^{v^e'^W^I^^^, HARVARD UNIVERSITY. LIBRARY MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. \^,\'\\^ , ISL '\5^ BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS Vol. XV. MARCH 15, 1914. No. 9. Science Bulletin, Vol. VIII, Nos. I-IO. (Coutinuatioii of Kansas University Quarterly.) ENTOMOLOGY NUMBER. LAWRENCE, KANSAS. Published Semimonthly from January to June and Monthly from July to December, inclusive, by the University of Kansas. Entered as second-claas matter December 29, 1910, at the post ofBc* at Lawrence, Kansas, under the act of July 16, 1894. 6-838 NOTICE TO EXCHANGES. The attention of learned s&cieties and other institutions which exchange scientific publications with the University of Kansas is called to the list of publications of this University on the third page of the cover of this issue. Those marked "Supply exhausted" can not be furni=>hed at all; those marked "Supply small" can not be furnished sep- arately; those marked "Supply large" will gladly be furnished to any of our exchanges who may' need them to complete their files. Back numbers of the Kansas University Quarterly and Geo- logical Survey, as far as possible, will be sent to those of our newer correspondents who are able and willing to reciprocate. ANNOUNCEMENT. The Kansas University Science Bulletin (continuation of the Kansas University Quarterly) is issued in parts at irregu- lar intervals. One volume, containing from 300 to 400 pages of reading-matter, with necessary illustrations, is issued each year. The subscription price is $3 per volume. Exchanges with other institutions and learned societies everywhere are solicited. All exchanges should be addressed to the Library OP THE University of Kansas. All communications should be addressed to The Kansas University Science Bulletin, lawrence, kan. EDITORIAL BOARD. W. J. Baumgaetneb, Managing Editor. U. G. MITCHELL, Exchange Editor. F. E. KESTER. W. C. STEVENS. E. H. 8. BAILEY. S. J. HUNTER. THE KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. DEVOTED TO THE PUBLICATION OF THE RESULTS OF RESEARCH BY MEMBERS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS. VOL. VIII. ENTOMOLOGY NUMBER. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY, LAWUENCE, KANSAS. 1914. ■J ^ ^ DEDICATED IX) THE MEMORY OF FRANCIS HUNTINGTON SNOW, BY 'I'liK GuAiHJATK Students ok the Depautment of EntoiMoj.ouy of the ITniversity of Kansas, in Appreciation of the Oppor- tunities FOR Research Made Possible BY Him. CONTENTS OF VOLUME VIII. No. 1. — Depai-tnient of Entomology. Historical Accovint. . . S. ,/. Hunter. 2. — The Study on the Segmentation of the Head of Insects. Plates I-IV Rubtj Hosford. 3. — Morphology and Biology of the Membracidae of Kansas. Plates V-XXI Hazel Branch. 4. — Monograph of the Larridje of Kansas. Plates XXII-XXX. F. X. Williams. o. — Notes of Three Sesiidae (Lepidoptei'a) affecting the "Mis- souri Gourd" (Ciicurbita fcetidissima H. B. K.). Plates XXXI and XXXII F. X. Williavts. 6. — Notes on the Habits of Some Wasps that Occur in Kansas, with the Description of a New Species. Plate XXXIII. F. X. William.^. 7.— Eumenidae of Kansas. Plates XXXIV-XXXVII. . Dwight Isely. 8.— Sand Fly and Pellagra .S'. ./. Hunter. 9. — Morphology and Biology of Siiiinliuiii I'ittataiii. Plates XXXVIII-XLII H'. T. Einenj. 10.--Anatomy of Simtdiaiii viftatum. Plates XLIII-XLV. H. B. Hungerfurd. THE KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Vol. VIII, No. 1— July, 1913. (Whole Series, Vol. XVIII, No. 1.) CONTENTS: Department of Entomology of the University of Kansas — Historical Account S. J. Hunter. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY, UWRENCE, KAN. Entered at the post-office in Lawrence as second-class matter. 5-838 KANSAS STATE PRINTING OFFICE. W. C. Austin, Stale Printer. TOPEKA. 1913. THE KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. VoL.VIII,No. I] JULY, 1913. [y<,rx LE Series XVIIl.NO 1 Department of Entomology of the University of Kansas. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT. BY S. J. HUNTER. THIS, the second entomology number of this Journal, is in- troduced by an account and bibhography of the work of the department of entomology of the University of Kan- sas. The volume itself is intended as a tribute, in a small meas- ure, to the work of the founder of the department.* Doctor Snow, a member of the faculty of the University of Kansas from the foundation of the University, was for many years professor of natural history, and his impress, especially on the museum side, on so many branches of this subject, is such that those who are now going over his work marvel at the wonder- ful capacity of the man. He was, as well, a great, desirable teacher. Entomology is very early shown to have been his favorite branch. It is especially fitting that the accomplish- ments in his favorite work should be recorded, and it seems best to present these chronologically. The scope and activity of the department of entomology of the University of Kansas is therefore probably best shown by a transcript from the rfecords of the department giving the work accomplished and official publications issued. * It is regretted by the author that the arrangement ujider which this Journal is now published is such that prolonged delays sometimes prevent its regular appearance. But for this reason this issue would have appeared at a much earlier date. (3) 4 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. 1866. — Frank H. Snow, Professor of Mathematics and Natural Sciences. In the senior year of the college instruction was given in zoology, and the principal branch of the subject treated was the insect fauna of the state. This course was continued until 1886, when there began to be given special courses devoted exclusively to the subject of ento- mology. 1867. — Doctor Snow relinquishes mathematics and becomes professor of natural history. 1872. — Dr. F. H. Snow, of the University, was appointed chairman of the entomological commission of the Kansas Academy of Science, and was continued in this position for many years. 