i Ss UPL SE eee y te wate Pant fei Se I he we mh Fe” EEE EE Bete Y : S mehokal = ip Gin quar tema roe NS i stass yah ail HARVARD UNIVERSITY ere LIBRARY OF THE Museum of Comparative Zoology “4 4 ‘Ai tha ® 2a | BAG i \ ai At: ar. of aaah it re ‘7 i ORe at oy ae a kos ~ vig ie cry In {fe cet be ee ina 2 a ey — oe 7 ed “eb eis ern ell a aie rng ei? a UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME 7 = 2952-19515 EDITORS E. RayMonp Hatu, Chairman A. Byron LEONARD Epwarp H. Taytor RoBert W. WILSON MusEuM OF NATURAL HISTORY UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAWRENCE 1955 MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAWRENCE PRINTED BY FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER TOPEKA, KANSAS 1955 SS SU Rw CONTENTS OF VOLUME 7 CONTENTS Mammals of Kansas. By E. Lendell Cockrum. Pp. 1-303, 73 figures in text, 37 tables. August 25, 1952. - Ecology of the opossum on a natural area in northeastern Kansas. By Henry S. Fitch and Lewis L. Sandidge. Pp. 305-338, 5 figures in text. August 24, 1953. The silky pocket mice (Perognathus flavus) of Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 339-347, 1 figure in text. February 15, 1954. North American jumping mice (Genus Zapus). By Philip H. Krutzsch. Pp. 349-472, 47 figures in text, 4 tables. April 21, 1954. Mammals from Southeastern Alaska. By Rollin H. Baker and James S. Findley. Pp. 473-477. April 21, 1954. Distribution of Some Nebraskan Mammals. By J. Knox Jones. Pp. 479- 487. April 21, 1954. Subspeciation in the meadow mouse, Microtus montanus, in Wyoming and Colorado. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 489-506, 2 figures in text. July 23, 1954. A new subspecies of bat (Myotis velifer) from Southeastern California and Arizona. By Terry A. Vaughan. Pp. 507-512. July 23, 1954. Mammals of the San Gabriel Mountains of California. By Terry A. Vaughan. Pp. 513-582, 4 plates, 1 figure in text, 12 tables. November 15, 1954. A new bat (Genus Pipistrellus) from Northeastern Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 583-586. November 15, 1954. . A new subspecies of pocket mouse from Kansas. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 587-590. November 15, 1954. 2. Geographic variation in the pocket gopher, Cratogeomys castanops, in Coahuila, Mexico. By Robert J. Russell and Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 591- 608. March 15, 1955. A new cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) from Northeastern Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 609-612. April 8, 1955. . Taxonomy and distribution of some American shrews. By James S. Find- ley. Pp. 613-618. June 10, 1955. The pigmy woodrat, Neotoma goldmani, its distribution and systematic position. By Dennis G. Rainey and Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 619-624, 2 fig- ures in text. June 10, 1955. Index. Pp. 625-651. 26-421 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS MusEuM OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume 7, No. 2, pp. 305-338, 5 figures in text August 24, 1953 Ecology of the Opossum on a Natural Area in Northeastern Kansas BY HENRY S. FITCH AND LEWIS L. SANDIDGE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAWRENCE 1953 Paar 6 fs mngeog@ wilt io isd ama: ag eee A matesortival 1 ay ek: ee | A heheh & tae ® i. ne nf = A 7 ee “T0903 fet wee 0 Ltd 7 ae By p i ir (seas hel ia : J i at , . pect ; | le, Saha | : P : , : 2. pXatadX av oriented a —~ Hite vad t _ = 4 wo 7 iy J @ : = : - ar — Y * = erie 7 ; : hy a Ve =" i T i] f ri a Me Pay at UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS MuSsEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume 7, No. 2, pp. 305-338, 5 figures in text August 24, 1953 Ecology of the Opossum on a Natural Area in Northeastern Kansas BY HENRY S. FITCH AND LEWIS L. SANDIDGE LISRARY MAR. 8 1954 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAWRENCE 1953 UnrIvERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MusEUM OF NATURAL HiIsTORY Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, Robert W. Wilson Volume 7, No. 2, pp. 305-338, 5 figures in text Published August 24, 1953 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS Lawrence, Kansas PRINTED BY FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER TOPEKA, KANSAS 1953 MAR 8 1954 Ecology of the Opossum on a Natural Area in Northeastern Kansas BY HENRY S. FITCH and LEWIS L. SANDIDGE On the 590-acre University of Kansas Natural History Reservation where our study was made, the opossum, Didelphis marsupialis vir- giniana Kerr, is the largest predatory animal having a permanently resident population. The coyote, racoon and red fox also occur on the area but each ranges widely, beyond the Reservation boundaries. With the passing nearly a century ago of the larger animals of the original fauna, the buffalo, elk, deer, antelope, wild turkey, gray wolf and others, lesser herbivores and carnivores including the opos- sum and animals of similar size fell heir to their key positions of predominance at the peak of the food pyramid. These smaller ani- mals, however, exert less powerful effects in controlling the general aspect of the biotic community, and affect it in different directions. The over-all ecology is greatly altered. The flora and fauna both are undergoing successional changes which will continue for a long time and probably will culminate in a biotic community much differ- ent from the original climax. The opossum plays an important part in this process of change; being relatively large, numerous, and of omnivorous habits, it vari- ously influences, directly and indirectly, the populations of its plant and animal associates, through a complex web of interrelationships. Several excellent field- and laboratory-studies of the opossum have been published (Hartman, 1928, 1952; Lay, 1942; Reynolds, 1945; Wiseman and Hendrickson, 1950) and the life history of this re- markable marsupial is already well known. The purpose of our study, therefore, was to gain a better understanding of the ecological relationships of the opossum in the particular region represented by the study area. To accomplish this, we gathered data concern- ing the animal’s responses to climate and varying weather condi- tions; its annual cycle of breeding, growth and activity, movements, principal food sources, numbers, population turnover, and natural enemies. Although we did gain a somewhat better understanding of the opossum’s ecology, results are remarkably meager in propor- tion to the large amount of time expended. The hours of work daily in setting and tending a line of live-traps ordinarily were rewarded with only a few records, sometimes none. Comparable time and ef- (309) 310 University oF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. fort directed to the study of smaller and more abundant kinds of ani- mals has been far more productive of data. Field work was carried on in parts of 1949, 1950, 1951 and 1952. Because opossums are nocturnal and rarely seen in the course of their regular activities, the present study is based mainly on informa- tion gained by live-trapping them. Several different sizes of traps of the type described by Fitch (1951) were used. The most success- ful were 2’ x 8” x 8” in dimensions although many of the larger ones SEC.6 TWP 12, RANGE 20E SCALE 4"=1 MILE 5 wooo ano EES] ROCK LEDGE AREA ~~ CREEK OR GULLY wee “FENCE @ OPOSSUM CAPTURE FicurE 1. Map of the University of Kansas Natural History Reservation showing locations where opossums were live-trapped. were also used. They were constructed of hardware cloth having a half-inch mesh. Live-trapping was begun in October 1949 by Fitch with a line of about a dozen traps. In the following month Sandidge joined in the field work. The trapping was continued throughout the winter and spring of 1949-1950 and was resumed the EcoLoGy OF THE OpossuM 311 following fall and more traps were added from time to time until a maximum line of approximately 60 was attained. Sandidge’s par- ticipation ended in December, 1950. The live-trapping was con- tinued on a reduced scale by Fitch through the winter and spring of 1951 and some was done Spore in the fall, winter and spring of 1951 to 1952. Traps were baited with a variety of foods such as carcasses of small vertebrates, meat scraps, canned dog food, ground horse meat and bacon grease. At each capture, sex, weight, and individual formula of the opossum, based on toe-clipping and ear-clipping (Fitch, 1952), were recorded. Also recorded was the exact site of capture as located in one of 84 divisions of the Reservation and esti- mated in feet from some named landmark. Notes on breeding con- dition, pelage, injuries, parasites and general appearance were also taken at the time of capture. For opossums caught in 1951 and 1952, the hind foot measurement was recorded. Often, attempt was made to follow the released opossum to deter- mine the direction and distance of its homeward travel but this was difficult because of brushy terrain and secretive habits of the animal. An opossum being followed would almost invariably take refuge in a tree if it caught sight of the observer. Other information regarding the animal’s habits was obtained from tracks in snow or soft soil and from the distribution and contents of scats. Carcasses of opos- sums which had fallen victim to predators were found on a few occasions and in some instances clues as to the identity of the preda- tor were obtained. One hundred and seventeen opossums were live- trapped and handled a total of 276 times. Six of these were dead when first found in the traps. The remaining 111 were marked and released. In addition, 207 pouch-young carried by adult females were recorded and 115 of these were individually marked by toe- clipping. Some of the opossums that were marked while in the mother’s pouch were subsequently recaptured when they were well- grown, independent young, or adults, affording information on growth and dispersal. HABITAT The habitats of the Reservation have been described briefly by Fitch (1952) and by Leonard and Goble (1952). More than half the area consists of steep wooded slopes with mixed second growth forest, consisting of elm, hickory, oak, walnut, ash, honey locust, hackberry and osage orange, in about that order of abundance, with thickets of blackberry, crabapple, wild plum and grape. Fallow 312 Universiry OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. fields and pastures of the upland and valley floors alternate with the woodland. The varied habitat provides numerous different food sources. Along the edges of the hilltops there is a nearly contin- uous limestone outcrop with a lower outcrop paralleling it. These rock ledges, well distributed throughout the area, provide an abundance of den sites and most of the opossums definitely trailed to a home base were found to be utilizing dens in the rock ledges. Two small creeks on the area have some water for most of the year. As compared with wooded bottomland of larger stream courses in Douglas County and those counties adjoining it, the Reservation area probably supports a relatively low population density of opos- sums. “Sign” has been found in much greater abundance in near-by areas supporting a heavier woodland. Every part of the Reservation is used by opossums, but their activity is concentrated in the woodland, and all dens found were in woodland. Most parts of the fields are within 100 yards of the edge of the woodland and no point is more than 700 feet from the edge. Most of the opossums’ foraging in fields was concentrated along the edge; otherwise they tended to follow creeks and gullies and they follow well worn trails more often than they do in the woods. Within the woodland, activity tended to be concentrated along the small streams, and along the rock ledges where den sites were plentiful. Throughout the annual cycle, and from year to year, there were minor shifts in areas of concentrated activity de- pending on seasonal changes in food sources such as thickets of wild plum, crabapple, blackberry and grape, with fruits ripening at slightly different times of year. The areas adjoining the Reservation offer somewhat similar habitat conditions, part woodland, part pas- ture land and some cultivated fields with corn or other crops which provide food sources for the opossum. Under original conditions the area that is now the Reservation probably was marginal habitat for opossums, consisting mainly of open grassland with trees in small and scattered clumps, if indeed they were present at all. There has been steady encroachment of shrubs and trees, originally chiefly confined to near-by bottomlands such as those of the Kaw and Wakarusa valleys. Concurrently, the original hardwood forest of the bettomlands has mostly disappeared, and the land has been taken over for intensive agricultural use. The new upland forest provides a habitat different in many respects from the original bottomland forest. The species composition, in trees and other plants, is somewhat different, with more xeric types, EcoLocy OF THE OpossuM 313 especially on steep south slopes. Logs and large old hollow trees are scarce. The lack of such potential den sites is compensated for by the abundance of holes and crevices along hilltop rock ledges. BEHAVIOR Undisturbed opossums were seen in the course of their normal activities on only a few occasions, and behavior is known to us mainly from the sign and from observations made on those that were live-trapped. Ordinarily those taken in live-traps were found curled up in deep sleep from which they did not arouse until touched or until the trap was moved or jarred. Reactions to humans varied greatly in individuals and was not necessarily correlated with age or sex. Adult males were uniformly hostile to the trapper and reacted with harsh, low growls, with back arched and hair bristling. Al- though many adult females and young of both sexes were similarly hostile in behavior, others were not. Some cowered silently in the trap. Others showed hardly any uneasiness. A small proportion of them feigned death when handled or even before they were touched. Feigning was especially frequent in response to clipping of toes and ears when the animal was marked. In some that were handled, the feigning reaction was weak or incomplete, the animal arising almost immediately after collapsing or beginning to collapse in the feint. Those that feigned death usually maintained the deception for not more than two or three minutes after a person had moved away out of sight. The opossum first raised its head and sniffed, listened, and looked about cautiously for a short time, with body and limbs still relaxed in the feigning posture. Failing to detect any sign of danger, it gradually shifted to a sitting position, and then to a stand- ing one, from which it began moving away with many short pauses at first, and then more rapidly. Upon being released, some opossums scrambled for shelter imme- diately; others stood their ground defiantly with back arched, hair bristling and fangs bared. One that was put on the defensive would usually maintain its stance for less than a minute if not further dis- turbed by movements of the trapper. It would then slowly turn its head and begin walking away with deliberate gliding movements, often pausing abruptly in the middle of its stride with one or two feet off the ground in a pose reminiscent of that of a bird dog mak- ing its “point.” After moving away a few yards, it would gradually accelerate its pace in a scramble for shelter, but an occasional indi- vidual moved away unhurriedly, even foraging as it went. 314 University OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. On the few occasions when opossums were seen at night, their relative alertness and speed of movement contrasted with the slug- gishness and seeming stupidity of those observed in daylight. Sev- eral were seen on roads in the beam of automobile headlights. These were quick to escape, running into thick roadside vegetation or woods to elude pursuit. Others were found in woodland, with o2.) @ 2-25-51 et he) ce e) re Uigy ie HEROIN 4-3-51@ 2-26-51 . 1-10-51 : 2 SP 2-24-51 l Kok 3-6-5! .@ 1-13-51 FicureE 2. Half-mile-square area on Reservation, showing dates and suc- cessive sites of capture for two subadult male opossums; one opossum on upper half of map and other opossum on lower half. Arrows from circles a courses taken by released opossums that were followed to dens. crosses ). the aid of a powerful flashlight as the investigator moved about on foot. They did not permit close approach, and escaped by running. One hid in a blackberry thicket. Several that were chased climbed trees when hard pressed. One that was overtaken, and others that were shaken out of trees and caught, showed fight, standing on the defensive, and slashing at the pursuer with a rapidity and vigor never encountered in those removed from traps in the daytime. EcoLocy OF THE OpossuM SiS Nocturnal tendencies of the opossum were emphasized by the in- frequency with which undisturbed individuals were seen in the day- time. In more than a thousand days of field work on the Reservation, opossums were found out on only four occasions. These occasional daytime forays seem to occur almost always in animals driven by hunger on winter days, when the temperature has suddenly risen a -@ il-21-50 Ree iol are PPS 3-6-51 « . > 1-11-Sixb :2-18- PP ata ae Fe he Pee eee “a I5-51>BO Nee “12-51 : /§-\2-51°¢ 6-12-51-@ } —--" - -28-51y 2-11-5I Ficure 3. Half-mile-square area on Reservation, showing dates and suc- cessive sites of capture of an old adult male in upper half of map and an adult female in lower half. after periods of severely cold weather that have imposed inactivity and fasting. MOVEMENTS Earlier field studies of the opossum have produced somewhat conflicting evidence and conclusions regarding the extent and man- ner of the opossum’s travels. Lay (1942:158) live-trapped and marked 117 opossums on an 86-acre study area in eastern Texas over a two-year period and caught 29 of them at three or more dif- 316 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. ferent trapping stations. He found that “The average minimum area between the stations in these 29 home ranges was 11.5 acres. The mean of the greatest distances traveled between stations was 1460 feet, which would form a theoretical circle of 38.4 acres. , Separate individual territories are not important to opossums as home ranges overlapped in every instance.” Reynolds, in central Missouri, concluded that: “The subsequent recovery of only 5 of 68 released animals, the reported capture of one individual 7 miles from the point of release nine months later, and the rapid repopula- tion of an area devoid of opossums at the close of the hunting season indicate that most opossums are nomadic.” In southeastern Iowa, Wisemann and Hendrickson (1950:336) found that: “Recaptures, in 1942, of three opossums tagged in 1941 indicated a yearly mobility of one-fourth mile; four tagged in 1942 were recaptured within one- half mile from sites of tagging.” Opossums, like other animals, obviously make various types of movements. Ordinarily one tends to keep within a relatively smail area that is familiar to it and that satisfies all its ecological require- ments. This constitutes its home range. Many other animals, in- cluding various mammals, are characterized by territoriality; indi- viduals, pairs or groups occupy definite areas, defended as territories, to the exclusion of other members of their species. Like Lay (loc. cit.) we found no evidence of territoriality in the opossum. In gen- eral, opossums are unsocial but not intolerant in their behavior. In the present study numerous individuals of both sexes and various sizes and ages were found to be occupying the same area simul- taneously, with overlapping but no exact correspondence in home ranges. Occasionaly two or more opossums may use the same den, but each goes its own way on its foraging and it seems that no so- ciability is involved. On many occasions opossums were tracked in soft snow or mud which retained footprints. Under conditions prevailing locally, it was difficult to follow such a trail for any great distance but trailing did divulge information concerning the type of route followed and the method of foraging. Opossums were found to have little inclina- tion to follow beaten trails, either their own or those of other ani- mals. A foraging opossum moved about in an extremely circuitous and erratic route, seldom taking more than a few steps without a change of direction, and frequently crossing its own course in a series of loops, some only a few feet or a few inches in diameter. In moving about, it is guided partly by the tactile and olfactory ECOLOGY OF THE OpossuM 317 stimuli of objects on or beneath the ground surface which are poten- tial food sources. Foraging consists of a succession of tests of such objects, as the animal moves from one to another. Opossums may habitually follow intermittent creeks or gullies or even roads when 11-24-49 - rtl-5-495 oe : hy 5: ‘88 ey aCe 1-7-49> Ficure 4. Quarter-mile-square areas on Reservation showing dates and suc- cessive sites of capture of individual opossums; (A) subadult male; (B) sub- adult male; (C) subadult male; (D) adult female. Arrows from circles show courses that were taken by released opossums that were followed; crosses show location of dens to which they were traced. these provide better foraging than does the adjoining habitat. Metamorphosing amphibians may provide such a food source along a creek and the supply of crushed insects or other small animals along a road attracts the opossum. Food is found by turning chips and leaves, and by poking and probing in chinks and crevices with its snout and paws. On a few occasions short, well worn trails made 818 Unrversiry OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. by opossums were found, from dens to near-by feeding areas where grape tangles provided an abundant and readily available food source over periods of weeks. More often, an opossum follows no trail in its search for food, but seems to wander at random within its home range. Evidence of the existence and extent of home range was obtained for those opossums that were trapped on several or many occasions. Records of each were usually well scattered over an area hundreds ’ of feet in diameter. Limits of home ranges are not sharply defined and at any time the opossum may extend its range into new areas. It may shift to a new den from which areas beyond its original home range are readily accessible, and may then occupy a new home range overlapping part of the old one. Or, it may make a relatively long shift, to an area entirely distinct from the original home range and well separated from it. That such shifts are frequent was indicated by the brief span of records for most of the opossums live-trapped on the Reservation. After the first capture and marking ‘an indi- vidual was often caught consistently over periods of weeks, only to drop out suddenly either having been eliminated or having moved elsewhere. Of the 111 opossums marked and released, 62 were caught only once and 25 others were recaptured only within a period of one or two months. Relatively few, only 24 (14 males and 10 fe- males), had records extending over more than two months. Many of the opossums trapped were probably at or near the edges of their home ranges which barely overlapped the study area; consequently the chances of recapturing them were poor. Those caught well within the trapping area were much more likely to be recaptured. Tracking of opossums suggested that having once left the home den, an animal ordinarily did not return until it had finished its nightly foraging, and wandered more or less at random over its home range. Successive capture sites for any one opossum might be near together or far apart with respect to its over-all range, but on the average, they would be separated by approximately half the breadth of the home range assuming the animal's activity to be evenly distributed over the whole area. Each of twenty-two opos- sums was caught at only two different trapping stations. For this group, the average distance between stations was 761 feet (657 feet for seven males and 810 feet for 15 females) indicating home ranges of approximately 42 acres in extent. Each of ten opossums was caught at three different stations; for these the distances be- tween the first and second stations, between the first and third and between the second and third comprise three distinct movement EcoLoGy OF THE OpossuM 3819 records, and the average of all three probably affords a more re- liable figure for the radius of the home range than does the single movement available for each of the 22 animals captured at only two stations. For these average individual movements the mean of this whole group of 10 was 841.5 feet. Each of five opossums was taken at 4 different trapping stations, and for each of these a rec- ord of six different movements was available. The average was 1016 feet. For the 37 opossums caught at two, three or four differ- ent trapping stations, the mean distance was 817 feet; this is an indication of home ranges of approximately 48 acres in extent. Each of thirteen opossums was caught at five or more trapping sta- tions. The distribution of these stations affords a crude idea of the extent and position of each animal’s home range, but ordinarily it might be expected that the area included between capture sites would be less than the animal’s actual home range, because rela- tively few of the sites of capture would be on the margin of the home range. For this group, maximum distances between trapping stations averaged 1954 feet suggesting a home range of nearly 70 acres, larger than that computed for the opossums caught at only two, three, or four stations. However, for those caught at five or more stations, the time involved averaged longer and probably some had altered their ranges to invade new areas. Ranges may have been broadly oval rather than circular so that the maximum diameter measured between stations exceeded somewhat the average range diameter for each animal. The opossums having home ranges entirely within the study area were those most likely to be caught repeatedly and at different loca- tions, while those with ranges centering near the edge of the area, or outside of it tended to be caught at fewer locations and less fre- quently. For those animals with ranges partly outside the study area, the captures recorded would represent only one sector of the home range and would tend to be near together, so that many of the radii computed for individual home ranges are too small. Each average figure for home range is perhaps erroneously low for this reason. The error tends to be greatest for those taken at only two locations, and least for those trapped at the greatest number of dif- ferent locations. Approximate size of the usual home range is apparent from the several figures although various unknown or unmeasurable factors distort the data. The usual home range of the opossum in the area of the study is in the neighborhood of 50 acres or a little less. With the data available no significant differences in sizes of home ranges are 320 University OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. discernible between males and females nor between adults and young of the year. Shifts occur frequently, contributing to popula- tion turnover, which may result in almost complete replacement of individuals in the course of a year’s time, on an area of less than a square mile. DISPERSAL OF YOUNG One hundred and fifteen small young of 14 different litters were marked while still attached to the mother’s teats in the pouches. A fairly high rate of mortality probably is normal in the small de- pendent young and further mortality probably resulted from the deleterious effects of examining and handling them and the females that carried them. At any rate, 47 of 208 young recorded, were missing at subsequent recaptures of the females, before the young were old enough to become independent. It is almost certain that the actual losses were much higher, because the records for each female cover only part of the period during which young are car- ried in the pouch. Fifteen of these marked young of seven different litters were re- captured after periods of months, when they were well grown or adult and the locations of these recaptures afford information con- cerning the animals’ dispersal. Their records are summarized be- low. Opossums that wandered much more than half a mile or at most three-fourths of a mile from the place of original capture were unlikely to be recaptured, and some originally recorded at sites near the edge of the study area might have moved beyond its boundary with much shorter shifts. Date of capture and Date of Distance Sex marking as pouch young recapture in feet Female April 14, 1951 September 22, 1951 1870 Female May 6, 1950 February 28, 1952 1800 Female May 14, 1950 December 31, 1950 1750 Female March 28, 1951 January 23, 1952 1700 Female May 11, 1951 November 9, 1951 1700 Female May 11, 1951 March 2, 1952 1450 Female April 2, 1950 October 7, 1950 1160 Female April 14, 1951 May 19, 1952 1100 Male May 11, 1951 February 3, 1952 800 Female May 11, 1951 January 9, 1952 700 Female April 2, 1950 October 3, 1950 700 Female May 6, 1950 April 3, 1951 650. Female March 28, 1951 February 2, 1952 500 Male April 18, 1952 July 6, 1952 120 Female April 2, 1950 April 14, 1951 10 Most of these opossums were recaptured within a year of the time they were marked as small young in the females’ pouches, and on the average they had moved a little less than 400 yards. While the EcoLocy OF THE OpossuM S21. sex ratio was equal in the pouch young that were marked, it is note- worthy that all but two of the recaptured opossums were females; and of the two males, one was recaptured early, before it could have had time to wander far. The young males, after becoming inde- pendent must tend to wander much more widely, and to settle in new areas far removed from the mother’s home range. It is unlikely that this dispersal of the young males is motivated either by rivalry and intolerance of larger males or by sexual drive. The dispersal occurs in late summer when there is no breeding activity, and when food is present in greatest abundance and variety. FEEDING HABITS The feeding habits of the opossum in Douglas County, northeast- ern Kansas, have been discussed by Sandidge (1953). His data were obtained from stomach analysis of specimens caught in steel traps. In the present study no stomachs were available for analysis as the opossums on the Reservation were not sacrificed for this pur- pose and effort was made to avoid mortality in those that were live- trapped. Information concerning their feeding habits was obtained mainly by examination of scats in the field. On this 590-acre tract maintained as a Natural Area with human disturbance kept to a minimum, the available food sources differed somewhat from those of other woodland areas and especially from those of cultivated or suburban areas as reported upon by Sandidge. The feces or “scats” of the opossum are not liable to be confused with those of other mammals except possibly with those of the striped skunk or raccoon, both relatively uncommon on the Reser- vation. Favorite sites for deposition of opossum scats were at the bases of large trees, usually honey locusts or elms, near the ani- mal’s den. Accumulations of several dozen scats may collect in such situations. Often the opossums live-trapped were found to have deposited scats and many of these were saved for examination, although they were usually trampled, broken and mixed with earth and hair. Few scats were seen in the field throughout the summer. Their disintegration is rapid at that time of year because of the high temperature, frequent heavy rains, and abundance of dung- feeding insects. Scats were seen in greatest abundance in the fall, partly because the opossum population was then at its annual high point. During fall, wild fruits made up the greater part of the diet and were represented in almost every scat that was seen. Wild grape (Vitis vulpina) is an abundant woodland vine on the area and often forms dense tangles both in deep woods and in edge situ- 322 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. ations. Grape was the most abundant single item, and a large num- ber of scats consisted exclusively of grape seeds and skins. In No- vember and December opossums could be trapped most effectively by making sets in or near grapevine tangles where the animals were attracted by the abundant ripe fruits. The crops of wild grapes were especially heavy in 1948 (before live-trapping was begun) and in 1949, and scats containing them were noticed in those years especially. Opossums, too, were more numerous on the Reservation in 1948 and 1949 than they were in 1950, 1951, and 1952. Hackberry fruit (Celtis occidentalis) was second to grape in im- portance and large numbers of scats were found to be composed mainly or entirely of the skins and seeds of this fruit. In the fall of 1951, these fruits were especially important and were the princi- pal food source. Wild plum (Prunus americanus) and wild crabapple (Pyrus ioensis) also are important in fall and winter and are present in many scats. In summer, blackberry, abundant on some parts of the Reservation, is an important food. Other wild fruits noticed in scats include those of cherry (Prunus virginiana) and climbing bitter- sweet (Celastrus scandens), and mast (acorn ?). In the fall of 1948, corn made up a large part of the contents of scats noticed. Crops of corn were grown on two fields of the Reservation in that year. In following years, corn was noticed less frequently in scats but still continued to be one of the important food items. Several cornfields adjoined the Reservation, and the scats containing the grain were observed mainly along the borders of these fields. The crayfish is evidently the most important animal food, at least during the cooler half of the year when scats are seen in greatest numbers. Remains of crayfish were far more conspicuous than those of other invertebrates, and often made up the greater part of the scat. The sample of scats examined in the field, as noted below, are thought to be representative of the much larger number noticed but not examined in detail. August 19, 1951, 16 scats. Food items in their approximate order of impor- tance were: blackberry in six (100% in 5, 95% in 1); grape in five (100% in 2, 97% in 1, 95% in 1, 50% in 1); crayfish in three (100% in 1, 60% in 1, 40% in 1); wild plum in two (85% in 1, 5% in 1); wild crabapple in two (100% in both); insects in three (scarabaeid beetle 10% in 1, cicada 2% in 1, unidentified insect fragments in 5); fox squirrel in one (15%); unidentified plant fibers in one (40%). September, 1951, 16 scats. Grape in seven (all or most of 5 scats and small percentages of 2 others); cherry in seven (all or most of 5 scats and small per- centages of 2 others); crayfish in seven (all or most of 5 and small percentages EcoLoGy OF THE OpossuM 823 of 2 others); rabbit in two, making up most of both; insects (grasshopper, and large black beetle) in two making up small percentages. October, 1951, 8 scats. Hackberry in three, making up nearly all of them; grape in two (all of 1 and most of the other); wild plum in one (100%); mast (acorn?) in one, making up 100%; crayfish in one making up about half; fox squirrel in one making up the remainder of the scat containing crayfish; rabbit in one making up a small percentage. November, 1951, 12 scats. Hackberry in five, making up all or most of four and a small part of the fifth; grape in five, making up all or most of four and a small part of the fifth; wild crabapple in three, making up all of two and most of the third; and cottontail in one, making up all of it. January, 1952, 3 scats. Hackberry in all, making up all of two and most of the third; copperhead (scales of medium-sized adult) making up a fraction of the third scat. Pile of more than a dozen scats not individually separable, nearly all consisted mainly or entirely of hackberry fruits estimated at 2000; other ‘contents chiefly crabapple and corn. September, 1952, 8 scats. Grape in all, making up all of six and 90% of the seventh, and about 20% of the eighth; wild plum seeds in one making up 40%; blue feathers, evidently of a jay, in one, making up a trace; carabid beetles in one making up a trace. October, 1952, about 14 scats, two separate (both consisting exclusively of grape) and the remainder mixed in two approximately equal piles, one pile con- sisting of grape, except for small quantity of fine fur; second pile consisting mainly of grape (about 90%) with small percentages of yellowjackets (Vespula, about 6 individuals, all in one scat), toe bones and fur of cottontail rabbit; a few scales of immature copperhead; and a snail. November, 1952, 2 scats. Grape in both, making up all of one and about 90% of the other. Sandidge (loc. cit.) found remains of cottontail rabbit in some of the stomachs he examined, but followed Reynolds (1945) in re- garding these as carrion since the opossum was considered to be too inefficient a predator to catch and kill cottontails—prey approxi- mating its own size and much superior in speed. Adult cottontails seem to be secure from opossum predation under ordinary circum- stances. However, the opossum obtains some of its food by raiding the nests of small animals, including those of rabbits. At the Res- ervation, on May 21, 1951, at 9:00 p.M., distressed squealing of a rabbit was heard in high brome grass. Investigation revealed that a large male opossum had killed a young cottontail, weighing ap- proximately 150 grams, and had started to eat it. This young rabbit, about the minimum size of young wandering outside the nest, evi- dently was pounced upon as it hid beneath the high grass. Live-traps for mice, in lines or grids of 100 or more, often were set on the Reservation, and predators, including opossums, disturbed them on many occasions. Attacks sometimes resulted in release and escape of the trapped animal, and in other instances resulted in its 324 University oF Kansas Pusis., Mus. Nat. Hist. being caught and eaten. In many instances identity of the predator could not be determined, but it is believed that such attacks by the opossum were relatively infrequent and inefficient. Steel traps set beside the mouse traps after consistent raids, to catch or discourage the predator, caught opossums on several occasions. These opos- sums usually had overturned mouse traps without opening them and when the trapped mouse was missing from the trap no evidence of its having been eaten was obtained. On other occasions raccoons were caught in the steel traps, and their raids were characterized by systematic and dextrous opening of the mouse traps and, fre- quently, by predation on the smal! mammals inside them. Wire funnel traps set for reptiles along rock ledges also were often disturbed by predators, mainly skunks and opossums, both of which were caught on several occasions, when steel traps were used as a protective measure. The opossums often were attracted to the funnel traps by large insects such as camel crickets, grasshoppers and beetles, but also by trapped lizards including the skinks (Eumeces fasciatus and E. obsoletus) and the racerunner (Cnemi- dophorus sexlineatus). Both Sandidge (1953) and Reynolds (1945) recorded the five-lined skink (E. fasciatus) in opossum stomachs. On the Reservation this common lizard probably is one of the most frequent items of vertebrate prey of the opossum. Flat rocks a few inches in diameter frequently have been found flipped over; larger flat rocks and those solidly anchored in the ground often have been found partly undermined by opossums scratching away the loose dirt at their edges. Flat rocks similar to those found disturbed by opossums are the favorite resting places of the skinks, which, in cold or wet weather, are sluggish when beneath such shelters; this is especially true of female skinks that are nesting. The shape and size of some of the excavations suggested predation on skink nests. Other possible food sources in the same situation, in loose soil beneath flat rocks, include narrow-mouthed toads, lycosid spiders, beetles (mainly carabids such as Pasimachus and Brachinus ) and occasionally, snails, centipedes and millipedes. A pond, a little more than an acre in size, was a focal area for opossums and more were caught there than on any other part of the Reservation. Opossums that were trapped and marked on other parts of the Reservation were likely to be caught here sooner or later. Tracks in the mud showed that the edge was patrolled al- most nightly by one or more opossums and this activity was es- pecially noticeable when the pond was drying. Frogs were obvi- ously the chief attraction inducing the opossums to forage there. EcoLocy OF THE OpossuM oon Of the 8 kinds of frogs and toads breeding at the pond, the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana), leopard frog (Rana pipiens) and cricket frog (Acris gryllus) were most abundant, throughout the season and especially when drying occurred. All three probably are important foods of the opossum locally. WEIGHTS Opossums were weighed in the field, with small spring scales of 2000-gram capacity, graduated in 25-gram intervals. Weights re- corded were accurate within a margin of about 10 grams. After other data were recorded, the opossum was offered the hook at the base of the scale, and usually bit and held fast. Then it could be suspended off the ground and a reading taken. When the same opossum was trapped two or more times within a few days, weight was usually found to fluctuate sometimes more than 200 grams, or more than 10 per cent of the animal’s body weight. Opossums recaptured soon after their original capture and toe-clipping were generally found to have lost weight, reflecting the deleterious effect of marking by this method. The temporary laming of the animals prevented them from traveling as far or as fast as they normally would have; consequently they probably obtained correspondingly less food. They were also handicapped in digging, grasping and climbing. Nineteen such animals taken within a month of the original capture and marking, averaged 94 per cent of their original weights. The minimum was 82 per cent. Only 2 of the 19 had gained. The stumps of amputated toes did not heal rapidly in opossums —contrary to experiences with many other kinds of mammals, rep- tiles, and amphibians also marked by toe-clipping. For many weeks the toes remained unhealed, sore and swollen. In several instances after periods of months the clipped toe stumps were unhealed. This was observed even in some of the opossums that were marked as pouch young and recaptured when grown to nearly adult size. Some adult opossums trapped were heavier than the 2000-gram capacity of the spring scale usually used in the field, and no defi- nite weights were recorded for most of these animals. Some of them that were caught near the laboratory were brought there for weighing. Even within the same age- and sex-group at any one time, opos- sums varied widely in general condition and in weight. Some were emaciated and sickly in appearance with sparse, ragged pelage, while others were in excellent condition, fat and with thick, glossy 326 UNIvEeRSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. pelage. Seasonal trends are partly obscured by these differences in individuals, by the tendency to lose weight in those recently marked, and by the irregular fluctuations that occur in each animal. The few opossums caught in summer were thin and appeared to be suffering from infestations of ectoparasites, especially chiggers (Eutrombicula alfreddugesi) and ticks (Dermacentor variabilis). Those trapped in October and November were mostly fat and in good condition. For individuals caught at different seasons, maxi- WEIGHT IN GRAMS 3500 pte SN ee ee SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY FicureE 5. Weight changes in opossums live-trapped; lines connect successive weight records of the same individual, showing, in most, a downward trend throughout the winter and early spring, and an upward trend in late spring. mum weights were generally recorded in these two months. The maximum weight record of the study was one of an adult male weighing 5000 grams on December 23, 1950. The weight records of this individual were more complete than most and are recorded below to illustrate seasonal trends for adults. May 10, 1950, 1925 grams; May 14, 1830 grams; May 17, 1940 grams; November 5, 4540 grams; November 28, 4540 grams; December 23, 5000 grams; Febru- ary 18, 1951, 3300 grams; March 6, 3080 grams; March 28, 3080 grams; May 28, 3080 grams; June 18, 2620 grams. EcoLoGy OF THE OpossuM 327 Of opossums that were trapped alive, the weight ranged from the maximum of 5000 grams to a minimum of 126 grams. The maxi- mum in males was higher than in females. In fall, three rather poorly defined age-size groups were discernible in each sex: adults more than a year old and including all the largest individuals; large young born late the preceding winter and approaching small adult size; smaller young born in early summer and still less than half- grown. After November, young cease to gain, or gain slowly and irregularly through the winter and spring and adults tend to decline in weight, as food becomes scarce and frequent fasting is enforced by cold or stormy weather. The smaller young probably are sub- ject to drastic reduction in numbers as a result, directly or indirectly, of severe winter weather. Many of these smaller young, weighing considerably less than 1000 grams, did not survive overnight when caught in live-traps in cool autumn weather, whereas adults and well-grown young generally survived exposure even for several suc- cessive nights in various extremes of weather conditions. BREEDING SEASON Hartman (1928:154) stated that there were at least two litters of young per year in the southern states with a small percentage of unusually fecund females producing a third litter. Lay, in east- ern Texas, concluded (1942:155) that “The present investigation substantiates Hartman’s deduction of two litters being normal, but fails to disclose any evidence of a third litter.” He found females carrying young in the pouch only within the seven-months period January to July with definite peaks in February and June, and stated that second litters appear in the pouch from early April to as late as May 20 to 23. Reynolds (1945:362) found that the breeding season in central Missouri in 1941 and 1942 began about the first of February, with known or calculated birth dates of 42 litters rather evenly distributed throughout the periods February 12 to April 2, and May 16 to June 4. Eight of these females had given birth to young between March 16 and April 2, approximately six to nine weeks after the beginning of the breeding season. Reynolds assumed that these were individuals that had failed to find mates during the first oestrus of the season and that after completing the regular dioestrus of about 28 days they had then mated and borne young. Wiseman and Hendrickson (1950:333) in southeastern Iowa recorded a female with a litter no more than two days old on February 23, and several other females with young were estimated to have borne litters at approximately this same date, while still 328 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. others bore litters as late as early March. Two lots of small young found in early June may have been second litters. For the region represented by the present study, the data indicate a breeding season with later onset and sharply circumscribed limits as compared with an earlier onset and less circumscribed limits in Texas, central Missouri, and even southeastern Jowa, which is a little farther north. The available data indicate that there are two distinct and well-defined breeding seasons in the course of the an- nual cycle on the University of Kansas Natural History area. The whole population, including young of the preceding year, some still far below average adult size, breeds from about the middle of Feb- ruary into early March, and first litters are born mainly in early March. Individual females may vary as much as two to three weeks in the time of breeding, and varying weather conditions from year to year may hasten or delay onset of the breeding season. Data are recorded below for all females caught in March that were carrying litters. Weight of female Number of Date in grams young Development of young March 1, 1952 2000 9 Newborn March 2, 1952 1450 6 Newborn March 2, 1952 1230 il Newbom March 5, 1950 1200 10 About 16 mm. snout to vent March 5, 1950 1300 1 About 14 mm. snout to vent March 6, 1951 1110 4 Newborn March 18, 1952 1930 8 Not present when female was trapped on March 1 March 18, 1952 1520 6 March 18, 1952 1230 1, About 40 mm. snout to vent March 19, 1951 1000 8 Estimated 1 week old March 22, 1950 1040 i) About 34 mm. snout to vent March 24, 1950 1280 10 74 mm. snout to vent March 24, 1950 1480 8 March 27, 1950 965 8 Total length 26 mm., weight .8 g. March 28, 1951 820 7 20 mm. crown to rump; born since previous capture of female on March 7 March 30, 1950 1325 9 Total length 33 mm. March 31, 1952 1930 8 March 31, 1952 1630 5 Total length 73 mm. None of the females trapped in February was carrying young in the pouch, but probably some early litters are born in the last week of February or even earlier. By late March most of the females are carrying young in their pouches, and those which do not have young, have their pouches enlarged and vascularized for accommo- dation of the young. Presumably such females have already borne young and then lost them. Nearly all the litters seen in the latter half of March had young that were much larger than at birth. EcoLoGY OF THE OpossuM 329 Of 13 females examined in April, 12 were carrying young, and the remaining one was known to have been carrying a single young on March 1, but had lost it. Eleven females were examined in May, four of which were the same ones examined in April. Eight of the eleven females were carrying young; of the remaining three, one had lost the litter of young that it had been carrying when trapped in April. Two had empty pouches on May 19 and 20, but probably had successfully reared the litters of young which they had been carrying when trapped in April. The young of all those females trapped on different dates in April and May were in stages of growth indicative of birth about the first week in March. The latest date on which a female was recorded with first-litter young in the pouch was May 22, 1951, and these were the largest pouch young observed. Their eyes were recently opened, they were estimated to weigh 60 grams each with hind feet 20 mm. long. Young continue to grow rapidly after leaving the female’s pouch. A young female caught on June 16, 1949, weighed 126 grams. For seven young caught on July 5 and 6, 1952, weights and hind-foot measurements were, for males: 660 grams, 52 mm.; 560 grams, 46 mm.; 550 grams, 48 mm.; 450 grams, 44 mm.; 370 grams, 44 mm.; 330 grams, 837 mm.; and for the one female: 430 grams, 46 mm. The wide variation in size in this small group of young of nearly the same age is noteworthy. Size and condition of the females carrying them, number of competing litter mates, and early success or handicap in independent life causes so much divergence in size that at the age of four months some young are twice as large as others. By late fall the young grow to small-adult size. For example, the female that weighed 126 grams when first caught on June 16, 1949, was recaptured on November 29, 1949, and on that date weighed 1710 grams. A second breeding season ensues soon after the young of the first litter leave the pouch, and these young probably soon learn to shift for themselves. Second litters are usually born in early June. On June 14, 1952, a female was taken with young only a few days old in her pouch. On July 5, 1952, two females last taken on May 19 and May 20, with their pouches recently vacated by first litters, were found to have young the size of half-grown mice, evidently two to three weeks old. In the months of October, November, December and January, a total of 11 young, thought to represent second litters, 330 UnIversITy OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. were taken. Dates of capture, weights in grams and sexes were as follows: Oct. 3, 1950 400 grams male Dec. 30,1950 710 grams female Oct. 6,1950 510 grams female Jan. 1, 1951 660-grams female Oct. 8, 1950 260 grams female Jan. 1, 1950 700 grams* male Oct. 8,1950 350 grams female Jan. 9, 1950 550 grams male Oct. 18,1950 350 grams* female Jan. 11,1950 550 grams male Dec. 5,1951 630 grams female * estimated The hind foot measured 48 mm. and 51 mm., respectively, in the young weighing 630 grams and 660 grams. These young, born in early summer have grown, by October, to a size comparable with that attained in July by young of the early spring litters. The variation in size is also similar but with a little wider range. The summer breeding season may be somewhat more protracted than the breeding season in early spring. Too few females were caught in summer to compare the summer breeding season with the early spring breeding season, with respect to size of litters, percentage of non-breeders, and other factors which might affect the size of the crop of young produced. It is not clear why, among opossums trapped in winter, the young born in early spring outnumber those born in early summer by about four to one. Some females are eliminated after rearing the first litter, and others, exhausted by rearing large first litters may fail to participate in the second breeding season. However, it seems that the young of the summer litters must be subject to other unusual and selective mor- tality factors which eliminate most of them by fall. That such fac- tors vary from year to year is indicated by the changing ratio of summer-born young to other opossums in each of the three winter seasons when trapping was carried on. NUMBERS OF YOUNG Hartman (1952) has summarized his own findings and those of other authors regarding the embryology, birth, and early develop- ment of the opossum, and has corrected numerous popular mis- conceptions. He states that an average litter consists of about 21 eggs, but mentions much larger litters of up to as many as 56. However, many of these may fail to develop. The female normally has 13 functional nipples in her pouch and each one accommodates a single young. Excess young beyond this number are doomed, and soon perish from starvation if they reach the pouch after all the nipples are occupied. None of the females examined in the present study had a full complement of 13 young. Under unfavorable con- ECOLOGY OF THE OpossuM Sal ditions, most or all of the young may fail to make the trip from the vaginal orifice to the pouch. Also, the pouch young are subject to heavy mortality, but observations concerning the time and cause of mortality are lacking. Lay (loc. cit.) found an average of 6.8 pouch young in 65 litters examined in eastern Texas; Reynolds found an average of 8.9 (5 to 13) in 42 litters from Boone County, central Missouri; Wiseman and Hendrickson found an average of 9 (6 to 12) in southeastern Iowa. In the present study, 28 of the female opossums examined were carrying litters in their pouches, and all these females were caught in the months of March, April, May, June and July. The number of young varied from one to 12. Seven females each had seven young, six each had eight, three had six, three had five, and there were two each with nine, 10, and 12 young, and one each with one, four and 11 young. The average was 7.4 per litter. On several oc- casions females captured with young in their pouches and recap- tured one or more times within a few weeks, were found to have lost some or all of the young. Some of the females examined prob- ably had already lost parts of their litters. For instance, the female recorded with just one small young on March 1, probably had lost most of her litter and when recaptured a month later she did not have any young. Nineteen yearling opossums were taken in the fall-winter-spring season of 1951-52; 42 per cent of the total, and 67 per cent of the females were individuals marked as pouch young the preceding spring. In the course of live-trapping, that spring, some first litters may have been missed. No second litters were marked because trapping was not continued into June and July when second litters are being carried by females. These figures suggest that the breed- ing population of females on an area consists chiefly of those born there the preceding spring. COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION Sex ratio of opossums trapped was approximately 1:1; 59 males to 58 females. Age groups for opossums caught in the three seasons are shown in the following tabular fashion. For a few individuals age status was doubtful. 1949-1950 1950-1951 1951-1952 Total Old adults 11( 25%) 9( 26.4%) 11(39.2%) 81( 29.2%) Yearlings: Born in late winter 29( 66%) 18( 53.0%) 13 (46.5%) 60 (56.6% ) Born in late spring 4(9.1%) 7( 20.6% ) 4( 14.3%) 15( 14.2%) Total 44 34 28 106 332 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. In the 1950-51 season, small young of the summer brood seemed unusually numerous. In the 1951-52 period, young of both age classes were relatively scarce and old adults made up an unusually high proportion of the population. Excluding the 14 marked pouch young that were later recaptured, there were only four of the total of 106 that were trapped in each of two seasons. One young less than a quarter grown, that was accidentally caught in a live-trap set for woodrats, was recaptured as a breeding adult the following winter. An adult male and two adult females each caught in the 1949-50 season were each recaptured repeatedly in the 1950-51 sea- son. Ninety-five per cent replacement of the breeding population by the following breeding season is indicated by our figures. Only 3 (or 5 per cent) of the individuals of the population trapped and marked in the season of 1949-50, were recaptured among the 62 opossums recorded in the two subsequent seasons. Various mor- tality factors including predation, disease, and accidents account for some 70 per cent. These are replaced by first-year young which make up the greater part of the breeding population. The remain- ing 25 per cent presumably shift their ranges sufficiently in the course of a year to have moved beyond the limits of an area of the size en- compassed by the present study. POPULATION DENSITY No precise measurement of the population density on the study area was obtained. It was not practical to capture every individual present there, and rapid population turnover, due to mortality and wandering, obscured the trends. The information obtained con- cerning movements of opossums suggest that one may habitually forage as much as 900 feet from its home base. Assuming that 900 feet is the typical cruising radius, the areas drawn upon by the trap lines in the three different seasons were approximately as follows: 1949-50—400 acres; 1950-51—350 acres; 1951-52—220 acres. In these same three seasons the numbers of opossums caught were, re- spectively, 46, 37, and 30. If these figures represent the numbers actually present, densities of one to 8.7 acres, one to 9.5 acres, and one to 7.3 acres are indicated. However, some opossums using the area probably were missed; and on the other hand, not all those caught in the course of a season were present there simultaneously. Many of those present early in the season would have moved away a few months later, and others would have moved in, replacing them. The number present at any one time could scarcely have been more than half the number caught in the entire season. EcoLocy OF THE OpossuM 333 CENSUS WITH HALF-MONTHLY SAMPLING PERIODS Number of Number of Number of Computed individuals individuals recaptures population Sampling period taken taken in in for in following following sampling period period period period Early November 1949 3 il 1 21 Late November 1949 7 8 3 18.7 Early December 1949 8 11 3 29.3 Late December 1949 1a 7 4 19.2 Early January 1950 7 8 il 21 Early March 1950 5 8 2 20 Late March 1950 8 6 3) 16 Early April 1950 6 3 1 18 Late April 1950 3 6 2 9 Early May 1950 6 3 2. 9 Early November 1950 1 3 1 3 Late December 1950 3 6 il 18 Early February 1951 4 13 3 17.8 Late February 1951 13 6 3 26 Early March 1951 6 4 3 8 Late March 1951 4 5 2 10 Early April 1951 5 iL 1 5 Late April 1951 1 5 1 5 Early May 1951 5 8 9) eS Early February 1952 9 4 2 18 Late February 1952 4 9 1 36 Early March 1952 9 6 2 27 Late March 1952 6 5 2 15 CENSUS WITH MONTHLY SAMPLING PERIODS Number of Number of Number of Computed individuals individuals recaptures population Sampling period taken taken in in or in following following sampling period period period period November 1949 9 16 0 21 December 1949 16 9 3 48 March 1950 11 9 8 33 April 1950 9 Uf 2 82 October 1950 9 8 3 9 November 1950 3) 3 1 9 December 1950 3 7 3 1 January 1951 itl 14 3 33 February 1951 14 7 4 25 March 1951 7 5 3 1 April 1951 5 6 3 10 November 1951 3 6 1 18 December 1951 6 5 iL 80 January 1952 5 11 8 18 February 1952 Tal 13 4 36 March 1952 13 9 5 2, April 1952 9 8 if 27 Crude census-figures were obtained by utilizing the Lincoln Index and computing the total on the basis of the ratio of marked (and recognizable) individuals to others caught in a sampling period. A large number of census figures were obtained over the three- year period of the study. Each separate census, however, was based on an inadequate sample as the number of marked individuals taken 334 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. at each sampling, as recaptures from the previous sampling period, varied from one to five. While little confidence can be placed in any one census computation, the trends of figures from series of such computations reveal the approximate number of opossums on the area if due allowance is made for certain distorting factors. Pre- sumably the differences in figures obtained at different samplings result chiefly from the margin of error in the data, although it is true that there is rapid change in the actual number of opossums. The number of active opossums in the region of the study reaches a peak in late summer and early fall, when second litters of young have grown large enough to become independent. At this season the population contains a high proportion of young of the year. During the ensuing months of fall and winter there is a steady de- crease in numbers, through various mortality factors, with no re- placement until young are born about the first week of March. These young do not become independent until late May or early June, and during the intervening months there is a further reduction of the adults and yearlings, so that the active population reaches its annual low point in late spring. At that time of year most opos- sums are in poor physical condition. The area represented by the opossums trapped totaled more than 500 acres, but not more than 400 acres were within the area drawn upon by the trap line at any one time. Usually the area represented at any one time by the trap line was less—100 to 350 acres, with from 25 to 45 traps. Traps were moved from time to time depend- ing on the distribution of opossum sign and food sources, the weather, and the time available for this study. As a result, suc- cessive samples are not strictly comparable and a major source of error is introduced into the census computations. Lack of exact correspondence in the area represented by successive samples would result in a disproportionally small number of recaptures, and an erroneously high census computation. While adequate adjustment cannot be made, examination of the data suggests that census figures are too high, by as much as 50 per cent in many instances as a result of this factor, while in some other instances when there was little or no alteration of a trap line from one period to another, the census figure was not affected. In the winter of 1949-50, the area covered was most extensive, from 850 to 400 acres, and the numbers of opossums taken were correspondingly larger. In the 1950-51 season the area involved was approximately 220 acres, and in the 1951-52 season it was a little less than 200 acres. In view of the census figures obtained and the probable errors, it appears that the opossum EcoLocy OF THE OpossuM 3835 population in early autumn is about one to 20 acres, and that by late spring it is reduced to not much more than half that number. MORTALITY FACTORS Many of the opossums trapped were suffering from injury, dis- ease, or parasite infestation, and some were in critical conditions. A large adult male trapped on April 2, 1952, seemed to be dying from disease. It was much emaciated and the pelage was sparse and ragged, as if the animal had been sick for a long time. The skin had numerous light-colored pustules 1 to 2 mm. in diameter, and these were especially prominent on the ears, lips, and penis. When released, the opossum was too weak to move away. It was excited by movements of the trapper, and stood erect with violent involun- tary rocking movements. After a few seconds it gradually slumped to the ground and subsided into quiescence. On the next day no trace of it could be found. Most of the opossums caught in summer and early fall had eye infections, and all of them were infested with ticks (Dermacentor variabilis). Sometimes ticks were attached in dense clusters of several dozen on the animal’s ears and scattered over other parts of the body. In March and April, 1950, seven adult opossums were found dead in the traps. None of these showed any evidence of disease or in- jury and they were normal in appearance except that they were thin. It was concluded that death had resulted from exposure and starva- tion in the traps in these animals already in critical condition as a result of winter food scarcity and frequent fasting. Up to this time the procedure had been to check the trap line only on alternate days and no mortality had resulted, even in the coldest part of the winter. The implication is that by spring, opossums are in a condi- tion so critical that they are unable to withstand exposure or fasting and die whenever weather conditions are unusually severe. After these losses in the spring of 1950, trap lines were checked daily. However, in October, 1950, further mortality in traps re- sulted in the loss of three or more opossums. All three of these were rat-sized young of second litters. These young lacked the abundant supply of fat characteristic of larger opossums in fall, and seemingly were unable to withstand exposure to chilly nights. Such suscepti- bility to cold might result in heavy mortality in retarded second- litter young when cold weather of autumn is unseasonably early or is unusually severe. Natural enemies of the opossum on the area include the red- 336 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. tailed hawk, horned owl] and coyote. Because of the opossum’s nocturnal habits it is rarely exposed to hawk predation. Food habits of the coyote on the area have not yet been investigated. Numerous instances of horned owl predation on opossums have been recorded in the literature. On January 15, 1950, an owl attacked an opossum caught in a live-trap. The trap was found overturned, and a few feet away were entrails and a quantity of opossum hair where the animal was eaten. Low vegetation in the vicinity had many fine down feathers of the owl clinging to it. On December 24, 1950, the carcass of a small adult opossum was found in a pasture near the edge of the woods. The head and tail were intact, but otherwise little more remained than the spinal column, girdles and larger limb bones. White excreta of a large bird beside the carcass indicated predation by a raptor, probably a horned owl. SUMMARY On a natural area, the University of Kansas Natural History Res- ervation, in Douglas County, northeastern Kansas, the population of opossums was studied, chiefly by live-trapping, in the fall-winter- spring seasons of 1949-50, 1950-51 and 1951-52. The study area provided a varied habitat of elm-oak-hickory woodland, pastureland, and fallow fields. Opossums use all parts of it, but concentrate their activities in the woodland. Opossums being mainly nocturnal were rarely seen in the daytime, except when caught in traps. Reactions to humans varied; some were indifferent, some feigned death, others merely tried to escape, and some defended themselves vigorously, snarling and snapping. No evidence of territorial behavior was found in the opossum. Many individuals of both sexes and various sizes, occurred together on the same area. Successive captures of individuals revealed the usual extent of home ranges, which averaged approximately 50 acres, and tended to a circular or broadly oval shape. No significant dif- ference in size of home ranges between males and females, or be- tween adults and well-grown young, was found. Of 115 young marked by toe-clipping while still in the females’ pouches, 15 were recaptured after periods of months. All but two of these recaptured young were females which had settled down within a few hundred feet of the locations where they were born. The young males seem to wander much more extensively than do the females. Feeding habits were investigated by field examination of scats found mainly in fall and winter. These consisted mainly of wild fruits, especially grape, blackberry, wild crabapple, wild plum, and ECOLOGY OF THE OpossuM Sar hackberry. Crayfish was the most important animal food. No com- parable data for spring or summer were obtained because scats deteriorate rapidly in warm weather and were seldom found then. Clues as to the summer food were gained from sign. On many oc- casions opossums disturbed live-traps set for small animals, to obtain the voles, mice, skinks, or insects caught in them. Evidence of opos- sum activity such as digging and scratching was frequently noticed at the edges of rocks and in crevices, where such prey as skinks, narrow-mouthed toads, beetles, spiders and centipedes seek shelter. One opossum was observed to catch and kill a young cottontail. The opossums trapped ranged in weight from 126 grams to 5000 grams but most weighed between 1000 and 2000 grams. After being trapped and marked by toe-clipping, animals usually lost weight, up to as much as 18 per cent of the original weight. Food scarcity and enforced fasting in cold weather caused a weight loss from Novem- ber until the arrival of warm spring weather. By late April and May some opossums were emaciated and in critical condition. The entire population of opossums, including the majority less than a year old, breeds in February, and litters are born mainly in the first half of March. The young develop rapidly in the female’s pouch, and become independent in late May, and there is a second breeding season with young born mainly in the first half of June. By the onset of cool fall weather, young born in early spring have grown so that most are as large as small adults. The young born in early summer are still less than half-grown. The young of the sec- ond litter are less successful than those of the first litter and make up only a small part of the breeding population the following year. In 28 litters of young the average was 7.4, but probably some of these litters had already sustained losses. In each of three different winters, the largest age group in the population of opossums was that of the newly matured young born in early spring. The old adults were the next most numerous group, and the second-litter young born in early summer were the least numerous. The figures obtained from live-trapping indicate an annual population turnover of approximately 95 per cent, with some 70 per cent eliminated by various mortality factors and replaced by young, the remaining 25 per cent shifting to new areas, with com- pensatory shifts of individuals replacing them. The various mortality factors which regulate the numbers of opos- sums are not well known, and even less is known regarding the rela- tive importance of the factors. Food supply and weather are obvi- ously of major importance and closely interrelated in their effect on 338 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. the population. One large adult opossum that was trapped seemed to be dying from disease and was scarcely able to stand; but others caught near-by before and after were unaffected. The horned owl is perhaps the most important natural enemy of the opossum on the Reservation, and instances of ow! predation on opossums were noted. LITERATURE CITED Fircu, H. S. 1950. A new style live-trap for small mammals. Jour. Mamm., 31:364-365. 1952. The University of Kansas Natural History Reservation. Univ. Kan- sas Mus. Nat. Hist., Misc. Publ., 4:1-38, 4 pls. Hatt, E. R., and Ketson, K. R. 1952. Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution of some North American marsupials, insectivores and carnivores. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:319-341. HartTan, C. G. 1923. Breeding habits, development and birth of the opossum. Smith- sonian Report 1921:347-363. 1928. The breeding season of the opossum ( Didelphis virginiana) and the rate of intrauterine and postnatal development. Jour. Morph. and Physiol., 46:143-215. 1952. Possums. Univ. of Texas Press, Austin. xvi -+ 174 pp. Lay, D. W. 1942. Ecology of the opossum in eastern Texas. Jour. Mamm., 23:147-159. LEONARD, A. B., and GoBLg, R. C. 1952. Mollusca of the University of Kansas Natural History Reservation. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 34:1013-1055. REYNOLDs, H. C. 1945. Some aspects of the life history and ecology of the opossum in cen- tral Missouri. Jour. Mamm., 26:361-379. SANDIDGE, L. L. 1953. Food and dens of the opossum (Didelphis Virginiana) in northeast- ern Kansas. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 59:97-106. WisEMAN, G. L., and HeNnpricxson, G. O. 1950. Notes on the life history and ecology of the opossum in southeast Iowa. Jour. Mamm., 31:331-337. Transmitted May 4, 1953. C 24-7812 EATea eae Hee, age a et ts ee. Pie), icaon iia sa airy ‘10 > Ae aie ge, ll ae i eee ee UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF NATURAL HIsToRy Volume 7, No. 3, pp. 339-347, 1 figure in text February: 15) 1954: | ——_—__ ae The Silky Pocket Mouse (Perognathus flavus) of México BY ROLLIN H. BAKER UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAWRENCE 1954 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MusEUM oF NaAtTuRAL History Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, Robert W. Wilson Volume 7, No. 3, pp. 339-347, 1 figure in text Published February 15, 1954 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS Lawrence, Kansas PRINTED BY FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER TOPEKA, KANSAS 1954 25-1129 ‘MUS. COMP. 20 LIBRARY MAR 8 195 The Silky Pocket Mouse WARVAOD (Perognathus flavus) of México by Rollin H. Baker Little has been added to our knowledge of the silky pocket mouse (Perognathus flavus) in México since the appearance of Osgood’s (1900:23-26) revision of the genus. Davis (1944:390) recorded this mouse from several localities in central México, additional to the localities mentioned by Osgood. Twente and Baker (1951:120) listed the species from Jalisco, and Baker (1953:253) recorded it from Coahuila. In the past few years the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History has obtained specimens which extend the known geographic range and increase our knowledge of the geographic variation of this species. Osgood (op. cit.) had, for study, 45 specimens of P. flavus from México, mostly taken by Nelson and Goldman. This report is the result of an examination of 192 specimens. Silky pocket mice are found in most of the desert situations on the Mexican Plateau and prefer sandy to rocky soils, in an alti- tudinal range of from 3250 feet in Coahuila to 8000 feet in Puebla. The mice often are not greatly attracted to mouse traps baited with chewed rolled oats; consequently P. flavus often is more abundant than trap-yields indicate. Larger collections of these mice often can be obtained by catching them by hand at night with a headlight than by any other means. In the summer of 1952, mem- bers of a University of Kansas field party in México caught by hand approximately half of the 98 P. flavus obtained. It was found also that at night these mice frequented the large hills of the harvester ant (Pogonomyrmex ), seemingly being attracted there by seeds col- lected by the ants. Traps set near these ant hills provided better yields, and night-hunting in the vicinity of the hills often proved to be more fruitful, than in other situations. Three subspecies of Perognathus flavus are known in México: Osgood (op. cit.) records Perognathus flavus flavus Baird from localities in Chihuahua and P. f. mexicanus Merriam from localities in six states in central México; P. f. sonoriensis Nelson and Gold- man is known from a single, isolated locality in west-central Sonora. Study of the recently collected material indicates that there are (341) 342 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PuBLS., Mus. Nat. Hist. three previously unnamed subspecies of P. flavus in México; these are described in the following accounts. I am indebted to those in charge of the Biological Surveys Collection of the United States National Museum for permission to examine pertinent specimens of silky pocket mice. These are identified in the following accounts by the abbreviation (BSC); other specimens listed are in the Museum of Natural His- tory, University of Kansas. Capitalized color terms are those of Ridgway, Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, Washington, D. C., 1912. Com- parisons have been made, where possible, by using individuals of approximately the same age. For color of pelage, where possible, only specimens taken at approximately the same time of year have been used in comparisons. Measure- ments of both sexes are combined for comparative purposes, since no differences of statistical significance have been detected between sexes in dimensions of either the body or the skull. Assistance with field work is acknowledged from the Kansas University Endowment Association and the National Science Foun- i. { \ ay Ye : , SY - Vie \ 7 WAN te > \ t IN Fic. 1. Geographic ranges of the subspecies of Perognathus flavus in México. 1. P. f. flavus pallescens 5. 6 Sa toate . parviceps 2. P. f. sonoriensis 4. P. f. medius Smxy Pocxet MousE oF MExico 343 dation. In Figure | the localities of capture of specimens examined by me are indicated by black circles; the localities for additional specimens known to me from only the literature are indicated by black triangles. In the lists of speci- mens examined and in additional records some localities of capture are in Italic type. These are localities that are not represented on the map because undue crowding or overlapping of symbols would have occurred. Perognathus flavus mexicanus Merriam Perognathus flavus mexicanus Merriam, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, p. 265, September 27, 1894, type from Tlalpam, Distrito Federal, México. Range.—South-central México from Querétaro and Hidalgo south at least to Morelos, Puebla and west-central Veracruz (see Figure 1). Remarks.—Perognathus flavus mexicanus is the largest of the Mexican sub- species of P. flavus (see measurements, Table 1). Color of the upper parts (specimens in fresh pelage, July, from 6 mi. S and 1 mi. W Texcoco, México, approximately 19 miles NE of the type locality) is also distinctive, individual hairs being near (c) Light Ochraceous-Salmon, basally gray, and tipped with dusky but less so on sides. Topotypes in worn pelage (December) are paler, individual hairs being near (14’) Light Ochraceous-Buff with same degree of dusky on tips as in fresh pelage. Skulls of both series are long and broad with zygomata widely spreading anteriorly. Most specimens were taken on fine soils supporting a sparse growth of low vegetation and in, or adjacent to, cornfields. Specimens examined.—Total, 50, from: Querétaro: 6 mi. E Querétaro, 7400 ft., 1. Hidalgo: Ixmiquilpan, 6000 ft., 2 (BSC). Veracruz: 2 km. W Limén [=San Antonio Limén], 7800 ft., 1; 2 km. W Perote, 8000 ft., 1. México: 6 mi. S and 1 mi. W Texcoco, 7350 ft., 30; Cerro La Caldera, 11 mi. ESE Mexico [City], 2350 m., 1; 2 km. NE Tlapizahua, 1; 4 km. ENE Tlal- manalco, 2290 m., 1. Tlaxacala: 4 mi. S and 5 mi. E Calpulalpan, 8000 ft., 1. Distrito Federal: Tlalpam, 7600 ft., 8 (BSC). Puebla: 7 mi. S and 3 mi. E Puebla, 6850 ft., 8. Additional records (Davis, 1944:390).—Hidalgo: 85-97 km. N Mexico City (near Pachuco), 8200 ft. México: 22 km. E México City, 7600 ft. Puebla: 10 km. W San Andres, 8000 ft.; Laguna Salada (near Alchichica), 8000 ft. Perognathus flavus medius new subspecies Type.—Female, adult, skin and skull; No. 48583, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist.; 1 mi. S and 6 mi. E Rincén de Romos, 6550 ft. elevation, Aguascalientes; 14 July 1952; obtained by Rollin H. Baker, original no. 2215. Range.—North-central México from southeastern Coahuila south through San Luis Potosi to Aguascalientes, extreme northern and extreme eastern Jalisco and Guanajuato (see Figure 1). Diagnosis.—Size medium for the species (see measurements, Table 1); color of upper parts dusky buff, paler on sides; individual hairs Capucine Buff, basally gray and tipped with dusky (fresh pelage, July); lateral line and postauricular spot Capucine Buff; skull medium in size and broad in relation to length. Comparisons.—From P. f. mexicanus (topotypes and specimens from 6 mi. S and 1 mi. W of Texcoco, México), found to the southeast, P. f. medius differs in: Total length, length of tail and length of hind foot less; color of upper parts 344 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. lighter; skull averaging shorter in total length but no narrower across mastoids; rostrum narrower; zygomata less spreading anteriorly. For comparisons with subspecies to the north and west, see accounts of those subspecies to follow. Remarks.—Perognathus flavus medius is medium-sized for the species and occupies a large range in north-central México. It seems to be the middle segment of a north-south cline in both size and color. Accordingly, in most characters this subspecies is intermediate, although distinct enough to be given subspecific recognition. Intergradation with mexicanus to the southeast is seen in specimens from eastern Guanajuato (5 mi. E Celaya); in color of upper parts they more clesely resemble mexicanus, but in dimensions of the body and cranial characteristics, they more closely resemble medius, to which they here are assigned. Specimens from southeastern Coahuila (7 mi. S and 4 mi. E Bella Unién) agree with typical medius and show no evidence of intergradation with the subspecies to the north. These specimens were taken on an elevated plain with a barrier rim of mountains to the northward. Specimens examined.—Total, 71, from Coahuila: 7 mi. S and 4 mi. E Bella Union, 7200 ft., 20. Zacatecas: Valparaiso, 1 (BSC); 8 mi. SE Zacatecas, 7225 ft., 4. San Luis Potosi: Ahualulco, about 6000 ft., 1 (BSC); Hacienda La Parada, about 6000 ft., 3 (BSC); Jess Maria, 6000 ft., 2 (BSC). Jalisco: Huejuquilla, 5400 ft., 1 (BSC). Aguascalientes: 5 mi. NNE Rincén de Romos, 6400 ft., 6; 1 mi. S and 6 mi. E Rincén de Romos, 6550 ft., 17; 3 mi. SW Aguascalientes, 6100 ft., 1. Guanajuato: 4 mi. N and 5 mi. W Leon, 7000 ft., 5; Celaya, 2 (BSC); 5 mi. E Celaya, 6000 ft., 8. Additional records——Zacatecas: Berriozabel (Osgood, 1900:26). Perognathus flavus parviceps new subspecies Type—Female, adult, skin and skull; No. 38402, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist.; 4 mi. W and 2 mi. S Guadalajara, 5100 ft. elevation, Jalisco; 15 June 1950; obtained by J. R. Alcorn, original no. 12020. Range.—Central and eastern Jalisco and possibly adjacent parts of Zacatecas to the north (see Figure 1). Diagnosis.—-Size small (see measurements, Table 1); color of upper parts dusky buff, paler on sides; individual hairs near (c) Light Ochraceous-Buff, basally gray and tipped with black (fresh pelage, June; specimen in worn pelage, March, Light Ochraceous-Buff); lateral line and postauricular spot near (c) Light Ochraceous-Buff; skull narr-w; mastoidal region reduced. Comparisons.—From P. f. mexicanus (topotypes and specimens from 6 mi. S and 1 mi. W Texcoco, México), found to the east, P. f. parviceps differs in: Tail and also body averaging shorter; color of upper parts lighter; skull shorter and narrower, occipitonasal length, frontonasal length, and mastoidal breadth averaging less. From P. f. medius (topotypes), found to the north and north- east, P. f. parviceps differs in: Tail and also body averaging shorter; color of upper parts slightly lighter but with a greater degree of dusky on tips of hairs; skull no shorter but averaging narrower, especially across mastoids. Remarks.—Perognathus flavus parviceps is a small, dusky pocket mouse, being distinguished from adjacent subspecies principally by its small size and narrow skull. Specimens from northeastern Jalisco (1 mi. NE Villa Hidalgo) are referred to parviceps but approach medius in proportions of the skull, especially in breadth across the mastoidal region. In color these specimens re- Smky Pocket Mouse or MExico 345 semble parviceps although in over-all appearance of upper parts the single adult is lighter, owing to a lesser degree of dusky on the tips of the hairs. Frag- mentary specimens recorded from barn owl pellets from 21 miles SW of Guada- lajara as P. flavus (Twente and Baker, 1951:120) are referred to this subspecies chiefly on geographic grounds, Specimens examined.—Total, 20, from: Jalisco: 1 mi. NE Villa Hidalgo, 6500 ft., 2; 3 mi. NW Yahualica, 2; 1 mi. N and 7 mi. W Yahualica, 6600 ft., 1; 2 mi. N and % mi. W. Guadalajara, 8; 4 mi. W Guadalajara, 1; 4 mi. W and 2 mi. S Guadalajara, 6. Additional record.—Jalisco: 21 mi. SW Guadalajara (Twente and Baker, 1951:120). Perognathus flavus pallescens new subspecies Type.—Male, adult, skin and skull; No. 40298, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist.; 1 mi. SW San Pedro de las Colonias, 3700 ft. elevation, Coahuila; 9 Feb- ruary 1951; obtained by J. R. Alcorn, original no. 14177. Range.—Central and western Coahuila, extreme eastern Chihuahua, north- eastern Durango and probably northern Zacatecas and northwestern San Luis Potosi (see Figure 1). Diagnosis.—Size small (see measurements, Table 1); color pale, upper parts dusky buff, paler on sides; individual hairs near (e) Pale Ochraceous-Salmon, basally gray and lightly tipped with dusky (pelage in February; color of speci- men in fresh pelage, June, the same); lateral line and postauricular spot near (e) Pale Ochraceous-Salmon; skull small and narrow; mastoidal region re- duced; upper molariform tooth-row at alveoli short. Comparisons—From Perognathus flavus flavus (topotypes and specimens from 10 mi. NE Marfa, Presidio County, Texas), found to the north and north- west, P. f. pallescens differs in: Hind foot averaging shorter; color of upper parts lighter and less buffy; skull narrower; mastoid bulla smaller; upper molari- form tooth-row at alveoli averaging shorter. From P. f. medius (topotypes), found to the south, P. f. pallescens differs in: Tail, body, hind foot and ear averaging shorter; color of upper parts paler and less buffy; skull shorter and narrower, averaging less in occipitonasal length, frontonasal length and mas- toidal breadth; mastoid bulla smaller; alveolar length of upper molariform tooth-row averaging less. Remarks.—Ferognathus flavus pallescens is a small, pale pocket mouse in- habiting desert plains of central and western Coahuila and adjacent Mexican states. No specimens of this species have been taken in northeastern Coahuila, where another small pocket mouse, P. merriami, is known to occur. Intergrada- tion between pallescens and flavus seems to occur along the border between Chihuahua and Coahuila. Specimens from northwestern Coahuila (vicinity of Castill6n) seem to be intergrades between pallescens and flavus but are re- ferred to pallescens because three of the five specimens more closely resemble, especially in color, this subspecies. A specimen from 3 mi. SE Sierra Mojada is also considered to be pallescens because of color. A single mouse from the Sierra Almagre (12 mi. S Jaco) in extreme eastern Chihuahua is assigned, chiefly on the basis of darker color, to flavus. 346 Unrversiry OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. No evidence of intergradation with medius, the subspecies adjacent to the south, is found. In eastern Durango and western Zacatecas there is an exten- sive area where pocket mice of this species seem not to occur. Intergradation probably occurs east of this area in San Luis Potosi. Fragmentary specimens recorded from owl pellets from 3 miles NW of Cuatro Ciénegas as P. flavus (Baker, 1953:253) are referred to this subspecies chiefly on geographic grounds. Specimens examined.—Total, 41, from: Coahuila: 6 mi. N and 2 mi. W Castillén, 3750 ft., 1; 2 mi. SSE Castillon, 4050 ft., 4; 11 mi. N and 9 mi. W Tanque Alvarez, 4500 ft., 1; 6 mi. NW Tanque Alvarez, 3400 ft., 1; 3 mi. NE Sierra Mojada, 4100 ft., 1; 8 mi. N and 25 mi. W Cuatro Ciénegas, 4000 ft., 1; 5 mi. N and 19 mi. W Cuatro Ciénegas, 3250 ft., 4; 4 mi. N Acatita, 3600 ft., 2; 1 mi. SW San Pedro de las Colonias, 3700 ft., 4; La Pastora Rancho, 41 mi. W and 15 mi. N Saltillo, 2; 3 mi. N and 5 mi. W La Rosa, 1; 12 mi. N and 10 mi. E Parras, 3850 ft., 5; 1 mi. N San Lorenzo, 4200 ft., 4; N foot Sierra Guadalupe, 6400 ft., 10 mi. S and 5 mi. W General Cepeda, 3. Durango: 1 mi. ee eee 8800 ft., 5; 4 mi. WSW Lerdo, 3800 ft., 1; 2 mi. N Cuencamé, Additional record.—Coahuila: 3 mi. NW Cuatro Ciénegas ( Baker, 1953:253). TABLE 1. MEASUREMENTS (IN MILLIMETERS) OF ADULT PEROGNATHUS FLAVUS FROM MExICo 52 aS QT Ss 68 ae ~ — b0 oad 2| & 3 3 a: é eS ae B aa gilvq|22| oe = ma| cfr] og| 8a] os api Megs aet= tla s| a SP] OF] -= Vey) | |= Seg] 833 — poe)/wsl|-= bt) Seo] oS); 5) OS] Sa] og aa) t.,| wd) Balega| eel we.) eel eo) &-. SA| 80] $4) 88) oS] sa}! so 24 >A Se ee == TR J rm WF == he iy meg tS ta a P= P. f. mexicanus, 6 mi. S and 1 mi. W Texcoco, 7350 ft. (KU) mean(2i). oe soos 11456] 5540) U7 -2is3 | 144 28S Oe 4aG led 2. ad maximum....... 122 59 18 22-7) 15-3} 1227) S.4.) 4.9 13.5 | 329 minimum........|107 51 16 2OSO ASS lai ieonle4e On |leoeOl|posO P. f. medius, 1 mi. S and 6 mi. E Rincén de Romos, 6550 ft. (KU) 48583 9 (type)..|111 52 ile PAVE TA UBMs oo ox We Oule 42 Dios Oll eae ToneNN (GWA) 5 ease ee 11220) 540) 1628) 2037 MSS lee olae leet o eo. Laone maximums =) 4. 121 61 18 ZUG | LAS L I M2SS | eSkor 47 | 3.40 haso minimum... 103 47 16 1956) SL 209 2 FO Re Sal Ale? OnlE2ee P. f. parviceps, vicinity of Guadalajara (KU) 38402 9 (type)..|113 yy? 17 20-9) 1359)1222| 729) 426) 3-2) hore renee (ALS) SAPSS Se 106.9} 48.5] 17.0) 20.4] 13.8) 11.8] 7.8 | 4.5 | 3.2 | 3.4 mMaximum....... 113 53 18 ARO) Tee 4) TER) EZR 33633 |) Bia7/ mMIniMuUMe.. oes | LOO 43 16 19.5) 1Se4 EA 724 4.35 330) 229 P. f. pallescens, 1 mi. SW San Pedro de las Colonias, 3700 ft. (KU) AQ295 IM sre 385 FLT TOPE ELTA ERS Ge Ol Bkald Bro 0 Ed CRO OlO DID OG DIRIGO UIA CMe odo Uomo p ood aur 385 FO TION TG DAG UG algo oh Oe Ol 0.0l ce IS ISIS A ORO MIO Ie GIB ICRI DIceeNeIOInNG, Geek ouniclo iow. Dis Orsth 394 ZL DUES RAL SOMAAES 3 eae oe Fhe TIO oe eee Me ite aha eleva eree talvel aM aLente) OeeeRe keRonens 420 TWABEES O Ky MEASURE MENTE S cr. tote fe oye esi iel eer cates rolls) oiler aise) © Yel etenel eelion ote meoe titel fete mare 455 TOUTE RA TURE M GIUED Fe tarts e coho eee eens aa eT ea spear oat siecle. elle) ene VReP MeN Ret s\celtttsa sme rencens 466 INTRODUCTION The jumping mice (Genus Zapus) are widely distributed over northern North America, occurring as far north as the Arctic Circle and as far south as Georgia, Missouri, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Ari- zona, and central California. In some years these small rodents are locally common in moist places that are either grassy or weedy; the jumping mice are notable for the much enlarged hind legs and the exceptionally long tail. Members of the Genus as a whole have received no serious com- prehensive taxonomic attention in the 54 years since Preble’s (1899) revisionary work. In this time 15 new names have been proposed, mostly for subspecies, and only a few attempts have been made at grouping related named kinds. In the present account it is aimed to record what is known con- cerning geographic distribution, taxonomically significant characters, and interrelationships of the known kinds as well as to provide means for recognizing the species and subspecies in the genus. In addi- tion, attention is given to the probable center of origin of the sub- family Zapodinae and to the relationships and taxonomic positions of the genera Zapus, Napaeozapus, and Eozapus. (351) 352 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusis., Mus. Nat. Hist. MATERIALS, METHODS, AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The present report is based on a study of approximately 3,600 specimens that were assembled at the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas or that were examined at other institutions. Most of these specimens are stuffed skins with skulls separate. Skulls without skins, skins without skulls, entire skeletons, and separately preserved bacula are included as a part of the total. Almost every specimen is accompanied by an attached label, which bears place and date of capture, name of collector, external measurements, and sex. Specimens used in the study of geographic variation were arranged by season of capture and according to geographic location; then they were segregated as to sex, and, under each sex, by age. Next, individual variation was measured in comparable samples of like age, sex, season, and geographic origin. Finally, comparable materials were arranged geographically in order to determine varia- tions of systematic significance. The only external measurements used were total length, length of tail, and length of hind foot; these measurements were recorded by the collectors on the labels attached to the skins. Height of the ear was not used since it was not recorded by many of the collectors. In order to determine which cranial structures showed the least individual variation but at the same time showed substantial geographic variation, a statis- tical analysis was made of the 30 measurements, of cranial structures, hereto- fore used in taxonomic work on Zapus. The following measurements of the skull showed the least individual variation but showed some geographic varia- tion and therefore, were used in this study. See figs. 1-3 which show points between which measurements were taken: Occipitonasal length—From anteriormost projection of nasal bones to pos- teriormost projection of supraoccipital bone. a to a’ Condylobasal length—Least distance from a line connecting posteriormost parts of exoccipital condyles to a line connecting anteriormost projections of premaxillary bones. b ton Palatal length—From anterior border of upper incisors to anteriormost point of postpalatal notch. b to b’ Incisive foramina, length—From anteriormost point to posteriormost point of incisive foramina. c to c’ Incisive foramina, breadth_—Greatest distance across incisive foramina per- pendicular to long axis of skull. f to f’ Zygomatic length—From anteriormost point of zygomatic process of maxil- lary to posteriormost point of zygomatic process of squamosal. d to d’ Zygomatic breadth.—Greatest distance across zygomatic arches of cranium at right angles to long axis of skull. 7 to 7’ Breadth of inferior ramus of zygomatic process of maxillary —Greatest dis- tance across inferior ramus of zygomatic process of maxillary taken parallel to long axis of skull. d toe Palatal breadth at M3.—Greatest distance from inside margin of alveolus of right M8 to its opposite. g to g’ Palatal breadth at P4.—Same as above except taken at P4. g to g’ Mastoid breadth.—Greatest distance across mastoid bones perpendicular to long axis of skull. h to h’ NortrH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 353 Breadth of braincase.—Greatest distance across braincase taken perpendicular to long axis of skull. i to 7’ Interorbital breadth—Least distance across top of skull between orbits, k to k’ Length of maxillary tooth-row.—From anterior border of P4 to posterior border of M3. I to I’ Breadth of base zygomatic process of squamosal.