) described this eastern mussel as follows:
‘*Shell transversely oblong-ovate, much elongated, narrow before and widen-

ing backwards, somewhat falciform or arched; beaks moderately prominent,
not curving outwards, and nearly in contact, very near the anterior extremity,
which is small and rounded; and the shell is much compressed at this part;
the lower margin is generally curved or arched upwards, and gaping before

258 University of California Publications in Zoology | Vou. 14

the middle for the passage of the byssus; hinge margin straight, and ascending
for about two-thirds the length of the shell so as to give it additional height,
then, by a regular downward curve, it produces an obliquely rounded termi-
nation to the shell; a broad, elevated ridge crosses obliquely from the beaks to
this termination, above which the shell is compressed; surface ornamented
with numerous radiating, somewhat undulating, occasionally branching ribs,
most conspicuous above and behind, very fine on the anterior third. Shell
silvery-white, the muscular impressions and margins of a livid color; margin
of the posterior half and anterior side crenulated by the ribs.’’

This exotic species was first reported from a point ‘‘three miles
north of Stanford University’’ by Stearns in 1899. Although it was
not taken by the Survey, it is reported to occur within the lower
division of the bay in sufficient numbers to be marketed occasionally.
On the Atlantic coast, Sumner et al. (1911) report this species as being
abundant along marshes and sandy shores.

Range-—Known on the Pacifie Coast only from San Francisco.

Modiolus rectus Conrad

Modiola recta Conrad (1837), p. 243, pl. 19, fig. 1; Carpenter (1863),
p- 643.
Modiolus rectus, Arnold, R. (1903), p. 120.
DescriptionThis species was originally described by Conrad (1837) as
follows:
‘‘Shell produced, smooth, thin, anterior margin elevated; posterior side
cuneiform; color brown, with a broad pale strip extending from the beak to-
wards the posterior margin; within very glossy and iridescent.’’

Occurrence.—At station D 5723* (f.) and questionably at D 5723
(8), D 5788 (8), D 5828 B (1).

A fragment of a shell that was determined by Dall as belonging
to this species was dredged by the Survey in the northern portion of
the lower division of the bay. Several small living specimens have
been referred to this species.

Range—Puget Sound to Magdalena Bay, Lower California.

Modiolus politus Verrill and Smith

Modiola polita Verrill and Smith (1880), p. 400.

Description—This species was originally described as follows:

‘<Shell thin, translucent, without sculpture; epidermis pale yellow, smooth
and polished. Umbos prominent; hinge-line straight; posterior end broadly
rounded, compressed; anterior end prolonged decidedly beyond the beak, narrow,
rounded. Greatest length, 40; breadth, 21 mm.’’

Length, 6 to 7 mm.

Occurrence-—At stations D 5788 (1), D5789 (1), and question-
ably at D 5821.

1918 ] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 259

This southern species is represented by two living individuals
dredged from the dark green sands outside the Golden Gate at depths
of from 46 to 68 fathoms. The specimen that was questionably re-
ferred to this species was dredged in 8 fathoms of water north of
Angel Island.

Range.—Bodega Head, California, to Cerros Island, Lower Cali-
fornia (Dall).

Modiolus modiolus (Linnaeus)

Mytilus modiola Linnaeus (1767), p. 1158.
Modiola modiola, Tryon (1873), p. 186, pl. 39, figs. 510, 511.

Description.—This species is described by Tryon as follows:

“«Shell large, coarse, and solid, oblong, obliquely dilated; beaks tumid, ob-
tusely angulated; basal margin concave, with a fissure for the byssus; surface
coarsely marked by growth lines; epidermis thick, dark violaceous, blackish,
or chestnut brown; within pearly. Animal dark-orange or reddish, edible.’’

This species was not obtained from these waters by the ‘‘ Alba-
tross,’’ although it has been reported from this region by Cooper.

Range—Arectic Sea to San Pedro, California (Dall), Atlantic
Coast south to Cape Hatteras (Rogers).

Modiolus, sp.

Several immature specimens of Modiolus are among the collections.
They have not been determined specifically.

Length, 3 to 10 mm.

Occurrence—At stations D 5723 (1), D5727 (3), D5738 (8),
Sausalito (1), Bonita Point (7).

DREISSENSIIDAE
Septifer Recluz
Septifer bifurcatus Reeve

Septifer bifurcatus Reeve, Carpenter (1863), p. 643; Cooper (1870a),
p. 54; Dall (1898¢), p. 789; Williamson (1898), p. 67; Arnold, R.
(1903), p. 119; non Mytlus bifurcatus Conrad.
Description.—This species was described by Arnold (1903) as follows:
“*Shell small, wedge-shaped, equivalve, convex, rather thick, beaks pointed,
terminal; surface sculptured by numerous strong, rounded, terminally bifur-
cating, radiating ridges, and fine concentric, incremental sulecations; margin
corrugated; a small lamellar deck stretches across the interior of tke shell near
the umbo; teeth small.’’

260 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou. 14

The Farallon Islands is given as the most northern range of this
species by both Carpenter (1863) and Cooper (1870). It was not
obtained by the Survey.

Range.—Crescent City, California, to Gulf of California (Dall).

Adula H. and A. Adams

Adula falcata (Gould)

Lithodomus falcata Gould (1851), p. 87; (1862), p. 213.
Adula falcata, Carpenter (1863), p. 644; Cooper (1870a), p. 55.

Description.—The original description is in Latin, a free translation of which
is given below:

Shell fragile, subeylindrical, curved, posterior side sloping; umbones strongly
angulated, pearly; epidermis dull chestnut colored, with occasional bifureate
wrinkles. Umbones situated in the anterior octant, strongly curved, anterior
side dilated, subglobose; posterior side curved, compressed, pointed, fringed
above.

Both Carpenter (1863) and Cooper (1870) report this rock-boring
mollusk from this region. Not found among the collections of the
Survey, although it occurs abundantly along the rocky shores outside

of the Golden Gate.
Range—Coos Bay, Oregon, to San Diego, California (Dall).

Adula stylina Carpenter
Plate 18, figure 5

Adula stylina Carpenter (1863), p. 644 (1864b), p. 425.

Description.—The following is a translation by Professor Clark of Carpenter’s
Latin description of the species:

“*Shell cylindrical, lithophagus-like, smooth, very thin, somewhat pointed,
subnacreous, white, posterior end sometimes tinged with blue; epidermis shin-
ing, smooth, thick, dark brown; young shells typically modiolaraeform, umbones
directed anteriorly; anterior dorsal margin slightly crenulated; adult shell with
dorsal and ventral margins nearly parallel; anterior and posterior margins
rounded; umbones worn, not conspicuous, situated about one-sixth the distance
from the anterior to the posterior extremity; incrustation thin, porous, covering
the posterior area diagonally, prolonged beyond the valves; internal ligament
prolonged posteriorly; inner surface pale; posterior abductor scar pear-shaped,
anterior larger, not impressed, oblong; anterior pedal scar large, circular, im-
pressed; with a subumbonal callosity, conspicuous toward the pedal scar.’’

Length, 14 mm.

Occurrence.—At station D 5809 (7).

This rock-boring mollusk is represented by a single specimen
dredged from 53 fathoms in the outer portion of the Golden Gate.

Range.—Vancouver Island to San Diego, California (Orcutt).

1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 261

ANATINACEA

PANDORIDAE
Pandora Bruguiére
Pandora filosa (Carpenter)

Plate 19, figures 2a and 2b

Kennerlia filosa Carpenter (1863), p. 638; (1864c), p. 602.
Pandora (Kennerlia) filosa, Carpenter (1865a), p. 55; Arnold, R. (1903),
p. 124, pl. 18, fig. 3.
Description.—This species was described by Arnold (1903) as follows:
“*Shell small, planoconvex, elongate-oval, thin; umbones minute, about one-
fourth length from anterior extremity; anterior and posterior dorsal margins
straight, making an angle of 160 degrees at the umbo; ventral margin arcuate;
posterior extremity long, narrowed and truncated at the end; anterior rounded
up from base but making an angle with dorsal margin; a single prominent
posterior, submarginal ridge runs from umbo to extremity on each valve, being
nearer the margin in the flat valve; surface of both valves sculptured by numer-
ous fine, concentric, incremental lines, and that of the right valve by fine
radiating sulcations; left valve with a thin hinge ossicle; right valve with two
ossicles, the anterior one being short.’’
Length, 10 to 18 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5785 (13), D 5786 (8, 1), D 5787 (1),
D 5788* (3), D5789 (3, 3), and west of the Farallon Islands (7).

This species is restricted to the waters outside the Golden Gate.
Living specimens were dredged in the vicinity of the Farallon Islands,
being the most abundant at station D 5785. Dredged in depths rang-
ing from 39 to 68 fathoms, and at one locality west of the Farallon
Islands in 815 fathoms.

Range.—Nunivak Island, Alaska, to Point Abreojos, Lower Cali-
fornia (Dall).

LYONSIIDAE
Lyonsia Turton

Lyonsia californica Conrad
Plate 18, figure 3

Lyonsia californica Conrad (1837), p. 248, pl. 19, fig. 21; Carpenter (1863),
p- 638; Wood and Raymond (1891), p. 55; Arnold, R. (1903), p. 125.

Description.—Conrad’s (1837) original description is as follows:

““Shell produced, equivalve; posterior side narrowed, truncated at the
extremity; umbo inflated; epidermis with radiating striae. Length, one and a
half inches.’’

Length, 19 to 22 mm.

262 University of Califorma Publications in Zoology {| Vou. 14

Occurrence.—At stations D 5785 (1), D 5790* (17), D 5791 (1).

Wood and Raymond (1891) list this species from San Francisco.
A single living specimen was dredged near the Farallon Islands by
the Survey in 33 fathoms on a bottom composed of fine dark green
sand.

Range.—Puget Sound, Washington, Todos Santos Bay, Lower
California (Dall).

Entodesma Philippi
Entodesma saxicola (Baird)

Lyonsia saxicola Baird (1863), p. 70.
Entodesma saxicola, Carpenter (1863), p. 638.
Lyonsia (Entodesma) saxicola, Wood and Raymond (1891), p. 55.

Description.—The following description is adapted from the original deserip-
tion as given by Baird (1863):

Shell thin, brittle, ovate-oblong shape, gibbous in the center, produced
anteriorly, compressed posteriorly and gaping.’’ Beaks large, incurved. Ventral
margin flexuous and gaping. Epidermis finely striated, of an olive color.

Length, 45 mm.

Occurrence—At stations D 5845 (f.), D 5846 (2).

This species has been reported from the Farallon Islands by Car-
penter (1863) and from San Francisco by Wood and Raymond (1891).
Shells of this form were obtained by the Survey at two stations within
the Golden Gate in 33 and 45 fathoms. The two weathered shells from
station D 5846 were found associated with Kellia laperousi and Petri-
cola carditoides as a nestler in pholadid borings.

Range.—Aleutian Islands (Dall.) to San Diego, California
(Oreutt).

POROMYACEA

CUSPIDARIIDAE
Cuspidaria Nardo
Cuspidaria californica Dall
Plate 20, figure 3

Cuspidaria californica Dall (1886), p. 296.

Description.—This species was originally described as follows:

“Shell differing from C. pectinata by its smaller size and proportionally
greater length; larger number of ribs (16-20, while pectinata averages 12-14);
its straighter, longer rostrum with but two strong radiating lirae extending
to the lower extreme (pectinata has none, or only several fine ones near the
body of the valve); its less inflated shape and paler, more delicate epidermis.

1918 ] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 263

Lon. of shell 7.0; of rostrum 2.5; alt. of shell 3.6; diam. 2.75 mm. Color yellowish
white; ossicle as usual; buttress present in the right valve.’’

Length, 7 to 15 mm.

Occurrence.—At station D 5789 (6, 3).

This form was dredged by the Survey at a_ single station outside
the Golden Gate from a depth of 68 fathoms.

Range.—Puget Sound to San Diego, California (Dall).

CHAMACEA

CHAMIDEA
Chama Linnaeus
Chama pellucida (Broderip)

Chama spinosa, var., pellucida Broderip (1834), p. 150.
Chama pellucida, Carpenter (1863), p. 641; Cooper (1870a), p. 53; Arnold,
R. (1908), p. 180; Keep (1911), p. 70.
Description.—The following is Arnold’s (1903) description of this species:
“«Shell of medium size; right valve (attached), exceedingly ventriose, rather
thin; left valve nearly flat, thicker; surface of attached valve sculptured with
numerous prominent, spiny frills; surface of upper valve with more numerous,
small frills, which are sometimes spiny near the margin of the valve; hinge-
teeth and muscle-impressions as in C. exogyra.’’

Carpenter (1863, p. 641) reports this species from San Francisco
and Cooper (1870a, p. 53) lists it from the Farallon Islands. It is
not found among the Survey collections. Outside the Golden Gate
it has been found within intertidal areas, both north and south of

San Francisco.
Range.—Oregon to Chile (Dall).

LUCINACEA
LUCINIDAE

Phacoides (Blainville) Gray

Phacoides annulatus (Reeve)
Plate 19, figures 5a and 5b

Lucina annulatus Reeve (1851), pl. 4, fig. 17.

Lucina borealis, Carpenter (1863), p. 643.

Lucina acutilineata Conrad, Arnold, R. (1903), p. 131.
Phacoides annulatus, Dall (1901b), p. 828; Dall (19038a), p. 1379.

Description.—Arnold described this species as follows:

““Shell large, orbicular, only slightly convex, rather thin; umbones depressed,
central; surface ornamented by numerous equal, equidistant, sharp, raised, con-
centric lines; interspaces show lines of growth; lunule small, but deeply
impressed and distinct; two sharp cardinal teeth in eacn valve; lateral teeth
nearly obsolete; anterior muscle impression much elongated.’’

Length, 14 to 65 mm.

264 University of California Publications in Zoology —[Vou. 14

Occurrence.—At station D 5789 (6).

Several valves were obtained at a single station near the Farallones
in 46 fathoms on a bottom of dark green sand. According to Dall,
this species ranges in depth from 8 to 135 fathoms.

Range.—Alaska to Coronado Island, California (Dall).

Phacoides tenuisculptus (Carpenter)
Plate, 19, figures la and 1b

Lucina tenuisculpta Carpenter (1863), p. 642; (1865a), p. 57; Arnold, R.
(1903), p. 183.
Phacoides tenuisculptus, Dall (1901b), p. 828, pl. 40, fig. 5.

Description.—Arnold (1903) describes this species as follows:

‘‘Shell small, orbicular, deeply convex, thin; umbones prominent, central;
surface sculptured by numerous fine, concentric lines and radiating striae;
lunule prominent, the greater part being in the right valve; cardinal teeth
small, laterals prominent; anterior muscle-impressions not as elongated as in
L. acutilineata and others.’’

Length, 2 to 5 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5785 (3, 2), D5786* (31), D 5787
(4), D 5788 (38, 1), D 5789 (2, 3), D 5830 A (4), and questionably at
D 5744, D 5825 A, D 5826 B, D 5828 B.

Living specimens are restricted to the collections from the open
ocean, occurring abundantly at station D 5786 at a depth of 40 fath-
oms. Several shells were obtained in the middle portion of the bay
that have been questionably referred to this species. This species
lives on a fine-grained sand.

Range.—Bering Sea, Alaska, to Coronado Island, California
(Dall).

THYASIRIDAE
Thyasira Leach
Thyasira gouldi (Philippi)
Plate 20, figure 5

Axinus Thyasira gouldi Philippi (1845-1846), p. 75.
Cryptodon flexuosus Carpenter (1863), p. 643.
Thyasra gouldi, Arnold, R. (1903), p. 135.

Description—Arnold (19038) described this species as follows:

“«Shell small, globular, posterior side augulated or furrowed; umbones much
recurved; surface sculptured with fine incremental lines; lumule indistinct,
depressed in front of beaks; ligament external, placed in a groove on the hinge-
line and outside the hinge-plate; teeth wanting.

Length, 7 mm.

1918 | Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 265

Occurrence.—A single valve was obtained from station D 5788*,
outside the Golden Gate, in 68 fathoms on a bottom composed of pure
sand.

Range.—Bering Strait to San Diego (Dall).

LEPTONACEA

LEPTONIDAE

Kellia Turton

Kellia laperousi (Deshayes)
Plate 19, figure 4
Chironia laperousi Deshayes (1839), p. 357; Carpenter (1863), p. 643;
Wood and Raymond (1891), p. 55; Dall (1900a), p. 1155; Arnold, R.
(1903), p. 187, pl. 18, figs. 7, 7a.
Description.—The following is Arnold’s (1908) description of this species:
“*Shell of medium size, suborbicular, convex, thin; umbones_ slightly
anterior, not prominent; surface sculptured by fine incremental lines which
are slightly variable as to prominence; no lunule; each valve with one very
prominent cardinal tooth; right valve with two posterior laterals, left with
one; hinge-area lacking between cardinal and lateral teeth; muscle-impressions
not distinet.’’
Length, 7 to 25 mm.

Occurrence.—At station D 5846 (3, 26).

This bivalve was dredged by the Survey only from the western
portion of the Golden Gate. Living specimens were there found
nestling in pholadid borings at a depth of 45 fathoms. However, it
is not so restricted, for Mr. A. L. Barrows reports this species in
similar situations at low-tide mark on Goat Island.

Range.—Bering Sea to San Diego, California (Dall).

Rochefortia Velain
Rochefortia ferruginosa Dall

Rochefortia ferruginosa Dall (1916b), p. 411.

Description.—Dall described this species as follows:

“Shell small, white, thin, subdonaciform, compressed, invariably coated
with a ferruginous layer like some species of Awinulus, inequilateral; anterior
side longer, apical angle about 90; both ends rounded, base arcuate. Length,
4.5; height, .325; diameter, 1.5 mm.’’

San Francisco Bay is the type locality for this species. It was
not taken by the Survey.

Range—Known only from San Francisco Bay, which is the type
locality for the species.

266 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou. 14

Lasaea Leach
Lasaea rubra (Montagu)

Cardium rubrum Montagu (1803), p. 83, pl. 27, fig. 4.
Kellia rubra, Gould (1841), p. 60, fig. 23.
Lasaea rubra, Dall (1899c), p. $81.
Description.—This species was described by Gould (1841) as follows:
“*Shell minute, rather thick, sub-oval, very inequilateral, rather compressed;
beaks rather prominent, and in contact, having before them a deeply excavated,
elongated, smooth areola; ends broadly rounded, especially the posterior tip;
basal margin scarcely curved and nearly parallel with the superior margin;
surface marked with the lines of growth, eroded at the beaks, and covered
with a purplish or dirty-brown rather thick epidermis. Within white and
glossy; two muscular impressions and the palleal line directly connecting them,
without any sinus, quite perceptible. Hinge consists, in the right valve, of a
narrow, erect, central tooth, and an imperfect one each side, slightly detached
from the edge of the valve; in the left valve, of a well-defined tooth on each
side, barely separated from the edge of the valve, leaving a triangular vacancy
between them to receive the central tooth of the opposite valve.
Length, 1 to 2 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5766 (2), D 5771 (1), Presidio* (17).
As far as is known this species has not been recorded from the
vicinity of San Francisco. It is found in the Survey collection only
from the middle and lower divisions of the bay. Living specimens
were dredged from mud bottoms at depths of 3 and 314 fathoms.
They were also taken at the shore station near the Presidio.
Range—Vancouver, B. C., to Peru (Dall).

CARDIACEA

CARDIIDAE
Cardium Linnaeus
Cardium corbis (Martyn)
Plate 20, figures la and 1b, pl. 44

Pectunculus corbis Martyn (1784), pl. 28, fig. 2.
Cardium corbis Carpenter (1863), p. 642; Wood and Raymond (1891),
p. 55; Arnold, R. (1903), p. 140; Keep (1911), p. 72, fig. 47.
Description.—This species was described by Arnold (1903) as follows:
“‘Shell large, subtrigonal, ventricose, thick; umbones prominent, anterior
to center; surface ornamented with about thirty-seven prominent regular,
squarish, close-set, radiating ridges, which are made more or less rugose by
incremental ridges on their surface; near the posterior margin these ridges
become more rounded and less prominent; between the ridges are equal, deep,
canal-like grooves; margin crenulated; ligament short, external, prominent; each
valve with one prominent cardinal tooth, and two laterals, one anterior and
the other posterior; muscle impressions prominent, subequal.’’
Length, 2 to 75 mm.

1918 | Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 267

Occurrence.—At stations D 5700* (1, 17), D5701 (1), D 5702
(4, 19), D 5703 (7), D5704 (3), D5705 (15), D5706 (4), D5708
(6; 8), D’5709) (3,3), D5710 (2), D5711 (2); Di 5712 (3), D 5713 (6
DSA (4 1)e Dolby (2), Didi23(255) 5 Diai24 (4). Disr25 (2,2),
DSi265(4)5 Diai28 (25 1); DisT29 (2) Dists0)(3)— Dibi3lt (ied),
IDEVe2 (Gi), ID SEIS (Gis IDE (Gin), ID Eee (Ee AD), IDE (ZAR
D 5741 (f.), D5742 (13), D5748 (6, 46), D 5744

(6 5), D5745
(2, 15), D 5746 ( c 2), D 5747 (1), D 5748 (3), D5750 (f.), D 5751
(£.), te @), 5754 (2, 5), D5755 (32), D5756 (2), D5757
(29, 1), D 5764 ( ee, ge in D 5767 (3, 8), D 5768 (1), D 5772
@. ane (3) ge (1), D 5782

(1, 1), D 5784 (£.
D 5799 (1 ) D 580
D 5808 (1), 09 (2
(3), D 5823 ee

B

* 5798
8. D5 Cs (2, 1 ; oe 5802 (1), D 5803
5821 A (1, a 5821 B (1, 1), D 5822 B
1D), en (51), ae B (19), D5825 (1, 4),
D 5825 A (9), D 5825 B (1), D 5826 (3), D 5826 A (6), D 5826 B
(5), D 5827 (12), D 5827 A (7 ), D 5828 (1), D 5828 B (16), D 5829 A
(7), D'5831 (1,2), D 5882) (2), D 5833 (29), D5834 (4), D 5835 (2),
D 5839 (1), D 5841 (11 , D 5843 (1), D 5844 (1), D 5847 B (1).
This common West Coast cockle has been reported by a number
of writers from this region. It has a general distribution, being more
frequently taken within the middle division of the bay. Living speci-
mens were dredged at forty stations in depths ranging up to 19 fath-
oms. About two-thirds of these hauls were made in less than 10
fathoms. It appears to be predominately mud-dwelling species,
although it occurs on all types of bottom.
Range.—Bering Sea to San Diego, California (Dall).

Cardium (Protocardia) centifilosum Carpenter
Plate 20, figures 2a, 2b, 2c, and 2d

Cardium var. centifilosum Carpenter (1863), p. 642.
Protocardia centifilosa, Dall (1900a), p. 1113; Arnold, R. (1903), p. 142.
Description.—The following is Arnold’s (1903) description of this species:
‘Shell small, suboval, ventricose, thin; umbones central, prominent, only
very slightly bent; surface sculptured by numerous fine, close-set, rounded,
radiating ridges, which are made slightly rugose by numerous fine, incremental
lines on their surface; thin, sharp teeth in each valve; pallial sinus shallow,
wide; margin beautifully and sharply serrate.’’

Length, 3 to 14 mm.

268 ; University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.14

Occurrence.—At station D 5785* (2), D 5787 (1), D 5789 (2, 4).

This species has seldom been taken north of Monterey Bay. It is
restricted in the Survey collections to the vicinity of the Farallon
Islands. Living specimens were dredged at two stations in 40 and 46
fathoms on a bottom of fine dark green sand.

Range.—The typical species, and the variety C. richardsoni (Whit-
eaves), ranges from Queen Charlotte Islands to Lower California
(Dall).

VENERACEA

VENERIDAE
Marcia (H. and A. Adams) Fischer

Marcia subdiaphana (Carpenter)
Plate 19, figure 3
Clementia subdiaphana Carpenter (1863), p. 640; (1865a), p. 56; Dall
(1891), p. 185.

Description.—Dall (1891) characterizes this species as follows:

‘<The original specimens of this species were young and subdiaphanous. .. .
The young shell is greenish, white, very thin and usually more elongated in
proportion than the adult. Inside it (the adult shell) is of a dead chalk-white,
with the muscular and pallial impressions polished.’’

Length, 5 to 20 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5785 (4,3), D 5786 (2), D 5789 (13, 4),
D 5790 (1).

This northern species has not hitherto been reported from this
vicinity. Living specimens were dredged at four stations in the
vicinity of the Farallon Islands in 33 to 46 fathoms. The bottom
is comprised of fine dark green sand.

In Puget Sound this species attains a size more than twice that of
the largest specimen in our collections. In all other respects the
forms are identical. It thus appears that this form diminishes in
size toward the southern limit of its range. Several specimens in the
collection of the Scripps Institution for Biological Research, obtained
from the vicinity of the Channel Islands are in accord with this sug-
gestion, being very diminutive in comparison to the Puget Sound
forms.

The fossil species Marcia oregonense Conrad is yery closely related
to Marcia subdiaphana. Tf it is identical this form will take the name

of the former.
Range—Unimak Pass, Alaska to San Pedro, California.

1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 269

Saxidomus Conrad

Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad
Plate 21, figure 2
Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad (1837), p. 249, pl. 19, fig. 12; Dall (1902), p. 391.
Saxidomus aratus Gould, Carpenter (1863), p. 641; Arnold, R. (1903),
p- 151.

Saxidomus giganteus Deshayes, Dall (1902), p. 391.

Saxidomus squalidus Deshayes, Carpenter (1863), p. 641.
Description.—This species was described by Conrad (1837) as follows:
‘*Shell suboval; disk rough, with concentric striae, elevated on the posterior

slope; posterior extremity truncated; colour white, with brown spots and stripes
about the umbo and ligament margin.’’
Length, 15 to 105 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5701 (1), D5702? (6), D5703* (2),
D 5779 (1), D5801 (15), D 5827 (1), D 5827 A (1), D 5829 A (2),
D 5842 (1), D 5843 (8), and questionably at D 5704, D 5744, D 5809,
D 5825, D 5844.

This species has heretofore been considered as occurring mainly
south of San Francisco. It has been thought to differ from a northern
form known as Saridomus giganteus in its more pronounced concentric
ribbing and in the purple coloration of the interior of the shell. -The
identification of the specimens obtained by the Survey led to an
examination of a large number of fossil and Recent specimens from
various localities. Measurements and a detailed study of the promi-
nent shell characters of the Recent specimens showed that there was
such a commingling of characters as to indicate that the northern and
southern forms were not separable. The purple coloration, thought to
be characteristic of the southern form not only has been reported on
specimens from Puget Sound but has since been found by the writer
on a typical specimen of the northern form obtaimed from Sylvan,
Washington. Dr. B. L. Clark and the writer in examining the Mio-
cene forms found gradational types connecting forms as divergent
as any occurring at the present time. Clark recognizes, therefore, but
the one species in his recent paper (1915, p. 420).

The single living specimen was dredged in 814 fathoms in the mid-
dle division of the bay. This species occurs upon gravelly bottoms,
being among the list of those prevalent for that bottom group. It
is confined in its local distribution to the middle division of the bay,
occurring more abundantly in the outer portion of the Golden Gate.

Range.—Aleutian Islands, Alaska to San Diego, California.

270 University of California Publications in Zoology (Vou. 14

Paphia Bolten
Paphia staminea (Conrad)
Plate 21, figure la and 1b, pl. 45
Venus staminea Conrad (1837), p. 250, pl. 19, fig. 15.
Tapes staminea, Carpenter (1863), p. 641; Wood and Raymond (1891), p.
55; Arnold, R. (1903), p. 150, pl. 14, fig. 4; Dall (1902a), p. 397.

Description.—Conrad (1837) described this species as follows:

““Shell suboval, or suborbicular, convex, with numerous crowded radiating
str.ae, and finer concentric lines, most distinet on the anterior side; posterior
extremity direct; ligament margin nearly parallel with the base; colour varie-
gated with yellowish and brown, and with brown angular spots; cardinal teeth
compressed; sinus of palleal impression profound.’’

Length, 2 to 75 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5703 (4), D 5704 (3, 1), D 5705 (6),
D 5706 (4), D5712* (1), D5713 (1), D 5723 (6, 1), D5740 (2),
Di5743) (47), Dat44 (7, 1), Dis762) (1); DIST67 (2), D sti2@).
D 5773 (1, 1), D 5778 (1), D 5781 (1), 5795 (1), D 5796 (1), D 5800
(1), D 5808 (1), D5823 A (8), D5827 (1), D5833 (4, 2), D 5840
(16), D 5842 (1), D 5843 (3), D 5846 (13), Standard Oil Pier, Rich-
mond (1), Red Rock (2), Sausalito (7, 16), and questionably at
D 5729, D 5736, D 5737, D 5754, D 5768, D 5845.

This edible clam is known on the West Coast by a number of varie-
ties which have been redefined by Dall (1902). The typical form has
been reported from these local waters by Wood and Raymond (1891).
In speaking of this form Dall (1902, p. 397) states that it has fine
even radial riblets and inconspicuous concentric sculpture, and that
it has a yellowish-white color with purplish-brown maculations. The
variety P. straminea var. petitc (Deshayes) lacks the maculations and
has the seulpture markedly separated into areas. This form com-
monly oceurs north of the Columbia River although it probably occurs
farther south. The form P. staminea var. laciniata Carpenter, most
common south of Monterey resembles the Columbia River form in the
type of ribbing except that spines are developed at the intersections
of the radial and concentric ribs. The northern form P. staminea var.
ruderata (Deshayes) has very pronounced concentric sculpture. An-
other type which conforms in shape to cavities in rocks or pholadid
borings in which it may happen to become imprisoned is known as
P. staminea var. orbella Carpenter.

The specimens obtained by the Survey appear to belong to the
typical form except for a few crude specimens found as nestlers in

1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 271

pholadid borings. These few are not considered separately in this
report.

The distribution chart (plate 45) shows that this species is re-
stricted to the middle and lower division of the bay. Living specimens
were dredged at twelve stations in 114 to 10 fathoms, and shells were
obtained at a number of other stations including several shore stations.

Range.—Typieal form: Crescent City, California, to Socorro Island
(Dall). Ineluding varieties, Aleutian Islands to Socorro Islands
(Dall).

Paphia staminea (Conrad) var. ruderata (Deshayes)

Chione ruderata Deshayes (1853), p. 136.
Venus staminea, var. ruderata, Wood and Raymond (1891), p. 55.
Paphia staminea, var. ruderata, Dall (1902a), p. 398.

Description—Dall (1902a) described this variety as follows:

““This form, which is found chiefly in the north, is characterized by the
turgidity and prominence of the concentric sculpture, which becomes more
conspicuous than the radial ribs. Occasionally the shells are delicate and
elegant, but usually specimens of this variety are rude and irregular, coarse
and unattractive.’’

This variety is a northern form occasionally occurring as far south
as San Francisco. Although it was listed from this region by Wood
and Raymond (1891) it has not been recognized in the Survey collee-
tions.

Range.—Bering Sea to Lobitas, California (Dall).

Paphia staminea (Conrad) var. orbella (Carpenter)
Plate 19, figure 6
Paphia staminea var. orbella Carpenter, Dall (1902a), p. 398.

Description.—Dall (1902a) characterizes this species as follows:

‘«This variety comprised those specimens which have nestled in the borings
of large Pholads of the coast, ...and have been obliged to grow into an
abnormal swollen and tumid shape. They are usually chalky and of a gray
tint.”

A number of specimens of Paplia staminea were found as nestlers
in borings of pholads, some of these might easily be considered as
belonging to this variety, yet for the purposes of this report they have

not been listed separately.
Range.—Kodiak Island, Alaska to San Diego, California (Dall).

~&

272 University of California Publications in Zoology — [Vou. 14

Paphia staminea Conrad var. petiti (Deshayes)

Venerupis petiti Deshayes (1839).
Tapes diversa Sowerby, Wood and Raymond (1891), p. 55.
Papia staminea var. Petiti, Dall (1902a), p. 398.
Description.—The following is Dall’s (1902a) description of this variety:
*e., . yellowish, chalky white or dull gray color without maculations, sculp-
ture markedly separated into areas.’’

This variety has been reported from this region by several col-
lectors. According to Dall (1902, p. 398) in its northern form being
common north of the Columbia River.

Range—Aleutian Islands to San Quentin Bay, Lower California
(Dall).

Paphia tenerrima (Carpenter)
Plate 22, figures la and 1b

Tapes tenerrima Carpenter (1856d), p. 200; Carpenter (1863), p. 641; Wood
and Raymond (1891), p. 55.

Paphia tenerrima, Dall (1902a), p. 399; Arnold, R. (1903), p. 151, pl. 14,
fig. 6.

Description—Arnold (1903) deseribed this species as follows:

‘Shell large and thin, (?) oval, convex; surface sculptured by numerous low,
sharp, concentric frills, and numerous fine, rounded, crowded, radiating lines,
these latter being almost obsolete in some specimens; margin smooth, hinge long
the middle one in the left valve prominently bifid; pallial sinus very deep and
and narrow; three teeth in each valve, the anterior two rounded; no lunule.’’

Length, 8 to 12 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5744 (2), D5808 (2), and question-
ably at D 5779 (1).

This bivalve is listed by several collectors from this region. Only
very immature specimens that have been referred to this species were
obtained by the Survey. Two living specimens were dredged within
the middle segment of the bay in 514 fathoms from a bottom composed
of mud and sand.

Range.—Strait of Juan de Fuca, Washington, to San Quentin Bay,
Lower California (Dall).

Venerupis Lamarck

Venerupis lamellifera (Conrad)

Venus lamellifera Conrad (1837), p. 251, pl. 19, fig. 19.
Rupellaria lamellifera, Carpenter (1863), p. 641.
Venerupis lamellifera, Dall (1902a), p. 400.

Petricola lamellifera, Arnold, R. (1903), p. 155.

1918 | Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 273

Desecription.—This was originally deseribed by Conrad (1837) as follows:

**Shell suboval, compressed; disks with about eight lamelliform concentric
slightly reflected ribs, and very obscure radiating sulci; posterior extremity
widely truncated; color white; palleal impression with a profound sinus.’’

Both Cooper and Dall mention this species as occurring on the
Farallon Islands. It is not found in the Survey collections.
Range.—Farallon Islands to Lower California (Oreutt).

Gemma Deshayes
Gemma gemma (Totten) var. purpurea (Lea)

Cyrena purpurea Lea (1842), p. 106.
Gemma gemma, Stearns (1899e), p. 86.
Gemma gemma, Dall (1902a), p. 401.

Description.—This variety was described by Lea (1842) as follows:

*‘Shell rounded-triangular, equilateral, sub-inflated, somewhat thick, pale
purple and partly white, with transverse striae; beaks prominent; margin not
crenulated.

Distinguished from the Venus gemma by its equilateral form and want of
crenulations on the margin. The beaks are rounded at the summit. It has
usually a dark purple mark along the posterior margin, which gradually fades
off, and the anterior portion of the shell is whitish. Occasionally, however, it
is nearly all purple, but darker toward the posterior margin, and I have one
specimen which is pinkish. The striae are perfectly regular and at even
distances.’’

Length, 2 to 5 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5723 (1), D5754 (5), D5771 (1),
D 5828 A (204), D 5828 B (12), D 5840 (8, 8), north of Key Route
Pier, Oakland, (2500), and questionably at D 5768, D 5810.

This exotic species was first reported by Stearns in 1899. It now
occurs abundantly in the shallower waters within the lower division
of the bay, occurring also along the eastern shores of the middle
division. The record of a single specimen from the vicinity of Sausa-
lito may indicate the present range of the species from the oyster beds
near Point San Mateo, which represents the supposed center of dis-
persal for this form.

Range.—Known only on West Coast from San Francisco Bay.

Psephidia Dall
Psephidia ovalis Dall
Plate 20, figure 4

Psephidia ovalis Dall (1902a), p. 407, pl. 16, fig. 4.
Description.—The original description as given by Dall (1902) is as follows:
“Shell small, white, polished, oval, subcompressed; surface with obsolete
concentric threads near the anterior base, but over most of the disk smooth;

274 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou. 14

beaks small and very low, at about the anterior third of the length; lunule
elongated, extremely narrow, nearly as long as the anterior dorsal slope;
escutcheon linear or none; interior white, the pallial sinus moderate, pointed;
internal margin delicately striated; hinge well developed, like that of P. lordi,
with three entire cardinals and no anterior lateral tooth.’’

Length, 2 to 5 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5705 (1), D5739 (11), D 5748 (7),
D 5755 (1), D5773 (1), D5785* (11, 4), D 5787 (23), D5799 (1),
D 5822 B (16), D 5825 A (134), D 5826 B (32), D 5828 A (249, 6),
D 5828 B (262), D 5830 A (4, 20), and questionably at D 5756, D 5778,
D 5779, Red Rock.