1874. — Doctor Snow begins publication of entomological papers in Transactions of Kansas Academy of Science. 1875. — An account of the Rocky Mountain locust, published in the Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. The same year Doctor Snow published a paper on a moth of economic importance, in the same Transactions. Another paper of this same year, which clearly shows the scope of the departmental work, is "The best means of defense against the insect enemies of the horticulturist," also published in the Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. Mr. George F. Gaumer, an assistant, issued a publication on the lai^ae of certain insects. 1876. — A publication by Doctor Snow from the University, entitled "List of Coleoptera collected in Colorado." — Trans. Kan. Acad. Sci. Another paper, which dealt largely with the relation of birds and insects to agriculture, was issued this same year. 1877. — A publication appeared in the Transactions of Kansas Academy of Science, giving a list of the insects of Wallace county, Kansas. Two other papers the same year in the Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science gave an account of a large tiger beetle of un- usual scientific importance. 1880. — Appears a discussion by Doctor Snow on the webworm. 1882. — An account of the house fly is published in Psyche, III. 1883. — Was a year of unusual activity among injurious insects, and we find four papers of rather wide scope, on three noxious insects; on three injurious insects; on the habits of the screw worm; and on how to destroy these injurious insects. These were published in the first and second reports of the Kansas State Board of Agri- culture and in Psyche. 1884. — We find another year of activity, as is shown by the publications in the reports of the Kansas State Board of Agriculture, on insects injurious to wheat and on the value of several insecticides. 1885. — This was an even more active year among insects injurious to crops. At this time there appeared in the Kansas State Board of hunter: department of entomology. 5 Agriculture reports a paper on injurious insects from July to Septem- ber; on the chinch bug; on pear blight; and on further injurious in- sects— the Hessian fly, the ivheat-straw worm, and the webworm. 1886. — This year the department begins to offer specially adToneed courses in entomology. 1887. — There appeared in Science an article on the purslane -worm. 1888. — This year began extended work of inyestigation with the chinch bug; an account of it is given in the report of the Kansas State Board of Agriculture. Another paper on insects injurious to wheat ap- peared in this same report. 1889. — Work had developed so that a number of departments were estab- lished. Doctor Snow now professor of botany, entomology and meteorology. Further reports on the chinch bug were issued in the Board of Agricultural reports; and one on the experiments for the artificial dissemination of a contagious disease among chinch bugs was pub- lished in the Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. V. L. Kellogg, assistant professor in the department of entomology, published some notes on bird lice, in the Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. 1890. — Doctor Snow becomes chancellor of the University. Two reports on the experiments for the artificial destruction of the chinch bug were published in the reports, and one on the general question of the chinch bug. 1891. — This year House bill No. 639 was passed, "An act to establish an Experimental Station at the State University of Kansas, to promote and conduct experiments for the destruction of chinch bugs by con- tagion or infection, and making appropriation therefor." Director of the Experiment Station of the Unirersity of Kansas was created, and Doctor Snow was elected to this position. Papers on insects injuring Kansas wheat, on the results of the ex- periments carried on, and on the contagious diseases of the chinch bug were published in the State Board report, in Insect Life, and in the first annual report of the Experiment Station of the University of Kansas. 1892. — J. M. Aldrich, a graduate student in the department, published six papers on Diptera. Three more papers on the chinch bug and its contagious diseases appeared, one in the second annual report of the Experiment Station, another in Insect Life, and the third in the report of the Kansas State Board of Agriculture. With the assistance of V. L. Kellogg, Doctor Snow published a paper on two grain insects, in the bulletin of the department of entomology of the University of Kansas. Later the same year Doctor Snow published another article on the chinch bug in Psyche. Assistant Professor V. L. Kellogg published two articles — notes on the comparative anatomy of insects; two on insects injurious to drugs; 6 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. insect notes, in Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science; a 117-page bulletin — an account of cortimon injurious insects of Kansas; and assisted Doctor Snow with his bulletin on two grain insects. 1893. — Doctor Snow published 'Another report of the diseases of the chinch bug, in the third annual report of the Experiment Station of the University of Kansas. Mr. Kellogg published a paper on the horn fly of cattle, with Doctor Snow, in the bulletin of the department of entomology. He also published a paper on the destruction of insects by fungi. In this year W. A. Snow succeeded to the position of assistant professor, and Mr. Kellogg became head of the department of ento- mology at Leland Stanford University. 1894. — Doctor Snow published his fourth annual report of the Experiment Station, giving an account of his work with the chinch bug for that year. He also gave, in Insect Life, an account of the work in eco- nomic entomology at Kansas University for the season of 1894. Some further papers of Kellogg's were published — two more arti- cles on insects injuring drugs, one on the anatomy of insects, and one on European experiments with insect diseases. Mr. Hugo Kahl was appointed systematic entomologist, assistant in Entomological Museum. 