—Greatest distance across base of zygomatic process of squamosal taken parallel to long axis of skull. m to m’ Fics. 1-3. Three views of the skull to show points between which measure- ments of the skull were taken. Base on Z. t. montanus, adult, female, No. zai KU, Geacede Divide, 6400 ft., Crater Lake Nat’] Park, Klamath County, regon. X 4. The baculum has a characteristic size and shape according to the species, and the following significant measurements of the structure were taken: Greatest length—From posteriormost border of base to anteriormost point on tip. Greatest breadth at base——Greatest distance across base taken parallel to long axis of bone. Greatest breadth at tip—Greatest distance across tip taken parallel to long axis of bone. In the descriptions of color the capitalized color terms refer to those in Ridgway (1912). Any color term that does not have the initial letter capitalized does not refer to any one standard. 854 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. In the description of the subspecies the two sexes are treated as one because no significant secondary sexual variation was found. Only fully adult speci-_ mens of age groups 3 to 5, as defined on pages 377 and 388, have been con- sidered. Unless otherwise indicated, specimens are in the University of Kansas Mu- seum of Natural History. Those in other collections are identified by the following abbreviations: AMNEH.ot. 24 Ge American Museum of Natural History. GAS Ser tae California Academy of Science. CMS SARIS Carnegie Museum. Chies AS ast". Chicago Academy of Science. Clev. MNH..... Cleveland Museum of Natural History. EME ene Collection of Lawrence M. Huey. KG]. SSS. Se: Collection of J. Knox Jones, Jr. CMNEA 2.52 Colorado Museum of Natural History. IM Ree Chicago Museum of Natural History. HIME. pateeeas ae Hastings Museum, Hastings, Nebraska. TS Gee ae: Iowa State College. MCE ian tiers: Museum of Comparative Zoology. MO eich e oe University of Missouri Museum of Zoology. 1 A ee ee Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley, Calif. 17 CAR aac tee National Museum of Canada. INGH Pe Syne Nebraska Game, Forestation, and Parks Commission. NGS! Sencha North Carolina State College. OHIO.) & Sie’. 2 Ohio Wildlife Research Unit, Ohio State University. OR Avice, . Mae: Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College. IPM S26 peeve, Provincial Museum of British Columbia. HOM. dd. ee Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology. 21D). Rais a San Diego Natural History Museum. STC re tas Southern Illinois Teachers College. WSIS...) Sac United States Biological Surveys Collection. WSINM. ou, )o-cen United States National Museum. WG Mea epee University of Colorado Museum. WE a er ocne University of Illinois Museum of Natural History. Mie yes. otreeeens University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. OS Oe sean University of Utah Museum of Zoology. The species are arranged from least to most progressive, and the subspecies are arranged alphabetically. The synonymy for each subspecies includes first a citation to the earliest available name then one citation to each name combination that has been applied to the subspecies and, finally, any other especially important references. Marginal records of occurrence for each subspecies are shown on the maps by means of hollow circles and these localities are listed in clockwise order be- ginning with the northernmost locality. If more than one of these localities lies on the line of latitude that is northernmost for a given subspecies the western- most of these is recorded first. Marginal localities have been cited in a separate paragraph at the end of the section on specimens examined in the account of a subspecies. Localities that are not marginal are shown on the maps by solid black circles. Localities that could not be represented on the distribution map because of undue crowding or overlapping of symbols are italicized in the lists of specimens examined and in the lists of marginal records. NorrH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 355 The localities of capture of specimens examined are recorded alphabetically by state or province, and then by county in each state or province. Within a county the specimens are recorded geographically from north to south. The word “County” is written out in full when the name of the county is written on the label of each specimen listed for that county, but the abbreviation “Co.” is used when one specimen or more here assigned to a given county lacks the name of the county on the label. The following account has been made possible only by the kindness and co- operation of those persons in charge of the collections listed above. For the privilege of using the specimens in their care I am deeply grateful, as I am also to Prof. A. Byron Leonard for assistance with figures 35-37, to Dr. Rufus Thomp- son for figures 16-21, and to Mr. Victor Hogg who made all of the other illus- trations. My wife, Dorothy Krutzsch, helped untiringly in assembling data, in typing the manuscript, and gave me continued encouragement. Finally, I am grateful to Professor E. Raymond Hall for guidance in the study and critical assistance in the preparation of the manuscript and to Professors Rollin H. Baker, Robert W. Wilson, and Robert E. Beer for valued suggestions. PALEONTOLOGY OF THE GENUS The fossil record of the genus Zapus is scanty. All of the known fossils of it are lower jaws of Pleistocene Age. The Recent species Z. hudsonius was recorded by Cope (1871:86) in the Port Kennedy Cave fauna (pre-Wisconsinian ) of Pennsylvania. Gidley and Gazin (1938:67) reported a single mandibular ramus bearing ml-m3 re- covered from the Cumberland Cave (pre-Wisconsinian) of Mary- land. The teeth are not typical of modern Zapus in that m1 and m2 are shorter crowned and ml has a longer anterior lobe. Gidley and Gazin, nevertheless, considered their material insufficient for estab- lishing a new species. Two extinct species have been described: Zapus burti Hibbard (1941:215) from the Crooked Creek formation (= Meade formation of the State Geological Survey of Kansas) mid-Pleistocene of Kansas and Zapus rinkeri Hibbard (1951:351) from the Rexroad formation (= Blanco formation of the State Geological Survey of Kansas) of Blancan Age of Kansas. Both species resemble Zapus hudsonius, but differ from it in broader crowned more brachydont cheek-teeth. Z. rinkeri differs from Z. burti and Z. hudsonius by a more robust ramus, broader molars, and three instead of two internal re-entrant valleys posterior to the anterior loop on ml. The three species Z. rinkeri, Z. burti, and Z. hudsonius are in a structurally, as well as a geologically, progressive series. The trend in dentition is from broad, brachydont cheek-teeth to narrow, semi-hypsodont cheek- teeth. 356 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. RELATIONSHIPS, DISTRIBUTION, AND SPECIATION Relationships in the Subfamily Zapodinae The subfamily Zapodinae is known from Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits of North America and now occurs over much of northern North America and in Szechuan and Kansu, China. The living species occur among grasses and low herbs in damp or marshy places both in forested areas and in plains areas. The early Pliocene Macrognathomys nanus Hall (1930:805), originally described as a Cricetid, is actually a Zapodid as shown by the structure of the mandibular ramus, shape of the incisors, and occlusal pattern of the cheek-teeth. If Macrognathomys can be considered a member of the subfamily. Zapodinae (possibly it is a sicistine) then it represents the oldest known member of this subfamily. Judging from the published il- lustrations, Macrognathomys seems to be structurally ancestral to the Mid Pliocene Pliozapus solus Wilson; the labial re-entrant folds are wider and shorter and on m2 and m8 fewer. The difference in stage of wear of the teeth in Macrognathomys and Pliozapus is a handicap in comparing the two genera but they are distinct. Wilson (1936:32) points out that Pliozapus clearly falls in the Zapodinae and stands in an ancestral position with respect to the structurally progressive series Eozapus, Zapus, and Napaeozapus. Neverthe- less, Pliozapus cannot be considered as directly ancestral to Eozapus because of the progressive features in the dentition of Pliozapus. Wilson (1937:52) remarked that if Pliozapus is ancestral to Zapus and Napaeozapus, considerable evolution must have taken place in the height of crown and in the development of the complexity of the tooth pattern. In contrast to Wilson’s opinion, Stehlin and Schaub (1951:318) placed Pliozapus and Eozapus in the subfamily Sicistinae because certain elements in the occlusal pattern of the cheek-teeth are similar. I disagree with those authors and hold with Wilson; I consider Pliozapus and Eozapus in the subfamily Zapodinae. In dental pattern Pliozapus, as Wilson (1936:32) pointed out, resembles the Recent Eurasiatic sicistid, Sicista more than do Zapus or Napaeozapus. Nevertheless, from Sicista Wilson distinguishes Pliozapus and relates it to the subfamily Zapodinae by: “more oblique direction of protoconid-hypoconid ridge, an- terior termination of this ridge at buccal portion of protoconid rather than between protoconid and metaconid as in Sicista; cusps more compressed into lophs; cheek-teeth somewhat broader; greater NortH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 357 development of metastylid; greater development of hypoconulid ridge, . . . absence of anteroconid Eozapus is more closely related to Pliozapus than to either Zapus or Napaeozapus (Wilson, 1936:32) but all four genera are in the subfamily Zapodinae. Stehlin and Schaub (op. cit.:158 and 811) relate Eozapus to the subfamily Sicistinae on the basis of similarity in the occlusal pattern of the cheek-teeth of Eozapus and various sicistines. Stehlin and Schaub do not consider other structures such as the elongate hind limbs, the shape of malleus and incus, and the shape of the baculum, in which there is close resemblance to the Zapodinae. It is these structural similarities as well as those, pointed out by Wilson (Joc. cit.), in dentition that leads me to place Eozapus in the subfamily Zapodinae. The early Pleistocene Zapus rinkeri Hibbard shows that the Zapus stage of development had already been achieved perhaps as early as the late Pliocene. Hibbard (1951:352) thought that Zapus rinkeri was not structurally inter- mediate between Pliozapus and any Recent species of Zapus; al- though the teeth of Z. rinkeri have the broader, shallower, re-entrant folds of Pliozapus, these teeth are higher crowned and have an oc- clusal pattern resembling that of the Recent species of Zapus. The middle Pleistocene species, Zapus burti Hibbard, progressed es- sentially to the structural level of the Recent Zapus hudsonius, but the molars were more brachydont, broader crowned, and their enamel folds less crowded. Pleistocene material of pre-Wisconsin age obtained from cave deposits in Pennsylvania and Maryland is most nearly like Zapus hudsonius. One such cave deposit in Mary- land contained an example of the Recent genus Napaeozapus, indi- cating that its history dates from at least middle Pleistocene time. The Asiatic Recent Genus, Eozapus, has not progressed much beyond the Pliocene stage in zapidine evolution if Pliozapus be taken as a standard; the North American Recent Genus Zapus es- sentially achieved its present form by early Pleistocene times, and the Recent Genus Napaeozapus achieved its more progressive struc- ture by middle Pleistocene times. Perhaps Pliozapus and Eozapus represent one phyletic line and Zapus and Napaeozapus a second line, both of which lines evolved from a pre-zapidine stock in the Miocene. As mentioned earlier, Wilson (1936) thinks that Pliozapus is not directly ancestral to Eozapus. Possibly these two genera diverged at an early date; nevertheless, they are closely related primitive forms. Zapus and Napaeozapus closely resemble each other and both are 858 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. structurally advanced; Napaeozapus seems to have differentiated at a more rapid rate. According to Simpson (1947), the occurrence of the same group of mammals on two different land masses is to be taken as prima- facie evidence that migration has occurred. Keeping in mind then the present geographic distribution, unspecialized condition of the dentition of Eozapus, and its resemblance to the extinct Pliozapus known from North America but not from Asia, it may be that Eozapus descended from primitive stock of a North American jump- ing mouse that was forced to the periphery (across the Asiatic North American land bridge) by the more specialized zapidine stock. Subsequently or perhaps during the migration of the pre-Eozapus stock the zapidine stock may have dispersed transcontinentally, occupying most of northern North America. The unprogressive Macrognathomys and Pliozapus line which remained in North America may have become extinct. Any such period of dispersal and climatic equilibrium ended when glaciers came to cover most of the northern part of the continent and the mammals living there were forced southward by the ice or remained in ice-free refugia within the glaciated area. Later, with melting and retreat of the ice, the jumping mice could have again spread enough to occupy the northern part of the continent. Such glaciation isolated segments of the population and aided their evolution into distinct species. If it be assumed, as Matthew (1915) did and as Hooper (1952: 200) later on the generic level did, that the region of origin and center of dispersal for a given group of animals is characterized by the presence of the most progressive forms, then southeastern Canada and the northeastern United States make up the area of origin and center of dispersal in relatively late time of the subfamily Zapodinae. This area is inhabited by Zapus hudsonius and Napaeo- zapus, the most progressive members of the subfamily. As I visualize it, the evolution of the Zapodinae occurred in two stages: the first stage involved the movement of the primitive pre- Eozapus stock to Asia and the second stage involved the dispersal, isolation, and specialization in North America of the more progres- sive basic zapidine stock into the present genera Zapus and Napaeo- zapus. Status of the genera Eozapus, Zapus, and Napaeozapus The genus Zapus is one of three living genera in the subfamily Zapodinae. These genera Zapus and Napaeozapus from North NortH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 359 America and Eozapus from China have been variously considered as subgenera of the genus Zapus (Preble, 1899) or as three separate genera (Ellerman, 1940). Fics. 4-15. Three views of the skull and a lateral view of the left lower jaw of each of the Recent genera of the subfamily Zapodinae. 1.5. Fics. 4-7. Eozapus s. vicinus, adult, male, No. 240762 USNM, Lanchow, Kansu, China. Fics. 8-11. Zapus h. pallidus, adult, male, No. 240762 KU, 5% mi. N, 1% mi. E Lawrence, Douglas County, Kansas. Fics. 12-15. Napaeozapus i. insignis, adult, male, No. 41109 KU, Shuts- burg Rd., at Roaring Creek, 600 ft., Franklin County, Massachusetts. 860 Unrversiry OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. The remarkable similarity of the body form, post-cranial skeleton, mandibular rami, and general structure of the cranium of Zapus, Napaeozapus, and Eozapus indicate their relationship (see figs. 4-15); however, disimilarity between the groups in the dentition (tooth number and occlusal pattern), bacula, and ear ossicles pro- Postericr Cingulum 21 Fics. 16-21. Occlusal views of upper and lower right cheek-teeth, of the three Recent genera of the subfamily Zapodinae. X12z. Fics. 16 and 19. Eozapus s. vicinus, adult (age group 3), male, No. 240762 USNM, Lanchow, Kansu, China. Fics. 17 and 20. Zapus h. alascensis, adult (age group 2), female, No. 29073 KU, E side Chilkat River, 9 mi. W and 4 mi. N Haines, Alaska. Fics. 18 and 21. Napaeozapus i. insignis, adult (age group 3), male, No. eae KU, Shutsburg Rd., at Roaring Creek, 600 ft., Franklin County, Massa- chussetts. Note especially the variation in complexity of occlusal pattern, width of re- entrant folds, and degree of tubercularity. NortH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 361 vides basis for considering them distinct genera. As pointed out earlier, Zapus and Napaeozapus appear to be more closely related and progressive and the Asiatic Eozapus somewhat removed and less progressive. Teeth.—According to the complexity in dental pattern and in number and size of the cheek-teeth, these genera can be arranged in a structurally progressive series with Eozapus showing the least complexity and Napaeozapus the most (see figs. 16-21). There are three distinct molar patterns; one is simple (Eozapus) and the others (Zapus and Napaeozapus) are more complex. The com- plexity is greatest in Napaeozapus, which is characterized by nu- merous additional flexures in the enamel and dentine. The simplicity of the molars of Eozapus is evident in the tuberculate rather than flat-crowned occlusal surface; the wide, simple, re-entrant bays; the small (or sometimes absent) anteroconid; and the essentially quad- ritubercular nature of the teeth. The molars of Zapus and Napaeo- zapus are flat crowned; however, Zapus has wider and fewer re- entrant bays, a smaller anteroconid, and less complexity in the occlusal pattern. The characteristics of the molar teeth would tend to indicate a close relationship between Zapus and Napaeozapus and to place Eozapus as primitive. The absence of P4 in Napaeozapus would lead one to suspect that this genus has evolved at a more rapid rate than the historically older Zapus and Eozapus which still retain this structure. The small size of P4, even in the primitive Eozapus, indicates that it has long been of little use to the mouse. An even greater reduction of P4 in the more complex dentition of Zapus argues for complete loss of this tooth as the next step in specialization, such as is seen in the more progressive Napaeozapus. The following parallel columns show selected differences between the occlusal patterns of the cheek-teeth of the three genera: BacuLuM.—The baculum (os penis) of Eozapus is known to me only from Vinogradov’s (1925) figures of the dorsal and lateral as- pects. The proximal end (base) is laterally expanded, and the shaft tapers gradually toward the distal end where it expands abruptly into the spade-shaped tip. In lateral aspect the bone is relatively thick; it is curved downward slightly from the proximal end to the base of the tip where it curves upward to a rounded point. The baculum of Zapus differs from that of Eozapus as follows: base less expanded horizontally; shaft slenderer; distal end less spade-shaped except in Z. trinotatus. The tip is less expanded 362 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. Eozapus P4—Small M1—Four wide labial re- entrant folds of equal length; paracone and metacone largest cusps; anterior cingulum large. M2—Four wide labial re- entrant folds; 2d short, others of equal length but longer than 2d; anterior and posterior cingula large; occlusal pattern simple. M3—Three wide labial re- entrant folds of un- equal length, Ist short, 2d and 3d long; anterior and posterior cingulalow, small; occlusal pattern simple. mil—Anterior oblique re- entrant fold separat- ing equal sized protoconid and metaconid cusps; 3 wide lingual re- entrant folds of equal length; anteroconid absent; occlusal pattern simple; mesoconid present. m2—Four wide lingual re- entrant folds of un- equal length, 1st short, other 3 equal and long; anteroconid moderately large; occlusal pattern simple. m3—Three wide lingual re-entrant folds of near equal length; anteroconid absent; occlusal pattern simple; 1 labial re- entrant fold. Zapus Smaller Four moderately narrow labial re-entrant folds of unequal length; Ist and 3d longer than 2d, 4th shortest;paracone smaller than in Eozapus; metacone largest cusp; anterior cingulum small. Four moderately narrow labial re-entrant folds of unequal length, 1st and 3d long, 2d and 4th short; anterior and _ posterior cingula moderately large; occlusal pattern moderately complex. Two moderately narrow labial re-entrant folds of equal length; anterior and posterior cingula moderately large; occlu- sal pattern moderately complex. No anterior re-entrant fold; 4 moderately narrow’ lingual __re- entrant folds of equal length, Ist joining 1st labial re-entrant fold, 4th joining 2d labial re- entrant fold; anteroconid well developed, encloses small lake; occlusal pattern moderately com- plex; mesoconid absent. Four moderately narrow lingual re-entrant folds, Ist and 2d long, 3d and 4th short, 1st joins 1st labial re-entrant fold and 4th joins 2d labial re-entrant fold; antero- conid large; occlusal pattern moderately complex. Three moderately narrow lingual re-entrant folds of unequal length, Ist and 2d long, 3d short; anteroconid absent; oc- clusal pattern moder- ately complex; 1 labial re-entrant fold. Napaeozapus Absent Three narrow labial re- entrant folds of unequal length, Ist long, 2d and 3d shorter; paracone and metacone larger than in Zapus and EKozapus; an- terior cingulum absent. Narrow labial re-entrant folds, variable in number, often as many as 6; an- terior and posterior cingula small; occlusal pattern complex. Three narrow labial re- entrant folds of unequal length, Ist long, 2d and 3d short; anterior and posterior cingula large; occlusal pattern complex. No anterior re-entrant fold; narrow lingual re- entrant folds variable in number, often as many as 4; anteroconid well developed, encloses 1 or 2 small lakes; occlusal pattern complex; meso- conid absent. Narrow lingual re- entrant folds, variable in number, may be as many as 5; anteroconid large, encloses complex folds from 1st labial re- entrant fold; oc- clusal pattern complex. Narrow lingual re- entrant folds variable in number, as many as 3; anteroconid present; oc- clusal pattern complex; 2 labial re-entrant folds. NortH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 363 in Z. princeps and is still less so in Z. hudsonius. In Napaeozapus the tip is lanceolate, the base is narrow, and in lateral view the shaft is slender and curved (see figs. 22-31). —— shoft bose ZT 28 29 30 31 Fics, 22-81. Dorsal and lateral views of the bacula of the Recent genera (and species of the genus Zapus) of the subfamily Zapodinae. x 10. Fics. 22 and 27. Eozapus setchuanus (after Vinogradov, 1925:585). Fics. 23 and 28. Zapus t. trinotatus, adult, No. 94596 MVZ, 14 mi. ENE Amboy, 350 ft., Clark County, Washington. Fics. 24 and 29. Zapus p. princeps, adult, No. 20870 KU, 3 mi. S Ward, Boulder County, Colorado. Fics. 25 and 80. Zapus h. pallidus, adult, No. 22954 KU, 4 mi. N, 1% mi. E Lawrence, Douglas County, Kansas. Fics. 26 and 31. Napaeozapus i. insignis, adult, No. 41110 KU, Shutsburg Rd., at Roaring Creek, 600 ft., Franklin County, Massachussetts. Ear OssicLEs.—The auditory ossicles are of three types which differ only slightly. These ossicles possibly are more conservative than some other structures because the ossicles are not so much affected by the molding influence of the environment. Instances of variation in the auditory region in mammals in gen- eral are small, even at the family level; therefore, these differences 864 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PuBLs., Mus. Nat. Hist. in the subfamily Zapodinae are offered as additional support for recognizing Eozapus, Zapus, and Napaeozapus as distinct genera. The distinctive features are chiefly in the malleus and incus; the stapes, however, differs slightly and, therefore, it too is described (see figs. 32-34). In Eozapus the head of the malleus is narrow, oblong, and rounded dorsally and attaches to the body by a long, slender, abruptly recurved neck. The body is weakly pointed ventrally and rounded dorsally. A beaklike manubrium malleus composed of anterior projecting external and internal spines extends from the body to the tympanum. The incus has a dorsally rounded body with an anterior downward snoutlike projection with which the malleus articulates. The short limb of the incus is broad basally and narrows somewhat distally. The long limb is narrow and its articu- lating lenticular process is a flat circular structure. The limbs of the stapes are wide-spread and heavy. The neck is short and wide with a large circular articulating surface. In Zapus the head of the malleus is angular with an anterior projecting point and is flattened in dorsal aspect. The neck is slender, elongate, and gently curved away from the long limb of the incus. The body is pointed dorsally and rounded ventrally, the reverse of the condition in Eozapus. There is a beaklike manubrium malleus composed of internal and external anteriorly projecting spines extending from the body to the tympanum as in Eozapus. The incus has a rounded body with a long angular limb articulating via a small lenticular process with the stapes. The short limb is narrow but does not taper distally as in Eozapus. The limbs of the stapes are relatively narrow, weak, and gently curved. The neck is longer and more slender than that of Eozapus. In Napaeozapus the head and neck of the malleus resemble those of Zapus but are less robust. The body is more rounded dorsally, having the curved dorsal surface directed anteriorly rather than posteriorly (as in Zapus) and the lateral surface is nearly flat in- stead of curved as in the other genera. The manubrium resembles that of Eozapus and Zapus. The body of the incus is flattened dor- sally but otherwise rounded. The long limb of the incus is angular and longer than that of Zapus. The short limb of the incus is broad at the base and tapers distally. The limbs of the stapes are narrow, weak, and abruptly curved. The neck is more slender and elongate than in Zapus. In summary: Only the head and body of the malleus and the short and long limbs and body of the incus are sufficiently consistent NortTH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 365 within a given group to be of taxonomic importance. The similarity in the morphology of these ossicles indicates a close relationship be- tween all three genera. Zapus and Napaeozapus resemble one an- other more than either resembles Eozapus. The differences recorded are constant between the described groups and, therefore, are con- sidered to be of taxonomic significance. The differences give basis for dividing the subfamily Zapodinae into the three genera Eozapus, Zapus, and Napaeozapus. body of incus shor! limb GOnterior process long limb body of malleus lenticular process -- of stapes moanubrium Fics. 82-34. Lateral views of the left ear ossicles (articulated) of the Re- cent genera of the subfamily Zapodinae. X 20. Fic. 32. Eozapus s. vicinus, adult, male, No. 240762 USNM, Lanchow, Kansu, China. Fic. 33. Zapus p. princeps, adult, male, No. 832858 KU, Medicine Wheel Ranch, 28 mi. E Lovell, Big Horn County, Wyoming. Fic. 84. Napaeozapus i. insignis, adult, male, No. 9544 KU, 3 mi. W Base Station, Coos County, New Hampshire. Distribution of and Speciation in the Genus Zapus Many of the described kinds of the genus Zapus were initially named as distinct species (see Preble, 1899). Subsequently (see Hall, 1931), some of the nominal species were reduced to the rank of subspecies. Only three species in the genus Zapus are recognized in the following account. The concept of species adopted here is, in Mayr’s (1942:120) words, this: “Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations, which are repro- ductively isolated from other such groups.” The three species are 2—1128 366 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. Z. trinotatus, Z. princeps, and Z. hudsonius. No hybridization is known where two occur together or where their ranges are adjacent. Each of these species has several geographically contiguous sub- species. The three species of Zapus are closely related but are not equally progressive. If eastern North America is considered to be the region of origin and center of dispersal of Zapus (see pp. 868-369) the geo- graphically distant species would be expected to be the least progres- sive, and such seems to be the case. Zapus trinotatus is geographi- cally farthest removed and structurally least progressive. Zapus hudsonius occurs at the center of dispersal and is the most progres- sive structurally whereas Z. princeps is geographically and _ struc- turally intermediate. Structural progressiveness is postulated for the species that has the simplest (in this instance specialized ) baculum and smallest fourth upper premolar. The phyletic branches of the genus Zapus possibly developed from geographic segments of a population radiating from the centrally located progressive group. On continental areas where a species with a wide and continuous range gives rise to several daughter species, geographic isolation is thought to be important in bringing about the formation of species. The unspecialized populations conceive- ably occupied an area west of the present Rocky Mountains and south of latitude 50°. From later Miocene times on, climatic and geological differentiation occurred in this area, and with the growth of geological barriers and differentiation of habitat these unspecial- ized populations may have been separated into two ecological groups, one inhabiting the more arid area between the present Rocky Mountains and the present Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada and the other group inhabiting the Pacific coastal region. Isolation of each of these groups probably was not complete. How far dif- ferentiation might have proceeded with incomplete isolation can only be guessed, but at least incipient differences probably were present and possibly the animals approached in character those found in these areas today in that the ecology of the region was much the same as now. In the region between the Rocky Mountains and the present Cascade Range and the Sierra Nevada, the flora (in late Pliocene) became semidesert, which presumably made most of this region uninhabitable for jumping mice. The aridity probably induced local concentration into boreal montane islands, thus possibly dis- placing the populations of the two species that were in contact. fe) NortH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 367 In Pleistocene times continental glaciation must have interrupted the contacts between the coastal, intermontane (the area between the present Rocky Mountains and the present Cascade Range and the Sierra Nevada), and northern and eastern groups of Zapus or mammals of any genus that occurred over all of this vast region. The advance of the ice southward would have increased oppor- tunity for evolution by interposing barriers that isolated some popu- lations. The populations possibly were re-established in interglacial periods and then were isolated again by another descent of glacial ice. If a population occupied the unglaciated coastal region of Oregon and Washington it may have been separated from other populations to the north and east by an ice cap which covered most of the Cas- cade Range. The population occupying the intermountain region probably was isolated from the population to the north and west. The formation of glaciers presumably reduced the size of areas available to the populations occupying eastern North America, Alaska, and Canada with the result that they persisted only in areas south of the ice or in ice-free refugia (central and western Alaska ) within the glaciated area. According to Axelrod (1948), the flora in the eastern United States during the Pleistocene furnished most of the stock for the revegetation of southern and subarctic Canada east of the Rocky Mountains. Eastern populations of Z. hudsonius (or its progenitors) probably followed the spread of this vegetation and, thus, extended their range into Canada where they crossbred with populations advancing south and east from the refugia in Alaska. Western montane floras, which extended north along the Rocky Mountains and the Cascade and Coast ranges, probably paved the path for a northward migration of populations of the intermountain Z. princeps (or its progenitors). Populations of Z. princeps moved eastward from the present Rocky Mountains, inhabiting the high plains of southern Canada and the north-central United States. In general, Zapus hudsonius occupies the region to the north and to the east of that inhabited by Zapus princeps; how- ever, the ranges of the two meet and overlap in central and northern British Columbia and in the high plains area of southern Alberta, Saskatchewan, eastern Manitoba, eastern Montana, North Dakota, and northern South Dakota. In these places of overlap, owing to range expansion following the retreat of the ice, there is no sign of interbreeding, indicating that the populations have attained specific rank, 368 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PuBLs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Populations of both Z. hudsonius and Z. princeps occur together at Indianpoint Lake, British Columbia. Specimens taken there are readily sorted into two groups; none is intermediate. The difference in size between these species there is especially marked; Z. p. saltator there is a large derivative of Z. princeps and Z. h. tenellus is a medium-sized Z. hudsonius. Z. princeps minor and Z. hudsonius intermedius have been taken at several neighboring localities in North Dakota. Although these geographic races are more nearly of the same size (minor is a small subspecies of princeps and intermedius is a moderately large sub- species of hudsonius) they do not interbreed. Specimens of Z. p. minor and Z. h. intermedius have been obtained from an ecologi- cally homogeneous area in the vicinity of Fort Totten and Devils Lake, North Dakota. Values obtained from several measurements of the skull and baculum allow for ready recognition of the two species. The populations from North Dakota are, however, not so widely divergent as are those populations from the area of contact in British Columbia. Perhaps the difference in the degree of dis- tinction between the species at the two areas of contact is indica- tive of the length and completeness of geographic isolation between neighboring populations. The ranges of Z. trinotatus and Z. hudsonius are not at present in contact, but the two species differ more strongly than do hud- sonius and princeps or princeps and trinotatus. Therefore, trino- tatus and hudsonius are here considered to be two distinct species. As pointed out earlier in this discussion, the separation between the progenitors of Z. trinotatus and Z. princeps probably occurred when the present Cascade Range and the Sierra Nevada were being formed. From this time until Pleistocene glaciation an incomplete geographic isolation was in effect between the populations of the Pacific coast and the intermountain populations. Perhaps in the region north of the present Cascade Range there was moderate inter- breeding between these populations and the transcontinental form. There may have been a similar zone of interbreeding along the crest of the present Cascades where the intermountain and coastal popu- lations conceivably could have met. At least incipient characters probably were present when in Pleistocene time, continental glacia- tion further isolated the two populations. Since the retreat of the last ice (Wisconsin) the unprogressive coastal Z. trinotatus has expanded its range only slightly, reaching as far as southwestern British Columbia. It seems that ecological difference rather than NorTH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 369 the barrier formed by the higher elevations is responsible for the limited expansion of range. The population of princeps has ex- tended its range northward to the southern part of the Yukon Terri- tory but does not occur in coastal southern British Columbia because that area already was occupied by Zapus trinotatus. The ranges of the two species meet and overlap in southwestern British Columbia. The species occur sympatrically in Manning Park where, according to Carl et al. (1952:77), they occupy the same range in the region of Allison Pass, Pinewoods, and Timberline Valley. These workers remark that no intergradation was apparent between individuals of the two species obtained in the same trap line. I have examined material of both species from Allison Pass. There the species differ in color, in the shape of the skull, and in the size and shape of the baculum. Material from Timberline Valley, an area in which Carl et al. (loc. cit.) reported both species, here is assigned to Z. princeps. Where bacula have been preserved the identity of the species is instantly possible. In summary: First, a population of jumping mice, possibly a monotypic genus, occurred over most of North America; then this population partly divided into Pacific northwest, intermountain (from the east slopes of the present Rocky Mountains to the east slopes of the present Cascade Range and the Sierra Nevada), and transcontinental (eastern and northern) groups with the least pro- gressive groups peripherial; a further reduction or possibly a com- plete isolation of these populations followed owing to Pleistocene glaciation (especially in the Wisconsin period); and, finally, the present day contacts were established between these populations which by now have differentiated into species. Conceivably, Z. burti (Blancan age) and Z. rinkeri (mid Pleistocene) may represent stages in the development of Z. hudsonius. ANNOTATED LIST OF SPECIFIC AND SUBSPECIFIC NAMES (Applied to the genus Zapus since 1899 ) Edward A. Preble’s (1899) early revisionary account of the genus Zapus provides an annotated list of the names which had been pro- posed for American jumping mice to that date. The present ac- count supplies in chronological order the names proposed (including the new kinds described by Preble) in the 54 years since Preble’s revision. Detailed synonymies are given for each kind under the accounts of the subspecies. 370 1899 1899 1899 1899 1899 1899 1911 1913 1920 1931 1931 1931 1932 1934 UnIverSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. campestris (Zapus hudsonius) Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:20, August 8, 1899, applies to the jumping mouse of southeastern Montana, and the Black Hills region of Wyoming and South Dakota. minor (Zapus princeps) Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:23, August 8, 1899, originally applied to the jumping mouse of the prairies of Saskatchewan, but now includes populations of this species from the plains of Canada (southern Manitoba to Canadian Rockies) and northern United States (Montana, North and South Dakota). oregonus (Zapus princeps) Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:24, August 8, 1899, originally applied to the jumping mouse of eastern Oregon, but now applies also to populations from southeastern Idaho, eastern and central Nevada, and extreme northeastern California. major (Zapus) Preble [= Zapus princeps oregonus], N. Amer. Fauna, 15:25, August 8, 1899, arranged as a subspecies of Zapus princeps by Hall, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 37:10, April 10, 1931; here considered a synonym of Zapus princeps oregonus. nevadensis (Zapus) Preble [=Zapus princeps oregonus], N. Amer. Fauna, 15:25, August 8, 1899, arranged as a subspecies of Zapus princeps by Hall, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 37:10, April 10, 1931; here con- sidered a synonym of Zapus princeps oregonus. orarius (Zapus) Preble [= Zapus trinotatus orarius], N. Amer. Fauna, 15:29, August 8, 1899, applies to the animals from southwestern Marin County, California. luteus (Zapus) Miller [= Zapus princeps luteus], Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, 24:253, December 23, 1911, applies to the jumping mouse in north-central and southern New Mexico and eastern Arizona. australis (Zapus luteus) Bailey [= Zapus princeps luteus], Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 26:129, May 21, 1913, was applied to the jumping mouse of southern New Mexico, but is here regarded as a synonym of luteus. eureka (Zapus trinotatus) Howell, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 21:229, May 20, 1920, applies to the jumping mouse of the humid coastal district of northern California. cinereus (Zapus princeps) Hall, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 37:7, April 10, 1931, applies to the jumping mouse of extreme northwest Utah and south-central Idaho. curtatus (Zapus princeps) Hall, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 37:7, April 10, 1931, applies to the jumping mouse of the Pine Forest Mountains, Humboldt County, Nevada. palatinus (Zapus princeps) Hall [= Zapus princeps oregonus], Univ. Cali- fornia Publ. Zool., 37:8, April 10, 1931, was applied to the jumping mouse of Lander and Nye counties, Nevada, but is here regarded as a synonym of oregonus. kootenayensis (Zapus princeps) Anderson, Ann. Rept. Nat. Mus. Canada for 1931:108, November 24, 1932, applies to the jumping mouse of south- eastern and central British Columbia, northern Idaho, and eastern Wash- ington. idahoensis (Zapus princeps) Davis, Jour. Mamm., 15:221, August 10, 1931, applies to populations in parts of British Columbia, Alberta, Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming. NortH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 371 1939 utahensis (Zapus princeps) Hall, Occas. papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michi- gan, 296:3, November 2, 1934, applies to the jumping mouse of south- eastern Idaho, western Wyoming, and eastern Utah. 1941 burti (Zapus) Hibbard, Univ. Kansas Publ., Bull. State Geol. Surv. Kan- sas, 38:214, July 14, 1941, refers to two fragmentary right rami of Pleisto- cene age (Borchers fauna) from Loc. No. 9, Meade County, Kansas. 1942 brevipes (Zapus hudsonius) Bole and Moulthrop [= Zapus hudsonius americanus], Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:168, September 11, 1942, based on specimens from Bettsville, Seneca County, Ohio, which are inseparable from americanus that has priority. 1942 rafinesquei (Zapus hudsonius) Bole and Moulthrop [= Zapus hudsonius americanus], Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:169, September 11, 1942, was applied to jumping mouse of southeastern Ohio but is here re- garded as a synonym of americanus. 1943 ontarioensis (Zapus hudsonius) Anderson [= Zapus hudsonius cana- densis], Ann. Rept. Provencher Soc. Nat. Hist., Quebec, 1942:52, Sep- tember 7, 1943, was applied to animals from eastern Ontario but is here regarded as a synonym of canadensis. 1950 pallidus (Zapus hudsonius) Cockrum and Baker, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, 63:1, April 26, 1950, refers to the jumping mouse from Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, Nebraska, and south-central South Dakota. 1951 rinkeri (Zapus) Hibbard, Jour. Mamm., 32:351, August, 1951, refers to single incomplete right ramus of upper Pliocene age, Rexroad formation and fauna, from Loc. UM-UK-47, Fox Canyon, sec. 25, T. 34S, R. 30W, XI Ranch, Meade County, Kansas. 1953 intermedius (Zapus hudsonius) described as new on page 447 of this paper. 1953 preblei (Zapus hudsonius) described as new on page 452 of this paper. CHARACTERS OF TAXONOMIC WORTH EXTERNAL PARTS.—The total length, the length of the tail, and the length of the hind foot are useful to some extent in distinguish- ing species and subspecies. Geographic variation in these measure- ments is clinal in some species. For example, Zapus trinotatus, which inhabits the western coast of North America, decreases in size from the northern to the southern part of its range. There is considerable overlap in external measurments, in specimens of the same age, between the species Z. trinotatus and Z. princeps, but only slight overlap between Z. princeps and Z. hudsonius and be- tween Z. trinotatus and Z. hudsonius. If all collectors measured ex- ternal parts in the same way the measurements would be more use- ful for differentiating one species from another. PELAGE.—The pelage, both in its entirety and as individual hairs, provides taxonomic characters as has been pointed out by Moojen (1948:324) for the genus Proechimys, by Williams (1938:239) for the Insectivora, and by Hausman (1920:496) for several groups of 872 UNIversITy OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. mammals. In addition to the sensory hairs, facial vibrissae, nasal hairs, and carpal vibrissae, there are three kinds of hairs in the nor- mal coat of Zapus: guard hairs, overhairs, and underfur. The guard hairs and underfur differ in different species (see figs. 35-37). The guard hairs taper at both ends, are elliptical in cross section, and are wider and longer than the other two kinds of hair. The bases of the guard hairs are grayish, and the amount of pigment gradually increases distally to a dark brownish or blackish shade. The guard hairs vary in greatest diameter from 96 microns to 168 microns, depending upon the species, and variation in diameter provides characters of taxonomic worth. No clinal variation in diameter of the guard hairs was detected. In Z. hudsonius the guard hairs average 115 microns (96-140) and are significantly narrower than those of Z. princeps and Z. trinotatus, which average 142 microns (130-168) and 141 microns (133-154), respectively. Pig- mentation of the guard hairs contributes little information useful in separating the species of Zapus. All of the species have a prominent compounded medulla in which the pigment cells anastomose to form a labyrinthine column. The individual hair of the underfur is cylindrical and tapers abruptly at each end; it is short, thin, flexible, and usually is bi- colored on the back and sides of the mouse. The apical zone is yellow-brown (for example, Ochraceous-Buff) and the proximal part is whitish or grayish, which gradually darkens to near black subapically. The width of a hair in the underfur is of no taxonomic signifi- cance, in that individual variation exceeds that between species. The pattern of the pigment in the medulla of the hair, however, does vary specifically. Comparable samples from Z. trinotatus, Z. princeps, and Z. hudsonius of the same age, sex, and season re- veal a pattern characteristic for each species (see figs. 35-37). All species of Zapus agree closely in color pattern. A broad longitudinal dorsal band of some shade of yellow-brown flecked with black hairs is bordered by a lateral band of a lighter color usually containing fewer black hairs than on the dorsum. The underparts are usually white but are sometimes suffused with color resembling that on the sides. Between the white underparts and the darker color of the sides there is often a narrow, clear ochraceous stripe. Dorsal and lateral hairs are uniformly grayish-white at their bases; only the distal parts of the hairs are responsible for the ex- ternal color of the animal. NortTH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 378 The pelage of juveniles is usually finer and softer than the pelage of adults. The lateral and dorsal bands are not so conspicuously marked in young animals, and individual hairs are not so long or so wide as in adult animals. Preble (1899:7) and Howell (1920:226) remark as to the notice- able difference between pelages of spring and early fall. The pelage in spring is described as bright and fresh whereas that in fall is dull and worn. Actually both bright and worn pelages can occur in any one population at any one time. Some newly molted individuals are in fresh unworn pelage; some individuals, which are molting, 35 36 37 Fics. 35-37. Photomicrographs of underhairs (middle third) from each of the species of the genus Zapus. >< 500. Fic. 35. Zapus t. orarius, adult, female, No. 20298 MVZ, 3 mi. W Inverness, 800 ft., Marin County, California. Fic. 86. Zapus p. oregonus, adult, male, No. 47856 KU, Harrison Pass R. S., Ruby Mt’s, Elko County, Nevada. Fic. 37. Zapus h. pallidus, adult, male, No. 22954 KU, 4 mi. N, 1% mi. E Lawrence, Douglas County, Kansas. are in ragged, worn pelage; and other individuals perhaps could be found to represent intermediate stages. Variations from the normal color of the pelage are rare. Among more than 3,000 specimens of Zapus examined there were only 12 individuals (five Z. princeps, 6 Z. hudsonius, and 1 Z. trinotatus) that were abnormally colored. A single white spot was noted on each of 10 (5 Z. princeps, 4 Z. hudsonius, and 1 Z. trinotatus) of these individuals; the spots were on the dorsal, anterior half of the body. The skin beneath the patch of white hair was in each animal like that beneath the neighboring normally-pigmented hair. One speci- men of Z. hudsonius (NMC No. 6669) is everywhere black, except- ing the dorsal surface of the toes of the forefeet. Most of the in- dividual hairs from various areas of the body are black for their 374 Unrversiry or Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. entire length; some, however, have non-pigmented silvery tips. One specimen of Z. hudsonius (KU No. 645) lacks any black; dorsally the pelage is nearest to Ochraceous-Buff and it is white on the ven- ter. Individual hairs of the dorsal area are white for the basal two- thirds of their length (as compared to gray and brown in the animals with normal pigmentation) and near Ochraceous-Buff on the distal third (as compared to hairs which are dark brown tipped with Ochraceous-Buff). The feet and tail are white. Mott.—The sequence of molt for Zapus has been ascertained from examination of the study skins. In all species of this genus there seems to be only one annual molt in adults. In the young of the year this molt occurs after August first and before hibernation. All individuals of a single population do not molt at any one time; females continue to molt later in the autumn than do the males; some individuals begin the molt as early as mid-June and others show molt as late as the end of October; approximately three weeks are required for an individual to complete its molt (Quimby, 1951: 74); readiness for molt and early stages in molt can be detected (in museum specimens ) by the greater thickness of the skin. Hairs lost accidentally are quickly replaced, regardless of the condition of the molt. In Zapus hudsonius, new hair appears simultaneously on the an- terior dorsal surface of the nose and on the mid-dorsal surface be- tween the scapulae. The molt proceeds anteriorly from the shoul- ders and posteriorly from the nose. At the same time that the head is covered, new hair appears on the sides of the body from the fore- legs to the cheeks. New pelage then appears posteriorly, and molt continues as a wave from these points over the sides and back with the rump receiving new hair last (see figs. 42 and 43). In Zapus princeps new hair appears first on the mid-dorsal surface between the scapulae. From this starting point molt progresses anteriorly, laterally, and posteriorly. Progress over the head is rapid; the head receives its new hair sooner than the caudal region. Molt moves progressively nearer to the base of the tail and progres- sively nearer to the mid-ventral surface. The rump is the last area to complete its molt (see figs. 40 and 41). The progress of molt in Z. princeps might be likened to the flow of a drop of paint on the curved surface of a ball where the paint flows in all directions but is speeded at one point and slowed at the opposite by a slight tilting of the ball from the horizontal. In the species Zapus trinotatus new hair appears simultaneously NortH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 375 on the anterior, dorsal surface of the nose and on the mid-dorsal surface between the scapulae. In this respect the progress of molt of Z. trinotatus resembles that of Z. hudsonius. From these starting points molt progresses rapidly over the head, the molt moving an- teriorly from the shoulders and posteriorly from the nose with the result that it covers the dorsal surface of the head; hair then appears on the cheeks and sides of the neck. The progress of molt on the remaining areas of the body is comparable to that of Z. princeps; molt progresses toward the tail and toward the mid-ventral line. The rump, as in Z. princeps, is the last area to complete its molt (see figs. 88 and 39). Seis calle Syn 4] Fics. 38-48. Diagrams showing differences in progress of molt in the three species of the genus Zapus. All approximately % natural size. Figs 38, 40 and 42 lateral view. Figs. 39, 41 and 48 dorsal view. Fics. 38 and 39. Zapus trinotatus. Fics. 40 and 41. Zapus princeps. Fics, 42 and 48. Zapus hudsonius. BacuLuM.—The general shape and dimensions of the baculum (os penis) provide characters of taxonomic value for the species of Zapus (see figs. 23-25 and figs. 28-30). Three measurements—length, transverse diameter at the base, and transverse diameter at the tip—are easily obtained and are diagnostic. The bacula of all species are somewhat curved. The measurement of length used by me does not represent the actual length of the bone, but instead the chords of the arcs involved. SkULL.—Some of the structures useful for separating taxonomic entities may have little or no biological significance to the animals 3876 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. in nature. Characters mentioned by me are chosen simply for their significance taxonomically. The zygomata vary in degree of lateral bowing, being widely bowed in Z. princeps and Z. trinotatus, and less so in Z. hudsonius. Differences in zygomatic breadth owing to the degree of bowing are an aid in differentiating subspecies. The length of the skull from the occipital condyles to the tip of the longest nasal bone is useful in separating Z. hudsonius from Z. trinotatus and Z. princeps. The narrowness of the base of the zygomatic process of the squamosal is useful in distinguishing between Z. hudsonius and Z. princeps, but shows no variation of subspecific worth. The shape and dimensions of the incisive foramina provide specific and subspecific characters. The position of the anterior margin of the postpalatal notch, in relation to the last molars, provides subspecific characters in Z. princeps. In the species Z. princeps the median projection on the inferior ramus of the zygomatic process of the maxillary is absent in some subspecies, small in others, and large in some. Shape and inflation of the auditory bullae, shape of the pterygoid fossae, and shape of the nasals are useful in determining specific and subspecific relationships. TEETH.—The alveolar length of the upper maxillary tooth-rows aids in distinguishing Z. hudsonius from Z. princeps and Z. trinotatus. Nearly parallel versus anteriorly divergent upper tooth-rows is a subspecific difference in Z. princeps. Variations in the dimensions of P4 and M1 aid in estimating the relationships of species. The occlusal pattern shows little variation and was of no use in sepa- rating species. NONGEOGRAPHIC VARIATION A knowledge of variation resulting from age, individual, or secondary sexual differences, as opposed to geographic variation between two or more popula- tions of a single species is important in determining the reliability of taxonomic characters. The largest population-sample of Zapus available to me for the study of nongeographic variation was 63 individuals from various localities in Keweenaw and Menominee counties, Michigan. ‘Thirty-nine were females and 24 were males. It is on these specimens that this discussion is based. Age Variation TreTH.—The teeth provide a valuable standard for age determination in that they wear at a measurable rate. The molars erupt in sequence from front to back, and wear shows first on M1 and last on M8. The peglike permanent P4, of which I have not seen the deciduous precursor, receives wear at the same time that the molars are being worn. Wear proceeds at approximately the same rate in the teeth of both the upper jaws and lower jaws. NortTH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 877 In order to be more nearly certain that specimens used in making racial comparisons were comparable as to age, six age-groups were established, from youngest to oldest. These groups were based on the degree of wear on the occlusal surface of the upper cheek-teeth, and are as follows: group 1, in which Ml and M2 have not reached full and equal height and show no occlusal wear, and M8 has not erupted or is just breaking through the alveolus; group 2, in which M1 and M2 have reached full and equal height and show slight wear, and M8 may be almost or quite equal in height to M1 and M2 and, when equal, sometimes shows slight wear; group 3, in which M1 and M2 show wear on all cusps but cusps are visible, and M83 shows slight wear; group 4, in which P4 shows slight wear, M1 has cusps and re-entrant folds between cusps mostly gone, M2 shows considerable wear but re-entrant folds are visible, and M3 has most re-entrant folds and cusps gone; group 5, in which P4 shows considerable wear, M1 has cusps completely worn away, M2 has re- entrant folds and cusps worn away, and M8 lacks occlusal pattern except for one or two lakes; group 6, in which all upper cheek-teeth are without occlusal pattern. These groupings are based on continuously variable features, and, there- fore, when the teeth are at certain stages of wear a specimen is difficult to place in one of two groups. Age group 1 and 2 include juvenal and subadult animals. Animals of age groups 3 through 6 are considered adult. Individuals of age groups 3 through 5, including as they do the great majority of the adult population, were the only age classes used in measuring geographic variation. Quimby’s (1951:69) data indicate that some mice produce litters at the age of approximately 2 months, when four-fifths grown. Therefore, sexual maturity is not always synonymous with morphological maturity. MEASUREMENTS OF EXTERNAL PARTS.—Data presented here on Z. hudsonius are those recorded by Quimby (1951) on specimens from Anoka County, Minnesota, and those obtained by me from museum specimens from Menominee and Keweenaw counties, Michigan. According to Quimby (1951:65-66) the mean length [= body length] for three newly born Z. hudsonius is 24.8 mm (24.0 — 25.5); at the end of the fourth week of growth the mean length averaged 64.4 mm and at the 13th week 77.6 mm. Rapid growth occurs during the first four weeks, with the mean length increasing approximately 2.6 times the size at birth. After the fourth week of development, growth proceeds at a slower rate; the mean length at 13 weeks is only 3.1 times greater than the mean length at birth. In specimens assigned to age groups 1 and 2 the length of the body aver- aged 70 and 74.8 mm, respectively. The individuals of both groups are less than 13 weeks old if we assume that growth proceeds at the same rate in Michigan as it does in Minnesota. In the specimens from Michigan of age groups 3, 4, 5, and 6 the average length of the body is 80.9, 83.7, 89.0, and 83.6, respectively. According to Quimby (loc. cit.), the average length of the tail for three Z. hudsonius at birth was 9.2 mm. (8.5—10.0). During the first four weeks of development the tail grew rapidly and reached an average length of 92.0 mm, which was 10 times the length at birth. By the end of 13 weeks of development the average length of the tail for these three individuals was 119.6 mm or 12 times the average length at birth. The most rapid growth 378 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. was early in development: 80 per cent of the growth of the tail occurred during the first month, after which growth proceeded at a much slower rate. Quimby (loc. cit.) records an average dimension of 4.7 mm (4.5—5.0) for the length of the hind foot in three newly born Z. hudsonius. The hind foot grew rapidly in length and by the fourth week had increased 5.6 times in its length and averaged 26.8 mm. Growth was much less rapid from the fourth to the thirteenth week when the hind foot averaged 27.7 mm, only five per cent more than in mice four weeks old. Assuming the average length of the hind foot of the adults to be 29.0 mm, the hind foot in individuals 18 weeks old is 96 per cent of the adult size. According to Quimby (loc. cit.), the pinna of the ear at birth is small and folded over the external auditory meatus. The length of the ear increases pro- portionately more (29 per cent) than any other external dimension after the first four weeks of growth. If the average length of the ear (measured from the crown) of adults is 14.7 mm, the animals from Michigan in age groups 1 and 2 are 91.8 per cent and 96.5 per cent as large as adults. TABLE 1.—AVERAGE DIMENSIONS (IN MILLIMETERS) FOR SPECIMENS OF Z. H. HUDSONIUS OF VARIOUS AGES (SPECIMENS FROM MICHIGAN). Age groups 1 2 3 4 5 6 No. examined........ 4 13 33 12 3 3 Bod yit2 38 pels peeter 70 74.8 80.9 83.7 89.0 83.6 Pail Mose ere eae 113.8 | 118.5 | 122.9 | 125.0 | 125.0 | 118.3 Hind sfeotiec.. 2.24. |: 28.8 28.6 28.9 29.1 28.9 29.3 SE: S854 Sede 13.5 14.2 14.7 14.8 15.0 14.3 From these data, concerning growth of external parts, it seems that: growth is most rapid during the four weeks following parturition; specimens from Michigan, assigned to age groups 1 and 2 on the basis of tooth wear, are less fully developed and probably younger than mice from Minnesota, with a known age of 13 weeks; individuals with sufficient wear on the teeth to be placed in age group 3, if they were obtained in the late fall, may be young from the first litters of the year or, if they were obtained in early spring, may be at least one year old; individuals in age groups 4, 5, and 6 are at least one year old. SxuLL.—The post-embryonic development of the skull is rapid. Animals in age groups 1 and 2 have skulls which average more than 80 per cent of the size that is here considered adult (an average size obtained from age groups 8, 4, and 5). The actual increase in size of certain cranial elements for various age groups is given in table 2. NortH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 379 In age group 1 the rostrum is relatively short as it is in Neotoma micropus (J. A. Allen, 1894:235) and juveniles of Peromyscus truei (Hoffmeister, 1951: 7). The rostrum lengthens rapidly and there is a general increase in actual and relative size of the entire preorbital region; the increase after age group 3 is slower and of lesser magnitude. Changes with age in the size of the brain- case are slight. In age group 1 the average depth of the braincase is 99.6 per cent of the adult size; the average breadth of the braincase is 98 per cent of the adult size, and the average width across the mastoid region is 96.4 per cent of the adult size. These dimensions indicate that the braincase reaches full size early. The zygomatic arch, however, undergoes change with age; there is a gradual increase in breadth owing to lateral bowing and a gradual lengthening which is in keeping with a general elongation of the skull anterior to the braincase. The incisive foramina in age group 1 are short (4.0 mm), broad (2.2 mm in the middle), and taper to a point at each end. In age group 2 the foramina have elongated (4.2 mm) and are less pointed posteriorly, but there is no change in breadth. In age groups 3, 4, 5, and 6 the foramina become progres- sively longer (4.5 mm in age group 6), have a relatively constant breadth (2.2 mm), and become more nearly truncate anteriorly. TABLE 2.—AVERAGE AND EXTREME MEASUREMENTS (IN MILLIMETERS) OF SKULLS OF SIx AGE-GROUPS IN SPECIMENS OF ZAPUS HUDSONIUS FROM MICHI- GAN. Age groups 1 2 3 4 5 6 Number examined...... 4 13 33 14 3 3 Occipitonasal 20.5 21.2 22.0 22.7 22.9 23.0 Jengthivvcscrape ccctersr-iey 20.0 21.2/20.8 21.8/21.5 23.2/21.8 23.4/22.7 23.3/22.4 23.7 Mastoid 9.8 10.04 10.12 10.12 10.3 10.36 breadth 7 ic.5<<3 15: 9.7 10.0] 9.6 10.4| 9.5 10.5) 9.6 10.7]10.0 10.8]/10.1 10.8 Length of zygomatic 8.07 9.02 9.07 9.25 9.5 9.35 Arche eisresiets nee cote 8.0 8.2| 8.5 9.3 | 8.5 9.4]9.2 9.4|9.5 9.5] 9.1 9.6 Breadth of palate 3.36 3.33 3.37 3.44 3.66 3.45 EB Be: bat Oe haem rte ate Axe 393i Taso: Gels oe | sell TSS) |, Sal) Vorée|harOntonialeonaer on: Breadth of palate 2.4 2.55 2.66 2.74 3.11 PAB L BUG VED Stevens = 18; upper in- i, | ‘ce! io) (p02 m3 cisors short, compressed, curved backward, and strongly grooved; lower in- 384 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. cisors slender, curved backward, and ungrooved; both upper and lower incisors deep orange or yellow; four upper cheek-teeth present; premolar small, single rooted and, sometimes, non-functional; upper molars tri-rooted, sub-hypsodont, and with occlusal surface non-cuspidate (flat); enamel pattern, much compli- cated, consisting of one main re-entrant fold lingually and four re-entrant folds labially; three lower molars, bi-rooted, sub-hypsodont, flat crowned, with two outer and four inner re-entrant folds. PosTCRANIAL CHARACTERS.—Neck short and weak; atlas large; axis separate from atlas; remaining (5) cervical vertebrae also free; thoracic (12) and lumbar (7) vertebrae strongly built; posterior lumbars with enlarged neural and an- teriorly directed transverse processes; sacral vertebrae (7) as in murids; caudal vertebrae variable in number (average 36); clavicle long, slender, uniformly curved, convex outwardly; scapula with supraspinous and infraspinous fossae of equal size; forelimbs short, approximately half as long as hind limbs; hind limbs elongate, slender; femur with third trochanter; tibia and fibula fused slightly distal to middle of former; five elongate, separate metatarsals (first and fitth subequal, shorter than others). ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS ZAPUS A. Baculum with tip spade-shaped and tip wider than 0.43 mm; underfur with medullary pattern rectangular, cuticular scales small; coronoid process of mandible long and slender, angle of divergence from condyle broad; angle of mandible turned in and wide; pterygoid fossae wide; skull broad in relation to length; premolars with crescentine fold on occlusal surface........... I ke iy gd ie ieee ee etre ie ere cee Zapus trinotatus p. 385 A’. Baculum with tip lanceolate (not spade-shaped) and tip less than 0.43 mm wide; underfur with medullary pattern square or rec- tangular; but, if rectangular, cuticular scales large; coronoid process short and broad, angle of divergence from condyle nar- row; angle of mandible turned inward and small to medium; pterygoid fossae usually narrow; skull not broad in relation to length; premolars without crescentine fold on occlusal surface. B (A’). Baculum less than 5.1 mm in total length; guard hair averaging 115 micra in diameter; underfur with rectangular medullary pat- tern, cuticular scales large; skull small; incisive foramina shorter than 4.6 mm; condylobasal length averaging less than 20 mm; length of maxillary tooth-row averaging less than 3.7 mm; palatal breadth at M8 less than 4.2 mm............. Zapus hudsonius p. 420 Bb’ Baculum more than 5.1 mm in total length; guard hair averag- ing more than 140 micra in diameter; underfur with square med- ullary pattern, cuticular scales moderately large; skull large; incisive foramina longer than 4.7 mm; condylobasal length more than 21 mm; maxillary tooth-row averaging more than 3.8 mm; palatal breadth at M3 more than 4.4 mm....... Zapus princeps p. 394 NortH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 385 SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNTS OF SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES Zapus trinotatus Rhoads (Synonymy under subspecies ) Range.—From southwestern British Columbia southward through western Washington and Oregon and in the humid coastal district of California almost to the Golden Gate (see fig. 45). Characters of the species: External—Size medium to large (total length 221 mm to 238 mm); tail longer than head and body (131 mm to 149 mm) and bicolored, brown above, white to yellowish-white below; hind feet long (31 mm to 34 mm), grayish-white above; back various hues and tones of ochraceous and tawny; sides paler than back; lateral line separating sides from ventral surface usually distinct and bright; ventral coloration white, usually with suffusion of ochraceous; ears usually dark, sometimes flecked, and usually narrowly edged with color of sides; guard hairs average 141 microns (133u to 155u) in diameter; underhair with medullary pigment in narrow, hollow rectangles; cuticular scales of underhair smaller and more numerous than in other species. Baculum.—Size large (total length 6.7 mm to 7.4 mm); base broad (0.7 mm to 0.9 mm); tip broad (0.44 mm to 0.57 mm); spade-shaped in dorsal aspect and tilted upward, gradually tapering to thin-edged tip; shaft rounded, straight. Skull—tLarge, broad and deep in relation to length; pterygoid fossa broad; anterior ramus of zygomatic process of maxillary relatively narrow; nasofrontal juncture relatively broad; coronoid process of mandible elongate. Upper premolars relatively large (averaging .70 mm in length and .75 mm in width), usually functional, occlusal surface with labial re-entrant fold forming crescen- tine loop incompletely enclosing single central cusp; m3 relatively large, elon- gated; ml elongated, broadly rounded anteriorly. GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION There are four subspecies currently recognized, all of which are confined to the Pacific coastal region of North America (See fig. 45). The features that vary geographically are external size, color of pelage (shade and tone of upper parts and tint of lower parts), and dimensions of certain cranial structures (zygomata, braincase, in- cisive foramina, palatal bridge, auditory bullae, and pterygoid fossae ). External size is smallest in the southernmost geographic race (Z. t. orarius) and largest in the northernmost geographic race (Z. t. trinotatus). This decrease in size from north to south is clinal and is in keeping with Bergman’s Rule which postulates that within one species the smallest individuals occur in the warmer parts of its geographic range. NortH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 387 Coloration of pelage is geographically variable. There is a gradual change in the color of the pelage from north to south. Animals obtained in the northern part of the geographic range of Z. trinotatus are generally darker dorsally (more tawny) with the ventral pelage usually pure white. Those individuals from the southern part of the geographic range of Z. trinotatus have the dorsal pelage lighter (more reddish and yellow-brown) and ventrally the pelage is usually heavily suffused with reddish-brown. The crania also vary geographically; they are largest in the northernmost part of the range of the species and smallest in the southernmost part. NATURAL HISTORY Habitat—On the Olympic Peninsula, Washington, in 1931 Svihla and Svihla (1933:132) found this species equally abundant in alpine meadows near timberline, in open grassy areas, and in tall meadow grass and low blueberry bushes. All of the mice were in wet marshy places. Bailey (1936:232) reported that in Oregon, these mice live in meadows, marshes, under ferns and weeds in the woods, or near mountain brooks and streams. Taylor (1922:221) found Zapus in moderately moist meadows in the Hudsonian Life-zone at Mt. Rainier, Washington, and Dice (1932:49) found them in deciduous forest and in open, grassy, or sphagnum bogs. Dice records it as common also among the alders and willows in high, open, grassy parks. Merriam (1897b:223) found Z. trinotatus abundantly in moist places grown-over with grass or weeds. Grass cuttings two to three inches long were left in small heaps at feeding sites and indicate the presence of these mice. Behavior.—Svihla and Svihla (1933:131) write that the long tail of Z. trinotatus is used as a balancing organ when the mouse is in mo- tion. A tailless mouse, attempting to escape, turned somersaults in the air and invariably landed on its back; the loss of its tail seemed to leave the mouse without compensation for the vigorous push of the hind legs. Dalquest (1948:371) noted that the jumping mouse sometimes walks on all fours, but ordinarily moves by means of short hops on the hind feet alone. When startled, jumping mice travel in bounds of six feet or more at a jump. Zapus trinotatus, according to Bailey (1936:232) and Elliot (1899:261), is mainly nocturnal but occasionally is active in day- light. Svihla and Svihla (op. cit.:182) heard captive animals make squeaking noises when fighting. On several occasions captive ani- 888 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. mals made a drumming noise by rapidly beating the tail against a resonant body such as the bottom of a tin can. Concerning hibernation, Bailey (loc. cit.) remarks that animals of this species in Oregon, become fat in early autumn and lay down excess adipose tissue under the skin, over the muscles, and in the abdominal cavity. Svihla and Svihla (op. cit.:183) noted that cap- tives from the Olympic Peninsula, Washington, gained weight in September and October and became extremely fat. With the addi- tional weight they were more listless and drowsy, often spending days curled up in the hibernating position with the head between the hind legs and the long tail curled completely over the head and body. Warmth aroused the animals to activity, but when the tem- perature dropped they again hibernated. Flahaut (1939:17) re- ported the discovery on February 23, 1939, at Henderson Inlet, South Bay, Thurston County, Washington, of two nest cavities in- habited by jumping mice that were hibernating. The nests, four inches apart and 30 inches below the surface of the ground, were approximately five inches in diameter and made of shredded paper. Both mice were dormant, covered by nesting materials and curled up in the aforementioned hibernating posture. Dalquest (1948: 371) writes that in the lowlands of Washington this species dis- appears by late July but that in the mountains it remains active until the middle of September. Edson (1932:56) records an in- dividual taken on April 20 from its place of hibernation beneath the roots of a decaying stump. This animal quickly roused in the warm mid-afternoon sun but became dormant again when the tem- perature dropped to 45° F. It seems that animals near the end of hibernation become active on warm days and return to the torpid state on cold ones. Enemies.—Little is recorded concerning enemies of Z. trinotatus, but Bailey (1936:233) lists owls and other nocturnal birds, weasels, skunks, and badgers as preying on this mouse. Smith and Hopkins (1937:191) found Z. t. orarius in barn ow] pellets obtained in Elk Valley, Marin County, California. Food.—Bailey (loc. cit.) remarks that in Oregon, these mice feed mainly on small seeds of grasses, small grains (wheat, barley, oats, and rye), and other plants. These seeds are obtained by cutting the stems, drawing the stems down and biting off lower sections until the seed-laden heads are reached. Bailey (op. cit.:234) found that trinotatus utilized also the seeds of the western skunk cabbage. Near Seattle, Washington, according to Dalquest (loc. cit.), the principal food of Z. trinotatus was velvet grass (Holchus lanatus), NortH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 389 broad-leaved dock, and the seeds of other grasses. Dalquest re- ports also that the fruit of the blackberry (Rubus macropelatus) is eaten and that an occasional jumping mouse has its chin stained a deep purple by juice from these berries. Reproduction.—There is normally a single litter of from four to eight young per year according to Bailey (loc. cit.). Newly born young have been described by Svihla and Svihla (1933:182) as follows: slightly smaller than newly born harvest mice (Reith- rodontomys m. megalotis), average weight .8 grams, hairless ( with- out even vibrissae visible), pink, eyes closed, ears folded, heads short and stubby, tails long (longer than those of newly born Peromyscus), and bodies surprisingly small (when compared with newly born Peromyscus maniculatus ). Zapus trinotatus eureka A. B. Howell Zapus trinotatus eureka A. B. Howell, Univ. California Publ., Zool. 21:229, May 20, 1920. Zapus trinotatus trinotatus, Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:26, August 8, 1899 eat: part from Crescent City and Carsons Camp, Mad River, Cali- ornia). Zapus orarius Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:29, August 8, 1899 (part—the part from Eureka and Carsons Camp, Mad River, California ). Type.—Female, adult, skin and skull, No. 11703, Mus. Vert. Zool.; Fair Oaks, Humboldt County, California; obtained on August 27, 1910, by Joseph S. Dixon, original No. 1743. Range.—Northwestern coastal region of California, from Russian Gulch State Park, Mendocino County north to Trinidad, Humboldt County. Zonal range: humid Transition. Description.—Size medium; color dull; back near Ochraceous-Buff with heavy admixture of black hairs, forming broad dorsal band; sides from near Ochraceous-Buff to near Ochraceous-Salmon, sometimes with heavy admixture of black hairs; lateral line usually distinct, sometimes blending with color of belly and side; ventral surface usually suffused with color of sides; tail bi- colored, dark brown above, white to yellowish-white below; feet grayish-white above; ears dark, edged with color of sides; auditory bullae large; pterygoid fossae broad; incisive foramina relatively short; palatal bridge short; maxillary tooth-rows relatively short; narrow across zygomata; braincase narrow; inter- orbital region narrow; zygomatic arch relatively short. Comparisons—From Zapus trinotatus trinotatus, Z. t. eureka differs in: Size smaller; ventral surface with much greater suffusion of ochraceous; audi- tory bullae larger; pterygoid fossae relatively broader; frontal region less in- flated; palatal bridge shorter; braincase narrower; narrow across zygomata; upper tooth-rows shorter. For comparison with Zapus trinotatus orarius see account of that subspecies. Remarks.—Howell (1920:230), without having examined the ma- terial, provisionally referred specimens from Requa and Crescent City, Del Norte County, California, to Z. t. eureka. I have studied 390 UNIvERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. this material and find the specimens to be intermediate between Z. t. trinotatus and Z. t. eureka in cranial characters (zygomatic breadth, interorbital width, and breadth of braincase), but nearer Z. t. trinotatus in coloration (absence of ochraceous suffusion ven- trally). They are here referred to Z. t. trinotatus. The zone of intergradation between Z. t. trinotatus and Z. t. eureka seems to extend from Requa, California, north to Gold Beach, Oregon, where other specimens intermediate between these two subspecies, have been obtained. These individuals are also referred to Z. t. trinotatus on the basis of cranial features and color. Specimens examined.—Total, 42, all from California, distributed as follows: Humboldt Co.: Trinidad, 4 (SDM); Carsons Camp, Mad River, 3 (USBS); 8 mi. W Arcata, 5 (MVZ); 7 3/10 mi. E Bayside, 1 (MVZ); 12 mi. S Korbel, on Maple Creek, 2 (MVZ); Falk, 1 (MVZ); Carlotta, 1 (MVZ); F. B. Summer Redwoods, S Eureka, 1 (MVZ); Maple Creek, 1 mi. W junction Mad River, 12 (MVZ). Mendocino County: Mendocino City, 1 (MVZ); Albion River, 14 mi. I. MacDonalds Ranch, 1 (MVZ); Russian Gulch State Park, 10 (MVZ). Marginal records —California: Trinidad; Russian Gulch State Park; Albion River, 4 mi. E MacDonalds Ranch; Mendocino City; Carlotta. Zapus trinotatus montanus Merriam Zapus trinotatus montanus Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 11:104, April 26, 1897; Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 55:234, August 29, 1936. Zapus montanus, Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:28, August 8, 1899. Type.—Female, adult, skin and skull; No. 79863, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biol. Surv. Coll.; Crater Lake, Klamath County, Oregon; obtained on August 19, 1896, by Edward A. Preble, original No. 1388. Range.—From Crater Lake, Klamath County, Oregon, northward along the Cascade Range into Hood River County, Oregon. Zonal range: Transition and Canadian. Description.—Size medium; back near Ochraceous-Buff with admixture of black hair, resulting in a grizzled, broad, dorsal band; sides lighter than back, from near Ochraceous-Buff to near Pinkish Cinnamon, and lined with black hair; lateral line distinct; underparts usually pure white, sometimes with slight suffusion of ochraceous on lower throat and upper chest; tail bicolored, brown above and yellowish-white below; ears dark, sometimes flecked with ochraceous, edged with yellowish-white; feet grayish-white above; braincase relatively nar- row; zygomata relatively short; condylobasal length short; mastoid region rela- tively narrow; palatal bridge short; auditory bullae large; frontal region inflated; pterygoid fossae relatively narrow. Comparison.—From Zapus trinotatus trinotatus, Z. t. montanus differs as follows: Size averaging smaller; sides more ochraceous, fewer black hairs; upper parts duller; skull smaller; zygomatic arch shorter, braincase relatively nar- rower; frontal region more inflated; pterygoid fossae relatively narrower; zygo- mata narrower. Remarks.—The systematic status of Z. t. montanus has been in doubt. Several workers, for example, Howell (1920:227) and NortH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 391 Preble (1899:28), considered it to be a species, and others (Mer- riam, 1897a:104, Bailey, 1936:234) considered it to be a subspecies of Z. trinotatus. Z. montanus is here considered to be a subspecies of Z. trinotatus, because of the agreement of the two in size and shape of the baculum, diameter and pigment pattern of the hair, and the over-all proportions of the skull. In addition, animals from intermediate geographic areas are available and show actual in- tergradation. Intergradation has been noted in specimens from North Santiam River, 3400 ft., Oregon. In color, in length of incisive foramina, in breadth of braincase, and in width of zygomata these specimens are intermediate between Zapus trinotatus montanus and Z. t. trinotatus, but in the sum-total of characters they are referable to the former. Specimens from Lost Creek R. S., 10 mi. SE McKenzie Bridge, are intermediate in color between Z. t. trinotatus and Z. t. montanus; they are referable to Z. t. montanus. The animals available from Brooks Meadow, 4300 ft., 9 mi. ENE Mt. Hood and the one from Mt. Hood, in color, in length of incisive foramina, and in mastoid width, closely approach Z. t. trinotatus from Skamania County, Washington, but in the sum-total of characters are nearest Z. t. mon- tanus and are here referred to montanus. Specimens examined.—Total, 35, all from Oregon, distributed as follows: Deschutes County: Tumalo Creek, 15 mi. W Bend, 6100 ft., 3 (MVZ). Doug- las Co.: Diamond Lake, 1 (USBS). Hood River Co.: Brooks Meadow, 4300 ft., 9 mi. ENE Mt. Hood, 10 (MVZ); Mt. Hood, 1 (USBS). Klamath Co.: Crater Lake, 3 (MVZ); % mi. N Government Camp, 6700 ft., Munson Valley, Crater Lake Nat'l Park, 2 (MVZ); east slope Cascade Divide, 6400 ft., Crater Lake Nat’l Park, 2; Anna Creek, Mt. Mazama, 6000 ft., 2 (USBS). Lane Co.: Lost Creek R. S., 10 mi. SE McKenzie Bridge, 6 (USBS); Three Sisters, Alder ae 4300 ft., 2 (USBS). Linn County: North Santiam River, 3400 ft., 3 MVZ). Marginal records—Oregon: Brooks Meadow, 4300 ft., 9 mi. ENE Mt. Hood; Tumalo Creek, 15 mi. W Bend, 6100 ft.; Anna Creek, Mt. Mazama, 6000 ft.; east slope Cascade Divide, 6400 ft., Crater Lake Nat'l] Park; Diamond Lake; North Santiam River, 3400 ft. Zapus trinotatus orarius Preble Zapus orarius Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:29, August 8, 1899. Zapus pacificus Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 11:104, April 26, 1897 (part—the part from Point Reyes, Marin County, California ). Zapus trinotatus orarius, Hooper, Miscl. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 59:67, January 12, 1944. Type.—Male, adult, skin and skull, No. 250, collection of E. A. and O. Bangs (now in Mus. Comp, Zool.); Point Reyes, Marin County, California; obtained on May 14, 1893, by C. A. Allen, original No. 618. Range.—Southern and western Marin County, California. Zonal range: Upper Sonoran areas that are moist yet safe from continuous inundation. 392 University OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. Description.—Size small; back dark ochraceous, usually overlaid with black hairs forming broad dorsal band; side lighter than back with admixture of black hairs; lateral line distinct, usually bright, near Ochraceous-Buff; under parts strongly suffused with ochraceous; tail bicolored, white to yellowish-white below and dark brown above; feet grayish-white above; ears dark, edged with yellowish-white or tan; skull small; zygomata narrow; braincase narrow; maxil- lary tooth-rows short; interorbital region narrow; incisive foramina short; palatal bridge relatively long; mastoid region relatively broad; occipitalnasal length short. Comparison.—From Zapus trinotatus eureka, Z. t. orarius differs in: Size smaller; color, dorsally and laterally, brighter, more ochraceous; skull averaging smaller in all measurements taken except length of palatal bridge, where it averages longer; auditory bullae smaller, less inflated; pterygoid fossae narrower. Remarks.—Preble (1899:30) named this jumping mouse as a full species. Included in the specimens examined were animals from Eureka and Mad River, Humboldt County, California. Howell (1920:231) retained Z. orarius as a full species but restricted its range to Marin County, California, and referred material from northern California, including the animals from Eureka and Mad River, to a new subspecies (eureka) of the species Z. trinotatus. Howell (loc. cit.) suggested that Z. orarius had its closest affinity with Z. t. eureka but remarked that intergrading material was not available. Hooper (1944:68) arranged Z. orarius as a subspecies of Z. trinotatus and suggested that intergrades could be expected from geographically intermediate areas, for example, northern Sonoma County, California. Although animals from intermediate geographic areas still are not available to show actual intergradation, I concur with Hooper (loc. cit.) and arrange Z. orarius as a subspecies of Z. trinotatus. The close relationship of Z. orarius to Z. trinotatus is evident; cer- tain diagnostic characters, held in common, are the shape and size of the os penis, the diameter and pigment pattern of the hair, and the general configuration of the skull. Interbreeding in the wild between Z. t. orarius and Z. t. eureka probably does not take place, because these subspecies are sepa- rated by terrain unsuited to jumping mice. Specimens examined.—Total, 29, all from California, distributed as follows: Marin County (MVZ): 3 mi. W Inverness, 300 ft., 14; 5 mi. NNE Point Reyes Lighthouse, 12; W end Elk Valley, 10 ft., 1; West Portal, Fort Barry, 2. Marginal records.—California: 3 mi. W Inverness, 300 ft.; West Portal, Fort Barry. Zapus trinotatus trinotatus Rhoads Zapus trinotatus Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1894:42, Jan- uary 15, 1895. Jaculus hudsonius, Baird, Repts. Expl. and Surv. . . ., 8 (pt. 1): 488, July 14, 1858 (part—the part from Washington). NortTH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 393 Zapus hudsonius, Coues, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. of the Territories, 2nd ser., No. 5:260, 1877 (part—the part from Steilacoom [Pierce County], Washington). Zapus imperator Elliot, Field Columbian Mus., publ. 80, zool. ser., 1:228, February 1, 1899, type from Siegs Ranch, Elwah River, Clallam County, Washington. Zapus princeps trinotatus, Dalquest, Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus, Nat. Hist., 2:871, April 9, 1948. Type.—Male, adult, skin and skull, No. 360, S. N. Rhoads Coll.; Lulu Island, mouth of Frazer River, British Columbia; obtained on May 31, 1892, by S. N. Rhoads (type in Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci.). Range.—Pacific coastal region from Requa, Del Norte County, California, north in Oregon west of the Cascades, and in Washington including the Cas- cades; to southwestern British Columbia. Description.—Size large; back from near Ochraceous-Buff to near Tawny with admixture of black hair forming broad dorsal band; sides lighter than back from near Ochraceous-Buff to near Tawny; lateral line usually distinct; belly white, sometimes with faint suffusion of ochraceous on lower throat and upper chest; tail bicolored, brown above, white to yellowish-white below; ears dark, sometimes flecked with color of sides, edged with ochraceous; feet grayish- white above; palatal bridge relatively short; incisive foramina relatively long; condylobasal region long; zygomatic width great; braincase relatively broad; distance from incisors to postpalatal notch relatively great. Comparisons.—For comparisons with Zapus trinotatus montanus and Zapus trinotatus eureka see accounts of those subspecies. Remarks.—This subspecies retains most of its diagnostic char- acters throughout nearly all parts of its geographic range. Inter- gradation occurs between Z. t. eureka and Z. t. trinotatus in extreme southwestern Oregon and northwestern California (see account of Z. t. eureka). Intergrades between Z. t. montanus and Z. t. trino- tatus have been commented on in the account of Z. t. montanus. Specimens from Eugene, Oregon, according to Bailey (1986:232), show affinity to Z. t. montanus but are considered by him to be Z. t. trinotatus. Specimens examined.—Total, 238, distributed as follows: British CotumsiA: Alta Lake, on Pac. Gt. Eastern Ry., 2600 ft., 5 (MVZ); Okanagan, 1 (FM); Vedder Crossing, 4 (1 MVZ, 8 PM); Chilliwack Valley, 2 (NMC); 18 mi. S Chilliwack, 1 (MVZ); Cultus Lake, 2 (NMC); Lihumption Park, 4500-4800 ft., 12 (NMC); Seymour Mtn., 4000 ft., 8 (1 MVZ, 7 PM); Cariboo, 2 (FM); Sumas, 8 (1 MVZ, 7 FM); Huntingdon, 40 (NMC); Par- nassus Creek, Black Tusk Meadow, 5200 ft., 1 (PM); Howe Sound, Bracken- dale, 2 (NMC); Stanley Park, Vancouver, 1 (PM); Allison Pass, Manning Park, 1 (PM); Manning Park, 2 (PM). ee Del Norte Co.: Crescent City, 11 (6 FM, 5 USBS); Requa, 4 (FM). OrEcon: Benton County: 3 mi. N Corvallis, 2. Clatsop County: Old Fort Clatsop, 100 ft., 11 (MVZ); 7% mi. S Cannon Beach, 50 ft., 1 (MVZ). Colum- bia County: 7 mi. SE Rainier, 100 ft., 11 (MVZ). Curry County: Gold Beach, 3 (FM). Douglas County: Gardiner, 7 (5 MVZ,2FM). Lane County: Sut- ton Lake, 6 mi. N Florence, 1 (MVZ). Lincoln County: Delake, 3 (2 MVZ); Newport, 2 (MVZ). Multnomah County: Portland, Council Crest, 950 ft., 1 394 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusis., Mus. Nat. Hist. (MVZ). Tillamook Co.: Tillamook, 1 (MVZ); 9 mi. S Tillamook, 1 (MVZ); Netarts, 3 (SDM); Blaine, 3 (MVZ). Washington County: 18% mi. NW Port- land, 1300 ft., 5 (MVZ). Wasuincton: Clallam County: Deer Lake, 3800 ft., 3. Clarke County: 8% mi. E and 1% N Amboy, 8500 ft., 3 (MVZ); 1% mi. ENE Amboy, 3500 ft., 13 (MVZ); 3% mi. E and 5 mi. N Yacolt, 500 ft., 1 (MVZ); 1% mi. W Yacolt, 800 ft., 11 (MVZ). Cowlitz County: 6 mi. NE Kelso, 4 (MVZ); 4 mi. E mouth Kalama River, 5 (MVZ). King County: Lakeridge Tract, S end Forest Ave., Lake Washington, 2 (MVZ); Seattle 2 (MVZ); Snoqualmie Pass, 5 (MVZ). Mason County: Potlatch, 2 (MVZ). Pacific County: 1% mi. N Chinook, 10 ft.. 1 (MVZ); 3% mi. SE Chinook, 10 ft., 5 (MVZ). Pierce Co.: 5 mi. E Tacoma, 4 (MVZ); Puyallup, 3 (1 MVZ, 2 FM); Mt. Rainier, 1 (MVZ); 3 mi. E Ashford, 1 (LMH). Skamania County: Ice Caves, 2800 ft., 5 mi. WSW Guler, 1 (MVZ). Thurston County: Boston Harbor, 5 (CAS). Wahkiakum Cee 4 mi. E Skamokawa, 5 (MVZ). Whatcom County: Baker Lake, 2 MVZ). Marginal records.—British Columbia: Okanagan; Manning Park. Wash- ington: Baker Lake; Snoqualmie Pass; Mt. Rainier; Ice Caves, 2800 ft., 5 mi. WSW Gulch. Oregon: Portland, Council Crest, 950 ft. California: Requa; Crescent City. Oregon: Gold Beach; Gardiner; Sutton Lake, 6 mi. N Florence; Newport; Netarts; Old Fort Clatsop, 100 ft. Washington: 3% mi. SE Chinook, 10 ft.; Deer Lake, 3800 ft. British Columbia: Stanley Park, Vancouver; Alta Lake, 2600 ft. Zapus princeps Allen (Synonymy under subspecies ) Range.—The Rocky Mountains region from Yukon south into Arizona and New Mexico; westward through eastern Oregon and through the Cascades and Sierra Nevada of California; eastward in the northern Great Plains to extreme eastern parts of the Dakotas (see fig. 46). Characters of the species: External—Size medium to large (total length 216 mm to 247 mm); tail longer than head and body (129 mm to 148 mm) and bicolored, pale brown to grayish-brown above, white to yellowish-white below; hind feet long (31 mm to 34 mm), grayish-white above; back variable from yellowish-gray to salmon-brown and ochraceous; sides paler than back; lateral line usually present but sometimes indistinct or entirely absent (when present usually clear Ochraceous-Buff ); ventral coloration white, usually suffused with ochraceous; ears usually dark, sometimes flecked and usually narrowly edged with light color; guard hairs average 142 microns (130u to 168u) in diameter; underhair with medullary pigment in form of hollow squares; cuticular scales of underhair larger and fewer than in other species. Baculum.—Size medium (total length 5.6 mm to 6.6 mm); base moderately broad (0.7 mm to 0.8 mm); tip narrow (0.26 mm to 0.31 mm) rounded and dished out in dorsal aspect, blunted; shaft rounded, slightly sinoidal, recurved at tip. Skull—tLarge, not exceptionally broad and deep in relation to length; ros- trum broad but tapering; pterygoid fossa moderately narrow; anterior ramus of zygomatic process usually broad; incisive foramina usually broadly rounded and elongate; auditory bullae usually moderately inflated; coronoid process of mandible relatively short. Upper premolars of medium size (averaging .55 mm in length and .50 mm in breadth), sometimes functional, with occlusal surface normally divided by single shallow re-entrant fold; m1 relatively short, narrow anteriorly. NortH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 395 396 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION There are 11 subspecies recognized, most of which are in the mountains of the western United States and southwestern Canada. There is geographic variation in color, relative proportions of exter- nal parts (tail, hind feet, head, and body), and shape and size of the skull. Three basic types of coloration occur in Z. princeps, as pointed out by Hall (1931:9). Yellow-sided dark-backed jumping mice exemplified by kootenayensis, idahoensis, and utahensis are found to the eastward in the Rocky Mountains. Reddishbrown-sided, brown-backed jumping mice typified by luteus and pacificus are found to the westward in the Sierra Nevada and in New Mexico and Arizona; mice with yellowish-buff or pinkish-buff-sides and light backs are the subspecies, cinereus, curtatus, and oregonus, that occur in the intervening Great Basin. External dimension as a whole decreases from north to south, although not uniformly. For example, the smallest individuals are of the southernmost geographic subspecies (Z. p. luteus), but the largest are of the subspecies (Z. p. utahensis) that is near the geo- graphic center of the range for the species. In the skull there is geographic variation in the length and shape of the zygomata, size and shape of the incisive foramina, alignment of maxillary tooth- rows, size and shape of auditory bullae, position of the postpalatal notch in relation to M3, and the presence or absence and size of the medial projection on the inferior ramus of the zygomatic process of the maxillary. NATURAL HISTORY Habitat—Zapus princeps occurs most commonly adjacent to streams where grasses and herbs are in lush growth. It frequents mountain meadows neighboring small streams and is often taken from alder, aspen, or stands of willow, where the moist ground sup- ports a heavy undergrowth of herbs. Davis (1939:330) found these mice in heavy herbage along a small stream bordered by quaking aspen near Victor, Teton County, Idaho. They were found along streams bordered by willow, rose, alder, huckleberry, sedges, and herbs of various kinds at Alturas Lake, Mill Creek, and at the head of the Pahsimeroi River. Linsdale (1938:195) found jumping mice in the Toyabe Mountains, Nevada, near the streamsides or in seepy areas close to the streams where associated vegetation included rose, willow, wild peach, sage, grasses, and herbs. In the Uinta Moun- NortH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 397 tains, Utah, R. D. Svihla (1931:264) obtained them from willows along streams in mountain parks. Borell and Ellis (1934:37) in the Ruby Mountains, Nevada, found jumping mice to be common in heavy vegetation along streams. Louise Kellogg (1916:369) ob- tained jumping mice in northern California; all were near water, in grassy meadows, or under alders where vegetation was dense. Zapus princeps is locally abundant, but its numbers seem to vary considerably from year to year as well as seasonally. Early autumn, when young of the year are abroad, seems to be the period of great- est abundance. Moore (1928:154) remarks that runways were plainly marked and well strewn with four-inch pieces of brome- grass. Davis (1939:334) notes that Z. princeps has runways, and found that sections, four inches long, of cut grass piled in runways was good evidence of the presence of the mouse. Behavior.