Mite ; tue, eo" ty OIG! RM) . eases iM) y Ap tse is i hi) ee K) nt sah iat i t vy, SU Arle yeti ty yh ah Ny i ie) 1 aos Nes bbe: reste a Heo Mah tne ii AAD ie pane itatae si i #4 i Sane Wy Distt Rest i i fi ( ? ‘i i = Se = SS a5 SS Stetacey ete Se Bane f Wi Hy Sa = ee me Se Ss 1 Haan a fi i f : : Tots SSS : Ses SSS Sona ass ne i aati tar ater! ait radial ase fly ba 3 So Saset pieraest sae Red SSS as ee = see earance i i} it = a2 bi! See : paver = ae eit Te iad ig die Neonatal ae ah in nit ie Tee seca vt HEM Heat i wis sug or itt f ‘ait % ace FD eT on fw cal ty ~ Ss ¥BR ~ TT ee - 7 = = el ew ww wy AAA oS ~ rns? . FW. pe er Weel Wevy Wy "PS vw lds AAA ade tera es ITT Ld Aaa 4 wis 4 Bi in Ueee CHET TEP) (UE eta | iN ibaa TTT ETT ae TTT pee i) eee Awieues” vy "¥> nat - Tr 4 “AS 'y @ Vy = bby tt PEP cer \ add WVU OUSO ay we we” aelee wml wo" PL adeintd LT onet aw Me. >: Vip’ : : Wo Mh we" Vout Pooh hy * eww Hy wey - wu pu” Abt | aw “ stur~h ey ' af Soe on, Woe ei weve in J Shh hl al paaeSgas: h vrs bat | cis resale SN Kon ‘Hey wirdt wiry ea Itai ddd Wik » Nie 5 |i bid lth pethaaline err i mS e Uy, a TW wln TSS A. vw sy Reserve Nal, eM al ae. Mh hah * TA Z ona have v ad gue Ry 4 ‘ cae | iw TeweuL aves Vv e i Wr WN ry vel wees LAN ewe reer” bl tothe! Seek) Weewy? \ ft aa art on eee ot igg <8 tna: gue ZZ PIRSA wen “Ae Sai 4 Vee HH Were veeelnnatay | EEE. ie ’ Nite gh wt Pet ide ep ia TAGS ares: Se Why + | jes aes $ a OWNS Saat = Lew yt oreuey ag es Deh ie NV Q & Soest we \* [Prag re tl gous A PONT ser TNS tw It aw ea yoy “A ® + | CEE pgs | ‘vw ~ we eee ‘ sid = NM SUGpayeses ee ee Be aiden eal SPONTA Sorel © ENTE SO JPR JO FA DAF: nage Tt eaiititned Wee bd) 0 wees kL 4 sy a! we .e th : we ee velo : ny eee "YW vee wel , -« YQCeue" “Yau Bve MT: i a ren wal Payaeenwresnwey ATE ’ erecta tesaecr ~NA/ a be v bea wf tu~ Pe catasea - Rewer as een pape fepet gta ves td sage y i se Pt vy Sacre wee LY will =~ See vee Pott owrrre ie ve Ee @ 06ty J y a pen. hers Wiis baba) aT renal Ab A Supege ies 4 % Sti aS 0p we x nahy a wa OT ww Wattywemees seared AL! HTT =ry3 .- ¥_ enw yeNey” | tel it =~ Wee ene fe ™NS : il w" | : . 6 wv. aon -7 + he A NOS UE cee | Tee Tn OUR soa Odette Nae” y ww: Guy wow i.) wg : Syouer 3 | 14 “en euytocrs YW oot Sah Cyyry et wy ~~ - Ss seh oo Ne we wom ‘yy “rn, | SRE COPA TT PPh ‘ LL ee Nenad wey vases Newly Vere a ee MW bet hhh SE boheelal — aA wrest Ne ws By? t ™ ‘yyy, dh ait 4] Sereretiiccieyet? = Se we ; , w AT LM. y ~~ (WV 1 fe, " oa ™ b | ot Ts oe ery" we peg eet wees 1A tt oe ate ven’ vem vn pty! Maver ‘yw Byyewlacs eee : avy, Vepeetee: oat yy Ore Ww aesT tvs SSrvarety « M werty Ui eel Pty! euefuyeres savagely! vty 4 : Vs a Rael DRL 1 doted htt tedhedil td hl J SeETTITEOSS ewersevauvtewet ty yuntuteee NS hiser ty ately | | yeaa taal | Ler “News... gue. ~sweei.. IT ON named NeetCrretnet v avis! |} ~~ Fh — op te | ro mae ii ‘ ree in ui ‘wie init a il a, 00%) ae n ye « 4a i Soe ie . i Sa al ,, eins “a : r iv ai : I ' i ‘ Me Ny i aay aay : fi 1 : \ 7 Lie ; " in ) ; 1 F ; is i iid Bats.) ca ae | aay: i seer f “Scie a h apa, 35 “0, aaa i) reuy ele lt) ee ne ts te 1h. ae Bid his vay ; Ae Le | ee. a B. NA bart oR :\ WEARER OR NYS Brie cer r ey "i “ } ' bell " i) J d (iow ga) i re ae ey , a reters: vn on / at ‘a OP A aer ; — , hi tt Ay Aa leany | ’ br i) eer ny, j hag ? G4 Wie u mh ue hh . AU (a ee 7A) } ) fal! { : & 4 { By ee a 4 ; j hl ; ai 4 7 J : it fF, t 4 if a OOROeY a yee _ ‘ . 1 | b PM 7) 4 ( { ' | a SLT AT eK Od Pe ae a : tr iy i ae Len et i mae a de tT apie” Rave Ne i \Se bis = a 2 aid — malt, A aa al ¥ | Mt 1) hos a \f } a ul { ees. PS 4 5/972 f f f ) ‘ j } ae | j | Lot L 53 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS ZOOLOGY WILLIAM EMERSON RITTER AND CHARLES ATWOOD KOFOID EDITORS VOLUME XVII WITH 29 PLATES UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY 1916-1918 : 2 Ss ate yee he 4 aj : ‘e a= 10. 11. CONTENTS PAGES . Diagnoses of Seven New Mammals from East-Central California, by PeJiosepha Grinnelligand lira cype lim Loner eres ee eee ere 1-8 . A New Bat of the Genus Myotis from the High Sierra Nevada of Calformiary bys Hilda Wood, (Grimm ell cence cece nee 9-10 . Spelerpes platycephalus, a New Alpine Salamander from the Yosemite National Park, California, by Charles Lewis Camp ....................-..- 11-14 . A New Spermophile from the San Joaquin Valley, California, with Notes on Ammospermophilus nelsoni nelsoni Merriam, by Walter Tee ALOT estate tiscent fae se a a ee cae Rete ants ere cae a RNR eae Be sce oe 15-20 . Habits and Food of the Roadrunner in California, by Harold C. Bryant) swath plates: as eee eae ee sensors are arene eee nese ence ee 21-58 . Deseription of Bufo canorus, a New Toad from the Yosemite National Park, by Charles Lewis Camp ............0..2..2.2:.::essc1eseee-+ 59-62 . The Subspecies of Sceloporus occidentalis, with Description of a New Form from the Sierra Nevada and Systematic Notes on other California Lizards, by Charles Lewis Camp ....................-.-- 63-74 . Osteological Relationships of Three Species of Beavers, by F. Harveyarloldentssswathiplatesy 2 ese eee ere areca ee eee 75-114 . Notes on the Systematic Status of the Toads and Frogs of Cali- fornia, by Charles Lewis Camp : A Distributional List of the Amphibians and Reptiles of Galetorntat by Joseph Grinnell and Charles Lewis Camp A Study of the Races of the White-fronted Goose (Anser albifrons) Occurring in California, by H. 8. Swarth and Harold C. Bryant; SWE TN eat UG 9 oo os aeons not scctce sa benesamuseresusecoseenecst ca cectem ed naeeeaseeeesee 209-222 . A Synopsis of the Bats of California, by Hilda Wood Grinnell; with YO EEN SC STSp UCL ete ec ee ro ee ee ei eee 223-404 . The Pacifie Coast Jays of the Genus Aphelocoma, by H. 8. Swarth.... 405-422 . Six New Mammals from the Mohave Desert and Inyo Regions of California, by Joseph Grinnell 423-430 . Notes on Some Bats from Alaska and British Columbia, by Hilda Wood Grinnell 431-433 . Revision of the Rodent Genus Aplodontia, by Walter P. Taylor; with DIBb eS PAO 29) eee ree 435-504 . The Subspecies of the Mountain Chickadee, by Joseph Grinnell...... 505-515 . Excavations of Burrows of the Rodent Aplodontia, with Observa- tions on the Habits of the Animal, by Charles Lewis Camp ....... 517-536 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN ZOOLOGY Vol, 17, No. 1, pp. 1-8 ; ~ Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 9-10 August 23, 1916 _ DIAGNOSES OF SEVEN NEW MAMMALS FROM EAST-CENTRAL CALIFORNIA BY JOSEPH GRINNELL anp TRACY I, STORER A NEW BAT OF THE GENUS MYOTIS FROM THE HIGH SIERRA NEVADA OF CALIFORNIA BY HILDA WOOD GRINNELL UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS Note.—The University of California Publications are offered in exchange for the publi- cations of learmed societies and institutions, universities and libraries. Complete lists of all the publications of the University will be sent upon request. For sample copies, lista of publications or other information, address the Manager of the University Press, Berkeley, - California, U. 8 A. All matter sent in exchange should be addressed to The Exchange Department, Uriversity Library, Berkeley, California, U.S. A. OTTO HARRASSOWITZ, LEIPZIG. Agent for the series in American Arch- aeology and Ethnology, Olassical Philology, Bducation, Modern Philology, Philosophy, Psychology, History. ZOOLOGY.—W. H. Ritter and 0. A. Kofoid, Editors. Price per volume, $3.50; beginning | BR. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, BERLIN Agent for the series in American Arch- aeology and Ethnology, Botany, Geology, Geography, Mathematics, Pathology, Physi- ology, Zoology, and Memoirs. with vol. 11, $5.00. This series contains the contributions from the Department of Zoology, from the Marine Laboratory of the Scripps Institution for Biological Research, at La Jolla, California, and from the California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology in Berkeley. Cited as Uniy. Oalif. Publ. Zool. Volums 1, 1902-1905, $17 pages, with 28 plates 28.50 Volame 2 (Contributions from the Laboratory of the Marine Biological Associa- tion of San Diego), 1904-1906, xvii + $82 pages, with 19 plates —........._. $3.50 Volume 3, 1906-1907, 38S pages, with 23 plates Volume 4, 1907-1908, 400 pages, with 24 plates Volume 5, 1908-1910, 440 pages, with $4 plates Volume 6, 1908-1911, 478 pages, with 48 plates 2. 88.50 Volume 7 (Contributions from the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology), egovia sen) 446 pages, with 12 plates 2... PEED Hie tarts SCS SIE Sas ES | BSI ean OAS tte Re EES $e IES Se Sa ei eR ne ST, Aa eanenenennweneenennesnsenescessreeecs oes: Volume 8, 1911, 357 pages, with 25 plates ccncncccc ccc wic. ecco cccepecnteenteenecnesne ene enienenne $3.50 Volume 9, 1911-1912; 365 pages, with 24. plates -.......... Bei Spey SIE RS OR - $3.50 Volume 10, 1912-1918, 417 pages, with 10 plates. pte Volume 11, 1912-1914, 538 pages, with 26 plates io ceccseccssnectesessenccsesnececnpereaeeees $5.00 Vol. 12. 1. A Study of a Collection of Geese of the Branta canadensis Group from the Ban Joaquin Valley, California, by Harry 8. Swarth. Pp. 1-24, plates 1-2, 8 text figs. November, 1913 on nner 2. Nocturnal Wanderings of the California Pocket Gopher, by Harold O. Bryant. Pp. 25-29; 1 text fig. November, 1913 0 OE 3. The Reptiles of the San Jacinto Area of Southern California, by Sarah Rogers Atsatt. Pp. 31-50. November, 1913 0c. | oD 4. An Account of the Mammals and Birds of the Lower Colorado Valley, with Especial Reference to the Distributional Problems Presented, by Joseph Grinnell. Pp. 61-294, plates 3-13, 9 text figs. March, 1914. 32.40 5. Aplodontia chryseola, a New Mountain Beaver from the Trinity Region of Northern California, by Louise Kellogg. Pp. 295-296. ~ 6. A Previously Undescribed Aplodontia from the Middle North Coast of California, by Walter P. Taylor... Pp.. 297-300. Nos. 56 and 6 in one cover. April, 1914 ni eee 05 7. A Second Species of the Mammalian Genus Miseviipoaons. from Call. fornia, by Joseph Grinnell, Pp. 301-304. April, 1914 2.02. =O 8, Distribution of River Otters in California, with Description of a New Subspecies; by Joseph Grinnell. Pp. 305-310, plate 14. October, 1914.05 9. Four New Pocket Gophers from California, by Joseph Grinnell. Pp. 911-816: «November, 19145223 2S oe Ss ne, * 05 10, Three New Races of Vespertilionid Bats from California, by Hilda é Wood Grinnell. Pp. 817-321. December, 1914 2.2.28 OB 11. Eutamias sonomae, a New Chipmunk from the Inner Northern Coast Belt of California, by Joseph Grinnell. Pp. 321-325, 1 text figure. January; 1015 925-2 uct Se eS ay, 2g AN TRANG RA ae a PTC Ys ee UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN ZOOLOGY Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 1-8 August 23, 1916 DIAGNOSES OF SEVEN NEW MAMMALS FROM EAST-CENTRAL CALIFORNIA BY JOSEPH GRINNELL anp TRACY I. STORER (Contribution from the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology of the University of California) Tn our attempts to determine the systematic status of the mammals encountered in our natural history survey of the Yosemite section of the Sierra Nevada several of the forms prove to have been heretofore unprovided with names. It is the purpose of the present paper briefly to characterize these new races, so that names will be available for use in our distributional studies. Incidentally, related races in other faunal areas have to a limited extent come in for remark. The color names herein employed are taken from Ridgway’s Color Standards and Color Nomenclature (1912). All measurements. except of altitude, are in millimeters. Scapanus latimanus campi, new subspecies San Joaquin Mole Type.—Male adult, skull and skin, in winter pelage; no. 21520, Mus. Vert. Zool.; Snelling, 250 feet altitude, Merced County, Cali- fornia; January 9, 1915; collected by Charles L. Camp; original no. 1746. Diagnosis —Resembles Scapanus latimanus latimanus, but smaller, pelage much paler and browner, feet and claws smaller, cranium shorter, brain-case more inflated anteriorly, rostral region less taper- ing, palatal region relatively wider, and supraoccipital ridge (posterior to interparietal) higher. Resembles Scapanus latimanus occultus in color, but decidedly larger in size, especially as regards feet and claws, cranium heavier and much bulkier, brain-case deeper, and supra- 2 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 17 occipital ridge higher. Differs from Scapanus latimanus sericatus in much paler and browner color, claws shorter and blunter, cranium larger and broader, mastoid and interorbital breadths greater, and brain-case more inflated. Material—Three specimens from Snelling, Merced County, Cali- fornia (nos. 22004, 22005, 21250, Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; one specimen (injured skull and skeleton) from three miles north of Sanger, Fresno County, California (no. 18854, Mus. Vert. Zool.). Both these localities he in the Lower Sonoran Zone. MEASUREMENTS (IN MILLIMETERS) No. Sex Total length Tail Hind foot 21250 d 170 37 22 22004 Jb 170 i 36 22 22005 Jo juv. 155 35 20 Remarks.—The imperfect specimen from Sanger, by Jackson (1915, p. 69) referred provisionally to occultus, seems to us to be better placed with the form here newly characterized. It seems likely that campi will be found to inhabit river-bottom lands of the San Joaquin Valley generally, at least on the east side. The form is named for Mr. Charles Lewis Camp, in recognition of his ability as a field naturalist. Martes caurina sierrae, new subspecies Sierra Pine Marten Type.—Male adult, skull and skin, in summer pelage; no. 22112, Mus. Vert. Zool.; head of Lyell Canon, 9800 feet altitude, Yosemite National Park, California; July 24, 1915; collected by Charles D. Holliger; original no. 562. Diagnosis.—Siunilar to Martes caurina caurina, but general colora- tion paler both above and below, this paleness involving both overhair and fur; sides of face decidedly paler; pale ochraceous-orange of chest very extensive, spreading forward to throat and backward along median line to belly; ‘‘feel’’ of pelage softer; cranium with rostrum short as in caurina, but extremely narrow; whole cranium narrower, and brain-case relatively higher; sagittal crest very weak; auditory bullae even smaller than in cawrina. Material—Nine skins with skulls, some also with body skeletons, from various points in the Hudsonian Zone of the Yosemite National Park, Mariposa and Tuolumne counties, California. 1916] Grinnell_Storer: Diagnoses of Seven New Mammals 3 MEASUREMENTS (IN MILLIMETERS) Cranium 2 <2 Total Hind oi ae 2s 3es No. Sex length Tail foot Ear 2 NS aa saa 22109 ref 600 180 80 35 69.9 47.6 36.0 29.3 22110 2 557 180 70 43 65.1 42.0 33.4 27.7 22111 3 640 215 86 BD. | (Ae ccceecty eee SS 22112 cf 609 190 79 35 71.0 46.6 35.8 29.1 22113 3 576 170 85 37 72.2 47.6 36.1 29.5 23040 ree 598 190 82 29 71.1 48.5 35.4 28.2 23041 djuv. 588 194 85 35 69.8 42.8 34.6 30.7 23042 2 551 177 76 33 65.8 43.8 33.7 27.0 23043 J 606 192 83 32 71.9 48.0 36.6 29.4 Remarks.—The Yosemite series of specimens, as regards both skins and skulls, is notably uniform in characters, and is doubtless repre- sentative of the race occupying the Boreal Zone along the whole Sierra Nevada, north at least to Mount Shasta. The specimens referred to caurina with some reservation by Miss Kellogg (1916, p. 356) should now be referred to sierrae. They are not typical of that race, however, showing departure in cranial characters towards cawrina proper. Eutamias amoenus monoensis, new subspecies Mono Chipmunk Type.—Male adult, skin and skull, no. 23380, Mus. Vert. Zool.: Warren Fork of Leevining Creek, 9200 feet altitude, Mono County, California; September 25, 1915; collected by J. Grinnell; original no. 3709. Diagnosis —Similar to topotypes of Hutamias amoenus amoenus, in corresponding pelage (post-breeding), but general tone of coloration paler, more grayish; top of head, central pair of light stripes on back. and rump, with proportion of white to red greater; ochraceous-tawny of sides paler; tips of dorsal tail hairs light buff rather than yellow- ochre; light middle portion of ventral surface of tail ochraceous-buft rather than ochraceous-tawny. Material.—All from California: Twenty-one specimens from Mono County: Walker Lake, 8000 feet; Silver Lake, 7200 feet; Gem Lake, 9036 feet; Mono Craters, 7500-8000 feet; Williams Butte, 7000 feet: and Warren Fork of Leevining Creek, 9200-9400 feet; twenty-three specimens from Placer County: Cisco, 6000 feet; Soda Springs, 6500 feet; twenty-six specimens from Nevada County: Independence Lake, 4 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 17 7000 feet. These localities all he in either the Canadian Zone or the upper part of the Transition Zone. Remarks.—The form here described is the southernmost and palest representative of the amoenus group, occurring on the arid crest and east wall of the central Sierra Nevada, where it is characteristic of the Canadian Zone. Specimens from Independence Lake, Nevada County, indicate intergradation toward true amoenus. Measurements of total length, tail and hind foot, as tabulated by us (in MS), show no significant differences. Fifteen topotype specimens of Eutamias amoenus amoenus, taken in the vicinity of Fort Klamath, Oregon, and loaned to us from the collection of the United States Bureau of Biological Survey, through Mr. E. W. Nelson, are in pelage comparable with our Mono series. These proved invaluable for demonstrating the differences distinguish- ing the race here newly named. é Eutamias merriami mariposae, new subspecies Mariposa Chipmunk Type.—Female adult, skull and skin, in full winter pelage; no. 21855, Mus. Vert. Zool.; El Portal, 2000 feet altitude, Mariposa County, California; November 24, 1914; collected by Walter P. Taylor; original no. 7099. Diagnosis—Sinilar to Eutamias merriami merriami in correspond- ing pelage, but general tone of coloration grayer, less brownish; dorsal pair of light stripes with ashy predominating; rump less brownish; sides much grayer, with but a trace of the ochraceous-buft of merriami; tail darker, the dorsal hairs banded and tipped with buffy white. Material—Fifteen specimens from the Upper Sonoran and low Transition zones of the west flank of the central Sierras of Cal- fornia: Madera County: Raymond, 940 feet; Mariposa County ;: three miles east of Coulterville, 3200 feet; El Portal, 2000 feet; Yosemite Valley, 4000-5000 feet. Remarks —The series at hand consists of specimens in either fresh or worn winter pelage, with but two exceptions. One of these excep- tions, a juvenal, as compared with merriama of the same age, is decidedly paler and grayer, but not quite so gray as juvenals of kernensis. The other exception, our only specimen showing summer (post-breeding) pelage, is practically indistinguishable from merriami in the same coat. It is thus quite different from the grayish kernensis, though the tail is the same. 1916] Grinnell-Storer: Diagnoses of Seven New Mammals 5 Tn our attempt to establish the systematic status of the merriami chipmunk of the Yosemite section, it was found that there exists an additional previously undescribed race of the same group in the Kern basin of the southern Sierras, and this is next described. Figure 1 is a map showing the distribution of all the Californian races of Eutamias merriami as illustrated by the material contained in the - mariposae - mM. pricei -m. merriami m. kernensis Fig. 1. Map showing ranges of four races of Hutamias merriami in central and southern California. Museum of Vertebrate Zoology. This map, in conjunction with one recently published by the senior author (Grinnell, 1915) will serve to illustrate the ranges of all forms of the townsendi-merriami group now known to oceur in California. Eutamias merriami kernensis, new subspecies Kern Basin Chipmunk Type.—Male adult, skull and skin, in full summer (post-breeding ) pelage; no. 15022, Mus. Vert. Zool.; Fay Creek, 4100 feet altitude, 6 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 17 six miles north of Weldon, Kern County, California; July 13, 1911; collected by H. A. Carr and J. Grinnell; original no. 266. Diagnosis—Similar to topotypes of Eutamias merriami merriami in corresponding pelage, but decidedly grayer in general tone of coloration ; sides of head and hind-neck ashy gray rather than leaden gray; dorsal light stripes relatively broad, more ashy in color; dorsal dark stripes narrower, and less richly brown in shade; sides pale tawny rather than reddish brown; dorsal tail hairs banded and tipped with light buff rather than ochraceous-tawny ; ventral surface of tail, centrally, ochraceous-tawny rather than cinnamon-rufous. Material—F ifty-nine specimens from California as follows: Kern County: Kern River at Bodfish, 2400 feet; Kern River, twelve miles below Bodfish, 2000 feet; west slope Walker Pass, 4600 feet; Kern River at Isabella, 2500 feet; Kiavah Mountain, 7000 feet; Fay Creek, 4100 feet; Tulare County: Taylor Meadow, 7000 feet; Trout Creek, 6000 feet; Jordan Hot Springs, 6700 feet. These localities all he in the Upper Sonoran and Transition zones. Remarks—AImost all of the specimens just mentioned are in full summer pelage. Their general grayness is conspicuous as compared with Eutamias merriami merriami, of which we have examined ade- quate topotype material from the San Bernardino Mountains. Un- fortunately winter specimens of kernensis are entirely lacking, so that it is not possible to characterize the winter coat. A single July specimen showing delayed molt suggests extreme grayness in a degree comparable with that of the summer pelage. Ochotona schisticeps muiri, new subspecies Yosemite Cony Type.—Male adult, skull and skin in winter pelage, no. 23480, Mus. Vert. Zool. ; 9300 feet altitude near Ten Lakes, Yosemite National Park, Tuolumne County, California; October 11, 1915; collected by Walter P. Taylor; original no. 7720. Diagnosis—Fairly intermediate between Ochotona schisticeps schisticeps and Ochotona schisticeps albatus; general color more brownish than in albatus, but not so dark as in schisticeps; head dis- tinetly different from back, leaden gray as contrasted with lght brown; under surface of body and upper surface of feet pervaded with pale buff rather than either clay color or a creamy tint. 1916] Grinnell_Storer: Diagnoses of Seven New Mammals 1 Material—Fifty specimens from the Sierra Nevada in or near the Yosemite National Park, in Mariposa, Tuolumne and Mono counties, California. The various points of capture all lie within the Hudsonian and Alpine-Arctie zones. Remarks.—The extensive series of conies now available from the Sierra Nevada points unmistakably to intergradation between schisti- ceps and .albatus through the race here named muirt. Thus albatus should henceforth be designated trinomially. Muiri is, if anything, nearer to schisticeps of the Lake Tahoe region and northward than to albatus of the Mount Whitney region. The new form here characterized is named for a gifted Sierran naturalist, the late John Muir. Sylvilagus bachmani mariposae, new subspecies Mariposa Brush Rabbit Type—Male adult, skin and skull; no. 21867, Mus. Vert. Zool.; adenostoma association, on McCauley Trail, at 4000 feet altitude, near El Portal, Mariposa County, California; December 7, 1914; collected by J. Grinnell; original no. 2972. Diagnosis.—Similar to Sylvilagus bachmani bachmam, but general tone of coloration decidedly grayer, more black on back, ears larger, and cranium larger with longer and heavier rostral region; similar to Sylvilagus bachmani cinerascens, but grayer, especially on sides and ears, back with more black, general size greater, cranium with longer and heavier rostral region, and auditory bullae conspicuously smaller. Material.—Six adult specimens from the Upper Sonoran Zone of the western Sierran foothills in Mariposa County, California, 800 to 4000 feet altitude. MEASUREMENTS (IN MILLIMETERS) No. Sex Total length Tail Hind foot Ear from crown 21867 fot 326 30 73 80 21868 ie) 342 27 75 80 22928 2 340 32 al = 22929 fof 340 25 75 80 23619 ©) 280 25 75 75 23620 Jb 313 32 74 74 8 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 17 Remarks —The material at hand is probably representative of the race of bachmani occupying the “‘lower slopes of the Sierras between Shasta County and northern Tulare County,’’? which Nelson (1909, 6c p. 249) refers to as ‘‘not typical’’ but in his estimation ‘‘nearest to bachmani.’’ The several distinctive characters displayed by our speci- mens seem to us to warrant fully the use of a separate name, especially in view of the apparent complete separation of the ranges of mariposae and bachmani. Tntergradation between these two forms probably takes place through cinerascens, around the southern end of the San Joaquin Valley. The latter race, however, is not at all inter- mediate in characters, but is divergent from both, notably in the matter of the enlarged auditory bullae. LITERATURE CITED GRINNELL, J. 1915. Eutamias sonomae, a new chipmunk from the interior northern coast belt of California. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 12, pp. 321-325, 1 fig. in text. JacKSON, H. H. T. 1915. A review of the American moles. U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Biol. Surv., N. Amer. Fauna, 38, 100 pp., 6 pls., 27 figs. in text. KELLOGG, LOUISE. 1916. Report upon mammals and birds found in portions of Trinity, Siskiyou and Shasta counties, California, with description of a new Dipodomys. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 12, pp. 335-398, pls. 15-18. NELSON, E. W. 1909. The rabbits of North America. U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Biol. Surv., N. Amer. Fauna, 29, 314 pp., 13 pls., 19 figs. in text. Transmitted April 14, 1916. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN ZOOLOGY Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 9-10 August 23, 1916 A NEW BAT OF THE GENUS MYOTIS FROM THE HIGH SIERRA NEVADA OF CALIFORNIA BY HILDA WOOD GRINNELL (Contribution from the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology of the University of California) Eight species of bats were obtained in the summer of 1915 by the Museum collecting party working across the Sierra Nevada through the Yosemite region. These are found to include an apparently un- described race of the Yuma bat, which is herewith characterized. Of particular note is the fact that this bat was ascertained to occur higher zonally than any of the others, two specimens having been taken by Dr. Walter P. Taylor at the upper edge of the Hudsonian Zone ( Vogel- sang Lake, 10,350 feet altitude). Myotis yumanensis altipetens, new subspecies High Sierra Bat Type.—M ale, adult ; no. 23034, Mus. Vert. Zool. ; 7500 feet altitude, one mile east of Mereed Lake, Yosemite National Park, California; August 19, 1915; collected by J. Grinnell; original no. 3437. Diagnosis.—Largest race of Myotis ywmanensis occurring in Cali- fornia (total length 88 to 93 millimeters; greatest length of cranium 14.2 to 15.0 millimeters) ; coloration nearest that of Myotis ywmanensis sociabilis. Material—F our specimens from the high Sierra Nevada, within the Yosemite National Park: two from Mereed Lake, 7500 feet (Canadian Zone), and two from Vogelsang Lake, 10,350 feet (Hudsonian Zone). iQ) < University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 17 MEASUREMENTS (IN MILLIMETERS) Greatest Total lengthof Weight No. Sex length Tail Foot Ear Forearm Tibia cranium (grams) 23034 Jb 88 36 9 12 36:5." ess 15.0 7.8 23035 3 90 41 10 13 36.4 16.4 14.2 6.1 23036 2 91 37 10 14 36:0 5e eee 14.5 7.8 23526* J 93 40 11 15 36.0 IGG) 7 es 7.2 * Aleoholic. Remarks—The fur of this bat is distributed as in Myotis yuman- ensis yumanensis. On the back the distal portion of the fur is isabella color and on the belly it is a pale tint of light buff. The skull differs considerably from skulls of other races of Myotis yumanensis from California. In addition to the greater size of the cranium, the brain- case is more inflated, and at the same time the depression between the brain-case and rostrum (in altipetens) is less marked than in the other subspecies. Transmitted April 14, 1916. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN ZOOLOGY Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 11-14 September 18, 1916 Tas ES PES SE GN TE EEE Se EEN ST GE ESE Linmeeped 97 SPELERPES PLATYCEPHALUS, A NEW ALPINE | SALAMANDER FROM THE YOSEMITE - NATIONAL PARK, CALIFORNIA BY CHARLES LEWIS CAMP. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS Note.—The University of California Publications are offered in exchange for the publi- gations of learned societies and institutions, universities and libraries. Complete lists of all the publications of the University will be sent upon request. For sample copies, lists of publications or other information, address the Manager of the University Press, Berkeley, California, U. 8. A. All matter sent in exchange should be addressed to The BF ich Department, University Library, Berkeley, OTTO HARRASSOWITZ, LEIPZIG. Agent for the series in American Arch- acology and Ethnology, Olassical Philology, Bducation, Modern Philology, Philosophy, Psychology, History. California, U. 8. A. RB. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, BERLIN. Agent for the series in American Arch- aeology and Ethnology, Botany, Geology, Geography, Mathematics, Pathology, Physi- ology, Zoology, and Memoirs. : ZOOLOGY.—W. E. Ritter and O. A. Kofoid, Editors.. Price per volume, $3.50; beginning with vol. 11, $5.00. : This series contains the contributions from the Department of Zoology, from the Marine Laboratory of the Scripps Institution for Biological Research, at La Jolla, Oalifornia, and from the California Museum of Vertebrate partes in Berkeley. - Cited as Univ. Oalif, Publ. Zool. Volums 1, 1902-1905, 317 pages, with 28 plates ..... tetas TARR ras © Pe Sa ea ----83.50 Volume 2 (Contributions from the Laboratory of the Marine Biological Associa- tion of San Diego), 1904-1906, xvii + 382 pages, with 19 plates —_.... fare Volume 8, 1906-1907, S8S pages, with 28 plates E Volume 3, 1906-1907, 383 pages, with 23 plates eee $3.50 Volume 4, 1907-1908, 400 pages, with 24 plates ono. lectneneeeseeceee, 83.50 Volume 5, 1908-1910, 440 pages, with 34 plates oo. ncccc ccc cece lectern .. $3.50 Volume 6, 1908-1911, 478 pages, with 48 plates 2 a 8850 Volume 7 (Contributions from the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology), 1910-1912, 446° pages, with 12: platen oe ra eee ols eae a eeaeteaaate ices Volume 8, 1911, 357 pages, With 25 plates ccc occa cel ccenennbgesctecantectpaerne $3.50 Volume 9, 1911-1912, 365 pages, with 24 plates: 2.22... ceeceeeetectdiceceeeccacecbesecntenseesdvactecee $3.50 Volume 10, 1912-1913, 417 pages, with 10 plates ..... sees $300 Volume 11, 1912-1914, 538 pages, with 26 plates ...... NRA lave fe ne DNS sete Sa Sn $5.00 Vol. 12. 1. A Study of a Collection of Geese of the Branta canadensis Group from the San Joaquin Valley, California, by Harry 8. Swarth. Pp. 1-24, plates 1-2, 8 text figs. November, 1913 ec nccccec cece ccc cccceectaccee 30 2. Nocturnal Wanderings of the California Pocket Gopher, by Harold ©. Bryant. Pp. 25-29, 1 text fig. November, 1913 200... cs See . The Reptiles of the San Jacinto Area of Southern California, by: Sarah Rogers Atsatt. Pp. 31-50, November, 1913 2.3 cci ee 20 4, An Account of the Mammals and Birds of the Lower Colorado Valley, with Especial Reference to the Distributional. Problems Presented, by. Joseph Grinnell. Pp, 61-294, plates 3-18, 9 text figs. March, 1914. 92.40 6. Aplodontia chryseola, a New Mountain Beaver from the Trinity Region of Northern California, by Louise Kellogg. Pp. 295-296, 6. A Previously Undescribed Aplodontia from the Middie North Coast of California, by Walter P. Taylor. Pp. 297-300. Nos. 5 and 6 in one cover. April, 1914 on ecteeeaeeesee 05 7. A Second Species of the Mammalian Genus Microdipodops from Oali- fornia, by Joseph Grinnell. Pp. 301-304, April, 1914 0B 8, Distribution of River Otters in California, with Description of a New Subspecies, by Joseph Grinnell, Pp. 305-310, plate 14. October, 1914 .05 9. Four New Pocket Gophers from California, by Joseph Grinnell. Pp. $11-316."- November):t914 2cness Sn Se Se ee .05 10, Three New Races of Vespertilionid Bats from California, by Hilda Wood Grinnell. Pp. 317-321. December, 1914 22 cc ee © OB 11. Eutamias sonomae, a New Chipmunk from the Inner Northern Coast Belt of California, by Joseph Grinnell. Pp. 321-325, 1 text figure. WD ANU ALY 1 OLB Fe oS eS Pe .05 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS vasonian Ing IN {> ZOOLOGY ze Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 15-20, 1 figure in text October 3,\1916 A NEW SPERMOPHILE FROM THE SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA, WITH NOTES ON AMMOSPERMOPHILUS NELSONI NELSONI MERRIAM BY WALTER P. TAYLOR (Contribution from the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology of the University of California) Accumulation of specimens of antelope chipmunks (genus Ammo- spermoplilus) from the San Joaquin Valley, California, is now sufficient to permit a review of their systematic status, and this review demonstrates the existence of a new subspecies, herewith described, in the vicinity of Los Banos, Merced County. Occasion is taken also to comment on the distribution of Ammospermophilus nelsoni nelsoni, to make a contribution to its life-history, and to discuss its economic relations. The writer desires to thank Dr. Joseph Grinnell and Mr. Harry S. Swarth, of the staff of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, for helpful suggestions. Ammospermophilus nelsoni amplus, new subspecies Los Banos Antelope Chipmunk Type—Male adult, in summer pelage; no. 16693, Mus. Vert. Zool. ; 20 miles south of Los Banos, Merced County, California; June 20, 1912; collected by R. H. Beck; orig. no. (J. Grinnell) 1957. Diagnosis—Similar to Ammospermophilus nelsoni nelsoni but larger, paler colored, and with white lateral lines less distinct. Comparison—Summer skins of Ammospermophilus nelsoni amplus are paler than those of A. n. nelson’. Their dorsal coloration approx- imates light buff, almost whitish on nape of neck and sides of face, 16 University of California Publications in Zoology — | Vou. 17 while in nelsoni the hue is close to ight pinkish emnamon, approach- ing whitish back of ears. A tendency is observable in amplus to have the white of the lateral stripes a little obscured by an admixture of light buffy hairs, particularly towards the rump. In nelsoni the stripes are purer white. The general pallor of amplus also renders the white stripes less conspicuous. The white eye-ring is also less prominent in amplus than in nelsom. The pure coloration of the upper surface of fore and hind lmbs tends toward pinkish buff in amplus, more towards light pinkish cmnamon in nelsoni, although in certain examples no difference in hue is appreciable. There seems to be a tendency in amplus toward a flatter tail than in nelsoni. The coloration of the tail seems also to be more clearly disposed in bands than it is in nelsoni, im which the tail dorsally is more indis- criminately mixed, blackish and whitish. There are no conspicuous cranial differences between the two forms. Certain crania of Ammospermophilus nelsoni amplus average 2.7 per cent longer than in A. n. nelsoni, mastoid width about 3.0 per cent greater, and nasals about 9.8 per cent longer. Difference in size usually furnishes a comparatively conspicuous character. Total length in Ammospermophilus nelsoni amplus aver- ages 9.6 per cent above the average in A. n. nelsoni; length of tail vertebrae, 5.4 per cent, length of hind foot, 6.0 per cent, and length of ear, 40.8 per cent. Unfortunately the length of ear cannot be measured, by the methods used, accurately enough to be as reliable as are the other measurements. With two exceptions the specimens of Ammospermophilus nelsoni amplus are im summer pelage. Two examples (nos. 13816, 13817, Mus. Vert. Zool.), taken March 25 and March 27 respectively, are in winter coat. The pelage in winter is softer and thicker than in summer, and is more grizzled or spotty; hues of coloration are paler, and the white stripes on the sides less conspicuous. One of the examples (no. 13816) is inclined more toward grayish or whitish; the other (no. 13817) is more yellowish. Distribution.—Of Ammospermophilus nelsoni amplus there are 34 specimens (including three skeletons-only) in the Museum of Verte- brate Zoology, representing two localities, as follows: Sweeney’s Ranch, 22 miles south of Los Banos, California, 2; mouth of Little Panoche Creek, 18 or 20 miles south of Los Banos, 32. Remarks.—Although Ammospermophilus nelsoni amplus is a well- marked form, it is sufficiently close to A. n. nelsoni to be referred to 1916] Taylor: A New Spermophile from the San Joaquin Valley 17 the same species. According to present records there is a gap between the ranges of the two from about the vicinity of Huron, Fresno County, northward to a point within 18 or 20 miles of Los Banos, Merced County; but it is not improbable that wide-spread collecting in the region of this seeming gap would demonstrate continuous distribution and geographic intergradation. Measurements.—Of the type: Total length, 260 mm.; tail verte- brae, 75; hind foot, 43; ear, 7; greatest length of skull, 43.1; mastoid width, 21.6; interorbital constriction, 10.5; length of nasals, 13.1. Males average slightly larger than females. External measurements of 15 males: Total length, 249 mm. (max. 267, min. 234); tail vertebrae, 73.1 (max. 78, min. 66) ; hind foot, 41.3 (max. 44, min. 40). Corresponding measurements of 16 females: Total length, 238 (max. 256, min. 230) ; tail vertebrae, 72 (max. 78, min. 67); hind foot, 40 (maxe 43°) min: 31/9) External measurements of 31 adults, combining both males and females: total length, 243.6 mm. (max. 267. min. 230) ; tail vertebrae, 72.5 (max. 78, min. 66) ; hind foot, 40.6 (max. 44, min. 37). Crania of four males: Greatest length of skull, 42.2 mm. (max. 43.1, min. 41.5); mastoid width, 21.4 (max. 21.6, min. 21.2); inter- orbital constriction, 10.2. (max. 10.5, min. 9.9); length of nasals, 12.4 (max. 13.1, min. 12.2). Corresponding measurements of three females: Greatest length of skull, 40.1 (only one specimen measured) ; mastoid width, 21.1 (max. 21.7, min. 20.5, two specimens measured) ; interorbital constriction, 9.7 (max. 10.2, min. 9.2); length of nasals, 12.0 (max. 12.5, min. 11.6, two specimens measured). Cranial measurements of seven adults, combining both males and females: Greatest length of skull, 41.8 (max. 43.1, min. 40.1); mastoid width, 21.38 (max. 21.7, min. 20.5) ; interorbital constriction, 9.9 (max. 10.5, min. 9.2) ; length of nasals, 12.3 (max. 13.1, min. 11.6). NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND LIFE HISTORY OF AMMOSPERMOPHILUS NELSONI NELSONI Distribution.—This species was first made known by Dr. C. Hart Merriam in 1893 (pp. 129-131). That its distribution is general in the southern San Joaquin Valley is indicated by the accompanying map (see fig. 1). Actual records, as published by Merriam, pertain to the following localities: Tipton (type locality), Tulare County ; Alila (now known as Earlimart), Tulare County; Huron, Fresno 18 University of Califorma Publications in Zoology [Vou 1+ County; Adobe Station, Kern County (see Palmer, 1893, p. 362) ; Lerdo, Kern County; Poso, Kern County (see Palmer, 1893, p. 378) ; Lake Buena Vista, Kern County; Temblor (or Temploa) Mountains, on boundary between Kern and San Luis Obispo counties. The following additional stations of occurrence, ascertained by the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, may now be added: Eight miles northeast of — e A.n nelsoni 4 A.n. amplus Fig. 1.—San Joaquin Valley, California, with outlines of ranges of Ammo- spermophilus nelsoni amplus and Ammospermophilus nelsoni nelsoni. Dots represent localities where specimens have been collected. Bakersfield, Kern County; McKittrick, Kern County; and Carrizo Plains, seven miles southeast of Simmler, San Luis Obispo County. In 1912, Grinnell (MS) noted many antelope chipmunks in the Cuyama Valley, extreme southeastern San Luis Obispo County. General habits—Antelope chipmunks were found in abundance by our Museum party eight miles northeast of Bakersfield, where the animals preferred the open, exposed tracts covered chiefly with foxtail grass. They were noted also in Atriplex country both in the 1916] Taylor: A New Spermophile from the San Joaquin Valley 19 vicinity of Bakersfield and in the neighborhood of McKittrick, where sandy washes seemed to be fairly well occupied. Near Bakersfield the antelope chipmunks were found in the hilly regions only, none at all being noted on the plains below. They do not, however, so far as available data indicate, range above the Lower Sonoran zone. Their call-notes were not loud, being, in fact, indicated more by the associated convulsive movement of the body than by the sound itself. During the cool of the morning the animals were not in evidence, appearing only after it became quite warm. Apparently six or eight individuals constituted a colony of average size. The sides of little gullies were often fairly honeycombed with burrows, such situations on banks being preferred, perhaps, to any other location. The burrows investigated proved to be somewhat complicated, two or three passageways running into one at a depth of a foot or more below the surface. This passage- way, in turn, joined one or two other aggregations of entrance ways. Although several burrows were dug out to the end, no nests or food- stores were discovered. The cheek pouch of a specimen from McKittrick (no. 9032, Mus. Vert. Zool.), contained 745 seeds of Erodium (either moschatum or cicutarium). Breeding habits—Adult males (taken May 7 to 28) had testes enlarged, signifying reproductive activity. Two juvenal specimens were collected, a male (no. 13824, Mus. Vert. Zool.), May 7, 1911, eight miles northeast of Bakersfield, and another (no. 13850, Mus. Vert. Zool.), May 18, 1911, at McKittrick. No embryos were found, so probably the young had been born during April or very early in May, or perhaps even earlier. Economic relations.—The Nelson chipmunk seems to prefer barren situations whieh have no agricultural importance. The possibility of its doing damage by burrowing through the walls of irrigating ditches or by eating the seeds of cultivated plants is remote. The experience of the Museum party, and of other observers with related species (for example, see Mearns, 1907, pp. 300 and following), supports the conclusion that the members of this group of spermophiles (Ammospermophilus) are of little or no economic importance. Possible effect of farming on the status of the species.—No antelope chipmunks could be found in the vicinity of the type locality, Tipton, Tulare County, the first noted being observed some 30 miles to the south. Residents acquainted with the species testified that it formerly occurred where now it is absent. Possibly farming activity crowds out Ammospermophilus. Residents also asserted that the Beechey 20 University of California Publications in Zoology Vou. 17 ground squirrel is a comparatively recent immigrant into the lowlands of the San Joaquin Valley, and that it is continually increasing in numbers. Possibly the immigration of Citellus beecheyi tends to assist in the crowding out of Ammospermophilus nelsoni and the consequent restriction of the range of the latter. Much more evidence, however, must be gathered before any degree of probability can be assumed for the suggestions here made. Transmitted April 21, 1916. LITERATURE CITED MEARNS, E. A. 1907. Mammals of the Mexican Boundary of the United States. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 56, Part 1, pp. xv +530, pls. 13, 126 figs. in text. MerrIAM, C. H. 1893. Descriptions of eight new ground squirrels of the genera Spermo- philus and Tamias from California, Texas, and Mexico. Proce. Biol. Soe. Wash., 8, pp. 129-138. PatmeEr, T. S. 1893. List of localities visited by the Death Valley expedition. U. 8. Dept. Agric., Div. Ornith. and Mamm., N. Amer. Fauna, 7, pp. 361-384. UNIVEESITY OF OALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS Note.—The University of Oalifornia Publications are offered in exchange for the publi- cations of learmed. societies and institutions, universities and libraries. Complete lists of all the publications of the University will be sent upon request. For sample copies, lists of publications or other information, address the Manager of the University Press, Berkeley, Oalifornia, U, 8. A. All matter sent in exchange should be addressed to The Exchange Department, Uxiversity Library, Berkeley, California, U. 8. A. OTTO HARRASSOWITZ, RB. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, LEIPZIG. BERLIN. Agent for the series in American Arch- Agent for the series in American Arch- aeology and Ethnology, Classical Philology, aeology and Ethnology, Botany, Geology, Education, Modern Philology, Philosophy, Geography, Mathematics, Pathology, Physi- Psychology, History. ology, Zoology, and Momoirs. : ZOOLOGY.—W, E. Ritter and 0. A. Kofoid, Editors, Price per volume, $3.50; beginning with vol. 11, $5.00. ; This series contains the contributions from the Department of Zoology, from the Marine Laboratory of the Scripps Institution for Biological Research, at La Jolla, Oalifornia, and from the California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology in Berkeley. Cited as Univ, Calif. Publ. Zool. Volume 1, 1902-1905, 317 pages, with 28 plates’. oi clea Sera ere $3.50 Volume 2 (Contributions from the Laboratory of the Marine Biological Associa- tion of San Diego), 1904-1906, xvii-+ 382 pages, with 19 plates —............-.... $3.50 Volume 3, 1906-1907, 383 pages, with 23 plates no. ses cictceeecnenesnrontneeneeee SO Volume 4, 1907-1908, 400 pages, with 24 plates nw. etc ccccclee ce eeeeeeen ~ $3.50 : Volume 5, 1908-1910, 440 pages, with 34 plates 20.20 83.50 Volume 6, 1908-1911, 478 pages, with 48 plates —2200 =. $3.50 Volume 7 (Contributions from the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology), 1910-1912, : 4462pages, with JS: plates rs ate aot cee Sos bcewcemseonn oe eebenase $3:50 Volume 8, 1911, 357 pages, with 25 plates ..-.. Volume 9, 1911-1912, 365 pages, with 24 plates Volume 10, 1912-1913, 417 pages, with 10 plates Volume 11, 1912-1914, 538 pages, with 26 plates .... Vol. 12. 1. A Study of a Collection of Geese of the Branta canadensis Group from the San Joaquin Valley, California, by Harry 8. Swarth. Pp. 1-24, plates 1-2, 8 text figs. November, 1913 ci... l cc ieeeeeeeeee sete 38 2. Nocturnal Wanderings of the California Pocket Gopher, by Harold 0. Bryant. Pp. 25-29, 1 text fig: November, 1913 22200. “05 $. The Reptiles of the San Jacinto Area of Southern California, by Sarah Rogers Atsatt. Pp. $1-50. November, 1913 20 4, An Account of the Mammals and Birds of the Lower Colorado Valley, with Especial. Reference to the Distributional Problems Presented, by Joseph Grinnell. Pp. 61-294, plates $-13, 9 text figs. March, 1914, 2.40 5, Aplodontia chryseola, # New Mountain Beaver from the Trinity Region of Northern California, by Louise Kellogg, Pp. 295-296. ‘ : 6, A Previously Undescribed Aplodontia from the Middie North Coast of California, by Walter P. Taylor. Pp. 297-300. Nos. 5 and 6 in one cover. “April, 1914 22. 05. 7. A Second Species of the Mammalian Genus ‘Minrsdipatons tron. “Oali- fornia, by Joseph Grinnell. Pp.-301-304. April, 1914 2.2. So 08 8. Distribution of River Otters in California, with Description of a New : Subspecies, by Joseph Grinnell. Pp. 305-310, plate 14.° October, 1914 — .05 9. Four New Pocket Gophers from California, by Joseph Grinnell. Pp. S11-316.— Nove ber, S191 4 ses et i cre aaa eek ARE 10, Three New Races of Vespertilionid Bats from California, by Hilda Wood Grinnell. Pp. 317-321.. December, 1914. .22o een 05 11. Eutamias sonomae, a New Chipmunk from the Inner Northern Coast Belt of California, by Joseph Grinnell. Pp. $21-325, 1 text figure. - DP ARUATY, LONG oe Se reo Rae SR oe ee cages 05 Se 2. $3.50 Mirna. S Ldnatanieamitee le UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN ZOOLOGY Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 21-58, plates 1-4, 2 figures in text October 26, 1916 HABITS AND FOOD OF THE ROADRUNNER IN CALIFORNIA BY HAROLD C. BRYANT (Contribution from the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology of the University of California) CONTENTS Tintin OC Gi ony eee eee ene eee peat pec: DMlaybe rial) es cecccscesce ets nacceeccccsccncctseecnce: Life-history and habits ....................- Food of the roadrunner in California Vegetable food Animal food Kein Swamdquanbitvesy ots LOO dmb emis execs senescence ce er ran co see eeene nee a Variation of food according to time of year CS HO CEH i ELD] OE Oh ya eS a eee 43 THOOMONMANG, GHEYRUS) Cosceeteercescete cee reeset sepa ee eRe See eae a MER ne Re Ear ee ey 43 SHOU STEED ea tee eee eC een er 46 ERGOT UUM Om C1 GO Cpr enter cere te ee cre, Mes cece EE «ok noo doe 5 chsacdsasauacozuceestce st euseeeutecetseesees 48 INTRODUCTION Investigations of the food habits of birds have of late done more to afford birds proper protection than any discussion from a purely esthetic point of view. It seems to the writer, however, that the pendulum may have swung a little too far in the direction of the dollars-and-cents view and that the esthetic is being left too far in the background. Even to the economic ornithologist who is busy determining the money value of birds there comes a vision of a day when all true values will be taken into account and the monetary faetor will be given only its due share of consideration. Nevertheless, it is natural to emphasize the poimt of view which at the moment makes the greatest appeal, and that at the present time appears to be the economic. 22 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou. 17 The esthetic worth of the roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus) is great and should not be altogether overshadowed by other con- siderations. Every early settler in California was quickly informed of the paisano (‘‘the countryman’’), a bird which could run faster than a horse, just as surely as he was informed of the ‘‘sacred toad’’ (horned toad), which wept tears of blood. The vaquero whose horse was fast enough to overtake a roadrunner so that it could be lassoed boasted of the fact for weeks. In fact, the roadrunner adds interest and charm to every region where it is found. Recognition is, there- fore, given to this and to other inherent values even though they be not emphasized in this paper. Because the roadrunner is conspicuous in size and action gunners have used it as a mark. The added incentive to kill this bird because of its alleged habit of destroying the eggs and young of the valley quail, a favorite game bird, has been instrumental in practically ex- terminating it in many localities in this state. Whether or not the food habits of the roadrunner have justified this treatment has not heretofore been adequately considered. The protection afforded the bird in California has thus far rested wholly upon the few general statements regarding its food habits and upon the recognition of its esthetic value. The present investigation has been carried on with the aim of providing a sounder basis either for its protection as a valuable species or for its destruction as an injurious species. MATERIAL Kighty-four stomachs of roadrunners collected in southern Cali- fornia, most of them in San Diego County, have been available for examination. This material was obtained in 1911 and 1912, when the California Fish and Game Commission was gathering information as to the food habits of the western meadowlark. This paper is, therefore, an additional report on the investigation then begun by the Commission. The material embraced birds taken in every month of the year with the exception of March. General complaint has been made against the roadrunner that it is destructive of the eggs and young of valley quail. Positive evidence on this point was sought by collecting the largest number of birds during the nesting season of quail. The deputies of the Fish and Game Commission who col- lected the birds were instructed to take them in localities where quail were nesting and where positive evidence as to their bird-eating habits 1916] Bryant: Habits and Food of the Roadrunner 23 could therefore be obtained. Deputy Webb Toms of San Diego, who obtained the largest number of specimens, reported as follows: ‘‘I commenced to collect roadrunners April 19, 1912, during which month I obtained two. From May 1 to June 16, fifteen were procured. All of those which I obtained during the nesting season were taken where quail and other birds were nesting.’’ The entire number of birds secured should suffice to furnish fairly complete evidence as to the food habits of the roadrunner during the nesting season. The alleged habit of destroying quail made it necessary to investigate the food of the roadrunner in uncultivated districts as well as in those in which the species comes in contact with civilization. If the food habits of a bird found more abundantly in this state were to be considered, a larger number of stomachs would be requisite for examination, but the comparative rarity of the roadrunner did not justify the killing of more individuals than seemed absolutely necessary. The material was handled and the same method (percentage- volume) used as is described in a previous paper on the economic status of the western meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta) in California (H. C. Bryant, 1914, pp. 395-420). As in previous work, the attempt has been made to furnish comparable data to all interested by using a combination of the European and American methods. The tables showing the number of birds taking the different items of food will allow British economic ornithologists to compare readily the food habits of the roadrunner with those of British birds. On the other hand, the use of the percentage-volume method as developed by the United States Biological Survey will furnish the data to which economic ornithologists in America are accustomed. My sincere thanks are due Miss Anna M. Lute of the Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, for the identification of seeds found in the stomachs. Professor Charles W. Woodworth and Professor Edwin C. Van Dyke, of the Department of Entomology in the University of California, have determined for me, or verified the identification of, different species of insects, and to them also I desire to make grateful acknowledgement. Mr. Donald R. Dickey and Mr. William L. Finley kindly allowed the use of excellent photographs, for plates 1 and 2. Mr. Tracy I. Storer, Assistant Curator of Birds in the California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, has assisted in making photographs for illustration, and Director Joseph Grinnell, of the same Museum, has put at my disposal 24 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 17 apparatus and information which has been of great help. He has also critically read the manuseript and offered suggestions. LIFE-HISTORY AND HABITS Although most birds are found to possess at least some interesting characteristics, there are very few which have so many outstanding peculiarities as has the roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus). Four marked characteristics distinguish this bird. First, although classified with the cuckoos, it has no close relatives, other than the slightly different Mexican roadrunner (Geococcyx affinis), living in North America at the present time; second, it is probably the fastest endur- ance runner among California birds; third, it has peculiar nesting habits; and fourth, its diet is most extraordinary. No better proof of the fact that the roadrunner has long excited keen interest among people can be offered than that numerous stories have grown up which attribute more than ordinary intelligence to this bird. The commonest story, and one often implicitly believed, is to the effect that the roadrunner has an ingenious method of killmg a rattlesnake, a feat which it takes every opportunity to perform. This myth has even crept into scientific writings (Heermann, 1859, p. 61; Orcutt, 1886, p. 49; Van Dyke, 1897, pp. 36-88; Cooper, 1870, p. 369). The following version has been put on record by the orni- thologist Walter E. Bryant (1891, p. 60): It is said that when the roadrunner finds a rattlesnake coiled and asleep, it corrals him or builds a fence around him of the cactus burrs with their innumer- able sharp spines. After completing the corral it then commences to tease and worry the snake by darting at and pecking it with its stout bill. The snake in endeavoring to extricate himself from his thorny enclosure finds himself pricked on every side by the sharp spines of the cactus, and tantalized by the bird becomes infuriated, bites himself, and dies. Furthermore, the many local names of the roadrunner show it to be a well-known bird wherever found. In addition to the name ‘‘roadrunner’’, which is probably a translation of the Spanish name correo del camino, it is variously called chaparral cock, ground cuckoo, paisano (Spanish for ‘‘countryman’’), lizard bird, and snake bird. Practically all of these names emphasize some peculiar characteristic of this bird. So unusual is the general appearance of the roadrunner that field marks are readily employed as a means of identification. The legs are long and powerful; the tail is as long as the body and rounded 1916 | Bryant: Habits and Food of the Roadrunner 25 at the end, and the outer tail feathers are tipped with white; the crest when raised is conspicuous, as is also the bare skin about the eye, which is red, blue, and whitish in color. The bill is over two inches long and hooked at the tip. The plumage is conspicuously striped with buffy brown and white and on the back and tail is glossed with green. At close range it will be noted that two toes point forward and two backward, a character which has caused this bird to be classified along with the cuckoos. The character of the feet make the footprints along a dusty road readily recognizable. There is no bird in the arid southwest that is more characteristic of the chaparral belt and desert. Most abundant in the San Diegan and desert regions, the roadrunner becomes less numerous toward the northern limit of its range in Shasta County. North of the Tehachapi it is most common in the foothills of the Sierras. It has been re- corded twice from the humid coast belt north of San Francisco Bay, in Sonoma and Marin counties (Maillard, 1900, p. 63; Belding, 1890, p. 56); and it approaches the coast in Alameda County (near Oak- land) and in San Mateo and Santa Cruz counties. It has been found rarely in the San Joaquin Valley. A few exceptions are noted: A roadrunner was noted at Tranquillity, Fresno County, on June 22, 1915 (H. C. Bryant, MS). This individual sought refuge among tules, an out-of-the-ordinary habitat for this bird. One was seen by Tyler (1913, p. 82) at Lane’s Bridge, Fresno County, December 6, 1905, and a few others near Fresno at other times. In the mountains of southern California the roadrunner is occasionally seen above 5000 feet ; but at or above this altitude it is always on some hot slope where Upper Sonoran vegetation is in evidence. Cooper (1870, p. 77) reported the species as occurring on Catalina Island in the early 60’s, but no additional records of its occurrence on the islands off the coast of California are known. A study of the distribution of the road- runner shows that the area inhabited follows very closely the limits of the Upper and Lower Sonoran life-zones (Grinnell, 1907, pp. 51-53). It is not obvious how the range of the species is affected by its limited powers of flight, but the range of the individual is probably comparatively extensive, due to its highly developed powers of pedal locomotion. Where the individual range of most song-birds can be computed as covering but a few acres, that of the roadrunner in all probability needs to be computed in square miles. The breeding season usually covers the months of March, April, 26 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou. 17 and May. A nest placed in a cholla cactus and containing four eggs was found by Kelsey (1903, p. 132) im Cholla Valley, San Diego County, Mareh 25, 1903, and Sharp (1907, p. 87) found eggs advanced in incubation as early as February at Escondido in the same county. Another nest containing three nearly full-fledged young was discoy- ered in a mesquite bush by Stephens (MS) at Salton, Imperial County, as early as April 17, 1909; and a nest containing three fresh eggs was found as late as July 16, 1904, by W. M. Pierce at Claremont, Los Angeles County (Willett, 1912, p. 54). The foregoing instances in- clude the earliest and latest nesting dates recorded for this state. Although the roadrunner is largely terrestrial, it seeks safety for eggs and young by placing its nest well above the ground. Some thorny shrub or cactus is usually selected and the nest is placed from three to ten feet above the ground (plates 1 and 2). Shepardson (1915, p. 159) records having found one nest at an elevation of twenty feet in a willow tree and another, in 1915, twelve feet above the ground in a pepper tree growing in a well-populated section of the city of Los Angeles. The nest itself is constructed of sticks loosely laid together. A slight lining of finer material is to be found, almost invariably composed of dry horse manure more or less broken up. A cast-off (molted) snake skin, and feathers are also frequent adjuncts. In approaching the nest the roadrunner usually ascends the cactus or other shrub in which the nest is placed, by hopping from limb to limb, seldom attempting to fly directly to the location. The eggs number from three to nine and are deposited at intervals of several days. Both male and female help during the incubation period, which lasts about eighteen days (Bendire, 1895, p. 17). Incu- bation is apparently begun when the first eggs are laid, for we have considerable evidence that fresh eggs, small young, and fledglings are found in the nest at the same time. Bendire (1878, p. 39) calls atten- tion to this habit in the following words: In 1872, while in southern Arizona, I found some twenty nests of Geococcyxr californianus, the first nest on April 8, the last on September 10. During the month of April, in which I found several nests, not one contained more than three eggs, although I allowed incubation to begin before taking the eggs, as I expected the birds to lay more. Nearly every nest I found after the middle of May contained four or five eggs, and I account for the greater number laid late in the season by the fact that insect food during the dry season, which includes April and May, is comparatively scaree. The birds being aware of this content themselves with rearing a small brood the first time, and a large one at the second laying, when the young are hatched about the beginning of the rainy season, which sets in in June. At this time all 1916 | Bryant: Habits and Food of the Roadrunner 27 kinds of insects and reptiles become exceedingly abundant, and the birds have less trouble in providing for a family of five than earlier in the season for one of three. Only occasionally have I found eggs in different stages of incubation, and I do not believe that there was over a week’s difference in the time of laying of the eggs in any nests I found. No further evidence is at hand that more eggs are laid at a second nesting later in the season. In fact, this seems rather improbable. There is additional evidence, however, that eggs and young are often found in the nest at the same time. Coues (1903, pp. 606-607) states that perfectly fresh eggs and newly-hatched young may be found together; and by the time the last young are breaking the shell the others may be graded up to half the size of the adult. The Finleys (1915, p. 162) found a nest in Arizona which contained one fresh egg, one egg just ready to hatch, ‘‘two featherless, greasy, black young,’’ and two young ones about ready to leave the nest. Moreom (1887, p. 41) records the finding of a young roadrunner and two eges In which incubation was advanced in a nest in San Gorgonio Pass, Riverside County, California, on May 27, 1886. ”? The young are described as ‘‘most hideous’’ in aspect. Their coal- black skin and ungainly form combine to make them more or less repulsive. When nestlings are disturbed they attempt to frighten the intruder by making a clicking noise with their bills. The habits of the roadrunner are of peculiar interest. The follow- ing account to be found in the report of one of the early exploring expeditions (Heermann, 1859, pp. 60-61) emphasizes its speed in running: We found this bird throughout California, frequenting at times the most arid portions of the country. It often crossed our path, or ran before us for a short distance on the road, dashing, when alarmed, immediately into the chaparral, where, swift of foot, it easily evaded pursuit. It may, however, be overtaken when followed on horseback over the vast open plains where no friendly bush offers the weary bird a shelter. When closely chased, if on an elevated point, it will sometimes fly, but always sailing downward. I once saw one captured by a couple of dogs, their appetites whetted by recent suc- cess in overtaking and bringing down a coyote or prairie wolf. Hotly pressed, the bird would gain upon his enemies while sailing down the mountain slope, but taking to his feet on the first ascent, this advantage was again soon lost, and the fugitive, worn out, fell at length a victim to their relentless determination. H. W. Henshaw (1876, p. 257) states that the long tail of the roadrunner, when running at full speed, is lowered till its end almost touches the ground, and that the bird seems to fairly glide over the 28 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 17 earth, so easy are its movements. When hurrying, the tail is used in turning quickly, being thrown from side to side with a jerk, accord- ing to the direction to be taken. On gaining the cover of bushes, the bird’s safety seems assured, and it usually pauses in the first cover and stands with head erect, the tail vibrating nervously while it holds itself in readiness to recommence its flight. As a rule, this bird is shy and suspicious, but its inquisitiveness sometimes so overcomes this character that it appears tame and con- fiding. The species is not at all gregarious, no more than single indi- viduals or pairs being ordinarily seen at one time. Roadrunners kept in captivity by Sutton (1915, p. 58) refused to bathe in water, but continually took dust baths. The operation is described thus: ‘‘Shaking all over, and creeping along the ground by flapping their wings inwardly, they make the dust fly into all their feathers.’’ The small amount of water needed for sustenance probably accounts for the facet that this species thrives on the hottest deserts where the nearest water is several miles distant. In captivity the roadrunner rarely drinks more than twice a week. When thirsty long measured draughts are taken and the breast is dampened by the proceeding (Sutton, 1915, p. 60). Quick of action, the roadrunner is expert in catching its prey, be it insect, lizard or mouse. When pursuing insects the bird will often leap into the air eight or ten feet and catch them on the wing. The commonest note of the roadrunner is a low ‘‘ br-r-r-r-r,’’ which does not carry to any great distance. More often the only sound to be heard from the bird is a snapping of the mandibles. During the nesting season a sort of song much like the cooing of a dove is regu- larly heard. This song is thus described by Holterhoff (1883, pp. 182-183) : Standing near the summit of the hillock amidst his favorite cactus, and with outstretched neck and head bent down, he would utter, as if by pro- digious effort, the lugubrious notes I had wrongly thought the cooing of the dove. At each iteration of the cry he seemed to make a renewed effort as if to rid himself of the troublesome ‘‘whooo,’’ and when finished would stand motionless, perhaps marveling at the sweetness of his own voice, or more likely awaiting a response. These peculiar notes of the roadrunner sound, as near as I can word it, much like the prolonged syllable whooo—aspirating strongly the wh and giving the vowel as a soft guttural. This note—not so prolonged as the ‘‘coo’’ of the dove—is repeated some five or six times in distinctly separate utter- ances... 1916 | Bryant: Habits and Food of the Roadrunner 29 A roadrunner makes an amusing and interesting pet and in early days in California this bird was often kept about the house and garden and was used as a destroyer of insects and mice. Some inter- esting accounts of these pets are to be found in literature. FOOD OF THE ROADRUNNER IN CALIFORNIA VEGETABLE Foop About 10 per cent, 9.93 per cent to be exact, of the food of the roadrunners examined was found to be made up of vegetable matter, wild fruit and seeds being most in evidence. Unlke many birds which turn their attention to vegetable food during the winter season, the roadrunner appears to discriminate as to the kind of seeds taken. The percentage volume of one particular kind of vegetable food was found to be over ten times as great as of all others. This favorite food is the fruit and seeds of the sour-berry (Rhus integrifolia), one of the common sumaes of the southern part of the state. Twenty- six birds, or 31.3 per cent of the stomachs examined, contained the seeds or fruit of this shrub, and 8.4 per cent of the food taken by all the birds was made up of this element. .The attention of the roadrunner 1s apparently attracted to this vegetable food only during the winter season, when insects, lizards, and other kinds of food are least abundant. No other fruit was found, and the only other seeds were atriplex (Atriplex sp.), 0.01 per cent; cactus (Opuntia sp.), 0.35 per cent; buckthorn (Rhamnus sp.), 0.01 per cent; and a few seeds of alfilaria (Erodium sp.). Indeed, so small a percentage of seeds other than the seeds of sumae and cactus were found that it may be that these small seeds were taken into the stomach along with other food and were not in reality chosen by the bird. The same can be said in regard to the small rootlets and grass sometimes found in the stomachs, which amounted to less than a tenth of 1 per cent. Attention has been called (Bendire, 1895, p. 14) to the faet that the roadrunner eats the fruit of cactus, but in the stomachs examined nothing but the seeds of the opuntia was found. Even though limited to desert and arid regions, a much wider variety of fruit and seeds is available than is taken, as has been shown by the results of stomach examination. The logical conclusion, therefore, is that a preference has been established, by southern Cali- fornia roadrunners at least, for the fruit and seeds of the sour-berry (Rhus integrifolia). 30 University of Califorma Publications in Zoology [Vou. 17 ANIMAL Foop The animal food of the roadrunner, which made up slightly over 90 per cent of the total food, is varied, perhaps as varied as that of any common species of bird. Almost any animal, from the smaller TABLE I NuMBERS OF Foop ITEMS TAKEN BY FIFTEEN ROADRUNNERS DURING WINTER Monrus, NOVEMBER, DECEMBER, JANUARY n Aa rneas fat . Bs 8 2d = oh ae Dire, e 2 an os) % 3 te Ih ey Sse deh eh ee te Bo on pt Gi ee See cele Roe temic ae eae o Hal wu a & =I 355 o a = 5 ® AaI CI 4 ey ES 4s i te te fe) i im a GS ro El Si January -....--..--. 17 10 =p Ciao Ae | hoe eae Cy eee Ae 5 ? 1 2 1 1 8 Fane baee ues BHOkey, 1 Oy 2% Wan 8 — 5 al See 16 2 3 CC se er ake 4 ES 2 OS Wey se Dh py.8 28 oe December .......... 1 > @ 4 fos ce 9 pose == 4 oe > 3 1 [wees 1 il Ds tes 10 Lt Chi 1B) 9 1 il Rotalsaee S8e Miks 4509 4 So SN ew OWT A) G3 eal! 7 Average number of items per bird—13.6. NuMBERS or Foop ITEMS TAKEN BY FIFTEEN ROADRUNNERS DURING SUMMER MontTHS, JUNE, JULY, AUGUST Be 3 8 E & «3 a « o ° 2 i) 5 3 i S oe 5 2 s s BOR io) 18) 0S Sy 3Bt Bee ah Sees aye es op Sy tee SS) st dsl =) nee tS 2 3 =a 8 on 8 5 1 lie ae 1 1 4 iL 9 1 1 1 3 me 63 1 a8 Olea SF: il = 1 26 1 1 2 19 can uy alta) 5 Z 6 1 ee 27 5 Secs aes 5 1 1 2 4 2 250 1 Motals) 2. Tom ek ee eel 1 if 6 14 253 4 2 Average number of items per bird—36.2. 1916] Bryant: Habits and Food of the Roadrunner 31 rodents down to tiny insects, appears to be relished by this bird. Although the stomachs examined showed no large percentage of verte- brates, other published records show that reptiles sometimes form a large part, if not the entire diet. Even these larger elements of food are usually swallowed whole at one gulp. That the digestive appa- ratus is powerful is evidenced by the fact that bone, hair, and feathers pass through the digestive tract, and are not thrown back out through the mouth in the form of pellets as is the ease with some hawks and most owls. Beetles—Beetles form next to the largest percentage of the animal food of the roadrunner. Over 18 per cent (18.20 per cent) of all the food of the roadrunners examined was made up of beetles of different sorts. Since this bird is a ground-loving species, ground beetles of various sorts are most often taken, more than sixty having been found in a single stomach (see pl. 4, fig. 4). Such injurious beetles as the click-beetles and wood-borers were also found in numbers in the stomachs. Beetles are apparently taken in largest quantity during the winter months, a total of eighty-eight having been found in the food of fifteen birds during November, December, and January, as against seventy-five in that of the same number of birds during June, July, and August (see table 1). The following species of Coleoptera were identified : BEETLES (Coleoptera) Amara californica Dej. Coniontis sp. Amara insignis Dej. Coniontis elliptica (Casey) Amara sp. Silpha ramosa Say Eleodes sp. Scyphophorus yuccae Horn. Lixus sp. (near pleuralis Rhynchitidae Le Conte) Anisodactylus dilatatus De}. Lixus sp. Crossidius intermedius Ulke Eleodes acuticauda Le Conte Epicauda puneticollis Mann. Miecroschatia inaequalis Le (?) Pterostichus sp. Conte Asida sp. Centrocleonus pilosus Le Conte Sphenophorus sp. Grasshoppers and crickets——About one-third of the animal food and almost one-fourth of the total food for the year was found to be made up of grasshoppers (21.2 per cent). In addition, black crickets (Gryllus sp.) made up 12.62 per cent and Jerusalem crickets (Stenopelmatus) an additional 3 per cent, making Orthoptera a total ‘of 36.82 per cent of the food. Grasshoppers and crickets were taken at all times of the year, but were most evident in the diet during 32 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 17 the summer and fall months (see table I). The largest number of grasshoppers found in any one stomach was sixty-three. Many stomachs contained between twenty-five and thirty. More individuals had fed upon Orthoptera than upon any other group of insects (see table IIL). Orthoptera, it can be seen therefore, make up the basic element of the food of the roadrunner. The following species of Orthoptera were identified : GRASSHOPPERS AND CRICKETS (Orthoptera) Mantidae Acridiidae ?Litaneutria pacifica Seud. Melanoplus differentialis Uhler Gryllidae Melanoplus devastator Seud. Gryllus pennsylvanicus Burm. Melanoplus sp. Gryllus integer Seud. Schistocerca sp. Locustidae ?Paropomala sp. Stenopelmatus irregularis Brun. Stenopelmatus sp. Hollister (1908, p. 458) reports that he found the stomachs of two roadrunners obtained near Needles, California, filled with ‘‘large ? green grasshoppers.’’ A specimen taken by Stephens (MS) near San Diego, November 5, 1908, was also found ‘‘crammed with grass- hoppers.’’ In fact, so apparent has been the fact that the road- runner feeds extensively on grasshoppers that practically every writer has included these insects in statements regarding its food (see table IL). So far as relative quantity per bird is concerned, the roadrunner is probably to be numbered among the most efficient destroyers of these familiar pests. Butterflies and moths—The fact that butterflies and moths usually escape attack by birds has again been demonstrated by this investigation. Only a little over one-half of 1 per cent of the food examined was made up of adult butterflies and moths. Two noctuid moths were taken from one stomach, one from another, and a nymph- alid butterfly from a third. Lepidopterous larvae, on the other hand, formed 7 per cent of the food taken. One stomach contained as many as thirty-six caterpillars. Three birds had taken woolly-bear cater- pillars (Hustigmene acreae), another a white-lned sphinx caterpillar (Celario lineata), and a third a pupa of Hemileuca sp. Hairy cater- pillars of some species of Malacosoma were also found. The roadrunner shows relationship with the cuckoos in its habit of destroying hairy caterpillars. The stomach of a roadrunner taken at Otay, San Diego County, April 19, 1912, contaimed seven large 3 « Habits and Food of the Roadrunner Bryant 1916] Food OF THE A. W. Anthony, 1896, p. 257; 1897, p. 217 ME Bailey 902) yi 0) eecesccseccssscrerecvecsesees Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, 1874, p. 474 PHU OTCIT OLS O ony si ol duteenecane-saeecsnuece-cvesuseeceenene Of, Wexennbingey, GSS Tob BI) aces creer eres rece bees Wm. Brewster, 1883, p. 2 ee Gram COOP OL cL SMO sm psnre 09) meeeceeeene -ceeastenrssan H. ‘Coues, 1903) pp: 606-607 -.2.222..e. CO}, IDEN UES 105 PAVE) cerseccre enc coeeeoieeeren \Vismilseee Ehas tre real! 0). sn 16 Oeemscsearesestaemsnrenesrteens Grinnell, J., and Grinnell, H. W., 1907, p. 35 A. J. Grayson in W. HE. Bryant, 1891, p. 58 A. L. Heermann, 1859, pp. 60-61 .... II. W. Henshaw, 1876, p. 257 . N. Hollister, 1908, p. 458 ......... : Knowlton & Ridgway, 1909, p. 449 D. E. Lantz, 1907, p. 51 F. Miller, 1879, p. 109 J. 8. Newberry, 1857, p. 51 C. H. Richardson, MS R. W. Shufeldt, 1903, p. 177 .. Cactus Beetles TABLE II Grasshoppers Crickets ROADRUNNER ACCORDING x &< Caterpillars TO PUBLISHED REC na oo S a Centipedes Spiders ks wn 5 x) A as) A a A ORDS Batrachians Reptiles (not specified ) Mammals (not specified ) Rodents (not specified ) 34 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 17 hairy caterpillars (Pseudohazis sp.), and at least four other birds had taken from three to four hairy caterpillars apiece, but not of the same species. One of the spiny type of caterpillar (Hwvanessa antiopa) had been taken by a breeding female collected at El Toro, Orange County, on May 18, 1912. One instance of the destruction of caterpillars by the roadrunner, recorded by Anthony (1897, p. 217) is of peculiar interest : Not long since I called on a friend living in the suburbs of San Diego who had a large number of unusually thrifty passion-vines climbing over his fence. Upon inquiring the reason of their freedom from what I had considered an inevitable pest, he informed me that a pair of roadrunners (Geococcyx cali- fornianus) had for several months paid daily visits to his vines, climbing through them in all directions until the last caterpillar (Agraulis vanillae) had been captured. Flies.—The only representatives of the order Diptera found were two green-bottle flies (Lucilia caesar), a few robber flies and a syrphid fly; these latter were undetermined as to genus or species. In addi- tion, two stomachs contained quantities of fly larvae, those in one stomach being probably larvae of some species of Musca. Hundreds of these larvae were found in one stomach. The stomach of a road- runner from the Imperial Valley contained the larva of a warble fly (Cuterebra sp.). Bugs.—F ive per cent of the total food was found to be made up of hemipterous insects. Instead of a wide variety having been taken, it was found that the birds examined had been largely choosing cicadas (Cacama crepitans), insects which are close relatives of the seventeen- year locust of the eastern United States. Cicadas formed 4.3 per cent of the total food. Certain stomachs were completely filled with these insects, as many as thirty-six having been taken from a single bird (pl. 4, fig. 5). Eleven birds, or 13.2 per cent of all of those examined, had fed upon this insect to some extent. The next most abundant hemipteron was the cabbage-bug (Mergentia histrionica), ten having been taken from a single stomach. The latter and other bugs (Buschistus sp.; Anasa sp.) made up less than 1 per cent of the total food. Ants, bees, and wasps.—A little over 4 per cent of the total food was made up of ants, bees, and wasps. Several bumblebees (Bombus sp.), three carpenter bees (Ceritina sp.), and several ichneumon flies were items taken by several birds. The stomach of a roadrunner secured August 7, 1912, at Chula Vista, San Diego 1916] Bryant: Habits and Food of the Roadrunner 345) County, contained over 250 red ants (Pogonomyrmex californicus), along with a quantity of caterpillars, crickets, beetles, and grasshop- pers. Another bird taken in October had eaten ten carpenter ants (Camponotus sp.). One roadrunner had taken a tarantula hawk (Pepsis sp.), and two had each taken a single honey bee (Apis mellifera). The following species of hymenoptera were identified : Ichneumonidae Apis mellifera Linn. Bombus vornesenskii Rad. Chrysis sp. Ceratina sp. Pogonomyrmex californicus Buck. Pepsis sp. Camponotus sp. Spiders and scorpions.—Spiders composed about 0.7 per cent of the total food. A number of birds had taken the egg-cases of spiders and one bird, taken August 1, 1911, at Sorrento, San Diego County, had had the courage to devour a tarantula (Avicularia californica ?). One of the outstanding features of the diet of the roadrunner in California seems to be the presence of scorpions; these make up about 3.67 per cent of the total food. The commonest species found in the stomachs was Anuroctonus phaeodactylus. Fourteen birds had taken scorpions and the remains of as many as four were found in a single stomach. Probably no other bird in California feeds so widely on this particular arthropod. Centipedes and millipedes—Both centipedes (Chilopoda) and millipedes (Julus sp.) were found in the stomachs, but they formed but a very small pereentage, much less than 1 per cent, of the total food. Crustaceans and snails—Sowbugs (Porcellio sp.) were found in but one stomach. No further evidence that crustaceans were eaten was forthcoming. McCall (in Baird, Brewer and Ridgeway, 1874, IT, p. 474) states that in Texas snails are greedily eaten by the road- runner: ‘‘These are usually taken either from the ground or a branch, and carried to a particular spot, where the shell is broken and its contents eaten. Piles of these shells are often found thus collected in places frequented by them.’’ No snails were found in the stomachs examined by the present writer. Toads and frogs—Stomach examination gave no evidence that any amphibian had been eaten. Toads were commonly eaten by tame roadrunners kept by Sutton (1915, p. 59), but it is doubtful if these vertebrates are taken by roadrunners under natural conditions. Lizards and snakes—About 3.7 per cent of the total food was found to be made up of reptiles. Except in one instance, lizards alone 36 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 17 had been taken. They were of the following species: Uta (Uta stansburiana), blue-bellied lizard (Sceloporus biseriatus), and Blain- ville horned toad (Phrynosoma blainvillet blainvillei). None of the birds examined had eaten more than one lizard. The following additional evidence that the roadrunner in Cali- fornia feeds upon lizards is at hand: On July 9, 1894, near Pasadena a roadrunner was secured, the stomach of which contained four full- sized whip-tailed lizards (Grinnell, 1907, p. 85). C. H. Richardson (MS) secured a roadrunner at Mecca, Riverside County, March 22, 1910, which contained, besides grasshoppers and beetles, a horned toad, presumably of the desert species (Phrynosoma platyrhinos). The stomach of a roadrunner taken at Needles, California, February 15, 1910, contained one weevil, remains of other beetles, and a half-grown lizard (Cnemidophorus), the latter digested to the bare skeleton (Grinnell, MS). Finley and Finley (1915, p. 164) found that a roadrunner in Arizona which they had under observation fed its young almost en- tirely upon lizards. They write: While we were crouching at the peephole of the blind the mother came, carrying a big lizard, grasped firmly in her bill (plate 3). Up the bark she scratched and thrust the lizard, head down, into the mouth of the youngster. The tail hung out of its bill for a long time, but something had hold of it down below, and finally it all disappeared. Soon she came with another lizard, and presently another youngster was sitting propped stiffly with a tail hanging out of its mouth. Again came a lizard—and again—and again—there was no use counting. The larder was full of lizards and nothing else! Mr. Leo Wiley of Palo Verde, Imperial County, reports that he has seen roadrunners carrying whip-tailed lizards and utas about, although he has never actually seen the birds eat them. All evidence points to the fact that the whip-tailed lizard (Cnemidophorus) is the lizard most often eaten. Whether the abundance of this species is responsible for this fact or whether a preference is indicated is not apparent. Very little attempt to break a lizard to pieces seems to be made by the roadrunner. Instead, the reptile is usually swallowed whole head first, after being hammered to death on some hard object nearby. How the bird which had eaten the Blainville horned toad mentioned above could have swallowed this reptile, which was fully an inch wide, even when compressed, I am not able to say. But it appears 1916] Bryant: Habits and Food of the Roadrunner 37 that the throat of the bird must have power of expansion similar to that exhibited by snakes. The finding of a piece of the skin of a red-racer (Bascanian con- strictor frenatum) in the stomach of a roadrunner taken at Palo Verde, Imperial County, alone gave evidence that snakes form part. of the diet. Although the present investigation furnishes but little evidence that snakes are fed upon, yet the following records further establish the fact that they are sometimes taken. A roadrunner ecap- tured in New Mexico contained a garter snake a foot long (Bailey, 1902, p. 195); and Bendire (1895, p. 14) records the taking of a garter snake twenty inches long from the stomach of a roadrunner secured in Arizona. Mr. E. A. Goldman reported to me that the stomach of a roadrunner which he secured in California contained several young rattlesnakes. However, the idea that the roadrunner is an active enemy of the rattlesnake is probably exaggerated. Rattle- snakes may occasionally be eaten along with other snakes, but that they are particularly sought out is extremely doubtful. In this habit of feeding upon reptiles the roadrunner is almost unique among birds, with perhaps the exception of certain hawks and owls. Birds.—Birds amounted to 1.7 per cent of the total food of the roadrunners examined. The only evidence which showed that the roadrunner feeds upon birds of any sort was that obtained through the finding of the remains of a young Anthony towhee (Pipilo crissalis senicula) and that of an Abert towhee (Pipilo aberti). No evidence is at hand to determine whether these birds were taken alive from the nest or secured after they had died. In the first instance the body had been badly mutilated and the main parts left for identification were the feet. The Abert towhee was taken from the stomach of a roadrunner secured at Palo Verde, Imperial County. In this in- stance the bird had been swallowed whole. W. K. Fisher (1904, p. 80) states that an assistant of Professor Leroy Abrams of the department of botany, Stanford University, observed a roadrunner remove from a nest a young mockingbird and devour it. Anthony (in Bendire, 1895, p. 14) says: ‘‘I know of several instances of roadrunners making a meal of a nest of young house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis) and other small birds.’’ Beyond these instances we have no further information as to the bird-eating habit among roadrunners, except the fact that birds in captivity readily devour young sparrows or other birds furnished 38 University of Califorma Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 17 as food. A roadrunner kept at the State Game Farm at Hayward, California, greedily devoured young sparrows and dead downy pheasants. Inquiries as to the destruction of young quail or eggs by the roadrunner have elicited only the following information: Peter Lux, of Encinitas, San Diego County, California, writes that he and his brother saw a roadrunner catch and eat young quail at Olivenhain about June 1, 1903. Mr. Lux also states that since that time (about four years ago) he saw a young quail carried to a roadrunner’s nest and fed to the young. Mr. George Wood, of Hollywood, California, writes as follows: In the month of June, 1906, I was making a study of the cause of the death of so many young mockingbirds. I came on a nest containing two young roadrunners, about two weeks old, and just at the moment of finding the nest I also saw the male roadrunner with a young quail in its mouth. It saw me and ran away. I got back under cover and watched until it returned and I saw it take a young quail to the nest. J saw it return the second time and repeat the above. Mr. Leo Wiley of Palo Verde, Imperial County, recently told the writer in a conversation that during the first part of August, 1915, he saw a male roadrunner kill six Gambel quail which were about four days old. The roadrunner gave each one a single blow with its bill and, leaving the one just killed, attacked another. Throughout the Imperial Valley it is rumored that the roadrunner destroys hens’ eggs and young chicks. Mr. Walter E. Packard, in charge of the Imperial Valley Agricultural Experiment Station, writes: ‘‘T have heard a great many rumors to the effect that the roadrunner sucks eggs, but I do not know of any instance where the bird has been caught in the act or where it has been proven that this bird was guilty of such an act. Nor can I refer you to anyone who could give you information in this regard.’’ These accusations, therefore, apparently rest on circumstantial evidence. Such limited evidence as the above, unsupported as it is by the results of stomach examination, would go to show that the habit of destroying the eggs and young of birds is probably greatly exaggerated and that the eggs and young of birds are only incidentally taken by the roadrunner. Certainly the evidence at hand here in California does not justify the wholesale destruction of the roadrunner on the ground of its being an enemy of quail or other bird life. Mammals.—Judging from stomach examination, 3.38 per cent of 1916 | Bryant: Habits and Food of the Roadrunner 39 the food of the roadrunner in California is made up of mammals. Three different species were found in the stomachs: a harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys megalotis longicaudus), a white-footed mouse (Peromyscus sp.), and a newly-born San Diego cottontail rabbit (Syl- vilagus auduboni sanctidieg?) . Professor F. E. L. Beal procured a roadrunner in California which had eaten a meadow mouse (Microtus californicus) (lantz, 1907, p. 51.) That even larger mammals are sometimes destroyed is evidenced by the following observation made by A. W. Anthony (1896, pp. 257-258) : This forenoon (May 7, 1896) I came suddenly upon a roadrunner (Geo- coccyx californianus) that had just finished dispatching a wood rat (Neotoma). The bird reluctantly withdrew as I came upon the scene, leaving the rat, which I found to be quite dead. A post-morten disclosed a bad contusion on the side directly over the heart, and another on the spine between the shoulders, while the skull was crushed by a blow behind the ear, although the skin was nowhere broken. Ze 4 s S5 sco Text Fig. A.—Diagram showing comparative amounts of the different kinds of food taken by the roadrunner in California, 40 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 17 KINDS AND QUANTITIES OF FOOD ITEMS The principal items of food as shown by this investigation and the relative percentage volume of each are indicated in the accom- panying figure (text fig. A). The outstanding feature is the preponderance of insect food. The roadrunner is primarily in- both vegetable and vertebrate food forming minor elements. So far as bulk is concerned, the amount of grasshoppers and crickets taken was double the amount of beetles and these elements taken together formed more than half of the total food. sectivorous, TABLE IIL NUMBERS AND PERCENTAGES OF ROADRUNNERS TAKING DIFFERENT KINDS OF FoopD 2 Zz iB 3 an o 2 : E pf 6E g 8 S 8 ¥ 2 5 Sn 5 S 2 ica} a Ts = a S & = 2 = = a o a S aes 3. E 2 8 Sa 2 & “ 2 = Be of Bl « (Ae pale Re) See SS ee eee me ae a = ° 3 n Bo mM 5S oS ‘S) a 4 26 2 il 5 1 4 3, 62 4 52 23 ait 4 $31.3 24 12 60 12 48 3.6 74.7 48 62:6 27.7 13.2 4:8 o = cs) zm i = n 3 Sa Sis 3 a a oe a Sj w S 2 CS 5 Ba) eB ae ee et ee Sao 3 of 6§ 5 oe g 4 = 4E a = mI n g eo P< 4 og a 8 o 12) = = 77) ~ Ls) 8 aS = & 25 2 Pe z S 8 = E et ia] S Shs) A jay PeHH IS) q < Rn 1) = 1S) fan} f-2) = 15 4 2 5 11 22 8 14 2 2 2 4 2 4 18.2 48 24 6.0 13.2 265 7.2 168 24 24 24 48 24 6.0 A tabulation (table IIT) of the number of birds taking the differ- ent elements of food is helpful in showing preference. It will be seen that this table verifies the conclusions already made as a result of the percentage-volume method. About three times as many birds had taken beetles, grasshoppers and crickets as had taken any other insect. Of the birds examined but four had taken reptiles, the same number had taken mammals and but two had taken birds; the material in one of these instances was doubtfully identified as being the intes- tines of a bird. The fact that fourteen birds had taken scorpions indicates that this invertebrate is a fairly common element of food in the diet of the roadrunner. The table shows no other distinct preference for a certain element of food. 1916 | Bryant: Habits and Food of the Roadrunner 41 PECULIARITIES OF THE DIET The omnivorous food habits of the roadrunner have been amply demonstrated by the above results of stomach examination, yet it is desirable that some of the pecularities of the diet be emphasized. As has already been stated, one of the outstanding features is the apparent preference for one sort of vegetable food, the seeds and fruit of a certaim sumac. Furthermore, the roadrunner apparently turns its attention toward terrestrial vertebrates to a larger extent than does any other California bird, with the exception of the raptorial birds. As a destroyer of reptiles this bird probably takes first rank among all the birds, and without doubt in many places in this state the roadrunner is the worst natural enemy to which lizards and snakes are exposed. Many poisonous species of insects are eaten by the roadrunner. The scorpion is perhaps the most conspicuous example. In many instances the poison sae was found still attached to the tail of the scorpion inside of the roadrunner’s stomach. No evidence was obtained that ill effects are sustained by the bird from the poison. Bumblebees come in the same category, as does also the single taran- tula hawk taken. The latter is known to inflict a very painful sting. If such insects as the latter were carefully killed by the bird before being eaten, danger of being stung internally would be eliminated, but the poison would still be present. A partial explanation of the lack of ill effects may be that the poison is kept entirely within the alimentary tract of the bird and has but little chance to enter directly into the blood. That the roadrunner has great ability in stalking rapid-flying insects is illustrated by the fact that great quantities of cicadas are consumed (see pl. 4, fig. 5). Entomological collectors state that cicadas are difficult to capture. 2 ee os hen i - PLATE 1 Fig. 1—Nest of roadrunner situated in tangle of chilicothe and opuntia. Photograph by Donald R. Dickey, taken at Lakeside, San Diego County, Cali- fornia. [52] PLATE 2 Fig. 2—Roadrunner on nest in cactus. Photograph by Donald R. Dickey, taken near San Diego, California. [54] UNIV, CALIF. PUBL, ZOOL. VOL, !7 [BRYANT] PLATE 2 PLATE 3 Fig. 3—Roadrunner carrying a whip-tailed lizard (Cnemidophorus). Photo- graph taken by W. L. Finley near Tucson, Arizona. After Finley and Finley, 1915, by permission. [56] UNIV, CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 17 [BRYANT] PLATE 3 : ne tee Ly ae oy i i ais PLATE 4 Fig. 4——Stomach contents of a roadrunner taken at Nestor, San Diego County, January 19, 1913. The stomach contained twenty-four beetles (Micro- schatia inaequalis), one large beetle (EHleodes sp.), one beetle (Amara sp.), one wireworm, and thirteen Jerusalem crickets (Stenopelmatus sp.). Fig. 5.—Parts of thirty-six cicadas (Cacama crepitans) found in the stomach of a roadrunner taken at Otay, San Diego County, May 30, 1912. The stomach also contained one carabid beetle, four short-winged grasshoppers, one robber fly, one stink bug, one carpenter bee, and one small spider. [58] UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 17 [BRYANT] PLATE 4 o ibe FBB8 in text UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS Note.— The University of California Publications are offered in exchange for the publi- ~ cations of learmed societies and institutions, universities and libraries. Complete Lists of all the publications of the University. will be sent upon request. For sample copies, lists — of publications or other information, address the Manager of the University Press, Berkeley, - California, U. 8. A. All- matter sent in exchange should be addressed to The Exchange . Department, University Library, Berkeley, California, U. 8. A. oe : OTTO HARRASSOWITZ, BR. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, LEIPZIG. BERLIN, Agent for the series in American Arch- Agent for the series in American atth, acology and Ethnology, Classical Philology, aeology and Ethnology, Botany, Geology, Hducation, Modern Philology, Philosophy, Geography, Mathematics, Pathology, Five Spo Psychology, History. ology, Zoology, and Memoirs. ZOOLOGY.—W. E. Ritter and 0. A. Kofold, Editors. Price per volume, $3.50; beginning — with vol. 11, $5.00, This series contains the contributions from the Department of Zoology, from the ye: Marine Laboratory of the Scripps Institution for Biological Research, at La Jolla, Oalifornia; and from the California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology in Berkeley. Cited as Univ, Calif. Publ. Zool. Volumo 1, 1902-1905, 817 pages, with-28 plates 22 BBO Volume 2 (Contributions from the Laboratory of the Marine Biological Associa- tion of San Diego), 1904-1906, xvii +382 pages, with 19 plates <=..........—.—. $3.50 3 Volume 3, 1906-1907, $83 pages, with 23 plates usc ncn S350 & Volume 4, 1907-1908, 400 pages, with 24 plates: otis ceeeceasceenepeeeen ccomseneens SOOO Volume 5, 1908-1910, 440 pages, with 34 plates 2.022.202 iS cechhenngosnnctcnd - 83.50 Volume 6, 1908-1911, 478-pages, with 48 plates 2 2 88.50: Volume 7 (Contributions from the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology), pies 446 pages, with 12 plates 2.22 ce Volume 8, 1911, 357 pages, With 25 plates 2... c.c ccc cite cet encscecseeass eeensteenedtetbenersneses POIDO Volume 9, 1911-1912, 865 pages, with 24 plates ‘ Volume 10, 1912-1913, 417 pages, with 10 plates Volume 11, 1912-1914, 588 pages, with 26 plates... Vol. 12. 1. A Study of a Collection of Geese of the Branta canadensis Group from the San Joaquin Valley, California, by Harry 8. abe ga Pp. 1-24, plates 1-2, 8 text figs:. November, 1913. 22n ca cc ciency 150 2. Nocturnal Wanderings of the California Pocket Gopher, ‘by Harold ©. Bryant. Pp. 25-29, 1 text fig’) November, 1913 1.0.2 screenees 05 3. The Reptiles of the San Jacinto Area of Southern California, by Sarah Rogers Atsatt.. Pp. 31-50: November, 1913 fone ccc ete cesta eee 20° 4, An Account of the Mammals and Birds of the Lower Colorado Valley, 7 with Especial Reference to the Distributienal Problems Presented, by Joseph Grinnell, Pp. 51-294, plates 3-13, 9 text figs. March, 1914. 2.40. 5. Aplodontia chryseola, a New Mountain Beaver from the Trinity Region - of Northern California, by Louise Kellogg. Pp. 295-296. 6. A Previously Undescribed Aplodontia from the Middie worth Coast of California, by Walter P. Taylor. Pp.-297-300. Nos..6 and 6 in one cover.) April, 19U4 uci. cecetennateswereernees 08 7. A Second Species of the Mammalian Genus Microdipodops from Cali- .. — fornia, by Joseph Grinnell. Pp, 301-304, April, 1914 OB 8. Distribution of River Otters in California, with Description of a New. ~ Subspecies, by Joseph Grinnell. Pp. 305-310, plate.14. October, 1914 . .05 9, Four New Pocket Gophers from Cao: by Joseph Grinnell. EP. $11-316.- ‘November, 1914 2 ew ee “(05 10. Three New Races of Vespertilionid Bats. from California, by Hilda $2 a8 ZAS GA ROARS een bi Bia ad eta F pate at Ta Wood Grinnell, Pp. 317-321. December, 1914 22.2 OB 11. Eutamias sonomae, a-New Chipmunk from the Tuner Northern Coast Belt of ee by Joseph Grinnell. gous 321-325, 1 text figure. TODAY; TOG aes ane Se et er ete ee I ti UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN ZOOLOGY Vol. 17, No. 6, pp. 59-62, 4 figures in text November 17, 1916 DESCRIPTION OF BUFO CANORUS, A NEW TOAD FROM THE YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK BY CHARLES LEWIS CAMP (Contribution from the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology of the University of California) Included in the material gathered by the Yosemite Natural History Survey, and now being worked up at the Museum of Vertebrate Zool- ogy under the direction of Dr. Joseph Grinnell, are a number of toads of a species which up to the present time has apparently escaped the attention of naturalists. Comparison with a large series of toads of the boreas group at hand shows that the new species possesses char- acters not included within the limits of that variable assemblage. Bufo canorus, new species Yosemite Park Toad Type.—FKemale, adult ; no. 5744, Mus. Vert. Zool.; Poreupine Flat, 8100 feet altitude, Yosemite National Park, Mariposa County, Cali- fornia; July 1, 1915; collected by C. L. Camp; orig. no. 2129. Diagnosis—A medium sized toad with no head crests; parotoids large, flat, circular, separated by a space usually less than their own diameter and never greater; vertebral streak wanting in most males and represented in other specimens by a thread-like, white line. Color distinctive, and differing greatly in the two sexes; females with irreg- ular, dark blotches, each usually bordered narrowly with white; males speckled with black on a dull greenish background and without dis- tinet dark patches on back. 60 University of California Publications in Zoology — | Vou. 17 Material—F orty-two alcoholic specimens, all but one from within the Yosemite National Park at the following localities: Near Peregoy Meadow, 7000 feet altitude (no. 57429) ; near Mono Meadow, 7300 feet (no. 57474) ; East Fork Indian Cafion, near B. M. 7937 feet (no. 57282) ; vicinity of Porcupine Flat, 8100-8200 feet (nos. 57299, 57309, 57369, 57439, 57449, 57592) ; vicinity of Ragged Peak, 9700—10,200 feet (nos. 5721-5727, all ¢¢, 57319, 57329, 57349, 57359, 57373, 57384) ; head of Lyell Cafion, 9700-11,000 feet (nos. 57382, 5739, 57409, 574101, 57452, 57489, 5749-5753, all Jog, 5754-5758, all 99, 5760¢) ; Vogelsang Lake, 10,350 feet (mos. 603592, 60449). One speci- men from Tioga Lake, Mono County, 10,000 feet (no. 57462). Bufo canorus; 9 type; all X 1 Fig. 1. Top of head; note great width of parotoids and shape of snout. Fig. 2. Side of head; note extent of parotoids and steep profile of snout. Fig. 3. Front foot, from below; note small inner metacarpal tubercle. Fig. 4. Hind foot, from below; note reduced webbing and large outer meta- tarsal tubercle. Comparisons.—In profile, lack of head crests, small tympanum, and short legs this toad resembles Bufo boreas and its subspecies, but may be distinguished at once from these forms by its smaller size, enormous width of parotoids, slight interval between parotoids, very smooth skin, absence of a broad vertebral stripe, and markedly different color pat- tern in both sexes. In extent of webbing of hind foot the present species most nearly resembles B. boreas halophilus, its near neighbor in the southern Sierra Nevada and the San Joaquin Valley. Speci- mens of B. boreas boreas from Mono County, directly to the east of the range of canorus, have the large hind foot characteristic of the more northern subspecies. 1916 | Camp: Description of Bufo canorus 61 MEASUREMENTS IN MILLIMETERS OF TyYPR SPECIMEN Total length TIN Cy iO Ot Berens sseeee eee eeee es 39.0 Head length 18.9 Spread of hind foot —...... 22.8 Head width _.. . 26.0 Length of parotoid ........... 12.2 Hind leg - 82.0 Width of parotoid —........ 10.7 DUG ah too 2 en csssmeeueesevccsevsaecavesesss 2OLO Interorbital space .............. 7.2 Color (in alcohol). —Adult female, no. 5744, the type: All dorsal and lateral surfaces, including sides of head, rostrum and parotoids, thickly marbled with irregular but clearly defined, dark patches, each surrounded by a brilliant white line; many of the dark patches end abruptly at the mid-line, and do not cross it except in the anal region ; ground-eolor almost white, becoming brownish on the back and paro- toids; large tubercles in centers of dark patches tipped with brown; limbs mottled like rest of body; underparts clear white except for a few obscure dark specks; skin between large tubercles very smooth ; no trace of speeckling or of small dots between the dark blotches. This coloration is typical of all of the females, even the smallest. Adult male, no. 5747, typical in coloration of all the males in the series: Dorsad and laterad the body and limbs are covered evenly with minute dots of black on a uniform olive-green ground-color ; each dark speck surrounded by a narrow white ring; underparts grayish white with scattered dots of a larger size than those on the back. The skin is exceptionally smooth, and the larger tubercles and even the paro- toids are scarcely discernible. Remarks.—This toad is extraordinary in its pronounced sexual dimorphism. The striking black and white pattern of the female is entirely lost in most of the males, but a few of the latter show, by traces of blotching about the head and legs, that their speckled pattern is the result of a breaking up into smaller dots of the larger blotches of the female. In coloration the female of Bufo canorus bears some resemblance to the brighter patterns of Bufo boreas; the male phase has some counterpart in the latter species in the case of an occasional male of boreas, which assumes a dull green color and smooth skin during the breeding season. In the series of canorus the glandular development in the males is much less than in the females; in most of the males even the parotoids are not well developed, though their characteristic circular outline ean still be traced. The web of the hind foot is small; the spread of the hind foot is about 30 per cent of the total body-length, as in Bufo boreas halophilus. The sole is free from the asperities developed by toads of more arid 62 University of California Publications in Zoology — [Vou. 17 regions, and both inner and outer metatarsal tubercles are distinct and nearly equal in size. The inner metacarpal tubercle is less than half the size of the outer. Distribution and habitat—The limits of the range of Bufo canorus north and south of the Yosemite Park are unknown. The species seems to be absent from the high altitudes of Placer County and from the Sierras south of the Kings River, where its place is taken by Bufo boreas halophilus, which there goes to a high elevation. It is the only toad found in the higher parts of the Yosemite National Park, where it inhabits wet meadows and lake shores from about 7000 feet altitude on Bridal Veil Creek among lodge-pole pines to 11,000 feet on the headwaters of the Lyell Fork of the Tuolumne River, near the upper limit of the white bark pines. It does not seem to live at the lower altitude of the Yosemite Valley proper, where the larger species. Bufo boreas halophilus, is found. The specific name selected, canorus, refers to the long-sustained, melodious trill uttered by this toad. This diurnal singing accompanies the breeding activities, which take place as soon as the snow melts from the Sierran meadows, June 1 to July 15. Many of the females captured at this time contained mature eggs. Transmitted October 5, 1916. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN i ZOOLOGY Vol. 17, No. 7, pp. 63-74 December 28, 1916 7 5 THE SUBSPECIES OF SCELOPORUS Beet OCCIDENTALIS WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW FORM FROM THE SIERRA NEVADA AND SYSTEMATIC NOTES ON OTHER CALIFORNIA LIZARDS BY CHARLES LEWIS CAMP UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY UNIVBESITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS Note.—The University of California Publications are offered in exchange for the publi- cations of learmed societies and institutions, universities and libraries. Oomplete lists of all the publications of the University will be sent upon request. For sample copies, lists of publications or other information, address the Manager of the University Press, Berkeley, California, U. 8. A. All matter sent in exchange should be addressed to The Exchangs Department, University Library, Berkeley, California, U. 8. A. OTTO HAERASSOWITZ, LEIPZIG. Agent for the series in American Arch- aeclogy and Ethnology, Classical Philology, Education, Modern Philology, Philosophy, Psychology, History. ZOOLOGY.—W. H. Ritter and ©. A. Kofoid, Editors. Price per volame, $3.50; beginning — B. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, BEEL . Agent for the series in American Arch- aeology and Ethnology, Botany, Geology, Geography, Mathematics, Pathology, Physi- ology, Zoology, and Memoirs. with vol. 11, $5.00. if This series contains the contributions from the Department of Zoology, from the Marine Laboratory of the Scrippz Institution for Biological Research, st La Jolla, — Oalifornia, and from the California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology in Berkeley. : Cited as Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. e+ Volume 1, 1902-1905, 317 pages, with 28 plates 202s $3.50 a Volume 2 (Contributions from the Laboratory of the Marine Biological Associa- Bes tion of San Diego), 1904-1906, xvii + 382 pages, with 19 plates — 22a a Volume 8, 1906-1907, $83 pages, with 23 plates: 2a ee SSO Volume 4, 1907-1908, 400 pages, with 24 plates 2 8S BO Volume 5, 1908-1910, 440 pages, with 34 plates 22 SSO Volume 6, 1908-1911, 478 pages, with 48 plates 02. BS BO Volume 7 (Contributions: from the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology), 1910-1912 446 pages, with 12 plates 2 oe. went ec nenecenneecerseccesaen ae: ween beasenscers sens Volume 8, 1911, 357 pages, with 25 plates. 2.0.2.0. a ecetetetene es. $9.50 Volume 9, 1911-1912, 365 pages, with 24 lain Plan Re AP ns SO IE I GE Ne $3.50 Volume 10, 1912-1913, 417 pages, with 10 plates .. scepter $3.00 Volume 11, 1912-1914, 538 pages, with 26-plates sooo aS ee See LOO Vol, 12. 1. A Study of a Collection of Geese of the Branta canadensis Gin: from the San Joaquin Valley, California, by Harry 8. Swarth. Pp. 1-24, plates 1-2, 8 text figs. November, 1913 2.20.0 3 2. Nocturnal Wanderings of the California Pocket Gopher, by Harold 0. Bryant. Pp. 25-20,-1 text fig. November, 1918 Ws. 06 3. The Reptiles of the San Jacinto Area of Southern California, by Sarak Bogers Atsatt. Pp. 31-50. November, 1913 —.2 wu... ae 26 4. An Account of the Mammals and Birds of the Lower Colorado “Valley, % with Especial Reference to the Distributional Problems Presented, by Joseph Grinnell. Pp, 51-294, plates 3-13, 9 text figs. March, 1914. 2.40 5. Aplodontia chryseola, a New Mountain Beaver from the Trinity Region of Northern California, by Louise Kellogg. Pp. 295-296. 6. A Previously Undescribed Aplodontia from the Middie North Coast of California, by Walter P. Taylor. Pp. 297-300. Nos. 5 and 6 in one cover. “April, 1914 =... 05 7. A Second Species of the Mammalian Genus Microdipodops from Oali- fornia, by Joseph Grinnell. Pp. 301-304. April, 1914 __.. .05 8. Distribution of River Otters in California, with Description of a New Subspecies, by Joseph Grinnell. Pp. 305-310, plate 14. October, 1914. .05 9, Four New Pocket Gophers from California, by. Joseph Grinnell. Pp, S11-S16. November, 1914 oo nk ot a eee .. 05 10. Three New Races of Vespertilionid Bats from California, by Hilda Wood Grinnell, Pp. 317-321. December, 1914 2: Bt) 5) 11, Eutamias sonomae, a New Chipmunk from the Inner Northern ‘Coast Belt of California, by Joseph Grinnell. Pp. 321-325, 1 text figure. ATURE YO To a a Eh ee Oe. 12, Batrachoseps major and Bufo cognatus californicus, New Amphibia from Southern California, by Charles Lewis Camp. - Pp. 327-334. April “1915305 Se ee ee Be Saat Nee 55 | no VE a - ee ae Seen UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN ZOOLOGY Vol. 17, No. 7, pp. 63-74 December 28, 1916 THE SUBSPECIES OF SCELOPORUS OCCIDENTALIS WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW FORM FROM THE SIERRA NEVADA AND SYSTEMATIC NOTES ON OTHER CALIFORNIA LIZARDS BY CHARLES LEWIS CAMP (Contribution from the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology of the University of California) CONTENTS PAGE INGLES OUR SCElOPOLUSOCCICON DAIS es. .cse cere ohe cele econ sence se eet gc eee cee oe Be 63 Sceloporus occidentalis taylori, new subspecies ...............2...1-221:.0-22seseeese-eeeeeeeeeee- 66 HID TESMOTIES COLOWO GUM OM AG) OSUS tee seta see cnces aac cae hen cee vaca vee san ecove te oegae sense sneer an cedeeeeoee Gi Sceloporus graciosus vandenburgianus Cope ............-......-----.--21.-----+------ sek 67 NOLES MOMMU Lele SUNS DUNN Aa cee tess tects = co cts-5 J. cecsc0islesessacensoteesstesies kaevsse. suse eet 68 Notes on Callisaurus and Crotaphytus - 70 IGLOS PMO MMR ON EMIT ODN OLUS WEL OTIS) eee ee. ccc eeancan thc necont accanenencosnccaveesnnien se dees net oeenae eaeoewonae 71 WarteGlonmis Or sHMIMeCes (SKUCOULATMUS: soo ccc. e cee we acne cease Seraceenene seer mer see YE) NOTRE EEE ASS MOAI CG LS oe Fe 3 eRe ee eae a ee 74 Noves ON SCELOPORUS OCCIDENTALIS In a systematic treatment of the lizards of the genus Sceloporus occurring in the Pacifie district, Van Denburgh (1897, pp. 73-74, 77-84) calls the two closely related forms, occidentalis and bi-seriatus. distinct species, and separates them by the characters of size and of the degree of confluence of the throat patches in males. An exam- ination of the series of about 900 specimens representing these two 64 University of California Publications in Zoology | Vou. 17 forms, contained in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, has revealed the existence of a definite intergradation between them through an extensive area in California. In males from points within the range of typical occidentalis, in the Sacramento Valley and in Humboldt, Marin, Napa and Alameda counties, about 72 per cent have the throat patches joined as in all male bi-seriatus. The other 28 per cent of the males is what we should have to rely on for the separation of these races if we held to this character alone. Our series of occidentalis from eastern Mendocino County averages about as large in size as a series of small bi-seriatus from Los Angeles County. It therefore becomes desirable to seek out some additional character as a criterion for the separation of these two forms, if they are, indeed, to be considered worthy of systematic notice at all. Nearly every male occidentalis I have examined can be distin- euished from bi-seriatus by the greater amount of light color on the underparts, particularly on the lower surface of the hind limbs and on the chest and between the belly patches. A single specimen of occidentalis from Monterey and ten or so of a large series from the coast of northern California have the parts mentioned dark greenish or slaty in color. A male from Bakersfield, and another from Little Rock Creek, Los Angeles County, each has an unspotted ght stripe down the center of the belly and cannot be distinguished from average occidentalis, although obtained well within the range of bi-seriatus. But these are exceptions in a very large series which shows the gen- eral duskier color of the subspecies bi-seriatus. The most interesting thing about this character of the color of the underparts is the distribution of the intergrades, which occupy a zone running from the coast near San Luis Obispo northeast to western Merced County, thence across the San Joaquin Valley to Coulterville, Mariposa County, then northward over the Sierras to eastern Modoe County. The range of occidentalis northwest of this zone contrasts in its greater humidity with the range of bi-seriatus to the southeast of it. In the intergrades the white chest, mid-ventral line and hind limbs are flecked by numerous dark scales, either widely separated (as in occidentalis), or jomed into a general dusky suffusion as in bi-seriatus. The body-length of individuals increases noticeably as one goes south through the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys from Yolo and Solano counties into Fresno and Kern counties. This increase in size 1 1916 ] Camp: Subspecies of Sceloporus occidentalis 6! o and change in coloration of the underparts is most abrupt in the nar- row district lying between the Merced River and Raymond, Madera County. Adult males from San Emigdio and Walker Basin, in Kern County, are from 75 to 90 millimeters in length of body (averaging 85 millimeters). The largest males of occidentalis from various localities in the Sacramento Valley and in Modoe and Humboldt counties range from 62 to 80 millimeters and average about 71. Those from such intermediate points as eastern Merced County, and Raymond, Madera County, are from 71 to 80 millimeters long and average about 75. A key that will apply invariably for all individuals of both sexes of the following three subspecies cannot be formulated. Females without blue throat patches can be referred to S. 0. occidentalis, those with a single throat patch to S. 0. bi-servatus (see Van Denburgh, 1897, p. 73), but beyond this the identification of females is best not at- tempted. Males (told at once by the enlarged post-anal plates) can be distinguished by the following key: A. Belly-patches separate from throat patches and divided by either a lighter or darker band. b. Chest, mid-ventral line and lower surface of hind limb very light in color or speckled with darker scales; blue throat patches in young males sometimes divided by light or dark seales; body length of adults 62-80 millimeters. Sceloporus occidentalis occidentalis Baird and Girard, b’. Chest, mid-ventral line and lower surface of hind limb grey or black in color; blue throat patch never divided; body length of adults 75-90 millimeters. Sceloporus occidentalis bi-seriatus Hallowell. A’. Belly-patches confluent with throat patch and not divided by a lighter or darker band; ventral color deep blue throughout; little or no dusky color on chest. Sceloporus occidentalis taylori Camp. It is desired here to describe a very distinct new subspecies of Sceloporus occidentalis occurring about the headwaters of the Merced River in the Yosemite National Park and perhaps farther south in the Sierra Nevada. Specimens of this brilliantly colored lizard were col- lected by various members of the field party from the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, which participated in the Natural History Survey of the Yosemite region during 1914-1915. 66 University of California Publications in Zoology — (Vou. 17 Sceloporus occidentalis taylori, new subspecies Tenaya Blue-bellied Lizard Type.—Male, adult; no. 5947, Mus. Vert. Zool.; half way between Merced Lake and Sunrise Trail (Eeho Creek basin), altitude 7500 feet, Yosemite National Park, California; August 25, 1915; collected by Walter P. Taylor; orig. no. 7361. Diagnosis.—Size, equalling the largest Sceloporus occidentalis bi- seriatus ; underparts, in the male, blue throughout; belly-patches not separated by a lighter or darker mid-ventral line; throat evenly colored, heht blue to snout and lips, and lighter in tint than general ventral color; blue of belly not separated from throat patch by a hehter or darker area across gular region (young specimens excepted). Female more richly colored below than in bi-seriatus; lighter than male; belly-patches separated by a faintly lighter area; chest lehter than belly; one extensive throat patch as in male; blue not always extending to beneath hind limb. Color (in alcohol) —Belly alizarine blue (of Ridgway, 1912), in darkest males, to clear cadet blue in the lightest females; throat diva blue to light cadet blue; chest only slightly dusky in the darkest speci- mens; males with hind limbs beneath and anterior border of anus, greenish blue, nearly as dark as belly. Back very dark as in darkest bi-seriatus ; sides and some seales on back greenish; lighter and darker ereseentie markings on back obscure, mest so in males. Females with four series of small light spots down back. Material—Fourteen males and ten females from the higher eleva- tions of the Yosemite National Park at the following localities: Wash- burn Lake, 7640-7700 feet ; near Merced Lake, 7500 feet; Echo Creek basin, Merced River, 7300-7500 feet; lower McClure Fork, Merced River, 7800 feet; Lake Tenaya, 8100 feet; and Glen Aulin, Tuolumne River, 7300 feet. Remarks. A number of individuals at hand in a large series of S. 0. bi-seriatus from the southern Sierras in Kern and Tulare counties and farther north are, of all our specimens, the closest in size and ventral coloration to taylori; they are, however, of greenish and more dusky shades of blue beneath than the new form, and their status must be held questionable pending the acquisition of material from the headwaters of the Kings and San Joaquin rivers. A male speci- men, one of two, from the Yosemite Valley, 4000 feet altitude, seems 1916] Camp: Subspecies of Sceloporus occidentalis 67 to be intermediate in size and color between this form and a series of S. 0. occidentalis at hand from western Mariposa County. In the Yosemite Park this subspecies lives on rocky, sunlit slopes in the heavily glaciated region in the upper Merced basin, about Lake Tenaya, and in the head of the Tuolumne Canon, at altitudes between 7300 and 8200 feet. NOTES ON SCELOPORUS GRACIOSUS The representatives of Sceloporus graciosus isolated upon several of the mountain ranges of southern California south of Mount Pinos, Ventura County, appear to constitute a locally differentiated race. It is here proposed to reinstate the name vandenburgianus (Cope, 1896, p. 834) for this subspecies, the type locality of which is the ‘‘ Summit of the Coast Range, San Diego County, Calif.’’—probably in the yellow pine belt on the Laguna Mountains, San Diego County. Sceloporus graciosus vandenburgianus Cope Van Denburgh Lizard Diagnosis.—hLike S. g. graciosus, but adult males with blue belly- patches united across mid-line, or else separated by a very narrow interval only; belly-patches confluent with throat patch; undersurface of hind limb and tail dark blue; the lighter, broad, mid-ventral line and chest-patch of graciosus, indefinite or absent; blue of underparts sometimes nearly black, usually darker than in graciosus. Females more dusky in color beneath than females of graciosus. Material—Ninety-two specimens of Sceloporus graciosus vanden- burgianus from the following localities in southern California: San Diego County: a single adult male from the Cuyamaca Mountains, 6000 feet altitude; Riverside County: Santa Rosa Peak, 7500 feet, Santa Rosa Mountains, 7; San Jacinto Mountains, 21, from Thomas Moun- tain, Strawberry Valley (6000 feet), Tahquitz Peak (8000 feet), near Round Valley (8500 feet), vicinity of Fuller’s Mill (5850-7000 feet), and vicinity of Schain’s Ranch (5200-5500 feet); San Bernardino Mountains, San Bernardino County: 32, from Fish Creek (6500-6700 feet), South Fork of Santa Ana River (6200 feet), Santa Ana River (5500 feet), and Clark Hill (6000 feet) ; San Gabriel Mountains, Los Angeles County: 31, from vieinity of Mount Wilson (4150-5800 feet), Mount Lowe (4000 feet), and vicinity of Pine Flats (5500-5800 feet). 68 University of Califorma Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 17 Of Sceloporus graciosus graciosus there are in the Museum of Verte- brate Zoology 282 specimens, from Mount Pinos, Ventura County, the southern Sierra Nevada, central and northern California, Humboldt County, Nevada, and Wallula, Washington. Remarlis—The series of sixty-three vandenburgianus from the San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountains is nearer graciosus in colora- tion than specimens from farther southeast. Several large males (nos. 776, 777, 781, 783, 790) from the San Bernardino Mountains eannot be told from typical vandenburgianus, and some others are lighter ven- trally than any males from south of San Gorgonio Pass. The series from the San Gabriel Mountains includes the lightest-colored males of the subspecies, and they are in this respeet very good intermediates, despite their isolated station, between the small, hght-colored graciosus of Mount Pinos and the large, dark blue specimens of vandenburgianus from the headwaters of the Santa Ana River, and farther south. Cases of this sort of distribution bear on the question whether intermediates between two adjacent forms may be hybrids. In the present instance the low passes of Soledad, Cajon and San Gorgonio separate the range of the intermediates into a chain of mountain-top ‘islands’? and seem to preclude the possibility of hybridization at the present time. The darker ventral color and larger size of the southern race of this species is interestingly paralleled in Sceloporus occidentalis, Ger- rhonotus scincicauda, Cnemidophorus tigris, and Eumeces skillonianus, in which species the southern and desert forms are bluer or blacker beneath and duskier above. Novres on UTA STANSBURIANA Richardson (1915, pp. 412-418) separates Uta stansburiana into the following three subspecies: U. s. stansburiana, characterized by its greater number (average 103.4) of dorsal rows of weakly carinated seales and its few femoral pores (average 13 +); U. s. elegans, with from 78 to 103 (average 86) dorsal rows of more heavily keeled scales, an average of 14-+ femoral pores and a greater tail length; and U. s. hesperis, with from 87 to 117 dorsal rows of heavily carinated scales, and an average of 14+ femoral pores. He extends the range of the typical subspecies, sfansburiana, into California on the basis of two specimens from Round Valley and Lone Pine, Inyo County. Counts of dorsal scale rows of some additional specimens of this species in 1916 | Camp: Subspecies of Sceloporus occidentalis 69 the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology from Inyo County seem to indi- cate that western Inyo County is the locality in California where intergradation between slansburiana and elegans takes place. Table I shows how the number of scale rows increases as one goes north through Owens Valley. I. TABLE SHOWING NUMBERS OF DORSAL TRANSVERSE SCALE ROWS IN SPECIMENS OF UTA S. STANSBURIANA AND U. S. ELEGANS Mus. Dorsal seale No. Locality rows Remarks 3105 Mohave, Kern Co. 83 elegans 3644 Keeler, Inyo Co. 87 elegans 3104 Carroll Creek, Inyo Co. 97 intergrade Average of two specimens, Independence, Inyo Co. 99 intergrade Average of five specimens, Kearsarge Pass, at 6000 feet, Inyo Co. 99 intergrade 6072 Laws, Inyo Co. 93 intergrade Average of three specimens, Benton, Mono Co. 102 stansburiana Average of fifty-five specimens,* Utah, Nevada, Idaho, and Oregon 103 stansburiana * According to Richardson (1915, p. 418). Counts of seale rows in twenty specimens of stansburiana picked at random from series collected at a number of points in the San Joaquin Valley and in San Luis Obispo County indicate that the subspecies occurring in this region is hesperis, rather than elegans, as Richardson (1915, p. 414) has indieated. The intergradation be- tween hesperis and elegans seems to occur at such places as northern Los Angeles County, Walker, Cajon and San Gorgonio passes, and eastern San Diego County. This is shown in table IT. II. Taste SHowtnc NuMBER OF DORSAL TRANSVERSE SCALE Rows IN SPECIMENS OF UTA S. ELEGANS AND U. S. HESPERIS Mus. Dorsal seale No. Locality rows Remarks 3099 Kelso Valley, Kern Co. 86 elegans 3102 Fay Creek, near Weldon, Kern Co. 95 intergrade 3075 West side Walker Pass, Kern Co. 93 intergrade 3084 West side Walker Pass, Kern Co. 92 intergrade Average of twenty specimens from San Joaquin Valley and San Luis Obispo Co. 100 hesperis 885 Gorman, Los Angeles Co. 93 intergrade 4175 Pallett, Los Angeles Co. 94 intergrade 603 Cajon Wash, San Bernardino Co, 97 intergrade 0 605 Cajon Wash, San Bernardino Co. lt intergrade 70 University of California Publications in Zoology — | Vou. 17 Mus. Dorsal seale No. Locality rows Remarks 5396 Victorville, San Bernardino Co. 77 elegans 5397 Victorville, San Bernardino Co. 79 elegans 3580 Banning, Riverside Co. 91 intergrade 90 Snow Creek, Riverside Co. or intergrade 252 Palm Canon, Riverside Co. 97 intergrade 491 Carrizo Creek, San Diego Co. 88 elegans 1043 Warner Pass, San Diego Co. 86 elegans 1585 Julian, San Diego Co. 90 intergrade 986 Mountain Spring, San Diego Co. 91 intergrade 3587 Imperial Valley, Imperial Co. 77 elegans NovTEs ON CALLISAURUS AND CROTAPHYTUS In his description of Callisaurus ventralis myurus, Richardson (1915, p. 410) gives the range of this new form, doubtfully, as ex- tending as far south as Owens Valley, in California. The darkest of ten specimens in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology from Keeler, Inyo County, are not different in color from individuals collected at Barstow on the Mojave desert in San Bernardino County. The average number of femoral pores in this series is 14.3 and the average ratio of tail to body length .737, thus agreeing with Richardson’s determination of .727 for C. v. ventralis from the Colorado desert, and differing from the average of .807 given for myurus from Pyramid Lake, Nevada. Since Callisaurus does not seem to range north through Owens Valley into Mono County, specimens from the former region are not in what could be considered an area of intergradation between ventralis and MYUrUs. It should be noted that the provisional assignment of the Death Valley Callisaurus to myurus on the basis of Merriam’s notes is a mistake, since the Callisawrus of which Merriam speaks pertained to Desert Valley, east of the Pahroe Mountains, Nevada (Stejneger, 1893, p. LT). It is interesting to add that Richardson’s discovery of a decrease in tail length and number of femoral pores in the more northern forms of widely ranging species of lizards can be confirmed upon a study of Crotaphytus collaris baileyi and Crotaphytus wislizenii. Ten ex- amples of the former species in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology from Humboldt County, Nevada, have an average ratio of body length to tail length of .549 (minimum .521) and an average of 16 + (maxi- mum 19) femoral pores. Eight specimens of baileyi from southern California have an average ratio of body length to tail length of 476 1916 | Camp: Subspecies of Sceloporus occidentalis fall (maximum .491) and femoral pores averaging 20+ on each thigh (minimum 18). Three specimens from the Inyo Mountains and the Kern River, five miles above Kernyille, are .450, .517, and .530, in body-tail ratio, and their femoral pores average 17; hence these speci- mens are intermediate. Crotaphytus wishizenu. from Humboldt County, Nevada, has 18 -+ femoral pores on the average, and a body-tail ratio of .504 (average of four specimens, agreeing closely with figures derived from Richard- son’s (1915, p. 407) measurements, of .496 for males and .510 for females of this species from Pyramid Lake, Nevada. The same species from southeastern California has a body-tail ratio of .463 (average of five specimens) and an average of 23.7 femoral pores. The mini- mum body-tail ratio in the Nevada specimens is .500, and the maximum in the southern California specimens measured is .492. The maximum number of femoral pores in the northern specimens is 19, the mini- mum in the southern examples 20. Novres ON CNEMIDOPHORUS TIGRIS Because of the practical impossibility of separating Cnemidophorus tigris and Cnemidophorus stejnegert at certain points on the desert divides and farther east in southern California, the writer believes that the forms in question had best be placed together as subspecies. Our series of Cnemidophorus (excepting beldingi) includes about 430 specimens from California and northern Nevada. Two critical locali- ties, Walker Pass, Kern County, and San Gorgonio Pass, Riverside County, are represented by large numbers of specimens. : Wood Grimnell. Pp. 317-321. December, 1914 2 ts 05. 