1896. — A further report by Doctor Snow on the contagious diseases of the chinch bug, in the sixth annual report of the Univei-sity Experiment Station. S. J. Hunter published some notes on injurious insects, in Trans- actions of Kansas Academy of Science. Mr. Hunter, who became assistant professor at this time, went to the western part of the state, where he began a special study of the grasshopper problem. At request of Kansas nursei'ymen, S. J. Hunter began the annual inspection of Kansas nurseries. Mr. Kahl, systematic entomologist, and curator of entomological collections.. 1897. — Doctor Snow, together with S. J. Hunter, published a bulletin on the more destructive grasshoppers of Kansas. Disking of alfalfa first advocated, now a valuable practice. 1898. — Doctor Snow's title iio»v becomes professor of organic evolution and entomology. Mr. Hunter published a bulletin on scale insects injurious to orchards. Two papers by Hunter appeared in Psyche ; they treated of the grasshoppers in Kansas and Colorado. Another paper on the influence of the parasites on gi-asshoppers appeared in the Kanscis Universicy Quarterly, and the same, with additions, as a bulletin of the department of entomology. Hunter also began his book on the Coccidae of Kansas, publishing part I in the Kansas University Quarterly. HUNTER: DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY. 7 1899. — Assistant Professor Hunter published an account of his work in western Kansas in the bulletin entitled "Alfallfa, grasshoppers, bees; their relationships." Part II of the Coccidas of Kansas appeared this year. In the report of the Kansas State Board of Agriculture was published an article on the fertilization of the alfalfa blossom by bees, an important note for growers of alfalfa. "The nurseryman and the entomologist" was given before the American Asociation of Nursery- men. "Entomological legislation in the interests of horticulture" — Transactions Kansas State Horticultural Society. This year shows the broadening of the field of the work of the department among the nurserjrmen of the state. The governor, at request of Kansas nurserymen, appointed S. J. Hunter state inspector of nurseries. This appointment was continued until 1907. 1900. — The third part of Coccidae of Kansas, by S. J. Hunter, was pub- lished in Kansas University Quarterly, vol. IX, No. 2. "Alfalfa culture and insect life" appeared in the Kansas State Board of Agriculture report. "Some entomological problems in horticulture," by S. J. Hunter, was published in the report of the Colorado State Board of Horti- culture, vol. XI. An article on spraying was given in the report of the Kansas State Board of Horticulture. 1901. — Doctor Snow returns to his old title, professor of natural history and director of the museum. The fourth part of the Coccidae of Kansas appeared in the Kansas University Quarterly, vol. X. An article on selection, natural and artificial, was published in the Western Fruit Grower for October of this year. The American Journal of Physiology published the results of Pro- fessor Hunter's summer study of sea urchin eggs, at Woods Hole, Mass. Marguerite E. Wise instructor in botany and entomology. Prof. S. J. Hunter becomes head of the department of entomology at the University. 1902. — Doctor Snow's title becomes professor of organic evolution, sys- tematic entomology and meteorology. Professor Hunter published a textbook dealing with the insect fauna of Kansas. Mr. E. S. Tucker was appointed museum assistant in systematic entomology. 1903. — The various papers on the Coccidse of Kansas were brought to- gether as a textbook for use in identification of the scale insects. Results of further biological investigations of Professor Hunter were published in the Biological Bulletin, vol. V, No. 3. 1904. — C. E. Sanborn, an advanced student in the department, published a paper on Kansas plant lice. Another student a't this time, Mr. W. J. Meek, published a paper on the structure of some insects, in the Kansas University Science Bulletin, vol. II. 8 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. 1906. — C. E. Sanborn published a further account of plant lice of Kansas, giving a list of them and of their host plants. This paper is of great use in distinguishing the beneficial and injurious forms. 1907. — Report of the entomologist of the Kansas State Horticultural Society.— Trans. Kan. Acad. Sci., vol. XXIX. The legislature designated the professor of entomology at the University as state entomologist. The Kansas millers, grain men, and wheat growers raised a fund of about $2500 and asked this department to cope with the green-bug invasion. P. A. Glenn was made assistant professor of entomology. Chaptek 386, Laws of 1907. Creating a State Entomological Commission and Making an Appro- priation Therefor. An Act for the protection of the horticultural and agricultural interests of the state of Kansas by the suppression and extermina- tion of San Jose scale and other injurious insect pests and plant diseases; to create the Kansas Entomological Commission, two state entomologists; and to proTide for the punishment for viola- tions thereof, and making appropriations therefor. Sec. 4. That it shall be the duty of said state entomologists, under the control of the State Entomological Commission, to seek out ■nd suppress pernicious insect pests and injurious and contagious plant diseases hereinbefore mentioned as destructiTe to the horti- cultnral and agricultural interests ef this state, and conduct experi- ments when necessary to accomplish that end. 1908. — September 20, Doctor Snow's death must here be recorded. "Experiments with and knowledge of the green bug to date" is found in the report of the Kansas State Board of Agriculture, vol. XXVII, No. 105, by S. J. Hunter. Report of the state entomologist of Entomological Commission of Kansas. — State report. 