This species has not hitherto been reported as far south as San
Francisco. It has been dredged by the ‘‘Albatross’’ only from the
middle portion of the bay and the waters outside the Golden Gate.
Living specimens were obtained at ten stations in depths ranging from
31% to 40 fathoms, on bottoms which are predominately sandy.
Bering Sea to San Diego, California (Orcutt).

Range.

PETRICOLIDAE
Petricola Lamarck

Petricola carditoides (Conrad)

Plate 20, figures 6a and 6b
Saxicava carditoides Conrad (1837), p. 255, pl. 20, fig. 8.
Petricola carditoides, Arnold, R. (1903), p. 154.
Description.—This species was described by Arnold (1903) as follows:
“Shell of medium size and variable outline, generally oblong-oval, convex,
thick; surface ornamented with fine, concentric, incremental lines, which some-
times form irregular ridges, and by fine, wavy, radiating lines; hinge-area
prominent; three cardinal teeth in each valve, the anterior one smallest; margin

smooth.’’
Length, 14 to 45 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5808 (2), D 5809 (2), D 5846 (2, 11),
“and questionably at D 5845.

This species has been listed from this region by Carpenter and
subsequent writers. Dredged by the Survey from the western portion
of Golden Gate in 43 to 53 fathoms. Living specimens found as
nestlers in pholadid borings at a depth of 45 fathoms. Also found
by Mr. A. L. Barrows in similar situations between the tides on the
shore of Goat Island.

Range—Vancouver Island to Lower California (Dall).

1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 275

TELLINACEA

TELLINIDAE
Tellina Linnaeus

Tellina bodegensis Hinds
Plate 25, figure 5

Tellina bodegensis Hinds (1844a), p. 67, pl. 21, fig. 2; Dall (1900b), p. 304;
Arnold, R. (1908), p. 158, pl. 15, fig. 8.

Description—The following is Arnold’s (1903) deseription of this species:

““Shell of medium size, elongated, narrow-ovate, rather thick; umbones
posterior to center and pointing posteriorly; anterior portion of shell evenly
rounded, the dorsal and ventral lines being nearly parallel; posterior dorsal
margin depressed back of umbo, running off quite obliquely to a line which
truncates the posterior end near the base; basal posterior angle nearly a right
angle; basal line nearly straight; a prominent bifid cardinal tooth on each valve;
pallial sinus long and narrow; generally thickened anteriorly.’’

Length, 48 mm.

Occurrence —At station D 5843 (1).

This shell is listed by Wood and Raymond from San Francisco.
It occurs commonly along the beaches both north and south of the
Golden Gate, but is not known to oeceur within San Francisco Bay.
A single valve was dredged in the vicinity of Mile Rock.

Range.—Queen Charlotte Island, B. C., to Gulf of California
(Dall).

Tellina buttoni Dall

Plate 25, figures 7a and 7b

Tellina buttoni Dall (1900b), p. 320, pl. 4, figs. 12, 13; (1900a), p. 1036,
pl. 47, fig. 18; Arnold, R. (1903), p. 157, pl. 16.
Angulus modestus? var. obtusus Carpenter (1863), p. 639.

Description—This species was renamed, and redeseribed by Dall (1900b) as
follows:

“«Shell elongated, subequilateral, compressed, polished, white, rounded be-
fore, slightly shorter and pointed behind, with a slight flexuosity; surface finely
concentrically grooved, with wider interspaces, the sculpture stronger on the
right valve and anteriorly; beaks low, inconspicuous; interior polished, white,
with a well-marked thickened ray behind the anterior abductor scar; pallial
sinus reaching the ray, confluent below.’’

Length, 8 to 15 mm.

Occurrence —At stations D 5739* (2), D5743 (7), D5778 (1),
D 5821 A (1), D5825 A (3), D5825 B (1), D 5830 A (4), D 5840
(8), and questionably at D 5787.

276 University of California Publications in Zoology — [Vou. 14

This species has not hitherto been reported from this region. It
has been taken by the Survey only in the middle and lower divisions
of the bay. Living specimens were dredged in 81% to 11 fathoms from
bottoms that were prevailingly sandy.

Range.—lLituya Bay, Alaska, to Guadalupe, Mexico (Dall).

Tellina carpenteri Dall
Plate 25, figures 10a and 10b

Tellina carpenteri Dall (1900b), p. 320, pl. 4, figs. 12 and 13.

Description.—Dall (1900b) writes that:

‘*Gmelin’s species is also an Angulus, and therefore the Californian form
(Angulus variegatus Carpenter) requires a new name.’’ Dall also states that
the ‘‘elevated internal ray is absent or obsolete.’’

Length, 10 to 12 mm.

Occurrence—At station D 5788* (3).

This species has not hitherto been reported from this region. Three
valves, which are referred to this species, were obtained by the Survey
in 68 fathoms just south of the Farallon Islands.

Range.—Neah Bay, Washington, to Gulf of California (Dall).

Tellina salmonea (Carpenter)
Plate 25, figures 3a and 3b; pl. 46

Moera salmonea Carpenter (1863), pl. 639; (1864b), p. 423.
Angulus salmonea, Wood and Raymond (1891), p. 55.
Tellina salmonea, Dall (1900b), p. 302; Arnold, R. (1903), p. 157, pl. 13,
fig. 7.
Description.—This species was described by Arnold (1903) as follows:
‘«Shell small, suboval, convex, equivalve, inequilateral, thin; umbones an-
terior to center, small, sharp; anterior extremity short, rounded; posterior dorsal
margin straight; posterior extremity acutely rounded; ventral margin evenly
arcuate; surface glossy, ornamented with fine, concentric, incremental lines, and
obsolete radiating scratches; cardinal tooth small, bifid; no lateral teeth; pallial
sinus long, broad; one faint, internal, submarginal, posterior, radiating ridge.’’
Length, 4 to 16 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5700 (8), D 5701 (2, 5), D 5702 (4),
DS T08 (21) Disi0) CL) Ds tll (252) ee is fale (il) pe 5 ral (Gamelblo)
D 5731 (34, 600), D 5732 (3, 33), D 5735 (7), D 5736 (93), D 5787 (1),
D 5788 (4), D 5741 (5), D 5746 (2), D 5776 (f.), D5795 (7), D 5796
(2), D 5800 (2, 19), D 5801 (10), D 5809 (1), D 5821 A (2), D 5821 B
(2, 3), D 5825 B (1), D 5826 A (1), D 5826 B (3), D 5827 (3), D 5827
A (4), D 5827 B (2), D 5829 A (6, 27), D 5834 (2), D 5841 (8).

This salmon-tinted shell has been reported by several collectors
from San Francisco. It has been taken by the Survey at a number of

1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay Q77

stations both within and west of the Golden Gate. Living specimens
were obtained at ten stations at depths of 614 to 17 fathoms, on bot-
toms that are predominantly sandy. The largest number of specimens
were obtained at D 5731 at a depth of 16 fathoms and on a bottom of
sand and gravel.

Range—Kodiak Island, Alaska, to San Pedro, California.

Macoma Leach

Macoma balthica (Linnaeus)
Plate 25, figures 1, 2, and 9; pl. 47
Tellina balthica Linnaeus (1758), p. 677.
Macoma inconspicua Broderip and Sowerby, Carpenter (1863), p. 639;
Wood and Raymond (1891), p. 55.
Description.—Professor Clark translates the original description as follows:
“«Shell of the size of the seed of the white lupine, somewhat delicate, very
fragile, interior white, exterior flesh colored, of a rounded triangular shape.’’
Length, 3 to 35 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5704 : \e
DS TAONG) Dis ti5(2)5 Dis T1610). D'5i
G5) Dint29(G ED ae (G5 25)5 1) eu

5705 (10, a D 5706 (2),
Sr SLOT GD) Dra i20

(39), D 5749 a 1D), 1D) SesO) (Gh), 1D} 4

(2, 2h ey 7 (7), D5758 (48), nes (

(42, “Da Sl (2), D5782 (9), D 5793 ea iq ID DIES (5 Oy
on ie ; PD), DY TO (ADE IDs HO) (G5 ID) SysHlal (ad, '3}))5 Daisey (aly),
D 5815 A (1), D 5816 (12), D 5816 B (2, 2), D 5818 A (8), D 5818 B
(14), D 5819 (7, 5), D5819 A (3, 2), D5820 A (2), D5820 B (9),
D 5821, D 5825 A (1), D5827 A (1), D5830 B (5), D5833 (128),
Key Route Pier, Oakland (9, 4), and questionably at D 5744, D 5748,
D 5762, D 5763, D 5821, D 5828 A, D 5831.

This prevalent species was taken by the Survey only within San
Francisco Bay. It is very abundant in the middle division of the
bay and was occasionally taken in the upper bay even in the freshened
waters of Carquinez Strait.

Range.—Cireumpolar, south to San Diego, California (Dall).

Macoma indentata Carpenter
Plate 25, figure 4

Macoma indentata Carpenter (1863), p. 639; Arnold, R. (1903), p. 161,
pl. 16, fig. 1.
Description.—Arnold (1903) described this species as follows:
‘«Shell of medium size, rather narrow, suboval, compressed, thin; umbones
slightly posterior to center; anterior end long and evenly rounded; posterior

278 University of California Publications in Zoology — [Vou. 14

dorsal line straight; ventral line near posterior end indented, the posterior ex-
tremity being much projected and sharply rounded; fold prominent; ligamental
area short, scooped out.’’

Length, 25 mm.

Occurrence.—At station D 5791 (1).

This species is represented by a single valve dredged outside the
Golden Gate in 29 fathoms. It rarely oceurs north of Monterey,
although Miss Bertha Challis informs the writer that it is found in
Puget Sound.

Range.—San Francisco to Lower California (Dall).

Macoma inquinata (Deshayes)
Plate 23, figures 2a, 2b, 3a, and 3b; plate 24, figures la and 1b; plate 48

Tellina inquinata Deshayes (1854), p. 357; Carpenter (1863), p. 639; Wood
and Raymond (1891), p. 55; Dall (1960b), p. 307; Arnold, R. (1903),
p. 162, pl. 16, fig. 4.

Description—Arnold (1903) deseribed this species as follows:

“*Shell of medium size, suboval, convex, thin, equivalve; umbones subcen-
tral; anterior end dilated, rather prominently so in front of umbo of right valve;
posterior end evenly arcuate from umbo and acutely rounded at posterior end
about half way between dorsal and ventral margins; ligament of medium
length, not prominent; two small cardinal teeth in each valve; pallial sinus does
not reach anterior muscle-impression in the left valve.’’

Length, 4 to 55 mm.

Occurrence—At stations D 5700 (8), D5702* (5), D5705 (2),

D 5708 (2, 1), D5711 (9), D5712* (16), D5713 (13), D 5738 (2),
D 5742 oF D 5749 (7), D5752 (11, 2), D5755 (2), D5763 (3),
D 5773 (4, 7), D5778 (5), D5779 (11), 1D 5784 (1), D5795 (16),
D 5796 At D 5798 (2), D5799 (2), D 5800 (15), D 5808 (1), D 5810

(1), D 5824 B (19), D 5825 (7), D 5725 A (7), D 5825 B (10), D 5825
(10), D5826 A (4), D5826 B (3), D5827 (48), D5827 A (49),
D 5827 B (2), D 5828 B (3), D 5829 A (22), D 5832 A (3), D 5835
(7), D 5834 (7), D5841 (3), D 5848 (4), Richmond (1), Sausalito
(2), and questionably from D 5714, D 5731, D 5737, D 5766, D 5783,
D 5846, D 5848, Red Rock.

This common species is questionably represented in the Survey
collections from the open ocean and abundantly represented from the
bay. It was dredged most frequently within the middle division of
the bay from a variety of types of bottoms.

Range—Bering Strait to Monterey, California (Dall).

1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 279

Macoma nasuta (Conrad)
Plate 23, figures la, 1b, 1c, and 1d; pl. 49

Tellina nasuta Conrad (1837), p. 258.
Macoma nasuta Carpenter (1863), p. 639; Wood and Raymond (1891), p.
55; Dall (1900b), p. 307; Arnold, R. (1903), p. 163, pl. 16, fig. 3.

Description.—This species was originally described by Conrad (1837) as
follows:

“*Shell ovate, compressed, smooth but not polished; anterior side diated;
posterior side cuneiform, extremity truncated, much above the line of the base;
fold carinated on the superior valve; beaks central, slightly prominent; epi-
dermis extremely thin and deciduous, finely wrinkled, brown; pallial impression
of the left valve joining the anterior cicatrix at its lower posterior angle.’’

Length, 3 to 70 mm.

Occurrence—At stations D 5701 (2), D5703 (8), D 5704 (2, 2),
D 5705 (17), D5706 (16, 2), D 5708 (13, 3), D5709* (8, 37), D 5714
(GES PAL), ID) Sales (GE AD), Dal. (PA), ID Sials) ())\, IDES (io, O))p
D 5724 (4), D 5725 (28, 7), D 5726 (28, iy ID) Se (2 ILA Ne Dy sires}
(3) Dia(291(6.5) Di5730' (43), D 5739) (83), Ds740) (Gy 5), D542
(5), D 5743 (52, 8), D 5744 (50, 16), D BAS (39), D 5746 (8), D 5748
(1, 6), D 5749 (f), ID GO (OZ 1), ID Eyl (HO), ID GE! Co, tA
ID) Byte) (Gr ee re Hi (Ge Da IDE (C4), Dats} (G)),, IDai(ss (G5 TW).
1D) HG (GF, WA), 1D) HGS (6h Pie IDA (Gi), INSTA (Gy BS). ID aie
(14), D 5778 ee Di5779) (19), Di5780) (10), DsTsl (5,2). Dist95
(6), D5796 (3), Dail 8 (14), D5799 (2), Beet Gir Diss0l Tei
D 5802 (23), D 58038 (24, 12), D 5805 se 5808 (3), D 5811 (7, 1),
D 5816 (2), D 5819 (14), D 5819 A (2), = ONC) Di5820 RAN Ge 2).
1D:5821 (2), D 5821 5 ee D 5822 (3), D 5822 A (1, 27), D 5822 B
(1, 9), D 58238 (39, 2 5823 A (1, 18), ae 3 B (8), D 5824 (14),
D 5824 A (2), D582 ane (GD, (53), DBE) (zz, 119), 825 A (6, 18),
D 5825 B (132), D5826 (138), D5826 A (6), D5826 B (1, 100),
D 5827 (1), D 5827 B (4), D5828 (18), D 5828 A 3), D 5828 B
(7, 2), D 5829 A (1), D 5830 (2), D5833 B (9, 2), D 5831 (2, 8),
D 5832 A (7), D5833 (29), D 5834 (7, 40), D 5835 (2, 26), D 5886
(98), D 5839 (122), D 5841 (25), D 5843 (2), D 5847 (7), D 5847 B
(94), D 5848 (4), D5849 (112, 15), Standard Oil Pier, Richmond
(3), Key Route Pier, Oakland (4, 1), MeNeer’s Landing (9), Sausa-
lito (1), and questionably at D 5773, D 5786, D 5788.

This is one of the most common species of the molluscan fauna.
It has a general distribution throughout the bay, adapting itself to a
wide range of environmental conditions. Its distribution pattern ap-

(8
D

5
982
Re

280 University of California Publications in Zoology (Vou. 14

pears to be unrelated to the distribution of any particular type of
bottom.
Range.—Aleutian Islands, Alaska, to Lower California.

Macoma yoldiformis Carpenter
Plate 25, figure 6
Macoma yoldiformis Carpenter (1863), p. 639; (1865a), p. 55; Dall (1990b),
p. 309; Arnold, R. (1903), p. 165, pl. 16, fig. 6.
Description.—Arnold’s (1903) description of this species is as follows:
“*Shell small, subelliptical, compressed, very thin and fragile; umbones
slightly posterior to center; anterior end evenly rounded, longer than posterior
side, which is very faintly folded, biangular and more cuneiform; surface
smooth, except for very fine incremental lines; ligamental area scooped out
about one-half length of posterior end; teeth very small.’’
Length, 16 to 22 mm.

Occurrence —At stations D 5785* (2), D 5786 (1), D 5789 (1, 1).

This bivalve has not been reported from this region by earlier
collectors. It is restricted to the collections from the open ocean. A
single lying specimen was dredged by the ‘‘ Albatross’’ in 46 fathoms
on a bottom of fine dark green sand. Shells were dredged at two
other stations at depths of 39 and 40 fathoms.

Range.—Strait of Juan de Fuca, Washington, to San Diego, Cali-
fornia (Arnold).

Macoma secta (Conrad )
Plate 25, figure 8

Tellina secta Conrad (1837), p. 257.
Macoma secta, Arnold, R. (1903), p. 164, pl. 16, fig. 5; Dall (1900b), p. 309.

Description—This species was originally deseribed by Conrad (1837) as
follows:

‘‘Shell triangular or subelliptical, equilateral, thin, smooth and polished,
covered with a very thin shining yellowish epidermis; umbonial slope angulated;
posterior extremity broadly and obliquely truncated; cartilage short, thick,
inserted on an elongated oblique rib-like callous; margin beneath the cartilage
with an ovate gape, appearing as if cut or broken; color white within and
without.’’

Carpenter reports this species from the Farallones. It is abundant
along the beaches on the open ocean both north and south of the
Golden Gate. No specimens were obtained by the Survey.

Range.—Vancouver Island to Gulf of California (Dall).

1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 281

SOLENACEA

SOLENIDAE
Solen Linnaeus

Solen sicarius Gould
, Plate 26, figure 1; plate 50
Solen sicarius Gould (1849d), p. 214; Carpenter (1863), p. 638; Arnold, R.
(1903), p. 172.
Description—The following is Arnold’s (1903) description of this species:
““Shell of medium size, elongated, transversely oblong, cylindrical, slightly
faleate; beaks terminal; anterior extremity truncate obliquely at angle of about
30 degrees, somewhat everted, the portion posterior to a line across from the
beak to the base, concave; posterior extremity rounded; dorsal edge rectilinear;
ventral edge regularly arcuate; surface undulated by lines of growth; hinge
with single, erect, recurved, triangular tooth in each valve.’’
Length, 18 to 73 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5705 (1), D 5839 (1), D5740 (2, 1),
D 5743 (1), D5744 (9, 1), D5745. (1, 4), D 5746 (f.), D5754 (1),
Di51887(4), Dis791* (1), D5798 G.)), D5799 (1), D825 (2), D/5828
A (1), and questionably at D 5764.

This razor clam was reported by Carpenter (1863) from San Fran-
cisco. It was taken by the ‘‘Albatross’’ only in the waters of the
open ocean and the middle division of the bay. Living specimens
were dredged within the Golden Gate in 514 to 18 fathoms, being
more commonly obtained at less than 10 fathoms. These forms lived
on bottoms comprised of muddy sand. Shells were encountered at a
depth of 68 fathoms near the Farallon Islands. Since this bivalve
burrows deeply in the sand and would rarely be captured in the trawl,
it is probably much more widely distributed than is indicated above.

Range—Vancouver Island to San Quentin, Lower California
(Oreutt).

Siliqua Mergerle
Siliqua nuttalli (Conrad)
Plate 26, figures 2a and 2b

Solecurtus nuttalli Conrad (1837), p. 232, pl. 17, fig. 9.
Machoera patula Carpenter (1863), p. 638 (in part).
Siliqua patula Carpenter, Wood and Raymond (1891), p. 55.
Siliqua patula var. nuttalli, Arnold, R. (1903), p. 173.
Description.—This species was originally described by Conrad (1837) as
follows:
‘Shell oblong-oval, thin, fragile, compressed; posterior margin more ob-
tusely rounded than the anterior; color white, obscurely rayed; epidermis horn

282 University of California Publications in Zoology — (Vou. 14

color, with paler spots; beaks purple; cardinal teeth two in the right valve,
lamellar, remote; in the left valve four; rib broad, oblique.’’
Length, 15 to 65 mm.

Occurrence—At stations D 5731 (3), D5732* (12), D 5735 (2)
D 5736 (1), D 5737 (£.), D 5739 (4, 1), D 5741 (1), D 5778 (2), D 5796
(3, 1), D 5807 (2), and questionably at D 5772, D 5808, and D 5809.
This clam was reported by Wood and Raymond (1891) from San
Francisco County. It has been taken by the Survey in all but the
upper division of the bay. Living specimens are restricted to the
middle divisions in depths ranging from 18 to 1934 fathoms. Known
to occur along the shores of the open ocean. Since it burrows deeply
the distribution pattern probably gives an imperfect idea of the actual
distribution of this species. Judging from the data available, this
clam prefers sandy bottoms.
Range.—Lituya Bay, Alaska, to Monterey, California (Dall).

MAcTRACEA

MACTRIDAE
Spisula Gray
Spisula catilliformis Conrad
Plate 27, figures 1 and 2; plate 24, figure 2
Spissula catilliformis Conrad (1867), p. 193; Packard (1916), p. 285, pls.

17, 18, and 19.
Standella californica Conrad, Carpenter (1863), p. 640; Wood and Ray-
mond (1891), p. 55.

Description.—Conrad (1867) described this species as follows:

“*Suboval, inequilateral; anterior side slightly flattened or contracted; pos-
terior side with an oblique shallow groove or fold; lines of growth coarse and
prominent, lunule very long, elliptical; ventral margin tumid posteriorly;
cardinal pit oblique, large; pallial sinus extending beyond the middle of the

valve.’’

Length, 90 to 100 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5808 (1), D 5829 A (1), D 5842 (9),
D 5843 (5).

This large clam has been reported from San Francisco by various
collectors, often under the name of Standella californica. It is known
to occur commonly along the beaches of the open ocean. In the col-
lections of the Survey it is restricted to localities within the Golden
Gate west of Fort Point. Shells were dredged at depths of 1014 to
33 fathoms on gravelly bottoms.

Range—Straits of Juan de Fuca, Washington, to San Diego,

California.

1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 283

Schizothaerus Conrad
Schizothaerus nuttalli (Conrad)

Plate 28, figures la and 1b

Lutraria (Cryptodon) nuttalli Conrad (1837), p. 235, pl. 18, fig. 1.
Tresus nuttalli, Arnold, R. (1903), p. 178.
Schizothaerus nuttalli, Carpenter (1863), p. 640; Wood and Raymond
(1891), p. 55.
Description.—This species was originally described by Conrad as follows:
‘*Shell elliptical, slightly gibbous from beak to base; posterior side pro-
duced; ligament margin slightly declining, rectilinear, extremity obliquely sub-
truncated; umbo prominent; color white; epidermis very thin, brown, wrinkled
on the margins.’’
Length, 7 to 130 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5700 (2

D 5710) (£:), D 5712* (2), D 5713 (1), D 5732 €.), D 5738 (£.), D 5740
(1), D 5749* (10), D 5766 (1), D 5778 (2), D5795 (3), D 5796 (2),
D5798 (1), D5801 (3), D5808 (10), D5809 (10), D5821 B (1),
D 5826 (3), D 5827 (3), D 5833 (f.), D5827 A (2), D5827 B (2),

D 5828 B (f.), D 5829 A (3), D5844 (6), Sausalito shore (7), and
questionably at D 5752 and D 5760.

This species burrows deeply, and therefore was taken alive by the
dredge but once. Specimens were taken by the Survey only at the
outside stations and those within the middle portion of the bay. Shells
were dredged from depths up to 60 fathoms.

Dall recognizes the variety capar Gould as ranging from Kadiak,
Alaska, to San Francisco.

Range.—The typieal species, including the Alaskan variety, ranges
from Kadiak Island to Todos Santos Bay, Lower California.

MyacrEa
MYACIDAE

Mya Linnaeus
Mya arenaria Linnaeus

Plate 29, figures la and 1b, plate 52

Mya arenaria Linnaeus (1758), p. 670; Gould (1841), p. 40; Tryon (1873),
p. 140; Stearns (1881), p. 362; Woo and Raymond (1891), p. 55.
Mya hemphilli Newcomb (1874), p. 415.
Description.—Gould (1841) described this species in the following terms:
“‘Shell transversely ovate, subequilateral, convex, gaping at both ends,
but more so at the posterior end where the valves curve outwards. Beaks
small, epidermis rough, wrinkled, yellowish.’’
Length, 2 to 110 mm.

284 University of California Publications in Zoology — [ Vou. 14

Occurrence.—At stations D 5714 (4, 9), D 5716 (39), D 5717 (2,
Py) \y ID) EYAL) (4), IDE Al)8 (Gi), IDE al (25, 1), ID See Gr 25), 1D B028}
(2), D'5724 (9), D 5725 (1), D 5726 (5), D5729) (20; 21), 5730) (5);
D 5747 (2), D5749 (175), D 5750 (8, 18), D 5751 (27, 14), Db754
(32), D5757 (1, 20), D5758 (100, 7), D 5864 (3, 9), D 5766 (11,
11), D5767 (9, 56), D5768 (£), D577 (2,3), Dis772) (1), D 5780

é (2), D 5782) (2), D 5784 (5), D'5787 (11), D 5793 (8;
, D 5810 (35), D 5815 (7, 20), D 5815 A (5), D 5816
(15), D 581 ie (3), D 5817 (22) DISS PAS (96. 11S) Rs DselieBm Gl.
15), D 5818 B (10, 9), D 5819 (48), D 5819 A (f.), D 5819 B (3, 4),
D 5820 (5), D 5820 A (1), D 5822 A (187), D 5823 (4, 1), D 5823 B
(2), D 5824 A (f.), D 5824 B (1), D 5825 A (1), D 5831 (1), D 5832 A
(1), D 5833 (1), D 5834 (1), D 5841 (21), D 5847 (1), D 5847 B (4),
MeNeer’s Landing (7, 29), Red Rock (1), Key Route Pier, Oakland
(8), Sausalito (7, 7), Bonita Point (1), and questionably at D 5720,
D 5727, D 5752 and D 5756.

This species was first noted by Newcomb in 1874 and named by
him MW. hemphilli. It has since been recognized as being the eastern
species, and is presumed to have been inadvertently introduced. At
present this edible clam has a rather wide distribution on the West
Coast, occurring abundantly within San Francisco Bay and in other
bays northward to Puget Sound. By some authors it is considered to
have a circumpolar range extending southward into Alaskan waters.
As yet it has not been reported from the Californian Pleistocene beds
nor from the undisturbed kitchen middens of the San Francisco region.
This bivalve has a general distribution within the bay, which is per-
haps not correctly represented in plate 52 since it is a littoral or adlit-
toral species, which burrows deeply in mud or sand.

Range.—V ietoria, B. C., to Monterey, California. Introduced from
the Atlantie (Dall).

Mya (Cryptomya) californica (Conrad)
Plate 31, figures 2a and 2b, plate 53

Sphaenia californica Conrad (1837), p. 234, pl. 17, fig. 11.
Cryptomya californica, Carpenter (1863), p. 637; Wood and Raymond
(1891), p. 55; Arnold, R. (1903), p. 180.
Description—This species was originally described by Conrad (1837) as
follows:
“Shell suboval, convex-depressed, with radiating striae; obscure, except
towards the posterior extremity, where they are distinct; posterior margin

1918]’ Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 285

obliquely truncated, rectilinear; beaks central, ligament margin arcuate; tooth
much dilated, oblique; colour white; palleal impression without a sinus, but
forming a right angle posteriorly.’’

Length, 7 to 25 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5700 (2), D5701 (1), D5702 (2),
5705 (1, 1), D 5708 (3), D 5710 (5), D 5712 (9), D 5713 (3), D5714
(3), DsT1S (5), D5718 (1), D 5719 (1), D 5723 (2), D5724 (2),
D 5726 (3), D 5727 (4,11), D 5731 (5) D 5732 (4), D 5739 (6), D 5740
(4), D5741 (1), D5742 (25), D 5748 (2), D5744 (4), D 5745 (21),
DSTA C2e2) pei o2a(Z5\.3))) Didiipse cl) Di s54* «(5 Dib 5) (2).
ID ays (G2). ae (5), D5763 (6), D 5764 ee 5765 (4), D 5767
CDI S168 (3) pe oitle (2.9) Di sain aD) pe Dr Sie (2) , D5778
Oe eee 5784 (8), D 5795 (3), ps6 1) , D 5798 (14),
D 5800 (2), D 5808 (1), D5817 A (9), D5818 (1), D5818 A (10),
D 5818 B (3), D5819 A (6, 2), D5 820 A (1), see A (28, 14),
D 5821 B (23), D 5822 A (10), D 5822 B (114, 12), D 5823 A (16, 11),
D 5823 B (2, 2), D 5824 A (6, 23), D 5824 B (390, 1935), D 5825 (18),
D 5825 A (1, 87), D 5825 B (26), D 5826 (1), D 5826 A (195), D 5826
B (3), D 5827 A (5), D 5827 B (3), 5828 (7, 1), D 5828 A (1), D 5828
(414), D 5829 A (4), D 58382 A fi 6) DI5833) (id) s Dibs34(25).
D 5835 (1), D 5836 (1), D 5841 (18), D 5847 (1), D 5747 B (8), Key
Route Pier, Oakland (72), Sausalito (9), and questionably at D 5787,
D 5794, D 5831.

This prevalent species was taken by the Survey both from the bay
and open ocean. Its distribution differs from that of the preceding
species in that old shells occur more abundantly within the Golden
Gate and adjacent waters. It is not improbable that strong currents
of the Golden Gate transport these light shells from the shallower to
the deeper waters.

Range.—Chichagoff Island, Alaska to Topolobampo, Mexico (Dall).

Mya (Platydon) cancellata Conrad
Plate 29, figures 2a and 2b

Mya cancellata Conrad (1837), p. 236, pl. 18, fig. 2
Platyodon cancellatus, Carpenter (1863), p. 637; Dall (1898c), p. 858;
Arnold, R. (1903), p. 179.

Description—This species was originally described by Conrad (1837) as
follows:

“*Shell subelliptical, ventricose, with numerous prominent, slightly undulated
concentric striae; a slight furrow extends from beak to base; posterior side with
radiating striae; obsolete, or wanting on the posterior slope; umbo prominent;
posterior side short; cardinal tooth very erect, dilated, bimarginate.’’

286 University of California Publications in Zoology — [Vou. 14

Carpenter (1863) mentions that this species was sold in the
markets in San Francisco. It is known to occur as a borer in the rocks
along the ocean beach, both north and south of the Golden Gate.

Range—Bolinas Bay to Todos Santos Bay, Lower California
(Oreutt).

SAXICAVIDAE
Saxicava Fleuriau

Saxicava arctica (Linnaeus)
Plate 30, figure 4
Mya arctica Linneaus (1767), p. 1113.
Saxicava arctica, Carpenter (1863), p. 637; Wood and Raymond (1891),
p. 50.
Description.—Professor Clark translates the original description as follows:
‘*Shell the size of a bean, rough, similar in appearance to Arca noae, pale,
anterior end very obtuse, posterior end shorter, somewhat pointed; anterior
part projects beyond the lines of growth as two distinct angles, somewhat
pointed anteriorly. Milky colored internally; with scarcely any hinge.’’
Length, 3 to 25 mm.

Occurrence—At stations D 5762 (1), D5773 (2), D5845 (2),
D 5846 (7, 2).

Living specimens were dredged near Sausalito and within the
Golden Gate west of Fort Point. In several instances this species was
found as a nestler in pholadid borings.

Range—Aretie Ocean to Panama (Dall).

Saxicava pholadis (Linneaus)
Plate 30, figure 5
Saxicava pholadis (Linnaeus), Carpenter (1863), p. 637; Keep (1911), p.
101.

Description.—This species is characterized by Keep (1911) as follows:

‘«Shell small, thin, wrinkled and irregular. The beaks are near the front
of the shell which is abruptly terminated. Ligament small, extending behind
the beaks. Color ash white.’’

Length, 25 mm.

Occurrence.—At Sausalito (7).

This species is represented in the Survey collections by a single
specimen that was obtained from the beach at low tide line.

Range.—Cireumpolar ; Bering Sea to Panama (Dall).

1918 ] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 287

Panope Ménard
Panope generosa Gould

Panopea generosa Gould (1849d), p. 215,
Glycimeris generosa, Carpenter (1863), p. 637; Dall (1898c), p. 831; Arnold,
(1903), p. 182.

Description—In describing this species and its several varieties Dall (1898)
gives the following description of the typical form:

“‘Shell large, rather thin, nearly equilateral, the beaks slightly anterior,
the dorsal and ventral margins in the full grown shell parallel and nearly
straight, the pedal margin evenly rounded, the nymph narrow, and the attached
edge of the ligament very short; the pallial sinus wide and shallow.’’

Carpenter mentions this species among those occurring in this
region. It is not represented in the Survey collections.
Range.—Puget Sound to San Diego, California (Dall).

ADESMACEA

PHOLADIDAE
Pholas Linnaeus
Pholas pacificus Stearns

Pholas pacificus Stearns (1873), p. 81, pl. 1, figs. 5, 6, 6a, 6b, 6e.

Description—This species was originally described by Stearns (1875) as
follows:

“*Shell oblong, beaks two-fifths of length of shell from anterior end; anterior
end of valves triangular, pointed; anterior dorsal edge of valves reflected and
folded down on the umbos; lower anterior margin curved, forming a large
elliptic-oval gape; posterior end of valves squarely rounded; shell dull chalky
white, sculptured in concentric lines, which anteriorly are laminated and poste-
riorly become extinct; valves radiately ribbed, which also become obsolete at
the posterior end; at the intersection of the radiating and concentric lines the
sculpture is pectinated; an area below the umbos nearly or quite destitute of
sculpture, which varies much in prominence in different specimens; accessory
plate sublanceolate and bent down on the beaks, anteriorly prolonged, but not
wholly covering the ante-umbonal gape; figs. 6a, 6b (Stearns), show the varia-
tion in the shape of the dorsal plate in different specimens; interior of valves
white, enameled; internal rib short, curved and flattened.’’

Length, 20 to 60 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5810 (1), D5818 (1), D 5818 B (1),
D 5821 (f.), D 5824 (1), D 5839 (4), D 5845 (6).

The type specimen of this species was obtained from San Francisco
Bay. This mud-borer has been obtained by the Survey at widely sepa-
rated localities throughout the entire bay, in depths ranging from 1
to 10 fathoms from bottoms that are predominantly muddy.

Range.—San Francisco, to San Pedro, California.

bo
(03)
lo 2)

University of California Publications in Zoology | Vou. 14

Pholadidea Goodall

Pholadidea ovoidea (Gould)
Plate 30, figures la, 1b, 2a, and 2b

Pholas (Parapholas) ovoidea Gould (1851), p. 87.

Description—Professor H. A. Clark has kindly assisted the writer in trans-
lating the original description:

Shell oval, somewhat solid, ashy colored, posterior end gaping widely and
with a much produced epidermis; anterior ventral margin closed by a caleareous
plate; beaks situated near the anterior third of the shell; valves divided by a
median groove, anterior portion rounded, with concentric, radially striated
layers, with a subcylindrical, roughened posterior portion, marked with distinet
striae; cardinal region tapering, dilated toward the apex; with no auxiliary
valves.

Length, 20 to 35 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5808 (7), D 5846 (1, 4).

Living specimens of this species were dredged by the Survey at a
depth of 50 fathoms, within the Golden Gate.

Range.—Bering Sea to Gulf of California (Dall).

Pholadidea penita (Conrad)
Plate 30, figures 3a and 3b

Pholas penita Conrad (1837), p. 237, pl. 18, fig. 7.

Parapholas penita, Carpenter (1856a), p. 210.

Pholadidea penita, Wood and Raymond (1891), p. 55; Arnold, R. (1903),
p. 184.

Description.—This species was originally described by Conrad (1837) as
follows:

“‘Shell ovate, elongated, contracted submedially and grooved; anterior side
inflated, with decussating lines, the radiating striae having a granulated appear-
ance, posterior side subcuneiform, extremity truncated, with a membranous
expansion or appendage; apophysis oblique, slender, spoon-shaped at the ex-
tremity.’’

Length, 15 to 70 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5709 (1), D5808 (1), D5845 (3),
D 5846 (5), Richmond* (9), Sausalito (7), Presidio (f.). Borings
were found in rocks at D 5702 (2), D 5742, D 5801, D 5809.

This boring mollusk was taken by the Survey at seven stations
within San Francisco Bay at depths ranging up to 50 fathoms. A
living specimen was dredged from 43 fathoms.

Range.—Chirikoff Islands, Alaska to San Pedro, California (Dall).

1918 | Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 289

Pholadidea penita (Conrad) var. parva (Tryon)

Penitella parva Tryon (1865), p. 39.
Pholadidea penita, var. parva, Wood and Raymond (1891), p. 55.

Description.—This variety was originally described by Tryon (1865) as
follows:

‘«Shell small, ovate, inflated, rather thick. Surface divided by an oblique
impressed rib, posteriorly to which it is concentrically striate, while anteriorly
it is radiately ribbed.

The flexed dorsal margins are each covered with a thick irregularly shaped
accessory valve, with a single central valve posterior to them. The latter is
somewhat pentagonal, emarginate in front.

Hiatus filled by a heavy callus, which juts out somewhat into a point or
beak, instead of preserving a rounded outline.’’