11. Hutamias sonomae, 2 New Chipmunk from the Inner Northern Coast 2 ; Belt of California, by Joseph Grinnell. Pp. 321-325, 1 text figure. 3 FaNVary cl GUS: Se oe a ee ae oi MO 12. Batrachoseps major and Bufo cognatus californicus, ‘New ~ Amphibia raat from Southern ‘California, by Charles Lewis Camp. Pp. 327-334. ee April > 1916 5s a se a ee 10 18, Report upon Mammals and Birds found in Portions of Trinity, Siskiyou, é and Shasta Counties, California, by Louise Kellogg. Pp. 335-398, plates 15-28. 14. An Analysis of the Vertebrate Fauna of the Trinity Region of Northern California, by Joseph Grinnell. Pp. 401-412. : Nos. 13 and 14 in one cover. January, 1916 -..02 oe -75 15. The Status of the Beavers of Western North America, with a Con- : sideration of the Factors in their Speciation, by Walter P. Taylor. j Pp, 418-495, 22 text-figures. March, 1916 2.2.2...cc. ccc iieecseteeticeeseeceeeeee 85 16. Two New Aplodontias from Western North Rae Leese Walter P. Taylor. = Pps 497-50L=- May, 1906 iro GS caren tacecemenccens en Aes UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN ZOOLOGY Vol. 17, No. 10, pp. 127-208, 14 figures in text July 11, 1917 A DISTRIBUTIONAL LIST OF THE AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF CALIFORNIA BY JOSEPH GRINNELL anp CHARLES LEWIS CAMP (Contribution from the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology of the University of California) The present paper deals with the systematic status and geographic distribution of the amphibians and reptiles known to oeceur within the present boundaries of the state of California. By including data bearing on geographic distribution, and by placing the emphasis on this rather than on the systematie phase of the subject, we hope to forestall the criticism which is sometimes directed at a purely nominal list. Restriction of the area treated to the limits of California has made possible eritical study of most of the species included. We believe that such a summary as is here presented is worth while at the present time, in that it will accelerate inquiry in this field and serve to direct the attention of workers towards the more conspicuous gaps in our common knowledge. The past two decades have witnessed the accumulation of much information of the sort herewith presented. Many collections have been made and a considerable amount of literature has appeared in widely scattered places. Study of the large collection of newly gath- ered specimens (6160) with full data now contained in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and a critical review of the literature to date form the basis of the present contribution. The writers have followed Stejneger (Herpetology of Japan and Adjacent Territory’) for the systematic arrangement used, and also for most of the names of groups higher than genera. Where there 1U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull., 58, 1907, pp. xx + 577, 35 pls., 409 figs. in text. 128 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 has been question as to the applicability of specific names our decision has been based on a precise interpretation of the rules of nomen- clature and, where possible, upon recourse to type specimens. The determination of species has been made at first hand, chiefly by the junior author, on the basis of the collections and literature at hand, with the exception of one genus: for the garter snakes (Thamnophis) we have followed Ruthven (Variations and Genetic Relationships of the Garter Snakes*). The vernacular names chosen have been selected primarily upon the grounds of previous use; sometimes fitness has been a factor in their selection. The type locality of each species has been stated as accurately as possible. Where the original statement of it was vague we have attempted to supply a more exact designation. In some cases this was not possible, and in a few others the type locality could not be determined at all. Under ‘‘synonyms’’ and ‘‘common names’’ are included all names, both scientific and vernacular, other than the accepted ones, which have been applied to the species as occurring in California. Where the term ‘‘part’’ is used it means that the name which it follows has been used for another Californian species. Where a name now considered synonymous with an accepted name was based on a specimen from California, the full citation and the type locality are given; lack of space prevents giving the citations for all synonyms. However, there is an index to all of these on file in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, to which persons interested in following the sub- ject farther are free to appeal. Needless to say, all of the specimens in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology are freely accessible for re- examination by any student who may wish to verify our determi- nations. Besides the species and subspecies given regular place in the present summary, all of which are known definitely to inhabit the state, there are sixty or more species accredited to California on grounds which do not seem to us satisfactory. Where possible we have assigned these species to positions in the synonymy of forms in good standing, but a number of them have had to be stricken entirely from the list as indeterminable. We have not deemed it desirable to list these numerous doubtful names here. The statements of range for the several species involve the use of three modes in which the distribution of vertebrate animals has been designated. The first and more detailed statement is of a purely 2U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull., 61, 1908, pp. xii + 201, frontispiece pl., 82 figs. in text. 1917] Grinnell-Camp: Amphibians and Reptiles of California 129 geographic nature. Here, where the data permit, series of record stations are given so as to outline roughly the range with regard to political boundaries and towns, or to features of the topography and drainage. Extreme points of occurrence on the north, east, south, and west are thus given, sometimes several in each direction where a long line is to be covered. For each of these the source of the record is mentioned. This may be in published literature, in some one’s unpublished notes, or from specimens in this museum. Secondly, where practicable, the lfe-zone in which the species occurs is given, for the purpose of bringing this paper into concordance with others on the distribution of California vertebrates. Thirdly, the habitat or associational restriction of the species is given. For an explanation of these two latter modes of distributional designation the reader is referred to a paper by the senior author (Grinnell, A Distributional List of the Birds of California’). The maps offered herewith serve to show the ranges of many of the species of amphibians and reptiles in California from a purely geographic standpoint. Stations of known occurrence are indicated by appropriate signs, and with some of the species we have ventured to indicate the outlines of the inferred ranges. By comparison of these maps one with another and with maps showing the distribution of birds and mammals in this state, a number of remarkable coinei- dences in distribution will be observed. It must be that similar or, possibly, the same factors operate to limit the distribution of such widely different kinds of animals. Much yet needs to be realized in the improvement of means of expressing the facts of animal distri- bution; only a mere beginning has been made in systematizing such knowledge as is already at hand. The meaning of distributional limitation is one of the most fascinating subjects claiming the attention of the field biologist. Really satisfactory inquiry into the underlying causes must await the accumulation and assortment of vastly more data than are here presented for reptiles and amphibians, and the same degree of exhaustiveness must be applied to many different areas. Most of the heretofore unpublished data used in the present paper have been gathered during the past eight years for the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology by various field parties working in its employ. For the expense of bringing together and caring for the collections of reptiles and amphibians now accessible in this museum, workers in herpetology are indebted to Miss Annie M. Alexander. For the 3 Pacific Coast Avifauna, 11, 1915, 217 pp., 3 pls. 130 University of California Publications in Zoology (Vou. 17 privilege of examining California specimens in the United States National Museum and for help in many questions of nomenclature the present authors are indebted to Dr. Leonhard Stejneger, head curator of biology in that institution. For help in the location of certain geographic names and for critical assistance in proof-reading we owe acknowledgment to Mr. Tracy I. Storer, of the staff of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology. According to the present enumeration, there are represented in the fauna of California one hundred and sixteen species and subspecies of amphibians and reptiles. These fall into forty-six genera, twenty- two families, and four orders. Class AMPHIBIA Order CAUDATA Suborder MUTABILIA Superfamily SALAMANDROIDEAE Family SALAMANDRIDAE Notophthalmus torosus (Rathke) Pacifie Coast Newt OriGiInaL Description.—Triton torosus Rathke, in Eschscholtz, Zoologischer Atlas, pt. 5, 1833, pp. 12-14, pl. 21, fig. 15. Type Locauiry.—Central California near coast, either at San Francisco or between San Rafael, Marin County, and Fort Ross, Sonoma County (see Kotzebue’s ‘‘New Voyage’’). Synonyms.—Salamandra Beecheyi Gray, Zool. Beechey’s Voyage, 1839, p. 99, pl. 31, fig. 3 (type from Monterey, Monterey County) ; “Triton Ermani Wiegmann, in Erman’s Reise um die Erde, Atlas, 1835, p. 24’’ [see Wiegmann’s Archive fiir Naturgeschichte, 2 Jahrg., 2, 1836, pp. 163, 250] (type from California) ; Diemictylus torosus; Taricha torosa; Molge torosa; Cynops torosus; Taricha laevis Baird and Girard, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6, 1853, p. 302 (type from San Francisco); Triton laevis; Amblystoma rubrum Reid, History of Pasadena [California], 1895, p. 600 (type [by inference] from near Pasadena) ; [?] Plewrodeles californiae; |?| Triton tereticauda Eschscholtz, Zoologischer Atlas, pt. 5, 1833, p. 14 (type from Fort Ross, Sonoma County) ; Aneides lugubris, part. Common Names.—Western Newt; Warty Salamander ; Water-dog ; Capt. Beechey’s Salamander; Pacific Water-lizard; California Newt; Sad-colored Anaides, part. 1917] Grinnell-Camp: Amphibians and Reptiles of California 151 Rance.—Restricted to Pacifie drainage; most abundant west of first coast divides. Found locally in Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, and in the central Sierra Nevada to 5500 feet altitude, as near Cisco, Placer County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Southernmost station, a Shes Snes iS 5 aS Notophthalmus torosus Ambystoma ensatum Ambystoma tigrinum Ambystoma paroticum @oaopbppo Ambystoma macrodactylum Range of Notophthalmus torosus outlined 2 Sr DISTRIBUTION MAP MUSEUM OF YERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY Sy ~~ (eee NN = Shares mes UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Fig. 1. California. Distribution of Salamanders (Notophthalmus and Ambystoma) in San Diego River, San Diego County (Oreutt, West Amer. Scientist, 1, 1885, p. 5). Oceupies Upper Sonoran and Transition life-zones, occasionally entering Canadian. Inhabits vicinity of streams and ponds; in fall and winter the females live under rocks and logs, while the males often remain in the water. (See fig. 1.) 132 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 Family PLETHODONTIDAE Subfamily SPELERPINAE Spelerpes platycephalus Camp Mount Lyell Salamander OrigiInaL Description.—Spelerpes platycephalus Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 17, September 18, 1916, pp. 11-14, 5 figs. Type Locaniry—Head of Lyell Cafion, 10,800 feet altitude, Yo- semite National Park, Tuolumne County, California. RanGceE.—Known only from the type locality, as above. This is at the upper edge of the Hudsonian life-zone. The two specimens were taken in a patch of heather among the rocks where water issued from beneath surrounding snowbanks. (See fig. 2.) Subfamily PLETHODONTINAE Plethodon eschscholtzii (Gray) Oregon Salamander ORIGINAL DEscrIPTION.—Ensatina Eschscholtzii Gray, Cat. Am- phibia Brit. Mus., pt. 2, 1850, p. 48. Type Locaurry.—California: Monterey (fide Boulenger, Cat. Ba- trachia Brit. Mus., ed. 2, 1882, p. 55). Synonyms.—Plethodon ensatus; Plethodon oregonensis. Common Names.—Oregon Triton; Oregon Plethodon. RaNnGE.—Coast region. Has been taken south as far as Forest Home, 5200 feet altitude, in the San Bernardino Mountains (no. 4890, Mus. Vert. Zool.). Only one station interiorly from the coast belt: [probably mountains near] Fresno (nos. 17,650-17,652, U. S. Nat. Mus.). Oceurs in Transition and Upper Sonoran life-zones. Inhabits damp, shady places in forests and heavy brush; often found beneath masses of decaying vegetation and in holes in the earth. (See fig. 2.) Plethodon croceater Cope Yellow-spotted Salamander OrigINAL Description.—Plethodon croceater Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1867 [1868], pp. 210-211. Type Locauiry.—Fort Tejon, Kern County, California. (What is probably the type is contained in the collection of the Department of Zoology, University of California.) 1917] Grinnell-Camp: Amphibians and Reptiles of California 183 Synonym.—|[?] Plethodon flavipunctatus Strauch, Mem. Acad. Imper. Sci. St. Petersb., ser. 7, 16, no. 4, 1870, p. 71 (type from ‘*‘ New Albion,’’ California) [see Van Denburgh, Proe. Calif. Acad. Scei., ser. 4, 6, 1916, p. 221]. Aneides lugubris lugubris Aneides lugubris farallonensis Aneides ferreus Aneides iécanus Plethodon eschscholtzti Plethodon croceater Plethodon elongatus | Spelerpes platycephalus +rPLC TEBE a0 e@eO Ranges of Aneides lugubris lugubris and Plethodon croceater outlined N iN DISTRIBUTION MAP MUSEUM OF VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — Fig. 2. Distribution of Salamanders (Plethodon, Spelerpes, and Aneides) in California. Common Names.—Cape St. Lucas Triton; Yellow-spotted Lizard. RanGE.—Sierra Nevada Mountains (Van Denburgh, loc. cit.). Definite stations of occurrence are: Mud Spring, 6300 feet altitude, 4 miles southwest of Nelson, Tulare County (3 specimens, Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; Grant Forest, Sequoia National Park, Tulare County (2 speci- 134 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 mens, Univ. Calif. Dept. Zool.) ; Alta, 3600 feet altitude, Placer County (1 specimen, Univ. Calif. Dept. Zool.); Fort Tejon (as above). Occurs within the Transition life-zone. Inhabits damp places in forests. (See fig. 2.) Plethodon elongatus Van Denburgh Del Norte Salamander OriewaL DEscription.—Plethodon elongatus Van Denburgh, Proe. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, 6, May 12, 1916, pp. 216-218. Type Locaniry.—Requa, Del Norte County, California. Rance.—Known only from the type locality, as above. (See fig. 2.) Aneides lugubris lugubris (Hallowell) Arboreal Salamander Original DescripTion.—Salamandra lugubris Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 4, 1848 [1850], p. 126. Type Locauiry.—Monterey, California. Synonyms.—Anaides lugubris, part; Ambystoma punctulatum Gray, Cat. Batr. Caud. in Brit. Mus., 1850, p. 37 (type from Monte- rey) ; Ambystoma punctatum, part; Taricha lugubris; Autodax lugu- bris, part; Plethodon crassulus Cope, Proce. Amer. Philos. Soe., 23, 1886, pp. 521-522 (type from California) [Van Denburgh (Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, 6, 1916, pp. 219-220) regards this name as a synonym of Plethodon intermedius, and doubts that the type really came from California]. Common Names.—California Land Salamander; Sad-colored Anaides, part; Spotted Autodax; Mournful Salamander; Speckled Salamander. Rance.—Abundant in the inner coast region. Occurs north as far as Mendocino City, Mendocino County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). The two isolated interior stations are: 3 miles northeast of Coulterville, 3100 feet altitude, Mariposa County, and Los Banos, Mereed County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Southeasternmost occurrence within the state: San Diego County (U.S. Nat. Mus.; also see Miller, Amer. Nat., 40, 1906, pp. 741-742). Oceurs chiefly in the Upper Sonoran life-zone, though extending into adjacent Transition and into Lower Sonoran. Lives in hollows of oak trees and also on the ground beneath stones and logs, as a rule in oak woods. (See fig. 2.) 1917] Grinnell-Camp: Amphibians and Reptiles of California 135 Aneides lugubris farallonensis (Van Denburgh) Farallon Salamander OrigtnaL Description.—Autodaxr lugubris farallonensis Van Den- burgh, Proe. Calif. Acad. Sei., ser. 3, zool., 4, June 15, 1905, pp. 5-6, pl. 2. Type Locauiry.—South Farallon Island, San Francisco County, California. Synonyms.—A naides lugubris, part; Autodax lugubris, part. Rance.—Known only from South Farallon Island. Found under rocks. (See fig. 2.) Aneides ferreus (Cope) Rusty Salamander OrietnaL DeEscripTion.—Anaides ferreus Cope, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1869, pp. 109-110. Type Locaniry.—Fort Umpqua, Douglas County, Oregon. RaNGE.—Extreme northern humid coast belt. Recorded only from the following localities (Van Denburgh, Proe. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, 6, 1916, p. 216): Requa, Del Norte County; Alton, Trimidad, and Carlotta, Humboldt County; Comptche, Mendocino County. These localities le in the Transition life-zone. Specimens at Requa were taken from the rotten wood of a dead tree, twenty feet above the ground. (See fig. 2.) Aneides iécanus (Cope) Shasta Salamander ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION. Sci. Phila., 1883, pp. 24-25. Type Locauiry.—Baird, Shasta County, California. Plethodon vécanus Cope, Proce. Acad. Nat. Synonyms.—A naides vécanus; Autodaxr vécanus. Common Name.—Black Salamander. Raner.—Known only from west-central and northern California, the following being the record stations known to date: Baird and McCloud River, Shasta County (Townsend, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, 1887, pp. 240-241) ; Humboldt County (Univ. Calf. Dept. Zool.) ; Ukiah, Mendocino County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; Los Gatos and Stevens Creek, Santa Clara County, and Glenwood and Boulder, Santa Cruz 136 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 County (Van Denburgh, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 2, 5, 1895, pp. 776-778) ; Mountain View, Santa Clara County (no. 21170, U.S. Nat. Mus.). Oceurs mainly within the Transition life-zone. Lives in recesses In the ground and beneath logs, stones, and boards, often in the vicinity of running water. (See fig. 2.) Batrachoseps pacificus (Cope) Island Salamander OrieinaAL DescripTion.—Hemidactylium pacificum Cope, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1865, pp. 195-196. Type Locauiry.—Santa Barbara, California [doubtless one of the Channel Islands near Santa Barbara: Van Denburgh, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 3, zool., 4, 1905, p. 7]. Common Name.—Pacifie Lizard. Rance.—Known only from San Miguel, Santa Rosa, and Santa Cruz islands, off the coast of southern California (Van Denburgh, Proe. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, 4, 1914, pp. 1384, 135). (See fig. 3.) Batrachoseps major Camp Garden Salamander ORIGINAL Descrietion.—Batrachoseps major Camp, Uniy. Calif. Publ. Zool., 12, April 2, 1915, pp. 827-330. Type Locaurry.—Sierra Madre (the town), 1000 feet altitude, Los Angeles County, California. SynonyM.—[?] Batrachoseps attenuatus, part. Rance.—Known only from the Pacifie slope of southern California, where recorded definitely only from Pasadena, and from the type locality, as above. Occurs within the Lower Sonoran life-zone. In the rainy season lives at the surface of the ground beneath boards and stones; in the dry season retreats into the earth. (See fig. 3.) Batrachoseps attenuatus (Eschscholtz) Slender Salamander ORIGINAL DescriptTiIoN.—Salamandrina attenwata Eschscholtz, Zo- ologischer Atlas, pt. 5, 1833, pp. 1-6, pl. 21. Type Locaniry.—Central California near coast, either at San Francisco or between San Rafael, Marin County, and Fort Ross, Sonoma County. 1917] Grinnell-Camp: Amphibians and Reptiles of California 137 Synonyms.—Salamandra attenuata; |?) Batrachoseps pacificus, part; Batrachoseps nigriventris Cope, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1869, p. 98 (type from Fort Tejon, Kern County). Common Names.—Slender Lizard; Blaek-bellied Lizard. o Batrachoseps attenuatus @ Batrachoseps major ov Batrachoseps pacificus Range of Batrachoseps attenuatus outlined DISTRIBUTION MAP MUSEUM OF VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF CALLPORNLA Ranee.—Coast district from Ukiah, Mendocino County, south at least to mountains immediately north of Claremont, Los Angeles County; occurs also along the foothills of the central Sierra Nevada, north to Eldorado County (U.S. Nat. Mus.) and southeast to three miles south of Nelson, Tulare County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), and on Santa Catalina Island (Van Denburgh, Proce. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 3, zool., 138 University of California Publications in Zoology (Vou. 17 4, 1905, p. 16). Oceurs chiefly within the Upper Sonoran life-zone, though entering Transition and upper edge of Lower Sonoran }oeally. Found in rotten logs, in damp masses of dead vegetation, beneath rocks on shaded slopes, and in rodent burrows in the ground. (See fig. 3.) Family AMBYSTOMIDAE Ambystoma tigrinum (Green) Tiger Salamander OrieInAL Description.—Salamandra tigrina Green, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 5, 1825, pp. 116-118, pl. 25, fig. 7. Typr Locaniry—Near Moorestown, New Jersey. Synonyms.—Ambystoma tigrinum, part; Ambyostoma califor- niense Gray, Proe. Zool. Soe. Lond., 21, 1853, p. 11, pl. 7 (type from Monterey) ; Ambystoma tigrinuwm califormense; Ambystoma mavor- tium californiense; Ambystoma mavortium; [?] Ambystoma ingens; [?] Heterotriton ingens; Amblystoma californicum. Common Names.—California Axolotl; California Salamander. Rancu.—tThe west-central part of the state, where known from the following localities: Galt, Sacramento County; Ripon, San Joaquin County; and Mount Hamilton, Santa Clara County (Storer, Copeia, no. 24, November, 1915, p. 56); Monterey, Monterey County (as above); Fresno, Fresno County; Fort Tejon. Kern County; and Petaluma, Sonoma County (Cope, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull., 34, 1889, pp. 85-86). These loealities lie in the Upper Sonoran life-zone, save for Fresno, which is in the Lower Sonoran, and Monterey, which is in Transition. Inhabits burrows of rodents in open country. (See fig. 1.) Ambystoma macrodactylum Baird Long-toed Salamander OrIGINAL DeEscripTiION—Ambystoma macrodactyla Baird, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., ser. 2, 1, 1850, p. 292. Type Locaniry.—Astoria, Oregon. Common Name.—F lat-footed Salamander. Rance.—High northeastern section of the state, with record stations as follows: ‘‘California’’ (Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Brit. Mus., ed. 2, 1882, p. 48) ; near Medicine Lake, 6500 feet altitude, Siskiyou 1917] Grinnell-Camp: Amphibians and Reptiles of California 139 County (Univ. Calif. Dept. Zool.) ; near Fallen Leaf Lake, Eldorado County (Van Denburgh, Proe. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, 6, 1916, p. 215). Life-zone, Transition. (See fig. 1.) Ambystoma ensatum (Eschscholtz) Marbled Salamander OriagInaAL Description.—Triton ensatus Eschscholtz, Zoologischer Atlas, pt. 5, 1833, pp. 6-12, pl. 22. Type Locaurry.—Central California near coast, possibly near Fort Ross, Sonoma County. Synonyms.—Chondrotus tenebrosus; Amblystoma tenebrosum; Dicamptodon ensatus; Xiphonura tenebrosa; Chondrotus lugubris. Common NameE.—Oregon Salamander, part. RaneGe.—Chiefly the humid coast belt, occurring south as far as six miles north of Boulder, Santa Cruz County (Camp, MS). Re- corded also from MeCloud River, Shasta County (Townsend, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, 1887, p. 240), and Allen Springs, Lake County (Univ. Calif. Dept. Zool.). Oceupies the Transition life-zone. In- habits tracts of forest and heavy brush; lives in streams, or under rocks and in holes in wet earth. (See fig. 1.) Ambystoma paroticum Baird British Columbia Salamander Oriana Description.—A mblystoma paroticum Baird, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1867 [1868], pp. 200-201. Type Locaurry.—Chiloweyuek, Washington Territory [== Chilli- wack Lake, British Columbia]. Common Nami.—Vancouver’s Salamander. Rance—Recorded only from Requa, Del Norte County (Van Denburgh, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, 6, 1916, p. 216). Found in wet earth under a stump. (See fig. 1.) Order SALIENTIA Suborder COSTATA Family DISCOGLOSSIDAE Ascaphus truei Stejneger American Bell-toad ORIGINAL DescripTion.—Ascaphus truei Stejneger, Proe. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 21, June 20, 1899, pp. 899-901, pl. 89. 140 University of California Publications in Zoology (Vou. 17 Type Locaniry.—Humptulips, Chehalis County, Washington. RanGEe.—One capture: Northwest slope Craggy Peak, elevation 5000 feet, Siskiyou Mountains, Siskiyou County (no. 45362, U.S. Nat. Mus.). Suborder LINGUATA Family PELOBATIDAE Scaphiopus hammondii hammondii Baird Western Spadefoot OrIGINAL DEscriIpTION.—Scaphiopus hammondii Baird, Pac. R. R. Rep., 10, 1859, Abbot’s report, pt. 4, no. 4, p. 12, pl. 28 (figs. 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d). Type Locauiry.—Fort Reading [near Redding, in Shasta County], California. Synonyms.—Spea hammondu; Spea stagnalis. Common Names.—Hammond’s Spea; New Mexican Spea; Ham- mond’s Spadefoot. RaNncE.—Semi-arid portions of the state both east and west of the Sierra Nevada, from San Diego (Cooper, in Cronise, Nat. Wealth Calif., 1868, p. 486) to Fort Reading, as above. Present records include: Los Angeles (Univ. Calif. Dept. Zool.) and Sierra Madre (Mus. Vert. Zool.), Los Angeles County ; Santa Barbara (Yarrow and Henshaw, Ann. Rep. U. 8. Engineers, 1878, p. 1631) ; Olancha, Inyo County (Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna, 7, 1893, p. 222); Benton and Mono Lake, Mono County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; Lane’s Bridge, Fresno County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; and Simmler, San Luis Obispo County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Occurs chiefly in the Lower Sonoran life-zone, but extends also into Upper Sonoran. Inhabits open country where soil is of a nature to permit burrowing to safe depths during dry periods. Family BUFONIDAE Bufo cognatus cognatus Say Great Plains Toad OrIGINAL Description.—Bufo cognatus Say, in Long’s Expedition to Rocky Mountains, 2, 1823, p. 190, footnote. Type Locatiry.—Arkansas River [in Colorado, probably between present site of La Junta and the Colorado-Kansas boundary]. 1917] Grinnell-Camp: Amphibians and Reptiles of California 141 Rance.—Only along the Colorado River north to Needles, San Bernardino County, and in the Salton Basin northwest to Mecea, Riverside County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Life-zone, Lower Sonoran. Inhabits overflow bottom-lands and irrigated districts. (See fig. 4.) Bufo cognatus cognatus Bufo cognatus californicus Bufo boreas boreas Bufo boreas halophilus Intergrade Bufo boreas nelsoni 4 Bufo canorus Bufo punctatus Bufo alvarius | Bufo woodhousii +pP1LB880000e Range of Bufo boreas and subspecies solidly outlined Southern limits of Bufo boreas boreas indicated by broken line DISTRIBUTION MAP MUSEUM OF YERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY Fig. 4. Distribution of Toads (Bufo) in California. Bufo cognatus californicus Camp Arroyo Toad Ortemnau Description.—Bufo cognatus californicus Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 12, April 2, 1915, pp. 331-334. Type Locauiry.—Santa Paula, Ventura County, California. 142 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 RanceE.—Known only from the type locality, as above, and from the Tujunga Wash, near Sunland, Los Angeles County, California (Camp, loc. cit.). Both these places he in the Lower Sonoran life- zone. Found in vicinity of dry washes. (See fig. 4.) Bufo woodhousii Girard Roeky Mountain Toad ORIGINAL DEscrIPTION.—Bufo woodhousti Girard, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, 1854, p. 86 (this name to replace Bufo dorsalis of Hallo- well, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 6, 1852, pp. 181-182). Type Locauiry.—New Mexico [= Arizona; type no. 2531 in U.S. Nat. Mus., labeled ‘‘Calif. Mountains, Mexico,’’ which equals San Francisco Mountains, Arizona: see Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna, 3, 1890, pp. 116-117]. Synonyms.—Bufo lentiginosus americanus; Bufo lentiginosus woodhousu. Common Names.—Woodhouse’s Toad; American Toad. Rance.—Along the Colorado River (Cooper, in Cronise, Nat. Wealth Calif., 1868, p. 486). Stations of recent capture are: near Potholes and 5 miles northeast of Yuma, Imperial County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Both stations are on the bottom-lands and in the Lower Sonoran life-zone. (See fig. 4.) Bufo boreas halophilus Baird and Girard California Toad OriGiInaL Descrrprion.—Bufo halophila Baird and Girard, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 6, 1853, p. 301. Tyre Locauiry.—Benicia, Solano County, California. Synonyms.—Bufo boreas, part; Bufo chilensis; Bufo columbiensis, part; Bufo columbiensis halophilus; Bufo borcas nelsoni, part. Common Names.—Baird’s Toad, part; Common Toad; Salt-marsh Frog. Rance—Throughout both the coast region and the interior valleys, north typically to Gualala River, Sonoma County, to Oroville, Butte County, and to vicinity of Independence, Inyo County ; east, centrally, into Owens Valley, and to Antelope Valley, Los Angeles County, and Victorville, San Bernardino County; east at the south to Vallecito and La Puerta, San Diego County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Southernmost 1917] Grinnell-Camp: Amphibians and Reptiles of California 143 station, San Diego (Yarrow, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull., 24, 1882, pp. 23, 162). Absent from deserts bordering Colorado River. Occurs in all life-zones below upper edge of Hudsonian. Inhabits open valleys and, rarely, wooded areas; in the high mountains inhabits wet meadows and lake shores; lives during the day in gopher and ground-squirrel bur- rows and under rocks. (See fig. 4.) Bufo boreas boreas Baird and Girard Northwestern Toad OriegInAL DescripTion.—Bufo boreas Baird and Girard, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 6, 1852, pp. 174-175. Type Locauiry.—Columbia River and Puget Sound. Synonyms.—Bufo columbiensis, part; Bufo halophilus, part; Bufo microscaphus. Common Names.—Baird’s Toad, part; Small-spaded Toad. Rance.—Northern portion of the state, south to Eureka, Humboldt County, to Sisson, Siskiyou County, and to Mono County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). From these localities and others adjacent, specimens show intergradation towards B. b. halophilus. Occurs in the Transition and Upper Sonoran life-zones. Lives in tules about lake shores, along streams, and in mountain meadows. (See fig. 4.) Bufo boreas nelsoni Stejneger Nevada Toad OrienaAL Description.—Bufo boreas nelsoni Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna, 7, May 31, 1893, pp. 220-221, pl. 3, figs. 4a, 4b. Type Locauiry.—Oasis Valley, Nye County, Nevada. Rance.—Eastern Inyo region. Recorded from Resting Springs, Inyo County (Stejneger, loc. cit.). Life-zone, Lower Sonoran. (See fig. 4.) Bufo canorus Camp Yosemite Park Toad OrigInaL DeEscripTion.—Bufo canorus Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 17, November 17, 1916, pp. 59-62, figs. 1-4. Type Locauiry.—Porcupine Flat, 8100 feet altitude, Yosemite National Park, Mariposa County, California. RanGe.—High central Sierra Nevada, 7000 to 11,000 feet altitude, almost altogether within the limits of the Yosemite National Park 144 University of California Publications in Zoology [|Vou.17 (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Oceupies the Canadian and Hudsonian life-zones, extending even into Alpine-Arctic. Inhabits vicinity of meadows and the margins of streams and lakes. (See fig. 4.) Bufo punctatus Baird and Girard Spotted Toad OriegInAL DEscriPTION.—Bufo punctatus Baird and Girard, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6, 1852, p. 173. Type Locauiry.—Rio San Pedro of the Rio Grande del Norte (in Texas?). Synonym.—Bufo beldingi. Rance.—Colorado desert, west to Vallecito, San Diego County, and Carrizo Creek, north slope Santa Rosa Mountains, Riverside County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; also Turtle Mountains, near Blythe Junction, San Bernardino County (Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 12, 1916, p. 512) ; Furnace Creek, Death Valley, and Cottonwood Canon [Jackass Spring], Panamint Mountains, in Inyo County (Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna, 7, 1893, p. 219). Life-zone, Lower Sonoran. Inhabits rocky canon bottoms, near springs or streams. (See fig. 4.) Bufo alvarius Girard Colorado River Toad OriGINaAL DerscripTion.—Bufo alvarius Girard, in Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., 2, 1859, pt. 2, reptiles, p. 26, pl. 41, figs. 1-6. Type Locauiry—Valley of Gila and Colorado: Fort Yuma, Cali- fornia (see Cope, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull., 34, 1889, p. 267). Common Names.—Girard’s Toad; Colorado Toad. Rance.—Immediate valley of the Colorado River. Has been taken in the delta region west to Meloland (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; all known localities for the state are in Imperial County. Life-zone, Lower Sonoran. Inhabits only riparian bottom-lands and irrigated districts. (See fig. 4.) Family HYLIDAE Subfamily Hyninar Hyla regilla Baird and Girard Pacific Tree-frog OriGgInAL Description.—Hyla regilla Baird and Girard, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 6, 1852, p. 174. 1917] Grinnell-Camp: Amphibians and Reptiles of California 145 Type Locauiry.—Sacramento River, California. Synonyms.—Litoria occidentalis Baird and Girard, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 6, 1853, p. 301 (type from San Francisco) ; Hyla scapularis; Hyla nebulosa Hallowell, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 7, 1854, pp. 96-97 (type from Tejon Pass, probably near Fort Tejon, Kern County) ; Hyla scapularis var. hypochondriaca Hallowell, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, 1854, p. 97 (type from Tejon Pass) ; Hyla cadaverina (a name to replace nebulosa of Hallowell: Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2, 6, 1866, p. 84) ; Hyla regilla var. scapularis. Common Names. Western Tree-frog; Wood-frog; Pacifie Hyla; Tree-toad, part; Cadaverous Hyla; Greeny; Cape San Lueas Hyla. Rance.—AImost throughout the state, except in the extreme south- eastern desert district. Occurs on Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, and Santa Catalina islands (Van Denburgh, Proe. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, 4, 1914, pp. 182, 135, 137). Extends to timber-line in the Sierra Nevada; occurs in all zones below Alpine-Arctic. Inhabits damp recesses among rocks and logs; the ground in the vicinity of springs, streams, and lakes; rank growths of vegetation, especially in marshy places; trees in damp forests; and, in open country, burrows of various animals. Hyla arenicolor Cope Arizona Tree-frog Originau Description.—Hyla arenicolor Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2, 6, 1866, p. 84 (a name to replace Hyla affinis, Baird, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 7, 1854, p. 61). Type Locauiry.—Northern Sonora [Mexico or Arizona?]. Synonyms.—Hyla copii; Hyla versicolor. Common Names.—Cope’s Tree-frog; Tree-toad, part ; Cope’s Hyla; Sand-colored Tree Frog. Rance.—Northwest from Julian, La Puerta, and Mountain Spring, in eastern San Diego County, to near Nordhoff, Ventura County, and Santa Monica Mountains, Los Angeles County; east to Little Rock Creek, Los Angeles County, and to Banning, Dos Palmos Spring, and Deep Canon, Riverside County; also on Pine Mountain, near Escon- dido, San Diego County (Mus. Vert. Zool.; Richardson, Amer. Nat., 46, 1912, pp. 605-611). Oceupies chiefly the Upper Sonoran life-zone, extending locally into Lower Sonoran. Lives on boulders and exposed rock faces close to cafion streams. 146 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 Family RANIDAE Subfamily RanmagE Rana boylii boylii Baird California Yellow-legged Frog OricInAL Description.—Rana boylii Baird, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, 1854, p. 62. Tyre Locauiry.—California; subsequently designated as El Do- rado [Eldorado County ?] (see Cope, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull., 34, 1889, p. 447). Synonyms.—Rana pachyderma Cope, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1883, pp. 25-27 (types from MeCloud River [= Baird, Shasta County], California, and Ashland, Oregon); [?] Rana temporaria pretiosa, part. Common Names.—Thick-skinned Frog; Boyle’s Frog. RanGe.—Northern and central portions of the state, chiefly west of the high Sierra Nevada, both along the coast and in the interior valleys. Has been found east to Baird, Shasta County (Cope, loc. cit.), to Fyffe, Eldorado County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), and to near Feliciana Mountain, 3800 feet altitude, Mariposa County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Southernmost station, Bodfish, on Kern River, Kern County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Has also been taken at Mono Lake, Mono County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Life-zones, Upper Sonoran and Transition. Inhabits margins of springs, streams, and fresh-water lakes. (See fig. 5.) Rana boylii sierrae Camp Sierra Nevada Yellow-legged Frog ORIGINAL DescripTion.—Rana boylii sierrae Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 17, February 3, 1917, pp. 120-123, fig. 2. Type Locauiry.—Matlack Lake, 10,500 feet altitude, near Kear- sarge Pass, Sierra Nevada, Inyo County, California. Synonyms.—Rana aurora, part; Rana pretiosa, part; [?] Rana temporaria pretiosa, part. Common Names.—Western Frog; Pacific Frog. Rance.—High Sierra Nevada, 7000 to 10,500 feet altitude. North- ernmost station, Young Lake, Yosemite National Park, Tuolumne County ; southernmost, Taylor Meadow, near Kern County line, Tulare County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Oceupies the Canadian and Hudsonian life- zones. Lives chiefly in lakes and along streams in meadows. (See fig. 5.) 1917] Grinnell-Camp: Amphibians and Reptiles of California 147 Rana boylii muscosa Camp Sierra Madre Yellow-legged Frog OrieinaL Descrrerion.—Rana boylii muscosa Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 17, February 3, 1917, pp. 118-120. Rana boylit boylii Rana boylii muscosa Rana boylit sierrae Rana pretiosa pretiosa Rana pretiosa luteiventris Rana aurora aurora 4 Rana aurora draytonii Intergrade +16) (O10) (Pp on) Een Rana pipiens Ranges of Rana boylii and Rana aurora outlined DISTRIBUTION MAP MUSEUM OF VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OP CAJ.IFORNLA Ss | Fig. 5. Distribution of Frogs (Rana) in Califernia. Type Locauiry—Arroyo Seco Canon, near Pasadena, California. Rance—San Gabriel (both the desert and Pacific drainages), San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains. Northwesternmost stations for typical specimens, Arroyo Seco Cafion near Pasadena, and Little Rock Creek, in Los Angeles County ; southeasternmost station, Straw- 148 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 berry Valley, Riverside County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Oceupies the Upper Sonoran and Transition life-zones. Lives along streams in narrow rock-walled canons. (See fig. 5.) Rana pretiosa pretiosa Baird and Girard Western Spotted Frog OrIGINAL DEscripTiIoN.—Rana pretiosa Baird and Girard, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6, 1853, p. 378. Type Locauiry.—Puget Sound. Rance.—Extreme northern end of the state. Definite stations of occurrence are Fall City Mills, Fall River, Shasta County (U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 38806), and vicinity of Sisson, Siskiyou County (Mus. Vert. Zool. and U.S. Nat. Mus.). Life-zone, Transition. Inhabits marshes and lakes. (See fig. 5.) Rana pretiosa luteiventris Thompson Nevada Spotted Frog OrIGINAL DeEscription.—Rana pretiosa luteiventris Thompson, Proe. Biol. Soe. Wash., 26, March 22, 1913, pp. 53-55, pl. 3, figs. 2, 3. Type Locaniry.—Anne Creek, Elko County, Nevada. Rance.—Eastern Modoe County. Only station, Pine Creek, near Alturas, Modoe County (Mus. Vert. Zool., nos. 2098, 2099). Speci- mens captured on banks of a slow-flowing stream. (See fig. 5.) Rana aurora aurora Baird and Girard Oregon Red-legged Frog ORIGINAL DeEscription—Rana aurora Baird and Girard, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 6, 1852, p. 174. Type Locaniry.—Puget Sound. Rance.—Extreme northwestern corner of the state. Stations of capture all in vicinity of Eureka, Humboldt County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). (See fig. 5.) Rana aurora draytonii Baird and Girard California Red-legged Frog OriGgInAL Description.—Rana Drayton Baird and Girard, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 6, 1852, p. 174. Type Locaniry.—San Francisco, California. Synonyms.—Rana Lecontii Baird and Girard, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6, 1853, pp. 301-302 (type from San Francisco) ; Rana 1917] Grinnell-Camp: Amphibians and Reptiles of California 149 nigricans Hallowell, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, 1854, p. 96 (type from El Paso Creek, Kern County, California) ; Rana longipes Hallo- well, Pac. R. R. Rep., 10, 1859, Wilhamsons’ Rep., pt. 4, no. 1, pp. 20-21 (type from El Paso Creek, Kern County, California) ; Epirhexis longipes; Rana agilis aurora; Rana catesbiana; Rana septentrionalis ; Rana temporaria; Rana temporaria aurora. Common Names.—Drayton’s Frog; Bull-frog; Long-footed Frog ; Bloody Nouns; Rocky Mountain Frog; Western Wood Frog; Leconte’s Frog. Ranee.—Central and southern portions of the state, west of the Sierran divides. Extends from the seaboard east to about 3500 feet altitude on the west slope of the central Sierra Nevada. Northern stations are: Mendocino City, Mendocino County, and Michigan Bluff, Placer County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; easternmost station at the south: Campo, San Diego County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Intergradation with R. a. aurora takes place in western Mendocino and Humboldt counties. Inhabits chiefly the Upper Sonoran life-zone, but extends into Trans- ition and Lower Sonoran. Lives in damp places and about springs, streams, and ponds. (See fig. 5.) Rana pipiens Schreber Leopard Frog OriGInAL Description.—Rana pipiens Schreber, Naturforscher, 18, 1782, pp. 185-191. Type Locauiry.—New York [State]. SynonymM.—Rana pipiens brachycephala. Rance.—Along the Colorado River, north at least to near River- side Mountain, Riverside County, and in the Imperial Valley, six miles west of Imperial (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Life-zone, Lower Sonoran. Inhabits river banks and fresh-water sloughs. (See fig. 5.) Class REPTILIA Order SQUAMATA Suborder SAURIA Family EUBLEPHARIDAE Coleonyx variegatus (Baird) Banded Gecko Oriana Description.—Stenodactylus variegatus Baird, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858 [1859], p. 254. 150 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 Type Locaniry.—Rio Grande and Gila valleys: really Colorado Desert, in southern California (see Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna, 7, 1893, p. 163). SynonyM.—Lublepharis variegatus. Common Names.—Variegated Gecko; Variegated Lizard. RancGE.—Southeastern desert areas. Occurs north to Big Pine, Owens Valley, Inyo County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; west to Mohave, Kern County (Stejneger, loc. cit., p. 164), to Colton, San Bernardino County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), to San Jacinto, Riverside County (Van Denburgh, Oce. Papers Calif. Acad. Sei., 5, 1897, p. 41), and to La Puerta Valley, San Diego County (Stephens, MS.). Restricted to the Lower Sonoran life-zone. Lives under stones and other objects and in burrows in the ground. (See fig. 9.) Family IGUANIDAE Subfamily IguanrmaE Dipso-saurus dorsalis (Baird and Girard) Desert Iguana Original DeEscription.—Crotaphytus dorsalis Baird and Girard, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 6, 1852, p. 126. Typr Locauiry.—Desert of Colorado, California. Common Names.—Crested Lizard; Colorado Desert Lizard; Keel- backed Lizard; Thirsty Lizard; Sharp-back Lizard. Rance.— Extreme desert areas east of the Sierran divides. Occurs north to Owens, Panamint, Death (Mesquite), and Amargosa valleys (Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna, 7, 1893, p. 165) ; west to Coyote Wells, Imperial County (Cope, Rep. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1898 [1900], p. 245) ; Torres [Toro], Riverside County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; Daggett, San Bernardino County (Meek, Field Columb. Mus., zool. ser., 7, 1905 [1906], p. 7), and 3 miles east of Owens Lake, Inyo County (Stejneger, loc. cit.). Restricted to the Lower Sonoran life-zone. Lives on level, sandy, or gravelly ground. Uma notata Baird Ocellated Sand Lizard ORIGINAL Description.—Uma notata Baird, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1858 [1859], p. 253. 1917] Grinnell-Camp: Amphibians and Reptiles of California 151 Type Locauiry.—Mohave Desert [== Colorado Desert, in Cali- fornia ?]. Synonyms.—Uma inornata Cope, Amer. Nat., 29, 1895, p. 939 (type from Colorado Desert, ‘‘San Diego’’ [= Imperial] County) ; Uma rufopunctata. Common Names.—Ocellated Desert Lizard; Red-spotted Desert Lizard; Cope’s Desert Lizard; Spotted Yuma Lizard. RanGe.—Mohave and Colorado deserts; occurs west to near Signal Mountain, Imperial County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), and north at least to Daggett, San Bernardino County (Meek, Field Columb. Mus., zool. ser., 7, 1906, pp. 4-7), and near Blythe Junction, in Riverside County (Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 12, 1916, pp. 516-519). Oceurs only within the Lower Sonoran life-zone, where further restricted to tracts of eolian sand. Callisaurus ventralis ventralis (Hallowell) Southern Gridiron-tailed Lizard ORIGINAL DEscripTION.—Homolosaurus [corrected in ‘‘ Errata’’ to Homalosaurus| ventralis Hallowell, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 6, 1852, pp. 179-180. Type Locaurry.—New Mexico [west of the Rio Grande]. Synonyms.—Callisaurus draconoides ; Callisaurus draconoides ven- tralis; Callisaurus dracontoides gabbu. JomMON NamMeEs.—Zebra-tailed Lizard ; Spotted-tail Dragon ; Beau- tiful Lizard. Rance.—Entire desert area of southeastern California. Occurs north into Inyo County: Independence in Owens Valley (Swarth, MS), Saline Valley, Furnace Creek in Death Valley, and the Funeral Range (Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna, 7, 1893, p. 173); west to Kelso Creek, near Weldon, Kern County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), to Cameron, 8 miles northwest of Mohave, Kern County (Stejneger, loc. cit.), to western Antelope Valley, Los Angeles County (Camp, MS), to Cajon Wash, San Bernardino County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), and to near Ban- ning, Riverside County (Van Denburgh, Oce. Papers Calif. Acad. Sei., 5, 1897, p. 50). Oceurs also at Vallevista, in San Jacinto Valley, Riverside County (Atsatt, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 12, 1913, p. 33), and Oak Springs, San Diego County (Van Denburgh, loc. cit.). Oc- cupies the Lower Sonoran lhfe-zone. Inhabits level gravelly or sandy plains and washes. 152 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 Crotaphytus wislizenii Baird and Girard Great Basin Leopard Lizard OriGiInaL Description.—Crotaphytus Wislizenii Baird and Girard, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 6, 1852, p. 69. Type Locauiry.—Near Santa Fé, New Mexico. Synonyms.—Crotaphytus Gambelii Baird and Girard, loc. cit., p. 126 (type possibly from California: see Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna, 3. 1890, p. 105, footnote) ; Crotaphytus fasciatus, part; [?] Crota- phytus silus, part. Common Nameb.—Wislizenius’ Lizard, part. Ranee.—Arid interior chiefly east of the desert divides. Occurs north through the Inyo region to Benton, Mono County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; also recorded from Doyle, Lassen County (Richardson, Proe. U.S. Nat. Mus., 48, 1915, p. 407). Oceurs west across Owens Valley to Carroll Creek, west of Owens Lake, Inyo County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; through Kern gap in vicinity of Walker Pass to Bodfish, Kern County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; through Tejon Pass and Cuddy Canon to Lock- wood Valley, 5000 feet altitude, Ventura County (Meek, Field Columb. Mus., zool. ser., 7, 1905 [1906], p. 8); to 2 miles west of Pallett, Los Angeles County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; to Cushenbury Springs, San Bernardino County (Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 5, 1908, p. 160); through San Gorgonio Pass to Cabezon, Riverside County (Atsatt, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 12, 1913, p. 34) ; also to San Jacinto, Riverside County (Van Denburgh, Oce. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., 5, 1897, p. 58); to Pinyon Flat, 4000 feet altitude, on east slope Santa Rosa Mountains, Riverside County (Atsatt, loc. cit.); and to Oak Grove, San Diego County (MeLain, Crit. Notes Coll. Reptiles Western U. S., 1899, p. 2). Oceupies the Lower and Upper Sonoran life-zones. Inhabits level or rolling ground of sandy or gravelly nature. Crotaphytus silus Stejneger San Joaquin Leopard Lizard ORIGINAL Description.—Crotaphytus silus Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna, 3, 1890, p. 105. Typs Locauiry.—Fresno, Fresno County, California. Synonyms.—Crotaphytus wislizenti, part; Crotaphytus fasciatus, part. Common Names.—Short-nosed Leopard Lizard; Wislizenius’ Liz- ard, part; Banded Lizard. 1917} Grinnell-Camp: Amphibians and Reptiles of California 153 RanGE.—Southern San Joaquin Valley (Tulare basin), and Car- rizo Plain, San Luis Obispo County. Occurs north to Livingston, Merced County (MeLain, Crit. Notes Coll. Reptiles Western U. S., 1899, p. 2); east to Poso, Bakersfield, and Pampa, in Kern County (Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna, 7, 1893, p. 170) ; south to 5 miles north of Rose Station (Stejneger, loc. cit.), and to San Emigdio Plains (Mus. Vert. Zool.), Kern County; then, on Carrizo Plain, west to Painted Rock, San Luis Obispo County. Restricted to the Lower Sonoran life-zone. Inhabits level valley floors. Crotaphytus collaris baileyi Stejneger Bailey Collared Lizard OriginaL Description.—Crotaphytus baileyi Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna, 3, 1890, pp. 103-105, pl..12, fig. 1. TypE Locaniry.—Painted Desert, Little Colorado River, Arizona. Synonym.—Crotaphytus collaris. Common Name.—Bailey Leopard Lizard. RANGE.—Of interrupted distribution on the southeastern deserts, occurring north through the Inyo region to Deep Spring Valley slope of White Mountains, 5600 feet altitude, Inyo County (Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna, 7, 1893, p. 166). Has been taken west to 5 miles north of Kernville, Kern County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; to Lytle Creek, San Bernardino County (Van Denburgh, Proe. Calif. Acad. Sei., ser. 4, 3, 1912, p. 147); to Hall Grade, near Cabezon, Riverside County (Atsatt, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 12, 1913, p. 33); to Palm Canon, San Jacinto Mountains, Riverside County (Atsatt, loc. cit.) ; and to Mountain Spring, eastern San Diego County (Cope, Ann. Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1898 [1900], p. 252). Not known from region of Colorado River south of near Blythe Junetion, in Riverside County (Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 12, 1916, p. 521). Occurs in the Lower and Upper Sonoran life-zones. Restricted to rocky situations. Sauromalus ater Duméril Chuckwalla OriGInaAL DerscripTion.—Sauromalus ater Duméril, Arch. Maus. Hist. Nat., 8, 1856, pp. 536-538, pl. 23, figs. 3, 3a. Type Locauiry.—Unknown. Synonym.—Luphryne obesus Baird, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 154 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 1858 [1859], p. 253 (type no. 4172, U. S. Nat. Mus., from Fort Yuma, California). Common Names.—Alderman Lizard; Fat Toad Lizard; Fat Lizard. Rance.—Desert mountains of southeastern California. Occurs north to Willow Creek, 4500 feet altitude, Panamint Mountains, Inyo County (Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna, 7, 1893, p. 175) ; west to Shep- herd Canon, Argus Range, Inyo County (Stejneger, loc. cit.) ; to Barstow and Victorville, San Bernardino County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; to Snow Creek, San Jacinto Mountains, and Dos Palmos Spring, Santa Rosa Mountains, in Riverside County (Atsatt, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 12, 1913, p. 34); and to Coyote Well, Imperial County (Cope, Ann. Rep. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1898 [1900], p. 268), and east slope of ‘‘ Julian Mountains’’ [== Cuyamaca Mountains?], in eastern San Diego County (Van Denburgh, Oce. Papers Calif. Acad. Sei., 5, 1897, p. 62). Re- strieted to the Lower Sonoran life-zone, where it occurs only in rocky situations. Uta mearnsi Stejneger Mearns Lizard OriegInaL Description.—Uta mearnsi Stejneger, Proe. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 17, November, 1894, pp. 589-591. Type Locauiry.—Summit of Coast Range, United States and Mexican boundary line, California. Common Name.—Mearns Swift. Rance.—Desert slopes of San Jacinto, Santa Rosa and Coast ranges, In Riverside and San Diego counties. Has been taken north- east to Banning, Cabezon, Snow Creek and Palm Canon, in Riverside County (Atsatt, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 12, 1913, pp. 34-35), west to La Puerta, San Diego County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), and south to the type locality, as above given. Altitudes of occurrence extend from 800 to 3500 feet. Oceurs in the Lower Sonoran life-zone, extending loeally into Upper Sonoran. Lives on boulders and faces of cliffs. Uta stansburiana stansburiana Baird and Girard Northern Brown-shouldered Lizard OrIGINnAL DescripTion.—Uta Stansburiana Baird and Girard, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 6, 1852, p. 69. Type Locaniry.—Valley of Great Salt Lake, Utah. Ranee.—Enters California from Nevada in the Inyo region. 1917] Grinnell-Camp: Amphibians and Reptiles of California — 155 Specimens recorded from Round Valley and near Lone Pine, in Inyo County (Richardson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 48, 1915, p. 412). Addi- tional specimens in Mus. Vert. Zool., from vicinity of Independence and Laws, Inyo County, and from Benton, Mono County. Oceupies Uta stansburiana stansburiana Intergrade Uta stansburiana elegans Intergrade 4 Uta stansburiana hesperis DISTRIBUTION MAP MUSEUM OF VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Fig. 6. Distribution of Uta stansburiana in California. the Upper Sonoran life-zone. Inhabits chiefly sandy or gravelly ground among bushes. (See fig. 6.) Uta stansburiana elegans Yarrow Desert Brown-shouldered Lizard OrigInaL Description.—Uta elegans Yarrow, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 5, 1882, p. 442. 156 Unwersity of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 Tyre Locauiry.—lLa Paz, Lower California, Mexico. Synonym.—Uta stansburiana, part. Common Names.—Stansbury’s Swift, part ; Stansbury’s Uta, part ; Brown-shouldered Lizard, part. Rancre.—tThe southeastern deserts. Has been captured north to Carroll Creek and Keeler, Inyo County; west to the Pacific divides, where intergradation takes place with U. s. hesperis. Intergradation with U. s. stansburiana takes place in Owens Valley, Inyo County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Oceupies chiefly the Lower Sonoran life-zone. Inhabits nearly all types of desert environment except sand dunes. (See fig. 6.) Uta stansburiana hesperis Richardson Southern Brown-shouldered Lizard OriginaL Derscription.—Uta stansburiana hesperis Richardson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 48, January 19, 1915, pp. 415-418. Type Locaniry.—Arroyo Seeo Canon, near Pasadena, Los Angeles County, California. SynonyM.—Uta stansburiana, part. Common Names.—Brown-shouldered Lizard, part; Stansbury’s Swift, part; Stansbury’s Uta, part. Rance.—Coastal slopes of southern California and the San Joa- quin Valley. Northernmost stations, Mount Diablo, Contra Costa County (Univ. Calif. Dept. Zool.), and 5 miles south of Lathrop, San Joaquin County (Van Denburgh, Oee. Papers Calif. Acad. Sei., 5, 1897, p. 68; Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 17, 1916, p. 69). Extends northeast to Fresno and west in central California to Bear Valley, San Benito County (Van Denburgh, loc. cit.). Occurs also on Santa Cruz, Ana Capa, Santa Catalina, and San Clemente islands. Inter- grades on the east, through Walker Pass and across the desert divides in southern California, with U. s. elegans (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Oc- cupies the Lower Sonoran life-zone and to a lesser extent the Upper Sonoran life-zone. Inhabits arid plains, washes, the more open, dry hill-slopes, and, along the seacoast, sand dunes. (See fig. 6.) Uta graciosa (Hallowell) Long-tailed Uta OriginaL Description.—Uro-saurus graciosus Hallowell, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, 1854, pp. 92-93. ol 1917} Grinnell-Camp: Amphibians and Reptiles of California 1 Type Locaniry.—Lower [=southern?] California. SynonyM.—Anolis coopert Baird, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1858 [1859], p. 254 (type from California). Common Namus.—Long-tailed Swift; Graceful Uta; Cooper’s Green Lizard; Slender Lizard. RancGe.—Colorado Desert, in vicinity of Colorado River, and west at least to Blythe Junction and Goffs (Blake P. O.), Riverside and San Bernardino counties (Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 12, 1916, pp. 525-526), and Meloland, Imperial County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Restricted to the Lower Sonoran life-zone. Lives in bushes and desert trees. Uta ornata Baird and Girard Tree Uta OrIGINAL Description.—Uta ornata Baird and Girard, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6, 1852, p. 126. Type Locauiry.—Rio San Pedro (Texas) and province of Sonora [= Arizona]. Synonyms.—Uta symmetrica Baird, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1858 [1859], p. 253 (type from Fort Yuma) ; [?] Anolis carolinensis ; [?] Anolis principalis; [2] Uta schottii Baird, loc. cit. (type from “Sta. Madelina, Cal.’’). Common Names.—Ornate Swift ; White-bellied Swift ; Ornate Uta; Tree Swift; Graceful Lizard; [?] Schott’s Lizard. Rance.—Valley of the Colorado River north at least to vicinity of Palo Verde, Imperial County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Restricted to the Lower Sonoran life-zone. Lives on trunks of trees in the river bottom. Sceloporus graciosus graciosus Baird and Girard Mountain Lizard Ori@inaL Description.—Sceloporus graciosus Baird and Girard, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 6, 1852, p. 69. Type Locauiry.—Valley of the Great Salt Lake [Utah]. Synonyms.—|[?] Sceloporus consobrinus; Scelopurus consobrinus gratiosus. Common Names.—New Mexican Alligator Lizard; Sage-brush Swift, part; Fence Lizard, part; Marey’s Alligator Lizard. RaNGE.