1909. — There was published a complete report of the green bug and its natural enemies and telling how to combat it. By S. J. Hunter and P. A. Glenn. Professor Hunter, jointly with Prof. T. J. Headlee, sent out a circular of information regarding the San Jose scale, enemy of the fruit grower. Began a systematic survey of orchard culture and management Ib Kansas. 1910. — The department of entomology and the department of botany work upon a fundamental investigation of the efficiency of the arti- ficial distribution of the chinch-bug fungus. Professor Billings for botany. Professor Glenn for entomology, working jointly. Orchard survey continued. 1911. — At request of Kansas millers, conducted special investigation on green bug en southern tier of counties. Extended orchard surrey to practically all of the apple-growing districts of the southern half of the state. hunter: department of entomology. 9 Professoi' Glenn called upon by the state entomologist of Minne- sota to conduct entended investigations on the grasshopper in Minne- sota. H. B. Hungerford appointed instructor in entomology. Departments of entomology and botany published for the United States Department of Agriculture a comprehensive bulletin dealing with the diseases of the chinch bug, Professors Billings and Glenn authors. At the request of the State Board of Health, the department undertook a serious investigation of the relations existing between the newly introduced disease of pellagra and the sand fly. H. W. Lohrenz appointed Griesa research fellow in entomology. 1912. — Head of department gives an address before the annual meeting of the American Association of Nursei-ymen at St. Louis. Results thus far of work of sand fly and pellagi-a published in the Journal of the American Association Medicine, Chicago. R. Eraser, Toronto, Canada, appointed to research fellowship in entomology. Head of department appointed one of a committee of five, repre- senting all parts of the United States, to cooperate in drafting and- aiding the passage of a federal law protecting this country against further introduction of injurious insects and plant diseases from foreign countries. The plans formulated by all interests concerned were accepted, and incorporated in the law, which became effective August 20 of this year. Head of department represented Kansas at the third triennial conference of the National Association for the Study of Pellagra. Supreme court handed down a decision, all judges concurring, establishing the constitutionality of the law under which the economic work of this department is carried on. Hungerford and Williams published a paper on "Some Kansas parasitic bees." In response to a request from the governor of the state, the chan- cellor appointed the head of the department as chairman of a com- mittee to investigate the horse plague then present in western Kansas. 1913. — Orrel M. Andrews, of Fairmount College, appointed research fel- low in entomology. Dwight Isely, who has just received his master's degree in this department, appointed to Schuyler fellowship in entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Mr. H. B. Hungerford made assistant professor of entomology. 2-Univ. Sci. Bull.. Vol. VIII. No. 1. 10 kansas university science bulletin. The Entomological Museum, Established in 1870. historical summary of its development. 1870. — Collected by Doctor Snow: 500 specimens (250 species) of insects. 1872. — Donated by students of the University of Kansas, under direction of Professor Snow: 800 specimens of Kansas insects, of which 600 were contributed by Geo. F. Gaumer, and 150 by Samuel Carson. 1873. — Donations : By students of the University: 300 specimens Kansas insects. By Professor F. H. Snow: 400 specimens Kansas insects. 1874. — Important aid in the study of natural history is afforded by the cabinet collections, which contain upwards of 12,000 specimens, illus- trating chiefly the departments of botany, entomology, and geology. Donations : By Geo. F. Gaumer: 300 specimens of Kansas insects. By E. B. Noyes: 200 specimens of Kansas insects. 1876. — "The collections in entomology have been greatly increased dur- ing the past year, chiefly through the voluntary contributions of University students, and now include upwards of 2000 species of Kansas insects. Donations : By Prof. F. H. Snow: 4000 Kansas insects; 200 foreign insects. By Geo. F. Gaumer: 3000 Kansas insects. By Collin Timmons: 800 Kansas insects. By Andrew Atchison : 500 Kansas insects. "The first collecting trip that Doctor Snow made, outside of the vicinity of Lawrence and Douglas county, was in 1876, to Colo- rado Springs and Pike's Peak. Five members of the graduating class of that year organized a scientific expedition for 'exploration in Colorado.' Professor Snow was invited to accompany the ex- pedition. During the first week of August the student members of the party returned home. Professor Snow and his wife and son Willie remained until September 1." 1877. — The collections in entomology have been greatly increased during the past year, chiefly through voluntary contributions of the scien- tific expedition to Colorado in the summer of 1876. The cabinets now include upwards of 3000 species of Kansas insects. Donations: By Prof. F. H. Snow: 6000 Colorado insects. By Geo. F. Gaumer: 900 Colorado insects. By Elmer B. Tucker: 400 Colorado insects. By Charles W. Smith: 300 Colorado insects. In the summer of this year Professor Snow and two students, Richard Foster and John H. Walker, made an expedition to Wallace county, where they collected about 1500 specimens of the then rare tiger beetle Amblychila cylindriformis, and reduced the market price of these specimens from $15 to $1. HUNTER: DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY. 11 1878. — The entomological collection contains more than 5000 species, rep- resenting all the different orders of insects. They are of practical value to the agricultural and horticultural interests of the state, as well as to the students of the University, in the determination of the names and habits of our insect friends and foes. Donations : By Geo. P. Gaumer: All the duplicates of his collection of Diptera, about 1000 specimens. By Prof. P. H. Snow: 3000 Kansas insects and plants. During August Professor Snow, with Richard Foster and L. L. Dyche, two students in the University, made a trip into Colorado to "Dome Rock," Platte canyon, where they collected insects. 