Only the typical form of this species was recognized among the
collections of the Survey. The southern variety was found within
this region by Wood and Raymond. This form burrows into Haliotis
shells.

Range—San Francisco, California (Wood and Raymond); San
Pedro to Lower California (Dall).

Martesia Leach Gray
Martesia intercalata Carpenter

Martesia intercalata Carpenter (1863), p. 637.

This small boring mollusk is found on the shell of Haliotis. The
abalone to protect itself from the intruder secretes nacre, thus forming
the much prized abalone blister.

Carpenter (1863) reports this from the Farallon Islands. Since
no Haliotis was taken by the Survey this species was not found among
the collections.

Range—Farallon Islands to Catalina Island, California (Dall).

Zirfaea Leach
Zirfaea gabbi Tryon
Plate 32, figure 1, plate 54

Zirphaea gabbi Tryon (1863), p. 144, pl. 1.
Zirphaea crispata Leach, Gabb (1869), p. 52; Wood and Raymond (1891),
p. 55.
Description—This species was originally described by Tryon (1863) as
follows:
‘‘Shell large transverse, obliquely divided by a deep furrow proceeding
from the umbonal apex to the basal margin and forming a corresponding rib
on the internal surface of the valve. Posteriorly to the furrow the shell is

290 University of California Publications in Zoology — [Vou. 14

marked only by growth lines which in crossing it are elevated into sharp ribs,
in which character they are continued to the anterior margin. The posterior
of the shell anterior to the radiating furrow is ornamented with numerous
longitudinal ribs, approximating in pairs and rendered acutely scabrous at the
intersections of the rib like growth lines.

Ventral anterior margin emarginate. Dorsal anterior margin reflected and
closely appressed over the beaks. Posterior dorsal margin declining somewhat
to the quadrately rounded posterior lateral end. Color white.’’

Length, 12 to 120 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5709 (f.), D 5711 (f.), D5712* (f£.),
D5sil3 (£), Dsl (2), Ds723 (2), D539 (1), DdbT40)G@). D 5142
(f.), D 5755 (f.), D 5764* (2), D 5767 (1), D 5796 (£.), D 5802 (2),
D 5808 (f.), D 5809 (£.), D 5821 B (f.), D 5824 (2), D 5824 B (f.),
D 5825 (13), D 5825 B (1), D 5826 (1), D5826 A (f.), D 5827 (1),
D 5827 A (2), D 5827 B (f.), D 5828 B (10, 10), D 5831 (7, 3), D 5833
(f.), D 5835 (f.), D 5836 (1), D 5839 (3), D 5841 (4), D 5842 (6),
D 5843 (2), and questionably at D 5710, D 5778, Standard Oil Pier,
Richmond.

This species is represented in the Survey collections by a number
of old shells, which were taken within the middle division of the bay.
Living specimens were dredged at two stations at depths of 1014 and
13 fathoms.

Range.—Bering Sea to San Diego, California.

TEREDINEDAE
Xylotrya Leach
Xylotrya, sp.
Wood perforated by teredo borings was dredged at stations D 5700,
D 5702, D 5709, D 5735, D 5766, D 5777, and 5808. Wood and Ray-
mond (1891) report the species Y. setacea from San Francisco Bay,
which is undoubtedly the species living within these waters.

SCAPHOPODA

DENTALIIDAE
Dentalium Linnaeus
Dentalium indianorum Carpenter

Dentalium indianorum Carpenter (1863), p. 648.
Dentalium pretiosum Nuttall var. indianorum, Pilsbry and Sharp (1897—
1898), p. 45, pl. 13, figs. 4, 5, 6, 8; Arnold, R. (1903), p. 186, pl. 8, fig. 4.
Description.—Arnold (1903) described this species as follows:
‘*Shell small, curved, tapering posteriorly, heavy; surface with fine incre-
mental rings, and striated posteriorly; cross-section and aperture circular.’’
Length, 10 to 25 mm.

1918 | Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 291

Occurrence.—At station D 5789 (50) and questionably at D 5788
(As DBO (Gye
As far as is known this mollusk has not been reported from San
Francisco. It was taken by the Survey only in the vicinity of the
Farallon Islands. It ranges in depth from 33 to 68 fathoms. Living
specimens were the most abundant at station D 5789 where they were
associated with Cadulus fusiformis.
Range.—Strait of Juan de Fuca, Washington, to Santa Barbara,
California (Cooper).
SIPHONODENTALIIDAE
Cadulus Philippi

Cadulus fusiformis Pilsbry and Sharp

Cadulus fusiformis Pilsbry and Sharp (1897-1898), p. 193.

Description.—This species was originally described as follows:

“*Shell but little curved, long and slender, the greatest diameter contained
about 9 times in the length of the shell; swelling hardly perceptible, the tube
very gradually enlarging from the small apex to the beginning of the last third
of the length, thence an equal size is maintained almost to the aperture, just
before which it is gently but quite perceptibly contracted on all sides. Surface
smooth and glossy, bluish-white, scarcely translucent, with oblique rings of
more opaque white, and near the apex some longitudinal white lines; a pellucid
ring bordering the lip-edge, behind which there is a short opaque white tract,
passing gradually into the bluish and banded general color. Tube a mere trifle
compressed vertically at the widest part. Aperture oblique, and (measured
obliquely) a trifle longer than wide (in the ratio of 35-33); lip thin, sharp.
Anal orifice circular and simple.’’

Length, 4 to 10 mm.

Occurrence —At stations D 5785 (13), D 5786* (74), D 5788 (16),
and D 5789 (104).

Living specimens of this species were dredged in 40 to 68 fathoms
from a bottom composed of fine dark green sand.

Range.—Puget Sound to San Pedro, California.

AMPHINEURA*
LEPIDOPLEURIDAE
Lepidopleurus Risso
Lepidopleurus farallonis Dall

Lepidopleurus farallonis Dall (1902b), p. 257.
Description.—This chiton was originally described by Dall (1902b) as follows:
“*Chiton small, thin, wide, with a low rounded back and yellowish-white
color; girdle narrow, sparsely spiculose, with very short, fine bristly spicules;
jugum hardly defined, with no obvious mucro; lateral areas slightly elevated

* For the most revent revision of this group see Berry, 8. S., Notes on West
American chitons. Proce. Calif. Acad. Sci. [4], 7. op. 229-248, 4 text figs. 1917.

292 University of California Publications in Zoology (Vou. 14

and feebly concentrically rugose; anterior valve simple; posterior conspicuously
mucronate and, behind the mucro, concave; surface entirely covered with minute
ally from the mucromal points; pleural laminae short, subtriangular; ctenidial
line reaching the fifth valve. Animal about 10; lat. 5.5; alt. 2 mm.’’

Occurrence.—Dredged by the ‘*‘ Albatross’’ off the Farallon Islands
during a previous survey at station 3104 in 391 fathoms.
This species has not been reported since it was first discovered.

ISCHNOCHITONIDAE
Tonicella Carpenter

Tonicella lineata (Wood)
Plate 34, figure 3

Chiton lineatus Wood (1815), p. 3, pls. 4-6.
Tonicella lineata Pilsbry (1892-1893), p. 42, pl. 11, figs. 25-28.

Description.—This species was described by Pilsbry as follows:

‘*Shell oblong, rather low, roundly arched or subcarinated. Surface smooth,
shining, ground color light reddish. End valves concentrically marked with
dark-brown lines bordered above with white, intermediate valves having simi-
larly colored longitudinal lines, sloping obliquely backward, the ridge or jugum
of each valve having a light triangle with a narrower dark one in the middle
on some valves. Occasionally some valves are wholly dark brown unmarked.

Lateral areas scareely raised; umbo of posterior valve in front of the
middle.

Interior white, more or less tinged with rose color. Sutral plates broad,
rounded; sinus deep and angular. Anterior valve with 8-10, median 1, posterior
valve 8-10 slits. Teeth short, especially in the posterior valve, and blunt, in
adults decidedly crenulated at the tips and obsoletely fissured outside. Eaves
small.

Girdle leathery, apparently smooth and nude, brown in dried specimens.’’

Length, 15 to 20 mm.

Occurrence —Bonita Point* (3).

This species is represented in the Survey collections by three speci-
mens from the shore station at Bonita Point. It had been previously
been reported from this region by Wood and Raymond.

Range.—Bering Strait to Monterey, California (Pilsbry).

Ischnochiton Gray

Ischnochiton dentiens (Gould)

Chiton dentiens Gould (1846a), p. 145; (1862), p. 6.
Trachydermon dentiens, Dall (1878b), p. 823; Carpenter (1863), p. 649.
Ischnochiton dentiens, Pilsbry (1892-1893), p. 73, pl. 8, figs. 61-65.

Description—Pilsbry (1892) describes this species as follows:

‘<Shell oval, rather elevated, dorsally angled, ash colored, closely and finely
mottled with olive, and having a series of alternating olive and light spots upon
the back edges of the valves along the sutures. These spots are often obscure
or wanting, and in some specimens the ground color is a pale orange-flesh tint.

1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 293

The valves are covered with a very minute sharp granulation, the granules
small but well raised, and on the central areas of some specimens they are
somewhat disposed to be arranged in longitudinal lines converging toward the
dorsal ridge, this disposition usually stronger toward the lateral extremities of
the valves. The lateral areas are a little raised, the diagonal lines separating
them from the central areas rather distinct. The umbo of the posterior valve
is median, somewhat raised, the slope behind it being depressed and concave.

The interior is either whitish stained with gray-green or quite green. The
sutural plates do not project as far as usual, and on some valves they are
emarginate in front. The jugal sinus is wide, angular, flat or encroached upon
by the jugum. The anterior valves has 11 slits in the insertion plate, the inter-
mediate valves 1, the posterior valve has 10 or 12, and some of the median
teeth are bifid at the tip.

The girdle is narrow, gravelly, covered with minute scales.

The gills extend to the front end of the foot.’’

Length, 8 mm.

Occurrence.—At Bonita Point (7).
Range—Vancouver Island to San Diego, California.

Ischnochiton stearnsi Dall

Ischnochiton stearnsii Dall (1902b), p. 557.

Description.—This species was originally deseribed by Dall as follows:

**Chiton of moderate size, yellowish or buff color; the girdle yellowish white,
covered with subeylindric, blunt, smooth, close-set, large spines, the ends of
which have a pebbly appearance, mixed with a smaller proportion of small but
rather similar spinules; the ends of the large spines, when worn flat, have a
pavement like aspect; back not heeled, but rather steeply rounded; gills
ambient; intermediate valves with a dorsal angle of about 90°, the lateral
areas prominent, with about five radial riblets in each, divaricating to seven
or ten at the girdle margin, and cut into beads by numerous fine concentric
furrows; pleural areas and jugum hardly differentiated, sculptured with fine,
slightly irregular, longitudinal wrinkles, finer mesially; crossed by unconspic-
ous, less elevated transverse lines; anterior valve with fine, beaded, divaricate
radial riblets, the insertion plates and eves very short, smooth, not spongy
with about 17 slits; the posterior valve with a small, low, subcentral mucro,
from which two elevated lines extend to the margin, one on either side, form-
ing two areas, and from which the wrinkled sculpture, less prominent on the
anterior areas, diverges; posterior slits about 15, lateral slits 2, sinus rather
wide, entire; pleural laminae rather wide and short lon. of animal about 25;
lat. 15; alt. 6 mm.’’

Occurrence.—Dredged by the ‘‘ Albatross’’ off the Farallon Islands
during a previous survey at station 3104 in 391 fathoms.

Ischnochiton cooperi Carpenter

O7

Ischnochiton cooperi Carpenter, Pilsbry (1892-1893), p. 127, pl. 26, figs
27-30; Wood and Raymond (1891), p. 58.
Description——The following is Carpenter’s original manuscript description
of this species as quoted by Pilsbry (1892):
‘«Shell oval and elevated, with angular dorsal ridge and straight side-slopes.

294 University of California Publications in Zoology — [Vou. 14

Sculpture like J. mertensii. Color olivaceous, or dull earthy brown, indistinctly
clouded more or less with light blue, especially upon the side areas. The
lateral areas are raised, and bear irregular rows of rounded pustules, the young
having four rows, the adults 6 to 8. A strong lens reveals a fine, subobsolete
granulation of the nearly flat surface between the pustules. The central areas
have a fine but distinct and even radial striation, over which run acute narrow
raised threads parallel to the dorsal ridge; upon the ridge these threads are
seen to be more or less diverging, especially upon the second valve. The end
valves are radially ridged, the ridges bearing elongated pustules, or showing
sears where such pustules have been. Mucro low, flat.

Interior bluish, the valves marked under their umbones with dark olive.
Head valve having 11, central valves 1, tail valve 11 slits; teeth roughened but
rather sharp; eaves wide, dark, minutely punctulate, but solid, not spongy.

Girdle compactly covered with small imbricating, deeply striated scales.’

This chiton was collected by Wood and Raymond within this region.
Not among the ‘‘Albatross’’ collections.
Range.—Bolinas Bay to Santa Cruz, California (Pilsbry).

Ischnochiton magdalenensis Hinds

Ischnochiton magdalensis Hinds (1844a), p. 54, pl. 19, fig. 1; Pilsbry
(1892-1893), p. 62; Blankinship and Keeler (1892), p. 151.
Description—tThis species has been redescribed by Pilsbry (1892) as follows:
“*Shell elongated, rather narrow, generally faintly mottled with delicate
olive on a light greenish blue or pinkish ground. Interior bluish white or pink.
Lateral areas and end valves having radiating riblets, central areas finely pitted.
The lateral areas are distinctly raised, radiately delicately ribbed. Front
slope of the anterior valve straight. Central areas having a more or less
developed system of branching reticulating wrinkles producing oblong or
diamond-shaped pits. Umbo of posterior valve central, but little projecting.
Interior: sutural plates well developed, the sinus deep, angular. Anterior valve,
having 10-13, central valve 2-4, posterior valve 10-12 slits.’’

This species was reported from the Farallon Islands by Blankin-
ship and Keeler.

Range.—Farallon Islands (Blankinship and Keeler); Monterey
to Magdalena Bay (Pilsbry).

Nuttallina Carpenter
Nuttallina scabra Reeve

Nuttallina scabra Reeve (1847), pl. 17, fig. 106; Wood and Raymond (1891),
p. 58; Keep (1904), p. 276; Pilsbry (1892-1893), p. 280.
Description.—This chiton was described by Pilsbry in the following terms:
‘«Shell similar to N. californica, but having the individual valves very much
shorter in proportion to their width; the outer layer of the median valves
produced at the sides anteriorly, curving broadly forward and laterally upon
the sutural plates; the median ridge and sulci more or less obsolete. Tail valve
shorter, with less posterior mucro. Color of valves lighter, more variegated.

1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 295

End valves with the same equal sculpture, the tail valve with the mucro central
and a little projecting.

Girdle rusty brown or alternately blackish and white; bearing rather
sparsely scattered white spike-like spines, sometimes having one or two at each
suture. Length 29, breadth 13 mill.’’

This chiton is reported from this region by Wood and Raymond.
It was not taken by the Survey.
Range.—Vanecouver Island to Lower California (Orcutt).

Trachydermon Carpenter
Trachydermon hartwegi (Carpenter)

Chiton hartwegti Carpenter (1855), p. 231; Pilsbry (1894a), p. 45.
Tonicella hartwegii, Pilsbry (1892-1893), p. 45, pl. 14, figs. 81-85.
Chaetoplema hartwegii, Wood and Raymond (1891), p. 58.

Description—The following is Pilsbry’s description of this species:

“*Shell oval, rather low, the dorsal ridge obtusely rounded; dull olive green,
generally having a pair of lighter stripes on the ridge of each valve with a
black blotch outside of the light dashes. Girdle rather narrow, dense, micro-
seopically closely granulated.

The tail valve is convex as a whole, but the subcentral umbo is not con-
spicuous. The entire surface is very closely microscopically granulated, and
bears larger wart-like granules irregularly scattered over the minute sculpture,
these warts being much more numerous upon the lateral areas (which are
otherwise rather ill-defined) and the terminal valves.

The interior is of an intense blue-green color. Sutural plates rounded, leay-
ing a wide, angular sinus. Insertion plates shorter than the eaves, blunt, the
anterior valve having the teeth bi- or tri-lobed, the posterior valve having them
crenulated. Slits of anterior valve 10-11; median valves 1; posterior valves
9-12. Haves spongy.

Gills extending forward to the front end of the foot.’’

This species was reported by Wood and Raymond and by Pilsbry
from this region. Not found by the Survey.
Range.—Vanecouver Island to Magdalena Bay (Pilsbry).

Trachydermon raymondi Pilsbry

Trachydermon raymondi Pilsbry (1894b), p. 46.

Description—This species was originally described by Pilsbry (1894) as
follows:

““Shell longer and narrower than 7. hartwegii. Back somewhat keeled, vary-
ing in elevation. Color (1) olivaceous green mottled with white, sometimes with
dark lateral streaks as in hartwegii, sometimes ruddy at the ridge, or (2) uni-
form blackish, or (3) dark brown, uniform or with whitish flecks.

Valves rather strong, slightly beaked when unworn, the posterior (sutural)
margin straight or slightly concave. Intermediate valves rather rounded where
they join the girdle, scalloping the inner border of the latter; not distinctly
divided into areas. Lateral areas hardly or not raised (the diagonal being
indistinet) evenly sculptured with minute, equal granules. Central areas also
evenly sculptured throughout with similar granules, slightly finer on the ridges.

296 University of California Publications in Zoology | Vou. 14

Interior light blue, with darker stains at bases of the sutural laminae and
behind the rather strong blue white valve callus. Sinus and sutural laminae as
in hartwegii. Slits in valve i, 8; valves ii—vii, 1-1; valve viii, 11; teeth of end
valves blunt, thick, but not distinctly bilobed. All teeth longer than the narrow,
porous eaves.

Girdle narrow, black or with small whitish spots, leathery, very minutely
papillose.’’

A single small specimen was obtained by the Survey from Bonita
Point. This species has not hitherto been reported from this region.
Range.—Viectoria, B. C., to Monterey, California.

MOPALIIDAE
Mopalia Gray
Mopalia ciliata Sowerby

Chiton ciliatus Sowerby (1840), p. 289.
Mopalia ciliata, Wood and Raymond (1891), p. 58; Pilsbry (1892-1893),
p- 303, pl. 64, figs. 64-73; Arnold, R. (1903), p. 343.

Description.—Pilsbry (1892) described this species as follows:

“Shell oblong, rather depressed, the dorsal ridge carinated (sometimes
rounded), side-slopes straight or somewhat convex. Surface lusterless, finely
sculptured, variously colored, usually either (1, typical coloring) verdigris
green maculated with black or black-brown, the girdle yellow or (2) maculated
with maroon and sometimes touched with rich chestnut on the ridge, or having
some valves or parts of valves vivid scarlet, or scarlet mixed with olive and
snow-white, or entirely white; or (3) light olive-buff with brownish girdle.

Valves somewhat beaked, the lateral areas bounded by a riblet, rather
coarsely granulated, with larger granules along the posterior margin. Central
areas sculptured with longitudinal, curving riblets somewhat granulated, much
closer and finer on the dorsal ridge. Anterior valve having granose narrow
radii, the intervals granulated. Posterior valve small, with posterior mucro,
broadly emarginate or waved at the hinder margin.

Interior bluish-white or light blue-green. Sinus broad and rather rounded,
spongy or roughened. Sutural plates arcuate. Anterior valve having 8 slits,
median valves 1 slit. Posterior valve having a broad deep, rounded caudal
sinus, and a single slit on each side.

Girdle wide, yellow or brown, generally notched behind, more or less sparsely
clothed with curling strap-like brown hairs, which bear near their bases a
bunch of minute, white, acute spines.’’

Length, 7 to 20 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5755 (2), D 5774t (7), D 5809 (3), and
questionably at D 5775.

This chiton was taken alive by the Survey only within the middle
division of the bay at depths ranging from 314 to 53 fathoms and
from bottoms that were predominantly gravelly or stony.

Range—Shumagin Islands, Alaska, to San Diego, California

(Oreutt).

1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 297

Mopalia ciliata (Sowerby) var. lignosa (Gould)

Chiton lignosus Gould (1846a), p. 142.

Mopalia vespertina Gould, Carpenter (1863), p. 648.

Mopalia lignosa, Pilsbry (1892-1893), p. 299, pl. 63, figs. 58, 59.
Mopalia ciliata var. lignosa, Wood and Raymond (1891), p. 58.

Description.—Pilsbry (1892) described this form as follows:

“*Shell oval, elevated, carinated or angular at the dorsal ridge, the side-
slopes straight. Surface lusterless, apparently smooth; grayish, greenish or
bluish with radiating streaks, lines and flammules of brown or purple-brown.

Under a lens the lateral areas appear nearly smooth; the central areas being
closely and finely pitted all over. Girdle narrow, sparsely hairy.

Interior white and light blue.’’

This form has been lsted from this region by Wood and Raymond.
It was not taken by the Survey.
Range.—Vancouver Island to Monterey, California (Pilsbry).

Mopalia kennerleyi Carpenter var. swani Carpenter

Mopalia kennerleyi var. swani Carpenter (1864b), p. 426.
Mopalia wosnessenskii Middendorff€ var. swani, Wood (1891), p. 94.

This form reported from this region by Wood appears to be but a
doubtful variety of M. kennerleyt.

Range.—Typieal species ranges from Unalaska to Monterey, Cali-
fornia.

Mopalia muscosa (Gould)

Chiton muscosus Gould (1846a), p. 145.
Mopalia muscosa, Carpenter (1863), p. 648; Pilsbry (1892-1893), p. 295,
pl. 63, figs. 46-48.

Description—tThis species was described by Pilsbry (1892) as follows:

“*Shell oval, elevated or depressed, the dorsal ridge more or less angular.
Valves strong. Surface lusterless, finely sculptured with wavy, crenulated
longitudinal riblets, often more or less obsolete. Color generally dull brown,
blackish-olive or grayish, but sometimes bright orange, scarlet or vivid green.

‘*Median valves hardly beaked, the lateral areas slightly raised, granose,
limited by a raised granose riblet. Central areas having close fine longitudinal
riblets, with ecrenulated or latticed interstices, the riblets finer and converging
on the ridge of the last 6 valves, diverging on the second valve, or strongly
diverging on the ridge of all valves, like a series of superimposed Vs. Anterior
valves having about 10 narrow radiating granose riblets, the intervals granose.
Tail valve depressed with posterior mucro, the posterior slope very short, emarg-
inate behind.

“Interior bluish-green, stained with lilac on the central callus. Anterior
valve having 8, median 1 short slit, the teeth long, deeply striated outside and
thickened or propped outside at the sides of the slits. Posterior valve having
a rounded sinus behind, with one oblique slit on each side, the plate roughened

298 University of California Publications in Zoology — [Vou. 14

outside near the slits. Sutural plates broad, the sinus extremely shallow and
small.

“Girdle rather narrow, densely covered with round, curved or curled hairs.
Gill row as long as the foot.’’

Length, 5 to 50 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5773 (3), D5774 (1), D5845 (1),
Presidio* (72), Sausalito (7), Bonita Point (3).

This species is represented in the Survey collections by several
specimens that were taken within and along the shores of the middle
division of the bay. They were dredged only at stations where the
bottom was stony. A single living specimen was obtained in the outer
portion of the Golden Gate at a depth of 33 fathoms.

Range.—Shumagin Island to San Diego, California.

Mopalia wosnessenski Middendorff

Mopalia wosnessenskii Middendorff (1847-1849), p. 119; Carpenter (1863),
p- 648; Wood and Raymond (1891), p. 55.

Mopalia ciliata (Sowerby) var. wosnessenskii Pilsbry (1892-1893), p. 305,
pl. 64, figs. 69-73.

Description.—Pilsbry (1892) described this species as follows:

‘‘Shell elongated, the back roundly arched, not carinated; dull colored,
varying from light olive or green to drab, generally with blackish patches on
each side of the middle, and more or less mottled throughout with dusky. Seulp-
ture much fainter than in typical ciliata. Girdle apparently lacking the white
spicules described above.’’

Occurrence—One valve was obtained from station D 5808*.

The single valve representing this species in the collection of the
Survey was dredged from a rocky botton at a depth of 43 fathoms.

Range—Sitka, Alaska, to San Francisco, California.

Placiphorella Carpenter
Placiphorella sinuata (Carpenter)

Mopalia sinuata Carpenter, Pilsbry (1892-1893), p. 303, pl. 62, figs. 95,
96, 97.
Placiphorella sinuata, Oreutt (1915), p. 73.

Description.—This chiton was deseribed by Pilsbry as follows:

“Shell oblong, elevated and strongly ecarinated, the side-slopes straight.
Color whitish, clouded with delicate blue-green and maculated with rich tawny
brown.

““Median valves hardly beaked, the lateral areas not raised, but strongly
defined by an elevated diagonal rib; sculptured with two oblique series of fine
riblets forming a lattice pattern. Central areas having a series of longitudinal

1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 299

curved riblets converging toward the median keel, crossed by curved radiating
threads a little finer and less prominent. Anterior valve having 8 (not counting
the posterior sutural borders) strong radiating ribs narrower than the latticed
intervals. Posterior valve depressed, the mucro being at the posterior third.

“Interior bluish-white. Sinus very small and narrow. Anterior valve hav-
ing 8 slits, median 1 slit; teeth thickened outside at the edges of the slits.
Posterior valve having a deep rounded median sinus behind (which is continued
upward in a superficial excavation to the mucro) and a single slit on each side.

‘*Girdle rather narrow, leathery, ‘‘dusty’’ bearing a few hairs, with a
rounded pore at each suture.

Length, 1144; breadth, 7 mill; divergence, 105°.’’

This species is reported from San Francisco Bay by Oreutt upon
the authority of Neweomb. It was not taken by the Survey.
Range.—Puget Sound to San Francisco Bay (Pilsbry).

ACANTHOCHITIDAE
Katharina Gray
Katharina tunicata Wood

Chiton tunicatus Wood (1815), p. 11, pl. 2, fig. 1.
Katherina tunicata, Carpenter (1863), p. 648; Wood and Raymond (1891),
p- 58; Pilsbry (1892-1893), p. 41, pl. 1, figs. 1-11.

Description —This chiton was deseribed by Pilsbry (1893) in the following
words:

“‘Shell oblong, elevated, the valves mainly covered by the black, leathery
girdle, a small cordate or flask-shaped area of a dark brown color, remaining
exposed.

““The exposed portion is about one-third the entire width of the valve; it
is broad behind, and often hollowed out by erosion, narrowing in front like the
neck of a flask. The surface when not eroded shows a distinct, smooth and
shining dorsal band, the sides (which are not divided into pleura and lateral
areas) being microscopically densely punctuate. Anterior valve densely punc-
tuate and having a few feeble radii. Posterior valve small.

‘*Tnterior white. Sutural plates enormously produced; the sinus very deep,
squared and notched at the sides, exposing a projecting lobe of the extremely
porous outer layer. Anterior valve having 7 or 8, central one slit, the insertion-
plates extremely long, grooved outside from the short slits to the eaves. Pos-
terior border of the black tegumentum broadly reflexed inward. Posterior valve
elevated, vertical behind, with a broad median notch or sinus and a variable
number (1-4) of small slits on each side.’’

This species was found within San Francisco County by Wood and
Raymond. It is not among the Survey collections.
Range—Aleutian Islands, Alaska, to Catalina Islands, California

(Pilsbry).

300 University of California Publications in Zoology (Vou. 14

Cryptochiton Middendorff
Cryptochiton stelleri (Middendorff)

Chiton stelleri Middendorff (1847-1849), p. 116.

Chiton (Cryptochiton) stelleri, Middendorff (1847), p. 93, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2.

Cryptochiton stelleri, Carpenter (1863), p. 648; Wood and Raymond (1891),
p- 58; Pilsbry (1892-1893), p. 48, pl. 7, figs. 7-13, pl. 6, fig. 6.

Description.—Pilsbry (1893) described this species as follows:

“‘Oblong, rather depressed, the bilobed posterior outlines of the valyes (in
dry specimens) showing through the leathery integument, which completely
covers the valves. Color a dull ferruginous or brick-red, very well preserved
specimens being rendered much brighter by the closely placed fascicles of
brilliant vermilion spines.

“‘The valves are wholly concealed, white or flesh-colored, entirely lacking
the outer colored layer (tegumentum) of other chitons; their edges are more or
less thinned and crenulated by radial striae. Anterior valve having the apex
at the posterior third, and with 4 to 7 slits. Intermediate valves having the
apex near the posterior third; formed of two large anterior lobes expanded at
the sides, and two smaller, narrow posterior lobes. Posterior valve having the
mucro posterior or near the posterior third; deeply sinused in the rear, and
usually having a slit on each side of the sinus.

‘*Girdle leathery, thick, red, densely covered with countless minute fascicles
of vermilion spinelets.’’

This common chiton occurs outside the Golden Gate, but as far
as is known it has not been found within San Francisco Bay. It
appears to be most abundant just below the low-tide line.

Range.—North Japan to Santa Barbara, California (Pilsbry).

GASTROPODA

ACMAEIDAE
Acmaea Eschscholtz
Acmaea asmi (Middendorff)

Patella asmi Middendorff (1847-49), p. 39, pl. 1, fig. 5.
Acmaea asmi, Carpenter (1863), p. 650; Pilsbry (1891), p. 19, pl. 6, figs.
38-39.
Description—This species is described by Pilsbry (1891) as follows:
“‘Shell small, thin but strong and solid, elevated, conical, the base short-
oval, apex erect, a little in front of the middle; slopes of the cone somewhat
convex. Surface lusterless, usually corroded, smooth except for very fine
radiating striae visible with the aid of a lens, but obsolete in adult shells.
Color rusty black.
“‘Tnside black, with a brown zone just outside the muscle-scar.’’

Carpenter (1863, p. 650) reported this species from the Farallon
Islands, and San Francisco. It has not been recognized in the Survey

collections. .
Range.—Aleutian Islands, Alaska, to Turtle Bay, Lower California.

1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 301

Acmaea limatula Carpenter

Acmaea limatula Carpenter, Dall (1914b), p. 14.

Patella scabra Reeve, Carpenter (1863), p. 650; Dall (1878b), p. 47;
Pilsbry (1891), p. 13, pl. 3, figs. 38-49.

Patella spectrum Nuttall, Reeve (1855), pl. 29, fig. 76.

Description.—This form is described by Pilsbry as follows:

“‘Shell thin, rounded-oval, depressed; apex situated between the center and
the anterior third; surface sculptured with close, fine, minutely scaly riblets, of
which larger ones are placed at regular intervals. Color light yellow, indis-
tinctly spotted (rarely striped in divaricating pattern) with brown.’’

Carpenter reports this species from the Farallon Islands and from
San Francisco. It is not uncommon along the shores of San Francisco
Bay and along the beaches outside the Golden Gate.

Range—Vancouver Island to Lower California.

Acmaea patina Eschscholtz

Acmaea patina Eschscholtz (1829-1833), p. 19, pl. 24, figs. 7, 8; Carpenter
(1863), p. 650; Pilsbry (1891), p. 11, pl. 2, figs. 34-37, pl. 9, figs. 6-14.
Acmaea patina var. cumingii Reeve, Dall (1871a), p. 249.
Description—The following is Pilsbry’s (1891) description of this species:
‘«Shell large, oval or rounded-oval, depressed-conic, the apex rounded and
near the middle; slopes slightly convex. Surface obsoletely radiately striated,
olive-gray, tessellated, or more rarely striped, with black.
“Inside white with an irregular brown central area and a rather wide dark
or tessellated border.’’”
Length, 14 to 38 mm.

Occurrence.—At Richmond (71), Red Rock (5, 2), Presidio (5),
Sausalito (7), Bonita Point (10), at station D 5811 (1), and ques-
tionably at D 5796.

Carpenter (1863) lists this limpet from San Francisco. The only
specimen referred to this species was dredged by the ‘‘ Albatross’’ in
one fathom of water within the lower portion of the bay.

Range.—Aleutian Islands, Alaska, to San Diego, California (Pils-

bry).

Acmaea patina Eschscholtz var. pintadina (Gould)

Lottia pintadina Gould (1846b), p. 151; (1862), p. 9; Pilsbry (1891),
p. 125 ple 9) figs: 10-14.
Description—This variety is characterized by Pilsbry (1891) as follows:
‘«This shell when young is dark olive closely dotted all over with white, the
eroded apex black; when adult it is usually uniform dull slate-color outside

302 University of California Publications in Zoology (Vou. 14

with a ring of light around the black apical spot; inside it has a wide dark
border, a large, irregular central dark patch, and generally is suffused with
dark brown all over. Sculpture obsolete.’’

This variety is reported by Pilsbry (1891) from San Francisco.
The writer has not recognized it among the Survey collections.
Range—San Francisco to Santa Cruz, California (Pilsbry).

Acmaea pelta Eschscholtz

Acmaea pelta Eschscholtz (1829-1833), p. 19, pl. 24, figs. 7-8; Dall (1871a),
p. 247, pl. 17, fig. 36; Wood and Raymond (1891), p. 57; Pilsbry (1891),
and pl. 3, figs. 51-56; Dall (1914b), p. 14.
Description—This species is described by Pilsbry (1891) as follows:
“Rather large, solid, strong, with low coarse ribs, almost obsolete, or visible
only posteriorly. Central dark spot of the interior rather small or wanting.
Grayish-white, with numerous radiating black stripes, often divaricating or
broken into a tessellated pattern.’

Dall (1871la) reported this from Black Point. It is indigenous to
San Francisco County, according to Wood and Raymond. Not found
among the Survey collections.

Range.—Sitka, Alaska, to San Diego, California (Cooper).

Acmaea persona Eschscholtz

9

Acmaea persona Eschscholtz (1829-1833), p. 20, pl. 24, figs. 1-2; Wood
and Raymond (1891), p. 57; Pilsbry (1891), p. 15, pl. 2, figs. 25-26,
and pl. 3, figs. 51-56; Dall (1914b), p. 14.

Description —Pilsbry (1891) described this species as follows:

“*Shell oval, apex pointing forward, posterior slope long, convex, anterior
slope short. Sculptured with strong, rounded ribs, usually nodulous, but some-
times obsolete. Whitish, with stripes and zigzags of blackish-brown, or olive-
green variegated and speckled with white. Margin crenated by the ribs.

““Tnside white or stained with yellowish-brown, with a large central deep
brown area, rarely absent; border articulated black and gray.’’

Length, 5 to 33 mm.

Occurrence.—At Standard Oil Pier, Richmond (7), Presidio (154),
Sausalito* (108), Bonita Point (59), at station D5768 (14), and
questionably from D 5762, D 5772.

This common limpet has been reported by several collectors for the
vicinity of San Francisco. Although common along the beach, it was
taken by means of the dredge at only three stations.

Range.—Sitka, Alaska, to Socorro Island.

1918 | Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 303

Acmaea persona Eschscholtz var. umbonata (Nuttall)

Patella umbonata Nuttall, Reeve (1855), fig. 107.
Acmaea persona var. wmbonata, Pilsbry (1891), p. 16, pl. 2, figs. 25-28;
Dall (19146), p. 14.
Description —This variety is described by Pilsbry (1891) as follows:
‘*The prevalent form southward of San Francisco is an oval shell with
rather spreading sides, the ribs narrow, interspaces wide and flat. Color dark
olive to blackish, closely flecked with fine white dots, and usually having coarse
white dashes also.’’

This species was recognized by Pilsbry (1891) as oceurring at San
Francisco. Not collected by the Survey.
Range—San Francisco to San Diego (Pilsbry).

Acmaea scabra (Reeve)

Patella scabra Reeve (1855)), pl. 37, fig. 119; Carpenter (1863), p. 650;
Dall (1878a), p. 47; Pilsbry (1891), p. 13, pl. 3, figs. 38-49.
Description —This species is deseribed by Pilsbry (1891) as follows:
“*Shell thin, rounded-oval, depressed; apex situated between the center and
the anterior third; surface sculptured with close, fine, minutely scaly riblets,
of which larger ones are placed at regular intervals. Color light yellow, indis-
tinetly spotted (rarely striped in divaricating pattern) with brown.’’

Carpenter reports this species both from the Farallones and from
San Francisco. It is not uncommon along the shores of San Francisco
Bay and on the beaches outside the Golden Gate.

Range.—Vancouver Island to Lower California (Dall).

Acmaea mitra Eschscholtz

Acmaea mitra Eschscholtz (1829-1833), p. 18, pl. 23, fig. 4.

Scurria mitra, Carpenter (1863), p. 650.

Acmaea mitra, Wood and Raymond (1891), p. 57; Pilsbry (1891), p. 24,
pl. 3, fig. 50.

Description.—This species was described by Pilsbry (1891) as follows:

“<Shell dull-white, aperture nearly circular, wider behind, in some young
examples somewhat elongated, oval; form conical, apex erect, nearly central,
blunt, smooth, posterior surface usually straight, but occasionally a little con-
vex; exterior smooth, marked with very faint concentric lines of growth;
devoid of epidermis; margin entire, polished, with a narrow semipellucid rim
inside.