—Chiefly mountainous districts from 2400 feet altitude in the southern Sierras (Bodfish, Kern County) and 700 feet in the inner 158 University of California Publications in Zoology (Vou. 17 northern coast ranges (3 miles west of Vacaville, Solano County) to 8100 feet in Mariposa County (near Porcupine Flat) (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Oceurs typically south to Mount Pinos, Ventura County. Ranges west to South Yolla Bolly Mountain, 6 miles south of Covelo, Sceloporus graciosus graciosus Intergrade Sceloporus graciosus vandenburgianus Sceloporus magister Lbeeond Sceloporus orcutti Range of Sceloporus graciosus outlined DISTRIBUTION MAP MUSEUM OF VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Fig. 7. Distribution of Sceloporus graciosus, S. magister, and S. orcutti in California. and Mount Sanhedrin, in Trinity and Mendocino counties (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; and south in the Sierra Nevada as far as Mount Breckinridge, 6500 feet altitude, in Kern County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Occurs also on the Warner Mountains, from 4700 to 5000 feet altitude, Modoe County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; about Mono Lake and at Benton, in Mono County (Mus. Vert. Zool), and on the Panamint Mountains, 6400 feet 1917] Grinnell-Camp: Amphibians and Reptiles of California 159 altitude, Inyo County (Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna, 7, 1893, p. 184). Oceupies chiefly the Transition life-zone, but extends locally into the Canadian on the one hand and more commonly into the Upper Sonoran on the other. Lives on and about rocks and logs and on the ground among bushes. (See fig. 7.) Sceloporus graciosus vandenburgianus Cope Van Denburgh Lizard OriGinaL Drscriprion.—NSceloporus vandenburgianus Cope, Amer. Nat., 30, 1896, pp. 834-836. Type Locaurry.—Summit of Coast Range [probably Laguna Mountains], San Diego County, California. SYNONYM. Common NAmes.—Mountain Lizard, part; Van Denburgh’s Swift ; Sage-brush Swift, part. RancGe.—Cuyamaea, Santa Rosa, San Jacinto, San Bernardino, and San Gabriel mountains, from 4000 to 8500 feet altitude. Northwest- ernmost station: Pine Flats, in San Gabriel Mountains, Los Angeles Sceloporus graciosus, part. County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Intergradation with S. g. graciosus is shown by specimens from San Bernardino and San Gabriel mountains (see Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 17, 1916, pp. 67-68). Oceupies the Transition hfe-zone. Lives on and about rocks and logs and on the ground among bushes. (See fig. 7.) Sceloporus occidentalis occidentalis Baird and Girard Pacific Blue-bellied Lizard OrIGINAL DescripTion.—Sceloporus occidentalis Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6, 1852, p. 175. Type Locauiry.—California [by inference from next subsequent published definite statement, Benicia (Baird, Pace. R. R. Rep., 10, 1859, Abbot’s Rep., pt. 4, no. 4, p. 9) ]. Synonyms.—Sceloporus undulatus var. bocourtii Boulenger, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., ed. 2, 2, 1885, p. 229, part (specimens listed from Monterey, Mt. Whitney, and Santa Cruz [!]); Sceloporus frontalis; Sceloporus undulatus occidentalis, part; Sceloporus undulatus undu- latus, part; Sceloporus undulatus thayert, part. Common Names.—Western Fence Lizard; Western Alligator Lizard, part; Pacific Swift; Thayer’s Alhigator Lizard, part ; Alligator Lizard, part. 160 University of California Publications in Zoology |Vou.17 RaNncGE.—Northern and west-central portions of the state, including both the coast district and Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys. Occurs east to the Warner Mountains, Modoe County, and into the foothills of the Sierra Nevada as far as Fyffe, Eldorado County, and Yosemite Valley, Mariposa County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; south to Snell- ing and 22 miles south of Los Banos, in Merced County, and to San Luis Obispo (Mus. Vert. Zool.). In the vicinity of the latter points intergradation with S. o. bi-seriatus takes place, as also in eastern Modoe County (see Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 17, 1916, pp. 63- 65). Oceupies the Upper Sonoran and Transition life-zones. Lives on tree-trunks, fences, logs, boulders, and in steep banks. (See fig. 8.) Sceloporus occidentalis taylori Camp Tenaya Blue-bellied Lizard OriGINaL Derscription.—Sceloporus - occidentalis taylori Camp, Uniy. Calif. Publ. Zool., 17, December 28, 1916, pp. 65-67. Type Locaurry.—Half-way between Merced Lake and Sunrise Trail, altitude 7500 feet, Yosemite National Park, Mariposa County, California. Rance.—Upper basins of Tuolumne and Merced rivers, between altitudes of 7300 and 8200 feet, in Yosemite National Park. Occupies the Canadian life-zone. Lives on and beneath boulders and in rock- slides. (See fig. 8.) Sceloporus occidentalis bi-seriatus Hallowell Fence Lizard ORIGINAL DeEscriptionN.—Sceloporus bi-seriatus Hallowell, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 7, 1854, pp. 93-94. Type Locauiry.—Borders of El Paso Creek and in Tejon Valley [both in Kern County, California}. Synonyms.—Sceloporus longipes Baird, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858 [1859], p. 254 (type from Fort Tejon, California) ; Sceloporus undulatus bocourtii, part [see under S. 0. occidentalis] ; Sceloporus undulatus thayeri, part; Sceloporus undulatus undulatus, part; Sceloporus [bi-seriatus] var. marmoratus; Sceloporus occiden- talis, part; Sceloporus bi-seriatus var. A. azwreus Hallowell, loc. cit., p. 94 (type locality same as for S. bi-sertatus) ; Sceloporus bi-seriatus var. B. variegatus Hallowell, loc. cit., p. 94 (type locality same as for S. bi-seriatus). 1917] Grinnell-Camp: Amphibians and Reptiles of California 161 Common Names.—Fence Swift; Western Swift ; Two-lined Lizard ; Thayer’s Alligator Lizard, part; Western Alligator Lizard, part; Blue-bellied Lizard, part; Common Swift; Long-footed Lizard ; Two- striped Lizard. Sceloporus occidentalis occidentalis Intergrade | Sceloporus occidentalis bi-seriatus Intergrade Sceloporus occidentalis becki 4 71o8 gd e080 Sceloporus occidentalis taylori DISTRIBUTION MAP MUSEUM OF VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OP CALIFORNIA a Fig. 8. Distribution of Blue-bellied Lizards (Sceloporus occidentalis) in California. Rance.—East-central and southwestern portions of the state. Occurs north to Matilija, Ventura County, to Carrizo Plain, San Luis Obispo County, to Raymond, Madera County, and to Mono Lake, Mono County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; east to Benton, Mono County, to Carroll Creek, Inyo County, to west slope of Walker Pass, Kern 162 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 County, to Pallett, Los Angeles County, to Victorville and Cushen- berry Springs, San Bernardino County, to Cabezon, Strawberry Valley, and Santa Rosa Mountains at 6000 feet altitude, in Riverside County, and to Warner Pass and Jacumba (2825 feet altitude), in eastern San Diego County (all above localities represented by specimens in Mus. Vert. Zool.). Extends altitudinally as high as 10,000 feet near Kearsarge Pass on eastern declivity of Sierra Nevada in Inyo County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Occurs also, in the Inyo region, on the Coso, Argus, Panamint, Inyo, and White mountains (Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna, 7, 1893, pp. 185-186). Oceupies the Lower and Upper Sonoran life-zones and extends locally into Transition. Lives on tree-trunks, fences, sides of buildings, and among rocks of large size. (See fig. 8.) Sceloporus occidentalis becki Van Denburgh Island Blue-bellied Lizard ORIGINAL DEscRIPTION.—Sceloporus becki Van Denburgh, Proce. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 3, zool., 4, June 15, 1905, pp. 9-10, pl. 4. Type Locauiry.—San Miguel Island, Santa Barbara County, California. Synonym.—Sceloporus biseriatus becki. RanceE.—The extreme form of this subspecies occurs only at the type locality ; forms intermediate between this and the mainland sub- species are found, according to Van Denburgh (loc. cit.) on Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz islands, Santa Barbara County. Lives among large rocks and on tree-trunks. (See fig. 8.) Sceloporus magister Hallowell Desert Rough-sealed Lizard ORIGINAL Description.—Sceloporus magister Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 7, 1854, p. 93. Type Locauiry.—Near Fort Yuma, California. Synonyms.—Sceloporus clarkii; Sceloporus spinosus var. clarki; [2] Sceloporus orcutts, part. Common Names.—Sealy Lizard; Clark’s Alligator Lizard; Fence Lizard, part; Clark’s Lizard; Great Fence Lizard. Raneu.—Entire southeastern desert area, extending north to Lone Pine (Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna, 7, 1893, p. 183), to Mazourka Canon, Inyo Mountains (Mus. Vert. Zool.), and to Willow Creek, Panamint 1917] Grinnell-Camp: Amphibians and Reptiles of California 163 Mountains (Stejneger, loc. cit.), im Inyo County; west through the Kern River gap to Bodfish, Kern County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; also west to Fairmont and Pallett, Los Angeles County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; to Hesperia (Van Denburgh, Oce. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., 5, 1897, p. 86) and Cushenbury Springs (Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 5, 1908, p. 162), in San Bernardino County; to Cabezon and Dos Palmos Spring (38000 feet altitude), in Riverside County (Atsatt, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 12, 1913, p. 37); and to Warner Pass and La Puerta, San Diego County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). There is one record for the west side of the San Joaquin Valley: Los Gatos Cafion, 6 miles north of Coalinga, in Fresno County (Van Denburgh, loc. cit., p. 86). Occupies the Lower Sonoran life-zone. Inhabits tree-yuceas, catclaw thickets, piles of rocks, undercut wash-banks, and railroad culverts. (See fig. 7.) Sceloporus orcutti Stejneger Dusky Rough-sealed Lizard ORIGINAL DescripTion.—Sceloporus orcutti Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna, 7, May, 1893, p. 181 (footnote), pl. 1, figs. 4a-4c. Type Locaurry.—Milquatay Valley [about 50 miles east of San Diego], San Diego County, California. Synonym.—[?] Sceloporus spinosus. Common Names.—Oreutt’s Swift; Dusky Sealy Lizard; [?] Spiny Alligator Lizard. Rance.—Mountains of San Diego, western Riverside, and south- western San Bernardino counties. Occurs northwest to Waterman Canon, San Bernardino County (Van Denburgh, Proe. Calif. Acad. Sei., ser. 4, 3, 1912, p. 149) ; west to Riverside (Van Denburgh, loc. cit.) and Temeseal (Van Denburgh, Oce. Papers Calif. Acad. Sei., 5, 1897, p. 88), in Riverside County, and to Escondido, San Diego County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; east to Mountain Spring, San Diego County (Cope, Ann. Rep. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1898 [1900], p. 356) ; and to Dos Palmos Spring (3500 feet altitude), Snow Creek (2000 feet), and Banning (2200 feet), in Riverside County (Atsatt, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 12, 1913, p. 37). Extends as high as 5900 feet altitude on west side of San Jacinto Mountains, at Fuller’s Mill (Atsatt, loc. cit.). Oceurs chiefly within the Upper Sonoran life-zone. Lives among boulders surrounded by chaparral. (See fig. 7.) 164 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 Phrynosoma douglassii dougilassii (Bell) Pigmy Horned-toad OriciInAL Description.—Agama Douglassii Bell, Trans. Linn. Soe. Lond., 16, 1828, pp. 105-107, pl. 10. Type Locaniry.—Columbia River. Synonyms.—Phrynosoma douglassi pygmaea; Tapaya Douglassu. Common Names.—Pigmy Horned Lizard ; Douglass’s Horned Toad. Ranee.—One definite record from the state: western base of Mount Shasta [= Shasta Valley?], Siskiyou County (Townsend, Proce. U.S. Nat. Mus., 10, 1887, p. 238). Phrynosoma, blainvillii blainvillii (Gray) Blainville Horned-toad OriGgInaAL Description.—Phrynosoma Blainvillii Gray, Zool. Beechey’s Voyage, 1839, p. 96, pl. 29, fig. 1. Typr Locaniry.—California: probably San Diego (see Van Den- burgh, Proce. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 2, 4, 1894, p. 296). Synonyms.—Agama coronatum; Phrynosoma coronatum, part; Phrynosoma modestum. Common Namus.—Pacifie Horned Lizard; Blainville’s Horned Lizard, part; California Horned Lizard, part; Pacifie Horned Toad ; Crowned Horned Lizard, part; Little Horned Lizard. RANnGE.—Mainly west of the desert divides, in San Diego, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Los Angeles counties. Occurs north to Tujunga Wash, near Sunland, Los Angeles County, and to Cajon Pass, San Bernardino County (Van Denburgh, Proe. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, 3, 1912, p. 148) ; east to Jacumba (Cope, Ann. Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1898 [1900], p. 427), and Warner Pass (Bryant, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 9, 1911, p. 36), m San Diego County; to Vandeventer Flat, Oak Springs (west side of Palm Canon, 6500 feet altitude), and Cabezon, in Riverside County (Bryant, loc. cit.) ; and to junction of South Fork (6200 feet altitude) and upper Santa Ana Canon, San Bernardino Mountains (Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 5, 1908, p. 162). Oceupies the Upper and Lower Sonoran life-zones. Inhabits eravelly or sandy ground of a nature to permit burrowing. 1917] Grinnell-Camp: Amphibians and Reptiles of California 165 Phrynosoma blainvillii frontale Van Denburgh California Horned-toad OrigINnAL Description.—Phrynosoma frontalis Van Denburgh, Proce. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 2, 4, July 12, 1894, p. 296. Typp Locauiry.—Bear Valley, San Benito County, California. Synonyms.—Phrynosoma blainvilla, part ; Phrynosoma coronatum, part; Phrynosoma cornutum; Batrachosoma coronatum; Tapaya coronata. Common Names.—California Horned Lizard, part ; Spiny-breasted Horned Lizard; Blainyille’s Horned Lizard, part; Crowned Horned Lizard, part. Rance.— West-central California, chiefly west of the desert divides. Oceurs north along east side of the Sacramento Valley at least to Colfax, Placer County, and along west side of the San Joaquin Valley to Traey, San Joaquin County (Bryant, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 9, 1911, p. 42) ; west to Berkeley, Alameda County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), and to Searsville, San Mateo County, and Pacific Grove, Monterey County (Van Denburgh, Oce. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., 5, 1897, p. 95) ; east to five miles northeast Coulterville (3100 feet alti- tude), in Mariposa County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), and Walker Pass (5200 feet altitude), in Kern County (Bryant, loc. cit.) ; southeast to 5 miles south of Neenach, at 4000 feet altitude, and upper Tujunga Canton, 4500 feet altitude, in northern Los Angeles County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Intergrades south of latter points, between San Francisquito Canon and Pasadena, with P. b. blainvillu. Inhabits the Upper and Lower Sonoran life-zones. Lives in arid brushy or open situations. Phrynosoma platyrhinos Girard Desert Horned-toad OrieInAL Description.—Phrynosoma platyrhinos Girard, Stans- bury’s Expl. Gt. Salt Lake, 1853, pp. 361, 363-864, pl. 7, figs. 1-5. Type Locaniry.—Great Salt Lake, Utah. Synonyms.—Anota calidiarum Cope, Amer. Nat., 30, 1896, pp. 833-834 (type from Death Valley [uncertain]); Phrynosoma cali- diarum; Dolrosaurus platyrhinos; Anota platyrhina; Phrynosoma coronatum, part. Common Names.—Desert Horned Lizard; Ashy Horned Toad; 166 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 Smooth Horned Lizard; Smooth Horned Toad; Broad-nosed Barrel Lizard; Broad-nosed Horned Toad. Rance.—The southeastern deserts chiefly east of the Pacific divides. Recorded north through the Inyo region to Benton, Mono County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; west to Carroll Creek, Inyo County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), to South Fork Kern River near Chimney Creek (3100 feet altitude) and head of Kelso Valley (5300 feet altitude), in Kern County (Bryant, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 9, 1911, p. 49) ; to Fairmont, in northern Los Angeles County (Grinnell and Grinnell, Throop Inst. Bull., 35, 1907, p. 57) ; to Victorville, San Bernardino County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; to Whitewater (Atsatt, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 12, 1913, p. 38), Palm Springs, and Mecea (Bryant, loc. cit.), in Riverside County ; and to Coyote Wells, in Imperial County (Cope, Ann. Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1898 [1900], p. 447). Oceupies the Lower Sonoran life-zone. Lives in open gravelly or sandy situations. Phrynosoma m’callii (Hallowell) Flat-tailed Horned-toad OriGiInaL Description—Anota M’Callii Hallowell, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 6, 1852, p. 182. Type Locauiry.—Great Desert of the Colorado, between Vallecito and Camp Yuma, about 160 miles east of San Diego. Synonym.—Doliosaurus me’calli. Common Names.—Flat-tailed Horned Lizard; MeCall’s Horned Lizard; MacCall’s Horned Toad. Rance.—The Salton Basin, in Imperial and Riverside counties. Recorded from: Mecea, Riverside County (Bryant, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 9, 1911, p. 59); Coyote Well (Bryant, loc. cit.), Salton Sea (south end) (Bryant, loc. cit.), Fort Yuma (Cope, Ann. Rep. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1898 [1900], p. 450), and the type locality (as above), in Imperial County. Restricted to the Lower Sonoran life-zone. In- habits open tracts of sandy alluvium. Family ANGUIDAE Gerrhonotus scincicauda scincicauda (Skilton) California Alligator Lizard ORIGINAL Description.—Tropidolepis scincicauda Skilton, Amer. Journ. Arts. Sei., ser. 2, 7, 1849, p. 202, pl. opp. p. 464, figs. 1-3. 1917] Grinnell-Camp: Amphibians and Reptiles of California 167 Type Locauiry.—Dalles of the Columbia [Oregon]. SynonymMs.—Elgaria scincicauda; Gerrhonotus multicarinatus, part. Common Names.—Skink-tailed Lizard, part; Many-keeled Lizard, part; Many-ribbed Lizard. Gerrhonotus scincicauda scincicauda 1 Gerrhonotus scincicauda webbii Gerrhonotus palmeri Gerrhonotus coeruleus Coleonyx variegatus Testudo agassizti Ranges of Gerrhonotus scincicauda and | Gerrhonotus coeruleus outlined eae | 4 ¢-—- —---- DISTRIBUTION MAP MUSEUM OF VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY A Fig. 9. Distribution of Alligator Lizards (Gerrhonotus), Gecko (Coleonyx), and Desert Tortoise (Testudo agassizii) in California. Rance.—West-central portion of the state. Extends south near the seacoast from Monte Rio, Sonoma County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) at least to Pacifie Grove, Monterey County (Ven Denburgh, Oce. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., 5, 1897, p. 106). Extends north interiorly to Fair- banks (Van Denburgh, loc. cit.) and 3 miles west of Covelo (Mus. 168 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 Vert. Zool.), in Mendocino County, and to Squaw Creek, Siskiyou County (U. S. Nat. Mus.) ; southeast to Riverton, Eldorado County (Van Denburgh, loc. cit.). Supposed to intergrade on the southeast with G. s. webbu. Occurs also on San Miguel, Santa Rosa, and Santa Cruz islands (Van Denburgh, Proe. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 3, zool., 4, 1905, pp. 3, 10-11, 12-13, 14). Occupies the Upper Sonoran life-zone, extending locally into Transition. Inhabits the chaparral. (See fig. 9.) Gerrhonotus scincicauda webbii Baird San Diego Alligator Lizard OrIGINAL DescripTION.—Gerrhonotus webbii Baird, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858 [1859], p. 255. Type Locauiry.—Near San Diego, California. Synonyms.—Gerrhonotus scincicauda ignavus; Gerrhonotus scin- cicauda, part; Gerrhonotus multicarinatus, part. Common Names.—Many-keeled Lizard, part; Webb’s Lizard. RaANGE.—Southern California, chiefly west of the desert divides and north along the lower west slopes of the Sierra Nevada as far as 3 miles northeast of Coulterville (3000 feet altitude), Mariposa County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; extends northwest at least to Matilija, Ventura County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Easternmost stations: Jacumba, San Diego County (Cope, Ann. Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1898 [1900], p. 525) ; Cabezon, Riverside County (Atsatt, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 12, 1913, pp. 88-389) ; Swartout Canon, San Bernardino County (Van Denburgh, Proe. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, 3, 1912, p. 148) ; and Onyx, Kern County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Occurs also on Santa Catalina Island (Van Denburgh, Proe. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, 4, 1914, pp. 182, 138). Oc- cupies the Upper and Lower Sonoran life-zones, extending locally into Transition. Inhabits the chaparral; also occurs about buildings. (See fig. 9.) Gerrhonotus palmeri Stejneger Sierran Alligator Lizard OrIGINAL Derscrietion.—Gerrhonotus scincicauda palmeri Stej- neger, N. Amer. Fauna, 7, May 31, 1893, pp. 196-197. Type Locauiry.—South Fork Kings River [in Fresno County], California. 1917] Grinnell-Camp: Amphibians and Reptiles of California 169 SynonyM.—Gerrhonotus multicarinatus palmerit. Common Name.—Mountain Alligator Lizard. Rance.—Middle slopes of Sierra Nevada, from Tahoe City (Rich- ardson, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., 48, 1915, pp. 424-425) south to Jackass Meadow, 7750 feet altitude, Tulare County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). High- est altitude of capture, about 8800 feet (Stejneger, loc. cit.). Occurs also on Mount Breckenridge, 6500 feet altitude, Kern County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Occupies the Canadian life-zone, extending into the Transition. Inhabits chaparral and underbrush on forest floors. (See fig. 9.) Gerrhonotus coeruleus Wiegmann Coast Alligator Lizard OrIGINAL DescripTion.—Gerrhonotus coeruleus Wiegmann, Oken’s Isis, 1828, 21, pts. 3-4, p. 379. Type Locanuiry.—Brazil [= probably San Francisco: see Peters, in Duméril Boeourt, and Moquard, in Miss. Sei. au Mex., Rechereh. Zool., pt. 3, sec. 1, 6° Livr., 1879, p. 355, and Stejneger, Proc. Biol. Soe. Wash., 15, 1902, p. 37]. Synonyms.—Gerrhonotus Burnettii Gray, in Griffith’s Animal King., 9, 1831, Syn. Reptilia, p. 64 (from America [= California] ) ; Elgaria formosa Baird and Girard, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6, 1852, p. 175 (type from California) ; Gerrhonotus grandis; Gerrho- notus multicarinatus, part; Gerrhonotus scincicaudus, part. Common Names.—Burnett’s Alligator Lizard ; Skink-tailed Lizard, part; Burnett’s Keeled Lizard; Green-brown Lizard; Many-keeled Lizard, part. RaNGE.—A narrow ecoastwise strip, from Cuddeback, Humboldt County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) south to Pacifie Grove, Monterey County (Van Denburgh, Occ. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., 5, 1897, p. 110). Oc- curs northeast to South Fork Salmon River, Siskiyou County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Easternmost stations: 4 miles south of South Yolla Bolly Mountain, Tehama County; Lierly’s, near Mount Sanhedrin, in Mendocino County; and Redwood Canon, near Oakland, Alameda County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Oceupies the Transition life-zone. In- habits chaparral and openings in forests; found frequently along streams. (See fig. 9.) 170 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 Family ANNIELLIDAE Anniella pulchra pulchra Gray Silvery Footless Lizard OrigINAL DescripTion.—Anniella pulchra Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, 10, 1852, p. 440. Type Locaurry.—California. Synonym.—Anniella texana. Common Names.—Blue Worm-snake, part; Blind Worm; Worm Snake, part; Worm Lizard. Rance— Chiefly southern coast district. Recorded north to Contra Costa County (Van Denburgh, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sei., ser. 3, zool., 4, 1905, p. 48), and San Ardo, Monterey County (Van Denburgh, Oce. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., 5, 1897, pp. 117-118) ; east to Bear Valley, San Benito County (Van Denburgh, 1897, loc. cit.), Sequoia National Park, Tulare County, and between Oil City and Poso Creek, in Kern County (Van Denburgh, 1905, loc. cit.) ; to La Canada, near Pasadena (Grinnell and Grinnell, Throop Inst. Bull., 35, 1907, p. 33), San Bernardino and San Jacinto (Van Denburgh, 1897, loc. cit.), and La Puerta Valley, in eastern San Diego County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Occurs within the Lower and Upper Sonoran life-zones. Inhabits sandy ground; lives beneath rocks in dry washes and in sand dunes. Anniella pulchra nigra Fischer Black Footless Lizard ORIGINAL DescripTioN.—Anniella nigra Fischer, Abh. Nat. Verein Hamburg, 9, pt. 1, 1886, pp. 9-10, 1 pl. Typr Locauiry—San Diego, California [more likely near Monte- rey; see Van Denburgh, Proce. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 3, zool., 4, 1905, p. 45]. Synonym.—Anniella pulchra, part. Common Name.—Blue Worm Snake, part. Rance.—Central seaboard. Recorded only from San Francisco (Cope, Ann. Rep. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1898 [1900], pp. 675, 676), vicinity of Monterey: Pacific Grove, Point Pinos, and Carmel Bay (Van Denburgh, loc. cit., p. 48), and Marin County (Rivers, Bull. South. Calif. Aead. Sci., 1, March, 1902, p. 27). Specimens examined by us (in Coll. San Diego Soe. Nat. Hist.) from Morro Bay, San Luis Obispo 1917] Grinnell-Camp: Amphibians and Reptiles of California 171 County, are intermediate towards pulchra, but nearest nigra. Occurs within the Transition life-zone. Lives in sand dunes. Family XANTUSIIDAE Xantusia vigilis Baird Desert Night Lizard OrIGINAL DescripTion.—Yantusia vigilis Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1858 [1859], p. 255. Type Locaniry—Fort Tejon, California [probably Antelope Valley, in northern Los Angeles County (see Grinnell and Grinnell, Throop Inst. Bull., 35, 1907, p. 59) |. Common Name.—Xantus’s Lizard. Ranee.—Restricted to the tree yucea belt, chiefly on the Mohave Desert. Ranges north to east slope of Inyo Mountains, Inyo County (Meek, Field Columb. Mus., zool. ser., 7, 1905 [1906], p. 13) ; west in vicinity of Walker Pass, Kern County, to Kelso Creek Valley, 3200 feet altitude, near Weldon (Mus. Vert. Zool.), to head of Piru Creek (Meek, loc. cit.) and Pallett (Mus. Vert. Zool.), in northern Los Angeles County, to Hesperia, San Bernardino County (Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna, 7, 1893, p. 198), and to Cabezon, Riverside County (Van Denburgh, Proe. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 2, 5, 1895, p. 526) ; east to Goffs [Blake P. O.], San Bernardino County (Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 12, 1916, p. 528). Oceupies the Lower Sonoran life-zone. Lives in and beneath prostrate trunks of tree yuceas. Xantusia henshawi Stejneger Henshaw Night Lizard OrIGINAL DEscripTION.—Xantusia henshawi Stejneger, Proce. U.S. Nat. Mus., 16, 1893 [1894], p. 467. Tyrr Locauiry—Witch Creek, 2700 feet altitude, San Diego County, California. Synonyms.—NVantusia picta Cope, Amer. Nat., 29, 1895, pp. 859- 860, 939 (type from ‘*‘Tejon Pass’’—almost certainly Poway, San Diego County: Van Denburgh, Copeia, no. 27, February 24, 1916, pp. 14-15) ; Zablepsis henshawt. Common Names.—Henshaw’s Lizard; Cope’s Lizard. RancEe.—Known only from eastern San Diego County, at the type locality as above, at Poway (Van Denburgh, loc. cit.), and in La 172 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 Puerta Valley (U.S. Nat. Mus.; Stephens, MS). Occurs in the Upper Sonoran life-zone. Lives in crevices of rock outcrops. Xantusia riversiana Cope Island Night Lizard OriainaL DescripTrion.—NXantusia riversiana Cope, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883 [1884], pp. 29-32 (see also Amer. Nat., 13, 1879, p. 801). Type Locauiry.—California; fixed as San Nicolas Island, Ventura County, California, by Rivers (Amer. Nat., 23, 1889, p. 1100). Common Name.—Rivers’s Lizard. Rance.—Known only from San Nicolas Island, Santa Barbara Island, and San Clemente Island. The record from Santa Catalina Island (Van Denburgh, Proe. Calif. Acad. Sei., ser. 3, zool., 4, 1905, p- 16) is now questioned (Van Denburgh, Proe. Calif. Acad. Sei., ser. 4, 4, 1914, p. 133). Lives beneath stones and in wind-drifted debris at bases of bushes. Family TEIIDAE Cnemidophorus tigris tigris Baird and Girard Desert Whip-tailed Lizard OrIGINAL DescripTiION.—Cnenuidophorus tigris Baird and Girard, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 6, 1852, p. 69. Type Locauiry.—Valley of the Great Salt Lake, Utah. Synonyms.—Cnemidophorus gracilis Baird and Girard, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6, 1852, p. 128 (type from desert of Colorado) ; Cnemidophorus tessellatus tigris, part; Cnemidophorus tessellatus tesscllatus, part; Cnemidophorus sexlineatus var. tesselatus ; Cnemi- dophorus sexlineatus var. bocourtii Boulenger, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., 2nd ed., 2, 1885, p. 367 (types from California). Common Names.—Desert Whip-tail; Swift Jack; Tessellated Lizard; Tiger Armor-bearer; Tiger Lizard. Rance.—Deserts of southeastern California. Extends north to Benton, Mono County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; west to Gray’s (altitude 6000 feet, near Kearsarge Pass) and Carroll Creek, in Inyo County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), and to desert bases of San Gabriel, San Bernardino, San Jacinto and other mountain ranges to the southward. Intergrades with C. t. mundus through Walker Pass, and with C. t. stejnegeri in 1917] Grinnell-Camp: Amphibians and Reptiles of California 173 Antelope Valley, Los Angeles County, around the northeast base of the San Jacinto Mountains, and east of the desert divides in western Imperial County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Oceupies the Lower Sonoran life-zone. Inhabits sandy or gravelly ground both among rocks and bushes and in open country. (See fig. 10.) Cnemidophorus tigris tigris | Intergrade Cnemidophorus tigris mundus Intergrade (tigris and stejnegeri) Cnemidophorus tigris stejnegeri Cnemidophorus hyperythrus beldingi | DISTRIBUTION MAP MUSEUM OF VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNLA. Fig. 10. Distribution of Whip-tailed Lizards (Cnemidophorus) in California. Cnemidophorus tigris mundus Camp California Whip-tailed Lizard OricInaL Derscription—Cnemidophorus tigris mundus Camp, Uniy. Calif. Publ. Zool., 17, December 28, 1916, p. 71 (new name to replace Cnemidophorus undulatus Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 7, 1854, p. 94). 174 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 Type Locauiry.—Fort Yuma, in San Joachim Valley; later cor- rected to Fort Miller, Fresno County, California (Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna, 7, 1893, p. 201). Synonyms.—Cnemidophorus tessellatus tigris, part; Cnemidopho- rus tessellatus tessellatus, part; Cnemidophorus tigris undulatus, part. Common Names.—California Whip-tail; Tessellated Tiger Lizard. RanGE.—Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys and adjacent moun- tain slopes and detached valleys. Occurs north as far as MeCloud River, in Shasta County (Cope, Ann. Rep. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1898 [1900], p. 579) ; west to Winslow, Glenn County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), to Kelseyville, Lake County (Van Denburgh, Oce. Papers Calif. Acad. Sei., 5, 1897, p. 188), to Mount Diablo, Contra Costa County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), to Los Gatos, Santa Clara County (Van Denburgh, loc. cit.), to Carmel Valley, Monterey County (MeLain, Crit. Notes Coll. Reptiles Western U. S., 1899, p. 9), and to Santa Margarita, San Luis Obispo County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; south to Walker, Te- hachapi, and Tejon passes, in Kern and Los Angeles counties; east to Coulterville road near Big Meadow, 4000 feet altitude, in Mariposa County (Storer, MS), and to Raymond, Madera County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Probably intergrades on the south with C. ¢t. stejnegeri. Oceupies the Lower and Upper Sonoran life-zones. Usual habitat, open valley floors; also lives amid sparse chaparral on hillsides. (See fig. 10.) Cnemidophorus tigris stejnegeri Van Denburgh Stejneger Whip-tailed Lizard OrIGINAL DEscRIPTION.—Cnemidophorus stejnegert Van Denburgh, Proce. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 2, 4, July 12, 1894, pp. 300-301. Type Locariry.—Between San Rafael and Ensenada, Lower Cali- fornia, Mexico. Synonyms.—Cnemidophorus grahamii stejnegerti; Cnemidophorus tessellatus tessellatus, part; Cnemidophorus grahamit; Cnenudophorus tigris undulatus, part. Common Names.—Graham’s Striped Lizard; Stejneger’s Whip- tail. RANGE. Chiefly Pacifie slope of southern California. Occurs north to Matilija, Ventura County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; east to San Gabriel Mountains, up to 5900 feet altitude, in Los Angeles County (Camp, MS), to Lytle Creek (Van Denburgh, Oce. Papers Calif. 1917] Grinnell-Camp: Amphibians and Reptiles of California 175 Aead. Sci., 5, 1897, p. 140) and Upper Santa Ana Cafion, 5500 feet altitude (Grinnell, Univ. Calf. Publ. Zool., 5, 1908, p. 163), in San Bernardino County, to San Jacinto and Santa Rosa mountains, River- side County (Atsatt, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 12, 1913, pp. 39-40), and to Vallecito, in eastern San Diego County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Occupies the Lower and Upper Sonoran life-zones. Inhabits washes, gravelly mesas, and dry mountain slopes. (See fig. 10.) Cnemidophorus hyperythrus beldingi (Stejneger) Belding Orange-throated Lizard Oriemwnau Description.—Verticaria beldingi Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 17, 1894 [1895], pp. 17-18. Type Locautrry.—Cerros Island, Lower California, Mexico. Synonyms.—Verticaria hyperythra; Cnemidophorus hyperythrus ; Verticaria hyperythra beldingt. Common Names.—Belding’s Orange-throat ; Cape Striped Lizard. Rance.—Foothill districts of western San Diego and Riverside counties. Occurs north to Reche Canon, Riverside County (Atsatt, Uniy. Calif. Publ. Zool., 12, 1913, p. 40) ; west to Temescal Mountains, Riverside County (Van Denburgh, Proe. Calif. Acad. Sei., ser. 4, 3, 1912, p. 150), and to Escondido (Mus. Vert. Zool.) and San Diego (Cope, Ann. Rep. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1898 [1900], p. 564), in San Diego County; east to Oak Grove, San Diego County (Van Denburgh, loc. cit., p. 152), and San Jacinto, Riverside County (Stejneger, loc. cit.). Occurs within the Lower Sonoran life-zone. Inhabits dry, sparsely vegetated, sandy ground, and dusty roadsides. (See fig. 10.) Family SCINCIDAE Plestiodon skiltonianum Baird and Girard Western Skink OriGINAL DeEscription.—Plestiodon Skiltonianuwm Baird and Girard, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 6, 1852, p. 69. Type Locauiry.—Oregon. Synonyms.—Eumeces quadrilineatu[s| Hallowell, Pac. R. R. Rep., 10, 1859, Williamson’s Rep., pt. 4, no. 1, p. 10 (types from near Mohave River and in San Bernardino Valley [more lkely the latter] ) ; Eumeces gilberti Van Denburgh, Proe. Calif. Acad. Sei., ser. 2, 6, 1896, 176 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 pp. 350-352 (type from Yosemite Valley, Mariposa County [see Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 17, 1916, pp. 72-73] ) ; Hwmeces skiltonvanus var. brevipes Cope, Ann. Rep. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1898 [1900], pp. 648- 644 (type from Fresno) ; Hwmeces hallowellii Bocourt, in Duméril, Bocourt, and Moquard, in Miss. Sei. au Mex., Recherch. Zool., pt. 3, sec. 1, 6° livr., 1879, p. 485, Atlas, [1881], pl. 22n, fig. 7 (type from California) ; Humeces skiltonianus var. amblygrammus Cope, loc. cit., p. 648 (type from Fort Humboldt) ; Humeces skiltonianus. Common Names.—Blue-tailed Lizard; Skilton’s Skink; Red-headed Skink; Gilbert’s Skink; Blue-tailed Skink. RanGE.—Nearly the entire state; absent on the southeastern deserts and on the Sierra Nevada above 8000 feet altitude. Occurs east to head of Willow Creek, 7000 feet altitude, Panamint Mountains, Inyo County (Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna, 7, 1893, p. 202) ; southeast to Maturango Spring, Argus Range, Inyo County (Stejneger, loc. cit.) ; to Kern River near Isabella (Mus. Vert. Zool.) and old Fort Tejon (Stejneger, loc. cit.), in Kern County; to Barley Flats, 5500 feet altitude, San Gabriel Mountains, Los Angeles County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; to Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mountains, San Bernardino County (Van Denburgh, Proce. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, 3, 1912, p. 149) ; to Strawberry Valley, 5500 feet altitude, San Jacinto Moun- tains, Riverside County (Atsatt, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 12, 1913, p. 41) ; and to Jacumba Hot Springs, San Diego County (Cope, Ann. Rep. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1898 [1900], p. 644). Occurs also on Santa Catalina Island (Van Denburgh, Proce. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, 4, 1914, pp. 132, 138). Inhabits chiefly the Upper Sonoran life-zone, but extends also through Transition. Characteristic habitat, rocky or wooded hillsides and cafon bottoms; lives beneath stones and masses of dead vegetation. Suborder SERPENTES Family LEPTOTYPHLOPIDAE Leptotyphlops humilis (Baird and Girard) Worm Snake ORIGINAL DescripTION.—Rena humilis Baird and Girard, Cat. N. A. Reptiles in Smiths. Inst., pt. 1, 1853, p. 143. Type Locaurry.—Valliecitas [— Vallecito, San Diego County], California. ~] 1917] Grinnell-Camp: Amphibians and Reptiles of California 1 Synonyms.—[?] Ophisaurus ventralis; Glauconia humilis; Steno- stoma humile; Siagonodon humilis. Common Names.—California Rena; California Blind Snake; Glass Snake ; Sheep-nosed Snake. Ranee.—The three definite records are from southeastern Cali- fornia: six miles from Bennett Wells, in Death Valley, Inyo County (Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna, 7, 1893, p. 203); San Bernardino, San Bernardino County (Boulenger, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., 3, 1896, p. 591); and the type locality, in extreme eastern San Diego County, as above. These localities lie within the Lower Sonoran life-zone. Family BOIDAE Subfamily Bomar Lichanura roseofusca Cope California Boa ORIGINAL Descriprion.—Lichanura roseofusca Cope, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 2. Type Locauiry.—Northern Lower California, Mexico. Synonyms.—Lichanura orcutti Stejneger, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, 1889, pp. 96-97, fig. 1 (type from Colorado Desert, San Diego County); Lichanura simplex Stejneger, loc. cit., pp. 97-99, fig. 2 (type from San Diego) ; Lichanura myriolepis; Lichanura trivirgata. Common Names.—Rubber Snake, part; Rubber Boa, part; Rosy Boa. Rance.—Limited to a small area in the southern part of the state. Recorded northwest to Arroyo Seco (Camp, MS) and Mount Wilson (Van Denburgh, Oce. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., 5, 1897, p. 154) near Pasadena, Los Angeles County; east to Cabezon and Palm Canon, Riverside County (Atsatt, Univ. Calf. Publ. Zool., 12, 1913, p. 41), and to Dulzura (Mus. Vert. Zool.) and ‘‘ Colorado Desert’’ (as above), San Diego County. There is a specimen in the U.S. National Museum (no. 44317) from the Providence Mountains, northeastern San Ber- nardino County. Occurs within the Lower and Upper Sonoran life- zones. Lives on shaded hillsides in dense chaparral. (See fig. 11.) Charina bottae (Blainville) Rubber Snake OrteInAL Description.—Tortrix Bottae Blainville, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat., 4, 1835, pp. [57-58] 289-290, pl. 26, figs. 1, la, 1b. 178 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 Type Locauiry.—California [Monterey ?]. Synonyms.—Charina brachyops Cope, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 11, 1888, p. 88 (type from Point Reyes, Marin County) ; Charina plumbea; Pseudoeryx bottae. = eae Ie SS a “| | y Ate! @ i } ty oy : Lichanura roseofusca Charina bottae Rhinocheilus lecontei Salvadora hexalepis +b bde@O Hypsiglena ochrorhynchus Ranges of Charina bottae and Lichanura roseofusca outlined DISTRIBUTION MAP MUSEUM OF VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA cS Fig. 11. Distribution of Snakes (Lichanura, Charina, Rhinocheilus, Salvadora, and Hypsiglena) in California. Common Names.—Two-headed Snake; Lead-colored Worm Snake ; Wood Snake; Rubber Boa, part. Ranee.—Northern California, both east and west of the Sierra Nevada. Has been found south to Redwood Cafion, East Fork Kaweah River, Tulare County (Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna, 7, 1893, p. 203), 1917] Grinnell-Camp: Amphibians and Reptiles of California 179 and to Soquel, Santa Cruz County (Van Denburgh, Occ. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., 5, 1897, p. 156). Southeasternmost stations are: Tahoe City, Placer County (Van Denburgh, loc. cit.), and Yosemite Valley, Mariposa County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Occurs chiefly within the Transition life-zone, extending locally into Upper Sonoran. Inhabits damp ground in canons and on forest floors. (See fig. 11.) Superfamily COLUBROIDEAE Family COLUBRIDAE Subfamily NarricinaE Thamnophis marcianus (Baird and Girard) Marey Garter Snake OriginaL Description.—Eutainia Marciana Baird and Girard, Cat. N. A. Reptiles in Smiths. Inst., pt. 1, 1853, pp. 36-37. Type Locaurry—Red River, Arkansas [=-near Cache Creek, Oklahoma: Ruthven, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull., 61, 1908, p. 58]. SynonyM.—Lutaenia elegans marciana. Rance—Along the lower Colorado River from Fort Yuma, In- perial County (Yarrow, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull, 24, 1882, pp. 17, 118) north at least to Riverside Mountain, Riverside County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Life-zone, Lower Sonoran. Habitat, riparian. Thamnophis ordinoides ordinoides (Baird and Girard) Pacifie Coast Garter Snake ORIGINAL Description —Tropidonotus ordinoides Baird and Gi- rard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6, 1852, p. 176. Type Locauiry.—Puget Sound. Synonyms.—Eutaenia leptocephala; Eutaenia infernalis vidua Cope, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 14, 1891, pp. 658-659 (types from San Francisco) ; Eutainia atrata Kennicott, in Cooper, Pace. R. R. Rep., 12, 1859, pt. 3, no. 4, p. 296 (type from California) ; Hutaenia elegans, part; Eutaenia infernalis, part; Eutaenia elegans ordinoides; Tropi- donotus leptocephalus; Eutaenia sirtalis leptocephala; Eutaenia ordi- noides; Thamnophis infernalis, part; Eutainia sirtalis elegans; Thamnophis leptocephala. Common Names.—Puget Garter Snake; Narrow-headed Garter Snake; Black Garter Snake; Boyd’s Garter Snake, part. Rance.—Chiefly the narrow northwest coast strip within twenty 180 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 miles of the seacoast ; authentically recorded south as far as Monterey (Ruthven, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull., 61, 1908, p. 149). One interior record: Fresno (Ruthven, loc. cit.). Occupies the Transition life-zone. Lives in dense vegetation, along streams and on marshy ground. Thamnophis ordinoides elegans (Baird and Girard) Elegant Garter Snake OriginaL DescripTion.—Eutainia elegans Baird and Girard, Cat. N. A. Reptiles in Smiths. Inst., pt. 1, 1853, pp. 84-35. Typr Locaurry.—Eldorado County, California. Synonyms.—Hutaina vagrans Baird and Girard, loc. cit., pp. 35- 36 (types from Humboldt River) ; Lutaenia infernalis, part ; Eutaena elegans lincolata Cope, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., 14, 1891, p. 655 (type from southern California: see Cope, Ann. Rep. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1898 [1900], p. 1039) ; Hutaenia elegans brunnea Cope, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., 14, 1891, p. 654 (type from Fort Bidwell, Modoe County) ; Eutacnia couchti Kennicott, in Baird, Pac. R. R. Rep., 10, 1859, Ab- bot’s Rep., pt. 4, no. 4, pp. 10-11 (type from bank of Pit River) ; Thamnophis infernalis, part; Tropidonotus tri-vittatus Hallowell, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6, 1853, p. 237 (types from banks of Cosumnes and other rivers in California) ; Eutaenia elegans couchi, part; Tropidonotus ordinatus infernalis; Tropidonotus ordinatus vay. couchti; Thamnophis vagrans; Thamnophis parietalis, part; Eutaenia elegans vagrans; Eutaenia hammondi, part; Thamnophis elegans, part; Hutaenia elegans infernalis. Common Names.—Boyd’s Garter Snake, part; Pacifie Garter Snake, part; Wandering Garter Snake; Hammond’s Garter Snake, part; Single-striped Garter Snake; Green Garter Snake; Western Garter Snake, part. Rance.—Northeastern portion of the state; across the head of the Sacramento Valley and reaching in that latitude as far as Humboldt Bay ; south along the Sierra Nevada to Lone Pine, Inyo County, and Kern River, in Kern County, and thence west through the mountains about the head of the San Joaquin Valley to the seacoast from Santa Ynez River, Santa Barbara County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), north to Morro, San Luis Obispo County (Ruthven, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull., 61, 1908, pp. 140-141). Thought to intergrade along the western edge of its range with ordinoides and at the south with hammondu. Occurs within the Canadian and Transition life-zones, extending locally into Upper Sonoran. Inhabits marshes, stream-sides, and ponds. 1917] Grinnell-Camp: Amphibians and Reptiles of California 181 Thamnophis ordinoides hammondii (Kennicott) California Garter Snake Ori@inaL Description.—Eutaenia Hammondii Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1860 [1861], p. 332. Tyre Locauiry.—San Diego, California. Synonyms.—LHutaenia couchu, part; Eutaenia elegans couch, part; Tropidonotus ordinatus var. hammondu; Tropidonotus ordi- natus; Eutaenia marciana, part; Tropidonotus vagrans. Common Names.—Hammond’s Garter Snake, part; Water Snake; Couch’s Garter Snake; Marey’s Garter Snake, part. RanGE.—The southwestern portion of the state, chiefly in moun- tains west of the desert divides. Recorded north to Lone Pine, Inyo County (U. S. Nat. Mus.), to Kernville, Kern County, and vicinity of Fresno (Ruthven, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull., 61, 1908, p. 135). East- ernmost stations are: Laguna Mountains, San Diego County (Cope, Ann. Rep. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1898 [1900], p. 1044) ; Palm Canon, 800 feet altitude, San Jacinto Mountains (Atsatt, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 12, 1913, p. 43); Bluff Lake, 7500 feet altitude, San Bernardino Mountains (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; and Mohave River at Victorville (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Oceupies the Upper Sonoran and Transition life-zones. Inhabits streams and margins of lakes and the near vicinity of same. Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis (Say) Western Garter Snake ORIGINAL DeEscripTion.—Coluber parietalis Say, in Long, Exped. to Rocky Mountains, 1, 1823, pp. 186-187, footnote. Type Locaurry.—Camp Missouri [near Council Bluffs, Iowa]. Synonyms.—Coluber infernalis Blainville, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hist., 4, 1835, pp. [59-60] 291-292, pl. 26, figs. 3-3a (type from Cali- fornia); Eutaenia sirtalis obscura; Eutaenia sirtalis; Tropidonotus parietalis; Eutaenia proxima; Eutaenia imperialis (type said to be from Tomales Bay: Coues and Yarrow, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., 4, 1878, p. 280) ; Eutaenia sirtalis pickeringti; Thamnophis infernalis, part; Thamnophis elegans, part; Eutaenia concinna; Thamnophis parietalis; Eutaenia sirtalis parietalis; Eutaena sirtalis tetrataena; Eutaenia sirtalis dorsalis. Common Names.—Pacific Garter Snake, part; Rocky Mountain Garter Snake; Red-barred Garter Snake; California Garter Snake, 182 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 part; Churchill’s Garter Snake; Dusky Garter Snake; Say’s Garter Snake; Striped Snake; Pickering’s Garter Snake. Ranee.—Almost throughout the state west and north of the south- eastern deserts. Recorded southeast to Yosemite Valley, Mariposa County (Van Denburgh, Occ. Papers Calif. Acad. Sei., 5, 1897, p. 203), to Kern River, in Kern County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), and to Riverside, Riverside County (Van Denburgh, loc. cit.). Southernmost station, Bixby, near Long Beach, Los Angeles County (Grinnell and Grinnell, Throop Inst. Bull, 35, 1907, pp. 48-49). Oceupies the Lower and Upper Sonoran and Transition life-zones. Lives along streams, sloughs, and lake-margins, and in wet meadows. Subfamily CoLuBRINAE Chilomeniscus cinctus Cope Banded Burrowing Snake OrieInAL Description.—Chilomeniscus cinctus Cope, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1861, p. 303. Type Locaniry.—Near Guaymas, east coast of Gulf of California, Mexico. Synonym.—Chilomeniscus ephippicus Cope, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 85 (type from Owens Valley, Inyo County). Common Names.—Horse Snake; Red and Black Ground Snake. Rance.—Only two records, both from the southeastern deserts: from the type locality of ephippicus, as above, and from Fort Yuma, Imperial County (Van Denburgh and Slevin, Proce. Calif. Acad. Sei., ser. 4, 3, 1913, p. 410). Life-zone, Lower Sonoran. (See fig. 12.) Sonora occipitalis (Hallowell) Desert Burrowing Snake OrigINAL DescripTion.—Rhinostoma occipitale Hallowell, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 7, 1854, p. 95. Type Locatiry.—Mohave Desert, California. Synonyms.—Lamprosoma annulatum Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., 2, 1859, pt. 2, Reptiles, p. 22, pl. 21, fig. 1 (types from Colorado Desert) ; Lamprosoma occipitale; Chionactis occipitalis; Chionactis occipitalis annulatus. Common Names.—Desert Snake; Mohave Ringed Snake. 1917] Grinnell-Camp: Amphibians and Reptiles of California 183 RanGe.—Mohave and Colorado deserts, north to Owens Lake, Inyo County (Meek, Field Columb. Mus., zool. ser., 7, 1906, p. 15), and Blythe Junction, San Bernardino County (Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 12, 1916, p. 531), and west to Carrizo Creek and La Puerta Valley, in eastern San Diego County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Restricted to the Lower Sonoran life-zone. Inhabits open gravelly or sandy ground. (See fig. 12.) Sonora episcopa (Kennicott) Texas Ground Snake OrigInaL Derscription.—Lamprosoma episcopum Kennicott, in Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., 2, 1859; pt. 2, Reptiles, p. 22, pl. 8, fig. 2. Type Locauiry.—Eagle Pass, Texas. RanGe.—Extreme southeastern deserts; two instances of occur- rence: 4 miles north of Blythe Junction, San Bernardino County (Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 12, 1916, pp. 530-531) ; Heber, Im- perial County (no. 5610, Mus. Vert. Zool.). Both localities he within the Lower Sonoran life-zone. In the first case, the snake was taken from beneath a stone on a rocky hillside. (See fig. 12.) Contia mitis Baird and Girard Sharp-tailed Snake OriGINAL DEscrIeTION.—Contia mitis Baird and Girard, Cat. N. A. Reptiles in Smiths. Inst., pt. 1, 1853, pp. 110-111. Tyre Locaniry.—San Jose, Santa Clara County, California. Synonyms.—Ablabes purpureocauda Giinther, Cat. Colubrine Snakes Brit. Mus., 1858, p. 245 (type from California) ; Homalosoma mite. Common Names.—Purple-tailed Snake; Pacifie Ground Snake; Brown Snake; Gentle Brown Snake. RaNnce.—Northern portion of the state, mostly near the seacoast. Southernmost stations: Big Basin, Santa Cruz County (Van Den- burgh, Oce. Papers Calif. Acad. Sei., 5, 1897, p. 163), and [near] Fresno, Fresno County (Yarrow, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull., 24, 1882, pp. 14, 87) ; easternmost stations: Fyffe, Eldorado County (Van Den- burgh, loc. cit.), and Baird, Shasta County (Cope, Ann. Rep. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1898 [1900], p. 926). Occurs in the Transition and Upper Sonoran life-zones. Lives beneath stones in hilly country. (See fig. 12.) 184 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 Diadophis amabilis Baird and Girard Western Ring-necked Snake ORIGINAL DeEscripTioN.—Diadophis amabilis Baird and Girard, Cat. N. A. Reptiles in Smiths. Inst., pt. 1, 1853, pp. 113-114. Type Locauiry—San Jose, Santa Clara County, California. Synonyms.—Diadophis pulchellus Baird and Girard, loc. cit., p. 115 (type from Eldorado County) ; Diadophis punctatus pulchellus ; Diadophis punctatus amabilis; Diadophis amabilis pulchellus ; Coro- nella amabilis; Ablabes punctatus; [2] Coluber punctatus; Diadophis punctatus. Common Names.—California Ring-necked Snake; Red-bellied Snake; Spotted Ring Snake. Rance—West of the desert divides the whole length of the state. Occurs northeast to McCloud River, Shasta County (Townsend, Proe. U.S. Nat. Mus., 10, 1887, p. 239) ; east to Oroville, Butte County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; to Eldorado County (as above); to Yosemite Valley, Mariposa County (Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna, 7, 1893, p. 204) ; to [near] Fresno, Fresno County (Yarrow, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull, 24, 1882, pp. 15, 95-96); to Tejon Pass [Kern County?] (Heermann, Pac. R. R. Rep., 10, 1859, Williamson’s Rep., pt. 4, no. 1, p. 24) ; to Arroyo Seco Cation (Grinnell and Grinnell, Throop Inst. Bull., 35, 1907, pp. 38-39) and Glendora (Mus. Vert. Zool.), Los Angeles County; to Santa Ana Cafion, 6400 feet altitude, San Bernardino County (Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 5, 1908, p. 164) ; to Straw- berry Valley, 5500 feet altitude, San Jacinto Mountains, Riverside County (Atsatt, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 12, 1913, p. 41); and to Witch Creek, San Diego County (Cope, Ann. Rep. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1898 [1900], p. 749). There is a mutilated specimen of a Diadophis in the U. S. National Museum from Santa Catalina Island. Occurs within the Upper Sonoran and Transition life-zones. Inhabits shaded canons; lives in masses of dead leaves and beneath stones. (See fio 25) Lampropeltis pyromelana multicincta (Yarrow) Coral King Snake OrIGINAL Description.—Ophibolus getulus multicinctus Yarrow, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, 1882, p. 440. Type Locauiry.—|Near] Fresno, California. Synonyms.—[?] Coluber (Zacholus) zonatus Blainville, Nouv. 1917] Grinnell-Camp: Amphibians and Reptiles of California 185 Ann. Mus. Nat. Hist., 4, 1835, pp. [61-62] 293-294 (type from Cali- fornia) ; Coronella multifasciata Bocourt, in Duméril, Bocourt, and Moquard, in Miss. Sci. au Mex., Recherch. Zool., pt. 3, see. 1, 10°, livr. 1886, pp. 616-617, Atlas, pl. 40, figs. 2-2c (type from California) ; eRe ee = Chilomeniscus cinctus Sonora occipitalis Sonora episcopa Contia mitis Diadophis amabilis Tantilla eiseni DISTRIBUTION MAP MUSEUM OF VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY “ALLPORNLA UNIVERSITY OF Fig. 12. Distribution of Snakes (Diadophis, Tantilla, Chilomeniscus, Sonora, and Contia) in California. Bellophis zonatus Lockington, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 7, 1876 [1877], pp. 52-53 (type from ‘‘Northern California’’: Santa Barbara, ac- cording to Van Denburgh, Occ. Papers Calif. Acad. Sei., 5, 1897, p. 167) ; Ophibolus pyrrhomelanus ; Ophibolus pyrrhomelas; Coronella pyromelanus zonata; Coronella zonata; Ophibolus zonatus; Lampro- peltis zonata. 186 University of California Publications in Zoology (Vou. 17 Common Names.—California King Snake; Arizona Ringed Snake ; Ringed King Snake; Hisen’s King Snake; Red Milk Snake; Corral Snake; Ring Snake; Harlequin Snake. RanGe.—The southwestern portion of the state, altogether west of the desert divides. Occurs north in the coast belt as far as Glen- wood, Santa Cruz County, and Mount Hamilton, Santa Clara County (Van Denburgh, loc. cit., p. 169), and on the west slope of the Sierra Nevada to Riverton, Eldorado County (Van Denburgh, loc. cit.) ; east to Yosemite Valley, Mariposa County (Van Denburgh, loc. cit.) ; to Heaven’s Gate, near Little Kern Lake, Tulare County (Van Den- burgh, loc. cit.) ; to Arroyo Seco Canon, near Pasadena, Los Angeles County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; to upper Santa Ana Cafion, 5500 feet altitude, San Bernardino County (Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 5, 1908, p. 165) ; and to Strawberry Valley, 6000 feet altitude, River- side County (Atsatt, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 12, 1913, pp. 41-42). Extends south as far as vicinity of San Diego (Van Denburgh, loc. cit.). Oceurs chiefly within the Transition life-zone, entering to some extent the Upper Sonoran. Inhabits forest floors and chaparral- covered hillsides. Lampropeltis boylii (Baird and Girard) Boyle King Snake OrtGInaAL Description.—Ophibolus Boylit Baird and Girard, Cat. N. A. Reptiles in Smiths. Inst., pt. 1, 1853, pp. 82-83. Type Locaniry.—Eldorado County, California. Synonyms.—Coronella balteata Hallowell, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 6, 1853, pp. 236-237 (types from California) ; Ophibolus getulus boyli, part; Coronella getula, part; Coronella boylit. Common NameEs.—Boyle Milk Snake ; California King Snake, part; California Milk Snake, part; Banded Milk Snake. Rance.—Throughout the southern and central parts of the state, except on the high mountains (above 6000 feet altitude) and along the lower Colorado River. Occurs north in the coast belt at least to near Cazadero, Sonoma County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), in the interior to Lierly’s, near Mount Sanhedrin, Mendocino County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), to McCloud River, Shasta County (Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, 1887, p. 239), and to Applegate, Placer County (Van Denburgh, Oce. Papers Calif. Acad. Sei., 5, 1897, p. 171), and, east of the Sierran divide, to Beveridge Canon (on east slope of Inyo Mountains) and 1917] Grinnell-Camp: Amphibians and Reptiles of California 187 Wild Rose Springs, in Inyo County (Meek, Field Columb. Mus., zool. ser., 7, 1905 [1906], p. 15). There is a specimen in the U. S. National Museum from Avalon, Santa Catalina Island [see also Cooper, Proe. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, p. 79]. Occurs in the Lower and Upper Sonoran and Transition life-zones. Shows no special restriction in habitat. Lampropeltis conjuncta Cope Black King Snake OriagwwaL Description.—Lampropeltis boylii var. conjuncta Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1861, pp. 301-302. Type Locauiry.—Cape San Lueas [Lower California, Mexico]. SYNONYM. Ophibolus getulus boyliv, part. Common Name.—California King Snake, part. Rance.—Colorado River bottom. Has been taken near Pilot Knob and 5 miles northeast of Fort Yuma (nos. 1837 and 1838, Mus. Vert. Zool.), and at Fort Yuma (Cope, loc. cit.). These stations are all in Imperial County and le within the Lower Sonoran life-zone. Lampropeltis californiae (Blainville) California King Snake OriGINAL DeEscription.—Coluber (Ophis) Californiae Blainville, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hist., 4, 1835, p. [60] 292, pl. 27, figs. 1, 1a, 1b. Type Locauiry.—California. Synonyms.—Ophibolus getulus eisent Yarrow, Proe. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 5, 1882, pp. 489-440 (types from Fresno, California) ; Ophibolus getulus californiae; Ophibolus californiae; Coronella Californiae ; Coronella getula, part; Coronella getulus var. californica. Common Names.—Blainville’s King Snake; California Milk Snake, part. Rance.—Interruptedly distributed through the southern part of the state west of the desert divides. Localities of occurrence are: Fresno (as above) ; Waterman Canon, San Bernardino County (Van Denburgh, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, 3, 1912, p. 149) ; Riverside County (Van Denburgh, Oce. Papers Calif. Acad. Sei., 5, 1897, p. 174) ; Cuyamaca (Van Denburgh, 1912, loc. cit., p. 151), Witch Creek (Cope, Ann. Rep. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1898 [1900], p. 923), Dulzura and Julian (Mus. Vert. Zool.), in San Diego County. Occurs in the Upper, and possibly also the Lower, Sonoran life-zone. 188 University of California Publications in Zoology (Vou. 17 Rhinocheilus lecontei Baird and Girard Long-nosed Snake OrIGINAL DEscRIPTION.—Rhinocheilus Lecontei Baird and Girard, Cat. N. A. Reptiles in Smiths. Inst., pt. 1, 1853, pp. 120-121. Type Locauiry.—San Diego, California. Common Name.—Leconte’s Snake. Ranee—Chiefly Pacific slope of southern California and floor of San Joaquin Valley. Has been found northwest to Carrizo Plain, San Luis Obispo County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), and to Fresno (Yarrow, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull., 24, 1882, pp. 14, 18). Hasternmost stations are: Independence, Inyo County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), Pasadena, Los Angeles County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), and Cabezon and Dos Palmos Spring, 3500 feet altitude, Santa Rosa Mountains, in Riverside County (Atsatt, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 12, 1913, p. 42). Occurs within the Lower Sonoran life-zone. Inhabits open flat country, living in rodent burrows. (See fig. 11.) Hypsiglena ochrorhynchus Cope Spotted Night Snake OriciInAL Derscription.—Hypsiglena ochrorhynchus Cope, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1860, pp. 246-247. Type Locaniry.—Cape San Lueas, [Lower] California. Common Names.—Rock Snake, Xantus’s Snake. Rance.—The southern portion of the state, chiefly in mountainous districts. The stations of occurrence known to us are as follows: Near Christy, Contra Costa County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; foothills near Los Gatos, Santa Clara County (Van Denburgh, Proe. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 3, zool., 4, 1906, pp. 65-66) ; Shepherd Canon, Argus Range, Inyo County (Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna, 7, 1893, p. 204) ; near Los Angeles (Riithling, Copeia, no. 15, February 20, 1915); Hesperia (Van Denburgh, Oce. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., 5, 1897, p. 180) and Santa Ana Canon, 5500 feet altitude (Grinnell, Univ. Calf. Publ. Zool., 5, 1908, p. 165), in San Bernardino County ; Strawberry Valley, 5000 feet altitude, and San Jacinto, in Riverside County (Van Den- burgh, loc. cit.) ; San Diego (Van Denburgh, loc. cit.), Witch Creek (Cope, Ann. Rep. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1898 [1900], p. 954), and Cuyamaca Mountains (Van Denburgh, loc. cit.), im San Diego County. Occurs within the Lower and Upper Sonoran life-zones. Inhabits rocky situations. (See fig. 11.) 1917] Grinnell-Camp: Amphibians and Reptiles of California 189 Salvadora hexalepis (Cope) Patch-nosed Snake OriegInAL Description.—Phimothyra hexalepis Cope, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866 [1867], p. 304. Type Locaniry.—Fort Whipple, Arizona. Synonyms.—Salvadora grahamiae hexalepis; Zamenis grahami; Salvadora grahamiac. Common Names.—Banded Flat-nosed Snake; Graham’s Flat-nosed Snake. Ranee.—The southern portion of the state, chiefly in arid situ- ations. Has been taken north to Amargosa Borax Works and Matu- rango Spring, Argus Range, in Inyo County (Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna, 7, 1893, p. 206); west to Arroyo Seco, near Pasadena, Los Angeles County (Grinnell and Grinnell, Throop Inst. Bull., 35, 1907, p. 42), to Riverside (McLain, Crit. Notes Coll. Reptiles Western U. S., 1899, p. 11) and to San Diego (Cope, Ann. Rep. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1898 [1900], p. 820). Oceupies the Lower and Upper Sonoran life-zones. Inhabits hillsides with sparse covering of bushes. (See fig. 11.) Coluber constrictor vetustus (Baird and Girard) Western Yellow-bellied Racer ORIGINAL Description.