1879. — The entomological collections contain more than 6000 species, representing all the different orders of insects. Professor Snow, with his family and two student assistants. Miss Annie Mosley and L. L. Dyche, made another trip to Colorado and camped for six weeks near Idaho Springs. They secured a fine col- lection of butterflies and moths. 1880. — The entomological collections contain more than 7000 species, representing all the different orders of insects. Donations : By Lewis L. Dyche: Collection of Colorado Lepidoptera, about 1000 specimens. By W. G. Raymond : 148 species of Kansas Coleoptera. Professor Snow and the same party of 1879 went to Santa Fe canon. New Mexico, and in four weeks they collected 237 species and varieties of Coleoptera, many of them new to science and rare, and also many other insects. 1881. — The entomological collections contain more than 8000 species, rep- resenting all of the different orders of insects. Donations : By J. C. Cooper, Esq., Topeka: Extensive and valuable ento- mological collections made by his son, the late Geo. P. Cooper. Professor Snow, with Prof. H. H. S. Smith of the physics depart- ment, and Professor Snow's son Willie, and L. L. Dyche, made a trip into New Mexico to the Magdalena mountains, collecting insects. 1882. — The entomological collections contain more than 10,000 species, representing all of the different orders of insects. Professor Snow, his family, and three students of the University, W. W. Russ, Miss Mary Dyche, and L. L. Dyche, spent nine weeks near the Las Vegas Hot Springs, New Mexico. A general collection of insects was made. 1883. — The entomological collections of the University contain more than 10,000 species. These have been greatly increased during the last few years by the voluntary contributions of the exploring parties in western Kansas, Colorado, and New Mexico. By means of the ma- terial thus accumulated, a system of exchanges has been established with leading institutions and naturalists in all parts of the United 12 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. States, so that the cabinets contain a very satisfactory representation of the insects not only of the state of Kansas, but also of the whole of North America. Donations : By Frank Thompson : Collection of beetles from Mexico. By Doctor Fritz Gaertner: A collection of Lepidoptera from Honduras. By J. C. Cooper, Esq., Topeka : A collection of Coleoptera from western Kansas and Colorado. By L. L. Dyche: Insects from New Mexico. Doctor Snow, with three students of the University, W. H. Brown, W. C. Stevens, and L. L. Dyche, made an expedition to the same locality as in 1882, collecting insects. 1884. — This year the collecting party, which again visited New Mexico, was divided into two sections. Professor Snow, W. C. Stevens and Willie Snow collected on Walnut creek, near Silver City; and L. L. Dyche and W. H. Brown collected part of the time on Baldy movintain and the rest of it on the headwaters of the Pecos river. 1885.— Donations : By W. H. Brown and W. C. Stevens: New Mexican insects. Appropriation of $50,000 by the legislature for the erection of a building on the University grounds for use of the department of natural history. 1887.— Donation : By M. Braverman : An alcoholic collection of California insects. 1888.— Donations : By Ed. Graham : Entomological specimens. By W. R. Cone: A collection of insects from California. 1889. — Donations : By Prof. L. L. Dyche: A collection of Kansas insects. By Mrs. L. L. Dyche: A collection of New Mexico Coleoptera. By J. N. Scott, Joseph Thoburn, M. E. Hickey, and W. E. Brewer: An extensive collection of cocoons and silk products from the state silk station at Peabody, Kan. By V. L. Kellogg: A set of 25 microscope slides, illustrating the genera and species of Mallophaga. By Miss Gertrude Crotty: A collection of Coffey county Orthop- tera. Professor Snow made a collecting trip to Estes Park, Colorado. 1890. — Donations: By W. G. Smith : A collection of Colorado insects. Professor Snow made a collecting trip to Bailey, Platte canyon, Colorado. 1891. — Donations : By H. R. Linville, Ness City: Collection of locusts from Ness county. By H. P. Krehbiel : Specimens of burrowing bees and nests of same. Professor Snow made a collecting trip to Manitou Park, Colorado. HUNTER: DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY. 13 1892. — Pi'ofessor Snow made a collecting trip to Estes Park, Colorado. 1894. — Donations : By W. A. Snow: 2000 Illinois Diptera. By Prof. L. Bruner, Lincoln, Neb. : Rare Nebraska Diptera. By S. W. Williston: Collection of Nevada Diptera. By Dr. S. W. Williston: Collection of Diptera, Douglas county; 20 types of new species of North American Diptera. By C. Faulkner, Atchison, Kan.: 300 species of Kansas Micro- diptera. By Prof. J. M. Aldrich, Moscow, Idaho: Diptera from South Dakota and elsewhere, with types of new species. By Dr. Geo. F. Gaumer: 1000 specimens of United States Diptera; 5000 Yucatan insects. By Nathan Banks, Sea Cliff, N. Y.: Neuroptera and Diptera from New York. By C. W. Johnson, Philadelphia : 100 specimens of Diptera from eastern United States. Doctor Snow made a collecting trip to the Magdalena mountains. New Mexico. 1896. — S. J. Hunter went to western Kansas to make a study of the grass- hopper problem, and collected insect specimens amounting to about 10,000 specimens. 