““Tnternally smooth or furnished with grooves radiating from the apex more
or less strongly marked. Muscular impressions deep, strong, horseshoe shaped,
with the marks of the anterior ends of the adductors rounded and broader than
the rest, connected by a slender impressed line marking the attachment of the
mantle. Young shells are often furnished with irregular riblets more or less

304 University of California Publications in Zoology (Vou. 14

strong, many or few in number, radiating from the apex, but stronger towards
the margin. Color dead-white inside and out, often livid or tinged a fine pink
or pea green from Nullipore, never wax-yellow or horny-pellucid as in the normal
state of Scurria scurra.’’

Both Carpenter (1863) and Wood and Raymond list this species
as occurring in the neighborhood of San Francisco.

Regarding this variable form, Dall states (1914, p. 14) that ‘‘A.
var. funiculata Cpr. merges by imperceptible degrees into the later
(tenwisculpta) and that with A. mitra’’

Range.—Aleutian Islands to San Diego (Dall).

Lottia Gray
Lottia gigantea (Gray) Carpenter

Lottia gigantea (Gray) Carpenter (1865c), p. 140.
Lottia gigantea, Carpenter (1863), p. 650; Cooper, (1870a), p. 60; Dall
(1871a), p. 260, pl. 15, fig. 20.
Seurria gigantea, Pilsbry (1891), p. 65, pl. 38.
Description.—This species was described by Pilsbry (1891) as follows:
“‘Shell large, solid, oval, depressed, the apex near the front margin; outer
surface eroded, of a spongy texture, dull brown, gray toward the summit. In-
side having a black rim around the margin, deep chestnut brown outside of the
muscle-impression, which is strong, bluish or purplish-white. Central area
chestnut brown, more or less mottled with white, rarely entirely white.’’

This species is mentioned by Carpenter (1863) and by subsequent
writers as occurring at both San Francisco and the Farallon Islands.
Range—San Francisco, California, to Panama (Pilsbry).

Lepeta Gray
Lepeta concentrica (Middendorff)

Patella (Crytobranchia) coeca var. conecentrica Middendorff (1851), p. 183,
pl. 16, fig. 6. :

Lepeta caecoides Carpenter (1863), p. 651.

Lepeta concentrica, Pilsbry (1891), p. 69, pl. 40, figs. 33-37.

Description—Pilsbry (1891) deseribed this species as follows:

“<Shell depressed conical, apex directed forward; front slope one-third the
length of the shell or a little less; surface faintly radiately striate (more dis-
tinetly so in young specimens), not deeussated or granulose; light-brownish or
greenish tinted.

‘‘The outline is ovate, a little narrower in front; front slope slightly con-
cave, posterior slope convex. The fine thread-like radiating striae are larger
on the longer slope of the shell; they are not interrupted by concentric growth-
lines, the latter being inconspicuous, or sometimes strongly impressed at inter-
vals. Epidermis very thin, yellowish-brown, deciduous. Inside polished, white,
the anterior terminations of the muscle-scar a little behind the apex. Edges
of shell level, narrowly bordered with gray, especially in the young.’’

1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 305

The Farallon Islands is the type locality of this species. It was
not obtained by the U.S. S. ‘‘ Albatross.’’
Range.—Northern Japan to the Farallon Islands, California.

HALIOTIDAE
Haliotis Linnaeus

Haliotis cracherodi Leach
Plate 34, figure 1

Haliotis cracherodi Leach (1814-1817), p. 131; Carpenter (1863), p. 651;
Cooper (1870a), p. 61; Pilsbry (1890), p. 79, pl. 10, figs. 52-53; Camp-
bell (1891), p. 103.

Description.—The following is Pilsbry’s (1890) description of this species:

““Shell oval, convex, spire near the margin; surface almost smooth, but
usually showing nearly obsolete spiral lirae. Perforations about 8, color
greenish-black or dull purplish-black.

‘“An oval shell with the two sides equally curved, the back regularly convex,
not carinated at the row of perforations; outside covered with a thick black
layer. Surface smooth, except for spiral lirae which are sometimes wholly
obsolete, and lines of growth. Spire low, near the margin. Inside smooth,
silvery with red and green reflections; columellar plate not truncate below,
sloping inward, its face concave; cavity of spire very small, almost concealed.’’

This abalone has been reported by several collectors from the
Farallon Islands, and by Carpenter from San Francisco. It is not
in the Survey collection. The specimen figured was obtained from
Moss Beach, San Mateo County, California.

Range.—Farallon Islands to Cape St. Lucas, Lower California
(Campbell).

Haliotis gigantea Chemnitz

Haliotis gigantea Chemnitz (1780-1795), p. 115, pl. 167, figs. 1610, 1611;
Pilsbry (1890), p. 84, pl. 7, fig. 42; Campbell (1891), p. 103.

Description—Pilsbry (1890) described this species as follows:

“*Tt is of a rounded-oval outline, the back quite convex, highest in the
middle. It is solid, but not very thick, reddish-brown, radiately streaked more
or less with chocolate and green. The spiral cords are low but strong, and
there are irregular but very strong wave-like obliquely radiating folds above.
The perforations are situated in high tubercles upon a strong dorsal angle,
below which the left side slopes steeply to the columellar margin; this slope
has low spiral cords, waved or festooned below the row of holes, and it has
also an obtuse ridge parallel with that row, not far below it. The spire is very
small, quite low. Inside there are shallow spiral sulci and indentations at the
positions of the cords and waves of the exterior. The nacre is light colored
or silvery, to a high degree iridescent, reflections of emerald green and red
predominating. The muscle attachment is smooth, but its posterior and lateral
outlines are marked by a rugose line. Columellar plate wide, its face concave,
sloping inward. Open perforations 4.’’

306 University of California Publicanons in Zoology [ Vou. 14

The mollusk was reported by Carpenter under the varietal name
kamtschatkana as oceurring both at San Francisco and the Farallon
Islands. This abalone was not obtained by the Survey.

Range.—Kamtschatka to Monterey, California (Campbell).

Haliotis rufescens Swainson
Plate 33

Haliotis rufescens Swainson (1821-1822), p. 2; Carpenter (1863), p. 651;
Cooper (1870a), p. 61; Pilsbry (1890), p. 82, pl. 20, fig. 11; Campbell
(1891), p. 103.

Description.—Pilsbry (1890) deseribed this species as follows:

“*Shell large, heavy and solid, oval, not very convex; sculpture consisting
of unequal spiral cords and threads and wide low radiating waves; color dull
red; holes three or four.

““The shell is very large, sometimes attaining a length of 9 inches; it is
thick and heavy, covered outside with a thick brick-red layer which projects
at the edge of the lip, forming a narrow coral-red edge. The spiral cords are
unequal in size, and finer than in H. fulgens; the waves of the surface are large
and oblique. Below the rows of holes there is a depression, followed by a low
ridge bearing usually large obtuse tubercles. The spire does not project above
the general curve of the back. Inside the nacre is lighter than in either
H. fulgens or H. corrugata, and the play of tints not so much broken. The
colors are chiefly pink and light green, with here and there a small area of
prussian blue. The muscle scar is large, peculiarly and variously striped with
olive-brown, green and blue; a portion of it is roughened by coarse raised cords
which take a spiral direction. The columellar plate is rather narrow, its lower
part sloping inward somewhat. Perforations large, somewhat tubular, 3 or 4

open.’’

This mollusk has been reported from the Farallon Islands by
Carpenter. The specimen figured was obtained from Point Reyes,
Marin County.

Range.—Mendocino County to San Diego, California (Campbell).

Haliotis fulgens Philippi

Haliotis fulgens Philippi (1845-1846), p. 150; Pilsbry (1890), p. 81, pl. 12,
figs. 61, 62.

Haliotis splendens Reeve, Carpenter (1863), p. 651.
Description —The following is Pilsbry’s (1890) description of this species:
‘<The form is oval, as in the other American Haliotis, the back quite convex.
Tt is solid, but thinner than H. rufescens. The outside is a uniform dull reddish-
brown. It is sculptured with rounded spiral lirae, nearly equal in size, 30 to 40
in number on the upper surface. At the row of holes there is an angle, the
surface below it sloping almost perpendicularly to the columellar edge, and
having an obtuse keel about midway. The spire does not project above the
general curve of the back. Inside dark, mostly blue and green with dark cop-

1918 ] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 307

pery stains, pinkish within the spire; the muscle impression painted in a
peculiar and brilliant pattern, like a peacock’s tail. Columellar plate wide,
flat, sloping inward. Cavity of the spire small, almost concealed. Perforations
rather small, elevated, circular, about 5 in number.’’

This species is associated with the preceding species, according to
Carpenter. Pilsbry (1890) apparently overlooked Carpenter’s cita-
tion when he considered the range of the species.

Range—Farallon Islands (Carpenter), Monterey to Lower Cali-
fornia (Pilsbry).

Haliotis assimilis Dall

Haliotis assimilis Dall (1878a), p. 46; Pilsbry (1890), p. 83, pl. 22, fig. 29;
Blankinship and Keeler (1892), p. 151.

Description—This species was defined by Pilsbry (1890) as follows:

“*Shell short, oval, very convex, the spire short but projecting above the
general outline of the back; surface spirally lirate and having low, rather
obscure radiating waves; perforations five; inside silvery, with red, blue, and
green reflections.

““The form is the same as in H. corrugata, except that the spire is more
produced in the present species. It is solid and strong, but not very thick.
The epidermis is dull reddish and greenish. Surface sculptured by numerous
spiral cords, alternately larger and smaller, and obsoletely waved radiately.
Below the row of holes is a shallow channel; the area between the row of holes
and the columellar margin is spirally lirate, and has an obtuse carina in the
middle. Inside light, nacre silvery, red and green; the muscle impression
smooth . . . columellar plate rather narrow, not at all truncated below, sloping
inward.’’

The only record of this species occurring north of Monterey is that
of Blankinship and Keeler’s list of species from the Farallon Islands.

Range—Farallon Islands; Monterey to San Diego, California
(Campbell).

FISSURELLIDAE
Fissuridea Swainson

Fissuridea aspera (Eschscholtz)
Plate 34, figures 2a and 2b

Fissurella aspera Eschscholtz (1829-1833), p. 21, pl. 23, fig. 5.

Glyphis aspera, Pilsbry (1890), p. 214, pl. 36, figs. 28, 29, 30; Wood and
Raymond (1891), p. 57.

Fissuridae aspera, Arnold, R. (1903), p. 338.

Description.—Pilsbry (1890) describes this species as follows:

“*Shell ovate, narrower in front, conical, the slopes nearly straight or a
little convex behind the middle. Sculptured with numerous radiating riblets,
of which 30-34 are larger, the intervals between them bearing about three
smaller ones; the whole decussated by close elevated concentric lirae, which
are more or less scale-like and imbricating.

308 University of California Publications in Zoology (Vou. 14

**Color soiled whitish, with numerous wide blackish rays. Inside white,
hole-callus white, very abruptly truncated behind; margin deeply and sharply
crenulated. Perforation short-oval, nearly cireular, in front of the middle.’’

Height, 26 to 60 mm.

Occurrence—At stations D 5702 (3), D5713* (2), D5800 (1),
D 5808 (1), and questionably at D 5801 (1).

This keyhole limpet was first listed from the vicinity of San Fran-
cisco by Wood and Raymond (1891). It is represented among the
Survey collections by several worn specimens obtained from the middle
division of the bay in depths ranging from 13% to 43 fathoms.

Range.—Sitka, Alaska, to San Diego, California (Oreutt).

Fissurella Bruguiére
Fissurella volcano Reeve

Fissurella volcano Reeve (1849), pl. 4, fig. 2; Carpenter (1863), p. 651;
Pilsbry (1890), p. 156, pl. 62, figs. 16-18; Wood and Raymond (1891),
p- 57; Arnold, R. (1903), p. 340.
Description.—This species was described by Pilsbry (1890) as follows:
‘«Shell oval, usually a little narrower in front, the orifice a little in front
of the middle, oblong, often obscurely tripartite, about one-eighth the length
of the shell; surface with radiating unequal riblets, often subobsolete. Color
pink-ashen with 13 to 16 purplish rays, often speckled near the summit. Inside
white, smooth, frequently with a pink line bounding the callus around the
perforation; border narrow, dark, alternately pink or purple and gray.’’

This species was found within the hmits of San Francisco County
by Wood and Raymond. It was not collected by the Survey.

Range.—Bolinas Bay, California, to San Hippolite Point, Lower
California.

Megatebennus Pilsbry
Megatebennus bimaculatus (Dall)

Fissurellidaea bimaculata Dall (1871b), p. 182, pl. 15, fig. 7.
Clypidella bimaculata, Cooper (1888), p. 235; Arnold, R. (1903), p. 339.

Description.—This species was described by Dall (1872) as follows:

“«Shell ellipsoidal when young, subquadrangulate, and a little narrower in
front than behind, when adult. Aperture the same shape as the shell, slightly
encroached upon in some specimens by a point on each side. External surface
furnished with radiating, rounded costae, not bifurcating but widening slightly
towards the margin. These are crossed by evident but not very strong lines
of growth, which, in some individuals, are rather strong. Anterior declivity
of the shell coneave, sides flattened, posterior declivity rounded convex. Color
whitish, with numerous radiating rays of brown or slate color, usually with a
broad fasiculus of darker rays in the middle of each side extending from the
apex to the margin, and occasional dark dots on the ribs. Shell occasionally
entirely brown or slate color, with two darker rays on the sides. Epidermis
none.

1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 309

‘“Tnterior pure white, the two dark rays sometimes showing through the
shell. Extreme outer edge finely denticulate or rounded and smooth, according
to the stage of growth. Margin as a whole broad, smooth, differentiated from
the rest of the surface by a wide, shallow groove. Margin of the aperture
similarly bordered. Muscular impressions distinct, surface marked by fine
radiating lines; polished. Anterior and posterior margins internally concave
or emarginated, so that when laid upon a flat surface in the natural position
the ends of the shell do not touch it.’’

According to Cooper (1888, p. 235), this species occurs at the
Farallon Islands. It has not been found among the Survey collections.
Range.—Bolinas Bay to Santa Barbara, California (Dall).

TURBINIDAB
Astralium Link
Astralium triumphans (Philippi)
Plate 34, figures 4a and 4b
Trochus triumphans Philippi (1841), p. 8; Pilsbry (1888), p. 228, pl. 58,
figs. 67, 68.

Description.—Pilsbry (1888) described this Japanese species as follows:
“‘Shell low-conic, imperforate, metallic brownish-purple above, nearly white
below; whorls 6, slightly convex above; body whorl armed around the carinate
periphery with long slender closed tubular radiating spines, about eight in
number on the body-whorl, and which are reabsorbed as the growth advances
leaving only short stumps to festoon the sutures; upper surface with close
revolving series—generally eight to ten on the last whorl—of minute laterally
compressed granules; base slightly convex, usually with a marginal row of
granules, and several rows surrounding the central callus; aperture transversely
ovate, angulate and channelled at peripheral carina, iridescent within; peristome
sinuous above, umbilical region covered with a heavy callus; more or less stained

with pinkish, somewhat excavated at center and spirally ridged.’’
Height, 10 mm.

Occurrence.—Near station D 5807* (7).

This Japanese species was dredged alive just outside the Golden
Gate. It has not heretofore been reported from North America.
Although the locality lies within the course of oceanic traffic, the
probabilities are against the dredging of a single specimen that may
have been carried across the Pacific and then dropped from the bottom
of a ship. If this form is exotic, it presumably has established itself
in these waters.

Range.—Japan. Known on the Pacifie Coast only from San Fran-
cisco.

310 University of California Publications in Zoology — [Vou. 14

Leptothyra Carpenter
Leptothyra carpenteri Pilsbry

Leptothyra carpenteri, Pilsbry (1888), p. 247, pl. 39a, figs. 26-29; Arnold, R.
(1903), p. 323.

Leptothyra sanguinea Carpenter, Gabb (1869), p. 85.

Leptonyx sanguinea Linnaeus, Keep (1892), p. 87, fig. 73.

Description—This species was originally described by Pilsbry (1888) as
follows:

“*Shell small, globose, very solid, imperforate, spire conic, more or less
depressed; suture moderately impressed; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last
decidedly deflected toward the aperture, encircled by about fifteen subequal
spiral lirae, separated by interstices about as wide as the ridges; incremental
striae generally strongly developed, causing the lirae to appear nodose or
somewhat irregular, and the interstices to appear pitted; aperture oblique,
nearly white within, about half the length of shell; columella arcuate, base
obsoletely uni- bi- or tri-dentate; color red, ashen or purple.’’

This species was reported from the Farallon Islands and from the
vicinity of San Francisco by Carpenter (1863, p. 652). It was ob-
tained in depths up to 20 fathoms. Not collected by the U. 8. S.
‘* Albatross.’”’

Range—Vancouver Island to Cape St. Lueas, Lower California
(Pilsbry ) .

PHASIANELLIDAE
Phasianella Lamarck
Phasianella pulloides Carpenter

Phasianella pulloides Carpenter, Pilsbry (1888), p. 173, pl. 39, figs. 69-72;
Blankinship and Keeler (1892), p. 151.
Description.—This species was defined by Pilsbry (1888) as follows:
“«Small, pointed-oblong, somewhat solid, yellowish, pinkish or whitish, more
or less clouded longitudinally with purple, dull pink or gray, marked with
numerous narrow close revolving descending lines of purple, pink or drab,
sometimes conspicuously flammulate below the sutures, and broadly transversely
fasciate on base; whorls 5-6, closely coiled above, with shallow sutures, the
last more rapidly descending, separated by a deep suture; aperture usually less
than half the length of the shell, very oblique, short ovate, inner margin arcuate,
umbilical region excavated and generally minutely perforate.’’

This species has been reported from this region by Blankinship and
Keeler. It is not found in the Survey collections.
Range.—Farallon Islands to Catalina Island, California.

1918 | Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 311

TROCHIDAE
Calliostoma Swainson

Calliostoma canaliculatum (Martyn)
Plate 36, figure 5

Calliostoma canaliculatum, Pilsbry (1889), p. 361, pl. 67, fig. 49; Wood and
Raymond (1891), p. 57; Arnold, R. (1903), p. 329.

Description—Pilsbry (1889) described this species as follows:

**Conical with flat base, thin, light fawn colored with yellowish-white lirae;
imperforate; surface of the whorls encircled by numerous sharply sculptured
smooth, narrow, cord-like lirae, subequal or alternately smaller; base with 11 to
13 similar ones. On the upper whorls the lirae are fewer, and in well preserved
individuals the second whorl is minutely beaded above. Spire conic, with nearly
straight outlines; sutures impressed. Whorls 7-8, the last obtusely angular,
flat beneath and impressed around the axis. Aperture oblique, rhombic, iri-
descent and suleated inside; peristome thin, acute; columella straightened, not
truneate below, dilated in a pearly iridescent pad above, bounded by an opaque
white deposit.’’

This common shell occurs quite abundantly along the shores out-
side of the Golden Gate. It has been reported from this region by
Wood and Raymond (1891). It was not obtained by the Survey.

Range—Sitka, Alaska, to San Diego, California (Pilsbry).

Calliostoma costatum (Martyn)
Plate 36, figures 6 and 7

Calliostoma costatum, Carpenter (1863), p. 652; Pilsbry (1889), p. 362,
pl. 16, figs. 6, 9; pl. 18, fig. 16.

Description.—This species was described by Pilsbry (1889) as follows:

“*Shell conical, rounded at periphery, base flattened; imperforate; solid;
dark chestnut colored, the spiral riblets lighter, apex dark, usually purple.
Surface encircled by numerous spiral smooth riblets, their interstices closely
finely obliquely striate; riblets usually 7 to 9 on the penultimate whorl, about
9 on the base. Spire conic; apex acute; sutures impressed. Whorls about 7,
convex, the last rounded (or a trifle angled) around the lower part, slightly
convex beneath; aperture rounded, oblique, outer lip fluted within, with a
beveled opaque white submargin; throat pearly, iridescent; columella simple,
arcuate.’?

Height, 9 to 11 mm.

Occurrence.—At station D 5770* (2).

Carpenter (1863) lists this species from the Farallon Islands. Two
living specimens were dredged by the Survey near the north shore of
the Golden Gate at a depth of 5 fathoms. The bottom at that locality
is characterized as being stony. This species occurs abundantly along

the beaches of the open ocean.
Range.—Sitka, Alaska, to San Diego, California (Cooper).

312 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou. 14

Tegula Lesson
Tegula brunnea (Philippi)
Plate 36, figures 3 and 4

Trochus brunneus Philippi (1842-1855), p. 300, pl. 43, fig. 19.
Chlorostoma brunneum, Carpenter (1863), p. 652; Pilsbry (1889), p. 170,
pl. 27, figs. 36-38; Arnold, R. (1903), p. 324.
Tegula brunnea, Keep (1911), p. 236.
Description.—This species was described by Pilsbry (1889) as follows:
‘*Shell imperforate, conical, solid, russet-yellow, brown, orange-colored or
deep crimson; spire conic; sutures deeply impressed; whorls about 7, convex,
smooth, obliquely lightly striate, the last sometimes obsoletely undulated or
plicate below the suture; base depressed, deeply concave in the center; aperture
very oblique; columella one or two toothed near the base; umbilical callus
white; place’ of the umbilicus deeply excavated.’’

This is a very common intertidal species along the beaches both
north and south of the Golden Gate. Not known to occur in San
Francisco Bay. According to Carpenter, it also occurs at the Farallon
Islands. No specimens were obtained by the Survey. The specimen
figured came from Bolinas Bay, Marin County, California.

Range.—Cape Mendocino to San Diego, California (Cooper).

Tegula funebrale (A. Adams)
Plate 36, figures la and 1b

Chlorostoma funebrale A. Adams (1854), p. 316; Carpenter (1863), p. 652;
Pilsbry (1889), p. 170, pl. 28; figs. 42-44; Wood and Raymond (1891),
p- 57; Arnold, R. (1903), p. 325.
Trochus moestus Jonas, Carpenter (1856a), p. 212.
Tegula funebrale, Keep (1911), p. 235.
Description.—This species was described by Pilsbry (1889) as follows:
‘“«This species is similar to C. gallina in form and characters of the aperture.
It is lusterless, purple or black, the apex usually eroded, orange-colored; the
teeth of the columella are white; and there is never a yellowish streak at the
base, as in the var. tineta of the last species (C. gallina). The whorls are
spirally lirate, sometimes smooth except on the base, sometimes strongly lirate
above. The suture is margined below by an impressed line, and by elevated,
folicaceous incremental lamellae. This last feature may almost always be
detected, although sometimes but very slightly developed.’’
Length, 7 to 36 mm.

Occurrence.—At Bonita Point (4)*.

This common intertidal species is associated with the preceding
one. Carpenter (1863) and subsequent writers have reported this
mollusk from San Francisco. It is represented in the Survey collec-
tions by four living specimens taken along the beach at Bonita Point.

1918 ] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 313

The species Trochus mocstus Jonas, a South American form, has
been inadvertently listed from San Francisco.
Range.—Sitka, Alaska, to San Diego, California (Cooper).

Tegula montereyi (Kiener)

Trochus montereyt Kiener (1834-1856), pl. 33, figs. 1, la; Pilsbry (1889),
p- 171, pl. 27, figs. 27, 28.
Chlorostoma montereyi, Blankinship and Keeler (1892), p. 153.

Description.—Pilsbry characterizes this species as follows:

**Shell umbilicate, strictly conical, rather thin, light olivaceous or pale
corneous; spire conical, with nearly straight outlines; apex acute; sutures linear;
whorls 7; flattened, encircled by numerous fine lines, which become obsolete on
the lower whorl which shows usually very ill defined obliquely descending
small folds, at right angles to the incremental striae; body whorl acutely
angular at the periphery; base flat, spirally lirate; aperture subhorizontal;
outer lip thin, margined with brown or corneous; coiumella subhorizontal,
curved, toothed below middle, receding above, not spread around the umbilicus
as in the other species; umbilicus funnel-shaped, rapidly becoming very narrow,
white within, its edge defined by an angle.’’

This species was reported from the Farallon Islands by Blanken-
ship and Keeler.
Range—Bolinas Bay to San Nicolas Island, California (Pilsbry).

Margarites Leach*
Margarites lirulata Carpenter

Margarita lirulata Carpenter (1863), p. 653; (1865a), p. 61; Dall (1871b),
p. 128; Pilsbry (1889), p. 296, pl. 65, figs. 81, 82, and 87.
Gibbula parcipicta Carpenter (1863), p. 653.
Gibbula succinecta Carpenter (1863), p. 653.
Description.—Pilsbry (1889) described this species in the following words:
“‘Shell umbilicate, globose-conical solid, lusterless or slightly shining, pur-
plish, unicolored, or with large radiating white patches above, or around the
periphery, or spiral darker lines, or spiral articulated lines. Surface either
with (1st) a few (2-4) strong lirae above, their interspaces smooth, the base
with about 8 concentric lirulae, or (2nd) more numerous narrow irregular lirulae
above, those of the base still smaller, or (3rd) the spiral sculpture obsolete,
surface smooth or nearly so above and beneath. The spire is more or less
elevated, apex obtuse; suture impressed, sometimes sub-canaliculate; body-
whorl convex beneath; aperture oblique, oval-rhomboidal, very brilliantly iri-
descent within, but the acute peristome has a rather broad marginal band of
opaque white; columella simple, umbilicus tubular, with incremental striae

within.’’

This species is listed by Carpenter (1863) under the name of
Gibbula succincta from San Francisco and the Farallon Islands. Not
obtained by the Survey.

*For authority for changing the spelling of the genus see Dall (1915b, p. 112).

314 University of Califorma Publications in Zoology [ Vo. 14

Range.—Sitka, Alaska, to San Diego, California (Pilsbry). Todos
Santos Bay (Hemphill).

Margarites pupilla (Gould)
Plate 36, figure 10

Trochus pupillus Gould (1848b), p. 91.
Margarita pupilla Carpenter (1863), p. 653; Pilsbry (1889), p. 295, pl. 44,
figs. 29-32; Arnold, R. (1903), p. 333, pl. 10, fig. 15.

Description—Arnold (1903) described this species as follows:

‘Shell small, ovate-conic, rather solid; whorls five, convex, flattened slightly
above, forming a narrow, tabulate band just below suture; body-whorl obtusely
angulated; surface sculptured with small, flattened, subequal, equidistant,
revolving ribs, five on the upper whorls; interspaces ornamented by fine, oblique,
incremental lines; base of body-whorl nearly flat, and ornamented with num-
erous fine, revolving lines, which become coarser near umbilicus; suture deeply
impressed, distinct, aperture circular; columella somewhat arcuate; umbilicus
small, groove-like; outer lip sharp, nacreous layer on inner lip.’’

Height, 3 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5773 (1).

This shell is listed by Carpenter (1863) from the Farallon Islands.
The only specimen in the Survey collections was dredged alive near
Lime Point within the Golden Gate in 3 fathoms from a stony bottom.

Range.—Alaska to Catalina Islands, California (Cooper).

EULIMIDAE
Melanella Bowdich*

Melanella (Eulima) micans (Carpenter)
Plate 36, figure 11
Eulima micans Carpenter (1863), p. 659; (1865a), p. 63; Tryon (1886c),
p. 272, pl. 64, figs. 29, 30; Arnold, R. (1903), p. 269, pl. 9, fig. 12.

Description.—Tryon (1886) described this species as follows:

“Straight, white, semipellucid, shining; whorls flattened, the last oblong
oval; aperture narrowly oval, outer lip somewhat straight and scarcely
thickened.’”

Height, 6 to 8 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5785 (1), D 5788* (7), D 5789 (3).

This small gastropod is not mentioned in the lists of species from
the vicinity of San Francisco. It is apparently restricted in distribu-
tion to the open oceanic waters. Living specimens were obtained by
the Survey in the vicinity of the Farallon Islands from depths rang-
ing from 39 to 68 fathoms, the bottoms being composed of fine dark
green sand.

Range.—British Columbia to San Diego, California (Keep).

* For change in generic name see Dall (1915b),

1918 | Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 315

PYRAMIDELLIDAE
Turbonilla Risso
Turbonilla (Pyrgolampros) franciscana Bartsch
Plate 36, figures 8 and 9

Turbonilla (Pyrgolampros) franciscana, Bartsch (1917), p. 645, pl. 42, fig. 2.
Description.—This species was originally described by Bartsch, as follows:
“*Shell elongate conic, flesh colored excepting a broad chestnut band, which

covers the median third of the last whorl. This dark band really consists of
two chestnut colored zones, the anterior of which embraces half the band,
while the posterior is equal to one-fourth of the dark area; the two being
separated by a zone of a little lighter shade, which is as wide as the posterior
zone. Nuclear whorls decollated in all the specimens seen. Postnuclear whorl
rather high between the sutures, feebly shouldered at the summit, and slightly
constricted at the periphery. Early postnuclear whorls marked by low, rounded,
broad, almost vertical axial ribs, which are wider than the shallow impressed
spaces that separate them. On the later whorls the axial ribs become quite
obsolete. On the first of the postnuclear whorls, there are eighteen of these ribs;
on the second to fourth, twenty; on the fifth they become decidedly feeble and
on the remainder they are not at all differentiated. In addition to the axial
sculpture, the surface of the shell is marked by very fine, wavy, closely spaced
spiral striations. Periphery of the last whorl well rounded. Base moderately
long, well rounded, marked by lines of growth and spiral striations comparable
to those on the spire. Aperture broadly oval; outer lip thin, showing the color
markings within. Columella curved, somewhat twisted and slightly revolute;
parietal wall glazed with a thin callus.’’

The type, and seventeen specimens, Cat. No. 214435, U.S. N. M., was dredged
by the U.S. 8. ‘‘Albatross’’ at station D 5743, in 10-15% fathoms, on very fine
sand and mud bottom, San Francisco Bay, California. The type has lost the
nucleus and probably the first of the postnuclear turns. The eight remaining
measure: length 6.8 mm., diameter 2 mm.

There are three additional lots of specimens in the collection of the U. 8.
National Museum, likewise dredged by the U. 8. Bureau of Fisheries Steamer
“* Albatross’’ in San Francisco Bay. These are Cat. No. 214433, 3 specimens,
from station D 5729 in 4%, fathoms on sandy mud bottom. Cat. No. 214436,
4 specimens from station D 5703 in 81% fathoms on mud bottom.

This species belong to the obsoletely sculptured group of Pyrgolampros,
embracing halistrapta, pesa, rinella, lituyana, oregonensis.’”

Height, 3 to 6.8 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5703 (5, 1), D 5704 (1), D 5705 (
D 5723 (6), 5729+ (2), D 5740 (7, 1), D5743t (34), D5744 (2
Dsat (hp Di ol63.(4). DSaT64 (sy 1); DibT8l i@), Disrsd: (a),
D 5786 (1), D 5799 (4), D 5822 B (40), D 5825 A (66), D 5826 A (1),
D 5828 B (64), D 5830 A (12), D 5831 (2), D 5836 (24), D 5839 (48),
D 5840 (8), Sausalito (1).

This new species was dredged at two of the outside stations and
at 23 stations within the middle and lower divisions of the bay. Living

3),
Os

316 University of California Publications in Zoology — [ Vou. 14

specimens were taken in depths up to 13 fathoms and a single shell
from 40 fathoms. It occurs on bottoms that are prevailingly sandy.

Range.—Known only from San Francisco which is the type locality
of the species.

Turbonilla keepi Dall and Bartsch
Plate 36, figures 12a and 12b

Turbonilla keepi Dall and Bartsch (1909), p. 71, pl. 5, fig. 1.

Description—This species was described by Dall and Bartsch (1909) as
follows:

““Shell elongate-conic, yellowish-white with a brown band about two-fifths
the width of the space between the sutures, immediately below the summits,
and one about one-third as wide, a little anterior to the middle of the remaining
light area. Posterior half of base a little lighter brown than the bands between
the sutures, grading into white on the anterior half. (Nuclear whorls decol-
lated.) Postnuclear whorls slightly shouldered, flattened, somewhat contracted
at the periphery, marked by strong, well rounded, almost vertical axial ribs,
of which there are 22 upon the fourth to sixth, 24 upon the seventh to ninth,
26 upon the tenth, and 30 upon the penultimate turn. Intercostal spaces a little
narrower than the ribs, well impressed. Sutures strongly impressed, rendered
sinuous by the strong terminations of the axial ribs at the summits of the
whorls. Periphery of the last whorl well rounded. Base moderately long, well
rounded. Entire surface of spire and base marked by numerous, very closely
crowded, wavy, spiral striations. Aperture large; posterior angle acute; outer
lip thin, showing the external sculpture and color bands within; columella
very oblique, almost straight and slightly revolute.’’

Height, 6 to 11 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5785 (1), D 5786 (2), D 5826 A (64).

This small univalve has not before been taken as far north as San
Francisco. It is restricted in the Survey collections to the waters
of the open ocean. Living specimens were dredged in 39 to 40 fathoms
from a sandy bottom.

Range.—San Francisco; Catalina Island to San Diego, California
(Dall and Bartsch).

Odostomia Fleming

Odostomia franciscana Bartsch
Plate 36, figures 15 and 16

Odostomina (Evalea) franciscana Bartsch (1917), p. 665, pl. 45, fig. 7.

Description—This species was recently described by Bartsch (1917) as
follows:

“*Shell thin, broadly elongate conic, yellowish white. Nuclear whorls small,
deeply imbedded in the first of the succeeding turns, about which the tilted edge
of the last volution only projects. Postnuclear whorls inflated, well rounded,
feebly shouldered at the summit, marked by almost vertical, very feeble, incre-
mental lines and exceedingly fine, closely spaced spiral striations. Suture

1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 317

moderately constricted. Periphery of the last whorl very feebly angulated.
Base short, inflated well rounded, with a very narrow umbilical chink. Aperture
large; posterior angle acute; outer lip thin; inner lip strongly curved, some-
what reflected and provided with a strong, oblique fold at its insertion; parietal
wall glazed with a thin callus.’’

The type and three specimens, Cat. No. 214431, U. S. N. M., were collected
at the U. 8S. Bureau of Fisheries Station D 5729, in San Francisco Bay, on
sticky, nearly black, mud in 4% fathoms. Cat. No. 214432, U. S. N. M., con-
tains four additional specimens also from San Francisco Bay, dredged at U. 8.
Bureau of Fisheries Station D5781, on coarse sand, pebbly and shell bottom,
in 954-16 fathoms.’’

Height, 3 to 4 mm.

Occurrence —At stations D 5729+ (7), D5764 (4), D5781t (4),
5785 (1, 1), D5786 (2), D5785 (4), D5788 (1), D5810 (28),
5836 (24), D 5839 (16), and questionably at D 5794, D 5836.

As yet this new species is known only from the lower and middle
divisions of the bay and from the open ocean in the vicinity of the

D
D

Farallon Islands. Specimens were dredged in depths ranging from
134 to 68 fathoms on bottoms varying from pure sand to pure mud.

Range.—Known only from San Francisco, which is the type locality
of the species.

Odostomia farallonensis Dall and Bartsch

Odostomia farallonensis Dall and Bartsch (1909), p. 221, pl. 27, fig. 7.

Description.—This species was originally described as follows:

“Shell very elongate-ovate, deeply umbilicated, light yellow. Nuclear
whorls very deeply immersed. Postnuclear whorls very slightly rounded in the
middle between the sutures, more strongly so near the anterior end and toward
the summit. Summit strongly narrowly tabulate. Periphery of the last whorl
inflated. Base very strongly suddenly rounded, widely and deeply umbilicated.
Entire surface marked by numerous fine, closely spaced, spiral striations. Aper-
ture broadly ovate, posterior angle obtuse, outer lip thin; columella very
slender, strongly curved, revolute, provided with a deep fold a little below
its insertion; parietal wall glazed with a thin callus.’’

Occurrence.—This species was dredged by the ‘‘ Albatross’’ during
a previous survey at station D 3180 off the Farallon Islands.

Range.—Known only from the Farallon Islands which is the type
locality for the species.

[Odostomia gravida Gould}
Odostomia gravida Gould, Wood and Raymond (1891), p. 57; Dall and
Bartsch (1909), p. 212, pl. 25, fig. 7.

This species was reported from this region at a time before the
specific distinctions now made were so well recognized. It is not

318 University of California Publications in Zoology — [Vou. 14

improbable, therefore that Wood and Raymond confused this southern
species with some other form. Dall and Bartsch (1909) found this
species only at Santa Barbara, California.