—Bascanion vetustus Baird and Girard, Cat. N. A. Reptiles in Smiths. Inst., pt. 1, 1853, p. 97. Type Locaniry—San Jose, Santa Clara County, California (so restricted by Van Denburgh, Oce. Papers Calif. Acad. Sei., 5, 1897 p. 183). Synonyms.—Bascanion constrictor flaviventris; Bascanion con- strictor vetustum; Zamenis constrictor flaviventris; Bascanion con- strictor; Zamenis constrictor; [2] Bascanium flagelliforme testaceum, part. Common Names.—Blue Racer; California Black Snake; Black Chaser; Yellow Coachwhip Snake, part; Yellow-bellied Black Snake ; Green Racer. Rance.—Throughout nearly all of the state, except on the south- eastern deserts. Oceurs south, east of the Sierra Nevada, at least to Honey Lake, Lassen County (Yarrow and Henshaw, Ann. Rep. U.S. Engineers, 1878, p. 1636); in central California, east to Yosemite Valley, Mariposa County (Van Denburgh, Oce. Papers Calif. Acad. 190 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 Sci., 5, 1897, p. 186), and to Kernville, Kern County (Yarrow, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull., 24, 1882, pp. 16, 110) ; in southern California, east to Fort Tejon, Kern County (Yarrow, loc. cit.), to San Bernardino (Van Denburgh, loc. cit., p. 185), and south to Agua Caliente, 3400 feet altitude, in San Diego County (Van Denburgh, loc. cit.). Occupies the Lower and Upper Sonoran and Transition life-zones. Inhabits grasslands and wet meadows. (See fig. 13.) Coluber flagellum frenatus (Stejneger) Red Racer OriGinaL Description.—Bascanion flagellum frenatwm Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna, 7, May 31, 1893, pp. 208-209. Type Locairy. Mountain Spring, edge of Colorado Desert, eastern San Diego County, California. Synonyms.—Zamensis flagellum flagellum; Zamenis flagellum; Zamenis flagelliformis frenatus; Bascanion flagellum frenatum; Bascanium flageluforme; Bascanium flagelliforme testaceum, part; Bascanium testaceum; [?] Bascanium flagelliforme piceum; Herpe- todryas flavigularis ; Drymobius testaceus. Common Names.—Western Whip Snake; Yellow Coach-whip Snake, part; [?] Arizona Coach-whip Snake; Coppery Whip Snake. Rance.—Throughout the desert and coast districts of the southern half of the state, including also the southern San Joaquin Valley. Has been taken northwest to Yosemite Valley, Mariposa County (Van Denburgh, Proe. Calif. Acad. Sei., ser. 2, 5, 1895, p. 148, footnote), to Fresno (Yarrow, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull., 24, 1882, pp. 17, 112), and to Carrizo Plain, San Luis Obispo County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; east of the Sierras, north to Deep Spring Valley, Inyo County (Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna, 7, 1893, p. 209). Occurs chiefly within the Lower Sonoran life-zone, extending rarely into Upper Sonoran and doubt- fully into Transition. Inhabits open washes, plains, and hillslopes. (See fig. 13.) Coluber lateralis (Hallowell) California Striped Racer OrieinaL Drescription.—Leptophis lateralis Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 6, 1853, p. 237. Type Locaurry.—California. 1917] Grinnell-Camp: Amphibians and Reptiles of California 191 Synonyms.—Zamenis lateralis; Bascanion laterale; Bascanium taeniatum laterale; Bascanion taeniatus, part; Drymobius lateralis. Common NameEs.—Striped Racer, part; Hallowell’s Coach-whip Snake; Banded Racer; Few-striped Whip Snake; Striped-side Whip Snake. = - r i LAS SES SSE SEBS Gg if Ye ( Coluber constrictor vetustus Coluber flagellum frenatus Coluber taeniatus > beO Coluber lateralis Ranges of Coluber constrictor vetustus and Coluber flagellum frenatus outlined Ba ONS ee N bs AN hel aes Kon | DISTRIBUTION MAP MUSEUM OF VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Se Fig. 13. Distribution of Racers (Coluber) in California. RANGE.—Southern and west-central portions of the state, chiefly west of the desert divides. Has been taken north to 7 miles west of Cazadero, in Sonoma County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), to Mount Saint Helena, in Lake County (Van Denburgh, Oce. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., 5, 1897, p. 190), and to Baird, Shasta County (Cope, Ann. Rep. 192 University of California Publications in Zoology (Vou. 17 U.S. Nat. Mus., 1898 [1900], p. 808) ; northeast to 5 miles northeast of Coulterville, 3200 feet altitude, in Mariposa County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; east to Fay Creek near Weldon (Mus. Vert. Zool.) and Fort Tejon (Yarrow and Henshaw, Ann. Rep. U. 8. Engineers, 1878, p. 1637), in Kern County; to Sierra Madre, 2000 feet altitude, Los Angeles County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; to Cabezon, Strawberry Valley, 6000 feet altitude, and Kenworthy, 4500 feet altitude, in Riverside County (Atsatt, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 12, 1913, p. 48); and to Dulzura, San Diego County (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Oceupies chiefly the Upper Sonoran life-zone, but extends locally into Lower Sonoran and Transition. Inhabits, as a rule, chaparral. (See fig. 13.) Coluber taeniatus (Hallowell) Nevada Striped Racer OrictnAL Description.—Leptophis taeniata Hallowell, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 6, 1852, p. 181. Type Locauiry.—New Mexico. Synonyms.—Zamenis taeniatus; Masticophis taeniatus; Basca- nion taeniatum; Drymobius taeniatus. Common NameEs.—Many-striped Whip Snake ; Striped Racer, part ; Pacific Coach-whip Snake; Striped Whip Snake. RANGE.—Chiefly east of the Sierran divides and north of the Mohave desert. Recorded west at the north to Baird and Canoe Creek, in Shasta County (Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna, 7, 1893, p. 210), and southeast through the Inyo region to Maturango Spring, Argus Range, Inyo County (Stejneger, loc. cit.). Southernmost station, Walker Basin, Kern County (Yarrow and Henshaw, Ann. Rep. U. S. Engi- neers, 1878, p. 1637). Oceurs chiefly within the Upper Sonoran life- zone. Inhabits sagebrush. (See fig. 13.) Arizona elegans Kennicott Faded Snake ORIGINAL DeEscripTion.—Arizona elegans Kennicott, in Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Survey, 2, 1859, pt. 2, Reptiles, pp. 18-19, pl. 13. Type Locauiry.—Rio Grande. Synonyms.—Rhinechis elegans; Coluber arizonae. Common Name.—Smooth-sealed Coluber. Rance.—The extreme southern portion of the state. All definite 1917] Grinnell-Camp: Amphibians and Reptiles of California 193 stations of occurrence known to us are as follows: Fresno (U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; Alhambra, Los Angeles County (U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; near On- tario, San Bernardino County (Van Denburgh, Oce. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., 5, 1897, p. 194) ; Riverside (Van Denburgh, Proe. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, 3, 1912, p. 150); San Jacinto, Riverside County (Van Denburgh, 1897, loc. cit.) ; Warner’s Ranch (Boulenger, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., 2, 1894, p. 66), between Carlsbad and Oceanside (Van Denburgh, 1897, loc. cit.), Vallecito (Mus. Vert. Zool.), and Pacifie Beach (Cope, Ann. Rep. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1898 [1900], p. 865), in San Diego County. Occurs chiefly within the Lower Sonoran life- zone. Inhabits open flat country. Pituophis catenifer catenifer (Blainville) Western Gopher Snake OriaginaAL Descriprion.—Coluber catenifer Blainville, Nouy. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat., 4, 1835, pp. [58-59] 290-291, pl. 26, figs. 2, 2a, 2b. Typr Locauiry.—California. Synonyms.—Pituophis annectens Baird and Girard, Cat. N. A. Reptiles in Smiths. Inst., pt. 1, 18538, p. 72 (type from San Diego) ; Pityophis Heermanni Hallowell, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 6, 1853, p. 286 (type from mines in vicinity of Cosumnes River [in Eldorado or Amador County]); Petyophis vertebralis; Pityophis sayv bellona, part; Pityophis sayt; Pitwophis bellona, part ; Pituophis melanoleucus ; Pituophis melanoleucus var. catenifer. Common Names.—Pacifie Bull Snake; Bellona Bull Snake; West- ern Bull Snake, part; Pacific Pine Snake; Gopher Snake, part; Say’s Pine Snake; Yellow Gopher Snake. Rance.—The whole length of the state west of the desert divides, but chiefly east of the coast redwood belt. Also found on Santa Cruz and Santa Catalina islands (Van Denburgh, Proe. Calif. Acad. Sei., ser. 4, 4, 1914, pp. 133, 136, 188). Oceupies Lower and Upper Sonoran and Transition life-zones. Shows no particular restriction as regards habitat, though certainly not aquatie. Pituophis catenifer deserticola Stejneger Desert Gopher Snake OriatInaL Description.—Pituophis catenifer deserticola Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna, 7, May 31, 1893, pp. 206-208. 194 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 Type Locaurry.—Great Basin and southwestern deserts [= east slope of Beaverdam Mountains, southwestern Utah (U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 18070) |. Synonyms.—Pityophis sayt bellona, part; Pityophis catenfer, part; Pityophis bellona, part. Common Names.—Western Bull Snake, part; Southern Bull Snake; Arizona Bull Snake; Gopher Snake, part. RanGe.—East of the desert and Great Basin divides, the whole length of the state. Oceupies the Lower and Upper Sonoran life-zones. Inhabits nearly all types of arid environment. Subfamily BorginaE Tantilla eiseni Stejneger California Tantilla OriGInAL DescripTION.—Tantilla eiseni Stejneger, Proe. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 18, April 16, 1896, pp. 117-118. Typr Locauiry.—F resno, California. Synonym.—Tantilla nigriceps. Common Names.—Fisen’s Black-headed Snake; Black-headed Tantilla. Rance.—The southern portion of the state. Only three record stations to date: Fresno, Fresno County (as above); near Mohave, Kern County (one specimen in Southwest Museum at Los Angeles, fide C. L. Camp), and near Los Angeles (Riithling, Copeia, no. 15, February 20, 1915). Seems to belong to the Lower Sonoran life-zone. (See fig. 12.) Superfamily VIPEROIDEAE Family CROTALIDAE Crotalus oreganus Holbrook Pacifie Rattlesnake OrieinaL Description.‘ Crotalus oreganus Holbrook, N. Amer. Herpetology, Ist ed., 4, 1840, p. 115, pl. 29 [= 24]’’ (see Gill, Science, ser. 2, 17, 1903, pp. 910-912). Type Locaurry.—Columbia River. Synonyms.—Crotalus lucifer Baird and Girard, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 6, 1852, p. 177 (types from Oregon and California) ; 1917] Grinnell-Camp: Amphibians and Reptiles of California 195 Crotalus confluentus; Crotalus lecontet, part; [?] Crotalus ruber, part ; Crotalus adamanteus var. lucifer; Crotalus oregonus var. lucifer ; Crotalus confluentus lucifer; Caudisona lucifer; Crotalus Hallowelli Cooper, Amer. Nat., 3, 1870, p. 187 (range on southern coast slope of a Crotalus oreganus Crotalus tigris Crotalus mitchellii Crotalus atrox Crotalus exsul | opde@40 Crotalus cerastes Range of Crotalus oreganus outlined | DISTRIBUTION MAP MUSEUM OF VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNLA So Se Fig. 14. Distribution of Rattlesnakes (Crotalus) in California. California north to 140 miles north of 30° 30’—‘‘nom. prov.’’) ; [?] Crotalus adamanteus atrox, part. Common Names.—Black Rattlesnake; California Rattlesnake ; Arizona Diamond Rattlesnake, part; Confluent Rattlesnake; Oregon Rattlesnake ; Missouri Rattlesnake ; Hallowell’s Rattlesnake ; Southern Rattlesnake. 196 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 Rance—Throughout the state chiefly west and north of the Colo- rado and Mohave deserts. Extends to an altitude of 8600 feet on the central Sierra Nevada. Has been found on the southeast to Charlotte Creek, 8500 feet altitude, Fresno County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; to Walker Pass (Mus. Vert. Zool.) and Mohave (Meek, Field Columb. Mus., zool. ser., 7, 1905 [1906], p. 17), in Kern County; to Pine Flats, 5500 feet altitude, San Gabriel Mountains, Los Angeles County (Grinnell and Grinnell, Throop Inst. Bull., 35, 1907, p. 53); to Doble, 7000 feet altitude, San Bernardino Mountains, San Bernardino County (Grin- nell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 5, 1908, p. 53); to Banning, Tahquitz Valley, 8000 feet altitude, and Santa Rosa Peak, in Riverside County (Atsatt, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 12, 1913, p. 45) ; and to summit of Coast Range, near Mexican boundary, in San Diego County (Cope, Ann. Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1898 [1900], p. 1179). Also found on the Providence Mountains, eastern San Bernardino County (U. 8. Nat. Mus.), and on Santa Catalina Island (Yarrow, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull., 24, 1882, p. 76). Oceupies all life-zones from Lower Sonoran to Canadian. Inhabits almost all types of environment, though ap- parently commonest on chaparral slopes and in open country where eround-squirrel burrows abound. (See fig. 14.) Crotalus atrox Baird and Girard Texas Rattlesnake OrieginaL Descrietion.—Crotalus atrox Baird and Girard, Cat. N. A. Reptiles in Smiths. Inst., pt. 1, 1853, pp. 5-6. Type Locauiry.—Indianola or San Pedro, Texas. Synonyms.—Crotalus adamanteus atrox, part; Crotalus lecontet, part. Common Names.—Western Diamond Rattlesnake, part; Fierce Rattlesnake; Arizona Diamond Rattlesnake, part. Ranee.—Colorado Desert near Mexican boundary. Recorded from Fort Yuma (Yarrow, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull., 24, 1882, pp. 12, 75) and Laguna Station, New River (Cope, Ann. Rep. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1898 [1900], p. 1167) ; both stations in Imperial County. Life-zone, Lower Sonoran. (See fig. 14.) Crotalus exsul Garman Red Rattlesnake OrigInaL Description —Crotalus exsul Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 8, no. 3, June, 1883, pp. 114-115, 174. [Dr. Thomas Barbour 1917] Grinnell-Camp: Amphibians and Reptiles of California 197 has examined Garman’s type and finds it to belong to the species which has currently borne the name ruber. | Type Locaurry.—Cedros Island, Lower California. Synonyms.—Crotalus atrox, part; Crotalus adamanteus ruber Cope, Proce. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 14, 1891, pp. 690-691 (type locality unknown) ; Crotalus atrox ruber; Crotalus ruber. Common Names.—Red Diamond Rattlesnake; Western Diamond _ Rattlesnake, part. Rance.—Extreme southwestern corner of the state. Oceurs north to Reche Caton (Camp, MS) and Cabezon (Atsatt, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 12, 1913, p. 44), in Riverside County ; east to Dos Palmos Spring, 3500 feet altitude, Santa Rosa Mountains, Riverside County (Atsatt, loc. cit.), and to Mountain Spring, in San Diego County (Cope, Ann. Rep. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1898 [1900], p. 1169) ; west to Deluz (Van Denburgh, Oce. Papers Calif. Acad. Sei., 5, 1897, p. 228), to Twin Oaks (Stejneger, Ann. Rep. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1893, p. 440), and to El Nido P. O. (Cope, loc. cit.), in San Diego County. Oceupies the Upper Sonoran life-zone. Inhabits chiefly chaparral-covered and rocky hillslopes. (See fig. 14.) Crotalus tigris Kennicott Tiger Rattlesnake OrigiNAL Description.—Crotalus tigris Kennicott, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., 2, 1859, pt. 2, Reptiles, p. 14, pl. 4. Type Locauiry.—Sierra Verde and Pozo Verde [Sierra del Pozo Verde, Arizona: Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna, 7, 1893, p. 214]. RanGeE.—South-central portion of the state east of the Sierra Nevada, chiefly in desert ranges of Inyo County. Recorded north- west to Beveridge Canon, 8000 feet altitude, Inyo Mountains (Meek, Field Columb. Mus., zool. ser., 7, 1905 [1906], p. 16) ; west to Inde- pendence Creek and Coso Valley, and south to Slate Range, 3100 feet altitude (Stejneger, loc. cit.). Life-zone, chiefly Upper Sonoran. In- habits rocky situations. (See fig. 14.) Crotalus mitchellii (Cope) Pallid Rattlesnake OrIGInAL DeEscripTion.—Caudisona mitchellii Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, pp. 293-294. Type Locatiry.—Cape San Lueas, Lower California. 198 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 Synonyms.—Crotalus pyrrhus; [2] Crotalus lecontei, part. Common Names.—Bleached Rattlesnake; White Rattlesnake. Rance.—The Colorado and Mohave deserts. Has been taken north- west to Fairmont, northern Los Angeles County (Grinnell and Grin- nell, Throop Inst. Bull., 35, 1907, pp. 59-60) ; northeast to 14 miles northeast of Blythe Junction, San Bernardino County (Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 12, 1916, pp. 533-534) ; west to 5 miles southwest of Banning, in Riverside County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), to Asbestos Spring, Santa Rosa Mountains, Riverside County (Atsatt, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 12, 19138, p. 44), and to Mountain Spring, San Diego County (Van Denburgh, Proce., Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 2, 4, 1894, pp. 450-455). Oceupies the Lower Sonoran life-zone, extending locally into Upper Sonoran. Inhabits nearly all types of arid environment. (See fig. 14.) Crotalus cerastes Hallowell Sidewinder OriGINAL DeEscripTion.—Crotalus cerastes Hallowell, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 7, 1854, pp. 95-96. Type Locatiry.—Borders of the Mohave River and in the desert of the Mohave. Common Name.—Horned Rattlesnake. RancGe.—Colorado and Mohave deserts; also north into the Inyo region. Northernmost stations are: Mesquite Valley (Meek, Field Columb. Mus., zool. ser., 7, 1905 [1906], p. 18) and Lone Pine (Stej- neger, N. Amer. Fauna, 7, 1893, p. 218), in Inyo County ; westernmost stations are: Oro Grande, in San Bernardino County (Meek, loc. cit.), Torres [Toro], west of Mecea, in Riverside County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), and Coyote Wells, in Imperial County (Cope, Ann. Rep. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1898 [1900], p. 1199). Occupies the Lower Sonoran life-zone. Restricted to sand-dune areas and level tracts of loose sandy soil. (See fig. 14.) Order TESTUDINATA Suborder ATHECAE Family DERMOCHELIDAE Dermochelys schlegelii (Garman) Pacific Leatherback Turtle OrigiInaL Description.—Sphargis schlegelii Garman, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull., 25, 1884, pp. 294-295 (see also p. 303). 1917] Grinnell-Camp: Amphibians and Reptiles of California 199 Tyre Locauiry.—Tropiecal Pacific and Indian oceans. Rance.—Ocean off southern coast. Three known instances of capture: Santa Barbara (two specimens), and off Point Loma, San Diego County (one specimen) (Van Denburgh, Proe. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 3, zool., 4, 1905, pp. 51-60, pls. 9-11). Suborder LAMINIFERA Family TESTUDINIDAE Subfamily Emyprmvar Clemmys marmorata (Baird and Girard) Pacific Mud Turtle ORIGINAL DEscriIPTION.—E mys marmorata Baird and Girard, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6, 1852, p. 177. Type Locauiry.—Puget Sound. Synonyms.—Emys nigra Hallowell, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 7, 1854, pp. 91-92 (type from ‘‘Posa Creek, Lower California’’ [= Poso Creek, Kern County?]|); Actinemys marmorata; Clemmys Wosnessenskyt Strauch, Mem. Acad. Imper. Sei. St. Petersb., ser. 7, 5, no. 7, 1862, pp. 114-117, pl. opp. p. 196 (type from Rio Sacramento, California) ; Chelopus marmoratus. Common Names.—Western Pond Turtle; Pacifie Terrapin; Cali- fornia Terrapin; California Mud Turtle; Western Terrapin; Water Turtle. Ranee.—Most of the streams on the Pacifie watershed, the whole length of the state. Has been reported east to Pit River [in Shasta County?] (Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, 1887, p. 237); to 6 miles east of Coulterville, 2800 feet altitude, in Mariposa County (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; to South Fork of Kern River, 25 miles above Kernville, in Kern County (Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna, 7, 1893, p. 162) ; and to Mohave River, in San Bernardino County (Cooper, Amer. Nat., 3, 1870, p. 189); and south to San Diego, San Diego County (Yarrow, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull., 24, 1882, pp. 7, 36). Subfamily TesTuDININAE Testudo agassizli (Cooper) Desert Tortoise OriGgInaL DeEscripTion.—NXerobates agassizii Cooper, Proe. Calif. Acad. Sei., 2, 1863, pp. 120-121. 200 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 Type Locaurry.—Mountains of California near Fort Mohave [=‘‘Salado Valley,’’ on Mohave Desert: True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, 1881 (1882), p. 447]. Synonyms.—Gopherus agassizii; Xerobates berlandiert. Common Names.—Agassiz’s Gopher; Western Gopher; Agassiz’s Tortoise; Agassiz’s Land Tortoise. RanGcE.—Chiefly the Mohave Desert. Reported north as far as Crater Summit (Van Denburgh, Oee. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., 5, 1897, p- 37) and Leach Point Valley (Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna, 7, 1893, p- 162), in northern San Bernardino County; west to one-half mile east of Mohave, Kern County, and to 3 miles south of Palmdale, Los Angeles County (Camp, Univ. Calf. Publ. Zool., 12, 1916, p. 513) ; south to Cottonwood Mountains, Riverside County (Camp, loc. cit.), and, possibly, as far as Fort Yuma (True, loc. cit.), Imperial County. Restricted to the Lower Sonoran life-zone. Inhabits, as a rule, flat gravelly or sandy tracts, but found also on rocky hills. (See fig. 9.) Family KINOSTERNIDAE Kinosternon sonoriense LeConte Arizona Mud Turtle OrtqinaL Descrietion.—Kinosternum sonoriense LeConte, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, 1854, p. 184. Typp Locauiry—Tueson, Sonora [= Arizona]. Synonyms.—Cinosternum flavescens; Platythyra flavescens. Common Name.—Yellow Mud Turtle. Rance—Lower Colorado River. Two definite stations of oceur- rence: California side of the Colorado River opposite Yuma (Van Denburgh, Proe. Calif. Acad. Sei., ser. 4, 3, 1913, p. 396 [see also Cooper, in Cronise, Nat. Wealth Calif., 1868, p. 481] ) ; and Palo Verde (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Transmitted November 21, 1916. 1917] Grinnell-Camp: Amphibians and Reptiles of California 201 A Ablabes punctatus, 184. purpureocauda, 183. Actinemys marmorata, 199. Agama coronatum, 164. Douglassii, 164. Amblystoma californicum, 138. paroticum, 139. rubrum, 130. tenebrosum, 139. Ambyostoma californiense, 138. Ambystoma ensatum, 131, 139. ingens, 138. macrodactylum, 131, 138. mavortium, 138. mavortium californiense, 138. paroticum, 131, 139. punctatum, 134. punctulatum, 134. tigrinum, 131, 138. tigrinum californiense, 138. Ambystomidae, 138. Amphibia, 130. Anaides ferreus, 135. jécanus, 135. lugubris, 134, 135. Anaides, sad-colored, 130, 134. Aneides ferreus, 133, 135. iécanus, 133, 135. lugubris, 130. lugubris farallonensis, 133, 135. lugubris lugubris, 133, 134. Anguidae, 166. Anniella nigra, 170, 171. pulchra, 170, 171. pulchra nigra, 170. pulechra pulchra, 170. texana, 170. Anniellidae, 170. Anolis carolinensis, 157. cooperi, 157. principalis, 157. Anota calidiarum, 165. M ’Callii, 166. platyrhina, 165. Arizona elegans, 192. Armor-bearer, Tiger, 172. Ascaphus truei, 139. Athecae, 198. Autodax iécanus, 135. lugubris, 134, 135. lugubris farallonensis, 135. Autodax, spotted, 134. Axolotl, California, 138. B Bascanion constrictor, 189. constrictor flaviventris, 189. constrictor vetustum, 189. INDEX flagellum frenatum, 190. laterale, 191. taeniatum, 192. taeniatus, 191. vetustus, 189. Bascanium flagelliforme, 190. flagelliforme piceum, 190. flagelliforme testaceum, 189, 190. taeniatum laterale, 191. testaceum, 190. Batrachoseps attenuatus, 136, 137. major, 136, 137. nigriventris, 137. pacificus, 136, 137. Batrachosoma coronatum, 165. Bellophis zonatus, 185. Bell-toad, American, 139. Boa, California, 177. Rosy, 177. Rubber, 177, 178. Boidae, 177. Boiginae, 194. Boinae, 177. Bufo alvarius, 141, 144. beldingi, 144. boreas, 142, 143. boreas boreas,.141, 143. boreas halophilus, 141, 142, 143. boreas nelsoni, 141, 142, 143. canorus, 141, 143. chilensis, 142. cognatus, 140. cognatus californicus, 141. cognatus cognatus, 140, 141. columbiensis, 142, 143. columbiensis halophilus, 142. dorsalis, 142. halophila, 142. halophilus, 143. lentiginosus americanus, 142. lentiginosus woodhousii, 142. microseaphus, 143. punctatus, 141, 144. woodhousii, 141, 142. Bufonidae, 140. Bull-frog, 149. Cc Callisaurus draconoides, 151. draconoides ventralis, 151. dracontoides gabbii, 151. ventralis ventralis, 151. Caudata, 130. Caudisona lucifer, 195. mitchellii, 197. Charina bottae, 177, 178. brachyops, 178. plumbea, 178. Chaser, Black, 189. Chelopus marmoratus, 199. 202 University of California Publications in Zoology Chilomeniscus cinctus, 182, 185. ephippicus, 182. Chionactis occipitalis, 182. occipitalis annulatus, 182. Chondrotus lugubris, 139. tenebrosus, 139. Chuckwalla, 153. Cinosternum flavescens, 200. Clemmys marmorata, 199. Wosnessenskyi, 199. Cnemidophorus gracilis, 172. grahamii, 174. grahamii stejnegerii, 174. hyperythrus, 175. hyperythrus beldingi, 173, 175. sexlineatus var. bocourtii, 172. sexlineatus var. tesselatus, 172. stejnegeri, 174. tessellatus tessellatus, 172, 174. tessellatus tigris, 172, 174. tigris, 172. tigris mundus, 172, 173. tigris stejnegeri, 172, 173, 174. tigris tigris, 172, 173. tigris undulatus, 174. undulatus, 173. Coleonyx variegatus, 149, 167. Coluber arizonae, 192. catenifer, 193. constrictor vetustus, 189, 191. flagellum frenatus, 190, 191. infernalis, 181. lateralis, 190, 191. (Ophis) Californiae, 187. parietalis, 181. punctatus, 184. taeniatus, 191, 192. (Zacholus) zonatus, 184. Coluber, Smooth-sealed, 192. Colubridae, 179. Colubrinae, 182. Colubroideae, 179. Contia mitis, 183, 185. Coronella amabilis, 184. balteata, 186. boylii, 186. Californiae, 187. getula, 186, 187. getulus var. californica, 187. multifasciata, 185. pyromelanus zonata, 185. zonata, 185. Costata, 139. Crotalidae, 194. Crotalus adamanteus atrox, 195, 196. adamanteus var. lucifer, 195. adamanteus ruber, 197. atrox, 195, 196, 197. atrox ruber, 197. cerastes, 195, 198. confluentus, 195. confluentus lucifer, 195. exsul, 195, 196. Hallowelli, 195. lecontei, 195, 196, 198. lucifer, 194. mitchellii, 195, 197. oreganus, 194, 195. oregonus var. lucifer, 195. pyrrhus, 198. ruber, 195, 197. tigris, 195, 197. Crotaphytus baileyi, 153. collaris, 153. collaris baileyi, 153. dorsalis, 150. fasciatus, 152. Gambelii, 152. silus, 152. wislizenii, 152. Cynops torosus, 130. D Dermochelidae, 198. Dermochelys schlegelii, 198. Diadophis amabilis, 184, 185. amabilis pulchellus, 184. pulchellus, 184. punctatus, 184. punctatus amabilis, 184. punctatus pulchellus, 184. Dicamptodon ensatus, 139. Diemictylus torosus, 130. Dipso-saurus dorsalis, 150. Discoglossidae, 139. Doliosaurus me’ealli, 166. platyrhinos, 165. Dragon, Spotted-tail, 151. Drymobius lateralis, 191. taeniatus, 192. testaceus, 190. E Elgaria formosa, 169. scincicauda, 167. Emydinae, 199. Emys marmorata, 199. nigra, 199. Ensatina Eschscholtzii, 132. Epirhexis longipes, 149. Eublepharidae, 149. Eublepharis variegatus, 150. Eumeces gilberti, 175. hallowellii, 176. quadrilineatu[s], 175. skiltonianus, 176. skiltonianus var. amblygrammus, 176. skiltonianus var. brevipes, 176. Euphryne obesus, 153. Eutaenia coneinna, 181. couchii, 180, 181. elegans, 179. elegans brunnea, 180. elegans couchii, 180, 181. elegans infernalis, 180. elegans lineolata, 180. [ Vou. 17 1917] Grinnell-Camp: Amphibians and Reptiles of California 203 elegans marciana, 179. Gopher, Agassiz’s, 200. elegans ordinoides, 179. Western, 200. elegans vagrans, 180. Gopherus agassizii, 200. Hammondii, 180, 181. Greeny, 145. imperialis, 181. infernalis, 179, 180. H infernalis vidua, 179. leptocephala, 179. marciana, 181. ordinoides, 179. proxima, 181. Hemidactylium pacificum, 136. Herpetodryas flavigularis, 190. Heterotriton ingens, 138. Homalosoma mite, 183. Homalosaurus ventralis, 151. sirtalis, 181. Horned-toad, Blainyille, 164. sirtalis dorsalis, 181. Galifornia, 165. sittalis leptocephala, 179. Mesernsl65 ae sirtalis obseura, 181. Flat-tailed 166. sirtalis parietalis, 181. pienie 164. sirtalis pickeringii, 181. Hyla affinis 145. sirtalis tetrataenia, 181. amenicalor 145. Eutainia atrata, 179. cadaverina, 145. elegans, 180. copii, 145. Marciana, 179. nebulosa, 145. sirtalis elegans, 179. regilla, 144, 145. vagrans, 180. regilla scapularis, 145, scapularis, 145. F scapularis hypochondriaca, 145. ’ versicolor, 145 Frog, Boyle’s, 146. VOSS) Teh 7 California Red-legged, 148. Hyla, Cadaverous, 145. Cape San Lucas, 145. Cope’s, 145. Pacific, 145. Hylidae, 144. Hylinae, 144. California Yellow-legged, 146. Drayton’s, 149. Leconte’s, 149. Leopard, 149. Long-footed, 149. Nevada Spotted, 148. Hypsiglena ochrorhynchus, 178, 188. Oregon Red-legged, 148. Pacific, 146. I Rocky Mountain, 149. Iguana, Desert, 150. Sand-colored Tree, 145. Iguanidae, 150. Salt-marsh, 142. Iguaninae, 150. Sierra Madre Yellow-legged, 147. Sierra Nevada Yellow-legged, 146. J Thick-skinned, 146. Jack, Swift, 172. Western, 146. Western Spotted, 148. K Western Wood, 149. Kinosternidae, 200. Kinosternon sonoriense, 200. G Kinosternum sonoriense, 200. Gecko, Banded, 149. Variegated, 150. L Gerrhonotus Burnettii, 169. Laminifera, 199. coeruleus, 167, 169. Lampropeltis boylii, 186. grandis, 169. boylii var. conjuncta, 187. multicarinatus, 167, 168, 169. californiae, 187. multicarinatus palmerii, 169. conjuncta, 187. palmeri, 167, 168. pyromelana multicincta, 184. scincicauda, 168. zonata, 185. scincicauda ignavus, 168. Lamprosoma annulatum, 182. scincicauda palmeri, 168. episcopum, 183. scincicauda scincicauda, 166, 167. occipitale, 182. scincicauda webbii, 167, 168. Leptophis lateralis, 190. scincicaudus, 169. taeniata, 192. webbii, 168. Leptotyphlopidae, 176. Glauconia humilis, 177. Leptotyphlops humilis, 176. 204 University of California Publications in Zoology Lichanura myriolepis, 177. oreutti, 177. roseofusea, 177, 178. simplex, 177. trivirgata, 177. Linguata, 140. Litoria occidentalis, 145. Lizard, Alderman, 154. Alligator, 159. Bailey Collared, 153. Bailey Leopard, 153. Banded, 152. Beautiful, 151. Belding Orange-throated, 175. Black-bellied, 137. Black Footless, 170. Blainville’s Horned, 164, 165. Blue-bellied, 161. Blue-tailed, 176. Broad-nosed Barrel, 166. Brown-shouldered, 156. Burnett’s Alligator, 169. Burnett’s Keeled, 169. California Alligator, 166. California Horned, 164, 165. California Whip-tailed, 173. Cape Striped, 175. Clark’s, 162. Clark’s Alligator, 162. Coast Alligator, 169. Colorado Desert, 150. Cooper’s Green, 157. Cope’s, 171. Cope’s Desert, 151. Crested, 150. Jrowned Horned, 164, 165, Desert Brown-shouldered, 155. Desert Horned, 165. Desert Night, 171. Desert Whip-tailed, 172. Dusky Rough-sealed, 162, 163. Dusky Sealy, 163. Fat, 154. Fat Toad, 154. Fence, 157, 160, 162. Flat-tailed Horned, 166. Graceful, 157. Graham’s Striped, 174. Great Basin Leopard, 152. Mountain Alligator, 169. New Mexican Alligator, 157. Northern Brown-shouldered, 154. Ocellated Desert, 151. Ocellated Sand, 150. Pacific, 136. Pacific Blue-bellied, 159. Pacific Horned, 164. Pigmy Horned, 164. Red-spotted Desert, 151. Rivers’s, 172. San Diego Alligator, 168. San Joaquin Leopard, 152. Sealy, 162. Schott’s, 157. Sharp-back, 150. Short-nosed Leopard, 152. Sierran Alligator, 168. Silvery Footless, 170. Skink-tailed, 167, 169. Slender, 137, 157. Smooth Horned, 166. Southern Brown-shouldered, 156. Southern Gridiron-tailed, 151. Spiny Alligator, 163. Spiny-breasted Horned, 165. Spotted Yuma, 151. Stejneger Whip-tailed, 174. Tenaya Blue-bellied, 160. Tessellated, 172. Tessellated Tiger, 174. Thayer’s Alligator, 159, 161. Thirsty, 150. Tiger, 172. Two-lined, 161. Two-striped, 161. Van Denburgh, 159. Variegated, 150. Webb’s, 168. Western, 159. Western Alligator, 161. Western Fence, 159. Wislizenius’, 152. Worm, 170. Xantus’s, 171. Yellow-spotted, 133. Zebra-tailed, 151. M [ Vou, 17 Masticophis taeniatus, 192. Green-brown, 169. Molge torosa, 130. Henshaw’s, 171. Mutabilia, 130. Henshaw Night, 171. N Island Blue-bellied, 162. Natricinae, 179. Island Night, 172. Newt, California, 130. Keel-backed, 150. Pacific Coast, 130. Little Horned, 164. Western, 130. Long-footed, 161. Notophthalmus torosus, 130, 131. Many-keeled, 167, 168, 169. Nouns, Bloody, 149. Many-ribbed, 167. Marey’s Alligator, 157. ° McCall’s Horned, 166. Ophibolus Boylii, 186. Mearns, 154. ealiforniae, 187. Mountain, 157, 159. getulus boylii, 186, 187. Great Fence, 162. 1917] Grinnell-Camp: Amphibians and Reptiles of California getulus californiae, 187. getulus eiseni, 187. getulus multicinctus, 184. pyrrhomelanus, 185. pyrrhomelas, 185. zonatus, 185. Ophisaurus ventralis, 177. Orange-throat, Belding’s, 175. P Pelobatidae, 140. Phimothyra hexalepis, 189. Phrynosoma Blainvillii, 164, 165. blainvillii blainvillii, 164, 165. blainvillii frontale, 165. calidiarum, 165. cornutum, 165. coronatum, 164, 165. douglassii douglassii, 164. douglassi pygmaea, 164. frontalis, 165. m’eallii, 166. modestum, 164. platyrhinos, 165. Pituophis annectens, 193. bellona, 193. eatenifer catenifer, 193. catenifer deserticola, 193. melanoleucus, 193. : melanoleucus var. catenifer, 193. Pityophis bellona, 194. eatenifer, 194. Heermanni, 193. sayi, 193. sayi bellona, 193, 194. vertebralis, 193. Platythyra flavescens, 200. Plestiodon skiltonianum, 175. Plethodon ecrassulus, 134. croceater, 132, 133. elongatus, 138, 134. ensatus, 132. eschscholtzii, 132, 133. flavipunctatus, 133. iécanus, 135. intermedius, 134. oregonensis, 132. Plethodon, Oregon, 132. Plethodontidae, 132. Plethodontinae, 132. Pleurodeles californiae, 130. Pseudoeryx bottae, 178. R Racer, Banded, 191. Blue, 189. California Striped, 190. Green, 189. Nevada Striped, 192. Red, 190. Striped, 191, 192. Western Yellow-bellied, 189. Rana agilis aurora, 149. aurora, 146, 148. aurora aurora, 147, 148, 149. aurora draytonii, 147, 148. boylii, 146. boylii boylii, 146, 147. boylii muscosa, 147. boylii sierrae, 146, 147. eatesbiana, 149. Draytonii, 148. Lecontii, 148. longipes, 149. nigricans, 149. pachyderma, 146. pipiens, 147, 149. pipiens brachycephala, 149. pretiosa, 146, 148. pretiosa luteiventris, 147, 148. pretiosa pretiosa, 147, 148. septentrionalis, 149. temporaria, 149. temporaria aurora, 149. temporaria pretiosa, 146. Ranidae, 146. Raninae, 146. Rattlesnake, Arizona Diamond, 196. Black, 195. Bleached, 198. California, 195. Confluent, 195. Fierce, 196. Hallowell’s, 195. Horned, 198. Missouri, 195. Oregon, 195. Pacific, 194. Pallid, 197. Red, 196. Red Diamond, 197. Southern, 195. Texas, 196. Tiger, 197. Western Diamond, 196, 197. White, 198. Rena, California, 177. Rena humilis, 176. Reptilia, 149. Rhinechis elegans, 192. Rhinocheilus lecontei, 178, 188. Rhinostoma occipitale, 182. Ss Salamander, Arboreal, 134. Black, 135. British Columbia, 139. California, 138. California Land, 134. Capt. Beechey’s, 130. Del Norte, 134. Farallon, 135. Flat-footed, 138. Garden, 136. Island, 136. 205 206 University of California Publications in Zoology Long-toed, 138. Marbled, 139. Mount Lyell, 132. Mournful, 134. Oregon, 132, 139. Rusty, 135. Shasta, 135. Slender, 136. Speckled, 134. Tiger, 138. Vancouver’s, 139. Warty, 130. Yellow-spotted, 132. Salamandra attenuata, 137. Beecheyi, 130. lugubris, 134. tigrina, 138. Salamandridae, 130. Salamandrina attenuata, 136. Salamandroideae, 130. Salientia, 139. Salvadora grahamiae, 189. grahamiae hexalepis, 189. hexalepis, 178, 189. Sauria, 149. Sauromalus ater, 153. Scaphiopus hammondii, 140. hammondii hammondii, 140. Sceloporus becki, 162. bi-seriatus, 160. bi-seriatus var. A. azureus, 160. bi-seriatus becki, 162. bi-seriatus var. marmoratus, 160. bi-seriatus var. B. variegatus, 160. clarkii, 162. consobrinus, 157. consobrinus gratiosus, 157. frontalis, 159. graciosus, 157, 158, 159. graciosus graciosus, 157, 158, 159. graciosus vandenburgianus, 158, 159. longipes, 160. magister, 158, 162. occidentalis, 159, 160. occidentalis becki, 161, 162. occidentalis bi-seriatus, 160, 161. occidentalis occidentalis, 159, 161. occidentalis taylori, 160, 161. oreutti, 158, 162, 163. spinosus, 163. spinosus var. clarkii, 162. undulatus bocourtii, 160. undulatus var. bocourtii, 159. undulatus occidentalis, 159. undulatus thayeri, 159, 160. undulatus undulatus, 159, 160. vandenburgianus, 159. Scincidae, 175. Serpentes, 176. Siagonodon humilis, 177. Sidewinder, 198. Skink, Blue-tailed, 176. Gilbert’s, 176. [| Vou. 17 Red-headed, 176. Skilton’s, 176. Western, 175. Snake, Arizona Bull, 194. Arizona Coach-whip, 190. Arizona Ringed, 186. Banded Burrowing, 182. Banded Flat-nosed, 189. Banded Milk, 186. Bellona Bull, 193. Black Garter, 179. Black King, 187. Blainville’s King, 187. Blue Worm, 170. Boyd’s Garter, 179, 180. Boyle King, 186. Boyle Milk, 186. Brown, 183. California Black, 189. California Blind, 177. California Garter, 181. California King, 186, 187. California Milk, 186, 187. California Ring-necked, 184. Churchill’s Garter, 182. Coppery Whip, 190. Coral King, 184. Corral, 186. Couch’s Garter, 181. Desert, 182. Desert Burrowing, 182. Desert Gopher, 193. Dusky Garter, 182. Eisen’s Black-headed, 194. Hisen’s King, 186. Elegant Garter, 180. Faded, 192. Few-striped Whip, 191. Gentle Brown, 183. Glass, 177. Gopher, 193, 194. Graham’s Flat-nosed, 189. Green Garter, 180. Hallowell’s Coach-whip, 191. Hammond’s Garter, 180, 181. Harlequin, 186. Horse, 182. Lead-colored Worm, 178. Leconte’s, 188. Long-nosed, 188. Many-striped Whip, 192. Marcy Garter, 179. Marcy’s Garter, 181. Mohave Ringed, 182. Narrow-headed Garter, 179. Pacific Bull, 193. Pacific Coach-whip, 192. Pacifie Coast Garter, 179. Pacific Garter, 180, 181. Pacific Ground, 183. Pacific Pine, 193. Patch-nosed, 189. Pickering’s Garter, 182. Puget Garter, 179. 1917] Grinnell-Camp: Amphibians and Reptiles of California — 207 Purple-tailed, 183. Red and Black Ground, 182. Red-barred Garter, 181. Red-bellied, 184. Red Milk, 186. Ring, 186. Ringed King, 186. Rock, 188. Rocky Mountain Garter, 181. Rubber, 177. Say’s Garter, 182. Say’s Pine, 193. Sharp-tailed, 183. Sheep-nosed, 177. Single-striped Garter, 180. Southern Bull, 194. Spotted Night, 188. Spotted Ring, 184. Striped, 182. Striped-side Whip, 191. Striped Whip, 192. Texas Ground, 183. Two-headed, 178. Wandering Garter, 180. Water, 181. Western Bull, 193, 194. Western Garter, 180, 181. Western Gopher, 193. Western Ring-necked, 184. Western Whip, 190. Wood, 178. Worm, 170, 176. Xantus’s, 188. Yellow-bellied Black, 189. Yellow Coach-whip, 189, 190. Yellow Gopher, 193. Sonora episcopa, 183, 185. occipitalis, 182, 185. Spadefoot, Hammond’s, 140. Western, 140. Spea hammondii, 140. stagnalis, 140. Spea, Hammond’s, 140. New Mexican, 140. Spelerpes platycephalus, 132, 133. Spelerpinae, 132. Sphargis schlegelii, 198. Squamata, 149. Stenodactylus variegatus, 149. Stenostoma humile, 177. Swift, Common, 161. Fence, 161. Long-tailed, 157. Mearns, 154. Oreutt’s, 163. Ornate, 157. Pacific, 159. Sage-brush, 157, 159. Stansbury ’s, 156. aineerel'o i. Van Denburgh’s, 159. Western, 161. White-bellied, 157. T Tantilla, Black-headed, 194. California, 194. Tantilla eiseni, 185, 194. nigriceps, 194. Tapaya coronata, 165. Douglassii, 164. Taricha laevis, 130. lugubris, 134. torosa, 130. Teiidae, 172. ‘verrapin, California, 199. Pacific, 199. Western, 199. Testudinata, 198. Testudinidae, 199. Testudininae, 199. Testudo agassizii, 167, 199. Thamnophis elegans, 180, 181. infernalis, 179, 180, 181. leptocephala, 179. marcianus, 179. ordinoides elegans, 180. ordinoides hammondii, 180, 181. ordinoides ordinoides, 179, 180. parietalis, 180, 181. sirtalis parietalis, 181. vagrans, 180. Toad, American, 142. Arroyo, 141. Ashy Horned, 165. Baird’s, 142, 143. Broad-nosed Horned, 166. California, 142. Colorado, 144. Colorado River, 144. Common, 142. Douglass’s Horned, 164. Girard’s, 144. Great Plains, 140. MacCall’s Horncd, 166. Nevada, 143. Northwestern, 143. Pacific Horned, 164. Rocky Mountain, 142. Small-spaded, 143. Smooth Horned, 166. Spotted, 144. Woodhouse’s, 142. Yosemite Park, 143. Tortoise, Agassiz’s, 200. Agassiz’s Land, 200. Desert, 199. Tortrix Bottae, 177. Tree-frog, Arizona, 145. Cope’s, 145. Pacific, 144. Western, 145. Tree-toad, 145. Triton, Cape St. Lucas, 133. Oregon, 132. Triton ensatus, 139. Ermani, 130. laevis, 130. 208 University of California Publications in Zoology tereticauda, 130. torosus, 130. Tropidolepis scincicauda, 166. Tropidonotus leptocephalus, 179. ordinatus, 181. ordinatus var. couchii, 180. ordinatus var. hammondii, 181. ordinatus infernalis, 180. ordinoides, 179. parietalis, 181. tri-vittatus, 180. vagrans, 181. Turtle, Arizona Mud, 200. California Mud, 199. Pacific Leatherback, 198. Pacific Mud, 199. Water, 199. Western Pond, 199. Yellow Mud, 200. U Uma inornata, 151. notata, 150. rufopunctata, 151. Uro-saurus graciosus, 156. Uta elegans, 155. graciosa, 156. mearnsi, 154. ornata, 157. schottii, 157. Stansburiana, 154, 156. stansburiana elegans, 155, 156. stansburiana hesperis, 155, 156. stansburiana stansburiana, 154, 155, 156. symmetrica, 157. Uta, Graceful, 157. Long-tailed, 156. Ornate, 157. Stansbury’s, 156. Tree, 157. Vv Verticaria beldingi, 175. hyperythra, 175. hyperythra beldingi, 175. Viperoideae, 194. Ww Water-dog, 130. Water-lizard, Pacific, 130. Whip-tail, California, 174. Desert, 172. Stejneger’s, 174. Wood-frog, 145. Worm, Blind, 170. Worm-snake, Blue, 170. x Xantusia henshawi, 171. picta, 171. riversiana, 172. vigilis, 171. Xantusiidae, 171. Xerobates agassizii, 199. berlandieri, 200. Xiphonura tenebrosa, 139. Z Zablepsis henshawi, 171. Zamenis constrictor, 189. constrictor flaviventris, 189. flagelliformis frenatus, 190. fiagellum, 190. flagellum flagellum, 190. grahami, 189. lateralis, 191. taeniatus, 192. gy 1, Sppeac “ Octahell 19, _ FRONTED GOOSE ( oS OCC URRING IN CALIFORNIA UNIVERSITY OF OALIFOENIA PUBLICATIONS Note.—The University of California Publications ere offered in exchange for the publi. tations of learmed societies and institutions, universities and libraries. Complete lista of ell the publications of the University will be sent upon request. For sample copies, lists ef publications or other information, address the Manager of the University Press, Berkeley, California. U. 8. A. All matter sent in exchange should be addressed to The eee: : Department, Uxiversity Library, Berkeley, California, U. 8. A. £Z0OLOGY.—W. H. Ritter and O. A Kofoid, Editors. Price per volume, $3.50; bepinning = with vol. 11, $5.00. This series contains the contributions from the Department of Zoology, from the ? Marine Laboratory of the Scrippr Institution for Biological Research, at La Jolla, California, and from the Oalifornia Museum of Vertebrate Zoology in Berkeiere Cited aa Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. Wolume 1, 1902-1905, 317 pages, with 28 plates 8. 89.50 - Volume 2 (Contributions from the Laboratory of the Marine Biological Associa- 2 z tion of San Diego), 1904-3906, xvii + 382 pages, with 19 plates ..._......... $350 Volume 8, 1906-1907, 883 pages, with 28 plates 2 SSO Volume 4, 1907-1908, 400 pages, with 24 plates 2. 2a $3.50 i Volume 5, 1908-1910, 440 pages, with $4 plates 22 8850 Volume 6, 1908-1911, 478 pages, with 48 plates 0 Volume 7 (Contributions from the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology), 1910-1912, : 446 pages, with 12 plates 2 So aaa sccm Volume 8, 1911, 857 pages, with 25 plates 0. $3.50. Volume 9, 1911-1912, 365 pages, with 24 plates ncn. e cece eeseeeeceeeee . $3.50. Volume 10, 1912-1918, 417 pages, with 10 plates eee $8.50 Volume 11,.1912-1914, 538 pages, with 26 plates... 222 —=- $5.00 Volume 12, (Contributions from the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology), 1913-1916, HSS: Paves, Wath: BA pIAEGs sss esa coca als Oa cat eee ee at cee - $5.00. Wol 13. i. The Schizopoda of the San Diego Region, by Calvin 0. Esterly. Pp. ~ 1-20, plates 1-2. April, 1914 0.22.2. PERE SSE 2. A Study of the Occurrence and “Manner of ‘Distribution of the C Cteno- ; phora of the Sam Diego Region, by Calvin O. Esterly. Pp 21-38. - PLD Oa aS Eo SS ee i Nas Sub ocean ea ee 3. A New Self-Regulating Paraffin Bath, by 0. W. Woodworth. Pp. 30. a 42.2 toxt-figures\.;(April, 1814 25 so, ee es ee 06 4. Diplodinium ecaudatum, with an Account of Its Neuromotor Apparatus, Legs by Robert G. Sharp. Pp. 43-122, plates 3-7, 4 text figures. May, ; bp BF Sia eae 18 Cari eer peat ga cdentien 2 De rein AE oT iC A RE es aA a) See enee ae EN 20 5. The Vertical Distribution and Movements of the Schizopoda of the 7 San Diego Region, by Calvin O. Esterly. Pp. 123-145. May, 1914... 6. The Anatomy of Heterodontus. francisci. I. The Exoskeleton, by J. Frank Daniel. Pp. 147-166, plates 8-9, 4 text figures. May 23, ~ BS Eten ee kts ee Ur Pee Es Yas ca NE eel A es ey aS 2 7. The Movements and Reactions of the Isolated Melanophores of the og Frog, by S. J. Holmes. Pp. 167-174, plate 10, August, 1914 se MOR = 8. Polychaetous Annelids of the Pacific Coast in the Collections of the Zoological Museum of the University of California, by Aaron L. Treadwell. Pp. 175-234, plates 11-12. 9. New Syllidae from San Francisco Bay (collected by the U. 8. 8. «*Albatross’’), by Aaron L. Treadwell. Pp. 235-238, 7 text figures. Nos. 8 and 9 in one cover. October, 1914 W222. 2 - 65° 10,. Note on the Medusan Genus Stomolophus, from San Diego, by Henry ats B. Bigelow. Pp. 239-241. September, 1914 2200 ca - 6 ll. A Study of the Structure of Feathers, with Reference to their Taxo- =~ nomic Significance, by Asa C, Chandler. Pp. 243-446, plates 13-17, ~~ TF COREL ULES; SAE OL Ge saw eee ce eeepc ae vata ten wares ane ondnomaansateeee 12. Anatomical Adaptations in the Thoracic Limb of the California Pocket Gopher and Other Rodents, by Charles Daniel Holliger. Pp. 447- 494, plates 38-39, 20 text-figures, March, 1916 02.02.22 ie cece ; 18. The Inheritance of Extra Bristles in Drosophila Melanogaster Meig., by Edna M. Reeves. Pp. 495-515, 1 figure in text. December, 1916 ........ Vol. 14. 1. A Report upox the Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay, Based upon the Operations of the United States roe Steamer ‘‘Alba- tross’’ during the Years 1912 and 1913, by F. B. Sumner, G. D. ra Loaderback, W. L. Schmitt, EB. 0. chi ean Pp. 1-198, plates 1-18, 20 text figures. July, 1914 __ a A ee eal bi oS ee ane fae UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN ZOOLOGY Vol. 17, No. 11, pp. 209-222, plate 13, 2 figures in text October 19, 1917 ASS DUD ORDA RACES OF THE WHITEH- FRONTED GOOSE (ANSER ALBIFRONS) OCCURRING IN CALIFORNIA BY fi. H. S. SWARTH anp HAROLD C. BRYANT (Contribution from the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology of the University of California) It seems almost incredible that the presence of a bird as conspic- uous as a goose should have remained unknown to science until this late date in a state where ornithology has been studied as intensively as in California. But recent information proves this to have been the ease. The fact is now established that two well-defined subspecies of Anser albifrons occur in California during the winter months, instead of the single race heretofore recognized. For the material employed in demonstrating the differences be- tween the two forms the authors are indebted primarily to Judge F. W. Henshaw, of the Supreme Court of California, and also to Mr. George Neale, in charge of the Sacramento office of the California Fish and Game Commission. It was through the latter that we re- ceived our first intimation of the existence within this state of a gray goose different from the common species. Judge Henshaw secured and donated to the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology a series of fourteen specimens, sufficient in number for the prosecution of a detailed study, and he also supplied valuable written notes upon the habits of these two races of geese as observed in their winter home. Mr. Neale donated two specimens, as described beyond, and also gave us written notes regarding the habits and appearance of the birds in life. We are under indebtedness of another sort to Dr. Barton W. Ever- mann, director of the California Academy of Sciences, who permitted 210 University of California Publications in Zoology (Vou. 17 examination of the extensive series of white-fronted geese in the collec- tion of that institution. In the spring of 1916 a conversation took place between the junior author of this paper and Mr. George Neale, in the course of which the latter described what he called a ‘‘tule goose’’ or ‘‘timber goose,’’ distinguished from the common white-fronted goose by its much greater size, its call notes, and certain details in its habits. In fur- therance of our efforts to ascertain the specific identity of this large goose we obtained during the ensuing winter, from the two donors to whom acknowledgments are made above, specimens as listed below, all taken in the vicinity of Butte Creek, near West Butte, Sutter County, California. The numerals used in the following pages for reference to speci- mens are the collection numbers of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology. All measurements are in millimeters. Color terms are from Ridgeway, 1912. From Judge Henshaw: Nine tule geese, five adult males, three adult females, and one immature female (nos. 27175-27177, 27572, 27573, 27575-27578) ; five white-fronted geese (nos. 27574, 27579- 27582). From Mr. Neale: Two tule geese, one entire specimen, an adult male (no. 27134), and one specimen consisting of the head and neek of an adult bird, preserved in alcohol (no. 27583). There is in addition in the Museum collection, a series of thirty-six skins of the white-fronted goose, from the vicinity of Los Banos, Merced County, California. Examination was also made of the series of forty-three specimens of the latter species, from the same locality, in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. The first specimen received of the so-called tule goose was a male. The great size of this individual was at first attributed to age, and it was suggested that very old ganders of our common species might sometimes attain exceptional dimensions, much greater than the mode. But the acquisition of additional specimens refuted this conjecture, for females were later secured which in spite of a notable difference in their ages (one of the specimens being immature) were all of approximately the same size, and much larger than the common form of white-fronted goose. Except for the immature plumage, which is worn for at least the first year, the external appearance of these birds yields no reliable clue to their age. There is a general belief, however, that the black 1917] Swarth-Bryant: White-fronted Goose in California 211 blotching of the lower parts increases in extent with the passage of years; and the individuals occasionally encountered in which the lower breast and abdomen are uniformly black are thought to be of great age. If this idea is reasonable, and it appears to be so, the big birds in question cannot be regarded as being of exceptional age. None has the belly unusually heavily blotched, while on the other hand several of the smaller sized birds are almost entirely black below. Sex and age having been thus excluded as causes of the observed differences, it became necessary to make a careful comparison of the two series of specimens, the large tule goose and the small white- fronted goose, in order to find a more satisfactory solution of the question. Fortunately, enough examples of both were available to make this practicable. The difference in size between the two subspecies was equally noticeable whether the comparisons were made before skinning the specimens or in tabulated measurements. This was at once sugges- tive of a like contrast within the Branta canadensis group. The large tule goose may be compared with the Canada goose, which it closely approximates in bulk. The smaller white-fronted goose is comparable to the Hutchins goose in size, while, to complete the analogy, the Asiatie species, Anser erythropus, may be paralleled with the tiny cackling goose. A similar variation is to be found in the North American snow geese (Chen), there being in this genus three species comparable in size. A color distinction that is at once apparent between the two series of Anser is that the larger birds are of a browner tint, and the smaller ones more gray. This is especially noticeable on the heads and necks. In some individuals of the larger race the head is extremely dark brown, almost black. In the distinctive markings, the white face patch and the black blotches on the belly, there appears to be no difference between the two. In one of his communications (see below) Judge Henshaw called attention to the fact that the tule goose has a yellow eye-ring, a feature that is not present in the white-fronted goose. This important char- acter is not apparent in a dried skin, and it had been overlooked in the first few specimens that came in, but its presence was verified in all but one of the large geese subsequently received. This marking is similar to that ascribed to Anser'erythropus, the edge of the eyelid being naked skin, and forming a bright yellow ring about the eye. 212 University of California Publications in Zoology (Vou. 17 It was conspicuously present in both sexes, and even in the single immature female; in only one specimen (no. 27575) was it absent. In the common white-fronted goose the eyelid is dark brown. Another character that may be noted is the number of tail feathers. Of the six males of the larger race at hand, four have eighteen tail feathers each, and the two which have a lesser number appear to be molting or to have had tail feathers shot away. The four females have each sixteen remiges. Of the series of the smaller race, male and female alike have sixteen tail feathers. Of twenty specimens examined none has more. In the two lots of birds examined, we thus find differences of size, color of plumage, number of tail feathers, and in the character of the eye-ring. There seems to be no question but that the series are rep- resentative of two distinct subspecies at least. In fact, to anyone handling the birds in the flesh, the differences between the two are obvious beyond dispute. Granting, then, the existence of two races, the question arises as to the proper names to be applied to them. The American white-fronted goose has long been known as Anser albifrons gambecli Hartlaub. It would seem at first thought that the more common North American species (and evidently one of these two species is much more common than the other, in California at least) should be the one to bear this name, but careful consideration of the question makes it seem doubtful that this is the correct inter- pretation of the facets. Hartlaub’s description (1852, p. 7) of Anser albifrons gambeli reads as follows: ANSER GAMBELLI, Nob.—(Notice provisoire.)—Synon. Anser albifrons Americ. septentr. Nous avons examiné trois exemplaires de cette espéce d’Oie, dont deux pro- venaient du Texas et 1’un du sud de 1’Amérique du nord. Ce dernier est presque adulte; les deux du Texas sont des jeunes. L’énorme grosseur et la forme différente du bee nous force de séparer cette espéce de notre albifrons. Voici les dimensions comparatives: A. GAMBELLI A. ALBIFRONS TWomeaibes POStri cay che peree te senaceteee eee 2s GAL Oar TACIT Cb: eeseteueesusestesee av 4r"u LS Bi Altitud. rostri later i ile rte OMA, Circumferent. rostri (ad! bas? cesses Gi PH eae A Longit. tars. PET eyo ee Ply ESB, Diowmedye PA (en Oa Le congrés des ornithologistes, 4 Berlin, en 1851, a approuvé la séparation spécifique de cette Oie américaine. 1917 | Swarth-Bryant: White-fronted Goose in California 213 As regards most of the measurements given in the above descrip- tion, it is apparently impossible to ascertain the exact manner in which they were taken. Hence it is difficult to use them in making comparisons. One of Hartlaub’s measurements, (‘‘Longit. rostri a Fig. A. Anser albifrons albifrons, adult male, no. 21922, Los Banos, Merced County, California; natural size. Fig. B. Anser albifrons gambeli, adult male, no. 27573, West Butte, Sutter County, California; natural size. fr.’’?) may safely be assumed as corresponding to length of culmen as we have measured it. This measurement, as given for his A. Gambelli, translated into millimeters (58 mm.), is within the range of variation of our larger goose. It can not be applied to the bill of the smaller variety. 214 University of California Publications in Zoology | Vou. 17 Howsoever they were taken, Hartlaub’s measurements show about the same proportional differences between the two races he had in hand, as there are in our two sets of birds. His new species was evidently a very large bird, and one, at least, of the measurements he gives of it can be applied to the larger of our two forms. It seems safe to say, therefore, that the name Anser albifrons gambeli should be used for our large tule goose. The question then arises as to the status of our small white-fronted goose, which is evidently by far the more common of the two in California. European writers have been reluctant to recognize an American race of Anser albifrons. Salvadori (1895, p. 97) describes gambeli as ‘‘searecely different from A. albifrons; on the average it is larger and has a bigger bill.’’ Alphéraky (1905, p. 42) refuses to recognize gambeli at all, though conceding that occasional specimens from North America attain a greater size than any European birds. Of deseriptions and measurements as given in most of the American literature on the subject, it may be said that the diagnoses are not convincing as proofs of the subspecifie identity of Anser a. gambeli, though there is throughout recurrent mention of occasional unusually large sized birds. (In this connection see Coues, 1874, p. 547.) It seems likely that confusion has arisen through failure to discriminate between two perfectly distinct races, and that the explanation of the puzzle is as follows: That gambeli exists as a distinguishable North American subspecies of large size, as originally described, but that there also exists in North America another form of smaller size, and that the two occur together during the winter months. The smaller bird is, to all appearances, indistinguishable from the European form. In other words, the race of the white-fronted goose which is most common on the Pacific coast of North America is Anser albifrons albi- frons (Seopoli). In testing this theory reference should be made to the aecompany- ing tables. The measurements of European A. albifrons albifrons are taken from Alphéraky’s (1905, p. 46) careful study of the species. The California series of this subspecies used in comparison was collected at Los Banos, Merced County, during the winter of 1911-12. It will be noted that the measurements of this last series fall within the extremes given for the European birds. No European or Asiatic specimens are available for actual comparison, but no differ- ences, save of size, are claimed to exist between these and American birds, and as it is evident that there are no size differences between 1917] Swarth-Bryant: White-fronted Goose in California 215 the series here compared, it seems justifiable to apply to the smaller American race the name of the common European subspecies, Anser albifrons albifrons. The differences existing between the two subspecies may be sum- marized as follows: Anser albifrons albifrons Size small (wing 384-422); bill small (culmen 44-52); tail feathers, six- teen; coloration in general paler, head and neck grayish; naked skin at edge of eyelid, grayish brown. Anser albifrons gambeli Size large (wing 420-475); bill large (eulmen 53-62) ; coloration in gen- eral darker, neck dark brown, head blackish; tail feathers, male eighteen, female sixteen; naked skin at edge of eyelid, yellow or orange. In colors of ‘‘soft parts,’’ before the birds are skinned, there were no distinguishable differences between the two series in eyes, bill or feet. The eyelids of the two varied as already pointed out. Accord- ing to Stejneger (1885, p. 146) appreciable changes occur within an hour after death, and as probably none of our specimens came to hand until after a lapse of at least twenty-four hours, the colors as we noted them, particularly of the bill, may be quite different from those of the living bird. There were great changes, however, in these parts after the prepared skins had begun to dry. “Some faded and some darkened. An adult male of Anser a. gambeli (no. 27134) was colored as follows: Upper mandible, general ground-color, light buff tinged with purplish along culmen and at the edges; lower mandible, upper edge of rami, purplish, lower edge, yellowish; naked skin between rami, light buff; feet (tarsus, toes and web), ochraceous salmon. The color of eyes in all the specimens was dark brown. As of general interest it is worth while to record here the fact that all the birds taken in January were molting extensively, over head, neck and body. There was evidently a general freshening of plum- age, apparently involving everything but flight feathers to a greater or less extent. Newly appearing black feathers on the lower parts were particularly noticeable. The present study is based entirely upon specimens collected in winter. Not a single breeding bird is available for comparison, un- fortunately, so that we are unable to indicate the summer ranges of the two North American forms. The following theoretical breeding ranges are suggested by the facts thus far ascertained, though demonstration of the truth of the 216 University of California Publications in Zoology [| Vou. 17 hypothesis must depend upon future investigation. With Anser albi- frons albifrons occurring commonly in the western United States during the winter months, it would seem fair to assume that the known summer range of the subspecies, covering northern Europe and Asia, also extends continuously over western Alaska, and for an undetermined distance eastward. Pursuing this hypothesis, and assuming, as we have the right to do, that the two races do not occur together during the breeding season, we may infer that the summer home of the large A. a. gambeli is restricted to points farther eastward in Arctic America than the region inhabited by A. a. albifrons. This distribution would explain the relative scarcity of the first mentioned upon the Pacifie Coast. Study of specimens from the Mississippi Valley.and points farther east should go far toward confirming or refuting this theory, for upon the hypothesis advanced, the condition existing there, must be the opposite of that obtaining in California. There should be, namely, an abundance of the larger Anser a. gambeli, and a searcity of the smaller race. In this connection it is of interest to note a comment made by Nelson (1877, p. 186) upon specimens from Illinois: ‘‘I have examined a number of specimens, which by correct comparison were at least one-fourth smaller than the average.”’ The white-fronted goose is known, of course, to breed commonly in Alaska, but there are no Alaskan skins at hand for comparison; nor have we been able to discover published measurements of speci-— mens either from this section or elsewhere in America, in which dimensions of specified individuals are given together with explicit statements of exact place of capture. Consequently the assumption that the breeding bird of western Alaska is identical with the smaller of the two subspecies visiting California in winter, is an unproven hypothesis. It ean be said, however, that measurements of eggs from the Yukon region, as given by Nelson (1887, p. 83) agree reasonably well with the dimensions given by Alphéraky (1905, p. 56) for those of the European bird. Eggs of a set in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology (no. 714) from Cape Vancouver, Alaska, are close to the minimum dimensions given by Alphéraky. It would seem that eggs of the large sized A. gambeli should be measurably larger than those of A. albifrons. In considering the possible continuity of range of Anser a. albi- frons over Asia and Alaska, mention must be made of a goose taken by Stejneger (1885, p. 145) upon Bering Island, which he records as Anser a. gambeli, saying that ‘‘it matches average North American 1917] Swarth-Bryant: White-fronted Goose in California 217 oy specimens in every particular. The following details of this bird can be used in comparison with our data: Sex, female; total length, 685 mm.; wing, 417; tail feathers, 124; bill, from tip to frontal feathering, 51; tarsus, 78; middle toe with claw, 76; weight, 634 pounds (fat); naked eye-ring, dark brownish gray. It is, of course, uncertain whether these measurements were taken in the same manner.as our own, but, disregarding this possibility, it will be seen from the figures given that the total leneth accords with that noted by us for the smaller American race, which we eall albifrons, while the others are all intermediate between the two. Stejneger, with his customary painstaking accuracy, earefully records the color of the naked eye-ring, most fortunately so, as it appears to be a valu- able character. The fact that it is dark brownish gray in the specimen in question seems, with little doubt, to stamp the bird as Anser a. albifrons. On the whole, while concurring with this author that his Bering Island white-fronted goose agrees with average North American birds in its characteristics, we believe it belongs to the smaller, apparently the more common, of the two American races. Its slightly greater size, as compared with most European A. albifrons, is in accord with Alphéraky’s finding of an inerease in the size of birds from eastern Asia, as compared with European specimens. All of the examples of tule geese at hand came from a limited region in the Sacramento Valley, in the vicinity of Butte Creek and Butte Slough, in Sutter County. While the bird is apparently of fair abundance in this region in winter, we have little data demen- strating its presence at any other point in the state. In the extensive series of A. albifrons albifrons in the collections of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and of the California Academy of Sciences, all taken in the vicinity of Los Banos, Mereed County, in the San Joaquin Valley, there is not a single example of the larger bird. There is, however, a persistent rumor among market-hunters of the Los Banos district to the effect that a large form of white-fronted goose exists and has been killed there. In a letter received from Mr. George Neale, the statement is made that Mr. A. W. Stuart, of Grand Island, once killed two large gray geese, ‘‘as large as honkers,’’ at Maine Prairie, Solano County. In the Sacramento Valley, market-hunters and the sportsmen of the gun clubs alike affirm the existence of two races of the white- fronted goose, differing in appearance, habits and call notes. It is 218 University of California Publications in Zoology [V0. i said that the two kinds flock separately, for the most part; and that the larger race is never seen in such big flocks as is customary with the other, but is most frequently noted singly or in pairs. Also that while the smaller variety is a common frequenter of grain fields and uplands generally, the larger one is pre-eminently a denizen of open water or of ponds and sloughs surrounded by tules and willows. The predilection of the latter species for such localities has given rise to the local names by which it is known, ‘‘tule goose’’ or ‘‘timber goose,”’ as contrasted with the upland-frequenting ‘‘speckle-belly.’’ The habits and appearance in life, of the tule goose are described in the following excerpts from a letter written by Judge F..W. Hen- shaw to Dr. J. Grinnell, director of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology : On Monday last, Jan. 22nd, accompanied by my friend Sam Lamme, I went out to secure for you some tule geese on the grounds of the West Butte Country Club in the Sutter Basin. We went by boat into the more unfrequented and inaccéssible parts of this lake and there shot for you four tule geese and five American white-fronted geese. Sam Lamme is remarkable even for a professional hunter. His ability to call wild fowls of all kinds is little short of marvelous, and we could easily have killed more of these birds, but we stopped when we had secured the number that you desired. We were out only during the morning, and in that time (accepting Sam’s verdict as to their character) we certainly saw over 150 tule geese. Usually they were single birds or in pairs, though at times we would see flocks of eight, ten, twelve, or sixteen. At times also we saw mixed flocks. Sam explained this by saying that the tule geese never joined the smaller white-fronted geese, but that the latter would frequently attach themselves to a pair or to a flock of tule geese and trail on behind. I was myself a witness to the joining of these birds upon several occasions. The tule geese were always in the lead, paying no attention to the other geese which joined them, and in turn the other geese would frequently leave the tule geese after accompanying them for a short time. When the tule geese were by themselves and at a distance it was difficult for me to tell with any certainty whether they were tule geese or the ordinary white-fronted geese, but when the two kinds were together the differ- ence was most plain and showed not alone in size but in the conspicuously longer neck of the tule geese. Also the notes of the tule goose, according to Sam, while similar, are of different quality from those of the white-fronted goose, and while I was unable to detect the difference myself, he frequently verified his own nicer sense of hearing. The difference he described by saying that the notes of the tule goose were coarser and harsher. His nicety of ear I had him demonstrate upon several occasions. He would say upon hearing the call of a bird, ‘‘that is a tule goose,’’ or ‘‘that is a gray goose,’’ and I would reply, ‘‘call him in, Sam, and let’s make sure.’? When he did so, in every instance his judgment proved to be correct. In explanation of this, let me say that he called many of both varieties within range of our guns after we had killed all that you required, so that in many instances I had to base my conclusion upon observation of the birds in the air. Another noticeable fact was that the tule geese, while shy in the sense that they resorted to the more remote parts of the marsh—the white-fronted 1917] Swarth-Bryant: White-fronted Goose in California 219 geese being everywhere by the hundreds—were much more confiding and answered much more readily to Sam’s call, coming in directly and without the usual wary circling. Several times, for example, it happened that in a mixed flock the white-fronted geese would turn and leave, while the tule geese would come sailing on to what would haye been their destruction. I mentioned to you over the phone the conspicuous bright orange membrane fully surrounding the eye of the tule goose. It did not appear upon any specimen of the white-fronted goose, and Sam declared that he had never seen it on a white-fronted goose. Sam, I should add, was born in Sutter county, has been for years a market hunter, and is exceptionally endowed with powers of observation and wild fowl mimicry. Transmitted May 1, 1917. 220 University of California Publications in Zoology [ Vou. 17 MEASUREMENTS IN MILLIMETERS (AVERAGE, MINIMUM, AND MAXIMUM) OF THE Races or Anser albifrons Wing (430.0-475.0) 6 male Anser albifrons gambeli; California.. 10 male Anser albifrons albifrons ; California 4 female Anser albifrons 447.2 409.6 (384.0-422.0) gambeli; Calitornia.. 430.5 (420.0-440.0) 10 female Anser albi- frons albifrons; Cal- THROW ANE, © ceeredeeesercare ice 394.5 (384.0-404.0) Adult Anser albifrons al- bifrons; Old World 375.0—435.0" Height of bill 6 male Anser albifrons gam- beli; California ... 10 male Anser albifrons albi- mows Oplbhdaie, 23.3 (21.5-26.0) 4 female Anser albifrons gam- beli; California 10 female Anser albifrons al- bifrons ; California ............ Adult Anser albifrons albi- rons «Olde nvorl disse 23.57 26.5 (25.0-28.0) 25.7 (25.0-27.0) 20.4 (18.0-21.5) Total length? Cali- 6 male Anser albifrons gambeli; fornia _ ..-- 830.5 (810.0-854.0) 2 male Anser albifrons albifrons; Cali- OLN sare sees eee ess ook eee 733.0 (730.0-736.0) 4 female Anser albifrons gambeli; Cali- POPMIG, H Se sis peepee tie eta reeseemetee seer 779.7 (745.0-797.0) 3 female Anser albifrons albifrons; Galli orm ae ceeee stone ce eeee reer 687.6 (685.0-692.0) Adult Anser albifrons albifrons; Old Word dy Sees ocec ccs teccsctsceseaeeenaee sae nner 635.0—-760.0" Tail 135.5 (124.0-144.0) 121.2 (107.0-135.0) 127.2 (110.0-135.0) 119.6 (113.0-126.0) Tarsus 81.9 (80.0-84.0) 73.6 (71.0-79.0) 79.0 (77.0-83.0) 70.1 (64.0-73.0) 51.0-81.0* Culmen 60.1 (57.0-62.0) 49.6 (46.5-52.0) 55.6 (53.0-58.0) 46.0 (44,0-48.0) 40.0-56.0 Middle toe without claw 79.6 (73.0-84.0) 67.1 (61.0-73.0) 75.0 (73.0-80.0) 63.1 (58.0-68.0) Spread wings? 1623.6 (1560.0-1670.0) 1476.5 (1471.0-1482.0) 1572.0 (1510.0-1661.0) 1405.3 (1384.0-1437.0) WEIGHTS (AVERAGE, MINIMUM, AND MAXIMUM) OF THE RACES OF Anser albifrons 6 male Anser albifrons gambeli; California -..... 2 male Anser albifrons albifrons; California .... 4 female Anser albifrons gambeli; California -... 3 female Anser albifrons albifrons; California Adult Anser albifrons albifrons; Old World -... 6 Ibs. 4 Ibs. 1 Alphéraky, 1905, p. 46. * Measured prior to skinning. * Extremes of twenty-one specimens; Alphéraky, loc. cit. 7 Ibs. 4 oz. (7 lbs. 1 02-7 Ibs. 8 oz.) 5 Ibs. 4 oz. (5 Ibs.-5 Ibs. 6 oz.) 5 oz. (5 lbs. 5 02-7 Ibs.) 12 oz. (3 Ibs. 14 0z.-5 lbs. 8 02.) 4 lbs.—6 lbs.* 1917] Swarth-Bryant: White-fronted Goose in California 221 LITERATURE CITED ALPHERAKY, 8. 1905. The geese of Europe and Asia. London, Ward, vi+195, frontispiece, 24 pls. Cougs, E. 1874. Birds of the Northwest: a hand-book of the ornithology of the region drained by the Missouri River and its tributaries. U.S. Geol. Sury. Terr., Mise. Publ., 3, xi+ 791. HArTLAus, G. 1852. Descriptions de quelques nouvelles espéces d’Oiseaux. Paris, Rev. Mag. -Zool. (2), 4, 3-9. NE.LSon, E. W. 1877. Birds of northeastern Illinois. Bull. Essex Inst., 8, 90-155. 1887. Report upon natural history collections made in Alaska between the years 1877 and 1881. Arctic Series of Publications issued in con- nection with the Signal Service, U. S. Army, 3, 337, 21 pls. Ripeway, R. 1912. Color standards and color nomenclature. Washington, D. C., Ridgway, iii + 44, 53 pls. SALVApDoRI, T. 1895. Catalogue of the birds in the British Museum, Chenomorphae (etc.), 27, xv + 636, 19 pls. STEJNEGER, L. 1885. Results of ornithological explorations in the Commander Islands and in Kamtschatka. U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 29, 382, 8 pls., several figs. in text. PLATE 13 Skins of adult males of Anser albifrons albifrons (at left), Mus. Vert. Zool., no. 27581, and Anser albifrons vane cn right), Mus. Vert. Zool., no. 27134; photographed on same scale. These specimens are fairly representative of the size differences existing between the two forms. Both were prepared by the same person, and care was exercised that neither should be unduly lengthened or shortened. In each case the dried study skin measures in total length within a few millimeters of the same measurement as taken before the bird was skinned. [222] UNIV. CALIF, PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 17 [SWARTH-BRYANT] PLATE 13 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS Note.—The University of California Publications are offered in exchange for the ‘publi cations of learned societies and institutions, universities and libraries. Complete lists of all the publications of the University will be sent upon request, For sample copies, lists’ of publications or other information, address the Manager of the University Press, Berkeley, California, U. S. A. All matter sent in exchange should be addressed to The ac Department, University Library, Berkeley, California, U. S. A. ZOOLOGY.—W. E. Ritter and C. A. Kofoid, Editors. Price per volume, =5-505 = with vol. 11, $5.00. Marine = Lapetory of the Scripps Institution for Biological Research, at Ta Jolla, California, and from the California Museum of Vertebrate Zooey, 1 in Berkeley. f Cited as Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool, Volume 1, 1902-1905, 317 pages, with 28 plates ccc. ci seesccccsteedtenesecenecen Volume 2 (Contributions from the Laboratory of the Marine Biological. Association of . San Diego), 1904-1906, xvii + 382 pages, with 19 plates 20.00. Volume $, 1906-1907, 383 pages, with 23 plates ...02 02 on. Volume 4; 1907-1908, 400 pages, with 24 plates -........... Volume 5, 1908-1910, 440 pages, with 34 plates .- 3 3 Volume 6, 1908-1911, 478 pages, with 48 plates 22.005 eet eee ee =i Volume 7 (Contributions from the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology), 1910- 1912, 446 ‘om pages with 12: plates 2. Se ree a ake arenes 2 a -$ Volume-8, 1911, -357 pages, with 25 plates -.-...2.u se eee che cteennpetsecnsnetocen . Volume 9, 1911-1912, 365 pages, with 24 plates...... Volume 10, 1912-1913, 417 pages, with 10 plates 2.) é Volume 11, 1912-1914, 538 pages, with 26 plates 22... ccc caeetes wntecnenteosetannsvesccsnnetene Volume 12 (Contributions from the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology), 1913-1916, ae Wages,“ with 22-platess. ss Ae eas Ae eS ee ee SR ae eee $5. Volume 13, 1914-1916, 529 pages, with 39 plates: o.oo. cote iccteceestecereeeen ee ee: Vol. 14. 1. A Report upon the Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay, Based upon the Operations of the United States Fisheries Steamer ‘‘Albatross’’ dur-~ ing the Years.1912 and 1913, by F. B. Sumner, G. D, Louderback, W. Lh. — Schmitt, E. C. Johnston. Pp, 1-198, plates-1-13, 20 text figures, - July, G LER <: Sater Saas ake AMIS apt EUR Diet Se RAMEE eM 3. RPS Sete eS SST Vol.15. Introduction. Dependence of Marine Biology upon Hydrography and Neces- sity of Quantitative Biological Research. Pp. i-xxiii.. June, 1916 2.2... : 1. Hydrographic, Plankton, and Dredging Records of the Scripps. Institution for Biological Research of the University of California, 1901 to 1912, compiled and arranged under the supervision of W. E. Ritter by Ellis 2 L. Michael and George F. McEwen. Pp. 1-206, 4 text figures” and map.. os Pulys A195 eS a ee Se ee ee ee 2.95 2. Continuation. of Hydrographic, Plankton, and Dredging Records of the ; Scripps Institution for Biological Research of the University. of Cali- fornia (1913-1915), compiled and arranged under the supervision of W. — E. Ritter, by Ellis L. Michael, Zoologist and Administrative Assistant, — George F. McEwen, Hydrographer, Pp. 207: 254, iG figures in text. Novem: oe fl gat) wigs AS) Es eaten hap at ot neN ar ox eon OR MR gatas ND Aaa tge mt eeae Le Sesphg Mea men Cees moa a, $3. Summary and Interpretation of the Hydrographic Observations made by ee the Scripps Institution for Biological Research of the University of Cali- fornia, 1908 to 1915, by George F. McEwen, Hydrographer. Pp. ‘255- 356, Plates:-1-38s” Decembery t GiG cee Seok pcg eae sap cata pee ongen teen tute tetan te ce tapi y Vol. 16. 1. An Outline of the Morphology and Life History of ‘Crithidia leptocoridis, i. sp. nov., by Irene McCulloch. Pp. 1-22,-plates 1-4, 1 text figure. Sep- POMBOT;: AGT ir nescence ta Rg LE ag Sen a sea eae ae 2. On Giardia microti, sp. nov., from the Meadow Mouse, by Charles Atwood Kofoid and Elizabeth Bohn Christiansen, Pp, 23-29, 1 figure in text. 3. On Binary and Multiple Fission in Giardia muris (Grassi), by Charles ~ Atwood Kofoid and Elizabeth Bohn Christiansen. Pp. 30 toe ey 5-8, 1 figure in text. Nos. 2 and 3 in one cover. November, 1915 : 4. Ths Cultivation of Tissues ‘from Amphibians, by John , Tohnso : 62,2 figures in text.. November, 1915 22.2 sicccl nee cieececeepe sence ence so icqéepe ¥ ww. os ? fy 1 eS SR Rn NET RET MANE Cas REY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN ZOOLOGY Vol. 17, No. 12, pp. 223-404, plates 14-24, 24 figuresintext January 31, 1918 A SYNOPSIS OF THE BATS OF CALIFORNIA BY HILDA WOOD GRINNELL (Contribution from the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology of the University of California) CONTENTS PAGE Tim GTCTOR © tense inn Be ee nee ee pe RU ee pS Saar ee SEE SAR RR re eee 225 BENG Feo 0 Wy) © Cl 70 ts sce 225 NEE ee a er eee ao 226 INGESTED TOTTI eo cn eee ce er ee eee te re a eR RS er ee Reiter ter ora 227 ANG cl a0 seg Es Se eval rE aS ees ee a rece ee ee ese aera 228 (Seg aVS SREY uit ed AAAS em Se he PE omc 228 TORY CSHIEUNG | Gece cceceei cose tipi ae eee eee eee Eo BERR eee ener Rea eee 229 TEIGEATRIYED see ceneseretREe oRES eeESSL PEE RES REE Ec ESS RPE 229 ae ee a ee a Nog ea ce dat aes oer Sepe seee sae neat sae Reman erence cadssesnenaenan 230 aes 231 231 TRUS] aS) One. UE HST ee ae ea Eee 232 ICV ETON, cess ee eee ee a OE ESP CO Er ee . 232 Tfoyayal carol) Theravada ess 1G) ON NS) ee ee rarer ER ee SEE ec aEE RoE . 235 Tearearalriayss TBI OEY seekers eat ee ec een rer oer Ecc coe Sere cor eS ee eee Cee . 236 NWO esse ee Se IE ee ee ee . 206 TD paveyannGyss OME VES) eer eee eso or 237 Economie Value of Bats and their Conservation —...........-..------------------------eeee 238 C0) aay erat ek © SUE TATA CA Speen eee ener ee ce eran 240 (Champs O MG IDS ret OHTA CONE BEE Se ee 241 TOYS occsee eae se oes Se ne SSS EPS a oR ae RCE EEE 243, (CHAOS ENCOUN, + cee eee eee ee aro SS a rr eee 245 ENG NYEERETEER OY, cs eee Re EPP 244 PS essrctr a Op Wena ear Oa een etna esas aun ogee natn et ea nwa ae ema ee Re rc apse eee eat naee cen 244 Nomenclature : .. 245 Classification yt: eset =: 245 Keys etor identification of (Calitormiay (eats) 2e rece. necnsscecteeaecareesamcevenece wwe nerenesecreearen= 246 Table showing Comparative Sizes of California Bats -.........--------------------- 251 @rdembs Chino p tier ay geese sascese ones ees n eee anne Sees ov sees ann sctees seer enscsveseeseeanesetncesteagen-sooeunsecerteus 252 MUD OLdereMacrOChiNG Pp LCL eccens ceca cee ease ceca esac aca oe tennn comes eocewsocenn dec nente ness toarecrezunere 252 224 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 amily MeL yO stomiid aap jens acescecseece testes nme ene ee esa ee eee 252 Genus Macrotus ..............- Macrotus californicus Family Vespertilionidae -.. Subfamily Vespertilioninae - Genus Myotis ..... 258 Myotis velifer ... - 259 Myotis occultus -.............--- - 261 Myotis lucifugus altipetens .. Myotis lucifugus alascensis .. Myotis longicrus longicrus . Myotis longicrus interior .... 271 Myotis yumanensis yumanensis 273 Myotis yumanensis sociabilis -. 276 Myotis yumanensis saturatus ... 278 Myotis californicus californicus -. 279 Myotis californicus quercinus ... 285 Myotis californicus pallidus .. =F 1288 Myotis: OVtmOMUs: q2.<. ssn - ccc wach ans ose eos 290 Myotis evotis -..... oe ho ee 291 DMYOUS® THYSGNOGES asco nica sccckescct acco ees 297 Genus Dasionycteris 22-2 22. q.cssecan nto ecco se 299 LGStonycterts: MOCCWWAGGNS <2. ee ee 300 Genns ePipistrellush seen ee 304 Pipistretius hesperus) hesp ers oon... ose ee 305 Papistretlus Wesperus MenTVamne sxe onsen 311 Genus: Hptesicus) 2cc.s.0s0 css ee ee 314 Eptesicus fuscus ... Genus: Nyctenis -.2i..c5.0.8 oo eae eee Nycteris: borealis’ teliotts..=... oe 323 Naycterts CNET CG, <2....08. Soc tenet ee ee 330 Genus Buderma: «2.25... 5 nee te ee ee 336 Huderma smaculatum) «025... SS eee 336 Genus Corynorhinus | 5 2 ee 339 Corynorhinus vafinesqua paliescens ee eee 340 Corynorhinus rafinesquit intermedius -...-.-----.---c0--eeeeeeeeeeeeeceeceeeeee eee 344 Subfamily -Nyctophilinae, =: — s.r 347 Genus’ -Amtrozous): <= 2c ee 347 Antrosous! PAQlUNdus sscci cco 348 ANtTOBOUS! DGOCVCUS oe cc Fock eee 352 Family ‘Molossi@ae \n028 22. scc sooo ee 357 Genus) INycbimomi us ace 2 acc Sc ca cece tek ee ee 357 INGetInOMUs “Le / ce BS = \ Lateral membrane ' 1 1 i] \ ! i I 1 ' ' ' i \ i ' 1 f 1 1 \ ' ' ! 1 | I } =. ° [ONG = “eS ody yy 2 = : B y \ ze a | me } = ! i 1 1 ' | | | | i 1 1 t Free edge of interfemoral membrane Fig. E. Wing of Hptesicus fuscus (drawn semidiagrammatically from spect- men no. 23522), X 1.11; labeled to show names of parts, as used in the present paper. KEY TO CALIFORNIA BATS I. Basep oN EXTERNAL CHARACTERS PAGE 1. With noseleaf (see text-fig. F). Macrotus californicus 252 1’. Without noseleaf. 2. Tail extending conspicuously beyond free edge of interfemoral mem- brane (see pl. 19). / 3. Total length greater than 140 millimeters; no horny exerescences on anterior margin of ear. Eumops californicus 370 3’. Total length less than 140 millimeters; a row of horny excrescences on anterior margin of ear (see text-fig. W). 4. A fold of membrane extending from the inner third of the femur to the middle of the tibia, forming a pocket at the thigh. Nyctinomus femorosaccus 360 1918 | Grinnell: A Synopsis of the Bats of California 247 PAGE 4’. No fold of membrane extending from the inner third of the femur to the middle of the tibia. 5. Length of forearm more than 50 millinreters. Nyctinomus depressus :‘ 5’. Length of forearm less than 50 millimeters. Nyctinomus mexicanus 3 2’. Tail extending at least to edge of interfemoral membrane, but never much beyond (see pl. 18). 6. Nostrils opening forward beneath a conspicuous horseshoe-shaped ridge (see text-fig. U). 7. Length of forearm more than 52 millimeters; color of back yel- lowish drab brown; habitat west of the desert divides. Antrozous pacificus 3 7’. Length of forearm less than 52 millimeters; color of back whitish drab-gray; habitat east of the desert divides. Antrozous pallidus 6’. Nostrils not opening beneath a horseshoe-shaped ridge. 8. Dorsal surface of interfemoral membrane furred, at least on basal half (see pl. 17, fig. 10). 9. Total length greater than 120 millimeters. | Nycteris cinerea 9’. Total length less than 120 millimeters. 10. General color ranging from rufous red or fawn to yellowish gray. Nycteris borealis teliotis 10’. General color blackish chocolate. Lasionycteris noctivagans 8’. Dorsal surface of interfemoral membrane naked except for scat- tering hairs, or furred only at extreme base. 11. Height of ear from crown more than 25 millimeters. 12. Tragus broadly rounded at tip; back blackish with three white patches (see pl. 16, fig. 9). Euderma maculatum 3: 12’. Tragus slender, pointed at tip (see text-fig. S); color not blackish and no white markings present. 13. General color wood brown; habitat the arid portions of the Upper and Lower Sonoran zones in southern California. Corynorhinus rafinesquii pallescens 13’. General color, natal brown; habitat the Upper Sonoran zone in western California. Corynorhinus rafinesquii intermedius : 11’. Height of ear from crown less than 25 millimeters. 14. Tragus short, blunt, and curved forwards (see text-fig. L). 15. General aspect of fur pale grayish; habitat Sonoran zones east of the desert divides. ' Pipistrellus hesperus hesperus 15’. General aspect of fur pale brownish; habitat Sonoran zones west of the desert divides. Pipistrellus hesperus merriami 14’. Tragus not curved forwards, slender. 16. Total length more than 105 millimeters. Eptesicus fuscus 16’. Total length less than 105 millimeters. 17. Ear when laid forward extending 7 to 10 millimeters beyond nostril. Myotis evotis 348 330 323 300 os a 340 305 311 314 291 248 University of California Publications in Zoology (Vou. 17 PAGE 17’. Ear when laid forward extending less than 6 milli- meters beyond nostril. 18. Free border of uropatagium distinctly fringed with fine hairs. Myotis thysanodes 18’. Free border of uropatagium faintly or not at all fringed. 19. Length of tibia 15 to 19 millimeters. 20. Length of tibia less than 17 millimeters. Color of back, drab; habitat Lower Sonoran zone east of the desert divides. Myotis velifer * Color of back, light brown; habitat Boreal zone on mountains of east-central and north- ern California. Myotis lucifugus altipetens Color of back, dark brown; habitat extreme northern coast belt. Myotis lucifugus alascensis 20’. Length of tibia more than 17 millimeters. Color of back, yellowish brown; habitat south- ern Sierra Nevada and mountains of south- ern California. Myotis longicrus interior * Color of back, dark brown; habitat central and northern Sierra Nevada and humid coast belt. Myotis longicrus longicrus * 19’. Length of tibia less than 15 millimeters. 21. Foot 5 to 6 millimeters in length. Color of back, pale grayish brown; habitat Lower Sonoran zone east of the desert di- vides. Myotis californicus pallidus Color of back, bright brown; habitat Upper Sonoran and Transition zones south of the 36th parallel. Myotis californicus quercinus :‘ Color of back, dark brown; habitat Upper Sonoran and Transition zones north of the 36th parallel. Myotis californicus californicus * 21’. Foot 7 to 10 millimeters in length. 22. Height of tragus more than 6.5 millimeters. Myotis orinomus 22’, Height of tragus less than 6.5 millimeters. Color of back, cinnamon brown; habitat val- ley of the Colorado River. Myotis occultus Color of back, light buff; habitat Lower Sonoran zone east of the desert divides. Myotis yumanensis yumanensis Color of back, buffy brown; habitat Sonoran and Transition zones west of the desert divides. Myotis yumanensis sociabilis : Color of back, dark brown; habitat extreme northern coast belt. Myotis yumanensis saturatus * 2907 263 267 288 290 261 278 1918] Grinnell: A Synopsis of the Bats of California 249 II. BASED ON SKULLS AND TEETH 1. Total number of upper incisors 2. PAGE 2. Greatest length of skull 30 millimeters or more; upper incisors diverg- ing at tips (see pl. 20, fig. 22). * Eumops californicus 370 2’. Greatest length of skull less than 25 millimeters; upper incisors con- verging at tips. 3. Four teeth in upper jaw behind canine, none minute. 4. Greatest length of skull 19-21 millimeters. Antrozous pallidus 348 4’. Greatest length of skull 22-24 millimeters. Antrozous pacificus 352 3’. Five teeth in upper jaw behind canine, first one minute. 5. Rostrum louger than wide. 6. Greatest length of skull more than 22 millimeters. Nyctinomus depressus 357 6’. Greatest length of skull less than 22 millimeters. 7. Greatest length of skull more than 18 millimeters. Nyctinomus femorosaccus 36) 7’. Greatest length of skull less than 18 millimeters. j Nyctinomus mexicanus 361 od’. Rostrum wider than long. 8. Greatest length of skull more than 15 millimeters. Nycteris cinerea 330 8’. Greatest length of skull less than 15 millimeters. Nycteris borealis teliotis 325 1’. Total number of upper incisors 4. 9. Upper incisors completely filling space between canines. Macrotus californicus 252 9’. Upper incisors not completely filling space between canines. 10. Total number of teeth 32. Eptesicus fuscus 314 10’. Total number of teeth 34 to 38. 11. Total number of teeth 34. 12. Greatest length of skull less than 15 millimeters. Pipistrellus hesperus hesperus 305 Pipistrellus hesperus merriami 311 12’. Greatest length of skull more than 15 millimeters. Euderma maculatum 336 11’. Total number of teeth 36 or 38. 13. Total number of teeth 36. 14. Sagittal and occipital crests well defined (pl. 21, fig. 30, pl. 22, fig. 42). Myotis occultus 261 14’. Sagittal and occipital crests not well defined. 15. Upper surface of rostrum with distinct depression on each side between lachrymal region and external nares. Lasionycteris noctivagans 300 15’. Upper surface of rostrum with no depression on each side between lachrymal region and external nares. Corynorhinus rafinesquii pallescens 540 Corynorhinus rafinesquii intermedius 344 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vo 13’. Total number of teeth 38. 16. Greatest length of skull 16 millimeters or more. 17. Sagittal crest well defined; rostrum broad (pl. 21, fig. 32). Myotis velifer 17’. Sagittal crest not well defined; rostrum slender. 18. Frontal region conspicuously inflated (pl. 21, fig. 35; and pl. 22, fig. 47); zygomatic breadth more than 9.5 millimeters. Myotis thysanodes 18’. Frontal region not conspicuously inflated (pl. 21, fig. 34, and pl. 22, fig. 46); zygomatic breadth less than 9.5 millimeters. Myotis evotis 16’. Greatest length of skull less than 16 millimeters. 19. Sagittal and occipital crests well defined (pl. 21, fig. 30, and pl. 22, fig. 42). Myotis occultus 19’. Sagittal and occipital crests not well defined. 20. Dorsal profile of skull distinctly flattened (pl. 22, fig. 38). Myotis orinomus 20’. Dorsal profile of skull not flattened. 21. Occipital elevation distinct (pl. 22, fig. 40). Myotis longicrus longicrus Myotis longicrus interior 21’. Occipital elevation not distinct. 22. Interorbital constriction less than 3.5 millimeters. Myotis californicus californicus Myotis californicus quercinus Myotis californicus pallidus 2 22’, Interorbital constriction more than 3.5 millimeters. 23. Zygomatie breadth more than 8.5 millimeters; greatest length of skull more than 14 milli- meters. Myotis lucifugus altipetens Myotis lucifugus alascensis 2 N ygomatic breadth less than 8.5 millimeters; greatest length of skull usually less than 14 millimeters. Myotis yumanensis yumanensis Myotis yumanensis sociabilis Myotis yumanensis saturatus L. 17 PAGE 259 297 291 261 290 1918 | Grinnell: A Synopsis of the Bats of California 251 AVERAGE MEASUREMENTS OF THE CALIFORNIA SPECIES OF BATS ARRANGED IN SEQUENCE FROM SMALL TO LARGE ACCORDING To ToTAL LENGTHS Species Pipistrellus hesperus hes- TPEVSWS coset tee Staccens eaceereee Pipistrellus hesperus mer- riami a Myotis californicus eali- TOT AWICWED conctabenenteee meer eeeeS Myotis californicus pal- UGLY cee reenereeeeeeeereres eee ee (HUTT) eet eee iligmpeene tee! ER eo Myotis yumanensis yu- HUD TTGTAGNS) Gelecen esa eeepee Myotis yumanensis sat- PIU UES Meee cer Seneee -ssneneocsas Myotis orinomus .............. Myotis lucifugus — alas- CBUISIS) oes eno-Stececeecteceececoasas Myotis lucifugus alti- TOMEI) Se pa eee eee Myotis thysanodes ........... Myotis oecultus)-..........-... Iv ObISH eC VOUIS) 2/22 ons All Measurements in Millimeters Number of specimens 10 dig, 10 99 6 $d, 10 99 499 299 599 19 Nyetinomus mexicanus .... 10 dg, 10 92 Myotis longicrus longi- (OTHE) eee Ree eae Myotis velifer ...........2....:. Corynorhinus rafinesquii AUHESCONS |) cess2 cman sens Macrotus californicus ...... Myotis longicrus interior Lasionycteris noctivagans Corynorhinus rafinesquii intermedius .................... Nyctinomus femorosaccus Nyeteris borealis teliotis Antrozous pallidus .......... Euderma maculatum ...... Eptesicus fuseus .............. Antrozous pacificus -....... Nyctinomus depressus -... Nycteris cinerea .............. Eumops californicus ........ 8 gd, 433; 3 3d; 12 3d, 1 g2 73d; 3 dd; 299 18 9° 899 929 899 499 5 29 5 Qo ue 5 99 799 Total length vertebrae 68.6 97.2 97.3 98.9 102.0 102.0 103.0 104.5 109.3 111.5 112.4 119.0 131.0 135.1 167.1 Tail Tibia Foot 10.4 8.5 11.6 7.6 9.5 12.9 13.0 Hale 16.8 Greatest length of Forearm cranium 28.8 28.0 35.8 41.2 35.6 37.5 41.3 37.2 40.4 39.9 49.9 38.0 39.2 42.0 47.0 38.7 49.2 50.8 45.1 55.3 60.0 51.8 72.0 ‘Miller (1897b, p. 83); * Merriam (1889a, p. 23); *J. A. Allen (1891b, p. 196); 4 Ward (1891, pp. 747-750). 252 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 Order CHIROPTERA Suborder MicrocHIROPTERA Family PHYLLOSTOMIDAE This family, as represented in North America, includes bats having a simple noseleaf, a tragus, toes (except hallux) with three phalanges each, thumb and foot without sucking disk, and upper incisors not separated by a space in the middle. The only genus which has been found to occur in California is Macrotus, which is here represented by a single species. Genus Macrotus Gray mee leh 2-2 gee 34 59’ © yay? PM g7g> Mang = 34. Skull with rostrum tapering, and distinctly flattened above; auditory bullae conspicuously enlarged, covering almost the entire cochleae, their greatest diameter being distinctly greater than the width of the space between them. The extremity of the tail projects beyond the hinder edge of the broad interfemoral membrane. Diagnosis.—Dental formula: i Macrotus californicus Baird California Leaf-nosed Bat Macrotus Californicus Baird (1858, pp. 116-117). Original description; type locality Fort Yuma, Imperial County, California. Macerotus californicus, Baird (1859, II, p. 4, pl. 61, fig. 2). Description; listed from Fort Yuma. Maerctus californicus, H. Allen (1864, pp. 3-5, figs. 2-4). Description. Macrotus californicus, Cooper (1868, p. 5). Distribution. Macrotus californicus, Cooper (in Cronise, 1868, p. 442). Description; occurrence near Fort Yuma. : Macrotus waterhousii, Coues and Yarrow (1875, pp. 80-81). Macrotus waterhousii, Dobson (1878, pp. 464-467), part. Description; occurrence in California; habits. Macrotus Waterhousei, True (1885, p. 604), part. Range. Macrotus waterhousei, Bryant (1891a, p. 359). Nominal. Macrotus californicus, H. Allen (1894, pp. 34-48, pls. 1-2). Deseription ; listed from Fort Yuma. Macrotus californicus, Elliot (1901, pp. 420-421, fig. 93). Diagnosis. Otopterus californicus, Miller and Rehn (1901, p. 278). Type locality. Macrotus californicus, Rehn (1904, pp. 441-444). Revision of genus; dis- tribution of M. californicus. Otopterus californicus, Elliot (1904b, pp. 653-654). Description; distri- bution. Otopterus californicus, Elliot (1905, pp. 509-510). General distribution; type locality. 1918 | Grinnell: A Synopsis of the Bats of California 253 Otopterus californicus, Stephens (1906, pp. 276-277, 1 fig.). Description; distribution ; habits. Otopterus californicus, Lyon and Osgood (1909, p. 290). Location of type. Macrotus californicus, Miller (1912, p. 36). Type locality; range. Macrotus californicus, J. Grinnell (1913b, p. 275). Range in California. Diagnosis —Size medium (total length 93-103 millimeters) ; ear reaching beyond tip of muzzle when laid forward; distinct leaf-like vertical appendage on nose; color, above, pale drab to broccoli brown, below, drab, the longer hairs tipped with white. Description: Head.—-Elongate, slender, rostrum rather attenuate ; ears oval and slightly hairy, connected at their bases by an incised transverse membrane, when stretched forward exceeding muzzle by one-third entire length of ear; tragus lanceolate, one-third height of ear. Hye almond-shaped. Nose-leaf blunt-lanceolate, higher than width of pad from which it rises (text-figs. F, G@). Nostrils crescentie, placed obliquely in nose pad. A triangular pad at apex of chin. Fig. F. Side view of head of Macrotus californicus (drawn from specimen no. 19127), X 1.00, showing simple nose-leaf, long ears, and erect pointed tragus. Fig. G. Front view of head of Macrotus californicus (drawn from specimen no. 19127), X 1.00, showing position of nostrils in pad at base of nose-leaf, incised transverse membrane connecting bases of ears, and triangular pad at apex of chin. Limbs and Membranes.—Forearm slightly bowed. Thumb, ex- clusive of claw, about 7 millimeters in length, and slender. Wing short and stout; length of fifth metacarpal equaling and sometimes exceeding that of third metacarpal. Toes compressed, giving foot a slender aspect. The tail projects beyond edge of interfemoral mem- brane for the length of one or one and one-half vertebrae. The mem- branes of this bat are parehment-like rather than leathery, and are not furred. Pelage——F ur on body silky; on back about 8 millimeters in length, on under surface about 6 millimeters; ear with posterior base covered with hair of a woolly texture. Interior surface of ear, and proximal three-fourths of anterior border of ear with scattered long hairs. Color.—In dried specimens the color of the distal third of the hairs on the upper surface varies from pale drab to broccoli brown. The proximal two-thirds is white, and this shows throngh the darker outer 254 University of California Publications in Zoology (Vou. 17 color in irregular patches, due to the parting of the hairs. Fur upon bases of ears grizzled gray throughout. Upon the lower surface of the body the bases of the hairs are white, the distal third drab, tipped with white, this giving a frosted appearance. The membranes in the dried skin are clove brown. In specimens preserved in alcohol the colors are essentially the same, save that the ventral surface lacks the frosted appearance characteristic of dried skins, and the white bases of the hairs are yellowed by the absorption of fat from the body. Skull.—Rostrum at orbits twice as wide as at canines (pl. 23, fig. 54). Auditory bulla conspicuously enlarged, covering almost entire cochlea (pl. 24, fig. 62), its greatest diameter distinctly greater than width of space between the two bullae. 22, @il=il 2=2 38) : 59 jay’ PM ag M39 =34. Upper incisors conspicuously unequal in size, and completely bridging space between canines; inner pair large, in contact distally, but with roots widely separated; lateral pair small, not extending beyond cingula of inner pair. Lower incisors small and simple, forming a continuous row between canines. Canines strong and simple, with well-developed cingula. Area of anterior upper premolar when viewed from side almost equaling that of posterior tooth. Second upper premolar with main cusp straight, situated at or near middle of crown. First lower premolar higher and broader, when viewed in profile, than second and third, the third the smallest of the three. Second upper molar largest, third upper molar with less than half crown area of second. First lower molar smaller than second. Measurements—Average and extreme measurements in milli- meters of a series of eighteen females from the Colorado Desert are as follows: total length, 97.3 (93.0-103.0) ; tail vertebrae, 37.0 (33.0— 41.0) ; tibia, 23.0 (20.8-24.2) ; foot, 15.6 (14.0-17.0) ; forearm, 49.9 (46.8-52.6) ; greatest length of skull 23.1 (22.5-23.7); zygomatic breadth, 11.2 (10.8-11.6); mastoid breadth, 9.8 (9.2-10.0); inter- orbital constriction, 3.5 (3.4-3.7); height of cranium at bullae, 9.4 (9.8-9.7). The only male at hand measures: total length, 95.0 milli- meters; tail vertebrate, 35.0; tibia, 23.0; foot, 14.0; forearm, 48.4; ereatest length of cranium, 23.0; zygomatic breadth, 11.1; mastoid breadth, 10.0; interorbital constriction, 3.5; height of cranium at bullae, 9.3. Synonymy and History—This bat was described by Baird (1858, p. 116) from a specimen taken at Fort Yuma (Imperial County, Cali- fornia, opposite Yuma, Arizona), under the name Macrotus Califor- Nicus. Coues and Yarrow (1875, pp. 80-81), presuming the lighter color- ation of M. californicus to be due to fading in alcohol, and overlooking other differences, recorded the species occurring in California as identical with M. waterhousii of the West Indies. Dobson (1878, p. 465) states that his own conclusion that waterhousii and californicus are identical was based on descriptions alone, he not having seen the type of californicus. Teeth—Dental formula: j ei) tee 1918] Grinnell: A Synopsis of the Bats of California 255 MEASUREMENTS IN MILLIMETERS OF EIGHTEEN FEMALES OF MAaAcrotTus CALIFORNICUS BAIRD, FROM NEAR TORRES (= Toro), RIVERSIDE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA é E as ae 2 2 5 Bs 1206 103.0 21.5 16.0 48.3 23.6 3 1207 97.0 22.0 16.0 50.0 23.6 11.3 1208 95.0 23.2 16.0 50.0 22.7 11.0 1209 100.0 23.6 17.0 52.6 23.0 11.0 1210 95.0 22.2 16.0 AOOy seis, eee) 0 SE ae 1211 99.0 22.2 16.0 49.1 22.6 11.8 9.8 3.6 1212 96.0 23.0 15.0 50.5 22.8 11.3 10.0 3.4 1213 100.0 24.2 17.0 50.0 23.2 11.0 9:9) 3.6 2M) AEE Anse a eee 15.0 50.2 23.2 10.8 10.0 3.5 1215 95.0 37.0 22.0 15.0 49.5 22.5 11.4 929, 3.7 1216 94.0 36.0 20.8 15.0 46.8 23.4 11.3 10.0 3.7 1217: 96.0 33.0 22.3 14.0 49.3 23.0)) ge 10.0 3.4 1218 99.0 38.0 21.7 16.0 50.3 23.3 11.2 9.8 3.4 1219 95.0 39.0 22.6 15.0 48.0 23.0 11.0 9.2 3.3 1220 95.0 39.0 23.6 16.0 52.0 23.0 11.2 10.0 3.7 1221 93.0 37.0 23.4 16.0 50.0 22.8 11.0 9.8 3.5 1222 101.0 41.0 23.7 16.0 51.0 23.6 11.4 10.0 3.5 1223 101.0 36.0 23.4 14.0 51.7 23.7 11.6 itl 3.7 Distribution.—The distribution of Macrotus californicus was given by Rehn (1904, p. 441) as throughout the arid region of the south- western United States, Lower California and Sonora. The species is now recorded from as far eastward as Tombstone, Arizona (Rehn, loc. cit.) ; westward to De Luz, San Diego County, California (see below) ; south to Camoa, Rio Mayo, Sonora, and Cape San Lucas, Lower California (Rehn, loc. cit.) ; north to Riverside, California (Stephens, MS). In California the leaf-nosed bat seems to be con- fined to the hottest parts of the Lower Sonoran zone, mainly on the Colorado Desert. (See map, text-fig. H.) Specimens Examined.—The writer has examined 113 specimens from the following localities in California: San Diego County: Valle- cito, 16 (U. S. Nation. Mus., 9; Mus. Vert. Zool., 7); De Luz, 10 (Stanford Univ., 8; U. S. Nation. Mus., 2); Santa Margarita Ranch and River, 17 (Stanford Univ.) ; Imperial County: Indian Wells, 4 (U. S. Nation. Mus.) ; Mecca, 2; Palo Verde, 1; Riverside County: Colorado desert near Torres [= Toro], 63. Natural History —In September, 1893, Edward Hyatt (MS) cap- tured eighteen specimens of Macrotus californicus in a cave on the 256 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 upper part of the Santa Margarita Ranch, Santa Margarita River, San Diego County. The principal insect remains found scattered about the floor of the cave were of the following beetles, all common F = aw 2 yao MACROTUS CALIFORNICUS EUMOPS CALIFORNICUS MYOTIS LUCIFUGUS ALTIPETENS MYOTIS LUCIFUGUS ALASCENSIS DISTRIBUTION MAP | MUSEUM OF VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Fig. H. Map showing stations of occurrence in California of Macrotus cali- fornicus, Eumops californicus, Myotis lucifugus altipetens, and Myotis lucifugus alascensis, as established by specimens examined by the author. species in southern California: Ligyrus gibbosus, Chlaenius sericeus, Polyphylla decemilineata; also various species of flies. Sixty-three specimens of this bat were secured by collectors from the California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology on April 15, 1908, in a cave in the Coachella Valley, near Toro, Riverside County (pl. 14, 1918] Grinnell: A Synopsis of the Bats of California 257 fig. 1). This valley is an old sea-bottom and at sea-level there are several caves worn in the rocky hillside by the one-time action of waves. Hight of these caves were examined by the party and five showed evidence of having been occupied by bats. ) L Fig. K. Side view of head of Myotis californicus califor- nicus (drawn from specimen no. 21875), X 1.00, showing erect and acutely pointed tra- gus. Fig. L. Side view of head of Pipistrellus hesperus hes- perus (drawn from specimen no. 10772), X 1.00, showing reaching just beyond tip of nose. Tragus pointed at tip and directed upward, not forward (see text-fig. K). Wing membrane attached at bases of toes. Fur on back distinetly darker at base than at tip; general color of back mummy brown. (See pl. 18, fig. 17). Description: Head.—Kar moderately long for the genus (12 to 14 millimeters in height from meatus), and when laid forward reaching from 1 to 3 miulli- meters beyond tip of nose. Anterior border of auricle straight or slightly curved tragus with blunt tip. convex at base, then strongly convex to a pot somewhat beyond middle, thence straight or even a little con- cave to rounded tip; posterior border coneave from tip to a point slightly below middle, thence convex to basal notch; basal lobe strongly developed and notched on its lower border. Tragus straight and tapering, slightly more than half height of ear (text-fig. K). Limbs and Membrancs.—All membranes thin and delicate. Wings attached at bases of toes. Feet small and weak, and usually less than half length of tibia. Calear slender and usually terminating in a distinct lobe; posterior border provided with a keel. 1918 | Grinnell: A Synopsis of the Bats of California 281 Pelage-——Fur everywhere full and soft, 5 to 7 millimeters in leneth on middle of back. Basal third of dorsal surface of ear furred; ventral (inner) side with fine, short hairs sparsely sprinkled over entire surface. Wings naked save for a narrow strip of fur along edge of body. Uropatagium furred on basal third, and on its ventral surface fine scattered hairs nearly to tip of tail. Upper surface of toes sparsely coated with short fine hairs. Color—A specimen (no. 12981, Mus. Vert. Zool.) taken in the Yosemite Valley, elevation 4000 feet, May 30, 1911, presents the fol- lowing coloration: General color of back mummy brown. Hairs on middle of back chaetura black on proximal 4 millimeters, then wood brown for about 1 millimeter, and with a 2 millimeter tip of mummy brown. On dorsal surface of interfemoral membrane and at bases of ears the hairs lack the black bases. On ventral surface of body the hairs are chaetura black at their bases (except those on the inter- femoral membrane, which are entirely buffy brown), with the terminal millimeter buffy brown (brightening toward mummy brown on sides of body). Ears, wings, and interfemoral membrane blackish. Miller (1897), p. 70) gives the typical color of this bat as ‘‘heht yellowish gray, paler on the belly, the fur everywhere dark plumbeous at base. Membranes, ears, lips, and muzzle blackish.’’ At this time Miller recognized the existence of but one race of Myotis californicus within the state of California, and his color description is evidently taken from examples of the pale desert race, Myotis californicus pallidus. Skull—Small as compared with skulls of other California species of Myotis (12.0 to 13.3 millimeters in greatest length), and delicately formed. Brain-ease rounded and forehead sloping gently, forming a comparatively deep saddle between brain-case and up-turned rostrum (pl. 22, fig. 36). Interorbital constriction narrow (3.0 to 3.2 milli- meters in width). Occipital elevation slight. Skull of same general type as in Myotis evotis and M. thysanodes, but readily distinguished by its much smaller size. Interorbital constriction (pl. 21, fig. 24) much narrower in californicus than in yumanensis. In greatest leneth of cranium californicus is only slightly smaller than orinomus, but in lateral profile the ‘‘flattening’’ of the skull of oriznomus (pl. 22, fig. 38) contrasts strongly with the saddle-shape in californicus (pl. 22, fie. 836) as formed by the angular outline of the rostrum and forehead. Measurements —Ten adult specimens of this bat average in milli- meters as follows: total length, 77.6 (extremes, 74.0-83.0) ; tail verte- brae, 34.6 (29.0-39.0) ; tibia, 13.2 (12.6-14.0); foot, 6.4 (5.5-8.0) ; forearm, 30.8 (30.0-31.6) ; greatest length of cranium, 13.0 (12.4— 13.3) ; zygomatic breadth, 7.6 (7.1-8.1); breadth of brain-ease, 6.7 (6.4-7.0) ; interorbital constriction, 3.1 (3.1-3.2). Synonymy and History—tThe little California bat was described by Audubon and Bachman (1842, pp. 285-287) under the name Vespertilio califormecus. The deseribers state: ‘‘We have obtained but a single specimen, which was captured at California.’’ Miller (18976, pp. 21-22) has shown the description given by Audubon and Bachman to be applicable to Myotis californicus alone among the in Zoology [Vou.17 ions 1 rcat Publ uM ity of Californ niwerst U: Té L9 Té 69 1 v9 oe L9 os G9 oe OL oe L9 Te OL GE 69 TE 89 my —t 4s Be oe 0 35 Scy nao ge fay “(NVINHOV® anv “SLoJOUII][IU Gg SaimstaUt 9b 0'eT OTS OL ost O'8& cei OST FOE Sy) ta 8 O'FE TL De ee G9 XBL 0OGE 6L Sel 9TE Ovieaae 0°62 GL FGL OTE OFA eee 00 [585 ice OOE 10'8 O'eL OSE SL er L08 Gg OFT O'FE 92 0's 9°08 09 at! 079g Ae G&L OTE GG Sigil 09s a es. oTsé Gg sé. 0°68 SI wi) my ie] =) ale! Zag aor g g Se ae £3 5m S 8 Se S = eS Fae z = ep Es - 2 0's8 O'8L 0o2 0°92 OFL 0°62 LBIOL y3s ue] ‘0D BuIoMOg fo1apezeg “AA SoeTtUr ‘OD BUOTOg ‘a[[TAgtIany “AA o[TUt ‘OM BUOTOg ‘aT[TAoUIoNy “AA [TUT ‘OD OUROg ‘aT[TARaR A “MM SaTtt ‘OD BYISOD BaAYMOD ‘Yoor JnuTRM “MO Sse[tuT “op BUIOTOg ‘oLapREzeED “MA So[rut OD Lode “IF NOOF ‘WouRD one ‘op esoduivyw “4F OOOF ‘AoT[BA o4yrULESO X ‘op doortd “IF OOFE “FEI WING ‘OD daortd “3F OOFE “FI WING AqpRoory eFeaANMH Te VINNOUITV) Wout Nognany ) SNOINHOUITVO SOOINHOMTITVO SILOAPT WO SAT NVX 50 Fo "0 0+ "0 OF OF YO SO OF xag joo} ay} WYS pantp ay} ut fayRystur s,1OzIaT[oo ATqeqorg , OOL6T 80806 60806 L8F81 O6F8L TOL6I F068T T866T T898T O898T ‘ou SN GQ giody Nay dO SHULANITTIIP, NI SLNANAYOASVafL 1918 | Grinnell: A Synopsis of the Bats of California 283 various small bats known to oceur within the state of California. He does not, however, indicate to which of the races of californicus the name may be taken to apply. According to H. Allen (1894, p. 94), the type is lost. I have here applied the name californicus to the race occupying that portion of California north of about latitude 36 degrees and west of the desert divides. H. Allen (1862, pp. 247-248) describes five specimens of californicus under the new name Vespertilio nitidus, concluding that the description given by Audubon and Bachman is not sufficiently clear to identify the animal. Since the specimen first mentioned by Allen came from Monterey, Califor- nia, Miller (1897), p. 69) lists nitidus as a synonym of californicus. Lyon and Osgood (1909, p. 272), however, consider, for reasons which they state, that the type should be regarded as having come from Fort Steilacoom, Washington (where four of the five specimens were secured). In the latter case it would apply to the race of californicus now known as Myotis californicus cawrinus Miller. I have accepted Miller’s ruling, whereby ‘nitidus becomes a synonym of californicus. I have examined the five specimens from Mount Sanhedrin which were referred to the race caurinus by Rehn (in Stone, 1904a, p. 579) and find them to belong rather to M. c. californicus, as here under- stood. Remarks.—In a series of fifty skins of the races califormecus and quercinus there is a lack of the uniformity of coloration which so clearly marks the race pallidus, and yet the distinctness of the two first-mentioned races cannot be questioned when the mass coloration is considered. A series of seventeen skins of Myotis californicus cali- fornicus, including both adults and young, taken during July at the one locality, Fyffe, Eldorado County, shows extremes, the paler of which is indeed lighter colored than the darkest quercinus; but the mean places the entire series with californicus, the latter as repre- sented by a series from west-central California. Stephens (1906, pp. 266-267), a field naturalist of long experience in California, considers bats of the Myotis californicus group migratory and states that ‘‘a few Bats winter in the Colorado Desert; these appear to be intermediate between pallidus and californicus.’’ This statement by Stephens calls to mind certain lines from the paper by Murphy and Nichols (1918, p. 6) on Long Island bats: ... We may attribute to the Silver-haired Bat and other bats, a type of migra- tion analogous to that of many birds, in which the individuals of a species within a given breeding range move southward in fall, only to be replaced by winter 284 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 residents of the same species coming from a more northerly faunal area, On such a hypothesis, a counter tendency in spring would cause a northward flight of the species as a whole, until each group had reached its native habitat. The two darkest skins in the Museum series referred to Myotis californicus quercinus are autumn specimens, one (no. 6952) having 4 MYOTIS CALIFORNICUS CALIFORNICUS 7 @ MYOTIS CALIFORNICUS QUERCINUS @ MYOTIS CALIFORNICUS PALLIDUS ear: ye DISTRIBUTION MAP MUSEUM OF YERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, al ma = = = |} Fig. M. Map showing stations of occurrence in California of Myotis cali- fornicus californicus, Myotis californicus quercinus, and Myotis californicus pal- lidus, as established by specimens examined by the author, been taken at Pasadena, September 24, and the other (no. 2803) in the Cuyamaca Mountains of San Diego County, August 18. It is possible that these examples are fall migrants of M. c. califormcus. Much more field work remains to be done before the status and dis- tribution of these subspecies can be stated with confidence. 1918] Grinnell: A Synopsis of the Bats of California 285 Distribution.—M yotis californicus californicus, as here restricted, occupies that portion of California north of about latitude 36 degrees and west of the Sierran divides. It appears to inhabit exclusively the Upper Sonoran and Transition zones. (See map, text-fig. M.) Specimens Examined.—The writer has examined 81 specimens (mostly skins with skulls) of M. c. californicus from the following localities in California: Mendocino County: Laytonville, 1; Sherwood, 10 (Calif. Acad. Sei., 9; Mus. Vert. Zool., 1) ; Willits, 1; Mt. Sanhed- rin, 5 (Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.) ; 3 miles west Mt. Sanhedrin, 1; Glenn County : Winslow, 1; Sonoma County : near Cazadero, 3; near Guerne- ville, 2; Colusa County: Snow Mt., 1 (Stanford Univ.) ; Solano County: near Vacaville, 3; Contra Costa County: near Walnut Creek, 4; Monterey County: Monterey, 5; Placer County: Blue Canon, 1; Dutch Flat, 2; Eldorado County: Fyffe, 28; Limekiln, 1; Michigan Bluff, 2; Placerville, 1 (Stanford Univ.) ; Mariposa County : Yosemite Valley, 2; El Portal, 2; Pleasant Valley, 4; Coulterville, 1. Natural History—When overtaken by a storm in the Yosemite Valley on May 30, 1911, the writer sought refuge in a rocky cavern. A tiny fire was built for comfort and in a few moments a little Cali- fornia bat dropped from a erevice in the roof, evidently overcome by the smoke. The specimen proved to be an adult male and is now no. 12981 (Mus. Vert. Zool.). A female (no. 18487, Mus. Vert. Zool.), with mammae functional, was taken July 2, 1912, three miles west of Vacaville, Solano County. Among a series of twenty-eight little California bats in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, secured by Joseph Dixon at Fyffe, Eldorado County, during the latter part of July, 1916, there are adults and young of both sexes. The young are nearly full-grown and vary in weight from 2.8 grams to 3.1 grams. The largest of the adult males has a length of 80 millimeters and weighs 3.7 grams, while among the females the greatest length is 80 millimeters, with a weight of 5 grams. Myotis californicus quercinus II. W. Grinnell Oak Foliage Bat Myotis californicus, Elliot (1904a, p. 319), part. Occurrence at Fort Tejon and Mt. Whitney, California. Myotis califernicus, Elliot (1907, pp. 502-503), part. Mt. Whitney and Fort Tejon. Myotis californicus, J. Grinnell (1908, p. 158). Occurrence in the San Bernardino Mountains. bo (o3) for) University of California Publications in Zoology {|Vou.17 Myotis californicus californicus, Grinnell and Swarth (1913, p. 381). Occurrence in the San Jacinto Mountains. Myotis californicus quercinus H. W. Grinnell (1914, pp. 317-318). Orig- inal description; type locality, Seven Oaks, San Bernardino County. Diagnosis—Similar to Myotis californicus californicus (Audubon and Bachman) and Myotis californicus pallidus Stephens, but inter- mediate in color between these two forms. Prevailing tone of color on back, cinnamon. Description.—Kars, feet and fur as in M. ce. californicus. Mem- branes and bases of hairs everywhere as in californicus. Terminal portions of fur on back, glossy cmnamon, this color extending down onto sides. Terminal portions of hairs on lower surface of body hght buff, rather than buffy-brown as in californicus, or pale cartridge- buff as in pallidus. Measurements.—A series of ten examples of M. c. quercinus from southern California averages in millimeters as follows: Total length, 81.6 (extremes, 77.0-83.0); tail vertebrae, 36.8 (31.0-41.0) ; tibia, 14.1 (12.5-15.0); foot, 6.0 (4.0-8.0); forearm, 31.9 (31.0-33.2) ; greatest length of cranium, 13.1 (12.9-13.8) ; zygomatic breadth, 7.7 (7.4-8.0) ; breadth of brain-case, 6.8 (6.6—7.0) ; interorbital constric- tion, 3.0 (2.9-3.3). Synonymy and History—This form was always included under the name M. c. califormicus, until described by the present writer (1914; p. 317). Distribution—tThe range of M. c. quercinus, as so far worked out, occupies portions of the San Diegan faunal division of southern California, and the Santa Barbara Islands. The life-zone is high Upper Sonoran and low Transition. (See map, text-fig. M.) Specimens Examined—The writer has examined 41 specimens of Myotis californicus quercinus from the following loealities in Cali- fornia: San Diego County: Cuyamaeca, 2; Julian, 5; Witch Creek, 2 (San Diego Soe. Nat. Hist.) ; Dulzura, 3 (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.) ; Santa Cruz Island: Friar’s Harbor, 3; San Clemente Island, 4; Santa Catalina Island, 1 (coll. F. W. Koch) ; San Bernardino County : Seven Oaks, 2; Bear Lake, 1; South Fork Santa Ana River, 2; San Jacinto Mountains, Riverside County: Kenworthy, 1; Schain’s Ranch, 1; Los Angeles County: Los Angeles, 1 (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.) ; Pasadena, 1; Ventura County: Matilija, 1; Mount Pinos, 2; Tulare County: Trout Creek, 2; Kern County: San Emigdio, 7. Remarks.—The specimens listed from Santa Cruz, San Clemente, and Santa Catalina islands, while slightly darker than typical quer- cinus, are still nearer to this form than to M. c. californicus. Natural History —tIn the San Bernardino Mountains, J. Grinnell (1908, p. 158) found these bats in the Transition Zone, where they were flitting close about the foliage of oaks and pines at late twilight. 287 f the Bats of California : A Synopsis o Grinnell 1918} MEASUREMENTS IN MILLIMETERS OF TEN EXAMPLES OF Mus. no. 6671 6940 6673 6675 6939" 2780 1894 2781 16301 6672 1 Type. * Probably a mistake; in the dried skin the foot measures 6 millimeters, Sex 4010 Q,0Q,4040 +0 1+04040 Locality Mt. Pinos, 6500 ft., Ventura Co. Friar’s Harbor, Santa Cruz Isl. Friar’s Harbor, Santa Cruz Isl. South Fork Santa Ana, 6200 ft., San Ber- nardino Mts. Seven Oaks, 5000 ft., San Bernardino Mts. Julian, San Diego Co. Kenworthy, 4500 ft., San Jacinto Mts. Julian, San Diego Co. Trout Creek, 6000 ft., Tulare Co. Bear Lake, 6700 ft., San Bernardino Mts. Myorts CALIFORNICUS Tibia 13.8 14.0 15.0 14.0 14.2 13.7 14.5 14.6 15.0 12.5 Foot 6.0 5.0 4.0 7.0 6.0 7.0 6.0 8.0 5.0 6.0 Forearm length of eranium Greatest Zvgomatie Go breadth a Sw em Breadth of brain-case QUERCINUS H, W. GRINNELL, FROM CALIFORNIA. constriction co w pro Interorbital Scot 3.2 3.0 288 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 The breeding season of M. c. quercinus is indicated by the follow- ing data, taken from specimens in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology. No. 6675, female with one embryo taken July 3, 1906, on the South Fork of the Santa Ana River, San Bernardino Mountains, 6200 feet altitude; no. 6939, female with one embryo, taken July 8, 1905, at Seven Oaks, San Bernardino Mountains, 5000 feet altitude. Myotis californicus pallidus Stephens | Little Pallid Bat Myotis californicus, Miller (1897b, pp. 69-72), part. Specimens listed from localities in southeastern California. Myotis californicus pallidus Stephens (1900, p. 153). Original deseription ; type locality, Vallecito, San Diego County, California. Myotis californicus pallidus, Elliot (1901, p. 405). Diagnosis. Myotis californicus pallidus, Miller and Rehn (1901, p. 256). Type locality. Myotis californicus pallidus, Elliot (1904a, p. 319). Record stations for California: Mesquite Valley and Panamint Mountains, Inyo County. Myotis californicus pallidus, Elliot (1904b, p. 579). Geographic distri- bution; general characters. Myotis californicus pallidus, Elliot (1905, p. 477). Geographic distri- bution. Myotis californicus pallidus, Stephens (1906, pp. 266-267). Description; distribution. Myotis californicus pallidus, Elliot (1907, p. 503). Repeated records. . Myotis californicus pallidus, Lyon and Osgood (1909, p. 291). Nature and location of type. Myotis californicus pallidus, Miller (1912, p. 57). Nominal. Myotis californicus pallidus, J. Grinnell (1913b, pp. 277-278). Range in California. Myotis californicus pallidus, J. Grinnell (1914, pp. 265-266). Occurrence on the Colorado River; habits. Diagnosis —Similar to Myotis californicus californicus and M. c. quercinus, but averaging slightly smaller, with skull smaller (pl. 21, fig. 25), and color lighter; general tone of back light buff. Description: Color—A dry skin of Myotis californicus pallidus (no. 7350, Mus. Vert. Zool.) taken by F’. Stephens at the type locality, Vallecito, San Diego County, presents the following coloration: Basal 3 millimeters of fur on back, chaetura black, followed by a band of cartridge buff 1 millimeter wide; terminal 3 millimeters, light buff. On dorsal surface of interfemoral membrane the hairs lack the black bases. Fur on ventral surface pale cartridge buff, with blackish bases of hairs showing plainly. Ears, wings and interfemoral membrane vary in color from drab to hair brown. Measurements.—A series of five males of M. c. pallidus averages in millimeters as follows: total length, 81.4 (extremes, 77.0-85.0) ; tail vertebrae, 40.6 (38.0-44.0); tibia, 13.4 (13.0-14.1); foot, 7.2 1918 | Grinnell: A Synopsis of the Bats of California 289 (6.0-8.0) ; forearm, 30.5 (29.5-31.5); greatest length of cranium, 12.8 (12.8-12.9) ; zygomatic breadth, 7.5 (7.3-7.9) ; breadth of brain- case, 6.6 (6.46.8) ; interorbital constriction, 2.9 (2.8-3.1). MEASUREMENTS IN MILLIMETERS OF TEN ADULTS OF MYOTIS CALIFORNICUS PALLIDUS STEPHENS, FROM CALIFORNIA ah = S ~ 5 SS ate) Mus. . 35 Be 2 2 A se PH =9 no. Sex = (y= a om om N77 [=a] aha 10700! fof 81.0 40.0 13.0 6.0 ales) esta 7.9 6.8 3.0 166567 ret 82.0 42.0 13.0 8.0 30.0 12.8 ed) 6.7 3.1 17787° rot 77.0 38.0 13.0 7.0 31.5 12.8 7 hes) 6.4 2.9 19278* Jb 85.0 44.0 14.1 8.0 30.0 12.9 wis 6.5 3.0 19280" ref 82.0 39.0 14.0 7.0 AOI) ae ae =r 2.8 10701" 2 75.0 35.0 14.0 60s, y) Sx 13.2 ae 6.3 2.9 16657" 2 81.0 39.0 14.5 7.0 31.5 13.0 aay 6.4 3.0 18724* Q 82. 41.0 13.6 7.0 BOLT 12.9 cece 6.4 2.9 7350" ic) 84.0 40.0 13.9 7.0 31.0 12.5 6.4 3.0 19279* 2 78.0 38.0 14.0 7.0 30.4 12.5 6.3 2.9 1From Colorado Kiver, opposite The Needles. >From Vallecito, San Diego County. * From Lone Pine Creek, 4500 ft., Inyo County. ‘From La Puerta Valley, San Diego County. Synonymy and History.—Myotis californicus pallidus is the pale desert form of californicus. It was described by Stephens (1900, p. 153), from material secured at Vallecito, San Diego County. Distribution—Lower Sonoran Zone on the Colorado and Mohave deserts, and north in Owens Valley at least to Lone Pine. (See map, text-fig. M.) Specimens Examined.—Total number, 15, from the following localities in California: Inyo County: Lone Pine Creek, 1; Mesquite Valley, 1 (Field Col. Mus.); Panamint Mountains, 1 (Field Col. Mus.) ; Kern County: Redrock Canon, 1; San Bernardino County : Colorado River, 2; Imperial County: Pilot Knob, 1 (San Diego Soe. Nat. Hist.) ; San Diego County: La Puerta Valley, 4; Vallecito, 3; Borega Spring, 1 (U.S. Biol. Surv.). Natural History.—In the spring of 1910 a party of collectors from the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology took four specimens of this bat on the Colorado River and were confident that they saw many others. J. Grinnell (1914, pp. 265-266) states that the specimens secured were all taken at late dusk, considerably later than the bulk appear- ance of Pipistrellus hesperus. Instead of flying high against the sky, as is the habit of the latter species, M. c. pallidus was almost always 290 University of California Publications in Zoology (Vou. 17 seen low over the bushes of the second bottom, or along shallow washes between clumps of mesquite, seldom appearing above the skyline. Stephens (1906, p. 266) states that a female little pallid bat cap- tured on April 29 contained one small foetus. Myotis orinomus Elliot La Grulla Brown Bat Myotis orinomus Elliot (1903, pp. 228-229). Original description; type locality, La Grulla, San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California. Myotis lucifugus longicrus, J. Grinnell (1908, p. 158), part. San Bernar- dino Mountains. Myotis orinomus, Grinnell and Swarth (1912, pp. 137-142). Occurrence in California. Myotis orinomus, J. Grinnell (1918), p. 278). Range. Diagnosis —Similar in general characters to Myotis californicus californicus, but size slightly larger (total length 79 to 88 milli- meters), thumb much longer, color paler (tawny olive), cranium flatter and rostrum much broader. Description: Head—In general appearance similar to that of Myotis californicus californicus but slightly larger. In a series of ten dried skins the ear averages in height 11.5 millimeters from notch, and the tragus 7.0 millimeters in height. Tragus tall, slender and tapering, with tip bluntly rounded. Limbs and Membranes——Wing membrane arises from near bases of toes. Calear longer than free border of interfemoral membrane, and distinctly keeled; in four of ten specimens examined it is lobed at tip. Pelage—Fur everywhere full and soft, and of a silky texture on the back. Most hairs on back average about 6 millimeters in length, but scattered among them is a more scanty growth of hairs about 8 millimeters in length. Wing furred only at extreme base, both above and below. Uropatagium scantily haired on basal fifth, both above and below; on its ventral surface short hairs are still more sparingly scattered over the remaining area. Ear haired on basal fifth of posterior surface ; also a very scanty growth of fine short hairs extends over entire anterior surface. A few long hairs project from gland- ular portions of face, and a row of downward projecting hairs extends along upper lip. Color.