1897. — Professor Snow made a collecting trip to Estes Park, Colorado. 1898. — Professor Hunter conducted a collecting expedition to western Kansas. 1899. — Professor Hunter conducted a collecting expedition to western Kansas. 1900. — Professor Hunter collected on the Atlantic coast. 1902. — Doctor Snow conducted a collecting expedition to Hamilton and Morton counties, Kansas. Doctor Snow also made a collecting trip to Oak Creek canyon, and Humphrey's Peak, Arizona. 1903. — Doctor Snow conducted a collecting expedition to Clark county, Kansas. Doctor Snow also conducted a collecting expedition to Martinez, or Congress Junction, and Williams Fork of Colorado river. 1904. — Doctor Snow, with his regular assistant, Mr. E. F. Tucker, and Dr. C. F. Adams spent three weeks at Galveston, Tex., making a general collection of insects. Doctor Snow also visited Oak Creek canyon, Coconino county, Ari- zona, being assisted by Prof. W. H. Johnson and two students, Eugene Smythe and Judah Drisco. 1905. — Doctor Snow spent a month at Brownsville, Tex., and was assisted by Mr. Tucker and an undergraduate student, Mr. E. G. Coi-wine. Later this same summer Doctor Snow, Eugene Smythe, Ebb. Crumb and RoUin Perkins spent five weeks at San Bernardino ranch, on Sycamore creek, Cochise county, Arizona. 14 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. 1906. — Doctor Snow, assisted by L. A. Adams, S. E. Crumb and Eugene Smyth, spent June and July in Pima county, Arizona, making a general collection of insects. 1907. — Doctor Snow made his last collecting trip to the Santa Rita moun- tains, Arizona. He was assisted on this expedition by W. J. Baum- gai-tner, W. R. B. Robertson, Fred Farragher, and Eugene Smythe. 1908. — By act of the board of regents, the collections were called "The Francis Huntington Snow Entomological Collections," in acknowl- edgment of the work done by Doctor Snow. 1909. — A valuable collection of exotic Coleoptera and Lepidoptera was added, part donated by Miss Barteldes, part by Mr. Sedgwick. 1910. — Mr. Francis X. Williams, of Leland Stanford University, was ap- pointed assistant curator of the entomological collection. Mr. F. X. Williams conducted a party, consisting of Messrs. Slagle, Bradbury and Hungerford, into northwestern Kansas, and made a biological and systematic survey of thirteen counties, and brought back 30,000 specimens. 1911. — Mr. F. X. Williams and Messrs. Lockwood, Lovejoy and Ray Miller spent the whole of the summer in southwestern Kansas, con- tinuing the systematic survey and collecting specimens, and brought back 25,000 specimens. 1912. — Mr. F. X. Williams and a party consisting of Messrs. Isely, Mallory, O'Roke and Jennings spent the summer in the eastern half of the northwestern quarter of Kansas, continuing the systematic survey and bringing back a large number of specimens. 1913. — Professor Hunter, the curator, Assistant Professor Hungerford, Mr. Collett, fellow, and Mr. Vansell, assistant, made up the expedi- tion which collected along Rock river, Wyoming, and Beaver creek, Montana. HUNTER: DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY. 15 SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL MUSEUM OF THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS FROM 1876 TO THE PRES- ENT TIME. 1876. — Colorado Springs and Pike's Peak, Colorado. 1877. — Wallace county, Kansas. 1878. — Gove county, Kansas. 1879. — "Dome Rock," Platte canyon, Colorado. 1879. — Idaho Springs, Colorado. 1880. — Santa Fe canyon. New Mexico. 1881. — Magdalena mountains, twenty-five miles west of Socorro. 1882. — Las Vegas Hot Springs, New Mexico. 1883. — Gallinas canyon, near Las Vegas Hot Springs, New Mexico. 1884.— New Mexico. 1889.— Estes Park, Colorado. 1890. — Bailey, Platte canyon, Colorado. 1891. — Manitou Park, Colorado. 1892.— Estes Park, Colorado. 1894. — Magdalena mountains. New Mexico. 1897. — Estes Park, Colorado; Edwards, Finney, and Hamilton counties, Kansas. 1898. — Hamilton, Wallace and Greeley counties, Kansas. 1899. — Cheyenne and Sherman counties, Kansas. 1900. — Woods Hole, Massachusetts. 1901.— Buzzard's Bay. 1902. — Hamilton and Morton counties, Kansas. 1902. — Oak Creek canyon and Humphi'ey's Peak, Arizona. 1903. — Clark county, Kansas. 1903. — Martinez, or Congress Junction, and Williams Fork of Colorado river. 1904. — Galveston, Texas. 1904. — Oak Creek canyon, Coconino, Arizona. 1905. — Brownsville, Texas; San Bernardino ranch, on Sycamore creek, Cochise county, Arizona. 1906. — Pima county, Arizona. 1907. — Santa Rita mountains, Arizona. 1910. — Gove, Logan, Sheridan, Rawlins, Decatur, Thomas, Cheyenne, Sherman, Wallace, Greeley, Wichita, Scott, and Lane counties, Kansas. 1911. — Pratt, Kiowa, Meade, Haskell, Grant, Stanton, Morton, Stevens, Seward and Clark counties, Kansas. 1912. — Barton, Rush, Ness, Trego, Ellis, Russell, Osborne, Rooks, Gra- ham, Norton, Phillips, and Smith counties, Kansas. 1913. — Rock river, Wyoming; Beaver creek, Montana. 16 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Insect Types and Cotypes in Entomological Museum. Order NEUROPTERA. Hemerobidse. Glenuyus snowii Banks. Order ORTHOPTERA. Mantidx. Stagomantis gracilipes Rehn. Tryxalinx. Coidillacris pinia Rehn. (Edipodinw. Lactista arphoides Rehn. Ti'imerotropis snowii Rehn. Acridiinx. Melanoplus blatchleyi Scudd. bruneri Scudd. gladstoni Brunn. intermedins Brunn. snowi Scudd. Locustidse. Ceuthophilus tuckeri Rehn. Plagiostira gracilis Rehn. Ceutophilus paucispinosa Rehn. Phrixocnemis franciscanus Rehn. Phrixocnemis socorrensis Rehn. Udeopsylla serrata Rehn. Order HEMIPTERA. — Heteroptera. Co7-eidx. Alydus setosus V. D. Berylidse. Jalysus wickhami V. D. Capsidie. Xestocrus nitens Reut. Diaphnidia debilis Uhl. Orthoptylus translucens Tucker. Oncotylus sericatus Uhl. Tingitidx. Corythuca pergandei Held. Order HEMIPTERA.