Odostomia inflata Carpenter

Odostomia inflata Carpenter (1863), p. 658; Dall and Bartsch (1907), p.
524, pl. 47, fig. 8; (1909), p. 201, pl. 23, fig. 7.
Description.—This species was described by Dall and Bartsch as follows:
‘*Shell ovate, white. Nuclear whorls decollated. Postnuclear whorls inflated,
gently curved over the anterior two-thirds of the whorl between the sutures and
more strongly so on the posterior third, this portion forming an evenly curved
shoulder. Extreme summit of the whorls slightly flattened and narrow, render-
ing the sutures well marked. Periphery of the last whorl subangulated. Base
attenuated, rather suddenly contracted below the periphery, which gives the
space between the periphery and the umbilical area a concave aspect. Entire
surface marked by fine lines of growth and many fine, closely placed spiral
lirations, five of which are a little stronger than the rest and divide the space
between the sutures into subequal areas. There are about 30 of these threads
upon the last turn between the summit and the periphery and about 60 on
the base. Aperture very large, patulous anteriorly; outer lip thin at the edge
but very thick within; columella decidedly curved, and revolute, reinforced to
the very edge by the attenuated base, provided with a strong oblique fold at
its insertion.’’

According to the original description, this species occurs in eavities
in shells of Haliotis at the Farallon Islands and at San Francisco.
The specimen was not found in the Survey collections, by Dr. Bartsch,
who kindly examined all of the specimens belonging to this genus.

Occurrence.—Neah Bay, Washington (Dall and Bartsch) ; Farallon
Islands (Carpenter).

EPITONIIDAE
Epitonium Bolten
Epitonium cerebricostatum (Carpenter)

Scalaria cerebriscostata Carpenter (1863), p. 660; Wood and Raymond
(1891), p. 57.
Scala cerebriscostata, Arnold, R. (1903), p. 263.

Description.—Arnold (1903) described this species as follows:

“Shell turreted, thin; spire consists of eight convex whorls, each with
fourteen to eighteen slightly oblique, sharp, thin, reflected, transverse varices;
varices show a slightly coronated appearance at the shoulder; suture deep and
distinct. Deflection 22 degrees.

Some of the specimens have only slightly reflexed varices, and the amount
of coronation varies in different individuals. ’’

1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 319

Wood and Raymond recognized this species within the limits of
San Francisco County. It was not found among the Survey specimens.
These authors also list the eastern form LH. groenlandica Perry.

Range. —San Francisco (Wood and Raymond) to San Diego
(Cooper).

Epitonium hindsi (Carpenter)
Plate 36, figures 14a and 14b

Scalaria hindsi Carpenter (1856c), p. 165.
Scala hindsi, Arnold, R. (1903), p. 364.

Description.—Arnold (1903) described this species as follows:

“‘Shell small, turreted, thin; whorls eight, evenly convex; varices eight to
twelve, sharp, thin, sometimes reflexed, very prominently coronated just anterior
to suture; suture deep, distinct; aperture subcireular; lip slightly thickened;
inner lip slightly inerusted.’’

Height, 5 to 10 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5712 (1), D 5724 B (2), D5833 (128),
fishing grounds west of Golden Gate* (1), west of Farallon Islands
(1).

This southern species has not hitherto been reported from these
local waters. It is sparingly represented among the Survey collections
at stations within the bay and outside the Golden Gate. Living speci-
mens are recorded from depths ranging from 884 to 815 fathoms, on
bottoms which are predominantly sandy.

Range.—Bodega Bay, California to Panama (Orcutt).

Epitonium sawinae (Dall)
Plate 36, figure 13

Scala sawinae Dall (1903b), p. 175.

Description.—This species was originally described as follows:

‘‘Shell small, elongate, sub-acute, with ten or more whorls; nucleus of
three smooth polished whorls; subsequent whorls smooth, with about 19 low,
sharp, slightly reflected varices which entirely cross the whorl; at the shoulder
these are slightly spinose; aperture rounded ovate, entire, with a small spine at
the shoulder angle and a less conspicuous one at the inner base of the aperture;
there is no trace of a basal cord or disk, and no spiral sculpture. Length,
10.5; diameter of aperture, 2.5; max. diameter of last whorl, 4.0 mm. A broken
specimen with three more whorls seems to have measured 24 mm. in total length
when perfect, and 8 mm. in diameter.’’

Height, 3 to 16 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5785* (217, 6), D5786 (10), D 5787
(2), D 5788 (8), D 5789 (7, 11), D 5790 (3), D 5833 (1).

320 University of California Publications in Zoology — [Vou. 14

This southern species has heretofore been found only at its type
locality within the Santa Barbara channel. It is represented in the
Survey collections mainly from the stations outside the Golden Gate.
Living specimens were dredged from a bottom of dark greenish sand
at depths ranging from 39 to 46 fathoms.

Range.—San Francisco to Coronado Islands, California.

LITTORINIDAE
Littorina Ferussac

Littorina planaxis (Nuttall) Philippi
Plate 35, figures 4 and §
Littorina planaxis (Nuttall) Philippi (1842-1851), pl. 4, fig. 16; Tryon
(1887b), p. 248, pl. 43, figs. 55, 56; pl. 44, fig. 57; Wood and Ray-
mond (1891), p. 57.
Description.—This species was described by Tryon (1887) as follows:
‘“Whorls convex, rapidly increasing, smooth or very minutely spirally striate,
light chocolate color, shining, under a thin olivaceous epidermis, speckled and
spotted irregularly with white, interior chocolate color, with a white band near
the base; columella broadly excavated, yellowish brown.’’
Height, 3 to 14 mm.

Occurrence.—At Bonita Point (13, 2), and questionably at D 5742.

This littoral species was reported by Carpenter (1863) from the
Farallon Islands and from San Francisco where it has been found by
subsequent writers. It is a common form upon the rocks or piles at
or above high-tide level. It is represented in the Survey collections
by specimens from the beach at Bonita Point and questionably at one
dredging station within the middle division of the bay.

Range.—Sitka, Alaska (Cooper) ; Lower California (Orcutt).

Littorina scutulata Gould
Plate 35, figures 2 and 3
Littorina scutulata Gould (1848a), p. 83 (1863), p. 53; Carpenter (1863),
p. 656; Tryon (1887b), p. 250, pl. 45, figs. 98-103.

Description—The following is Tryon’s (1887) description of this species:

‘‘Faintly striate with spiral impressed lines, olivaceous chestnut or chocolate
color, including aperture, sometimes not variegated, but usually with longitud-
inal zigzag white markings, sometimes broken up into spots, and frequently with
an articulated white and chestnut band on the periphery.’’

Height, 2 to 9 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5739 (1), Key Route Pier, Oakland
(63), Standard Oil Pier, Richmond (29), Red Rock (11), Presidio
(60), Sausalito (2), Bonita Point* (162, 3).

1918 ] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 321

Carpenter (1863) and subsequent writers have listed this species in
association with the larger form previously considered. A single
weathered specimen was obtained by the dredge in 18 fathoms of
water. The distribution of the living shell is very general occurring
upon rocks or piles at or just above the reach of the waves along the
shores of the entire bay as well as those outside the Golden Gate.

Range.—Sitka, to Cape San Lucas, Lower California (Orcutt).

Lacuna Turton
Lacuna porrecta Carpenter

Lacuna porrecta Carpenter (1863), p. 656; (1864b), p. 429; Arnold, R.
(1903), p. 303.

Description.—Arnold (1903) described this species as follows:

“*Shell small, white; spire not much elevated; whorls three, convex; body--
whorl very slightly angulated; suture distinct; aperture ovate; lip effuse;
umbilical chink large. ... Distinguishable by large umbilical chink, depressed
spire, large angle at apex, and effuse outer lip.’’

Height, 2 to 4 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5731 (3), D5797* (1).

Wood and Raymond (1891) found this small gastropod within San
Francisco County. It has been obtained by the Survey at two dredg-
ing stations, one being outside the Golden Gate in 16 fathoms on a sand
and gravel bottom and the other, within the middle division of the
bay in 814 fathoms on a pure sand bottom.

Range.—Vancouver Island, B. C., to San Francisco, California.

Lacuna unifasciata Carpenter
Lacuna unifasciata Carpenter (1856d), p. 205; (1863), p. 656; Keep (1911),
p. 205.

Description.—Keep (1911) described this small littoral species as follows:

‘*Externally it is brown and glossy, with the color broken into dots on the
keel of the body-whorl. The aperture is semi-lunar in shape, and the flattened
columella has a small umbilical fissure from which circumstance it receives its
generic name.’’

Height, 2 to 3 mm.

Occurrence. — At Bonita Point* (8), and questionably at the
Presidio.

This species is recorded from this region by Carpenter (1863) and
by subsequent writers. Obtained by the Survey only at the shore
station at Bonita Point.

Range.—Farallon Islands to San Diego (Carpenter).

322 University of California Publications in Zoology — [Vou. 14

Lacuna variegata Carpenter
Lacuna variegata Carpenter (1863), p. 656; (1864b), p. 428; Tryon (1887b),
p- 266, pl. 50, fig. 58.

Description.—Tryon (1887) describes this species as follows:

“«Thin, expanded in front, periphery rounded or obtusely augulated, smooth,
polished, fulvous, irregularly strigate with chestnut, with frequently a peri-
pheral band of white spots, and sometimes another below the suture.’’

Height, 1 to 3 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5711 (2), D 5740 (7), Presidio (19)*,
Bonita Point (52).

This species has not hitherto been reeorded from the vicinity of
San Francisco. It is restricted in the Survey collections to the middle
division of the bay. Living specimens were very abundant at the shore
station on both shores of the Golden Gate and at a single dredging
station at a depth of 814 fathoms from a bottom of sand and shells.

Range.—Vaneouver Island, B. C., to San Diego, California
(Tryon).

CAPULIDAE
Hipponix Defrance*
Hipponix antiquatus Linnaeus

Hipponix antiquatus Linneaus (1766-1768), p. 1259.
Hipponyx antiquatus, Tryon (1886b), p. 134, pl. 40, figs. 93-99.
Amalthea antiquatus, Blankinship and Keeler (1892), p. 153.
Description.—This species was defined by Tryon as follows:
‘“White, apex posterior, concentrically rudely, closely laminated, more or
less distinctly radiately striated; epidermis pilose.’’

This form was listed from the Farallon Islands by Blankinship

and Keeler. Not found among the Survey collections.
Range.—Farallon Islands to Lower California (Oreutt).

Crepidula Lamarck

Crepidula convexa Say
Plate 35, figures 5 and 6
Crepidula convera Say (1822), p. 227; Tryon (1886b), p. 125, pl. 36, fig.
10; Sumner, Osborn and Cole Davis (1913), p. 722, chart 184.
Crepidula convexa Say var. glauca Say, Stearns (1899a), p. 81.

Description.—Tryon (1886) described this species as follows:

““Convex, with somewhat trigonal outline, high back and obliquely beaked
apex; whitish or glaucous radiately lined with chestnut spots, with sometimes
larger nebulous chestnut-purple markings. ’’

Length, 3 to 12 mm.

*For change in the spelling of the genus see Dall (1915b, p. 104).

1918 | Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 323

Occurrence.—At stations D 5768 (8, 10), D 5781 (5, 3), D5782*
(6, 12), D 5788 (1, 2), D 5784 (1, 4), D5810 (67), D 5811 (1, 12),
D 5847 (1).

This species has been introduced inadvertently along with the seed
oysters from the Atlantic. The large number of living specimens
obtained at or in the vicinity of the oyster beds at the southern end
of San Francisco Bay indicates that this exotic species has gained an
assured foothold within these local waters. It was first recognized
on this coast by Stearns (1899a) under the name of C. convera var.
glanca Say.

It has been dredged by the Survey in the southern portion of the
bay, in the vicinity of the oyster beds, and at one locality off the Ala-
meda shore. Living specimens were obtained on gravel or shell bottoms
in depths ranging from 1 to 4 fathoms. It commonly occurs attached
to a living oyster.

This form differs from the West Coast species Crepidula adunca
in having a higher apex which is more centrally located than in the
western form.

Range.—San Francisco, California, Nova Scotia to Florida.

Crepidula nivea Adams
Plate 35, figures 7a and 7b, plate 55
Crepidula nivea Adams, C. B. (1852), p. 234; Keep (1911), p. 208.
Crepidula navicelloides Nuttall, Carpenter (1863), p. 654.

Description.—This species was originally described as follows:

“*Shell ovate-elliptic; rather thick; within snow white; without dingy
white, sometimes with a faint tinge of brown; very irregularly concentrically
more or less wrinkled, with very distinct striae of growth; apex turned more or
less to the right, moderately prominent, marginal; septum longitudinally sub-
angular, with a deep sinus at the left and a shallow one at the right; margin
thick, exhibiting striae of growth... .’’

Length, 3 to 25 mm.

Occurrence-—At stations D 5708 (1), 5712 (1), D5723 (7, 1),
D 5744 (1), D5756 (1), D5764 (3), D5766 (4), D5767 (53, 11),
D 5868 (67, 3), D5781 (32), D 5782* (7, 3), D 5783 (1), D5784 (1,
105), D 5810 (8, 2), D 5811 (1), D 5813 (1, 1), D5817 (3), D5817 B
(1) D 5846 (6), Standard Oil Pier, Richmond (6), Red Rock (2),
and questionably at D 5737, D 5833.

This mollusk has been reported from the Farallon Islands and San
Francisco Bay. Living specimens were obtained by the Survey at 17
stations quite generally distributed from the lower extremity of the

324 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou. 14

bay to the upper portion of San Pablo Bay. It was frequently found
associated with Ostrea lurida.
Range.—Puget Sound to Panama.

Crucibulum Schumacher
Crucibulum spinosum (Sowerby)

Calyptraea spinosa Sowerby (1820-1824), pl. 23, figs. 4, 7.
Crucibulum spinosum Carpenter (1863), p. 654; Tryon (1886b), p. 118;
Arnold (1903), p. 306.

Description.—Arnold (1903) deseribed this species as follows:

‘*Shell conical, elevated, apex rather acute, slightly curved, smooth, sub-
central; surface ornamented with numerous rounded, radiating ridges, and
sometimes with concentric rows of spires; concentric lines of growth visible;
a cup-shaped lamina is attached along a line on one side of the interior of the
shell; inner surface smooth; rim thin; aperture nearly circular.’’

Carpenter mentions this species as occurring on the Farallon
Islands. No specimens were obtained by the Survey.
Range.—Farralon Islands to San Diego (Carpenter).

NATICIDAE
Polinices Montfort

Polinices draconis (Dall)
Plate 38, figures 2a and 2b

Lunatia draconis Dall (19036), p. 174.

Description—Dall originally described this species as follows:

“*Shell depressed, solid, cream color, sometimes with a ferruginous or livid
tinge, with six whorls; nuclear whorl very small, smooth; later ones with an
obscure, nearly obsolete spiral sculpture like flattened-out threads, over which
run microscopic, close-set, spiral striae: suture with the whorl in front of it
feebly channeled and the excavation bounded by an obsolete thread; top of the
whorls flattened, part of the base bordering the umbilicus also flattish, the
remainder of the whorl rounded, turgid; umbilicus wide and deep, its walls
excavated and closely spirally striated aperture oblique, semi-lunate, outer lip
thin, base rounded; the angle where the lip meets the body filled with a smooth
white callus, the anterior angle of the pillar lip also thickened.’’

Height, 13 to 60 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5787 (f.), D 5788 (2), D5789 (1, 1),
D 5790 (1), D 5848 (1), Fishing ground west of Golden Gate (15),
and questionably at D 5718, D 5763 D 5811, D 5842.

Dall (1903d) reports this species from the Farallon Islands from
a depth of 37 fathoms. Determinable specimens of this form were
obtained by the Survey only from the open ocean. It was dredged at
depths ranging from 3 to 68 fathoms on bottoms comprised of fine

1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 325

dark green sand. Several fragments of shells that have been doubt-
fully referred to this species were dredged at several localities within
San Francisco Bay. These may, however, belong to P. lewisi which is
known to oceur within the bay. The fragment from station D 5811,
may have been brought here along with the eastern oysters with which
it was found associated.

Range.—Farallon Islands to Catalina Islands, California (Dall).

Polinices lewisi (Gould)
Plate 38, figure 1
Natica lewisii Gould (1847), p. 239.
Lunatia lewisii Tryon (1886a), p. 35, pl. 13, figs. 11, 12; pl. 9, fig. 70.
Polynices lewisti Arnold, R. (1903), p. 315, pl. 10, fig. 4.
Description.—This univalve was described by Tryon (1886a) as follows:
“Conical globose, obsoletely spirally striate, yellowish white or brownish
white; whorls obliquely sloping above with, in old specimens, an obtuse angle
on the shoulder, defined by a slight concave constriction above and below it;
interior chocolate white; umbilicus narrow and deep, with a tongue-shaped,
chocolate-tinged callus extending partly over it from above.’’
Height, 30 to 75 mm.

Occurrence —At stations D 5702 (1), D5731 (1), D5737* (2),
1D B73 (a)

This large predaceous gastropod has not hitherto been reported
from the vicinity of San Francisco. Shells were dredged by the Survey
in 1014 to 19 fathoms within Raccoon Straits, the Golden Gate and in
the open ocean.

Range.—Strait of Juan de Fuca, Washington, to San Diego, Cali-
fornia (Cooper).

Eunaticina Fischer

Eunaticina oldroydi (Dall)
Plate 35, figures 10a and 10b

Sigaretus oldroydi Dall (1897b), p. 85.
Eunaticina oldroydi, Dall (1899a), p. 85.
Description.—Dall (1897b) originally described this species as follows:
‘Shell large, thin, naticoid, with a short spire and 3-4 inflated whorls; color
pale brown, livid on the spire, fading to waxen on the base; surface sculptured
with extremely fine wavy spiral striae; aperture ample, oblique, the outer lip
thin, a little patulous, the body covered with a thin callus, the pillar lip ob-
liquely cut away, wide near the junction with the body, the basal part of the
margin receding; umbilicus large, pervious, its walls covered with a thin, silky,
brown wrinkled epidermis. ’’
Height, 24 mm.

326 University of California Publications in Zoology — [Vou. 14

Occurrence.—A single specimen from the Fishing Grounds* west
of the Golden Gate was obtained by the Survey at a depth of 3 fathoms.
Range.—Drake’s Bay to San Pedro, California (Dall).

RISSOLIDAE
Barleeia Clark
Barleeia subtenuis Carpenter
Barleeia subtenuis Carpenter (1863), p. 656; Tryon (1887c), p. 393, pl. 60,
fig. 73.
Description.—This species was described by Tryon as follows:
“*Thin, subpellucid, corneous-chestnut; with 4 normal whorls, flatly convex,
with distinct suture; lip acute.’’

This species is reported by Carpenter as occurring at the Farallon
Islands. A single worn specimen was dredged by the Survey outside
the Golden Gate which may possibly represent this species.

Range.—Farallon Islands to San Diego California (Carpenter).

CERITHIIDAE
Cerithiidea
Cerithidea californica (Haldeman)
Plate 39, figures 8a and 8b

Cerithium californicum Haldeman (1840-1845), no. 1.

Cerithium sacrata Gould, Carpenter (1863), p. 655; Tryon (1887a), p. 162,
pl. 33, figs. 69-72.

Cerithidea californica, Dall (1892), p. 277; Arnold, R. (1903), p. 296.

Description.—Arnold (19038) described this species as follows:

‘¢Shell turreted; apex decollated; whorls nine or ten, slightly convex, orna-
mented with three or four spiral ridges and numerous transverse ridges, the
two sets varying in prominence; suture impressed, distinct; aperture subquad-
rate; outer lip effuse, thickened, broadly rounded below, and slightly produced
in a columellar beak; inner lip straight above this beak.’’

Carpenter (1863) reports this species from San Francisco Bay ;
although it is not found among the Survey collections, it is known to
occur within San Francisco Bay along the shores of Lake Merritt and
in the brackish waters near Belmont and Mill Valley.

Range—Baulinas Bay to Mazatlan, Mexico (Tryon).

Bittium Leach

Bittium eschrichti (Middendorff) var. montereyense Bartsch
Bittium filosum Carpenter, Arnold, R. (1903), p. 292; Blankinship and

Keeler (1892), p. 153.
Bittium eschrichti var. montereyense Bartsch (1911), p. 387.

1918 | Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 327

Blankinship and Keeler (1892) report this species under the name
of B. filosum, as occurring at the Farallon Islands. That name has
now been superceded by that of B. eschrichti, which is a northern form
represented in the southern waters by the variety montereyense. It is
probable that those authors obtained the variety instead of the typical
species.

The same authors list the species B. armillatum Carpenter from
the Farallon Islands, but that form is now thought to be an extinct
species.

Range.—Northern California to Cape San Lucas, Lower California.

Bittium subplanulatum Bartsch
Plate 41, figures 5a and 5b

Bittium subplanulatum Bartsch (1911), p. 395, pl. 57, fig. 5.

Description—This species was originally described by Bartsch (1911) as
follows:

“Shell broadly elongate-conic, milk white. Nuclear whorls a little more
than one, well rounded, smooth. The first of the post-nuclear whorls well
rounded, marked by three spiral cords, one of which is at the summit, another
on the middle of the whorl, while the third is a little above the suture. The
succeeding turns show four spiral cords, of which the one at the summit is a
little less strong than the rest; the remaining three divide the space between
the sutures into four equal parts. Beginning with the fourth whorl, intercalated
cords make their appearance between the primary ones, so that on the last
whorl we have an intercalated cord and sometimes two between all the primary
cords; these, however, are never quite as strong as the principal ones. In
addition to the spiral cords, the whorls are marked by decidedly curved, slender,
well rounded, almost vertical, axial ribs, which are scarcely indicated on the
first turn, while 14 of them occur upon the second and third, 16 upon the fourth,
18 upon the fifth and sixth, 22 upon the seventh, 24 upon the eighth, and 26
upon the penultimate turn. The intersections of the spiral cords and axial ribs
form weakly developed, rounded tubercles which are truncated on their posterior
margin, while spaces enclosed between them are very shallow quadrangular
pits. Sutures strongly constricted. Periphery and base of the last whorl well
rounded, marked by slender, spiral cords, of which those immediately below the
periphery are the strongest and are truncated on the posterior margin, sloping
gently anteriorly. Of these cords, seven occur on the base of the type. Aper-
ture rather large, irregularly oval, channeled anteriorly; posterior angle acute;
outer lip thin, rendered sinuous by the external sculpture; columella decidedly
oblique, strongly curved, and reflected.’’

Length, 7 mm.

Occurrence.—At station D 5788 (1).*
The only specimen referred to this species, was dredged by the
Survey in the vicinity of the Farallon Islands in 68 fathoms from a

bottom of fine dark green sand.
Range.—San Francisco to Point Loma, California.

328 University of California Publications in Zoology — [Vou. 14

CERITHIOPSIDAE
Cerithiopsis Forbes
[ Cerithiopsis, sp. |

The similarity of the names of the eastern species C. tubercularis
(Montagu) with that of C. tuberculoides Carpenter apparently con-
fused Cooper, also Blankinship and Keeler in reporting the former
species from the Farallon Islands. Since Carpenter’s form has a
known range such as to make it improbable that it occurs as far north
it is possible that those authors obtained C. columna Carpenter, which
is known to have a range such as to include these waters.

CYPRAEIDAE
Trivia Gray
Trivia californica Gray
Trivia californica Gray, Tryon (1885b), p. 202, pl. 22, figs. 18, 19, 20, 37;
Blankinship and Keeler (1892), p. 153.
Description.—This form has been redefined by Tryon as follows:

‘“Ovate, rather globose; ribs distant, dorsal impression faint, whitish, teeth
whitish.’’

This species has been reported from the Farallon Islands by Cooper
and by Blankinship and Keeler. It is not among the Survey collec-
tions.

Range.—Farallon Islands (Cooper); San Diego, California (Or-
eutt).

Erato Risso
Erato vitellina Hinds

Erato vitellina Hinds (1844a), pl. 13, figs. 22, 23; Tryon (1883c), p. 10;
Blankinship and Keeler (1892), p. 153.
Description.—Characterized by Tryon (1883) as follows:
““Obesely ovate, aperture rather wide, dark red, lighter on the thickened lip-
margin.’’

This species is known from this region only through the report of
Blankinship and Keeler.

Range.—San Francisco (Blankinship and Keeler) ; southern Cali-
fornia to Acapuleo, Mexico (Tryon).

1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 329

OVULIDAE
Pedicularia Swainson
Pedicularia californica Newcomb

Pedicularia californica Newcomb (1864), p. 121; Tryon (1885a), p. 242,
pl. 1, fig. 4.

Description.—The following is the description given by Tryon:

‘*Depressly globose, crimson colored, minutely transversely striated, above
rounded, below broadly rounded; lip expanded, semicircular; columella thick,
dilated within, straight; aperture elongately subovate; extremities broadly
notched.’’

This species is indigenous to the Farallon Islands according to
Cooper. It was not obtained by the Survey.
Range.—Farallon Islands to Monterey, California (Orcutt).

COLUMBELLIDAE
Columbella Lamarck

Columbella gausapata Gould
Plate 41, figures la and 1b; pl. 56

Columbella gausapata Gould (1849c), p. 170; Arnold, R. (1903), p. 239,
pl. 10, fig. 8.
Astyris gausapata, Keep (1892), p. 35, fig. 15.

Description —This species was described by Arnold (1903) as follows:

“*Shell small, rather heavy; spire elevated; apex acute; whorls seven, slightly
convex; body-whorl ventricose, slightly angulated; whorls smooth except for
delicate incremental lines; sutures depressed, distinct; columella recurved and
striated on outside with faint spiral ridges and grooves; aperture elongate-
ovate; canal prominent, slightly curved; outer lip thickened with a row of
spirally elongate denticles; inner lip smooth.’’

Height, 3 to 10 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5703 (27), D5706 (7), D5721 (2),
D 5723 (85), D 5739 (13), D 5740 (12, 4), D 5748 (45), D 5754 (5),
D 5755 (5), D 5772 (14), D 5775 (1), D 5778 (2), D 5785 (hundreds),
D 5786 (hundreds), D 5787 (hundreds), D 5788 (41), D 5789 (11,1),
D 5790 (hundreds), D 5791 (hundreds), D 5792 (hundreds), D 5796
(5), D15798) (2), Dis799 (6), D'5802 (22), D 5802 (7), D 5805 (20),
D 5825 (1), D 5825 A (2), D 5825 A (15), D 5828 B (8), D 5830 (3),
D 5840 (8), Fishing Grounds west of Golden Gate (6), Bonita Point
(2), Sausalito (7).

Although this is a very common species along the beaches of
the open ocean it has not been listed from the vicinity of San Fran-
cisco by previous writers. It has a general distribution occurring in

330 University of California Publications in Zoology (Vou. 14

Carquinez Strait, in the middle and lower division of the bay as well
as in the vicinity of the Farallon Islands. Living specimens were
taken along the shore at several localities and at depths ranging up
to 68 fathoms. This species occurs most frequently upon a bottom
that may be characterized as muddy sand.

Range.—Alaska to San Diego, California (Cooper).

BUCCINIDAE
Amphissa H. and A. Adams
Amphissa corrugata (Reeve)
Plate 41, figures 4a and 4b

Buccinum corrugata Reeve (1846-1847), pl. 4, fig. 110.
Truncaria corrugata, Carpenter (1863), p. 662.
Amphissa corrugata, Tryon (1883b), p. 197, pl. 63, fig. 66; Arnold, R.
(1903), p. 241.
Description.—This species was described by Arnold (1903) as follows:
““Shell small, solid, fusiform; spire elevated; apex acute; whorls seven,
slightly convex, with about eighteen to twenty rather wavy, slightly oblique,
rounded, transverse ridges extending from suture to suture; spiral ornamenta-
tion consists of numerous fine raised lines in the interspaces between the trans-
verse ridges; suture impressed, distinct aperture rhomboidal, narrow; outer lip
lirate within; inner lip incrusted, smooth; canal short, recurved; pillar spirally
lined externally.’’

Carpenter (1863) reported this species from this region. Ob-
tained from a depth of 40 fathoms. Not obtained by the Survey.
Range.—Sitka, Alaska, to Monterey, California (Tryon).

Cantharus Bolten
Cantharus, sp.

Wood and Raymond (1891) report the tropical species C. gem-
matus Reeve from these local waters. It is probable that those authors
confused Reeve’s species with some other similar form.

Chrysodomus Swainson

Chrysodomus dirus (Reeve)
Plate 37, figure 3

Buecinium dirus Reeve (1846-1847), pl. 62, no. 92.

Euthria dira, Tryon (1881), p. 151, pl. 72, figs. 232, 233.

Chrysodomus dirus, Carpenter (1863), p. 664.
Description—This species was described by Tryon (1881) as follows:
““Upper whorls longitudinally plicate, plicae becoming evanescent on the

body-whorl; whole surface deeply engraved with narrow revolving channels,

1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 331

making the interstices appear as though covered with revolving, flat-topped
ribs; sometimes these ribs are divided by an impressed line into pairs. Grayish
brown, revolving ribs darker; aperture yellowish brown, ribbed within and
stained darker in the interstices at the lip.’’

Carpenter (1863) reported this common intertidal species from
this region. It was not taken by the Survey.
Range.—Sitka, Alaska, to Monterey, California (Tryon).

Chrysodomus tabulatus Baird
Plate 37, figure 2

Chrysodomus tabulatus Baird (1863), p. 66; Carpenter (1863), p. 663;
Arnold, R. (1903), p. 228, pl. 7, fig. 6.
Neptunea tabulata, Tryon (1881), p. 121, pl. 49, figs. 284, 286.

Description.—Arnold (1903) described this species as follows:

“Shell large, fusiform; spire elevated; apex subacute; whorls eight, sharply
augulated and keeled above, forming a rimmed spiral table; surface ornamented
with revolving ridges of alternating size; suture very deeply impressed; aper-
ture pyriform; outer lip thin, smooth; inner lip inerusted; canal long, narrow,
curved backwards; columella twisted, spirally ridged.’’

Length, 25 to 78 mm.

Occurrence.—At station D 5789* (3, 1).

This gastropod has not hitherto been reported from the vicinity
of San Francisco. Several living specimens were dredged by the
“‘Albatross’’ in the vicinity of the Farallon Islands at a depth of 46
fathoms from a bottom composed of fine dark green sand.

Range.—Strait of Juan de Fuca, Washington, to Catalina Island,
California (Cooper).

NASSIDAE*
Nassa Lamarek

Nassa fossata (Gould)
Plate 35, figures 12a and 12b; plate 57

Buccinum fossatum Gould (1849b), p. 152; (1862), p. 67.
Nassa fossata, Tryon (1882a), p. 55, pl. 17, figs. 316, 318; Wood and Ray-
mond (1891), p. 57; Arnold, R. (1903), p. 232.

Description.—Arnold (1903) described this species as follows:

‘*Shell small, conical; spire elevated; apex subacute; whorls seven, convex;
body-whorl ventricose; ornamentation of fourth and fifth whorl consists of five
or six strong, nodose, spiral ridges which increase in number by intercalation
on the lower whorls; the prominence of the nodes varies inversely with the
number of ridges, the ridges on the body-whorl being nearly smooth and alter-
nating large and small; the ridges near the angle of the whorl reach the greatest

*Dall (1917, p. 575) has recently shown that the name dAlectrion should be
used for the ‘‘reticulate species (of Nassa) with little or no callus, no hump,
and simple or nearly simple outer lips. . .’’

332 University of California Publications in Zoology — [Vou. 14

prominence; suture deeply impressed, distinct; aperture ovate; outer lip thick-
ened and denticulated by ends of revolving internal ridges; inner lip incrusted,
the incrustation spreading over part of body-whorl and columella; columella
short, curved, spirally striated, and grooved deeply next to body-whorl; anterior
sinus short, broad, recurved.’’

Height, 4 to 38 mm.

Occurrence—At stations D 5714 (1), D5739 (1), D5743 (GD),
D5744* (7, 3), D'5747 (1), D 5754 (3), Dist72 (22), D 5188 Gay 2he
D 5792 (1), D5796 (1), D 5803 (4), D 5808 (7), D 5809 (8), D 5811
(1), D 5821 (7), D5821 A (2), D'5823 (7), D 5824 B (1), D 5825
(f.), D 5829 A (1), D 5833 (1), Fishing Grounds west of Golden Gate
(6), Richmond (1), and questionably at D 5710, D 5724, D 5730,
D 5768, D 5764, D 5785, D 5786, D 5790, D 5812.

This mollusk was first reported from this region by Wood and
Raymond (1891). It is common along the beaches of the open ocean,
and has been taken by the Survey at a number of stations within the
middle and lower divisions of the bay as well as outside the Golden
Gate. Living specimens were dredged in 114 to 68 fathoms, bemg
most frequently taken at a depth less than 10 fathoms. There ap-
pears to be but little correlation between the distribution of this preda-
ceous gastropod and the type of bottom upon which it was taken.

Range.—Strait of Juan de Fuca, Washington, to Cerros Island,
Lower California (Dall).

a
Nassa mendica Gould
Plate 35, figure 9; plate 58

Nassa mendica Gould (1849b), p. 155; (1862), p. 70; Carpenter (1863),
p- 662; Tryon (1882a), p. 56, pl. 17, figs. 370-232; Wood and Raymond
(1891), p. 57; Arnold, R. (1903), p. 233.
Description.—The following is Arnold’s (1903) description of this species:
‘«Shell small, conical; spire elevated; apex acute; whorls seven, convex;
ornamented with a varying number of transverse ridges and a few less promi-
nent spiral ridges; suture deeply impressed, distinct; aperture subquadrate;
outer lip thin, smooth on edge, but denticulated remote from margin; inner lip
incrusted; columella curved, spirally striated, and separated from body-whorl
by deep groove; canal short, recurved.’’
Height, 4 to 18 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5704 (6), D5705 (4), D 5706 (7, 4),
D 5712 (1), D 5739 (4), D 5740 (3), D'5741 (1), D 5755 (1), D 5772
(a), ID Se} (GED), IDS. (Es IDOI (Cb), ID sigs) (Gb), 1D) srsil (2),
1 (1, 1), D 5796 (2), D 5808 (1), D 5725 A (3), D5827 B (1),
8 B (7, 1), D 5734 (1), and questionably at D 5701, D 5785,

1918] = Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 333

Both Carpenter and Wood and Raymond recognized this species
from the vicinity of San Francisco. It is recorded at twenty-one of
the ‘‘ Albatross’’ stations, having a distribution pattern similar to that
of Nassa fossata. Living specimens were obtained only within the
middle division of the bay at depths ranging from 114 to 29 fathoms.
A variety of bottom types are represented at these stations. The
species appears to prefer the muddy localities in preference to the
sandy ones.

Range—Sitka, Alaska, to San Diego, California (Cooper).

Nassa perpinguis Hinds
Plate 35, figure 13

Nassa perpinguis Hinds (1844a), p. 36, pl. 9, figs. 12, 13; Tryon (1882a),
p- 56, pl. 17, fig. 319; Arnold, R. (1903) p. 234.

Description.—This species is described by Arnold (1903) as follows:

‘Shell small, conical; spire elevated; apex subacute; whorls seven, convex,
abruptly truncated at posterior margin, forming a spiral table; ornamentation
consists of sharp, spiral ridges with slightly wider interspaces, and posteriorly
sloping transverse ridges, the whole giving a decidedly cancellate appearance
to the surface; suture deeply impressed, distinct; aperture subovate; inner
portion of aperture ridged by spiral sculpture; outer lip thin; inner lip thinly
inerusted; columella twisted and spirally ornamented; groove on upper part of
columella prominent; canal short, curved.’’

Height, 3 to 33 mm.

Occurrence —At stations D 5754 (4), D5755 (1), D5785 (24,
2) DiorSG) (OS) s Dioist™ (22,9), Di5189) (72: 48), 5790) (2);
D 5791 (5, 9), D 5792 (8, 3), D 5826 B (1), D5841 (1), and west of
the Farallon Islands (3).

According to Cooper, San Francisco is the northern limit of the
range of this species. Restricted to stations from the open ocean and
the middle division of the bay, except for a single specimen near the
Ferry Building at San Francisco. Living specimens were dredged
at depths ranging from 414 to 815 fathoms on bottoms that are pre-
dominantly sandy.

Range.—San Francisco, California, to Lower California (Cooper).

Ilyanassa Stimpson
Ilyanassa obsoleta (Say)
Plate 35, figures 1la and 11b

Nassa obsoleta Say (1822), p. 232.
Tlyanassa obsoleta Tryon (1882a), p. 60, pl. 18, figs. 347-349; Sumner,
Osburn, Cole, and Davis (1913), p. 710, chart 168.

334 University of California Publications in Zoology — [Vou. 14

Description.—Tryon (1882) described this eastern species as follows:
‘*Chocolate-brown or olive, with occasionally a faint, lighter colored central

band; deep chocolate within the aperture, with a central white band.’’
Height, 7 to 23 mm.

Occurrence—At stations D 5811 (4), D 5814 (7), near Key Route
Pier*, Oakland (36). :

This eastern species, probably introduced with ‘‘seed’’ oysters, was
first found upon the oyster beds near Alameda in the year 1909 by
Keep (1911). It was obtained by the Survey at two localities in the
vicinity of Point San Pedro and near the Key Route Pier, Oakland.
At the more southern locality it was associated with the oysters, upon
which it undoubtedly preys. It occurs at a depth of 1 fathom on a
mud-shelly bottom.

Range.—San Francisco, California.