—In reference to locomotion of Z. princeps, Davis (loc. cit.) writes, “In rapid progression jumping mice move by a series of zigzag hops. One young of the year found in tall grass near Vic- tor made horizontal leaps of approximately three feet. The zigzag course was difficult for me to follow, and I was led to wonder if this mode of locomotion were not advantageous to the mice in eluding animals that would do them harm.” Hollister (1912:26) remarked that princeps, when startled, sometimes jumps five to six feet at a bound. Concerning the swimming ability of Z. princeps, Bailey (1936:233) quotes from Hollister’s notes, “While I was walking around the grassy border of a small pond one jumped out at my feet and struck in the water like a frog, which at first it was thought to be, until it was seen swimming across the pond on the surface of the water . . . he certainly handled himself as if perfectly at home and swam with little effort and great speed over the still surface of the pond.” Davis (1939:334) obtained two individuals at Mill Creek, Idaho, in traps placed on artificial islands of stones in the middle of the creek where the water was about six inches deep. He speculated that the only way the mice could have reached the traps was by swimming. Grinnell, Dixon, and Linsdale (1930:531) rec- ord an individual which was seen hopping in the inch-deep water of a small stream at Lake Helen, California. According to Hollister (1912:26) and Davis (1939:335), jumping mice are for the most part nocturnal, but occasionally they are seen by day in tall grass. Little is recorded concerning the hibernation of Z. princeps. What data are available suggest that, starting in July, these animals 4—1128 898 Unrversiry oF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. accumulate a heavy layer of fat on the inside of the skin with espe- cially large amounts in the inguinal region. By August or early September, animals are excessively fat, and the start of hibernation is dependent then upon the arrival of a heavy cold snap. Grinnell, Dixon, and Linsdale (1930:531), in their study of the vertebrates of the Lassen Peak region of California noted that the latest activity by these mice was September 13. As regards the time of onset of hibernation in Idaho, Davis (1939:336) states that, “I know of no records of capture later than September and infer that hibernation begins in that month or the next.” Bailey (1932:227) writes that in New Mexico, animals obtained on September 20 were very fat, probably were ready to hibernate at the first cold wave, and had winter nests in burrows well underground. Enemies.—Bailey (loc. cit.) lists hawks, owls, and weasels as natural predators on Z. princeps. Stanford (1931:362) records the garter snake (Thamnophis) as a predator of jumping mice. A large snake of this genus obtained by him regurgitated two jumping mice a few hours after its capture. Grinnell, Dixon, and Linsdale (1937: 232) report that on Parker Creek, in California, H. C. Bryant frightened a weasel that dropped a freshly killed jumping mouse. Crowe (1943:407) reported Cuterebra fly larvae in the inguinal region of a Z. princeps obtained at Invermere, British Columbia. Several mice of this species taken at Moccasin Lake, 19 mi. W and 4 mi. N of Lander, 10,000 ft., Fremont County, Wyoming, were heavily infested with mites of the family Laelaptidae. Food.—In early September in central Utah, Moore (1928:154) found only a white, starchy, glutinous paste in stomachs of six Z. princeps and only traces of a brown seed coat in a seventh. The main seeds eaten seemed to be from an introduced brome-grass which was abundant in the vicinity of capture. Bailey (1932:226) wrote of Z. princeps in New Mexico, that “In feeding they cut down the tall grass, beginning at the bottom and cutting the stem at in- tervals as high as they can reach until the seed part of the grass is brought down.” He (op. cit.:227) remarked that the food was almost entirely seeds of grass and grasslike plants and that the stomach contents almost always were perfectly clean white dough from the shelled kernels of small seeds. Reproduction—Females with embryos have been collected from late May to mid-July and lactating individuals until late August. Possibly there is only one litter per season as Davis (1939:336) suggests is the case in Idaho. NortH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 399 Embryos in 25 pregnant females averaged 5 (2-7). The mammae of the female are arranged in four pairs (two abdominal, one pec- toral, and one inguinal). Z. princeps builds a grass nest on the ground which is placed under cover of vegetation or surface litter. Bailey (1932:227) writes that in New Mexico jumping mice of this species use fibers of grass to construct a ball-shaped nest. The nest usually has one opening but sometimes there are two. In the Ruby Mountains, of Nevada, Borell and Ellis (1934:37) found the globular nests of this mouse on the ground in tall grass. Zapus princeps cinereus Hall Zapus princeps cinereus Hall, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 37:7, April 10, 1931. Type.—Female, adult, skin and skull; No. 45422, Mus. Vert. Zool.; Pine Canyon, 6600 feet altitude, Raft River Mountains, 17 mi. northwest Kelton, Boxelder County, Utah; obtained on July 14, 1930, by Annie M. Alexander; original No. 689. Range.—Raft River Mt’s in northwestern Utah and in isolated mountains in southern Idaho. See fig. 46. Zonal range: Transition and Canadian, Description.—Size, medium; back with broad mid-dorsal band, varying from pale brown mixed with Pinkish Buff to dark brown mixed with Warm Buff or Ochraceous-Buff; sides varying from near Pinkish Buff to near Ochra- ceous-Buff; ventral surface white to base of hairs, not suffused with other color; tail bicolored, pale brown above and white to yellowish-white below; ears dark, edged with white or yellowish-white; upper teeth divergent anteriorly; auditory bullae small; skull relatively long; zygomata relatively weak and not widely bowed; nasals wide posteriorly; pterygoid fossae relatively narrow. Comparisons—From Zapus princeps nevadensis, Z. p. cinereus differs as follows: Size averaging smaller; entire coloration lighter; zygomata not so widely bowed; incisive foramina not so wide posteriorly; auditory bullae smaller; nasals wider posteriorly; pterygoid fossae narrower. From Zapus princeps idahoensis, Z. p. cinereus can be distinguished by: generally paler color; smaller auditory bullae; broader interorbital region; anteriorly diverging tooth-rows; narrower pterygoid fossae. For comparison with Zapus princeps utahensis see acount of that sub- species. Remarks.—Davis (1939:343) writes that “since cinereus was de- scribed from nine specimens, only two of which are near adult, one cannot place much value on the coloration ascribed to it by Hall (1931:7).” I examined the type series and found, as did Davis (loc. cit.), that the type is much lighter and grayer than is a near adult paratype, which was obtained the same day; however, I do not concur with Davis (loc. cit.) that specimens from Mt. Harrison, 10 mi. S Albion, Idaho, which are darker and much more ochraceous 400 Universiry OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. than the paratype, necessarily are more nearly typically colored. These individuals, judged by cranial characters, are more nearly typical of cinereus but show intergradation with Z. p. idahoensis in their darker and more ochraceous pelage. Durrant (1952:387) found that the gray color of Z. p. cinereus was not diagnostic in separating Z. p. cinereus from Z. p. utahensis, because gray animals are also found in Z. p. utahensis. Specimens from Camp Tendoy, Pocatello, Idaho, are intermediate in color and in cranial characters as between Z. p. idahoensis and Z. p. cinereus, but here are referred to Z. p. cinereus. Whitlow and Hall (1933: 268) compared these individuals with specimens of Z. p. princeps and Z. p. cinereus, finding them intermediate but in the aggregate of several differential characters better referred to the latter. Specimens examined.—Total, 35, distributed as follows: Ipano: Bannock County: Camp Tendoy, Pocatello, 2 (MVZ). Cassia County: Mt. Harrison, 10 mi. S Albion, 16 (MVZ). Uran: Boxelder Co.: south fork of George Creek, 5 mi. SE Yost, Raft River Mts., 6700 ft., 1 (UU); George Creek, 7 mi. SE Yost, Raft River Mts., 6500 ft., 6 (UU); Pine Canyon, 6600 ft., 17 mi. NW Kelton, Raft River Mts., 8 (MVZ); Pine Creek, 3 mi. N Rosette, Raft River Mts., 6100 ft., 2 (UU). Marginal records.—Idaho: Camp Tendoy, Pocatello. Utah: Pine Creek, 3 mi. N Rosette, Raft River Mts., 6100 ft. Idaho: Mt. Harrison, 10 mi. S Albion. Zapus princeps curtatus Hall Zapus princeps curtatus Hall, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 37:7, April 10, 1931. se a oregonus, Taylor, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 7:281, June 24, Type.—Female, adult, skin and skull, No. 7991, Mus. Vert. Zool.; head of Big Creek, 8000 feet altitude, Pine Forest Mountains, Humboldt County, Nevada; obtained on June 30, 1909, by Walter P. Taylor and C. H. Richardson, original Not? 7 of Wabs T: Range.—Pine Forest Mt’s, Humboldt County, Nevada. See fig. 46. Zonal range: Transition and Canadian. Description.—Size medium; back pale near Light Ochraceous-Buff with ad- mixture of black hair forming dark dorsal band; sides lighter than back; lateral line faintly indicated; ventral surface white; tail bicolored, grayish-white to yellowish-white below and pale brown above; ears dark, edged with yellowish- white; feet grayish-white above; palatal bridge short; tooth-rows almost parallel; mastoid region of skull relatively narrow; incisive foramina wide posteriorly; narrow across zygomata; nasals relatively narrow posteriorly. Comparisons.—For comparison with Zapus princeps oregonus see account of that subspecies. Remarks.—This jumping mouse, which was described from the Pine Forest Mountains, closely resembles Zapus princeps oregonus but differs in lighter color, slightly smaller body, less divergent NortH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 401 tooth-rows, shorter palate, and narrower skull across the mastoid region. The Pine Forest Mountains are isolated from neighboring boreal regions by a belt of the Upper Sonoran Life-zone, which is inhos- pitable to Zapus; therefore, intergrades between Z. p. oregonus and Z. p. curtatus are not known and probably do not exist. Neverthe- less, Z. p. curtatus shows close affinity with Z. p. oregonus, as indi- cated by Taylor (1911:281), and I agree with Hall (1931:7) that the relationships of Z. p. curtatus are best expressed by arranging it as a subspecies of Zapus princeps. Specimens examined.—Total, 18, all from Nevada, distributed as follows: Humboldt County: Pine Forest Mts.; Alder Creek, 6000 ft., 2 (MVZ); head of ae ee 8000 ft., 14 (MVZ); Leonard Creek, 6500 ft., 2 (MVZ); Meadow, l1 (MVZ). Marginal records—Nevada: Pine Forest Mts., Alder Creek; Meadow. Zapus princeps idahoensis Davis Zapus princeps idahoensis Davis, Jour. Mamm., 15:221, August 10, 1931. Jaculus hudsonius, Allen, Buil. Essex Inst., 6:61, April, 1874 (part—the part in Carbon County, Wyoming). Zapus hudsonius, Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 5:72-78, July 80, 1891. ares ces princeps, Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:22-28, August 8, 1899 part). Type.—Male, adult, skin and skull; No. 54845, Mus. Vert. Zool.; 5 mi. E Warm Lake, 7000 ft., Valley County, Idaho; obtained on July 9, 1932, by Robert T. Orr; original No. 660. Range.—From Banff, Alberta, southward through extreme southwestern Alberta and extreme southwestern British Columbia, most of the panhandle of Idaho, Kamiak Butte in eastern Washington, western Montana, and western Wyoming (Green, Wind River and Absoroka ranges of the Rocky Mt’s). See fig. 46. Description.—Size, medium; back from near Clay Color to near Warm Buff, usually overlaid with black hairs forming broad dorsal band; sides lighter than back; lateral line indistinct or wanting; belly pure white, occasionally faintly tinged with Ochraceous-Buff; tail indistinctly bicolored, tan to grayish-white below and pale brown above; hind feet grayish-white above; ears dark, edged with white or yellowish-white; postpalatal notch anterior to posterior border of last molars; proximal part of inferior ramus of zygomatic process of maxillary relatively narrow and usually without enlarged median projection; auditory bullae well inflated; incisive foramina relatively narrow. Comparisons—From Zapus princeps kootenayensis, Z. p. idahoensis differs as follows: Size averaging larger; upper parts with greater suffusion of ochra- ceous, not grayish or dusty; skull larger; incisive foramina longer and relatively wider; zygomatic breadth averaging greater; nasals broader at tips; auditory bullae more inflated. From Zapus princeps oregonus, Z. p. idahoensis differs in: Size averaging smaller; upper parts generally more suffused with black hairs, on the average more yellowish with less ochraceous; skull smaller; incisive foramina narrower 402 UnrversiTy OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. (breadth less, instead of more, than 52 per cent of length); palatal bridge shorter; zygomatic arch shorter; pterygoid fossae narrower. From Zapus princeps utahensis, Z. p. idahoensis can be distinguished by: Size less; color slightly darker; skull averaging smaller in zygomatic breadth, least interorbital constriction, and occipital-nasal length; palate narrower; upper tooth-rows nearly parallel as opposed to diverging anteriorly. From Zapus princeps minor, Z. p. idahoensis differs in: Size larger; color of underparts less ochraceous; lateral line indistinct or wanting; skull averaging larger in all measurements taken except that the two subspecies are approxi- mately same in least interorbital constriction, length of zygomatic arch, and distance from anterior face of incisors to postpalatal notch; nasals, in profile, straight instead of with proximal third depressed; postpalatal notch anterior to posterior face of last molar, instead of even with, or usually posterior to, same. From Zapus princeps saltator, Z. p. idahoensis differs as follows: Size aver- aging slightly larger; color darker, being less ochraceous and more yellow dorsally and laterally; auditory bullae more inflated; zygomatic arches less bowed laterally; incisive foramina narrower. For comparison with Zapus princeps princeps and Zapus princeps cinereus see accounts of those subspecies. Remarks.—Intergradation occurs at almost all of the places where the range of Z. p. idahoensis is known to touch that of any other geographic race. Nevertheless, each of the populations studied has characters which make this subspecies recognizable as a taxo- nomic unit, although its characters are not yet stabilized even in the central part of its range. Among named subspecies of Zapus princeps, Zapus p. idahoensis most closely resembles Zapus princeps kootenayensis, its nearest geo- graphic neighbor to the north. Three specimens from 2 mi. NE Weippe, 3000 ft., Idaho, are best referred to Z. p. idahoensis but show relationship to Z. p. kootenayensis in size and shape of the tympanic bullae. The relationship of individuals from Idaho, here referred to Z. p. idahoensis, from Glidden Lakes, Enaville, Cascade Creek, and 13 mi. E and 5 mi. N Coeur d’Alene, is discussed in the account of Z. p. kootenayensis. British Columbian specimens from Newgate and Crows Nest Pass, 4450 ft., as well as Albertan speci- mens from Crows Nest Pass and various places in Waterton Lake Park, resemble Z. p. kootenayensis in color but cranially are more nearly like Z. p. idahoensis. Intergradation with Zapus princeps oregonus was noted by Davis (1939:340) in a specimen from Cedar Mountain in Idaho. I have not seen this individual which he referred to Z. p. idahoensis but have seen a specimen from the N Fork of Potlutch River (15 mi. SE Cedar Mt.), which, in color, closely resembles Z. p. oregonus but cranially (shape of incisive foramina, size, and inflation of auditory bullae) is more nearly like Z. p. idahoensis to which it is referred. NortH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 403 Davis (loc. cit.) indicates that specimens from summit of Smith Mt., from 1 mi. N Bear Creek R. S., from #% mi. E Black Lake, and from 3 mi. W Payette Lake, Idaho, are in an area of intergradation between Z. p. oregonus and Z. p. idahoensis, but he referred them to Z. p. idahoensis on the basis of cranial characters and length of hind foot. Seven specimens from Alturas Lake, 7000 ft., Idaho, were likewise so allocated by Davis (loc. cit.). I concur with him and in addition refer the following intermediate individuals from Idaho to Z. p. idahoensis: New Meadow, 1; Warren, 1; Perkins Lake, 7000 ft., Sawtooth Nat’ Forest, 1; Prairie Creek, 12 mi. W Ketchum, 2400 ft., 3. All are more nearly like Z. p. oregonus in color but cranially they show more resemblance to Z. p. idahoensis. In the eastern part of the range of Z. p. idahoensis, intergradation occurs with Zapus princeps minor, as at 15 mi. S Heath, N Fork Flat Willow Creek, Big Snowy Mt’s, Montana. Specimens from there have the lateral line enlarged and the maximum seen in this species of Ochraceous color ventrally. The pterygoid fossae are large and the bullae are reduced as in Z. p. minor, but in the sum total of the characters the mice more closely resemble Z. p. idaho- ensis. At Lewistown, 7 mi. NE Judith Mt’s, Lime Kiln Gulch, Mon- tana, the animals are colored as are Z. p. minor but cranially are like Z. p. idahoensis to which they are referred. Specimens from the Highwood Mt’s, Montana, also are intergrades; they have a rela- tively distinct lateral line as in Z. p. minor but show no ventral suf- fusion of Ochraceous; they have large bullae, nasals that are straight in lateral profile and other cranial characters of Z. p. idahoensis to which they are here referred. A single specimen from Kamiak Butte, Whitman County, Wash- ington, has been referred to Z. p. idahoensis by Dalquest (1948:373). I have not seen this individual, but, on geographic grounds, it is likely to be of this subspecies. Specimens examined.—Total, 342, distributed as follows: ALBERTA: Boom Creek, 5600 ft., 27 mi. W Banff, 2 (NMC); Banff, Cascade Basin, 2 (NMC); Bryant Creek, Banff Park, 1 (NMC); Spray River, 7 mi. Cabin, Banff Park, 3 (NMC); Crows Nest Pass, 2 (NMC); Waterton Lakes Park, 16 (NMC); Linnets Pond, Waterton Lakes Park, 4 (NMC); Bertha Creek, Waterton Lakes Park, 8 (NMC). British CoLtumBiA: Vermilion Crossing, Kootenay, 1 (ROM); Paradise Mine, 3 (PM); Crows Nest Pass, 4450 ft., 3 (NMC); Newgate, 10 (NMC). IpaHo: Adam Co.: % mi. E Black Lake, 6800 ft., 8; summit of Smith Mtn., 7500 ft., 9 (3 MVZ); 1 mi. N Bear Creek R. S., SW Slope Smith Min., 5400 ft., 18; New Meadows, 1 (USBS); 3 mi. W Payette, 5400 ft., 4 (MVZ). Blaine County: Perkins Lake, 7000 ft., Sawtooth Nat'l Forest, 1; Alturas Lake, 7000 ft., 3 (MVZ); Prairie Creek, 12 mi. NW Ketchum, 2400 ft., 3. Clearwater County: 2 mi. NE Weippe, 3000 ft., 3 (MVZ). Custer County: Loon Creek R. S., 6000 ft., Challis Nat'l Forest, 2; Head Pahsimeroi River, 2 (MVZ); 404 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. Mill Creek, 14 mi. WSW Challis, 8370 ft., 1 (MVZ). Fremont County: mi. W West Yellowstone, 7000 ft., 3; 17 mi. E and 4 mi. N of Ash- ton, 6275 ft., 9 (MVZ). Idaho Se Packers Meadow, near siate line, South Lobo Hot S Hines, 5150 ft., 7 (USBS); Warren, 1 (USBS). Kootenai Co.: 13 mi. E and 5 mi. N Coeur d’Alene, 5; Cascade ‘Creek, 86 mi. E Coeur d’ Alene, Coeur d’Alene Nat'l Forest, 1 (USBS). Latah Co.: N Fork Potlatch River, ih (USBS). Lemhi County: “Salmon River Mts., 3 (USBS). Shoshone Co.: Enaville 1 (USBS); Glidden Lakes, 5700 ft., 4 (MVZ). Valley County: 5 mi. E Warm Lake, 7000 ft., 6 (MVZ); 5 mi. W Cape Horn, 7000 ft., Saw- tooth Range, 1 (MVZ). Montana: Beaverhead County: Birch Creek, 18 mi. NE Dillon, 7100 ft., 14 (MVZ). Carbon Co.: Pryor Mts., 1 (USBS); 2 mi. E Shriver, 6500 ft., 6 ee) Cascade Co.: Neihart, 1 (USBS). Chouteau Co.: Upper Muddy, 1 USBS); Highwood Mts., 2 (USBS). Fergus Co.: Lime Kiln Gulch, 7 mi. NE Judith Mts., 3 (USBS): 15 mi. S Heath, N Fork Flat Willow Creek, 8 (USBS); 10 mi. W Tyler, N Fork Flat Willow Creek, 1 (USBS); Crystal Lake, 6000 ft., Big Snowy Mts., 3 (UM). Flathead Co.: Waterton Lake, 1 (USBS); Crosley Lake, Glacier Natl Park, 1 (USBS); Paola, 1 (USBS); Summit, 2 (USBS); 1 mi. W and 2 mi. S Summit, 5000 ft., 12. Gallatin Co.: 4 mi S Logan, Camas Creek, Big Belt Mts., 5 (USBS); Gallatin Gateway, 5 (SDM); west fork West Gallatin River, 6500 ft., 6 (USBS). Glacier Co.: Babb, 1 (LMH); 2% mi. W and 1% mi. S Babb, 4700 ft., 1; Many Glaciers, 4900 ft., Glacier Nat'l Park, 5 (MVZ); 6 mi. S St. Marys, 6500 ft., 1; St. Marys Lake, 7 (USBS); McDermit Lake, 1 (USBS); Blackfoot Agency, 1 (USBS). Golden Valley County: Swimming Woman Canyon, % mi. S Fergus County line, Bi Snowy Mts., 4 (UM). Judith Basin Co.: Little Belt Mts., Dry Wolf Creek, 20 mi. SW Stanford, 4 (USBS); 13 mi. W Buffalo, 1 (USBS. ) Madison Co.: 12 mi. SW Alder, Hinch Creek, "Ruby Mts., 2 (USBS). Meagher Co.: 16 mi. N White Sulphur Springs, Little Belt Mts., 7 (USBS). Park County: West Boulder Creek, 18 mi. SE Livingston, 1 (USBS); Emigrant Gulch, 3 mi. SE Chico, 6500 ft., 4 (USBS); 2 mi. NE Cooke, 8000 ft., 22 (MVZ). Ravalli County: 3 mi. SW Florence, 8700 ft., 1; 6 mi. E Hamilton, 3700 ft., 1. Sanders Co.: Prospect Creek, near Thompson, 1 (USBS). Sweet Grass Co.: near head of Big Timber Creek, 5200 ft., Crazy Mts., 11 (USBS); Brannin Ranch, Sweet Grass Creek Canyon, 6 (UM); Big Timber, 1 (USBS). Teton County: 17% mi. W and 6% mi. N Agusta, 5100 ft., 2. Wyominc: Fremont (County: Moccasin Lake, 19 mi. W and 4 mi. N of Lander, 10,000 ft., 1; 23% mi. S and 5 mi. W Lander, 8600 ft., 4. Park County: 31% mi. N and 36 mi. W Cody, 6900 ft., 7; 28 mi. N and 30 mi. W Cody, 7200 ft., 1; 16% mi. N and 17 mi. W Cody, 5625 ft., 14; 2 mi. S and 42 mi. W Cody, 6400 “ft, 5; 12 mi. W Wapiti, 6 (LMH); 25 mi. S ‘and 28 mi. W Cody, 6350 ft., 5. Sublette County: E end Island Lake, 10,600 ft., 3 mi. S Sooo Park, 1; N side Halfmoon Lake, 7900 ft., 3; W end Halfmoon Lake, 7900 ft., 2; 10 mi. NE Pinedale, 8000 ft., 1; 5 mi. E and 8 mi. N Pinedale, 7500 ft., 1; 3 mi. E and 5 mi. N Pinedale, 7500 ft., 4; 19 mi. W and 2 mi. S Big Piney, 7700 iby ex Marginal pebords aber: Boom Creek, 5600 ft., 27 mi. W Banff; Crows Nest Pass; Waterton Lakes Park. Montana: Highwood Mts.; 15 mi. S Heat N Fork Flat Willow Creek; 2 mi. E Shriver, 6500 ft. Wyoming: 23% S and 5% mi. W Lander, 8600 ft.; 10 mi. W and 2 mi. S Big Piney, 7700 "tt Idaho: 7 mi. W West Yellowstone, 7000 ft.; Prairie Creek, 12 mi. NW Ketchum, 2400 ft.; 5 mi. W Warm Lake, 7000 ft.; 1 mi. N Bear Creek R. S., SW slope Smith Mtn., 5400 ft.; N Fork Potlatch River; 13 mi. E and 5 mi. N Coeur d’Alene. British Columbia: Newgate; Vermilion Crossing, Kootenay. Zapus princeps kootenayensis Anderson Zapus princeps kootenayensis Anderson, Ann. Rept. Nat. Mus. Canada for 19381:108, November 24, 1982. mr Ai princeps, Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:28, August 8, 1899 part). Type.—Adult female, skin and skull, No. 10,020, Nat. Mus. Canada; near summit of Green Mountain, head of Murphy Creek, about 10 miles north of NortH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 405 Rossland, West Kootenay district, British Columbia, at about, 6000 ft.; latitude 49° 13’ north, longitude 117° 52’ west; obtained on July 18, 1929, by R. M. Anderson, original No. 24. Range.—From Glacier in the Selkirk Range, British Columbia, south to 5 mi. W Cocolalla, Bonner County, Idaho, west and north to Sullivan Lake, Pend Oreille County, Washington; and northwestward to Manning Park on the eastern summit of the Cascade Range in British Columbia. See fig. 46. Description.—Size, medium; color moderately dark; upper parts noticeably dull and dusty; broad dorsal band of dull Ochraceous-Buff to near Warm Buff sprinkled with black hair to a varying degree, resulting in two color phases (dark has more black hair; Ochraceous phase or Warm Buff phase has more brown hair); sides paler than back owing to fewer black hairs; lateral line, when present, narrow and dull; ventral surface pure white; tail bicolored, pale brown above, yellowish-white to dull white below; ears dark with narrow white or yellowish-white edgings; feet white above; skull narrow across zygomata; in- cisive foramina narrow; bullae moderately inflated; nasals narrow at tips; post- palatal notch anterior to posterior face of last molars; braincase moderately nar- row; zygomatic arch short. Comparisons.—From Zapus princeps saltator, Z. p. kootenayensis differs as follows: Upper parts generally dull with less ochraceous; sides with more yellow, less ochraceous; lateral line wanting or not bright; skull averaging slightly smaller; incisive foramina smaller and narrower posteriorly; small medium projection on inferior ramus of the zygomatic process of maxillary frequently present instead of absent; pterygoid fossae shorter and narrower. For comparison with Zapus princeps idahoensis see account of that sub- species. Remarks.—This subspecies is paler and averages smaller than either of the subspecies with adjoining geographic ranges. There is intergradation with Zapus princeps idahoensis in color, shape and size of incisive foramina, and in the shape of the nasals in Idaho-taken specimens from Glidden Lakes and Enaville. These individuals are thought to be Z. p. idahoensis. Specimens from the same state taken at Cascade Creek and 18 mi. E and 5 mi. N Coeur d’Alene show intergradation in color, size and inflation of bullae, configuration of nasals, and shape of the vomer between Zapus princeps idahoensis and Z. p. kootenayensis. The majority of char- acters studied show these animals to be referable to Z. p. idahoensis. Specimens from Monashee Pass, 4000 ft., British Columbia, show relationship to Zapus princeps saltator in the posteriorly wide inci- sive foramina, in the narrow vomer, and, in some individuals, in the increased amount of ochraceous, dorsally and laterally. The ma- jority of characters studied show these animals to be referrable to Z. p. kootenayensis. The animals available from Glacier, British Columbia, are in color more nearly like Z. p. saltator and cranially combine the char- acters of Z. p. idahoensis, Z. p. saltator, and Z. p. kootenayensis. 406 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. The sum total of their characters places them with Z. p. saltator. Anderson (1932:108) remarks on the disparity of size between the two sexes of Z. p. kootenayensis, stating that females are consider- ably larger than males. I have examined most of the material used in the original description and find that animals of like age in the two sexes show no significant size difference. Anderson (loc. cit.) seems to have compared young males with adult females. Specimens examined.—Total, 68, distributed as follows: British COLUMBIA: Manning Park, 8 (PM); Good Fellow Creek, Manning Park, 1 (PM); Mt. Beaver Valley, 6300 ft., Manning Park, 1 (PM); Timber- line Valley, 6500 ft., 3 (PM); Allison Pass, 1 mi. E Manning Park, 1 (PM); Monashee Pass, 4000 ft., 18 (PM); Hope-Princeton Summit, 5500 ft., 1 (NMC); Hedley, Stirling Creek, 1 (NMC); Anarchist Mts., 1 (PM); Fairview- Keremeos Summit, 5 (NMC); Westbridge, 2 (NMC); Midway, 2 (NMC); Green Mtn., near Rossland, 6000 ft., 12 (11 NMC, 1 MVZ); Mt. Old Glory, 7000 ft., Rossland, 5 (4 NMC, 1 MVZ); Rossland, 5800 ft., 12 (11 NMC, 1 MVZ); Camp 6, Meadow Creek, 7 mi. SE of Yahk, 1 (NMC). Ipauo: Bonner County: 5 mi. W Cocololla, 3500 ft., 2 (MVZ). Boundary County: 4 mi. W Meadow Creek, 3000 ft., 2 (MVZ). Marginal records.—British Columbia: Monashee Pass, 4000 ft.; Camp 6, Meadow Creek, 7 mi. SE Yahk. Idaho: 4 mi. W Meadow Creek, 3000 ft.; 5 mi. W Cocololla, 3500 ft. British Columbia: Hope-Princeton Summit, 5500 ft.; Manning Park. Zapus princeps luteus Miller scr luteus, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 24:253, December 23, 1911. Zapus luteus australis, Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 26:132, May 21, 1918. Type from Socorro, Socorro County, New Mexico. Type.—Female, adult, skin and skull, No. 133601, U. S. Nat. Mus. Biol. Surv. Coll., Espanola, 5000 ft., Rio Arriba Co., New Mexico; obtained on June 24, 1904, by McClure Surber, original No. 162. Range.—White Mt’s of southern Apache County and northern Greenlee County, Arizona; in New Mexico, from the Sacramento Mt’s, Otero County, northward to the San Juan Mt’s, Rio Arriba County. See fig. 46. Zonal range: Lower Sonoran (1 individual), Upper Sonoran, Transition, and Canadian. Description.—Size, small; back near Ochraceous-Buff, having black hair interspersed; mid-dorsal band not always well marked; sides Ochraceous-Buff with fine admixture of black hair; lateral line blending with Ochraceous-Buff of sides, not distinct; ventral surface white to base of hairs, in some cases lightly suffused with color of sides; tail indistinctly bicolored, tan to grayish-white below and brown above; hind feet grayish-white above; ears brownish, nar- rowly edged with Ochraceous-Buff; skull small; antorbital foramina relatively large; interorbital region broad; inferior ramus of the zygomatic process of the maxillary broad, often with medial projection; incisive foramina narrow pos- teriorly becoming broadly rounded anteriorly; palatal bridge relatively long; pterygoid fossae narrow; zygomatic arches relatively robust; nasals tapering at each end. Comparisons.—From Zapus princeps princeps, Z. p. luteus differs as follows: Size, smaller; color lighter, more Ochraceous-Buff; ears lighter, edged with Ochraceous-Buff as compared with white or yellowish-white; lateral line in- distinct or wanting as opposed to distinct; dorsal stripe not well defined; inter- NortH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 407 orbital region broader; antorbital foramina relatively larger; zygomatic arches more robust; nasals tapering at each end as opposed to parallel sided; auditory bullae smaller, less inflated. Remarks.—The characters of this subspecies are relatively stable throughout most of its geographic range. Hall and Davis (1934:56) remarked that their material from the White Mountains of Arizona answered precisely to Miller’s original description (1911:253) of the species, and my examination of these and other specimens from that area indicates the same thing except that the specimens aver- age slightly darker mid-dorsally than those from New Mexico. Zapus luteus australis, based on a single individual taken in a riparian thicket along the Rio Grande at Socorro, New Mexico, is referable to Z. p. luteus. The diagnostic characters, referred to in the original description, are as follows: Small, slender, and very narrow skull; especially narrow braincase; slender rostrum; and light dentition. These are expressions of age, rather than of geographic variation, in that the individual is a subadult (young of the year). The color, which is paler than in adults of Z. p. luteus, is almost identical with that of a subadult (No. 205585 USBS) from Alpine, Arizona. I can see no basis for recognition of Z. p. australis and the name, therefore, is placed as a synonym of Z. p. luteus. Four specimens from 4 mi. NE El Rito, 7000 ft., New Mexico, show intergradation, in the shape of the nasals and incisive fora- mina, in the robustness of the zygomatic arch, and in the breadth, of the braincase with a specimen of Zapus princeps princeps from Tierra Amarilla, New Mexico. In color and in external measure- ments as well as in other cranial characters they closely agree with typical Z. p. luteus and are here referred to the latter. Specimens examined.—Total, 49, distributed as follows: Arizona: Apache Co.: North Fork White River, White Mts., 24 (SDM); Alpine, 8500 ft., 6 (USBS); West Fork Black River, 7700 ft., 8 (MVZ); Green- lee County: Hannagan Creek, 8200 ft., 2 (MVZ). New Mexico: Otero Co.: 12 mi. E Cloudcroft, 7500 ft., 2 (USBS). Rio Arriba Co.: 4 mi. NE of El Rito, 7000 ft., 4; Espanola, 5000 ft., 2 (USBS). Socorro Co.: Socorro, 1 (USBS). Marginal records——New Mexico: 4 mi. N El Rito, 7000 ft.; Espanola, 5000 ft.; 12 mi. E Cloudcroft, 7500 ft. Arizona: Hannagan Creek, 8200 ft.; W. Fork Black River, 7700 ft.; N. Fork White River, White Mts. New Mexico: Socorro. Zapus princeps minor Preble Zapus princeps minor Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:28, August 8, 1899. Zapus hudsonius campestris, Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 49:117, January 8, 1927 (part). Type.—Adult female, skin and skull, No. 73673, U. S. Nat. Mus. Biol. Surv. Coll., Wingard, near Carlton House, Saskatchewan; obtained on July 28, 1895, by J. Alden Loring, original No. 3123. 408 UnIvErsiry OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. Range.—Most of southern half of Saskatchewan and Alberta, northeastern Montana southeastward to Aweme, Manitoba, and Webster, South Dakota. See fig. 46. Zonal range: Transition, Hudsonian, and Canadian. Description—Size, small; back dark, usually with a distinct mid-dorsal band of black mixed with Warm Buff; sides lighter, more yellowish, but always with an admixture of black hairs; lateral line distinct, near Ochraceous-Buff, ventral surface characteristicly suffused with Ochraceous-Buff; tail bicolored, grayish- white to yellowish-white below and pale brown above; hind feet grayish-white above; ears dark, edged with white or yellowish-white; skull small; postpalatal notch often anterior to posterior part of molars; inferior ramus of zygomatic process of maxillary often with well developed medial projection; auditory bullae flattened; nasals narrower anteriorly and proximal third depressed; base of zygomatic process of squamosal broad. Comparisons.—From Zapus princeps princeps, Z. p. minor differs as follows: Size averaging smaller in all measurements taken, except least interorbital con- striction which is approximately the same; color dorsally and laterally more yellowish, less Ochraceous-Buff; ventrally greater suffusion of Ochraceous-Buff. For comparison with Zapus princeps idahoensis see account of that sub- species. Remarks.—This geographic race is notably stable and retains most of its diagnostic characters throughout nearly all parts of its range. Intergradation occurs with Zapus princeps idahoensis at various localities in Montana, as is described in more detail in the account of idahoensis. Crowe (1948:406) gives evidence of inter- gradation between Zapus princeps idahoensis and Z. p. minor in specimens from Entrance in western Alberta. Crowe (loc. cit.) described these individuals as intermediate in color (lateral line present, under parts washed with buff, sides and dorsal stripe rich in ochraceous), and in cranial characters (smaller skulls, anteriorly narrower nasals, shorter more deflected rostrum, and higher cra- nium ); but he considered them closer to Z. p. minor. A skin without skull from Kananaskis Valley, Alberta, shows intergradation between Z. p. idahoensis and Z. p. minor. This individual is like Z. p. idahoensis in dorsal and lateral coloring, but is nearer Z. p. minor in ventral coloring and in the presence of a distinct lateral line. External measurements provide basis for tenta- tively assigning the skin to Z. p. minor. Specimens examined.—Total, 118, distributed as follows: ALBERTA: 4 mi. N Marinville, 2; Blindman River, 1 (USBS); Camrose, il ome Red Deer River, 1 (USBS); Didsbury, Little Red Deer River, 1 (ROM); Kananaskis Valley, 7000 ft., 1 (ROM); High River, 2 (ROM); Lodge Creek, 2 (NMC). Manirosa: Shoal Lake, 6 (NMC); Oak Lake, 4 (NMC); Aweme, 7 (6 ROM; 1 USBS). Montana: Chouteau County: Eagle Creek, 25 mi. SE Big Sandy, 3 (UM). Hill Co.: Fort Assiniboine, 1 (USBS); Bear Paw Mt’s, 20 mi. SE Fort Assini- NortTH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 409 boine, 4 (USBS); head Eagle Creek, Bear Paw Mt’s, 7 (UM). Valley Co.: Glasgow, 1 (USBS). Nort Daxota: Benson Co.: 4 mi. W Leeds, 1400 ft., 2; 2 mi. W Fort Totten, 1400 ft., 18; Fort Totten, 4 (USBS). Bottineau Co.: 4349 mi. N Bottineau, 2100 ft., 2; 34 mi. N Bottineau, 1920 ft., 2; 2149 mi. N Bottineau, 1800 ft., 3; Bottineau, 1 (USBS). Dickey Co.: Oakes, 3 (USBS). Grand Forks Co.: Larimore, 3 (USBS). Montrail Co.: 6 mi. N Lostwood, 2 (USBS). Nelson Co.: Stump Lake, 1 (USBS). Richland Co.: Lidgerwood, 1 (USBS); 4 mi. S Blackner, (USBS). Rolette Co.: St. John, 1 (USBS). Sargent County: 715 mi. E and 115 mi. S Oakes, 1200 ft., 6; 3 mi. W Cayuga, 1000 ft., 2. Walsh Co.: Grafton, 2. Ward Co.: Minot, 3 (CMNH). Wil- liams Co.: Grinnell, 2 (USBS); Buford, 2 (USBS). SASKATCHEWAN: Wingard, near Carlton House, 2 (USBS); Fort Carlton, 1 (MVZ); Indian Head, 2 (USBS); Cypress Hills, N Maple Creek, 18 (NMC); Battle Creek, 1 (NMC). Soutu Daxota: Day Co.: Webster, 1 (Chic. AS). Marginal records—Saskatchewan: Wingard, near Carlton House; Fort Carl- ton. Manitoba: Shoal Lake; Aweme. North Dakota: Larimore; 4 mi. S Blackner. South Dakota: Webster. North Dakota: Oakes; Grinnell. Mon- tana: Eagle Creek, 25 mi. SE Big Sandy. Alberta: High River; Kananaskis Valley, 2000 ft.; Red Deer River; Blindman River; 4 mi. N Marinville. Zapus princeps oregonus Preble Zapus princeps oregonus Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:24, August 8, 1899. Zapus major Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:24, August 8, 1899, type from Warner Mt’s, Lake County, Oregon. ars pencens major, Hall, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 37:10, April 10, 31. Zapus nevadensis Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:25, August 8, 1899, type from Ruby Mt’s, Elko County, Nevada. Lapis princeps nevadensis, Hall, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 37:10, April 10, 1931. Zapus princeps palatinus Hall, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 37:8, April 10, Ore from Wisconsin Creek, 7800 ft., Toyabe Mt’s, Nye County, evada. Zaps princeps princeps, Anthony, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 33:17, March 17, 19138. Type.—Male, adult, skin and skull; No. 78156, U. S. Nat. Mus. Biol. Surv. Coll.; Elgin, Blue Mountains, Union Co., Oregon; obtained on May 29, 1896, by Edward A. Preble, original No. 959. Range.—Southeastern Washington, eastern Oregon east of Cascades, north- eastern California, central and northeastern Nevada, and southwestern Idaho. See fig. 46. Zonal range: Transition and Canadian. Description.—Size large; back from near Light Ochraceous-Buff to near Cinnamon-Buff, usually overlaid with black hairs forming broad dorsal band, which in some individuals is almost black; sides lighter than back, from near Light Pinkish Cinnamon to near Cinnamon-Buff and Ochraceous-Buff, often with black hairs interspersed; lateral line faintly marked or wanting; belly pure white; tail bicolored, grayish-brown above and grayish-white to yellowish-white below; ears dark, edged with color of sides; palatal bridge long; interorbital region broad; inferior ramus of zygomatic process of maxillary usually with median projection; auditory bullae relatively small; incisive foramina greatly enlarged posteriorly; tooth-rows divergent anteriorly; nasals narrow posteriorly. Comparisons.—From Zapus princeps curtatus, Z. p. oregonus differs as fol- lows: Size averaging larger; upper parts darker; tooth-rows more divergent 410 UNIvERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. anteriorly; palatal bridge longer; mastoid region broader; incisive foramina rela- tively wider posteriorly. For comparisons with Zapus princeps cinereus, Zapus princeps pacificus and Zapus princeps idahoensis see accounts of those subspecies. Remarks——The coloration in Z. p. oregonus varies somewhat from north to south. In the northern part of the range the average colora- tion of the upper parts is darker with more ochraceous on the sides. To the southward the upper parts are progressively paler and the sides are near Light Pinkish Cinnamon. Because of this variation of color, and because of the small samples available to workers in the past, three populations of this subspecies have been named as distinct. However, with the large amount of additional material now available, the supposed diagnostic characters of these “forms” prove to be within the range of individual variations of each of sev- eral populations of which large samples are available. Zapus major Preble (1899:24) was described as having zygomata short, palate broad and long, incisive foramina large and elliptical, and color dark. Some specimens of Z. p. oregonus, from nearly all parts of its geographic range, show these same characters. Re- semblances in anteriorly divergent tooth-rows, broad interorbital region, small auditory bullae, and posteriorly narrow nasals, are additional reasons for placing Z. major as a synonym of Z. p. ore- gonus. Zapus nevadensis Preble (1899:25), here considered a synonym of Z. p. oregonus, was described as having: auditory bullae small, posterior border of the palate usually convex anteriorly, palatal bridge long, and color pale. These characters, however, are within the range of individual variation of Zapus p. oregonus. Similarities such as tooth-rows diverging anteriorly, nasals narrow posteriorly, interorbital region broad, and incisive foramina enlarged posteriorly are added reasons for placing Z. nevadensis as a synonym of Z. p. oregonus. Zapus princeps palatinus Hall (1931:8) was described as having: palatal bridge long, incisive foramina wide posteriorly, posterior border of palate straight or convex posteriorly, and color pale. These characteristics are to be found in some individuals in most populations of Z. p. oregonus. Additional well-marked cranial simi- larities, such as small auditory bullae, broad interorbital region, and nasals narrow posteriorly offer additional evidence as to the close relationship of Z. p. palatinus and Z. p. oregonus. Hall (loc cit.), with a small sample available to him for comparative purposes (14 specimens of Z. p. palatinus and 12 specimens of Z. p. nevadensis). NortH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 41] was impressed by the condition of the palate in Z. p. palatinus and wrote: “the generally straight, or even posteriorly convex, pos- terior border of the palate seems to be unique among described forms of Zapus. The name palatinus is given in allusion to this structural feature.” With more than 300 specimens of Z. p. oregonus available for study I find that a straight or posteriorly convex pos- terior border of the palate occurs in more than 50 per cent of the individuals examined. Specimens displaying this described palatal condition are known from all parts of the range of Z. p. oregonus, but do occur in a higher percentage of specimens in the area as- cribed by Hall (loc. cit.) to the range of Z. p. palatinus. Intergradation with Zapus princeps idahoensis and Zapus prin- ceps cinereus is discussed in the accounts of those subspecies. Specimens examined.—Total, 340, distributed as follows: CauirorNiA: Modoc Co.: Buck Creek R. S., 1 (CAS); Willow Ranch, 4 (CAS); Sugar Hill, 5000 ft., 1 (MVZ); Goose Lake Meadows, near Sugar Hill, 4 (MVZ); Parker Creek, Warner Mts., 5500 ft., 18 (MVZ); Dry Creek, Warnes Mts., 4800 ft., 3 (MVZ) east face Warner Peak, Warner Mts., 8700 ites (MVZ); 5 mi. NW Eagle Peak, 7000 ft., 5 (MVZ); Lassen Creek, 1 (SDMUE Happy Camp, 1 (CAS). IpAHo: Boise Co.: Bald Mtn. R.S., Boise Nat'l Forest, 10 mi. S. Idaho City, 7400 ft., 2 (USBS). Elmore Co.: Trail Creek, Boise Nat’l Forest, 2 (USBS). Washington County: 1 mi. NE Heath, SW Slope Cuddy Mtn., 4000 ft., 20 (5 MVZ). Nevapa: Elko County: 6 mi. SW Mountain City, Cobb Creek, 6500-6550 ft., 44 (MVZ); summit between heads of Copper and Coon creeks, Jarbidge ue: ’ 18 (9 MVZ); head of Ackler Creek, 6800 ft., 2; Steel Creek, 7000 ft., (4 MVZ); summit of Secret Pass, 6200 ft., 8; south fork Long Creek, 7830 Fe 4; Harrison Pass R. S., Green Mtn., Canyon, 6050 ft., 12. Eureka County: 4 mi. S Tonkin, Denay Creek, Roberts Mt’s, 1 (MVZ). Humboldt County: Martin Creek R. S., 1 (MVZ); 13 mi. N Paradise Valley, 6700 ft., 19 (MVZ). Lander County: Kingston R. S., 7500 ft., 4 (MVZ). Nye County: Wisconsin Creek, 7000 ft., 12 (MVZ). White Pine County: Willow Creek, 2 mi. S Elko County line, Ruby Mts., 6500 ft., 24 (2 MVZ). Orecon: Baker Co.: East Pine Creek, 2% mi. NE Cornucopia, 6 (USBS); McEwen, 2 (USBS); Bourne, 7 (USBS). Clackamas County: Marks Creek, 12 mi. N of Howard, 2 (USBS); Howard, 2 (USBS). Crook County: Ochoco R. S., 4000 ft., 4 (MVZ). Grant Co.: Austin, 2 (USBS); Cold Spring, 4900 8 mi. E Austin, 4 (MVZ); Beech Creek, 1 (USBS); Strawberry Mts., 6 (USBS): north fork Malheur River, 21 mi. SE Prairie City, 5000 ft., 21 (MVZ). Harney Co.: 10 mi. N. Harney, 1 (USBS); Steen Mts., Keiger Corge, 6900 ft., 6 (USBS); Diamond, 4300 ft., 2 (USBS). Jefferson Co.: Foley Creek, 12 mi. E Hay Creek, 1 (USBS). Klamath Co.: Fort Klamath, 1 (USBS). Lake Co.: Silver Creek, 7000 ft., Yamsey Mts., 1 (USBS); 2 mi. E Lakeview, 5200 ft., 8 (MVZ). Malheur Co.: Jordan Valley, 4200 ft., 1 (USBS). Umatilla Co.: Meacham, 1 (USBS). Union County: Elgin, 2 (USBS). Wallowa Co.: Paradise, 10 mi. N Horse Creek, 7000 ft., 1 (USBS); Minam Lake, 1 (USBS); 16 mi. S and 3 mi. E Lostine, 5500 ft., 9 (MVZ); west fork Wallowa River, 5000 ft., 2% mi. above Wallowa Lake, 1 ( FM); near Wallowa Lake, 4500 ft., 3 (FM). Wheeler County: 11 mi. W ‘and 7 mi. $ Mitchell, 4850 ft., 20 (MVZ). Wasuincton: Asotin Co.: Anatone, 3300 ft., 1 (USBS). Galaabis County: Twin Buttes, 25 mi. SE Dayton, Blue Mts., 2) (MVZ); Stayawhile Spring, 5150 ft., 4 (MVZ). 412 UnIversiTy OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. Marginal records——Washington: Anatone, 3300 ft. Oregon: East Pine Creek, 2% mi. NE Cornucopia. Idaho: 1 mi. NE Heath, SW slope Cuddy Min., 4000 ft.; Bald Mtn., R. S., Boise Nat’] Forest, 10 mi. S. Idaho City, 7400 ft.; Trail Creek, Boise Nat’] Forest. Nevada: Harrison Pass R.S., Ruby Mts.; Steel Creek, 7000 ft.; Wisconsin Creek, 7000 ft.; 13 mi. N Paradise Valley, 6700 ft. California: Lassen Creek; Buck Creek R. S. Oregon: Fort Klamath; Howard; Meacham. Washington: Twin Buttes, 25 mi. SE Dayton, Blue Mts. Zapus princeps pacificus Merriam Zapus pacificus Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 11:104, April 26, 1897; Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:30, August 8, 1899. Jaculus hudsonius, Baird, Repts. Expl. and Surv. . . ., 8 (pt. 1):483, July 14, 1858 (part—the part from Canoe Creek, California). Zapus alleni Elliot, Field Columbian Mus., publ. 27, zool. ser., 1:212, April 19, 1898, type from Pyramid Peak, Lake Tahoe, Eldorado County, California. Zapus trinotatus alleni, Elliot, Field Columbian Mus. Publ. 91, zool. ser., 8:315, July 5, 1904; Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:27, August 8, 1899. Lops pacificus alleni, Howell, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 21:232, May 20, 1920. Zapus trinotatus pacificus, Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 55:233, August 29, 1936. Zapus princeps alleni, Hall, Mammals of Nevada; Univ. California Press, Berkeley, California, 579, July 1, 1946. Type.—Male, subadult, skin and skull, No. 80445, U. S. Nat. Mus. Biol. Surv. Coll.; Prospect, Rogue River Valley, Jackson Co., Oregon; obtained on August 29, 1896, by Edward A. Preble, original No. 1454. Range.—Sierra Nevada Mt’s, from Kern Peak, Tulare County, California, northeastward to Mt. Rose, Washoe County, Nevada, then northwestward through the Trinity and Salmon mountains, California, to the upper Rogue River Valley, Oregon, thence southwestward to South Yolla Bolly Mt’n, Tehama County, California. See fig. 46. Zonal range: Transition, Canadian, and Hudsonian. Description—Size medium; color bright; back near Ochraceous-Buff with admixture of black hair forming dark dorsal band; sides bright Ochraceous-Buft with fine admixture of black hair; lateral line blending with color of sides or wanting or indistinct; ventral surface white; tail bicolored, grayish-brown above, yellowish-white below, in some specimens with white tip; feet grayish- white above; ears dark, edged with Ochraceous Buff; braincase relatively narrow; incisive foramina relatively short; pterygoid fossae usually broad; proximal part of inferior ramus of zygomatic process of maxillary broad; post- palatal notch usually broadly rounded; auditory bullae relatively small and flattened; nasals parallel sided; maxillary tooth-row short; interorbital region moderately broad. Comparison.—From Zapus princeps oregonus, Z. p. pacificus differs in being brighter in all pigmented areas; more ochraceous and less yellow laterally; dorsally more ochraceous and less black; size averaging smaller; maxillary tooth-rows shorter; auditory bullae less inflated and smaller; interorbital region averaging narrower; palatal bridge averaging shorter; incisive foramina shorter and posteriorly narrower; nasals parallel rather than narrowed posteriorly. Remarks.—Original describers considered both Z. pacificus and Z. alleni as specifically distinct from Z. trinotatus. Merriam (1897a: 104) named Z. pacificus and gave the following diagnostic char- NortTH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 413 acters: short rostrum and nasals; small auditory bullae; basioccipital broad between bullae. Elliot (1898:212) named Z. alleni and as- cribed to it the following diagnostic characters: cranium long and narrow; nasals same breadth for entire length; palate wide; pterygoid fossae wide posteriorly; auditory bullae small; basi- sphenoid and basioccipital wide; upper tooth-rows short. Preble (1899:27) considered Z. alleni to be a subspecies of the species Z. trinotatus, remarking that the skulls are similar to those of Z. trinotatus but smaller with much smaller bullae; in coloration the animals are lighter above and without fulvous below. Preble re- marked that the skull of Z. alleni differs so greatly from that of Z. montanus that comparison was not required. Preble (op. cit:30) treated Z. pacificus as a full species. Howell (1920:233) considered Z. pacificus and Z. alleni to be subspecies of Z. pacificus. Howell (loc. cit.) pointed out size, cranial, and color similarities between the two, and remarked that pacificus is clearly distinct from Z. mon- tanus, its nearest geographic neighbor. Hall (1946:578) arranged Z. alleni as a subspecies of Z. princeps, although not on grounds wholly satisfactory to him because actual intergrades between alleni and neighboring races of princeps were not available. I here consider Z. alleni to be synonymous with Z. pacificus; the latter is a subspecies of Z. princeps. Certain diagnostic characters, such as the shape and size of the os penis, the diameter and pigment pattern of the hair, the over-all proportions of the skull, and the size and shape of the teeth indicate that alleni and princeps belong to the same species, even though animals from intermediate geographic areas are not available to show actual intergradation. The diagnostic characters referred to in the original description of Z. alleni, as given earlier in this account, agree with characters of specimens of Z. p. pacificus. Howell (1920:233) remarks that, in coloration and length of foot, typical alleni differs but slightly from pacificus. Howell (loc. cit.) noted, as I also have, that there are slight cranial differences in specimens from various parts of the range of Z. p. pacificus; these variations are somewhat clinal in nature, cranial dimensions showing a slight increase from south to north. The largest animals occur in western Tehama, Trinity, and Siskiyon counties, California. Samples from various localities in Jackson County, Oregon, are slightly smaller than these, but are larger than specimens from the southern Sierra Nevada. Specimens examined.—Total, 264, distributed as follows: Cauirornia: Alpine County: Carson River, % mi. SW Woodfords, 5700 ft., 3 (MVZ); Diamond Valley, 5500 ft., 1 mi. SE Woodfords, 6 (MVZ); Faith 5—1128 414 UnIvERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. Valley, 1 (MVZ). Eldorado County: Glen Alpine Creek, near Fallen Leaf Lake, 6600 ft., 8 (MVZ); 1 mi. W Fyffe, 1 (MVZ); Fresno County: Hume, 1 (MVZ). Mariposa County: Chinquapin, 6700 ft., Yosemite Nat'l Park, 12 (MVZ); E fork Indian Canyon, 7300 ft., 8 (MVZ); Merced Grove, Big Trees, 7 (MVZ); 1 mi. E Merced Lake, 5 (MVZ); near Mono Meadow, Yosemite Nat'l Park, 4 (MVZ): near Mt. Hoffman, 8100 ft., Yosemite Nat'l Park, 5 (MVZ); Porcupine Flat, 8100 ft., Yosemite Nat'l Park, 9 (MVZ); Yosemite Creek, Yosemite Valley, 7 (MVZ); foot Yosemite Falls, Yosemite Nat’l Park, 8 (MVZ). Mono County: Walker Lake, 8000 ft., 5 (MVZ); Swager Canyon, 7800 ft., 3; Mono Lake P. O. 6500 ft., 4 (MVZ). Placer Co.: Truckee River, Squaw Creek, 1 (SDM); W bank Truckee River, 1 (MVZ). Plumas County: Rich Gulch, 3850 ft., 11 mi. W and 8 mi. N Quincy, 2 (MVZ). Shasta County: Warner Creek, 8000 ft., Lassen Peak, 6 (MVZ). Siskiyou Co.: Donomore Meadow, 5800 ft., 15 mi. W Hilt, 7 (MVZ); Poker Flat, 5000 ft., 12 mi. NW Happy Camp, 7 (MVZ); Little Shasta, 1 (USBS); Siskiyou Mts., 6000 ft., 2 (USBS); Sisson, 1 (SDM); Mt. Shasta, 6500 ft., 6 (MVZ). Salmon River Divide, 2 (MVZ); S fork Salmon River, 5000 ft., 7 (MVZ). Tehama County: 2 mi. W Black Butte, on Lassen Rd., 6800 ft., 5 (MVZ); 2 mi. E Mineral, 5200 ft., 2 (MVZ); 2 mi. S Yolla Bolly Mtn., 11 (MVZ). Trinity Co.: N fork Coffee Creek, 4500 ft., 34 (MVZ); Canyon Creek, 4 (USBS); 8 mi. NE Hyampon, 2900 ft., 1 (MVZ); 3 mi. NNW Mad River Bridge, 2900 ft., South Fork Mtn., 5 (MVZ); 1% mi. N Mad River Bridge, 3000 ft., South Fork Mtn., 6 (MVZ); 1 mi. SW North Yolla Bolly Mtn., 14 (11 MVZ); % mi. S South Yolla Bolly Mtn., 3 (MVZ). Tulare County: Jordan Hot Springs, Sierra Nevada Mis., 6700 ft., 9 (MVZ); Sherman Creek, Sequoia Nat'l Park, 1 (MVZ); Tokopah Valley, 7000 ft., Sequoia Nat'l Park, 1 (MVZ); 2 mi. E Kern Peak, 9300 ft., Sierra Nevada Mts., 1 (MVZ). Tuolumne County: head Lyle Canyon, Yosem- ite Nat'l Park, 10,000 ft., 9 (MVZ); Tuolumne Meadows, 8600 ft., Yosemite Nat'l Park, 1 (MVZ). Nevapa: Douglas County: % mi. E Zephyr Cove, Lake Tahoe, 6400 ft., 1 (MVZ). Ormsby County: S end Marlette Lake, 8000 ft., 2 (MVZ); % mi. S Marlette Lake, 8150 ft., 3 (MVZ). Washoe County: % mi. S Mt. Rose, 9500 ft., 3 (2 MVZ); 3 mi. S Mt. Rose, 8500 ft., 3 (MVZ). Orecon: Jackson Co.: Prospect, 3 (2 USBS, 1 MVZ); W slope Grizzly Peak, 4600 ft., 1 (USBS); Siskiyou, 1 (USBS); Longs Camp, N base Ashland Peak, 3300 ft., 1 (USBS). Marginal records—Oregon: Prospect. Nevada: 3 mi. S Mt. Rose, 8500 ft.; % mi. E Zephyr Cove, Lake Tahoe, 6400 ft. California: Mono Lake P. O., 6500 ft.; 2 mi. E Kern Peak, 9300 ft., Sierra Nevada Mts.; Rich Gulch, 3850 ft., 11 mi. W and 8 mi. N Quincy; Warner Creek, 8000 ft., Lassen Peak; 2 mi. S Yolla Bolly Mtn.; 8 mi. NE Hyampon, 2900 ft.; Siskiyou Mts., 6000 ft.; Poker Flat, 5000 ft., 12 mi. NW Happy Camp. Zapus princeps princeps J. A. Allen Zapus princeps J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:71-72, April 28, 1893; Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:23, August 8, 1899. Type.—Female, adult, skin and skull; No. 5260/4140, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.; Florida, La Plata County, Colorado; obtained on June 27, 1892, by Charles P. Rowley. Range.—Sierra Madre, Medicine Bow, Laramie, and Big Horn mountains of Wyoming southward through Colorado into the Taos and San Juan mountains in northern New Mexico. See fig. 46. Zonal range: Transition, Canadian and Hudsonian. Description —Size, medium; back dark usually with broad mid-dorsal band of black mixed with Warm Buff or Ochraceous-Buff; sides light (Warm Buff ) but varying to Ochraceous-Buff, always with admixture of black hair; lateral line distinct and broad, varying from Light Ochraceous Buff to Ochraceous- NortH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 415 Buff; ventral surface white to base of hairs, frequently suffused with Ochraceous- Buff; tail indistinctly bicolored, tan to grayish-white below and pale brown above; hind feet grayish-white above; ears edged with white or yellowish-white; skull medium; large medial projection on inferior ramus of zygomatic process of maxillary; palate moderately long; postpalatal notch usually broadly rounded and posterior to posterior part of last molar; proximal part of inferior ramus of zygomatic process of maxillary broad; pterygoid fossae broad; auditory bullae moderately inflated. Comparisons.—From Zapus princeps luteus, Z. p. princeps differs as follows: Total length, tail and hind foot longer; color darker, being less ochraceous; ears darker, edged with white or yellowish-white instead of Ochraceous-Buff; lateral line more distinct; skull larger, except least interorbital breadth which is smaller; auditory bullae larger, more inflated; pterygoid fossae larger; incisive foramina broader, longer, and posteriorly more truncate; nasals broader, taper- ing less distally. From Zapus princeps idahoensis, Z. p. princeps differs in: Size larger; darker with more Ochraceous-Buff; lateral line much more distinct; underparts fre- quently suffused with Ochraceous-Buff rather than seldom so; skull larger as regards length of palatal bridge, length of zygomatic arch, and width of proxi- mal part of inferior ramus of zygomatic process of maxillary; pterygoid fossae broader; medial projection on inferior ramus of zygomatic process of maxillary large instead of reduced or absent; postpalatal notch usually anterior to, or on a plane with, posterior face of last molars rather than posterior to same. Remarks.—This subspecies retains most of its diagnostic char- acters in all parts of its geographic range. An individual from the type locality, Florida, Colorado, resembles Zapus princeps luteus in color, but cranially is most nearly like Z. p. princeps. A specimen from Tierra Amarillo, New Mexico, a locality 25 miles north of, and in homogeneous habitat with, E] Rito, New Mexico, from which specimens of Z. p. luteus are known, shows resemblance to the latter in some cranial characters (see account of Zapus princeps luteus) but is most nearly like Z. p. princeps to which it is referred. Animals from Medicine Wheel Ranch, 9000 ft., 28 mi. E Lovell, Wyoming, which are here referred to Z. p. princeps, show inter- gradation with Zapus princeps idahoensis, being similar in size of pterygoid fossae, breadth of postpalatal notch, and in size and de- gree of inflation of the auditory bullae, but differ in color and in other cranial characters. Specimens from 2 mi. E Shriver, 6500 ft., Montana, which lack the distinct lateral line and ventral suffusion of Ochraceous-Buff, are here referred to Z. p. idahoensis. Specimens examined.—Total, 344, distributed as follows: Cotoravo: Archuleta County: upper Navajo River, 5 (CMNH); Navajo River, 6 (CMNH). Boulder Co.: 12% mi. S Estes Park, 2; 3 mi. S Ward, 3; Gold Hill, 1 (USBS); 7 mi. NW Nederland’s, 2 (UM); 8 mi. E Pine Cliff, 3 (CMNH). Chaffee County: 1% mi. S Monarch, 10,500 ft., 2 (OKLA). Cone- jos Co.: Antonito, 1 (USBS); 5 mi. S and 24 mi. W Antonito, 9600 ft., 2. Costilla Co.: 7 mi. SE Russell, 9200 ft., 1 (MVZ); Fort Garland, 6 (USBS). 416 University oF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. El Paso County: Minnehaha, Half Way, 5 (UM). Grand Co.: Rocky Mtn., Nat'l Park, 5 (UM). Gunnison County: Gothic, 10 (8 OKLA; 2 USBS); Major Creek, foot of Monarch Pass, 1 (OKLA). Jackson Co.: Arapahoe Pass, Rabbit Ear Mts., 1 (USBS). La Plata Co.: 7 mi. N Florida, Florida River, 7146 ft., 8 (MVZ); Florida, 6500 ft., 11 (1. FM; 9 AMNH). Larimer Co.: Elkhorn, 7000 ft., 1 (USBS); 19% mi. W and 2% mi. S Loveland, 7300 ft., 3. Mineral Co.: Wasson Ranch, Creede, 1; 3 mi. E Creede, 1; 23 mi. S and 11 mi. E Creede, 9300 ft., 5. Rio Blanco Co.: 9% mi. SW Pagoda Peak, 7700 ft., 5; Meeker, 1 (USBS). Rio Grande County: Rock Creek Camping Area, 1 (OKLA). Saguache Co.: Saguache Park, Cochetopa Forest, 1 (USBS); 22 mi. W Saguache, 1 (MVZ); 20 mi. S Saguache, Cochetopa Pass, 1 (USBS). San Juan County: 6% mi. SW Silverton, 4. New Mexico: Rio Arriba Co.: Tierra Amarillo, 1 (USBS). Taos Co.: Hondo Canyon, 8200 ft., west slope Taos Mts., 1 (USBS); east slope Taos Mts., 8800 ft., 1 (USBS). Wyominc: Albany County: 32 mi. N and 12% mi. E Laramie, 6080 ft., 1; 30 mi. N and 10 mi. E Laramie, 6760 ft., 1; 29 mi. N and 8% mi. E Laramie, 6420 ft., 6; 2 mi. S Browns Peak, 10,600 ft., 2; 3 mi. ESE Browns Peak, 10,000 ft., 8; 8 mi. E and 4 mi. S Laramie, 8600 ft., 2; 8 mi. E and 6 mi. S Laramie, 8500 ft., 1; 1 mi. ESE Pole Mtn., 8350 ft., 2; 14 mi. ESE Pole Mtn., 8200 ft., 1; 2 mi. SE Pole Mtn., 8300 ft., 3; Centenial, 8120 ft., 1. Big Horn County: Medicine Wheel Ranch, 9000 ft., 28 mi. E Lovell, 36; 12 mi. E and 2 mi. N Shell, 7500 ft., 18; 17 mi. E and 3 mi. S Shell, 9000 ft., 1; 174 mi. E and 4% mi. S Shell, 9100 ft., 6. Carbon County: Bridgers Pass, 18 mi. SW Rawlins, 7500 ft., 6; Lake Marie, Medicine Bow Nat'l Forest, 10,400 ft., 6; 14 mi. E and 6 mi. S Saratoga, 5; 10 mi. N and 10 mi. E Encampment, 8000 ft., 1; 10 mi. N and 12 mi. E Encampment, 7200 ft., 2; 10 mi. N and 14 mi. E Encamp- ment, 8000 ft., 28; 9 mi. N and 8 mi. E Encampment, 2; 8 mi. N and 8 mi. E Encampment, 8900 ft., 1; 8 mi. N and 14 mi. E Encampment, 8400 ft., 5; 8 mi. N and 14% mi. E Encampment, 8100 ft., 12; 8 mi. N and 16 mi. E En- campment, 8400 ft., 6; 8 mi. N and 22 mi. E Encampment, 10,000 ft., 1; 8 mi. N and 19% mi. E Savery, 8800 ft., 12; 8 mi. N and 20 mi. E Savery, 8800 ft., 1; 7% mi. N and 18 mi. E Savery, 8400 ft., 2; 7% mi. N and 18% mi. E Savery, 8400 ft., 1; 7 mi. N and 18 mi. E Savery, 8400 ft., 2; 6 mi. N and 13% mi. E Savery, 8400 ft., 6; 6 mi. N and 14 mi. E Savery, 8350 ft., 6; 4 mi. N and 8 mi. E Savery, 7300 ft., 1. Converse County: 21 mi. S and 24 mi. W Douglas, 7400 ft., 6; 21 mi. S and 24% mi. W Douglas, 7400 ft., 3; 21% mi. S and 24% mi. W Douglas, 7600 ft., 15; 22% mi. S and 24% mi. W Douglas, 7600 ft., 1; 23 mi. S and 25 mi. W Douglas, 7800 ft., 7. Johnson County: 6% mi. W and 2 mi. S Buffalo, 5700 ft., 4; 5% mi. W and 1% mi. S Buffalo, 5520 ft., 3; 5% mi. W and 1 mi. S Buffalo, 4800 ft., 1; 1 mi. W and 4% mi. S Buffalo, 4800 ft., 1. Laramie County: 5 mi. W and 1 mi. N Horse Creek P. O., 3. Natrona County: 2 mi. W and 7 mi. S Casper, 6870 ft., 2. Washakie County: 9 mi. E and 5 mi. N Ten- sleep, 7400 ft., 2; 9 mi. E and 4 mi. N Tensleep, 7000 ft., 5. Marginal records—Wyoming: Medicine Wheel Ranch, 9000 ft., 28 mi. E Lovell; 21 mi. S and 24 mi. W Douglas, 7400 ft.; 5 mi. W and 1 mi. N Horse Creek P. O. Colorado: Gold Hill; Minnehaha. New Mexico: E slope Taos Mts.; Tierra Amarilla. Colorado: Florida; 6% mi. SW Silverton; Meeker. Wyoming: Bridgers Pass, 18 mi. W Rawlins, 7500 ft. Zapus princeps saltator J. A. Allen Zapus saltator J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 12:3-4, March 4, 1899; Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:31, August 8, 1899. Zapus princeps, Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:23, August 8, 1899 (part—the part from Glacier, British Columbia ). Zapus hudsonius, Kermode and Anderson, Rep. Prov. Mus. Nat. Hist. for 1913:21, 1914. eas Dareers saltator, Hall, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 37:10, April 10, Type.—Female, subadult, skin and skull, No. 14408, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.; Telegraph Creek, British Columbia; obtained on August 23, 1897, by A. J. Stone. NortH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 417 Range.—Southern Yukon and southeastern Alaska south in British Columbia, to Bella Coola Inlet and Glacier. See fig. 46. Zonal range: Canadian and Hudsonian. Description.—Size medium; back near Ochraceous-Buff, overlaid with black hairs forming dark dorsal band thickly flecked with ochraceous; sides lighter than back; lateral line usually distinct; belly pure white, sometimes faintly suffused with Ochraceous-Buff; tail bicolored, dark above and grayish-white below; hind feet grayish-white above; ears dark, edged with yellowish-white ‘or Ochraceous-Buff; incisive foramina long, broad posteriorly; palatal bridge relatively short; postpalatal notch anterior to posterior border of last molars; proximal part of inferior ramus of zygomatic process of maxillary without enlarged median projection; zygomatic arch short. Comparisons.—For comparison with Zapus princeps kootenayensis and Zapus princeps idahoensis see accounts of those subspecies. Remarks.—The geographic range of Z. p. saltator, as here under- stood, includes several localities heretofore considered to be within the geographic ranges of neighboring subspecies. Specimens from Indianpoint Lake, 15 mi. N of Barkerville, British Columbia, for example, which Hall (1934:379) considered nearer Z. p. princeps, are here referred to Z. p. saltator, with which they closely agree in cranial measurements and color of pelage. One individual from Glacier, British Columbia, thought to be Z. p. princeps by Preble (1899:32), is here considered to show intergradation between Z. p. kootenayensis and Z. p. saltator but is more nearly like Z. p. saltator to which it is here referred. Intergradation between Zapus princeps idahoensis and Z. p. saltator is noted, in color and in shape and size of the incisive foramina, in a specimen from Vermilion Crossing, Kootenay, British Columbia. The majority of cranial characters show these animals to be referrable to Z. p. idahoensis. Specimens from Mt. Revelastoke, 3400 ft., British Columbia, show intergradation in shape of auditory bullae, in breadth of pterygoid fossae, and in shape and size of antorbital foramina between Z. p. idahoensis and Z. p. saltator. Resemblance in pelage and in the majority of cranial characters indicates that these specimens are best referred to Z. p. saltator. Specimens examined.—Total, 187, distributed as follows: ALASKA: Taku River, 1 (MVZ). British CoLumsia: Atlin, 7 (6 CAS; 1 PM); Deep Creek, 60 mi. above Telegraph Creek, 1 (USBS); Sawmill Lake, near Telegraph Creek, 6 (MVZ); junction 4 mi. N Telegraph Creek, 1 (ROM); McDame Post, Dease River, 1 (USBS); Sitkine River, at Glenoria, 28 (MVZ); Kispiox Valley, 23 mi. N Hazelton, 3 (MVZ); 9-mi. Mtn., 4500 ft., NE Hazelton, 1 (MVZ); Hazelton, 959 ft., 20 (MVZ); Bear River, 7 mi. N Bear Lake, 1 (USBS); Charlie Lake, Fort St. John, 1 (PM); Moose River, 2 (PM); Tupper Creek, 7 (PM); Babine, 2 (USBS); Port Simpson, 3 (USBS); 12 mi. N Summit Lake, Alaska Highway, 3300 ft., 3 (NMC); Giscome, 1 (USBS); Ootsa Lake, 3 (PM); Inverness, mouth Skeena River, 1 (USBS); W end Eutsuk Lake, 1 (PM); Wapiti, 418 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. head of Middle Branches River, 1 (USBS); Hagensborg, 15 (NMC); Stuie, Caribou Mtn., 4700 ft., 2 (NMC); Rainbow Mts., Mt. Brilliant, 5000 ft., 10 (NMC); N 7 Wistaria P. O., 13 (NMC); Mt. McLean, Lillooet, 1 (PM); Mt. Robson P. O., Mt. Robson Park, 1 (MVZ); Indianpoint Lake, 15 mi. NE Bar- kerville, 42 (29 MVZ; 18 PM); Cottonwood P. O., 2 (MVZ); Mt. Revelstoke, 3400 ft., 6 (PM); Glacier, 1 (ROM). YuKON: Rose River, mile 95 on Canol Road, 1 (NMC). Marginal records.—Yukon: Rose River, mile 95 on Canol Road, British Co- lumbia; McDame Post, Dease River; Charlie Lake, Fort St. John; Tupper Creek; Wapiti, head of Middle Branches River; Mt. Robson P. O., Mt. Robson Park; Mt. Revelstoke, 3400 ft.; Cottonwood P. O.; Rainbow Mts., Mt. Brilliant, toa ne Inverness, mouth Skeena River. Alaska: Taku River. British Colum- ia: Atlin. Zapus princeps utahensis Hall Zapus princeps utahensis Hall, Occ. papers, Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, 296:3, November 2, 1934. Jaculus Hudsonius, J. A. Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 6:65, April, 1874 (part— the part concerning great Salt Lake Valley, Utah). Zapus princeps princeps, Wolfe, Jour. Mamm., 91:154, May 9, 1928. Zapus princeps idahoensis, Davis, Recent Mammals of Idaho, Caxton Printers, Sea Idaho, p. 341, April 5, 1939 (part—the part from southeast Idaho). Type.—Female, adult, skin and skull; No. 59153, Museum of Zoology, Uni- versity of Michigan; Beaver Creek, 19 mi. S Manila, Daggett County, Utah; obtained on July 16, 1928, by A. and R. D. Svihla, original No. 176. Range.—Southeastern Idaho and extreme western Wyoming (Teton, Snake, and Uinta Mt’s) southward through Uinta, Wasatch, Oquirrh, and Beaver Mt’s of Utah. See fig. 46. Zonal range: Transition, Canadian, and Hudsonian. Description.—Size, large; back from Cinnamon-Buff to Warm Buff overlaid with black hairs; sides lighter with less admixture of black hairs; lateral line indistinct, sometimes wanting; tail bicolored, brownish-black above, white to yellowish-white beneath; feet grayish-white above; ventral surface white to base of hairs; ears dark, edged with white to yellowish-white; skull large; palatal bridge relatively short; upper tooth-rows diverging anteriorly; occipitonasal length great; interorbital region broad; zygomata widely bowed; postpalatal notch anterior to posterior face of last molars; mastoid width great. Comparisons—From Zapus princeps princeps, Z. p. utahensis differs in: color dorsally and laterally less ochraceous, lacking broad lateral line; skull larger in every part measured, excepting length of palatal bridge and breadth of palate at M3; zygomata more bowed; upper tooth-rows more divergent anteriorly; postpalatal notch anterior to posterior border of last molars. Compared with Zapus princeps cinereus, Z. p. utahensis differs as follows: Size averaging larger; upper parts darker, Cinnamon-Buff not Pinkish Buff; incisive foramina wider posteriorly; palate wider; zygomata more robust. For comparison with Zapus princeps idahoensis see account of that sub- species. Remarks.—Zapus princeps utahensis most closely resembles the several subspecies in the Great Basin in its large size, widely bowed zygomata, and posteriorly broadened incisive foramina. Inter- gradation between Z. p. utahensis and Zapus princeps cinereus, geographically the nearest of the Great Basin subspecies, is not NortH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 419 known. Intergradation in color and cranial characters occurs be- tween Zapus princeps idahoensis and Z. p. utahensis in specimens from 17 mi. E and 4 mi. N of Ashton, Idaho. All these specimens are, however, referable to Z. p. idahoensis. Animals from 9 mi. SE Irwin and from 3 mi. SW Victor, Idaho, resemble Z. p. utahensis in most differential characters (dorsally ochraceous, lateral line more distinct, incisive foramina large, palate broad anteriorly, auditory bullae less inflated), and are here referred to Z. p. utahensis. A series of specimens from the head of Crow Creek, Idaho, were con- sidered by Davis (1939:340) to be intergrades between Z. p. idaho- ensis and Z. p. utahensis; he thought that the specimens were more nearly like Z. p. utahensis in color, but cranially (80 per cent in average ratio of anterior width of palate to posterior width of pal- ate), more nearly like Z. p. idahoensis, to which subspecies he re- ferred them. I have examined these specimens and find them to be more nearly like Z. p. utahensis not only in color but in cranial characters as well. For example, the average ratio obtained by me for anterior width of palate to posterior width of palate is 72 per cent, rather than 80 per cent as given by Davis (loc. cit.). Other cranial characters, size of the incisive foramina, shape of the fora- men magnum, and shape of the auditory bullae, indicate relation- ship with Z. p. utahensis to which they are here referred. Two im- mature individuals from Strawberry Creek, 20 mi. E Preston, Idaho, considered to be Z. p. idahoensis by Davis (op. cit.:341), also are here referred to Z. p. utahensis. Specimens examined.—Total, 178, distributed as follows: IpauHo: Bonnerville County: 9 mi. SE Irwin, 6400 ft., 3. Caribou Co.: Head Crow Creek, Preuss Mts., 7500 ft., 6 (USBS). Franklin County: Straw- berry Creek, 20 mi. NE Preston, 6700 ft., 2 (MVZ). Teton County: 3 mi. SE Victor, 6 (MVZ). Urau: Beaver County: Puffer Lake, 1 (UU). Daggett County: junction Deep Creek and Carter Creek, 7900 ft., 2 (UU). Duchesne Co.: Currant Creek, Uinta Forest, 2 (USBS). Morgan Co.: exact locality not given, 1 (UU). Rich County: 12 mi. SW Woodruff, 1 (MVZ). Salt Lake County: Lambs Canyon, 2 mi. above Parleys Canyon, 7000 ft., 1 (UU); head Lambs Canyon, 9000 ft., 3 (UU); Salamander Lake and Lambs Canyon, 9000 ft., 11 (UU); “The Firs,” Mill Creek Canyon, 2 (UU); Brighton, Silver Lake P. O., 8700 ft., Cottonwood Canyon, 1 (UU); Brighton, Big Cottonwood Canyon, 8000 ft., 1 (UU); 1 mi. above Alta, 4 (UU); Butterfield Canyon, approximately 5 mi. above Butterfield Tunnel, 3 (UU). Sanpete Co.: 8 mi. E Fairview and 5 mi. S Mammoth R. S., Manti Nat'l Forest, 9000 ft., 1 (USBS); Baldy R. S., Manti Nat'l Forest, 1 (UU); Ephraim, 8850 ft., 1 (USBS). Summit County: Henrys Fork, Uinta Mts., 8000 ft., 4 (UU); 14 mi. S and 2 mi. E Robertson, 9300 ft., 3. Uintah County: 21 mi. W and 15 mi. N Vernal, 10,050 ft., 1. Utah County: Payson Lake, 8300 ft., 12 mi. SE Payson, Mt. Nebo, 12 (UU); 1 mi. E Payson Lake, 8300 ft., Mt. Nebo, 3 (UU). Wasatch County: Provo River, 3 mi. N Soapstone R. S., Wasatch Nat'l Forest, 1 (UU). Wyominc: Lincoln County: 3 mi. N and 11 mi. E Alpine, 5650 ft., 37. Teton County: % mi. E Moran, 6700 ft., 4; Bar B. G. Ranch, 6500 ft., 2% mi. 420 UnIvERsSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. NE Moose, 11; Moose, 6225 ft., 1. Uinta County: 2 mi. E Robertson, 7200 ft., 1; 9 mi. S Robertson, 8000 ft., 21; 9 mi. S and 2% mi. E Robertson, 8000 ft., 1; 9% mi. S and 1 mi. W Robertson, 8600 ft., 2; 10 mi. S and 1 mi. W Robert- son, 8700 ft., 18; 10% mi. S and 2 mi. E Robertson, 8900 ft., 1; 13 mi. S and 1 mi. E Robertson, 9000 ft., 4; 5 mi. E Lonetree, 1 (ROM). Marginal records —Wyoming: % mi. E Moran, 6700 ft.; 2 mi. E Robertson, 7200 ft. Utah: junction Deep Creek and Carter Creek, 7900 ft.; Paradise Park, 21 mi. W and 15 mi. N Vernal, 10,500 ft.; Ephraim, 8500 ft.; Puffer Lake; Payson Lake, 8300 ft., 12 mi. SE Payson, Mt. Nebo; Butterfield Canyon, ap- proximately 5 mi. above Butterfield Tunnel. Idaho: Strawberry Creek, 20 mi. NE Preston, 6700 ft.; 3 mi. SW Victor. Zapus hudsonius (Zimmerman ) (Synonymy under subspecies ) Range.—From Pacific Coast of Alaska eastward to Atlantic Coast; from northern limit of tree-growth south into central Colorado and northeastern parts of Oklahoma and Georgia. See fig. 47. by & > pe) o “D>; = AX aWY 8, |. id Fic. 47. Distribution of Zapus hudsonius. Guide to subspecies 6. Z.h. hudsonius 1. Z. h. acadicus 7. Z.h. intermedius 2. Z.h. alascensis 8. Z. h. ladas 8. Z. h. americanus 9. Z.h. pallidus 4, Z.h. campestris 10. Z. h. preblei 5. Z.h. canadensis 11. Z. h. tenellus Externals.—Size small to medium (total length 188 mm to 216 mm); tail longer than head and body (112 mm to 134 mm) and bicolored, pale brown to brownish-black above, white to yellowish-white below; hind feet long (28 mm NortTH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 42] to 31 mm), grayish-white above; back ochraceous to dark brown; sides paler than back with dark hair interspersed; lateral line usually present but some- times indistinct or entirely absent (when present usually clear Ochraceous-Buff ) ; ventral coloration white, sometimes with suffusion of ochraceous; guard hairs average 115 microns (96u to 140u) in diameter; underhair with pigment pattern in form of hollow, narrow rectangles; cuticular scales of underhair large and fewer than those of the underfur of Z. trinotatus, but underhair of Z. hudsonius otherwise resembles that of Z. trinotatus. Baculum.—Size small (total length 4.5 mm to 4.9 mm); base medium in width (0.64 mm to 0.72 mm); tip narrow (0.24 mm to 0.26 mm) and dished out in dorsal aspect, blunted; shaft rounded, curving gently upward at tip. Skull—Small to medium and relatively narrow in relation to length; rostrum pointed and short; mastoid region relatively narrow; incisive foramina short; base of zygomatic process of squamosal narrow; coronoid process of mandible short, relatively weak. Upper premolar usually small (averaging .30 mm in length and .35 mm in breadth) sometimes functional (most often so in old adults), occlusal surface divided by single shallow re-entrant fold, which in worn teeth forms centrally located lake; tooth-row short as compared to that of other species; individual cheek-teeth usually smaller than those of other species; lower cheek-teeth shorter and narrower than those of other species; angle of mandible strongly inflected. GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION The species Z. hudsonius is divisible into 11 subspecies based on differences in color, relative proportions of the tail, hind feet, body, and size and shape of parts of the skull (zygomata, braincase, incisive foramina, auditory bullae, pterygoid fossae, rostrum, and interorbital breadth). Color of the pelage varies, as a general rule, from dark-backed, dull-sided individuals in the northern parts of the geographic range of the species to light-backed, bright-sided individuals in the south- ern parts of the range. Individuals from the southernmost geographic races (Z. h. ameri- canus and Z. h. pallidus) are the smallest for the species and those from the northernmost subspecies (Z. h. alascensis) are the largest. One subspecies, Z. h. campestris, from the central part of the range of the species, however, seems to be out of the cline. This form inhabits the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains and is a robust animal approaching Z. princeps in size. Seemingly there is no clinal variation in the several qualitative features of the cranium, for instance in the shape of the auditory bullae, shape of the incisive foramina, and shape of the postpalatal notch. On the other hand, the dimensions of the entire skull show that the larger crania are of the northernmost subspecies and the smaller of the southernmost subspecies. 429 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. NATURAL HISTORY Habitat —Zapus hudsonius occurs in low undergrowth usually of grasses or forbs or both, in open coniferous forests, deciduous hardwood groves, or in stands of tall shrubs and low trees, but most frequently in open, moist areas. Quimby (1951:75) notes that jumping mice were more common in the moist lowlands than in the drier uplands. More were in the open type lowlands than in the forested type, and these mice favored habitats normally bordered by small streams affording moist to semi-aquatic living conditions. The reports of Good- win (1924:255), Christian (1936:416), G. S. Miller (1899:329), Cory (1912:249), Lyon (1936:277), Stoner (1918:123), and others, although concerning widely different parts of North America, indi- cate that Z. hudsonius selects habitats in vegetation of like form, even though different assemblages of plant species may be involved. An average of 11.91 mice per acre was recorded by Quimby (1951:91) from a study plot at Itasca Park, Clearwater County, Minnesota. He gives the monthly population densities per acre for Z. hudsonius at Centerville, Anoka County, Minnesota, as follows: June 2.78, July 3.57, August 3.10, and September 1.81. Blair’s (1940:248) data on bi-monthly population density per acre for Z. hudsonius on the Edwin S. George Reserve, Livingston County, Michigan, are remarkably similar, when adjusted on a monthly basis, to those obtained by Quimby (loc. cit.). Blair’s (loc. cit.) monthly population densities per acre are as follows: June 3.90, July 3.85, August 3.10, and September 2.00. Townsend (1935:90) estimated population densities per acre for Z. hudsonius in central New York state, at 11 to 72 individuals. As Quimby (1951:92) points out, Townsend’s figures are probably too high, as commonly is the case when the moving quadrat technique is used because animals from neighboring areas enter the trapped area to take over the niches made available by their predecessors’ removal. The population of Z. hudsonius may vary considerably from year to year as well as seasonally. Blair (1940:249) found notably fewer jumping mice on the George Reserve in 1938 than in 1939. Quimby (1951:94) found the numbers of Zapus to be highly variable and thought that there was a rapid turnover. Young animals were not caught until July when 25 per cent were either juveniles, young, or subadults; from this time on these age classes increased to a high of sixty-one per cent in September. Quimby (loc. cit.) found that separating the individuals into their proper age classes was more NortH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 423 difficult in September, since the young from early litters are adult- like in appearance. His data indicate as he remarked, “That the over-wintering adults are, for the most part, gradually replaced by the young of the year as the summer progresses.” The sexes in Z. hudsonius vary only slightly from a one to one ratio. Quimby (1951:63) found a sex ratio of 110 females to 100 males and Blair (1940:245) records a sex ratio of 113 males to 100 females. Townsend (1935:42) records a sex ratio in central New York of 155 males to 100 females. Such a wide variation from a one to one ratio suggest that the moving quadrat technique, which Townsend (1935:90) employed in obtaining his data, may be, in some way unknown to me, more selective for the males. Behavior—tThe saltatorial powers of Z. hudsonius are well de- veloped and often have been described in the literature. Stoner (1918:123) remarks that, “When disturbed hudsonius moves away by a series of leaps . . . the distance traversed in one of these leaps is from six to eight feet.”; Cory (1912:249) observed these mice to make surprisingly long leaps, and, according to him, a dis- tance of 10 feet is by no means unusual; Handley and Patton (1947: 49) credit these animals with jumping eight to ten feet at a single bound; Hamilton (1935:190) remarked that he noted an average of not more than four to six feet per jump; Townsend (1935:91) ob- served one individual make jumps of about two feet; and Harper (1932:29) records a jumping mouse leaping for distances of two to three feet. Quimby (1951:72) notes that he had never seen one jump farther than three feet. He found that the greatest jumps oc- curred initially and normdlly covered a distance of two to three feet; subsequent leaps were shorter but more rapid. A jumping mouse in full retreat progressed by jumps of about one foot. Statements concerning the gait of Z. hudsonius are not in agree- ment but the concensus of opinion is that these animals when un- frightened progress by a series of hops of one to six inches, or, oc- casionally, with a slow creeping motion while the animal is on all fours. When frightened, however, their progress is by long bounds; the mice make a series of two or three such leaps to the nearest protective cover, and then sit motionless until pursued. Concerning the use of the tail as a balancing organ, G. S. Miller (1899:330) describes the behavior of a jumping mouse from which the tail had been severed by the sickle of a mowing machine. “When I approached, it made violent efforts to escape, but the moment it was launched in the air, its body, deprived of its balancing 424 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. power, turned end over end so that it was as likely as not to strike the ground facing the direction from which it had come.” Riparian animals such as Z. hudsonius need enter the water to escape from enemies or perhaps in search of food. Zapus hudsonius can and does swim. Hamilton (1935:190) found it to be a strong swimmer capable of remaining in the water for from four to five minutes. According to Hamilton (loc. cit.), when the mouse is swimming the head is held high, the tail is arched near its middle, and only the hind limbs are employed in propulsion. According to Sheldon (1938:327), Philip Allan, in northern Minnesota, saw many Z. hudsonius swimming three or four inches under the surface of the water. The mice swam upstream and only the hind legs were employed in the swimming movements. N. A. Preble (1944: 200), at Archer’s Pond, 3 miles southeast of Center, Ossipee County, New Hampshire, observed a jumping mouse swimming rapidly under water toward another portion of the shore 30 or 40 feet away. The mouse, swimming less than a foot beneath the surface, was vigorously using both forefeet and hind feet, but the long tail trailing limply behind, contributed in no way to the animal’s movements. Quimby (1951:72) released five of the mice, one at a time, in the open water of a lake. He followed alongside in a boat and observed that, “In all instances the animals proved to be excellent swimmers both on and underneath the surface. The methods of progression were similar to land movements; i. e., the limbs were employed dif- ferently at various times depending upon the speed. When first placed in water they moved rapidly by lunges produced by sweep- ing strokes of the hind limbs employed simultaneously. This move- ment was accomplished similarly to the long jumps made on land Following the first excited lunges, they settled down to a steadier and slower gait using all four limbs one at a time. The anterior part of the body was held high in the water . . . When approached too closely, they attempted to escape by diving. The maximum distance noted was about four feet . . . One was able to swim vigorously for approximately three minutes after which it tired greatly and was in danger of drowning.” As concerns digging ability, Goodwin (1935:148) reports that Z. hudsonius makes its own burrows; these are short and close to the surface in the summer but longer, deeper, and below the frost- line in winter. Two captives used their forefeet and nails in digging a tunnel in the foot of soil that Goodwin (loc. cit.) had placed in their cage. Quimby (1951:72) remarks that captives excavate soil by means of the front feet and throw the soil out behind; as the NortH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 425 burrow deepened the hind feet were also utilized to throw the loose soil out of the burrow. Zapus hudsonius climbs; Sheldon (1934:293) observed captive ani- mals to climb over small evergreen trees in their cages. They moved with surprising sureness and agility, chasing each other among the branches or sitting for several minutes at a time on one of the limbs. Hamilton (1935:190) found that the mice ran over limbs and brush which were placed in their outdoor enclosure. Ordinarily Z. hudsonius is nocturnal, appearing in the early dusk and remaining active until pre-dawn. Occasional individuals are abroad in daylight hours. Sheldon (1934:293) found in Nova Scotia that Z. hudsonius is most active from early dusk through the night, but that it may be abroad in daylight as well. Her statements are based on trapping results, field observations, and observations made on captive individuals. Quimby (1951:73) found that Z. hud- sonius in Michigan is mostly nocturnal; however, he saw mice on a few occasions in the daytime. Diurnal activity seems to be in- creased in cloudy or damp weather; Quimby (loc. cit.) almost in- variably trapped more of these mice on cloudy, damp days than on other days. This jumping mouse usually is silent but does utter various sounds. Sheldon (1934:295) records squeaking and clucking noises. Quimby (1951:73) records the clucking noise described by Sheldon (loc. cit.) and mentions also the squeaking and suckling sounds produced by the small young. This mouse is most vociferous when young or when about to go into hibernation. Sheldon (1938:327) writes that Z. hudsonius makes a drumming noise by vibrating the tail against dry leaves. Many data are available concerning the hibernation of Z. hud- sonius. In general it seems necessary for the mice to put on a cer- tain amount of fat preparatory to hibernation. This fat is deposited in a thin layer over the inside of the skin, over the back, and in the body cavities. The thickest deposits are in and about the inguinal region. Quimby (1951:83) noted that gain in weight was accelerated in a brief period prior to entrance into hibernation. This relation- ship of rapid gain in weight to hibernation allows a person to esti- mate the date of hibernation. Cold weather seems to hasten hiber- nation, but less so than the correct physiologic condition which is foreshadowed by a rapid gain in weight. For example, Quimby’s (1951:84) data reveal that mice that were moved to a heated room gained weight and hibernated in a fashion similar to those in un- 426 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pustis., Mus. Nat. Hist. heated surroundings. Hamilton (1935:193) states that, “It seems necessary for the mouse to lay on a certain amount of fat before it is capable of hibernation.” Hamilton (loc. cit.) reported that 18 specimens of Z. hudsonius taken [presumably in an active state] near Ithaca, New York, on November 13, were without a trace of fat. Data that are available concerning the hibernation sites of Z. hud- sonius show that almost invariably these mice seek shelter in bur- rows beneath the surface of the ground and there construct nests of grass, leaves, or some other vegetation. Nicholson (1937:103) found a hibernating Z. hudsonius on the George Reserve, Livingston County, Michigan, on October 20. The mouse was in a nest, com- posed of 10 to 12 damp elm leaves, in a sand bank two feet three inches vertically and three feet nine inches horizontally from the surface. On April 11, 1948, Schwartz (1951:228) found five nests (three with occupants) of Z. hudsonius at Jefferson City, Cole County, Missouri. All nests were one foot beneath the surface of a pile of coal-ash, which was about three and one-half feet high and five feet in diameter. The nests were spherical, approximately four inches in diameter and consisted of dried oak leaves and bits of dried grass. Grizzell (1949:74) found two hibernating jumping mice at the Patuxent Research Refuge, Laurel, Maryland, in Jan- uary, 1948. The mice were in separate woodchuck dens; one mouse was 40 inches below the surface and the other was 26 inches below the surface. The mice were curled up in the center of masses of dead leaves, and thus, were well insulated against the cold. On April 29, 1944, at Ithaca, New York, Eadie (1949:307) uncovered a hiber- nating jumping mouse. The nest, about the size of a baseball, was compactly made of fine grasses and was 10 inches below the surface of the ground in a mound of earth that was approximately six by four feet at the base and three feet high. From the foregoing reports on hibernation sites it is evident that well drained areas are utilized. Sheldon (1934:300) remarks that the burrows used for hibernating are dug in a bank or some place from which the rain water and melted snow probably drains off. Eadie (1949:307), Grizzell (1949:75), Sheldon (1934:299), Schwartz (1951:228), and Sheldon (1938:331) all agree that the hibernating mouse rolls up into a ball-like shape (resting on its head and pelvis) with the head between the hind legs, the nose against the lower belly, the forefeet curled on the chest, and the tail curled around the head and body. A marked loss of weight occurs immediately after hibernation NortH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 427 begins, and then reduction in weight is slow and regular. (See Hamilton, 1935:194 and Quimby, 1951:84.) Sheldon (1934:297) cites a letter from Vernon Bailey in which he remarks on the necessity of abundant moisture and saturate air for hibernating jumping mice. Bailey writes “. . . they will awaken at times famished for water and will drink and drink before going back to sleep.” Hamilton (1935:195) thinks that in the Ithaca area of New York these mice probably leave their winter quarters in the second half of April and that in southern New York and Long Island they emerge considerably earlier. Quimby (1951:82) and Bernard Bailey (1929: 163) report that males appear earlier in the spring than do the fe- males. Quimby (loc. cit.), by recording the sequence and dates of phenological events and appearance of Zapus in several years, was able to predict fairly accurately the time of emergence of Zapus in a succeeding year. In Minnesota, jumping mice emerged late compared to other hibernating rodents. Enemies.—V. Bailey (1927:119) reports that A. K. Fisher found 50 skulls of Zapus in barn owl pellets taken from the towers of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Dearborn (1932:32) reported mink as having fed on jumping mice. Surface (1906:197) records taking a Zapus from the stomach of a rattlesnake. Pearson and Pearson (1947:138) found remains of Z. hudsonius in pellets of barn owls. Quimby (1951:74) reports two cases of predation on Z. hudsonius; one was by a northern pike, Esox lucius Linnaeus and the other was by a weasel, Mustela sp. Vergeer (1948:91) collected a green frog, Rana clamitans Latreille, which had eaten a jumping mouse. Quimby (1951:74) frequently found the fleas, Megabothris quirini Rothschild, and Megabothris wagneri (Baker), and occa- sionally a larval tick, Dermocenter variabilis (Say), on Z. hudsonius. Sheldon (1934:296) remarks that captive animals are burdened with numerous fleas. Hamilton (1935:191) removed a louse from a jumping mouse. One mouse had a hole in the throat and three others had holes in the inguinal region; presumably bot-flies had emerged from these holes. Test (1943:507) found a single Cutere- bra larva in the inguinal region of a Z. hudsonius, and Sheldon (1938:328) found Z. hudsonius infested by larvae of Cuterebra fontinella Clark. Here, as in other cases, these larvae were found immediately below the skin. Erickson (1938:252) examined 18 Z. hudsonius obtained in Minnesota, and found that three were 428 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusis., Mus. Nat. Hist. parasitized. He found a bot-fly larva, Cuterebra sp., nematodes of the genera Subulura and Spirocerca, and a fluke of the genus Notocotylus. Food.—Quimby (1951:85-86) studied the food preferences, by presenting to caged Z. hudsonius the plants and invertebrate ani- mals normally available to these mice in nature, and indicates that in general, the starchy fruits of the Gramineae and the less fleshy fruits of various groups of plants are more heavily utilized than other plant materials. His observations indicate that these rodents are highly insectivorous and that they consume many insects under natural conditions. Goodwin (1935:148) reports that the stomach contents of several individuals obtained at South Woodstock, Con- necticut, consisted exclusively of blackberries, and that others had subsisted principally on cranberries. Hamilton (1935:197) remarks that seeds are the favored food but that berries, nuts, fruits of va- rious kinds, roots, and insects are also utilized. Stoner (1918:123) writes that the food in cultivated areas of Iowa is various grains as well as grass and weed seeds; in wooded places the mice feed on seeds and nuts of trees. Vernon Bailey (1927:118) states that the examination of a great many stomachs of these jumping mice [in North Dakota] revealed nothing “but the fine white pulp of carefully shelled, well-masticated seeds. Generally these are from grasses, although grain and a variety of other plant seeds are eaten.” Schmidt (1931:116) examined the stomach contents of several Z. hudsonius taken in Clark County, Wisconsin, and in most stom- achs found the remains of finely chewed roots; however, two from Hewett had eaten several geometrid caterpillars. Lyon (1938:279), Stoner (1918:123), and J. W. Bailey (1946: 263) present information which indicates that Z. hudsonius stores food in its nests or burrows. Possibly these mice awaken at inter- vals from hibernation and eat. “These rodents characteristically seize the material to be eaten with the front feet and devour it while reclining on their haunches. The following observation of a caged animal is typical of their feed- ing habits. The mouse selected a head of yellow foxtail, Setaria glauca (Weig.) Stuntz, from several in the cage, separated it by gnawing through the supporting stem, seized it with the front feet, held it up to the mouth and began to gnaw at one end, stripping all parts from the rachis. The grass head was slowly rotated and shifted sideways until nothing remained but the rachis which was discarded. Actually the seeds were the only parts eaten _ NortH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 429 (Quimby, 1951:73). Sheldon (1934:294) remarks that Z. hudsonius eats from a squatting position and holds the piece of food in the forepaws. The mouse seems to bite off a seed, and then, holding it in the forepaws, transfers it to the mouth. According to Sheldon (op. cit.:295) and Quimby (loc. cit.), caged jumping mice drink water. When drinking, the mouths of the mice are in contact with the water, but neither observer determined whether the mice lapped or sucked the water. Sheldon (loc. cit.) observed these mice passing stems of long grass through their mouths as though to squeeze out moisture, and thought that the mice obtain most of their required moisture from green plants. Reproduction.