— Homoptera. Coccidse. Aspidiotus fernaldi ckll. var. albiventer Hunter, tesculi Johns, sub. sp. solus Hunter. Diaspis snowii Hunter. "Lecanium kansasense Hunter, aurantiacum Hunter, cockerelli Hunter. Lecaniodiaspis (?) parrotti. hunter: department of entomology. 17 Order HEMIPTERA.— Homopteka. Fulgoridss. Scolopsella reticulata Ball. Oecleus snowii Ball. Bythoscopidss. Pediopsis erythrocephalus G. & B. Idiocerus snowii G. & Pr. perplexus G. & B. rufus G. & B. Agallia gilletei 0. & B. Jassidx. Memnoinia consobrina Ball. fraterna Ball. Parabolocratus brunneus Ball. Deltocephalus flexuosus Ball. Athysanus alpinus Ball. Eutettix scitula Ball, insana Ball, striata Ball, texana Ball, snowi Ball, osborni Ball. Phlepsius graphicus Ball, cumulatus Ball, denudatus Ball, turpiculus Ball. Scaphoideus blandus Ball. Lonatura noctuaga Ball. salsura Ball. Thamnotettix cockerelli Ball. osborni Ball. Empoasca atrolabes Gill, unieolor Gill, alboneura Gill, nigroscuta G. & B. Order COLEOPTERA. Elateridse. Cardiophorus arizonensis Fall. Cleridse. Cymatodera arizon» Wolcott. subsimilis Wolcott. Clerus snowi Wolcott. bioculatus Skinner. Hydnocera ornata Wolcott. caeruleipennis Wolcott. Searabeidse. Ochodaeus kansanus Fall. Cerambyddx. Leptostylus yuceae Fall. Chrysomelidse. Pachybrachys notatus Bow. discolor Bow. Meloidx. Hornia? gigantea Wellman. 3-Univ. Sci. Bull.. Vol. VUI. No. 1. 18 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Order DIPTERA. (North American List.) Tipulidse. Eriocera eriophoia Will. obscura Will. Rhaphidolabis debilis Will. Tipula acuta Doane. dorsimacula Walker, dorsolineata Doane. retusa Doane. unincineta Doane. spectabilis Doane. streptocera Doane. sulphurea Doane. Psychodidse. Psychoda slossoni Will. Chironomidx. Tersesthes torrens Towns. Ceratopogon dimidiatus Adams. flavus Will. Chironomus anonymus Will. flaviventris Johan. longimanus Will. lucifer Johan. microcerus Will. Alabesmyia aurea Johan. Culicidas. Culex affinis Adams, apicalis Adams, particeps Adams. Mycetophilidas. Ceroplatus apicalis Adams. Platynuia gracilis Will, notabilis Will, pulchra Will. Sciophila angulata Adams. nigricauda Adams. Syntemna mutor Adams. Neoglaphyroptera cuneola Adams, lineola Adams, striata Will. Macrocera diluta Adams. Eugnoriste occidentalis Coq. Cecidomyidx. Asphondylia atriplicis Towns. Cecidomyia radit» Snow. Simuliidie. Simulium argus Will. notatum Adams. Stratiomydx. Scoliopelta luteipes Will. Hermetia comstocki Will. eiseni Towns. Ptecticus sackeni Will. Chrysochroma albipes Towns. Macrosargus clavis Will. HUNTER: DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY. 19 Order DIPTERA. (North American List.) Stratiomydx — continued. Odontomyia americana Day. flava Day. pilosa Day. pubescens Day. Euparyphus albipilosus Adams, limboventris Will, mutabilis Adams, ornatus Will, septemmaculatus Adams. Clitellaria argentata Will. Nemotelus abdominalis Adams, bruesii Mel. kansensis Adams, trinotatus Mel. Tabanidse. •Pangonia dives Will, fera Will. Silvius pollinosus Will. Chrysops bistellatus Djeck. discalis Will, frazari Will, pachyceras Will. -Chrysops pertinax Will. sequax Will. ' Tabanus baal Towns, fenestra Will, fratellus Will, fur Will, guttatues Towns, hyalinipennis Hine. laticeps Hine. osborni Hine. parvulus Will, produetus Hine. pygmseus Will, sodalis Will. ■ Snowiellus atratus Hine. Leptidie. Xylophagus decorus Will, gracilis Will, nitidus Adams. Xylomyia parens Will. Arthroceras pollinosum Will. Leptis palpalis Adams, pleuralis Adams. Chrysopila bella Adams. flavibarbis Adams, lucifera Adams. Symphoromyia flavipalpis, Adams, pachyceras Will, plangens Will. Nemestrinidse. Hirmoneura flavipes Will. Rhynchocephalus sackeni Will, volaticus Will. Cyrtidie. Acrocera liturata Will. KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Order DIPTERA. (North American List.) Bombylidie. Anthrax aemulus O. S. agrippina 0. S. alta Tucker, comparata Tucker, cuniculus O. S. faustina O. S. livia 0. S. moneta 0. S. sabina O. S. Triplasius novus Will. Heterostylum sackeni Will. Anastoechus melanobalteralis Tucker, fulvipennis Tucker, melanobalteralis var. Lordotus pulcherrimus Will. Eclimus auratus Will, lotus Will, melanosus Will, sodalis Will. Desmatoneura argentifrons Will. Aphoebantus carbonarius 0. S. conurus O. S. Cyclops O. S. Desmatomyia anomala Will. Dolichomyia gracilis Will. Therevidn'.. Psilocephala acuta Adams. lateralis Adams, occipitalis Adams. Thereva anomala Adams, ci'assiconiis Will. Scenopinidas. Scenopinus electa Adams. mirabilis Adams. Mydaidss. Ectypus townsendi Will. luteolus Will. Mydas abdominalis Adams, scitulus Will. Apioceridx. Rhaphiomydas mellifex Towns, xanthos Towns. Asilidx. Stenopogon aeacidinus Will. Triclis tagax Will. Myelaphus rufus Will. Dioctria pusio O. S. nitida Will, sackeni Will. Cyrtopogon dasyllis Will, dubius Will. ?gibber Will, preepes Will. Lasiopogon terricola Johnson. Holopogon snowii. HUNTER: DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY. 21 Order DIPTERA. (North American List.) Asilidse — continued. Saropogon albifrons Black. Dei'omyia perplexa M. A. C. Taracticus brevicoi-nis Will. Cophura? breviconis Will, fur Will, scitula Will. Atonia mikii Will. Nicocles abdominalis Will. rufus Will. Nusa chalybea Will. Laphria canis Will. carbonai'ius Will, ferox Will, pubescens Will, ruficauda Will, ventralis Will. vivax Will. Xanthippe Will. Ommatius nigromaculosus Back. Proctacanthus amo Towns. Erax dubius Will, jubatus Will, latrunculus Will. leucocomus Will, similis Will stamineus Will, varipes Will. Mallophora guildiana Will. Promachus albifaces Will, princeps Will, ruflpes Fabr. Stenoprosopus arizonensis Will. Neoitamus affinis- Will. distinctus Will. Tolmerus delusus Tucker, callidus Will, mesae Tucker. Philodicus rufipennis Hine. Asilus angustifrons Will. astutus Will. Rhadiurgus leucopogon Will. Dolichopodidx . Psilopodinus insularis Aid. Diaphorus contiguus Aid. dubius Aid. flavipes Aid. simplex Aid. spectabilis Loew. Asyndetus fratellus Aid. Chrysotus albipalpus Aid. excisus Aid. hirsutus Aid. niger Aid. proximus Aid. Eutarsus