MURICIDAE
Murex Linnaeus
Murex carpenteri (Dall)

Pteronotus carpenteri Dall (1899d), p. 138.
Murex carpenteri, Oreutt (1915), p. 93.

Description.—Dall originally described this species as follows:

“*Shell trilate, reddish brown, with obscure spiral lines of darker brown,
the aperture whitish with a darker throat, nucleus brownish, whorls about
eight, the last much the largest; suture distinct, appressed, intervarical surface
smooth or obscurely spirally striate, the apical whorls with reticulate threading;
the last two or three whorls with a single obscure nodulosity on the periphery
between the varices; varices continuous up the spire; posterior face of the
varices smooth with obseure radial ridges which slightly crenulate the margin,
in adolescent shells; but in full grown ones there are about five rather wide,
low radial ridges, each of which terminates in a digitation of the margin;
anterior faces of the varices with a profuse, close-set crenulate imbrication,
which in fully grown shells show radial depressions corresponding to the ridges
on the back of the varix; digitations excavated in a shallow manner anteriorly,
terminating in somewhat blunt projections, thin and sharp edged; aperture
small, oval, with a continuous, raised, smooth margin with denticulations; canal
closed, moderately wide, bent to the right in front, a disused smaller canal
bordering its posterior two-thirds on the left. Length of shell 57, of last whorl
from the suture 42; width including varices 35, width of aperture 9.5; length
of aperture, 13 mm.’’

This species, according to Oreutt (1915), oceurs at the Farallon

Islands.
Range.—Farallon Islands to San Diego, California (Orcutt).

1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 335

Murex (Ocinebra) interfossa (Carpenter)
Plate 37, figures la and 1b
Ocinebra interfossa Carpenter (1863), p. 663; Tryon (1880), p. 131, pl. 39,
fig. 484; Arnold, R. (1903), p. 255.

Description.—Tryon (1880) described this species as follows:

‘¢Shell narrower and more shouldered than the last species, the lattice of
revolving lirae and longitudinal ribs coarser and more elevated; canal short,
closed.’’

Height, 8 mm.

Occurrence.—At station D 5770 (1).

This species has been reported by Carpenter from the Farallon
Islands and by Wood and Raymond from San Francisco. A single
shell was dredged by the Survey within the middle division of the
bay in 5 fathoms.

Range.—Sitka, Alaska, to San Diego, California (Cooper).

Murex (Ocinebra) lurida (Middendorff)
Plate 37, figures 4a and 4b

Tritonium luridum Middendorff (1847-1849), p. 150, pl. 4, figs. 4, 5.
Ocinebra lurida, Carpenter (1863), p. 668; Wood and Raymond (1891),
p- 57; Arnold, R. (1903), p. 256.
Description.—This species was described by Arnold (1903) as follows:
“Shell of medium size, fusiform; whorls six, convex, slightly angulated near
posterior margin; upper whorls with several transverse ridges; surface orna-
mented with numerous rounded, raised lines; suture deeply impressed, distinct;
body-whorls not extraordinarily ventricose; aperture subovate; outer lip thick-
ened, denticulated; inner lip inerusted; columella widened; umbilicus subper-
forate; canal narrow, sometimes with overgrowing lips.’’
Height, 10 to 14 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5770 (1), Bonita Point* (3, 1).

Carpenter and subsequent writers lst this species as occurring in
the vicinity of San Francisco. It is represented in the Survey col-
lections by a single living specimen dredged near Bonita Point at a
depth of 5 fathoms, and by four specimens obtained from the near-by
rocky shore.

Range.—Sitka, Alaska, to San Pedro, California.

Urosalpinx Stimpson
Urosalpinx cinereus (Say)
Plate 37, figures 8a and 8b

Urosalpinz cinereus Say (1822), p. 236.
Urosalpinx cinereus, Stearns (1899b), p. 112; Tryon (1880), p. 152, figs.
487, 489, and 493.

336 University of California Publications in Zoology [| Vou. 14

Description.—Tryon has described this species as follows:

“Usually light brown or yellowish, rarely with several revolving indistinct,
rufous bands. Within the aperture varying from light flesh-color to dark
salmon, chocolate or purple.’’

Height, 6 to 27 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5781 (17, 13), D5782- (6), D5783
(Gli, As ADEE (GGL yr ID)iisy (Gb), ID) ashi) (G72), ID) EeHhl (2, 12),
D 5812 (1, 2), D 5813 (2), D 5814 (4, 8), D 5847 (2), and questionably
at D 5773.

Stearns (1894) was the first to recognize this exotic species within
San Francisco Bay. This is the oyster drill, which plays so much
havoe on the oyster beds. It is abundant in the lower division of the
bay in the vicinity of Point San Mateo. Living specimens were
dredged in 1 to 4 fathoms from bottoms composed of mud and shells.

Range—Known on the Pacifie Coast only in the vicinity of the
beds of Ostrea elongata. Maine to Florida (Tryon).

THAISIDAE Dall

Thais Bolten
Thais lamellosa (Gmelin)

Plate 40, figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5a, 6, 7, 8; plate 59
Buccinum lamellosum Gmelin, Linnaeus (1788-1793), p. 3498.
Purpura crispata Chemnitz, Carpenter (1863), p. 662; Arnold, R. (1903),
p. 261.
Thais (Nucella) lamellosa, Dall (1915a), p. 563.
Description.—The following is Arnold’s (1903) description of this species:
‘«Shell fusiform, thick; spire elevated; apex subacute; whorls five to seven,
convex or angulated, with one or more prominent spiral ridges on angular part
of whorl; suture impressed, distinct; aperture ovate to elliptical; outer lip
effuse, generally denticulate; inner lip incrusted, smooth; canal short, curved
backwards; umbilicus subperforate.’’
Height, 4 to 60 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5700 (10, 5), D 5701 (1), D 5702 (39,
24), D 5708 (10, 24), D 5714 (2, 12), D 5728 (14), D 5724 (1), D 5737
QQ. IDSs) (al), IDariE GD), NSIS! (G. 19). IDaTTée (3), IDB) (2),
D 5781 (3), D5795 (6, 23), D5796 (4, 27), D'5800 (13), D'580r
(6, 8), D 5802 (1), D 5808 (1, 17), D 5809 (2, 45), D 5812 (1), D 5821
B (2), D5823 A (1), D5824 B (425), D5825 (7), D 5825 B (1),
D 5826 (2), D5826 A (60), D5826 B (10), D5827 (18), D5827 A
(21), D 5827 B (7), D 5828 B (7), D 5829 (1), D 5829 A (40), D 5831
(1), D 5832 A (3), D 5833 (14), D 5834 (1), D 5841 (13), D 5843 (2),
Red Rock (53, 14), Sausalito (2), and questionably D 5712, D 5731,
D 5732, D 5736, D 5797, D 5798.

1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 337

This prevalent species has a general distribution within the middle
and the lower divisions of the bay. It is characteristieally a littoral
species and would show a different distributional pattern from that
given on plate 46, had the shores of the bay been investigated.

Range.—Aleutian Islands, Alaska, to Monterey, California, with
varieties ranging farther south.

Thais lamellosa (Gmelin) var. septentrionalis (Reeve)

Purpura septentrionalis Reeve (1846), pl. 10, fig. 50.
Purpura crispata Chemnitz var. septentrionalia, Tryon (1880), p. 175, pl.
54, fig. 166; Wood and Raymond (1891), p. 57.

This smooth form occurs abundantly in the region of San Francisco
Bay. No attempt was made to separate it from the typical form as
found in the Survey collections.

Range.—Northward from Santa Barbara, California.

Thais lamellosa (Gmelin) var. franciscana Dall

Thais lamellosa (Gmelin) var. franciscana Dall (1915a), p. 565.
Description.—This variety was described by Dall in the following words:
“‘Shell subfusiform, heavy, with a subconic spire shorter than the aperture,

laminae reduced to obsolete low imbrications or usually none; whorls flattened
behind the shoulder; major spirals low, feeble, two on penultimate whorl, or
more on the last whorl; minor spirals obsolete or none; aperture large, the outer
lip flaring, umbilical chink usually distinct but closed.’’

This variety was not recognized until after the fauna had been
determined. The variations within this species are illustrated on
plate 40. Of the specimens figured, the following may be considered
as belonging to this variety (pl. 40, figs. 5a and 5b).

Range—Known only from San Francisco Bay, which is the type
locality for the species.

Thais lima (Martyn)

Purpura lima Martyn, Tryon (1880), p. 175, pl. 54, fig. 159; Wood and
Raymond (1891), p. 57.

Description.—Tryon (1880) described this species as follows:

“Its characteristic appearance is due to a considerable number of narrow,
elevated revolving ribs, which are alternately larger. The shell is usually so
thin that the external ribs form corresponding suleations within the aperture.
The suture is frequently channeled, color light brown, more or less banded and
clouded with a deeper tint.’’

338 University of California Publications in Zoology (Vou. 14

This species was not found in the collections dredged by the
““Albatross.’? Wood and Raymond (1891) reported it from San
Francisco County.

Range.—California to Alaska (Tryon).

Thais emarginata (Deshayes)

Purpura saxicola var. emarginata Deshayes, Carpenter (1863), p. 62: Wood
and Raymond (1891), p. 57.
Purpura emarginata, Tryon (1880), p. 175, pl. 53, fig. 156.
Thais emarginata, Dall (1915a), p. 5.
Description.—Tryon characterized this species as follows:
““When the revolving ribs of saxicola or ostrina become broken up into
nodules, the result is P. emarginata Desh., which is typically a very distinct
looking shell, but connected by minute gradations with the smoothest ostrina.’’

Wood and Raymond recognized this species from this region. It
was not obtained by the Survey.
San Francisco to Santa Rosa, California.

Range.

Thais emarginata (Deshayes) var. ostrina (Gould)
Plate 39, figures 2, 3, 4, and 5

Purpura ostrina Gould (1853), p. 244; (1862), p. 225.

Purpura saxicola yar. ostrina, Carpenter (1863), p. 662; Tryon (1880), p.
174, pl. 53, fig. 154; Wood and Raymond (1891), p. 57.

Thais emarginata var. ostrina, Dall (1915a), p. 570.

Description.—Gould (1853) described this variety as follows:

““Small shell, solid, broad-ovate, purplish, banded with brown lines, generally
in pairs, faintly marked with the lines of growth, and sometimes with obtuse
revolving ribs. Whorls four or five obtusely angular posteriorly, convex, the
last comprising most of the shell, very smooth, simple; pillar broadly flattened,
regularly arcuate, chestnut-colored; aperture livid chestnut, paler near lip.’’

Height, 8 to 20 mm.

Occurrence.—At Presidio* (66), Bonita Point (24), and question-
ably from stations D 5732, D 5786, D 5808, D 5809.

This form has been recorded both by Carpenter and Wood and
Raymond from the vicinity of San Francisco. Determinable speci-
mens referable to this variety were obtained by the Survey only at the
shore stations. Fragments that probably belong to this species were
dredged within the Golden Gate and in the vicinity of the Farallon
Islands.

Range.—Tillamook, Oregon, the type locality, to Santa Barbara,
California (Yates).

1918 | Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 339

FUSIDAE
Fusinus Rafinesque
Fusinus luteopictus (Dall)

Fusus luteopictus Dall, Arnold, R. (1903), p. 225.
Fusus cinerus Say, Blankinship and Keeler (1892), p. 153.

Description.—Arnold (1903) described this species as follows:

“*Shell small, fusiform; whorls five, convex, crossed by nine rounded ridges
which reach their maximum development on the middle of the whorl; surface
ornamented with three or four prominent spirai lines, with finer ones some-
times intercalated; suture appressed; aperture subovate; outer lip not thick-
ened, with internal spiral lines; inner lip incrusted; columella short; canal very
short, narrow.’’

Specimens of this species were reported to have come from San
Francisco by Carpenter, also by Blankinship and Keeler (1892) page
153. Not represented in the Survey collections.

Range.—Farallon Islands to San Diego, California (Arnold).

Fusinus harfordi (Stearns)

Fusus (Chrysodomus?) harfordi Stearns (1873), p. 79; Dall (1891), pp.
178-179, pl. 6, fig. 6.
Description.—This species was described by Stearns (1873) as follows:
‘‘Shell solid, elongate, regularly fusiform; spire elevated, whorls six or
seven, moderately convex, slightly flattened (in outline) above, with a groove
or channel following the suture; color, chocolate brown; surface marked by
numerous narrow revolving costae, which alternate in prominence on the body
whorl, and longitudinally by fine incremental striae, and on the upper whorls
by obtusely rounded ribs of more or less prominence; aperture ovate, about
one-half the length of the shell, polished, white and finely ribbed within (the
outer lip in perfect specimens is probably finely crenulated) ; canal short, nearly
straight.’’

Dall (1891) reports this from this region. Not dredged by the
‘* Albatross. ”’
Range.—Mendocino County, California, to the Farallon Islands
(Dall).
VOLUTIDAE
Mitra Lamarck
Mitra idea Melvill
Mitra idea Melvill (1893).
Mitra maura Swainson, Carpenter (1863), p. 661; Arnold, R. (1903), p. 222.
This species was referred to the Peruvian form Mitra maura
(= WM. orientalis Gray) by Carpenter and most subsequent authors.
Although it has been reported from the Farallon Islands, it was not
taken by the Survey.
Range.—Farallon Islands to San Diego, California (Arnold).

340 University of California Publications in Zoology (Vou. 14

OLIVIDAE
Olivella Swainson

Olivella biplicata Sowerby
Plate 37, figures 5a and 5b

Olivella biplicata Sowerby (1825), p. 33; Tryon (1883a), p. 87, pl. 34, fig.
58; Wood and Raymond (1891), p. 57; Arnold, R. (1903), p. 219.
Description.—The following is Arnold’s (1903) description of this species:
“*Shell small, subeylindrical; spire only slightly elevated; apex subacute;
whorls five or six, flat, smooth, except for very fine incremental lines; suture
appressed, very distinct; body-whorl convex, but nearly flat near outer lip;
aperture elongate-triangular; outer lip thin, nearly straight; inner lip thickly
incrusted, the incrustation forming quite a ridge; columella completely incrusted
around lower portion, two prominent plications.’’
Height, 10 to 25 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5755 (1), D5765 (1), D5776* (2),
D 5809 (5), and questionably at D 5777.

This large olive shell was first reported from this region by Wood
and Raymond (1891). It is restricted in the Survey collections to
four stations within the middle division of the bay. It was dredged
in depths ranging from 134 to 314 fathoms from bottoms comprised
of sand and stones.

Range.—Strait of San Juan de Fuca, Washington, to San Diego,
California (Cooper).

Olivella intorta Carpenter
Plate 37, figure 7

Olivella intorta Carpenter (1856b), p. 207; Arnold, R. (1903), p. 220.
Description.—This species was described by Arnold (1903) as follows:
“Shell small, subovate; spire elevated, solid; whorls five, flat, smooth;
suture appressed, very distinct; body-whorl ventricose, smooth; aperture long,
narrow, widening anteriorly; outer lip thin; inner lip incrusted, incrustation
thick, forming callus on body of middle whorl near aperture; columella with
smooth incrustation over lower portion, and one prominent, sharp plait on lower
side.”?

Height, 5 to 16 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5731 (37), D 5732 (6), D 5733 (5, 1),
D 5734 (6), D 5735 (23; 1), Dis737 (45, 1), D'5788 (7), D 5790 GF
D 5708 (7), and questionably at D 5738.

This southern species has not hitherto been reported as far north
as San Francisco. It is restricted in the Survey collections to localities
outside the Golden Gate, with the exception of one station west of
Fort Point. Living specimens were dredged at depths of 734 to 68

1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 341

fathoms from bottoms that are predominantly sandy. Not associated
at any haul with the preceding species.

Range—San Francisco; Santa Cruz, California, to Lower Cali-
fornia (Dall).

Olivella pedroana (Conrad)

Strephona pedroana Conrad (1855), p. 327, pl. 6, fig. 51.
Olivella boetica Carpenter, Tryon (1883a), p. 71, pl. 17, figs. 28-31, 34.
Olivella pedroana, Arnold, R. (1903), p. 221.

Description.—The following is the description of this species as given by
Tryon (1883):

‘“Spire moderately elevated, sharp-pointed, body-whorl oval; red-brown or
gray, fasciculated upon a white band at the suture; body-whorl maculated or
with zigzag markings, and sometimes a white central band, fasciole white, tip
of spire frequently dark-tinted.’’

Height, 3 to 13 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5785 (14), D 5786 (9, 3), D 5787 (1),
D 5790 (143), D 5791 (7, 1).

This is the first known record of this species from the vicinity of
San Francisco. It was dredged by the ‘‘Albatross’’ only in the
vicinity of the Farallon Islands at depths rangimg from 29 to 40
fathoms from a bottom composed of dark green sand.

Range.—Strait of Juan de Fuea, Washington, to San Diego, Cali-
fornia (Cooper).

CANCELLARIIDAE
Cancellaria Lamarck

Cancellaria crawfordiana Dall
Plate 39, figures 9a and 9b

Cancellaria crawfordiana Dall (1891), p. 182, pl. 6, fig. 1; Keep (1911),
p- 187, fig. 110.

Description.—Dall (1891) originally described this species as follows:
*«Shell elongated, slender, with six moderately rounded whorls, reticulately
sculptured and covered when fresh with a rather coarse brown fibrous epi-
dermis; whorls transversely sculptured with from fourteen to twenty narrow,
clear-cut, moderately elevated, even, slightly flexuous ribs, crossing the whorls,
but less prominent anteriorly and separated by wider interspaces. The only
other transverse sculpture is of lines of growth; spiral sculpture of (between
the sutures nine to ten) narrow, flat-topped, strap-like elevated cingula, with
wider excavated interspaces, rather uniformly spread over the whorl, but more
distant near the shoulder, and on the earlier whorls somewhat sharper and
relatively more prominent. Between the cinguli, and rarely on them, are a
few obscure, revolving lines. On the canal the cinguli become rounded, smaller,
and obseure. The surface under the dehiscent epidermis is polished pale brown,

342 University of California Publications in Zoology | Vou. 14

with a somewhat chalky substratum easily corroded. The upper whorl or two
have lost most of this layer in the specimen figured and the nuclets is lost.
The suture is deep, but not channeled. The canal has no constriction behind it.
The aperture is rather long, the outer lip but slightly reflexed and a little
fluted by the spiral sculpture. Inside there are a few faint and obscure lirae.
The throat is pure white; the body callus, tinged with pale pinkish brown.
The anterior angle of the aperture is nearly canaliculate, and produces a
perceptible siphonal fasciole. The pillar is straight and strong, with two
plaits; the posterior stronger, both oblique and rather low. The angular edge
of the pillar, though not-elevated, might by some be taken as an obscure third
plait. At the end of the plaits on the callus of the pillar are a number of small
shelly pustules like those on C. cassidiformis.’’
Height, 27 to 35 mm.

Occurrence.—At station D 5789 (14).

This is near the known northern range of this gastropod. It was
obtained by the Survey at a single station near the Farallon Islands.
The depth at that station was 46 fathoms, and the bottom was de-
seribed as being composed of fine dark green sand.

Range.—Drake’s Bay to San Diego, California (Dall).

PLEUTOTOMIDAE
Turris Bolten

Turris incisa Carpenter
Plate 41, figures 2a and 2b

Drillia incisa Carpenter (1863), p. 657; (1865a), p. 62; Arnold, R. (1903),
p- 205. ;
Description.—This species has been described by Tryon (1865) as follows:
““Shell in general form like the preceding species (7. inermis), but smaller,
the whorls somewhat more rounded; cinereous, with reddish chestnut revolving
lines.’’
Height, 25 mm.

Occurrence—At station D 5791 (1), and questionably at D 5835.

This species has not before been recorded from the vicinity of San
Francisco. The single determinable specimen in the Survey collections
was dredged in 29 fathoms in the open ocean near the Farallon Islands.

Range—Strait of Juan de Fuca, Washington, to Santa Cruz,
California (Cooper).

Turris perversa (Gabb)
Plate 41, figures 3a and 3b
Pleurotoma (Sureula) perversa Gabb (1865), p. 185; Gabb (1869), p. 6,
pl. 1, fig. 10.
Turris perversa, Dall (1909), p. 26, pl. 5, fig. 5.
Description—This species was originally described by Gabb (1865) as
follows:

1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 343

“Shell sinistral, elongate sub-fusiform, apex acute, sometimes slightly bent,
nuclear whorls two, very convex, loosely twisted and white; whorls eleven or
twelve, slightly convex; color a reddish brown, somewhat lighter on the middle
of the whorl; aperture narrow, canal short, inner lip moderately encrusted with
a white callus, brown on the outer margin; columella twisted; outer lip acute,
sinus rounded, shallow, broad and adjoining the suture.’’

Height, 20 to 40 mm.

Occurrence—At stations D 5785* (1), D 5790 (1).

According to Carpenter, this region falls within the range of this
species, but it appears not to have been reported from the vicinity of
San Francisco. It is represented in the Survey collections by two
specimens from the open ocean, dredged at depths of 33 and 39 fathoms
from a sandy bottom.

Range—Vancouver Island, B. C. (Cooper), to Lower California
(Dall).

Turris (Bela) tabulata (Carpenter)
Plate 39, figure 1
Mangelia tabulata Carpenter (1863), p. 658.
Description.—Carpenter described this species as follows:
*«Stout, strongly shouldered, coarsely cancellated. Pillar abnormally twisted.’’
Height, 3 to 11 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5785 (1), D 5786 (5), D5788* (2, 2).

This species was dredged by the Survey only in the vicinity of the
Farallon Islands. Living specimens were obtained from a sandy
bottom at a depth of 68 fathoms.

Range.—Vaneouver Island to Todos Santos Bay, Lower California.

Bathytoma Harris and Barrows

Bathytoma carpenteriana (Gabb)
Plate 37, figure 6

Pleurotonia (Surcula) carpenteriana Gabb (1865), p. 183; (1869), p. 72,
pl. 1, fig. 8; Dall (1909), p. 27, pl. 4, fig. 8.

Description.—Dall described this species as follows:

‘«Shell ovate-fusiform, solid, of five or more whorls; seulpture chiefly with
fine close-set spiral threads subequal in size, with linear interspaces, and almost
obsolete above the shoulder; whorls moderately convex, above the rounded
shoulder moderately excavated with a closely appressed suture; axial sculpture
of rather inconspicuous incremental lines, most evident between the suture and
the shoulder, where they are concavely arcuate in harmony with the wide,
shallow anal sinus; aperture ovate-elongate, with a short canal and smooth
pillar often obscurely thickened mesially.’’

Height, 17 to 75 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5785* (1), D5787 (1), D 5788 (1),
D 5789) (15, 2), D'5792 (1).

344 Umversity of California Publications in Zoology (Vou. 14

It is restricted in the Survey collections to the open ocean. Living
specimens were dredged in 39 to 68 fathoms from a bottom composed
of fine dark green sand.

Range—Tomales Bay, California, to Cerros Island, Lower Cali-
fornia (Dall).

Mangilia Risso
Mangilia angulata Carpenter
Plate 39, figures 10a and 10b
Mangilia angulata Carpenter (1863), p. 658; Arnold, R. (1903), p. 212,
pl. 7, fig. 9.

Description.—This species was described by Arnold (1903) as follows:

“*Shell small, turreted, elongate-fusiform; apex acute; whorls six, broad
and angular, angle being slightly posterior to middle; sculpture consists of ten
prominent, rather sharp, transverse ridges which reach maximum prominence
on angle of whorl; suture deeply impressed, distinct, aperture oblique, narrow,
elliptical, drawn out anteriorly into a short, narrow canal; outer lip thin;
simple, arcuate; inner lip smooth.’’

Height, 2 to 10 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5785 (26, 3), D 5786* (5, 3), D 5787
(1), D 5789 (1), D 5790 (8), D 5791 (6), D 5792 (16).

This species has not thus far been recorded from the vicinity of
San Francisco. It was dredged by the ‘‘ Albatross’’ only in the vicin-
ity of the Farallon Islands at depths ranging from 19 to 46 fathoms
on bottoms composed of fine dark green sand.

Range.—Puget Sound, Washington, to San Diego, California.

CONIDAE
Conus Linnaeus
Conus californicus Hinds

Conus californicus Hinds (1844a), p. 7, pl. 1, figs. 3, 4, 5; Tryon (1884),
p. 17, pl. 4, figs. 62, 63; Cooper (1888), p. 236; Arnold, R. (1903), p.
199:

Description—Arnold (1903) deseribed this species as follows:

“*Shell double-conical; spire compact, elevated; apex subacute; whorls seven
or eight, flat, smooth, except for incremental lines; suture irregular, appressed;
body-whorl conical, subangular anteriorly, spirally ornamented with fine lines,
which are most prominent on lower part of whorl; aperture long, narrow,
slightly wider anteriorly; outer lip thin, bulging anteriorly; obsolete posterior

sinus.’’
This uncommon species was reported from the Farallon Islands by

Cooper. It is not represented in the Survey collections.
Range.—Farallon Islands to San Diego, California (Arnold).

1918 } Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 845

ACTAEONIDAE
Acteon Montfort

Acteon punctocoelatus (Carpenter)
Plate 41, figure 6

Tornatella punctocoelata Carpenter (1863); p. 646.
Rictaxis punctocoelata Dall (1871b), p. 136, pl. 15, fig. 12.
Acteon punctocoelata Arnold, R. (1903), p. 189, pl. 9, fig. 6.

Description.—Arnold (1903) has described this species as follows:

“‘Shell small, elongate, elliptical, thin; spire small, conical; whorls three
or four, convex; sculpture consists of numerous fine, spiral impressed lines;
body-whorl slightly ventricose; aperture acutely angular above, rounded below;
outer lip thin, simple; columella projecting beyond the line of the anterior
margin, or truncate obliquely; one sharp, columellar plait.’’

Height, 5 to 8 mm.

Occurrence—At stations D 5785 (1), D5786 (1), D5789 (2),
ID) yk (a)

Carpenter (1863) mentions this species as occurring at the Farallon
Islands. It has been obtained by the Survey only in the vicinity of
those islands. Dredged from a fine dark green sand bottom in 29 to
46 fathoms.

Range.—San Francisco to San Diego, California (Cooper).

. ACTEOCINIDAE
Acteocina Gray
Acteocina cerealis (Gould)
Plate 41, figures 8a and 8b

Bulla (Tornatina) cerealis Gould (1853), p. 278, pl. 14, fig. 9.
Tornatina cerealis, Pilsbry (1893), p. 188, pl. 50, figs. 39, 40; Arnold, R.
(1903), p. 189, pl. 10, fig. 5.

Description.—Pilsbry (1893) described this species as follows:

“Shell cylindrical, with very short spire, light brown. Surface smooth
except for curved growth-striae. Aperture long, narrow, somewhat widened
below, the outer lip arched forward; columella rather straight, oblique, with a
spiral fold.’’

Height, 3 to 10 mm.

Occurrence.—At stations D 5785* (19), D 5786 (2), D 5788 (4),
D 5789 (2).

This southern species has not hitherto been recorded as far north
as San Francisco. It is represented in the Survey collections by a
few specimens from the waters west of the Golden Gate. Living
specimens were dredged at depths ranging from 39 to 68 fathoms on
bottoms composed of fine dark green sand.

Range.—San Francisco to San Diego, California.

346 University of California Publications in Zoology — [Vou. 14

Volvula A. Adams

Volvula cylindrica Carpenter
Plate 41, figures 7a and 7b
Volvula cylindrica Carpenter (1863), p. 647; Arnold, R. (1903), p. 191,
pl. 4, fig. 2.

Description.—Arnold (1903) deseribed this species as follows:

“*Shell small, cylindrical; flattened in middle and with margin almost
parallel, swelling out anteriorly; suddenly narrowed behind, running out into
short, narrow, umbilicated point; aperture length of shell; very narrow pos-
teriorly, gradually broadening into subovate opening at anterior end; surface
smooth, except for faint lines of growth parallel to margin of shell.’’

Height, 3 to 9 mm.

Occurrence—At stations D 5785 (3), D 5786 (1, 1), D 5788 (15),
IDSs) (ZA)

This also is a southern species not before reported this far north.
Associated with the preceding species.

Range—San Francisco to San Diego, California.

GADINIIADAE
Gadinia Gray
Gadinia reticulata (Sowerby)

Mouretia reticulata Sowerby (1835), p. 6.
Rowellia radiata Carpenter, Cooper (1870b), p. 319.
Gadinia recticulata, Dall (1870), p. 11, pl. 2, figs. 1-9, pl. 4, figs. 1, 2, and
3; Arnold, R. (1903), p. 197.
Description.—This species was described by Arnold (1903) as follows:
“*Shell conical; apex central, smooth, blunt; surface sculptured by numerous
rounded, radiating ridges, made somewhat nodose by concentric, elevated lines
of growth; aperture slightly ovate; inner surface smooth; lip smooth, effuse;
color white.’’

This species has been found within this region only by Cooper
(1871).
Range.—Farallon Islands (Cooper), Lower California (Carpenter).

1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 347

LITERATURE CITED

ADAMS, A.
1854. Descriptions of twenty-seven new species of shells from the collee-
tions of Hugh Cuming. Proe. Zool. Soe. London, 1854, 311-317.
ApAMs, C. B.
1852. Catalogue of shells collected at Panama with notes on their syn-
onymy, station, and habitat. Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York,
5, 229-549.
ARNOLD, A. F.
1903. The seabeach at ebb tide; a guide to the study of the seaweeds and
the lower animal life found between tide marks (New York,
Century), xi + 490, pp. 85 pls. and many figs. in text.
ARNOLD, R.
1903. The palaeontology and stratigraphy of the marine Pliocene and
Pleistocene of San Pedro. Mem. Calif. Aead. Sci., 3, 1-419, pls. 1-37.
1906. The Tertiary and Quaternary pectens of California. U. 8. Geol.
Surv., Professional Paper, 47, 1-264, pls. 1-53, 2 figs. in text.
Batrp, W.
1863. Descriptions of some new species of shells, collected at Vancouver
Island, and in British Columbia by J. K. Lord, naturalist to the
British North American Boundary Commission, . . . 1858-1862.
Proe. Zool. Soe. London, 1863, 66-70.
1864. Remarks on a species of shell belonging to the family Dentaliidae,
with notes on their use by the natives of Vancouver Island and
British Columbia. Proe. Zool. Soe. London, 1864, 136-138.
Bartscu, P.
1911. The recent and fossil molluses of the genus Bittiwm from the west
coast of America. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 40, 383-414, pls. 51-58.
1917. Descriptions of New West American marine mollusks and notes on
previously described forms. Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 52, 637-681,
pls. 42-47.
Berry, 8. 8.
1907. Mollusean fauna of Monterey Bay, California. Nautilus, 21, 17-22,
34-35, 39-47, 51-52.
Binney, W. G.
1864. Bibliography of North American conchology previous to the year
1860. Part I. American authors. Mise. Coll., 5, vii + 650.
1869. Idem., Part II. Foreign authors. Ibid., 9, ii + 302.
BLAINVILLE, H. DE.
1868. Taret, Teredo. Dict. Sci. Nat., 52, 259-270.
BLANKINSHIP, J. W., and KEELER, C. A.
1892. On the natural history of the Farallon Islands. Zoe, 3, 114-165.
Mollusea determined by J. G. Cooper.
Bioomer, H. H.
1905. The anatomy of certain species of Siliqua (patula Dixon) and Ensis.
Proe. Malac. Soc. London, 6, 193-196, pl. 12.
Broperip, W. J.
1834. Description of some species of Chama. Proc. Zool. Soe. London,
1834, 148-151.

348 University of California Publications in Zoology __ [Vou. 14

Broperip, W. J., and Sowersy, G. B.
1829. Observations on new or interesting Mollusca, contained... in the
Museum of the Zoological Society. Zool. Jour., 4, 359-379, pl. 9;
5, 46-51, pl. 3; Suppl. pl. 40. See Gray, J. E., 1839, for other plates.
Burton, F. L.
1902. West American Cypraeidae; with a prefatory note by L. St. G. Byne.
Am. Jour. Conch., 10, 254-258.
CAMPBELL, J. H.
1891. Mollusca of the United States: Haliotis. Nautilus, 4, 101-104.
CARPENTER, P. P.
1855. Descriptions of (supposed) new species and varieties of shells, from
the California and west Mexican coasts, principally in the collee-
tion of H. Cuming. Proe. Zool. Soc. London, 1855, 228-235.
1856a. Report of the present state of our knowledge with regard to the
Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Rep. Brit. Assoc,
Ady. Sci., 1856, 159-368, pls. 6-9.
1856b. Monograph of the shells collected by T. Nuttall on the Californian
coast, 1834-85. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1856, 209-229.
1856c. Description of new species of shells collected by T. Bridges in the Bay
of Panama and its vicinity, in the collections of Hugh Cuming.
Ibid., 1856, 159-166.
1856d. Descriptions of shells from the Gulf of California, and the Pacific
coasts of Mexico and California, IJbid., 1856, 198-208.
1863. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with
regard to the mollusks of the west coast of North America.
Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1863, 517-686.
1864a. Descriptions of new marine shells from the coast of California.
Proce. Calif. Acad. Sei., 3, 155-159, 175-177.
1864b. Diagnoses of new forms of Mollusca, from the Vancouver District.
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (3) 14, 423-429. Also in Proe. Zool. Soe.
London, 1865, 201-204.
1864c. Contributions toward a monograph of the Pandoridae. Proce. Zool.
Soe. London, 1864, 596-603.
1864d. Diagnoses of new forms of Mollusca, collected at Cape Lucas, Lower
California, by 8. Xantus, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (3) 18, 311-315,
474-479; 14, 45-49.
1865a. Diagnoses specierum et varietatum novarum molluscorum, prope
sinum Pugetianum a Kennerlio Doctore, nuper decesso, collectorum.
Proce. Acad. Nat. Phila., 17, 54-64.
1865b. Diagnoses of new forms of Mollusca from the Vancouver District.
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (3) 15, 28-32.
1865c. Diagnoses des mollusques nouveaux provenant de Californie et faisant
partie du musée de 1’institution Smithsonienne. Jour. de Conch.,
12, 129-149.
1865d. Descriptions of new marine shells from the coast of California, Part IIT.
Calif. Acad. Nat. Sci., 3, 207-224.
1865e. Diagnoses of new forms of Mollusca from the west coast of North
America, first collected by E. Jewett. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (3)
15, 177-182, 339-340, 394-399.
1866. On the Acmaeidae of the Vancouver and California province. Am.
Jour. Conch., 2, 332-348.

1918 | Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 349

1872. Mollusks of western North America embracing the second report made
to the British Association; reprinted with a general index. Smith-
sonian Mise. Coll., 10, i-xii, 1-325.
CHEMNITZ, J. H.
1780-1795. Neues systematisches Conchylien Cabinet (Martini, F. H. W.
1769-1777) fortgesetzt. (Nurnberg, Raspe), 4-5, pls. 122-193;
6-11, pls. 1-213.
CLARK, B. L.
1914. The marine fauna of Bolinas Bay, California. Nautilus, 28, 25-28.
1915. Fauna of San Pablo group of middle California. Univ. Calif. Publ.
Geol., 8, 385-572, pls. 42-71.
ConraD, T. A.
1837. Descriptions of new marine shells from Upper California, collected by
Thomas Nuttall. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, 227-268, pls. 17-20.
1848. Description of two new genera and new species of recent shells. Proce.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 4, 121.
1855. Descriptions of the fossil shells. Rep. Expl. and Surveys Railroad
Route Pac. Ocean, 5, appendix, art, 2, pp. 317-329, pls. 2-9.
1867. Catalogue of the family Mactridae. Am. Jour. Conch., 3, app. 30-47.
CooPER, W.
1862. Nine new California marine Mollusca. Proce. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2,
202-207.
1868. On new and rare Mollusca inhabiting the coast of California. Ibid.,
3, 56-60, fig. 14.
1870a. Notes on the Mollusca of Monterey Bay, California. Am. Jour. Conch.,
6, 42-70.
1870b. Note on Gadinia and Rowellia. Ibid., 6, 319-320.
1888. Catalogue of Californian fossils. Seventh Ann. Rep. State Mineral-
ogist for 1887. (Sacramento, Calif., St. Min. Bur.), pp. 221-308.
1892. See Blankenship, J. W., and Keeler, C. A.
Datu, W. H.
1869. Materials for a monograph of the family Lepetidae. Am. Jour. Conch.,
5, 140-150.
1870. Materials for a monograph of the family Gadiniidae. Ibid., 5, 8-22.
1871la. On the limpets with reference to the species of the west coast of
America, and to a more natural classification of the group. Ibid.,
6, 227-282, pls. 14-17.
1871b. Diagnoses of sixty new forms of mollusks from the west coast of
America and the north Pacific Ocean, with notes on others already
described. Ibid., 7, 93-160, pls. 13-16.
1871c. Note on Gadinia. Ibid., 7, 192-193.
1872a. Notes on California Mollusca. Proe. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4, 182-183.
1872b. Preliminary descriptions of new species of mollusks from the northwest
coast of America. Ibid., 4, 270-271, 302-303.
1874. Catalogue of shells from Behring Strait. IJbid., 5, 246-253.
1877a. Preliminary descriptions of new species of mollusks from the northwest
‘coast of America. Jbid., 4, 302-303, pl. 1, fig. 6.
1877b. On the California species of Fusus. Ibid., 7, 1-5.
1878a. Descriptions of new shells from California. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1,
46-47.
1878b. Report on the limpets and chitons of the Alaskan and Arctie regions,
with descriptions of genera and species believed to be new. Ibid.,
1, 281-344, pls. 1-5, 4 figs. in text.