—The breeding season begins shorty after the jump- ing mice emerge from hibernation in the spring, and reproduction continues until a few weeks before they hibernate in the autumn. The extent of the breeding period probably varies geographically and possibly seasonally. For example, Quimby’s (op. cit.:70) in- formation suggests that the 1947 period of parturition occurred be- tween June 15 and August 30 in the area of Centerville, Minnesota. In Michigan, Blair (1940:246) found a peak of breeding activity in spring and another in late summer with little activity in the inter- vening midsummer. Brimley (1923:263) records a female in North Carolina, with eight embryos on June 13, 1895, and another with seven embryos on September 17, 1891, indicating a strong possi- bility of two litters per year there. Vernon Bailey (1927:118) records young born in May or June in North Dakota and thinks that there is time for only one litter per year. Petrides (1948:76) captured a female on September 22, 1944, at Athens, Georgia, that gave birth to six young on September 29. This late parturition date indicates a longer breeding season in the southeastern part of the range of Z. hudsonius. The gestation period of nonlactating, caged Z. hudsonius, Quimby (1951:63) thinks, “is approximately 18 days . . . [but] gesta- tion is prolonged in lactating females.” Data from museum labels indicate that embryos in 62 pregnant females averaged 5.4 (2-8) per female. Quimby (1951:67) found the average number of embryos per female for 14 females taken in Minnesota, to be 5.3 and that litters of young found in nests aver- aged 5.8. Sheldon (1938:330) reports two litters of seven young each and one of four young for Z. hudsonius in Vermont. Petrides (1948:76) records a litter of six young for Z. hudsonius in Georgia. Brimley (1923:263) records one lot of seven and one lot of eight 6—1128 430 University OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. embryos for Z. hudsonius in North Carolina. Vernon Bailey (1923: 120) reports six embryos for a female of Z. hudsonius taken in Washington, D. C. Ivor (1934:8) obtained a litter of five young Z. hudsonius from Erindale, Peel County, Ontario. Hamilton (1935: 195) records litters of two, four, and five young and embryo counts of four, two, four, and four for Z. hudsonius in New York. There seems to be two litters per year. According to Quimby (1951:69), “most adult females breed soon after emergence from hibernation and produce the first litters within a month. The re- maining females do not breed immediately but produce the first litter,” he says, “in the second month after emergence.” Both early- breeding females and late-breeding females produce at least 2 litters per year. Those that breed early may have 3 litters. The appearance and development of growing young of Z. hud- sonius in successive weeks is described by Quimby (1951:65). Newborn young are pink and hairless except for microscopic vi- brissae. The eyes and external auditory meatus are closed, and the pinnae are folded. The toes are fleshy and clawless; the tail is short in relation to the length of the body. The average weight was .78 grams. The average measurements of three from different litters are: total length, 34 mm; tail, 9.2 mm; hind foot, 4.7 mm. The young are helpless but capable of emitting a high pitched squeak- ing sound which is audible for several feet. In the first week of growth the vibrissae become visible to the naked eye, the body changes to flesh color, the dorsal parts become dark gray, the pinna unfolds and is black tipped, and the claws appear. The young now are able to crawl and make a suckling noise, but they are not yet able to support themselves on their legs. In the second week of development, tawny yellow hair appears on the back and spreads onto the sides. Sparse hair of a lighter color appears on the belly, backs of the feet, and outer surfaces of the legs. Vibrissae are now prominent. The eyes are still closed, but a crack down the center of each is visible by the 18th day. Claws have grown, the longest measuring 1.5 mm. The incisors erupt on approximately the 18th day, those in the lower jaw appear- ing slightly before those in the upper jaw, and all are white. Ac- tivity is increased; nevertheless the young still crawl, make suckling notes, and squeak. In the third week of development the mice are covered with hair; darker hair appears dorsally; and vibrissae continue rapid growth. The external auditory meatus begins to open on about the 19th day and young react to sound on the 20th. The incisors now NortH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 431 are 1 mm long and the claws 1.5 mm long. Young are able to sup- port themselves on their legs, walk, and make one inch hops. In the fourth week the juvenal pelage is replaced by adult pelage. The eyes open between the 22nd and 25th days. The color of the incisors changes from white to yellowish-orange as in the adults. Pt, M', M?, ml and m2 have emerged from the maxillary and den- tary bones; M® and m3 have not yet erupted. A mouse 33 days old had all teeth well developed. By the end of the 4th week the young, except for size, are adultlike and capable of independent existence. The greatest increase in dimensions of the body is in the first four weeks. A slowing down of growth is simultaneous with wean- ing. Other workers, Sheldon (1938:330), Petrides (1948:76), and Ivor (1934:8) also describe the appearance of the young. Summer nesting sites are usually on the surface of the ground. Jumping mice characteristically construct a globular nest of grass but will utilize other vegetation if grasses are not available. Nests are usually concealed under rocks, logs, bushes, or grass and can be entered by a hole at one side. Sheldon (1938:328) described a nest of Z. hudsonius found on the ground near the edge of a smail hay field. The nest was globular, not more than four inches in outside diameter and two inches in inside diameter; it was closely woven of fine, dry grass and bits of moss. Another nest found in the same field measured 11.5 inches in circum- ference at the base and six inches in circumference over the top. The inside width and length each was three inches, and the inside height was 3.5 inches. Vernon Bailey (1927:118) remarks that sum- mer nests are placed on the surface of the ground well concealed under grass or other vegetation. He describes the nest as “neat little balls of fine grass with a tiny opening at one side and a soft lining in the central chamber.” Cory (1912:249) reports that sum- mer nests are concealed behind rocks or under bushes and thick grass. The nests are round and four or five inches in diameter with an entrance hole at one side. Goodwin (1935:148) examined a nest made entirely of straight, narrow leaves of grass. Ivor (1934:8) found one made of finely shredded jute sacking. Quimby (1951:80) describes several nests: one in the center of a rotton willow log was lined with small pieces of pulpy wood; another was in the rotted wood and debris, at ground level, inside a large, red oak (this globular nest composed of grasses, plant fibers, and rootlets measured six inches in diameter). Another nest was composed of a pile of 432 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusis., Mus. Nat. Hist. wood pulp, leaves of oaks, and grasses; this nest was in a hollow root detached from a willow tree. The mean home range of males, of Z. hudsonius in Minnesota, ac- cording to Quimby (1951:86), was 2.70 plus or minus .50 acres; this was significantly larger than the mean home range of females, 1.57 plus or minus .27 acres. According to Quimby (loc. cit.), the size and shape of the home range is influenced by the general fea- tures of the terrain, density and type of cover, and land use in the immediate area. Quimby (1951:94) remarked that the home range of the jumping mouse is relatively unstable and Blair (1940: 247) stated that the home ranges of both sexes generally overlapped the ranges of other members of the same species and sex. The average size of the home range for Z. hudsonius in Michigan was .89 plus or minus .11 acres for males and .92 plus or minus .11 acres for females. Zapus hudsonius acadicus (Dawson) Meriones acadicus Dawson, Edinburgh New Philos. Jour., new ser., 3:2, 1856. Meriones labradorius, Dawson, Edinburgh New Philos. Jour., new ser., 3:2, 1856. Jaculus hudsonius, Baird, Rept. Expl. and Surv. . . ., 8 (pt. 1):433, July 14, 1858 (part—the part from Nova Scotia, Vermont, and New York). Zapus hudsonius, Coues, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. surv. of the territories, 2nd ser., No. 5:260, 1877 (part—the part from Nova Scotia, Vermont, and New York); Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:17, August 8, 1899 (part— the part from New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, and northeastern New York). Zapus hudsonius canadensis, Batchelder, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 1:5, February 8, 1899 (part—the part from Keene Valley in Essex County of New York, and Orivell in Vermont); Anderson, Ann. Rept. Provancher Soc. Nat. Hist., Quebec, 1941:35-37, July 14, 1942 (part— the part from the tip of the Gaspé Peninsula in Quebec, New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York). Zapus hudsonius hardyi Batchelder, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 1:6, February 8, 1899, type from Mt. Desert Island, Hancock County, Maine; Bole and Moulthrop, Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:165, Septem- ber 11, 1947 (part—but excluding Pennsylvania and Ohio). Zapus hudsonius acadicus, Anderson, Ann. Rept. Provancher Soc. Nat. Hist., Quebec, 1941:38, July 14, 1942. Type.—No type specimen designated. Subspecies characterized from speci- mens obtained in Nova Scotia. Range.—Gaspe Peninsula of Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, northern Connecticut and northeastern New York. See fig. 47. Zonal range: Transition and Canadian. Description —Size medium; back from near Ochraceous-Tawny to near Yellow-Ocher with heavy admixture of black-tipped hair, the dorsal band distinct against color of sides; sides lighter than back and from near Cinnamon- Buff to near Ochraceous-Buff lined with black-tipped hair; lateral line usually NortTH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 433 faintly marked but sometimes distinct and clear Warm-Buff; underparts white, sometimes suffused with color of sides; tail distinctly bicolored, brownish-black above and yellowish-white to grayish-white below; ears dark, edged with color of sides; feet grayish-white above; pterygoid fossae relatively narrow; zygomata relatively long and broad; auditory bullae relatively narrow, usually with depression on anterior surface; mastoid region relatively narrow; inferior arm of zygomatic process of maxillary relatively narrow. Comparisons.—From Zapus hudsonius canadensis, Z. h. acadicus differs in: Size averaging larger; upper parts usually less brownish and maore ochraceous, sides and flanks being more ochraceous and less yellowish; zygomata relatively longer; pterygoid fossae relatively narrower; auditory bullae relatively narrower and usually with depression on anterior surface. From Zapus hudsonius americanus, Z. h. acadicus differs as follows: Size larger; color darker on upper parts, flanks duller (less ochraceous); under- parts white, much less frequently suffused with color of sides; ears dark, usually without flecks of ochraceous; general appearance of pelage not so brightly colored; zygomata longer; condylobasal length greater; mastoid region relatively broader; bullae larger, more inflated and usually with depression on anterior surface; maxillary tooth-row relatively longer. For comparison with Zapus hudsonius ladas see account of that subspecies. Remarks.—Specimens from various localities in Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick are essentially similar. Anderson (1942:38) revived the name Z. h. acadicus for jumping mice from these areas, correctly considering them to be distinct from Z. h. canadensis, the geographic race immediately to the west. In the size and shape of the auditory bullae, length of the zygo- mata, breadth of the pterygoid fossae, and general color of the pelage the populations from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick are essentially indistinguishable from material of Zapus hudsonius hardyi from Maine. Thus, Z. h. hardyi must fall as a synonym of the earlier proposed name Z. h. acadicus. Bole and Moulthrop (1942:165) applied the name Z. h. hardyi (= acadicus ) to the mice inhabiting a large area from coastal Maine and central New Hampshire through southern New England, New York, northwestern Pennsylvania, and northeastern Ohio. I agree with Bole and Moulthrop (loc. cit.) that the population of Zapus hudsonius from Maine, New Hampshire, west-central and northern New England are different from neighboring subspecies and are referrable to Z. h. acadicus, but find that material from extreme southern Massachusetts, Connecticut, southern New York, north- western Pennsylvania, and northeastern Ohio is best referred to Zapus hudsonius americanus (see account of that subspecies ). Intergradation between Z. h. americanus and Z. h. acadicus is indicated by specimens from Berlin, Rensselaer County, New York. 434 UNrversitTy OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. In color of ears, length of zygomata, and size and shape of the inci- sive foramina these specimens are more nearly like Z. h. americanus but in size and shape of the auditory bullae, breadth of the mastoid region, and general appearance of the pelage they are more nearly like Z. h. acadicus and are here referred to acadicus. Specimens from Glenville, Schenectady County, New York, are intermediate in cranial characters between Z. h. americanus and Z. h. acadicus but in color are best referred to the latter. Specimens from 1 mi. S Ayer, Worchester County, Massachussets, are like Z. h. americanus in their short zygomata, narrow mastoid region and suffusion of the underparts; nevertheless, in the shape of the auditory bullae, breadth of the pterygoid fossae, and greater condylobasal length the specimens are more nearly like Z. h. acadicus which they are here considered to be. Animals from Essex and Wilmington, Essex County, Massachussets, are like Z. h. americanus in external size and in the size and shape of the auditory bullae; but they are more nearly like Z. h. acadicus in most cranial characters and in the gen- eral color of the pelage and are here assigned to Z. h. acadicus. Specimens from Keene Valley, Essex County, New York, con- sidered by Batchelder (1899:4) to be Z. h. canadensis, are in color, length of the zygomata, and size and shape of the auditory bullae more nearly like Z. h. acadicus to which subspecies they are here assigned. A specimen from Orwell, Addison County, Vermont, that Batchelder (op. cit.:5) referred to Z. h. canadensis is more nearly like Z. h. acadicus in the shape of the auditory bullae, length of the zygomata, and color of the pelage, and is here referred to Z. h. acadicus. Specimens from western New Brunswick, referred to Z. h. canadensis by Anderson (1942:87), are more nearly like Z. h. acadicus. Specimens from Ste. Anne des Monts, Gaspé Penin- sula, Quebec, are intermediate between Z. h. canadensis and Z. h. acadicus in color and size and also in the shape of the auditory bullae but are best referred to Z. h. acadicus. Zapus hudsonius acadicus as here understood is a relatively wide- ranging subspecies. Populations at the southern periphery of its range are difficult to separate from populations at the northern periphery of the range of Z. h. americanus. These two geographic races represent opposite extremes of a clinal gradient and, as would be expected, geographic intermediates are morphologically similar. Specimens examined.—Total, 156, distributed as follows: Maine: Aroostock County: Madawaska, 6 (MCZ). Hancock County: Mount Desert Island, 9 (6 MCZ, 38 UM). Piscataquis County: Mount Katah- din, 1 (USNM); Sebec Lake, 4 (USBS); Katahdin Lake, 1 (USBS). Saga- dahoc Co.: Small Point Beach, 1 (Clev. MNH). Somerset County: east NortH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 435 branch Penobscot River, 2 (USBS). Washington County: Columbia Falls, 1 (USBS). MassacuHusetts: Essex County: Essex, 4 (Clev. MNH); abciaerr 4 (8 USBS, 1 USNM). Worchester County: Lunenberg, 2 (USBS); mi. S Ayer, 2 (MVZ); 2 mi. N Gilbertville, 1. New Brunswick: Charlotte County: 6 mi. N St. Andrews, 2 (NMC); 5 mi. N St. Andrews, 4 (NMC). Carleton County: Debec, 1 (MVZ). Glou- cester County: Dalhousie, 2 2 (MVZ); Miramichi Road, 15 mi. from Bathurst, 4 (NMC); Youghall, 3 (NMC). Madawaska County: ‘Baker Lake, 2 (NMC); 9 mi. NE ’Edmundston, 4 (NMC); 5 mi. N St. Leonard, 5 (NMC). Victoria Co.: Tobique Point, 1 (AMNH). York County: Queensbury, 1 (USBS). New HamepesuirE: Carroll County: Intervale, 1 (UM); Ossipee, 4 (8 USBS); 2 mi. S Ossipee, 12 (2 USNM). Coos County: "Nathan Pond, 1 (UM); Fabyans- Bretton Woods, Dartmouth Brook, 2 (UM); Fabyans, 1 (USNM); 38 mi. W Base Station, 1; Mt. Washington, aK MVZ); Pinkham Notch, 1900 ft., 1 (USNM). Grafton County: Franconia Notch, ae Lake, 1 (UM); Lebanon, 8 (UM). Strafford Co.: 1 mi. E Durham, 1 (UM). New York: Essex Co.: Keene Valley, 5 (MCZ); Keene Heights, 5 (MCZ); Minerva, 1700 ft., 1 (AMNH). Herkimer County: Northwood, 7 (AMNH). Rensselaer Co.: Berlin, 8 (AMNH). Schenectady County: Glenville, 1 (USBS). Warren County: Lake George, 5 (USBS). Washington County: Patterns Mills, 1 (USBS). Nova Scotia: Annapolis Co.: Bear River, 7 (NMC); Lake Kedgemakooge, 5 (UM); 2 mi. S Milford, 1 (AMNH). Kings Co.: Black River Dist., 1 (NMC); no exact locality, 1 (NMC). Shelburne County: Doctors Cove, N Barrington Passage, 1 (NMC); Barrington Passage, 4 (NMC). PRINCE EDWARD IsLAND: no exact locality, 1 (USBS). QvueEBEc: Ste. Anne des Monts, 1 (AMNH). VerRMonT: Addison County: Orwell, 1 (MCZ); Lamville County: Mt. Mansfield, 2 (USBS). Windham County: Whitingham, 2 (AMNH). Marginal records.—Quebec: Ste. Anne des Monts. New Brunswick: Dal- housie. Prince Edward Island. Nova Scotia: Black River District; Doctors Cove, N Barrington Passage. Maine: Columbia Falls; Small Point Beach. Massachusetts: Wilmington; 2 mi. N Gilbertville. New York: Berlin; North Wood; Keene Valley. Maine: E branch Penobscot River. New Brunswick: Baker Lake. Zapus hudsonius alascensis Merriam Zapus hudsonius alascensis Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 2:223, July 15, 1897. Zapus hudsonius hudsonius, Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 24:37, November 23, 1904. Type.—Male, adult, skin and skull, No. 73584, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biol. Surv. Coll.; Yakutat Bay, Alaska; obtained on July 5, 1895, by Clark P. Streator, original No. 4660. Range.—Alaska Peninsula, coastal section of mainland of southern and southeastern Alaska including Revillagigedo Island; also southwestern Yukon. See fig. 47. Zonal range: Canadian and Hudsonian. Description.—Size large; back from near Ochraceous-Tawny to near Dresden Brown, sometimes darkened with black tipped hair usually with darker mid- dorsal area forming a band; sides lighter than back and from near Ochraceous- Tawny to near Clay Color; lateral line usually distinct, of clear Ochraceous- Buff; belly white, frequently with a slight suffusion of Ochraceous-Buff; tail bicolored, brownish to brownish-black above, white to yellowish-white below; ears dark, edged and flecked on the inner surface with color of sides; feet gray- 436 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. ish-white above; auditory bullae broad and moderately inflated; pterygoid fossae relatively broad; incisive foramina relatively long, zygomata relatively long and broadly bowed; mastoid region relatively broad; distance from incisors to postpalatal notch relatively great; occipitalnasal length relatively great. Comparisons.—From Zapus hudsonius tenellus, Z. h. alascensis differs as follows: Size larger; upper parts darker, less ochraceous; sides duller, less ochraceous more tawny; incisive foramina averaging longer; mastoid region broader; occipitonasal length greater; zygomata wider-spreading and longer; condylobasal length averaging greater; auditory bullae less broadly rounded; and distance from incisors to postpalatal notch averaging greater. For comparison with Zapus hudsonius hudsonius see account of that sub- species. Remarks.—Zapus hudsonius alascensis is a fairly well marked subspecies retaining most of its characters throughout its range. Variation is noted in specimens from the southwest end of Deza- deash Lake, 2400 ft., Yukon Territory, and seems to be the result of intergradation between Zapus hudsonius hudsonius and Z. h. alas- censis. These animals are like Z. h. hudsonius in the shape of the auditory bullae but are otherwise more nearly like Z. h. alascensis to which they are here assigned. Alaskan specimens from 7 mi. SSE Haines, and from a point 9 mi. W and 4 mi. N Haines average slightly larger than Z. h. alascensis in most measurements taken; however, in coloration they more nearly agree with Z. h. alascensis than with Z. h. hudsonius or Z. h. tenellus the geographic ranges of which adjoin that of Z. h. alascensis. Specimens examined.—Total, 56, distributed as follows: AuaAsKA: Cook Inlet, Tyonek, 1 (USBS); head Chalitna River, 2 (USBS); Lake Clark, 4 (USBS); east side Chilkat River, 100 ft., 9 mi. W and 4 mi. N Haines, 8; Yakutat, 3 (USBS); Lake Iliamma, 1 (USBS); Lake Aleknagik, 1 (USBS); Kokwok, 1 (USBS); Nushagak River, 3 (USBS); Chilkat Peninsula, 10 ft., 7 mi. SSE Haines, 18; Nushagak, 3 (USBS); Chignik Bay, 1 (USBS); eee Cove, Revillagigedo, 1 (MVZ); Izembek Bay, 1 (USBS); Frosty Peak, LGUSBS): BritisH CoLuMBIA: west end Kelsall Lake, 2900 ft., 1; Stonehouse Creek, 2% mi. W junction Stonehouse Creek and Kelsall River, 4. Yuxon: SW end Dezadeash Lake, 2400 ft., 2. Marginal records.—Alaska: Lake Aleknagik; head Chalitna River. Yukon: SW end Dezadeash Lake, 2400 ft. Alaska: E side Chilkat River, 100 ft., 9 mi. W and 4 mi. N Haines; Portage Cove, Revillagigedo Island; Yakutat; Cook Inlet, Tyonek; Chignik Bay; Frosty Peak. Zapus hudsonius americanus (Barton) Dipus americanus Barton, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., 4:115, 1799. Jaculus americanus Wagler, Nat. Syst. Amphibien, 23, 1830. Meriones microcephalus Harlan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 1, 1839, based on two specimens from “the farm of Mr. Beck, in Philadelphia County, a few miles north-east of the city [= Philadelphia, Pennsylvania].” Jaculus hudsonius, Baird, Repts. Expl. and Surv. 111, 8 (pt. 1): 433, July 14, 1858 (part—the part from Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania). NorTH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 437 Zapus hudsonius, Coues, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. surv. of the territories, 2nd ser. No. 5:260, 1877 (part—the part from Massachusetts, Connecti- cut, New York, and Pennsylvania); Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:17, August 8, 1899 (part—the part from Peterboro and Waterville, New York, southeastern Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, and Ohio). Zapus hudsonius americanus, Batchelder, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 1:6, February 8, 1899; Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:19, August 8, 1899. Zapus hudsonius hardyi, Bole and Moulthrop, Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:165, September 11, 1942 (part—the part from New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania). Zapus hudsonius brevipes Bole and Moulthrop, Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:168, September 11, 1942, type from Bettsville, Seneca County, Ohio. Zapus hudsonius rafinesquei Bole and Moulthrop, Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:169, September 11, 1942 (part—the part from south- putesn Ohio), type from Cat Run, extreme southeastern Belmont County, Ohio. Type.—No type specimen designated. Dipus americanus was characterized from jumping mice obtained by Barton near the Schuylkill River, a few miles from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Range.—Southeastern United States and lower peninsula of Michigan; east of central Indiana; from central New York and Massachusetts southward to northern Georgia. See fig. 47. Zonal range: Austroriparian (Lower Austral), Carolinian (Upper Austral), Alleghanian (Transition), and Canadian. Description —Size small; back from near Light Ochraceous-Buff to near Ochraceous-Buff with admixture of black-tipped hair forming distinct dorsal band; sides bright, lighter than back from near Light Ochraceous-Buff to near Ochraceous-Buff; lateral line usually distinct and of color of sides; underparts white, sometimes with slight suffusion of color of sides; tail bicolored, brown to brownish-black above, yellowish-white to grayish-white below; ears narrowly edged and heavily flecked with color of sides; feet white to grayish-white above; skull short; braincase relatively narrow; incisive foramina relatively broad; skull relatively narrow across zygomata; interorbital region relatively broad; distance from incisors to postpalatal notch relatively short; auditory bullae relatively small. Comparisons —Compared with Zapus hudsonius canadensis, Z. h. ameri- canus differs as follows: Smaller; paler (in a sense brighter because more ochraceous and less tawny); skull smaller; auditory bullae narrower, less in- flated; incisive foramina relatively more bowed; condylobasal length averaging less. From Zapus hudsonius intermedius, Z. h. americanus differs as follows: Smaller; color brighter, more ochraceous, less yellow; braincase relatively nar- rower; auditory bullae usually smaller; incisive foramina broader; inferior ramus of zygomatic process of maxillary usually with median projection; interorbital region averaging broader. For comparison with Zapus hudsonius acadicus see account of that sub- species. Remarks.—Intergradation with Zapus hudsonius acadicus occurs in southeastern New York as indicated by a series of 25 specimens from Peterboro. They resemble Z. h. acadicus in width of the mas- 438 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. toid region and relatively longer tooth-row, but in the size and shape of the auditory bullae, width of the pterygoid fossae, and lighter, brighter, color of the sides they are more nearly like Z. h. americanus to which they are here referred. Intergradation between Z. h. americanus and Z. h. acadicus is indicated also by specimens from Lawyersville and Schoharie, New York. In animals from both localities the length of the zygomata and the breadth of the mastoid region are more nearly as in Z. h. acadicus, but in size and shape of the auditory bullae, over-all length of the skull, color of the ears, and general color of the pelage they are more nearly like Z. h. americanus to which they are here referred. Specimens from western Pennsylvania, judged to be Z. h. hud- sonius by Preble (1899:17), and those from northwestern Pennsyl- vania and northeastern Ohio, allocated to Z. h. hardyi (= acadicus) by Bole and Moulthrop (1942:165), are more nearly like Z. h. americanus in size and shape of the auditory bullae, short zygomata, relatively narrow mastoid region, and color of pelage. Specimens from the lower peninsula of Michigan, northeastern Indiana, and northwestern Ohio, described by Bole and Moulthrop (op. cit.:168) as belonging to a new subspecies (Zapus hudsonius brevipes), are to me indistinguishable from most specimens of Z. h. americanus. The characters which Bole and Moulthrop (loc. cit.) ascribe to Z. h. brevipes—color bright Ochraceous-Buff, tail and hind feet short, and skull narrow—are also those of Z. h. ameri- canus. Specimens from various localities in southeastern Ohio, all within the range ascribed by Bole and Moulthrop (op. cit.:169) to Zapus hudsonius rafinesquei, are indistinguishable from specimens of Z. h. americanus from eastern Tennessee, West Virginia, North Carolina, and Maryland. Zapus hudsonius rafinesquei (at least that part from southeastern Ohio) is indistinguisable from Z. h. americanus and therefore is synonymized under Z. h. americanus. Specimens from Lagrange County, Indiana, show intergradation between Zapus hudsonius intermedius and Z. h. americanus in the color of the pelage but are more nearly like Z. h. americanus to which they are here referred. One from Porter County, Indiana, is more nearly like Z. h. intermedius in size and shape of the bullae and in breadth of the pterygoid fossae but in color and degree of lateral bowing of the zygomata is better placed with Z. h. ameri- canus. ‘\ NortH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 439 Z. h. americanus is a wide ranging subspecies. Animals at the northern periphery of the range (lower peninsula of Michigan to the west and southeastern Massachusetts to the east) are largest and darkest; to the southward there is a progressive reduction in size and a change to a lighter, brighter color. Animals from Mary- land, Virginia, and North Carolina are more nearly average repre- sentatives of the subspecies than are those from the region of the type locality. A jumping mouse allegedly of this subspecies has been recorded by Coleman (1941:91) from Caesars Head, 300 ft., South Carolina. This specimen and one from Athens, Georgia, provide the south- easternmost record-stations of occurrence for the species Z. hud- sonius. Specimens examined.—Total, 318, distributed as follows: Connecticut: Hartford County: Windsor, 1 (USBS); East Hartford, 2 (MCZ). Litchfield County: Sharon, 3 (AMNH); Macedonia Park, 2 (AMNH). Middlesex County: Clinton, 1 (AMNH). Windham County: South Woodstock, 10 (AMNH); Pomfret, near Hampton line, 1. Georcia: Clarke Co.: Athens, 1 (USBS). InpIANA: Lagrange Co.: no exact locality, 2 (UM). Porter Co.: Mineral Springs, 1 (FM); no exact locality, 1 (FM). MaryYLANb: Anne Arundel County: Patuxent Research Refuge, 1 (USBS). Charles County: no exact locality, 1 (USBS). Garrett Co.: Finzel, 6 mi. N Frostburg, 1 (USBS). Montgomery County: Sandy Springs, 2 (USBS); Kensington, 1 (USNM); Cabin John Bridge, 2 (1 USBS; 1 USNM). Prince Georges County: Laurel, 8 (USNM); Branchville, 1 (USBS); College Park, 1. Worchester County: Assateagus, 5 mi. S Ocean City, 1 (USBS). MassacHusEtts: Barnstable County: West Falmouth, 1 (USBS). Bristol County: Raynham, 1 (Clev. MNH). Dukes County: Marthas Vineyard, 1 (USBS); West Chop, Marthas Vineyard, 1 (Clev. MNH). Nantucket County: Nantucket Island, 1 (USNM). Plymouth County: Middleboro, 1 (USNM); Plymouth, 1 (UM); Marshfield, 6 (USBS); Wareham, 8 (1 Clev. MNH; 2 UM). Micuican: Alcona Co.: 2 mi. S Harrisville, 2 (UM). Allegan Co.: near junction Swan Creek and Kalamozoo River, 83 (UM). Berrien Co.: Warren Woods, 2 (UM); Three Oaks, 1 (UM). Charlevoix Co.: Thumb Lake, 1 (UM); Section 1 Norwood Township, 1 (UM); Boyne Falls, 12 (UM); 2 mi. S Boyne Falls, 2 (UM). Cheboygan Co.: Douglas Lake, 2 (UM). Clin- ton Co.: 2 mi. SE DeWitt, 1 (UM). Emmet Co.: Maple River, near Douglas Lake, 1 (UM). Huron Co.: Rush Lake, 1 (UM). Kalamazoo Co.: no exact locality, 1 (UM). Lake Co.: 1 mi. NW Chase, 1 (UM). Livingston Co.: George Reserve, Pinckney, 2 (UM); Upper Whitewood Lake, 1 (UM); White- more Lake, 1 (UM); Portage Lake, 3 (UM). Mason Co.: 9 mi. N Ludington, 1 (UM). Midland Co.: Sanford, 1 (UM). Montmorency Co.: T. 32N, R. 1E, Sec. 80,1 (UM). Muskegon Co.: 4 mi. NW North Muskegon, 2 (UM). Oakland Co.: Bloomfield, 1 (UM); no exact locality, 1 (UM). Otsego Co.: Pigeon River, 1 (UM); T. 32N, R. 1W, Sec. 25, 1 (UM); Waters, 1. Ros- common Co.: T. 24N, R. 2W, Sec. 2,1 (UM). Shiawassee Co.: % mi. NE Byron, 5 (UM); % mi. S Byron, 2 (UM); 2 mi. SE Byron, 1 (UM); 3 mi. SW Byron, 1 (UM). Van Buren Co.: Van Auken Lake, 1 (UM). Washtenaw County: Whitmore Lake, 1 (UM); 2 mi. W Cherry Hill, 1 (UM); Ann Arbor, 7 (UM); 2 mi. E Ann Arbor, 2 (UM); Willow Run Village, 1 (UM). 440 Universiry oF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. New Jersey: Bergen County: Harrington Park, 1 (AMNH); Englewood, 1 (USNM). Cape May County: Mays Landing, 3 (Clev. MNH). Morris County: Mendham, 1 (AMNH). Ocean County: Tuckerton, 3 (USBS). New York: Broome Co.: 5 mi. N Binghamton, 2 (USNM). Cayuga County: E Aurora, 1 (USBS). Greene County: Catskills, 4 (USNM); Kaater- skill Junction, 1 (USNM). Madison County: Peterboro, 25 (2 MCZ; 19 USNM; 4 Clev. MNH). Nassau County: Locust Grove, 3 (USNM). Orange Co.: Cranberry Pond, 840 ft., Highland, 2 (USNM). Otsego County: Lake Charlotte, 1 (AMNH). (Queens County: Woodside, Long Island, 1 (USNM); near Forest Hills, Long Island, 1 (AMNH); Ray Nu Beach, Long Island, 1 (USNM). Rockland County: Tappan, 1 (AMNH). _ Schoharie County: Lawyersville, 1 (AMNH); Schoharie, 1 (AMNH). Suffolk County: Montauk Point, Long Island, 8 (USBS). Tioga County: Owego, 1 (USBS). West- chester Co.: Bedford, 1 (AMNH). Nortu Carotina: Buncombe County: Weaverville, 1 (AMNH). Chero- kee Co.: Martin Creek, 2 (UM). Mitchell County: Roan Mountain, 2 (USBS). Wake County: Raleigh, 5 (3 USNM; 1 UM; 1 NCS). Onto: Carroll Co.: Carrollton, 2 (UM). Cuyahoga County: Big Creek, Brookside Park, 1 (Clev. MNH); Dover, 1 (Clev. MNH); Rocky River Metr. Park, 3 (Clev. MNH); North Olmstead, 1 (Clev. MNH). Erie Co.: Milan, 1 (Clev. MNH); Mill Hollow, Vermillion River, 1 (Cleyv. MNH). Lake Co.: Holden Arboretum, 3 (Clev. MNH). Meigs Co.: Portland Station, 1 (Clev. MNH). Seneca Co.: Bettsville, 4 (Clev. MNH); Old Fort Seneca, 4 (Clev. Tue ae 1 (Clev. MNH). Wayne Co.: Wooster, 1 (UM); Craighton, 1 (UM). PENNSYLVANIA: Beaver Co.: 1 mi. NE Darlington, 1 (CM); 2 mi. E In- dustry, 1 (CM); 4 mi. E Frankfort, 2 (CM). Bedford Co.: 1 mi. NE Oster- burg, 1 (CM). Berks Co.: 2 mi. W Strausstown, 1 (USNM). Bradford Co.: % mi. NNW Wyalusing, 2 (CM). Bucks Co.: 2 mi. N New Britain, 1 (CM). Butler Co.: Thorn Creek, 4 mi. S Butler, 4 (CM); 2 mi. E Middle Lancaster, 1 (CM); Orphans Home, 2 mi. E Mars, 2 (CM). Cambria Co.: 2% mi. S Patton, 1750 ft., 1 (CM); 5% mi. NE Ebensburg, 1 (CM). Centre Co.: 2, mi. E Snowshoe, 2 (CM). Chester Co.: 2 mi. S West Chester, 1 (CM). Clinton Co.: Tamarack, 9 mi. NNW Renovo, 1 (CM). Crawford Co.: Pymatuning Lake, 3 (Clev. MNH). Erie Co.: 4% mi. SW [town of] North East; 2 (CM); East Springfield, 1 (CM). Fulton Co.: 1% mi. NE Warfords- burg, 580 ft., 1 (CM). Huntington Co.: 6% mi. S Shade Gap, 2 (CM). In- diana Co.: % mi. E Indiana, 1320 ft., 2 (CM). Lebanon Co.: 1% mi. SE Cornwall, 800 ft., 1 (CM). Mercer Co.: 2% mi. W Mercer, 2 (CM); 5 mi. S Mercer, 1 (CM). Monroe Co.: Pocene Lake, 1 (CM). Pike Co.: Bruce Lake, 1 (CM). Potter Co.: Woodcock Run, 7% mi. WSW Ulysses, 2 (CM). Sommerset County: 4 mi. SW Somerset, 2100 ft., 2 (CM); New Lexington, 1 (USBS). Susquehanna Co.: 10 mi. NNW Montrose, 1 (CM). Union Co.: Glen Iron, 2 (CM). Warren Co.: Bensons Swamp, 5 mi. E Columbus, 1 (USNM); Miles Run, 5 mi. NW Pittsfield, 1 (CM); 1% mi. N Pittsfield, 1 (CM); 2% mi. N Kinzua, 2 (CM); 2 mi. N Kinzua, 1 (CM). ( Haas Carter Co.: 3 mi. SSW Roan Mountain (town), 2900 ft., 1 UM). Vircinia: Amelia Co.: Amelia, 1 (UM). Elizabeth City County: Near Hampton, 2 (UM). Fairfax County: Fall Church, 4 (2 USNM; 2 USBS); opposite Plummers Island, Maryland, 1 (USNM). Highland Co.: Laurel Park, 9 mi. NNW Monterey, 3100 ft., 4 (UM). Nelson Co.: no exact locality, 5 (USNM). Norfolk County: Deep Creek, 1 (USBS). Page Co.: no exact locality, 1 (USNM). Smyth Co.: Sugar Grove, 1 (UM); % mi. E Konnarock, 2800 ft., 1 (UM). Washington Co.: Konnarock, 2900 ft., 1 (UM). ‘ Baas D. C.: Chevy Chase, 1 (USBS); no exact locality, 4 (8 USNM; West Vircinia: Monongalia Co.: Morgantown, 6. Marginal records.—Michigan: Douglas Lake; Bloomfield. New York: E Aurora; Peterboro; Catskills. Connecticut: Sharon; South Woodstock. Massa- NortH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 441 chusetts: Middleboro. New Jersey: Tuckerton. Maryland: Assateagus, 5 mi. S Ocean City. North Carolina: Raleigh. Georgia: Athens. Indiana: Mineral Springs. Michigan: 9 mi. N Ludington. Zapus hudsonius campestris Preble Zapus hudsonius campestris Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:20, August 8, 1899. Type.—Male, adult, No. 65872 U. S. Nat. Mus., Biol. Surv. Coll.; Bear Lodge Mt’s [Crook County], Wyoming; obtained on June 21, 1894, by B. H. Dutcher, original No. 600. Range.—Southeastern Montana, southwestern South Dakota, and_north- eastern Wyoming. See fig. 47. Zonal range: Transition. Description.—Size large; back from near Ochraceous-Tawny to near Ochra- ceous-Buff with admixture of black tipped hair forming distinct dorsal band; sides lighter than back, from near Ochraceous-Buff to near Yellow Ocher with black hair interspersed; lateral line usually distinct, of clear Ochraceous-Buff; belly white, usually with moderate suffusion of Ochraceous-Buff; tail bicolored, brownish to brownish-black above, grayish-white to yellowish-white below; ears dark, edged with Ochraceous-Buff; feet grayish-white above; auditory bullae large, well inflated; incisive foramina long and usually truncate at posterior border; pterygoid fossae broad; zygomata relatively wide-spread and long; large medial projection on inferior ramus of zygomatic process of maxillary; condylobasal length and occipitonasal length relatively great; mastoid region and palatal region relatively broad; interparietal bone usually broad. Comparisons.—From Zapus hudsonius pallidus, Z. h. campestris differs as follows: Coloration darker (more black and yellow but less orange); averaging larger in all measurements taken except in least interorbital constriction and distance from incisors to postpalatal notch which are slightly larger and breadth across zygomatic arches which is same; zygomatic arch heavier; incisive fora- mina larger; interparietal bone broader. Compared with Zapus hudsonius intermedius, Z. h. campestris differs as follows: Coloration more tawny and ochraceous, less yellow; auditory bullae averaging larger, more inflated; condylobasal length averaging greater; zygo- mata averaging more wide-spread and longer; distance from incisors to post- palatal notch averaging longer; mastoid region broader; incisive foramina longer and more truncate posteriorly. From Zapus hudsonius hudsonius, Z. h. campestris differs as follows: Size larger; color lighter, more ochraceous, less tawny; occipitonasal length aver- aging greater; mastoid region broader; zygomata averaging longer; zygomatic arch more widely bowed; distance from incisors to postpalatal notch averaging longer; incisive foramina longer; auditory bullae broader, more inflated. For comparison with Zapus hudsonius preblei see account of that subspecies. Remarks.—Animals from the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming are thought of as most characteristic of this geographic race. Intergradation is noted with Zapus hudsonius pallidus and is discussed in the account of that subspecies. Specimens examined.—Total, 66, distributed as follows: Montana: Big Horn County: Rotten Grass Creek, north base Big Horn Mts., 2 (USBS); Little Big Horn River, 2 mi. from Wyoming line, 1 (USBS). SoutH Dakota: Custer County: Custer, 3 (USNM); Bull Springs, 6 (Clev. MNH); Beaver Creek, Wind Cave Nat'l Park, 1 (UM); Wind Cave Nat’l Park 442 University OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. Game Ranch, Cold Spring Creek, Wind Cave Nat'l Park, 2 (UM); Pennington County: Rapid Creek, 2 mi. W Pactola, 4800 ft., 3 (UM); Castle Creek, R. 2E, T. 1N, 6500 ft., 3 (UM); Nelsons Place, 8 mi. SE Hill City, 6 (UM); Palmer naan ; mi. SE Hill City, 3 (UM); Palmer Gulch, 9 (FM); no definite locality, 4 (UM). Wyominc: Crook County: Devils Tower, flood plain Belle Fourche River, 3350 ft., 1 (USBS); Bear Lodge Mts., 4 (USBS); 15 mi. N Sundance, Black Hills Nat'l Forest, 5500 ft., 2; 3 mi. NW Sundance, 5900 ft., 17; Sundance, 2 (USBS). Weston Co.: 1% mi. E Buckhorn, 6150 ft., 5. Marginal records—Montana: Rotten Grass Creek, N base Big Horn Mts. South Dakota: Nelsons Place, 3 mi. SE Hill City; Wind Cave Nat'l Park Game Ranch, Cold Spring Creek. Wyoming: 1% mi. E Buckhorn, 6150 ft. Zapus hudsonius canadensis (Davies ) Dipus canadensis Davies, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 4:157, 1798. Zapus hudsonius hudsonius, Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:17, August 8, 1899 (part—the part from Ontario). Zapus hudsonius canadensis, Batchelder, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 1:5, February 8, 1899 (part—the part from Quebec); Anderson, Rept. Provancher Soc. Nat. Hist., Quebec, 1941:35-37, July 14, 1942 (part— the part from Quebec excepting the Gaspé Peninsula). Zapus hudsonius ontarioensis Anderson, Ann. Rept. Provancher Soc. Nat. Hist., Quebec, 1942:59, September 7, 1948, type from Pancake Bay (Batchawana Bay) southeast end of Lake Superior, Algoma District, about 40 miles northeast of Sault Ste-Marie, Ontario. Type.—No type specimen designated, subspecies characterized on the basis of two specimens obtained by Major General Thomas Davies within a few miles of the city of Quebec. Range.—Eastern Ontario and western Quebec from Hudson Bay southward to the Great Lakes and into northwestern New York. See fig. 47. Zonal range: Transition and Canadian. Description —Size medium; back from near Clay Color to near Cinnamon- Buff with admixture of black hair usually forming a dorsal band; sides from near Clay Color to near Cinnamon-Buff and lighter than back; lateral line usually distinct, and clear Cinnamon-Buff; belly white, sometimes with slight suffusion of Cinnamon-Buff mid-ventrally; tail bicolored, brownish to brownish- black above, grayish-white to yellowish-white below; ears dark, sometimes flecked with color of the sides, edged with Cinnamon-Buff; feet grayish-white above; auditory bullae large, relatively broad and flat; incisive foramina rela- tively short and narrow, widest posteriorly; zygomata not widely bowed out- ward; mastoid region relatively wide; frontal region well inflated; nasals rela- tively narrow, short, and parallel sided. Comparisons.—From Zapus hudsonius hudsonius, Z. h. canadensis differs as follows: Upper parts generally dull averaging lighter, less black tipped hair; sides also lighter with less suffusion of dark hair; frontal region more in- flated; mastoid region averaging broader; auditory bullae broader; distance from incisors to postpalatal notch averaging slightly longer. For comparison with Zapus hudsonius acadicus, Zapus hudsonius ladas, and Zapus hudsonius americanus see accounts of those subspecies. Remarks.—Bole and Moulthrop (1942:165) refer 2 specimens from Elba, New York, to Z. h. hardyi (= acadicus); they are more nearly like Z. h. canadensis in size and shape of the auditory bullae NortH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 443 and general color of the pelage. A specimen from Spectacle Pond, New York, has the narrow pterygoid fossae and relatively narrow auditory bullae of Z. h. acadicus and the relatively short, narrow incisive foramina, inflated frontal region, and color of Z. h. cana- densis to which the specimen is here referred. Intergradation is noted also in animals from Schreiber, Ontario. They resemble Zapus hudsonius hudsonius in their darker coloration and shape of auditory bullae but in the remainder of the characters studied re- semble Z. h. canadensis to which they are referred. Specimens from Notre Dame de la Dore and % mi. N Mistassini Post, Quebec, in size and shape of the auditory bullae and in width of the ptery- goid fossae, closely approach Z. h. ladas but in color, distinct dorsal band, and in narrower zygomata are all nearest Z. h. canadensis to which subspecies they are here referred. Zapus hudsonius ontarioensis Anderson (1942:59) from eastern Ontario was based chiefly, in comparison with Z. h. canadensis, upon, “dorsal stripe less distinct and sides somewhat duller yellowish with more admixture of blackish hairs.” Examination of 68 of the 69 specimens from the type locality shows that 58 are subadult and in subadult pelage. Individuals which are adult are indistinguish- able in color of pelage and in cranial features from comparable ma- terial from southern Quebec. Z. h. ontarioensis is, therefore, con- sidered to be a synonym of Z. h. canadensis. Specimens examined.—Total, 123, distributed as follows: New York: Franklin Co.: Spectacle Pond, Brighton Township, 2 (AMNH). Genesee Co.: Elba, 2 (Clev. MNH). Ontario: Schreiber, 2 (NMC); Franz, 5 (MVZ); Pancake Bay, Algoma District, 68 (NMC); Maclennan, Algoma District, 3 (ROM); Cache Lake, Algonquin Park, 1 (MVZ); Experimental Farm, Ottawa, 1 (NMC); Dows Swamp, Ottawa, 1 (NMC); Apple Hill, 1 (NMC); Clear Lake, Arden, 1 (NMC); Athens, 1 (NMC); Aurora, 4 (Clev. MNH); Pattageville, Toronto, 1; Lorne Park, Toronto, 1 (NMC); Credit, 2 (NMC); Pickering, 1 (MVZ); Preston, 1 (NMC); St. Thomas, 1 (NMC). QueBEc: Notre Dame de la Dore, 3 (NMC); % mi. N Mistassini Post, 1 (NMC); Lake Albanel, 1 (NMC); St. Felicien, 3 (NMC); Valcartier, 8 (NMC); Kiamika Lake, 4 (NMC); Ste. Veronique, 2 (NMC); Val Jalbert, 2 (NMC); St. Methode, 1 (NMC). Marginal records—Quebec: % mi. N Mistassini Post; Valcartier. New York: Spectacle Pond, Brighton Township; Elba. Ontario: St. Thomas; Pan- cake Bay, Algoma Dist.; Franz; Schreiber. Quebec: Kiamika Lake. Zapus hudsonius hudsonius (Zimmerman ) Dipus hudsonius Zimmerman, Geog. Geschichte d Menschen u. vierfussigen Thiere, 2:358, 1780. Dipus labradorius Kerr, Animal Kingdom:276 (based on the Labrador Jerboid Rat of Pennant, 1781—but Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:11, August 8, 1899, states that the specimen came from Hudson Bay), 1792. Gerbillus canadensis, Desmarest, Mammalogie, 2:321, 1822. Gerbillus labradorius, Harlan, Fauna Amer., p. 157, 1825. 444 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. Meriones labradorius, Richardson, Fauna Boreali-Americana, 1:144, 1829. Jaculus labradorius Wagner, Suppl. Schreber’s Saugthiere, 3:294, 1843. Zapus hudsonius hudsonius, Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:15, August 8, 1899 (part—the part from Northwest Territory, Ontario, Michigan, northern Wisconsin and northern Minnesota). cae adel alascensis, Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 19:38, October 6, Type.—Type specimen not known to be in existence; from Hudson Bay, locality now considered to be Fort Severn, Ontario (see Anderson, 1942:37). Range.—Central Alaska southeastward to central Ontario, northern Minne- sota, northern Wisconsin, and upper peninsula of Michigan. See fig. 47. Zonal range: Hudsonian, Canadian, and into Transition. Description.—Size medium; back dark, from near Tawny-Olive to near Cin- namon with heavy admixture of black hair forming dorsal band; sides lighter than back and from near Tawny-Olive to near Cinnamon, sometimes with admixture of black hair giving sides streaked appearance; lateral line usually distinct, clear Ochraceous-Buff; underparts white, sometimes with slight suffusion of Ochra- ceous-Buff; tail bicolored, brown to brownish-black above, grayish-white to yellowish-white below; ears dark, usually edged with ochraceous; feet grayish- white above; incisive foramina relatively short and broadly rounded; zygomata relatively short; braincase relatively broad; auditory bullae flat, long, and relatively broad; pterygoid fossae relatively narrow; nasals relatively broad and short. Comparisons —From Zapus hudsonius alascensis, Z. h. hudsonius differs as follows: upper parts generally darker, more black tipped hair; sides darker with greater suffusion of dark hair; lateral line brighter, more distinct; size averaging smaller; zygomatic arches less bowed outward; distance from in- cisors to postpalatal notch shorter; zygomata shorter; occipitonasal length less; mastoid region narrower. From Zapus hudsonius intermedius, Z. h. hudsonius differs in: color darker, more tawny dorsally; sides averaging darker, more black-tipped hairs; size averaging larger; braincase averaging broader; distance from incisors to post- palatal notch averaging slightly shorter; zygomata averaging longer; mastoid region averaging broader; incisive foramina averaging shorter. From Zapus hudsonius tenellus, Z. h. hudsonius differs as follows: upper parts averaging darker; tail averaging shorter; condylobasal length averaging more; braincase averaging broader; auditory bullae broader and less inflated; interparietal averaging broader; incisive foramina more broadly rounded and averaging longer. For comparison with Zapus hudsonius canadensis and Zapus hudsonius campestris see accounts of those subspecies. Remarks.—Preble (1899:16) had available for study five speci- mens of Zapus hudsonius hudsonius from Hudson Bay. Four were preserved in alcohol and one as an incomplete skin (prepared from an alcoholic specimen). All were unreliable for comparative pur- poses owing to the effects of the preservative. Preble, therefore, (loc. cit.) selected as a fairly typical sample a series of specimens from Tower, St. Louis County, Minnesota; these formed the basis of NortH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 445 comparison between Z. h. hudsonius and other subspecies of Zapus hudsonius. Now that additional material (well prepared skins and skulls) is available from the Hudson Bay region and from other localities in northern and western Canada it is evident that the specimens from Tower, although here considered to be Z. h. hud- sonius, are not typical Z. h. hudsonius but are intergrades between hudsonius and specimens of Zapus hudsonius intermedius. Com- parisons made in the present account are based on specimens from the vicinity of Hudson Bay (Fort Severen, Ontario, York Factory, Shamatawa River, and Robinson Portage, Manitoba). These indi- viduals are considered typical of this subspecies. With these new data available the range of Z. h. hudsonius is now understood to in- clude all of the region from eastern Alaska to the northern parts of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. Intergradation between Zapus hudsonius canadensis and Z. h. hudsonius is noted in specimens from 30 mi. NE Port Arthur and also in those from Silver Islet, Thunder Cape, Ontario. These indi- viduals resemble Z. h. canadensis in size and shape of the auditory bullae and in the shape of the nasals, but in their darker coloration, broadly rounded incisive foramina, and relatively narrow pterygoid fossae they are more nearly like Z. h. hudsonius to which they are here referred. Specimens from Minaki, Ontario, are tending toward. Zapus hudsonius intermedius in lighter coloration but in the size and shape of the auditory bulla, size and shape of the incisive foramina, and in the width of the pterygoid fossae they are more nearly like Z. h. hudsonius to which they are here referred. Specimens from various localities in Menominee County, Michigan, are like Z. h. intermedius in shape of the incisive foramina and shape of the postpalatal notch, but in color of pelage, size and shape of the auditory bullae, and breadth of the pterygoid fossae they closely resemble Z. h. hudsonius. In Wisconsin, intergradation occurs in color and in cranial char- acters in specimens from Mercer, Solon Spring, and in a single individual from Basswood Lake. All these specimens, however, are best referable to Z. h. hudsonius. Specimens from one mile southwest of Fairbanks and from Fairbanks, Alaska, show intergradation with Zapus hudsonius alas- censis in coloration (more brown, less black), but in small size, short, broadly rounded incisive foramina, and in size and shape of the auditory bullae are nearest to Z. h. hudsonius to which they are here assigned. 7—1128 446 UnIversiry OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. Intergradation with Zapus hudsonius alascensis is noted also in specimens from McIntyre Creek, Yukon. They are like Z. h. alas- censis in the size and shape of the auditory bullae and in the more elongate incisive foramina, but in the coloration, size of the pterygoid fossae, and breadth of the braincase are more nearly like Z. h. hud- sonius and are here referred to this geographic race. In British Columbia, in specimens from 1 mi. NW junction of Irons Creek and Laird River as well as in those from Hot Springs, 3 mi. WNW junction of Trout River and Laird River, and in those from % mi. S of the junction of the same rivers, three way intergradation occurs. These animals are like Zapus hudsonius alascensis in color and in length of tail. They agree with Zapus hudsonius tenellus in shape of nasals. In degree of inflation of auditory bullae, in length and width of incisive foramina, and in shape of pterygoid fossae they are as in Z. h. hudsonius to which they are here assigned. Specimens examined.—Total, 230, distributed as follows: ALASKA: Fairbanks, 1 (USNM); 1 mi. SW Fairbanks, 440 ft., 1. ALBERTA: Conibear Lake, Wood Buffalo Park, 1 (NMC); Assineau River, 1920 ft., 10 mi. E and 1 mi. N Kinuso, 1; Mountain Rapid, Athabasca River, 1 (USBS); Brule Rapid, Athabasca River, 1 (USBS); 25 mi. above Pelican Rapid, Athabasca River, 1 (USBS); Lac la Nonne, 7 (NMC); Swift Current, Athabasca River, 1 (USBS); junction Lac la Biche River and Athabasca River, 1 (USBS); 30 mi. above Athabasca Landing, Athabasca River, 1 (USBS). BritisH CoLuMBIA: 1 mi. NW junction Irons Creek and Laird River, 3; Hot Springs, 3 mi. WNW junction Trout River and Laird River, 1; % mi. S junction Trout River and Laird River, 1. Manirosa: York Factory, 2 (USBS); Shamatawa River, 1 (USBS); Oxford House, 15 (USBS); Robinson Portage, 4 (USBS); Echamamish, 1 (USBS); Norway House, 1 (USBS); Swan River, 1 (NMC); Bird, 1 (NMC); Aimie Lake, 2 (NMC); Albert’s Lake, Flin Flon, 2 (NMC); Portage La Prairie Prov., Delta, 1 (UM). MACKENZIE District: Fort Resolution, 3 (USBS); Fort Smith, 8 (USBS). MicHicaN: Chippewa Co.: Marquette Nat'l Forest, 4; no exact locality, 2. Gogebic Co.: Mud Lake, & mi. SE Thousand Island Lake, 2. Keweenaw Co.: Lake Manganese, 1 mi. SSE Copper Harbor, 5 (UM); 24% mi. SE Copper Harbor, 8 (UM); 5 mi. E Eagle Harbor, 6 (UM); E end Lake Upson, 3 (UM); Bete Grise,5 (UM). Marquette County: Michigamme, 3 (2 USBS). Menom- inee Co.: 8 mi. N Hermansville, 6 (UM); 6 mi. NW Banat, 8 (UM); 5 mi. SW Banat, 8 (UM); 8 mi. SW Banat, 2 (UM); 7 mi. E Stephenson, 3 (UM); 8 mi. WSW Stephenson, 2 (UM); 10 mi. W Stephenson, 2 (UM); 13 mi. WSW Stephenson, 2 (UM); 5 mi. N Menominee, 2 (UM). Minnesota: Lake Co.: Splitrock River, 2 (UM); St. Louis County: Tower, 27 (USBS). Ontario: Fort Severn, Kenora District, 6 (ROM); Minaki, 7 (MVZ); 30 mi. NE Port Arthur, 6 (UM); Silver Islet, Thunder Bay District, 4 (NMC); 20 mi. SW Fort Williams, 8 (UM); 20 mi. SE Fort Williams, 1 (UM). SASKATCHEWAN: Emma Lake, 3 (ROM). Wisconsin: Bayfield County: Herbster, 4 (USBS); Brinks Camp, Wash- burn, 1 (AMNH); Basswood Lake, 10 mi. SE Iron River, 1 (USBS). Douglas County: Solon Springs, 9 (USBS). Forest County: Crandon, 1 (USBS). Iron County: Mercer, 2 (USBS). Oneida County: Crescent Lake, 2 (USBS). Vilas County: Mamie Lake, 2 (USBS); Lake St. Germain, 9 (USBS). NortH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 447 Yuxon: Lake Lebarge, 3 (USBS); Forks of MacMillian River, 1 (USBS); McIntyre Creek, 2250 ft., 8 mi. NW Whitehorse, 4. Marginal records.—Alaska: Fairbanks. MacKenzie: Ft. Resolution. Mani- toba: York Factory. Ontario: Fort Severn, Kenora District; Silver Islet, Thunder Day Dist. Michigan: Marquette Nat’l Forest; 5 mi. N Menominee. Wisconsin: Crandon; Solon Springs. Minnesota: Tower. Manitoba: Portage la Prairie Prov., Delta. Saskatchewan: Emma Lake. Alberta: 80 mi. above Athabasca Landing, Athabasca River; Lac la Nonne. British Columbia: 1 mi. NW junction Irons Creek and Laird River. Yukon: McIntyre Creek, 2250 ft., 8 mi. NW Whitehorse; Lake. Lebarge. Zapus hudsonius intermedius new subspecies Type.—Male, adult, No. 83400, Univ. Michigan Mus. Zool.; Ridgeway, Winneshiek County, Iowa; obtained on July 22, 1989, by S. A. Hoslett, original No. 517. Range.—Eastern Montana, North Dakota, probably northern South Dakota, all but northern parts of Minnesota and Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, southwestern Indiana, and western Kentucky. See fig. 47. Zonal range: Upper Austral (Upper Sonoran and Carolinian) and Transition (Alleghanian and Transition). Description.—Size medium; back from near Warm Buff to near Ochraceous- Buff with admixture of hair tipped with black or dark brown usually forming distinct, broad, dorsal band; sides lighter, from near Warm Buff to near Ochra- ceous-Buff with sparse mixture of dark-tipped hairs; lateral line often poorly marked but when present of clear Ochraceous-Buff; belly white, sometimes with slight suffusion of color of sides; tail bicolored, grayish-brown to brownish- black above, white to grayish-white or yellowish-white below; ears dark, nar- rowly edged with color of sides; feet white to grayish-white above; tail relatively short; lateral margins of nasals parallel; auditory bullae relatively short, broadly rounded, and moderately inflated; incisive foramina relatively long and narrow; pterygoid fossae relatively narrow; zygomata relatively long; inferior ramus of zygomatic process of maxillary frequently lacking a median projection. Comparisons.—From Zapus hudsonius pallidus, Z. h. intermedius differs as follows: Coloration duller, not so bright, more yellow or buff and less bright Ochraceous-Buff; interorbital region averaging narrower; incisive foramina aver- aging longer and narrower; condylobasal length averaging greater; braincase averaging broader; mastoid region averaging broader. For comparisons with Zapus hudsonius hudsonius, Zapus hudsonius campes- tris, and Zapus hudsonius americanus see accounts of those subspecies. Remarks.—Zapus hudsonius intermedius has a large geographic range. There is some variation detectable when individuals from widely separate localities are compared, but where there is much variation it is obviously the result of intergradation. All characters differentiating Z. h. intermedius from any contiguous subspecies are not present in every specimen even in the type series. Nevertheless, a certain series of cranial characters (narrow incisive foramina, short rounded auditory bullae, parallel lateral margins of nasals and narrow pterygoid fossae) is diagnostic. Animals obtained from extreme southwestern Indiana and from eastern Illinois approach Z. h. americanus in color and in shape of 448 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. the incisive foramina, but in the shape of the nasals, width of the pterygoid fossae and breadth of the zygomata are most nearly like Z. h. intermedius to which they are here referred. Specimens from Lake and Kane counties, Illinois, also show affinity with Z. h. ameri- canus in color, but cranially are most nearly like Z. h. intermedius and are assigned to that subspecies. Two specimens from southern Illinois (Perry County) are inter- grades between Z. h. pallidus and Z. h. intermedius. Cockrum and Baker (1950:3) mentioned that these individuals showed evidence of intergradation with Z. h. pallidus in color of the pelage and the breadth of the least interorbital constriction. In other characters the specimens are most nearly like Z. h. intermedius to which they are here referred. Animals from Lyon County, Iowa, also show intergradation between Z. h. pallidus and Z. h. intermedius. These individuals are most nearly like Z. h. pallidus in interorbital breadth of the skull but in other characters agree with Z. h. intermedius and, therefore, are referred to that subspecies. Intergradation between Z. h. campestris and Z. h. intermedius is noted in a specimen from 7 mi. NE Glendive, Montana. This indi- vidual has the larger, broader, auditory bullae and more widely bowed incisive foramina of Z. h. campestris, but in color, in smaller external size, and in the majority of cranial characters it is best re- ferred to Z. h. intermedius. Specimens from the north-central periphery of the geographic range of Z. h. intermedius (northern Minnesota and Wisconsin) on the average are darker, have longer auditory bullae, wider bowed incisive foramina, and (some specimens) a slightly wider pterygoid fossa than is normal in more southern populations. This deviation _ from the norm is interpreted as intergradation between Z. h. hud- sonius and Z. h. intermedius. Individuals from Burnett, Price, and Oconto counties, Wisconsin, and those from Cass and southern Clearwater counties, Minnesota, show such intergradation but are here considered to be Z. h. intermedius. Specimens examined.—Total, 199, distributed as follows: Iuuiwots: Coles Co.: Fox Ridge State Park, 1 (UIM). Fulton Co.: % mi. N Norris, 2 (UIM); 3 mi. N Canton, 1 (UIM); 2% mi. N Canton, 2 (UIM); 2 mi. NW Canton, 3 (UIM); 2 mi. W Canton, 1 (UIM); 3 mi. SW Monterey, 1 (UIM). Jo Daviess Co.: near Galen, 3 (FM). Kane Co.: Sugar Grove, 1 (Chic. AS). Lake Co.: Fox Lake, 4 (FM); Pistake Bay, 1 (FM). Perry Co.: 6 mi. S Pinckneyville (near Pyatt), 2 (SITC). Vermilion Co.: Kickapoo State Park, 2 (UIM); Jordan Creek, 8 mi. NE Fairmont, 5 (UIM). InpDIANA: Owen Co.: La Fayette, 1 (USNM). Parks Co.: Turkey Run State Park, 2 (1 UM; 1 UIM). Posey Co.: Hovey Lake, 1 (UM); New Har- mony, 2 (Clev. MNH); no exact locality, 2 (UM). Sullivan Co.: no exact locality, 1 (UM). NortH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 449 Iowa: Dickinson Co.: Camp Forester, E Okeboji Lake, 3 (ISC). Emmet Co.: Fort Defiance State Park, 1 (ISC). Hamilton Co.: Little Wall Lake, Jewell, 6 (ISC). Ida Co.: Arthur, 1 (ISC). Lyon Co.: Elgin Township, Sec. 35, 2 (ISC); Riverside Township, Sec. 28,1 (ISC). Palo Alto Co.: Ruthven, 1 (ISC). Sioux Co.: Ireton, 1 (UM). Story Co.: Ames, 1 (ISC). Winne- shiek Co.: Decorah, 3 (UM); Ridgeway, 11 (UM); Conover, 3 (UM). Kentucky: Lyon Co.: no exact locality, 1 (USNM). Montana: Dawson Co.: Yellowstone River, 7 mi. NE Glendive, 2000 ft., 1 (MVZ). Minnesota: Cass County: Cass Lake, 7 (USBS). Clearwater Co.: Itasca Park, Biological Station, 5 (UM). Grant Co.: 3 mi. NW Barrett, 1 (UM). Jackson Co.: 4 mi. E Heron Lake, 1 (UM). Ottertail Co.: 5 mi. NW Vergas, 8 (UM); 4 mi. NW Ashley, 1430 ft., 2. Ramsey Co.: St. Paul, 1 (UM). Sherburne County: Elk River, 23 (2 UM; 6 MVZ; 3 USBS). Winona County: La Crescent, 3 (USBS). Nortu Daxota: Cass County: Fargo, 1 (USBS). Dickey County: Lud- den, 1 (USBS); Ellendale, 1 (USBS). Kidder County: Pettibone, 3 (Chic. AS). LaMoure County: La Moure, 1 (USBS). Oliver County: Fort Clark, 8 (USBS). Pembina County: Pembina, 2 (USNM). Ramsey County: Devils Lake, 3 (USBS). Ramson County: Lisbon, 1 (USBS). Richland County: Wahpeton, 2 (USBS); 5 mi. NE Fairmont, Sioux River, 5 (USBS); Blackner, 2 (USBS). Rolette County: Fish Lake, 2 (USBS). Sioux County: Cannon Ball, 4 (USBS). Williams Co.: Grinnell, 2 (USBS). Wisconsin: Burnett County: Danbury, 1 (USBS). Chippewa County: Holcombe, 3 (USBS). Clark County: Withee, 4 (USBS); Worden Township, 2 (USBS). Crawford County: Lynxville, 1 (USBS). Dane Co.: Madison, 2 (OHIO). Dodge Co.: Horicorn Refuge, 2 (USBS). Juneau County: Mather, 1 (USBS). Marathon Co.: Rib Hill, 8 (USBS). Oconto County: Lakewood, 1 (USBS). Portage County: Stevens Point, 3 (USBS). Price County: Ogema, 2 (USBS). Rock County: Milton, 1 (USBS). Sauk County: Devils Lake, 1 (USBS). Sheboygan County: 8 mi. SW Mellen, 1 (USBS); Elkhart Lake, 1 (USBS). Walworth County: Delavan, Fosters Bridge, 1 (USBS); Turtle Lake, 1 (USBS). Wood Co.: Thorp Township, 2 (AMNH); Hewett Township, 4 (AMNH). Marginal records—North Dakota: Fish Lake; Pembina. Wisconsin: Dan- bury; Ogema; Lakewood. Illinois: Fox Lake. Indiana: La Fayette; New Harmony. Illinois: 6 mi. S Pinckneyville (near Pyatt). Iowa: Ames; Arthur; Ireton. Montana: Yellowstone River, 7 mi. NE Glendive, 2000 ft. North Dakota: Grinnell. Zapus hudsonius ladas Bangs Zapus hudsonius ladas Bangs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 1:10, February 28, 1899. Type.—Female, adult, skin and skull, No. 4169, E. A. and O. Bangs Coll. (now in Mus. Comp. Zool.); Rigoulette, Hamilton Inlet, Labrador; obtained on July 18, 1895, by C. H. Goldthwaite. Range.—Eastern Quebec north of Gulf of St. Lawrence, Labrador, and Newfoundland. See fig. 47. Zonal range: Canadian and Hudsonian. Description.—Size medium; back relatively dark, near Ochraceous-Tawny with admixture of black-tipped hair; dorsal band relatively wide but not sharply defined against color of sides; side lighter than back, from near Ochraceous- Tawny to near Cinnamon and lined with black-tipped hair; lateral line distinct of clear Cinnamon-Buff or Light Ochraceous-Buff; underparts white, often suffused with Ochraceous-Buff; tail distinctly bicolored, dark brown to black above and yellowish-white to grayish-white below; ears dark, usually flecked with Tawny Ochraceous and edged with ochraceous; feet grayish-white above; 450 UNIvERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. incisive foramina relatively short and broad; pterygoid fossae relatively broad; auditory bullae broad and well inflated; mastoid region relatively broad; zygomata relatively short; inferior arm of zygomatic process of maxillary rela- tively broad. Comparison—From Zapus hudsonius acadicus, which Z. h. ladas closely resembles, it differs in: Color darker, dorsal band much less distinct, under- parts more frequently suffused with Ochraceous-Buff; auditory bullae relatively broader and more inflated; pterygoid fossae broader; zygomata averaging shorter; incisive foramina relatively shorter; inferior arm of zygomatic process of maxillary relatively broader. From Zapus hudsonius canadensis, Z. h. ladas differs as follows: Color darker, more richly tawny, dorsal band less distinct; auditory bullae relatively shorter, more inflated; pterygoid fossae averaging broader; zygomata averaging broader; incisive foramina averaging longer. Remarks.—This subspecies retains all of its diagnostic characters throughout nearly all parts of its geographic range. Specimens from Nova Scotia are like Z. h. ladas in their darker color and less distinct dorsal band, but in the remainder of their characters they are distinct and best referable to Z. h. acadicus. Zapus h. ladas, with its relatively large size, poorly defined dorsal band, and broad, well inflated auditory bullae, is one of the better marked subspecies of the species Zapus hudsonius. Specimens examined.—Total, 41, distributed as follows: Lasrapor: Mahkovik, 1 (USNM); Etagaulet Bay, Lake Melvikl, 2 (USNM); 3 mi. above mouth of Naskaupi River, 1 (USNM); Northwest River, 6, (USNM); Cartwright, 1 (USBS); Muskrat Falls, Hamilton River, (USNM); Hamilton River, Flour Lake, 3 (USNM); Hawke Harbor, 4 (USNM); Goose Bay, 3 (USNM); Niger Sound, Islet Bay, 1 (USNM); Red Bay, 5 (USNM); Mecklenburg Harbor, 2 (USNM); Mary Harbor, 1 (USNM). NEWFOUNDLAND: Hare Harbor, 3 (USNM). QuesBeEc: northwest Ungava, 1 (NMC); Moise Bay, 5 (NMC); Trout Lake, near Moise Bay, 1 (NMC). Marginal records——Labrador: Mahkovik; Red Bay. Newfoundland: Hare Harbor. Quebec: Trout Lake, near Moise Bay; northwest Ungava. Zapus hudsonius pallidus Cockrum and Baker Zapus hudsonius pallidus Cockrum and Baker, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 63:1, April 26, 1950. Jaculus hudsonius, Baird, Repts. Expl. and Surv. . . ., 8 (pt. 1):483, July 14, 1858 (part—the part from Platte River, Nebraska, and Cass County, Missouri). Zapus hudsonius, Coues, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. surv. of the territories, Qnd ser. No. 5:260, 1877 (part—the part from Platte River, Nebraska). Zapus hudsonius campestris Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:20, August 8, 1899 teers part from Columbus in Nebraska and Jackson County in issouri). Type.—Male, adult, No. 22953, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist.; NW corner sec. 4, T. 12S, R. 20E, 5% mi. N, 1% mi. E Lawrence, Douglas County, Kansas; obtained on May 4, 1948, by E. Lendell Cockrum and Rollin H. Baker, original No. 916 of Cockrum. NortH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 451 Range.—Southern South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri, and north- eastern Oklahoma. See fig. 47. Zonal range: Upper Austral (Upper Sonoran and Carolinian). Description.—Size small; back near Cinnamon-Buff with admixture of dark- tipped hair forming distinct, broad, dorsal band; sides bright Cinnamon-Buff with sparse mixture of dark-tipped hair; lateral line usually distinct, of clear Cinnamon-Buff; belly white, sometimes with suffusion of color of sides, tail bicolored, brownish to brownish-black above, grayish-white to yellowish-white below; ears dark, narrowly edged with color of sides; feet white to grayish-white above; mastoid region relatively narrow; maxillary tooth-row relatively short; zygomata relatively short; zygomatic arch relatively broad; interorbital region relatively broad; auditory bullae relatively small and narrow; lateral margins of nasals not constricted posteriorly. Comparisons—From Zapus hudsonius preblei, Z. h. pallidus differs as follows: Coloration brighter and richer, more buff, less black; zygomatic arch more broadly bowed; condylobasal length averaging less; braincase narrower; interorbital region broader; incisive foramina shorter. For comparisons with Zapus hudsonius pallidus and Zapus hudsonius inter- medius see accounts of those subspecies. Remarks.—The characters that distinguish this jumping mouse from neighboring kinds are relatively stable throughout most of its geographic range. Zapus hudsonius pallidus is one of the best de- fined subspecies of Z. hudsonius. One specimen from Batesland, South Dakota, is referred to Z. h. pallidus but shows evidence of intergradation with Zapus hud- sonius campestris in the shape of the nasals, incisive foramina, and in breadth of the zygomatic arch. An animal from 8 mi. NE Ponca, Nebraska, is intermediate between Z. h. pallidus and Zapus hud- sonius intermedius in size and shape of the auditory bullae and in the breadth of the pterygoid fossae, but since this individual shows more resemblance to Z. h. pallidus in coloration and in the majority of cranial characters it is here referred to Z. h. pallidus. Specimens from Beemer, Nebraska, show an intergrading tendency toward Zapus hudsonius intermedius in the reduced lateral bowing of the zygomatic arch and in shorter zygomata. Since these individuals resemble Z. h. pallidus in the majority of characters they are re- ferred to that race. An individual of Z. h. pallidus from Pevely, Missouri, is to some extent an intergrade with Z. h. intermedius of neighboring southern Illinois. Two individuals of Z. h. pallidus from Mohawk Park, Oklahoma, are darker dorsally than, but other- wise similar to, specimens from the type locality. Zapus hudsonius pallidus seems to be the terminus of a cline; this is a southward trend toward smaller size and lighter, brighter color. There is a similar clinal tendency in the jumping mice in 452 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. eastern North America, and Z. h. americanus from North Carolina, pronouncedly resembles Z. h. pallidus from Kansas. Specimens examined.—Total, 44, distributed as follows: Kansas: Brown Co.: Horton, 1. Douglas Co.: Sec. 8, T. 123, R. 20E, 5% mi. N, 1% mi. E Lawrence, 10; 5 mi. N and 1% mi. E Lawrence, 8; Robinson Farm, 5 mi. N and 3 mi. E Lawrence, 2; 4 mi. N, 2% mi. E Lawrence, 1; Lake- view, 2; 72 mi. SW Lawrence, 1. Greenwood Co.: % mi. S Hamilton, 1. Missouri: Cole Co.: Jefferson City, 2 (MO). Jackson Co.: no exact lo- cality, 1 (USBS). Jefferson County: Pevely, 1 (USBS). NesraSKA: Blaine Co.: Dismal River, at Thomas-Blaine County line, 1 (NGFP). Boyd Co.: 2 mi. E and 15 mi. S Spencer, 1. Buffalo Co.: Platte Meadows, Kearney, 1 (HM). Butler Co.: 5 mi E Rising City, 1. Cherry Co.: Niobrara River, 18 mi. NW Kennedy, 1; Ballard Marsh, 20 mi. S Valentine, 1 (JKJ); Pony Lake Headquarters, Valentine Nat'l Wildlife Refuge, 1 (JKJ). Colfax Co.: 2 mi. S Schuyler, i (JKJ). Cuming County: Beemer, 4 (USBS). Dixon Co.: 3 mi. NE Ponca, 1. Platte County: Columbus, 1 (USBS). Richardson Co.: 5 mi. SE Rulo, 1 (NGFP). OxLaHOMA: Tulsa Co.: Mohawk Park, 2 (UM). Soutu Dakota: Bennett Co.: Batesland, 1 (FM). Marginal records—South Dakota: Batesland. Nebraska: 3 mi. NE Ponca; Beemer; 5 mi. SE Rulo. Missouri: Pevely. Oklahoma: Mohawk Park. Kan- sas: % mi. S Hamilton. Nebraska: Platte Meadows, Kearney; Ballard Marsh, 20 mi. S Valentine; Niobrara River, 18 mi. NW Kennedy. Zapus hudsonius preblei new subspecies Type.——Male, adult, No. 78085, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biol. Surv. Coll.; Love- land, Larimer County, Colorado; obtained on July 23, 1895, by E. A. Preble, original No. 435. Range.—Southeastern Wyoming and north-central Colorado. See fig. 47. Zonal range: Transition. Description.—Size medium; color dull, back from near Clay Color to near Tawny-Olive with admixture of black hair forming poorly defined dorsal band; sides lighter than back from near Clay Color to near Cinnamon-Buff; lateral line distinct and clear Ochraceous-Buff; belly white, sometimes with faint wash of clear Ochraceous-Buff; tail bicolored, brownish to light brownish-black above, grayish-white to yellowish-white below; ears dark, narrowly edged with color of sides; feet grayish-white above; incisive foramina relatively narrow and elongate; auditory bullae moderately inflated; pterygoid fossae relatively broad; postpalatal notch broadly rounded; interorbital region relatively narrow; zygomatic arch not widely bowed; frontal region well inflated; distance from incisors to postpalatal notch relatively short. Comparisons—Among named subspecies, Zapus hudsonius preblei most closely resembles Z. h. campestris. From topotypes of Z. h. campestris, Z. h. preblei differs as follows: Upper parts generally dull, averaging lighter, less black-tipped hair; dorsal band less distinct; sides duller; averaging smaller in most cranial measurements taken; least interorbital constriction narrower; audi- tory bullae smaller, less well inflated; incisive foramina narrower, not truncate posteriorly; frontal region usually more inflated. From Zapus hudsonius pallidus, Z. h. preblei differs as follows: Upper parts generally duller (less ochraceous); dorsal band less distinct; sides paler (not bright Ochraceous-Buff); zygomatic arch less widely bowed; least interorbital constriction narrower; occipitonasal length averaging greater; distance from NortH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 453 incisors to postpalatal notch averaging less; incisive foramina longer, propor- tionally less widely bowed; auditory bullae longer; pterygoid fossae averaging broader. Remarks.—No evidence of intergradation with any other geo- graphic race was noted. To the east the range of Z. h. preblei is separated from that of Z. h. pallidus (western Kansas and south- western Nebraska), by several hundred miles of mixed and short grass prairie. Much of this area is unsuitable to jumping mice but local marshy places might be inhabited. Much territory inhospitable to Zapus intervenes also between the ranges of Z. h. preblei and Z. h. campestris. This area (northern Platte, Goshen, eastern Con- verse, Niobrara, and southern Weston counties, Wyoming ) is chiefly rolling hills and short grass prairie and, like that to the east, is only locally suitable for Zapus. If jumping mice do occur in suitable places in these intervening areas it is to be expected that they will show intergradation between the subspecies concerned. Zapus hudsonius preblei, on the basis of 11 specimens, agrees most closely in size and color with Z. h. campestris; there is much less resemblance between Z. h. preblei and Z. h. pallidus. An adult from Springhill, 12 mi. N Laramie Peak, is typically Z. h. preblei as is one from Cheyenne. Although specimens of Z. h. preblei are few (4 adult, 7 non- adults ), the differences between this and neighboring named kinds is considerable. Specimens examined: Total, 11, distributed as follows: Cotoravo: Boulder County: 8 mi. E Boulder, 1 (UCM); 5 mi. E Boulder, 1 (UCM); south of Boulder (no exact locality), 1 (UCM). Jefferson County: Semper, 1. Larimer County: Loveland, 2 (USBS). Wyominc: Albany County: Springhill, 12 mi. N Laramie Peak, 6300 ft., 3 (USBS). Laramie County: Cheyenne, 1 (USNM). Platte County: Chug- water, 1 (Clev. MNH). Marginal records.—Wyoming: Springhill, 12 mi. N Laramie Peak, 6300 ft.; Chugwater; Cheyenne. Colorado: Loveland; Semper. Zapus hudsonius tenellus Merriam Zapus tenellus Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 11:103, April 26, 1897. ues faders tenellus, Hall, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 40:377, Novem- er 5, 1934. Zapus hudsonius hudsonius, Baker, Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:111, November 28, 1951 (part—the part from E side Minaker River, 1 mi. W Trutch and 8 mi. N Fort St. John, British Columbia). Type.—Female, young adult, skin and skull, No. 66932 U. S. Nat. Mus., Biol. Surv. Coll.; Kamloops, British Columbia; obtained on August 25, 1894, by Clark P. Streator, original No. 4196. Range.—British Columbia. See fig. 47. Zonal range: Canadian and Hud- sonian. 454 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. Description.—Size medium; back from near Clay Color (brighter) to near Cinnamon-Buff with admixture of black tipped hairs forming a weakly defined dorsal band; sides lighter than back from near dull Ochraceous-Buff to near Cinnamon-Buff frequently with admixture of dark-tipped hairs; lateral line usually distinct, of clear Ochraceous-Buff; belly white sometimes with slight suffusion of Ochraceous-Buff; tail bicolored, brownish to brownish-black above, white or grayish-white to yellowish-white below; ears dark, edged and flecked on inner surface with color of sides; feet grayish-white above; auditory bullae relatively narrow, moderately inflated, elongate when viewed from below, anterior edge slightly concave; incisive foramina relatively short; braincase relatively narrow; vertical depth of skull at junction of frontals and nasals relatively great; nasals relatively narrow; pterygoid fossae moderately broad; zygomata relatively short. Comparisons.—F or comparisons with Zapus hudsonius hudsonius and Zapus hudsonius alascensis see accounts of those subspecies. Remarks.—Merriam (1897a:103) named this jumping mouse as a full species, mentioning that the skull is similar in size and characters to that of Zapus hudsonius but that externally these animals differed in coloration and length of the tail. Hall (1934:377) treated Z. tenellus as a subspecies of Z. hudsonius. He observed that the dif- ference between Z. tenellus, Z. h. alascensis, and Z. h. hudsonius was of the same degree, and, even though intergrading material was not known to him, he considered tenellus only subspecifically distinct from Z. hudsonius. Hall (loc. cit.) tentatively referred to Z. h. tenel- lus specimens from Indianpoint Lake, 15 mi. NE Barkerville, Cotton- wood P. O., and Hazelton, British Columbia. I have seen and compared with the type of Z. tenellus all specimens examined by Hall and agree with him that they are best referred to Z. h. tenellus. Since 1934, several additional localities in British Columbia have yielded specimens. Those from Minaker River and Fort St. John are intermediate in dorsal coloration and in size and shape of the auditory bullae between Zapus hudsonius hudsonius and Z. h. tenel- lus but in all other characters are most nearly like Z. h. tenellus to which they are here assigned. These intergrades constitute addi- tional evidence that Z. tenellus and Z. hudsonius are only subspecies of a single species. Specimens examined.—Total, 17, all from British Columbia, distributed as follows: east side Minaker River, 1 mi. W Trutch, 1; Hazelton, 959 ft., 2 (MVZ); 5 mi. W and 8 mi. N Fort St. John, 1; Indianpoint Lake, 15 mi. NE Barkerville, 5 (MVZ); Cottonwood P. O., 3 (MVZ); S end Swan Lake, Vernon, 1200 ft., 2 (MVZ); Kamloops, 3 (USBS). Marginal records.—British Columbia——E side Minaker River, 1 mi. W Trutch; 5 mi. W and 3 mi. N Fort St. John; S end Swan Lake, Vernon, 1200 ft.; Kamloops; Hazelton, 959 ft. 13 10 12 10 NortH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 455 TABLE 5.—CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS (IN MILLIMETERS) OF ZAPUS. g a Als| — oe} fs Se aN ede | S| 2 gj OF {2 ® ® ‘s = o 3 =) "gO Fa = 5 o aI aah a © = 3 Se eee es ee | S| hy | eles xs oo 3S Ss = iS a =| 3) S) Om ° Q = 3 Se q ® es re ° -Q 45) - iS) = es 3 o > = ra — word Pe) co £0 zz = S 2 Gc 12 2 I g E% SO ge ee Vopr e lcs. | 1) Geom ea =| oO Z, eee seu ho ee SS my aime |) ee Zapus trinotatus eureka, Big Lagoon, California. mean..... TOES" | Zit | 452 | 1059 | (359 | 24:5 | 10:4 | 12.5) | 295 max.t).5': TOG) 220) e4r4 | WE 2450 | 2505 | WS | 1852) 11050 mM: 22/5 F020) |ZOET | USE9)| 1020) Se.) 2420 | 1055). | 121 es 90 Zapus trinotatus montanus, Crater Lake, Oregon. mean..... LOPS || 2OKT | 1455.) 1OK6 |, 6420) | 2423) |] 10.5" | 12.1 oS IMAXCE er LOPS P2185 Ab Wf ailpbaal 4.1 | 24.8 | 10.8 | 12.6 9.8 EN. 245, 2 2 10527 ORS aes) LOR2 i eSed. (23-5 | 1051 |) LE Saiees20 Lost Cr. R. 8., 10 mi. SE McKenzie Bridge, Oregon. mean..... 1023") 209) Y455 | TORT | (3:9) | /24.2>| 1034 | 12-8 iors HIGX. &.58ys 1OP5 4) 2153) |) <4564) LOL9 | V401 | 24°56.) 1037 |. 12.2. 99.4 Win: 5. NOG) || DORAN C4245) 1085 I) 6388) |. 2355) | 10.0) 112-0 oe Zapus trinotatus orarius, 3 mi. W Inverness, 800 ft., California. mean..... DEON 2084 | HStS:i) TOLS)||) (327 12226 | 10:0] TZ. ieee WAX. 5 hiss. 1029))| 2089. |) S4e1 |) PIO) || (3.8 | 2325 | 10.6 | 1255: e988 EOIN: 3% ccs < O86} 1Ok9 eS AOE 356. | 21.7 ||, (98) Toes 25 Zapus trinotatus trinotatus, Old Fort Clatsop, 100 ft., Oregon. mean..... 1053) | 21St | £4541 1027 | 328 | 24.3) 1026 tose oL6 IBAX: Fs: 1056 |) 218 | 428-1120) 329 | 25:0 | 1100) ), T2574 052 Oe ae 10.0 | 20.2 | 4:0 | 10.4 | 3.7 | 23.6 | 10.0} 11-9.) 9.2 Cayuse Meadow, 3800 ft., 314 mi. SW Steamboat Mt’n, Wash. mean..... 1024 | 21.5) "425 | 1101 | a9 | 2426 | 1027 | 12260927 maxe.- 5. 1056 |) (2242 1 E458) 4164 | C4NT |) 25e4 et 1258 020 Min, AS: 10225|/ 2086... £328. | 1088 | 9328 |) 2327) WOe2 a 2s Snoqualmie Pass, Washington. means... 1026. | 20-6 1 04.6 | 1-1 | 4:0 [ 2458 | 1029] 12.8 |. 9-8 Mmax-f.2 2. 10875) 2202 0 7408 ) 205) 4520) 2516 Ge 1372.1 710.0 mins. os: 10.4 | 21.2 | 4.4] 10.9 | 3.8 | 24.0 | 10.5 | 12.5 | 9.5 Alta Lake, 2200 ft., British Columbia. mean..... 1056 [216 | 6423: V1.3 )|) S450 [27 | A0e8 1 128.7 AK FNS: 10.9 | 21.9} 4.6] 11.5] 4.3 | 25.0 | 10.9] 13.1] 9.8 min... 44; 10.5 | 21.2 | -4.2 | 11-0 | °3.9.| 2424 | 10:7 |, 12.3 | 9.6 456 UNIvERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. 13 11 24 11 TABLE 5.—CONTINUED o > 3 = = si 4 = a Zo 2 es ps a = a = é eo eS £1, Mellie pee lee Se neal | S D = a =| a} He 3 oO oon = o= 3 s&s | oe een ee 5 2 2 ny A = S 5 = St 3 = 3 3 (3) > = a a qe ~ — 2d a= = 2 i | ro ade $ = : E% A si ts i vic Meehan ec a | Z pap deer eT NS Oni) Gee) anes Zapus princeps cinereus, Raft River Mt’s, Utah. mean..... 10.5 | 21.5 OBO) |e A |, 2455) | LORS" | e126 9.9 MAK ne. DVSO e225) goed | 4) F423" 2b20 | 16 | 12 9utOe5 MIN, Faye LOVSu) 210 ARG (HOLT | 8829 |.2450. |. 1064. | 12-3784 Mt. Harrison, 10 mi. S Albion, Idaho. mean’... . 10.5 | 21.4] 4.8] 10.9 | 4.1 | 24.9 | 10.9 | 12.4 | 10.1 MNAXee ayer 10.7 | 22.0 ede aD ke: ANZ | 2525) | 114 || 125871053 IN: 375, ys 10.2) 2060" | 64551025) 0329 | 2423) | TORS ho ye oes Zapus princeps curtatus, Pine Forest Mt’s, Nevada. mean..... 1055" | 2050 92457 |) 107 |) 2492" 2486 fF 1089 | 12 Salen HIAK. sh L026 |. 2L28) 12620. | BLO. | 4.24-1.2533).|- 118s) 1225 020 TMINs see 10.2 | 20.5 4.2 | 10.5 3.9 | 24.0 | 10.5 | 11.9 9.4 Zapus princeps idahoensis, several localities near Cody, Wyoming. mean..... L025: | 24 ORG PISO. | 420°] 2407 [1079 |Z -67he9-6 MAK: 2.25.5. P12 | 2266) Was2 WEbs4 | 422 12556: | 25: b SS: el Gee WM. 3,035 9.9 | 20.6 4.3 | 10.5 S20) 24a Ons |et20 9.3 5 mi. E Warm Lake, 7000 ft., Idaho. mean..... OV) ZL SZ ees T1I0 4S1 | SAS OST | AD SaaS MAKs 5 105, « 10.3 | 21.8 APAS| EL 4.2 | 24-8 | 11.0 |} 12.6 9.9 WU.oh, Ae: 1050 | 2057 | 7422 | 1088 | 420 | 2329 | 10.3 |.12.0 [91 Summit Smith Mt’n, 7500 ft., Idaho. mean..... 1O.2 2h S|) S424) TOSS) aaa 24 | LON Tere MAX; Gess.5 10.5 | 22.5 4x6) | 13 4.3 | 25.2 | 11.2 | 12.6 | 10.0 Greece 10.0 | 20.8 4.0 | 10.5 oO) le2ae9) | 1083 1s OF 2 mi. NE Cooke, 8500 ft., Montana. mean..... 10:4 | 21:1 | -494 |] 10%9 | 74:0 | 2423 | 10.5 °1°12.5 1) (9.7 112 Sess 10.6 | 21.8 425 | bE5 AMO Zo54 ||| LT eZ sou One ADs Seo 3. 1052-| 2ZOcS | <423. } TOR7Te|! e328) | 2375) | 6959 | 1250970 Birch Cr., 18 mi. NE Dillon, 7100 ft., Montana. mean..... 10.3 | (2123) | °4:3 | 21:0 | F400 | 2425. | 1008 | 12.6219926 max, 6.85 10.6. | 22:2 | “426 | 1126 | 3423 | 2555 | 11-5 [713.0 199.9 PAINS ee 9.7 | 20.7 4.0 | 10.6 3.8 | 23.7.| 10.3 | 12.4 9.2 NortH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 457 TABLE 5.—CoNTINUED 10 20 11 10 g aq | os eS Z aa e) 4 =e fo) Ay N SS Zapus princeps idahoensis, Waterton Lakes Park, Alberta. mean..... 10%G (PSU |) 456.) LORF |} 420) | 24.25. |) 1058) | 12. 2 oer INAK. Ae ks 10.9 | 22.1 Aviat elt AS22052, 1) LEO) | 1223 elon HIN: -5:/.4-/ 10.3 | 21.0 4.4 | 10.4 4.0 | 24.2 | 10.6 | 11.8 9.3 Zapus princeps kootenayensis, near Rossland, British Columbia. mean..... 10.2 | 20.5 4.4 | 10.6 ARBON | 2346 | LOR4a AES 9.2 MAX. ewes: 10.8 | 21.0 4.8 | 10.9 4.2 | 24.4 10.7 | 12.2 9.5 BAIA, 5st) O27 | 2050) tL A21 108@) |, S28 E232) |) 9-9), 11.4) 820 Zapus princeps luteus, White Mt’s, Arizona. mean..... 10-0) |) 2053 4.9 | 10.7 | 8.9 | 23.8 | 10.4 | 11.9 9.7 MAX ccks 10.4 | 21.1 eG ap alley? 4.0 | 24.8 | 10.9 | 12.6 | 10.2 Nes 6 ge 9.6 | 19.1 4.3 | 10.2 3.6 | 22.15 Ors) led 8.9 Espanola, 5000 ft., New Mexico. mean..... 9.8 | 19.8 AMG | ORS 3.7 | 23.4 939) 15 9.5 ANAK cre sok 10.0 | 20.1 4.8 | 10.6 Bate || Zao | wes) |] UW 9.7 WN ia 5 noc ORE | LORS 4.5 | 10.3 3.6 | 22.9 9.6 | 11.4 9.4 Zapus princeps minor, 2 mi. W Fort Totten, 1400 ft., No. Dakota. MCAT erst. O20" 2025) |) 7455) | TONG) |i (S27 bh 23e 110 at I Salen O2G PNAN. 9.4053 10.4% |) 2048) |) -4.8-|) 10.8 | ‘328 |) 24.2 | 10.7 | 12.1 |) 8:9 MS. 5 ke 9.7 | 20.0 4.4 | 10.4 3.6 | 23.4 | 10.2 | 11.4 9.3 Near Bottineau, North Dakota. mean..... 10.2, | 20.9: |. 4.6 |: 10.6 |. 338 | 24.1°| 108) | 12235], 10.0 IAN. yok 1022 |) 2133) |) 4.7 1, 10.9) | 328 |, 2425) | W029) 1225 1052 Tins» .'.7- 10.1 | 20.6 4.5 | 10.4 ae || eset || MO || wleye i 9.9 Head Eagle Cr., Bear Paw Mt’s, Montana. MeAnN®), J. 1040) |; 20383) 4.6 |:10.7 | 3.8 | 24226) 10a7e) 12.1 |) 928 BAX. 1045) ||) 21eSil| Az. |, 10:9) 4:0) 2ee I 12252 10:0 PAINS 5 o.5 for OFS) |. 2023) 424-1055: |) 36) p2as2rsOsse 159) 19.7 N Maple Cr., Cypress Hills, Saskatchewan. mean..... 1024) |: 227) 4.6 | 10n7%|) S59 2456. 10:9) | 12°34|).9.8 BAAK. (5.2.1. 10,45 |; 2427); 429))) 10:8) |) 4.07 24087) 13) | 12.7 10:0 BAAN: 5s fois 9.9 | 20.4 | 4.4 | 10:5 | 3:6 | 24.0 | 10.5 | 11.8 | 9.6 12 10 10 Number examined oo plus 9 9 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PuBLis., Mus. Nat. Hist. TABLE 5.—CONTINUED 3 ate S a es = oS re ~ § a0 ae) a | 0 ee ro =_ Ga 45 o s ne) = a a t a “a = £ = mB o a a a © 5 = a 2 3 = Ss z a ° Q ~ 3 aml iS = 5 — & a S 2 as) Ou S ic S = = Ey ead a + ~ S i) oS a} ~~ cme a g g ao) + ¢. Pe) 3 ge) Be — ep 2 45 S >) S a v 2 =eS 3) BS 80 a0 ~~ i) m ° f=] o o s > > a 'S) 5 ae mt Oo Ay N N Zapus princeps oregonus, Parker Cr., Warner Mt’s, 5500 ft., Cal. 1OK6 3/2056) |e Sd [482 (525.0) a St || A262 11.0 | 22.2 4.9 | 11.6 4A 2527 | 11545) 1320) (059 OSD e212 4.3 | 10.8 4.0 | 24.5 | 10.7 | 12.4 9.9 Cobb Cr., 6 mi. SW Mt’n City, Nevada. 1O37 | ZLIG: |, “520 5/22) |) 4 2540 12. 12 Gal eOn0 PAL | 2250 Coe 2a! FAS 2bvaeld 2S. |S zOL Oss 1025: (5210) 456 10ST th. 685824 45 1079 ||| 1222 ORs Wisconsin Cr., 8000 ft., Nevada. 10.6 | 21.6 | 4.9 | 11.2 | 4.0 | 24.8 | 11.1 | 12.4] 9.5 1058" |-2252) |) 1580) | 15) |), 422 | 25.2) 11.4| 12.8] 9.6 10.3 | 21.2 4.6 | 10.8 SAO Te24 I 1 ORGy lane 9.3 North Fork Malheur River, 21 mi. SE Prairie City, 5000 ft., Ore. 10.6 | 21.5 Awe || 4.2 | 24.8 | 11.0 | 12.7 9.9 LQie2ase: | “Ssee NIG) Asa 226223) aa |a1s. 2a loo 10.0 | 20.8 4.3 | 10.9 4.0 | 23.5 | 10.5 | 12.4 Oaths Zapus princeps pacificus, North Fork Coffee Cr., 4500 ft., Calif. 10:4) [21 95° |) Aa 1029, 329702478) a. 2 Sb aetOL0 10.8 | 22.4 5.0 | 11.4 AZO 2on20 |) ESAS 13525 | O05 1000) 20206 |94 35 VW AMNORT. | 3.822420 VAS) 120 | pee6 Jackson Lake, 5900 ft., California. LOVAS P2135 435 | plea 4.0 | 24.9 | 11.0 | 12.6 | 10.0 TONG | 22 1 A567 |p 45 ASE 2O eon lee ela 29) |e Ons: 10.99 | 20.20% |) 423) MOF) 23828 je 2355! | 1080) | 1252 eee Head of Lyle Canyon, 9700 ft., California. 10:3° | (20.80|) 4.57 |Os6u| 2328+ 1224.0" | 10255 | 12 Sino ORs | e20e8 00] SLO 4.0 | 24.6 | 10.8 | 12.7 | 10.0 10.0 | 20.0 “bay | DE SeOnlezonOn | LOLOR | EULES 9.0 Zapus princeps princeps, Florida, Colorado. 10.2 | 21.4 4.6 | 10.5 Sal e249) | la 23 9.9 10.5 | 22.3 Ad lilies 328 |)20-4) 1) 1-4 | 1265 I LOLS 9n7 | 2027 4.3 9.8 SHOne2onon LOS oles 9.3 NortH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 459 TABLE 5.—CONTINUED 11 11 20 17 15 15 17 Number examined od’ plus 9 ? ovo g e« Z = Si > z-| 3 7 st ee a to Ne a 5 3 3 is 5 zc 3 as] —, Pw 3 m nl = oo is cee | eS ee Wee. its g Se See et ee hoe elee S 2 5= = =e = ® Ss Ss J eS 2 er Weasel © = a 3 ss) = iS 3 eS i= Re E E oS 32) a % BS 4= 3 3) S) Se ce ems Weer cael cat evel aa) o iS =a fe) at N N Zapus princeps princeps, Half Way, Colorado. DU Ne Pa sey 4.6 | 10.8 3.9 | 24.9 | 11.0 | 12.3 9.9 10.3 | 22.0 428° | bea 45025285) eS) | 127 a1 OL 2 AOS On| SU 4S LOSS | eS) 22h WO [122 19k 6 8 mi. N, 1914 mi. E Savery, Wyoming. 1052) | 20-2 |> 425° | 1029") 3-9) |- 24°57] 1058 10.5 | 21.8 Avie | Alea 4A 2520) |) Pe 1020) | 20.82) 4:27 |) 1026) }) 3.7 (22327 | 1025 211% mi. S, 2414 mi. W Douglas, 7600 ft., Wyoming. 10: 9)\[ 2122. |, 426° |\10 24.6 | 10.8 | 12.3 | 9.8 10.4 | 21.9 4.9} 11 2520) | e212. 8 Or 9.9) |. 20070] 4.57)10 24°52) |) 1025: |, 12.0) |S Medicine Wheel Ranch, 28 mi. E Lovell, 9000 ft., Wyoming. 10.3 10.6 10.0 21.5 22.2 20.7 0 | 12.6 12.9 12.2 | 9.8 i. 10.0 Ae OM Son | eZ i 2ovde | Iie 10.4 4.4] 10.8 | 3.8 | 24.1 | 10. 4.7 | 11.2 | 4.0 | 24.7 10.4 | 21.3 | 4.4|10.9| 4.1 | 24.3 956 ION | 2222) | 425. | Va) 4522550 10.0 9.8 | 20.5 | 4.1] 10.6 | 3.8 | 23.3 9.3 12.5 + 6 Zapus princeps saltator, Stikine River at Glenora, British Columbia ion| 4 \) 1350 3 | 12.0 10. ee 10. Hazelton, 959 ft., British Columbia. 1074) (2126), 425° |. 1 c 4-0" | 2426, |) 1059) | 12257]. 928 1028) 2223 | 4.7) 126i) 422° | 25-5) i 48 | 1229) 21020 92052001 4.2 (1087) | 328525 (Ore, |e Zapus princeps utahensis, near Robertson, 8700 ft., Wyoming. 1007) 12270). 520" | 112" |) 4010 | ara ene 137251) 9.9 te 22Gel) Bek | 16t| |) 422) 6s ae, 140 1023 1053) 1/ 2050"), 4.7.) 10.8) |. 3-9) | 24565 s1028)|_ 12.4 |2 1956 3 mi. N and 11 mi. E Alpine, 5650 ft., Wyoming. 1ORG 221) 457. | 1ESe |) aa ese bis | 1320" 979 110) | 23-0 AO) TA 7 Avo) le20e25 ules) | oso. elOss LOPS EIST |e Ae OESE AeOne245 20 (FON 2 OF5 460 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. TABLE 5.—CONTINUED a6) z = = a is = bec gO a & 3 3 = = 3 = = OF & = 5 o | 3 = a g I Sw 2 g = 5 Be S to a x ape} r=) BS s a |wel & g 2 = bo a iS = rae) uae g = 3 g ae See es ee | 7B | Se oe ae D ® | 2 a a8 S aS 50 aD =) ~~ oe) Z cp) ee Meee cee iS Or, || sem eae aes Zapus princeps utahensis, Salamander Lake and Lambs Can- yon, 9000 ft., Utah. 9 mean..... 10.9 | 22.0 etsy Jaber A 2512) | ae | Sos etORO, MOR Ge goa all Tlaes || yPanes HO) |) las} 428 125.9) We EAs 133) lows min ak Be ey: MOS ee PALS Ao) IO SHO eee Ons ml2e6 9.7 Zapus hudsonius acadicus, vicinity of St. Andrews, New Brunswick 4 mean..... 9.6) | 19.82) 4th 1052) |) 325 123.07 | 10.4) | 10.8) ages IMAXe oN oer 9.8 | 19.9 4.2 | 10.3 SIAC A 2d tb Me). | ate 9.7 Awe. 9.2 | 19.7 3.9 | 10.0 3.3 | 22.8 9.9 | 10.4 9.2 Sebec Lake, Maine. 3 mean..... 9:6 | 19.5.) 4:3 | 10.0.] °3.5 | 23.0:| 10.0) | 10.7 |» 9:2 TAKS fee 9.8 | 19.8 4.5] 10.1 S360) [283.83 [i Oo |p abl 8 9.4 MiNi... < G4 (1907/4207 9-7 | 3.4 [22°65 9597|f O29 90 2 mi. S Center Ossipee, New Hampshire. 10 mean..... 9.61} 19.85])) 4.20))10.1) |) .3.5 [233° (10-0) P10.8 lees WIP 5 oho 10.0 | 20.5 4.6 | 10.4 320) 2408 Ossie |p 10 9.9 MIN eee 9.2 | 18.9 3.8 9.7 3.2 | 2273 9.6 | 10.6 8.8 Berlin, New York. 6 mean..... 9:5!) | 19.59)" 4.30210.1 | 8.5.) 22971, 19.8) | 1008 leyoe2 WAKs.ce.. 9:9) | 20.65), 4547) 91026: 3.7 1123.82) 1076: | 10.3) lee TS eae 9.2 | 18.8 4.2 9.5 3.4 | 21.8 9.3 | 10.4 8.6 Lake Kedgemakooge, Nova Scotia. 5 mean..... 9257 19.9 4.2 | 10.3 3.5 | 23.45) 10.2) 113 9.4 TAK eee 9.7 | 20.1 4.3 | 10.4 SON e2ocOn | LLOves | ele 4 9:5 je GSS SLO ad 4.0 | 10.3 3.4 | 23.3 eal) We 9.3 Zapus hudsonius alascensis, Lake Clark, Alaska. 2 mean..... 9.51} 19.35] 42238) | 10-08 | 3.6) | (22.82) 9.99] WOL7 | eee? MAX:. 6h: 9.6 | 19.6 TOCOR TS. 6. 1123205) | OP Onl MOR oes TminNaee eee 9.4 | 19.1 4.2 9.9 SEO e260 9.9 | 10.7 9.2 Frosty Peak, Yakutat Bay, Alaska. 3 mean..... 9285) 19-1) 45251 AOS) 36.) 23.5) | TO. 9) TOS" [2 OE5 max. .56 4: 10.0:| 20:0°) 4.5 | (10.67|" 322 | 24.27) 10.49) 111} 988 TN 5 az 9-6 | 19:0 | 4.0 | $°8\"-38.5 | 2275. | 9-6, 10.2.) 9.2 Number examined oo’ plus 2 9 NortH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE TABLE 5.—CoONTINUED gS aq R > ee] ue Pp el ° = ae) ~ 8 = a ® $ se) = ® s = iS S a = = — a a laqa|s/|8el! & fo) s » = ws O S 6 5 SB ier | ao Nh oe tee nates) BS as iS = toe a. $ = g 2 1es| 3 2 ° >= S Date [S) ea oe) Aa Pa are) o) 9.9 | 20.0 | 4.2 | 10.4] 3.6 | 23.7 TOR |) 2055, 4.4 | 10.8 3.7 | 24.6 9.8 | 19.5 4.0 | 10.2 3.4 | 23.0 SW end Dezadeash Lake, Yukon. 10.0 | 19.8 4.5 | 10.5 3.6 | 23.5 10.1 | 20.1 4.5 | 10.5 3.6 | 23.8 9.8 | 19.5 4.4 | 10.5 30) |p 2o02 Palatal length 10.2 10.7 9.8 10.2 10.4 10.0 461 Zygomatic breadth Zygomatic length Zapus hudsonius alascensis, 7 mi. SSE Haines, 10 ft., Alaska. 11.0] 9.4 11.4] 9.8 10.4 | 9.0 11.3 |° 9.6 Es By BC 11.2 | 9.5 Zapus hudsonius americanus, Boyne Falls, Michigan. 9.5 | 18.7 | 4.1] 9.7] 3.3 | 22.0 9.8} 19.4] 4.3]10.0| 3.4 | 23.2 9.3 | 18.3] 3.8] 9.4 | 3.0 | 21.5 Ann Arbor, Michigan. 9.5|18.6| 4.2] 9.9] 3.3 9.6] 18.8 | 4.4/10.0] 3.3 9.4| 18.5] 3.8] 9.8 | 3.2 Montauk Point, L.I., New York. 9.4/18.8 | 4.3] 9.2] 3.5 | 22. Of6 | 19 | 454 | O22 |) 1335 | 22 9.2 |18.4| 4.2 | 9.2] 3.4 | 21 Mays Landing, New Jersey. 9.4/18.8| 4.4] 9.8 9.5]18.8| 4.4] 9.8 Orel | Ieee |i 474: || 2928 Laurel, Maryland. | 9.5 10.0 9.0 Oxf) 1, IS46) |) 4-3: || 9.6. |) (323) |, 2270) 1 905 9.3,18.9| 4.5 | 9.7] 3.3 | 22.0] 9.7 S39) IS 327 ee |e O85) |) Paes LZ Sy ose Hampton, Virginia. 9.0 | 1828), 451 | 927 | 3.3 25. |, 1820) |) 7401 | 9:8) | 23 8.6 | 18.5 | 4.0] 9.6 | 3.2 11.0 11.4 10.3 462 1 vo) 1 —" > 11 TABLE 5.—CONTINUED o ie am so a bo = = si bo 3 ra o ¢ ‘=| a oa oS i= ie) Hd 2 & © ce £ 5 to 5 OF FS my 5 2 a ae | 2 S S m = g (= po} g = S bo 2 = 6 7 3 oS 3S | 3) ° oe S a a Sie Rao = S 5 es Se af So) peal se 2 es ee || S% oc) ee Wem eS eee || Ge) ae ge eae E% - | ie | ey eles | es | & | eee oO Z, ey ee GS ees os ee el) aca aimee Zapus hudsonius americanus, Raleigh, North Carolina. mean..... 9.2 | 18.8 4.0 9.9 344 | 22:4 9.6 | 10.9 8.9 MAK: Yi, gk 9.6 | 19.7 | 4.2 | 10.4} 3.5 | 23.0] 9.9 | 10.9.) 9.4 TID, fed S78 71 17 29) | 2380), FORE F352 ||P 208s 2054 Oe 8 ee5 Zapus hudsonius campestris, 3 mi. NW Sundance, 5900 ft., Wyo. mean..... 9:7 | 19:9 | 453 | 104 | 3.6 | 23:2 | 10:0 | 11.14)>9.5 FAAK: £34. 10.0 | 20:8 | 4.5 | 10.9 | 3:8 | 24:2 | 10.5 }.11.8 | 10:0 THINS, 345 cdf O4 | 19437) B28 10S || 13844 P2247 | 2985 | 1Oc7 2 Palmer Guich, Black Hills, South Dakota. mean..... 9:8 | 2022) | 1473 | 1085 | Ss7 | 2324: | JOM | 11-49)69.6 MAK: S. $3: 1053 1 214) ASS ALE | B89 +}: 2449 | 1089 | 1230.02 MIN, .$ sh 925.1950" || 4.22 (C1Os |) ASS. SUS 8Os5. | 10-7980 Zapus hudsonius canadensis, St. Methode, Quebec. mean..... 9:6.) 19:2) | 4:3 [-104 | 3.6 | 22:6 | ‘928 | 10.952 9.F max, 22 ..): 9/9 |, 1987" | Aiba FOI") B57 | 235 Os P24 TWN, -fek: O21 71) 48358 |) 13.395 99 2333. Q1 TOFS | Os 7 ase Pancake Bay, Algoma District, Ontario. mean..... 946 1838 || 441 [2080 | 13.5. [2222 |: 1926 | 10.449.2 Max. -% 2.6 10.0 | 19.4 |. 4.4] 10:3 | 3.6 | 22.8 | 9.7 | 10.6) 9.7 MIM: 5h 36 9.2 | 48.3° | 358 | 956 | (353 |. 21.8) | O22 |. 9.8. | S26 Franz, Ontario. mean..... 9/8 119.4 | 4.2 {1038 | 35 | 2256 |) O98 1 10.741°9.6 TASX, fd 10.0°| 19.8.) 4.3 1.9025 |)-3.6")) 2322 | 10% Phi ees MING. 5 hot 9,6 | 18:00]; 431 | 1012 7 S24 [221 | O16 | 10.4 )288e8 Zapus hudsonius hudsonius, Fort Severn, Ontario. mean..... 9.9]19.3| 4.2] 9.9] 3.5 | 22.7 | 9.6 |.10.9°] -9.2 PBAX, {6 Sh 10.4 | 19.7%") 4.3: 1) 10M |) B68 12333) |' 978) LIC eees Mins 5 458 9.8 | 19.0°]| 4.0 | O47 | 3-4 1,220 |) 923 |. 1057 eo Oxford House, Manitoba. mean..... 9.6 119.1) | 4.4 [1 9:9 | 3.6 | 22.3)]. 9.7 |. 10.44°0.2 MAX: Ae 9.9 | 19.8] 4.6 | 10.1 |] 3.7 | 23.1 | 10.0 | 10.8 | 9.6 min... Hi 0:3 1.18.% |) 4.2 1 B26) B28 21 se [eb ali Ges ees Unrversiry OF KANsas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. NorTH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 463 TABLE 5.—CONTINUED g) 4a] EP | & 2 So I =i 3 Ss 14 | =| | = ‘3 = 2 Sa 1's = s bp 5 OF z = 5 2 a = a 2 SI Sn = % = 2 Be % tp = = 5 ee eee Nimes Ah geet cles (LR ees be Oe a Ke a) a) ee S = 3 S Bo hc of Seo ee ee ee) SP OB ae E% AT Sie eet: ged ePIC a Wm | a oO Z oie | eS aA PRE ball eee an | PES erties |p. ase lees Zapus hudsonius hudsonius, Emma Lake, Saskatchewan. 2 mean..... O:5-) 19-4.) 423. |. O50 | asa |2252 } 08:8 1110/9 |" ‘9:6 WGK. choca. O83) 19-5 | 83>) 8:9) (326 1 22-8 | 9:9} 10.9 | oxi MIB oy s- O28 p1Sss fe 4.2: |-- 9.9 1-3-5.) 