—While a small amount of individual variation in color is apparent in the specimens of orinomus at hand, the series as a whole bears a very close resemblance in color to a series of Myotis occultus from the Colorado River. The hairs are everywhere chaetura black at their bases. On the dorsal surface the color of the distal portion of the fur varies from light sayal brown to tawny-olive. On the sides the darker shade of the back fades gradually into the cartridge buff of the lower surface. The membranes are a dark clove brown. Skull—kRKasily distinguished from that of any other small Myotis by reason of its decidedly flattened rostrum and brain-ease (see pl. 21, fig. 26, and pl. 22, fig. 38). This flattening has tended to obliterate 291 ul f the Bats of Californ : A Synopsis o Grinnell 1918] Mus. no, 2044 2045 2046 2047 2048 6941 16300 16304 16305 16303 Sex +0 +0 +0 0 00,0, 0, 0,0, MEASUREMENTS IN MILLIMETERS Locality Garnet Queen Mine, Santa Ros: Garnet Queen Mine, Santa Rosa Garnet Queen Mine, Santa Rosa Garnet Queen Mine, Santa Rosa Hemet Lake, San Jacinto Mts. Doble, San Bernardino Mts. Walker Pass, Kern Co. Fay Creek, near Weldon, Kern Fay Creek, near Weldon, Kern Carroll Creek, Inyo Co. oF TEN Mts. Mts. Mts. Mts. Co. EXAMPLES OF MyoTIS oRINOMUS ELLIOT, FROM CALIFORNIA vertebrae wr oo 7 c) Tibia 13.0 12.3 12.4 13.0 12.8 14.0 13.6 13.7 14.0 13.5 Foot 7.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 8.0 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.0 6.0 Forearm 34.6 32.5 34.1 33.0 34.3 Greatest length of cranium oo o Zygomatie = breadth NO co Breadth of do ~=6brain-case eo Interorbital constriction ray 292 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 the angle or ‘‘saddle’’ between the rostrum and brain-case, which is shown so clearly in many forms of Myotis. The tooth-row (length 5.2 to 5.5 millimeters) is much longer in orinomus than in californicus. Measurements.—Average and’ extreme measurements in milli- meters of a series of ten M. orinomus are as follows: Five males: total length, 82.38 (extremes 80.0-86.0); tail vertebrae, 38.4 (37.0— 40.0); tibia, 12.7 (12.8-13.0); foot, 7.2 (6.0-8.0); forearm, 32.1 (30.8-33.2) ; greatest length of skull, 13.6 (13.4-14.0). Five females: total length, 86.2 (82.0-88.0) ; tail vertebrae, 41.0 (38.0-45.0) ; tibia, 13.8 (13.5-14.0); foot, 6.5 (6.0-7.0); forearm, 33.7 (32.5-34.6) ; greatest length of cranium, 14.3 (13.9-14.7). A comparison of the above figures will show that the females average somewhat larger than the males. Synonymy and History.—The La Grulla brown bat was described by Elhot (1903, pp. 228-229) from three specimens obtained in the San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California, two being taken at La Grulla and one at Santa Eulalia. The occurrence of this bat in California is first mentioned by Grinnell and Swarth (1912, pp. 138-141). Distribution—Myotis orinomus has been recorded only from northern Lower California and from southern California, where its range may be defined as the high Upper Sonoran zone, in its semi- arid portion, from the east slope of the Sierra Nevada near Owens Lake south through the southern Sierras and coast ranges to the Mexican line. (See map,-text-fig. O.) Specimens Examined.—The writer has examined 17 specimens of Myotis orinomus from the following localities in California: San Diego County: Dulzura, 3 (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 2; Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1); Jacumba, 1 (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.) ; Santa Ysabel; 1 (San Diego Soe. Nat. Hist.) ; Orange County: Trabuco Canon, Santa Ana Mountains, 1; Riverside County: Garnet Queen Mine, Santa Rosa Mountains, 4; Hemet Lake, San Jacinto Mountains, 1; San Ber- nardino County: Doble, 1; Kern County: west slope Walker Pass, 1; San Emigdio, 1; Fay Creek, 2; Inyo County: Carroll Creek, on east slope Sierra Nevada, 1. Natural History.—Nothing has been recorded of the habits of this species. Myotis evotis (H. Allen) Little Big-eared Bat Vespertilio evotis H. Allen (1864, pp. 48-50, figs. 42-44). Original description; type locality fixed as Monterey, California (see Miller, 1897b, pp. 77-78). Vespertilio evotis, Cooper (1868, p. 5). Distribution. 1918] Grinnell: A Synopsis of the Bats of California 293 V [espertilio]. evotis, Cooper (in Cronise, 1868, p. 442). Occurrence in California. Vespertilio evotis, Dobson (1878, p. 324). Description; general distri- bution; one skin listed from ‘‘ California,’’ Vespertilio evotis, Bryant (1891a, p. 358). Nominal. Vespertilio albescens evotis, H. Allen (1894, pp. 89-91), part. Descerip- tion; distribution; localities of capture in California. Myotis evotis, Miller (1897b, pp. 77-80). Description; distribution; speci- mens listed from Inyo Mountains, Owens Lake, San Joaquin River, and Twin Oaks. Myotis evotis, Merriam (1899, p. 88). Occurrence on Mt. Shasta. Myotis evotis, Elliot (1901, p. 406). Diagnosis; distribution. Myotis evotis, Stone (1904a, p. 579). Record from Mt. Sanhedrin. Myotis evotis, Elliot (1904a, p. 320). Occurrence on Mt. Whitney. Myotis evotis, Elliot (1904b, p. 574). Diagnosis; distribution. Myotis evotis, Stone (1904b, p. 587). Occurrence at Belmont. Myotis evotis, Elliot (1905, p. 474). General distribution. Myotis evotis, Stephens (1906, pp. 267-268). Diagnosis; distribution ; migration. Myotis evotis, Elliot (1907, p. 501). Record of occurrence in vicinity of Mt. Whitney, California. Myotis evotis, Miller (1912, p. 59). Range. Myotis evotis, J. Grinnell (1913b, p. 278). Range in California. Diagnosis.—Size large for a Myotis (length 75 to 93 millimeters) ; forearm 35.7 to 38.4 millimeters; calear longer than free border of interfemoral membrane; ear very long, when laid forward reaching from 7 to 10 millimeters beyond snout. Description: Head.—Kars large (19 to 20 millimeters in height from meatus), thus easily distinguishing this species of Myotis from all others occurring in California. Greatest width of ear shghtly more than half its length. Anterior border of auricle convex from base to a point slightly beyond the middle, thence straight, or nearly so, to tip; posterior border slightly concave immediately below tip, then gradually convex to base. Tragus long (10 to 13 millimeters), slender, and pointed. Limbs and Membranes.—Membranes thin and leht. Wings attached at bases of toes; third and fifth metacarpals about equal in length. Foot slightly less than half length of tibia. Calear slightly lobed at tip, and longer than free border of uropatagium. Tail slightly longer than forearm. Pelage——¥ ur everywhere full and soft. Sides of face scantily haired. Anterior border of ear scantily haired on basal fifth. Toes slightly haired both above and beneath. Interfemoral membrane naked save for basal fifth and a few scattering hairs along ‘‘nerves’’ and on free border. Color.—Two skins from near Pasadena, Los Angeles County (nos. 6685, 6953), have ears and membranes dark clove brown; prevailing tone of back pale honey yellow, with bases of hairs blackish slate; on lower surface of body, outer portion of fur pale olive-buff. One specimen (no. 12037) taken July 29, 1910, at Independence Lake, 294 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 Nevada County, is somewhat different in coloration, being paler and erayer throughout, with ears and membranes blackish mouse gray. Skull.—About 16 millimeters in length; slender and delicately built (pl. 21, fig. 34, and pl. 22, fig. 46). Posterior margin of brain- case rounded and occipital ridges but faintly defined. The only other Californian species of this genus which have skulls similar in length to that of evotis are Myotis velifer and M. thysanodes. Upon com- parison it will be noted that in velifer the rostrum is heavily built, the sagittal crest is distinct, and the posterior margin of the brain- case is truncate, whereas in evotis the rostrum is lightly built, the ridges are indistinct and the posterior margin of the brain-case is rounded. The differences between the skulls of evotis and thysanodes are not so tangible, and it is somewhat difficult to properly allocate skulls of young individuals of these two species. But in adults the brain-case of thysanodes is much more inflated than that of evotis, the breadth of the brain-case in thysanodes is relatively greater, and the rostrum is heavier. Mcasurements——Measurements in millimeters of an adult female (with one embryo) taken near Pasadena, May 29, 1904, are as fol- lows: total length, 93.0; tail vertebrae, 43.0; tibia, 16.6; foot, 7.0; forearm, 37.5; greatest length of cranium, 16.2; zygomatic breadth, 9.1; breadth of brain-case, 7.5; interorbital constriction, 3.7. Synonymy and History.—Myotis evotis was described by H. Allen (1864, pp. 48-50) under the name Vespertilio evotis. No type locality was designated by that author, but Miller (1897), p. 78) fixes Monterey, California, as the type locality, selecting one of the localities given by H. Allen. In his monograph of 1894 (pp. 89-91), Allen regards evotis as a race of Vespertilio albescens, and lists under the same name a specimen of Myotis thysanodes (see Miller, 1897), p. 80). Distribution.—Given by Miller (1912, p. 59) as the Austral and Transition zones from the Pacific coast to the eastern edge of the Rocky Mountains; south to Vera Cruz, Mexico. In California the range of Myotis evotis is not well defined as far as shown by the facts yet available. It seems to comprise the Upper Sonoran and Transi- tion zones from the Mexican line northwards as far as Mount Shasta; west to the eastern boundary of Mendocino County, and east to Inde- pendence Lake, Nevada County, and the Inyo Mountains, in Inyo County. (See map, text-fig. N.) Specimens Examined.—Total number, 22, from the following localities in California: San Diego County: Dulzura, 2 (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1; Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1) ; Witch Creek, 2 (San Diego Soe. Nat. Hist.) ; Twin Oaks, 1 (U.S. Biol. Surv.) ; San Bernardino County: San Bernardino, 1 (San Diego Soe. Nat. Hist.) ; Los Angeles County: near Pasadena, 2; North Fork San Gabriel River, 1 (Ll. A. 5 929! ral uu f the Bats of Californ ws O Synopsi A Grinnell 1918 | MEASUREMENTS IN MILLIMETERS OF SEVEN EXAMPLES OF MyorTiS EvoTIS (H. ALLEN), FROM CALIFORNIA a a 3) "so r= 5 z %28 es e: ae) ae 3 = $ sue 8683 35 et Sex Locality ee S > Si é 2 ie = 3 et 6685 J Big Santa Anita Canon, near Pasadena 88.0? 36.0? 16.6 8.0 35.7 16.0 FAs 7.9 6953 2 Arroyo Seco, near Pasadena 93.0 43.0 16.6 7.0 37.5 16.2 9.1 7.5 12037 Jb Independence Lake, Nevada Co, 22 esses eee 16.8 ses 38.4 16.1 des 8.0 5759 Jb Wilts UMMUESS Joyakoeyeloy (Cf, ee 16.5 we DB Ote) ee esse He Sek 3283 3 Mt. Shasta, Siskiyou Co. 91.0 41.0 17.5 “as 3610) eee = eee 3284 Jb Mt. Shasta, Siskiyou Co. 90.0 43.0 16.1 ee = 160" 2 Pine Flat, N. Fork San Gabriel River, Los Angeles Co. 75.0 GH) eres 9: Ob ees cot = 1Los Angeles County Museum of History, Science and Art. > Interorbital constriction R=) 296 University of California Publications in Zoology |Vou.17 Co. Mus. Hist. Sci. and Art); Inyo County: Inyo Mts., 1 (U. 8. Biol. Surv.) ; Owens Lake, 1 (U. 8S. Biol. Surv.) ; Madera County: North Fork San Joaquin River, 1 (U.S. Biol. Surv.) ; Santa Clara County: Palo Alto, 1 (Stanford Univ.) ; Saratoga, 1; San Mateo bse “TRG as Ce Te @ MYOTIS EVOTIS @ MYOTIS THYSANODES 4 MYOTIS VELIFER Za, \Nih) 5 / m oe ne 7 /\ve eee, 24 FS COG A Nh ATS 3 ~~ DISTRIBUTION MAP MUSEUM OF VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNLA, Fig. N. Map showing stations of occurrence in California of Myotis evotis, Myotis velifer, and Myotis thysanodes, as established by specimens examined by the author. County: Pescadero Creek, 1; Belmont, 1 (Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.) ; Alameda County: Berkeley, 1 (U. C. Dept. Zool.) ; Eldorado County : Mt. Tallac, 2 (Mus. Comp. Zool., 1; Mus. Vert. Zool., 1); Nevada County: Independence Lake, 1; Mendocino County: Mt. Sanhedrin, 1 (Aead. Nat. Sci. Phila.) ; Siskiyou County: Mt. Shasta, 2. 1918] Grinnell: A Synopsis of the Bats of California 297 Natural History—lIt is probable that in California this species is migratory and breeds chiefly in the Transition Zone. The only specimens in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology which are recorded as secured in midsummer were taken in the Transition Zone. Stephens reports securing specimens in San Diego County in spring and autumn only. As noted above, a female taken near Pasadena May 29 contained a single embryo. Myotis thysanodes Miller Fringed Bat Vespertilio albescens velifer (variety), H. Allen (1894, pp. 92-93). Dul- zura (see Miller, 1897b, p. 80). Vespertilio albescens evotis, H. Allen (1894, p. 90), part. Old Fort Tejon (see Miller, 1897b, p. 80). Myotis thysanodes Miller (1897b, pp. 80-85). Original description; type locality, Fort Tejon. Myotis evotis thysanodes, Elliot (1901, p. 406). Diagnosis; distribution. Myotis thysanodes, Miller and Rehn (1901, p. 258). Type locality. Myotis thysanodes, Elliot (1904b, pp. 572-573). Diagnosis; distribution. Myotis thysanodes, Elliot (1905, p. 479). Distribution. Myotis thysanodes, Stephens (1906, p. 268). Description; distribution. Myotis thysanodes, Lyon and Osgood (1909, p. 273). Nature and location of type. Myotis thysanodes, Miller (1912,'p. 59). General range. Myotis thysanodes, J. Grinnell (1913b, pp. 278-279). Range in California. Diagnosis —Total length, 85 to 95 millimeters. Free border of uropatagium thickened and densely haired. Description —Largest Myotis found in California excepting Myotis velifer. Easily distinguished from velifer by the much longer ears which, when laid forward, reach from 3 to 5 millimeters beyond end of nose. In an alcoholic specimen the ear measures 15 millimeters from notch and the tragus 10 millimeters. Ear convex in outline along anterior edge, bluntly rounded at tip and concave along upper half of posterior margin, thence convex to the well-defined basal notch. Tragus slender and straight, or nearly straight, along anterior edge almost to tip, but convex just below bluntly rounded tip; posterior border slightly concave just below tip, then convex; margin notched just above the basal lobe. Limbs and Membranes—-Wing membranes similar to those of closely related species of Myotis, but interfemoral membrane heavier and more leathery, and distinctly thickened on its free edge. Wings arise just proximal to bases of toes. Calear distinct and slightly lobed at tip. Foot slightly less than half length of tibia. Forearm slightly longer than tail. Pelage—Except for thickly haired border of uropatagium dis- tribution of fur is similar to that of related species. 298 University of California Publications in Zoology {(Vou.17 Color.—As all the adult examples at hand are alcoholic the follow- ing color description is taken from Miller (1897b, p. 81) : The fur is everywhere light, dull, yellowish brown, distinctly paler ventrally, the hairs everywhere dusky slate at base. The color is subject to considerable individual variation in shade. The palest specimens are yellowish wood brown inclining to clay color; the darkest specimens dull raw umber. The belly varies from clear gray scarcely tinged with yellow to a strong yellowish gray, and in other specimens to dull brownish gray. The exact shades are very variable and impossible to describe accurately. Skull—About 16 millimeters long, thus about equal to that of Myotis velifer in total length, but quite distinct in general appearance (pl. 21, fig. 35, and pl. 22, fig. 47). Rostral portion of skull relatively slender (the diameter of rostrum, taken just posterior to the canines, averaging a millimeter less in thysanodes than in velifer). Sagittal crest well-defined in velifer, but indistinct in thysanodes. As pointed out by Miller (1897b, p. 82) the posterior margin of the brain-case, when viewed from above, is rounded in thysanodes, squarish, or truneate, in velifer. Measurements.—Miller (1897), p. 83) gives the average measure- ments of a series of ten specimens of Myotis thysanodes from Fort Tejon as follows: Total length, 87.0 millimeters; tail vertebrae, 37.0; tibia, 17.6; foot, 8.0; forearm, 41.2; thumb, 6.3; longest finger, 69.2; ear from meatus, 17.6; width of ear, 11.8; tragus, 10.5. Synonymy and History.—This bat was described by Miller (1897), pp. 80-85) under the name Myotis thysanodes. The type specimen was obtained at Fort Tejon. Miller states that specimens of the fringed bat were variously labeled or listed in his monographs by H. Allen as ‘‘V[espertilio]. albescens velifer,’’ *‘V. subulatus,’’ “‘V. albescens?,’’ and ‘‘V. albescens evotis.’’ Distribution —Given by Miller (1912, p. 59) as the Lower Sonoran zone from near the southern border of the United States south to San Luis Potosi and Michoacan, Mexico. The only Californian localities of capture known to the writer besides those given by Miller (Fort Tejon, Kern County, and Dulzura, San Diego County), are Limekiln and Fyffe, Eldorado County. These four localities are all but one well within the Upper Sonoran life-zone; Fyffe is in Transition. (See map, text-fig. N.) Specimens Examined.—Total number, 7, from the following locali- ties in California: Kern County: Fort Tejon, 5 aleoholies (U. 8. Biol. Surv.) ; Eldorado County: Limekiln, 1 (no. 24206, Mus. Vert. Zool., August 2, 1916) ; Fyffe, 1 (no. 24186, Mus. Vert. Zool., July 21, 1916). Natural History—Miller (1897b, pp. 84-85) gives the following account, furnished by Dr. T. S. Palmer, of the colony of bats from which the type specimen of Myotis thysanodes was taken: 1918] Grinnell: A Synopsis of the Bats of California 299 In July, 1891, while one of the parties of the Death Valley Expedition was collecting at Old Fort Tejon, California, several species of bats were observed. The most abundant was a small Vespertilio [= Myotis|, which could be seen at dusk flying about the oak trees near the old barracks in great numbers, and passing in and out of the ruined buildings. A long two-story adobe building, with the roof still intact, seemed to be the center of attraction, and about sundown bats could be seen streaming forth from a window in one of the gables. On the morning of July 5 an examination was made of the attic of this building, and the bats were found clinging to the ridgepole and the rafters, literally by thousands. Individuals of all ages, from recently born young to adults, were hanging together in bunches as big as a bushel basket. Others found concealment in cracks and crevices, but very few were flying about. Evidently the colony had ocecupied.the attic for several years, but it was too dark to see whether more than one species was present. A sack was carried along under the ridgepole and specimens swept into it from several of the larger bunches. In this way more than a hundred bats were collected in a few minutes. As soon as they were disturbed they uttered a peculiar squeaking note and flew about in a confused manner in their efforts to escape. The sack was carried out under one of the oak trees and the specimens examined ; 160 had been captured, and of these 25 were preserved! and the remainder allowed to escape. Some of the bats which had been given their liberty attempted to fly back to their retreat, but dazed by the sunlight took refuge in the branches of the nearest tree; others made no attempt to escape, except to crawl up the trunks of the trees, where they remained until dark. Some of the young ones failed to find their way back to the building, and remained about the spot for several days. In the summer of 1904 (July 19 to 26) J. Grinnell visited Fort Tejon and collected bats in the same locality visited by Dr. Palmer in 1891. Of the sixty-one examples of Myotis obtained on the later date not one proved to be Myotis thysanodes. Apparently bats of this species are not of wide distribution in California, for among nearly a thousand specimens of bats collected by the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, only two have proven to be Myotis thysanodes. Genus Lasionycteris Peters This genus includes the type species only, which is distributed clear across northern North America and south nearly through the United States. Characters —Dental formula: i 72, e1!, pm22, m 22 = 36 aracters.—Denta ; — ea 3-3 3-30 SO Be atiqig © a) bilainy oe Upper incisors conical; inner upper incisor slightly the longer, and bicuspidate. Lower incisors subequal and crowded closely be- tween canines; crowns of inner lower incisors four-lobed, those of the outer lower incisors three-lobed. Canines both above and _ below 1 Sixteen proved to be Myotis thysanodes; the others were M. yumanensis. 300 University of California Publications in Zoology |Vou.17 simple, each with a distinct but rather small cmgulum. First upper premolar minute; second slightly more than half height of canine. First two lower premolars minute, being less than half the height of the third. Skull (pl. 21, fig. 33, and pl. 22, fig. 45) broad and somewhat flattened; rostrum three-fourths width of brain-case, and strongly coneave on each side back of nasal aperture. Ear short, nearly as broad as long, and with a well-developed basal lobe. Tragus short, straight, and bluntly rounded. Lasionycteris noctivagans (Le Conte) Silvery-haired Bat V [espertilio|. noctivagans Le Conte (1831, p. 481). Original description; no type locality designated. Scotophilus noctivagans, H. Allen (1864, pp. 39-42, four figs. in text). Description; listed from Fort Reading (in Shasta County). Scotophilus noctivagans, Cooper (1868, p. 5). Distribution. S[cotophilus|. noctivagans, Cooper (in Cronise, 1868, p. 442). Occurrence in California. Vesperugo noctivagans, Dobson (1878, pp. 238-239). Description; general distribution (includes California). Vesperugo noctivagans, C. H. Townsend (1887, p. 182). Record of speci- men secured at Fort Reading by Dr. J. F. Hammond. Vesperugo noctivagans, Bryant (1891la, p. 358). Nominal. Lasionycteris noctivagans, H. Allen (1894, pp. 105-111, pls. 13-14). De- scription. Lasionycteris noctivagans, Miller (1897b, pp. 86-87). Description; dis- tribution; listed from Nevada City and Nicasio. Lasionycteris noctivagans, Elliot (1901, pp. 407-408, fig. 85). Diagnosis; distribution. Lasionycteris noctivagans, Stone (1904a, p. 579). Summer record from Mt. Sanhedrin. Lasionycteris noctivagans, Stephens (1906, pp. 268-269). Description; distribution. Lasionycieris noctivagans, Seton (1909, p. 1168). Map showing record stations and hypothetical range. Lasionycteris noctivagans, Miller (1912, p. 60). General range. Lasionycteris noctivagans, J. Grinnell (1913b, p. 279). Range in Cali- fornia. Diagnosis ——Total length 92 to 107 millimeters; ears short and rounded; color blackish chocolate, both above and below, many of the hairs tipped with silvery white. Description: Head.—Rostrum broad, two-thirds width of brain- case; width between nostrils greater than distance from mouth to top of rostrum; prominent glandular masses on each side of rostrum. Ear short (height from meatus, 15 to 16 millimeters) and broad (width, 11 to 14 millimeters) ; when laid forward reaching barely to nostrils. Tragus a little less than half height of ear. 1918] Grinnell: A Synopsis of the Bats of California 301 Limbs and Membranes.—Wines moderately slender; third meta- carpal slightly longer than fifth. Wing membranes attached to bases of toes. Interfemoral membrane reaching to tip of tail. Foot slen- der, somewhat compressed, and about half length of tibia. Calear distinct and extending along edge of interfemoral membrane for about a quarter of the distance from its origin to tip of tail. Pelage.—Face nearly naked save for about a dozen slende hairs, 5 millimeters in length, which arise from the glandular masses on sides of rostrum. Hair on top of head short, being only abont 2 millimeters in length; elsewhere on the body it is from 5 to 8 milli- meters in length and very silky in texture. Kars naked, as also the wings, save for a narrow strip of hair continuous with body fur. Interfemoral membrane seantily haired over proximal half of its dorsal surface; upon its ventral surface the hairs are even less plenti- ful. Dorsal surface of toes well furred. Color.—The fur varies from deep blackish chocolate, tipped with silvery white, to a decided brownish, tipped with yellowish gray. Seton (1909, p. 1167) states that he has in his collection an old female silvery-haired bat, taken in New York State, which is brownish black everywhere, with no trace of the silver tippings. A male in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology (no. 13802), taken August 4, 1911, on Kangaroo Creek, Siskiyou County, California, has the mem- branes and the basal part of the fur everywhere blackish. On the back, belly, and interfemoral membrane the hairs are tipped with silvery white. On the face, crown, throat, and a patch over each shoulder the silvery tips are lacking. This specimen, as evidenced by the thin, papery skull and the prominent joints of the fingers, is a juvenal. Merriam (1884, p. 191) states that the young alone possess the perfect silvery tips to the hairs and that even before going into winter quarters for the first time their pelage has assumed the grizzled appearance which characterizes the coats of the adults. Skull and Teeth—The skull and teeth have been sufficiently de- scribed under the characterization of the genus (see p. 299). Average Measurements.—A series of 12 specimens of the silvery- haired bat, including both sexes, averages in millimeters as follows: total length, 102.0 (extremes, 92.0-107.0) ; tail vertebrae, 41.1 (34.0— 44.0); tibia, 15.8 (14.0-18.0); foot, 10.0 (9.5-10.0) ; forearm, 39.2 (37.3-42.0) ; greatest leneth of cranium, 16.1 (15.5-16.5). Synonymy and History.—The silvery-haired bat was first de- scribed by Le Conte (1831, p. 31) from a specimen from the ‘‘ Kastern United States’? under the name V{[espertilio|. noctivagans. Peters (1865, p. 648) made this bat the type species of his new genus Lasionycteris. Distribution.—Miller (1912, p. 60) gives the general range of Lasionycteris noctivagans as ‘‘North America north of Mexico, from the Atlantic to the Pacific; probably not breeding south of the Transition Zone.’’ The range in California lies altogether within the northwestern portion of the state, and for the most part within the Transition Zone. (See map, text-fig. O.) 302 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 MEASUREMENTS IN MILLIMETERS OF TWELVE SPECIMENS OF LASIONYCTERIS NOCTIVAGANS (LECONTE), FROM CALIFORNIA E SE Se 38 5 a 45° 85) Se Mus ef ae = i) PEE Se ce no. Sex se S 2 Gq & 5 2 Nim a7 3281-7 gi 102.0 41.0 17.0 10:05 3920 ees 3282+ 99.0 38.0 17.0 LOO 42:0 ee Paw 184937 gf? 92.0 OO) eee 9.5 15.5 9.3 4.0 3279° 9° 98.0 41.0 15.0 1010305540!) ee at see ac 3280® 9° 106.0 42.0 18.0 10.0 16.4 aie 8.5 4.3 24208 9° 104.0 41°00) ye 8.0 16.2 9.5 7.9 4.2 24212* 9 106.0 42.0 15.8 9.0 16.3 a 8.0 4.2 DAZ NOM LOI eee 44.0 16.0 920) 16.2 era 79 4.1 24211* 9 107.0 42.0 14.3 9.0 aiid?) ESS 9.8 8.0 4.1 24207* © 105.0 42.0 14.7 8.0 39.7 16.5 9.9 8.0 4.2 24209 9 98.0 4010) Bas 8.0 38.4 16.2 9.7 8.0 4.3 24213* 9 105.0 44.0 15.0 9.0 38.3 16.1 = 7.9 4.4 1 From 7000 ft., Mt. Shasta, Siskiyou County. ?From 4 miles north of Oroville, Butte County. *From McCloud River, near Baird Station, Shasta County. 4From Fyffe, 3700 ft. alt., Eldorado County. Specimens Examined—The writer has examined 40 specimens of the silvery-haired bat, from the following localities in California: Siskiyou County: Kangaroo Creek, 2; Mt. Shasta (at 7000 feet alti- tude), 2; Shasta County: McCloud River, 15 miles east of Baird Station, 2; 13 miles east of Baird Station, 2 (Univ. Calif. Dept. Zool.) ; near Baird Station, 1; Humboldt County: Redwood Creek, 1 (U. S. Nation. Mus.) ; Trinity County: Cafion Creek, 2 (U.S. Biol. Sury.); Butte County: 4 miles north of Oroville, 1; Mendocino County: Mt. Sanhedrin, 5 (Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.) ; Nevada County: Nevada City, 1 (U. S. Biol. Surv.) ; Eldorado County: Fyffe, 11; Bijou, 1 (Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.) ; Marin County: Olema, 1 (Calif. Acad. Sei.) ; Nicasio, 6 (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3; U. S. Nation. Mus., 3); Monterey County: Pacifie Grove, 1 (U. S. Biol. Surv.). Natural History—The most extended account of the habits of the silvery-haired bat is that of Merriam (1884, p. 190). His observa- tions were made in the Adirondack region of New York. Here he found the bats showing when abroad in the evening a decided liking for waterways, in some places keeping directly over the water. Sey- eral bats which were shot and fell into the water swam swiftly and powerfully through the strong current to the shore, fifteen or twenty feet distant. A scarcely less favored haunt was the edges of hard- wood groves, where the bats darted in and out among the branches in search of insects. 1918] Grinnell: A Synopsis of the Bats of California 303 The flight of this species is described by Merriam as neither so rapid nor so irregular as that of the red or of the hoary bat. In the region where Merriam made his observations the young were born early in July, and were either one or two in number. MYOTIS ORINOMUS EUDERMA MACULATUM ili MYOTIS OCCULTUS | LASIONYCTERIS NOCTIVAGANS SSS NYCTINOMUS FEMOROSACCUS DISTRIBUTION MAP MUSEUM OF VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF CAI. FORNIA, Fig. O. Map showing stations of occurrence in California of Myotis orinomus, Euderma maculatum, Myotis occultus, Lasionycteris noctivagans, and Nyctinomus femorosaccus, as established by specimens examined by the author. In California the writer is aware only of summer and fall records of this bat. The earliest capture is of a female (no. 159941, U.S. 532’ Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.), at Nicasio, October 19. The species is known Biol. Sury.), at Pacific Grove, May 25; the latest, of a male (no. ale 304 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 to be migratory in at least the eastern portion of its range, and the same probably holds true here in California. The known facts relat- ing to its migration are recorded on page 232 of the present paper. Of nine specimens obtained by Joseph Dixon at Fyffe (3700 feet altitude), Eldorado County, between July 19 and 31, seven were adult females weighing from 10.2 grams to 12.1 grams each, one was an immature female weighing 6.3 grams, and one a male, probably imma- ture, weighing 8.5 grams. Some of the adult females showed evi- dences of having recently nursed young. Genus Pipistrellus Kaup This genus ranges in the Eastern Hemisphere from the northern to the southern limits of tree growth, and from Tasmania to [reiand. In the Western Hemisphere it occurs from the northern United States (except in the Boreal zone’) to southern Mexico (Barrett-Hamilton, 1910, p. 102). The genus contains about forty species, only one of which occurs in the area under consideration, where it is represented by two subspecies. o BY ll 2=2 3-3 Characters —Dental formula: 1 329’ © jay’ PMocg) M 3-3 — 34. Upper inner incisor about one-third higher than outer one. Lower incisors all of about equal size and with columnar shafts, separated from each other by spaces about one-third the width of the shaft; the abruptly wider crowns are imbricated and deeply trilobed. Upper canine conical and about twice height of lower canine, which is similar in form but with a more highly developed cingulum. First upper premolar minute and lying on inner side of tooth row, crowded in angle between canine and second upper premolar. Second upper premolar about midway in height between canine and first molar. First lower premolar about half height of second and closely crowded against cingulum of canine; cingulum of this premolar about equal in width to that of canine. Second lower premolar nearly equal in height to lower canine. Molar teeth normal for vespertilionid bats. Greatest width of skull about two-thirds of the total length of same. Brain-case distinctly flattened above and forming only a sight angle with rostrum. Auditory bullae large, their greatest diameter being distinctly greater than the width of the space between them. Zygomata slightly expanded. (See pl. 21, fig. 27, and pl. 22, fig. 39.) Ear in this genus distinetly longer than broad and tapering to a narrowly rounded tip. Tragus broadest below its center, its tip straight or shghtly eurved forwards. Dorsal surface of interfemoral membrane sprinkled with hairs on basal third. Mammae two. 1918 | Grinnell: A Synopsis of the Bats of California 305 Pipistrellus hesperus hesperus (H. Allen) Western Bat Scotophilus hesperus H. Allen (1864, pp. 43-44, figs. 38-40), part. Orig inal description; type locality, Fort Yuma, California [first locality mentioned in list of specimens]. Scotophilus hesperus, Cooper (1868, p. 5), part. Distribution. S[cotophilus]. hesperus, Cooper (in Cronise, 1868, p. 442). Nominal. Vespertilio (Vesperugo) hesperus, Coues and Yarrow (1875, pp. 94-95). Diagnosis; distribution. Vesperugo hesperus, True (1887, p. 515). Concerning the status of V. hesperus and of V. merriami. Vesperugo hesperus, Bryant (1891a, p. 358). Nominal. Vesperugo hesperus, H. Allen (1894, pp. 128-131, pls. 20-21). Deserip- tion; distribution. Pipistrellus hesperus, Miller (1897b, pp. 88-90, figs. 20-23), part. Descrip- tion; distribution. Pipistrellus hesperus, Elliot (1901, pp. 408-409, fig. 86), part. Diagnosis; distribution. Pipistrellus hesperus, Miller and Rehn (1901, p. 259). Type locality. Pipistrellus hesperus, Elliot (1904a, p. 320), part. Localities of capture in California. Pipistrellus hesperus, Elliot (1904b, pp. 582-583, figs. 86, 108), part. Diagnosis; distribution. Pipistrellus hesperus, Elliot (1905, pp. 480-481), part. Geographical dis- tribution. Pipistrellus hesperus, Stephens (1906, pp. 269-270), part. Description; distribution; habits. Pipistrellus hesperus, Elliot (1907, pp. 507-508), part. Localities of cap- ture in California. Pipistrellus hesperus; J. Grinnell (1908, pp. 159-160). Distribution and habits in the San Bernardino Mountains. Pipistrellus hesperus, Lyon and Osgood (1909, p. 274). Nature and loca- tion of type. Pipistrellus hesperus, Miller (1912, p. 60), part. General range. Pipistrellus hesperus hesperus, J. Grinnell (1913), p. 279), part. Range in California. Pipistrellus hesperus hesperus, J. Grinnell (1914, pp. 267-268). Occurrence on the Colorado River; habits; status of subspecies. Diagnosis—Size very small (total leneth, 62 to 80 millimeters; forearm, 26.6 to 30.7 millimeters); tragus blunt, with tip bent forward; general color of fur buffy gray above, whitish beneath; membranes, ears, and feet, blackish. Description: Head.—Muzzle short and broad, the greatest width of the rostrum equaling its length. Nostrils cireular and directed outward and downward; region between them shghtly concave. Eye small, inconspicuous and situated above and posterior to angle of mouth. A glandular swelling on each side of head between nostril and eye. Ear short, in an alcoholic specimen reaching only to a 306 University of California Publications in Zoology (Vou. 17 point midway between eye and nostril, when laid forward; anterior border of auricle strongly convex from the well developed basal notch to about middle, where it becomes straight and continues so almost to the broadly rounded tip; posterior border concave immediately below tip, then strongly convex to basal notch; basal lobe well devel- oped, separated from main auricle by a deep notch, and joining face at a point slightly below and behind angle of mouth. Tragus less than half height of ear, slightly blunt at tip, and curved forward (text-fig. L). The western bat and the Merriam bat are the only small bats of California having the tragus curved, and this feature is sufficient to distinguish them at once from the several small species of Myotis. Limbs and Membranes.—Wing short and broad, length of fifth metacarpal almost equaling that of third. Wing membrane attached at base of outer toe. Calear very slightly lobed at tip. Tip of tail projecting somewhat beyond edge of interfemoral membrane. Foot small, tibia short; length of former scarcely less than half that of latter. Tail about equal in length to forearm. Pelage-—Fur everywhere full and soft, 3 to 4 millimeters in length on body. Dorsal surface of ear furred only on its basal third; a seanty sprinkling of fine hairs over whole ventral (inner) surface of ear. Wing membranes naked both above and below, save for a very narrow strip of fur, about one millimeter in width, which extends out from side of body. Basal third of interfemoral membrane sprinkled with fine hairs, both above and below. Toes scantily clothed, both above and below, with very short, fine hairs. Color—Hairs everywhere plumbeous-black at bases. Distal two- thirds of fur on upper surface light buff, brightest on top of head; on lower surface a very pale tint of light buff, almost white; pelage everywhere given a grayish cast by the showing through of the darker bases of the hairs. Ear, muzzle, and wing and tail membranes, blackish, save that wing membrane is narrowly bordered with pale eray between foot and fifth finger. Skull—Form and general characteristics as for the genus. In general, as has been suggested, the skull of this bat reminds one of a miniature Lasionycteris. Measurements—Average and extreme measurements in milli- meters of a series of twenty western bats, from the Colorado River Valley, are as follows: ten males: total length, 66.4 (extremes, 62.0— 72.0) ; tail vertebrae, 26.5 (24.0-30.0) ; tibia, 10.6 (10.0-11.5) ; foot, 5.0; forearm, 27.8 (26.6-30.0); greatest leneth of cranium, 11.5 (11.3-11.9). Ten females: total length, 72.9 (69.0-80.0) ; tail verte- brae, 29.9 (26.0-33.0) ; tibia, 11.2 (10.0-12.0); foot, 5.2 (5.0-6.0) ; forearm, 29.8 (27.3-30.7); greatest length of cranium, 11.9 (11.7- 112.3). A comparison of the above averages will show that the females are as a rule somewhat larger than the males. Synonymy and History.—The western bat was described by H. Allen (1864, pp. 48-44) under the name Scotophilus hesperus from material obtained at Fort Yuma, California, and ‘‘Posa Creek.’’ According to True (1887, p. 515), Dobson in his catalogue of the 307 A Synopsis of the Bats of California Grinnell 1918] Mus. no. 10386 10388 10389 103890 10391 10892 10393 10397 10402 10403 10400 10401 10387 10396 10406 10407 10411 6936 6680 17794 MEASUREMENTS IN MILLIMETERS OF TWENTY ADULT SPECIMENS OF PIPISTRELLUS HESPERUS HESPERUS (H. ALLEN ), 3eX +O +0 +0 +0 +0 +O +0 +0 40 40 24 OC, OC, BA QA QA OV AOL QA FROM CALIFORNIA Locality Opposite The Needles, Colorado River Opposite The Needles, Colorado River Opposite The Needles, Colorado River Opposite The Needles, Colorado River Opposite The Needles, Colorado River Opposite The Needles, Colorado River Opposite The Needles, Colorado River 20 miles north of Picacho, Colorado River Potholes, Colorado River Potholes, Colorado River 8 miles east of Picacho, Colorado River 8 miles east of Picacho, Colorado River Opposite The Needles, Colorado River 20 miles north of Picacho, Colorado River Near Pilot Knob, Colorado River Near Pilot Knob, Colorado River Near Pilot Knob, Colorado River Cushenbury Springs, San Bernardino Mts. Cushenbury Springs, San Bernardino Mts. Lone Pine Creek, Inyo Co. Tibia 10.3 10.8 10.0 10.0 10.0 11.0 11.5 11.0 10.8 10.7 12.0 12.0 10.0 11.5 11.0 10.8 11.0 10.8 11.5 11.4 Foot oy St oooo a AON Oo Si Saoeo se Or Forearm + Greatest length of eranium a i) ~ Zygomatic breadth > & Breadth of brain-case aan oono 6.0 Interorbital constriction 2 — 308 University of California Publications in Zoology (Vou. 17 Chiroptera regards V. hesperus as identical with V. abramus, an Old World species. Later, Dobson (1886, p. 124) described a new species of North American Vesperugo under the name of V. merriami, basing his description on a single specimen sent him by C. H. Merriam. Dobson gives the type locality as Locust Grove, New York, the home of Dr. Merriam. Miller (1897b, p. 31) points out the error and states that the specimen really came from Red Bluff, Tehama County, California, and places the name merrianv in the synonymy of hes- perus. J. Grinnell (1913b, pp. 279-280) revives the name merriami and applies it to the race of hesperus occupying the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones in California west of the desert divides, thus restrict- ing the subspecific application of the name hesperus to the desert race. Distribution—Specimens available indicate that the range of Pipistrellus h. hesperus oceupies the Lower Sonoran zone chiefly east of the Pacific divides, comprising the Colorado and Mohave deserts, and extends from the Mexican line north at least to Coleville, Mono County (see map, text-fig. P). J. Grinnell (1913), p. 279) gives the range of this bat as extending west to Fort Tejon, Kern County; but the present writer finds upon examination of the specimens upon which this record was based that while Tejon specimens are not typical merrianu they bear a closer resemblance to that form than to Pipi- strellus h. hesperus. Specimens Examined.—The writer has examined 157 specimens of Pipistrellus hesperus hesperus, from the following localities in California: Imperial County: Colorado River near Pilot Knob, 18; Potholes, 4; four miles south of Potholes, 1; eight miles east of Picacho, 7; twenty miles above Picacho, 7; Thermal, 2; San Diego County: Carrizo Creek, 3; Santa Ysabel, 14 (U. S. Nat. Mus.) ; Jacumba, 2 (U. S. Nat. Mus.) ; Vallecito, 4; Dulzura, 6 (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.); Palmetto Spring, 3; Riverside County: Dos Palmos Spring, Santa Rosa Mountains, 5; Cabezon, 1; Banning, 1; Palm Springs, 4 (U.S. Biol. Surv., 3; Mus. Vert. Zool., 1) ; Palm Canon, 3; San Bernardino County: Borax Flat, 3 (U.S. Biol. Surv.) ; Needles, 4 (U. S. Biol. Sury.) ; Colorado River opposite The Needles, 13; east base Turtle Mountains, 1; Barstow, 1; Victorville, 1; Warren’s Ranch, 1 (U.S. Biol. Surv.) ; Cushenbury Springs, 5; Kern County: west slope Walker Pass, 3; Weldon, 1; Onyx, 3; Fay Creek, 3; South Fork Kern River, 3 (U. S. Biol. Surv.) ; Kern River, 12 miles below Bodfish, 1; Inyo County: Lone Pine, 4 (Mus. Comp. Zool., 1; U.S. Biol. Surv., 3); Lone Pine Creek, 5; Independence, 1 (U. 8S. Biol. 1918] Grinnell: A Synopsis of the Bats of California 309 Surv.) ; Death Valley, 4 (U.S. Biol. Surv.) ; Saline Valley, 1 (U.S. Biol. Surv.); Panamint Valley, 6 (U. S. Biol. Surv.) ; Panamint Mountains, 5 (U. S. Biol. Surv.) ; Funeral Mountains, 1 (U. 8. Biol. Surv.) ; Mono County: Coleville, 2 (Mus. Comp. Zool.). @ PIPISTRELLUS HESPERUS MERRIAMI & PIPISTRELLUS HESPERUS HESPERUS DISTRIBUTION MAP MUSEUM OF VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Fig. P. Map showing stations of occurrence in California of Pipistrellus hesperus hesperus and Pipistrellus hesperus merriami, as established by specimens examined by the author, Natural History.—Stephens (1906, p. 270) records these bats as appearing early in the evening, sometimes soon after sunset, but states that because of their swift and erratic flight they are difficult to secure by shooting. 310 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou. 17 At Cushenbury Springs, on the desert slope of the San Bernardino Mountains, J. Grinnell (1908, pp. 159-160) found these bats common in the early part of August. They appeared at late dusk among the cottonwoods and over the pasture, and swarms of them were to be seen darting about over the surface of a small pond, frequently dipping down and touching the surface of the water as if drinking. The five specimens secured at that time and place were very fat. In 1908, Grinnell and Swarth (1913, p. 382) found these bats abundant along Palm Canon and in the neighborhood of Dos Palmos Spring, on the desert slope of the San Jacinto Mountains. Here they were found emerging from the crevices of rocks at early dusk. This was the only species of bat seen abroad after sunrise and before sunset; in fact one individual was seen in flight about 9 a.m. in the bright glare of the forenoon sun. In the spring of 1910 J. Grinnell (1914, pp. 267-268) found the western bat abundant along the Colorado River between Needles and Pilot Knob. Here it was noticed that the bats were to be found only in the neighborhood of cliffs and rocky hillsides. No instances of the occurrence of this bat in or about buildings or as hanging up on the foliage of trees, have been recorded. Specimens in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology have been taken in all the months from February to August, inclusive, and there is also a specimen taken at Palm Springs in December. Winter collect- ing would probably reveal the presence of this species throughout the year in at least the lowest parts of its range. Stephens (1906, pp. 269-270) states that very few western bats remain in California in winter. ‘‘The northward migration is at its height about the end of March, at which time’’ the bats are abundant about certain springs along the western border of the Colorado Desert. The number of young and time of breeding are indicated by the following data, taken from specimens in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology secured in Kern County in the summer of 1911: no. 16308, taken June 18, contained two embryos; no. 16309, taken June 19, contained two embryos; no. 16310, taken June 20, contained two em- bryos; no. 16312, taken June 23, contained two embryos; no. 16313, taken July 1, contained two embryos; no. 16314, taken July 11, contained one embryo. a aa 1918] Grinnell: A Synopsis of the Bats of California 311 Pipistrellus hesperus merriami (Dobson) Merriam Bat Scotophilus hesperus H. Allen (1864, pp. 43-44, figs. 38-40), part. Orig- inal description of hesperus; Posa Creek [Kern County] specimens referable to merriamt. Scotophilus hesperus, Cooper (1868, p. 5), part. Distribution. Vesperugo merriami Dobson (1886, p. 124). Original description; type stated to be from Locust Grove, New York, but really from Red Bluff, Tehama County, California. Vesperugo merriami, True (1887, p. 515). Validity doubted. Vesperugo merriami, Bryant (1892, p. 223). Nominal. Vesperugo merriami, Miller (1897b, p. 31). Nomenclature. Pipistrellus hesperus, Miller (1897b, pp. 88-90), part. Description; gen- eral distribution. Pipistrellus hesperus, Elliot (1901, pp. 408-409, fig. 86), part. Diagnosis; general distribution. Pipistrellus hesperus, Elliot (1904b, pp. 582-5838, figs. 108, 86), part. Diagnosis; general distribution. Pipistrellus hesperus, Stone (1904a, p. 579). Reeord of occurrence in Mendocino County. Pipistrellus hesperus, Elliot (1905, pp. 480-481), part. General distri- bution. Pipistrellus hesperus, Stephens (1906, pp. 269-270), part. Description ; distribution; habits. Pipistrellus hesperus, Elliot (1907, pp. 507-508), part. Loealities of cap- ture in California. Pipistrellus hesperus, Miller (1912, p. 60), part. General range. Pipistrellus hesperus merriani, J. Grinnell (1913b, pp. 279-280). Range in California. Pipistrellus hesperus merriami, J. Grinnell (1914, pp. 267-268). Status and range. lo Diagnosis—Size very small (total length 66 to 78 millimeters, forearm 27.5 to 30.8); tragus blunt, with tip bent forward; general color of fur buffy brown both above and below; membranes, ears, and feet, blackish. Description.—This subspecies, Pipistrellus hesperus merriami, very closely resembles the preceding one, Pipistrellus hesperus hesperus, differing only in darker coloration and in slightly larger average size. Color—Wing and tail membranes, ears and feet, blackish (see pl. 18, fig. 16). Terminal portion of body fur, both above and beneath, nearest ‘‘warm buff’’ of Ridgway’s Color Standards; but the darker bases of the hairs showing through lend a brownish aspect to the mass appearance. Measurements—Average and extreme measurements in milli- meters of a series of 16 specimens of the Merriam bat in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology are as follows: six males: total length, 69.0 (extremes, 66.0—-73.0) ; tail vertebrae, 29.0 (28.0-30.0) ; tibia, 11.0 (10.6-12.0) ; foot, 5.5 (5.0-6.5) ; forearm, 28.1 (27.5-29.0) ; greatest 312 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 length of cranium, 11.6 (11.38-11.8); ten females: total length, 73.6 (67.0-78.0) ; tail vertebrae, 29.2 (26.0-34.0) ; tibia, 11.4 (11.1-11.7) ; foot, 5.6 (5.0-6.0); forearm, 29.6 (28.0-30.8); greatest length of eranium, 12.0 (11.9-12.2). Synonymy and History—The synonymy and history of this bat is ineluded with that of P. h. hesperus on page 306. In his original description of Pipistrellus hespcrus, H. Allen (1864, pp. 43-44) does not designate a type, but lists three specimens, the first being from Fort Yuma and the two remaining from Poso Creek (Kern County). Miller (18970, p. 88) designates the Fort Yuma specimen (no. 5406 U. S. Nation. Mus.) as the type of hesperus. I have examined the two skins (nos. 5509 and 5570 U. S. Nation. Mus.) from Poso Creek and find them to be Pipistrellus hesperus merriami, as would be ex- pected from the geographic position of this locality. Distribution—Specimens examined indicate the range of this bat as lying within the Upper Sonoran and Transition zones altogether west of the desert divides, from the Mexican line northwest through the San Diegan district and through the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys, east of the humid coast belt and west of the Sierra Nevada, to Butte and Tehama counties (see map, text-fig. P). Specimens from Witch Creek (or Santa Ysabel), San Diego County, are allocated with difficulty, some appearing to be nearest hesperus and others nearest merriamt. . Specimens Examined.—The writer has examined 46 specimens of Pipistrellus h. merriami, from the following localities in California : San Diego County: Twin Oaks, 2 (U. S. Biol. Surv.) ; Escondido, 1; Witch Creek, 4 (San Diego Soe. Nat. Hist., 1; U.S. Nation. Mus., 3) ; Riverside County: San Jacinto Mountains, 2 (U. 8. Nation. Mus.) ; San Jacinto Lake, 5 (U. S. Nation. Mus.); Los Angeles County: Pasadena, 1; Rubio Wash, near Pasadena, 3; San Francisquito Canon, 1; San Gabriel Cafion, 2 (U. S. Biol. Surv.) ; Kern County: Grape- vine Canon, near Fort Tejon, 3; San Emigdio, 1 (U. 8. Biol. Surv.) ; Poso Creek, 2 (U. S. Nation. Mus.); San Luis Obispo County: Cuyama Valley, 1; Mariposa County: El Portal, 1; Pleasant Valley, 2; Yosemite Valley, 3; Madera County: Raymond, 3; Solano County: three miles west of Vacaville, 1; Yolo County: Rumsey, 3; Eldorado County: Limekiln, 2; Fyffe, 1; Sutter County: Butte Slough, 1; Men- docino County: Mt. Sanhedrin, 1 (Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila.). Natural History—tThe time of breeding and number of young is indicated by the following data, taken from specimens in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology : female, no. 18497, taken near Vacaville, Solano a f the Bats of Californ A Synopsis o Grinnell 1918] MEASUREMEN'TS IN MILLIMETERS OF SIXTEEN Mus. no. 6937 5161 16669 14648 14646 18494 6684 6681 6683 6682 5162 5164 14647 18497 18496 18495 +0 +0 +0 +0 40 40 40 10 1010 0,0,0,0,0, 0, Locality Rubio Wash, near Pasadena, Los Angeles Co. Grapevine Canon, near Ft. Tejon, Kern Co, Cuyama Valley, San Luis Obispo Co. Raymond, Madera Co. Raymond, Madera Co. Butte Slough, 1 mi. west Butte, Sutter Co. San Francisquito Cafion, Los Angeles Co. Grapevine Canon, near Ft. Tejon, Kern Co. Rubio Wash, nr. Pasadena, Los Angeles Co. Pasadena, Los Angeles Co. Rubio Wash, nr. Pasadena, Los Angeles Co. Escondido, San Diego Co. Raymond, Madera Co. 3 mi. west Vacaville, Solano Co. Rumsey, Yolo Co. Rumsey, Yolo Co. ADULT SPECIMENS OF PIPISTRELLUS Foot yas a) 2s cor) al ooo nooo co oe AS co © Forearm re) bo bo 27.5 bo oe So po 4 Nn 29.0 30.0 29.0 28.0 30.6 30.6 29.0 30.0 30.8 28.8 length of cranium oo oO me » Greatest ee ~a ~ Zygomatic ti “breadth 7.3 6.8 7.7 8.0 8.0 7.8 8.0 7.7 7.5 8.0 7.8 brain-case i» to i) Ge S tw co o Interorbital HESPERUS MERRIAMI (DOBSON), FROM CALIFORNIA constriction te 3.5 3.4 314 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 County, July 2, 1912, two embryos; female, no. 18495; taken at Rum- sey, Yolo County, June 24, 1912, two embryos. Two examples of the Merriam bat secured by Dixon at Limekiln, Eldorado County, August 2, 1916, weighed as follows: no. 24216, female, 4 grams; no. 24217, male, 3.5 grams. Genus Eptesicus Rafinesque According to Miller (1907, p. 208) this genus is represented in Africa, Madagascar, Australia, Asia (except the Malay region), and America from southern Canada southward (except the Lesser An- tilles). About forty-five species belonging to this genus are known. In North America only one species, consisting of several races, is known to exist. Among the species of the Vespertilionine group oceurring in California the one belonging to the genus Eptesicus may be readily distinguished by its comparatively large size (total length, 105 to 122 millimeters), reduced dental formula, and nearly uniform brown coloration of the body. 99) — = 2! Characters ——Dental formula: 1 —— sl II Se 5-9) iar PM g=o) Masa Upper incisors both well developed, the outer one much the smaller, reaching barely to cingulum of inner one. Lower incisors almost uniform in size, forming a closely crowded convex row between the canines, with their crowns overlapping; the crowns tri-lobed, and that of the outermost slightly the largest. Canines, both above and below simple, each with distinct cingulum but no secondary cusp. Height of single upper premolar exceeds that of any molar. First lower premolar about half the size of the second. Skull flattened above; angle between brain-case and rostrum slight; sagittal crest conspicuous. (See pl. 23, fig. 52; pl. 24, fig. 60). Ears short (17 to 20 millimeters in height from meatus) and some- what narrower than long; basal lobe well developed but not excessively large, being in length about half height of tragus. Tragus straight, short (7 to 9 millimeters in height), and directed slightly forward, broadest near middle, and tapering to a slightly blunted point. Mem- branes nearly naked. Mammae two. Eptesicus fuscus (Peale and Beauvois) Large Brown Bat Vespertila fuscus Peale and Beauvois (1796, p. 14). Original description ; type locality, Philadelphia. Scotophilus fuscus, H. Allen (1864, pp. 31-35, figs. 27-29). Deseription; nomenclature; specimens listed from San Francisco and Posa Creek. Scotophilus fuscus, Cooper (1868, p. 5). Distribution. 1918] Grinnell: A Synopsis of the Bats of California 315 Scotophilus fuscus, Cooper (in Cronise, 1868, p. 442). Occurrence in Cali- fornia. Vesperugo serotinus var. B, Dobson (1878, pp. 191-194). Description; specimen listed from Monterey. Vesperugo serotinus, C. H. Townsend (1887, p. 182). Record of two specimens secured at northeast base of Mt. Shasta, Siskiyou County. Adelonycteris fuscus, H. Allen (1894, pp. 112-121, pls. 15-17). Deserip- tion; habits; specimens listed from Santa Barbara and San Francisco. Vespertilio fuscus, Miller (1897b, pp. 96-99, figs. 24-26). Description; distribution; many California localities. Vespertilio fuscus, Merriam (1899, p. 87). Occurrence on Mt. Shasta. Vespertilio fuscus, Elliot (1901, p. 410). Diagnosis; distribution. Eptesicus fuscus bernardinus Rhoads (1901, pp. 618-619). Original description of supposed new form from San Bernardino Valley; dis- tribution. Vespertilio fuscus bernardinus, Miller and Rehn (1903, p. 122). Type locality. Vespertilio fuscus, Elliot (1904a, p. 320). Record stations in California. Eptesicus fuscus bernardinus, Elliot (1904b, p. 589). Distribution; gen- eral characters. Eptesicus fuscus, Stone (1904a, p. 579). Occurrence at Sanhedrin Moun- tain, Mendocino County. Eptesicus fuscus melanopterus Rehn (in Stone, 1904b, pp. 590-591). Orig- inal description of supposed new form from Mt. Tallac, Eldorado County. Vespertilio fuscus melanopterus, Elliot (1905, p. 483). Distribution; gen- eral characters. Vespertilio fuscus bernardinus, Elliot (1905, p. 483). Distribution; gen- eral characters. Eptesicus fuscus bernardinus, Stephens (1906, p. 270). Diagnosis; dis- tribution. Eptesicus fuscus melanopterus, Stephens (1906, pp. 270-271). Diagnosis; distribution. Vespertilio fuscus, Elliot (1907, pp. 509-510). Localities of capture in California: Panamint Mountains; Fort Tejon; Mount Whitney. Vespertilio fuscus, J. Grinnell (1908, p. 159). Occurrence in the San Bernardino Mountains. Vespertilio fuscus bernardinus, J. Grinnell (1908, p. 159). Discussion of validity of subspecies. Eptesicus fuscus, Seton (1909, p. 1179). Map showing actual record stations and hypothetical range. [Eptesicus fuscus| bernardinus, Seton (1909, p. 1179). Map showing actual record stations and hypothetical range. [Eptesicus fuscus] melanopterus, Seton (1909, p. 1179). Map showing actual record stations and hypothetical range. Eptesicus fuscus melanopterus, Miller (1912, p. 62). - Type locality. Eptesicus fuscus bernardinus, Miller (1912, p. 62). Type locality. Eptesicus fuscus fuscus, J. Grinnell (1913b, p. 280). Range in California. Eptesicus fuscus fuscus, Grinnell and Swarth (1913, pp. 381-382). As occurring in the San Jacinto Mountains. Eptesicus fuscus, J. Grinnell (1914, p. 268). As occurring along the Colorado River. 316 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 Diagnosis.—Size medium (total length 107 to 122 millimeters) ; . ear about 18 millimeters in height, its width slightly less than two- thirds of height; tragus two-thirds height of ear, tapermg, and directed slightly forwards. Color, varying dorsally from raw umber to vandyke brown, ventrally from pale wood brown to light bister. Description: Head.—Muzzle short and broad, greatest width of rostrum almost equaling its length. Nostrils elliptical in shape and directed outward and slightly downward; region between them slightly coneave. Hye small and inconspicuous and situated above posterior angle of mouth. A tumid, glandular area, some three or four millimeters in width, occupies entire space between nostril and eye on each side of head and adds to apparent width of rostrum, Ear short, reaching barely to nostril when laid forward. (See pl. 18, fig. 13.) Limbs and Membranes.—Wing short and broad (text-fig. E), length of fifth metacarpal almost equaling that of third. Wing membrane attached to foot a little beyond bases of toes. Free edge of interfemoral membrane a little shorter than calear and terminating at base of next to last caudal vertebra. Foot more than half length of tibia. Calear slightly longer than foot, keeled on its outer edge, and terminating in a faintly defined lobe. Pelage—F ur everywhere full and soft; on dorsal surface of body about 7 millimeters in length, on ventral surface slightly shorter. Ears furred only on basal third of outer surface; scantily sprinkled with hairs over most of inner surface, these hairs being most numerous near anterior border of auricle. Dorsal surface of wing naked, save for narrow strip of fur continuous with fur of body. Ventral surface of wing membrane furred in a manner similar to that of dorsal sur- face. Interfemoral membrane furred only at its extreme base above; but below, scattering hairs extend almost to tip of tail. Toes scantily clothed, both above and below, with very fine, short hairs. Color.—The color varies considerably, skins from even a single locality exhibiting a wide range. An average condition of coloration is shown by a brown bat taken at Kenworthy, in the San Jacinto Mountains, in May, 1908, as follows: above, bases of hairs dark seal brown, their distal two-thirds raw umber; hairs on throat pale wood brown; rest of fur-on lower surface pale seal brown on basal half, the distal half pale wood brown. Ears and membranes blackish. Skull and Tecth—As deseribed for the genus. Measurements—Average and extreme measurements in milli- meters of a series of ten brown bats in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology are as follows: five males: total length, 109.8 (extremes 107.0-112.0) ; tail vertebrae, 43.8 (38.0-47.0) ; tibia, 16.9 (16.0-17.5) ; foot, 9.0 (8.0-10.0); forearm, 44.1 (43.8-44.9); greatest length of cranium, 18.3 (17.9-18.8) ; five females: total length, 116.1 (110.0- 119.0) ; tail vertebrae, 45.3 (43.0-48.0) ; tibia, 17.3 (16.4-18.0) ; foot, 10.0 (9.0-12.0) ; forearm, 46.2 (42.9-49.0) ; greatest length of skull, 19.0 (18.8-19.4). A comparison of the above figures will show that the females aver- age somewhat larger than the males. ud { the Bats of Californ ynopsis o A & Grinnell 1918} MEASUREMENTS IN MILLIMETERS OF TWENTY-ONE ADULT EXAMPLES OF EPTESICUS FUSCUS (PEALE Mus. no. 1864 5173 5177 5179 5176 5141 20813 18499 8904 11840 2246 6688 6697 6942 5144 10697 14649 18498 20814 11841 11842 ive} o * +0 +0 +0 40 40 40 40 1010 1010 E,0Q,Q QQ Q0Q,Q AQ Locality Kenworthy, San Jacinto Mts. S. Fork Santa Ana River, San Bernar- dino Mts. Cushenbury Springs, San Bernardino Mts. Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts. Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts. Mt. Pinos, 6500 ft., Ventura Co. 1 mi. west Guerneville, Sonoma Co. Rumsey, Yolo Co. Sherwood, Mendocino Co. Eureka, Humboldt Co. Hemet Lake, San Jacinto Mts. Arroyo Seco, near Pasadena Arroyo Seco, near Pasadena Arroyo Seco, near Pasadena Fort Tejon, Kern Co. Pilot Knob, Colorado River Raymond, Madera Co. Mill Creck, 2 mi. N.E. Tehama, Tehama Co. 1 mi. west Guerneville, Sonoma Co. Eureka, Humboldt Co. Yureka, Humboldt Co. 108.0 111.0 112.0 107.0 110.0 112.0 124.0 112.0 112.0 119.0 110.0 118.0 116.0 119.0 107.0 116.0 119.0 120.0 122.0 120.0 vertebrae i Daal 44.0 38.0 47.0 45.0 46.0 44.0 52.0 45.0 50.0 48.0 43.0 45.0 47.0 45.0 44.0 48.0 46.0 49.0 53.0 49.0 reatest length of cranium uo G SS _ 17.8 18.4 18.8 18.0 18.5 18.9 19.1 19.2 19.5 19.0 19.0 18.8 19.4 18.8 18.3 19.2 19.2 19.8 20.4 20.0 Zygomatic breadth 11.8 Breadth of brain-case oO bo 9.5 9.4 9.3 9.4 9.4 10.4 10.0 9.8 MY) 10.0 9.5 10.0 10.1 10.0 9.6 OFT 10.1 10.2 10.2 10.2 AND BEAUVOIS), FROM CALIFORNIA + Interorbital < constriction f=) 4.7 4.6 318 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 Synonymy and History—The brown bat was described by Peale and Beauvois (1796, p. 14) under the name Vespertila (perhaps mis- print for Vespertilio) fuscus from material collected at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Eptesicus fuscus bernardinus was described by Rhoads (1901, p. 619) from a single specimen taken near San Bernardino, California. ‘ This individual is described as ‘‘pallid bistre above, brownish drab below; .. . wing membranes and ears in bernardinus very dark.”’ Eptesicus fuscus melanopterus was described by Rehn (in Stone, 19046, pp. 590-591) from five specimens obtained at Mount Tallac, “‘above rather dark cinnamon, lightest on the top of the head and at the shoulders. Under surface reddish wood brown. Membranes and face deep Eldorado County, California. The color is given as blackish.’’ As explained beyond, under General Remarks, the latter two names had best be kept in synonymy until better reasons have been brought forward than have so far been advanced for the recognition of more than one subspecies within the state. Distribution.—The range of this species extends over the whole of the United States and into British Columbia (Miller, 1897), p. 96). In California it oeeurs chiefly in the Upper Sonoran and Transition zones, where it has been found practically throughout the state. (See map, text-fig. Q.). Specimens Examined.