390

1881.
1886.

1889a.

1889b.

1894a.
1894b.
1895a.
1895b.
1896.

1897a.

1897b.
1898a.
1898b.
1898c.
1898d.

1899a.
1899b.

1899¢.

1899d.
1900a.

1900b.

1901b.

University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 14
y gy

On the genera of chitons. Ibid., 4, 279-291.

Reports on the results of dredging, under the supervision of Alexander
Agassiz, in the Gulf of Mexico (1877-78) and in the Caribbean Sea
(1879-80), by the U. S. Coast Survey Steamer ‘‘Blake,’’ Lieut.
Commander C. D. Sigsbee, U. S. N., and Commander J. R. Bartlett,
U. S. N., commanding: XXIX. Mollusca: Part I. Brachiopoda
and Pelecypoda, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard College, 12, 171—
318, pls. 1-9.

A preliminary catalogue of the shell-bearing marine mollusks and
brachiopods of the southeastern coasts of the United States. Bull.
U.S. Nat. Mus., 37, 1-221, pls. 1-74,

Preliminary report on the collection of Mollusca and Brachiopoda ob-
tained in 1887-88 by the U. 8. Fish Commission Steamer ‘‘ Alba-
tross.’’ Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 12, 219-362, pls. 5-14.

Contributions to the Tertiary fauna of Florida. Trans. Wagner Free
Inst. Sci., 3, 1-200, pls. 1-12.

Scientific results of explorations by the U. 8. Fish Commission
Steamer ‘‘Albatross’’?: XX. On some new or interesting west
American shells obtained from the dredging in 1888, and from other
sources. Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 14, 173-192, pls. 5-7.

Contributions to the Tertiary fauna of Florida. Trans. Wagner Free
Inst. Sci., 3, 201-473, pls. 13-22.

On the Species Mactra from California. Nautilus, 7, 136-138, pl. 5.

Synopsis of the Mactridae of North America. Ibid., 8, 25-28, 39-43.

Contributions to the Tertiary fauna of Florida. Trans. Wagner Free
Inst. Sci., 3, 474-570.

Diagnoses of new species of mollusks from the west coast of America.
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, 7-20.

New species of Leda from the Pacifie coast. Nautilus, 10, 1-2.

Notice of some new or interesting species of shells from British Colum-
bia and the adjacent region. Bull. Nat. Hist. Soe. Brit. Columbia,
Pa, AIash, yolks, IEP,

New west American shells. Nautilus, 11, 85-86.

On a new species of Fusus from California. Ibid., 12, 4-5.

Synopsis of the Recent and Tertiary Psammobidae of North America.
Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1898, 57-62.

Contributions to the Tertiary fauna of Florida. Trans. Wagner Free
Inst. Sei., 3, 571-947, pls. 28-35.

Synopsis of the Recent and Tertiary Leptonacea of North America
and the West Indies. Proe. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 21, 873-897.

Note on Sigaretus oldroyi. Nautilus, 13, 85.

Synopsis of the Solenidae of North America and the Antilles. Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 22, 107-112.

Synopsis of the Recent and Tertiary Leptomacea of North America
and the West Indies. Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 21, 873-898, pls. 87-88.

A new species of Pteronotus from California. Nautilus, 12, 138-139.

Contributions to the Tertiary fauna of Florida. Trans. Wagner Free
Inst. Sci., 3, 948-1218, pls. 36-47.

Synopsis of the family Tellinidae and of the North American species.
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 23, 285-326, pls. 2-4.

Synopsis of the Lucinacea and the American species. Ibid., 23, 779-
883, pls. 39-42.

1918 | Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 351

1902a. Synopsis of the family Veneridae and of the North American Recent
species. Jbid., 26, 335-412, pls. 12-16.
1902b. Illustrations and descriptions of new, unfigured, or imperfectly known
shells, chiefly American, in the United States National Museum.
Ibid., 24, 499-566, pls. 27-40. ;
1903a. Contributions to the Tertiary fauna of Florida. Trans. Wagner Free
Inst. Sei., 3, 1219-1654, pls. 48-60.
1903b. Diagnoses of new species of mollusks from the Santa Barbara Channel,
California. Proce. Biol. Soc. Washington, 16, 171-176.
1907. Three new species of Scala from California. Nautilus, 20, 127-128.
1909. The Miocene of Astoria and Coos Bay, Oregon. U. S. Geol. Surv.
Professional Paper, 59, 1-216, pls. 1-23.
1910a. Summary of the shells of the genus Conus from the Pacifie coast of
America. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 38, 217-228.
1910b. Report on a collection of shells from Peru, with a summary of the lit-
toral marine molluses of the Peruvian zoological province. Ibid.,
87, 141-294, pls. 20-28.
1914a. Notes on the west American oysters. Nautilus, 28, 1-3.
1914b. Notes on some west coast Acmaeas. Nautilus, 28, pp. 13-15, 1914.
1915a. Notes on the species of the molluscan subgenus Nucella inhabiting the
northwest coast of America and adjacent regions. Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., 49, 557-572, pls. 74-75.
1915b. A monograph of the molluscan fauna of the Orthaulax pugnax zone
of the Oligocene of Tampa, Florida. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 90,
I—173; pls: 1-26:
1916a. Checklist of the Recent bivalve mollusks of the northwest coast of
America from the polar sea to San Diego, California. (Los
Angeles, Southwest Museum), pp. 1-44.
1916b. Diagnoses of new species of marine bivalve mollusks from the north-
west coast of America in the collection of the United States National
Museum. Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 50, 393-417.
1917. Summary of the mollusks of the family Alectrionidae of the west
coast of America. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 51, 575-579.
Dau, W. H., and Bartscu, P.
1907. The pyramidellid mollusks of the Oregonian faunal area. Proc. U. 8.
Nat. Mus., 33, 491-534, pls: 54-58.
1909. A monograph of the west American pyramidellid mollusks. Bull. U. 8.
Nat. Mus., 68, 1-258, pls. 1-30.
DESHAYES, G. P.
1839. Nouvelles especes de Mollusques, provenant des cdtes de la Californie,
du Mexique, du Kamtschatka, et de la Nouvelle Zelande. Rey. de
Zool., 1839, 356-361.
1841. Idem., Mag. de Zool., 1841, pls. 25-29, 34-40, 48, 45, 47, 48.
1843. Ibid., 1843, pl. 82.
1853-1854. Catalogue of the Conchifera or bivalve shells in the collection of
the British Museum. (London, Taylor): I, Veneridae, Cyprinidae
and Glauconomidae, 1-216 (1853); II, Corbiculidae, 217-292 (1854').
1854. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1854, p. 357.
Dittwvn, L. W.
1817. Descriptive catalogue of Recent shells, arranged according to the
Linnaean method; with particular attention to the synonymy.
(London, Arch), xii +1092 pp.

302 University of California Publications in Zoology {Vou. 14

Dixon, G. (= BERESFORD, W.).
1789. A Voyage around the world, but more particularly to the northwest
coast of America; performed in 1785, 1786, 1787, and 1788, in the
‘King George’’ and ‘‘Queen Charlotte,’’? Captains Portlock and
Dixon. (London, Goulding), i-xxix, 360-477, pls. 1-17, 5 maps.
D’Orsieny, A. D.
1835-1843. ‘‘Mollusques’’ in Voyage dans 1’Amerique meridionale, 1826—
1833, 5, part 3, pp. i-xilii, 1-758, pls. 1-86.
Dunn, F. W.
1892. Coleoptera and Mollusca of the ocean beach at San Francisco. Zoe,
2, 310-312.
EASTMAN, C. R.
1900. Textbook of palaeontology, by Karl A. von Zittel; trans. and ed. by
C. R. Eastman. (New York, Maemillan), 1, x + 706, 1476 figs. in
text.
1913. Ibid., ed. 2 rev., 1, x + 839, 1594 figs. in text.
Epwarps, ©. L.
1913. The abalones of California. Pop. Sci. Mo., 82, 532-550, [19] figs. in
text. Also in Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst., 1913, 429-438, pls. 1-10.
ENGELMANN, T. W.
1883. Farbe und Assimilation. Bot. Zeit., 41, 1-17.
EScHSCHOLTZ, J. F.
1829-1833. Zoologischer Atlas, enthaltend Abbildungen und Beschreibungen
neuer Thierarten, wihrend des Flottcapitains von Kotzebue zweiter
Reise um die Welt auf der Russisch-Kaiserlichen Kriegsschlupp
‘«Predpriaetie,’’ . . . 1823-1826. (Berlin, Reimer): Heft 1, 17 pp.,
pls. 1-5, 1829; Heft 2, 13 pp., pls. 6-10, 1829; Heft 3, 18 pp., pls.
11-15, 1829; Heft 4, 19 pp., pls. 16-20, 1831; Heft 5 (hrsg. v.
M. H. Rathke), 28 pp., pls. 21-25, Mollusea, pls. 9, 15, 19, 23 and 24.
Gaps, W. M.
1864. Triassic and Cretaceous fossils. Geol. Surv. Calif., Palae., 1, 55-243,
pls. 9-32.
1865. Descriptions of new species of marine shells from the coast of Cali-
fornia. Proe. Calif. Acad. Sci., 3, 182-190.
1869. Cretaceous and Tertiary fossils. Geol. Surv. Calif., Palae., 2, 1-299,
pls. 1-36.
Gou.p, A. A.
1840. Report on shells from California. Am. Jour. Sci., 38, 396.
1841. Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts, comprising the Mollusca,
Crustacea, Annelida and Radiata (Cambridge, Folsom), xiii + 373 pp.,
213 figs. on [15] pls.
1846a. Descriptions of new species of shells collected by the United States
Exploring Expedition commanded by Charles Wilkes, U. 8. N.,
Proce. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., 2, 142-145.
1846). Ibid., 2, 148-152.
1847. Ibid., 2, 237-239.
1848a. Ibid., 3, 83-85.
1848b. Ibid., 3, 89-92.
1849a. Ibid., 3, 118-121.
1849b. Ibid., 3, 151-156.
1849¢c. Ibid., 3, 169-172.
1849d. Ibid., 3, 214-218.
1850. Ibid., 3, 343-348.

1918 ] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 353

1851. Descriptions of a number of California shells, collected by Maj. Wilhaur
Rich, and Lieut. Thomas P. Green, U. 8. N., Ibid., 4, 87-93.

1853. Mollusks of the U. S. Explor. Exp., 1852, 12, 1-497. (Philadelphia).
Parts I-VIII separately paged.

1862. Otia Conchologica, descriptions of shells and mollusks, from 1839 to
1862. (Boston, Gould), 1-256 pp.

1870. Report ‘on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts; ed. 2, comprising the
Mollusea, edited by W. G. Binney (Boston, Wright), viii + 540 pp.,
pls. 1-27.

Gouup, A. A., and CARPENTER, P. P.

1856. Descriptions of shells from the Gulf of California, and the Pacific
coasts of Mexico and California. Part II. Proce. Zool. Soc. Lon-
don, 1856, 198-208.

Gray, J. E.

1826. On a recent species of the genus Hinnita of De France, and some
observations on the shells of the monomyaires of Lamarck. Ann. of
Philos., 28, 103-106.

1839. Molluscous animals and their shells in Richardson et al., Zoology of
Captain Beechey’s Voyage, pp. 101-155, pls. 338-44.

1847. On the genera of the family Chitonidae. Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1847, 13-70.

HaLpEeMAN, S. S.

1840-1845. Monograph of the Limiades or other fresh water univalve Mol-

lusea of the United States, including notices of species in other parts
: of North America (Philadelphia). Parts I-VIII separately paged.
HINps, R. B.

1843a. Descriptions of new shells from the collection of Capt. Sir Edward
Belcher, R. N., C. B. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1843, 36-46.

1843b. Descriptions of new species of Nucula from the collections of Sir
Edward Belcher, C. B., and Hugh Cuming. Jbid., 1843, 97-101.

1844a. The zoology of the voyage of H. M. 8. ‘‘Sulphur,’’ under Capt. Sir
Edward Belcher, 1836-1842. (London, Smith), 2, Mollusca, 21 pls.

1844b. Descriptions of the new species of Triton, Solariwm, and Corbula.
Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1844, 21-26.
Jonas, J. H.

1846. Molluskologische Beitrige. Abh. aus d. Gebiete d. Naturwiss.
Hamburg, 1, 99-130, Taf. 7-11, 1846. Cf. also Proc. Zool. Soe.
London, 14, 34-36, 1846; and Ann. Nat. Hist., 18, 121-123, 1846.

KEeEp, J.

1887. West coast shells: A familiar description of the marine, freshwater,
and land mollusks of the United States found west of the Rocky
Mountains (San Francisco, Bancroft), 1-230, pl. 1, 182 figs. in text.

1891. Mollusks of the San Francisco markets. Nautilus, 4, 97-100.

1892. West coast shells: A familiar description of the marine, freshwater,
and land mollusks of the United States, found west of the Rocky
Mountains (San Francisco, Carson), 1-230, pl. 1, 182 figs. in text.

1901. Exotic mollusks in California. Nautilus, 11, 114-115.

1904. West American shells: A deseription in familiar terms of the princi-
pal marine, fresh-water, and land mollusks of the United States
found west of the Rocky Mountains, including those of British
Columbia and Alaska. (San Francisco, Whitaker), pp. 1-360, pl. 1,
303 figs. in text.

354 University of California Publications in Zoology — [Vou. 14

1911. West coast shells: A description of the principal marine mollusks
living on the west coast of the United States, and of the land
shells of the adjacent regions. (San Francisco, Whitaker); rev.
ed., pp. 1-346, 3 pls. 298 figs. in text.

KIENeER, L. C.

1834-1856. Spécies générale et iconographie des coquilles vivantes, publiées
par monographies, comprenant la collection du Muséum d’Histoire
Naturelle de Paris, le Muséum Masséna, la collection Lamarck,
celle de M. B. Delessert, et les découvertes le plus récentes des
voyageurs. (Paris, Bailliére), 138 livres, pls. 1-476.

Lamarck, J. P. B. DE

1815-1822. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertébres. Conchifera.
(Paris, Verdiere), 5, 411-613 (1818); 6, pt. 1, pp. 1-343, pt. 2, pp.
1-232; 7, 1-678.

1835-1836. Ibid., ed. 2 rev. et augm. par. G. P. Deshayes et H. Milne-
Edwards (Paris, Bailliére), 6 (1835), iv + 600; 7 (1836), vi + 735;
8 (1838), [i] + 660.

Lea, H. C.

1842. Descriptions of eight new species of shells native to the United

States. Am. Jour. Sci., 42, 106-112, pl. 1.
LeEAcH, W. E., and Nopper, R. P.

1814-1817. Zoological miscellany, being descriptions of new or interesting

animals. (London), 2 vols., 149 [150] pls; Mollusca, in 1814.
LINNAEUS, C. VON

1758. Systema Naturae: Regnum Animale; ed. 10, 1, 1-824.

1766-1768. Tbid., ed. 12, pp. 1-1327. Mollusca, in 1767.

1788-1793. Ibid., ed. 13, aucta, reformata, cura J. F. Gmelin. (Leipsiae,
Beer), 1, 1—4120.

1794. Ibid., ed. 10, 1758, cura Societas Zoologicae Germanicae; iterum edita
a MDCCCXCIV. (Lipsiae, Engelmann), iii + 824 pp.

Locxkineton, W. N.

1878. Rambles around San Franeiseo. Am. Naturalist, 12, 505-512.
Martyn, T.

1784. The universal conchologist. 4 vols, 16 pls, London.
Mippenporrfr, A. T. VON

1847-1849. Beitrige zu einer Malacozoologie Rossica. 1, 2 und 3 Auf-
zahlung und Beschreibung der zur Muresfauna Russlands gehorigen
Einschaler und Zurischaler. Mem. Acad. Imp. St. Petersbourg,
Nat. Sci., (6) 6, 67-215, 330-516, 517-596, pls. 1-85. Also pub-
lished separately (Leipzig, Voss), pt. 1, pp. 1-151, pls. 1-14, 1847;
pt. 2, pp. 1-187, pls. 15-21, 1849; pt. 3, 1-94, pls. 22-35, 1849.

1848. Vorliufige Anzeige bisher unbekannter Mollusken, als Vorabeit zu
einer Malacozoologica Rossica. Bull. Cl. Phys.-Math., Acad. Sci.
St. Petersbourg, 6, 113-122.

1851. Mollusken: Reise Nord. u. Osten Sibieriens, 2, 163-508, pls. 8-30.

Montacu, G.

1808. Testacea Britannica; or Natural History of British Shells, marine,
land, and freshwater. (London, J. White), 1, 1-291; 2, 293-600, 16
col. pls.

1808. Supplement to Testacea Britannica. (London, J. White), pp. 1-183,
17-80 pls.

1918 | Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 399

Newcoms, W.
1864. Description of a new species of Pedicularia. Proce. Calif. Acad. Sei.,
3, 121-122; 4, 322, pl. 1, fig. 9.
1874. Deseription of a new species of shell from San Francisco Bay. TIbid.,
5, 415.
Orcutt, C. R.
1915. Molluscan world, 1, 1-208.
PackKarD, E. L.
1916. Mesozoic and Cenozoic Mactrinae of the Pacifie coast of North
America. Univ. Calif. Publ. Geol., 9, 261-360, pls. 12-35.
1918. A quantitative analysis of the molluscan fauna of San Francisco Bay.
Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool, 28, 299-336.
PHILIPPI, R. A.
1841. Trochus triwmphans: Trochis chinensis. Ber. Ver. Cassel, 5, 8—9.
1842-1851. Abbildungen und Beschreibungen neuer oder wenig-gekannter
Conchylien unter Behiilfe mehrerer deutscher Conchyliologen.
(Cassel, Fischer), 1 (1842-1845), 56 figs. in text; 2 (1845-1846),
242 pp., 6 pls., 3 (1847-1851), 251 pp., 6 pls.
1842-1855. Trochoideen (Turbo, Trochus, Solarium, Rotella, Delphinula,
Phasianella): Conehylien Cabinet von Martini und Chemnitz;
(2 aufl. von Kiistz), 2, pt. 2, pp. 1-98, pls. 1-19; pt. 3, pp. 1-372,
pls. 1-50.
1845-1846. Diagnoses testaceorum quaorundam novorum. Zeitsch. Mala-
kozool., 2, 147-152, 1845; 3, 97-106, 1846.
1845-1846. Bemerkungen iiber die Molluskan-fauna von Massachusetts.
Zeitsch. f. Malakozool., 2, 69-79.
1846. Kritisehe Bemerkungen iiber die von Eschsecholtz aufgestellten Arten
von Acmaea. Zeitsch. Malakozool., 3, 106-108.
Pitssry, H. A.
1888. Turbinidae and Trochidae. Man. Coneh., 10, 161-290, pls. 37-69.
1889. Trochidae, Stomatiidae, Pleurotomariidae, Haliotidae. Jbid., 11,
1-519, pls. 1-67.
1890. Stomatellidae, Scissurellidae, Pleurotomariidae, Scutellininae, Addi-
soniidae, Cocculinidae, Fissurellidae, Haliotidae. Jbid., 12, 1-323,
pls. 1-65.
1891, Acmaedae, Leptetidae, Patellidae and Titiscanidae. Tbid., 13, 1-76,
pls. 1-40.
1892-1893. Polyplacophora. Jbid., 14, 1-350, pls. 1-68, 1892; 15, 1-133, pls.
1-17, 1893.
1893. Opisthobranehiata. Ibid., 15, 134-436, pls. 18-61.
1894a. On Chiton hertwegi Cpr. and its allies. Nautilus, 8, 45-47.
1894b. Trachydermon raymondi in British Columbia, Ibid., 8, 57.
1896. Notes on some west American chitons. Jbid., 10, 49-51.
1898a. Chitons collected by Dr. Harold Heath at Pacifie Grove, near Mon-
terey, California. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1898, 287-290.
1898b. Haliotis cracherodii var. californiensis Swainson. Nautilus, 12, 70-80.
Piussry, H. A., and JOHNSTON, C. W.
1892. Catalogue of the Fissurellidae of the United States. Nautilus, 5,
102-107.
Pirssry, H. A., and Raymonp, W. J.
1898. Note on Septifer bifurcatus Conrad. Ibid., 12, 69-71.

356 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou. 14

Pinspry, H. A., and SHarp, B.
1897-1898. Scaphopoda. Man. Conch., 17, 1-280, pls. 1-39.

REEVE, L. A.
1839. Zool. Soc. cuvierienne, pp. —.
1846. Monograph of the genus Purpura. Conchologica Iconica, 3, 113 pls.
1847. Monograph of the genus Chiton. Conchologica Iconica. 4, 33 pls.
1846-1847. Monograph of the genus Buccinum: Conchologia Teonica, 3, [30]

pp-, pls. 1-14.

1849-1850. Monograph of the genus Fisswrella. Ibid., 6 [1-34], pls. 1-16.
1851. Monograph of the genus Lucina. Ibid., 6 [1-34], pls. 1-11.
1855. Monograph of the genus Patella. Conchologica Iconica, 8, 42 pls.

Roserts, 8. R.
1885. Monograph of the family Cypraeidae. Man. Conch., 7, 154-241,
pls. 1-23.
Rocers, J. E.
1908. The shell book. A popular guide to a knowledge of living mollusks,
and an aid to the identification of shells, native and foreign.
(New York, Doubleday), xxi + 485 + [96], 8 pls.
Say, T.
1822. An account of some of the marine shells of the United States. Jour.
Aead. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2, 221-248, 257-276, 302-325.
SoLaNnpER, D. C.
1786. Catalogue of the Portland Museum.

Sowerby, G. B.

1820-1824. The genera of Recent and fossil shells. (London, Bohn), 1,
1-550, 1 pl.; 2, 279 pls.

1825. A catalogue of shells in the collection of the Earl of Tankerville,
with an appendix describing new species. (London, Bohn), 9 pls.

1835. Character of and observations on new genera and species of Mol_
lusea and Conchifera collected by Mr. Cuming. Proe. Zool. Soe.
London, 1835, 4-7, 21-23, 41-47, 49-51, 84-85, 93-96, 109-112.

1840. Descriptions of some new chitons. Mag. Nat. Hist., n.s., 4, 287—
294, pl. 1.

1842-1887. Thesaurus conchyliorum, or figures and descriptions of shells.
(London, Van Voorst), 5 vols., 532 pls.

STEARNS, R. E. C.

1866. List of shells collected at Baulines Bay, California, June, 1866.
Proe. Calif. Acad. Sci., 3, 275-276.

1867a. Shells collected by the U. 8S. Coast Survey Expedition to Alaska in
the year 1867. Ibid., 3, 384-385.

t867b. List of shells collected at Bodega Bay, California, in June. Ibid., 3,
382-383.

1871. Descriptions of new California shells. Am. Jour. Conch., 7, 172-173.

1872a. Description of a new species of Monoceras, from California, with
remarks on the distribution of the North American species. Ibid.,
7, 167-172.

1872b. Remarks on marine faunal provinces on west coast of America.
Proe. Calif. Acad. Sei., 4, 246-247.

1872c. A partial comparison of the conchology of portions of the Atlantic
and Pacific coasts of North America. I[bid., 4, 271-273.

1918 | Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 357

1873. Description of new marine mollusks from the west coast of North
America. Ibid., 5, 78-82, pl. 1.

1881. Mya arenaria in San Francisco Bay. Am. Naturalist, 15, 362-366.

1882. Verification of the habitat of Conrad’s Mytilus bifurcatus. Proe.
Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1882, 241-242.

1883. The edible clams of the Pacifie coast, and a proposed method of
transplanting them to the Atlantic coast. Bull. U. 8S. Fish. Comm.,
3, 353-362, 9 figs. in text.

1886. The Teredo, or ship-worm. Am. Naturalist, 20, 131-136, 4 figs. in text.

1894. Urosalpinx cinereus in San Francisco Bay. Nautilus, 8, 13-14.

1898. Notes on Cythera (Tivella) crassatelloides Conrad, with descriptions
of many varieties. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 21, 371-378, pls. 23-25.

1899a. Crepidula convera Say var. glauca Say, in San Franciseo Bay. Nauti-
lus, 13, 8.

1899b. Urosalpina cinereus in San Francisco Bay. TIbid., 12, 112.

899¢e. Deseription of a new variety of Haliotis from California, with faunal
and geographical notes. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 22, 139-142. Also
in Nautilus, 12, 106-107.

1899d. Abalone fishery in California—protective regulation. Nautilus, 13,
81-82.

1899e. Modiola plicatula Lamarck, in San Francisco Bay. Ibid., 13, 86.

1900a. Exotie Mollusea in California. Science n.s., 11, 655-659.

1900b. Notes on the Saxidomi of the west coast. Nautilus, 14, 1-3.

Swainson, W.

1821-1822. Exotie conchology; or Figures and descriptions of rare, beauti-
ful, or undescribed shells. (London, Bohn), pp. —.

1835. Observations on the analogies of the Mitranae. Proc. Zool. Soe.
London, 1835, 193-204.

SuMNER, F. B., Ossurn, R. C.,.CoLe, L. J., and Davis, B. M.

1913. <A biological survey of the waters of Woods Hole and vicinity. Bull.
U.S. Bur. Fish., 31, 1-860, 274 charts in text.

Sumner, F. B., LoupErsack, G. D., ScHmirt, W. L., and JOHNSTON, E. C.

1914. A report upon the physical conditions in San Francisco Bay, based
upon the operations of the United States Fisheries Steamer ‘‘ Alba-
tross,’’ during the years 1913 and 1914. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool.,
14, 1-198, pls. 1-13, 20 figs. in text.

Tryon. G. W.., Jr.

1863. Contributions towards a monograph of the order Pholadacea, with
descriptions of a new species. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 15,
143-146, pl. 1.

1865. Descriptions of new species of Pholadidae. Am. Jour. Conch., 1,
39-40. ;

1867. Catalogue of Recent Mollusea belonging to the order Pholadacea.
Ibid., 3, app., 1-21.

1873. American marine conchology . Philadelphia, pp. 1-208, pls. 1-44.

1880. Muricinae. Man. Conch., 2, 73-158, pls. 9-41.

1881. Tritonidae, Fusidae, Buceinidae. Ibid., 3, 1-310, pls. 1-87.

1882a. Nassidae. Ibid., 4, 5-66, pls. 5-18.

1882b. Mitridae. Ibid., 4, 106-276, pls. 19-58.

1883a. Olividae. Ibid., 5, 59-100, pls. 14-36.

1883b. Columbellidae. Jbid., 5, 100-276, pls. 49-63.

1853c. Marginellidae. Ibid., 6, 5-64, pls. 2-13.

358 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.14

1884. Conidae. Ibid., 6, 3-150, pls. 1-31.
1885a. Pediculariidae. Ibid., 7, 241-242, pl. 1.
1885b. Manual of Conchology, 7. .
1886a. Naticidae. Ibid., 8, 1-100, pls. 1-29.
1886b. Calyptraeidae. Ibid., 8, 101-155, pls. 30-43.
1886c. Eulimidae. IJbid., 8, 258-293, pls. 68-71.
1887a. Cerithiidae. Ibid., 9, 112-228, pls. 19-39.
1887b. Littorinidae. TIbid., 9, 229-314, pls. 40-51.
1887c. Rissoiidae. Ibid., 9, 314-322, pl. 54.
VeERRILL, A. E., and Smiru, 8. I.
1880. Notice of the remarkable marine fauna occupying the outer banks
off the southern coast of New England. Am. Jour. Sci., 20,
390-403.
WILLIAMSON, M. B.
1893. On Clementia subdiaphana Cpr., in San Pedro Bay. Nautilus, 6, 116.
1898. An interrogation in regard to Septifer bifurcatus Rves. and Mytilus
bifurcatus Conr. Ibid., 12, 67-69.
Woop, W.
1815. General conchology, or a description of shells arranged according to
the Linnean system. (London, Wood), lv + 246 pp., 59 pls.
Woop, W. M.
1891. Additional mollusks of San Francisco Bay. Nautilus, 5, 94.
Woop, W. M., and Raymonp, W. J.
1891. Mollusks of San Francisco County. Jbid., 5, 54-58.
1897. Bolinas, California, the conchologist’s paradise. Jbid., 11, 49-54,
[1] fig. in text.
Wamnss Dia iGe:
1890a. The Mollusca of Santa Barbara County, California. Bull. Santa
Barbara Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, 37-46.
1890b. New shells from the Santa Barbara Channel. Ibid., 1, 46-48.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES
PLATE 14

Fig. 1. Acila castrensis (Hinds). X 2. Longitude 9.4 mm.
Station D5788.* Exterior of left valve.

Fig. 2. Acila castrensis (Hinds). XX 2. Longitude 9.4 mm.
Station D5788.* Interior of right valve.

Fig. 3a. Arca transversa Say. X 2. Longitude 18.2 mm. Sta-
tion D5711. Exterior of right valve.

Fig. 3b. Arca transversa Say. X 2. Longitude 18.2 mm. Sta-
tion D5711. Interior of right valve.

Fig. 4. Nucula tenwis Carpenter. X 4. Longitude 5.5 mm.
Station D5785(?). Exterior of left valve.

Fig. 5. Leda hamata Carpenter. X 2. Longitude 10.5 mm,
Station D5785. Exterior of left valve.

Fig. 6. Yoldia ensifera Dall. X 1. Longitude 39.5 mm. Sta-
tion D5789.* Exterior of left valve.

Fig. 7a. Leda taphria Dall. X 2. Longitude 16 mm. Station
D 5785. Exterior of right valve.

Fig. 7b. Leda taphria Dall. X2. Longitude 16 mm. Station
D5785. Interior of left valve.

Fig. 8. Leda taphria Dall. X 2. Longitude 14 mm. Station
D 5785. Dorsal view.

Fig. 9. Yoldia corperi Gabb. X 1. Longitude 54 mm. Station
D57. Exterior of right valve.

Fig. 10a. Ostrea lurida Carpenter. X1. Longitude 51 mm. In-
terior of left valve.

Fig. 10b. Ostrea lurida Carpenter. X 1. Longitude 51 mm. In-
terior of right valve.

[360]

UNIV, CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14

[PACKARD] PLATE 14

PLATE 15

All figures approximately natural size

Fig. 1. Monia macroschisma (Deshayes). Longitude 61 mm.
Bolinas. Exterior of upper, or left valve.

Fig. 2a. Anomia peruviana d’Orbigny. Longitude 24.8 mm. Sta-
tion 5811. Exterior of upper, or left valve.

Fig. 2b. Anomia peruwviana d’Orbigny. Longitude 24.8 mm. Sta-
tion 5811. Interior of upper, or left valve.

Fig. 8a. Ostrea elongata Solander. Longitude 46 mm. Station
D 5782. Interior of left valve.

Fig. 3b. Ostrea elongata Solander. Longitude 46 mm. Station
D 5782. Interior of right valve.

[362]

UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL, 14

[PACKARD] PLATE 15

ow 2 0) ee 7
‘

PLATE 16
All figures approximately natural size

Fig. la. Monia machroschisma (Deshayes). Longitude 61 mm.
Bolinas. Interior of upper, or left valve.

Fig. 1b. Monia machroschisma (Deshayes). Longitude 61 mm.
Bolinas. Interior of lower, or right valve. :

[364]

a

UNIV, CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14 [PACKARD] PLATE 16

OT ite DD Seth I a A AS EL OT ae A I ca I

PLATE 17
All figures approximately natural size

Fig. la. Hinnites giganteus Gray. Longitude 70 mm. Bolinas
Exterior of upper, or left valve.

Fig. 1b. Hinnites giganteus Gray. Longitude 70 mm. Bolinas.
Exterior of lower, or right valve.

[366]

UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14 [PACKARD] PLATE 17

PLATE 18
All figures approximately natural size

Fig. 1. Modiolus demissus (Dillwyn). Longitude 77.2 mm. San
Francisco Bay. Exterior of left valve.

Fig. 2. Mytilus californianus Conrad. Longitude 77 mm. Pre-
sidio. Exterior of left valve.

Fig. 3. Lyonsia californica Conrad. Longitude 22.4 mm. San
Francisco, University of California Collection. Exterior of right
valve.

Fig. 4. Mytilus edulis Linnaeus. Longitude 51.3 mm. Station
D 5764. Exterior of left valve.

Fig. 5. <Adula stylina Carpenter. Longitude 33.7. Moss Beach,
San Mateo County, Collected by A. L. Barrows. Exterior of left
valve.

Fig. 6. <Adula faleata (Gould). Longitude 70 mm, Duxbury
Reef, Bolinas. Exterior of left valve.

[368]

UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL, VOL. 14

[PACKARD] PLATE |8

» re Ras

PLATE 19

Fig. la. Phacoides tenwsculptus (Carpenter). X 4. Longitude
3mm. Station D5786.* Interior of left valve.

Fig. 1b. Phocoides tenuisculptus (Carpenter). X 4. Longitude
3mm. Station D5786.* Exterior of left valve.

Fig. 2a. Pandora filosa (Carpenter). X 2, Longitude 17.3 mm,
Station D5785. Exterior of left valve.

Fig. 2b. Pandora filosa (Carpenter). X 2. Longitude 17.5 mm.
Station D5785. Exterior of right valve.

Fig. 8. Marcia subdiaphana (Carpenter). X 2, Longitude 14.6
mm. Station D5786. Exterior of left valve.

Fig. 4. Kellia laperousi (Deshayes). X 1. Longitude 24.4 mm.
Station D5846. Interior of right valve.

Fig. 5a. Phacoides annulatus (Reeve). X 1. Longitude 67 mm.
Station D5789. Exterior of right valve.

Fig. 5b. Phacoides annulatus (Reeve). X 1. Longitude 67 mm,
Station D5789. Interior of left valve.

Fig. 6. Paphia staminea var. orbella (Carpenter). X 1. Longi-
tude 23 mm. Station D5846. Exterior of left valve. Found as a
nestler in pholadid borings.

[370]

UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL, VOL, 14 [PACKARD] PLATE 19

5b

PLATE 20

Fig. la. Cardium corbis (Martyn). X 1. Longitude 49 mm.
Station D5700. Dorsal view.

Fig. 1b. Cardium corbis (Martyn). X 1. Longitude 49 mm.
Station D5700. Exterior of left valve.

Fig. 2a. Cardium (Protocardium) centifilosum Carpenter. X 2.
Longitude 10.5 mm. Station D5785.* Exterior of right valve.

Fig. 2b. Cardium (Protocardium) centifilorsum Carpenter. X 2.
Longitude 10.5 mm. Station D5785.* Exterior of left valve.

Fig. 2c. Cardium (Protocardium) centifilosum Carpenter. X 2.
Longitude 10.5 mm. Station D5785.* Interior of left valve.

Fig. 2d. Cardium (Protocardium) centifiloswum Carpenter. X 2.
Longitude 10.5 mm. Station D5785.* Interior of right valve.

Fig. 3. Cuspidaria californica Dall. X 2. Longitude 10 mm.
Station D 5789.

Fig. 4. Psephidea ovalis Dall. X 5. Longitude 4.3 mm. Station
D5788.* Exterior of left valve.

Fig. 5. Thyasira gouldi (Philippi). X 4. Longitude 7 mm.
Station D5788.* Exterior of right valve.

Fig. 6a. Petricola carditoides (Conrad). X 1. Longitude 42.7
mm. Bolinas. Dorsal aspect.

Fig. 6b. Petricola carditoides (Conrad). X 1. Longitude 42.7
mm. Bolinas. Exterior of left valve.

[372]

UNIV, CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL, VOL. 14

[PACKARD] PLATE 20

PLATE 21
All figures approximately natural size

Fig. la. Paphia staminea (Conrad). Longitude 56 mm. Interior
of left valve.

Fig. 1b. Paphia staminea (Conrad). Longitude 56 mm. Ex-
terior of left valve. :

Fig. 2. Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad. Longitude 111.6 mm, Pigeon
Point. Exterior of left valve.

[374]

[PACKARD] PLATE 21

14

UNIV, CALIF. PUBL, ZOOL, VOL.

C's

eo

i Gets

~*~

PLATE 22
All figures approximately natural size

Fig. la. Paphia tenerrima (Carpenter). Longitude 89 mm.

Bo-
linas. Exterior of left valve.
Fig. 1b. Paphia tenerrima (Carpenter). Longitude 89 mm. Bo-
linas. Interior of left valve.

[376]

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UNIV. CALIF, PUBL, ZOOL. VOL, 14

[PACKARD] PLATE 22

PLATE 23

Fig. la. Macoma nasuta (Conrad).