22.4. | °9.6-| 10.9' | "8.9 Lac la Nonne, Alberta. 4 mean..... 9-8 | 19,1 | 4.2: | 10:0 | “3:4 | 22.4 | 9.7 | 10:5°f 9.1 its Seeaeees O28 | 19:4) 422.1 10:0 | StS 22-6) 9.9 1 10-5 | 922 TINTS 25 Ore 1SsS-he4ed tO OL e sca! |eeoce-| 9-6 10.5" 8:9 1 mi. NW Junct. Irons Cr. and Laird River, British Columbia. 3 mean..... 9.6 1920) | 7473. 9:9 | 63.5 | 22.2) [9271/10/67 [| 9.1 its, Sees 9.6 | 19.3} 4.3} 10.1 | 3.5 | 22.6 | 9.8 | 10.9] 9.3 MINES. os 9251) 18st | 4S Od | o-4 oo 216 7.-| 9.5.1 10.3" | 8.9 Zapus hudsonius intermedius, Blackner, North Dakota. 2 mean..... 10.1 | 1956) }) 453 | 1020) 3.6 | 22.7 | 939 | 11.1 19.4 ies ates 10,0 4 20:0.) “4224. 10.4.) 357 |) 23.2 || 9.9 | 11.4 179.7 BANS 5s. 3 10,0-|-19-1..f 4-1) 9.8: |) 3. 4-| 22.2 |: 9.8.) 10.8} 9.0 Cannon Ball, North Dakota. 2 HEAD... 2... O25 | 1950 | 4.4 1 10-8 | S26 | 22:0 19.5 (Ie O rT ot IDOE oo srere 929. 19.00) (454 Piss i aaf,| 22.4 | 9.84 113 9-2 MG ies. 2 9:6:4)-19:0.|'\ 4.3) -959-|> 3.4.)-21.8 | 9 2-h 10E7 98.0 Elk River, Minnesota. 8 mean..... 9.5 119.2 | 4.2] 9.9 | 3:4 [22.5 | 9.6] 10.6'| 9.2 BAN re, Sess Our (|.1926.)) 4253.) 10:0 |) (3.641 23.05) 929) ) 109-5 PAIRS 3 <"s 9.2.|-18.9°|-4.0.| 9.9 | -3.3.}.22.1 | 9.4 | 10:2 | 9.0 E Okeboji Lake, Iowa. 3 mean..... 9.6 ]19.3 | 4.2 | 9.9 | 3.4 [22.2 | 9.3 [10.2] 9.4 INSX, 22. a 9.8 | 19.3 || 4.2 110.0] 3.4 | 22.2>1 9.3 | 10.2'| 9.7 MINS vs 9.4 | 19.3 | 4.2 | 9.8] 3.4 | 22.2] 9.2 | 10.2] 9.0 Turkey Run State Park, Indiana. 2 mean..... 925+| 18.9>| -4:2-|:--9.6.| -3:5-122.3)| -9.8.] 10.4 | 9.6 tb eee 9.6/18.9| 4.4] 9.6| 3.6 | 22.4] 9.8]10.8] 9.0 Wain. He 9.4/18.9| 4.0] 9.6 | 3.3 | 22.2 | 9.8] 10.0] 9.0 464 10 Number examined o'o' plus 9 9 eee ereeeee Breadth of braincase Condylobasal length TABLE 5.—COoONTINUED Interorbital breadth Mastoidal breadth P ee a &O = = = Co) mw _— fas] — ee | 3 SF Sg sa] 3 wo] ces oO o o — io) UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. Palatal length Zygomatic breadth Zygomatic length Zapus hudsonius intermedius, Jordan Cr., 3 mi. NE Fairmont, Ill. 9.6 9.9 9.3 19.4 19.8 18.9 Rib Hill, Wisconsin. 9.6 10.0 9.4 19.0 19.8 18.4 4.1 4.2 4.0 4.3 4.4 4.1 10.1 10.3 10.0 3.6 3.8 3.4 22.6 23.4 21.9 Lake St. Germain, Wisconsin. 9.7 9.9 9.5 18.9 19.5 18.4 4.1 4.3 3.9 10.1 10.2 9.8 22.5 23.2 21.8 3.5 3.6 3.3 10.7 11.6 10.0 10.5 9.5 | 10.3 9.6 10.0 9.0 10.5 10.8 10.2 Zapus hudsonius ladas, Northwest River, Labrador. 9.5 9.6 19.0 20.0 18.4 4.2 4.4 4.0 10.2 10.3 10.0 Moisie Bay, Labrador. 19.1 19.7 18.6 9.8 2:8 | 9.7 | 4.3 4.4 4.1 10.0 10.0 9.9 22.4 23.2 21.5 3.6 a | 3.5 22.8 23.5 3.4 3.5 3.3 | 22.1 10.2 9.4 10.9 11.0 10.6 Zapus hudsonius pallidus, Mohawk Park, Oklahoma. 9.7 10.1 9.3 18.4 18.8 18.0 4.3 4.3 4.3 9.9 9.9 9.8 vicinity of Lawrence, Kansas. 9.2 9.5 8.9 18.8 19.4 18.1 2 mi. S Schuyler, Nebraska. 9.2 | 18.5 | 4.4 4.8 4.0 4.4 | 9.8 10.2 9.3 9.5 | 3.7 | 21.5 | 9.3 | 11.0 of ico. ||) O.4 1-110 Seoel-aA | -8.2. 1 10.0 3.4 | 21.6 | 9.7 | 10.9 3.6 | 22.4 | 10.1 | 11.6 3.3 | 21.0 | 9.0] 10.3 3.3 | 21.5 | 9.6 | 10.4 | 9.2 9.6 8.9 NortH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 465 TABLE 5.—CONCLUDED % ee ce p> Se wa] Eo ea ete ec a ea ae =| 4 g Se tees la he aa er & Or Ss = 5 ® 4 = | 2 S Sn 2 % = 5 Ge g to a = 5.2 S os s a |e 3 g & AS = Seo eee pea ese ies ea be 2% = ay S Seo Ro aS SI = E% Ban)! Met on Seely Bealien es | ieee wee | te |e = © SS Z St: ee ete lis Sia san wie uss Zapus hudsonius pallidus, Valentine National Wildlife Refuge, Nebraska. | ESENER Sia raeas 1000 () 1926 | 4559| 1025-] 3-5) |-22.9° (10.0) | 216) 953 Zapus hudsonius preblei, Loveland, Colorado. 2 mean..... 9.6 | 18.5 4.1 | 10.0 3.6 | 22.3 9.6 | 10.4 9.1 MAX. ae 9:6 | 19:0} 4.2) 10.0 | 3.6 | 22.4 9.8 | 10.6 9.1 Ee. A 9.5 | 18.0 3.9 | 10.0 3.6 |-22.2 9.4 | 10.2 9.1 Spring Hill, 12 mi. N Laramie Peak, 6300 ft., Wyoming. Dicer anesthe es O28) 1982)| n4eb | A10.2 53.6) 22485) 1052) (10: 77[. 9:3 Zapus hudsontus tenellus, Hazelton, 959 ft., British Columbia. 2 mean..... 9.6 | 19.4] 4.4 | 10.1 3.5 | 22.9 9.6 | 10.9 9.2 MAX erst 9.6 | 19.5 4.4] 10.2 3.5 | 23.0 9.6 | 10.9 9.2 mine oir 9.6 | 19.3 4.3 | 10.0 3.4 | 22.7 9.6 | 10.8 9.2 Cottonwood P.,O., British Columbia. 2 mean..... 9.5 | 19.5 4.4] 10.1 3.5 | 22.8 9.7 | 10.8 9.2 MAX eee 9.6 | 19.6 4.5 | 10.2 3.5 | 22.8 9.8 | 10.9 9.3 REND ee ahs 9.3 | 19.4 4.2 | 10.0 3.4 | 22.7 Sk6n ORs 9.1 S end Swan Lake, British Columbia. 2 mean..... 9.4 | 19.7 4.1 | 10.0 3.6 | 22.9 | 10.0 | 10.9 9.5 MAXKee ee 9.4 | 19.7 4.2 | 10.2 3.6 | 23.2 | 10.2 | 10.9 9.6 Tee 9.3 | 19.6 4.0 9.8 3.5 | 22.6 | 10.0 | 10.8 9.4 Indianpoint Lake, 15 mi. NE Barkerville, British Columbia. 4 mean..... 9.6 | 18.9 4.1 9.9 9.0 MAxXs. oe , 4.2 | 10.0 9.4 inet 4.0} 9.8 8.8 466 University or Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. LITERATURE CITED ALLEN, J. A. 1894. 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Wash- ington, 24:253-254, December 23, 1911. Moojen, J. 1948. Speciation in the Brazilian spiny rats (genus Proechimys, family Echimyidae). Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1:301-406, 140 figs. in text, 1 table, December 10, 1948. Moore, A. W. 1928. Zapus princeps princeps in Utah. Jour. Mamm., 9:154-155, May 9, 1928. NICHOLSON, A. J. 1937. A hibernating jumping mouse. Jour. Mamm., 18:103, February 11, 1987. Pearson, O. P., and Pearson, A. K. 1947. Owl predation in Pennsylvania, with notes on the small mammals of Delaware County. Jour. Mamm., 28:137-147, 1 fig., 3 tables, June 1, 1947. PEetTRIDES, G. A. 1948. The jumping mouse in Georgia. Jour. Mamm., 29:75-76, February 18, 1948. PREBLE, E. A. 1899. Revision of the jumping mice of the genus Zapus. N. Amer. Fauna, 15:1-42, 1 pl., 4 figs. in text, August 8, 1899. PREBLE, N. A. 1944, A swimming jumping mouse. Jour. Mamm., 25:200-201, May 26, 1944. Qumsy, D. C. 1951. The life history and ecology of the jumping mouse, Zapus hud- sonius. Ecol. Monog., 21:61-95, 14 figs. in text, 7 tables, January, 1951. Riweway, R. 1912. Color standards and color nomenclature. Washington, D. C., privately printed, iv + 44 pp., 53 pls., 1912. Scum, F. J. W. 1931. Mammals of western Clark County, Wisconsin. Jour. Mamm., 12:99-117, 1 map, May 14, 1981. ScHWARTZ, C. W. 1951. A new record of Zapus hudsonius in Missouri and notes on its hiber- nation. Jour. Mamm., 32:227-228, May 21, 1951. NortH AMERICAN JUMPING MICE 471 SHELDON, C. 1934. Studies of the life histories of Zapus and Napaeozapus in Nova Scotia. Jour. Mamm., 15:290-300, November 15, 1934. 1938. Vermont jumping mice of the genus Zapus. Jour. Mamm., 19:324- 332, 4 figs. in text, August 18, 1938. Simpson, G. G. 1947. Holarctic mammalian faunas and continental relationships during the Cenozoic. Bull. Geol. Soc. America, 58:613-688, 6 figs. in text, 9 tables, July, 1947. Smitu, C. F., and Hopkins, C. L. 1937. Notes on the barn owls of the San Francisco Bay Region. Condor, 89:189-191, September 15, 1937. STANFORD, J. S. 1931. Notes on small mammals of Utah. Jour. Mamm., 12:356-363, November 11, 1931. STEHLIN, H. G., and ScHavs, S. 1951. Die Trigondontie der simplicidentaten Nager. Schweizerischen Paleont. Abhandl., Basel, 67:1-385, 620 text figuren. STONER, D. 1918. The rodents of Iowa. Iowa Geol. Surv., Bull., 5:1-172, 37 figs. in text, 1918. SurFAcE, H. A. 1906. The serpents of Pennsylvania. Monthly Bull. Div. Zool., Pennsyl- vania State Dept. Agric., 4:113-208, pls. 15-42, 28 figs. in text, August and September, 1906. Svraua, A., and Svmina, R. D. 1933. Notes on the jumping mouse Zapus trinotatus trinotatus Rhoads. Jour. Mamm., 14:131-134, May 15, 1983. Svraua, R. D. 1931. Mammals of the Uinta Mountain Region. Jour. Mamm., 12:256- 266, 1 pl., 1 fig. in text, August 24, 1931. TayLor, W. P. 1911. Mammals of the Alexander Nevada Expedition of 1909. Univ. California Publ. Zool., 7:205-307, 2 figs. in text, June 24, 1911. 1922. A distributional and ecological study of Mount Rainier, Washington. Ecol., 3:213-236, 4 figs. in text, July, 1922. Test, F. H., and Test, A. 1943. Incidence of dipteran parasitosis in populations of small mammals. Jour. Mamm., 24:506-508, November 20, 1943. TOWNSEND, M. T. 1935. Studies on some of the small mammals of central New York. Roosevelt Wildlife Annals, 4( No. 1):1-120, 8 pls., 22 figs. in text, 85 tables, 4 maps, December, 1935. VERGEER, T. 1948. Frog catches mouse in natural environment. Turtox News, 26:91, March, 1948. Vinocrapov, B. S. 1925. On the structure of the external genitalia in Dipodidae and Za- podidae (Rodentia) as a classificatory character. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Part 1:577-585, 6 pls., 1925. 472 UNIvERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. Wait Low, W. B., and HALt, E. R. 1938. Mammals of the Pocatello Region of southeastern Idaho. Univ. California Publ. Zool., 40:235-276, 3 figs. in text, September 30, 1933. WitiaMs, C. S. 1988. Aids to the identification of mole and shrew hairs with general comments on hair structure and hair determination. Jour. Wildl. Mgt., 2:239-250, 1 pl., 9 figs. in text, October, 1948. Witson, R. W. 1936. A Pliocene rodent fauna from Smiths Valley, Nevada. Carnegie Inst. Publ., 473:15-34, 2 pls., May 21, 1986. 1937. Pliocene rodents of western North America. Carnegie Inst. Publ., 487:21-73, 2 figs. in text, July 23, 1937. Transmitted October 9, 1953. ®Vol. Vol. 2. (Continued from inside of front cover ) 25. Pipistrellus cinnamomeus Miller 1902 referred to shay Genus Myotis. By E. Raymond Hall and Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 581-590, 5 figures in text. January 20, 1950, 26. A synopsis of the American bats of the Genus Pipistrellus. By E. Raymond cont and Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 591-602, 1 figure in text. January 20, Index. Pp. 605-638. ( Compiles) Mammals jof Washington. By Walter W. Dalduest. Pp. 1-444, 0 figures in text. April 9, 1948. 8, °l: the E domed of Micronesia, its origin, evolution, and distribution. By Rol- . Baker. Pp. 14859, 16 figures in text. June 12, 1951. o2, : purl caneend study of the nocturnal migration of birds, By George H. Lowery, Jr. Pp. 361-472, 47 figures in text. June 29, 1951. 3. piyipeeny of the waxwings and allied birds. By M. Dale Arvey: Pp. 478- , 49 figures in text, 18 tables. October 10, 1951. 4, stn from the state of Veracruz, Mexico. By George H. Lowery, Jr. and Wetesn Dalquest, Pp.}531-649, 7 figures in text, 2 tables. October Index. Pp. 651-681. ( Comers American weasels. By E. Reynrond Hall. Pp. 1-466, 41 plates, 31 figures in text. December 37, 1951. l. Preliminary survey of a Paleocene faunule from the Angels Peak area, New Mexico. By Robert W. Wilson. Pp. 1-11, 1 figure in text. February 24, 1951.- 2. Two new moles (Genus Scalopus) from Mexico and Texas.. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 17-24. February 28, 1951. 8. Two new pocket gophers from Wyoming and Colorado. By E. Raymond Hall and H.' Gordon Montague. Pp. 25-82. February 28, 1951, 4. Mammals obtained by Dr. Curt von Wedel from the barrier beach of, Tamaulipas, Mexico.’ By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 33-47, 1 figure in text. October 1, 1951. 5. Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution of some North 4 Be: spb By E. Raymond Hall and Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 49-58. ctober 6. Two new subspecies of The bottae from New Mexico and Colorado. By Keith R. Kelson.. Pp. 59-71, 1 figure in text. October 1, 1951. 7. A new subspecies of Microtus montanus from Montana and comments! on Microtus canicaudus eerie By E. Raymond Hall and Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 78-79. October 1, 1951 8. A new pocket gopher ( Génie Thomomys) from eastern Colorado. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 81-85. October 1, 1951. 9. Mammals taken along the Alaskan Highway. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 87- 117, 1 figure in text. November 28, 1951. ®10. A synopsis of the North American Lagomorpha. By E.-Raymond Hall. Pp. 119-202, 68 figures in text. December 15, 1951. 11. A new pocket, mouse (Genus Perognathus) from Kansas. By E. Lendell Cockrum. Pp. 203-206. December 15, 1951. 12. Mammals from flamaulpey Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. ire December 15, 1951 13. A new pocket ae (Genus Ahomorvs) from Wrong and Calagaiio, By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 219-222. December 15, 1951. 14. A new name for the Mexican red bat. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 223-226. December 15, 1951. 15. Taxonomic notes on Mexican bats of the Genus Bheseesee| By iE. Raymond Hall. Pp. 227-232. April 10, 1952. 16. Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution of some North Ameri- oid ies (Genus Neotoma). By Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 283-242. April, 17. The subspecies of the Mexican red-bellied squirrel, Sciurus aureogaster. By Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 243-250, 1 figure in text. April 10, 1952. 18. Geographic range of Peromyscus melanophrys, with description of new_sub- species. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 251-258, 1 figure in text:. May 10, 1952. 19. A new caper (Genus Eutamias) from the Black Hills. By John A. White. Pp. 259-262. April 10, 1952. , 20. A new pifion mouse (Peromyscus truei) from Durango, Mexico: By Robert B. Finley, Jr. Pp. 263-267. | May 28, 1952 21. An annotated checklist of Nebraskan Lik By Olin L. Webb aha J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 269-279. May 31, 1952 22, Geographic variation in red-backed mice (Genus Clethrionomys) of the south- ern Rocky Mountain region. By'E. Lendell Cockrum and Kenneth L. Fitch. Pp. 281-292, 1 figure in text. November 15, 1952. 23. Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution of North American microtines. By E. Raymond Hall and E. Lendell Cockrum. Pp. 293-312.) November 17, 1952. (Continued on back of cover) 24, 25, 26. 27. 28. 29, 30. 81. 32. 83. 84, 35. 36. 87. ( Continued.from inside of back cover ) The subspecific status of two Central American sloths. By E. Raymond Hall and Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 313-337. November 21, 1952, Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution of some North Ameri- can marsupials, insectivores, and carnivores. By E. Raymond Hall and Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 319-341. December 5, 1952. Comments on the taxonomy and geographie distribution of some North Ameri- can rodents. ee ne Raymond Hall and Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 343-371. December 15, A synopsis of Se ok American microtine rodents. By E. Raymond Hall ae Lendell Cockrum. Pp. 378-498, 149 figures in text. January 15, : ae pocket poet (Genus Thomomys) of Coahuila, Mexico. By Rollin H. aker. Pp. -514, 1 figure in text. June 1, 1953. Pein distribution of the pocket mouse, Perognathus fasciatus. By J. Knox Jones, Jr.. Pp. 515-526, 7 figures in text. August 1, 19538. A new subspecies of wood rat {Netons mexicana) from Colorado. By Robert B. Finley, Jr. Pp. 527-534, 2 figures in text. August 15, 1953. Four new pocket popes ic of the genus cratogeoniys from Jalisco, Mexico. By Robert J. Russe Pp. 5385-542. October Genera and subgenera of chipmunks. By John A. White. Pp. 548-561, 12 figures in text. December 1, 1953. Taxonomy ‘of the chipmunks,. Eutamias quadrivittatus and Eutamias um- cite y John A. White. Pp. 5638-582, 6 figures in text.. December 1, Geographic distribution and taxonomy of the chipmunks of Wyoming. By . hn A. White. Pp. 584-610, 3 figures in text. December 1, 1953. The baculum of the chipmunks of western North poe By John A. White, Pp. 611-631, 19 figures in text. December 1, 19538 Pleistocene Soricidae from San Josecito Cave, ._Nuevo SES Mexico. By James S. Findley. Pp. 633-639. December x 1953. Seventeen species of bats recorded from’ Barro Colorado Island, Panama Canal Zeon By. ee Hall and William B. Jackson. Pp. 641-646. De- cember 1, Index. Pp. 647-676. (Complete) Mammals of Utah, taxonomy and_ distribution. By Stephen D. Durrant. Pp, 1-549, 91 figures in text, 30 tables. August 10, 1952. Mammals of Kansas. By E. Lendell Cockrum. Pp. 1-303, 73 figures in text, 37 tables. August 25, 1952. Ecology of the opposum-on a natural area in northeastern Kansas. By He ve Bets and Lewis L. Sandidge. Pp. 305-838, 5 figures in text. Au aie The silky peck mice (Perognathus flavus) of Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker. nig 339-347, 1 figure in text. February 15, 1954. North American jumping mice (Genus Zapus). By Philip H. Krutzsch. . Pp. 849-472, 47 figures in text, 4 tables. April 21, 1954. More numbers will appear in Volume 7. ®Vol. 6. Vol. 7. °1. 2. 3. 4, A JI FT~ mRAWTENDLEO) UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS MuSsEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume 7, No. 5, pp. 473-477 April 21, 1954 “jena from Southeastem Alaska BY ROLLIN H. BAKER AND JAMES S. FINDLEY UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAWRENCE 1953 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HisToRY Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, Robert W. Wilson Volume 7, No. 5, pp. 473-477 Published April 21, 1954 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS Lawrence, Kansas PRINTED BY FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER TOPEKA, KANSAS 1954 Mammals from Southeastern Alaska BY ROLLIN H. BAKER and JAMES S. FINDLEY The University of Kansas Museum of Natural History received from J. R. Alcorn and Albert A. Alcorn a sizable collection of mammals taken in the summer of 1951 in Alaska. In addition to visiting localities at which they had collected in 1947 and 1948 (see Baker, Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:87-117, 1951) the Alcorns obtained specimens from localities not previously visited in the vicinity of Anchorage and Haines and from Sullivan Island, a small, timbered island in the Lynn Canal. A part of the funds for field work was made available by the Kansas University Endow- ment Association. The loan of specimens for comparative study from the Biological Surveys Collection of the United States National Museum is acknowledged. Sorex obscurus alascensis Merriam. Dusky Shrew.—Compari- son of two specimens from 7 miles SSE Haines and eight from Sullivan Island (six from the northeast end of the island and two from the southeast end) with topotypes of Sorex obscurus longi- cauda Merriam from Wrangell, Alaska, and with topotypes of Sorex obscurus alascensis from Yakutat, Alaska, shows that our specimens are intermediate between the two named kinds. However in nine of ten characters these specimens more closely resemble S. o. alascensis than S. o. longicauda. Measurements of specimens from Wrangell and from localities progressively northward along the Alaskan coast reveal a decrease in size of the skull in a clinal fashion. Specimens from Sullivan Island are larger than those from the mainland south of Haines, which are in turn larger than speci- mens from 9 miles W and 4 miles N of Haines (reported upon by Baker, op. cit.). No step is apparent in this cline and assignment of specimens must be made on a somewhat arbitrary basis. Speci- mens from Juneau, Alaska, in the Biological Surveys Collection of the United States National Museum, were assigned by Jackson (N. Amer. Fauna, 51:128, 1928) to S. o. alascensis but seem to us to be closer to S. o. longicauda. Sorex palustris navigator (Baird). Water Shrew.—Two males taken on August 5, at Peters Creek, elevation 300 ft., 20 miles NE of Anchorage provide a northwestern extension of the known (475) 476 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PuBLs., Mus. Nat. Hist. range of this species. In external and cranial characters the males resemble S. p. navigator from 9 miles W and 4 miles N of Haines, Alaska, and from Washington County, Idaho. The specimens from Peters Creek do not agree with the description of Sorex alaskanus Merriam as given by Jackson (op. cit.:189) although one, a second year animal, has the lambdoidal crests exceptionally well developed, as does S. alaskanus. Myotis lucifugus lucifugus (LeConte). Little Brown Myotis.— A male taken at Peters Creek, elevation 800 ft., 20 miles NE of Anchorage, is darker than specimens assigned to this subspecies from northeastern British Columbia (Muncho Lake). Eight skins and skulls (three adults and five young of the year) and 18 speci- mens in alcohol taken at Screw Creek, elevation 2600 ft., mile 742 (10 miles S and 50 miles E Teslin, Yukon Territory), British Columbia, seem typical of M. I. lucifugus. These were obtained on August 11, 1951, at the same locality where on July 1, 1947, a single bat assigned to M. I. alascensis Miller was taken (see Baker, op. cit.: 95). The latter specimen is readily distinguished by its darker color both above and below from those taken in 1951. Tamiasciurus hudsonicus kenaiensis Howell. Red Squirrel—A female taken at Peters Creek, elevation 300 ft., 20 miles NE of Anchorage, is referred to this subspecies after comparison with the published description of T. h. kenaiensis Howell (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 49:136, 1936), with specimens of T. h. preblei Howell from Yerrick Creek, Alaska, and with T. h. petulans (Osgood) from 1 mile S of Haines. Tamiasciurus hudsonicus petulans (Osgood). Red Squirrel.— Three specimens were taken on Chilkat Peninsula, elevation 10 ft., 7 miles SSE of Haines, Alaska, and one at the southeast end of Sullivan Island. These squirrels, taken in June and July, are molt- ing on the sides, back and rump. Compared with the specimens from the mainland the male from Sullivan Island is paler on the back—near (h) Ochraceous-Tawny instead of near (147) Sudan Brown (capitalized color terms from Ridgway, Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, Washington, D. C., 1912)—and paler on the tail; otherwise this specimen resembles those from the mainland. Peromyscus maniculatus algidus Osgood. Deer Mouse.—Os- good (N. Amer. Fauna, 28:54, 1909) reported intergradation be- tween P. m. algidus and P. m. hylaeus Osgood in the “region of Lynn Canal.” One female from the mouth of the Endicott River, MAMMALS FROM SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA 4T7 elevation 10 ft., seems referable to algidus. In comparison with two topotypes of hylaeus this specimen is not so dark and more nearly agrees with algidus from the Chilkat River, from 1 mile W of Haines and from Dezadeash Lake, Yukon Territory. Phenacomys intermedius mackenzii Preble. Mountain Phena- comys.—An adult female was taken on 28 July at the southwestern end of Dezadeash Lake, elevation 2400 ft., in Yukon Territory (approximately 60 miles from the Alaskan boundary north of the Lynn Canal), the same place where a specimen was obtained in 1948 (see Baker, op. cit.:104). Microtus longicaudus littoralis Swarth. Long-tailed Vole— Six of these voles were taken on Sullivan Island (two at the north- east end and four at the southeast end) and another was trapped on the mainland at the mouth of the Endicott River. All seven resemble M. I. littoralis from the vicinity of Haines. One large adult male from the island has the following measurements: Total length, 202; length of tail, 71; length of hind foot, 21; height of ear from notch, 13. Microtus oeconomus macfarlani Merriam. Tundra Vole.—Five specimens from 5 miles NNE of Gulkana, Alaska, 1700 ft., and four from Peters Creek, elevation 300 ft., 20 miles NE of Anchorage, Alaska, are assigned to this subspecies. In color they resemble macfarlani from eastern Alaska (14 miles E and 25 miles N of Fairbanks) and are darker than M. o. operarius (Nelson) from Tyonek, but judging from the description by Bailey (N. Amer. Fauna, 17:41, 1900), are not so dark as M. o. yakutatensis Merriam. These mice were taken inland from the coast. It is likely that the coastal population more nearly resembles either operarius or yakutatensis. Erethizon dorsatum myops Merriam. Porcupine.—Skulls of two females obtained from the Chilkat Peninsula, elevation 10 ft., 7 miles SSE of Haines, Alaska, agree with those of the same sex of myops from Yerrick Creek, Alaska, and from 2 miles W of the Teslin River, Yukon Territory. The skull of the older animal has the longer nasals and more pronounced cranial ridges, which per- haps indicate a tendency toward E. d. nigrescens Allen, which occurs to the southward (see Anderson, Canadian Jour. Res., 21: 304, 1943). Transmitted October 8, 1953. 0 25-1126 wy ty ey ee i rit i - 7 al Sows fe “ era Pio ye oe . Wy *s | ai : ae ie ere a Ateline? | ifs = iD 7 \ 7 : ¥ — 7 —— 2 wie A ; i ve) - : ls : a4 Lae a ; r | . | J ei ae ia vr hi if ‘ i Career ««/Aeer eg IS fax me) « ; i = == | : UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS MuSsSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume 7, No. 6, pp. 479-487 April 21, 1954 Distribution of Some Nebraskan Mammals BY J. KNOX JONES, JR. | sep 3 0 1954. J: UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAWRENCE 1954 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MusEUM oF NATURAL History Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, Robert W. Wilson Volume 7, No. 6, pp. 479-487 Published April 21, 1954 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS Lawrence, Kansas PRINTED BY FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER TOPEKA, KANSAS 1954 25-2530 Distribution of Some Nebraskan Mammals — by J. Knox Jones, Jr. Because military service will interrupt my study of Nebraskan mammals, I am here placing on record certain information on the geographic distribution of several species — information that is thought pertinent to current studies of some of my associates. Most of this information is provided by specimens recently collected by me and other representatives of the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, although specimens from other collections pro- vide some of the records herein reported. The other collections are the Biological Surveys Collection of the United States National Mu- seum (USBS), the Hastings Museum (HM), the Nebraska Game, Forestation and Parks Commission (NGFPC), the University of California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology (MVZ), the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (MZ) and the University of Ne- braska State Museum (NSM). Grateful acknowledgment hereby is made to persons in charge of these several collections for lending the materials concerned. Specimens mentioned in the following ac- counts are in the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, except as otherwise stated. All measurements are in millimeters. Color terms are those of Ridgway (1912). A part of the funds for field work was made available by the National Science Foundation and the Kansas University Endowment Association. Sorex cinereus haydeni. (Baird). CinEREous SHREw.—Two male shrews were trapped on April 7, 1952, among rocks along an old railroad fill, 4 mi. N, # mi. E of Octavia, Butler County, thus extend- ing the known geographic range of S. c. haydeni approximately 60 miles southward from a line connecting Perch, Rock County, Ne- braska, with Wall Lake, Sac County, Iowa (see Jackson, 1928:52-53), and providing the first record of occurrence in the Platte River Val- ley. Two additional specimens, taken on July 17, 1952, are from 2% mi. N of Ord, Valley County, along the Loup River, a tributary of the Platte from the north. Blarina brevicauda carolinensis (Bachman). SHORT-TAILED SHREW.—J. S. Findley and I, in a forthcoming paper, review the dis- tribution of Blarina brevicauda in the Great Plains region, recording B. b. carolinensis from the extreme southeastern and southwestern (481) 482 UnIversIry OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. counties of Nebraska. A series of five shrews of this species re- cently obtained from three miles south and two miles east of Nebraska City in Otoe County, average significantly smaller in both the cranial and the external measurements than typical B. b. brevi- cauda and fall well within the range of carolinensis. Average and ex- treme external measurements of the four adults from Otoe County, three males and one female, are as follows: Total length, 110 (109- 112); length of tail-vertebrae, 24.2 (22-26); length of hind foot, 13.8 (13-14). Another specimen from 3 mi. S, 1% mi. E of Peru, Nemaha County, also is referable to carolinensis. These recent records indi- cate that the range of B. b. carolinensis extends up the Missouri River Valley, approximately to Nebraska City, Otoe County. Five specimens from Louisville, Cass County, the next county northward, along the River, are referable to B. b. brevicauda. Eptesicus fuscus fuscus. (Beauvois). Bic Brown Bat.—One big brown bat was obtained on July 23, 1952, from one mile west of Niobrara, Knox County. While not so dark in dorsal coloration as some specimens of E. f. fuscus from eastern Nebraska (Cass and Sarpy counties), this specimen is noticeably darker than a series of E. f. pallidus from Ft. Niobrara Wildlife Refuge, 4 mi. E of Valen- tine, Cherry County, being near (16” 7) Snuff Brown as opposed to near (16’i) Buckthorn Brown. Previous to the taking of this speci- men, Webb and Jones (1952:277) reported as E. f. pallidus a speci- men, saved as a skull only, which was picked up dead at Niobrara. It seems best to assign these two bats from the vicinity of Niobrara, Knox County, to E. f. fuscus. Sciurus carolinensis carolinensis Gmelin. Gray SQuimREL.—An adult male gray squirrel shot by Mr. Terry A. Vaughan in the heavily timbered bluffs of the Missouri River, 3 mi. S, 2 mi. E of Nebraska City, Otoe County, on October 10, 1953, provides the only museum specimen of a gray squirrel from Nebraska known to me. Residents in the area concerned report small numbers of this squir- rel as still occurring on the heavily wooded bluffs along the Mis- souri River in Nemaha, Otoe and Richardson counties, Nebraska, at least as far north as Nebraska City. Gray squirrels from Nebraska have been reported twice before in the literature as follows: “Mouth of Platte [River]” (Baird, 1858: 262) and Barada, Richardson County (Jones and Webb, 1949:312). Swenk (1908:80), while listing no actual records, says of this squir- rel, “Common in the timber along watercourses of southeastern DIsTRIBUTION OF SOME NEBRASKAN MAMMALS 483 Nebraska, but greatly outnumbered everywhere by [Sciurus niger] rufiventer. I have no records west of the 97th meridian nor north of the Platte.” Spermophilus franklinii (Sabine). FRANKLIN GROUND SQUIRREL. —A specimen from 2 mi. NW of Lisco, in Morrill County (NSM 3324), extends the known geographic range of S. franklinii approxi- mately 200 miles westward along the Platte River Valley from Kearney, Buffalo County (see Howell, 1938:134), and suggests a westward movement of this ground squirrel along the Platte River in recent years. Perognathus flavescens flavescens Merriam. PxLains POCKET Mouse.—P. f. flavescens occurs in the Sand Hills and adjacent mixed-grass plains of central Nebraska. Eastern marginal records of occurrence are: Neligh, Antelope County, 2 (MVZ 1, NSM 1); 1 mi. E of Ravenna, Buffalo County, 2 (MZ); unspecified locality in Adams County, 1 (HM). Perognathus flavescens perniger Osgood. Pxiarns Pocker MOUusE. —This mouse occurs in northeastern Nebraska. Osgood (1904:127), in the original description of the subspecies, listed two specimens from Verdigris [Verdigre], Knox County. Additional records of occurrence are: Beemer, Cuming County, 2 (USBS); 1% mi. SE of Niobrara, Knox County, 3; 14 mi. S of Pilger, Stanton County, 2. The two specimens from Beemer are typical perniger. All of the other Nebraskan specimens are intergrades between P. f. flavescens, geographically adjacent to the west, and P. f. perniger to the east but are best referred to perniger on the basis of greater total length, larger cranial measurements and darker dorsal coloration. P. f. perniger was originally described (Osgood, op. cit.) on the basis of its darker dorsal coloration and encroachment of the lateral line on the posterior parts of the venter. The latter character is not present in all Nebraskan specimens. Mice from the two lo- calities in Knox County have buffy underparts; those from other Nebraskan localities do not. Of nine specimens of P. f. perniger examined from Elk River, Sherburne County, Minnesota, none has buffy underparts whereas a specimen from Randolph, Fremont County, Iowa (NSM) does. In addition, in two of five specimens of P. f. flavescens from Kelso, Hooker County, (MZ) the lateral line encroaches on the underparts. The encroachment of the lateral line on the underparts, or failure of the line to do so, is thought to be only an individual variation and of no taxonomic use. 484 UnIversITY OF Kansas Pupsts., Mus. Nat. Hist. Perognathus flavus piperi Goldman. Burry Pocker Mouse.—In the description of P. f. bunkeri, Cockrum (1951:206) allocated to the new subspecies, without comment, a specimen from Alliance, Box Butte County. I have examined this specimen along with all other Nebraskan specimens known to me and, although all approach bunkeri in cranial measurements, they seem best referred to piperi on the basis of darker dorsal coloration and larger external measure- ments. Additional records of occurrence, several of them marginal to the eastward, are: 10 mi. S of Antioch, Garden County, 1 (MZ); Kelso, Hooker County, 4 (MZ); 5 mi. N of Bridgeport, Morrill County, 1 (MVZ); 6 mi. N of Mitchell, Scotts Bluff County, 1 (NSM). A specimen not seen by me that was reported from Valen- tine, Cherry County (Beed, 1936:21), is presumably also best re- ferred to P. f. piperi. No specimens of P. flavus are known to me from south of the Platte River in southwestern Nebraska although they probably occur there. If so, they may be referable to P. f. bunkeri, which is found in counties of Kansas adjoining the southwestern part of Nebraska. Perognathus hispidus paradoxus Merriam. Hispm Pocket Movse. —This subspecies occurs commonly in central- and western-Ne- braska. Eastern marginal records of occurrence are: 2 mi. SE of Niobrara, Knox County, 1 (NGFPC); 4 mi. E, 2 mi. S of Ord, 1; Bladen, Webster County, 2 (HM). Perognathus hispidus spilotus Merriam. Hispm Pocket Movse. —Jones and Webb (1949:312) first reported this subspecies in Ne- braska as from 5 mi. SE of Rulo, Richardson County. Additional records of occurrence are: 3 mi. SW of Barnston, Gage County, 1 (NGFPC); Bennet, 1 (NSM), 9 mi. NW of Lincoln, 1 (NSM), 1% mi. S of Lincoln, 1 (NSM), Lancaster County; Peru, Nemaha County, 1 (NGFPC); 3 mi. S, 2 mi. E of Nebraska City, Otoe County, 3; Barada, Richardson County, 1 (NSM); Pleasant Dale, Seward County, 1 (NSM); 1 mi. S of Williams, Thayer County, 1. Glass (1947:179) referred a specimen from 9 mi. NW of Lincoln, Lancaster County, to P. h. paradoxus. In discussing the zone of intergradation between spilotus and paradoxus, geographically ad- jacent to the west, he wrote (op. cit.:178), “It is evident that it pro- ceeds northeastwards, toward the Missouri River since 2 specimens from eastern Nebraska, a juvenile from Webster County and an adult from Lancaster County, are both typical paradoxus.” I have examined the specimen from Webster County referred to by Glass and agree that it is paradoxus. I have not seen the specimen from DIsTRIBUTION OF SOME NEBRASKAN MAMMALS 485 9 mi. NW of Lincoln; however, another specimen from there, two others from Lancaster County, and one from Seward County (see above), are here referred to P. h. spilotus, rather than P. h. para- doxus, on the basis of notably darker dorsal coloration and smaller external and cranial measurements. The range of P. h. spilotus in Nebraska, as presently known, therefore, is limited to the eastern, more humid part of the State, south of the Platte River. Peromyscus maniculatus osgoodi Mearns. DEER Mouse.—Swenk (1908:95) reported this subspecies, under the name Peromyscus nebrascensis, from Glen, and Dice (1941:17) reported the subspecies from Agate, both localities being in Sioux County in the northwest- ern part of the State. Osgood (1909), however, did not mention Nebraskan specimens of this subspecies and excluded it from the State on his (op. cit.) distribution map of the subspecies of P. maniculatus. In addition, Quay (1948:181) reports, as P. m. ne- brascensis, deer mice obtained by him in the badlands of northern Sioux County and adjacent Niobrara County, Wyoming. Four deer mice referable to P. m. osgoodi have been obtained from several localities on the Pine Ridge in Dawes County as follows: 3 mi. E of Chadron, 2; Chadron State Park, 1; 3 mi. SW of Crawford, 1. When compared with specimens of P. m. nebrascensis, geographi- cally adjacent to the east, these mice are seen to be notably darker and less buffy than nebrascensis and to average significantly larger in both external and cranial measurements. All deer mice from the Pine Ridge and adjacent badlands of extreme northwestern Ne- braska probably are best referred to P. m. osgoodi. External meas- urements of two adult females are respectively: Tctal length, 180, 175; length of tail-vertebrae, 78, 74; length of hind foot, 19, 20; length of ear, 17, 16. Neotoma floridana campestris J. A. Allen. FLorma Woop Rat.— Five wood rats from 5 mi. N, 2 mi. W of Parks, Dundy County, in extreme southwestern Nebraska, provide the first record of occur- rence of this subspecies in Nebraska. These animals were trapped in outlying sheds at the Rock Creek State Fish Hatchery. Two large wood-rat houses were in a dense thicket of brush and young trees in a small draw on the west side of the most westwardly hatchery lake. Brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) inhabited a combina- tion garage-storage barn at the hatchery and no wood rats were taken there. Microtus pennsylvanicus pennsylvanicus (Ord). PENNSYLVANIA Merapow Movuse.—This subspecies occurs in eastern and central 486 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. Nebraska (see Bailey, 1900:18 and Swenk, 1908:104). Additional records of occurrence are as follows: 5 mi. E of Rising City, Butler County, 5; 4 mi. SE of Laurel, Cedar County, 1; Wayne, 2, and 2% mi. EK of Wayne, 1, Wayne County; 2% mi. N of Ord, Valley County, 4. Synaptomys cooperi gossii (Coues). Cooper LEMMING MOUSE. —Fichter and Hanson (1947:1-8) reported the first known occur- rence of this microtine in Nebraska, recording specimens from sev- eral localities in Lancaster County and one from near Valentine, Cherry County. Recent records of this mouse which help to clarify its distribution in Nebraska are as follows: 4 mi. N, % mi. E of Octavia, Butler County, 1; 5 mi. N, 2 mi. W of Parks, Dundy County, 1; 1 mi. N of Pleasant Dale, Seward County, 1. An adult female from Dundy County provides the westernmost record of distribution of the species in North America. The animal was trapped on November 1, 1952, in association with Microtus pennsylvanicus modestus in a marshy area at the Rock Creek State Fish Hatchery on spring-fed Rock Creek. The pelage on the back is notably darker than in S. c. gossii, aud resembles S. c. paludis from the Cimarron River drainage in Meade County, Kansas, but in the sum total of its characters it most closely resembles S. c. gossii among named subspecies. Mustela rixosa campestris Jackson. Least Weaset.—The least weasel occurs in eastern and central Nebraska (see Swenk, 1926: 313-330 and Hall, 1951:192) but is known by only a single specimen from each locality of record save for the area around Inland, Clay County (Swenk, op. cit.). Additional records of the distribution of this mustelid in Nebraska are: Hastings, Adams County, 1 (HM); Schuyler, Colfax County, 1 (NGFPC); Goehner, Seward County, 1 (NSM); 10 mi. S of Ord, Valley County, 1 (NGFPC). The last mentioned specimen, a skull only, was obtained from a pellet of an unidentified raptorial bird. LITERATURE CITED BAILey, V. 1900. Revision of American voles of the genus Microtus. N. Amer. Fauna, 17:1-88, June 6. Barrp, S. F. 1858. Explorations and surveys for a railroad route from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. War Department. 8 (Mammals, Part 1): xxxii + 757, July 14. BEED, W. E. 1986. A preliminary study of the animal ecology of the Niobrara Game Preserve. Bull. Conserv. Dept., Conserv. Surv. Div., Univ. Nebraska, 10:1-83, October. DIsTRIBUTION OF SOME NEBRASKAN MAMMALS 487 Cocxrum, E. L. 1951. A new pocket mouse (genus Perognathus) from Kansas. Univ. Kan- sas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:203-206, December 15. Dice, L. R. 1941. Variation of the deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) on the sand hills of Nebraska and adjacent areas. Contrib. Univ. Michigan Lab. Vert. Genetics, 15:1-19, July. Ficuter, E. H., and M. F. Hanson. 1947. The Goss lemming mouse, Synaptomys cooperi gossii (Coues), in Nebraska. Bull. Univ. Nebraska State Mus., 8:1-8, September. Gtass, B. P. 1947. Geographic variation in Perognathus hispidus. Jour. Mamm., 28:174- 179, June 1. Hatt, E. R. 1951. American weasels. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 4:1-466, December 27. Howe tu, A. H. 1938. Revision of North American ground squirrels with a classification of the North American Sciuridae. N. Amer. Fauna, 56:1-256, May 18. Jackson, H. H. T. 1928. A taxonomic review of the American long-tailed shrews. N. Amer. Fauna, 51:vi + 228, July 24. Jones, J. K. Jn., and O. L. Wess. 1949. Notes on mammals from Richardson County, Nebraska. Jour. Mamm., 80:312-813, August 17. Oscoop, W. H. 1904. Two new pocket mice of the genus Perognathus. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 17:127-128, June 9. 1909. Revision of the mice of the American genus Peromyscus. N. Amer. Fauna, 28:1-285, April 17. Quay, W. B. 1948. Notes on some bats from Nebraska and Wyoming. Jour. Mamm., 29:181-182, May 14. Riweway, R. 1912. Color standards and color nomenclature. Washington, D. C. Pri- vately printed, iv + 44, 53 pls. SwEnk, M. H. 1908. A preliminary review of the mammals of Nebraska. Proc. Nebraska Acad. Sci., 8:61-144. 1926. Notes on Mustela campestris Jackson, and on the American forms of least weasels. Jour. Mamm., 7:313-330, November 23. Wess, O. L., and J. K. Jonzs, Jr. 1952. An annotated checklist of Nebraskan bats. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:269-279, May 31. Transmitted January 11, 1954. 25-2530 1 au ¥ ©) nN 7 Lalas | at is | ti - { . , _ ; y ¥ : oa B f SI re : _ ' ! a fie Pig Al = bs ys vi : AN ai as " : = rm — a ,; Fy ‘ 7 : -_ 7 ; iy w > get : = Uy ' 7 fen ees! j . 4 mh rece / 7 pie, ie oe ab aa aan 1 inary : , vo any iw (oh we gt rad ae iy } iim ) Varese mig = a “s se “a a Bi i oY I Af : o ou yar ae an a { } UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS MusEuUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume 7, No. 7, pp. 489-506, 2 figures in text July 23, 1954 Subspeciation in the Meadow Mouse, Microtus montanus, in Wyoming and Colorado BY SYDNEY ANDERSON wus. COMP. ZOOL. LIBRARY SEP 3 0 1954 LARVARD YMIRERSHT —————— UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAWRENCE 1954 Unrversiry oF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, Robert W. Wilson Volume 7, No. 7, pp. 489-506, 2 figures in text Published July 23, 1954 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS Lawrence, Kansas PRINTED BY FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER TOPEKA, KANSAS 1954 <> 25-3560 Subspeciation in the Meadow Mouse, Microtus montanus, in Wyoming and Colorado BY SYDNEY ANDERSON Microtus montanus reaches the eastern limits of its geographic distribution in Wyoming and Colorado. There the mountains, but in general not the lowlands, are occupied by this species. A certain minimum of moisture may be of direct importance to the mouse and certainly is indirectly important, because certain hydrophytic or mesophytic grasses used by the mouse for food, for protection from enemies, and for shelter from the elements are dependent on the moisture. Areas suitable for Microtus montanus are separated by deserts that are dominated by sagebrush and other xerophytic plants or by forests or rocky exposures at higher altitudes. A relatively small percentage, probably less than ten per cent, of the total area even in the more favorable parts of the range of the species is suit- able for occupancy. In these mice, as in other microtines (Elton, 1942; Piper, 1909), there are seasonal, and irregularly multiannual fluctuations in population density, which sometimes are extreme. Consequently the mice at some times seem to be absent from suit- able habitats, and at some other times occur there in amazingly large numbers. Because the species is broken up into partly isolated, or at times completely isolated, colonies or local populations it may be supposed that various evolutionary forces such as selection and random genetic drift operate to foster variation. The degree to which racial distinc- tion is attained may depend upon these forces and the time avail- able. In Microtus montanus in the eastern Rocky Mountains the degree of subspecific distinction is not great. The study here reported upon is based on 1,187 specimens of Microtus montanus from Wyoming, Colorado, Idaho and Montana, and on work in the field. I spent approximately four months in the field in this area, in the summers of 1950, 1951, and 1952. The speci- mens studied were arranged according to localities and the larger series were compared statistically. Each of two series, totaling 136 specimens, was studied intensively to ascertain the kind and range of variation within single populations. Twenty-seven measurements, various proportions based on these measurements, and differences (491) 492 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. in color were analyzed. Fifteen characters, judged to be most sig- nificant, were selected for use in comparing all series. In addition, certain characters that can not be expressed easily by measurements, such as inflation of the auditory bullae and the curvature of the zygomatic arch, were observed. The studies by A. B. Howell (1924) of variation in Microtus montanus yosemite Grinnell in Cali- fornia and those by O. B. Goin (1943) of Microtus pennsylvanicus pennsylvanicus (Ord) were useful. The external measurements are from the collectors’ field labels. The measurements of the skull all were taken with dial calipers reading to a tenth of a millimeter. The anteroposterior measurements of the skull all were taken along the shortest line between the points specified below and are not necessarily along a line parallel to the long axis of the skull. These measurements were taken on the left side of the skull whenever possible. Some of the skulls are damaged and therefore some measurements could not be taken and are omitted in the computa- tions. Measurements are in millimeters. The results of these studies were submitted to the Department of Zoology and the Graduate School of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (1952) and are available in manuscript form at the Museum of Natural History and the library of the University of Kansas. EXPLANATION OF MEASUREMENTS Caudal index.—the length of the tail expressed as a percentage of the length of the head and body. The length of the head and body is the collector’s measurement of total length less the length of the tail. CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS OF LENGTH. Condylobasilar length.—from the exoccipital condyle to the mosi posterior point on the border of the alveolus of the upper incisor. Alveolobasilar length.—from the posterior border of the alveolus of the third upper molar to the posterior border of the alveolus of the incisor. Palatilar length.—from the anteriormost part of the posterior border of the bony shelf of the palate to the posteriormost part of the alveolus of the incisor. Alveolar length of upper molar tooth-row.—from the most posterior point of the alveolus of the third upper molar te the most anterior point of the alveolus of the first upper molar. MEASUREMENTS OF BREADTH. Zygomatic breadth.—greatest transverse width. Interorbital breadth.—the breadth of the interorbital constriction. Lambdoidal breadth—between the lateralmost points of the lambdoidal crest. Prelambdoidal breadth.—between the medialmost margins of the prominent fenestrae in the posterodorsal parts of the squamosal bones. To these SUBSPECIATION IN THE MONTANE MEADOW MOUSE 493 fenestrae Howell (1924:995) applied the adjective “prelambdoidal,” but other authors have used other names (see Hill, 1935:127). Depth of braincase.—shortest distance from the ventral side of the cranium at the suture between the basioccipital and basisphenoid bones to the dorsal surface of the cranium (usually not perpendicular to the long axis of the skull). The history of our knowledge of Microtus montanus in this area begins with the early work of the United States Bureau of Biological Survey directed by C. H. Merriam (1891), and participated in by Vernon Bailey (1900, 1917), Merritt Cary (1911, 1917), and others. The changes in nomenclature which grew out of increased under- standing of these mice through additional collecting are expressed in the synonymies under the accounts of subspecies. As a result of my studies two of the three subspecific names previously proposed for mice from this area have been retained although changes are proposed in the ranges assigned to the two subspecies and two ad- ditional heretofore unrecognized subspecies are named and de- scribed. Furthermore the additional specimens and my studies of variation make modifications in the characterization of these sub- species necessary. Not all of the samples here assigned to a single subspecies are identical and I therefore list and discuss some of the local variants. Numerous members of summer field parties from the Museum of Natural History at the University of Kansas collected most of the specimens studied and wrote field notes that have been helpful. I am grateful to these persons and to Professor E. R. Hall and Dr. R. H. Baker for their assistance and helpful suggestions. Specimens in the following museums were made available by their respective curators: Chicago Natural History Museum by Mr. Colin C. Sandborn, The Museum of Zoology at the University of Michigan by Dr. E. T. Hooper, The American Museum of Natural History by Mr. G. G. Goodwin, The United States National Museum by Dr. David H. Johnson and the Bi- ological Surveys Collection by Miss Viola S. Schantz. A fellowship from the National Science Foundation made possible the studies at the museums other than at the University of Kansas. Microtus montanus nanus (Merriam) Arvicola (Mynomes) nanus Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 5:62, July 30, 1891. Microtus montanus nanus, Hall, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 51:131, August 23, 1938. Microtus nanus, Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 17:30, June 6, 1900 (part). Microtus montanus caryi Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 30:29, Feb- ruary 21, 1917. Microtus nanus nanus, Cary, N. Amer. Fauna, 42:43, October 3, 1917 (part). 23853 31253’ Agriculture collection, from Pahsimeroi Mountains, Custer County, Idaho; ob- tained by C. Hart Merriam and Vernon Bailey, September 16, 1890. Type.—Adult male No. U. S. National Museum, Department of 494 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. Range.—Idaho; southwestern Montana; most of the southwestern half of Wyoming; southward to central Colorado. See figure 1. Comparisons.—Comparisons with subspecies named as new in this paper will be found in the accounts of those subspecies beyond. From Microtus montanus fusus Hall, the subspecies to the south, M. m. nanus from Idaho differs as follows: averages smaller; slightly darker and less reddish and less yellowish in color; slightly wider braincase (see measurement of prelambdoidal breadth); larger bullae. Measurements.—Average (= arithmetical mean) measurements of 34 speci- mens, both male and female, from several localities in eastern Idaho are: total length, 151; length of tail, 39; hind foot, 19.2; condylobasilar length of the skull, 25.0; zygomatic breadth, 15.0; alveolar length of upper molar tooth-row, 6.4; prelambdoidal breadth, 8.9; and lambdoidal breadth, 11.7. Average and extreme measurements of six adult males from near Pocatello, Bannock County, Idaho, and nine adult males from near Afton, Lincoln County, Wyoming, are, respectively, as follows: total length, 143(135-150), 163(148- 179); length of tail, 35.1(33-38), 42.8(36-49); caudal index, 32.0(28.0-33.1), 35.7(30.6-41.9); hind foot, 18.9(18-20), 18.8(17-20); condylobasilar length of skull, 24.4(24.0-26.0), 25.6(24.5-26.2); alveolobasilar length, 14.1(18.7- 14.5), 14.6(18.8-15.0); palatilar length, 18.2(12.9-18.6), 18.8(18.2-14.5); alveolar length of upper molar tooth-row, 6.3(6.1-6.5), 6.3(6.0-6.6); depth of braincase, 7.7(7.5-7.9), 8.0(7.7-8.3); lambdoidal breadth, 11.4(11.0-11.7), 12.0(11.3-12.7); prelambdoidal breadth, 9.1(8.6-9.4), 8.7(8.0-9.4); zygomatic breadth, 14.3(13.8-14.7), 15.8(14.4-16.8); interorbital breadth, 3.6(3.5-3.7), 3.5(3.38-3.7). The average length of the nasal bones in the series from Poca- tello is 7.1 mm. The averages, which have not been included in Table 1, for three measurements of the series from Carbon County, Wyoming, are as follows (Encampment, males; Encampment, females; Savery, males; and Savery, fe- males, respectively): alveolobasilar length, 14.4, 14.3, 14.5, 14.8; interorbital breadth, 3.5, 3.4, 3.5, 3.4; depth of braincase, 7.8, 7.6, 7.9, 7.6. Additional measurements are included in Table 1 for other series. Discussion.—The name Microtus montanus caryi Bailey is here placed in synonymy under M. m. nanus (Merriam). Vernon Bailey (1917) in his description of caryi made four assumptions that have been found to be entirely or partly invalid. First, he assumed that this is an “extreme variant which gradually changes in characters across Nevada and Utah, and reaches its maximum variation in Wyoming.” The differences pointed out in subsequent descriptions of subspecies found in the above area do not show a gradual change in any character, or in the number of characters, nor is caryi an extreme when compared with the other subspecies. Second, Microtus nanus was not, as Bailey assumed, a different species than Microtus montanus. Third, he assumed that the characteristics of adults of nanus were adequately ascertainable from the thirteen topotypes available to him. Subsequent sampling from Idaho shows that the series of specimens available to Bailey was made up mostly SUBSPECIATION IN THE MONTANE MEADOW MOUSE 495 of young and subadult animals. Finally, caryi does not occupy as Bailey stated “the meadows along streams in the arid sagebrush country of the Bear River, Green River, and Wind River valleys” exclusively, or characteristically. When the localities from which the species actually is known are plotted, it seems that the arid basin serves as a barrier and that the species is more commonly and abundantly found in montane meadows in the Transition and Canadian life-zones. Certain samples, here assigned to M. m. nanus, that vary from the average of the subspecies deserve comment. For example, mice from the area in Wyoming southwest of the Green River (in the Uinta Mountains ) have relatively smaller feet, but are larger in both total length and size of skull. Specimens from near Afton, Lincoln County, Wyoming, are relatively large in both total length and size of skull. This series and specimens from Teton County, Wyoming, are intermediate between nanus from Idaho and the newly named subspecies from near Cody, Park County, Wyoming, described below, in terms of both darkness and the amount of reddish color. Mice from Laramie County are more richly reddish-brown. The specimens from near Savery, in Carbon County, Wyoming, are darker. The alveolobasilar length relative to the condylobasilar length is smaller in the series from along Deer Creek, 16 mi. S, 11 mi. W Waltman, Natrona County, Wyoming. The series from the southern tier of counties in Wyoming and some of the specimens from Colorado have relatively wider zygomatic arches. The speci- mens from southern Sweetwater County, Wyoming, are relatively paler, have a relatively longer tail and longer hindfeet, lesser condylobasilar length, and wider braincase. Most of these variations are of questionable significance; they may be chance variations owing to errors in sampling. Much of the south-central part of the state is relatively low and relatively arid. This area includes the arid basin of the Green River and its major tributaries and the arid Red Desert along the continental divide in Sweetwater County. This area might have acted as a barrier to the mice; gene flow might have been prevented between the populations of the western part of the state and those farther east in the Medicine Bow Mountains and Laramie Moun- tains. Nevertheless geographic variations of subspecific worth have not taken place. The barrier has either not been of as long dura- tion, or has not been so complete and effective, as the other barriers in the state, namely the Absaroka Range, the Big Horn Basin, the Shoshone Basin, and the valley of the North Platte River. These 496 University OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. four barriers presumably have led to the differentiation of the two subspecies that are newly named beyond. Each of the two areas which is set apart by these barriers and in which one of the newly named subspecies has evolved is small; therefore there is a lesser amount of suitable habitat available for each of the newly named mice than there is for M. m. nanus. It is conceivable, therefore, that in periods of adverse conditions in each of the small areas the size of the effective breeding population may have been so small that random genetic drift could have operated effectively, or that selection was more critical than in a larger, more stable population. It is difficult to test these possibilities because the selective value of the taxonomic characters is unknown. The observed pattern of variation and facts of distribution are, however, not contradictory to the above possibilities. Specimens examined.—Total, 993, distributed as follows: All specimens unless otherwise indicated are in the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History. Specimens in other museums are labeled as follows: Chicago Natural History Museum (Chi); University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology (Mich); American Museum of Natural History (AMNH); United States National Mu- seum (USNM); Biological Surveys Collection (USBS). Localities that are not represented in Fig. 1 because overlapping or crowding of the symbols would result are Italicized. Localities are arranged from north to south by states, within a state from northwest to southeast by counties, and within a county from north to south. Wyominc: Yellowstone Park: Canyon Camp, 1 (USBS); Lower Geyser Basin, 1 (USBS); Upper Yellowstone River, 2 (AMNH); North end of Lake, Yellowstone National Park, 2 (AMNH). Teton Co.: Pacific Creek, 1 (USBS); Big Game Ridge, 3 (USBS 1, Mich 2); Whetstone Creek, 7 (Mich); Moran and environs (6 localities within a 5 mile radius), 28 (USBS 2, Mich 5); S fork Buffalo River, 7 (AMNH); 2 mi. W pass, Black Rock Creek, 1 (USBS); Jenny Lake, 5 (Mich); Bar BC Ranch, 2% mi. NE Moose, 6500 ft., 2; Teton Pass above Fish Creek, 1 (USBS); Jackson and environs, 142 (Mich 141); Sheep Creek, 2 (Mich). Lincoln Co.: 13 mi. N, 2 mi. W Afton, 2; 10 mi. N, 2 mi. W Afton, 4; 9% mi. N, 2 mi. W Afton, 8; 9 mi. N, 2 mi. W Afton, 9; 7 mi. N, 1 mi. W Afton, 12; Afton, 1 (USBS); Labarge Creek, 1 (USBS); Border, 6 (USBS); Cokeville, 2 (USBS); 6 mi. N, 2 mi. E Sage, 1; Cumber- land, 5 (USBS). Sublette Co.: 34 mi. N, 4 mi. W Pinedale, 1; 33 mi. N, 2 mi. W Pinedale, 6; 32 mi. N, 1 mi. W Pinedale, 1; 31 mi. N Pinedale, 4; Dell Creek, on Ferris Ranch, 7 (Mich); Horse Creek, 7800 ft., Merna, 4 (USBS); Big Piney, 1 (USBS). Fremont Co.: 17% mi. W, 2% mi. N Lander, 9500 ft., 3; 17 mi. W, 2 mi. N Lander, 9300 ft., 4; Milford and environs (5 localities within a 1 mile radius), 23 (USBS 4); 15% mi. S, 74 mi. W Lander, 9200 ft., 1; South Pass City, 8000 ft., 8 (USBS); 23% mi. S, 5 mi. W Lander, 8600 ft., 7. Natrona Co.: Deer Creek, 16 mi. S, 11 mi. W Waltman, 6950 ft., 44; 6 mi. S, 2 mi. W Casper, 5900 ft., 4; 645 mi. S, 2 mi. W Casper, 6100 ft., 1; 7 mi. S, 2 mi. W Casper, 6370 ft., 8; 10 mi. S Casper, 7750 ft., 33; Sun, 2 (USBS); 5 mi. W Independence Rock, 6000 ft., 4; 5 mi. W, 1 mi. S Inde- pendence Rock, 2. Converse Co.: Beaver, 1 (USBS). Uinta Co.: 1% mi. W, % mi. S Cumberland, 6; 16 mi. S, 2 mi. W Kemmerer, 6700 ft., 3; 10 mi. SW Granger, 3 (Mich); Fort Bridger, 6650 ft., 25 (USNM 6); 9 mi. S Robertson, 8000 ft., 9; 9% mi. S, % mi. W Robertson, 8600 ft., 1; 10 mi. S, 1 mi. W Robert- son, 8700 ft., 25; 14 mi. S, 2 mi. E Robertson, 9000 ft., 5; 4 mi. S Lonetree, 1 (USBS). Sweetwater Co.: Farson, 3; Bitter Creek, 3 (AMNH); Kinney SUBSPECIATION IN THE MONTANE MrEApow MOousE 497 Ranch, 21 mi. S Bitter Creek, 6800 ft., 9 (USNM 1, AMNH 2); 32 mi. S, 22 mi. E Rock Springs, 7025 ft., on Vermillion Creek, 15. Carbon Co.: 18 mi. NNE Sinclair, 6500 ft., 10; Bridgers Pass, 18 mi. SW Rawlins, 7500 ft., 7; Saratoga, 1 (USBS); 6 mi. S, 13 mi. E Saratoga, 8500 ft., 5; 6 mi. S, 14 mi. E Saratoga, 8800 ft., 1; Lake Marie, 10,440 ft., 2; 1 mi. S Lake Marie, 2; % mi. S, 2 mi. E Medicine Bow Peak, 10,800 ft., 1; Encampment (12 localities from 10 mi. N, 14 mi. E to 9 mi. N, 8 mi. E Encampment and from 6500 to 8400 ft.), 63; % mi. N Riverside, 7380 ft., 2; S base Bridger Peak, 8800 ft., Sierra Madre Mountains, 1; 2 mi. S Bridger Peak, 9300 ft., 2; Savery (10 localities from 8 mi. N, 21 mi. E to 4 mi. N, 8 mi. E Savery and from 7300 to 8800 ft.), 80. Albany Co.: 30 mi. N, 10 mi. E Laramie, 6760 ft., 6; 29% mi. N, 9% mi. E Laramie, 6350 ft., 1; 26 mi. N, 4% mi. E Laramie, 6960 ft., 8; 26% mi. N, 6% mi. E Laramie, 6700 ft., 3; 3 mi. N, 13 mi. E Laramie, 7500 ft., 1; 7 mi. N, 2 mi. E Laramie, 1 (Chi); 5 mi. N Laramie, 7400 ft., 15; Laramie, 4 (AMNH); 1 mi. E Laramie, 7160 ft., 4; 7/49 mi. SSW Laramie, 7200 ft., 4; 64% mi. S, 8% mi. E Laramie, 8200 ft., 1; Headquarters Park, 10,200 ft., Medicine Bow Mountains, 3 (USBS); Centennial, 8120 ft., 1; 24 mi. ESE Brown’s Peak, 10,300 ft., 3; 3 mi. ESE Brown’s Peak, 10,000 ft., 12; 2 mi. S Brown’s Peak, 10,600 ft., 1; Pole Mountain, 15 mi. SE Laramie, 4 (USBS 3); 1 mi. SSE Pole Mountain, 8350 ft., 4; 2 mi. SW Pole Mountain, 8300 ft., 13; 83 mi. S Pole Mountain, 8100 ft., 1; Sherman, 2 (AMNH). Laramie Co.: 5 mi. N, 1 mi. W Horse Creek P. O., 7200 ft., 1; Meadow, 2 (USBS); 11 mi. N, 5% mi. E Cheyenne, 5450 ft., 7; 7 mi. W Cheyenne, 6500 ft., 10; Cheyenne, 8 (USNM). Cotoravo: Moffat Co.: Lay, 6160 ft., 1 (AMNH). Routt Co.: Wright’s Ranch, Yampa, 7700 ft., 2; Gore Range, 8 mi. E Toponas, 8000 ft., 2 (USBS). Larimer Co.: 12% mi. W, 1% mi. S Rustic, 1; 11 mi. W, 1 mi. S Rustic, 1; Cache La Poudre River, 1 (Chi); Estes Park, 3 (USBS 1, AMNH 2); 19% mi. W, 2% mi. S Loveland, 7280 ft., 6; 16 mi. W Loveland, 6840 ft., 1; 6 mi. W, % mi. S Loveland, 5200 ft., 1. Rio Blanco Co.: Meeker, 1 (USBS); 9% mi. SW Pagoda Peak, 7700 ft., 3; 5 mi. S Pagoda Peak, 9100 ft., 2. Eagle Co.: Eagle, 1 (USBS); Pando, 2 (USBS). Grand Co.: Mt. Whiteley, 2 (USBS); Arapahoe Pass, Rabbit Ear Mountains, 2 (USBS); Coulter (near Granby), 5 (USBS); Arrowhead (near Dale), 1 (USBS). Boulder Co.: % mi. N, 2 mi. W Allenspark, 8400 ft., 4; 3 mi. S Ward, 9000 ft., 3; Nederland, 16 (Chi). Clear Creek Co.: Mt. McLellan, 2 (USBS); Berthoud Pass, 4. Park Co.: Trout Creek Ranch, 2 mi. N Garo, 1 (USBS). Specimens examined of M. m. nanus from eastern Idaho and Montana are as follows: IpaHo: Custer Co.: Challis, 7 (USBS); Mill Creek, Challis Nat. Forest, 1 (USBS); Pahsimeroi Mts., 12 (USBS); Lost River Mts., 1 (USBS). Fremont Co.: N fork Snake River, 10 mi. SW Island Park, 6200 ft., 2 (AMNH); Black Springs Creek, 4 mi. W Ashton, 5200 ft., 1 (AMNH); 5 mi. W St. Anthony, 5000 ft., 1 (AMNH). Camas Co.: Camas Prairie, Corral, 5100 ft., 2 (USBS). Blaine Co.: Alturas Lake, 3 (USBS); Sawtooth Lake, 2 (USBS); Craters of the Moon, Laidlow Park, 2 (Mich); Ticura, 10 mi. S Picabo, 1 (USBS); 19 mi. NE Carey (Lava Lake), 8 (Mich). Butte Co.: 26 mi. SW Arco, 12 (Mich). Bingham Co.: Shelley, 6 (USBS). Bonneville Co.: 10 mi. SE Irwin, 4 (USBS). Owyhee Co.: Three Creeks, 3 (USBS). Twin Falls Co.: Castlford Fenced Plot, 11 mi. W, 9 mi. S Twin Falls, 1. Minidoka Co.: Heyburn, 2 (USBS). Cassia Co.: 2 mi. S, 2 mi. W Burley, 5. Bannock Co.: Pocatello, 23 (USBS 4); Swan Lake, 1 (USBS). Bear Lake Co.: Mont- pelier Creek, 6700 ft., 3 (USBS). Monrana: Gallatin Co.: W. Fork of W. Fork, Gallatin River, 1 (USBS). Park Co.: Lamar River, 7000 ft., 1 (USBS); Gardiner, 1 (USBS). Sweet Grass Co.: 14 mi. S Big Timber, 1 (USBS); McLeod, 1 (USBS); West Boulder Creek, 18 mi. SE Livingston, 2 (USBS). Microtus montanus codiensis, new subspecies Type.—Female, adult, skin and skull; No. 27578, Museum of Natural His- tory, University of Kansas, from 3% mi. E and *4 mi. S Cody, 5020 ft., Park Co., Wyoming; obtained on August 11, 1948, by James W. Bee, original number 18-8-11-48. 498 University OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. Range.—In northwestern Wyoming eastward from the Absaroka and Wind River ranges into the western part of the Big Horn Basin. Diagnosis.—A relatively large Microtus montanus; tail actually and relatively long; hind foot actually but not relatively large; skull large; zygomatic expanse actually and relatively large; alveolobasilar length relatively large; upper molar tooth-row relatively long; color relatively light, not reddish. Comparisons.—As compared with the specimens of M. m. nanus from Idaho, the size is larger {see diagnosis and measurements). Certain proportions which differ from those of nanus and which are not in close agreement with the observed differences with age in specimens of nanus of a size comparable to codiensis are relatively large alveolobasilar length, relatively long alveolar Fic. 1. Geographic range of Microtus montanus in Wyoming, Colorado, and adjacent areas. The solid circles represent localities from which specimens have been examined; the hollow circles represent type localities. The ranges of subspecies in Utah are after Durrant, 1952. Guide to subspecies 8. M. m. zygomaticus 6. M. m. nexus 1. M. m. nanus 4, M. m. fusus 7. M. m. amosus 2. M. m. codiensis 5. M.m. micropus 8. M. m. rivularis SUBSPECIATION IN THE MONTANE MEADOW MOousE 499 length of upper molar tooth-row, relatively wide-spreading zygomatic arches, and relatively long tail. The color in codiensis is lighter than in nanus. As compared to the new subspecies named below from the Big Horn Mountains to the east, codiensis is of similar size in head-body length, but has a relatively as well as actually longer tail; the hind foot averages longer; the upper molar tooth-row is relatively longer; the color is slightly paler and less grizzled; the bullae are larger and less flattened; the angle formed at the suture between the basioccipital and basisphenoid bones is less acute; and the region of the suture is less prominently elevated between the bullae when viewed from the ventral aspect. The pterygoid plates mesial and posterodorsal to the posterior ie) Scale of Bat“ Fic. 2. Map showing the major barriers to Microtus montanus in Wyoming and Colorado; the barriers are the low areas named on the map (the name “Black Hills” is on the map for another reason; these hills are not a barrier). The major mountainous areas higher than approximately 8000 feet in eleva- tion in Wyoming, Colorado and Utah are stippled. These mountainous areas include the habitat that is most suitable for the montane meadow mouse. The Black Hills are unoccupied by this species but these hills seem to be ecologically suitable for the species. 500 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. end of the last upper molar are less fenestrated, and the incisive foramina are less constricted posteriorly. Measurements.—The average and the extremes for some measurements of 34 males and females, 27 from the type locality and 7 from other localities in the range assigned to this subspecies, are as follows: total length, 165( 146-186); length of tail, 44.2(35-55); hind foot, 19.6(17-21); condylobasilar length of the skull, 25.5(24.0-27.5); zygomatic breadth, 15.6(14.7-16.6); alveolar length of upper molar tooth-row, 6.6(6.2-7.0); prelambdoidal breadth, 8.8(8.1-9.5); lambdoidal breadth, 12.0(11.2-12.8). As an indication of variability and for comparison with other series the coefficient of variability and two times the standard error of the mean for each measurement in this series are included in Table 1. The averages for some measurements of 27 topotypes are as fol- lows: total length, 162; length of tail, 45.5; hind foot, 19.9; condylobasilar length, 25.6; palatilar length, 14.0; molar series, 6.6; alveolobasilar length, 14.9; zygomatic breadth, 15.6; interorbital breadth, 3.5; lambdoidal breadth, 12.1; prelambdoidal breadth, 8.9; depth of braincase, 7.8. Discussion.—Three species of Microtus were collected by James W. Bee at the type locality. Microtus montanus codiensis, Microtus longicaudus mordax, and Microtus pennsylvanicus modestus were taken in the same runways in the same meadow, at the same time. Microtus ochrogaster haydeni, although not taken at this locality, occurs in the Big Horn Basin. These four species differ in their geographic ranges, being largely allopatric, except M. montanus and M. longicaudus which are sympatric. Although the different species have ecological preferences and habits which differ, several species of Microtus may occur together in local areas such as the above. Certain of the characteristics of M. m. codiensis are intermediate between those of the species M. montanus on one hand and those of the other three species on the other hand. Could interspecific hybridization between “good species” of Microtus take place in nature and possibly alter the characteristics of a local population? Specimens examined.—Total, 50, distributed as follows (abbreviations for collections are given in the account of M. m. nanus; localities that are not represented in Fig. 1 because overlapping or crowding of the symbols would result are Italicized): Montana: Carbon Co.: Beartooth Mountains, 2 (USBS); Beartooth Lake, IGUSBS): Wyomiunc: Park Co.: Black Mountain, head of Pat O'Hara Creek, 3 (USBS); 13 mi. N, 1 mi. E Cody, 5200 ft., 1; SW slope Whirlwind Peak, 9000 ft., 1; 5 mi. N Cody, 6300 ft., 1 (USBS); 8% mi. E, 3% mi. S Cody, 31; Ishawooa Creek, 6300 ft., 2 (USBS); Valley, 1 (USBS); Needle Mountain, 10,500 ft., 4 (USBS). Hot Springs Co.: 3 mi. N, 10 mi. W Thermopolis, 4950 ft., 3. Microtus montanus zygomaticus, new subspecies Type.—Male, adult, skin and skull, No. 32761, Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, from Medicine Wheel Ranch, 9000 ft., 28 mi. E Lovell, Big Horn County, Wyoming; obtained by R. Freiburg, original number 105. SUBSPECIATION IN THE MONTANE MEApow MousE 501 Range.—The Big Horn Mountains of north-central Wyoming. Diagnosis.—A large Microtus montanus with a relatively short tail; short molar series; broad zygomatic arches well rounded in lateral outline when viewed from above; small and flattened bullae; raised basioccipito-basisphenoid suture. Comparisons.—For comparison with M. m. codiensis from the west, on the other side of the Big Horn Basin, see the account of that subspecies. In com- parison with nanus this subspecies is slightly paler, in this respect showing more resemblance to codiensis although not so pale, and more grizzled or unevenly colored. This difference in color between zygomaticus and codiensis may not be of taxonomic significance. From both the topotypes of nanus, and the series of it from Wyoming, zygomaticus differs on the average in having a relatively shorter tail, a relatively shorter upper molar tooth-row, relatively more rounded and relatively more wide-spread zygomatic arches, and smaller more flattened bullae. Measurements.—Average and extreme measurements of 24 adult males and females from several localities here referred to M. m. zygomaticus are as fol- lows: total length, 159(150-175); length of tail, 37.6(31-46); hind foot, 18.6( 17-20); condylobasilar length of the skull, 25.3(24.2-26.7); zygomatic breadth, 15.8(14.1-16.7); alveolar length of upper molar tooth-row, 6.2 (5.7-6.8 ); prelambdoidal breadth, 8.7(8.3-9.4); lambdoidal breadth, 11.9(11.0- 12.5). Average and extreme measurements of a series of 12 adult male topotypes are as follows: total length, 159(144-174); length of tail, 36.4 (30-41); hind foot, 18.2( 16-20); condylobasilar length of skull, 25.8 ( 24.7-26.7); alveolobasilar length, 14.8(13.8-15.3); palatilar length, 13.8 (12.7-14.2); al- veolar length of upper molar tooth-row, 6.4(5.9-6.6); zygomatic breadth, 15.9 (15.0-16.7); interorbital breadth, 3.6(3.4-3.7); lambdoidal breadth, 12.1 (11.5-12.5); prelambdoidal breadth, 8.6(8.3-8.9); depth of braincase, 8.0 (7.6-8.8). Discussion.—This subspecies is separated from M. m. codiensis to the west by the Big Horn Basin. A series from along Buffalo Creek, 27 mi. N, 1 mi. E Powder River, 6075 ft., in Natrona County, Wy- oming, is intermediate between the topotypes of zygomaticus and nanus in the characters cited above as distinguishing the two, but shows greater resemblance to zygomaticus in the shape of the zygomatic arch, in color which is paler than in topotypes of zygomaticus, and in the short hind foot. On these and on geographic grounds this population is referred to zygomaticus. Unfortunately we cannot be certain in many cases that an intermediate condition in a certain character indicates a genetically intermediate popula- tion and therefore true intergradation between the two subspecies to which the population is geographically intermediate. The topo- types of this subspecies are the most distinct of all the series which I have studied from the eastern Rocky Mountains, in terms of the degree of morphological departure from the norm for the species. 502 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. After zygomaticus the following populations are arranged according to their degree of deviation from this norm (codiensis deviates most): topotypes of codiensis, fusus and a population from southern Sweetwater County, Wyoming, and lastly the nanus-caryi complex. Within the latter group, as I have mentioned, there are a number of local variants most of which do not differ significantly and do not conform to any geographic pattern. Specimens examined.—Total, 55, distributed as follows (abbreviations for collections are given in the account of M. m. nanus; localities that are not represented in Fig. 1 because overlapping or crowding of the symbols would result are Italicized): Wyomunc: Big Horn Co.: Medicine Wheel Ranch, 9000 ft., 28 mi. E Lovell, 30; W slope, head of Trappers Creek, 9500 ft., 2 (USBS). Washakie Co.: 9 mi. E, 5 mi. N Tensleep, 7400 ft., 1. Johnson Co.: 7% mi. W, 1 mi. S Buffalo, 6500 ft., 8; Big Horn Mountains, 3 (USBS). Natrona Co.: Buffalo Creek, 27 mi. N, 1 mi. E Powder River, 6075 ft., 16. Microtus montanus fusus Hall Microtus nanus, Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 17:30, June 6, 1900 (part); Cary, N. Amer. Fauna 33:123, August 17, 1911. Microtus montanus fusus Hall, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 51:131-134, August 23, 1938; Warren, The Mammals of Colorado, Univ. of Okla. Press, p. 229, 1942. Type.—Male, adult, skin and skull; No. 61281, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology; 2% miles east of summit of Cochetopa Pass, Saguache County, Colo- rado; Sept. 21, 1933; collected by Annie M. Alexander; original number 2568. Type not seen by me. Range.—Southern Colorado and northern New Mexico. Comparisons—For comparison with M. m. nanus, the subspecies to the northward, see the preceding account of that subspecies. For comparison with M. m. amosus the subspecies to the west see Hall (1938) and Durrant (1952). I have not examined specimens of amosus. Measurements.—Average and extreme measurements for 17 adults including both males and females from several localities in southern Colorado are as follows: total length, 160(136-179); length of tail, 42(35-55); hind foot, 19.2( 17-23); condylobasilar length of the skull, 25.2(24.0-26.0); zygomatic breadth, 15.0(14.1-15.5); alveolar length of upper molar tooth-row, 6.4 (6.0-6.7); prelambdoidal breadth, 8.7(8.3-9.2); lambdoidal breadth, 11.7(11.1- ¥2:6)): Average and extreme measurements of 4 adults (2 males and 2 females) from the type locality and 11 adults (4 males and 7 females) from other localities in southern Colorado are as follows: total length, 162( 157-168), 157( 187-169); length of tail (means only), 44.5, 40.5; hind foot, 18.8( 18-19), 18.6( 18-23); condylobasilar length of skull, 24.5(24.0-24.7), 25.2(24.3-26.1); alveolobasilar length, 14.2(18.9-14.5), 14.6(14.1-15.1); palatilar length, 13.2 (13.0-13.4), 18.5(18.1-14.2); alveolar length of upper molar tooth-row, 6.8 (6.0-6.6), 6.4(6.3-6.7); zygomatic breadth, 15.0(14.3-15.5), 14.9(14.1-15.5); interorbital breadth, 3.5(8.3-3.6), 3.5(3.3-3.7); lambdoidal breadth, 11.8(11.1- 12.6), 11.7(11.2-12.3); prelambdoidal breadth, 8.6(8.3-9.2), 8.8(8.3-9.0); depth of braincase, 7.5(7.2-7.8), 7.6(7.1-7.9). SUBSPECIATION IN THE MONTANE MEApow Mouser 503 Discussion.—There is no sharp boundary between M. m. fusus of southern Colorado and the subspecies to the north, M. m. nanus. Although the line separating these two subspecies is drawn some- what arbitrarily, on the whole the samples from north of this line more closely resemble nanus. All of the means for total length given above are larger than the maximum given in Hall’s descrip- tion of fusus. The caudal index (38 and 35% in two series) is slightly larger than that cited by Hall (33.3%) and is not significantly different from that in nanus (35.2%). The color in both young and old mice is variable, but in general is more yellowish, and less grayish, than in any other series studied. There is a large area in western Colorado and eastern Utah, between the known ranges of M. m. fusus and M. m. amosus from which there are no specimens. Probably the species occurs only at certain places in this arid region which seems to be a partial barrier to the species. Specimens of M. montanus from northern New Mexico have been referred previously to M. m. arizonensis. When he named M. m. fusus, Hall mentioned its resemblance to arizonensis in reddish coloration, but pointed out that fusus is less reddish. Of six speci- mens from Valle Santa Rosa, Jemez Mountains (USBS), 8500 ft., Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, three are immature, and the skulls of the remaining specimens are damaged. In reddish color and relatively large size these few specimens resemble arizonensis more than fusus although the locality of occurrence is closer to the geo- graphic range of the northern fusus than to that of arizonensis. The identification of these specimens as arizonensis is provisional; addi- tional specimens are needed from the area, 200 miles wide, which separates the ranges as now known of arizonensis in Arizona from the occurrence in New Mexico. There is a single specimen from this area, the damaged skull of which prevents conclusive identifi- cation. The specimen is either M. montanus or M. mexicanus, and is from Nutria, on the southern edge of the Zuni Mountains ( USBS). Detailed comparison of fusus and arizonensis is not attempted here although it may be stated that in several characters fusus is inter- mediate between arizonensis to the south and nanus to the north. Specimens examined.—Total, 89, distributed as follows (abbreviations for collections are given in the account of M. m. nanus; localities that are not represented in Fig. 1 because overlapping or crowding of the symbols would result are Italicized): Cotorapo: Pitkin Co.: 5 mi. W Independence Pass, 11,000 ft., 1 (Chi). Lake Co.: Independence Pass, 12,095 ft., 2 (Chi). Gunnison Co.: Gothic, 2 (USBS); Decker’s Ranch, Crested Butte, 2 (AMNH); Almont, 3 (USBS). Montrose Co.: Coventry, 5 (USBS 4, AMNH 1). Saguache Co.: Cochetopa 504 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. Pass and environs, 44 (USBS 22). Hinsdale Co.: Ruby Lake, 1 (USBS). Mineral Co.: 3 mi. E Creede, 1; 23 mi. S, 11 mi. E Creede, 9300 ft., 7. La Plata Co.: Florida, 6800 ft., 1. Conejos Co.: 1 mi. S, 19 mi. W Antonito, 10,200 ft., 8; 4 mi. S, 23 mi. W Antonito, 1; 5 mi. S, 24 mi. W Antonito, 9600 ft., 9. New Mexico: Rio Arriba Co.: 6 mi. W Hopewell, 9900 ft., 6 (USBS); Tusas River, 8700 ft., 1 (USBS). Some measurements not given above are included in Table 1, together with the number of specimens and the sex if restricted to one sex. So that the variability can be evaluated more adequately, TaBLe 1. AVERAGE MEASUREMENTS, IN MILLIMETERS, OF ADULTS OF MICROTUS MONTANUS. Be h fas] 3 3 ba as = as} =I aS tp 3 Gf al ost Ole. g — eS ESM tears lueowlaen el ore Ia een LocaLiTy Bh) & S Oe) ice cal eeu Ss | 25 |E38 a z car s 40 | mh |SeSsel gal ea g's ie laces b | mS |} os |s.8| 92 | ee | se eal 5 es Se) Eee 20.8 Ro |0.0 Z HH 4 = Oo < N = ay M. m. codiensis, all IAV ELAR Caer deer 34 1165.3 | 44.2 | 19.6 |25.47 | 6.56 |15.55 |12.05 | 8.76 2 x stand. error..|....| 3.56 | 1.84 | .895 | .808 | .067 |} .198 | .144 129 Coeff. variab.....}....| 6.0] 11.6 5.6 3-5. 3.0 | 3.65 | 1.20 | 1.47 M.m. nanus, Eastern Idaho Average........ 211)151.1 | 39.4 | 19.2 |25.00 | 6.44 |14.99 11.74 | 8.94 Dxistand. error.4|. 26) oo20Nl 2289h |) 3293) 2286nl tS) 2295-2210 182 Coeffvariabss aoe. |) Gale) Qi) 423841 2.49) S299 5410 Se7Onl 4 asi M.m. nanus, Wyoming Metoni Cowes 35 1608S e402 7 11856 |25.46 650 152 L186) Saiz Hremont Co......| 26 (157.0) | 41.45) 19.6 125.23 | 6.25 (15-05) |LL288) |-8. 91 Lincoln Co...:.. 24 1159.9 | 41.8 | 18.9 |25.08 | 6.26 |15.10 |11.82 | 8.75 Wintay Come. QGUMG2F4) FAIS SOKO 25eSSnltGr4 2a Se Siles 2am eseso Sweetwater Co...} 12 |159.8 | 48.7 | 20.1 |24.98 | 6.31 |15.00 |11.84 | 9.02 Natrona Co.....| 40 }159.6 | 41.0 | 19.6 |25.04 | 6.40 |15.00 /11.84 | 8.93 Carbon Co... =.- 108 {158.7 | 40.0 | 19.1 |24.96 | 6.27 |15.05 |11.83 | 8.72 Encampment o| 27 |161 ANG i) L891 25.0 6.16 15-2) 1159 Sat Encampment 9} 11 /|159 41.1 | 19.4 |24.9 6.18 }14.9 |11.6 8.6 SAVEDYNOt aca ss 23 1159 ALO) OSA 512558 Oesrd [EPA | ey 8.8 Savery @...... 25 1155 Ste NO Se Sateen, Gress) 14280 etaG. 8.6 M.m. nanus Northern Colo...| 8 |163.1 | 42.4 | 19.6 |25.20 | 6.44 |14.86 |11.70 | 8.56 M. m. fusus 19.2 |24.97 | 6.43 ‘ 11.73 | 8.69 Southern Colo...} 17? 159.8 | 42.4 1For external parts, 34 individuals were used. 2 For external parts, 29 individuals were used. SUBSPECIATION IN THE MONTANE MEADOW MousE 505 the coefficient of variability and 2 times the standard error of the mean are included for the measurements in two series. The series consist of all the adult specimens (with a condylobasilar length of 24.0 mm. or more) of both sexes from the areas specified. Various barriers are shown in Fig. 2 for comparison with the distributions of the subspecies and the localities of known occurrence shown in Fig. 1. Microtus montanus has not been taken in the Black Hills area of extreme northeastern Wyoming. Suitable montane habitat is present and both Microtus pennsylvanicus insperatus and Microtus longicaudus longicaudus occur there. The arid basin of the Powder River presumably is a barrier that has prevented M. montanus from reaching this area. REFERENCES CITED Balney, V. 1900. Revision of American voles of the genus Microtus. N. Amer. Fauna, 17:1-88, June 6. 1917. A new subspecies of meadow mouse from Wyoming. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 30:29-30, February 21. Cary, M. 1911. A biological survey of Colorado. N. Amer. Fauna, 33:1-256, August 17. 1917. Life zone investigations in Wyoming. N. Amer. Fauna, 42:1-95, October 8. Davis, W. B. 1939. The Recent mammals of Idaho. 400 p., front., illus., maps, diagrs., Caldwell, Id., The Caxton Printers Ltd., April 5. Durrant, S. D. 1952. Mammals of Utah, taxonomy and distribution. Univ. Kans. Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 6:1-549, 91 figs. in text, 30 tables, August 10. ELTon, C. 1942. Voles, mice and lemmings; problems in population dynamics. 496 p., illus. (maps), tables, Oxford, The Clarendon Press, London. Gon, O. B. 1943. A study of individual variation in Microtus pennsylvanicus penn- sylvanicus. Jour. Mamm., 24:212-224, June 7. VAT Te, BOR: 1938. Notes on the meadow mice Microtus montanus and Microtus nanus with descriptions of a new subspecies from Colorado. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 51:1381-134, August 23. Hit, E. A. 1935. Cranial foramina in rodents. Jour. Mamm. 16(2):121-129. HowE .t, A. B. 1924. Individual and age variation in Microtus montanus yosemite. Jour. Agr. Res., 28(10):977-1015, June 7. KELLoce, R. 1922. A study of the California forms of the Microtus montanus group of meadow mice. Univ. California Publ. Zool., 21:245-274, April 18. 506 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. MeErRIAM, C. H. 1891. Results of a biological reconnaissance of south-central Idaho. N. Amer. Fauna, 5:1-118, July 30. Piper, S. E. 1909. The Nevada mouse plague of 1907-8. U.S. Dept. Agr., Farmers’ Bul. 352, pp. 1-23, 9 figs. WARREN, E. R. 1942. The mammals of Colorado, their habits and distribution. Second (revised) edition, Univ. Oklahoma Press, Norman, xviii-330 p., front., 50 plates. Transmitted March 22, 1954. 25-3560 ey so rnd @% Vaud: rir Pett ie payed " Ne ee Teton ul bal bbe w ‘e iy oe 10d ets yi Ht j e ; e wre a ie - - A a og! ‘ iit a? Pans a we ie 7 ,. ies - TaD igen 7 ’ v7. Dh ar D> ait = ‘eat : : £ aw ( ie ™ q a) Wa HH me UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS MusEuM OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume 7, No. 8, pp. 507-512 July 23, 1954 A New Subspecies of Bat (Myotis velifer) from Southeastern California and Arizona BY TERRY A. VAUGHAN Abie ¢ | SEP 3 0 1954 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAWRENCE 1954 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, Robert W. Wilson Volume 7, No. 8, pp. 507-512 Published July 23, 1954 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS Lawrence, Kansas PRINTED BY FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER TOPEKA, KANSAS 1954 25-3727 A New Subspecies of Bat (Myotis velifer) from Southeastern California and Arizona BY TERRY A. VAUGHAN The first specimens of Myotis velifer from California were taken in 1909 by C. L. Camp at Needles, San Bernardino County (Grin- nell, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 12:266, March 20, 1914), and subsequently this bat was recorded from farther south in the lower Colorado River Valley at the Riverside Mountains, Riverside County (Stager, Jour. Mamm., 20:226, May 14, 1939). West of the Rocky Mountains the species is known to occur also in at least the southern two-thirds of Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, and is recorded from Thistle Valley, Utah, on the basis of two young specimens in alcohol (Miller and Allen, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:87, May 25, 1928). Through comparisons made possible by the acquisition, in the last few years, of mammals from many parts of Mexico by the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas, it became evident that Myotis velifer in California and Arizona was an here- tofore unnamed subspecies. It may be known as Myotis velifer brevis new subspecies Myotis velifer, Grinnell, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 12:266, March 20, 1914; Grinnell, H. W., Univ. California Publ. Zool., 12:259, January 31, 1918. Myotis velifer velifer, Miller and Allen, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:87, May 25, 1928; Burt, Jour. Mamm., 14:115, May 15, 1933; Burt, Mise. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 39:22, February 14, 1938; Hatfield, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., 6:146, January 12, 1942. Type.—Male, adult, No. 22631, Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas; Madera Canyon, 5,000 ft., Santa Rita Mountains, Pima County, Ari- zona; obtained on March 12, 1948, by J. R. Alcorn; original number 5571. Range.—Lower Colorado River Valley in California and Arizona, through southern two-thirds of Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, and northern Sonora; southern limits of range unknown. Diagnosis.—Size small (see measurements). Color pale, upper parts being near (16”j) Snuff Brown (capitalized color terms are of Ridgeway, Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, Washington, D. C., 1912); underparts dull Pinkish Buff to nearly white in some specimens; ears and flight membranes near (16”1) Olive Brown; skull small. Comparisons.—From Myotis velifer incautus (J. A. Allen), Myotis velifer brevis differs in: Size smaller; color slightly darker; skull smaller. From Myotis velifer peninsularis Miller, M. v. brevis differs in: Size larger; color darker; skull larger. From Myotis velifer velifer (J. A. Allen), M. v. brevis differs in: Size smaller; pelage paler, with less extensive basal dark portion; skull smaller. (509) 510 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. TABLE 1.—MEASUREMENTS, IN MILLIMETERS, OF MYOTIS VELIFER Number averaged Average Range Sex M. v. velifer, 4 km. E Las Vigas, 8,500 ft., Veracruz, Mexico. Total lengths je), Fe heh rot 15 97.1 92.0-101.0 7s S ecihs, . = £45. soln ke Ree eee oe 581 INTRODUCTION This paper presents the results of a study of the mammals of the San Gabriel Mountains of southern California, and supplements the more extensive reports on the biota of the San Bernardino Moun- tains by Grinnell (1908), on the fauna of the San Jacinto Range by Grinnell and Swarth (1913), and on the biota of the Santa Ana Mountains by Pequegnat (1951). The primary objectives of my study were to determine the present mammalian fauna of the San Gabriel Mountains, to ascertain the geographic and ecologic range of each species, and to determine the systematic status of the mammals. In addition, certain life history observations have been recorded. Field work was done in the north-south cross section of the mountains from San Gabriel Canyon on the west, to Cajon Wash on the east; and from the gently sloping alluvium at the Pacific base of the mountains at roughly 1000 feet elevation on the south, over the crest of the range to the border of the Mojave Desert at an ele- vation of 8500 feet on the north. Camps were established at many points in the area with the object of collecting the mammals of each association and each habitat. Field work was begun in the San (515) 516 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. Gabriels in November 1948, and was carried on intermittently until March 1952. I was unable to carry on field work in any summer. For advice and assistance in various ways I am grateful to Drs. Willis E. Pequegnat, Walter P. Taylor, Henry S. Fitch, E. Raymond Hall, Mr. Steven M. Jacobs and my wife, Hazel A. Vaughan. More than 350 mammals were prepared as study specimens; most of these are in the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History. Approximately a fifth of them are in the collection of the Department of Zoology at Pomona College, and a few are in the University of Illinois Museum of Natural History. No symbol is used to designate specimens in the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History. Specimens from the Department of Zoology of Pomona Col- lege and the University of Illinois Museum of Natural History are designated by PC and IM, respectively. 117°50 NN AW Ml MUN, Desert Springs "y .a) a Y, ‘ ° $ oO cr ayy My | Us, ‘GZ Z Oy 5 ee % pom aT Mi, ST Ny %, My wNIII ly, Wy, NW, co tty Cajon Pass Telegraph ie Peak 9008 anyon Ontario Peak 8752 Cucamonga Peak A 81 So's f q ne i = elias Ny \ \ a = we ” SF Z “! ng Hn Qzusa My wows % : ‘ ° MWe 3 2% ¥ s as Zinn ny San Dimas scale of miles Cucamonga Covina Claremont Upland ° ° ° Fic. 1. Map of the San Gabriel Mountain area showing the positions of places mentioned in the text. DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA The San Gabriel Mountains are approximately sixty-six miles long, and average twenty miles wide. The main axis of the range trends nearly east and west, and extends from longitude 117°25' MAMMALS OF SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS ‘oly to longitude 118°80’. The widest part of the range is bounded by latitude 34°7’ and latitude 34°30’. The San Gabriel Mountains connect the Sierra Nevada with the Peninsular Ranges of southern California and Baja California. On the west the San Gabriels are bordered by the Tehachapi Moun- tains, which stretch northeastward to meet the southern Sierra Nevada; to the east, beyond Cajon Pass, the San Bernardino Moun- tains extend eastward and then curve southward to the broad San Gorgonio Pass, from which the San Jacinto Range stretches southeastward to merge with the Peninsular Ranges. The rocks comprising the major part of the San Gabriel Mountains probably were intruded in Late Jurassic times, with severe meta- morphic activity taking place concurrently. A long period of erosion followed after which deposition took place during much of the Tertiary. Deformation and uplift beginning in Middle Miocene times resulted in the formation of east-west-trending faults along both sides of the range. By repeated movements along these faults the Late Jurassic crystalline rocks were lifted above late Tertiary and Quaternary sediments and elevated above the surrounding terrain. Continued uplifts in post-Pleistocene time together with erosion in Recent times have shaped the San Gabriel Mountains (Oakeshott, 1937). The alluvial slopes at the coastal base of the range give way to the foothills at roughly 1800 feet elevation; whereas the Mojave Desert merges with the interior foothills at elevations near 4000 feet. The crest or drainage-divide of the range varies from 6000 to 8000 feet in elevation, and many peaks are more than 8000 feet high. San Antonio Peak, the highest peak of the range, rises to an altitude of 10,080 feet. The mountains are characteristically steep and the slopes are deeply carved by canyons, the larger of which have permanent streams. The abruptness of the Pacific slope is in many places impressive. The horizontal distance from the top of Cucamonga Peak, at an elevation of 8911 feet, to the base of the coastal foothills directly to the south, at 2250 feet, an elevational difference of 6661 feet, is only 3.8 miles. From the base of Evey Canyon, at 2250 feet, to an unnamed peak to the northwest with an elevation of 5420 feet, the horizontal distance is 2.1 miles. Be- cause of the steep, rocky nature of many of the slopes and the lack of soil on them, vegetation may be sparse even at high eleva- tions. There are few meadows in the mountains. Because the San Gabriels stand approximately thirty miles from the Pacific Ocean and are a partial barrier to Pacific air masses 518 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. sweeping inland, the desert side and the coastal side of the range differ climatically. The coastal slope receives much heavier precipi- tation than the desert slope. The precipitation, for 1951, of 25.36 inches recorded at the mouth of San Antonio Canyon on the Pacific slope contrasts with 7.17 inches recorded at Valyermo at the desert base. Nearly all of the precipitation comes in winter. The higher parts of the range, above approximately 5000 feet, receive much of their mid-winter precipitation in the form of snow. Snow often extends down the desert slope well into the Joshua Tree belt. When there are heavy winter rains the channels of the usually dry washes are filled with rushing, turbid water. There are striking differences in temperature between the two sides of the range and between the lower elevations of the mountains and the higher parts. For example, in December 1951, the mean temperature at the base of San Antonio Canyon (2225 feet) at the coastal foot of the range was 55.4°F, while at Llano (3764 feet) at the desert base it was 43.7°F. In this same year the December mean for Table Mountain (7500 feet), on the desert slope, was 33.4°F. The temperature means for July, 1951, at San Antonio Canyon, Llano, and Table Mountain, were 77.3°F, 82.1°F, and 69.2°F respectively. The weather records for 1951 were used for illustration because average temperature and average precipitation for many other years are lacking for most of the weather stations in the area. There is an important difference in the humidity on the two sides of the range, but actual data are not available. At certain times, especially in spring, fog banks moving in from the Pacific Ocean frequently blanket the coastal base of the mountains and the foothills. On such days the fog generally “burns off’ in the morning, but may persist into the afternoon or throughout the day. Never in my experience has fog spilied over the main part of the range far onto the desert slope, although the fog may push through the lower passes to be dissipated quickly in the dry desert atmosphere. The obvious differences in the biota on the two sides of the range are probably due to the contrasting climates. Biotic PROVINCES AND Ecotocic ASSOCIATIONS Because of the elevational extremes and attendant climatic con- trasts in the San Gabriel Mountains, there is a rather wide range of environmental conditions. Four life-zones are represented: Lower Sonoran, Upper Sonoran, Transition, and Canadian. Within these zones certain ecologic communities can be recognized; these rep- MAMMALS OF SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS 519 resent several biotic provinces. Table 1 shows the relationships between the environmental categories recognized by the writer in the San Gabriel Mountains. The biotic province and ecologic community system is that developed by Munz and Keck (1949), and the life-zone system is that of Merriam (1898). TaBLE 1.