—The writer has examined 278 specimens of the large brown bat from the following localities in California: Siskiyou County: Kangaroo Creek, 3; Mt. Shasta, 6 (U. 8. Nation. Mus., 3; Mus. Vert. Zool., 3); Shasta County: near Baird Station, 4 (Mus. Vert. Zool., 1; U. C. Dept. Zool., 3); Potter Creek Cave, 2 (U. C. Dept. Zool.) ; Humboldt County: Eureka, 8; Mendocino County: Sherwood, 2; Covelo, 1; Mt. Sanhedrin, 2 (Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.) ; Tehama County: Mill Creek, 1; Yolo County: Rumsey, 1; Sacramento County: Folsom, 1 (Mus. Comp. Zool.) ; Colusa County : Snow Mountain, 1 (Stanford Univ.) ; Nevada County: Nevada City, 6 (U. S. Biol. Surv.) ; Placer County: Colfax, 8 (Stanford Univ.) ; Eldorado County: Mt. Tallae, 5 (Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.) ; Fyffe, 13; Limekiln, 6; Echo, 1 (Stanford Univ.); Placerville, 3 (Stanford Univ.) ; Fallen Leaf Lake, 1; Sonoma County: Cloverdale, 1 (U. 8. Nation. Mus.) ; Cazadero, 1; Guerneville, 3; Marin County: Nieasio, 24 (U. S. Nation. Mus.); Alameda County: Sunol, 1 (U. S. Biol. Surv.) ; Niles Canon, 2 (Calif. Acad. Sei.) ; San Mateo County: Pes- 1918 | Grinnell: A Synopsis of the Bats of California 319 eadero Creek, 3; Santa Clara County: Mountain View, 1 (Stanford Univ.) ; Monterey County: Monterey, 5; Pacific Grove; 1 (Stanford Univ.) ; Mariposa County: Yosemite Valley, 7 (U.S. Nation. Mus., 3; Mus. Vert. Zool., 4) ; Mereed Lake, 7; Madera County: Raymond, 1; So G ep ! @ EPTESICUS FUSCUS oe DISTRIBUTION MAP MUSEUM OF VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, g. Q. Map showing stations of occurrence in California of Eptesicus fuscus, as SE oined by specimens examined by the author. This species is most wide- ranging of all Californian bats. Tulare County: Little Kern River, 3 (U.S. Biol. Surv.) ; Whitney Meadows, 1; Taylor Meadow, 1; Trout Creek, 6; Kern County: Posa Creek, 2 (U. 8. Nation. Mus.) ; head of Kelso Valley, 1; Fay Creek, 2; Kernville, 1 (U. S. Biol. Surv.) ; Walker Basin, 4 (U.S. Biol. Surv.) ; Kern Lakes, 1 (U. 8. Biol. Surv.) ; Tehachapi, 1 (U. S. Biol. Surv.) ; 320 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 Fort Tejon, 3; Ventura County: Mount Pinos, 3; San Bernardino County: Providence Mountains, 2 (U. S. Biol. Surv.) ; San Bernar- dino Valley, 1 (Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.) ; San Bernardino Mountains, 31; Los Angeles County: near Pasadena, 14; west fork of San Gabriel River, 1; Orange County: Trabuco Canon, 1; Riverside County: Riverside, 1 (Stanford Univ.); San Jacinto, 32 (Stanford Univ.) ; San Jacinto Mountains, 10; San Diego County: Escondido, 2; Foster, 1; Cuyamaca Mountains, 6; San Felipe Canon, 2; Julian, 5; Pine Valley, 4 (U. S. Nation. Mus.) ; Dulzura, 2 (U. S. Nation. Mus.) ; Imperial County: Colorado River near Pilot Knob, 1; Palo Verde, 1. Natural History. J. Grinnell (1908, p. 159) reports the brown bat to have been the most common and generally distributed bat in the San Bernardino Mountains in the summers of 1905, 1906, and 1907. It came out early in the evening, often soon after sundown, and proved easy to secure by shooting. Specimens taken in August were excessively fat. At Guerneville, Sonoma County, where three specimens were secured in the summer of 1913, these bats were invariably seen flying slowly and steadily high over the canon bed, whereas the hoary bats flew low over the meadows, and the little California bats zigzagged in and out close about the tops of the young redwood growth. The large size and slow, steady flight of this bat render it comparatively easy to secure by shooting; hence the abundance of specimens in collections misrepresents its actual relative abundance among the various species of bats in the wild. Bailey (1905, p. 211), when recording the large brown bat from Texas, states that he found two lower jaws of this bat, among numer- ous other bones, in pellets under the nest of a great horned owl. Three females in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, each con- taining a single embryo, were secured on the following dates: April 22, June 10, and June 25. Adult females secured by Dixon at Fyffe, Eldorado County, between July 19 and 31, were considered by him (MS) as having ceased to nurse their young. General Remarks——An examination of a series of 278 specimens of the large brown bat, taken in California, shows the probable exist- ence of two or even three races within the state. Specimens from the humid coast belt of northwestern California average very much darker than a series from the southeastern part of the state; yet individual variation is so great that until a much larger series of specimens becomes available for comparison it is impossible to define 1918] Grinnell: A Synopsis of the Bats of California 821 limits of range satisfactorily. For example, five specimens of EH ptesi- cus fuscus in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, selected because of their close resemblance in color (bright buffy brown above, pale avellaneous beneath) were found to have come from the following widely separated localities: No. 2778, Julian, San Diego County; no. 6959, San Bernardino Mountains, San Bernardino County; no. 5145, near Pasadena, Los Angeles County; no. 5141, Mt. Pinos, Ventura County; no. 3286, Mt. Shasta, Siskiyou County. In the original description of EF. f. bernardinus (from a single specimen taken in the ‘‘San Bernardino Valley’’), Rhoads (1901, p- 619) remarks that ‘‘a series of four specimens from the same collector taken in the ‘San Bernardino Mts.’ in September, 1893, shows that the mountain form is inseparable from fuscus; one of these, however, is a perfect intergrade.”’ I have examined Rhoads’ type (no. 8247, ¢, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.) and find it well within the range of individual variation of specimens from the San Bernar- dino Mountains, and darker than the two specimens at hand from the Colorado River. J. Grinnell (1908, p. 159) comments as follows upon a series of skins of the large brown bat taken in the San Bernardino Mountains: The series of thirty skins secured shows much variation in depth of color. Some are very light-colored, and these agree with Rhoads’ subspecies bernardinus. But others are as dark as the darkest I have seen from elsewhere in central and southern California, so that I cannot perceive the existence of a race bernardinus if it is to be based on color characters alone; unless it be that all California examples differ from the eastern animal. Grinnell and Swarth (1913, p. 382) remark concerning a series of nine large brown bats taken in the San Jacinto Mountains: ‘‘The specimens taken show much variation in color, and the remarks made in regard to a series from the San Bernardino Mountains apply here.’’ J. Grinnell (1914, p. 268) says of a single example of Eptesicus fuscus taken by the Colorado River expedition on the California side of the river near Pilot Knob: The specimen secured (no. 10697) is an adult female. It appears to differ in small size and extreme paleness from the average of the species from California. It about equals in the latter respect the palest out of a series of ninety brown bats from the Pacific slope of California. The color dorsally is uniform isabella color, ventrally pale wood brown. Measurements: length 107 mm., tail vertebrae 44, foot 9, forearm 42.5, longest finger 72, ear (dry) 12. The skull, too, is appreciably small. A general inspection of the Museum’s series of this species from California points towards the existence within the state of at least three geographic races 322 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 based on size and depth of color. But so much of the total area is unrepresented by specimens that systematic analysis at this time seems inadvisable. Stone (1904a, p. 579) says of two specimens, male and female, of Eptesicus fuscus taken at Mount Sanhedrin, California: ‘‘These speci- mens are identical with topotypes of HZ. fuscus from Philadelphia.”’ Rehn (in Stone, 1904b, p. 590) states that H. f. melanopterus which he describes from Mount Tallae .is no doubt closest related to f. osceola than any of the form[s] of fuscus. The original series of the former has been examined in this connection, and the differential characters were drawn from it. The relationship with true fuscus is not so close as an examination of a series of thirty specimens from, or within a radius of, twenty miles of the type locality shows. No close relationship exists with E. f. bernardinus Rhoads, which is a very pale type quite different from any of the forms here considered. I have examined the type and four paratypes of EF. f. melanop- terus, which are in the Academy of Sciences of Philadelphia, and find them very nearly uniform in coloration with, and well within the range of individual color variation in, series of specimens from else- where in the United States and Canada. As Rehn states (loc. cit.), the skull is identical with that of the typical form. Taking all the above testimony into consideration I feel that the subspecifie splitting of Hptesicus fuscus in California is a difficult problem, and one which should not be undertaken until abundant material is available for comparison, from elsewhere in the United States and from the adjoining provinces of Canada and Mexico. Genus Nycteris Borkhausen This genus ranges from Central America north to the limits of tree growth in northern North Ameriea. It occurs also on the Greater Antilles, and on the Bahama; Galapagos and Hawaiian islands (Mil- ler, 1907, p. 221). Two distinet species are known to occur north of Panama, one of which is divisible into at least five geographic races. 2 lll a ‘1 ee 3-3 Characters—Dental formula: 1 303" 1 PMo-9> Mg79 = 82. Upper incisors only two, short and ee ge oa converging at tips; height from cingulum to tip of crown less than twice greatest diameter. of tooth. Lower incisors all closely alike, the shafts being widely separated and columnar in form; crowns abruptly widened, being at their bases twice width of shafts; crowns trilobed and imbri- cated; outer pair of lower incisors closely crowded against bases of canines. Canines well developed, the upper slightly the larger. 1918] Grinnell: A Synopsis of the Bats of California 323 Anterior upper premolar minute, and crowded into inner angle be- tween canine and large second premolar. First lower premolar scarcely half height of second. Cusps of lower molars more devel- oped than those of upper molars. Skull short and broad, greatest width at least two-thirds its length. Rostrum about two-thirds length of brain-case, and sloping abruptly downward from it anteriorly. (See pl. 23, figs. 49, 51; pl. 24, figs. 57, 59.) Auditory bullae greater in diameter than space between them. Zygomatiec arches not expanded. Ear short and rounded; when laid forward reaching barely to mouth. Fifth finger much shorter than third, the difference between them about equaling length of thumb. Interfemoral membrane very large; most of its upper surface furred; length of tail vertebrae exceeding that of forearm. Mammae four. Nycteris borealis teliotis (11. Allen) Western Red Bat Lasiurus noveboracensis, H. Allen (1864, pp. 15-20, figs. 13-17), part. Description; general distribution. Lasiurus noveboracensis, Cooper (1868, p. 5). Distribution. Lasiurus noveboracensis, Cooper (in Cronise, 1868, p. 442). Occurrence in California. Atalapha teliotis H. Allen (1891, pp. 5-7). Original description of the subspecies found in California; precise type locality unknown. Atalapha noveboracensis, Bryant (1891a, p. 358). Nominal. Atalapha teliotis, Bryant (1891b, p. 113). Nominal. Atalapha teliotis, Bryant (1892, p. 219). Nominal. Atalapha teliotis, H. Allen (1894, pp. 153-155, pls. 27-28). Description. Lasiurus borealis teliotis, Miller (1897b, pp. 110-111, figs. 29-30). De- scription; general distribution. Lasiurus borealis teliotis, Elliot (1901, p. 415). Diagnosis; general dis- tribution. Lasiurus borealis teliotis, Miller and Rehn (1901, p. 262). Type locality (California). Lasiurus borealis teliotis, Rehn (in Stone, 1904b, p. 591). Record of capture at Linden, San Joaquin County, June 2, 1898. Lasiurus borealis teliotis, Elliot (1904b, pp. 593-594). Distribution; diagnosis. Lasiurus borealis teliotis, Elliot (1905, p. 486). Distribution. Lasiurus borealis teliotis, Stephens (1906, p. 271, 1 fig. in text). Deserip- tion; distribution. Lasiurus borealis teliotis, Elliot (1907, p. 513). Reeord of specimen taken at Monterey. Lasiurus borealis teliotis, Lyon and Osgood (1909, p. 277). Nature and location of type. Lasiurus borealis teliotis, Seton (1909, p. 1185). Map showing record stations and hypothetical range. Nycteris borealis teliotis, Miller (1912, p. 64). General range. Nycteris borealis teliotis, J. Grinnell (1913b, p. 280). Range in Cali- fornia. 324 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 Diagnosis —Size medium (forearm 34 to 41.8 millimeters long) ; whole dorsal surface of interfemoral membrane furred; color ranging from rufous red or fawn to yellowish gray, some of the hairs tipped with whitish. Description: Head.—Muzzle short and broad; nostrils directed outward and downward, apertures in an alcoholic specimen 2 milli- meters apart. Eye small and inconspicuous. A glandular swelling on each side of head between nostril and eye. In an alcoholic speci- men the ears when laid forward reach barely to the mouth. Anterior border of ear strongly but irregularly convex from free point of anterior basal lobe to tip; through this portion of its periphery it forms almost a semicircle. Posterior border of ear concave from tip to one-third distance to posterior basal lobe, and convex on remaining two-thirds. Tragus slightly more than half height of ear, and tri- angular in general outline with tip directed forwards. Limbs and Membranes——Wing attached at base of toes. Foot less than half leneth of tibia; claws stronely curved. Calear slender, about twice as long as foot and considerably shorter than free border of interfemoral membrane; not lobed at tip in the specimens at hand. Tail unusually long (5 to 15 millimeters longer than forearm) and enclosed to extreme tip in interfemoral membrane (pl. 18, fig. 14). Pelage.—¥ ur everywhere full and soft; longest on dorsal surface between shoulders, where the maximum length is about 10 millimeters. Ear furred only on basal two-thirds of its dorsal surface; ventral surface of ear scantily haired along borders; otherwise naked. Fur on dorsal surface of wing continuous with that on body to a line running from ankle jomt to about middle of humerus; otherwise naked save for three small patches of hair, the first lying at base of thumb, the second extending along both sides of basal third of fifth metacarpal, and the third occupying anterior angle formed by junction of radius and humerus; ventral surface of wing membrane furred from just behind anterior border to a line extending from knee joint to basal third of third metacarpal. The fur constituting this strip is thicker and longer at the base of the fifth metacarpal than elsewhere. Whole dorsal surface of interfemoral membrane furred; but its ventral surface furred only at extreme base. Dorsal surface of toes furred. Color.—Hairs black at bases, except on face, chin, and membranes. In general, hairs on face and chin are yellowish, tipped with rufous. Hairs on back black for 1.5 millimeters from base; sueceeding 7 milli- meters pale yellowish; distal to this a rufous band about 1 millimeter wide, followed by an ashy tip of 0.5 millimeter. Ashy tips often lacking on posterior portion of back, as also on dorsal surface of inter- femoral membrane. On the latter area the black at bases of the hairs may also be wanting. IT am informed by Messrs. Miller and Hollister of the United States National Museum that in the eastern red bat the males are, on the average, brighter colored than the females, it being possible in most specimens to determine the sex by color alone. I find that this does not hold true with our western subspecies. McAtee (1907, p. 8) men- tions the resemblance of an individual of the eastern red bat to a withered leaf caught among the twigs of a tree. This suggests a protective value for the reddish brown color of our species. nia 325 f the Bats of Califor : A Synopsis o Grinnell 1918] MEASUREMENTS IN MILLIMETERS OF ELEVEN Mus. no. 3277 4048 4049 4674 5146 6958 18794 16598 16670 21438 24327 Sex +0 +0 +0 +0 Og Og A OY AA OG OW Locality Berkeley, Alameda Co. Westley, Stanislaus Co. Westley, Stanislaus Co. Napa, Napa Co. Pasadena, Los Angeles Co. Glendora, Los Angeles Co. Escondido, San Diego Co. Live Oak, Sutter Co. Cuyama Valley, San Luis Obispo Fresno, Fresno Co. Fresno, Fresno Co. Specimens or NYCTERIS BOREALIS TELIOTIS (H. ALLEN), FROM CALIFORNIA Co. 106.0 99.0 105.0 109.0 111.0 110.0 vertebrae Tail eranium ygomatic breadth a) wo OZ cS) re) “ Breadth of NNAN om NO © bprain-case a fo) 7.5 7.5 7.7 7.5 8.0 = Interorbital constriction hes ee obra SRO n 4.5 4.3 326 Umiversity of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.17 Skull—As described for the genus. May always be distinguished from that of Nycteris cinerea, by its decidedly smaller size (pl. 23, fig. 51, and pl. 24, fig. 59). The average skull length of the examples of cinerea in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology is 17.5 millimeters, while that of the series of teliotis is but 12.5 millimeters. Measurements.—Average and extreme measurements in milli- meters of a series of 11 specimens in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology are as follows: Total length, 104.5 (extremes, 98.0-111.0) ; tail vertebrae, 50.5 (42.0-60.0); tibia, 18.5 (17.0-19.7); foot, 8.5 (6.0-11.0) ; forearm, 38.7 (34.0-41.3) ; greatest length of skull, 12.5 (12.0-13.1). Synonymy and History—This bat was described by H. Allen (1891, pp. 5-7) under the name Atalapha teliotis. The description was based on a poor specimen without data, but presumably taken in southern California. This type is now number 84555, in the United States National Museum (Lyon and Osgood, 1909, p. 277). Distribution—The general range of Nycteris borealis teliotis is given by Miller (1912, p. 64) as follows: ‘‘From the head of Sacra- mento Valley, California, south to Comondu, Lower California.’’ J. Grinnell (19130, p. 280) gives the California range in winter and spring as Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, from Sutter County southwards, and throughout the San Diegan district. (See map, text-fig. R.) A study of the dates of capture of California red bats leads the present writer to infer that the sexes separate during the summer months, the females remaining in the Lower Sonoran zone, while the males migrate into the Upper Sonoran and Transition zones. Among certain species of birds the males withdraw from the breeding grounds in early summer and forage elsewhere, often at higher elevations. Their departure relieves congestion in the nesting area and leaves a greater food-supply for the females and young. A study of the summer distribution of red bats in California leads one to believe that a similar habit exists among these vertebrates also. Of the red bats listed, with dates of capture, in the accompany- ing table, the nineteen adult females taken between April 15 and August 1 are all recorded from the Lower Sonoran zone; whereas of the four adult males taken during the same time of the year three are from the Transition zone and the fourth from the Upper Sonoran. All winter records of red bats, of both sexes, are from the two Sonoran zones. : Specimens Examined.—The writer has examined 56 examples of this bat from California. Since the seasonal movements of the Cali- fornia red bat have not been fully worked out, it seems pertinent to 1918] Grinnell: A Synopsis of the Bats of California 327 give here the date as well as locality of capture of each specimen. The entire list appears on an accompanying table. Natural History —The western red bat is a solitary, tree-dwelling species. It spends its days hanging in foliage. Stephens (1906, nN OAPAN i Pk pri Eek) @ NYCTERIS BOREALIS TELIOTIS & NYCTERIS CINEREA DISTRIBUTION MAP MUSEUM OF VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNLA, Fig. R. Map showing stations of occurrence in California of Nycteris borealis teliotis and Nycteris cinerea, as established by specimens examined by the author. p. 271) states that all that he has seen were found in spring or summer hanging in fruit trees in orchards. One of the western red bats in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology (no. 18794) was found hanging among the evergreen leaves of an orange tree near Escondido, San Diego County, October 8, 1912. 328 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou. 17 TaBLeE SHow1ne Locavities (ARRANGED FROM NorTH TO SoUTH) AND DATES OF CAPTURE OF NYCTERIS BOREALIS TELIOTIS (H. ALLEN) IN CALIFORNIA No Sex 65375 Biol. Surv. dad. 23897 16599 16600 16598 4674 6974 Amer. Mus. 11675 Phila. Acad. 24176 24177 24178 24179 3277 132344 Biol. Surv. 23898 U. C. Dept. Zool. 105250 Nat. Mus. Stanford Univ. Stanford Univ. Stanford Univ. Stanford Univ. Stanford Univ. Stanford Uniy. Stanford Uniy. 4048 4049 21438 21514 21515 21516 21902 21903 21904 21905 21906 21907 21908 21909 21910 21911 21912 21913 21914 g 9 ad. 9 ad. ad. od ad. dad. @ ad. 9 juv. J ad. ° ad. Jo ad. dad. dad. dad. dad. dad. @ ad. © ad. © ad. ° ad. ° ad. © ad. ° ad. 9 ad. ? ad. ° ad. 3 juv. of juv. 3 juv. 9 ad. 3 juv. 3 juv. 3 juv. Locality Tehama Co.: Tehama Mendocino Co.: near Laytonville Yuba Co.: Hammonton Yuba Co.: Hammonton Sutter Co.: Live Oak Napa Co.: Napa Marin Co.: Nicasio San Joaquin Co,: Linden San Joaquin Co.: Stockton San Joaquin Co.: Stockton - San Joaquin Co.: Stockton San Joaquin Co.: Stockton Alameda Co.: Berkeley Alameda Co.: Haywards Alameda Co.: Berkeley Alameda Co.: Berkeley San Mateo Co.: Colma Santa Clara Co.: Palo Alto Santa Clara Co.: Palo Alto Santa Clara Co.: Stanford University Santa Clara Co.: University Santa Clara Co.: University Stanford Stanford Santa Clara Co.: Palo Alto Santa Clara Co.: San Jose Stanislaus Co.: Westley Stanislaus Co.: Westley Fresno Co.: Fresno Fresno Co.: Fresno Fresno Co.: Fresno Fresno Co.: Fresno Fresno Co.: Fresno Fresno Co.: Fresno Fresno Co.: Fresno Fresno Co.: Fresno Fresno Co.: Fresno Fresno Co.: Fresno Fresno Co.: Fresno Fresno Co.: Fresno Fresno Co.: Fresno Fresno Co.: Fresno Fresno Co.: Fresno Fresno Co.: Fresno Fresno Co.: Fresno Date May 14, 1894 Apr. 2,1916 . 15, 1912 3, 1912 15, 1908 26, 1891 2, 1898 12, 1915 12, 1915 12, 1915 12, 1915 22, 1903 . 28, 1904 8, 1916 Oct. Aug. June July July July July 17, 1898 . 27,1900 7, 1893 12, 1910 1893 Jan. Sept., Sept., 1893 May 10, 1900 Oct. Feb., Feb. Feb. Apr. May May May May May May May May June June June June June June June June 3, 1893 1897 12, 1909 23, 1909 3, 1915 21, 1915 21, 1915 21,1915 28, 1915 28, 1915 28, 1915 28, 1915 28, 1915 23, 1915 23, 1915 23, 1915 23, 1915 23, 1915 23, 1915 23, 1915 23, 1915 . 15,1912" Collector C. P. Streator F. C. Clarke Mrs. F. H. Holden Mrs. F. H. Holden Mrs. F. H. Holden Mrs. F. H. Holden A. S. Bunnell W. O. Emerson Mrs. J. L. Schlis- inger Miss Reed . Hornung . G. Buxton . O. Snyder . M. Stowell SUAS J. M. Stowell O. Jenkins W. W. Price A. W. Greely . Brookey . Brookey Borell Borell Borell Borell and R. and R. and R. and R. and R. Borell Borell Borell Borell Borell Borell . Borell . Borell Borell Borell Borell Borell Borell HHH EPR Grinnell: A Synopsis of the Bats of California 1918] 329 No. Sex Locality Date Collector 31177 Biol. Surv. gad. Tulare Co.: Three Rivers Sept. 16,1891 A. K. Fisher 16670 Q ad. San Luis Obispo Co.: Apr. 22,1912 J. Grinnell Cuyama Valley 54602 Biol. Surv. Santa Barbara Co.: May 20,1893 H.K. Chamberlain Santa Barbara 30729 Biol. Surv. @Qad. Kern Co.: Bakersfield July 17,1891 V. Bailey 6958 gad. Los Angeles Co.: Glendora Dec. 10,1903 W. 8. Wood 187714 Nat. Mus. dad. Los Angeles Co.: Alhambra Dec. 28,1880 E. C. Thurber Coll. F. Stephens @ ad. San Bernardino Co.: May 15,1903 F. Stephens Warren’s Ranch Stanford Univ. gad. Riverside Co.: San Jacinto Noy. 15,1893 E. Hyatt 18794 dad. San Diego Co.: Escondido Oct. 8,1912 J. Dixon 2515 Coll. F. dad. San Diego Co.: Witch May 25,1895 F. Stephens Stephens Creek 62870 Nat. Mus. San Diego Co.: Witch June 19,1895 A. W. Anthony Creek 716 Coll. F. Gad. San Diego Co.: Santa Aug. 15,1896 EF. Stephens Stephens Ysabel 60533 Nat.Mus. dad. San Diego Co.: Santa June 15,1892 F. Stephens Ysabel Another (no. 6958) was found hanging in an orange tree at Glendora, Los Angeles County, December 10, 1903. The female red bat (no. 21488) secured by Adrey Borell at Fresno, April 3, was found hang- ing in a mulberry tree in company with ‘‘many’’ more of its kind and one hoary bat, which was also captured. In some portions of its general range the red bat is migratory, while in others it is said to hibernate in vast numbers in caves. The latter report needs to be verified. This subject is treated more fully under the heading Migration, on page 282. In most bats the number of mammae is two, but in the bats of the genus Nycteris the number is four. This fact might lead to the inference that in this genus there is a greater number of young than in other genera. Observations made by Lyon (1903, pp. 425-426) and Ward (1905, p. 20) establish the fact that as many as four young oceur at a single birth. Lyon records the capture at Washington, D. C., of a female eastern red bat weighing 11 grams. Clinging to her nipples were four young whose combined weights were 12.7 grams. Combining his own information with that given by Lyon, Ward gives the following summary of observations upon the number of young clinging to, or embryos found in, adult females of the genus Nycteris: two with one, two with two, three with three, two with four. 330 University of California Publications in Zoology (|Vou.17 Among the female western red bats in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology are five which contained embryos, and three captured with young. Of the former, four contained three embryos each and the fifth, two. Each of the three mothers had three young clinging to -her. Two of the mothers were found in adjoining peach trees at Fresno, June 23, 1915. Of these two, no. 21907, when discovered, had three small naked young clinging to her, all males; the young clinging to no. 21911 were also all males, but were twice the size of the individuals in the other family. The third mother, no. 24179, was found at Stockton, on July 12, 1915. The bat was clinging to the trunk of a tree one and one-half feet above the ground, with her young attached. Her weight was 12.4 grams and the weights of her three half-grown young were: two males, 6.5 each; one female, 6.4; total, 19.4 grams. (See pl. 18, fig. 18.) Nycteris cinerea (Peale and Beauvois) Hoary Bat Vespertilio cinereus Peale and Beauvois (1796, p. 15). Original deserip- tion; type locality, Pennsylvania. ‘Lasiurus cinereus, H. Allen (1864, pp. 21-24, figs. 18-20). Description; specimens recorded from Petaluma and Monterey. Lasiurus cinereus, Cooper (1868, p. 5). Distribution. L{asiurus]. cinereus, Cooper (in Cronise, 1868, p. 442). Occurrence in California. Atalapha cinerea, Dobson (1878, pp. 272-274). Description; specimen listed from Monterey. Atalapha cinerea, Bryant (1891a, p. 358). Nominal. Atalapha cinerea, H. Allen (1894, pp. 155-162, pls. 29-31). Description. Lasiurus cinereus, Miller (1897b, pp. 112-115, figs. 31-82, pl. 3, fig. 4). Description; distribution; lists several California localities. Lasiurus cinereus, Elliot (1901, p. 413). Diagnosis; general distribution. Lasiurus cinereus, Stone (1904b, p. 587). Record of occurrence at Berke- ley. Lasiurus cinereus, Elliot (1904b, p. 595, fig. 88). Diagnosis; general dis- tribution. ; Lasiwrus cinereus, Stephens (1906, p. 272). Deseription; distribution ; habits. Lasiurus cinereus, Elliot (1907, pp. 513-514). Record of specimen taken at Nicasio. Lasiurus cinereus, Seton (1909, p. 1193). Map showing record stations and hypothetical range. Nycteris cinerea, Miller (1912, p. 64). General range. Nycteris cinerea, J. Grinnell (1913), p. 280). Range in California. Diagnosis—Size large (forearm 49 to 56.6 millimeters long) : whole dorsal surface of interfemoral membrane furred; color, yellow- ish brown, conspicuously tipped with silvery white. 1918 | Grinnell: A Synopsis of the Bats of California 331 Description: Head.—Muzzle broad; greatest width of rostrum about one-half entire length of head (pl. 16, fig. 8). Nostrils direeted obliquely outward and slightly downward, and their rims widely diverging, tumid; space between them concave and, in dried skins, their openings more than 3 millimeters apart. Ear short, about 18 millimeters in height from meatus, and broad, only 1 millimeter less wide than high; external basal lobe about size of tragus and not notched on its anterior border; tragus somewhat triangular in outline and about half height of ear from crown. LTimbs and Membranes—Wings unusually lone (extent almost three times total length of body) and narrow; third metacarpal ex- ceeding fifth by at least length of thumb (pl. 16, fig. 7). Wings and interfemoral membranes attached at bases of toes. Tip of tail in- eluded in interfemoral membrane; tail unusually long, length of caudal vertebrae exceeding that of forearm by from 4 to 11 milli- meters. Pelage.—F ur similar to that of red bat, everywhere full and soft, and longest on dorsal surface between shoulders, where from 10 to 12 millimeters in length. Outer side of ear furred on lower half; a strip of hair near anterior edge of ventral surface of ear; a squarish patch of hairs on ventral surface of ear in front of apex; basal lobe furred on outside. Tragus scantily haired on outer surface. Dorsal surface of wings furred as follows: a line of fur, continuous with that of body and of dorsal surface of interfemoral membrane, extends from ankle along surface of wing to anterior edge of antebrachial membrane opposite middle of humerus (pl. 17, fig. 10); along each side of radius is a scanty growth of short hairs, averaging less than 1 millimeter in length, except for oblong patch of longer and denser fur on proximal fifth of forearm on edge nearest body. Another pateh of fur les at the proximal end of the fifth metacarpal; from this a scanty line of hairs extends along sides of metacarpal for one- third its length. A third patch of fur lies at base of thumb. On ventral surface of wing a line of fur continuous with that of body extends from knee joint to distal end of radius, where it fills the angles between the finger joints and extends outwardly along inner edge of third metacarpal for two-thirds its length. Ventral surface of antebrachial membrane furred except at its anterior edge. Dorsal surface of interfemoral membrane entirely furred, as also the dorsal surfaces of the toes. Color.—Dorsal surface of rostrum, all hairs on ears, a band about 8 millimeters wide extending across throat and uniting ears, and fur on under surface of wings, near naples yellow; fur on wings nearest body, with brownish base. Sides of muzzle, rims of ears, and chin, blackish brown. Hairs on whole back and dorsal surface of tail seal brown for about 2 millimeters at bases, then light buff for another 2 or 3 millimeters, followed by seal brown for about 1.5 millimeters, and terminated by a white tipping on the distal end of each. Bands of buff are missing from hairs on dorsal surface of tail. On ventral surface of body a ruff of hairs, similar to those on back, encircles throat just posterior to the band of naples yellow. Posterior to this the hairs have bases of light seal brown, and tips of light buff. On the dorsal surface of the wing the three small patches of fur (2 millimeters in diameter) are pale buff in color. 332 University of California Publications in Zoology {|Vou.17 Wing membranes nearest chaetura black, except area on dorsal surface directly above furred portion of ventral surface, which is light cinnamon brown; specklings of this color extend out onto the darker portions of membranes. According to Miller (1897), p. 113) the color variation, although considerable, is never enough to obscure the characters of the species and appears to be wholly independent of locality, certain skins from such widely separated regions as Minnesota and southern California being practically indistinguishable. Skull—sSimilar to that of Nycteris borealis teliotis but larger (pl. 28, fig. 49, and pl. 24, fig. 57). In N. b. teliotis the skull length varies from 12 to 13.1 millimeters, while in N. cinerea it is from 16.9 to 18.5 millimeters. Measurements—Average and extreme measurements in milli- meters of a series of 14 skins in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology are as follows: Total length, 135.1 (extremes 128.0-146.0) ; tail verte- brae, 57.7 (51.0—-62.0) ; tibia, 20.4 (19.0-22.5) ; foot, 11.1 (10.0-12.0) ; forearm, 51.8 (49.0-56.6) ; greatest leneth of skull 17.5 (16.9-18.5). Synonymy and History—The hoary bat was first deseribed by Peale and Beauvois (1796, p. 15) from a specimen secured in Penn- sylvania, probably near Philadelphia. Distribution—The general range of this bat is given by Miller (1912, p. 64) as extending throughout ‘‘boreal North America from the Atlantic to the Pacific, breeding within the Boreal Zone, but in autumn and winter migrating at least to the southern border of the United States.’’ The range in California in winter and spring comprises the valleys of west-central and southern California, south through the San Diegan district; in summer probably the Transition and Boreal zones. (See map, text-fig. R.) The accompanying table shows very few strictly summer records of the hoary bat in California. It is possible that many of the indi- viduals wintering here come from breeding areas north of this state. A discussion of the migration of this bat is given in the present paper under the heading Migration, on page 232. Specimens Examined.—The writer has examined 55 examples of the hoary bat from California. Since the seasonal movements of this species are not fully known the writer has included in the accompany- ing table the dates of capture as well as the localities from which specimens have been secured. Natural History.—Several hoary bats have been found hanging in the thick foliage of orange trees in southern California in the winter. On April 17, 1904, H. 8. Swarth discovered one clinging to a branch of an oak tree, looking like some huge gall. Stephens found the species in the redwoods of Mendocino County in May. He records 3 € e € 3 e 3 ub f the Bats of Californ A Synopsis o Grinnell 1918] MEASUREMENTS IN MILLIMETERS OF FOURTEEN SPECIMENS OF NYCTERIS CINEREA (PEALE AND BEAUVOIS), FROM CALIFORNIA aannaaara#araanaandan Interorbital 2 “ 2 38 no. Sex Locality (=fs' Baia ry = £ ein Se a7 5147 3 Nordhoff, Ventura Co. 130.0 57.0 19.6 11.0 51.0 17.4 12.6 10.2 6944 fof Glendora, Los Angeles Co. 135.0 59.0 19.0 10.0 52.2 17.2 12.0 10.0 9467 Jb Los Angeles, Los Angeles Co. 140.0 HYsHO! Sees 11.0 54.0 18.5 13.2 11.0 14650 3 Raymond, Madera Co. 128.0 51.0 19.0 11.0 50.0 17.3 12.4 10.0 14651 3 Raymond, Madera Co. 130.0 55.0 21.6 11.0 51.0 17.4 12.3 10.1 14652 fof Raymond, Madera Co. 137.0 57.0 22.5 11.0 5010 ee 12.8 10.3 20778 Jb Berkeley, Alameda Co. 140.0 G220ge 12. 51.3 17.4 12.3 10.1 21311 fed Berkeley, Alameda Co. 129.0 58.0 11.5 BURBI) E arae. 9 peetese uae | ees 20815 Jb 1 mi. west Guerneville, Sonoma Co. 131.0 610 geeess 12.0 51.5 17.2 12.6 10.0 3581 2 Monterey, Monterey Co. z 145.0 59.0 21.0 12.0 56.6 aRBs}s eee 10.0 21439 g Fresno, Fresno Co. 132.0 59.0 20.7 11.0 49.0 17.9 13.0 10.3 6945 2 San Fernando Valley, Los Angeles Co. 131.0 58.0 20.0 11.0 50.4 16.9 12.1 10.1 5148 2 Pasadena, Los Angeles Co. 138.0 58.0 20.2 10.0 51.5 17.8 12.7 10.3 5083 2 Dinuba, Tulare Co. 146.0 Gil Oe 12.0 55.5 17.8 12.3 10.3 constriction wHwt tH & fb hw Ob PP 334 University of California Publications in Zoology TaBLE SHOWING LOCALITIES (ARRANGED FROM NortTH TO SOUTH) AND DATES oF CAPTURE OF NYCTERIS CINEREA (PEALE AND BEAUVOIS) IN CALIFORNIA No. 16651 Biol. Surv. 98095 Biol. Surv. 711 Stanford Univ. 1101 Amer. Mus. 1099 Amer. Mus. 187824 Nation. Mus. 187825 Nation. Mus. 22301 Nation. Mus. 59988 Nation Mus. 187822 Nation. Mus. 187823 Nation. Mus. 20815 16516 Biol. Surv. 20778 11673 Phila. Acad. U. C. Dept. Zool. U. C. Dept. Zool. U. C. Dept. Zool. 21312 U. C. Dept. Zool. 119948 Biol. Surv. 105259 Nation. Mus. 331 Stanford Univ. 9406 Mus. Comp. Zool. 1438 Stanford Univ. 1437 Stanford Univ. Stanford Univ. Stanford Univ. Stanford Univ. 199608 Nation. Mus. Stanford Univ. Calif. Acad. Sci. 23899 23039 14650 14651 14652 21439 17058 Biol. Sury. Sex Ch fowl H Cyr, Chie POON ON TON OS +0 +0 O, O, Q, +0: Locality Humboldt Ca.: Haydenhill Lassen Co.: Mendocino Co.: Nicasio Nicasio Nicasio : Nicasio : Nicasio : Nicasio : Nicasio : Nicasio 1 mi. W. Co.: Co.: Co.: Marin Marin Marin Marin Marin Marin Marin Marin Sonoma Co.: Guerneville Sonoma Co.: Alameda Alameda Alameda Alameda Alameda Alameda Co.: Co.: Co.: Alameda Co.: Alameda Co.: San Francisco Francisco 2) Santa Clara Co.: University Santa Clara Co.: Santa Clara Co.: University Santa Clara Co.: University Santa Clara Co.: Santa Clara Co.: Santa Clara Co.: Santa Clara Co.: Santa Clara Co.: View Santa Clara Co.: View Eureka Cahto Cloverdale : Berkeley : Berkeley : Berkeley Berkeley Berkeley Berkeley Berkeley Haywards Co.: San Stanford Palo Alto Stanford Stanford Menlo Park Santa Clara Menlo Park Gilroy Mountain Mountain Merced Co.: Snelling Mariposa Co.: Madera Co.: Madera Co.: Madera Co.: Merced Lake Raymond Raymond Raymond Fresno Co.: Fresno Santa Cruz Co. : Santa Cruz May July May Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Sept. Sept. Sept. Oct. July Apr. Oct. Date 25, 1889 16, 1899 24, 1889 17, 1887 5, 1887 19, 1888 25, 1888 4, 1891 15, 1891 14, 1888 13, 1888 11,1913 18, 1889 6, 1914 7, 1898 6, 1905 1, 1912 5, 1905 10, 1915 7, 1900 6, 1902 1, 1909 . 27, 1909 . 11, 1898 27, 1894 . 28, 1894 23, 1893 1, 1893 31, 1894 6, 22, 1915 3, 1896 29, 1905 . 15, 1916 . 21, 1915 5 ip alenlal 17,1911 . 21,1911 3,(1915 5, 1910 [Vou. 17 | | Collector T.S. Palmer . Bailey | C. MeGregor . Allen . Allen . Allen . Allen . Allen | . Allen | Allen . Allen and H. W. Grinnell T.S. Palmer Sam Brodie A.S. Bunnell uogagaaaaps PP PP PP PP W. C. New- berry W. O. Emerson J. Hornung J. Dixon W. W. Price J. VanDen- burgh — Magee J. M. Hyde F. G. Krauss H. Doud E. M. Ehrhorn H. O. Jenkins J. Grinnell ©. A. Gallo J. Grinnell J. Grinnell J. Grinnell Adrey Borell C. P. Streator 1918 | Grinnell: A Synopsis of the Bats of California 335 No. Sex Locality Date Collector 3581 2 Monterey Co.: Monterey Noy. 10,1907 J. Rowley 5033 io) Tulare Co.: Dinuba Apr. 1, 1909 A. L. Dickey 27977 Biol. Surv. 2 Inyo Co.: Panamint Mts. May 17,1891 E.W. Nelson 28946 Biol. Surv. do Inyo Co.: Panamint Mts. Apr. 21,1891 E. W. Nelson 5147 3d Ventura Co.: Nordhoff Jan. 18,1905 J. Grinnell 29845 Biol. Surv. 3 Kern Co.: 25 mi. above July 6,1891 .” REGIONS OF CALIFORNIA BY JOSEPH GRINNELL ALASKA AND BRITISH COLUMBIA BY HILDA WOOD GRINNELL UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY 45. NOTES ON SOME BATS FROM UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS Note.—The University of California Publications are offered in exchange for the publi- 5 cations of learned socicties and institutions, universities and libraries. Complete lists of © all the publications of the University will be sent upon request. For sample copies, lists of publications or other information, address the Manager of the University Press, Berkeley, — California, U.S. A. All matter sent in exchange should be addressed to The Eechanee i Department, University Library, Berkeley, California, U. S.A. NEA x ZOOLOGY.—W. E. Ritter and C. A. Kofoid, Editors. Price per volume, $3.50; beginning with vol. 11, $5.00. a This series contains the contributions from the Department of Zoology, from the Marine Laboratory of the Scripps Institution for Biological Research, at La Jolla, California, and from the California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology in Berkeley. ot Cited as Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool, Volume 1, 1902-1905, 317 pages, with 28 plates occ: cccecossccccsesssls\oocesmmnciseessvosunceseaponben . $3.50 Volume 2 (Contributions from the Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association of ~ San Diego), 1904-1906, xvii + 382 pages, with 19 plates ....2..ccc cect eset $3.) Volume 8, 1906-1907, 383 pages, with 23 plates Volume 4, 1907-1908, 400 pages, with 24 plates Volume 5, 1908-1910, 440 pages, with 34 plates . Volume 6, 1908-1911, 478 pages, with 48 plates Volume 7 (Contributions' from the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology), 1910-1912, 446 © Mages Wit rMlave ss ee ee eS ae gl SL eS Re een ee $ Volume 8, 1911, 357 pages, with 25. plates -.:...... Volume 9, 1911-1912, 365 pages, with 24 plates. Volume 10, 1912-1913, 417 pages, with 10 plates .. Volume 11, 1912-1914, 538 pages, With: 26 plates )...c... one lees esses ieeecsettee ce cecenacennenentdneceraee Volume 12 (Contributions from the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology), 1913-1916, 558 pages, with 22. plates vo cache lees: Volume 13, 1914-1916, 529 pages, ‘With 39 plates... 2c... ceapecteeeceedannceesecensabsecenteone Vol. 14, 1. A Report upon the Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay, Based upon Fm the Operations of the United States Fisheries Steamer ‘‘Albatross’’ dur- ing the Years 1912 and 1913, by F..B. Sumner, G. D. Louderback, W.L. Schmitt, E. C. Johnston. Pp. 1-198, plates 1-13, 20 text figures. July, ee 1914 , r Vol.15. Introduction. Dependence of Marine Biology upon Hydrography and Neces- sity of Quantitative Biological Research. Pp, i-xxiii.. June, 1916.2...) 1. Hydrographic, Plankton, and Dredging Recerds of the Scripps Institution for Biological Research of) the University of California, 1901 to 1912, compiled and arranged under the supervision of W. E. Ritter by Ellis L, Michael and George F. McEwen.’ Pp. 1-206, 4 text figures and map.” Spt sh aie (2 0 CG aes Apt e pa NID RGAE AR ion uAte. DW iee aah Meee MEI Sy ate PSE aE = NSD BC aS 2. Continuation of Hydrographic, Plankton, and.» Dredging Records of the y Scripps Institution for Biological Research of the University of Cali- fornia (1913-1915), compiled and arranged under the supervision of W. | E. Ritter, by Ellis L. Michael, Zoologist and Administrative Assistant, ~~~ George F. McEwen, Hydrographer. Pp. 207-254, 7 figures in text.. Novem: Bit -5 ed 2 fo PAA Ne MEE CRU aut nas ate gn amass sta A Reidy 7p Rene hea SOUR ony ee aR ea 2 sat Summary and Interpretation of the Hydrographic Observations made by the Scripps Institution for Biological Research of the University of Cali- fornia, 1908 to 1915, by George F. McEwen, Hydrographer. Pp. 255- 356, Plates 1-38. December, L916 2c ct ee ects eeecceteeteeenctrtnecneecanenesnenstueenanstncnnae Vol.16, 1. An Outline of the Morphology and Life History of) Crithidia leptocoridis, ate ae BP. nov., by Irene McCulloch, Pp. 1-22, plates 14, 1 text figure. Sep- grcys ea) 2) fii 2 8 Aa MRE Len AY Aa NMESe sha ALY oaphs pes Ser elb eA RU rasatearabar Pa” oO SARE Lo eMre aa aes, SIS On Giardia microti, sp. nov., from the Meadow Mouse, by Charles Atwood Kofoid and Elizabeth Bohn Christiansen. Pp. 23-29, 1 figure in text. . 8. On Binary and Multiple Fission in Giardia muris (Grassi), by Charles Atwood Kofoid and Elizabeth Bohn Christiansen. Pp. 30-54, plates, 5-8, 1 figure in text. Nos. 2 and 3 in one cover.. November, 1915 peP et Ne RMT Sabie A, ES at 4, The Cultivation of Tissues from Amphibians, by John 0. Johnson. Pp. 55- 62, 2 figures im text. November, 1915) 2.2. tenses cet eesti cttt cnc ctennenentnne Kd iS) EE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN ZOOLOGY Vol. 17, No. 14, pp. 423-430 April 25, 1918 SIX NEW MAMMALS FROM THE MOHAVE DESERT AND INYO REGIONS OF CALIFORNIA BY JOSEPH GRINNELL (Contribution from the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology of the University of California) Field work carried on under the auspices of the California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology during 1917 in southeastern California brought to light many new facts in regard to the general distribution and speciation of the endemic vertebrate animals. Some of these facts, as concerning certain of the mammals, are set forth in the present paper. Scapanus latimanus monoensis, new subspecies Mono Mole Type—Female adult, skull (with teeth worn) and skin (in summer pelage) ; no. 25834, Mus. Vert. Zool.; Taylor Ranch, two miles south of Benton Station, Mono County, California; August 29, 1917; collected by H. G. White; original no. 1376. Diagnosis—A small-sized member of the Scapanus latimanus group of moles (see Jackson, 1915, pp. 64-75) ; similar to its near neighbor on the south, S. 1. grinnelli, but color mouse gray (of Ridgway, 1912, pl. 51) instead of fuseous-black, and size slightly less. Resembles S. Ll. dilatus in color but size very much less. Measurements.—Average of eight adults (the first three features as taken by the collector in the field) : total length, 150 millimeters; tail vertebrae, 33; hind foot, 20.6; greatest length of skull, 32.9; mastoid breadth, 16.2; interorbital breadth, 7.5. Extremes are shown in the accompanying table (1). Distribution—Known only from two localities, both in Mono County, California: vicinity of Williams Butte. near Mono Lake; and vicinity of Benton. The total available material representing this form is listed in the accompanying table. [ Vou. 17 University of California Publications in Zoology 424 wD ior) i wypeerq eyqtorayuy SOL T9T BOT FOL Cor = oO inal Wypeerq ployseyy teaches 8°GE Les See Lael ao ical oO TMys Jo yysua] ysojuerpy) SP 06 06 06 06 qooy puryy AY && inc 9¢ FE for} a avaqaztea [reg TST O9T TFL OST TOL OST a Lic) — W33ue] [B40], OUT M “DH eva M DH ouaM DH eT M DH woqPTs (0 “V woyPPTS (0 °V mosyeus “OV uoxIg ‘“f 10}09][09 VINUOMTIVO ‘ALNQOD ONO LIGT ‘63 “Sny LIGL “6g “Suy LIGL ‘8g ‘Sny LIGL ‘83 "Suy LIGL ‘83 “Suy LIGT ‘8g “SuV LIGT ‘8g “Suy 9T6T ‘83 oune aed MOT}BIG WoOJUV INOS SoTTUL OM4 “FF OOES ‘Youry 10[Av I, WO4eIG WoJUNg YWQNOS soptm om} “47 ONES ‘YouRy 1opARy, UOT}eIG wojueg INOS SOTTUL ONG “FF ONES “Youry ro[ AVY, UOT}eIG WOJUN_ INOS soptm omy “47 ONES ‘Youry rope y, moTZRIG WOJUE INOS Sortm OM} “4F QOEE “YouBy 10[Au, U01ZR4G UoOJUe_ YJNos soptm 0M} “47 QOS ‘YouRy 10pARy, 10I}BIG UOJUe YyNOS So[tu Omg “4F QORG ‘YouRY O[ARy, o}4Ng SUILTTEA\ YINOS oyrur % “4F 0089 ‘YouRy s, uoysuTIE AP[BIOT YORK Wow ‘sisua0uowm snunuyn) snuvdnoy JO SNAWIOUAY GHSIQ, JO ‘SUALAWITIIN NI ‘SiNaWaNNSVAYL T aTaViL ‘ed4y, & Esse & €88gz & 3g8Gz 6 ese 6 ogsge © 6a8Ss & sasge P 99683 xeg iequnu mnesnyy 1918] Grinnell: New Mammals from the Mohave and Inyo Regions 425 Thomomys melanotis, new species White Mountains Pocket Gopher Type.—Male adult, skull and skin (in nearly full new pelage) ; no. 26499, Mus. Vert. Zool.; 10,500 feet altitude on Big Prospector Meadow, White Mountains, Mono County, California; July 27, 1917; collected by A. C. Shelton; original no. 3402. Diagnosis—A Thomomys with characters of the ‘‘perpallidus group’’ in part and of the ‘‘alpinus group’’ in part (see Bailey, 1915, pp. 33, 63, 68). General coloration very pale, almost identical with that in 7. perpallidus perpallidus, differing from that form only in more dusky nose and mouth and in more extensive, slaty black, ear- patch. Ear extremely small, rounded, and densely clothed with fine black hairs. General size medium, about as in 7. alpinus alpinus. Skull relatively narrow, and with slender rostrum and unaccentuated ridges, thus resembling alpinus; but dentition lighter, interorbital constriction narrower, and auditory bullae much larger. Comparisons.—In coloration, much paler and grayer than any of its geographical neighbors (Thomomys perpallidus perpes, T. scapterus, T. operarius, and T. alpinus alpinus). Differs from perpes otherwise in smaller and more hairy ears, extensively black ear-patch, lighter skull, narrower interorbital constriction, narrower rostrum, slenderer zygomata, much smaller teeth, and larger auditory bullae. Differs from scapterus in larger size, extensively black ear-patch, more widely and more squarely spreading zygomatic arches, broader brain-ease, much longer nasals, and larger auditory bullae. Differs from operarius in conspicuously black-haired ears, extensive black ear-patch, lighter and slenderer skull, much narrower rostrum, more projecting incisors, much lighter dentition, constricted nasals, narrower interorbital con- striction, and more inflated auditory bullae. Differs from alpinus in more extensive black ear-patch, less projecting incisors, much smaller molar teeth, narrower interorbital constriction, and much larger auditory bullae. Measurements.—See Table 2; compare with those of various gophers as given in Bailey (1915). Distribution —The nine specimens secured (see table) were all taken in the Canadian and Hudsonian life-zones, 10,000 to 10,500 feet altitude, on, and within three miles of, Big Prospector Meadow, White Mountains, Mono County, California. Remarks.—The writer confesses his inability, with the material now available, to determine satisfactorily the relationships of this new gopher. It was thought at first to belong unquestionably to the alpinus group and to constitute a sequestered and far differentiated form within that series. A few gophers from the vicinity of Benton, Mono County, and elsewhere in the northern end of Owens Valley, however, show characters which make it seem possible that melanotis has been derived from the lowland perpallidus stock through altitudinal in- vasion. Further acquisition of specimens from the Inyo region will be needed to clear up the question. [ Vou. 17 in Zoology tons Publicati Aa ty of Californ iverst Un 426 saLias Q «0 oS avjom saddn Y}S ug] 1e[Oaaly 09 G9 Lg G9 &9 F9 69 it) 6) -19jUL ysvary WIPverq [BITqGIO S6l FES SCL LZ F G'8B 99 G02 O6E $23 OC IE £ 83 9S Er Os 99s Bet TOE € ch “GL “Gre Q6L 2 Gil OTe 8 96 se S6r e6l 93 GI Tee * 98 OL SIZ yOl PS SCL Tee F 86 PP E20 60s 1s OL OE F O08 Bh sae Gc MCSGmucietn Vcheur 0B 90), Geile Gon Op 6 8s 96 9s 9g) eer Tele eae see, hoe) ee = 2 $4 go He ae ost B y Bee Res= ei Gees pede | pee SEE TEN Ep a ee e ae oe 2 ee 5 oot 5 a & e ® Tears) “Lf TTeuUtLH “£ Teuuts) “¢ Teuurry) “Lf wosTeds “OD ~ WOTeUsS' “D): moFTPTs *O ° 4 4) = 4 uoyeyS “O° uoyPPUS “0 "VW 104091109 og Ane 82 Aine 43 Aqne 93 Aqoe T ‘sny Te Aine 1g Ane 1g Aine Gg Aqug (LI6T) aye VINUOATIVO ‘ALNNOD ONOW ‘SNIVENAOJ ALIHM ‘MOavay, AOLOMasoNg PI_ ao ‘ped ped “pe P ped ped ‘ped "pep ‘pep ral} aaR ‘xag ‘ed AT, + Soc9s FOLIG £0596 G0S96 LOS9G 00896 LOFIG iequinu munasnyy ALINIOIA WOud TIV ‘syowvjaw shwowoyy JO SNAWIOUIY ANIN dO ‘SUALAWITIIN NI ‘SUNTNAYASVASL 6 ATAV GL 1918] Grinnell: New Mammals from the Mohave and Inyo Regions 427 Thomomys perpallidus mohavensis, new subspecies Mohave River Pocket Gopher Type—Male adult, skull and skin; no. 4639, Mus. Vert. Zool.; Mohave River bottom, 2700 feet altitude, near Victorville, San Ber- nardino County, California; December 26, 1904; collected by J. Grinnell and J. Dixon; original no. 906. Diagnosis—A Thomomys of the ‘‘perpallidus group’’ (see Bailey, 1915, pp. 33, 68). Resembles 7. perpallidus perpallidus eranially, but color much darker above, bright cinnamon-buff (of Ridgway, 1912, pl. 29), and tail shorter; differs from 7. p. perpes (topotypes) in lighter, more cinnamon tone of coloration dorsally, in slightly larger size, in greater and squarer spread of zygomatic arches, in more pro- jecting incisors, and in much larger auditory bullae. Measurements.—See Table 3. Distribution —Abundant along the bottomlands of the Mohave River, in San Bernardino County, at least from Victorville down (north) to Barstow; also, transversely, along the southern rim of the Mohave Desert, from Cushenbury Springs, San Bernardino County, west at least to Fairmont, Los Angeles County. Remarks—As already stated, by Bailey (1915, p. 69), pocket gophers are not continuously distributed over the desert areas of the Southwest. Wide areas are unrepresented at all, these animals thus occurring in more or less remotely isolated colonies, usually where permanent moisture produces a continuous growth of edible plants. The larger valleys, like those of the Mohave and Owens rivers, well separated from one another by desert reaches, have evidently served as effective differentiation centers, and we find several distinguishable races of the pocket gopher accordingly. It seems equally true that some of the higher and more isolated of the mountain ridges of the TABLE 3 MEASUREMENTS, IN MILLIMETERS, OF EIGHT ADULT SPECIMENS OF Thomomys per- pallidus mohavensis, ALL COLLECTED BY J. GRINNELL AND J. DIXON IN THE VICINITY OF VICTORVILLE, SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA : a & 2 i, a 5 ee LE Es ies ee) ae ee ee Bea eee eee Sex Date = = is ge Be a7 58 a ieee Ba 4639" of Dee. 26, 1904 235 75 Bal 36.4 alfay-45) 26.1 20.7 6.4 8.0 4646 dé Dee. 29, 1904 227 76 30) 33.0 12.2 23.0 19.5 6.6 7.8 4660 3 Dee. 31, 1904 223 75 28 34.9 12.9 24.4 20.1 6.2 7.6 4661 fof Dee. 28, 1904 228 66 30 37.0 ye 27.8 21.9 6.7 8.1 4644 2 Dee. 31, 1904 195 62 28 30.6 10.0 22.3 18.1 6.5 7.6 4647 2 Jan, 1,1905 212 60 29 32.3 13.0 23.5 19.8 6.9 Tei 4648 io) Dee. 27, 1904 230 69 30 2.2 12.4 23.4 20.1 6.5 8.0 4650 g Dee. 27, 1904 210 70 29 31.9 13.0 23.7 20.0 6.7 Ti 1 Type. 428 University of California Publications in Zoology | Vou. 17 same general region have operated in similar fashion, because of the soil-moisture maintained thereon. Thomomys perpallidus mohavensis and T. p. perpes are valley forms; T. scapterus and T. melanotis are montane forms. Perodipus mohavensis, new species Mohave Kangaroo Rat Type.—Male adult, skin and skull; no. 26835, Mus. Vert. Zool. ; 3275 feet altitude, half mile east of railway station of Warren (about five miles north of Mohave), Kern County, California; March 27, 1917; collected by J. Grinnell; original no. 3942. Diagnosis—A medium sized rather small eared, buff-colored Perodipus, perhaps nearest like P. panamintinus. Differs from topo- types of that form in somewhat smaller size, decidedly smaller ears, much more ochraceous-buffy tone of coloration, in less amount of black about the face, slightly narrower skull, and in less inflated auditory bullae. Measurements.—See table 4 (compare with measurements given by Merriam, 1894, 1904, and 1907, for the different species of Perodipus described by him). Distribution—Specimens at hand indicate the presence of this form along the western border of the Mohave Desert at least from Walker Pass, northeastern Kern County, south to Fairmont, north- western Los Angeles County. TABLE 4 MEASUREMENTS, IN MILLIMETERS, OF TEN ADULT SPECIMENS oF Perodipus mohavensis, ALL COLLECTED BY J. GRINNELL AND J. DIXON NEAR MOHAVE, KERN COUNTY, CALIFORNIA, MARCH 26 AND 27, 1917 = Eo a = > oe ie ee go Vig siHie Museum = Pa i He es 2 3 fs = = number Sex & a q Sine i AQ o = 26835* ref Bihy alyAsh | 2 al 40:7 25.0 15.8 5.2 26837 J 295 175 44 12 39:4 240 “Wb 5:0 26839 Jb 290 175 44 i383 39.2 245 14.6 4.7 26841 Jd 300 180 41 13 40.00 244 15.5 5.3 26843 Jb 305) 180)” 455) 3 4170) 20.38 Lo 8ieSro 26830 2 288) 272) 40) W0l5 (3821 Peay MES) hy 26832 ie) 285 167 43° 12 39.4 248 15.0 4.8 26834 ie) 295) Lid) 425 eel 39.6 240 148 49 26840 2 285 170 43 £14 38.3 23.2 146 4.8 26842 2 300 175 44 138 39.3 24.0 14:9 5.2 1 Type. 1918] Grinnell: New Mammals from the Mohave and Inyo Regions 429 Callospermophilus chrysodeirus perpallidus, new subspecies Inyo Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel Type.—Mrale adult, skull and skin (in partially new winter pelage, otherwise worn breeding pelage) ; no. 27488, Mus. Vert. Zool.; 10,300 feet altitude, near Big Prospector Meadow, White Mountains, Mono County, California; July 26, 1917; collected by J. Grinnell; original no. 4334. Diagnosis.—Resembles Callospermophilus chrysodeirus chrysodeirus of the Sierra Nevada, but general coloration paler; middle of back, rump and sides, more ashy in tone, head less richly tawny, and under surface of body whiter. As a result, the black dorsal stripes give an impression of greater sharpness. Resembles C. trepidus of the Pine Forest Mountains, northern Nevada, but tail shorter and coloration even paler. Material—F orty-five specimens, from the Inyo and White moun- tains, 7,000 to 11,600 feet altitude, Inyo and Mono counties, California. Southernmost station, Mazourka Canon, at 7700 feet altitude, in the Inyo Mountains directly east of Independence. Measurements of type—Total length, 265 millimeters; tail verte- brae, 90; hind foot, 39; height of ear from crown, 13. Remarks.—This is simply a pale desert-range race, probably cut off but incompletely from its near relative, chrysodeirus, of the Sierra Nevada. Ochotona schisticeps sheltoni, new subspecies White Mountains Cony Type.—Male adult, skull and skin (showing chiefly newly acquired winter pelage) ; no. 27560, Mus. Vert. Zool.; 11,000 feet altitude, near Big Prospector Meadow, White Mountains, Mono County, California ; July 29, 1917; collected by A. C. Shelton; original no. 3414. Diagnosis—Nearest like Ochotona schisticeps schisticeps in general coloration; tones of color fully as dark dorsally, but belly and tops of feet less pervaded with tawny; ears blackish, margined more con- spicuously with white. Cranium as in O. s. schisticeps, O. s. mwiri, and O. s. albatus (between which three Sierran races there appear to be no eranial differences) but with notably larger auditory bullae, and with brain-case higher, more curved dorsally as seen in profile. Measurements of type—Head and body, 188 millimeters; tail vertebrae, 8; hind foot, 30; height of ear from crown (inner base), 24; total weight, 132.5 grams; occipitonasal length of skull, 42.8 milli- meters; height of brain-case at bullae, 15.6; greatest cranial width ineluding bullae, 21.8; greatest diameter of bulla (diagonally antero- posteriorly), 13.7. Material—Thirty-nine specimens, all taken in the White Moun- tains, in Mono and Inyo counties, California, at altitudes ranging from 8,200 to 11,900 feet. 430 University of California Publications in Zoology (Vou. 17 Remarks.—Because of the aridity of the White Mountains I had expected to find the cony on this range relatively light colored, pos- sibly identical in this regard with the pale-colored race albatus of the Mount Whitney region. It turns out, however, that the White Moun- tains animal is darker even than muiri of the Yosemite region, closely resembling in color tone the race schisticeps of the northern Sierras from the Tahoe region northward. As elsewhere, the conies in the White Mountains live in rock slides and broken-up rock outerops. Two colors of rocks occur in this range, a blackish or dark red “‘shale,’’? and a white or grayish white granite. There are extensive belts purely of one or the other kind of rock. Our party took pains to shoot conies from each color of ground, keeping notebook record of where each specimen was shot. I am unable to detect any difference in color between animals shot from white granite and those from dark ‘‘shale.’’ The new subspecifie name, sheltoni, is selected in recognition of the efficient services as field collector rendered the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology by Mr. Alfred C. Shelton. It was chiefly through his tireless effort that the excellent series of White Mountains conies was obtained. LITERATURE CITED BAILEY, V. 1915. Revision of the pocket gophers of the Genus Thomomys. U.S. Dept. Agric., Bur. Biol. Surv., N. Amer. Fauna, 39, 136 pp., 8 pls., 10 figs. in text. JACKSON, H. H. T. 1915. A review of the American moles. Jbid., 38, 100 pp., 6 pls., 27 figs. in text. MERRIAM, OC. H. 1894, Preliminary deseriptions of eleven new kangaroo rats of the genera Dipodomys and Perodipus. Proce. Biol. Soe. Wash., 9, 109-116. 1904. New and little known kangaroo rats of the Genus Perodipus. Ibid., 17, 139-146. 1907. Deseriptions of ten new kangaroo rats. Ibid., 20, 75-80. Ripeway, R. 1912. Color standards and color nomenclature. (Washington, published by the author), 8 + 44 pp., 53 col. pls. Transmitted March 5, 1918. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN ZOOLOGY Vol. 17, No. 15, pp. 431-433 April 25, 1918 NOTES ON SOME BATS FROM ALASKA AND BRITISH COLUMBIA BY HILDA WOOD GRINNELL (Contribution from the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology of the University of California) The following notes seem worthy of publication as being contribu- tory to the very meager knowledge so far available in regard to the bats of Alaska and British Columbia. Specimens from these regions are very slow to accumulate; as they do become more plentiful it is inevitable that previous views in regard to identity and relationships of the species represented be more or less modified. Myotis longicrus longicrus (True) Among the twelve specimens of bats listed from Admiralty and Baranof islands, Alaska, by Heller (1909, p. 264) under the name Myotis lucifugus alascensis, there is one which is clearly referable to the longicrus group. This specimen (4, no. 186, Mus. Vert. Zool.) was collected by C. Littlejohn at Mole Harbor, Admiralty Island, June 9, 1907. It measures in millimeters: total length, 90.0; tail, 40.0; fore- arm (both defective) ; tibia, 18.0; foot, 9.0; greatest length of cranium, 14.3; breadth of brain-ease, 7.5. In color this example is deep Vandyke brown both above and below, the hairs with tippings of cimnamon brown. The coloration of this specimen is almost identical with that of examples of longicrus taken in northwestern California. The characters of this individual throughout thus align it with Myotis longicrus longicrus. In his account of a collection of birds and mammals from Van- couver Island, British Columbia, Swarth (1912, pp. 109, 110) men- 432 University of Califorma Publications in Zoology [| Vou. 17 tions a bat (9, no. 12588, Mus. Vert. Zool.) taken at Errington, August 31, 1910, which he refers to the form Myotis lucifugus alascensis, stating that ‘‘the specimen is so imperfect as not to admit of exact identification.’’ While the tibiae of this bat are mutilated, it is otherwise in good condition and the skull is perfect, showing the up-turned rostrum and the facial angle typical of Myotis longicrus longicrus. The forearm of this bat measures 36 millimeters, the greatest length of cranium, 14.3, and breadth of brain-case, 7.5. In color this example is very close to the specimen from Admiralty Island, Alaska, described above, but the hair tippings both above and below are lighter, more ochraeous-buff. In so far as the writer is aware Myotis longicrus longicrus has not hitherto been recorded from farther north than the type locality, Puget Sound, Washington. Myotis lucifugus alascensis Miller Among some bats belonging to the Biological Survey collection, United States National Museum, and loaned to the writer through the courtesy of Mr. E. W. Nelson, are four skins (three with skulls) from Skidegate, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. These speci- mens (nos. 100675-100678) are adult males collected by W. H. Osgood in July, 1900, and are presumably the four recorded (Osgood, 1901, pp. 36, 37) under the name Myotis ywmanensis saturatus. The three skulls measure in millimeters: no. 100675, greatest length of cranium, 14.7; breadth of brain-case, 7.3; no. 100676, greatest length of cranium, 14.7; breadth of brain-case, 7.6; no. 100677, greatest length of cranium, 14.9; breadth of brain-case, 7.4. The specimens in all their characters show their identity with the bat now currently known as Myotis lucifugus alascensis. Myotis californicus caurinus Miller There are in the collection of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology two mummified specimens of Myotis californicus caurinus collected by W. D. McLeod at Howkan, Long Island (near Dall Island), south- eastern Alaska. These bats measure in millimeters: no. 19292 (skull removed) : forearm, 31.7; tibia, 12.3; thumb, 3.6; greatest length of skull, 13.1; breadth of brain-case, 6.8. No. 19293: forearm, 32.2; tibia, 13.5; thumb, 3.9. In color these two examples are closely 1918] Grinnell: Some Bats from Alaska and British Columbia 433 similar; the fur is everywhere plumbeous-black at the bases of the hairs and deep Prout’s brown at the tips; under surface slightly lighter than dorsal surface. This appears to constitute the first record of Myotis californicus caurinus from Alaska. LITERATURE CITED HELLER, FE. 1909. The mammals in Birds and mammals of the 1907 Alexander Expedition to southeastern Alaska. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 5, 245-264, pl. 26, text figs. 3, 4. Oscoop, W. H. 1901. Natural history of the Queen Charlotte Islands. U. 8. Dept. Agric., Div. Biol. Surv., N. Amer. Fauna, 21, 7-50, pls. 1-5, text fig. 1. SwartH, H. 8. 1912. Report on a collection of birds and mammals from Vancouver Island. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 10, 1-124, pls. 1-4. Transmitted March 5, 1918. V4 vi toe fj oe ATR - nye. » he pa balareee yS } ake a) hy ha ia UNIVERSITY OF CALI r sry ee ie a 3 ; PR iy iT | beeevacat te ba ee a Moe bray ao ZOOLOGY MeN SIT LIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS _ * ¥ ‘pp. 435-504, plates 25-29, 16 ‘text figures 25 May 29 P. TAYLOR s aye eh _UNIVERSITY OF CALIFO Yee