D 5830. Exterior of right valve.

Fig. 1b. Macoma nasuta (Conrad).
D 5830. Exterior of left valve.

Fig. le. Macoma nasuta (Conrad).
D 5830. Interior of left valve.

Fig. 1d. Macoma nasuta (Conrad).
D 5830. Interior of right valve.

that shown in figs. le and 2c.

Fig. 2a. Macoma inquinata
Exterior of right valve.

Fig. 2b. Macoma inquinata (Deshayes) (?).

Interior of right valve.

Fig. 38a. Macoma inquinata
Exterior of left valve.

Fig. 3b. Macoma inquinata
Interior of left valve.

Longitude 58.5 mm. Station
Longitude 58.5 mm. Station
Longitude 58.5 mm. Station
Longitude 58.5 mm. Station

Compare the pallial sinus with

(Deshayes) (?). Longitude 57 mm.

(Deshayes) (?).

(Deshayes) (?).

[3

8]

Longitude 57 mm.
Longitude 55 mm.

Longitude 55 mm.

UNIV, CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL, VOL, 14 [PACKARD] PLATE 23

PLATE 24
All figures approximately natural size
Fig. la. Macoma inquinata (Deshayes). Longitude 43.5 mm.

Station D 5830.

Fig. 1b. Macoma inquinata (Deshayes). Longitude 43.5 mm.
Station D5830. Note the pallial sinus and compare with figs. le
and 1d, plate 10. :

Fig. 2. Spisula catilliformis Conrad. Longitude 77 mm. Uni-
versity of California Collection. Note the hinge of this right valve.

[380]

UNIV, CALIF. PUBL.

ZOOL. VOL. 14

[PACKARD] PLATE 24

PLATE 25

Fig. 1. Macoma balthica (Linnaeus). X 1. Longitude 21.6 mm.
Station D5717.* Exterior of right valve.

Fig. 2. Macoma balthica (Linnaeus). X 1. Longitude 28 mm.
Station D5717.*

Fig. 8a. Tellina salmonea (Carpenter). X 1. Longitude 13 mm.
Station D5800. Exterior of right valve.

Fig. 3b. Tellina salmonea (Carpenter). XX 1. Longitude 13 mm.
Station D5800. Exterior of left valve.

Fig. 4. Macoma indentata Carpenter. X 1. Longitude 25 mm.
Station D 5791. Exterior of right valve.

Fig. 5. Tellina bodegensis Hinds. X 1. Longitude 47.5 mm.
Bolinas. Exterior of left valve.

Fig. 6. Macoma yoldiformis Carpenter. X 2. Longitude 15
mm. Station D5785.* Exterior of left valve.

Fig. 7a. Tellina buttoni Dall. X 2. Longitude 16 mm. Station
D5739.* Exterior of right valve.

Fig. 7b. Tellina buttoni Dall. X 2. Longitude 15 mm. Station
D5739.* Interior of right valve.

Fig. 8. Macoma secta (Conrad). X 1. Longitude 59 mm. Bo-
linas. Exterior of left valve.

Fig. 9. Macoma balthica (Linnaeus). X 1. Longitude 20 mm.
Near Key Route Pier, Oakland. Exterior left valve.

Fig. 10a. Tellina carpenteri Dall. X 4. Longitude 12mm. Sta-
tion D5788.* Interior of left valve.

Fig. 10b. Tellina carpenteri Dall. X 4. Longitude 12 mm. Sta-
tion D5788*. Exterior of left valve.

[382]

UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14 [PACKARD] PLATE 25

PLATE 26
All figures approximately natural size

Fig. 1. Solen sicarius Gould. Longitude of shell 70.5 mm. Sta-
tion D5705. View of the left side, showing the foot and siphon
extended.

Fig. 2a. Siliqua nuttal (Conrad). Longitude 111.3 mm. Moss
Beach, San Mateo County. Interior of right valve.

Fig. 2b. Siliqua nuttalli (Conrad). Longitude 111.3 mm. Moss
Beach, San Mateo County. Exterior of right valve.

[384]

UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14 [PACKAKD] PLATE 26

--

i
»

PLATE 27
All figures approximately, natural size

Fig. 1. Spisula catilliformis Conrad. Longitude 81 mm. Uni-
versity of California Collection. Note the hinge of left valve.

Fig. 2. Spisula catilliformis Conrad. Longitude 112.8 mm. Uni-
versity of California collection. Exterior of left valve.

[386]

UNIV, CALIF. PUBL, ZOOL. VOL, 14 [PACKAKD] PLATE 27

L
7
4
a
ee

PLATE 28
All figures approximately natural size
Fig. la. Schizothaerus nuttalli (Conrad). Longitude 110.5 mm.

University of California Collections. Exterior of left valve of a
small specimen. :

Fig. 1b. Schizothaerus nuttalli (Conrad). Interior of left valve.

[388]

UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14 [PACKARD] PLATE 28

ee) ee se

a) a

PLATE 29
All figures approximately natural size

Fig. la. Mya arenaria Linnaeus. Longitude 84 mm. Fish
Market, San Francisco. Exterior of left valve.

Fig. 1b. Mya arenaria Linnaeus. Interior of left valve.

Fig. 2a. Mya (Platydon) cancellata (Conrad). Longitude 55.4
mm. Bolinas. Exterior of both valves.

Fig. 2b. Mya (Platydon) cancellata (Conrad). Interior of both
valves.

[390]

7 UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14 [PACKAKD] PLATE 29

eee

PLATE 30

Fig. la. Pholadidea ovoidea (Gould). X 1. Longitude 37 mm.
Bolinas. Exterior of left valve showing siphons extended.

Fig. 1b. Pholadidea ovoidea (Gould). XX 1. Dorsal view, show-
ing siphons extended.

Fig. 2a. Pholadidea ovoidea (Gould). X 1. Longitude 19 mm.
Ventral view of an immature specimen.

Fig. 2b. Pholadidea ovoidea (Gould). X 1. View of left valve
of same specimen.

Fig. 3a. Pholadidea penita (Conrad). XX 1. Longitude 50 mm.
Bolinas. Exterior of left valve, showing siphons extended.

Fig. 3b. Pholadidea penita (Conrad). XX 1. Dorsal view.

Fig. 4. Sasxicava arctica (Linnaeus). X 2. Longitude 13 mm.
Station 5700.* Exterior of left valve.

Fig. 5. Saxicava pholadis Linnaeus. X 1. Longitude 34.6 mm.
Goat Island, San Francisco Bay, Exterior of left valve.

[892]

UNIV. CALIF PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14

[PACKARD] PLATE 30

PLATE 31
All figures approximately natural size

Fig. la. Parapholas californica (Conrad). Longitude 134 mm.
From a photograph of a living specimen collected by A. L. Barrows
at Moss Beach, San Mateo County, California. Anterior view.

Fig. 1b. Parapholas californica (Conrad). Exterior of left valve
of the same specimen.

Fig. 2a. Mya (Cryptomya) californica (Conrad). Longitude 25.5
mm. Station D 5825. Exterior of left valve.

Fig. 2b. Mya (Cryptomya) californica (Conrad). Interior of
left valve.

[394]

UNI)
WIV. CALIF
F, PUBI
[ZOO
OLE TN aE ||
4
LP
ACKARD] P
LATE 31

ee le oe Oe LR ae - is

7

Wa

PLATE 32

All figures approximately natural size

Fig. 1. Zirfaea gabbi Tryon. Longitude 56 mm, Exterior of
left valve, showing siphons extended.

Fig. 2a. Parapholas californica (Conrad). Longitude 134 mm.
From a photograph of a living specimen collected by Mr. A. L.
Barrows at Moss Beach, San Mateo County. Ventral aspect.

Fig. 2b. Parapholas californica (Conrad). Dorsal aspect of same
specimen.

[396]

UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14 [PACKARD] PLATE 32

RR Sate oo ieee
Lea eet

en

PLATE 33
Approximately natural size

Haliotis rufescens Swainson. Longitude 125 mm. Bolinas. Ex-
terior of the Red Abalone.

[398]

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UNIV. CALIF, PUBL. ZOOL. VOL, 14

[PACKARD] PLATE

33

PLATE 34

Fig. 1. Haliotis cracherodi Leach. X 1. Longitude 85 mm.
Half Moon Bay. Exterior of Black Abalone.

Fig. 2a. Fissuridea aspera (Eschscholtz). X 1. Longitude 40
mm. Bolinas Bay.

Fig. 2b. Fissuridea aspera (Eschscholtz). X 1.

Fig. 3. Tonicella lineata (Wood). X 1. Longitude 30.5 mm.
Bonita Point.*

Fig. 4a. Astraliwm triumphans (Philippi). XX 1144. Diameter of
body whorl 17 mm. Near Station D5807. Dorsal view.

Fig. 4b. Astraliwm triumphans (Philippi). X 1%. Ventral view.

[400]

UNIV. CALIF, PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14 [PACKARD] PLATE 34

" 1 a ree

PLATE 35

Fig. la. Crepidula adunca Sowerby. X 1. Altitude 8 mm. Uni-
versity of California Collection. Profile.

Fig. 1b. Crepidula adunca Sowerby. XX 1. Maximum diameter
12.8 mm. View from above.

Fig. 2. Littorina scutulata Gould. X 4%. Altitude 8 mm.
Presidio.*

Fig. 3. Littorina suctulata Gould. X 4%. Altitude 8.9 mm.
Presidio.*

Fig. 4. Littorina planaxis (Nuttall) Philippi. X 11%. Altitude
15 mm. Bonita Point.

Fig. 5. Crepidula convexa Say. X 1. Maximum diameter 10.5
mm. Station D5782.* From above.

Fig. 6. Crepidula convexa Say. X 1. Maximum diameter 11.6.
Station D 5782.*

Fig. 7a. Crepidula nivea Adams. X 1. Maximum diameter 21.5
mm. Station D5810 B. View from above.

Fig. 7b. Crepidula nivea Adams. X 1. Maximum diameter 21.5
mm. Station D5810 B. Ventral view.

Fig. 8. Littorina planawis (Nuttall) Philippi. X 1%. Altitude
13 mm. Bonita Point.

Fig. 9. Nassa mendica Gould. X 2. Altitude 11 mm. Station
D 5773.

Fig. 10a. Eunaticina oldroydi Dall. X 1. Fishing Grounds West
of the Golden Gate.* Basal view.

Fig. 10b. Eunaticina oldroydi Dall. X 1.

Fig. lla. Ilyanassa obsoleta (Say). X
Near Key Route Pier, Oakland.*

Fig. lla. Ilyanassa obsoleta (Say). X 1. Altitude 21.4 mm.

Fig. 12a. Nassa fossata (Gould). X 1. Altitude 31 mm. Sta-
tion D 5788.

Fig. 12b. Nassa fossata (Gould). X 1.

Fig. 18. Nassa perpinguis Hinds. X 1%. Altitude 12 mm.
Station D 5786.

1. Altitude 21.4 mm.

[402]

UNIV. CALIF PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14 [PACKARD] PLATE 35

10a 10b lla

PLATE 36

Fig. la. Tegula funebrale (A. Adams). X 1. Altitude 33 mm.
Bonita Point.*

Fig. 1b. Tegula funebrale (A. Adams). X 1. +

Fig. 2. Calliostoma annulatum (Martyn). X 1. Altitude 25
mm. University of California Collection.

Fig. 3. Tegula brunnea (Philippi). X 1. Altitude 33mm. Uni-
versity of California Collection.

Fig. 4. Tegular brunnea (Philippi). XX 1. Altitude 21 mm.
University of California Collection.

Fig. 5. Calliostoma canaliculatum (Martyn). X 1. Altitude 18
mm. Half Moon Bay.

Fig. 6. Calliostoma costatum (Martyn). X 2. Altitude 11 mm.
Station D 5770. An immature specimen.

' Fig. 7. Calliostoma costatum (Martyn). X 1. Altitude 19 mm.
Station D 5770 B.*

Fig. 8. Turbenilla franciscana Bartsch. X 5. Altitude 5.6 mm.
Station D5743.* This species was recently described from this
region.

Fig. 9. Turbonilla franciscana Bartsch. X 5. Altitude 5.8 mm.
Station D 5743.*

Fig. 10. Margarites pupilla (Gould). X 5. Maximum diameter
3mm. <A small specimen.

Fig. 11. Melanella (Eulima) micans Carpenter. X 4. Altitude
7.3mm. Station D5788.*

Fig. 12a. Turbonilla keepi Dall and Bartsch. X 2. Altitude 10.6
mm. Station D 5785.*

Fig. 12b. Turbonilla keepi Dall and Bartsch. X 2.

Fig. 13. Epitoniwm sawinae (Dall). X 1%. Altitude 15 mm.
Station D 5785.*

Fig. 14a. Epitonium hindsi (Carpenter). X 2. Altitude 9.6 mm.
Station D.

Fig. 14b. Epitonium hindsi (Carpenter). X 2.

Fig. 15. Odostomia franciscana Bartsch. X 4. Altitude 2.6 mm.
Station D 5729.*

Fig. 16. Odostomia franciscana Bartsch. X 4. Altitude 2 mm.
Station D 5729.*

[404]

UNIV, CALIF, PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14 [PACKARD] PLATE 36

14b 15 16

“1

DS
4
‘
F
i
i

PLATE 37

Fig. la. Murex (Ocinebra) interfossa (Carpenter). X 4. Alti-
tude 8 mm. Station D 5770.

Fig. 1b. Murex (Ocinebra) interfossa (Carpenter). X 4.

Fig. 2. Chrysodomus tabulatus Baird. XX 1. Altitude 86 mm.
Station D5789.* The tip of the spire has been broken.

Fig. 3. Chrysodomus dirus Reeve. X 1. Altitude 40 mm.
Pigeon Point.

Fig. 4a. Murex (Ocinebra) lurida (Middendorff). X 2. Altitude
13.5 mm. Bonita Point.

Fig. 4b. Murex (Ocinebra) lurida (Middendorff). X 2.

Fig. 5a. Olivella biplicata Sowerby. X 1. Altitude 22 mm.
Station D 5731.

Fig. 5b. Olivella biplicata Sowerby. X 1.

Fig. 6. Bathytoma carpenteriana (Gabb). X 1. Altitude 77
mm. Station D 5788.

Fig. 7. Olivella intorta Carpenter. X 2. Altitude 11mm. Sta-
tion D 5735

Fig. 8a. Urosalpinx cinereus (Say). X 1. Altitude 21mm. Sta-
tion D 5787.*

Fig. 8b. Urosalping cinereus (Say). X 1.

[406]

UNIV. CALIF. PUBL, ZOOL. VOL, 14 [PACKARD] PLATE 37

a
i

1
.

PLATE 38
All figures approximately natural size

Fig. 1. Polinices lewisi (Gould). Slightly reduced. Altitude 112
mm. Station D 5738. : "i

Fig. 2a. Polynices draconis (Dall). Slightly reduced. Altitude
56 mm. West of Golden Gate 30 fathom line.

Fig. 2b. Polinices draconis (Dall). Slightiy reduced.

5 . [408] |

UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14 PACKA

=
———
,

>.

PLATE 39

Fig. 1. Turris (Bela) tabulata (Carpenter). X 4. Altitude 9
mm. Station D5788.*

Fig. 2. Thais emarginata var. ostrina (Gould). X 1. Altitude
17 mm. Presidio.*

Fig. 3. Thais emarginata var. ostrina (Gould). X 1. Altitude
17.5 mm. Presidio.*

Fig. 4. Thais emarginata var. ostrina (Gould). X 1. Altitude
18 mm. Presidio.*

Fig. 5. Thais emarginata var. ostrina (Gould). X 1. Altitude
20 mm. Presidio.*

Fig. 6. Monoceros engonatum Conrad. X 1. Altitude 27 mm.
Pigeon Point, San Mateo County.

Fig. 7a. Murex foliatus (Martyn). X 1. Altitude 58 mm. Bo-
linas.

Fig. 7b. Murex foliatus (Martyn). X 1.

Fig. 8a. Cerithidea californica (Haldeman). X 1. Altitude 38
mm. Lake Merritt, Oakland. Specimen from the collection of Pro-
fessor Wm. 8. Raymond.

Fig. 8b. Cerithidea californica (Haldeman). X 1.

Fig. 9a. Cancellaria crawfordiana Dall. X 1. Altitude 20.5 mm.
Station D 5789.

Fig. 9b. Cancellaria crawfordiana Dall. X 1.

Fig. 10a. Mangilia augulata Carpenter. X 4%. Altitude 10 mm.
Station D 5786.

Fig. 10b. Mangilia augulata Carpenter. X 44.

[410]

[PACKARD] PLATE 39

14

UNIV. CALIF. PUBL, ZOOL. VOL.

nf

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2
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aa q

- = a
a . '
—— - 7 bf

PLATE 40
All figures approximately natural size

Fig. 1. Thais lamellosa (Gmelin). Altitude 44 mm. Station
D5781. Tabulated and rough.

Fig. 2. Thais lamellosa (Gmelin). Altitude 45 mm. Station D.
Cream-white and rough.

Fig. 3. Thais lamellosa (Gmelin). Altitude 44 mm. Banded
and rough.

Fig. 4. Thais lamellosa (Gmelin). Altitude 41mm. White and
smooth.

Fig. 5a. Thais lamellosa (Gmelin). Altitude 52 mm. Station
D 5801. White and smooth.

Fig. 5b. Thais lamellosa (Gmelin).

Fig. 6. Thais lamellosa (Gmelin). Altitude 38 mm. Red rock.
Tabulated and smooth.

Fig. 7. Thais lamellosa (Gmelin). Altitude 37.5 mm. Station
D 5796. Banded and smooth.

Fig. 8. Thais lamellosa (Gmelin). Altitude 38 mm. Station
D 5796. Banded, smooth, high spire.

[412]

UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14 [PACKARD] PLATE 40

&

PLATE 41

Fig. la. Columbella gausapata Gould. X 2. Altitude 9 mm.
Station D 5790.

Fig. 1b. Columbella gausapata Gould. X 2.

Fig. 2a. Turris incisa Carpenter. X 2. Altitude 25.5 mm. Sta-
tion D5791. Enlarged to show detail.

Fig. 2b. Turris incisa Carpenter. X 1.

Fig. 3a. Turris perversa (Gabb). X 154. Altitude 19 mm. Sta-
tion D 5785.*

Fig. 8b. Turris perversa (Gabb). X 134.

Fig. 4a. Amphissa corrugata (Reeve). X 2. Altitude 12 mm.
Farallon Islands, University of California collection.

Fig. 4b- Amphissa corrugata (Reeve). X 2.

Fig. 5a. Bittium subplanulatum Bartsch. X 14%. Altitude 6 mm.
Station D5788.* Tip of spire broken.

Fig. 5b. Bittium subplanulatum Bartsch. X 1%.

Fig. 6. <Actaeon puncteoelatus (Carpenter). X 1%. Altitude
8mm. Station D5791.*

Fig. 7a. Volvula cylindrica Carpenter. X 2. Altitude 8.7 mm.
Survey collection.

Fig. 7b. Volvula cylindrica Carpenter. X 2.

Fig. 8a. Acteocina cerealis (Gould). X 2. Altitude 7.8 mm.
Survey collection.

Fig. 8b. Acteocina cerealis (Gould). X 2.

[414]

[PACKARD] PLATE 41

UNIV, CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14

a

PLATE 42

Chart showing the distribution of Ostrea lwrida Carpenter

(The dot indicates the stations at which living specimens we
and the circle indicates the stations at which only dead shells were

[416]

ay a
Aig th ce
a
. ay i
f
:
;

[PACKARD] PLATE 42

14

UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL.

ee

PLATE 43
Chart showing the distribution of Mytilus edulis Linnaeus

(The dot indicates the stations at which living specimens were dredged,
and the circle indicates the stations at which only dead shells were obtained.)

—

[418]

i UNIV CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14 [PACKARD] PLATE 43

PLATE 44
Chart showing the distribution of Cardium corbis (Martyn)

(The dot indicates the stations at which living specimens were dredged,
and the circle indicates the stations at which only dead shells were obtained.)

[420]

UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14 [PACKARD] PLATE 44

_SAN FRANC

CALIFORNIA

PLATE 45
Chart showing the distribution of Paphia staminea (Conrad)

(The dot indicates the stations at which living specimens were dredged,
and the circle indicates the stations at which only dead shells were obtained.)

[422

UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14 [PACKARD] PLATE 45

PLATE 46

Chart showing the distribution of Tellina salmonea (Carpenter)

(The dot indicates the stations at which living specimens were dredged,
and the circle indicates the stations at which only dead shells were obtained.)

[424]

UNIV. CALIF. PUBL.

VALLEJO”

MARTINEZ
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KERRY BU/LOINO

CALIFORNIA

NAUTICAL MILES.
2 z

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+

FRED WS BLANCHARD hb.

PLATE 47
Chart showing the distribution of Macoma balthica (Linnaeus)

(The dot indicates the stations at which living specimens were dredged,
and the circle indicates the stations at which only dead shells were obtained.)

[426]

UNIV, CALIF.

PUBL.

Pt San Quentin’

ZOOL, VOL,

14

[PACKARD] PLATE 47

MARTINEZ

“fe

SAN FRANCISCO. Ray |

SCALE ORNIAT

NAUTICAL fives ©
r 2 on $
ea Stor
KILOMETERS
Vak 7d 4 S678 Oa

YREDW.S BLANCHARD DEL.

PLATE 48
Chart showing the distribution of Macoma inquinata (Deshayes)

(The dot indicates the stations at which living specimens were dredged,
and the circle indicates the stations at which only dead shells were obtained.)

[428]

UNIV. CALIF PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. |

[PACKARD] PLATE 48

oe

Pt San Pedro) ~
e

AERRY BU/LOINO'

S \
“tpt Lobos %Y,

Som

INCREASE ——=

MARTINEZ
Arde

CALIFORNIA

RAUTICAL MILES
T @ 5) 4 5
MUOMETERS x
123.45) 657. 8a ee

PLATE 49
Chart showing the distribution of Macoma nasuta (Conrad)

(The dot indicates the stations at which living specimens were dredged,
and the circle indicates the stations at which only dead shells were obtained.)

[430]

UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL.

[PACKARD] PLATE 49

Se MARTINEZ
Se yarn
Beattie
Nee

=

KEY ROUTE
PIER

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SP. PIER

\_SAN FRANCISCO BAY |

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NAUTICAL MILES
Y 2 ia) See Ss
4 KILOMETERS
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PLATE 50
Chart showing the distribution of Solen sicarius Gould

(The dot indicates the stations at which living specimens were dredged,
and the circle indicates the stations at which only dead shells were obtained.)

[432]

UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14

[PACKARD] PLATE 50

‘] Pt San Pedro

(22°30°

VALLEJO

Sac yarn
Tes'ee aa

UAL

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INCREAS
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CALIFORNIA

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FREO WS. BLANCHARD BEL,

a

PLATE 51
Chart showing the distribution of Schizothaerus nuttalli (Conrad)

(The dot indicates the stations at which living specimens were dredged,
and the circle indicates the stations at which only dead shells were obtained.)

[434]

UNIV, CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL.

14

[PACKARD] PLATE 51

\

PALO ~~ Sr

“ill

+

CALIFORNIA

NAUTICAL MILES

2 > 4 5
NILOMETERS

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PLATE 52
Chart showing the distribution of Mya arenaria Linnaeus

(The dot indicates the stations at which living specimens were dredged,
and the circle indicates the stations at which only dead shells were obtained.)

[436]

[PACKARD] PLATE 52

SAN FRANCISCO mel

- GALIFORNIA

‘
NAUTICAL MILES
7 ORDER EE

niLoweTens Bh Aes
SS — ee
a ee ee
Pine i 40)

ach

PLATE 53
Chart showing the distribution of Mya (Cryptomya) californica (Conrad)

(The dot indicates the stations at which living specimens were dredged,
and the cirele indicates the stations at which only dead shells were obtained.)

[438]

UNIV. CALIF PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14

[PACKARD] PLATE 53

MARTINEZ

+

SAUSALITO

hulesceanen haz
1 Pian cae NSS
ae hee

Lee
=

see

My

g §
eRe rier |
a ~ SAN FRANCISCO BAY |
eh a CALIFORNIA =I

SI Ss 7
KILOMETERS Be

et 8 4 S 67 8 Hn

+ -

PLATE 54
Chart showing the distribution of Zirfaea gabbi Tryon

(The dot indicates the stations at which living specimens were dredged,
and the cirele indicates the stations at which only dead shells were obtained.)

[440]

[PACKARD] PLATE 54

UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14

PLATE 55
Chart showing the distribution of Crepidula nivea Adams

(The dot indicates the stations at which living specimens were dredged,
and the circle indicates the stations at which only dead shells were obtained.)

[442]

P UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14 [PACKAKD] PLATE 55

PLATE 56
Chart showing the distribution of Columbella gausapata Gould

(The dot indicates the stations at which living specimens were dredged,
and the cirele indicates the stations at which only dead shells were obtained.)

[444]

UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL

. 14

[PACKARD] PLATE 5

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= CALIFORNIA

NAUTICAL MILES —

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RILOMETERS:

4 =

Leaky Shes) 2 S's Ta Oe OO

+

PLATE 57
Chart showing the distribution of Nassa fossata (Gould)

(The dot indicates the stations at which living specimens were dredged,
and the circle indicates the stations at which only dead shells were obtained.)

“

Ay

[446]

UNIV. CALIF, PUBL. ZOOL

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CALIFORNIA

3

PLATE 58
Chart showing the distribution of Nassa mendica Gould

(The dot indicates the stations at which living specimens were dredged,
and the circle indicates the stations at which only dead shells were obtained.)

[448]

; UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14 [PACKAKD] PLATE 58

7
]

PLATE 59
Chart showing the distribution of Thais lamellosa (Gmelin)

(The dot indicates the stations at which living specimens were dredged,
and the circle indicates the stations at which only dead shells were obtained.)

[450]

[PACKARD] PLATE 59

UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14

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PLATE 60

Chart showing the distribution of « Albatross’? dredging sta
Sumner et. al., 1914.) ; Pye ae

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: ns =

[PACKARD] PLATE 60

UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14

—, yarn

TSISe 1m 1916
ANNUAL
INCREASE —~

<=

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FISHERIES STEAMER ALBATROSS

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ACS
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' NAUTICAL MILES
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BASED ON
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22.
23.
24,
Vol.17. 1.
2.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS— (Continued)

. On Binary and Multiple Fission in Giardia muris (Grassi), by Charles

Atwood Kofoid and Elizabeth Bohn Christiansen, 30-54
1 figure in text. iis Deedes
Nos. 2 and 3 in one cover, November, 1915 20.

. Notes on the Tintinnoina,. 1. On the Probable Origin of Dictyocysta tiara

Haeckel. 2. On Petalotricha entzi, sp. nov., by Charles Atwood Kofoid,
Pp. 63-69, 8 figures in text. December, 1915 PBNANP AE nd EAA Se AMS a Aa ot

. Binary and Multiple Fission in Hexamitus, by Olive Swezy. Pp. 71- 88,

Plates 9-11.

- On a New Trichoinonad Flagellate, Trichomitus parvus, from the Intestine

of Amphibians, by Olive Swezy. Pp. 89-94, plate 12.
Nos. 6 and 7 in one cover. December, 1915 CN a a ry

. On Blepharcorys equi, sp. nov., a New Ciliate from the Caecum of the

Horse, by Irwin C, Schumacher. Pp. 95-106, plate 13. December, 1915...

. Three New Helices from California, by 8. Stillman Berry. Pp, 107- 111,

SEV IAT EN SSR CO Uy alpine Ne eee a bee Ny Che rte VL A RC URNEO op PIRE AA IR Oea O e L

. On Trypanosoma triatomae, a New Flagellate from a Hemipteran Bug from

the Nests of the Wood Rat Neotoma fuscipes, by Charles Atwood Kofoid
and Irene McCulloch. Pp, 113-126, piates 14-15. Pebriiayy, DONG oie

. The Genera Monocercomonas and Polymastiz, by Olive Swezy. Pp. 127-138,

niates /AG-17:') <Februaryy A9UG) ec Ss Se Ce es

. Notes on the’Spiny Lobster (Panulirus interruptus) of the California Coast,

by Bennet M. Allen. Pp. 139-152, 2 figures in text. March, 1916 ..........
Notes on the Marine Fishes of California, by Carl L. Hubbs. Pp. 153-169,
plates 43-2Oe 4 Whar dy SOE Loe Aa Nr ae ee Mee ea

. The Feeding Habits and Food of Pelagic Copepods and the Question of

Nutrition by Organic Substances in Solution in the Water, by Calvin O.
Esterly. Pp. 171-184, 2 figures in text. March, 1916 00.00.22 s

. The Kinetonucleus of Flagellates and the Binuclear Theory of Hartmann,

by Olive Swezy. Pp. 185-240, 58 figures in text. March, 1916 22..000..

. On the Life-History of a Soil Amoeba, by Charlie Woodruff Wilson. Pp.

81-992) ‘plates 18-23. (Jwly 1916's se eg oe OS

. Distribution of Land Vertebrates of Southeastern Washington, by Lee

Raymond Dice. Pp. 293-348, plates 2426. June, 1916 200020
The Anatomy of Hepianchus maculatus: the Endoskeleton, by J. Frank
Daniel. Pp. 349-370, pls. 27-29, 8 text figures. December, 1916 ......0......
Some Phases of Spermatogenesis in the Mouse, by Harry B. Yocom. Pp.
S71/S80; plate SOs anuary; 1917 i sce Re oh i ee
Specificity in Behavior and the Relation between Habits in Nature and
Reactions in the Laboratory, by Calvin 0, Esterly. Pp. 381-392. March,

rs be eg. EN SN RN gS A Se) ata ees late Ras NAR AD attd TERE EY Sats rv eth Dh

. The Occurrence of a Rhythm in the Geotropism of Iwo Species of Plank-

ton Copepods when Certain Recurring External Conditions are Absent, by
Calvin O. Esterly.' Pp. 393-400. March, 1917 20022...2...2.2cce-jsceesceesesenseeeceenteene
On Some New Species of Aphroditidae from the Coast of California, by
Christine Essenberg. Pp. 401-430, plates 31-37. March, 1917 -..0.....02022..
Notes on the Natural History and Behavior of Emerita analoga (Stimpson),
by Harold Tupper Mead, Pp. 431-438, 1 text figure. April, 1917-..........
Ascidians of the Littoral Zone of Southern California, by William E. Ritter
and Ruth A. Forsyth. Pp. 439-512, plates 38-46. August, LOL ios
Index in preparation.
Diagnoses of Seven New Mammals from East-Central California, by Joseph
Grinnell and Tracy I. Storer. Pp, 1-8.
A New Bat of the Genus Myotis from the High Sierra Nevada of Cali-
fornia, by Hilda Wood Grinnell. Pp. 9-10.
Nos. 1 and 2 in one cover. August, 1916 :...2....2.2.2.ce-neenec sence nese eeeeeeneee

. Spelerpes platycephalus, a. New Alpine Salamander from the Yosemite

National Park, California, by Charles Lewis Camp. Pp. 11-14. Septem-
BRON TONG ee AO Ne ea ae eight adem Secgys nt arnt bate antanteadtosnn

. A New Spermophile from the San Joaquin Valley, California, with Notes

on Ammospermophilus nelsoni nelsoni Merriam, by Walter P. Taylor. Pp.
15-20, 1 figure in text. October, 1916 22... .2---ncicen ect ccet a ctn nett seneseeneen nee

i Habits and Food of the Roadrunner in California, by Harold C, Bryant.

Pp. 21-58, plates 1-4, 2 figures in text. October, 1916 1-1...

. Description of Bufo canorus, a New Toad from the Yosemite National Park,

by Charles Lewis Camp. Pp. 59-62, 4 figures in text. November, 1916... ee

30
10

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS— (Continued) >

7. The Subspecies of Sceloporus occidentalis, with Description of a New Form
from the Sierra Nevada and Systematic Notes on Other California
Lizards, by Charles Lewis Camp. Pp. 63-74. December, 1916 2.

8. Osteological Relationships of Three Species of Beavers, by F. Pes sh es
Holden. Pp. 75-114, plates 5-12, 18 text figures, March, 1917... Cobecas

11. A Study of the Races of the. White-Fronted Goosé (Anser ‘albifrons) Occur-
ring in California, by H. S. Swarth and Harold C. Bryant. Pp. 209-222, |
2 figures in-text, plate 13... October, 1917. ..2.0 5 Oe y

12, A Synopsis of the Bats of California, by Hilda Wood Grinnell. Pp. 223-404, —

plates 14-24, 24 text figures. January 31, 1918 220) ce @

18. The Pacific Coast Jays of the Genus Aphelocoma, by H. &. Swarth. Pp. =:
405-422, 1 figure in text. February 23, 1918 2.22. csc cece eee eel

14, Six New Mammals from the Mohave Desert and Inyo Regions of California,
by Joseph Grinnell, Pp. 423-430,

15. Notes on Some Bats from Alaska and British Columbia, by Hilda Wood
Grinnell. Pp. 431-433. ’

Nos, 14 and 15 in'one cover. April, 1918 2.000
16. Revision of the Rodent Genus Aplodontia, by Walter P. Taylor. Pp. 435-~ Fn
504, plates 25-29, 16 text figures. May, BA: Rs apenas Rey eee SM jz See NC PY fat
17.. The Subspecies of the Mountain Chickadee, by Joseph Grinnell. Pp. 505- 4 Me
516.8: text! ignres. : “May, | TOUS: ch ee ee bes Pee el ted ps Bs

18. Excavations of Burrows of the Rodent Aplodontia, with Ghasrvations on
the Habits of the Animal, by Charles Lewis Camp, Pp. 517-536, 6 figures ~
in text, } PUNE LIOTS i xcs UNE aha lite Sy atc A 420 -
Index in preparation. bag) E
Vol 18, 1. Mitosis in Giardia microti, by William C. Boeck. Pp. 1-26, plate 1. Octo-
DON TORT a a ae as ak ta) ST OB FEN CNT een 35
2. An Unusual Extension of the Distribution of the Shipworm in San Fran-
cisco Bay, California, by Albert L, Barrows. Pp. 27-43- December, 1917. .20 —
8. Description of Some New Species of Polynoidae from the Coast of Call-_ ‘a :
fornia, by Christine Essenberg., Pp. 45-60, plates 2-3. October, 1917... 20
4. New Species of Amphinomidae from the Pacific Coast, by Christine Essen- Se ee
berg. -Pp. 61-74, plates 4-5. October, 1917 0.0... Fee? | ithe,
5. Crithidia eur, yophthalmi, sp. nov., from the Hemipteran Bug, | Buryophthalmus =
convivus Stal, by Irene McCulloch. Pp. 15-88, 35 text figures, Decem-

Bary AOU sie PA oe eS Tee GW a au Oe Ny pt. ee
6. On the Orientation of Erythropsis, by Charles Atwood Kofoid and Olive Rea
Swezy. Pp. 89-102, 12 figures in text. December, 1917 . fdas Ate 9

7. The Transmission of Nervous Impulses in Relation to Locomotion in the
Earthworm, by John F, Bovard. st 103-134, 14 figures in text. SPU RES ;
ARSE he (geval hee tieeel a OCONEE IMTS pola Dac OO AAPA Peach FeO Ren able SBN AE GATES Ue) 8B
8. The Function of the Giant Fibers in Earthworms, by John F, Bovard, Bp. i
135-144, 1 figure in text. January, 1918 . Ee Be
9. A Rapid Method for the Detection of Protozoan. “Cysts” in “Mammalian —
Faeces, by William C. Boeck. Pp. 145-149, December, 1917 0 OB
10. The Musculature of Heptanchus maculatus, by Pirie Davidson... Pp. 151-170, ; F
12 figures in. text.. March, 1918 .-..:.0.0 ae :
11, The Factors Controlling the Distribution of the Polynoidae. ° the Pacific :
Coast of North America, by Christine Essenberg. Pp. 171-238, plates 6-8, ;
2- Higures: in: texts: March 7191S 70 ee SO ee eae 75
12. Differentials in Behavior of the Two Generations of Salpa democratica
Relative to the Temperature of the Sea, by Ellis L. Michael. Pp. 239-298,
plates 9-11, 1 figure in text: March, 1918 «.-c...c connec eclosion tne este 65
18. A Quantitative Analysis of the Molluscan Fauna of San Francisco Bay, by ipa os)
E. L. Packard. Pp, 299-336, plates 12-13, 6 figs. in text, April, 1918... 40 |
14. The Neuromotor Apparatus of Euplotes patella, by Harry B. Yocom, Pp.

337-396, plates 14-16, September, 1918 20.02. ee ep ed Ors
15. The Significance of Skeletal Variations in the Genus Peridinium, by ‘A. Mags ed AY

Barrows. Pp. 397-478, plates 17-20, 19 figures in text. June, 1918 _.......... 90
16. The Subclavian Vein and its Relations in Blasmobranch ee by J... es

Frank Daniel.. Pp. 479-484, 2 figures in text. August, 1918 2.00202... teehee

ree ft
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