—RELATIONS OF THE Major ENVIRONMENTAL CATEGORIES OF THE SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS. Biotic province Plant community Life-zone Slope 1. Coastal sage scrub Lower Sonoran | Pacific Californian, < ......: 5: 2. Southern oak woodland| Upper Sonoran | Pacific 3. Chaparral Upper Sonoran | Pacific SIGH Gg eae ee one 4. Yellow pine forest and | Transition Pacific limited areas of Canadian and boreal flora Desert Nevada i552 20% 5. Sagebrush scrub Transition Desert Upper Sonoran Southern Desert..... 6. Pinyon-juniper Upper Scenoran | Desert woodland 7. Joshua tree woodland | Lower Sonoran | Desert The Californian Biotic Province dominates the biotic aspect of the coastal slope of the range. Thirty-nine out of the seventy-two mammals recorded from the San Gabriels are typical of this Prov- ince. The coastal sage-flats at the Pacific base of the mountains and the vast tracts of chaparral of the coastal slope are included in this Province. Forming a hiatus between the Pacific and the desert slope is the Sierran Biotic Province consisting of coniferous forests on the crest of the range. The chipmunk (Eutamias speciosus speciosus) and the introduced black bear (Ursus americanus californiensis) are the only two mammals which can be considered typical of this area. On the higher peaks of the range, such as Mount San An- tonio and Mount Baden Powell, the Canadian Life-zone is rep- resented by certain boreal plants. At scattered points along the crest of the range and on the desert slope, the Nevadan Biotic Province is represented by the sagebrush scrub association. No mammals can be considered typical of this region. The Southern Desert Biotic Province occurs below 6000 feet ele- vation on the interior slope of the range, and markedly influences 520 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. the mammal fauna of this slope. Twenty-one species of mammals are typical of this Province. SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES OF PLANTS MENTIONED IN THIs REPORT Pinus Lambertiana P. monophylla P. ponderosa P. contorta Pseudotsuga macrocarpa Abies concolor Libocedrus decurrens Juniperus californica Ephedra sp. Bromus sp. Yucca Whipplei Y. brevifolia Salix sp. Alnus rhombifolia Castanopsis sempervirens Quercus Kelloggii Q. agrifolia QO. dumosa Eriogonum fasciculatum Umbellularia californica Ribes nevadense R. indecorum R. Roezlii Plantanus racemosa Rubus vitifolius Cercocarpus ledifolius C. betuloicdes Adenostoma fasciculatum Purshia glandulosa Prunus virginiana P. ilicifolia Larrea divaricata Rhus diversiloba R. trilobata R. laurina R. integrifolia R. ovata Rhamnus crocea Ceanothus sp. C. cordulatus Fremontia californica Opuntia occidentalis Arctostaphylos sp. Salvia mellifera S. apiana Sugar Pine One-leaf Pinyon Yellow Pine Lodge-pole Pine Big-cone Spruce White Fir Incense-Cedar Juniper Desert-Tea Brome Grass Spanish Bayonet Joshua Tree Willow Alder Chinquapin California Black Oak California Live Oak Scrub Oak California Buckwheat Bay, California-laurel Gooseberry Currant Currant Sycamore Western Blackberry Mountain Mahogany Mountain Mahogany Greasewood Antelope-brush Choke Cherry Holly-leaved Cherry Creosote Bush Poisonoak Squaw Bush Laurel Sumac Lemonadeberry Sugarbush Buckthorn Lilac Snow-brush California Slippery-elm Prickly-pear Manzanita Black Sage White Sage MAMMALS OF SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS 521 Lycium Andersonii Box-thorn Haplopappus squarosus Chrysothamnus nauseosus Rabbitbrush Baccharis sp. Mule Fat Franseria dumosa Burroweed Artemisia tridentata Basin Sagebrush A. californica Coastal Sagebrush Lepidospartum squamatum Scale-broom L. latisquamatum Scale-broom Tetradymia spinosa Cotton-thorn Coastal Sage Scrub Association Major PLANTS Artemisia californica Rhus integrifolia Salvia apiana Opuntia occidentalis Salvia mellifera Haploppapus squarrosus Eriogonum fasciculatum This association is restricted to the Pacific base of the range, is typical on the alluvium at the bases of the coastal foothills, and usually grades into the chaparral at about 1800 feet elevation. When seen from above, the rather level terrain of the association is broken sharply at the mouths of canyons by dry washes, and is limited below, to the south, by cultivated land. The coastal sage- brush is the most characteristic plant of this association, occurring in all undisturbed parts of the area. There are several habitats within the coastal sage scrub associ- ation. These differ from one another chiefly on the basis of soil type. The soil of the rather level sageland in most places is rocky or gravelly, or, as adjacent to washes, it is finely sandy in texture, and supports the major plants of the association. Most of the eroded adobe banks at the bases of the foothills support these same plants, with white sage being the dominant species. Locally, as in damp hollows or cleared areas, there is grassland. Jumbles of boulders, sand, gravel, and steep cutbanks, are characteristic of the channels of dry washes, these areas supporting sparse vegetation. The fauna and flora of the washes are distinct from those of surrounding sage flats. Because they are included within the geographic limits of the coastal sage belt, however, the washes are discussed along with this association. The abruptness with which one habitat gives way to another in this association causes sharp dividing lines between the local ranges of certain mammals. For example, in trap lines transecting dry washes and level sageland two assemblages of rodents were found. That part of the line amid the boulders and cutbanks of the wash 522 UNIVERSITY OF KaANsAs Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. took mostly Peromyscus eremicus fraterculus and Neotoma lepida intermedia, while Perognathus fallax fallax, Dipodomys agilis agilis, and Peromyscus maniculatus gambeli were taken in the adjacent sage flats. The steep adobe slopes of the foothills, which constitute the upper part of the coastal sage scrub association, are commonly inhabited by Peromyscus californicus insignis, which rarely occurs in the level tracts of sage a few yards away. Thus, this association is not homogeneous with regard to its rodent population; many of these species have local and discontinuous distributions. The following list gives the results of about 500 trap nights (a trap night equals one trap set out for one night) in typical coastal sage-scrub association one-half mile southwest of the mouth of San Antonio Canyon, at 1700 feet elevation. TABLE 2.—YIELD OF 500 TRAP-NIGHTS IN THE COASTAL SAGE SCRUB ASSOCIATION. Per cent Number of total iReroonathustallaxpallaxtreys seerme cee eon eoeeoe 31 30.7 Dipodomys agilis; APS) 2, a sb5 cen orem Seve eienceist ueeusieye 20 19.8 Reithrodontomys megalotis longicaudus............... 4 4.0 Peromyscus'califormicus insignis... .. 324.02 e kee 4 4.0 IRMereimicusmraverculusnsaceeeeccciic soeee eater 7 6.9 iPSmaniculatusprambeli’,. 2.50.00 cc) cosines eae 20 19.8 Neotoma lepida intermediawis a. .us Chie seth aie 9 8.8 INERUSCIDESMACTOUISNe Ee ee tes sleet ieee meee 2 2.0 Microtus californicus sanctidiegi...................... 4 4.0 The list below indicates the catch in 200 trap nights in San Antonio Wash, at 1700 feet elevation and within the realm of the coastal sage; all of the traps were set in rocky and sandy main channels of the wash. TABLE 3.—YIELD OF 200 TRAP-NiGHTS IN SAN ANTONIO WaAsH. Per cent Number GP tetAl Peroguathus tallaxtallax.cc o2)..o: s02 eerie sere 2 Peromyscus californicus insignis.....................-. 2, if. eremnicuspiraterculus::. jira iters sels ss sie esse meres 6 Sk 26 9 MAMMALS OF SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS 523 The prickly-pear cactus is of obvious importance to certain mam- mals of the coastal sage belt. This cactus is most common in dis- turbed areas such as sandy flats bordering washes, eroded adobe banks, and land once cleared by man. In these areas it is often the dominant plant with respect to area covered, usually growing in dense patches each covering approximately 150 square feet. It provides substitute nesting sites for Neotoma lepida in areas devoid of rock piles, and is probably the major factor governing the distri- bution of this wood rat in the sageland. Cottontails and brush rabbits use prickly-pear cactus extensively as refuge. Their forms and short burrows can be seen beneath many of the clumps of cactus. This cactus serves as food for many mammals at least in the fruiting period in the fall. Usually only the fruit is eaten, but some pads are chewed by rabbits. The fruit or seeds of this plant are eaten by striped skunks, gray foxes, coyotes, pocket mice, kangaroo rats, wood rats, and probably white-footed mice. The coyote is the dominant carnivore of the coastal sage flats. Many individuals spend the day in the adjacent chaparral-covered foothills and travel down into the flats at night to forage. Southern Oak Woodland Association Major PLANTS Alnus rhombifolia Rhus integrifolia Quercus agrifolia Rhus ovata Ribes indecorum Rhus trilobata This association is limited to the Pacific slope of the mountain range, occurs in the mouths of canyons and on the floors of canyons, and extends up the larger canyons to 4000 feet elevation or higher. In a few areas on the flats at the coastal base of the range the oaks replace the coastal sage. The large oaks forming an overhead canopy and the lack of much undergrowth give the oak woodland a shaded parklike appearance. Few brushy or herbaceous plants grow in the mull-laden soil be- neath the oaks. Some grasses, however, are present locally. Two habitats are found in the oak woodland: the pure oak woodland and the riparian. Much of the oak woodland is in can- yons and therefore near streams or seepages. The larger streams have bordering growths of alders, willows, and blackberries, in- habited by meadow mice and shrews that are normally absent from the adjacent oak woodland. Neotoma fuscipes macrotis and Pero- myscus californicus insignis are commonly found in the riparian 524 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PuBLs., Mus. Nat. Hist. habitat, and Peromyscus boylii probably reaches peak abundance in the stream-side thickets and tangles of plant debris. The rather open floor of the oak woodland is relatively devoid of mammal life. Peromyscus californicus and Peromyscus boylii, the only ground-dwelling rodents commonly found here, usually are taken near the limited areas of brushy growth, or the shelter afforded by logs and fallen branches. The paucity of shelter for small mammals seems to be an important factor limiting rodent populations in the oak woodland. In the foothills of the San Gabriels the gray squirrel is restricted to the oak woodland, even though this association may be repre- sented by only a narrow strip of canyon bottom oak trees. The presence or absence of “bridges” of oak woodland between moun- tains which are centers of gray squirrel populations and nearby ranges has probably been a major factor influencing the present geographic distribution of this animal. The raccoon is the most abundant carnivore of the oak woodland, being especially common in the riparian habitat. Chaparral Association Major PLANTS Adenostoma fasciculatum Prunus ilicifolia Rhamnus crocea Ceanothus sp. Quercus dumosa Arctostaphylos sp. Cercocarpus betuloides Umbellularia californica Yucca Whipplei This association is characteristic of the Pacific slope of the San Gabriels and extends from roughly 2000 feet elevation to 5000 or 6000 feet elevation. The ecotone between the chaparral and yellow pine forest associations covers a broad elevational belt, with chapar- ral following dry slopes up into coniferous forests, and conifers ex- tending down north slopes surrounded by chaparral. The chaparral association is characterized by tracts of dense brushy plants. These plants are from three to ten feet tall, their interlacing branches often forming nearly impenetrable thickets. Typically little herbaceous growth is present beneath the chaparral, the ground being covered with varying amounts of mull. The effects of fire, slope, exposure, and elevation, make the chaparral association extremely varied with regard to habitats or plant formations. There are nearly pure stands of greasewood on the lower arid slopes; scrub oak, sumac, and lilac clothe less dry MAMMALS OF SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS 525 exposures; scrub oak and bay trees occur commonly amid granite talus; and locally groves of bigcone-spruce are found. Because of the many habitats present, and the difficulty of collecting in the chaparral, less was learned of the ecology of the mammals in this association than of those occurring elsewhere. The distribution of several chaparral-inhabiting mammals seems to be influenced by the distribution of locally characteristic plants, for example oak and bay woodland, or greasewood chaparral. Several habitats within the chaparral community support few species of mammals and few individuals. Possibly the compact, rocky nature of the soil limits burrowing rodents, and the lack of herbaceous growth limits the food supply. Steep rocky slopes in San Antonio Canyon grown to mountain-mahogany and scrub oak were sparsely populated by Peromyscus boylii rowleyi, Peromyscus californicus insignis, and Neotoma fuscipes macrotis. Fifty traps set on such a slope for one night caught only three Peromyscus. Traps set in tracts of greasewood brush on dry south slopes at the head of Cow Canyon produced only California mice, Peromyscus californicus insignis Rhoads. Following is a list of the mammals taken in the course of approxi- mately 600 trap nights in the lower parts of the chaparral belt. All of the traps were set on slopes in San Antonio Canyon below 4000 feet elevation. The list gives a general indication of the rela- tive numbers of rodents inhabiting one chaparral habitat: the arid greasewood-covered south slopes of the lower chaparral belt. TABLE 4.—YIELD oF 600 TRAP-NIGHTS IN GREASEWOOD CHAPARRAL. Per cent Number Bf total Perognathus californicus dispar.............00........ + 10.0 Pipedemys agilis agalis; (922) caisiais ac sdateem ae cee oe t 10.0 Peromyscus californicus insignis...................... 25 62.5 Neovema fuscipes! MACrOLIS ..... nc. Le eo. oe if LI fests Heteromyids are evidently absent from the upper parts of the chaparral association, but cricetid rodents are common there be- neath heavy clumps of lilac and in the talus beneath oaks and bay trees. The following list gives the mammals taken in the course of about 200 trap nights in the granite talus one half mile northwest of the mouth of Icehouse Canyon, at 5200 feet elevation. 526 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. TABLE 5.—YIELD OF 200 TRAP-NIGHTS IN THE UprEeR PART OF THE CHAPARRAL ASSOCIATION. Per cent Number of total MutaMiasmMenrmamilmnerniamiis ns sce aoe ee eel cise 3 6.3 iReromyscus boylitrowleyieeeeoe seemed eee 38 79.2 Neotomalepida imtermedia.... i 2h crassa eosin: 2 4.2 Neotonia fuscipes Macros! 45 oh ccc ele ses era ene oe cee 5 10.4 The gray fox is the dominant carnivore of the chaparral associa- tion and forages widely in all habitats. Yellow Pine Forest Association Major PLANTS Pinus ponderosa Ribes nevadense P. lambertiana Ribes Roezlii Libocedrus decurrens Arctostaphylos sp. Abies concolor Ceanothus cordulatus Quercus Keiloggii The crest of the range, from the upper limit of the chaparral association at roughly 6000 feet to the limited areas of boreal flora above 8500 feet elevation, is covered by yellow pine forests. On the desert slope of the range the coniferous forests which extend down to about 6000 feet represent the best development of this association, while the coniferous forests on the coastal side of the drainage divide are often more or less diluted by chaparral elements. For example, yellow pines on the Pacific face of Blue Ridge at 7000 feet elevation often grow in association with scrub oak and mountain-mahogany. Few mammals are resident in the typical yellow pine forest as characterized by dense coniferous timber and little herbaceous or brushy growth. Here most of the species recorded actually find optimal conditions in an adjacent habitat. The forest probably harbors surplus individuals from adjacent preferred habitats, or, as in the case of chipmunks and ground squirrels, the forest often serves as forage ground while nearby brushy areas are utilized for breeding and shelter. The abundance of birds in the timber contrasts strik- ingly with the paucity of mammals there. The lack of a seed-produc- ing understory, and the open duff-covered stretches of ground on which rodents would be extremely vulnerable to predation, probably in part account for the scarcity of rodents. Within the general area encompassed by the yellow pine forest there are two major habitats, namely coniferous forest and chaparral. MAMMALS OF SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS pith The species of plants comprising the chaparral of the Transition Life-zone are different from those comprising the chaparral of the Upper Sonoran Life-zone on the Pacific slope. In the chaparral of the Transition Life-zone, basin sagebrush and snowbrush grow in extensive patches in clearings in the timber. Dense thickets of choke cherry cover many damp hollows, and these thickets harbor the houses of Neotoma fuscipes. The food and shelter afforded by these chaparral areas importantly influence the local distribution of rodents: for example, Dipodomys agilis and Perognathus californicus in the yellow pine area are found only in association with chaparral, being completely absent from wooded areas. The severe winter weather in this association must force many of the mammals into periods of inactivity. Probably during the long periods in the winter when snow covers the ground the heteromyids and sciurids remain below ground. Pinyon-Juniper Woodland Association Major PLANTS Pinus monophylla Fremontia californica Juniperus californica Cercocarpus ledifolius Quercus dumosa var. turbinella Yucca Whipplei Purshia glandulosa In the San Gabriel Mountains this association is limited to the desert slope and reaches its lower limit at the bases of the foothills and extends up to the lower edge of the yellow pine forests. The altitudinal extent of the pinyon-juniper association is from roughly 4000 to 6900 feet elevation. Several habitats are evident within the pinyon-juniper belt. On north slopes in the upper part of this association, scattered stands of pinyon pines are found with dense patches of scrub oak inter- vening, while on other such slopes a dense chaparral is present, con- sisting primarily of scrub oak, mountain-mahogany, and California slippery-elm. In this type of chaparral several hundred trap nights yielded only two rodent species: Neotoma fuscipes simplex and Peromyscus truei montipinoris. There are few pinyons on the south slopes, especially in the lower parts of the association; many of these slopes are clothed with an open growth of manzanita and yucca, while northern exposures there support mostly scrub oak. Many of the flats of the pinyon belt are grown to basin sagebrush. Following is a list of the mammals taken in about 400 trap nights at one locality in the pinyon-juniper association. The area supported a mixed growth of pinyon, scrub oak, mountain-ma- 528 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. hogany, and antelope-brush, together with smaller brushy plants, and was at the head of Grandview Canyon, at an altitude of roughly 5000 feet. TABLE 6.—Y1ELD OF 400 TRAP-NIGHTS IN THE PINYON-JUNIPER ASSOCIATION. + Per cent Number of total Perognathusfallax'pallidus®s, (yis-5. 202. Mae woe oe 3 Dinodomys agilis fuses str ok SW ccdboaiso 5 4.5 Dipodomys panamintinus mohavensis...............- 43 38.7 Peromyscus califormicusimsignis:.........<...+..:-.-- 3 2.7 Perpmyechistirite! MOMUPINOLIS. 0 t4 mics '..c.s.t ia, aeie = Se ape 1 9 IReroniyscus poOylirowleyiere yarn: © feos ces ete 2 1.8 Peromyscus eremicus eremicus...............---+----- 28 25.0 Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis..............-+-. 23 20.5 Wuychomys vorridus puleher. 225.00... ce i. ge ete cc « 4 3) Weopams lenidavlepidar 42.585 cne Gato. Site ee bol 3 2:7 Dipodomys panamintinus mohavensis, Neotoma fuscipes simplex, and Peromyscus truei montipinoris are probably the most character- istic mammals of the pinyon-juniper association. 2—5184 530 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nar. Hist. Sagebrush Scrub Association Major PLANTS Bromus sp. Chrysothamnus nauseosus Artemisia tridentata Purshia glandulosa This association is found on only the crest and desert slope of the range between 5000 and 8000 feet elevation. There it character- istically occupies flats and clearings in the yellow pine forest and pinyon-juniper woodland. The dominant plant of the association is basin sagebrush, and in many places this plant forms mixed growths with snowbrush and Haplopappus. The low brush of this association is formed by closely spaced bushes with grasses growing between. Because of its limited occurrence in the San Gabriel Mountains, this association there has relatively little effect on mammalian dis- tribution. Locally, nevertheless, the presence of this association governs the distribution of certain mammals. For example, on Blue Ridge, islands of sagebrush amid the conifers provide suitable habitat for Dipodomys agilis perplexus and Perognathus californicus bernardinus; and in Swarthout Valley D. a. perplexus, Reithrodonto- mys megalotis longicaudus, and Lepus californicus deserticola are seemingly restricted to the sagebrush flats. Joshua Tree Woodland Association Major PLANTS Yucca brevifolia Tetradymia spinosa Lycium Andersonii Ephedra sp. Eriogonum fasciculatum Larrea divaricata This association is on the piedmont that dips toward the Mojave Desert from the interior base of the San Gabriels. The widely spaced Joshua trees with low bushes between, and the dry washes breaking the level terrain below the mouths of canyons are typical of this area. Field work was extended no farther down into the desert than about the 3500 foot level, where this association was still dominant. Although the vegetation of this area is scattered and sparse, pre- senting a barren and sterile aspect, the area supports a rather high population of rodents. The soil at the bases of many large box- thorn- and creosote-bushes is perforated by burrow systems of Dipodomys panamintinus or Dipodomys merriami, and those bur- rows abandoned by kangaroo rats are used as retreats by Onychomys torridus and Peromyscus maniculatus. The mammals of this associ- MAMMALS OF SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS 53 ation are all characteristic of the fauna of the Mojave Desert, with the ranges of such species as the coyote and jack rabbit extending well up the desert slope of the mountains. The mammals listed below were taken in 1948 in roughly 400 trap nights in the Joshua belt, at an elevation of 3500 feet, one mile below the mouth of Graham Canyon. TABLE 9.—YIELD OF 400 TRAP-NIGHTS IN THE JoSHUA TREE BELT. Per cent Number of total Dipodomys panamintinus mohavensis................ 36 59.0 Dipodoniys merrmiamimernnamy..... 05. 2.0). ee 15 24.6 Onychoniys;tormiduspulchersenn. aes 252s eee 4 6.6 Peromyscus maniculatus gambeli........:. 1.42.24: 6 9.8 Populations of Dipodomys merriami and D. panamintinus fluctu- ate widely, possibly in response to weather cycles. In November of 1948 trapping in the Joshua belt showed that panamintinus outnum- bered merriami approximately three to one, whereas in December of 1951, after a succession of unusually dry years, merriami was the more numerous. Further, merriami occurred in the lower parts of the juniper belt in 1951 where in 1945 it seemed to be absent. Dipodomys merriami merriami and Onychomys torridus pulcher are diagnostic of the Joshua tree woodland association in the San Gabriel Mountains area, since few individuals of either species occur outside of this association. ACCOUNTS OF SPECIES Family DIDELPHIDAE Didelphis marsupialis virginiana Kerr Virginia Opossom The opossum is common in and near small towns and cultivated areas at the Pacific base of the mountain range and does not thrive away from human habitation; extensive trapping in the coastal sage and chaparral belts produced no specimens except immediately ad- jacent to citrus groves. Pequegnat (1951:47) mentions that opos- sums in the Santa Ana Mountains of southern California are in the lower parts of the larger canyons, especially near human habitation. Specimens examined.—Los Angeles County: Claremont, 1600 ft., 2 (PC). 532 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PuBLs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Family TALPIDAE Scapanus latimanus occultus Grinnell and Swarth California Mole Workings of moles were found on the Pacific slope of the moun- tains from 1600 feet at Claremont up to 7500 feet on Blue Ridge, and on the Pacific slope beneath basin sagebrush in Cajon Canyon one mile from desert slope Joshua-tree flats, but not on the desert slope, although moles probably occur on that slope in some of the places where there is suitable habitat. Near Camp Baldy in the sandy soil beneath groves of alders moles seemed to be especially abundant. Although common on the coastal face of the range, moles shunned compact, dry, or rocky soils. In the greasewood chaparral one-half mile west of the mouth of Palmer Canyon, where the soil was hard and rocky, mole tunnels were in soft soil that had accumulated at the edge of a fire road be- neath a steep road cut. The assumption is that this accumulation contained insects attractive, as food, to the moles. Specimens examined, 2: Los Angeles County: Camp Baldy, 4200 ft., 1(PC); Claremont, 1600 ft., 1( PC). Family SORICIDAE Sorex obscurus parvidens Jackson Dusky Shrew Jackson (1928:124) recorded a specimen from Camp Baldy, 4200 feet, San Antonio Canyon. Sorex ornatus ornatus Merriam Ornate Shrew Both of my specimens were taken amid riparian growth on the Pacific slope of the range. Specimens examined, 2: Los Angeles County: San Antonio Canyon, 3500 ft., 1; Cobal Canyon, 5 mi. N Claremont, 1800 ft., 1 (PC). Notiosorex crawfordi crawfordi (Coues) Gray Shrew One was taken in 1946 beneath a woodpile on the campus of Norton School, two miles northeast of Claremont, and examined by Dr. W. E. Pequegnat. MAMMALS OF SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS 533 Family VESPERTILIONIDAE Myotis yumanensis sociabilis H. W. Grinnell Yuma Myotis A female was taken in lower San Antonio Canyon, 2800 feet ele- vation, on September 27, 1951. Myotis evotis evotis (J. A. Allen) Long-eared Myotis This species was observed and collected at several stations rang- ing from 2800 feet elevation in San Antonio Canyon, to Blue Ridge at 8200 feet, and down the desert slope to 6000 feet at Jackson Lake. This distribution encompasses most of the chaparral and yellow pine forest associations. Within these areas, however, this bat shows marked habitat preferences. Woodland habitats seem to be preferred by evotis. At several ponds in lower San Antonio Canyon this bat was observed repeat- edly as it foraged over the water and coursed low between rows of alders and Baccharis. At Blue Ridge in September, 1951, these bats foraged approximately six feet above the ground beneath the canopy of coniferous foliage and between the trunks of the trees. Most of the bats were taken by stretching fine wires above the surface of a pond as outlined by Borell (1937:478). Collecting was generally carried on until at least 11:00 p. m., and the time at which each bat was taken at the pond was recorded, thereby making pos- sible a rough estimate of the pre-midnight forage period of each bat commonly collected at the ponds. Usually bats taken at the start of their supposed forage period had empty or nearly empty stomachs, whereas those taken towards the end of their forage period had full or nearly full stomachs. M. evotis usually first ap- peared just at dark, well after the pipistrelles and California myotis had begun foraging. The forage period of evotis seemed to begin approximately 30 minutes after sunset and to end approximately two and one-quarter hours later. Individuals of this species were taken from May 4, to October 14,1951. A female taken on May 19, 1951, in San Antonio Canyon, carried one minute embryo, and one taken in the same locality on June 8, had one embryo four millimeters in length. Specimens examined.—Total, 12, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: San Antonio Canyon, 2800 ft., 11; Claremont, 1100 ft., 1 (P.C.). 534 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nar. Hist. Myotis volans interior Miller Interior Long-legged Bat Although seldom found to be plentiful, this bat was recorded from many points on both the coastal and desert slopes of the mountains. Specimens were taken in the chaparral association in San Antonio Canyon, near Jackson Lake among yellow pines, and in Mescal Canyon at the upper limit of the Joshua tree woodland. Bats, probably volans, were noted over sage flats at 8000 feet eleva- tion on Blue Ridge. The only place where these bats appeared to be numerous was Jackson Lake on the interior slope; there, on Sep- tember 19, 1951, volans appeared with the pipistrelles, and was the most common bat before dark. An individual of this species taken on October 28, 1951, in a short mine-shaft in the pinyon belt at the head of Grandview Canyon was slow in its movements and felt as cold as the walls of the tunnel. It was late afternoon and the temperature outside the cave was below 40°F. The floor of the tunnel was covered with the hind wings of large moths of the genus Catocala; volans prob- ably hung in the cave while eating them. The series of volans from the San Gabriels shows that the two color phases of this bat both occur in the area. Two specimens from Jackson Lake contrast sharply with the rest of the series in their dark coloration. Benson (1949:50) states that color variation in a series of volans from a given locality may be striking. This bat was collected in San Antonio Canyon from 50 minutes after sundown to two hours and 40 minutes after sundown. In this area these bats did not visit the ponds in large numbers as they seemed to do on the desert slope. A female taken on May 29, 1951, contained one embryo nearly at term. Specimens examined.—Total, 9, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: Mescal Canyon, 8 mi. E and 5 mi. S Llano, 4900 ft., 1; 3 mi. W Big Pines, Swarthout Valley, 6000 ft., 3; San Antonio Canyon, 2800 ft., 5. Myotis californicus californicus (Audubon and Bachman) California Myotis On the Pacific face of the mountain range this bat was recorded commonly below approximately 5000 feet elevation, where it seemed to be most common in the oak woodland of canyons. On the desert slope it was collected at Jackson Lake in yellow pine woodland, in Mescal Canyon in the juniper belt, and bats presumably of this MAMMALS OF SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS 535 species were observed at several points in the pinyon-juniper woodland. Individuals of this species were often observed foraging from five to ten feet above the ground around the alders and Baccharis near San Antonio Creek, but they did not fly so low or so near the vegetation as did Myotis evotis. Here they were taken from 18 minutes to 55 minutes after sunset; this indicates an early and short forage period. This bat may be active even in winter. On February 8, 1952, in lower San Antonio Canyon, a bat, probably of this species, was noted foraging; and collecting in early November, 1951, yielded speci- mens. On May 22, 1951, a female obtained in San Antonio Canyon had one five-millimeter embryo, and subsequently all the females ex- amined had embryos until June 12, when collecting was discon- tinued. Specimens examined.—Total, 16, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: Mescal Canyon, 4800 ft., 2; Jackson Lake, 6000 ft., 1 (PC); San Antonio Canyon, 3900 ft., 1; San Antonio Canyon, 2800 ft., 12. Pipistrellus hesperus merriami (Dobson) Western Pipistrelle This is the most obvious if not the most common bat of the lower coastal slopes of the San Gabriels. In the spring and fall of 1951 individuals were noted from 1700 feet in the coastal sage scrub as- sociation to the white fir forests on Blue Ridge at 8200 feet elevation and were commonest in the rocky canyons of the lower Pacific slope below 4000 feet, and usually foraged near the steep canyon sides high above the canyon bottoms. Pipistrelles were generally the first bats to appear in the evening, although the times of their appearance were irregular. In April and May, in lower San Antonio Canyon, they appeared from 28 minutes before sunset to 30 minutes after sunset, with the average time of appearance eight and one-half minutes after sunset. Like Myotis californicus this pipistrelle seemed to have a short and early foraging period. No pipistrelles were recorded at ponds later than one hour and five minutes after sunset, and usually they were not seen later than 40 minutes after sunset. Most of the specimens taken later than one half hour after sunset had full stomachs. More than 50 pipistrelles were captured at the ponds in San Antonio Canyon; six were kept for specimens. This species is probably present in the area throughout the winter. Pipistrelles were active 536 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. in early April in Evey Canyon, were observed in early November in San Antonio Canyon, and on January 26, 1952, an individual was noted foraging near the mouth of Palmer Canyon. They are prob- ably not active in winter on the colder desert slope of the mountains. Pipistrelles often foraged in loose flocks of about half a dozen individuals. On many occasions these groups were first seen forag- ing high up above the canyon bottom, then, as it grew darker, they descended and foraged within 50 or 100 feet of the floor of the canyon. Immediately before dark these groups seemed to have forage beats; one minute several pipistrelles would be overhead, and the next minute none would be in sight. A female taken in San Antonio Canyon on June 8, 1951, con- tained two five-millimeter embryos. Specimens examined.—Total, 6, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: San Antonio Canyon, 2800 ft., 5; Evey Canyon, 2400 ft., 1. Pipistrellus hesperus hesperus (H. Allen) Western Pipistrelle This species was common in the spring and autumn of 1951 from the lower edge of the yellow pine forest down into the belt of Joshua trees. In early April on the desert slope at 4800 feet in Mescal Canyon, pipistrelles foraged on evenings when it was windy but not cold. On cold evenings (when the temperature was below roughly 45°F) none was seen. On windy nights the pipistrelles often forsook their usual high forage habits and foraged 15 feet or so above the ground where the vegetation and outcrops of rock broke the force of the wind. In 1951 no pipistrelles were noted on the desert slope later than October 15. Specimens examined.—Los Angeles County: Mescal Canyon, 4800 ft., 4. Eptesicus fuscus bernardinus Rhoads Big Brown Bat This bat was on the coastal slope from the sage scrub association at 1100 feet, up to 8000 feet on Blue Ridge, and on the desert slope down to the upper edge of the Joshua tree belt at 4800 feet in Mescal Canyon. It was the most common bat at the ponds in San Antonio Canyon in May and June of 1951, but in September and October of the same year none was obtained there. On the Pacific slope of the San Gabriels the big brown bats segre- gate according to sex in the spring, the males occupying the foothills and mountains and the females the level valley floor at the coastal MAMMALS OF SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS 537 base of the range. Of 70 big brown bats captured in May and June of 1951, at the ponds in San Antonio Canyon, only one was a female. A large colony of more than 200 individuals in a barn near Covina, in the citrus belt, was composed of only females. Times of capture of this bat at the ponds in San Antonio Canyon ranged from ten minutes after sunset to two hours and thirty min- utes after sunset. Generally these bats came to the ponds in groups of several individuals, and often more than a dozen were captured in the course of an evening’s collecting. Specimens examined.—Total, 7, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: Mescal Canyon, 4800 ft., 1; San Antonio Canyon, 2800 ft., 2; Covina, 1100 ft., 44 (QING). Lasiurus borealis teleotis (H. Allen) Red Bat One female was taken on September 30, 1951, in San Antonio Canyon, at 2800 feet elevation. The descriptions which the citrus growers of the Claremont and Glendora vicinity give of the bats they find occasionally hanging in their citrus trees accurately de- scribe this species. Its seasonal occurrence there is unknown. Lasiurus cinereus cinereus (Pasilot de Beauvois) Hoary Bat Specimens were collected in spring in 1951 at elevations of 2800 and 3200 feet in San Antonio Canyon, on the coastal slope, and in Mescal Canyon at 4900 feet, on the desert slope. Large, fast flying bats, probably of this species, were seen at Jackson Lake, 6000 feet elevation, on October 15, 1951. Hoary bats are present in the San Gabriels in the fall, winter, and spring. In 1951 the last spring specimen was taken on June 11, in Mescal Canyon; then collecting was discontinued until late Sep- tember when the first hoary bat was taken on the thirtieth of that month. From this date on into the winter hoary bats were recorded regularly. They seemed to be as common in early June as in most of April and May; possibly some remain in the San Gabriels through- out the summer. In spring these bats seem to segregate by sex; of twelve kept as specimens and at least an equal number captured and released only one was a female. All were captured above 2800 feet. Hoary bats seem to have a long pre-midnight forage period, having been captured at ponds from 21 minutes after sunset, to three hours and 26 minutes after sunset. Generally those taken early had empty 538 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. stomachs and those taken later had full stomachs. On the night of May 24, 1951, a hoary bat captured two hours and five minutes after sunset had only a partially full stomach. On May 25, 1951, an unusual concentration of hoary bats was observed at a pond at about 3200 feet elevation, in San Antonio Canyon (Vaughan, 1953). The day had been clear and warm, one of the first summerlike days of spring. Beginning at 30 minutes after sundown hoary bats were collected until two hours and 35 minutes after sundown; in this period 22 were caught and at least as many more observed. Many were released after being examined, whereupon they hung on the foliage of nearby alders to rest and dry themselves. This concentration of hoary bats may have been due to a sudden beginning of migration with a resultant concentra- tion of bats at certain altitudinal belts. The warm weather might have set off the migration. On evenings that followed subsequent hot days no such concentration of hoary bats was seen. B.P. Bole (Hall 1946:156) observed a concentration of hoary bats on August 28, 1932, in Esmeralda County, Nevada. Several captive Myotis californicus in a jar next to a pond in San Antonio Canyon set up a squeaking which seemed to attract a hoary bat. Repeatedly the large bat swooped over the jar. Specimens examined.—Total, 12, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: Mescal Canyon, 4900 ft., 2; San Antonio Canyon, 3200 ft., 2; San Antonio Canyon, 2800 ft., 8. Antrozous pallidus pacificus Merriam Pallid Bat The pallid bat is probably the most common and characteristic bat of the citrus belt at the Pacific base of the mountains. Only once, on May 4, 1951, was this bat taken in the mountains, On that night two individuals were collected at 2800 feet in San Antonio Canyon. All of the other specimens and observations were from colonies in old barns and outbuildings in the citrus belt where these bats are found in spring, summer, and fall. The impression gained by examining many mixed colonies of Antrozous and Tadarida was that the former greatly outnumbered the latter. For example, a small colony of bats in an old barn near San Dimas Wash consisted of about thirty pallid bats and five free- tails. Large numbers of wings of moths of the family Sphingidae, and legs and parts of the heads of Jerusalem crickets (Stenopelmatus MAMMALS OF SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS 539 fuscus) were beneath an Antrozous night-roosting place in a barn near Upland. Pallid bats were collected in 1951, from April 16 to October 17 but probably were active in the area into November. Each of two pregnant females taken two miles northeast of San Dimas on April 20, 1951, carried two embryos 4 millimeters long. Specimens examined.—Total, 6, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: 2 mi, NE San Dimas, 1200 ft., 2 (1PC); Ontario, 1100 ft., 4 (3PC). Family MOLOSSIDAE Tadarida mexicana (Saussure) Mexican Free-tailed Bat This bat, regularly met with in the citrus belt at the coastal base of the range, occurred in small numbers with colonies of Antrozous, and was once found with a colony of Eptesicus near Covina. None of the females taken in April 1951 was pregnant. i Sens examined.—Los Angeles County: 2 mi. NE San Dimas, 1200 Eumops perotis californicus (Merriam) Mastiff Bat H. W. Grinnell (1918:373) mentioned individuals collected at Sierra Madre (at the coastal base of the San Gabriels west of the study area), and Sanborn (1932:351) reported specimens from Covina and Azusa. Probably this bat occurs locally all along the coastal base of the range. Family LEPORIDAE Lepus californicus bennettii Gray California Jack Rabbit This species was found in the coastal sage belt from Cajon Wash west to San Gabriel Canyon and was most plentiful in thin stands of sagebrush, and in and around citrus groves. Because of their preference for semi-open country, jack rabbits are absent from much of the coastal belt of sagebrush where the brush is fairly continuous, and they never were observed in the chaparral associa- tion. Coyotes catch many jack rabbits and regularly forage around the foothill borders of the citrus groves for cottontails and jack rabbits. A female examined on February 19, 1951, was pregnant, and one taken on March 15, 1951, carried three small embryos. Specimens examined.—San Bernardino County: 2 mi. NW Upland, 1600 ieee aay @1 21 ©) 2 540 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. Lepus californicus deserticola Mearns California Jack Rabbit There was sign of jack rabbits along the desert slope of the San Gabriels up to about 6700 feet, one-half mile west of Big Pines. They were fairly common in the Joshua tree belt, occurred less commonly in the juniper belt, and were present locally in small numbers in the pinyon-juniper association. The population seemed to be at a low ebb from 1948 to 1952, when field work was done on the desert slope. I often hiked for an hour or more on the desert or juniper-covered benches without seeing a jack rabbit. The species was commoner in washes where as many as eleven were noted in two hours’ hiking. In December, 1951, below Graham Canyon, the leaves on large areas of many nearly recumbent Joshua trees had been gnawed down to their bases, and jack rabbit feces covered the ground next to these gnawings. Probably the Joshua tree is an emergency food used by the rabbits only when other food is scarce. In years when the population of jack rabbits is not low they serve as a major food for coyotes. In the Joshua tree belt below Mescal Canyon, jack rabbit remains were fairly common in coyote feces, and tracks repeatedly showed where some coyote had pursued a jack rabbit for a short distance. A large male bobcat trapped in the juniper belt in Graham Canyon had deer hair and jack rabbit remains in its stomach. Specimens examined.—Total, 7, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: 6 mi. E and 1 mi. S Llano, 3500 ft., 4; Mescal Canyon, 4800 ft., 3. Sylvilagus audubonii sanctidiegi (Miller) Audubon Cottontail Cottontails are common in the coastal sage scrub association and in and around citrus groves, but generally penetrate the mountains no farther than the lower limit of the chaparral association. They are everywhere on coastal alluvial slopes, except in the barren washes, and prefer patches of prickly-pear and often are loathe to leave its protection. After completely destroying a large patch of prickly-pear in the course of examining a wood rat house in the center of the cactus, I found hiding, in the main nest chamber of the house, a cottontail that dashed from its hiding place only when poked forceably with the handle of a hoe. Cottontails are seldom above the sage belt in the chaparral as- sociations, although along firebreaks and roads they occasionally occur there. Habitually cottontails escape predators in partly open MAMMALS OF SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS 541 terrain offering retreats such as low, thick brush, rock piles, and cactus patches; but on open ground beneath dense chaparral, cotton- tails may be vulnerable to predation. Examinations of feces and stomach contents of the coyote reveals that it preys more heavily on cottontails than on any other wild species. Remains of several cottontails eaten by raptors were found in the sage belt. In April, 1951, many young cottontails were found dead on roads in the sage belt, and a newly born cottontail was in the stomach of a coyote trapped four miles north of Claremont, on February 7, 1952. Specimens examined.—Total, 3, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: mouth of San Antonio Canyon, 2000 ft., 1 (PC). San Bemardino County: 2 mi. NW Upland, 1600 ft., 2 (PC). Sylvilagus audubonii arizonae (J. A. Allen) Audubon Cottontail This subspecies was recorded on the interior slope from 5200 feet elevation, as at the head of Grandview Canyon, down into the desert, and was common in the sagebrush flats of the upper pinyon- juniper association. Piles of feces under thick oak and mountain- mahogany chaparral indicated that the rabbits often sought shelter there. Adequate cover is a requirement for this rabbit on the desert slope of the San Gabriels; in the juniper and Joshua tree belts the species occurs in washes where there is fairly heavy brush, and only occasionally elsewhere. In the foothills, when frightened from cover in one small wash cottontails often run up over an adjacent low ridge and seek cover in the brush of the next wash. In the wash below Graham Canyon tracks and observations showed that cottontails were taking refuge in deserted burrows of kit foxes. In the pinyon-juniper association cottontails and jack rabbits prob- ably occur in roughly equal numbers, but in the Joshua tree belt cottontails seem far less numerous than jack rabbits. In the course of a two hour hike in lower Mescal Wash, at about 3500 feet, eleven jack rabbits and two cottontails were noted. Specimens examined.—Total, 2, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: 6 mi. E and 1 mi. S Llano, 3500 ft., 1; Mescal Canyon, 4800 ft., 1. Sylvilagus bachmani cinerascens (J. A. Allen) Brush Rabbit Brush rabbits inhabit the Pacific slope of the mountains from about 1200 feet in the coastal sagebrush belt up to at least 4500 feet in the chaparral, and are the only lagomorphs found commonly 542 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. above the lower edge of the chaparral association. Here they were often on steep slopes beneath extensive and nearly impenetrable tracts of chaparral. The ecologic niche of the brush rabbit is in brush where the plants form continuous thickets with little open ground. In the coastal sagebrush flats, areas supporting only scattered bushes are uninhabited by brush rabbits, while areas grown to extensive tracts of brush harbor them. When the brush rabbit’s mode of escape from its enemies is considered, the reason for their habitat pref- erence becomes more clear. Almost invariably these rabbits seek escape by running through the densest portions of the brush, never appearing in the open; in this way they travel quickly away from the source of danger without being observed. Because they avoid being seen in the open, and do not seek safety largely through running ability, they need continuous stretches of brush for escape. While hunting in the coastal sagebrush belt I have repeatedly seen frightened brush rabbits turn and dart beneath the bushes a few feet from a human being rather than be driven into the open. A great horned owl shot in March, 1951, in the sage belt, had in its stomach the remains of a freshly killed adult brush rabbit. Although coyotes and brush rabbits often occur in the same general sections of the sage flats, remains of these rabbits have been notably scarce in coyote feces from these areas. This is probably because the coyote hunts along clearings and in open brushland, precisely the type of habitat avoided by brush rabbits. Family SCIURIDAE Sciurus griseus anthonyi Mearns Western Gray Squirrel Gray squirrels were on both slopes of the San Gabriels in oak woodland. A gray squirrel was observed in April of 1948, as it climbed a telephone pole adjacent to an orange grove near Cuca- monga. This, and one noted bounding up a slope of greasewood chaparral near Cattle Canyon, were the only gray squirrels seen in areas which were not grown to oaks or adjacent to oak woodland. In the lower foothills gray squirrels were invariably found in asso- ciation with valley oak, this plant forming limited woodland areas in canyon bottoms. In the upper chaparral association the squirrels frequented the large scrub oaks growing on talus slopes and canyon sides. In the yellow pine woodland, gray squirrels are restricted to black oaks, often where they formed mixed stands with the coni- MAMMALS OF SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS 543 fers. On the interior slope these squirrels were found only at the lower edge of the yellow pine woodland where black oaks are common. There, in the vicinity of Big Pines, they were present between roughly 5800 and 7000 feet, while on the Pacific slope they inhabited oak woodland from 1600 feet to about 7000 feet eleva- tion. In Live Oak Canyon in December of 1950, tracks indicated that a bobcat had killed a gray squirrel in a small draw beneath the oaks. In Evey Canyon on March 6, 1951, while watching for bats at late twilight, I observed a gray squirrel traveling through the branches of a nearby oak. A great horned owl glided into the oak in an attempt to catch the squirrel, which leaped quickly into a dense mass of foliage and escaped. For roughly ten minutes the owl perched in the oak watching its intended prey, then flew off down the canyon amid frantic scolding by the squirrel. On March 17, 1951, a female gray squirrel taken at about 3500 feet elevation in San Antonio Canyon contained two embryos, each roughly 40 millimeters long. Spermophilus beecheyi beecheyi (Richardson) Beechey Ground Squirrel From the coastal sage belt, into the yellow pine forest of the Pacific slope, this species is common on land cleared by man or disturbed in the course of construction, or on severely eroded slopes where the original climax vegetation is partly or completely absent. Thus in the sage belt, ground squirrels live along dirt roads through the brush, on the heavily eroded banks often found in the foothills, on land grazed closely by sheep, and in those parts of major washes such as San Antonio and Cucamonga washes where scatterings of huge boulders offer prominent vantage points. In San Antonio Canyon Spermophilus was restricted to the vicinity of roads and firebreaks, and an especially large colony of at least forty individuals lived at a dump one mile southwest of Camp Baldy at about 4500 feet elevation. Ground squirrels used burned stems of large laurel sumac as observation posts. Because of a preference for open areas offering unobstructed outlooks, ground squirrels originally probably did not penetrate the main belt of heavy chapar- ral on the Pacific slope of the range except in some of the large washes. In the spring of 1951 and the preceding summer there was a marked increase in the ground squirrel population near Padua Hills 544 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. as a result of sheep grazing on approximately one-half square mile of sage land. Grasses and smaller shrubs were eaten down to the ground, and in some places coastal sagebrush and Haplopappus were killed by browsing and trampling. The area formerly had a sparse growth of bushes with intervening growths of tall grasses and one colony of perhaps 20 ground squirrels; but after the sheep grazing the area was open brushland with large clear spaces on which the herbage was trimmed to the ground, and had at least four colonies of ground squirrels as large as the first. Also there were other ground squirrels established in various parts of the area. Probably the dry weather in the winter of 1950-51 with consequent retardation of the vegetation aided the spread of the squirrels in this area. In the sage belt, most ground squirrels are dormant by December. In 1951, after a mild winter, squirrels were noted on January 25 near Padua Hills. On February 8, 1951, males in breeding condition were collected, and on March 16, a female taken near San Antonio Wash carried three small embryos. In early March of 1951, ground squirrels were active at 4500 feet elevation in San Antonio Canyon. Specimen examined.—Los Angeles County: 1 mi. S and 2 mi. E Big Pines, 8000 ft., 1. Spermophilus beecheyi fisheri (Merriam) California Ground Squirrel This ground squirrel inhabited the desert slope of the mountains up to 5000 feet elevation, and was most common in the juniper belt; burrows often were made under large junipers. In May, 1949, ground squirrels were common in the rocks adjacent to Mescal Wash at an elevation of 4500 feet. In an apple orchard near Valyermo, squirrels fed on the fallen fruit in early November of 1951. No squirrel was seen in December, January, and February, indi- cating that all were below ground in winter. Specimen examined.—San Bernardino County: Desert Springs, 4000 ft., 1 PC). Ammospermophilus leucurus leucurus (Merriam) Antelope Ground Squirrel Antelope ground squirrels were common in the Joshua tree woodland where they were noted up to 4500 feet elevation in Graham Canyon. None was found on the pinyon slopes, possibly because of the competition offered there by Eutamias merriami, or because the rocky nature of the soil there rendered burrowing difficult. MAMMALS OF SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS 545 Although observed less often in winter than in summer, this species is active all year. On February 6, 1949, in Mescal Wash, an antelope ground squirrel was foraging over the snow which was at least six inches deep. These squirrels were attracted to the carcasses of rodents used as bait for carnivore sets, and caused a good deal of trouble by disturbing the traps. Antelope ground squirrels used the topmost twigs of box-thorn bushes extensively as lookout posts, and many of their burrows were at the bases of these thorny bushes. This habit of regularly using observation posts is well developed in each species of ground squirrel found in the San Gabriels. Specimens examined.—Los Angeles County: 6 mi. E and 1 mi. § Llano, 8500 ft., 2. Eutamias speciosus speciosus (Merriam) Lodgepole Chipmunk This chipmunk was characteristic of the most boreal parts of the San Gabriel Mountains. It was recorded from 6800 feet elevation at Big Pines, to an altitude of approximately 9800 feet near Mt. San Antonio, and was common where coniferous timber was interspersed with snowbrush chaparral. In upper Icehouse Canyon and near Telegraph Peak these chipmunks were associated with lodgepole pines and chinquapin, and one mile east of Mt. San Antonio indi- viduals were often observed in thickets of manzanita. This chip- munk usually shunned pure stands of coniferous timber except as temporary forage ground. On Blue Ridge these chipmunks used the uppermost stems of snowbrush as vantage points, and when disturbed ran nimbly over thorny surfaces of the brush in seeking refuge in the tangled growth. In early November of 1951, these animals were not yet in hiberna- tion on Blue Ridge. They were noted on November 6, after the season’s first snows had melted; on November 13, however, a cold wind with drifting fog kept most of them under cover, and only two were noted in the course of the day. Specimen examined.—Los Angeles County: 1 mi. S and 2 mi. E Big Pines, 8100 ft., 1. Eutamias merriami merriami (J. A. Allen) Merriam Chipmunk The lower limit of the range of this species, on the coastal face of the range, is roughly coincident with that of manzanita—that is to say, it begins in the main belt of chaparral above the lower foothills. 8—5184 546 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PusLs., Mus. Nat. Hist. E. merriami seems to reach maximum abundance amid the granite talus, and scrub oak and Pseudotsuga growth at the upper edge of the chaparral association. It was absent, however, from all but the lower fringe of the yellow pine forest association. On the desert slope merriami was partial to rocky areas in the pinyon-juniper association but was also in the black oak woods on the Ball Flat fire road near Jackson Lake. Nowhere was Eutamias merriami and E. speciosus observed on common ground. aia examined.—Los Angeles County: San Antonio Canyon, 5500 ft., Daal EG). Glaucomys sabrinus californicus (Rhoads) Northern Flying Squirrel No specimens of this species were taken in the field work in the San Gabriels, nor did I find any rangers or residents of the mountains who had seen flying squirrels in the area. Nevertheless sign found in the white fir forests in the Big Pines area indicated that flying squirrels may occur there. On a number of occasions dissected pine cones were noted on the horizontal limbs and bent trunks of white firs. These cones were too large to have been carried there by chipmunks, and gray squirrels were often com- pletely absent from the areas. I suspect that extensive trapping in the coniferous forests of the higher parts of the mountains would produce specimens of flying squirrels. Willett (1944:19) mentions that flying squirrels probably occur in the San Gabriel Mountains. Family GEOMYIDAE Thomomys bottae pallescens Rhoads Valley Pocket Gopher This gopher was found below about 5000 feet elevation in dis- turbed or open areas from Cajon Wash at Devore westward all along the coastal base of the San Gabriel Range. In the lower part of the chaparral belt the gopher evidently was absent from the chaparral-covered slopes, but was common along roads and on fire trails. Burt (1932) and von Bloeker (1932) discuss the distribution of the three subspecies of this species, pallescens, neglecta, and mohavensis, which are in the San Gabriel Mountains area, and Burt indicates that pallescens grades toward mohavensis in the southern part of Antelope Valley. MAMMALS OF SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS 547 Thomomys bottae neglectus Bailey Valley Pocket Gopher In the forests of yellow pine and white fir of the higher parts of the San Gabriel Mountains the workings of this gopher were com- mon, and sign of its presence was found above 4500 feet on both slopes of the mountain range. The rocky character of the coastal slope seems to limit the occurrence of gophers, for they are not continuously distributed there. On the desert slope they occur lo- cally down into the pinyon-juniper belt. In the vicinity of Big Pines, on the interior slope, these gophers preferred broken forest where snow brush or other brush occurred; their workings, however, were also found beneath groves of conifers and black oaks. The abundance of earth cores resting on the duff indicated that this species is active in the snow in winter. Specimens examined.—Total, 5, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: 2 mi. E Valyermo, 4600 ft., 2; 3 mi. W Big Pines, 6000 ft., 1; 1 mi. S and 2 mi. E Big Pines, 8000 ft., 2. Thomomys bottae mohavensis Grinnell Valley Pocket Gopher One specimen of this subspecies was taken on December 31, 1951, in the Joshua tree belt, eight miles east of Llano, 3700 feet elevation. Family HETEROMYIDAE Perognathus fallax fallax Merriam San Diego Pocket Mouse This pocket mouse is restricted to the coastal sage scrub associa- tion, and was recorded from Cajon Wash west to Live Oak Canyon. The mouse does not inhabit even the lower edge of the chaparral belt, but in the coastal sage flats is usually the most abundant rodent. In disturbed parts of the coastal sage belt fallax is less common, and was never trapped in channels of rocky washes. Trap lines in the eroded adobe banks of the foothills, where white sage and coastal sagebrush are the dominant plants, took mostly these pocket mice. Although the soil of such slopes is compact and seemingly is unsuit- able for burrowing by heteromyids, fallax is the most common rodent. Because few burrows of pocket mice were noted there, it is possible that the many old unused burrows of Spermophilus and Dipodomys which honeycomb certain parts of adobe banks are 548 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. used also by fallax; some of these burrows shelter Peromyscus eremicus and Peromyscus californicus. These mice are inactive above ground in cold weather. In the sage belt near Thompson Canyon, where this subspecies had been found to be the most common rodent, none was trapped on the sub-freezing night of December 3, 1948, although other rodents were found in usual numbers. Individuals have been taken on nights of intermittent rain, yet none has been trapped on freezing nights. This species is characteristically heavily infested by a large species of mite. Usually these mites congregate around the base of the tail. On October 11, 1949, one lactating female and two carrying embryos were taken. Specimens examined.—Total, 11, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: 4 mi. N and 1 mi. E Claremont, 1900 ft., 5; 3 mi. N Claremont, 1600 ft., 6 (Si2@)e Perognathus fallax pallidus Mearns San Diego Pocket Mouse On the desert slope of the mountains this species is found in the part of the pinyon-juniper association that is between elevations of 4000 and 5200 feet. The mouse is absent from the higher chaparral and pinyon-covered slopes, but is present on south slopes in the pinyon belt where more open growths of pinyons and scrub oaks are interspersed with yucca. I recorded this pocket mouse from the vicinity of Cajon Pass west to Valyermo. The local distribution of pallidus is striking because of its close positive correlation with the distribution of yucca. On benches around 5000 feet, where yuccas are scattered in their occurrence, pallidus is nearly always taken near (often right at the base of) this plant. Lower in the juniper belt the dry rocky south slopes supporting yucca plants are well populated by pallidus, while adja- cent flats, and north slopes grown to antelope brush and scrub oak, are completely uninhabited. Near the mouth of Grandview Canyon, on steep rocky southern exposures grown sparsely to burro weed and yucca, one hundred traps produced in one night eight pallidus and no other rodents. Here many of these pocket mice were trapped on large fractured rock outcroppings, where most or all of the mice probably lived in the daytime in the deep cracks; in any event no burrows were noted near these rocks. MAMMALS OF SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS 549 This species prefers barren slopes supporting yucca plants. These plants produce large seeds which are staple food items for P. f. pallidus and other rodents during the lean part of the year, that is to say, late summer and autumn. Many of the dry capsules of the yucca plants were examined in October, 1951, and these generally still contained a few seeds. Pocket mice taken in October usually carried in their cheek pouches seeds of yucca together with some other material, and often they carried only the seeds of yucca. Probably the wind shakes only a few seeds out of the capsules at a time, thus tending to drop the seeds over a fairly long period. Trapping in winter in the juniper belt revealed that these pocket mice were not active above ground on nights colder than about 40° F. On nights when the temperature was about 36° F. none was taken, but on the one night in late December, 1948, when the mini- mum was 44° F., several specimens were taken. In this same area in May 1949, pocket mice were the most numerous rodents. Because of their evident sensitivity to cold weather, these mice must remain below ground for weeks at a time during the cold weather of December and January. Specimens of pallidus from the desert slope of the San Gabriels are grayer (less brown) than specimens taken farther southeast in the Mojave and Colorado deserts. Further sampling of populations of Perognathus fallax from areas adjacent to the San Gabriels might demonstrate differences of sufficient magnitude to warrant sub- specific distinction of the San Gabriel population. Possibly, how- ever, the San Gabriel series manifests only local variation in the race pallidus. Grinnell (1933:54) characterizes the ecological niche of the race pallidus as being “open, sandy ground, often surrounded by rocky slopes,’ whereas these pocket mice in the San Gabriels inhabited gravelly or rocky juniper-dotted benches. Specimens examined.—Total, 11, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: 5 mi. E and 4 mi. S Llano, 4500 ft., 7; 2 mi. E Valyermo, 4500 ft., 8; 4 mi. E Valyermo, 5000 ft., 1. Perognathus californicus dispar Osgood California Pocket Mouse Mice of this subspecies were recorded from the lower chaparral association below about 4000 feet elevation along the coastal face of the San Gabriel Range. They were trapped on greasewood- covered slopes, in mixed growths of white sage and buckwheat, and 550 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. beneath scrub oak and lilac chaparral; however none was taken in the heavy chaparral of the upper parts of the chaparral association. One small juvenile in gray pelage was taken in San Antonio Canyon on October 1, 1951. Specimens examined.—Total, 5, distributed as follows: San Bernardino County: Lytle Canyon, 4000 ft., 2 (PC). Los Angeles County: San Antonio Canyon, 3000 ft., 38. Perognathus californicus bernardinus Benson California Pocket Mouse On Blue Ridge these mice were recorded between 7100 and 8000 feet elevation. Here they were restricted to dense tracts of snow- brush and sagebrush, often where these tracts were interspersed with, or beneath, open groves of conifers. These mice seemed to favor areas where this thick brush was broken by patches of open, grass-covered ground. Benson (1930:450) records this subspecies from Swarthout Valley, near Big Pines, at 6860 feet elevation. While setting traps for pocket gophers one mile southwest of Big Pines, in September of 1951, I frightened a pocket mouse from its burrow. The animal jumped into the tangle of interlacing twigs of a nearby clump of snowbrush, and with great dexterity climbed into the center of the bush, where it was lost to view. I was surprised at the facility with which this saltatorial rodent traveled through the network of small branches. In winter, in areas inhabited by this mouse, snow covers the ground for long periods during which these mice are probably forced to remain below ground. Specimens examined.—Los Angeles County: 1 mi. S and 2 mi. W Big Pines, 7400 ft., 2. Dipodomys panamintinus mohavensis (Grinnell) Panamint Kangaroo Rat This rat is common in the Joshua tree and juniper belts, and locally penetrates the pinyon belt at about 5000 feet elevation. It occurs regularly along the entire desert slope of the San Gabriel Mountains. The upper limit of the range of this species roughly coincides with the upper limit of the juniper belt, and within this range it was found to inhabit areas having widely different soil types. It occurred on the sandy ground of desert washes, the gravelly soil of the juniper-clad benches, and the mixed sandy and rocky ground of MAMMALS OF SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS 551 washes in canyons. A preference is shown by panamintinus for fairly level ground. Rough terrain or steep slopes are generally avoided, whereas rather large colonies of these kangaroo rats are found in small flats of the desert foothills. Below about 4500 elevation on the interior slope this species was the most numerous rodent, and seemed to reach maximum abund- ance in the Joshua tree association. About 500 trap-nights in the juniper belt near Graham Canyon yielded 31 specimens, whereas about 300 trap-nights in Joshua tree flats took 34 individuals. The cheek pouches of many specimens taken in early winter contained green shoots of grass and little dry material. On many occasions rat traps set next to wood rat nests beneath large junipers produced panamintinus, and many of these animals had their cheek pouches crammed full of juniper berries. In December, 1948, panamintinus was trapped consistently on nights when the temperature dropped to below 20° F. On Decem- ber 27, 1948, after a three inch snowfall, tracks of this species were noted in the snow at the mouth of Mescal Canyon. Parts of the skulls of this species were found in many coyote feces from the desert slope. Specimens examined.—Total, 11, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: Mescal Wash, 4000 ft., 8 (6 PC); 2 mi. E Valyermo, 4600 ft. 3. Dipodomys merriami merriami Mearns Merriam Kangaroo Rat This kangaroo rat barely enters the area under consideration and is almost restricted to the Joshua tree association, for only a few individuals were taken at the lower edge of the juniper benches. This species inhabits the Joshua tree belt all along the desert base of the San Gabriels. As mentioned in the description of the Joshua tree association, the relative numbers of Dipodomys merriami and D. panamintinus shifted from 1948 to 1951, possibly concurrent with the seasons of low rainfall in this period. Whereas in 1948 merriami was decid- edly less abundant than panamintinus in the Joshua tree belt, in 1951 the numbers were reversed. In December, 1951, it was found by tending the traps in the early evening that merriami foraged fairly early before the ground had frozen solidly. Specimens examined.—Los Angeles County: 2 mi. NW mouth of Graham Canyon, 3500 ft., 5 (PC). 502 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. Dipodomys merriami parvus Rhoads San Bernardino Kangaroo Rat One specimen of this subspecies was trapped on November 26, 1951, in a sandy channel of Cajon Wash near Devore beneath a clump of scale-broom. Dipodomys agilis agilis Gambel Pacific Kangaroo Rat This species was found below about 4000 feet elevation all along the coastal face of the range and reached maximum abundance in the level tracts of coastal sage. It was one of the most abundant rodents there, usually being second to Perognathus fallax in point of numbers. Large colonies of kangaroo rats occurred locally on sandy ground adjacent to large washes. The rats were found sparingly on the foothill adobe banks and in the greasewood chaparral of the lower foothills, but in heavy chaparral where a layer of plant debris covered the ground, such as on north slopes grown to scrub oak and lilac, kangaroo rats were completely ab- sent. Thus, in the lower chaparral belt, this rodent had a discon- tinuous distribution. The coyote probably is one of the major predators of these kangaroo rats; remains of this rodent were often found in coyote feces, and coyotes excavated many burrow systems in large kangaroo rat colonies in the sandy ground near San Antonio Wash. The soil there is so soft that coyotes probably were often successful in digging out their prey. The shed skin of a large Pacific rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis helleri) was found four feet inside the mouth of a kangaroo rat burrow; probably this reptile preys on agilis. Great horned owls (Bubo virginianus pacificus) come down nightly from the chaparral to hunt in the sage flats. Beneath the perches of these owls I have found pellets containing bones of agilis. Specimens examined.—Total, 13, distributed as follows: Los Angeles ne San Antonio Wash, 1900 ft., 11 (10 PC); 4 mi. NE Claremont, 1600 ts; 2 Dipodomys agilis perplexus (Merriam) Pacific Kangaroo Rat All the specimens of this species from the desert slope of the San Gabriel Range are referred to the subspecies perplexus. They were taken in brushy habitats between the elevations of 4500 and 7400 feet. Throughout much of this area perplexus was found only in certain restricted areas more or less surrounded by inhospitable MAMMALS OF SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS 553 ground. For example, at 7400 feet on Blue Ridge, they were found occasionally in the strips of sagebrush and lilac brush which locally capped this ridge. Often these patches of chaparral on Blue Ridge were surrounded by areas unsuitable for kangaroo rats: on the Pacific slope, talus, oaks, and yellow pines prevailed; on the ridge scattered yellow pine groves were present; and on the steep desert slope there were yellow pines and white firs. In Swarthout Valley perplexus was found in flats that supported basin sagebrush and Haploppus, while the coniferous forests to the south, and pinyon-covered slopes to the north were uninhabited. On flats supporting antelope brush and juniper, perplexus was often com- mon, but it did not penetrate the chaparral of adjacent slopes grown to scrub oak and mountain-mahogany. In general then, perplexus was found in fairly open brushy flats or slopes, even where these were surrounded by unsuitable habitats. Specimens of D. agilis from the desert slope two miles east of Valyermo are referrable to the subspecies perplexus. A series taken in Cajon Wash at Devore, on the Pacific slope, is intermediate be- tween agilis, of the coastal slope of the San Gabriels, and perplexus of the desert slope, but approaches more nearly the later sub- species. Thus, different subspecies of D. agilis occur on opposite slopes of the San Gabriel Mountains, with intergradation taking place in the Cajon Pass area and probably also at the west end of the Mountains. Both scrub oak acorns and juniper berries were found in the cheek pouches of this subspecies, and one immature individual taken in Swarthout Valley had its cheek pouches stuffed with ap- proximately 550 seeds of brome grass. On November 18, 1951, at 7500 feet on Blue Ridge, a small juve- nile was taken; it must have been born not earlier than September. Specimens examined.—Total, 17, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: 2 mi. E Valyermo, 4600 ft., 3; 5 mi. E Valyermo, 1; 1 mi. E Big Pines, 6600 ft., 6; 1 mi. S and 2 mi. W Big Pines, 7400 ft., 2. San Bernardino County: Cajon Wash, % mi. SW Devore, 2200 ft., 5. Family CRICETIDAE Reithrodontomys megalotis longicaudus (Baird) Western Harvest Mouse This species inhabited grassy areas of the coastal sage belt, and reached maximum abundance on cleared land grown thickly to weeds and scattered brush. The mouse was only locally abundant —being scarce throughout much of the sage belt—but was found 504 UNIVERSITY OF KaANnsAs Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. under contrasting conditions. In San Antonio Wash the species was taken among rocks and sparse weeds, at Palmer Canyon specimens were trapped on a barren ridge sparsely clothed with greasewood and white sage, and also one mile E of Big Pines in flats supporting basin sagebrush and a fairly dense growth of grasses. The western harvest mouse was recorded from 1500 feet elevation to 3200 feet on the Pacific slope, and at 6600 feet near Big Pines on the desert slope. Those specimens of harvest mice from near Big Pines may be grading toward the desert race megalotis; my series of specimens from this locality, however, is too small for clear indications on this point. Individuals in juvenal pelage were taken on November 26, 1951, near Devore. Specimens examined.—Total, 6, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: 1 mi. E Big Pines, 6600 ft., 2; Palmer Canyon, 2000 ft., 1; 4 mi. N Claremont, LOOttE 3Ce@). Peromyscus eremicus eremicus (Baird) Cactus Mouse In Mescal Wash on the desert slope of the San Gabriels, this mouse was one of the most abundant mammals and was the only rodent other than Peromyscus maniculatus regularly trapped in the barren channels of washes. In Mescal Wash, at an altitude of 4000 feet, eremicus occurred along with the chaparral-inhabiting Pero- myscus boylii and Peromyscus californicus. The two species last mentioned were associated with the occasional large patches of manzanita, antelope brush, and other brush of the wash, whereas eremicus was trapped in the rocky and sandy channels among scat- tered bushes of scale-broom. No specimens of eremicus were taken on the juniper-clad benches adjacent to the wash. Specimens examined.—Los Angeles County: Mescal Wash, 4000 ft., 10 4 PC). Peromyscus eremicus fraterculus (Miller) Cactus Mouse This mouse was recorded from 1900 feet elevation, one mile south of the mouth of San Antonio Canyon, to 3200 feet elevation in Cajon Canyon. This subspecies is characteristic of the sage belt and shows a strong preference for the rough rocky areas found in dry washes. Although in many areas the channels of the washes are immediately adjacent to sandy sagebrush-covered flats, eremicus is not common in the latter areas. Rocks seem to be essential to eremicus, for sandy MAMMALS OF SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS 555 areas in the sageland which were devoid of rocks yielded only an occasional specimen. For example, 100 trap-nights in the main channel of San Antonio Wash yielded 23 eremicus and only six other rodents; while in the sandy sage areas nearby 200 trap-nights yielded only one eremicus and 32 other rodents. In lower San Antonio Canyon eremicus seemed restricted to the rocky canyon bottom, none having been trapped on the steep slopes nearby. This subspecies occurs commonly, however, on the adobe banks grown to white sage at the base of the foothills. There ere- micus occurred on common ground with Perognathus fallax fallax, and was often the only Peromyscus taken. This species may be restricted by temperature; washes above 4000 feet elevation, which seemed suitable were uninhabited by these mice. On December 1, 1949, two females taken at the mouth of Palmer Canyon had well advanced embryos. A female trapped in San Antonio Canyon on September 19, 1951, was lactating. Juveniles were caught in the sage belt in October, 1951. Specimens examined.—Total, 6, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: San Antonio Canyon, 2500 ft., 1; San Antonio Wash, 1800 ft., 5 (PC). Peromyscus californicus insignis Rhoads California Mouse This mouse inhabits areas supporting chaparral on the coastal slope of the San Gabriels below 5000 feet. In the chaparral it is usually the most plentiful rodent, being dominant on slopes which have been burned over and on which greasewood chaparral has taken over. On one such slope at the head of Cow Canyon, at 4500 feet, this was the only rodent trapped, although an occasional wood rat house was noted. Trapping records gave the impression that this form was the most ubiquitous rodent in the entire chaparral belt. Nearly every trap line, even in such non-productive areas as oak woodland, took the California mouse; and in many areas, as in thick lilac brush, this mouse was by far the most abundant rodent. Specimens were taken on the damp ground next to San Antonio Creek, and in the riparian growth. In San Antonio Wash the Cali- fornia mouse was found in thickets of laural sumac and lemonade berry, or other large shrubs, but were absent from most of the adja- cent sageland. The one place where they were found away from heavy brush was on a series of barren adobe banks, near Palmer Canyon, clothed mostly with white sage. Here they found shelter in the unused burrows of kangaroo rats and ground squirrels. 5506 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. The only place on the desert slope where this species was taken was in Mescal Wash. There it was taken occasionally near the large clumps of antelope-brush and manzanita which grew in the main channels of the wash. Lactating females of this species were taken in October, 1949, and February, 1950. Two pregnant females were trapped on Febru- ary 25, 1950, at the mouth of Palmer Canyon. Specimens examined.—Total 16, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: Mescal Wash (4200 ft., 4; 4300 ft., 1; 4500 ft., 1), 6(2IM); San An- tonio Canyon, 4500 ft., 1; San Antonio Canyon, 3000 ft., 5; mouth of Palmer Canyon, 1900 ft., 4 (PC). Peromyscus maniculatus gambeli (Baird) Deer Mouse This species occurs from 1000 feet elevation to above 9000 feet elevation on the Pacific slope of the Mountains, but although prob- ably the most widespread rodent in the area it is absent from many habitats. This mouse reaches maximum abundance in the coastal sage scrub association, particularly where the soil is sandy with scattered vegetation—usually coastal sagebrush and black sage. On the foothill adobe slopes none was trapped, nor have any been taken in most of the chaparral habitats. A few gambeli were trapped amid the talus beneath growths of scrub oak and bay trees in San Antonio Canyon, at 4300 feet elevation. On Blue Ridge, at elevations of from 7200 feet to 8300 feet, this mouse inhabited areas clothed with snowbush, basin sagebrush, currant, and scattered conifers, and was found sparingly in the coniferous forests. Thus this species lives on contrasting soil types in association with many different vegetational assemblages, from the coastal base to the crest of the range. There is a rather wide variation in color in gambeli from the San Gabriels. Certain individuals taken in open, sandy coastal sage areas are pale, some being indistinguishable from examples of sonoriensis taken in the pinyon-juniper association on the desert slope. Specimens from San Antonio Canyon have somewhat darker pelage than those from the sage belt, and than individuals taken on Blue Ridge. Possibly a large series of Peromyscus maniculatus from the San Gabriel Mountains would show definite local trends in color of pelage. This species is active on sub-freezing and rainy nights as evi- denced by trapping results, and at Big Pines there were tracks around the bases of conifers after a heavy snowfall in December, MAMMALS OF SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS 557 1951. Several females taken in the sage belt in October, 1948, carried embryos, and a lactating female was recorded from Blue Ridge on November 13, 1951. Juveniles have been taken in Sep- tember, October, November, and December. Specimens examined.—Total, 9, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: 1 mi. S and 2 mi. W Big Pines, 7400 ft., 3; 1 mi. S and 2 mi. E Big Pines, ee ft., 1; 4 mi. NE Claremont, 1900 ft., 2; San Antonio Wash, 1800 ft., 3 PC). Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis (Le Conte) Deer Mouse This subspecies is associated with contrasting types of soil and vegetation. It is seemingly absent from the upper pinyon-juniper sage flats and areas grown to chaparral, but is fairly common on the gravelly benches dotted with junipers, and in the washes issuing from the canyons on the desert slope. It is present in small numbers in the Joshua tree association. In 1951 the numbers of sonoriensis were noticeably less than in 1948; probably this was correlated with the series of dry winters in this period. In December, 1948, this animal was one of the most common rodents in Mescal Wash, 200 trap-nights yielding thirteen specimens; but in November, 1951, none was taken. In parts of the juniper belt, where an average of about six sonoriensis was taken per 100 trap-nights in 1948, the average had dropped to one per 100 trap-nights in 1951. Specimens of this species from the desert slope of the mountains have been assigned to the subspecies sonoriensis. Those from Blue Ridge tend toward sonoriensis in color, and may be considered as intergrades between this subspecies and gambeli. This species was active on nights when the temperature was as low as 10° F., and individuals were trapped in the juniper belt in December, 1948, when four inches of snow lay on the ground. Gray-pelaged juveniles were taken on the desert slope in Decem- ber, 1948, and a female taken in Mescal Canyon on December 22 of this year carried four embryos near term. Specimens examined.—Total, 11, distributed as follows: Los Angeles ea 8 mi. E and 4 mi. S Llano, 4000 ft., 6 (4 PC); Mescal Canyon, 4800 Peromyscus boylii rowleyi (J. A. Allen) Brush Mouse The main range of this mouse in the San Gabriel Mountains lies between 1600 and 6000 feet elevation on the Pacific slope of the Mountains, thus encompassing much of the chaparral and oak 558 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. woodland associations. It was the most common mammal in the oak woodland association in the lower foothills and often was trapped there on leaf mold beneath the oaks. While trapping for shrews I regularly took this species in riparian growth right down to the edge of the water. In San Antonio Canyon many boylii were trapped beneath logs and dense vegetation, and on wet seepage slopes adjacent to the creek. This species shows a definite predilection for rocky habitats where these occur in the chaparral. In heavy lilac brush near Camp Baldy Peromyscus boylii was outnumbered by P. califor- nicus, yet where talus slopes or boulder piles occurred boylii was more numerous. At the head of Cow Canyon amid boulders beneath scrub oak, bay, and big cone-spruce, this species was especially abundant and no other Peromyscus was taken. Of special interest is the occurrence of this mouse on the desert slope of the mountains; there it was taken beneath scrub oaks in the pinyon-juniper association at the mouth of Mescal Canyon, and amid boulder and debris piles in Mescal Wash at 4000 feet eleva- tion. While manzanita and scrub oak grew in the wash at the points of capture, the animals were actually surrounded by the desert conditions of the Joshua woodland, and associated with such desert forms as Onychomys torridus pulcher and Peromyscus eremi- cus eremicus. Immature individuals were taken in October, November, Feb- ruary, and March, and a female with two large embryos was taken near Icehouse Canyon on November 8, 1951. Specimens examined.—Total, 8, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: Mescal Wash, 4000 ft., 1; Mescal Canyon, 4800 ft., 2; San Antonio Canyon, 5200 ft., 2; San Antonio Canyon, 4500 ft., 1; San Antonio Canyon, 2800 ft., 1; Thompson Canyon, 1800 ft., 1 (PC). Peromyscus truei montipinoris Elliot Pinon Mouse Only once was this mouse found outside the pinyon-juniper association of the desert slope; in November, 1949, several were collected near Cajon in mixed manzanita, scrub oak, and grease- wood chaparral. This was the only Peromyscus of regular occurrence in the pinyon-juniper area, and was recorded from the upper limit of this association, near Jackson Lake, at 6000 feet, to the lower limit of the association at the mouth of Graham Canyon at roughly 4000 feet elevation. Although in the juniper belt truei often occurs on common ground MAMMALS OF SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS 559 with Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis, the habitat preferences of these animals are generally complementary. Where the mice oc- cur together, traps set in a variety of locations caught Peromyscus maniculatus, but typically traps set amid the brush or on the open ground away from the junipers were productive. On the contrary truei was invariably trapped quite near the junipers and often in association with the large nests of Neotoma fuscipes simplex. In fact traps set right on the beds of litter beneath the junipers were most likely to catch truei. Records kept of trapping localities show that truei was without exception trapped within twenty feet of some treelike shelter such as junipers, pinyons, Joshua tree or scrub oaks. Thus Peromyscus maniculatus occupies the open stretches between the trees, while truei inhabits the ground beneath and immediately adjacent to the trees. In Nevada the pifion mouse prefers rocky areas (Hall, 1946:520). In the San Gabriel Mountains this mouse does not seem to have this predilection. In the juniper belt truei was second to Dipodomys panamintinus in point of numbers. In the course of 500 trap-nights in the juniper belt twenty-two truei were taken with thirty-six Dipodomys. I consider my series of Peromyscus truei from the desert slope of the San Gabriels to represent the subspecies montipinoris. The series is closely comparable to specimens of the subspecies montipinoris in the California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology from the Mount Pinos area, but differs from specimens of the race chlorus from the San Bernardino Mountains in certain diagnostic characteristics. In his recent paper on Peromyscus truei, Hoff- meister (1951) considered the populations of this species in the San Gabriels to be of the race chlorus. Hoffmeister had only one specimen available from the San Gabriel Mountains (Lytle Creek, on the Pacific slope) which was intermediate between montipinoris and chlorus, but on the basis of cranial measurements it was referred to the race chlorus. Specimens of Peromyscus truei from the eastern end of the desert slope of the San Gabriel Mountains and the Cajon Pass area would probably demonstrate that the race montipinoris, which occupies the desert slope of the San Gabriels, intergrades with the race chlorus, which occurs in the San Bernar- dino Range immediately to the east, in the Cajon Pass area. Al- though montipinoris occurs on the desert slope of the San Gabriels, chlorus may occur on the Pacific slope. I took no specimens of the pifion mouse on the Pacific slope of the San Gabriel Mountains. In December, 1948, many small juveniles were taken in the 560 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. juniper belt, and on October 15, 1951, two females trapped at the head of Grandview Canyon had embryos: one three and the other four. On November 13, 1951, a partially gray-pelaged subadult female was trapped which had recently suckled young. Specimens examined.—Total, 17, all in Illinois Museum of Natural History, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: Mescal Canyon, 4500 ft., 8 mi. SE Llano, 11; Mescal Canyon, 4300 ft., 2; 6 mi. SE Valyermo, 5100 ft., 1; Grandview Canyon, 6 mi. SE Valyermo, 5100 ft., 1. San Bernardino County: 1 mi. W Cajon, 3200 ft., 2. Onychomys torridus pulcher Elliot Southern Grasshopper Mouse Grasshopper mice seemed to be partial to the more sandy parts of the Joshua tree flats where the mice were trapped regularly but not abundantly. This mouse inhabited the barren sandy channels of Mescal Wash but was rare on the adjacent juniper-clad benches. In the arid, sandy washes this typical desert rodent penetrated the high pinyon-juniper association. Wherever grasshopper mice occurred they were outnumbered by most of the other rodent species. For example, on November 26, 1949, below Graham Canyon, 100 snap traps yielded 10 Dipodomys panamintinus mohavensis, 2 Dipodomys merriami merriami, 4 Pero- myscus maniculatus sonoriensis, and 3 Onychomys torridus pulcher. Where abandoned kangaroo rat burrows were common in the Joshua tree belt these burrows were used as retreats by Onychomys. Some traps set at the entrances to old burrows caught grasshopper mice. Specimens examined.—Total, 7, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: 8 mi. E and 3 mi. S Llano, 3500 ft., 1; Mescal Wash, 4200 ft., 5 (3 PC); 2 mi. S Valyermo, 4600 ft., 1 (PC). Neotoma lepida intermedia Rhoads Desert Woodrat This species was on the Pacific face of the Mountains from 1600 feet elevation in the coastal sage belt, to 4800 feet elevation in open groves of big cone-spruce and scrub oak of the chaparral association. The local distribution of this woodrat is determined by suitable nesting sites. Although taken in different types of vegetation, lepida, without exception, was associated with rocky areas or areas supporting patches of prickly-pear cactus. In the channels of San Antonio Wash, lepida was commonly associatec with jumbles of boulders and boulder-dotted cut banks. There the vegetation is sparse, and the rats dwell among the rocks; only their droppings and MAMMALS OF SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS 561 faint trails indicate their presence. Among boulders lepida builds only small houses of sticks and debris, and even these only occa- sionally. The effect of the prickly-pear cactus on the distribution of lepida in the sageland is striking; trap lines there yielded no woodrats where extensive rock piles and patches of prickly-pear were absent, but many rats were taken where patches of prickly- pear are plentiful. On an acre supporting coastal sagebrush at the mouth of San Antonio Canyon, at 1800 feet elevation, there were fourteen patches of prickly-pear, each covering at least thirty square feet. In these patches there were thirteen occupied woodrat nests. Only one patch lacked an occupied nest, and this one contained the remains of an old nest. On this acre there were at least thirteen individuals. In the sagebrush belt only an occasional large patch of cactus lacks a woodrat house occupied by lepida. Seemingly Neotoma fuscipes does not build houses in patches of prickly-pear. Most of the houses built by Neotoma lepida are small and simple as compared to those of Neotoma fuscipes, and often in rocky areas no nests are in evidence. The most elaborate nests are built among the pads and spines of the prickly-pear and under laurel sumac or other large shrubs growing near washes. One of three houses examined at the mouth of San Antonio Canyon was on sandy ground in a patch of Opuntia measuring approximately 11 x 14 feet. The house was 14 inches high and 41 x 87 inches at the base. It was built around the main stem of the prickly-pear and a rock about 10 inches in diameter. The house was constructed of sticks of coastal sagebrush and buckwheat, and was dotted with dis- sected fruits and flowers of the prickly-pear. The main chamber was arched over by the main stem of the prickly-pear and was roughly 12x19 inches, inside dimensions, being reached through two three-inch openings, one on the east side of the chamber and one on the north side of the chamber. Two cup-shaped nests were inside the chamber, these being constructed mostly of grasses, and each resembling a well constructed bird nest 4 inches in diameter. The grass nests were free of feces, but feces were piled up against the west side of the chamber with many snail shells and dissected fruits and flowers of prickly-pear. Thirty-five inches from the main chamber was a third grass nest on the ground beneath a cluster of cactus pads. Next to this there was a blind burrow about eight inches long, and one and three-quarters inches in diameter. No burrow led to the main chamber, in this or in either of the other 4—5184 562 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusis., Mus. Nat. Hist. houses, but all had at least one short blind burrow beneath the house. At many houses there were one to three grass nests outside the house on the ground, within four feet of the house. From each nest a well worn path lead to the house. Traps set in these nests in- variably caught woodrats. The many prickly-pear fruits and snail shells in and around the houses of lepida probably were remnants of food. So many of the rodents caught in traps near woodrat nests were partly eaten —usually the brains were taken—that I suspect the woodrats of eating their relatives. The heads of many composite annuals were piled near woodrat nests. Immature individuals were taken in September, October, and early November, and on September 26, 1951, a lactating female was trapped near Palmer Canyon. An old female bobcat trapped in Thompson Canyon had masses of cactus thorns beneath her skin, especially about the forelegs. These thorns were probably received while she was foraging in growths of prickly-pear for woodrats. The other bobcats from San Antonio Wash also had accumulations of thorns under the skin of the forelegs. Fragments of the skulls of Neotoma lepida were recovered from horned owl pellets and coyote feces. Specimens examined.—Total, 7, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: San Antonio Canyon, 4500 ft., 2; San Antonio Wash, 1800 ft., 5 (2 PC). Neotoma lepida lepida Thomas Desert Woodrat These woodrats were present in rocky situations along the desert slope from the lower edge of the juniper belt down into the desert. Specimens were taken in piles of boulders in Mescal Wash, and amid rock outcroppings on the steep, barren, south slopes at the base of Grandview Canyon, whereas none was found on the juniper- clad benches. This woodrat built no nests in rocky areas; however, in the Joshua tree belt N. I. lepida often built small nests at the bases of large standing or prostrate Joshua trees. There sticks from creosote bushes, along with cow dung and small stones were favorite build- ing materials. Judging from the large number of unused woodrat nests in the Joshua tree flats it seemed that this rat was formerly far more common than it was in the period of this study. Specimens examined.—Total, 9, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: 6 mi. E and 1 mi. S Llano, 3500 ft., 4; Mescal Wash, 4200 ft., 5 (8PC). MAMMALS OF SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS 563 Neotoma fuscipes macrotis Thomas Dusky-footed Woodrat This subspecies was widely distributed along the coastal slope of the mountains from the coastal sage belt, at roughly 1600 feet, up to 6500 feet at the lower edge of the yellow pine forest and was most common in the chaparral association. In the coastal sage belt these woodrats are restricted to wash areas where large chaparral plants such as lemonadeberry and laurel sumac are used as nesting sites. In San Antonio Wash the occasional large juniper trees almost invariably harbor the nests of fuscipes. The general absence of suitable nesting sites in the sage belt probably limits the spread of fuscipes in this area. In the upper part of the chaparral belt in talus these woodrats live beneath the angular boulders and build no visible houses. Sev- eral areas of talus occupied by woodrats were examined carefully and no sign of houses was noted. Two juveniles were found in the stomach of a rattlesnake (Crota- lus viridis helleri) killed in May, 1948, at the mouth of Evey Canyon. Remains of woodrats were found in feces of the coyote and gray fox. Lactating females of this species were taken on March 16, and October 2, 1951. Specimens examined.—Total, 4, distributed as follows: San Bernardino County: Icehouse Canyon, 5500 ft., 2. Los Angeles County: San Antonio Canyon, 2800 ft., 2. Neotoma fuscipes simplex True Dusky-footed Woodrat These rats were recorded from the yellow pine forests on Blue Ridge, at 8100 feet, down to the lower edge of the juniper belt, at 3800 feet. Their presence there as elsewhere was determined by the occurrence of adequate cover. On Blue Ridge they were taken in and near patches of snowbrush, currant, and choke cherry, and one was taken beneath a pile of logs where no nest was in evidence. The thickets of choke cherry in hollows on Blue Ridge were favored house-building sites of woodrats. Among the tangle of branches large nests were built, and in September, 1951, the re- mains of choke cherry fruit and gnawings on the limbs of these plants indicated that woodrats were active throughout these exten- sive patches of brush. In the pinyon-juniper association most of the large plants were 564 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. used as nesting sites, but scrub oak, seemed to be especially pre- ferred. Because it often grew in a twisted irregular form with the foliage nearly reaching the ground, the oak offered good shelter for the woodrat nests. In an acre of scrub oak and mountain mahogany brush one-half mile north of Jackson Lake, at 6100 feet, thirteen occupied woodrat nests were found. In the juniper belt, houses were of more irregular occurrence, and were always beneath juniper trees, usually beneath the largest and most widely spreading individuals. Those specimens from Blue Ridge, on the crest of the San Gabriels, are intergrades between the coastal race macrotis and simplex of the desert slope. Although specimens vary widely in color, comparison with series of these two subspecies in the Calli- fornia Museum of Vertebrate Zoology indicates that all specimens from the desert slope of the San Gabriels are referable to the race simplex. Two specimens of this species from the granite talus above the base of Icehouse Canyon at 5500 feet on the Pacific slope, grade strongly toward simplex. Hooper (1938:231) mentions that specimens of this species taken along the San Gabriel and San Bernardino ranges may be intermediate between simplex and macrotis. At the head of Grandview Canyon, tracks indicated that a coyote had foraged for about one half mile along the edge of a tract of dense oak and pinyon growth. It seemed as if the animal had been foraging for woodrats. A gray fox trapped near Graham Canyon, in the juniper belt, had in its stomach the remains of a freshly killed adult woodrat. The remains of an adult woodrat were found in the stomach of a rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis helleri) obtained on the desert slope of the mountains. Specimens examined.—Total, 6, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: 6 mi. E Valyermo, 5600 ft., 1; 1 mi. E Big Pines, 6600 ft., 2; 1 mi. S and 3 mi. W Big Pines, 6000 ft., 1; 1 mi. S and 2 mi. E Big Pines, 8100 ft., 2. Microtus californicus sanctidiegi R. Kellogg California Meadow Mouse Owing to the paucity of extensive areas of grassland in the San Gabriels, this is one of the least common rodents of the area. It inhabits, however, even small patches of grassland up to 4000 feet elevation on the Pacific slope, and is locally plentiful. For example, a small patch of grassland amid the chaparral at the mouth of MAMMALS OF SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS 565 Palmer Canyon supported many Microtus, and in San Antonio Canyon at about 3000 feet elevation meadow mice were found amid boulders and yuccas in a small grassy area near the stream. Specimens examined.—Total, 3, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: San Antonio Canyon, 2800 ft., 1; Palmer Canyon, 2100 ft., 1; 4 mi. N Clare- mont, 1800 ft., 1. Family URSIDAE Ursus americanus californiensis J. Miller Black Bear Eleven black bears were introduced into the San Gabriel Moun- tains “near Crystal Lake” in November 1933 from the Sierra Nevada (Burghduff, 1935:83). I do not know whether or not there have been subsequent introductions. There are still bears present in the higher parts of the mountains, especially north of the study area, where they seem to be maintaining their numbers. The grizzly bear that formerly occurred in the San Gabriel Mountains was exterminated there some years before the black bear was introduced. Family PROCYONIDAE Bassariscus astutus octavus Hall Ring-tailed Cat Large sections of the San Gabriel Mountains are uninhabited by this species, while locally, in the chaparral belt near water, ring- tails are common. Many reports of ring-tails were received from owners of cabins and homes who reside in the canyons at the Pacific base of the mountains. Because of the distinctive appearance of this animal it is likely that many of these reports were accurate. The reports testified to the presence of ring-tails in San Gabriel Canyon, Dalton Canyon, Palmer Canyon and San Antonio Canyon. Hall (1927:41) lists specimens from San Antonio Canyon. Kenneth Hill of Upland told me that ring-tailed cats often have been trapped above that town near citrus nurseries that are regularly irrigated. This species probably is not present on the desert slope of the range. The only specimen that I took was a female weighing one pound and fourteen ounces. It was trapped on March 24, 1951, among granite boulders, beneath scrub oak and bay trees, near the mouth of Icehouse Canyon, at 5500 feet elevation. 566 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusus., Mus. Nat. Hist. Procyon lotor psora Gray Raccoon The raccoon was one of the most common carnivores in the San Gabriels and was found on both slopes of the range. Tracks were noted and one old male was trapped at the base of the Pacific slope foothills at 1900 feet elevation, and raccoons were captured at several localities from this point up to 5500 feet in San Antonio Canyon. They were noted on Blue Ridge at about 8000 feet eleva- tion foraging around the camp grounds. On the desert slope they occurred down to the lower edge of the pinyon-juniper belt, for example near the mouth of Sheep Creek Canyon. Sign of raccoons was most often found near water; tracks, how- ever, indicated that these animals, along with other carnivores, used fire roads for traveling through the chaparral. In a small draw one-half mile east of the mouth of Thompson Canyon two raccoons were trapped although the only water was a series of small, dis- connected seepage pools beneath the valley oaks. A raccoon freed from a small steel trap in San Antonio Canyon concealed itelf in an unusual but extremely effective manner. When released the coon splashed up the middle of the small creek nearby to a place where some dead alders had fallen over and shaded the water—here the animal squatted down in the stream. The rac- coon was mostly submerged, its tail was floating, and its back and the top of its head and snout were above water. With most of its body under water, and with the maze of alder logs above casting a broken pattern of light and shade, it was well hidden. When closely pressed the raccoon hid in the same manner several times before it disappeared up a rocky draw into the scrub oak brush. In the autumn of 1951, raccoons fed on grapes at the Sycamore Valley Ranch one mile south of Devore. The one specimen (P. C.) saved, an old male from % mi. W Palmer Canyon, had remains of beetles in its stomach and weighed slightly more than 13 pounds. Family MUSTELIDAE Mustela frenata latirostra Hall Long-tailed Weasel Several weasels were found dead on roads in the coastal sage belt near San Antonio and Lytle canyons. MAMMALS OF SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS BOT Taxidea taxus neglecta Mearns Badger I found no sign of badgers on the Pacific slope of the range, but James Wolfort, employed by the state Fish and Game Commission to trap coyotes, reported that in 1948 he trapped also several badgers at the coastal foot of the range in the San Fernando Valley area which is west of the study area. Taxidea taxus berlandieri Baird Badger Many old badger diggings were found in the Joshua tree wood- land and pinyon-juniper associations of the desert slope, but none of the animals was observed nor were specimens secured. Mr. E. A. Eberle who has trapped for many winters in the vicinity of Mescal Canyon stated that he caught badgers occasionally. I examined the skin of a badger taken at Llano which showed the characteristic paleness of the desert subspecies berlandieri. Mephitis mephitis holzneri Mearns Striped Skunk The populations of striped skunks in the San Gabriels center around cultivated land at the Pacific foot of the range. Citrus groves, grape vineyards, and areas once cleared by man are preferred to coastal sagebrush flats. The cultivated areas now probably sup- port many more skunks than were there under original conditions. I have many sight records of striped skunks which I obtained while driving through the citrus groves at night. Only once was the striped skunk noted in the chaparral; all the other records were from the coastal sagebrush belt. In addition to insects and small mammals, grapes are eaten regu- larly by skunks in vineyards, and the fruit of the prickly-pear cactus is often eaten. Near the mouth of Thompson Canyon feces examined in October 1948, contained almost exclusively the remains of prickly- pear fruit. A male taken one-half mile south of Devore weighed five pounds and four ounces. Specimens examined, 2: San Bernardino County: # mi. S Devore, 2200 ft., 1. Los Angeles County: 8 mi. N Claremont, 1500 ft., 1 (PC). 568 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. Spilogale gracilis microrhina Hall Spotted Skunk Spotted skunks are common locally in the coastal sage scrub association and lower chaparral association on the coastal face of the mountains, mainly between 1000 and 4000 feet elevation; but they have been reported from Icehouse Canyon at 5000 feet, and I took one above the mouth of this canyon at 5500 feet elevation. A few spotted skunks may inhabit the lower desert slope of the mountains; here feces thought to be those of spotted skunks have been found, and a bobcat trapped near the head of Grandview Can- yon smelled strongly of skunk. The spotted skunk usually was in rocky habitats. In the sage flats, sign (mostly feces and tracks) usually was near rock piles and around human developments such as rock walls, old outbuildings and houses. Specimens taken in the chaparral were trapped near granite outcroppings. In the autumn of 1950, at my house near the mouth of Palmer Canyon, a family of spotted skunks lived under the floors. Night after night they scratched under the floor and chattered in high- pitched rasping notes, and on several evenings one walked com- placently into the living room. It finally became necessary to trap and deport most of these skunks, In all, nine skunks were trapped; these probably represented more than the original residents. One male was descented and allowed to remain. It spent most of the daylight hours asleep in an old shower room where the many gaps between the rock work and the boards allowed him entrance. Through no special efforts on our part he became tame enough to climb over us in order to get food left on the kitchen sink, and he would eat calmly while we sat only inches away from him. Feces from sage areas contained mostly remains of insects and small rodents whereas many samples of feces from chaparral areas contained, in addition, shells of snails. Feces examined represent all months of the year. Specimens examined.—Los Angeles County: mouth of San Antonio Canyon, SAGO E Family CANIDAE Canis latrans ochropus Eschscholtz Coyote Coyotes inhabit the sagebrush flats and foothills up to at least 4000 feet all along the Pacific base of the San Gabriels. This species seems most common at the foot of the range where large MAMMALS OF SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS 569 dry washes prevent man from occupying the land immediately ad- jacent to the foothills, and are the dominant carnivores of the coastal sage belt. Repeated observations have indicated that al- though many individuals range into the higher foothills they seldom are found deep in the major canyons or chaparral slopes. Coyotes rarely occur at 3000 or 4000 feet in San Antonio Canyon where it cuts into the realm of heavy chaparral; yet on steep foot- hill slopes and ridges, which are adjacent to the flat land, these animals range up to at least 4000 feet. Being hunters primarily of rather open land many coyotes go into the foothills only to find daytime refuge, traveling down dirt roads, ridges, and firebreaks, to forage at night in the sage flats. Coyote feces from the foothills, at about 3500 feet, contained predominantly the remains of such food items as cottontails, chickens, and jack rabbits. These animals could have been found only in the flats. This is additional evidence that coyotes do the major part of their hunting at the base of the range. Observations of coyote tracks and trapping records have shown that these animals hunt mostly in the more open parts of the sage flats. Coyotes frequent areas of scattered brush, sandy areas, wash channels, and old roads, and seemingly shun dense brush. Many coyotes actually hunt for rabbits in the citrus groves near the foothills. On several evenings I traced their howling to orange groves, and Mr. Kenneth Hill of Upland teld me of often seeing coyotes in his orange groves at night. The forage beats of several coyotes were discovered in connection with trapping specimens of these animals. In January, 1952, two coyotes, probably a mated pair, traveled nightly from the slopes immediately west of Evey Canyon, at about 3100 feet, down into the sagebrush adjacent to the west side of San Antonio Wash, at about 1700 feet elevation. The route led down open ridges, then for about one half mile across a level, cultivated plateau, and then swung over the eroded banks near the lowermost point of the plateau onto the level sage flats. The distance covered by this route from the foothills down to the flats was somewhat more than a mile, with about a 1400 foot difference in elevation between the daytime retreat and the nocturnal forage area. Another route, seemingly used by only one coyote, was somewhat longer. This animal followed fire breaks and ridges from above Thompson Can- yon down onto a fire road, and then into the lower end of Palmer Canyon where it entered the flats. This route covered about three miles in coming from the foothills to the flats. Feces of this coyote 570 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. often contained the remains of white leghorn chickens which had been found at a refuse pile near several chicken ranches one-half mile from the base of Palmer Canyon. Although no definite idea could be gained of the population density of coyotes in the area, it was clear that in certain localities they were, as carnivores go, abundant. After one large male was obtained in the flats at the base of Cobal Canyon, at least two other individuals were heard howling in this immediate area, and their tracks were noted repeatedly on dirt roads. One night early in January, 1952, immediately west of the head of San Antonio Wash, the voices of six coyotes could be picked out separately from a chorus of coyote howls which came from several different directions in the wash. Many field examinations of coyote feces left the impression that chickens and lagomorphs made up the bulk of the coyote’s food on the coastal slope. To check this a study of 39 sets of scats collected at various localities on the coastal slope was made in the laboratory, the results being shown in Table 10. Remains of one of the three species of rabbits, cottontails, jack rabbits, or brush rabbits, oc- curred in 72 per cent of the feces examined. Cottontails, it will be noted, were preyed upon more heavily than any other wild species, remains of this form being found in 33 per cent of the feces. The prevalence of chicken remains in coyote feces does not imply that these animals were killed by the coyotes. All of the chickens could have been found dead in the refuse piles of the many chicken ranches. In addition, the chickens were raised in wire cages above the ground where they were nearly invulnerable to predation. That coyotes may at times kill deer in this area was suggested by the finding of tracks in the sand in San Antonio Wash which clearly indicated that a deer had been closely pursued by a coyote. The tracks were lost in a stretch of brush so the outcome of the chase could not be determined. Near the mouth of Lytle Creek Canyon, in November, 1951, coyote feces contained mostly remains of grapes from nearby vineyards. Also, above Cucamonga, coyotes were found to be feeding heavily on grapes. This must be a rather unsuitable form of nourishment for coyotes, for many of the grapes in the feces appeared nearly unaltered despite their trip through the alimentary canal. The six coyotes taken on the Pacific slope are fairly uniform in coloration; the occurrence of white tipping on the tails of most of the specimens, instead of the usual solid black tip, is notable. Three MAMMALS OF SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS yal skins, those of a male and two females, have patches of white hairs at the tips of the tails; two skins, of a male and a female, show only scattered white hairs at the tips of the tails; and the skin of one female has a solidly black-tipped tail. An additional female, TABLE 10.—RESULTS OF EXAMINATIONS OF THIRTY-NINE SETS OF COYOTE FECES FROM THE PACIFIC SLOPE OF THE SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS. FECES WERE DEPOSITED IN AUTUMN AND WINTER (SEPTEMBER TO FEBRUARY ). Number of Pood item aia ees “ff eetncee food item chicken 18 46.2 Sylvilagus audubonii 13 33.3 Lepus californicus 10 25.6 Sylvilagus bachmani 5 12.8 Odocoileus hemionus 5 12.8 rodents (unidentified) 5 12.8 ined Dipodomys agilis 4 10.3 Neotoma species 3 Cath Mephitis mephitis 3 Cell Carrion beetle 2 5.1 passerine bird 1 2.67 bot fly larva 1 2.67 snail shell 1 2.67 scorpion 1 2.67 Jerusalem cricket 1 2.67 sheep hair 1 2.67 Lynx rufus 1 2.67 Kitten of wildcat or housecat 1 2.67 Thy Lophortyx californica 1 2.67 grapes 1 2.67 grass 1 2.67 * This is an expression, in percentage, of the number of sets of feces which contained the particular food item out of the total of thirty-nine sets examined. 572 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PusLs., Mus. Nat. Hist. trapped by David Leighton in Thompson Canyon, had a large patch of white hairs at the tip of the tail. Grinnell, Dixon, and Linsdale (1937:501) mention that only an occasional individual (female?) has a white-tipped tail. Weights are available for four specimens: two coyotes trapped in San Antonio Wash, a male and a female, weighed 20.5 and 23.2 pounds respectively; a female from the mouth of San Antonio Canyon weighed 21.6 pounds; and a large male from the mouth of Thompson Canyon weighed 29.3 pounds. Specimens examined.—Total, 6, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: Live Oak Canyon, 3000 ft., 1; mouth of San Antonio Canyon, 2000 ft., 1; 4 mi. N claremont, 1600 ft., 2; 4 mi. NE Claremont, 1600 ft., 1; 3 mi. NE Claremont, L6O00MtS Ae TABLE 11.—CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS OF CANIS LATRANS OCHROPUS FROM THE CoAsTAL SLOPE OF THE SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS. Four females Two males Averages Extremes Averages Extremes Condylobasal length....| 180.67 174.2—183.3 188.35 179.2—197.5 Palatal length......... 91.57 88.0— 95.0 97.15. 91.6—102.7 Zygomatic breadth..... 90.15 88.9— 92.0 95.60 88.8—102.5 Interorbital breadth. ... 29.12 27.9— 29.9 31.45 28.1— 34.8 deyein of Bs maxillary toothrow. . 85.00 80.4—89.80 88.00 83.4— 92.6 Length of upper carnassial..... 18.30 17.8— 19.0 1870) 7 18e1—19ks Canis latrans mearnsi Merriam Coyote Coyotes are common on the desert slope of the San Gabriels below about 6000 feet elevation. They seem not, or only rarely, to penetrate the yellow pine forest belt, but tracks have been found occasionally near the lower edge of the forest, as at the head of Mescal Canyon. In the more open parts of the pinyon-juniper association, sign of coyotes was noted and they were the dominant carnivores in the juniper belt and Joshua tree woodland. In the upper part of the pinyon-juniper association coyotes travel and forage in sage flats, along ridges, and in sandy draws, avoiding the extensive patches of scrub oak and mountain mahogany, and MAMMALS OF SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS Die the steep, rocky, pinyon-covered slopes. It is apparent that the local ranges of the coyote and the gray fox in the pinyon-juniper belt are complementary, the gray fox keeping to the more thickly wooded or brushy parts of the area, and the coyote staying in the relatively open sections. Probably there is little competition for food there between these two canids. As evidenced by tracks, coyotes commonly traveled and hunted along desert washes, probably because of the larger population of rodents and rabbits there. Below Graham Canyon three fairly re- cently inhabited dens of coyotes were found in the cutbanks at the edge of a dry wash in December of 1951. The cutbanks were six to ten feet high, and the dens were dug into the banks about three feet above the floor of the wash. On the evening of October 20, 1948, near Desert Springs, Steven M. Jacobs and I set out a line of fifty wooden live traps for kangaroo rats. That night we slept about 300 yards from the middle of the line which was roughly three quarters of a mile long. When we tended the traps the next morning we found the tracks of a coyote over our own tracks of the previous day, and the first trap that had seemingly held a kangaroo rat was chewed and dragged for about fifty feet. Each trap that had held a rodent had been turned up- side down so that the door had opened. At one point in the line where we had walked for about two hundred yards without setting a trap the coyote had followed every twist and turn of our trail. The animal had followed out the entire trap line and removed approximately eight rodents from the traps, reducing our take to one Dipodomys and one Peromyscus. Examinations of feces showed that in the period from 1948 to 1952, while populations of jack rabbits were low in the Mojave Desert, the coyotes had fed extensively on smaller mammals such as kangaroo rats, and to some extent on fruit. By contrasting the present food habits of coyotes on the desert and coastal slopes of the mountains support is afforded for Errington’s (1937:243) state- ment that predation is “a by-product of population.” On the desert slope, with low populations of rabbits, the coyotes have turned to lesser species of prey; while on the Pacific slope, where populations of rabbits were high, the rabbits made up the major portion of the coyote’s diet. On the desert slope, remains of the following food items were identified from coyote feces: kangaroo rats, mule deer, jack rabbits, passerine bird, manzanita and juniper fruit, beetles, grapes and apples. Near Valyermo, coyote feces were composed 574 UnIversiry oF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. mostly of apples from nearby orchards. A female coyote killed below Grandview Canyon had its stomach and intestines stuffed with apples in large chunks. In the juniper belt, berries of juniper were often eaten by coyotes. The three specimens of coyotes from the desert slope are clearly referable to the desert race C. I. mearnsi, both with regard to cranial and pelage characteristics. Although I collected no specimens from Cajon Pass or the passes at the west end of the range, it is in these places that intergradation might be expected to occur between the desert race C. 1. mearnsi and the coastal and valley subspecies C. 1. ochropus, as the higher parts of the San Gabriels seem to con- stitute a barrier to coyotes. A subadult female coyote taken in the Joshua tree belt near Graham Canyon weighed 20.8 pounds. Specimens examined.—Los Angeles County: 6 mi. E and 2 mi. S Llano, 8600 ft., 3 (2 PC). Vulpes macrotis arsipus Elliot Kit Fox The kit fox barely enters the area under consideration. In the Joshua tree belt, below about 3500 feet elevation, tracks were most often noted in washes and on the adjacent sandy ground. The highest place where tracks were seen was a small sandy draw below the mouth of Graham Canyon at an altitude of roughly 3900 feet. In the Joshua tree belt many old burrows were found but none was occupied. I believe these foxes are returning to this area where once they were common. In the winter of 1948 no sign of kit foxes was found, although intensive field work was done in the Joshua tree belt in the Mescal Canyon area. In December of 1951, in the same locality, sign was obvious and an individual was trapped below Grandview Canyon at 3500 feet elevation. Possibly since the use of poison for carnivores has been discontinued in this dis- trict the foxes are repopulating the area. The one specimen taken, a sub-adult female, weighed two pounds and fourteen ounces. Specimen examined.—Los Angeles Co.: 6 mi. E & 1 mi. S Llano, 3500 ft., 1. Urocyon cinereoargenteus californicus Mearns Gray Fox The gray fox is widely distributed in the San Gabriel Mountains, occurring on both slopes of the range wherever extensive tracts of chaparral are present. They reach maximum abundance in the MAMMALS OF SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS Sie) chaparral association of the coastal slope. Individuals have been observed occasionally at night in coastal sage areas at the Pacific foot of the mountains; however they seem to be less common here and probably come out of the adjacent chaparral to forage in the flats at night. Gray foxes occur all the way up the Pacific slope into the yellow pine woodland at 7500 feet, and from 6200 feet eleva- tion on the desert slope down to the upper limit of the Joshua trees as, for example, near Mescal Canyon at 4700 feet. On the Pacific face of the mountains the gray fox probably is the dominant carnivore in terms of its effect on prey species, first, be- cause of its abundance, and second, because of its forage habits. Some appreciation of the abundance of the gray fox may be gained from trapping records. On a fire road at the head of Thompson Canyon, at 2500 feet, two settings of traps about one-quarter mile apart were maintained for four nights. In this time four gray foxes were trapped. At the head of Cow Canyon, at 4500 feet, one trap set on a deer trail caught five gray foxes in five nights. At the end of this time fox tracks were noted about 100 yards away from the set, and another fox was trapped about one quarter mile away. In addition to their abundance, the forage habits of gray foxes are such as to bring them into most habitats present in the chaparral associa- tion. Tracks and feces indicate that foxes forage under dense brush, on open rocky ridges, in riparian growth, on talus slopes, and in groves of big cone-spruce and scrub oak. Trapped foxes, if uninjured by the trap, were usually released. One fox was released on a small trail through thick vegetation con- sisting mainly of snowbrush. When freed, the fox whirled and darted through a patch of snowbrush for about seventy-five feet, then turned and disappeared beneath some large bay trees. Al- though the brush through which it ran was dense, the fox seemed to run at full speed. The success of gray foxes as predators in the chaparral is probably due in large measure to their agility amid dense cover. The three specimens from the desert slope are referable to the coastal subspecies, U. c. californicus, rather than the desert sub- species, U. c. scottii. In all respects they resemble foxes taken on the Pacific slope; cranial measurements are near the maximum for the large U. c. californicus, and not small as wouid be expected if they were grading toward the smaller U. c. scottii. Floors of desert valleys north of the San Gabriel Mountains probably isolated foxes there from U. c. scottii found in the higher ranges of the Mojave 576 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. Desert. Consequently one would expect no intergradation between the coastal and desert races in the San Gabriel Mountains. An old female trapped on March 18, 1951, in San Antonio Canyon, had three embryos each about 105 mm. long from rump to crown, and weighed 9.2 Ibs. The average weight of four non-pregnant fe- males was 6.8 lbs., whereas the average of six males was 7.5 lbs. Specimens examined.—Total, 11, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: Mescal Canyon, 4800 ft., 1; 4 mi. E Valyermo, 5200 ft., 2; Cow Canyon, 4500 ft., 2; San Antonio Canyon, 3000 ft., 1; Thompson Canyon, 2500 ft., 2 (PC); % mi. W Palmer Canyon, 2000 ft., 3 (PC). Family FELIDAE Lynx rufus californicus Mearns Wildcat Wildcats range over the whole of the San Gabriel Range, with the possible exception of the tops of the highest peaks such as Mt. San Antonio and Mt. Baden Powell. Sign of these animals has been observed, or specimens have been taken, from the coastal sage belt up to about 8500 feet in the yellow pine forests on Blue Ridge. The subspecies baileyi occurs on the desert slope of the range. Wildcats are most common in the chaparral belt where they forage widely from the ridges down into the canyons. Judging from trap- ping records bobcats are not so common here as the gray fox. Bobcats occur in the sage belt, where they are most common in the broken country around washes and in brushy areas. Although bobcats and coyotes occupy the same general areas here, the habitat preferences of these animals seem to be different, with coyotes occupying the more open country. An indication of the hunting habits of bobcats is furnished by the occurrence of masses of prickly- pear thorns beneath the skin of the legs, particularly the forelegs, of three specimens trapped in the sage belt. These thorns probably were acquired while the bobcats foraged for woodrats or cotton- tails in the patches of prickly-pear, which are locally abundant in the sage belt. On March 12, 1951, a small subadult female bobcat, trapped at 4000 feet in San Antonio Canyon, was found dead in the trap and had numerous deep cuts around its head and shoulders, and severe bruises on the right shoulder. The spacing of the cuts, and the tracks around the set, indicated that while held in the trap this animal had fought with a second bobcat that had inflicted the fatal wounds. It seems unlikely that the fight was caused by a male MAMMALS OF SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS Sarl attempting to copulate with the female held in the trap, for the female was found to be carrying an embryo. In Live Oak Canyon, in December, 1950, tracks and bits of fur indicated that a bobcat had killed and eaten a gray squirrel. Re- mains of cottontails were found in the stomachs of two bobcats. All six bobcats from the Pacific slope had nematode worms in the pyloric end of the stomach. Two females obtained on March 12 and 19, 1951, each had one embryo approximately one inch long (rump to crown). The following list gives the weight of each of the specimens from the Pacific slope of the San Gabriels. Specimens examined.—Total, 8, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: San Antonio Canyon, 4000 ft., 1; San Antonio Canyon, 3200 ft., 1; 4 mi. N Claremont, 1900 ft., 2; Thompson Canyon, 1800 ft., 1; 3 mi. NE Claremont, 1700 ft., 2; Little Dalton Canyon, 1500 ft., 1 (PC). TABLE 12.—WEiIcHTS OF LYNX RUFUS CALIFORNICUS FROM THE SAN GABRIEL MOounrTAINS. sex and age locality date weight oad. 3 mi. NE Claremont, 1700 ft. January 20, 1951 18.8 lbs. o& sad. | 4 mi. N Claremont, 1900 ft. March 9, 1951 1D bea? Oneads Thompson Canyon, 1800 ft. January 15, 1948 B24 4 9 sad. | 4mi. N Claremont, 1900 ft. January 26, 1951 1 De ai 9 ad. 3 mi. NE Claremont, 1700 ft. January 27, 1951 Meipte) @ sad. | San Antonio Canyon, 4000 ft. March 12, 1951 te Oh aat 9 sad. | San Antonio Canyon, 3200 ft. March 17, 1951 Tele a2" Lynx rufus baileyi Merriam Wildcat This subspecies is widely distributed on the desert slope of the range, and was recorded down to the lower edge of the juniper belt. Tracks were observed on many occasions in yellow pine forest, but wildcats seemed to be commonest in the brushy parts of the pinyon-juniper association. Two were trapped in small draws lined 5—5184 578 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. with pinyons and scrub oak, and two at the base of rocky pinyon- covered slopes. Only occasionally were tracks noted in the lower part of the juniper belt. Bobcats are most numerous where wood- rats also reach peak abundance, suggesting that woodrats are a major food. The four specimens from the desert slope, although exhibiting a wide range of variation, are all representatives of the desert race baileyi. A yearling male from near the head of Grandview Canyon, at 5200 feet elevation, has the profuse black spotting of the sub- species californicus, but the general pallor dorsally is characteristic of the desert subspecies. An adult female, from 4700 feet elevation in Graham Canyon, shows the double mid-dorsal black line and the distinct black markings around the face characteristic of californicus, but is otherwise pale with reduced black patterns on the backs of the ears. The other two specimens, an adult male and a yearling female, are typical examples of baileyi, pale, and with reduced black mark- ings. None of the specimens of bobcats from the coastal slope of the mountains showed characters approaching those of baileyi. It seems, therefore, that these two subspecies intergrade on the interior slope of the range. A yearling male weighed 12 pounds, and a yearling female weighed 10.5 pounds. An old male weighed 19.6 pounds, and an adult female weighed 15.1 pounds. Remains of deer were in two of the bobcat stomachs, and one of these stomachs also contained jack rabbit remains. Approximately a dozen nematodes (stomach worms) were in the stomach of one of the larger male specimens. Specimens examined.—Total, 4, distributed as follows: Los Angeles County: Mescal Canyon, 4800 ft., 1; Graham Canyon, 4700 ft., 1; Grandview Canyon, 5200 ft., 2. Felis concolor californica May Mountain Lion Several cabin owners near the mouth of Icehouse Canyon reported seeing a lion in that area in 1950, and others said they saw huge cat tracks in Icehouse Canyon. State Trapper James Wolfort re- ported that he trapped two lions on the coastal face of the range in 1947. Authentic reports indicate that mountain lions occur in remote sections on both slopes of the range, and in these areas mountain lions probably are as common as they ever were. MAMMALS OF SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS 579 Family CERVIDAE Odocoileus hemionus californicus (Caton) Mule Deer Mule deer are common in chaparral areas on both slopes of the San Gabriel Mountains. The animals or their tracks have been observed from the coastal sagebrush flats up to about 9200 feet on Mount San Antonio, and on the desert slope down to the lower limit of the juniper belt. Deer are plentiful in the upper chaparral belt, and large bands are often noted there in spring. These bands may form in the up-mountain migration and reoccupation of areas which were covered by winter snows. A band of fourteen was observed on March 17, 1951, one mile east of the mouth of Cattle Canyon, and bands of about half a dozen individuals each were often noted in March, 1951, at the base of Icehouse Canyon. Cronemiller and Bartholomew (1950) gave a good account of the mule deer in the chaparral belt of the San Gabriel Mountains. On Blue Ridge in the fall of 1951, deer were plentiful, usually being observed near patches of snowbrush and sage. They were seldom found in the coniferous forests. On November 6, 1951, while tending a line of snap traps before sunup, I startled a deer from its bed at one edge of a several-acre patch of snowbrush. In synchrony with the noise made by this deer’s rising five other deer in various parts of the brush patch leaped up and made off. When bedded down in these extensive brush tracts deer are probably safe from an undetected approach, for a noiseless approach through the brush is impossible. Two deer skulls from the San Gabriels were examined: that of an adult male from Evey Canyon, and that of an adult female from the mouth of Palmer Canyon. Using as a basis for comparison the cranial measurements for the subspecies californicus and fuliginatus given by Cowan (1933:326), these skulls were subspecies califor- nicus. In none of the cranial characteristics considered did they tend toward the southern race fuliginatus. A young adult male, however, which was killed by a car near Cajon Pass on October 2, 1951, showed pelage characteristics of fuliginatus. Its fresh winter pelage was dark, and had the distinct black mid-dorsal line and the broad dorsal line on the tail mentioned by Cowan (ibid.) as dis- 580 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PuBLs., Mus. Nat. Hist. tinguishing marks of the race fuliginatus. Its cranial measurements were not taken. Judging from this limited material the deer in the central part of the range, that is to say, in the San Antonio Canyon region, are of the race californicus, while fuliginatus may penetrate the extreme eastern end of the range. Deer hair and bones were often found in coyote feces from the sagebrush belt. Some of these records may represent deer eaten as carrion. On February 6, 1952, tracks across a sandy channel in San Antonio Wash demonstrated that a deer had been closely pursued by a coyote. The deer had leaped from a cutbank onto the sand, had whirled around in several sharp turns, and had run into the adjacent brush. The tracks of a running coyote followed every twist of the deer’s trail. The trail was followed into the brush where it was lost. Two bobcats trapped near Graham Canyon on the desert slope had hair and bones of deer in their stomachs. Specimens examined, 2: Los Angeles County: Evey Canyon, 2100 ft., 1 (PC); Palmer Canyon, 1900 ft., 1 (PC). Family BOVIDAE Ovis canadensis nelsoni Merriam Bighorn Bands of bighorn sheep occur on some of the higher and more rugged peaks of the San Gabriel Mountains. Although I never sighted the animals themselves, I have seen abundant signs of their presence on the ridge sloping west from Telegraph Peak at about 9000 feet elevation. Several bands reportedly range in the head of San Antonio Canyon, and to the south on Telegraph, Ontario, and Cucamonga peaks. The sheep usually stay in the higher sections of the range, generally above about 7000 feet elevation. According to district Ranger A. Lewis some bighorns summer in the lower East Fork of San Gabriel Canyon. The subspecific status of the bighorns in the San Gabriel Mountains has not been definitely determined. Following Grinnell (1933:211) they are here referred to nelsoni. If the band can be preserved without introduction of “alien” stock, the United States Forest Service and the California Fish and Game Commission will have registered an achievement that will be applauded by all persons who are interested in Ameri- can wildlife. MAMMALS OF SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS 581 LITERATURE CITED BENSON, S. B. 1930. Two new pocket mice, genus Perognathus, from the Californias. Univ. California Publ. Zool., 32:449-454. 1949. The bat name Myotis ruddi Silliman and von Bloeker, a synonym of Myotis volans longicrus (True). Jour. Mamm., 30:48-50. BorELL, A. E. 1937. A new method of collecting bats. Jour. Mamm., 18:478-480. Burcuourr, A. E. 1935. Black bears released in southern California. California Fish and Game, 21:83-84. Burt, W. H. 1932. The systematic status and geographic range of the San Gabriel pocket gopher (Thomomys bottae neglectus Bailey). Jour. Mamm., 13:369-370. Cowan, I. Mc. 1933. The mule deer of southern California and northern Lower Cali- fornia as a recognizable race. Jour. Mamm., 14:326-327. CRONEMILLER, F’. P., and BARTHOLOMEW, P. S. 1950. The California mule deer in chaparral forests. California Fish and Game, 36:343-365, 7 figs. in text. ErRrIncTON, P. L. 1937. What is the meaning of predation? Smithsonian Inst., Ann. Rept., for 1936:243-252. GRINNELL, H. W. 1918. A synopsis of the bats of California. Univ. California Publ. Zool., 17:223-404, pls. 14-24, 24 figs. in text. GRINNELL, J. 1908. The biota of the San Bernardino Mountains. Univ. California Publ. Zool., 5:1-170, 24 pls. 1933. Review of the Recent mammal fauna of California. Univ. Cali- fornia Publ. Zool., 40:71-234. GRINNELL, J., Drxon, J., and LinspAte, J. M. 1937. Fur-bearing mammals of California. . . . Univ. California Press, 2 vols., xii + 875 pp., pls. 1-7, figs. 1-188, xiv + 877-777 pp., pls. 8-13, figs. 139-345. GrINNELL, J., and Swart, H. S. 1913. An account of the birds and mammals of the San Jacinto Area of southern California with remarks upon the behavior of geo- graphic races on the margins of their habitats. Univ. California Publ. Zool., 10:197-406, pls. 6-10, 3 figs. in text. 582 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. HATE ba Re 1926. Systematic notes on the subspecies of Bassariscus astutus with description of one new form from California. Univ. California Publ. Zool., 30:39-50, pls. 2 and 38. 1946. Mammals of Nevada. Univ. California Press, Berkeley, xi + 710, frontispiece, colored, 11 pls., 485 figs. in text, unnumbered silhou- ettes. Hooper, E. T. 1938. Geographical variation in woodrats of the species Neotoma fuscipes. Univ. California Publ. Zool., 42:213-246, pls. 7-8, 2 figs. in text. Jackson, H. H. T. 1928. A taxonomic review of the American long-tailed shrews. N. Amer. Fauna, 51:1-238, pls. 1-18, 24 figs. in text. Merriam, C. H. 1898. Life zones and crop zones of the United States. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Biol. Surv., Bull. 10:1-79, 1 map. Munz, P. A., and Keck, D. D. 1949. California plant communities. Al Aliso, 2:87-105, 4 pls. OaxsHotTT, G. B. 1937. Geology and mineral deposits of the western San Gabriel Moun- tains, Los Angeles County. California Jour. Mines and Geol., 33: 215-249, 1 pl., 7 figs. in text. PEQUEGNAT, W. E. 1951. The biota of the Santa Ana Mountains. Jour. Entomol. and Zool., 42:1-84. SANBORN, C, C. 1932. The bats of the genus Eumops. Jour. Mamm., 13:347-357. VAUGHAN, T. A. 1953. Unusual concentration of hoary bats. Jour. Mamm., 34:256. VON BLOEKER, J. C. 1932. Extensions of the ranges of pocket gophers in southern California. Jour. Mamm., 13:76-77. WILLETT, G. 1944. Mammals of Los Angeles County. Los Angeles County Mus. Sci. Ser., no. 9, Zool. no. 4, 26 pls. Transmitted July 20, 1954. 25-5184 ean coe ba? Soa oa Pe ‘(uiw Nite a i vn nl j ie " #9 vit ew Bi Ai ia . ai it mn iy ! ls | V q . : Ff “hits ; t : aa" ay K roe deta ; ieee ine i "is ; vn ‘i } Haas Vol. 38. *Vol. 4. Vol. 5. (Continued from inside of front cover) 24. Geographic range of the hooded skunk, Mephitis macroura, with description of a new subspecies Sa Mexico. By E. Raymond Hall and Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 575-580, 1 figure in text. January 20, 1950, 25. Pipistrellus Gavveiiriiloud bah Miller 1902 referred to the rae Myotis. By E. Raymond Hall and Walter. W. Dalquest. Pp. 581-590, 5 figures in text. January 20, 1950. 26. A synopsis of the American bats of the Genus Pipistrellus. By E. Raymond Hell and Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 591-602, 1 figure in text. January 20, Index. Pp. 605-638. (Complete) Mammals of To aoa By Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 1-444, 140 figures in text. - April 9, 1948. \ *]. The avifauna of Niceawietta.. Fe origin, evolution, and distribution. By Rol- lin H. Baker. Pp. 1-359, 16 figures in text. June 12, 1951. *2. A quantitative study of the nocturnal migration of birds. By George H. Lowery, Jr. Pp. 361-472, 47 figures in text. June 29, 1951. 3. Enviorss cay of the waxwings and allied birds. By M. Dale Arvey. Pp. 478- gures in text, 13 tables. October 10, 1951. 4. ek on the state of Veracruz, Mexico. By George a Lowery, Jr. and Nae Pee Dalquest. Pp. 5381-649, 7 figures in text, 2 tables. October Index. Pp. 651-681. (Complete) American weasels. By e he aie Hail. Pp. 1-466, 41 plates, 831 figures in text. December 27, 1951. 1. Preliminary survey of a Paleocene anne font the Angels Peak area, New Se gt By Robert W. Wilson. Pp. 1-11, 1 figure in text. February 24, 2. Two new moles (Genus Scalopus) com Mexico and Texas. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 17-24, February 28, 8. Two new pocket gophers from ann’? and Colorado. By E. Raymond Hall and H. Gordon Montague. Pp, 25-32. February 28, 1951. 4, Mammals obtained by Dr. Curt von ‘Wedel from the barrier beach of Tamaulipas, Mexico. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 33-47, 1 figure in text. October 1, 1951. 5. Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution of some North Ameri- ot a ee By E. Raymond Hall and Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 49-58. October 6. Two new subspecies of Thomomys bottae from New Mexico:and Colorado. By Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 59-71, 1 figure in text, October 1, 1951. 7. A new subspecies of Microtus montanus from Montana and comments on Microtus canicaudus Miller. By E. Raymond Hall and Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 73-79. October 1, 1951. 8. A new pocket gopher (Genus Thomomys) eo eastern Colorado. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 81-85. October 1, 1951 9. Mammals taken along the Alaskan Highway. by Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 87- 117, 1 figure in text. November 28, 1951. *10.. A synopsis of the North American Lagomorpha, By E, Raymond Halli. Pp. _ 119-202, 68 figures in text. December 15, 1951. 11. A new pocket’ mouse (Genus Perognathus) from Kansas. By E. Lendell Cockrum. Pp. 203-206. . December 15, 1951. 12. Mammals from Tamaulipas, Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 207-218. December 15, 1951. 18. A new pocket gopher (Genus “Ehiahvainys) from Wyoming and Colorado. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 219-222. December 15, 1951. 14. A new name for the Mexican red bat. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 228-226. December 15, 1951. 15. Taxonomic notes on Mexican bats of the Genus Rhogeéssa. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 227-232. April 10, 1952. 16. Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution of some North Ameri- ae Woe (Genus Neotoma). By Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 283-242. April 17. The Ee dle of the Mexican red-bellied squirrel, ae aoe aureogaster. By Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 243-250, 1 figure in text. April 1 952. 18. Geographic ee of Peromyscus melanophrys, with description of new sub- species. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 251-258, 1 figure in text. May 10, 1952. 19. A new chipmunk (Genus Eutamias) from the Black Hills. By John A. White. Pp. 259-262. April 10, 1952. 20. A new pifon mouse (Peromyscus truei) from Durango, Mexico. By Robert B. Finley, Jr. Pp. 263-267. May 28, 1952. (Continued on back of cover) *Vol. 6. Vol. 7. Vol. 8. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 80. 81. 32. 83. 34. 85. 86. 87. AY Continued from inside of back cover) An annotated checklist of Nebraskan bats. By Olin L.| Webb and J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 269-279. May 31, 1952. Geographic variation in red- backed mice (Genus Clethrionomys) of the south- ern Rocky Mountain region. By E. Lendell Cockrum and Kenneth L. Fitch. Pp. 281-292, 1 figure in text. November 15, 1952. ' Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution of North American microtines. By E. Raymond Hall and E. Lendell Cockrum. Pp. 293-312. ‘November 17, 1952. The subspecific status of two Central American sloths. BY E. Raymond Hall and Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 313- 317. November 21, 1952 Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution of some, North Ameri- can marsupials, “aw and carnivores. _By E. Raymond Hall and Keith . Kelson. Pp. 819-841. December 5, 1952. Cotiinnaints on the taxonomy and geographic base of some North Am can rodents. By E. Raymond Hall and Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 34g 371. December 15, 1952. A synopsis of the North American microtine rodents. By E. Raymond Hall ae Lendell Cockrum. | Pp. 378-498, 149 figures in text. January 15, The pocket gophers (Genus Thomomys) of Coahuila, Mexico. ’ By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 499-514, 1 figure in text. June 1, 1953. Geographic distribution of the pocket mouse, Perognathus fasciatus. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 515-526, 7 figures in text. August 1, 1958. A new. subspecies of wood rat (Neotoma mexicana) from raha By Robert B. Finley, Jr. Pp. 527-534, 2 figures in text. August 15, Four new pocket gophers of the genus caeoe rare from ates Tee By Robert J. Russell. Pp. 535-542. . October 15, Genera and subgenera of chipmunks. By John eset) Pp. 543-561, 12 figures in text. December 1, 19538. Taxonomy of the chipmunks, Eutamias quadrivittatus and Eutamias um- eae By John A. White. Pp. 568-582,'6 figures in text. December 1, Geographic distribution and taxonomy of the chipmunks of ne By John A. White. Pp. 584-610, 3 figures in text. December, 1, 1958. The. baculum ‘of ‘the chipmunks. of western North America. |By John A. White. Pp. 611-631, 19 figures in text. December 1, 1953. Pleistocene Soricidae from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. By James S. Findley. Pp. 683-639. December 1, 1958. Seventeen species of bats recorded from Barro Colorado Island, Panama Canal Zone. tl Wee a Miematg Hall and William B. Jackson. Pp. 641-646. De- cember Index. Pp. 647-676. (Complete) Mammals of Utah, taxonomy and distribution. By wee D. Dur- ¥1. 8. 9. rant. Pp. 1-549, 91 figures in text, 380 tables. August 10, 1952 Mammals of Kansas, By. ra pene Cockrum. Pp. 1-808, 73 figures in text, 87 tables. August 25, Ecology of the lial on a natural area in more tae Kansas. By Henry wh ae and Lewis L. Sandidge. Pp. 805-838, 5 figures in text. August The silky pocket mice (Perognathus flavus ) ef wee By Rollin H. Baker. te Bint 1 figure in text. February 15, h American jumping mice (Genus aa sta Philip H. Krutzsch. Pp. paou72, 47 figures in text, 4 tables. April 21, 1954. Mammals from Southeastern Alaska. _By Rollin H. Baker and James S. Find- ley. Pp. 473-477. April 21, 1954. . Distribution of some Nebraskan Mammals. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 479- 487. . April 21, 1954. Subspeciation in the montane meadow mouse, Microtus montanus, in Wyoming gad on yak By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 489-506, 2 figures in text. July A new subspecies a bat (Myotis velifer) from a ys California~- and Arizona. By Terry A. Vaughn.. Pp. 507-512. July 23, Mammals of the &: San Gabriel Mountains of California. By Terry A. Vaughn: Pp. 513-582, 4 pls., 1 fig., 12 tables. November 15, 1954. More numbers will appear in ‘volume as 1. he history and Sore or the five-lined skink, Fumedes fasciatus. ag S. Fitch. Pp, 1-156, 2 pls., 26 figs. in text, 17 tables. penal 4 , 195 More numbers will appear in volume 8 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS MusEuUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume 7, No. 10, pp. 583-586 November 15, 1954 A New Bat (Genus Pipistrellus) from Northeastern México BY ROLLIN H. BAKER | LIBLARY may } 8 1955 | . va J t UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAWRENCE 1954 Unrversiry OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HisToRY Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, Robert W. Wilson Volume 7, No. 10, pp. 583-586 Published November 15, 1954 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS Lawrence, Kansas PRINTED BY FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER TOPEKA, KANSAS jUL i MAY 1 8 1955 A New Bat (Genus Pipistrellus ) ° a’ from Northeastern México 3 a by rebttl pecblinddll ee 2 Rollin H. Baker The eastern pipistrelle, Pipistrellus subflavus (Cuvier ) in the west- ern part of its range, occurs along the Rio Grande and its tributaries as far west as northern Coahuila and Val Verde County, Texas. Specimens from those places represent a heretofore undescribed subspecies which may be named and described as follows: Pipistrellus subflavus clarus new subspecies Type.——Female, adult, skin and skull; No. 48270, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist.; 2 mi. W Jiménez, el. 850 ft., Coahuila; 19 June 1952; obtained by Rollin H. Baker, original No. 2062. Range.—Known from northern Coahuila and adjacent parts of southwestern Texas. Diagnosis—Size large (see measurements); upper parts pale, near (c) Cinnamon-Buff (capitalized color term after Ridgway, Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, Washington, D. C., 1912); skull large; zygomata expanded laterally. Comparisons.—Compared with Pipistrellus subflavus subflavus (specimens from Marshall Hall in Maryland, Raleigh in North Carolina, and Barber County in Kansas) P. s. clarus is paler, of approximately equal size, and has the zygomata slightly more expanded laterally. From Pipistrellus subflavus vera- crucis (Ward), specimens from 4 km. E Las Vigas, el. 8500 ft., Veracruz, P. s. clarus differs in being larger, paler, and in having a larger skull. Remarks.—Pipistrellus subflavus clarus is the palest subspecies of the eastern pipistrelle. Of the specimens assigned to clarus (all taken in May and June), only two are sufficiently dark to compare favorably with examples of typical subflavus. A specimen (KU 60296) assigned to P. s. subflavus from Rancho Pano Ayuctle, el. 300 ft., 6 mi. N Gdémez Farias, Tamaulipas, is much darker than clarus. A specimen recorded from Devils River, Texas, by V. Bailey (N. Amer. Fauna, 25:211, October 24, 1905) has not been examined by me but presumably is P. s. clarus. Pipistrellus subflavus clarus was taken along the Rio San Diego and the Rio Sabinas, both tributaries of the Rio Grande, where park- like stands of pecan, cypress, willow and other trees bordered these streams. The species was not found at stock ponds or along stream courses in adjacent places where such trees were absent. Funds (585) 586 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. for financing field work were made available by the Kansas Uni- versity Endowment Association and the National Science Founda- tion. Measurements.—Measurements of the holotne and average and extreme measurements of 5 adult females from the type locality, including the holotype, are, respectively, as follows: Total length, 85, 88.0 (85-92); length of tail vertebrae, 43, 40.8 (36-45); length of hind foot, 9, 9.4 (8.5-11); height of ear from notch, 12, 12.6 (12-13); length of forearm, 33.8, 33.4 (82.9-33.8); length of tibia, 14.8, 14.6 (14.5-14.8); greatest length of skull, 13.8, 13.1 (12.7-13.3); condylobasal length, 12.6, 12.4 (12.1-12.6); breadth of braincase, 7.0, 6.8 (6.7-7.0); zygomatic breadth, 8.1, 8.0 (7.8-8.2); mastoid breadth, 7.1, 6.9 (6.5-7.1); length maxillary tooth-row, 4.5, 4.5 (4.4-4.6). Specimens examined.—Those from Texas are in the collection of the United States National Museum, and those from Coahuila are in University of Kansas Museum of Natural History. Total, 21. Trxas: Comstock, 1; Del Rio, 2. CoanumLA: 2 mi. W Jiménez, 850 ft., 15; 2 mi. S and 8 mi. E San Juan de Sabinas, 1160 ft., 3. Transmitted August 28, 1954. 25-5677 eee oe. oe ee ee f UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume 7, No. 11, pp. 587-590 November 15, 1954 A New Subspecies of Pocket Mouse from Kansas BY E. RAYMOND HALL MUS. COMP. ZOOL LIGRARY _ WAY 18 195 HARVARD UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAWRENCE 1954 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HIsTory Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, Robert W. Wilson Volume 7, No. 11, pp. 587-590 Published November 15, 1954 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS Lawrence, Kansas PRINTED BY FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER TOPEKA, KANSAS 1954 25-5678 MUS. COMP. Z06 LIBRARY MAY 18 19! HARYARD UNIVERSITY A New Subspecies of Pocket Mouse from Kansas by E. Raymond Hall When preparing distribution maps for a revised list of the Mam- mals of Kansas it became apparent to me that pocket mice of the species Perognathus flavescens from south-central Kansas and ad- joining parts of Oklahoma were without a subspecific name. The new subspecies is named and described below. Perognathus flavescens cockrumi new subspecies Holotype——Female, subadult (P4 moderately worn), skin with skull, No. 13045, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist.; 4% mi. NE Danville, Harper Co., Kansas; December 1, 1939; obtained by Sam Tihen; original No. 99 of J. A. Tihen. Range.—South-central Kansas south at least into Dewey County, Oklahoma. Diagnosis.—Size small; upper parts Ochraceous-Buff (capitalized color terms after Ridgway, Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, Washington, D. C., 1912) heavily suffused with black; postauricular patches and a band 8 mm wide on each side Ochraceous-Buff; subauricular spot, underparts, and fore- feet white; hind feet slightly dusky; tail brownish above and white below. Skull small; tympanic bullae small; rostrum wide; skull indistinguishable from that of P. f. flavescens from the same latitude in western Kansas. Comparisons.—Perognathus flavescens cockrumi averages approximately 12 per cent smaller in linear measurements than the more northern Perognathus flavescens perniger Osgood (from Knox, Stanton and Cumming counties, Ne- braska) but color of upper parts is essentially the same. From the more western Perognathus flavescens flavescens Merriam (from Seward, Hamilton and Mor- ton counties, Kansas), cockrumi differs in being darker in all parts of the pelage except on the underparts which are white in both subspecies; the parts of the hairs that are Ochraceous-Buff in cockrumi are Light Ochraceous-Buff in flaves- cens; the back of cockrumi is blackish instead of yellowish. From the more southern Perognathus flavescens copei Rhoads (topotypes examined but not at hand as I write), cockrumi differs in duller more blackish (less bright and less reddish) upper parts. From Perognathus merriami gilvus, of more southern distribution, the new subspecies differs in much smaller tympanic bullae and wider rostrum. Measurements.—The type, a male (35331/47596 U.S.B.S., from Cairo, Kansas, showing some wear on P4), and another male (60165 K. U., from Barber Co., Kansas, showing much wear on P4) measure, respectively: Total length, 114, 120, 124; tail, 51, 55, 58; hind foot, 17, 17, 18; occipitonasal length, , 21.0, 21.6; condylobasal length (condyles to anterior end of premaxillae), 18.5, 18.6, 19.3; frontonasal length, , 14.1, 14.3; mastoidal breadth, 10.5, 11.2, 11.2; length of bulla, 6.8, 7.1, 6.8; interorbital breadth, 4.7, (589) 590 UnrversIry OF Kansas Pusis., Mus. Nat. Hist. 4.8, 5.1; alveolar length of upper molariform tooth-row, 3.1, 3.1, 3.0; inter- parietal breadth, 4.8. 4.6, 4.7. Remarks.—The subspecific name cockrumi is proposed in recog- nition of Dr. E. Lendell Cockrum’s important contribution to our knowledge of the mammals of Kansas. Dr. W. Frank Blair re- cently suggested to me that the two specimens examined by him from Kansas (the one from Ellsworth County and the one here designated as holotype) should not be referred to Perognathus flavescens copei Rhoads, as Cockrum (Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 7:146, August 25, 1952) had done, because copei is paler, instead of darker, than P. f. flavescens. It was Dr. Blair’s suggestion which lead me to realize that the subspecies in south-central Kansas lacked a name. Through the courtesy of Miss Viola S. Schantz I have examined three of the four specimens from Cairo, Kansas, that Osgood (N. Amer. Fauna, 18:21, September 20, 1900) referred to Perognathus flavescens before any subspecies of that species had been recog- nized. The specimens from Cairo are intermediate in color, as they are also in geographic position, between P. f. flavescens from west- ern Kansas and P. f. cockrumi from south-central Kansas but show more resemblance to the latter and therefore are referred to P. f. cockrumi. The specimens, excepting the three from Cairo, are in the Museum of Natural History at the University of Kansas. Specimens examined.—Total, 10 distributed as follows: Kansas: ELLSWORTH Co.: 1% mi. S Wilson, 1. Pratr Co.: Cairo, 3 (U.S. B.S.). BarsBeR Co.: Plum Thicket Farm [= 1 mi. E and 8 mi. N Sharon], 4. Harper Co.: 4% mi. N Danville, 1. Oklahoma: Drewery Co.: 6 mi. W and % mi. S Canton, 1. Transmitted August 23, 1954. O 25-5678 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS MuSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume 7, No. 12, pp. 591-608 March 15, 1955 Geographic Variation in the Pocket Gopher, Cratogeomys castanops, in Coahuila, Mexico BY ROBERT J. RUSSELL AND ROLLIN H. BAKER wAY 18 1955 | UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAWRENCE 1955 UNIVERSITY OF KANsAS PUBLICATIONS, MusEUM OF NATURAL HisTorY Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, Robert W. Wilson Volume 7, No. 12, pp. 591-608 Published March 15, 1955 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS Lawrence, Kansas PRINTED BY FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER TOPEKA, KANSAS MAY 3 Geographic Variation in the Pocket Gopher, =")! Cratogeomys castanops, in Coahuila, Méxicd ee By Robert J. Russell and Rollin H. Baker The plateau pocket gopher, Cratogeomys castanops, inhabits open lands from southeastern Colorado southward onto the Mexican Plateau as far south as southern San Luis Potosi and southeastern Zacatecas and southeastward to the Coastal Plain of northern Tamau- lipas. This species occurs at elevations from as low as 26 feet at Matamoras in Tamaulipas to as high as 8700 feet in valleys of south- eastern Coahuila. In 1934, Nelson and Goldman (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 47:185-154, June 18, 1934) revised the genus Cratogeomys and decided that six subspecies of C. castanops oc- curred in Coahuila. In the present account, we describe four previously unknown subspecies from Coahuila, exclude from the state two others recorded from there by Nelson and Goldman, and show that three others named previously from adjacent Mexican states do occur in Coahuila. This makes eleven subspecies now known from that state. From Coahuila Nelson and Goldman had 35 study specimens of C. castanops from seven localities and we have had 234 specimens from 63 localities. Consequently we have been able to define with greater certainty, than formerly was pos- sible, the geographic distribution of C. castanops in this Mexican state and similarly analyze more completely the geographic varia- tion. Coahuila is near the center of the geographic range of C. casta- nops. The occurrence of 11 subspecies within the state seems to be the result of partial or perhaps, in some cases, total isolation of popu- lations of C. castanops because of the highly dissected topography and the variability of the soil. Cratogeomys castanops is a sedentary animal preferring open plains mantled by suitable soils, preferably sandy in texture, in which the animals can dig their elaborate underground systems of runways. Thin soils of hard texture and rocky soils do not offer optimum habitat for C. castanops, and the animals usually are absent or uncommon in such situations. Desert mountains with their thin rocky soils, elevated passes, perpendicular rocky cliffs, and stands of oaks and conifers at higher elevations present impassable barriers for pocket gophers of this species. The Rio Grande, bordering Coahuila to the north, in many places flowing (593) 8 13 594 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas PusBis., Mus. Nat. Hist. through steep-walled cafions, also seems to be a barrier that this fossorial rodent does not cross; distinct subspecies occur on the two sides of the river directly opposite each other (also see Nelson and Goldman, op. cit.:143). Smaller streams, such as the Rio Salado, Rio Nazas and Rio Salinas, seem to be unimportant barriers to the passage of these pocket gophers. The food supply of C. castanops seems adequate in most situations and consequently food is unim- portant in governing the distribution of this species. Principal foods of C. castanops are fleshy tuberous roots of well-distributed desert shrubs, but in the valleys of the high mountains of southeastern Coahuila, where desert shrubs are absent, roots and leaves of low- growing forbs are eaten. Three distinct habitats for C. castanops occur in Coahuila. The state is crossed by a series of mostly impassable, mountainous ridges beginning at the northwestern boundary at the Cafion de Boquillas on the Rio Grande and extending southeastward to the east-central border. This divides Coahuila into a more humid and less elevated northeastern area which is an inland extension westward of the Coastal Plain and a more arid and higher western and southern area which is a part of the “Mesa del Norte” of the Mexican Plateau. In the extreme southeast the still higher elevated plains and in- termontane valleys within the Sierra Madre Oriental afford a third habitat for populations of this species. The subspecies of these pocket gophers found in any one of these three habitats show greater affinity to each other than they do to any subspecies found in the other habitats. Generally speaking, populations of C. castanops from northeastern Coahuila are related, as a group, in color and cranial features. Partial isolation of subspecies in this area results chiefly from dis- continuity of suitable soils rather than from topography. These pocket gophers occur most commonly in the deep, sandy soils which are found along streams, especially where farm lands are irrigated. In western and southern Coahuila, mountains extending in both north-south and east-west directions act as partial barriers to the passage of C. castanops. Within this large area, pocket gophers occur in desert basins many of which are enclosed on two or more sides by mountains. Even so, with the exception of the smaller C. c. consitus of northwestern Coahuila, all known subspecies occurring at lower elevations in the western and southern part of the state show close relationships in color and cranial features. Those sub- species in the higher parts of southeastern Coahuila by their small GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN PocKET GOPHER 595 size and dark color reflect to a high degree their isolation in an elevated habitat. Males of C. castanops differ greatly from females of equal age; consequently animals of the same sex, as well as of the same age, are used herein for taxonomic comparisons. Since, of any given age-group, females show less individual variation than do males, we have relied more on the characteristics of the females in this taxo- nomic study. Only specimens taken at approximately the same times of the year have been compared for color of pelage. Capital- ized color terms are those of Ridgway, Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, Washington, D. C., 1912. Specimens made available through the courtesy of the authorities of the Biological Surveys Col- lection of the United States National Museum are indicated in the accounts of subspecies as BSC; other specimens listed are in the collection of the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History. Assistance with field work is acknowledged from the Kansas Uni- versity Endowment Association and the National Science Founda- tion. In any one of the lists of “Specimens examined” beyond, the order of arrangement of the localities is from north to south. Those locali- ties listed in Roman type are represented on the distribution map (Figure 1) by blacked-in circles. Each of several circles covers two or more localities because the localities are close together. In any such instance the northernmost place is listed in Roman type and the names of the other places follow in Italic type. Measure- ments in millimeters are given in table 1 for females and in table 2 for males. Cratogeomys castanops convexus Nelson and Goldman 1934. Cratogeomys castanops convexus Nelson and Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 47:142, June 13, type from 7 mi. E Las Vacas [= Villa Acufia], Rio Grande Valley, Coahuila (opposite Del Rio, Texas). Distribution —Extreme northern Coahuila, east and north of the Serranias del Burro (see fig. 1). Diagnosis.—Previously known from only one specimen, a subadult female, this subspecies has not been well diagnosed. At hand we have five near topo- types of convexus (including two adult females and one adult male) and speci- mens assignable to this subspecies from several other localities. This subspecies may be characterized as follows: Size medium (see tables 1 and 2); dorsal profile of skull convex in females and flat, especially posteriorly, in males; zygomata weakly constructed and not widely flaring; mastoid and tympanic bullae inflated; nasals short; rostrum broad and short; maxillary teeth large. Comparisons.—From topotypes of Cratogeomys castanops angusticeps Nelson and Goldman, found to the north and east across the Rio Grande in Texas, 596 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. \e p, ‘ (uy ee ee GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN PocKET GOPHER 597 convexus differs in: Body larger; upper parts more reddish, especially on sides; skull with zygomata less heavy, nasals broader, pterygoids smaller, maxillary teeth larger. For comparisons of convexus with the subspecies of C. castanops found to the west, south and southeast, see accounts of the subspecies to follow. Remarks.—The geographic range of convexus is restricted, be- ing bounded on the west and southwest by mountains, especially the Serranias del Burro, and on the north and east by the Rio Grande. The range of the subspecies found to the southeast may not be continuous with that of convexus. At least, in the area be- tween Villa Acufia and Piedras Negras, along the Rio Grande, no specimens were obtained and no sign was observed. We suspect that in this area the species occurs only locally if at all. A specimen taken near the Rio Grande in Coahuila, opposite Samuels, Texas, and assigned to Cratogeomys castanops clarkii by Nelson and Goldman (op. cit. :140), has been examined by us and is referable to convexus. This specimen is typical of convexus ex- cept for the lesser inflation of the mastoid bullae and tympanic bullae. Conspicuous differences between convexus and angusticeps indicate that the Rio Grande is an effective barrier to passage by these rodents. Specimens examined.—Total, 14, all from Coahuila: Rio Grande, 17 mi. S Dryden, Terrell Co., Texas, 6; Rio Grande, opposite Samuels, Val Verde Co., Texas, 1 (BSC); Villa Acufia, 5; Cafion del Cochino, 21 mi. E and 16 mi. N Piedra Blanca, 1; 11 mi. W Hda. San Miguel, 1. Cratogeomys castanops bullatus new subspecies Type.—Female, adult, skin and skull, No. 48498, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist., 2 mi. S and 6% mi. E Nava, 810 ft., Coahuila; 16 June 1952; obtained by Robert J. Russell, original number 276. Distribution Desert lowlands of northeastern Coahuila, from the Rio Grande to as far southwestward as the Rio Sabinas (see fig. 1). Diagnosis—Body medium for the species (see tables 1 and 2); tail long; hind foot small; upper parts Light Ochraceous-Buff (in summer pelage) and Orange-Buff (in winter pelage), bases of hairs Plumbeous; underparts white to pale buffy; skull small, broad and slightly convex in dorsal outline; zygomata widely flaring; palate short; rostrum short; nasals short; mastoid and tympanic bullae inflated; basioccipital with lateral edges parallel; maxillary teeth small. Comparisons.—From Cratogeomys castanops convexus, found to the north, bullatus differs in: Hind foot shorter; skull much broader in relation to length; rostrum narrower but, relative to length of skull, wider; tympanic bullae slightly more inflated; incisors and maxillary teeth smaller. From topotypes of Cratogeomys castanops angusticeps, found across the Rio Grande and upstream from localities where bullatus is known to occur, bullatus differs in: Body slightly smaller; color paler, especially on sides; skull shorter and broader; rostrum shorter and broader; nasals shorter; mastoid and tympanic bullae more inflated; maxillary teeth smaller. For comparisons of bullatus with the sub- 598 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas PuBts., Mus. Nat. Hist. species of C. castanops found to the west and south, see accounts of the sub- species to follow. Remarks. — Cratogeomys castanops bullatus in small size re- sembles C. c. tamaulipensis Nelson and Goldman of the lower Rio Grande Valley in Tamaulipas, but the two differ markedly in cranial features. Cratogeomys c. bullatus is smaller than convexus but these two subspecies resemble each other in color and cranial char- acters. Both have an arched skull, inflated mastoid and tympanic bullae, short nasals, and a short rostrum. Comparison of bullatus with angusticeps, which occurs across the Rio Grande but not di- rectly opposite the range of bullatus, indicates that these two sub- species are less closely related than bullatus is to tamaulipensis and convexus. Cratogeomys castanops bullatus is especially common in sandy soils in the vicinity of Nava where the mounds were in fallow irri- gated fields and other open places between extensive live oak thickets. South and west of the Rio Grande the animals were less abundant and lived in heavier soils usually as individuals or in small groups. Specimens were taken at elevations from as low as 800 feet to as high as 2,000 feet. Specimens examined.—Total, 24, from: 2 mi. S and 6% mi. E Nava, 810 ft., 2; 2 mi. S and 12 mi. E Nava, 800 ft., 1; 3 mi. S and 12 mi. E Nava, 800 ft., 4; 29 mi. N and 6 mi. E Sabinas, 5; 10 mi. E Hacienda La Mariposa, 2000 ft., 1; La Gacha [= La Concha], 1600 ft., 8; 8 mi. S and 8 mi. E Hacienda La Mariposa, 1900 ft., 1; 9 mi. S and 11 mi. E Sabinas, 1050 ft., 2. Cratogeomys castanops ustulatus new subspecies Type.—Female, adult, skin and skull, No. 34589, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist., Don Martin, 800 ft., Coahuila; 19 August 1949; obtained by W. Kim Clark, original number 1034. Distribution.—Extreme northeastern Coahuila from the vicinity of Presa Don Martin southward into northwestern Neuvo Leén in the valley of the Rio Salado and its tributaries at least as far south as the vicinity of Vallecillo (see fig. 1). Diagnosis ——Body large for species (see tables 1 and 2); hind foot short; upper parts Apricot Buff (in fresh summer pelage) and Salmon-Buff strongly mixed with black (in fresh winter pelage); underparts Light Ochraceous-Buff; skull large, especially in females, and broad; zygomatic arches widely flaring; palate long; rostrum broad; nasals long; mastoid and tympanic bullae not con- spicuously inflated; incisors narrow; maxillary teeth large. Comparisons—From Cratogeomys castanops bullatus found to the north, ustulatus differs in: Body larger; tail shorter; upper parts darker, more rufous and less buffy; skull larger, especially in palate, nasals, and rostrum; zygomata more widely flaring; tympanic bullae less inflated; incisors slightly larger; maxil- lary teeth larger. From topotypes of Cratogeomys castanops tamaulipensis found to the southeast, ustulatus differs in: Body larger; upper parts, in winter GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN PocKET GOPHER 599 pelage, darker, more rufous and less buffy; underparts paler; skull larger, es- pecially in palate, rostrum and nasals; zygomata more widely flaring; tympanic bullae more inflated; pterygoids larger; basioccipital narrower, its sides parallel instead of convex; maxillary teeth smaller. From Cratogeomys castanops sub- simus, found to the southwest, ustulatus differs in: Tail shorter; hind foot smaller; upper parts darker, more rufous and less pinkish-buff; skull shorter; zygomata less widely flaring; palate shorter; rostrum averaging slightly narrower; nasals shorter; incisors narrower; maxillary teeth slightly smaller. For compari- son of ustulatus with the subspecies of C. castanops to the southwest, see ac- count of that subspecies to follow. Remarks.—Cratogeomys castanops ustulatus is a large-sized pocket gopher with a relatively larger skull. In size of skull, ustulatus is exceeded only by C. c. subsimus found beyond the mountains in the southern part of Coahuila. In size, ustulatus differs so markedly from bullatus that the two can be distinguished easily by this feature alone. The skull of C. c. convexus approaches that of ustulatus in size, but is smaller in all respects, save breadth of rostrum. This pocket gopher is found commonly along the Rio Salado and its watershed. Fallow cotton fields in the vicinity of Anahuac [= Rodriques], Nuevo Leon, are preferred living places. This sub- species was found at elevations as high as 1000 feet and as low as 600 feet. Specimens examined.—Total, 10, from: Don Martin, 800 ft., 5; base of Don Martin Dam, 2; 2 mi. SE Don Martin Dam, along Rio Salado, 2; 5 mi. SE Don Martin, 1. Records from Nuevo Leén.—Total, 14, from: 9 mi. N and 2 mi. W Anahuac [= Rodriques], 1; 4 mi. N and 1 mi. W Anahuac [= Rodriques], 5; 8 mi. N Te 4; 1 mi. N Vallecillo, 1000 ft., 1; Vallecillo, 20 mi. S Rio Salado, £5. 9. Cratogeomys castanops jucundus new subspecies Type.—Female, adult, skin and skull; No. 56603, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist.; Hermanas, 1205 ft., Coahuila; 5 December 1953; obtained by Robert W. Dickerman, original number 2051. Distribution——Arid plains and broad intermontane valleys of east-central Coahuila (see fig. 1). Diagnosis —Body largest for the species (see table 1); tail long; hind foot large; upper parts in winter pelage Ochraceous-Buff, in summer pelage Antimony Yellow; underparts Pale Ochraceous-Buff; skull medium in size, broad; zygomata moderately flaring; palate medium in length; rostrum broad; nasals moderately long; maxillary teeth small. Comparisons.—From Cratogeomy castanops ustulatus, found to the east, jucundus differs in: Body larger; tail longer; hind foot larger; upper parts paler, more ochraceous and less rufous; skull averaging smaller; zygomata slightly less expanded laterally; palate and nasals shorter; squamosal breadth less; mastoid bullae less inflated, especially in females; rostrum slightly narrower; maxillary tooth-row shorter. From topotypes of Cratogeomys castanops tamaulipensis, found to the southeast, jucundus differs in: Body larger; tail longer; hind foot 600 Unrverstry oF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. smaller; upper parts, in winter pelage, paler, more ochraceous and less rufous; skull larger; zygomata more widely flaring; palate longer; rostrum broader; tympanic bullae more inflated; basioccipital with sides parallel instead of con- vex; maxillary teeth smaller. From Cratogeomy castanops excelsus, found to the southwest, jucundus differs in: Body larger; hind foot averaging larger; upper parts darker, more ochraceous, and less buffy; underparts darker, more buffy and less whitish; skull slightly smaller; zygomata less widely flaring, es- pecially in females; palate shorter; nasals shorter; squamosal breadth less; mastoid bullae more inflated; incisors narrower. From Cratogeomys castanops subsimus, found to the south, jucundus differs in: Body larger; tail shorter; hind foot shorter; upper parts paler, more ochraceous and less yellowish; skull smaller; zygomata less widely expanded laterally; palate and nasals shorter; rostrum narrower; squamosal breadth less; maxillary tooth-row shorter. From Cratogeomys castanops bullatus, found to the north, jucundus differs in: Body larger; tail averaging longer; hind foot larger; color of upper parts more ochraceous and less rufous; underparts darker, more buffy and less whitish; skull larger, especially in length, in width across zygomata, in lengths of palate, rostrum and nasals; mastoid and tympanic bullae less inflated; squamosal breadth greater. Remarks.—Cratogeomys castanops jucundus is large, exceeding subsimus in dimensions of the body, but differing from subsimus in relatively smaller skull. Passage to the north and northeast by jucundus is at least partly blocked by inhospitable mountainous country; the resulting semi-isolation may be one reason for the dis- tinctive characteristics of jucundus compared with those of bullatus and ustulatus. Two specimens from Monclova, assigned to tamauli- pensis by Nelson and Goldman (op. cit.:142), are here referred to jucundus on the basis of cranial characters and size. Specimens were trapped in fallow irrigated fields in the vicinity of Monclova. Others were taken in deep soils in desert flats. Specimens examined.—Total, 19, from: Hermanas, 1205 ft., 9; 1 mi. S Hermanas, 2; 1 mi. N and 13 mi. E Cuatro Ciénegas, 2: 5 mi. N and 2 mi. W Monclova, 1; 2 mi. N and 1 mi. E Monclova, 1; Monclova, 2 (BSC); Hisachalo [= Huisachalo], 2. Cratogeomys castanops sordidulus new subspecies Type.—Female, adult, skin and skull; No. 56614, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist.; 1.5 mi. NW Ocampo, 3300 ft., Coahuila; 16 December 1953; obtained by Robert W. Dickerman, original number 2164. Distribution Desert plains of north-central Coahuila, surrounded for the most part by higher mountainous country (see fig. 1). Diagnosis——Body large for species (see tables 1 and 2); tail short; hind foot large; upper parts Ochraceous-Buff (in summer pelage) and Orange-Buff (in fresh winter pelage); underparts Pale Ochraceous-Salmon; skull medium in size and narrow; zygomata narrow; rostrum narrow; palate short; nasals medium in length; basioccipital small and narrow; mastoid bullae not greatly inflated; tympanic bullae inflated; incisors small; maxillary teeth small. GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN PocKET GOPHER 601 Comparisons—From Cratogeomys castanops jucundus, found beyond the mountains to the southeast, sordidulus differs in: Body smaller; tail shorter; hind foot slightly smaller; upper parts darker, more ochraceous and less yellow- ish, with plumbeous bases of hairs more conspicuous; underparts darker, more buffy and less whitish; skull slightly shorter, more nearly flat, and narrower; zygomata less widely flaring; rostrum narrower; mastoid bullae less inflated; incisors and maxillary teeth slightly smaller. From Cratogeomys castanops excelsus, found to the south and southwest, sordidulus differs in: Body slightly smaller; tail shorter; hind foot slightly larger; upper parts darker, more ochrace- ous and less pinkish-buff; underparts darker, more buffy and less whitish; skull smaller and narrower; zygomata less widely flaring; sides more nearly parallel and not expanded anteriorly; palate shorter; rostrum narrower and, in relation to greatest length of skull, longer; tympanic bullae slightly more inflated; incisors and maxillary teeth smaller. From Cratogeomys castanops consitus, found to the north and west, sordidulus differs in: Body larger; hind foot larger; upper parts paler, more ochraceous and less rufous; skull decidedly larger and wider; zygomata more widely flaring; palate and nasals longer; rostrum broader; mastoid bullae and tympanic bullae larger; maxillary teeth smaller. From topotypes of Cratogeomys castanops clarkii (Baird), found to the northwest, sordidulus differs in: Body larger; tail shorter; upper parts, in winter pelage, paler, more ochraceous and less dark-rufous; skull slightly smaller and narrower; rostrum narrower; nasals slightly shorter; sides of basioccipital more nearly parallel instead of wedge-shaped; mastoid bullae less inflated; incisor and maxillary teeth smaller. From Cratogeomys castanops convexus, found to the northeast, sordidulus differs in: Body larger; tail shorter; upper parts slightly darker, more ochraceous and less buffy; skull narrower; zygomata more nearly parallel and less expanded anteriorly; rostrum narrower and longer; nasals longer; squamosal breadth greater; mastoid bullae less inflated; maxillary teeth smaller. From Cratogeomys castanops bullatus, found to the east, sordidulus differs in: Body larger; hind foot larger; upper parts darker, more ochraceous and less buffy; skull larger in all respects; zygomata more widely flaring; tympanic bullae less inflated; maxillary teeth larger. Remarks.—Cratogeomys castanops sordidulus is limited to the Llano de Ocampo, an elevated, desert plain surrounded on three sides, west, south and east, by higher mountainous country which seems to bar the passage of this rodent. On the eastern side this barrier extends north to the very banks of the Rio Grande in the Cafion de Boquillas. This subspecies, therefore, is in contact with other populations of Cratogeomys only to the north and northwest. This subspecies is well characterized by size, color and cranial char- acteristics. Cratogeomys castanops sordidulus is not abundant; groups of mounds constructed by one or a few individuals were found in widely separated places. Mounds were often small, appeared old and, in other ways, were inconspicuous on arid flats. The animals were taken at elevations as low as 3250 feet and as high as 4150 feet. 602 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas PuBts., Mus. Nat. Hist. Specimens examined.—Total, 13, from: 50 mi. N and 20 mi. W Ocampo, 4150 ft., 1; 18 mi. S and 14 mi. E Tanque Alvarez, 4000 ft., 4; 1% mi. NW opiate 3300 ft., 6; Ocampo, 1; 5 mi. N and 19 mi. W Cuatro Ciénegas, 3250 Cratogeomys castanops consitus Nelson and Goldman 1934. Cratogeomys castanops consitus Nelson and Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 47:140, June 13, type from Gallego, 5500 ft., Chihuahua. Distribution —Arid high plains from central Chihuahua, east and southeast at least into northwestern Coahuila (see fig. 1). Comparisons.—F rom Cratogeomys castanops lacrimalis Nelson and Goldman, specimens from Boquillas and Marathon north of the Rio Grande in Texas, consitus differs in: Body smaller; tail and hind foot shorter; upper parts paler, more light buffy and less rufous; underparts paler, light buffy instead of dark buffy; skull decidedly smaller; zygomata slightly less widely flaring; palate es- pecially shorter; rostrum narrower; squamosal breadth less; incisors smaller. From topotypes of Cratogeomys castanops clarkii, found to the north along the Rio Grande, consitus differs in: Body smaller; tail and hind foot shorter; upper parts paler, more buffy and less rufous; skull markedly smaller, especially in palate and nasals; zygomata less widely flaring; tympanic bullae more inflated; mastoid bullae less inflated; basioccipital parallel-sided as opposed to wedge- shaped. From Cratogeomys castanops convexus, found to the east, consitus differs in: Body smaller; tail and hind foot shorter; upper parts paler, more buffy and less ochraceous; underparts paler, white or light buffy instead of pale ochraceous; skull smaller; zygomata less widely flaring; palate shorter; rostrum decidedly narrower and, relative to length of skull, longer; squamosal breadth less; incisors smaller. From Cratogeomys castanops excelsus, found to the south, consitus differs in: Size smaller; tail and hind foot shorter; upper parts darker, more rufous and less pinkish-buff; skull conspicuously smaller, es- pecially in palate, rostrum, and nasals; zygomata less widely flaring; mastoid bullae and tympanic bullae more inflated; incisors smaller; maxillary teeth rela- tively larger. For comparison of consitus with Cratogeomys castanops sordi- dulus, see previous account. Remarks.—Cratogeomys castanops consitus is a small pocket gopher (see tables 1 and 2); the largest adult available to us is much smaller than the smallest adult of any adjacent subspecies. Speci- mens from Coahuila assigned to consitus compare favorably with topotypes although those from the vicinity of Jaco are smaller, paler and have a narrower rostrum and smaller maxillary teeth. An im- mature male trapped three miles northeast of Sierra Mojada is tentatively assigned to consitus. This subspecies seems to be rare in northwestern Coahuila and small colonies are widely scattered. Cratogeomys castanops clarkii (Baird) may occur along the Rio Grande in extreme northwestern Coahuila. No specimens are known from Coahuila, and none was found in the vicinity of Boquillas, Coahuila, in 1952. Specimens examined.—Total, 8, from: 3 mi. N and 9 mi. E El Pino, 1; 6 mi. E Jaco, Chihuahua, in Coahuila, 6; 3 mi. NE Sierra Mojada, 1. GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN PockeT GOPHER 603 Cratogeomys castanops excelsus Nelson and Goldman 1934, Cratogeomys castanops excelsus Nelson and Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 47:143, June 13, type from San Pedro, 10 mi. W Laguna de Mayran, Coahuila. Distribution—Desert plains of southwestern Coahuila and northeastern Durango (see fig. 1). Comparisons.—Cratogeomys castanops excelsus is characterized by large size and pale color; it is the palest subspecies of C. castanops. Of adjacent sub- species, excelsus most closely resembles C. c. subsimus which occurs to the east and resembles least C. c. consitus, which occurs to the northwest. From Cratogeomys castanops subsimus, found to the east, excelsus differs in: Body averaging slightly larger; tail and hind foot shorter; upper parts paler, more light buffy and less yellowish; skull smaller; palate especially shorter; rostrum narrower; nasals shorter; incisors slightly smaller; maxillary tooth-row shorter. Compared with topotypes of C. c. goldmani, found to the south, excelsus differs in: Body larger; hind foot smaller; upper parts in winter pelage paler, more buffy and less rufous; skull larger; zygomata more widely flaring; rostrum broader; nasals shorter; tympanic bullae larger and more inflated; maxillary teeth larger. Specimens of excelsus from the vicinity of Torreén, in southwestern Coahuila, are slightly smaller in cranial dimensions than more typical examples of the sub- species. In small size, at least, these specimens show some resemblance to goldmani to the south. The range of excelsus approaches that of C. c. consitus in west-central Coahuila (see fig. 1), but no evidence of intergradation be- tween these two subspecies could be ascertained. For comparison of excelsus with consitus, see account of the latter. Remarks.—Cratogeomys castanops excelsus lives in the deep soils of the arid interior basin of southwestern Coahuila and adjacent parts of Durango. This animal is common in the cultivated areas in, and in the vicinity of, the formerly extensive Laguna de Mayran. East of this laguna the land becomes progressively higher, and C. c. subsimus occurs in the higher, more dissected part of this area. Specimens examined.—Total, 33, from: 8 mi. E and 2 mi. S Americanos, 3500 ft., 3; 4 mi. N Acatita, 3600 ft., 9; 20 mi. S El Hundido, 1; San Pedro, 2 (BSC); 1 mi. SW San Pedro de las Colonias, 3700 ft., 4; 10 mi. N and 11 mi. W San Lorenzo, 2; 2 mi. E Torreon, 12. Cratogeomys castanops subsimus Nelson and Goldman 1934. Cratogeomys castanops subsimus Nelson and Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 47:144, June 13, type from Jaral, Coahuila. Distribution—Desert plains and lower foothills of mountains in south- central Coahuila (see fig. 1). Comparisons —From Cratogeomys castanops goldmani, found to the south- west, subsimus differs in: Body larger; hind foot larger; upper parts paler, more yellowish and less rufous; skull larger and rougher, having more prominent ridges and crests and deeper fossae for attachment of muscles; zygomata more widely flaring; palate longer; rostrum broader; nasals longer; squamosal breadth greater; maxillary teeth larger. From C. c. subnubilus, found to the south, 604 TABLE 1. MerAsuREMENTS OF ADULT FEMALE CRATOGEOMYS FROM No. av. or cat. no. UNIVERSITY OF KANsaAs PuBLs., Mus. Nar. Hist. CoanuILaA, MExIcO Squamosal breadth Alveolar length of maxillary tooth-row a S + 307 C. c. sordidulus, 1.5 mi. NW Ocampo 2G Oe veh T5044 Bis) VS84.65210-9 18.27 30: 210, Wha 36° 4925 (30.6. 3313.5, 410538), Liaw 29: 288 85 39 51.4 32.4 35.2 11.4 18.5 30. C. c. consitus, 6 mi. E Jaco, Chihuahua, in Coahuila 229, (4 A132. $4328) 2821 4 29°56 9:7, 1650) E26. 226 68 31 42.6 27.3 29.4 0.4 1550 25. 232 78 32 45.8 28.8 29.9 939)" G22 9 e202 C. c. excelsus, 4 mi. N Acatita 284) Oe Ol Ole, 34.1 354° 1126. 18-9 iS. 214-30 Ole 93326 34. 7— 1074 “18-4 ~'30: 291) R869 758 olG. 3479 361), 2.1 A201 asi Q ° . subsimus, 12 mi. N and 10 mi. E Parras 28%.) Sih s07 O38. 0) 134.9: <36°9 Ab. . WO.4 wot. Jaral (BSC) 295 1104) 140) 45852) Vets 1S659"" T2s6ea 1S. F029: C. c. goldmani, 1 mi. S Jimuleo 200 85 30, 4AG:0 1382/6 S14 10.7 16.8 27. C. c. subnubilus, 1 mi. S Carneros 220) 65. 29" 408850 Mai OF) A272 Si mel aan ae. 2 mi. W San Miguel 222 65 30 40.4 26.3 26.6 8.1) pls: 2iie2as 1 mi. N Agua Nueva 220 74 29 41.8 24.6 28.4 8.3 14.2 23. 8 mi. N La Ventura 235 76 30 42.2 27.9 28.5 9.0 14.3 26. C. c. planifrons, 12 mi. W San Antonio de las Alazanas 244 66 32 43.7 28.0 29.1 9.4 14.5 26. 8.9 13.6" 2: 247 69 33 44.3 28.5 29.4 9:7 .- 15.3 “26: 239 "62% "Sl "4353 2005 28.7 36 47.4 30.6 32.6 10.7 17.1 27. da “eo. "4750" ~ 30°36" "323" 1050" “AGlor 27. 203i MSS Oe ST Veal SSI S220 Or IG Shi 8h 287 co W bo 10. 10. 10. 10. OOo Qe © 00 00 co 00 Neco Nor co 00 0 owe ni Hw awe GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN PockET GOPHER 605 TABLE 2. MEASUREMENTS OF ADULT MALE CRATOGEOMYS FROM CoanuiLa, MEXICO No. av. or cat. no. Length of hind foot Condylobasal length Zygomatic breadth Breadth of rostrum Squamosal breadth Alveolar length of maxillary tooth-row Total length Length of tail Length of palate Length of nasals C. c. convexus, Villa Acuna 52260 275 89 39 55.0 34.4 37.0 12.6 20.0 30.9 C.c. bullatus, 3 mi. S and 12 mi. E Nava 48500 261 80 36 49.7 35.3 34.4 12.4 17.1 29.2 9.5 La Gacha 57028 250 76 34 49.9 34.0 34.4 11.5 16.6 28.4 9.3 — oO i C. c. ustulatus, Don Martin 34587 280) wb) 3) 5486) 3753) 38h2) Ashi —20NG Sole SamelLOrs C. c. jucundus, Hermanas 56605 311 80 42 56.9 38.7 40.1 18.3 21.0 32.3 9.9 C. c. sordidulus, 1.5 mi. NW Ocampo 56733 S07 88h 8G) 5725) 4926) 4053) 1Sss62 9 2271 ssa Ors C. c. consistus, 3 mi. N and 9 mi. E El Pino 54547 280 OAR OO noe Sue Ooh OM Lovell el On ener Oso mea O no 9.6 C. c. excelsus, 2 mi. E Torre6n AQ7245 § S15 OF hl NAT Si 8e STG Dek O19. MSIE 9.8 C. c. subsimus, Hda. El Tulillo, 5 km. S Hipolito 35772 315°105.- 40 5624 35:3" 39:5. 1275 ~ 20:8 3358 1026 2 mi. N Santa Cruz 48517 SiGmesoy) 40) 15882) 379) 84023) 4a ie eos Si ORS C. c. goldmani, W foot Pico de Jimulco 55GLO! 9 255) S2n 36, 48.9. 838-4, Bard) aw 17.7, 2956 9.3 C. c. subnubilus, Carneros (BSC) 79484 247 86 34 45.38 30.9 30.8 SkGT a Toa | 28e4- 8.5 8 mi. N La Ventura 34932 DOM ON ot AG Shoo oleO 9.6 16.4 28.7 8.4 C. c. planifrons, 4 mi. S and 6 mi. E Saltillo 35779 49254 76 34 48.0 32.2 32.6 9.8 16.6 28.0 35780, 272. 85 35 48:8. 33.2 34.1 10.5, 17.5 (29.9 12 mi. S and 2 mi. E Arteaga S312 eso. ve oo 47.0. 32.3. 3852 10/5. 15.5 2827 9.0 ©© 00 om 606 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PuBLs., Mus. Nat. Hist. subsimus differs in: Body larger; tail and hind foot shorter; upper parts paler, more yellowish-buff and less blackish; skull decidedly larger in all respects. From C. c. planifrons, found at higher elevations to the southeast, subsimus dif- fers in the same respects as subsimus differs from subnubilus. For comparisons between subsimus and subpecies to the west, north and northeast, see accounts above. Remarks.—Cratogeomys castanops subsimus is the largest known subspecies of the species in cranial dimensions, but is exceeded in size of body by C. c. jucundus to the north. Of adjacent subspecies, subsimus is the most closely related to excelsws and shows little or no relationship to the smaller and darker C. c. subnubilus and C. c. planifrons, which are found at higher elevations to the south and southeast, respectively. Movements by subsimus to the north, east, and south are barred by inhospitable mountains. Specimens of subsimus from the northeastern part of its range are larger and darker than other specimens assigned to this subspecies. An adult female, assigned to subsimus, from the vicinity of Santa Rosa is noticeably smaller and paler than typical specimens of this sub- species. Cratogeomys castanops subsimus occurs in scattered colonies in sandy soils principally in the upper drainage of the Rio Salinas. Specimens have also been taken from the foothills of the Sierra Madre Oriental and westward on the elevated desert plains. Specimens examined.—Total, 22, from: 3 mi. S and 8 mi. E Muralla, 3800 ft., 8; 2 mi. N Santa Cruz, 2; 21 mi. S and 11 mi. E Australia, 4400 ft., 6; Jaral, 3860 ft., 4 (BSC); Hacienda El Tulillo, 5 km. S Hipolito, 2; 17 mi. N and 8 mi. W Saltillo, 5200 ft., 1; 3 mi. N and 5 mi. W La Rosa, 3600 ft., 1; 12 mi. N and 10 mi. E Parras, 5000 "ft., 1; N foot Sierra Guadalupe, 9 mi. S and 5 mi. W General Cepeda, 6200 ft., 1; N foot Sierra Guadalupe, 10 mi. S and 5 mi. W General Cepeda, 6500 ft., 1. Cratogeomys castanops goldmani Merriam 1895. Cratogeomys castanops goldmani Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna 8:160, January 31, type from Cajfitas, Zacatecas. Distribution. — Plains of northeastern Zacatecas, northward into extreme southwestern Coahuila (see fig. 1). Comparisons —Compared with Cratogeomys castanops subnubilus, found to the east, goldmani differs in: Body larger, tail and hind foot longer; color paler, more rufous and less blackish; skull larger; zygomata more widely flaring; palate larger; rostrum broader; nasals longer; maxillary teeth larger. Compared with Cratogeomys castanops rubellus Nelson and Goldman, found to the southeast, goldmani differs in: Body and skull smaller; zygomata less widely flaring; palate shorter; rostrum narrower; maxillary teeth smaller. Remarks.—Records of goldmani given here extend the known range of this subspecies northward into southwestern Coahuila. Specimens assigned to this subspecies from Coahuila compare favor- GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN PockET GOPHER 607 ably with topotypes of goldmani (see tables 1 and 2) but are slightly paler, and in this respect show some relationship to excelsus. The ranges of these two subspecies however, are partly isolated by moun- tainous country in southern Coahuila. Specimens examined.—Total, 6, from: W foot Pico de Jimulco, 4600 ft., 1; Valley Rio Aquanaval, 1 mi. S Jimulco, 4; 14 mi. N Parras, 1. Cratogeomys castanops subnubilus Nelson and Goldman 1984. Cratogeomys castanops subnubilus Nelson and Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 47:145, June 18, type from Carneros, 6800 ft., Coahuila. Distribution —Intermontane valleys and plains of southeastern Coahuila and probably adjacent parts of Zacatecas, San Luis Potosi and Nuevo Ledén (see fig. 1). Comparisons.—Cratogeomys castanops subnubilus needs close comparison only with Cratogeomys castanops planifrons, found to the east and from which subnubilus differs in: Body, hind foot and skull smaller; upper parts, in sum- mer pelage, paler, more rufous-buff and less dark russet; underparts paler, more whitish and less blackish; hairs of hind foot reddish rather than blackish; zygomata more widely flaring; palate shorter, especially in females; rostrum broader, especially in females; nasals slightly smaller; squamosal breadth greater; incisors narrower, especially in males; maxillary teeth smaller. From Cratogeomys castanops rubellus Nelson and Goldman, found to the south in San Luis Potosi, subnubilus differs in: Body, hind foot and all parts of skull smaller; upper parts and underparts darker, more blackish and less rufous. Remarks—Cratogeomys castanops subnubilus is the smallest sub- species of C. castanops (see tables 1 and 2). This subspecies is dark and lives at high elevations (5500 ft. to 6800 ft.) in deep valley soils in relatively isolated intermontane valleys and elevated plains. It is differentiated to a much higher degree from adjacent subspecies of C. castanops than is usual in this species, and no intergrades be- tween subnubilus and other subspecies have been taken. In the Sierra Guadalupe, subnubilus was trapped at 6700 feet within two miles of a place where subsimus was taken at 6500 feet. Specimens examined.—Total, 31, from: 1 mi. N Agua Nueva, 5500 ft., 1; Domingo Cafion, Sierra Guadalupe, 6700 ft., 11 mi. S and 4 mi. W General Cepeda, 1; Carneros, 6800 ft., 6 (BSC); 1 mi. S Carneros, 6000 ft., 4; 2 mi. W are aS 5500 ft., 3; 8 mi. N La Ventura, 6000 ft., 10; La Ventura, 5600 t., 6 (BSC). Cratogeomys castanops planifrons Nelson and Goldman 1934. Cratogeomys castanops planifrons Nelson and Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 47:146, June 13, type from Miquihuana, 5000 ft., Tamaulipas (listed, by mistake, as southern Nuevo Leén). Distribution Elevated montane valleys of Sierra Madre Oriental of extreme southeastern Coahuila, south and east into southwestern Nuevo Leén and West- ern Tamaulipas (see fig. 1). 608 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas PuBLs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Remarks.—Specimens from Coahuila assigned to planifrons com- pare favorably with topotypes of this subspecies although they are slightly larger in cranial dimensions (see tables 1 and 2). This small subspecies is darker and slightly larger than subnubilus but in other ways is most closely related to subnubilus. Cratogeomys c. planifrons shows little relation to other adjacent subspecies, includ- ing tamaulipensis, subsimus and rubellus, all of which are consider- ably larger and paler. Cratogeomys castanops planifrons is found in both deep and shallow soils of the high, open valleys of the Sierra Madre Oriental; in Coahuila it was taken at elevations as low as 7200 feet and as high as 8700 feet. Specimens examined.—Total, 50, from: 4 mi. S and 6 mi. E Saltillo, 7500 ft., 7; 7 mi. S and 4 mi. E Bella Union, 7200 ft., 14; 12 mi. W San Antonio de las Alazanas, 16; 12 mi. S and 2 mi. E Arteaga, 7500 ft., 11; 2 mi, E and 2 mi. N San Antonio de las Alazanas, 8700 ft., 2. Transmitted August 28, 1954. L 25-5679 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS MusEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume 7, No. 13, pp. 609-612 April 8, 1955 A New Cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) From Northeastern Mexico BY ROLLIN H. BAKER MAY } g 1955 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAWRENCE 1955 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATION, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HIsTORY Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, Robert W. Wilson Volume 7, No. 13, pp. 609-612 Published April 8, 1955 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS Lawrence, Kansas PRINTED BY FERD VOILAND, JR.. STATE PRINTER TOPEKA, KANSAS TOUREIOD 25-6582 MAY 1.8. 1955 —— A New Cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus ) From Northeastern Mexico By Rollin H. Baker Mammals obtained in the mountains of central Coahuila in April, 1954, include four examples of a large cottontail, Sylvilagus flori- danus, which, not being referable to any recognized subspecies, are named and described as follows: Sylvilagus floridanus nelsoni new subspecies Type.—Female, adult, skin and skull; No. 57771, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist.; 22 mi. S and 5 mi. W Ocampo, 5925 ft., Coahuila; 4 April 1954; obtained by Rollin H. Baker, original No. 2571. Range.—Known only from higher elevations of the Sierra de la Madera in central Coahuila; probably occurs in other montane areas in central Coahuila and also those in northern Coahuila. Diagnosis Size large (see measurements); upper parts pale gray, mixed with black, tinged with Pale Ochraceous-Buff (capital- ized color terms after Ridgway, Color Standards and Color Nomen- clature, Washington, D. C., 1912) on head, back, and flanks; sides (except for flanks) and rump Pearl Gray in over-all appearance when viewed from a distance of two feet; skull large;. auditory bullae inflated; rostrum broad; cranium moderately expanded later- ally. Comparisons.—From Sylvilagus floridanus robustus (Bailey), specimens from the Davis and Chisos mountains, Texas, examined through the courtesy of the Department of Wildlife Management, A & M College of Texas, and the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, nelsoni differs in: upper parts paler gray in over-all appearance with buffy tinge paler and less conspicuous, especially on back and ears (only specimens taken from March to May com- pared); rostrum broader and more nearly flat anteriorly; cranium less inflated laterally; external auditory meatus almost round in adult nelsoni instead of ovate; auditory bullae less inflated later- ally. From Sylvilagus floridanus chapmani (Allen), specimens from northeastern Coahuila, nelsoni differs in: size much larger (611) 612 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas PusLs., Mus. Nat. Hist. in all parts; upper parts paler gray and not so brown; auditory bullae more inflated. From Sylvilagus floridanus orizabae (Mer- riam), specimens from southeastern Coahuila, western Nuevo Leon, Distrito Federal, and Morelos, nelsoni differs in: size slightly larger; upper parts much less brown (only specimens taken in early spring compared ); auditory bullae more inflated. From Sylvilagus floridanus holzneri (Mearns), one specimen taken in July from Durango, nelsoni differs in: upper parts much less brown; auditory bullae more inflated; cranium less inflated laterally; external audi- tory meatus almost round in adult nelsoni instead of ovate. Remarks.—Sylvilagus floridanus nelsoni resembles closely S. f. robustus of western Texas, especially in size and color. Other ad- jacent subspecies, chapmani, orizabae, and holzneri, are much browner although in size and cranial characteristics nelsoni does not differ markedly from the two subspecies last mentioned. There is evidence that a large cottontail exists also in the Sierra del Carmen, Sierra del Pino, Sierra de San Marcos and other higher mountains in northern and central Coahuila. Edward W. Nelson, for whom this subspecies is named, first reported (N. Amer. Fauna, 29:195, August 31, 1909) the occurrence of a large, mountain-dwelling, cottontail in Coahuila but was unsuccessful in capturing specimens. This large, pale animal is secretive and usually confines its activities to mixed grass and chaparral. The specimens taken in the Sierra de la Madera were shot either in early evening or after dark with the aid of an electric head lamp. Animals seen did not venture more than 15 feet from clumps of heavy oak brush. Measurements.—Measurements of the holotype and an adult female (from 21 mi. S and 4 mi. W Ocampo, 5700 ft., Coahuila), respectively, are: total length, 405, 421; length of tail vertebrae, 48, 51; length of hind foot, 98, 97; height of ear from notch in flesh, 76, 72 (in dried skin, 67, 69); basilar length, 56.2, 57.9; zygomatic breadth, 34.1, 35.9; postorbital constriction, 11.1, 11.0; length of nasals, 80.8, 35.1; length of auditory bullae, 12.5, 12.8; greatest breadth of braincase, 26.7, 26.8; greatest width of nasals, 16.1, 16.3; alveolar length of upper molariform tooth-row, 18.4, 18.7. Specimens examined.—Total, 4, from Coahuila as follows: 20 mi. S and 4 mi. W Ocampo, 5300 ft., 2; 21 mi. S and 4 mi. W Ocampo, 5700 ft., 1; 22 mi. S and 5 mi. W Ocampo, 5950 ft., 1. Transmitted September 15, 1954. 25-6582 ee ee te ee eee UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS MusEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume 7, No. 14, pp. 618-618 June 10, 1955 Taxonomy and Distribution of Some American Shrews BY JAMES S. FINDLEY NOV 2 2 1955) | } UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAWRENCE 1955 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HIsTORY Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, Robert W. Wilson Volume 7, No. 14, pp. 613-618 Published June 10, 1955 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS Lawrence, Kansas PRINTED BY FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER TOPEKA, KANSAS 1955 NAV 9 9 fore | Taxonomy and Distribution Ba loe of Some American Shrews by James S. Findley Sorex cinereus ohionensis Bole and Moulthrop.—In their descrip- tion of this subspecies from Ohio, Bole and Moulthrop (1942:89- 95) made no mention of specimens in the United States Biological Surveys Collection from Ellsworth and Milford Center, Ohio, which stand in the literature (see Jackson, 1928:49) as Sorex cinereus cinereus. These two localities lie south of the geographic range ascribed to S. c. ohionensis by Bole and Moulthrop. Examination of the two specimens, United States Biological Surveys Collec- tion, Catalogue No. 70566, and United States National Museum, No. 19484, respectively, both of which are alcoholics, reveals that they are referable to the subspecies ohionensis rather than to S. c. cinereus. This reference is made on the basis of small size, short tail (83 and 81 millimeters, respectively), and fourth upper uni- cuspid as large as third (the specimen from Milford Center lacks the skull). The occurrence at Milford Center provides a south- ward extension of known range for S. c. ohionensis of approximately 70 miles. S. c. cinereus seems not to occur in Ohio. Cryptotis micrura (Tomes).—Davis (1944:376) assigned a Cryptotis from Boca del Rio, Veracruz, to Cryptotis parva berlan- dieri (Baird). Comparison of this specimen, Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collections, No. 2765, with 8 specimens of C. micrura from various parts of northern Veracruz and with 9 C. parva from south- ern Tamaulipas reveals that the shrew from Boca del Rio is re- ferable to Cryptotis micrura. The series of 8 specimens in the Uni- versity of Kansas Museum of Natural History from Altamira, Ta- maulipas, provides the southernmost known record of Cryptotis parva berlandieri. These 8 specimens are typical of C. p. ber- landieri and show no approach to C. micrura. Average and ex- treme cranial measurements of 7 specimens from 1 mi. S Altamira are: condylobasal length, 15.6 (15.2-16.1); palatal length, 6.6 (6.4- 6.7); maxillary tooth-row, 5.7 (5.4-5.8); cranial breadth, 7.6 (7.4- 8.0); least interorbital breadth, 3.5 (3.4-3.7); maxillary breadth, 5.0 (4.8-5.2). Cranial measurements of 8 specimens of C. micrura (615) 616 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. from various localities in northern Veracruz (1 km. E Mecayucan, 1; 7 km. NNW Cerro Gordo, 3; Teocelo, 2; 7 km. W E] Brinco, 1; 5 km. N Jalapa, 1) are: condylobasal length, 17.1 (16.6-17.4); palatal length, 7.1 (6.9-7.4); maxillary tooth-row, 6.2 (5.9-6.4); cranial breadth, 8.5 (8.3-8.6); least interorbital breadth, 3.7 (3.6- 4.1); maxillary breadth, 5.3 (5.1-5.6). C. parva and C. micrura may intergrade but a distance of 140 miles separates the geo- graphic ranges as now known of the two kinds and every speci- men examined by me is clearly referable to one or the other of the two named kinds and shows no evidence of intergradation. Notiosorex crawfordi crawfordi Baird.—A specimen in the Mu- seum of Natural History from Jaumave, and one from Palmillas, Tamaulipas, collected by Gerd Heinrich, provide records of the easternmost margin of the range of this species in Mexico. As- signment is made to the subspecies crawfordi on geographic grounds. The two specimens differ from a male from 18 mi. S and 15 mi. W Guadalajara, Jalisco, referred (Twente and Baker, 1951:121) to N. c. evotis (Coues) in slightly larger size; however two skulls from owl pellets from 21 mi. SW Guadalajara, also re- ferred to evotis (loc. cit.), seem to me to differ in no important way from skulls of the Tamaulipan specimens. Measurements of the Ta- maulipan specimens, both females, 54932 KU and 54933 KU, are respectively: condylobasal length, —, 16.7; palatal length, —, 7.2; maxillary tooth-row, 6.6, 6.1; cranial breadth, 8.3, 8.1; least inter- orbital breadth, —, 3.5; maxillary breadth, —, 5.1; total length, 90, 90; tail, 28, 30; hind foot, 11.0, 11.5; ear, 8, 8. The only other eastern Mexican record of N. crawfordi is based on two skulls from owl pellets collected 8 mi. NW Cuatro Cien- egas, Coahuila ( Baker, 1953:258). Sorex oreopolus emarginatus Jackson.—A first-year female Sorex, KU 54346, obtained by Rollin H. Baker from 7 mi. SW Las Ad- juntas, 8900 ft., Durango, seems closest, among Mexican shrews that I have examined, to two specimens of S. emarginatus from Plateado, 7600 to 8500 ft., Zacatecas. Measurements of the Las Adjuntas specimen are: total length, 88; tail, 39; hind foot, 13; palatal length, 7.2; maxillary tooth-row, 6.4; maxillary breadth, 4.9; least interorbital breadth, 3.6. Sorex emarginatus previously was known only from Plateado and the type locality, Bolanos, Jalisco. Comparison of these three spec- imens with specimens of other species of Mexican shrews of the S. saussurei group leads me to conclude that the group contains TAXONOMY OF SOME AMERICAN SHREWS 617 two species rather than four as was previously thought. Sorex emarginatus, S. ventralis, and S. oreopolus seem to me to be con- specific. All three nominal species are relatively small, short-tailed shrews. The skulls of the three kinds resemble one another in relatively short rostrum and in dental details. Slight differences in cranial proportions differentiate the three and they should, until more specimens of each are obtained and studied, retain subspe- cific rank. The specific name, Sorex oreopolus Merriam 1892, should apply to the three kinds since it antedates the names ven- tralis and emarginatus. The two names last given, therefore, should stand as Sorex oreopolus ventralis Merriam and Sorex oreopolus emarginatus Jackson. The two species, the large S. saussurei, and the small S. oreopolus, as the latter is here under- stood, occur together over an extensive region in southern Mexico. In other parts of North America a large and a small species of Sorex often occur together in a given area. The Las Adjuntas specimen was taken only 10 miles southwest of El Salto, Durango, the type locality of S. durangae Jackson. Jackson (1928:101) placed durangae in the Sorex vagrans-ob- scurus species group, but the two specimens available to him were second year adults with the teeth so much worn that diagnostic characters are not visible on them. I have examined these two specimens (United States Biological Surveys Collection 94539 and 94540) and find that in bodily and cranial proportions they re- semble Sorex s. saussurei, and I so assign them. Sorex milleri Jackson.—Koestner (1941:10) reported 5 Sorex from Cerro Potosi, near La Jolla, Municipio de Galeana, Nuevo Leon, as Sorex emarginatus. Comparison of 4 of these specimens (Chicago Museum of Natural History, 48227, 48228, 48229, 48230) with two S. emarginatus from Plateado, Zacatecas, and specimens of other species of Sorex indicates that the Cerro Potosi shrews differ in many features from emarginatus, but closely resemble, in size and cranial characters, a specimen (F. W. Miller, No. 20) of S. milleri from Sierra del Carmen, Coahuila, and seems to be referable to that species which was not named when Koestner (loc. cit.) recorded his specimen. The range of S. milleri is there- fore extended southwestward to western central Nuevo Leon. Comparison of S. milleri with specimens of other species of North American Sorex leads me to conclude that S. milleri is most closely related to S. cinereus Kerr, and should be included in the S. cinereus group rather than in the S. vagrans-obscurus group. 618 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas PusBis., Mus. Nat. Hist. Sorex cinereus and S. milleri are alike, and both differ from even the smallest S. vagrans in relatively long and narrow rostrum, narrow teeth, smaller skull, and in having the third upper uni- cuspid more often equal to or smaller than, rather than larger than, the fourth unicuspid. I judge S. milleri to be a relict population of S. cinereus, iso- lated in the mountains of northeastern Mexico, probably in the late Pleistocene. Sorex cinereus reported from Pleistocene de- posits in San Josecito Cave, Nuevo Leon (Findley, 1953:635), probably represents a population ancestral to the modern S. mil- leri. Sorex milleri should retain specific status because of constant cranial differences from S. cinereus, particularly relatively broader rostrum. LITERATURE CITED Baker, R. H. 1953. Mammals from owl pellets taken in Coahuila, Mexico. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 56:253-254. Bote, B. P., and P. N. MouLTHROP. 1942. The Ohio Recent mammal collection in the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. Sci. Publs. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:83- 181, September 11. Davis, W. B. 1944. Notes on Mexican mammals. Jour. Mamm., 25:370-403, Decem- ber 12. FINDLEY, J. S. 1953. Pleistocene Soricidae from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo Leon, Mex- ico. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:635-639, December 1. Jackson, H. H. T. 1928. A taxonomic review of the American long-tailed shrews (Genera Sorex and Microsorex). N. Amer. Fauna, 51:I-VI, 1-238, 18 pls., 24 text figs., July 24. KOESTNER, E. J. 1941. An annotated list of mammals collected in Nuevo Leon, Mexico, in 1938. Great Basin Nat., 2:9-15, February 20. TWENTE, J. H., and R. H. BaxKer. 1951. New records of mammals from Jalisco, Mexico, from barn owl pellets. Jour. Mamm., 32:120-121, February 15. 25-7329 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS MusEuM OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume 7, No. 15, pp. 619-624, 2 figs. in text June 10, 1955 The Pigmy Woodrat, Neotoma goldmani, Its Distribution and Systematic Position BY DENNIS G. RAINEY AND ROLLIN H. BAKER UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAWRENCE 1955 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, Robert W. Wilson Vol. 7, No. 15, pp. 619-624 Published June 10, 1955 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS Lawrence, Kansas PRINTED BY FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER TOPEKA, KANSAS qgicates sD 25-7820 The Pigmy Woodrat, Neotoma goldmani, | Its Distribution and Systematic Position L By Dennis G. Rainey and Rollin H. Baker The pigmy woodrat, Neotoma goldmani Merriam, the smallest known member of the genus, inhabits rocky areas in the elevated desert regions of the northern part of the Mexican Plateau (Mesa del Norte). Goldman (N. Amer. Fauna, 31:82, October 10, 1910) had for study ten specimens from two localities in Coahuila. Since his report, Dalquest (Louisiana State Univ. Studies, Biol. Sci. Ser. No. 1:162, December 28, 1953) extended the known distribution of this species approximately 225 miles southward into San Luis Potosi, where he reported animals from five localities. Field workers from the Museum of Natural History at the University of Kansas recently have taken goldmani in the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Zacatecas and San Luis Potosi, and now we can define, with greater accuracy, the geographic range of this species (see fig. 1 and list of specimens examined). Goldman (loc. cit.), relying chiefly on external appearance, placed goldmani in the desertorum group, now known as the lepida group (Goldman, Jour. Mamm., 13:67, February 9, 1932). Blossom (Occ. Papers Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, 315:3, May 29, 1935) thought that goldmani might be a subspecies of lepida but that intergradation between the two had not been demonstrated. Our newly acquired material, instead of confirming the opinions of Goldman and Blossom, shows that goldmani is more closely related to Neotoma albigula. Externally goldmani resembles Neotoma lepida (examples from California, Utah, and Colorado) in having long, silky pelage; ochraceous buffy coloring, especially along sides; and underparts basally plumbeous except for a small throat patch where the hairs are entirely white in some individuals. In albigula this patch of white hairs usually is much larger and more conspicuous. Cra- nially, instead of resembling the lepida group (including Neotoma stephensi), goldmani looks more nearly like a miniature albigula (specimens of albigula from Coahuila). The auditory bullae, in relation to the length of the skull, are of comparable size in gold- (621) 622 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. Ficure 1. Distribution of the pigmy woodrat, Neotoma goldmani. Solid circles represent specimens examined; hollow circles represent others reported ut not examined. mani and albigula whereas those of the lepida group are propor- tionately much larger. Moreover, the posterior margin of the pala- tal bridge is concave in goldmani and albigula instead of truncate as in the lepida group. Neotoma goldmani differs from both albi- gula and lepida in: ascending branches of premaxillaries broader posteriorly; supraorbital ridges less pronounced; rostrum less mas- sive; interparietal broader in relation to width of cranium; inter- orbital space, relative to length of skull, wider; and upper molar teeth broader in relation to their length. Picmy Wooprat, DIsTRIBUTION 623 The baculum of goldmani, when compared with bacula and with figures of these bones in Burt and Barkalow (Jour. Mamm., 23:291 and 293, August 13, 1942) of species representing the flori- dana, lepida, albigula, mexicana, fuscipes, and cinerea groups, was found to resemble most closely the baculum of albigula in general proportions (ratio of length to lateral diameter of base) and in having a distinct knob at the distal end. The baculum of goldmani differs slightly from that of albigula in having a less downwardly curved shaft and in having a less pronounced median dorsal de- pression at the proximal end. Although goldmani bears some external resemblance to lepida, the cranial characters mentioned above and the size and shape of the baculum show that goldmani is best arranged as a member of the albigula group. Ficure 2. Dorsal, end (proximal), and lateral views of the baculum of Neotoma goldmani, adult, No, 40758 KUS <0; Measurements (in millimeters) of the mature baculum (fig. 2, No. 40758 KU) are: total length, 6.2; lateral diameter of base, 2.6; dorso-ventral diameter of base, 1.4; lateral diameter of the shaft near the middle of the bone, 0.6. Except for being smaller, the bacula of the younger goldmani are like the mature ones. Assistance with field work is acknowledged from the Kansas University Endowment Association and the National Science Foun- dation. The figures were drawn by Victor Hogg. Bacula were prepared for study following the method outlined by White (Jour. Mamm., 32:125, February 15, 1951). Specimens examined.—Total, 15, all in the Museum of Natural History at the University of Kansas. Localities within any one state are arranged from north to south. Chihuahua: Sierra Almagre, 6000 ft., 12 mi. S Jaco, 1. Coahuila: 17 mi. N and 8 mi. W Saltillo, 5200 ft., 2; 8 mi. SE Torreén, 3800 ft., 7. Durango: 1 mi. SSE Mapimi, 4100 ft., 1; 4 mi. WSW Lerdo, 3800 ft., 624 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas PuBts., Mus. Nat. Hist. 1; 5 mi SE Lerdo, 3800 ft., 1. Zacatecas: Conception del Oro, 7680 ft., 1. San Luis Potosi: 10 mi. NE San Luis Potosi, 6000 ft., 1. Other records—Coahuila: Jaral; Saltillo (Goldman, 1910:82). San Luis Potosi: Cerro Pefion Blanco; Ventura; Santa Teresa; city of San Luis Potosi (Dalquest, loc. cit.). Transmitted February 8, 1955. O 25-7820 ut ” . ie Ly dare a Pa 4 be " Us nt Te - on a pe . praiwe - sae q x" Gai “Bs is & bts " sodanth ~ “4 Oat 2 +> a iL ioe. CT ae i - aad aa ’ oe ’ or 4 A ‘ fib B94 Ah me i re -_ - rn 15 Wh : i ac 4 4 : i i Wg Oty : i * > Doi - S " iy ih ae. wa Pt Male Rigeaath Mallee ae ae cr. tat icy one n> INDEX TO VOLUME 7 New systematic names are in boldface type Abies concolor, 520, 526 acadicus, Meriones, 432 Zapus hudsonius, 382, 420, 432, 437, 438, 442, 443, 450, 460 acorn, 131 Acris gryllus, 325 Adelonycteris fuscus, 70 Adenostoma fasciculatum, 520, 524 Aesculus, 9 Agallia, 62 agilis, Dipodomys, 527, 571 Die domnys agilis: 522. 0205 002, 3 agrifolia, Quercus, 520, 523 alacer, Lepus floridanus, 103, 105 Lepus sylvaticus, 105 Sylvilagus floridanus, 31, 102, 103, 104, 105, 109 Alalapha cinerea, 74 alascensis, Myotis lucifugus, 476 Sorex obscurus, 475 Zapus hudsonius, 360, 382, 420, 421, 435, 444-446, 453, 460, 461 Alaskan bear, 219 alaskanus, Sorex, 476 albescens, Reithrodontomys, 168 Reithrodontomys albescens, 168 Reithrodontomys montanus, 27, 32, 168, 170 albigula, Neotoma, 621 alfalfa, 118 alfreddugesi, Eutrombicula, 326 alder, 396, 397, 520, 523, 532, 588, 535. 538, 566 alexandrinus, Mus, 209 Rattus rattus, 32, 208, 209, 213 alfredi, Sigmodon hispidus, 186 algidus, Peromyscus maniculatus, 476 alleni, Zapus, 412, 413 Zapus pacificus, 412 Zapus princeps, 412 Zapus trinotatus, 412 Alnus rhombifolia, 520, 523 amblyceps, Euarctos americanus, 240 Ursus, 240 Ursus americanus, 33, 240 Americana, Antilocapra, 275 americana, Antilocapra, 23, 25, 274, 275 Antilocapra americana, 33, 275 Antilope, 275 Americana, Taxidea, 253 americana, Taxidea, 253 American, badger, 33, 251 beaver, 31, 154 Buffalo, 276 deer, 271 elk, 269 flying squirrel, 132 Indian, 24 American shrews, taxonomy and dis- tribution of some, 615 Americanus, Bos, 278 Ursus, 240 Ursus arctos, 240 americanus, Dipus, 436, 437 Euarctos americanus, 240 Jaculus, 436 Prunus, 322 Ursus, 239, 240 Ursus americanus, 33, 240 Zapus hudsonius, 371, 382, 420, 421, 433, 434, 436, 487, 442, 447, 448, 452, 461, 462 Ammospermophilus leucurus leucurus, 544 aINgSUs, Microtus montanus, 498, 502, 3 amphibia, 317 Anderson, Sydney, Subspeciation in the meadow mouse, Microtus montanus, in Wyoming and Colorado, 491 Andersonii, Lycium, 521, 530 Andropogon, furcatus, 9 scoparius, 9 angusticeps, Cratogeomys castanops, 595, 597, 598 anteater, 87 antelope, 23, 24, 268, 278, 309 antelope-brush, 520, 528, 548, 553, 554, 556 antelope ground squirrel, 544 antelope, prong-horned, 33, 274, 276 ant, harvester, 341 —Univ. Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist., Vou. 7, 1952-1955 (625) 626 Anthicidae, 62 Anthomyidae, 62 anthonyi, Sciurus griseus, 542 Antilocapra, 274 americana, 23, 25, 88, 274, 275 Americana, 275 Antilocapridae, 33, 268, 274 Antilope americana, 275 Antrozous, 18, 77, 79, 539 bunkeri, 18, 30, 55, 79, 81, 87, 285 cf, pacificus, 81 pacificus, 538 pallidus, 81 apiana, Salvia, 520, 521 apple, 573 aquaticus, Lepus, 108 Scalopus, 27, 40, 47, 51 Sylvilagus, 14, 90, 107 Sylvilagus aquaticus, 31, 108, 109 arcticeps, Onychomys, 161 Onychomys leucogaster, 32, 161, 170 Arctomys, franklinii, 129 ludovicianus, 121 monax, 118 Arctostaphylos sp., 520, 524, 526 arenciola, Citellus tridecemlineatus, 124 arenicola, Citellus tridecemlineatus, 31, 123, 124, 126, 135, 285 argentatus, Scalops, 51 articeps, Onychomys leucogaster, 161 aridulus, Peromyscus leucopus, 32, M76; Vid palvOW 182 Artiodactyla, 33, 34, 268 artiodactyls, 268 armadillo, 19, 87 nine-banded, 30, 87, 88 Arizona, a new subspecies of bat (Myotis velifer) from, 509 arizonae, Sylvilagus audubonii, 541 arizonensis, Microtus montanus, 503 Artemisia, californica, 521 tridentata, 521, 530, 574 arsipus, Vulpes macrotis, 574 Arvicola, (Pedomys) austerus, 204 cutata, 204 (Synaptomys) gossii, 195, 285 (Pedomys) haydenii, 203 longipilus, 204 (Mynomes) nanus, 493 pinetorum, 200 (Pitymys) pinetorum, 200 texiana, 186 ash, 311 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas PuBLs., Mus. Nat. Hist. aspen, 896 aspen, quaking, 396 astuta, Bassaris, 283 astutus, Bassariscus, 283 Atalapha, crepuscularis, 73 noveboracensis, 77 ater, Canis, 229 attwateri, Peromyscus, 181 Peromyscus boylii, 32, 180, 181, 183 Audubon cottontail, 31, 95, 101, 105, 540 auduboni, Sylvilagus, 90, 95 audubonii, Sylvilagus, 18, 23, 105, 106, 571 aurantius, Reithrodontomys_ fulvescens, 32, 63 Reithrodontomys fluvescens, 164 Reithrodontomys mexicanus, 163 aureolus, Mus (Calomys), 280 Peromyscus nuttalli, 280 Peromyscus nuttallii, 280 austerus, Arvicola, 204 Arvicola (Pedomys), 204 Microtus, 204 australis, Zapus luteus, 370, 406, 407 avia, Mephitis, 257 Mepiitls mephitis, 33, 255, 257, 26 Mephitis mesomelas, 257 azteca, Felis concolor, 267 aztecus, Reithrodontomys, 167 Reithrodontomys megalotis, 32, 165, 167, 170 Baccharis sp., 521 Baccharis, 533, 535 bachmani, Lepus sylvaticus, 103 Sylvilagus, 571 badger, 36, 388, 567 American, 33, 251 baileyi, Lepus, 106 Lynx, 264 Lynx rufus, 33, 264, 267, 576, 577 Neotoma, 189 Neotoma floridana, 189 Sylvilagus auduboni, 106, 109 Sylvilagus audubonii, 31, 106 bairdii, Mus, 174 Peromyscus maniculatus, 27, 32, UAL IiZe ish INDEX TO VOLUME 7 bairdi, Peromyscus maniculatus, 175 Baird pocket mouse, 31, 147 Baker, Rollin H., A new bat (genus Pipistrellus) from northeastern México, 585 A new cottontail (Sylvilagus flori- danus) from northeastern Mex- ico, 611 The silky pocket mouse (Perog- nathus flavus) from northeast- ern Mexico, 341 Baker, Rollin H., and James S, Findley, pals from southeastern Alaska, 75 Baker, Rollin H., with Dennis Renee The pigmy woodrat, Neotoma gold- mani, its distribution and system- atic position, 621 Baker, Rollin H., with Robert J. Rus- sell, Geographic variation in the pocket gopher, Cratogeomys casta- nops, in Coahuila, México, 593 barn owl, 18, 194, 202, 345, 388, 427 barn rat, 207 basin sagebrush, 521, 527, 530, 532, 554, 556 Bassariscus, astutus, 283 flavus, 283 octavus, 565 Bassaris astuta, 283 bat, a new subspecies of (Myotis veli- fer) from southeastern California and Arizona, 509 bat, 54 big brown, 30, 68, 70, 77, 482, 536 big free-tailed, 30, 85 brown, 68 Bunker, 18, 30, 79 common, 30 evening, 30, 71, 72 free-tailed, 30, 81, 538 gray, 278 hairy-tailed, 73 hoary, 30, 73, 537 house, 30, 58 interior long-legged, 534 little brown, 476 long-eared, 18, 30, 77, 78, 80, 279 mastiff, 539 Mexican free-tailed, 30, 82, 539 mouse-eared, 56 pale, 79 pallid, 538 TEdwG0N os os Oot silver-haired, 30, 63, 65 social, 278 bay, 520, 525 bay tree, 556, 558, 565, 575 bear, 155, 237 Alaskan, 219 black, 33, 238, 239, 519, 565 627 grizzly, 23, 33, 238, 565 white, 238 beaver, 18, 154 American, $l, 154 Beechey ground squirrel, 543 beecheyi, Spermophilus beecheyi, 543 beetle, 172, 324, 337 scarabaeid, 322 bennettii, Lepus californicus, 539 berlandieri, Cryptotis parva, 615 Taxidea taxus, 253, 567 Berlandieri, Taxidea Americana, 253 bernardinus, Eptesicus fuscus, 536 Perognathus californicus, 530, 550 berry, lemonade, 555, 563 betuloides, Cercocarpus, 520, 524 bicolor, Mephitis, 259 big brown bat, 30, 68, 70, 77, 482, 536 big cone spruce 520, 525, 558, 560, big free-tailed bat, 30, 85 big gray wolf, 228 bighorn, 580 big myotis, 30, 56 bison, 23, 24, 33, 268, 276 Bison, 25, 276, 278 Bison bison, 33, 278 Bos, 278 bittersweet, climbing, 322 black, bear, 33, 238, 239, 519, 565 oak, 542, 546, 547 rat, 32, 208, 209 sage, 520, 556 blackberry, 311, 314, 322, 336, 389, 428, 523 western, 520 black-footed ferret, 24, 33, 244, 249 black-tailed, deer, 33, 270, 271, 278 jackrabbit, 21, 25, 31, 94-99 Blarina, 40 brevicauda, 30, 40, 41, 42, 46, 482 carolinensis, 30, 41, 43, 46 Carolinensis, 41, 42 exilipes, 45 hulophaga, 43 parva, 45 parvula, 45 talpoides, 42 blueberry, 387 blue grass, 23, 194 blue-stem, 9 big, 9 grama, 9 grass, 9) °22--93 little, 9, 17, 203 bobcat, 33, 263, 540, 543, 562, 568, 576, 580 bog lemming, 194 628 borealis, Lasiurus, 55, 78, 75, 76 Lasiurus borealis, 30, 75, 76, 87 Nycteris borealis, 77 Vespertilio, 76 Bos, Americanus, 278 bison, 278 bot-fly, 427, 428, 571 Bouteloua, curtipendula, 9 gracilis, 9 Bovidae, 33, 269, 276, 580 box-thorn, 521, 530, 545 boylii, Peromyscus, 14, 17, 22, 171, 176, 180, 524, 554 Brachinus, 324 breviauritus, Onychomys leucogaster, 32, 161, 162, 170 brevicauda, Blarina, 40, 41 Blarina brevicauda, 30, 41, 42, 46, 482 brevicaudus, Sorex, 42 breviceps, Geomys, 141 brevifolia, Yucca, 520, 530 brevipes, Zapus hudsonius, 371, 437, 438 159, brevirostris, Mus musculus, 212 brevis, Myotis velifer, 510 broad-leaved dock, 389 brome grass, 323, 520, 553 Bromus sp., 520, 530 brown bat, 68 brown rat, 485 bruneri, Erethizon dorsatum, 32, 217, 218 Erethizon epixanthum, 218 brush, autelope-; 520, 528, 548, 553, 554, 56 creosote, 520, 562 lilac, 553, 555, 558 mouse, 17, 82, 180, 557 rabbit, 523, 541, 570 sage, 177 snow, 547 squaw, 520 Bubo pacificus, 552 Buchloe dactyloides, 9 buckeye, 9, 22 buckthorn, 520 buckwheat, 549, 561 buffalo, 24, 155, 228, 235, 250, 270, 276, 309 American, 276 grass, 22, 172, 270 buffy pocket mouse, 484 bullatus, Cratogeomys castanops, 596- 598, 600, 601, 604, 605 bullfrog, 325 Bunker bat, 18, 30, 79 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. bunkeri, BaOEneS, 18, 30, 55, 79, 81, 87, Marmota monax, $1, 117-119, 285 Perognathus flavus, 484 bur oak, 22 burr oak, 9 burro weed, 548, 521 bursarius, Geomys, 17, 27, 187, 188, 141 Geomys bursarius, 141 burti, Zapus, 355, 357, 369, 371 cabbage, western skunk, 388 cabrie, 276 cactus, mouse, 554 prickly-pear, 167, 523, 560, 567 California, black oak, 520 buckwheat, 520 ground squirrel, 544 jack rabbit, 539 laurel, 520 live oak, 520 mammals of the San Gabriel Moun- tains, 515 meadow mouse, 564 mole, 532 mouse, 525 myotis, 533, 5384 pocket mouse, 549, 550 slippery-elm, 520, 527 californica, Artemisia, 521 Didelphis, 39 Felis concolor, 578 Fremontia, 520, 527 Juniperus, 520, 527 Lophortyx, 571 Umbellularia, 520, 524 californiensis, Ursus americanus, 519, 565 californicus, Eumops perotis, 539 Glaucomys sabrinus, 546 Lynx rufus, 576, 578 Lepus, 25, 90, 99, 571 Myotis, 535, 538 Myotis californicus, 534 Odocoileus hemionus, 579 Perognathus, 527 Peromyscus, 524, 548, 554, 558 Urocyon cinereoargenteus, 574 callotis, Lepus, 101 camel cricket, 324 campanius, Lepus townsendii, 31, 97, 98, 109 campestris, Lepus, 98 Mustela rixosa, 486 Neotoma, 189, 285 INDEX TO VOLUME 7 Neotoma florida, 192 Neotoma floridana, 27, 32, 188-190, 285, 485 Zapus hudsonius, 215, 370, 382, 407, 420, 421, 441, 444. 447, 448, 450- 453, 462. canadensis, Castor, 18, 154, 157 Cercis, 9 Cerves canadensis, 270 Cervus, 25, 269, 270 Cervus canadensis, 33, 270 Cervus elaphus, 270 Dipus, 442 Gerbillus, 443 Lutra, 25, 244, 260, 261 Zapus hudsonius, 371, 382 420, 432-434, 437, 442, 444 445, 450, 462 Canadensis, Castor, 157 Cervus, 270 Lutra, 261 canescens, Neotoma micropus, 32, 188, LG Pel9g? Canidae, 33, 220, 568 Canis, 220 ater, 229 frustror, 230 fulvus, 233 griseus, 229 latrans, 33, 220, 225, 2927, 231 lupus, 23. 25, 298, 229 Lupus, 228 mearnsi, 572 nebracensis, 33, 225, 226, 231 nebrascensis, 226 niger, 229 nubilus, 33, 229, 231 occidentalis, 229 ochropus, 568, 572, 574 rufus, 33, 230, 231 texensis, 227 velox, 235 capybara, 110 carolinensis, Blarina brevicauda, 30, 41, 43, 46, 481 Castor canadensis, 156, 157 Sciurus, 14. 18, 22, 111-113 Sciurus carolinensis, 31, 112, 113, 116, 482 Sorex, 43 Carolinensis, Blarina, 41, 42 Sciurus, 113 Carnivora, 33, 34, 219 carnivores, 219 caryi, Microtus montanus, 493, 494. 502 Scalopus aquaticus, 27, 30, 48, 50, 52, 53 629 castanops, Cratogeomys, 137, 279, 593 Cratogeomys castanops, 279 Pseudostoma, 279 Castanopsis sempervirens, 520 Castor, 154 canadensis, 18, 154, 157 Canadensis, 157 carolinensis, 156, 157 fiber, 157 missouriensis, 31, 155-157 Zibethicus, 199 Castoridae, 11, 31 caterpillar, geometrid, 428 Catocala, 534 cat, 261 ring-tailed, 283, 565 Texas civet, 283 catesbeiana, Rana, 325 Ceanothus, 520, 524 cordulatus, 520, 526 cedar, 114 Celastrus scandens, 322 Celtis occidentalis, 9, 322 centipede, 324, 337 Cercis canadensis, 9 Cercocarpus, betuloides, 520, 524 ledifolius, 520, 597 Cervidae, 33, 268, 269, 579 Cervus, 369 canadensis, 25, 33, 269, 270 Canadensis, 270 hemionus, 272 macrotis, 272 Virginianus, 274 chaparral, 519, 521 chapmani, Sylvilagus floridanus, 611, 612 chestnut, 113 cherry, 322 choke, 520, 527, 563 holly-leaved, 520 chicken, 569, 571 white leghorn, 570 chigger, 326 Chincha varians, 256 Chiroptera, 30, 34, 54 chinquapin, 520, 545 chipmunk, 111, 122, 130, 219, 243, 519, 526, 546 Eastern, 31, 180 lodgepole, 545 Merriam, 545 chlorus, Peromyscus truei, 559 choke cherry, 520, 527, 563 Chrysothamnus nauseosus, 521, 530 chrysotis, Reithrodontomys, 164 cicada, 322 ciliolabrum, Myotis californicus, 63 Vespertilio, 61, 63, 285 630 cinerascens, Sylvilagus bachmani, 541 cinerea, Alalapha, 74 Neotoma, 189, 623 Nycteris, 74 Piesma, 62 cinereoargenteus, Urocyon, 22, 220, 286, 237 Urocyon cinereoargenteus, 237 cinereous shrew, 481 cinereus, Lasiurus, 55, 73, 74 Lasiurus cinereus, 30, 74, 86, 537 Sorex, 617 Sorex cinereus, 615 Zapus princeps, 370, 382, 395, 396, 899, 402, 410, 411, 418, 456 cinnamomina, Ondatra zibethica, 198 cinnamominus, Fiber zibethicus, 198, 285 Ondatra zibethicus, 32, 197, 198, 206, 285 Citellus, 122 arenciola, 124 arenicola, 31, 123, 124, 126, 135, 285 franklini, 129 franklinii, 31, 112, 128, 129, 136, 138 grammurus, 279 major, 31, 127, 128, 185 obsoletus, 31, 127, 135 pallidus, 124 spilosoma, 13, 23, 112, 126 texensis, 31, 123, 124, 126, 185 Grdccrleatas, SE, 1S, 129-195. 13 clamitans, Rana, 427 clarkii, Cratogeomys castanops, 597, 601, 602 clarus, Pipistrellus subflavus, 585 climbing bittersweet, 322 clover, 118 Cnemidophorus sexlineatus, 324 Coahuila, geographic variation in the pocket gopher, Cratogeomys casta- nops, of, 593 coastal sage, 523, 535, 539, 543, 547, 552, 553, 560, 563, 566, 568, 569, 575, 576 coastal sagebrush, 521, 542, 544, 556, 561, 567, 579 Cockrum, E. Lendell, Kansas, 3 cockrumi, Perognathus flavescens, 589 codiensis, Microtus montanus, 497, 500-502, 504 Colorado, subspeciation in the meadow mouse, Microtus mon- tanus, of, 491 Mammals of UNIVERSITY OF Kansas PuBLs., Mus. Nat. Hist. copei, Perognathus, 147 Perognathus flavescens, 27, 31, 146, 151, 589, 590 common bat, 30 common mole, 30, 47 concolor, Abies, 520, 526 Felis, 25, 261, 262 Conepatus, figginsi, 284 mesoleucus, 284 consistus, Cratogeomys castanops, 605 consitus, Cratogeomys castanops, 594, 596, 601-604 contorta, Pinus, 520 convexus, Cratogeomys castanops, 595, 597, 601, 602, 604 Cooper lemming mouse, 32, 193, 486 cooperi, Synaptomys, 18, 19, 27, 160, 193, 195, 199 cooperii, Sunaptomys, 195 copperhead, 323 corcea, Rhamnus, 524 cordulatus, Ceanothus, 520, 526 corn, 118, 322 Corvus macrourus, 274, 285 Corynorhinus, 13, 77, 80 pallescens, 30, 78, 79 rafinesquii, 18, 55, 78 Corynorhynus pallescens, 87 cotton rat, 19, 22, 183 hispid, 32, 184 cottontail, 94, 96, 97, 101, 102, 107, 230, 323, 887, 528, 589, 569, SiG aT Audubon, 31, 95, 101, 105, 540 Florida, 101 rabbit, 25, 570 cotton-thorn, 521 cottonwood, 115 eastern, 9, 22 cougar, Felis, 262 couguar, Felis concolor, 262 coyote, 33, 220, 309, 336, 523, 528, 531, 539-542, 551, 552, 562-564, 567, 568, 572, 576, 580 Myocastor, 281 crabapple, 311 wild, 322, 336 cranberry, 428 Cratogeomys, 136, 428 angusticeps, 595, 597, 598 ya 596- 598, 600, 601, 604, 60 castanops, 137, 279, 593 castanops, geographic variation in Coahuila, México, 593 clarkii, 597, 601, 602 consistus, 605 INDEX TO VOLUME 7 consitus, 594 596, 601-603 convexus, 597, 601, 602, 604, 605 excelsus, 596, 600-607 goldmani, 596, 603-606 jucundus, 596, 599, 601, 604-606 lacrimalis, 602 planifrons, 596, 604-607 rubellus, 606-608 sordidulus, 596, 600, 602, 604, 605 subnubilus, 596, 603-608 subsimus, 596, 599, 600, 603-605, 607, 608 tamaulipensis, 598-600, 608 ustulatus, 596, 598, 599, 604, 605 crawfordi, Notiosorex crawfordi, 532, 616 crayfish, 322, 337 creosote, 530 bush, 520, 562 crepuscularis, Atalapha, 73 cricetid, 356, 525 Cricetidae, 32, 111, 158, 553 cricket, 172 camel, 324 frog, 325 Jerusalem, 538, 571 crocea, Rhamnus, 520 Crotalus viridis helleri, 552, 563, 564 Cryptotis, 41, 44 berlandieri, 615 micrura, 615 parva, 30, 40, 41, 44, 45 currant, 520, 556, 563 curtatus, Zapus princeps, 370, 382, 895, 396, 400, 409, 456 curtipendula, Bouteloua, 9 cutata, Arvicola austerus, 204 Cuterebra, 398, 427, 428 fontinella, 427 Cynomys, 119 ludovicianus, 23-25, 31, 111, 119- WL. leks Ludovicianus, 122 cypress, 585 cynocephala, Tadarida, 84 dactyloides, Buchloe, 9 Dasypodidae, 30 Dasypus, 87 mexicanus, 30, 89 novemcinctus, 19, 88, 89 texanus, 89 decumanus, Mus, 210 decurrens, Libocedrus, 520, 526 deer, 23, 155, 268, 276, 309, 540, 570, 575, 578 American, 271 black-tailed, 33, 270, 271, 278 mouse, 82, 171, 175, 476, 485, 556, mule, 271, 573, 579 white-tailed, 33, 271, 273, 274 631 deltoides, Populus, 9 Dermacentor variabilis, 326, 335, 427 deserticola, Lepus californicus, 530, 540 desertorum, Neotoma, 621 desert, tea, 520 woodrat, 560, 562 Didelphidae, 30, 34, 531 Didelphis, 35 californica, 39 virginiana, 25, 30, 35, 36, 39, 309, 3 Didelphys, virginiana, 39 Virginiana, 39 Dipodomys, 18, 144, 152, 547, 573 agilis, 522, 525, 527, 552, 558, 571 fuscus, 528 merriami, 528, 530, 531, 551, 560 mobevenes 528, 529, 531, 550, 60 ordi, 153 ordii, 17, 23, 145, 152, 153 Ordii, 153 panamintinus, 530, 531, 559 parvus, 552 perplexus, 530, 552 Phillippi, 153 Fighanioah SI 52653 Dipodops richardsoni, 153 Dipus, americanus, 436, 437 canadensis, 442 hudsonius, 382, 443 labradorius, 443 dispar, Perognathus californicus, 525, 549 distribution and systematic position of the pigmy woodrat, Neotoma gold- mani, 621 Distribution of some Nebraskan mam- mals, 481 Distribution, taxonomy and, of some American shrews, 615 divaricata, Larrea, 520, 530 diversiloba, Rhus, 520 dock, broad-leaved, 389 dog, domestic, 220 domestic dog, 220 domesticus, Mus musculus, 212 dorsatum, Erethizon, 25, 217 duchei, Reithrodontomys megolantis, 166 dumosa, Franseria, 521] Quercus, 520, 524 durangae, Sorex, 617 dusky-footed woodrat, 563 dusky shrew, 475, 532 dutcheri, Geomys breviceps, 143 632 dychei, Reithrodontomys, 166, 285 Reithrodontomys megalotis, 32, 165, 166, 170, 285 dychii, Reithrodontomys, 166 eastern, chipmunk, 31, 130 cottonwood, 9, 22 pipistrelle, 585 Edentata, 30, 34, 87 elk, 276, 309 American, 269 elm, 9, 22, 115, 311, 321, 426 -oak-hickory woodland, 336 emarginatus, Sorex, 616 Sorex oreopolus, 616 Eozapus, 351, 356 setchuanus, 363 vicinus, 359, 360, 365 Ephedra sp., 520, 530 epixanthum, Erethizon, 218 epixanthus, Erethizon, 218 Erethizon dorsatus, 218 epizanthus, Erethizon dorsatus, 218 Eptesicus, 68, 69, 539 bernardinus, 536 fuscus, 27, 30, 55, 68-71, 77, 482 pallidus, 27, 30, 71, 86, 482 eremicus, Peromyscus, 548 Peromyscus eremicus, 529, 554, 558 Erethizontidae, 32, 110, 216 Erethizon, 216 bruneri, 32, 217, 218 dorsatum, 25, 217 epixanthum, 218 epixanthus, 218 epizanthus, 218 myops, 477 nigrescens, 477 Eriogonum fasciculatum, 520, 521, 530 Esox lucius, 427 Euarctos, amblyceps, 240 americanus, 240 Eumeces, fasciatus, 324 obsoletus, 324 Eumops californicus, 539 eureka, Zapus trinotatus, 370, 382, 386, 389, 392, 398, 455 Eutamius, merriami, 526, 544, 545 speciosus, 545, 546, 519 Eutrombicula alfreddugesi, 326 evening bat, 30, 71, 72 evotis, Myotis, 535 UNnIvEersITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. Myotis evotis, 533 Notiosorex crawfordi, 616 excelsus, Cratogeomys castanops, 596, 6 exilipes, Blarina, 45 fallax, Perognathus, 552 Perognathus fallax, 522, 547, 555 fasciatus, Eumeces, 324 Perognathus, 150 fasciculatum, Adenostoma, 520, 524 Eriogonum, 520, 521, 530 Felidae, 33, 220, 261, 576 Felis, 261 azteca, 267 californica, 578 concolor, 25, 261, 262 cougar, 262 couguar, 262 hippolestes, 33, 262 missoulensis, 267 rufa, 265 ferret, 244 black-footed, 24, 33, 244, 249 fiber, Castor, 157 Fiber, cinnamominus, 198, 285 zibethicus, 198 Zibethicus, 198 figginsi, Conepatus mesoleucus, 284 Findley, James H., Taxonomy and dis- tribution of some American shrews, 615 Findley, James H., with Rollin H. Baker, Mammals from southeastern Alaska, 475 fir, white, 520, 535, 546, 547, 553 fisheri, Spermophilus beecheyi, 544 Fitch, Henry S., and Lewis L, San- didge, Ecology of the opossum on a natural area in northeastern Kan- sas, 309 five-lined skink, 324 flavescens, Perognathus, 18, 23, 27, 145, 146, 589, 590 Perognathus fasciatus, 145 Perognathus flavescens, 31, 145, 146, 151, 483, 589, 590 flavus, Bassariscus astutus, 283 Perognathus, 23, 145, 147, 148, 841, 345, 347 Perognathus flavus, 31, 147, 148, 151, 341, 342, 345, 347 Perognatus, 148 flea, 427 Florida cottontail, 101 Florida wood rat, 32, 188, 485 INDEX TO VOLUME 7 Sonate, Neotoma, 27, 160, 188, 189, 623 teas os Sylvilagus, 27, 90, 101-103, es 408 flying squirrel, 31, 111, 132 American, 132 northern, 546 fontinella, Cuterebra, 427 fox, 220, 231 gray, 33, 235, 236, 528, 526, 563, 564, 578, 574, 576 kit, 541, 574 mountain red, 282 red, 33, 231, 232, 234, 309 squirrel, 25, 31, 114, 115, 323 swift, 33, 231, 332, 334, 282 timber, 382 foxtail, yellow, 428 Franklin, ground squirrel, 31, 128, 483 franklini, Citellus, 129 Spermophilus, 129 Franklini, Spermophilus, franklinii, Arctomys, 129 Citellus, 31, 112, 128, 129, 136, 138 Spermophilus, 483 Franklinii, Sperophilus, 129 Franseria ‘dumosa, 521 eeateroulus. Peromyscus eremicus, 522, free-tailed bat, 30, 81, 538 Fremontia californica, 520, 527 frenata, Mustela, 244, 246, 247 frog, 324 cricket, 325 green, 427 leopard, 325 frustror, Canis, 230 fulginosus, Nyctinomys nasutus, 82 ee Nyctinomus nasatus, 84 Vulpes, 14, 22, 220, 232-234 Vulpes fulva, 33, 232, 233, 266 ulvescens, Reithrodontomys, 14).22) 159, 163, 170 fulvus, Canis, 233 Vulpes, 233 Vulpes fulvus, 233 furcatus, Andropogon, 9 fuscipes, Neotoma, 527, 623 fuscus, Adelonycteris, 70 Dipodomys agilis, 528 Eptesicus, 27, 55, 68, 69, 71, 77 Eptesicus fuscus, 30, 70, 86, 482 Stenopelmatus, 538 Vespertilio, 70 fusus, Microtus montanus, 494, 498, 502 504 129 633 gambeli, Peromyscus maniculatus, 522, 531, 556 garter snake, 398 Geographic variation in the pocket gopher, Cratogeomys castanops, in Coahuila, México, 593 geometrid caterpillars, 428 Geomys, 136, 137, 279, 280 breviceps, 141 bursarius, 17, 27, 137, 138, 141 dutcheri, 143 industrius, 31, 188, 142, 144, 285 jugossicularis, O77, 31, 138, 142, 143 fica 142, 143 lutescens, 81, 188, 141-144 major, 31, 138, 143, 144 majusculus, 27, 31, 188, 141, 144 Geomyidae, 31, 110, 136, 546 Georgianus, Vespertilio, 68 Gerbillus canadensis, 443 labradorius, 443 gilvus, Perognathus merriami, 589 glandulosa, Purshia, 520, 527, 530 glauca, Setaria, 498 Glaucomys, 132 californicus, 546 nebrascensis, 134 volans, 22, 31, 111, 132-134, 136 golden, arvest mouse, 32, 163 mouse, 280 goldmani, Cratoaeonss castanops, 596, 603- Neotoma, 621 gooseberry, 520 gopher, plateau pocket, 593 pocket, 17, 31, 47, 136, 137, 148, 279 valley pocket, 546 gossi, Synaptomys cooperi, 195 gossii, Arvicola (Synaptomys) gossii, 195, 285 Synaptomys cooperi, 32, 193, 195, 206, 285, 486 Synaptomys helaletes, 195 gourd, wild, 114 gracilis, Bouteloua, 9 grama, blue, 9 grass, 22 sideoat, 9 Gramineae, 428 grammurus, Citellus variegatus, 279 Sciurus, 279 Bape, ots 336, 566, 567, 570, 571, 3 wild, 321 634 grass, blue, 9, 23, 194 blue-stem, 9, 22, 23 brome, 323, 520, 553 buffalo, 9, 22, 172, 270 grama, 22 Indian, 9 velvet, 388 grasshopper, 172, 323, 324 mouse, 32, 160 northern, 160 southern, 560 gray, bat, 278 fox. 833) 235, 286; 523. 526,568, 564.) 578, DIA 506 squirrel, 18, 31, 112-114, 128, 482, 524, 546, 577 western squirrel, 542 wolf, 228, 235, 309 wood rat, 32, 190 greasewood, 520, 524, 525, 532, 542, 549, 552, 554, 555, 558 great horned owl, 542, 543, 552 green frog, 427 grisescens, Myotis, 278 griseus, Canis, 229 Reithrodontomys, 168, 169 Reithrodontomys albescens, 168, 169 Reithrodontomys montanus, 27, 32, 168, 169, 170 Tamius striatus, 31, 131, 186 grizzly bear, 23, 33, 238, 565 ground quizzed 31, 111129) 255526; 55 antelope, 544 California, 544 Franklin, 31, 128, 483 spotted, 126 striped, 31, 122 gryllus, Acris, 325 hackberry, 9, 22, 114, 115, 311, 322, 337 hairy-tailed bat, 73 Hall, E. Raymond, A new subspecies of pocket mouse from Kansas, 589 Haplopappus, 530, 544 squarrosus, 521 Haploppus, 553 hardyi, Zapus hudsonius, 432, 433, 437, 438 hares, 96 harvester ant, 341 harvest mouse, 163, 389 golden, 32, 163 pygmy, 32, 167 western, 32, 164, 167, 553 hawk, 398 red-tailed, 336 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas PuBLs., Mus. Nat. Hist. haydeni, Microtus, 203 Microtus ochrogaster, 203, 500 Sorex cinereus, 481 haydenii, Arvicola (Pedomys), 203 Microtus, 203 Microtus ochrogaster, 27, 32, 202, 205, 207 Pedomys, 203 ochrogaster, 203 hazelnut, 131 hedgehog, 218 helleri, Crotalus viridis, 552, 563, 564 Helianthus tuberosa, 137 hemionus, Cervus, 272 Odocoileus, 25, 269, 271, 272, 571 Odocoileus hemionus, 33, 272 Hesperomys, leucogaster, 162 leucopus, 178 michiganensis, 175 Michiganensis, 175 nebrascensis, 172 Nuttallii, 280 palustris, 281 sonoriensis, 173 texana, 179 hesperus, Pipistrellus hesperus, 536 heteromyid, 525, 527 Heteromyidae, 31, 110, 144, 547 hickory, 113, 311 hippolestes, Felis, 262 Felis concolor, 33, 262 Felis oregonensis, 262 hirtus, Procyon lotor, 33, 242, 266 hispid, cotton rat, 32, 184 pocket mouse, 31, 148, 484 hispidus, Perognathus, 23, 27, 145, 148, 149 Sigmodon, 19, 22, 159, 184, 186 hoary bat, 30, 73, 537 hog-nosed skunk, 284 Holchus lanatus, 388 holly-leaved cherry, 520 holzneri, Mephitis mephitis, 567 Sylvilagus floridanus, 612 honey locust, 114, 311, 321 horned owl, 336, 338, 562 great, 542, 548, 552 horribilis, Ursus, 23, 25, 238, 239 Ursus horribilis, 33, 239 house, bat, 30, 58 mouse, 32, 207, 211 rat, 208 huckleberry, 396 INDEX TO VOLUME 7 Hudsonian jumping mouse, 32, 214 hudsonius, Dipus, 382, 443 Jaculus, 392, 401, 412, 432, 486 450 Zapus, 22, 214, 215, 355, 357, 363, 866, 867, 369, 871, 878-377, 379-382, 384, 393, 401, 416, 420, 422, 432, 487, 450 Zapus hudsonius, 215, 878, 380, 882, 421, 485, 4386, 438, 441- 444, 447, 448, 453, 454, 462, 463 Hudsonius, Jaculus, 215, 418 hulophaga, Blarina brevicauda, 43 humeralis, Nyctecius humeralis, 86 Nycticeius, 55, 72, 73 Nycticeius humeralis, 30, 72 Vespertilio, 72 humilis, Ochetodon, 166 hylaeus, Peromyscus maniculatus, 476, 477 Hylemyia, 62 Hypudaeus ochrogaster, 203 idahoensis, Zapus princeps, 370, 382, 395, 396, 399, 400, 401, 405, 408, 411, 415, 417-419, 456, 457 ilicifolia, Prunus, 520, 524 imperator, Zapus, 393 incautus, Myotis velifer, 30, 59, 60, 67, 80, 86, 509-511 Vespertilio, 60 incense-cedar, 520 indecorum, Ribes, 520, 523 Indian, American, 24 grass, 9 industrius, Geomys bursarius, 31, 138, 142, 144, 285 Insectivora, 30, 34, 40 insignis, Napaeozapus insignis, 359, 360, 363, 365 Peromyscus californicus, 522, 523, 525, 529, 555 insperatus, Microtus pennsylvanicus, integrifolia, Rhus, 520, 521, 523 interior, long-legged bat, 534 Lutra canadensis, 30, 260, 267 Lutra canadensis cf., 260 Myotis volans, 534 intermedia, Neotoma lepida, 522, 526, 560 intermedius, Scalopus aquaticus, 30, 48, 50-53 Scalopus intermedius, 52 635 Zapus hudsonius, 368, 371, 382, 420, 437, 438, 441, 444, 445, 447, 451, 463, 464 interrupta, Mephitis, 259 Spilogale, 25, 33, 244, 258, 259, 267 ioensis, Pyrus, 322 jackrabbit, 93, 95, 230, 530, 541, 569, 570, 573, 578 black-tailed, 21, 25, 31, 94-99 California, 539 white-tailed, 25, 31, 96-98 Jaculus, americanus, 436 hudsonius, 392, 401, 412, 432, 436, 450 Hudsonius, 215, 418 labradorius, 444 Jassidae, 62 jay, 323 Jerusalem cricket, 538, 571 Jones, J. Knox, Jr., Distribution of some Nebraskan mammals, 481 Joshua tree, 520, 528, 530, 532, 534, 536, 540, 544, 547, 550, 557- 560, 562, 567, 572, 574, 575 jucundus, Cratogeomys castanops, 596, 599, 601, 604-606 jugossicularis, er bursarius, 27, 31, 138, 142, Geomys lutescens, 142, 143 Jumping mice (Genus Zapus) of North America, 351 jumping mouse, 213, 214, 351, 366 Hudsonian, 32, 214 juniper, 520, 528, 534, 540, 541, 544, 550. Spier bbas 554, 556-560, 562- 564, 566, 567, 572, 578, 577, 579 Juniperus californica, 520, 527 kangaroo, 34 kangaroo rat, 17, 144, 152, 523, 528, 530, 555, 560, 573 Merriam, 551 Ord, 31, 152 Pacific, 552 Panamint, 550 San Bernardino, 552 Kansas, a new subspecies of pocket mouse from, 589 Kansas, mammals of, 3 kansensis, Taxidea taxus, 253, 285 keenii, Myotis, 56 Kelloggii, Quercus, 520, 526 kenaiensis, Tamiasciurus hudsonius, 476 kit fox, 541, 574 636 kootenayensis, Zapus princeps, 370, 882, 395, 396, 401, 402, 404, 417, 457 Krutzsch, Philip H., North American Jumping Mice (Genus Zapus), 351 labradorius, Dipus, 443 Gerbillus, 443 Jaculus, 444 Meriones, 432, 444 lacrimalis, Cratogeomys castanops, 602 ladas, Zapus hudsonius, 382, 420, 433, 449, 443, 449, 464 Laelaptidae, 898 lagomorph, 570 Lagomorpha, 31, 34, 90 lambertiana, Pinus, 526 Lambertiana, Pinus, 520 lanatus, Holchus, 388 Larrea divaricata, 520, 530 Lasionycteris, 63 noctivagans, 30, 56, 64, 65, 86 Lasiurus, 73 borealis, 30, 55, 73, 75, 76, 87 cinereus, 30, 55, 73, 74, 86, 537 noveboracensis, 77 teleotis, 537 lataxina, Lutra canadensis, 261 latirostra, Mustela frenata, 566 latrans, Canis, 220, 227 Canis latrans, 33, 225, 227, 231 latisquamatum, Lepidospartum, 521 laural sumac, 555 laurel, California, 520 sumac, 520, 543, 561, 563 laurina, Rhus, 520 least weasel, 219, 243, 486 ledifolius Cercocarpus, 520, 527 lemming, bog, 194 Cooper, mouse, 32, 193, 486 mouse, 18, 19, 27, 192 lemonade berry, 520, 555, 563 leopard frog, 325 lepida, Neotoma, 523, 621 Neotoma lepida, 528, 529, 562 Lepidospartum, latisquamatum, 521 squamatum, 521 Leporidae, 31, 90, 539 Lepus, 96, 101 alacer, 103, 105 aquaticus, 108 bachmani, 103 baileyi, 106 bennettii, 539 californicus, 25, 90, 99, 571 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PuBLs., Mus. Nat. Hist. callotis, 101 campanius, 31, 97, 98, 109 campestris, 98 deserticola, 530, 540 mallurus, 103 mearnsi, 103 mearnsii, 103 melanotis, 31, 100, 101, 109, 285 minor, 107 texianus, 101 townsendii, 13, 28, 25, 90, 97 sylvaticus, 103 letifera, Mustela vison, 33, 245, 266 leucogaster, Hesperomys, 162 Onychomys, 23, 159, 160, 162 leucopus, Hesperomys, 178 Peromyscus, 27, 159, 171, 176, 178, 181 leucurus, Ammospermophilus leucurus, 44 Libocedrus decurrens, 520, 526 lilac, 520, 524, 525, 552 brush, 558, 555, 558 chaparral, 550 linereus, Vespertilio, 74 little, bluestem, 9, 17, 203 brown bat, 476 short-tailed shrew, 30, 44 littoralis, Microtus longicaudus, 477 live oak, California, 520 llanensis, Geomys breviceps, 142, 143 Sylvilagus floridanus, 37, S1,-102, 104, 109 locust, honey, 114, $11, 321 lodgepole, chipmunk, 545 Pine, 520, 545 long-eared, bat, 18, 30, 77, 78, 80 brown bat, 279 myotis, 533 longicauda, Mustela, 247 Mustela. frenata, 246, 247, 266 Mustela longicauda, 247, 248 Putorius, 247, 248 Sorex obscurus, 475 longicaudus, Microtus longicaudus, 505 Reithrodontomys megalotis, 530, 5538 long-legged bat, interior, 534 longipes, Perodipus, 153 longipilus, Arvicola riparia, 204 long-tailed, vole, 477 weasel, 33, 244, 247, 566 Lophortyx californica, 571 522, INDEX TO VOLUME 7 lotor, Procyon, 18, 241, 243 Procyon lotor, 243 louse, 427 lucifugus, Myotis, 56, 70, 72 Sa lucifugus, 30, 57, 58, 86, Vespertilio, 58 lucius, Esox, 427 Ludovicanus, Sciurus cinereus, 115 ludovicianus, Arctomys, 121 Cynomys, 18, 23-25, 111, 119 Cynomys ludovicianus, 31, OP USS Sciurus, 115 Sciurus niger, 115 Ludovicianus, 122 lupus, Canis, 23, 25, 228, 229 Lupus, Canis, 228 lutescens, Geomys, 141-148 Geomys_ bursarius, 143, 144 Geomys lutescens, 141 luteus, Peromyscus, 173 Peromyscus maniculatus, 173 Zapus, 370, 406 Zapus princeps, 370, 382, 395, 396, 406, 415, 457 Lutra, 260 canadensis, 25, 244, Canadensis, 261 interior, 33, 260, 267 lataxina, 261 sonora, 261 lutreocephalus, Putorius vison, 246 Lutreola vison, 246 Lycium Andersonii, 521, 530 lycosid spider, 324 lynx, 263 Lynx, 263 baileyi, 33, 264, 267, 576, 577 californicus, 576, 578 maculatus, 264 rufus. 25, 33, 261, 263-265, 268, 571 120, 31, .138, 141, 260, 261 macfarlani, Microtus oeconomus, 477 machrinoides, Scalopus aquaticus, 27, 30, 48, 50-53, 285 machrinus, Scalopus aquaticus, 51 se Phenacomys intermedius, Maclura pomifera, 114 macrocarpa, Pseudotsuga, 520 Quercus, 9 Macrognathomys, 356 nanus, 356 637 macropelatus, Rubus, 389 macrorus, Vulpes, 282 macrotis, Nyctinomus, 85 Tadarida, 85 macroura, Sciurus, 115 Vulpes, 282 Vulpes fulva, 282 macrourus, Corvus, 274, 285 Odocoileus americanus, 274 Odocoileus virginianus, 33, 274, 285 Vulpes, 282 macrotis, Cervus, 272 Neotoma fuscipes, 522, 523, 525, 526, 563, 564 macrurus, Odocoileus virginianus, 274 maculatus, Lynx rufus, 264 major, Oils spilosoma, 31, 127, 128, 3 Geomys bursarius, 31, 138, 143, 144 Geomys lutescens, 143 Spermophilus spilosoma, 128 Zapus, 370, 409, 410 Zapus princeps, 409 majusculus, Geomys bursarius, 27, 31, 138, 141, 144 mallurus, Lepus floridanus, 103 Mammalia, 30 Manoel from southeastern Alaska, 4 Mammals of Kansas, 3 Mammals of the San Gabriel Mountains of California, 515 maniculatus, Peromyscus, 27, 159, 171, Wises biiG.16le 389, 530, 554 Man, White, 24 manzanita, 520, 527, 545, 554, 556, 558, 573 marmot, 117 Marmota, 14, 117 monaxsc2, sll alae ls monax bunkeri, 31, 117-119, 285 monax monax, 118 Marmotta monax, 118 Marsupialia, 30, 34 marsupials, 34 marten, 284 Martes origenes, 284 mastiff bat, 539 maximus, Perognathus hispidus, 150 meadow mouse, 47, 172, 201, 523 Pennsylvanian, 485 mearnsi, Canis latrans, 572 638 Lepus floridanus, 103 Sylvilagus floridanus, 31, 103, 109 mearnsii, Lepus sylvaticus, 103 Sylvilagus floridanus, 27, 102, 103 medius, Perognathus flavus, 342, 343, 346 Megabothris, quirini, 427 wagneri, 427 megalotis, Reithrodontomys, 159, 163, 164, 167 Reithrodontomys megalotis, 389, 554 melanorhinus, Myotis subulatus, 63 melanotis, Lepus, 100, 101, 285 ae californicus, 31, 100, 109, 28 mellifora, Salvia, 520, 521 mephitis, Mephitis, 244, 255, 571 Mephitis, 254, 259 avia, 83, 255, 257, 267 bicolor, 259 holzneri, 567 interrupta, 259 mephitis, 244, 255, 571 mesomelas, 33, 255, 257, 267 putorius, 259 varians, 33, 255-257, 267 Meriones, acadicus, 432 labradorius, 432, 444 microcephalus, 436 merriami, Dipodomys, 530, 531 Dipodomys merriami, 528, 531, 551, 560 Eutamius, 544 Eutamius merriami, 526, 545 Perognathus, 345 Pipistrellus hesperus, 535 Taxidea taxus, 253, 285 Merriam, chipmunk, 545 kangaroo rat, 551 mesoleucus, Conepatus, 284 mesomelas, Mephitis, 257 Meenins mephitis, 33, 255, 257, 67 mexicana, Neotoma, 623 Tadarida, 30, 55, 70, 82, 84, 87, 539 Mexican free-tailed bat, 30, 82, 539 mexicanus, Dasypus novemcinctus, 30, 89 Microtus, 503 Nyctinomus, 82, 84 Perognathus flavus, 341-343, 346 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. Mexicanus, Molossus, 84 México, geographic variation in the pocket gopher, Cratogeomys casta- nops, in Coahuila, 593 México, northeastern, a new _ bat (genus Pipistrellus) from, 585 Mexico, northeastern, a new cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) from, 611 Mexico, silky pocket mouse (Perog- nathus flavus) of, 341 michiganensis, Hesperomys (vesperimus), 175 Peromyscus, 175 Michiganensis, Hesperomys, 175 microcephalus, Meriones, 436 Microchiroptera, 54 micropus, Microtus montanus, 498 Nes 13, 28, 59, 160, 188, 190, 9 Neotoma micropus, 32, 188, 191, 192 microrhina, Spilogale gracilis, 568 Microtus, 17, 194, 199, 201 amosus, 498, 502, 503 arizonensis, 503 austerus, 204 caryi, 493, 494, 502 codiensis, 497, 500-502, 504 fusus, 494, 498, 502, 504 haydeni, 203, 500 haydenii, 27, 32, 202, 203, 205, 207 insperatus, 505 littoralis, 477 longicaudus, 505 macfarlani, 477 mexicanus, 503 micropus, 498 modestus, 486, 500 montanes, 491, 493, 498, 499, 503, 0) montanus, subspeciation in Wyo- ming and Colorado, 491 mordax, 500 nanus, 493, 498, 499, 501-504 nemoralis, 200 nexus, 498 ochrogaster, 16, 21, 27, 32, 160, 201-205, 207 operarius, 477 pennsylvanicus, 204, 485, 492 rivularis, 498 sanctidiegi, 522, 564 tavlori, 32, 202, 205, 207, 285 yakutatensis, 477 yosemite, 492 zygomaticus, 498, 500 micrura, Cryptotis, 615 milleri, Sorex, 617 millipede, 172, 324 mink, 18, 33, 244, 427 INDEX TO VOLUME 7 minor, Lepus arizonae, 107 Zapus princeps, 368, 370, 382, 395, 402, 403, 407, 457 missoulensis, Felis concolor, 267 missouriensis, Castor canadensis, 31, 155-157 modestus, 486, 500 mohavensis, Dipodomys panamintinus, 528, 529, 531, 550, 560 Thomomys bottae, 546, 547 mole, 40, 47 California, 532 common, 30, 47 molossa, Tadarida, 13, 30, 55, 85, 87 Molossidae, 30, 54, 55, 81, 539 Molossus, Mexicanus, 84 Vespertilio, 85 monax, Arctomys, 118 Marmota, 22, 111, 117, 118 Marmota monax, 118 Marmotta, 118 monophylla, Pinus, 520, 527 montana, Taxidea taxus, 253 montanus, Mierotus, 491, 493, 498, 499, 503, Reithrodontomys, 27, 159, 163, 164, 167 Zapus, 390, 413 Zapus trinotatus, 353, 382, 386, 390, 393, 455 montipinoris, Peromyscus truei, 527- 529, 558 mordax, Microtus longicaudus, 500 moth, 172 mountain, lion, 261, 578 -mahogany, 520, 525-527, 541, 553, 564, 572 phenacomys, 477 red fox, 282 wolf, 228 mouse-eared bat, 56 mouse, brush, 17, 32, 180, 557 buffy pocket, 484 cactus, 554 California, 525 California meadow, 564 Cooper lemming, 32, 193, 486 deer, 32, 171, 175, 476, 485, 556, 557 golden, 280 golden harvest, 32, 163 grasshopper, 32, 160 harvest, 163, 389 Microtus pennsylvanicus, 639 hispid pocket, 31, 148, 484 house, 32, 207, 211 Hudsonian jumping, 32, 214 jumping, 213, 214, 351, 366 emming, 18, 19, 27, 192 meadow, 47, 172, 201, 523 northern grasshopper, 160 Pennsylvania meadow, 485 pine, 18, 199 pinon, 558 Plains pocket, 31, 145, 483 pocket, 144, 145, 523 pygmy harvest, 32, 167 San Diego pocket, 547, 548 southern grasshopper, 560 western harvest, 32, 164, 167, 553 white-footed, 171, 523 wood, 32, 176 woodland pine, 32, 199 mule, deer, 271, 573, 579 fat, 521 Muridae, 32, 111, 207 Mus, 211 alexandrinus, 209 aureolus, 280 bairdii, 174 brevirostris, 212 coypus, 281 decumanus, 210 domesticus, 212 musculus, 32, 207, 211, 213 norvegicus, 210. noveboracensis, 177 rattus, 209 volans, 134 musculus, Mus, 207, 211, 213 Mus, subsp., 32, 211 Mus musculus, 211 muskrat, 18, 32, 193, 196, 197, 281 Mustela, 244, 427 campestris, 486 frenata, 244, 246, 247 latirostra, 566 letifera, 33, 245, 266 longicauda, 246-248, 266 neomexicana, 33, 246, 248, 266 nigripes, 13, 23, 24, 33, 244, 249, 250, 266 primulina, 33, 246-248, 266 vison, 18, 244 Mustelidae, 33, 219, 243, 566 Myocastor coypus, 281 myops, Erethizon dorsatum, 477 Myotis, 56, 58 alascensis, 476 brevis, 509, 510 californicus, 534, 535, 538 ciliolabrum, 63 grisescens, 278 evotis, 533, 535 640 incautus, 30, 59, 60, 67, 80, 86, 509-511 interior, 534 keenii, 56 lucifugus, 30, 56-58, 70, 72, 86, 476 melanorhinus, 63 peninsularis, 509, 512 septentrionalis, 279 sociabilis, 533 sodalis, 278 pine le 13° 80,155) G61, "633186, velifer, 13, 18, 55, 58, 60, 509-511 volans, 511 myotis, big, 30, 56 California, 533, 534 long-eared, 533 small-footed, 30, 61 Yuma, 533 nanus, Arvicola (Mynomes), 493 Macrognathomys, 356 Microtus, 493, 502 Microtus montanus, 498, 498-504 Microtus nanus, 493 Napaeozapus, 351, 356 insignis, 359, 360, 363, 365 narrow-mouthed toad, 324, 337 native rats and mice, 158 nauseosus, Chrysothamnus, 521, 530 navigator, Sorex palustris, 475 nebracensis, Canis, 226 ge nebracensis, 33, 225, 226, nebracensis nebracensis, 226 nebrascensis, Canis, 226 Canis nebrascensis, 226 Glaucomys volans, 134 Hesperomys sonoriensis, 172 Peromyscus, 485 Peromyscus maniculatus, 27, 32, 171-178,. 175, 182, 485 Peromyscus texanus, 173 Peromyscus texensis, 173 Pteromys volans, 134 Reithrodontomys dychei, 166 Nebraskan mammals, distribution of some, 481 nebraskensis, Peromyscus, 173 neglecta, Taxidea taxus, 567 Thomomys bottae, 546 neglectus, Thomomys bottae, 547 nelsoni, Ovis canadensis, 580 Sylvilagus floridanus, 611 nematode, 428, 577, 578 UnIversiry OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. nemoralis, Microtus, 200 Microtus pinetorum, 200 Pitymys, 18, 22, 200, 206 Pitymys pinetorum, 32, 200 neomexicana, Mustela frenata, 33, 246, 248, 266 neomexicanus, Putorius frenatus, 248 Sylvilagus auduboni, 107, 109 Sylvilagus audubonii, 31, 106, 107 Neotoma, 184, 188, 571 albigula, 621 baileyi, 189 campestris, 27, 32, 188, 189, 190, 192, 285, 485 canescens, 32, 188, 191, 192 cinerea, 189, 623 desertorum, 621 floridana, 27, 160, 188, 189, 623 fuscipes, 527, 623 goldmani, 621 goldmani, the pigmy woodrat, its distribution and systematic posi- tion, 621 intermedia, 522, 526, 560 lepida, 523, 528, 529, 562, 621 macrotis, 522, 523, 525, 526, 563, 564 mexicana, 623 micropus, 13, 23, 32, 59, 160, 188, 190-192, 379 osagensis, 27, 32, 188, 189, 192 simplex, 527-529, 559, 563 stephensi, 621 nevadense, Ribes, 520, 526 nevadensis, Zapus, 370, 409, 410 Zapus princeps, 399, 409, 410 new bat (genus Pipistrellus) from northeastern México, 585 new cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus ) from northeastern Mexico, 611 new subspecies of bat ( Myotis velifer) from southeastern California and Arizona, 509 new subspecies of pocket mouse from Kansas, 589 nexus, Microtus montanus, 498 niger, Canis, 229 Sciurus, 25, 111, 114, 115 nigrescens, Erethizon dorsatum, 477 Putorius, 246 nigripes, Mustela, 13, 23-25, 33, 244, 249, 250, 266 Putorius, 250 nine-banded armadillo, 30, 87, 88 noctivagans, Lasionycteris, 30, 56, 64, 65, 86 INDEX TO VOLUME 7 Scotophilus, 65 Vespertilio, 65 North America, Jumping mice (Genus Zapus) of, 351 northeastern Kansas, ecology of opossum, 309 northeastern México, a new bat (genus Pipistrellus) from, 585 northeastern Mexico, a new cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus ) from, 611 northern flying squirrel, 546 northern grasshopper mouse, 160 northern pike, 427 norvegicus, Mus, 210 Rattus, 184, 208-210, 485 Rattus norvegicus, 32, 210, 213 Norway rat, 32, 184, 209 Notiosorex, crawfordi, 532, 616 evotis, 616 Notocotylus, 428 noveboracensis, Atalapha, 77 Lasiurus, 77 Mus sylvaticus, 177 Peromyscus leucopus, 27, 32, 176, 177, 182 Putorius, 247 novemcinctus, Dasypus, 19, 88, 89 nubilus, Canis, 229 Canis lupus, 33, 229, 231 nutans, Sorghastrum, 9 nutria, 281 Nuttallii, Hesperomys, 280 Nycteris, borealis, vind cinerea, 74 Nycticeius, 68, 71 _ humeralis, 30, Sao. Ton oe Nyctinomus, 84 fulginosus, 82 Fuliginosus, 84 macrotis, 85 mexicanus, 82, 84 oak, 113, 311, 426, 523, 525, 541, 553 black, 542, 546, 547 bur, 99 burr, 9 California live, 520 red, 431 scrub, 520, 524-527, 542, 546, 548, 550; (552, 0G, 56, 558-500; 564-566, 572, 575, 578 valley, 566 obscurus, Sorex, 617 obsoletus, Citellus, 127 Citellus spilosoma, 31, 127, 135 641 Eumeces, 324 Spermophilus, 127 occidentalis, Canis, 229 Celtis, 9, 322 Opuntia, 520, 521 Platanus, 9 occultus, Scapanus latimanus, 532 Ochetodon humilis, 166 ochrogaster, Hypudaeus, 203 Microtus, 16, 21, 27, 160, 201, 204 Mews ochrogaster, 82, 202° 205; 20 ochropus, Canis latrans, 568, 572, 574 octavus, Bassariscus astutus, 565 ocythous, Urocyon cinereoargenteus, 33, 236, 237, 266 Odocoileus, 271 californicus, 579 fuliginatus, 579 hemionus, 25, 33, 269, 272, 571 macrourus, 33, 274, 285 macrurus, 274 virginianus, 25, 269, 273 ohioensis, Sorex cinereus, 615 Old World rat, 188, 208 olive, Russian, 114, 115 Ondatra, 196 cinnamomina, 198 cinnamominus, 32, 197, 198, 206, 285 zibethica, 198, 199 apn 18, 32) 158: 197-4099; one-leaf pinyon, 520 ontarioensis, Zapus hudsonius, 371, 442, 443 Onychomys, 13, 160 arcticeps, 32, 161, 170 articeps, 161 breviauritus, 82, 161, 162, 170 leucogaster, 23, 159, 160, 162 pulcher, 528, 529, 531, 558, 560 torridus, 162, 530 operarius, Microtus oeconomus, 477 opossum, 25, 30, 35, 309 ecology of on a natural area in northeastern Kansas, 309 Virginia, 30, 35, 531 Opuntia, 561 occidentalis, 520, 521 orange, osage, 188, 311 orarius, Zapus, 370, 389, 391 Zapus trinotatus, 370, 373, 382, 885, 386, 388, 389, 391, 455 ordi, Dipodomys phillipsi, 153 Perodipus, 153 ordii, Dipodomys, 17, 23, 145, 152 Ordii, Dipodomys, 153 642 Ord kangaroo rat, 31, 152 oregonus, Zapus princeps, 370, 373, 382, 395, 396, 400-402, 409, 412, 458 oreopolus, Sorex, 617 origenes, Martes caurina, 284 orizabae, Sylvilagus floridanus, 612 ornate shrew, 532 ormatus, Sorex ornatus, 532 Oryzomys, palustris, 159, 281 texensis, 280 osagensis, Neotoma floridana, 27, 32, 188, 189, 192 osage orange, 188, 311 osgoogL Peromyscus maniculatus, 173, otter, 260 river, 33, 260 sea, 243 ovata, Rhus, 520, 523 Ovis nelsoni, 580 owl, 388, 398 barn, 18, 194, 202, 345, 388, 427 great horned, 542, 543, 552 horned, 336, 338, 562 Pacific, kangaroo rat, 552 rattlesnake, 552 pacificus, Antrozous, 81 Antrozous pallidus, 538 Bubo virginianus, 552 Zapus, 412, 413, 391 Zapus princeps, 382, 395, 396, 410, 412, 413, 458 Zapus trinotatus, 412 pack rat, 59, 180, 184 palabinus, Zapus princeps, 370, 409, pale bat, 79 pallescens, Corynorhinus macrotis, 79 Ron norniaus rafinesquii, 30, 78, 79, 8 Perognathus flavus, 342, 345, 346 Thomomys bottae, 546 pallid bat, 538 pallidus, Antrozous, 81 Citellus tridecemineatus, 124 Citellus tridecemlineatus, 124 Citellus tridecumlineatus, 124 Eptesicus, 71 Eptesicus fuscus, 27, 30, 71, 86, 482 Perognathus fallax, 528, 529, 548 Spermophilus tridecemlineatus, 124 Zapus hudsonius, 32, 214, 215, 285, 859, 363, 371, 373, 382, 420, 421, 441, 447, 448, 450, 452, 453, 464, 465 Unrversiry OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. paludis, Synaptomys cooperi, 32, 193, 196, 206, 285, 486 palustris, Hesperomys, 281 Hesperomys (Oryzomys), 281 Oryzomys, 159, 281 panamintinus, Dipodomys, 530, 531, 559 Panamint kangaroo rat, 550 panther, 261 paradoxus, Perognathus, 149, 285 Perognathus hispidus, 31, 149-151, 285, 484, 485 parva, Blarina, 45 Cryptotis, 40, 41, 44 Cryptotis parva, 30, 45 parviceps, Perognathus flavus, 342, 344, 346 parvidens, Sorex obscurus, 532 parvula, Blarina, 45 parvus, Dipodomys merriami, 552 Sorex, 45 Pasimachus, 324 passerine, 571, 573 peach, wild, 396 pecan, 585 Pedomys haydenii, 203 peninsularis, Myotis velifer, 509, 512 Pennsylvania meadow mouse, 485 pennsylvanicus, Microtus, 204 Microtus pennsylvanicus, 485, 492 permiger, Perognathus flavescens, 483, Perodipus, longipes, 153 ordi, 153 richardsoni, 153 Perognathus, 144, 145 bernardinus, 530, 550 bunkeri, 484 californicus, 527 cockrumi, 589 copei, 27, 31, 146, 151, 589, 590 dispar, 525, 549 fallax, 522, 547, 552, 555 fasciatus, 150 flavescens, 13, 23, 27, 31, 145, 146, 151, 342, 345, 346, 483, 589, 590 flavus, 13, 23, 31, 145, 147, 148, 151, 341, 342, 345, 347 gilvus, 589 hispidus, 23, 27, 145, 148, 149 maximus, 150 medius, 342. 343, 346 merriami, 345 mexicanus, 341-343, 346 pallescens, 342, 345, 346 pallidus, 528, 529, 548 INDEX TO VOLUME 7 paradoxus, 31, 149-151, 285, 484, 485 parviceps, 342, 344, 346 perniger, 483, 589 piperi, 484 sonoriensis, 341, 342, 347 spilotus, 31, 149-151 Perognatus flavus, 148, 347 Peromyscus, 160, 171, 573 algidus, 476 anidulus. O2.01765 17% 179) 182 attwateri, 32, 180, 181, 183 aureolus, 280 bairdi, 175 bairdii, 27, 32, 171, 174, 182 boylu:, 14, 17; 22, 159; 171, 176; 180, 524, 554 californicus, 524, 548, 554, 558 chlorus, 559 eremicus, 529, 548, 554, 558 fraterculus, 522, 554 gambeli, 522, 531, 556 hylaeus, 476, 477 insignis, 522, 523, 525, 529, 555 leucopus, 27, 159, 171, 176, 178, 181 luteus, 173 maniculatus, 27, 159, 171, 173, 175, 176, 181, 389, 530, 554 michiganensis, 175 montipinoris, 527-529, 558 nebrascensis, 27, 32, 171-173, 175, 182, 485 nebraskensis, 173 noveboracensis, 27, 32, 176, 177, 182 osgoodi, 173, 485 rowleyi, 525, 526, 529, 557 rufinus, 178 sonoriensis, 528, 529, 556, 557, 559, 560 texanus, 32, 173, 176, 179, 183 tornillo, 27, 32, 176, 179, 182 truei, 379, 380 perplexus, Dipodomys agilis, 530, 552 petulans, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, 476 Phenacomys mackenzii, 477 phenacomys, mountain, 477 Phillippi, Dipodomys, 153 Piesma cinerea, 62 pigmy woodrat, 621 pigmy woodrat, Neotoma goldmani, its distribution and systematic posi- tion, 621 pike, northern, 427 pine, lodge-pole, 520, 545 martin, 250 mouse, 18, 199 pinyon, 527 643 sugar, 520 vole, 118 yellow, 520, 526, 527, 533, 534, 586, 542, 548, 546, 547, 553, Bo), re birbisai(7/ pinetorum, Arvicola, 200 Arvicola (Pitymys), 200 Pitymys, 160, 199 Pinus, contorta, 520 lambertiana, 526 Lambertiana, 520 monophylla, 520, 527 ponderosa, 520, 526 pinyon, 544, 548, 556, 559, 560, 563, 564, 566, 567, 572; 573, 577 mouse, 558 pine, 527 one-leaf, 520 piperi, Perognathus flavus, 484 pipiens, Rana, 325 pipistrelle, 30, 66, 533 eastern, 585 western, 535, 536 Pipistrellus, 66, 70 clarus, 585 from northeastern México, 585 hesperus, 536 merriami, 535 sobtay es, 30, 56, 66, 67, 69, 86, 5 veracrucis, 585 Pitymys, 14, 118, 194, 199, 201, nemoralis, 18, 22, 32, 200, 206 pinetorum, 160, 199 Plains pocket mouse, 31, 145, 483 planifrons, Cratogeomys castanops, 596, 604-607 Plantanus racemosa, 520 Platanus occidentalis, 9 plateau pocket gopher, 593 Pliozapus, 356 solus, 356 plum, wild, 311, 322, 336 pocket gopher, 17, 31, 47, 136, 137, 148, 279 Cratogeomys castanops, geographic variation in Coahuila, México, 593 plateau, 593 valley, 546 pocket mouse, 144, 145, 523 Baird, 31, 147 buffy, 484 California, 549, 550 hispid, 31, 148, 484 new subspecies of, from Kansas, plains, 31, 145, 483 Pogonomyrmex, 341 644 poisonoak, 520 pomifera, Maclura, 114 ponderosa, Pinus, 520, 526 Populus deltoides, 9 porcupine, 32, 216, 217, 477 prairie dog, 18, 24, 25, 31, 111, 119, 249 vole, 16, 21, 32, 201 wolf, 230 preblei, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, 476 Zapus hudsonius, 371, 382, 420, 44], 451, 452, 465 Primates, 34 primulina, Mustela, 247 Mustela frenata, 33, 246, 247, 266 Mustela longicauda, 248 princeps, Zapus, 368, 366, 367, 371, 373-376, 380, 382, 384, 394, 416, 421 Zapus princeps, 363, 365, 380, 382, 395, 400-402, 404, 406-409, 414, 417, 418, 458, 459 prickly-pear, 520, 540, 576 cactus, 167, 523, 560, 567 Procyon, 241 hirtus, 33, 242, 266 lotor, 18, 241, 243 psora, 566 Procyonidae, 33, 219, 241, 565 Proechimys, 371 prong-horned antelope, 33, 274, 276 Prunus, americanus, 322 ilicifolia, 520, 524 virginiana, 322, 520 Pseudostoma castanops, 279 Pseudotsuga, 546 macrocarpa, 520 psora, Procyon lotor, 566 Pteromys, nebrascensis, 134 volucella, 134 pulcher, Onychomys 529, 531, 558, 560 puma, 33, 261 Purshia glandulosa, 520, 527, 530 putorius, Mephitis (Spilogale), 259 Putorius, longicauda, 247, 248 lutreocephalus, 246 neomexicanus, 248 nigrescens, 246 nigripes, 250 noveboracensis, 247 vison, 246 (Lutreola) vison, 246 pygmy harvest mouse, 32, 167 Pyrus ioensis, 322 torridus, 528, UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. quaking aspen, 396 Quercus, agrifolia, 520, 523 dumosa, 520, 524 Kelloggii, 520, 526 macrocarpa, 9 turbinella, 527 quirini, Megabothris, 427 rabbit, 38, 323 brush, 523, 541, 570 cottontail, 25, 570 swamp, 31, 101, 107 rabbitbrush, 521 raccoon, 18, 33, 36, 59, 241, 309, 321, 323, 524, 566 racemosa, Plantanus, 520 racerunner, 324 rafinesquei, Zapus 437, 438 rafinesquii, Corynorhinus, 18, 55, 78 Rainey, Dennis G., and Rollin H. Baker, The pigmy woodrat, Neo- toma goldmani, its distribution and systematic position, 621 Rana, catesbeiana, 325 clamitans, 427 pipiens, 325 rat, barn, 207 black, 32, 208, 209 brown, 485 cotton, 19, 22, 183 Florida wood, 32, 188, 485 gray wood, 32, 190 hispid cotton, 32, 184 house, 208 kangaroo, 17, 144, 152, 523, 528, 530, 555, 560, 573 Merriam kangaroo, 551 Norway, 32, 184, 209 Old World, 188, 208 Ord kangaroo, 31, 152 Pacific kangaroo, 552 pack, 59, 180, 184 Panamint kangaroo, 550 rice, 280 roof, 32, 209 San Bernardino kangaroo, 552 wood, 188, 332, 523, 528, 540, 551, 555, 576, 578 rattlesnake, 427, 563, 564 Pacific, 552 rattus, Mus, 209 Rattus, 208 Rattus rattus, 32, 208, 209 Rattus, 188, 208, 211 alexandrinus, 32, 208, 209, 213 871, hudsonius, INDEX TO VOLUME 7 norvegicus, 32, 184, 208-210, 213, 485 rattus, 32, 208, 209 red, bat, 80, 73, 75, 537 bud, 9, 22 fox, 33, 231, 282, 234, 309 mountain, 282 oak, 431 squirrel, 476 wolf, 33, 220, 229 red-tailed hawk, 336 regalis, Vulpes fulva, 233 Reithrodontomys, 163 albescens, 27, 32, 168, 170 aurantius, 32, 168, 164 aztecus, 32, 165, 167, 170 chrysotis, 164 duchei, 166 dychei, 32, 165, 166, 170, 285 dychii, 166 fulvescens, 14, 22, 159, 163, 170 griseus, 27, 32, 168-170 longicaudus, 522, 530, 553 megalotis, 159, 163, 164, 166, 167, 389, 554 montanus, 27, 159, 163, 164, 167 nebrascensis, 166 Rhamnus crocea, 520, 524 rhombifolia, Alnus, 520, 523 us, diversiloba, 520 integrifolia, 520, 521, 523 laurina, 520 ovata, 520, 523 trilobata, 520, 523 Ribes, indecorum, 520, 523 nevadense, 520, 526 Roezlii, 520, 526 rice rat, 280 richardsoni, Dipodomys ordii, 31, 152, 153 Perodipus, 153 Perodipus montanus, 153 ring-tailed cat, 283, 565 rinkeri, Zapus, 355, 357, 369, 371 river otter, 33, 260 rivularis, Microtus montanus, 498 sohustas, Sylvilagus floridanus, 611, 612 rock squirrel, 279 Rodentia, 31, 34, 110 Roezlii, Ribes, 520, 526 roof rat, 32, 209 rose, 396 rowleyi, Peromyscus boylii, 525, 526, 29, 557 rubella Cratogeomys castanops, 606- 60 Rubus, 645 macropelatus, 389 vitifolius, 520 rufa, Felis, 265 rufinus, Peromyscus, 178 rufiventer, Sciurus, 115 Sciurus niger, 31, 114-116, 483 us, Canis niger, 33, 230, 231 Lynx, 25, 261, 263-265, 571 Lynx rufus, 33, 264, 265, 268 Russell, Robert J., and Rollin H. Baker, Geographic variation in the pocket gopher, Cratogeomys castanops, in Coahuila, México, 593 Russian olive, 114, 115 sage, 396 black, 520, 556 coastal, 523, 535, 539, 543, 547, 552, 553, 560, 563, 566, 568, 569, 575, 576 white, 520, 521, 547, 549, 554, 555 sagebrush, 177, 491, 530, 550, 553 basin, 521, 527, 530, 532, 554, 556 coastal, 521, 542, 544, 556, 561, 567, 579 Salix sp., 520 saltator, Zapus, 416 Zapus princeps, 368, 382, 395, 402, 405, 406, 416, 459 Salvia, apiana, 520, 521 mellifera, 520, 521 San Bernardino kangaroo rat, 552 sanctidiegi, Microtus californicus, 522, 564 Sylvilagus audubonii, 540 San Diego pocket mouse, 547, 548 Sandidge, Lewis L., and Henry S. Fitch, Ecology of the opossum on a natural area in northeastern Kan- sas, 309 San Gabriel Mountains of California, mammals of, 515 saussurei, Sorex, 616 Sorex saussurei, 617 scale-broom, 521, 552, 554 Scalops argentatus, 51 Scalopus, 47 aquaticus, 27, 40, 47, 51 caryi, 27, 30, 48, 50, 52, 53 intermedius, 30, 48, 50-53 machrinoides, 27, 30, 48, 50-53, 285 machrinus, 51 scandens, Celastrus, 322 Scapanus occultus, 532 Scarabaeidae, 62 scarabaeid beetle, 322 sciurid, 527 646 Sciuridae, 32, 110, 111, 542 Sciuropterus volans, 134 Sciurus, 112 anthonyi, 542 carolinensis, 14, 18, 22, 31, 111- 113, 116, 482 Carolinensis, 113 grammutrus, 279 ludovicianus, 115 Ludovicianus, 115 macroura, 115 niger 25) LT 4S ys rufiventer, 31, 114-116, 483 tridecem-lineatus, 125 Scoparius, Andropogon, 9 scorpion, 571 Scotophilus noctivagans, 65 scottii, Urocyon cinereoargenteus, 575 scrub oak, 520, 524, 525-527, 542, 546, 548, 550, 552, 553, 556, 558-560, 564-566, 572, 575, 578 sea otter, 243 setchuanus, Eozapus, 363 sempervirens, Castanopsis, 520 septentrionalis, Myotis keenii, 279 Vespertilio gryphus, 279 Setaria glauca, 428 sexlineatus, Cnemidophorus, 324 sheep, 548, 544, 571 short-tailed shrew, 30, 40, 41, 481 little, 30, 44 shrew, 47, 523 cinereous, 481 dusky, 475, 532 little short-tailed, 30, 44 omate, 532 short- tailed, 30, 40 41, 481 small, 41 water, 475 Shrews, taxonomy and distribution of some American, 615 Sicista, 356 Sicistinae, 356 sicistine, 356 sideoat grama, 9 Sigmodon, 183, 185 alfredi, 186 hispidus, 19, 22, 159, 184, 186 texianus, 32, 184, 186 Silky pocket mouse flavus) of Mexico, 341 silver-haired bat, 30, 63, 65 similis, Sylvilagus floridanus, 31, 102, 104, 109 simplex, Nceteae fuscipes, 527-529, skink, 324, 337 five-lined, 324 skunk, 243, 324, 388 hog-nosed, 284 (Perognathus UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. spotted, 25, 33, 255, 258, 568 striped 83, 254, 255, 258, 284, 523, two-striped, 259 slippery-elm, California, 520, 527 sloth, 87 small-footed myotis, 30, 61 small shrew, 41 snail, 323 snake, garter, 398 snowbrush, 520, 527, 530, 545, 547, 550, 563, 575, 579 snowbush, 556 social bat, 278 sociabilis, Myotis yumanensis, 533 sodalis, Myotis, 278 solus, Pliozapus, 356 sonora, Lutra canadensis, 261 sonoriensis, Hesperomys leucopus, 173 Perognathus flavus, 341, 342, 347 Peromyscus maniculatus, 528, 529, 556, 557, 559, 560 sordidulus, Cratogeomys castanops, 596, 600, 602, 604, 605 Sorex, 45 alascensis, 475 alaskanus, 476 brevicaudus, 42 carolinensis, 43 cinereus, 615, 617 durangae, 617 emarginatus, 616 haydeni, 481 longicauda, 475 milleri, 617 navigator, 475 obscurus, 617 ohioensis, 615 oreopolus, 617 ornatus, 532 parvidens, 532 parvus, 45 saussurei, 616, 617 vagrans, 617 ventralis, 617 Sorghastrum nutans, 9 Soricidae, 30, 40, 532 Southeastern Alaska, mammals from, 475 southeastern California, a new sub- species of bat (Myotis velifer) from, 509 southern grasshopper mouse, 560 spanish bayonet, 520 speciosus, Eutamius, 546 Eutamius speciosus, 519, 545 Spermophilus, 547 beecheyi, 543 fisheri, 544 franklini, 129 INDEX TO VOLUME 7 Franklini, 129 franklinii, 483 major, 128 obsoletus, 127 pallidus, 124 texensis, 126 tridecemlineata, 125 tridecemlineatus, 125 Sperophilus Franklinii, 129 Sphingidae, 538 spider, 172, 337 lycosid, 324 Spilogale, 258 interrupta, 25, 33, 244, 258, 259, 267 microrhina, 568 spilosoma, Citellus, 18, 23, 112, 126 spilotus, Perognathus hispidus, 31, 149-151, 484 Perognathus paradoxus, 150 spinosa, Tetradymia, 521, 530 Spirocerca, 428 spotted, ground squirrel, 31, 126 skunk, 25, 33, 255, 258, 568 spruce, bigcone, 520, 525, 558, 560, 575 squamatum, Lepidospartum, 521 squarosus, Haplopappus, 521 squaw bush, 520 squirrel, 111 American flying, 132 antelope ground, 544 Beechey ground, 543 California ground, 544 flying, 31, 111, 132 foxs Low ole WIA 5. 328 Franklin ground, 31, 128, 483 gray, 18, 31, 112-114, 128, 482, 524, 546, 577 ground, 111, 122, 255, 526, 555 northern flying, 546 red, 476 rock, 279 spotted ground, 31, 126 striped ground, 31, 122 tree, 111, 112 western gray, 542 Staphylinidae, 62 Stenopelmatus fuscus, 538 stephensi, Neotoma, 621 striatus, Tamius, 22, 111, 130, 131 striped, ground squirrel, 31, 122 skunk, 33, 254, 255, 258, 259, 284, 321, 523, 567 subflavus, Pipistrellus, 56, 66, 69, 585 Pipistrellus subflavus, 30, 66, 67, 86, 585 Vespertilio, 67 647 subnubilus, Cratogeomys castanops, 596, 603-608 subsimus, Cratogeomys castanops, 596, 599, 600, 603-605, 607, 608 Subspeciation in the meadow mouse, Microtus montanus, in Wyoming and Colorado, 491 subulatus, Myotis, 13, 55, 61 Myotis subulatus, 30, 61, 63, 86, 285 Vespertilio, 63 Subulura, 428 sugarbush, 520 sugar pine, 520 sumac, 524 laural, 555 laurel, 520, 543, 561, 563 Sunaptomys cooperii, 195 sunflower, 137, 147, 172 swamp rabbit, 31, 101, 107 swift, 282 fox, 33, 235 23279345989 sycamore, 9, 22, 520 sylvaticus, Lepus, 103 Sylvilagus, 96, 101 alacer, 31, 102-105, 109 aquaticus, 14, 31, 90, 107-109 arizonae, 541 auduboni, 90, 95 audubonii, 13, 23, 105, 106, 571 bachmani, 571 baileyi, 31, 106, 109 chapmani, 611, 612 cinerascens, 541 floridanus, 27, 90, 101-103, 105 floridanus from northeastern Mexico, 611 holzneri, 612 llanensis, 27, 31, 102, 104, 109 mearnsi, 31, 103, 109 mearnsii, 27, 102, 103 nelsoni, 611 neomexicanus, 31, 106, 107, 109 orizabae, 612 robustus, 611, 612 sanctidiegi, 540 similis, 31, 102, We 109 Synaptomys, 192, 201 cooperi, 18, 19, 27, 160, 193, 195, 199 gossi, 195 gossii, 32, 193, 195, 206, 285, 486 paludis, 32, 193, 196, 206, 285, 486 systematic position, its distribution and, pigmy woodrat, Neotoma goldmani, 621 Tadarida, 81, 539 cynocephala, 84 macrotis, 85 648 mexicana, 30, 55, 70, 82, 84, 87, 5 89 molossa, 18, 30, 55, 85, 87 Talpidae, 30, 40, 532 talpoides, Blarina, 42 tamaulipensis, Cratogeomys castanops, 598-600, 608 Tamiasciurus, kenaiensis, 476 petulans, 476 preblei, 476 Tamius, 14, 122, 130 griseus, 31, 131, 186 striatus, 22, 111, 130, 131 venustus, 31, 131, 132, 136 Tatu texanum, 89 Taxida taxus, 253 Taxidea, 251, 254 americana, 253 Americana, 253 berlandieri, 253, 567 Berlandieri, 253 kansensis, 253, 285 merriami, 253, 285 montana, 253 neglecta, 567 taxus, 33, 244, 251-253, 267, 285 Taxonomy and distribution of some American shrews, 615 taxus, Taxida taxus, 253 Taxidea, 244, 251, 253 tence: taxus, 33, 252, 253, 267, Ursus, 253 taylori, Microtus ochrogaster, 32, 202, 205, 207, 285 teleotis, Lasiurus borealis, 537 tenellus, Zapus, 453 Zapus hudsonius, 368, 382, 420, 436, 444, 446, 453, 465 Tetradymia spinosa, 521, 530 texana, Hesperomys, 179 texanum, Tatu novemcinctum, 89 texanus, Dasypus novemcinctus, 89 Peromyscus, 173 Peromyscus leucopus, 32, 173, 176, 179, 183 Texas civet cat, 283 texensis, Canis latrans, 227 Citellus tridecemlineatus, 31, 123, 124, 126, 135 Oryzomys palustris, 280 Spermophilus tridecemlineatus, 126 texiana, Arvicola, 186 texianus, Lepus, 101 Lepus callotis, 101 Sigmodon hispidus, 32, 184, 186 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. Thamnophis, 398 Thomomys, mohavensis, 546, 547 neglecta, 546 neglectus, 547 pallescens, 546 tick, 326, 335, 427 timber, fox, 282 wolf, 230 toad, narrow-mouthed, 324, 337 tornillo, Peromyscus, 179 Pennyscs leucopus, 27, 32, 176, torridus, Onychomys, 162, 530 townsendii, Lepus, 13, 23, 25, 90, 97 tree, bay, 556, 558, 565, 575 Joshua, 520, 528, 530, 536, 540, 544, 547, 560, 562, 567, 572, squirrel, 111, 112 tridecemlineata, Spermophilus, 125 tridecemlineatus, Citellus, 112, 122 Citellus fideovmlincatas 31, 128- ,18 Spermophilus, 125 tridecem-lineatus, Sciurus, 125 tridentata, Artemisia, 521, 530 trilobata, Rhus, 520, 523 trinotatus, Zapus, 361, 366, 368, 371, 373-376, 380, 382, 384-387, 392, 421 Zapus princeps, 393 Zapus trinotatus, 363, 380, 382, 385, 386, 389-392, 455 truei, Peromyscus, 379, 380 tuberosa, Helianthus, 137 tundra vole, 477 turbinella, Quercus dumosa, 527 turkey, wild, 309 two-striped skunk, 259 Ulmus, 9 Umbellularia californica, 520, 524 Urocyon, 14, 231, 235 californicus, 574 cinereoargenteus, 22, 220, 236, 237 ocythous, 33, 236, 237, 266 scottii, 575 Ursidae, 33, 219, 237, 565 Ursus, 238 amblyceps, 33, 240 americanus, 33, 239, 240 Americanus, 240 californiensis, 519, 565 horribilis, 23, 25, 33, 238, 239 taxus, 253 ustulatus, Cratogeomys castanops, 596, 598, 599, 604, 605 532, 534, 550, 557- 574, 575 INDEX TO VOLUME 7 utahensis, Zapus princeps, 371, 382, 395, 396, 399, 400, 402, 418, 459, 460 vagrans, Sorex, 617 valley oak, 566 valley pocket gopher, 546 variabilis, Dermacentor, 326, 335, 427 varians, Chincha mesomelas, 256 Mephitis, 256 Mephies mephitis, 33, 255-257, Mephitis mesomelas, 256, 257 Vaughan, Terry A., Mammals of the San Gabriel Mountains of California, 515 A New subspecies of bat (Myotis velifer) from southeastern Cali- fornia and Arizona, 509 velifer, Myotis, 13, 18, 58, 60, 509 Myotis velifer, 509-511 velox, Canis, 235 Vulpes, 18, 28, 25, 220, 232, 234, 235, 282 Vulpes velox, 33, 234, 235, 266 velvet grass, 388 ventralis, Sorex, 617 Sorex oreopolus, 617 venustus, Tamius striatus, 31, 131, 132, 136 veracrucis, Pipistrellus subflavus, 585 Vespertilio, borealis, 76 cinereus, 74 ciliolabrum, 61, 63, 285 fuscus, 70 Georgianus, 68 humeralis, 72 incautus, 60 linereus, 74 lucifugus, 58 Molossus, 85 noctivagans, 65 septentrionalis, 279 subflavus, 67 subulatus, 63 Vespertilionidae, 80, 54, 56, 533 Vespula, 323 vicinus, Eozapus setchuanus, 359, 360, 365 Virginia opossum, 30, 35, 531 virginiana, Didelphis, 25, 30, 35 Didelphis marsupialis, 309, 531 Didelphis virginiana, 36, 39 Didelphys, 39 Prunus, 322, 520 virginianus, Odocoileus, 25, 269, 273 649 Virginianus, Cervus, 274 Didelphys, 39 Vulpes, 237 vison, Lutreola, 246 Mustela, 18, 244 Putorius, 246 Putorius (Lutreola), 246 vitifolius, Rubus, 520 Vitis vulpina, 321 volans, Glaucomys, 22, 111, 132 Glaucomys volans, 31, 133, 134, 136 Mus, 134 Myotis, 511 Sciuropterus, 134 vole, 337 long-tailed, 477 prairie, 16, 21, 82, 201 pine, 118 tundra, 477 volucella, ’Pteromys, 134 Vulpes, 231 arsipus, 574 fulva, 14, 22, 833, 220, 232-234, 266 fulvus, 233 macrorus, 282 macroura, 282 macrourus, 282 regalis, 233 velox, 13, 28, 25, 33, 220, 232, 234, 235, 266, 282 Virginianus, 237 vulpina, Vitis, 321 wagneri, Megabothris, 427 walnut, 114, 311 wapiti, 33, 268, 269 water shrew, 475 weasel, 243, 244, 388, 398, 427 least, 219, 243, 48 36 long-tailed, 33, 244, 247, 566 weed, burro, 521, 548 western, blackberry, 520 gray squirrel, 542 harvest mouse, 32, 164, 167, 553 pipistrelle, 535, 536 skunk cabbage, 888 Whipplei, Yucca, 520, 524, 527 white, bear, 238 fir, 520, 535, 546, 547, 553 leghorn chicken, 570 man, 24 sage, 520, 521, 547, 549, 554, 555 white-footed. mouse, 171, 593 white-tailed, deer, 33, 271, 273, 274 jackrabbit, 25, 31, 96-98 650 UNIVERSITY OF Kansas Pusts., Mus. Nat. Hist. wild, craba ar 322, 336 gourd, 114 plum, "811, 322, 336 turkey, 309 wildcat, 576, 577 willow, 396, 397, 431, 520, 523, 585 wolf, 23, 33, 220, 228, 238, 282 big gray, 228 gray, 228, 235, 309 mountain, 228 prairie, 230 red, 33, 220, 229 timber, 230 wombat, 34 woodchuck, 31, 111, 117, 426 woodland, elm-oak-hickory, 336 pine-mouse, 32, 199 wood mouse, 32, 176 woodrat, 188, 332, 523, 528, 540, 551, 555. of Gols desert, 560, 562 dusky-footed, 563 Florida, 32, 188, 485 gray, 32, 190 pigmy, 621 Wyoming, subspeciation in the seg mouse, Microtus montanus, of, 491 yakutatensis, Microtus oeconomus, 477 yellow, foxtail, 428 jacket, 323 pine, 520, 526, 527, 533, 534, 536, 542, 543, 546, 547, 553, 563, 572, 575-577 yosemite, Microtus montanus, 492 yucca, 527, 548, 565 Yucca, brevifolia, 520, 530 Whipplei, 520, 524, 527 Yuma myotis, 533 Zapodiadae, 213 zapodid, 356 Zapodidae, 32, 111 Zapodinae, 351, 356, 358, 364 Zapus, 14, 213, 214, 351, 356, 374 acadicus, 382, 420, 432, 437, 488, 442, 443, 450, 460 alascensis, 360, 382, 420, 421, 435, 444-446 454, 460, 461 alleni, 412, 413 americanus, 371, 382, 420, 421, 433, 434, 4386, 437, 442, 447, 448, 452, 461, 462 australis, 870, 406, 407 brevipes, 371, 437, 438 burti, 355, 357, 369, 371 campestris, 215, 370, 382, 407, 420, 421, 441, 444, 447, 448, 451- 453, 462 canadensis, 371, 382, 420, 482-434, 437, 442, 444, 445, 450, 462 cinereus, 370, 382, 395, 396, 399, 402, 410, 411, 418, 456 curtatus, 370, 382, 395, 396, 400, 409, 456 eureka, 370, 382, 386, 389, 392, 393, 455 hardyi, 432, 433, 437, 438 hudsonius, 22, 214, 215, 355, 357, 863, 366, 367, 369, 371, 3738- 882, 384, 393, 401, 416, 420- 422, 432, 435-438, 441-444, 447, 448, 450, 453, 454, 462, 463 idahoensis, 370, 382, 395, 396, 399- 401, 405, 408, 411, 415, 417- 419, 456, 457 imperator, 393 intermedius, 368, 371, 382, 420, 437, 438, 441, 444, 445, 447, 451, 463, 464 kootenayensis, 370, 382, 395, 396, 401, 402, 404, 417, 457 ladas, 382, 420, 433, 442, 443, 449, 464 luteus, 370, 382, 395, 396, 406, 415, 457 major, 370, 409, 410 minor, 868, 370, 382, 395, 402, 403, 407, 457 montanus, 353, 382, 386, 390, 393, 413, 455 nevadensis, 370, 399, 409, 410 ontarioensis, 371, 442, 443 orarius, 370, 373, 382, 385, 386, 388, 389, 391, 455 oregonus, 370, 373, 382. 395, 396, 400-402, 409, 412, 458 pacificus, 382, 391, 395, 396, 410, 412, 413, 458 palatinus, 370, 409, 410 pallidus, 32, 214, 215, 285, 359, 868, 371, 878, 882, 420, 421, 441, 447, 448, 450, 452, 453, 464, 465 preblei, 871, 382, 420, 441, 451, 452, 465 princeps, 363, 365-367, 371, 378- 376, 380, 382, 384, 394, 895, 400- 402, 404, 406-409, 414, 416- 418, 421, 458, 459 rafinesquei, 871, 437, 438 rinkeri, 355, 357, 369, 371 saltator, 368, 382, 395, 402, 405, 406, 416, 459 InpDEx TO VOLUME 7 651 tenellus, 368, 382, 420, 436, 444, zibethicus, spe hate Ordstra 48, 188, 197 trinotatus, 361, 363, 366, 368, 371, so acme tet 373-376, 380, 382, 384-387, 389. Ondatra’ zibethicus, 82, 197, 199, 206 898, 421, 455 Zibethicus utahensis, 371, 382, 395, 396, 399, [Castor], 199 400, 402, 418, 459, 460 Fiber, 198 zibethica, Ondatra zibethica, 198, zygomaticus, Microtus montanus, 498, 199 500 PRINTED BY FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER TOPEKA, KANSAS 1955 ‘ rt +t ay ' oy, e : Pete A w ait ; a Nay, Ne uy , A \ Es o on We Aw anit neh ts 0 ae " Os vale ~ 12 ibs i! Mi aan Lapa j oT NARI 4] SRE Sg aad he > oc ep Date Due HU ~ ie See ae oe peers ne ee ; - oy 7 oer i Sa) ue as 7 i Kees PE ee oes So pt I ee wu > ee ete I ee eS a egg ret, OR r= : —— . EE a a NR IRIE TOS Ie rk bs SY Cettaat Re ee eee ht ae a + _— a = ee om 2 an he Hoge a +e er Stenale Pate SS