sinuatus Aid. Parasyntormon occidentale Aid. Sympycnus frater Aid. Anepsiomyia linearis Aid. Neurigona lateralis Say. 22 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Order DIPTERA. (North American List.) DoUcliopodidx — continued. Thinophilus pectinifei' Wheeler. Thrypticus cupuliferus Aid. singularis Aid. Hydrophorus canescens Wheeler. Liancalus hydrophilus Aid. similis Aid. Dolichopus albicoxa Aid. ciliatus Aid coloradensis Aid. convei'gens Aid. dakotensis Aid. duplicatus Aid. grandis Aid. angustatus Aid. idahoensis Aid. kansensis Aid. marginatus Aid. obeordatus Aid. occidentalis Aid. plumosus Aid. tenuipes Aid. vigilans Aid. willistonii Aid. Herocostomus latipes Aid. Paraclius filifer Aid. venustus Aid. Sarcionus lineatus Aid. Pelastoneurus argentifer Aid. kansensis Aid. Empididw. Drapetis flavida Will. flaviceps Will. Paraxhalassius aldrichi Mel. Thinodromia inchoata Mel, Hilara nugax Mel. Rhamphomyia sociabilis Will. Phoridx. Aphiochaeta halictoi'um Mel. & Brues. Platypezidie. Callimyia venusta Loew. Calotarsa ealceata Snow. ornatipes Towns. Platypeza abscondita Snow. cinerea Snow. pulchra Snow. tseniata Snow. umbrosa Snow. unicolor Snow. Pipunculidx. Pipunculus fuscitaris Adams. Syi-phidmeutidse. Plutella yumaella Kearf. Blastobasidx. Holocera arizoniella Kearf. Tineidx. Trichophaga crescentella Kearf. Order HYMENOPTERA. Tenthredinidse. Hyiotoma conspiculata MacG. Evaniidx. Hyptia texana Brad. Ichnenmonidx. Ichneumon arizonensis Vier. egregiafasciali.s Vier. citrinifacialis Vier. flavicornis Cress, varriola Cres. oryxiocornis Vier. 30 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Order HYMENOPTERA. Ichneumoiiidx — continued. Ichneumon nigrosignatus Vier. hemimelanarius Vier. humphreyi Vier. flavofascialis Vier. (Barichneumon) flavofascialis Vier. maurus Cress. Syndipnus erythrogaster Vier. Platylabus omniferrugineus Vier. Phygadeuon oryxicornis Vier. spinicoxus Vier. Cryptus citrinimaculatus Vier. consobrinus Vier. politicalypterus Vier. Nematopodius exclamans Vier. Mesostenus discoidaloides Vier. Hemiteles manitouensis Vier. laphroscopoides Vier. Pezomachus homalommoides Vier. testaceicoxus Vier. alogus Vier. Ophion idoneum Vier. Eremotylus felti Vier. Thyreodon morio Fabr., var. transitionalis Vier. snowi Vier. Nototrachys reticulatus Cress. Anomalon fulvescens, var. iiemimelas Vier. paeneferrugineum Vier. Atrometus angitioides Vier. Campoplex piiotomorphus Vier. wyomingensis Vier. Limnerium lawrencei Vier. vigile Vier. perdistinctum Vier. Idechthis biconjunctus Vier. psenerivalis Vier. Amorphota perrivalis Vier. psenexareolata Vier. confluens Vier. confluens Vier., mutation a. confluens Vier., mutation b. confluens Vier., mutation c. augusta Vier. galvestonensis Vier. nocturna Vier. relativa Vier. ferruginosa Vier. autumnalis Vier. Ischnoscopus taeniatus Vier. Angitia autumnalis Vier. Mesochorus noctivagus Vier. Olesicampa melanerythrogastra Vier. Thersilochus hamiltonensis Vier. snowi Vier. egi'egiacolor Vier. ' mimeticus Vier. quintilis Vier. Metopius grandior Vier. Boethus aenigmaticus Vier. HUNTER: DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY. 31 Order HYMENOPTERA. Ichneumonidas — continued. Synchnoporthus tuckeri Vier. Callidiotes kansensis Brues. Seopiarius monticola Brues. Agathobanchus bradleyi Vier. Pimpla parvialba Vier. landerensis Vier. Gljrpta aprilis Vier. brunneisigna Vier. egregiafovea Vier. succineipennis Vier. Arenetra leucotsenia Vier. Pristomerus appalachianus Vier. appalachianus, var. dorsocastaneus Vier. Harrimaniella paeneimitatrix Vier. Lampronota occidentalis Cress. Braconidie. Bracon kansensis Vier. piceipes Vier. Lysiphlebus succineus Vier. Melanobracon ulmicola Vier. Vipio erythrus Vier. piceipectus Vier. Rhogas fuscicaudus Vier. melanothoi'ax Vier. cockerelli Vier. Chelonus altitudinis Vier. egregicolor Vier. exogyrus Vier. nucleolus Vier. texanoides Vier. Microgaster tuckeri Vier. Diachasma appalachicola Vier. secunda Vier. Boisteres indotatus Vier. Ichneutidea preteroptoides Vier. Cardiochiles nigroclypeus Vier. Ascogaster mimeticus Vier. Agathis wyomingensis Vier. Microdus agathoides Vier. nigrotrochantericus Vier. pimploides Vier. castaneicinctus Vier. wichitanensis Vier. Crassomicrodus nigricaudus Vier. Lytopylus azygos Vier. Meteorus campestris Vier. relativus Vier. noctivagus Vier. Dinotrema signifrons Vier. Brachistes nocturnus Vier. Zele crassicalcaratus Vier. Coenocelius politifrons Vier. Iphiaulax perepicus Vier. propinquus Vier. militaris Vier. melanogaster Vier. cinnabarinus Vier. triangulifera Vier. 32 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Order HYMENOPTERA. Braconiche — continued. Opius aberrans Vier. basiniger Vier. luteiceps Vier. nigrocastaneus Vier. Aphaereta delosa Vier. subtricarinata Vier. Aspilota Columbiana Vier. Hormiopterus claripennis Brues. Phaenodus caddous Vier. Hedysomus wichitus. Doryctes femur-rubrum Vier. apacheus Vier. Doryctomorpha shoshonea Vier. Chalcididx. Leucospis bicincta Vier. (Proctotrupidse) Serphidx. Scelio monticola Brues. striaticollis Brues. venata Brues. Chrysididx. Notozus connexus Vier. Chrysis equidens Vier. kahli Vier. kansensis Vier. petronella Vier. snowi Vier. Mutillidas. Mv.tilla crepuscula Vier. nigricauda Vier. prognoides Vier. apachea Vier. montivagoides Vier. quintilis Vier. imperialiformis Vier. Brachycystis stictinotus Vier. Scoliidx. Elis pollenifera Vier. pollenifera Vier, var. A. Vier. (Pompilidx) Psammocharidx. Anoplius snowi Vier. Cryptochelius paeneparcus Vier. Aporus ferrugineipes Vier. Pepsis angustimarginata Vier. Sphecidx. Sphex ashmeadi Pernald. Parasphex ferrugineus Fox. Larridee. Larropsis minor Williams, ater Williams, paenerugosa Vier. tachysphecoides Vier. vegetoides Vier. zerbeii Vier. hunter: department of entomology. 33 Order HYMENOPTERA. Larridss — continued. Tachysphex clarkonis Vier. crassiformis Vier. robusterior Williams. consimiloides Williams. sculptiloides Williams. nigrocaudatus Williams. plenoculiformis Williams. crenuloides Williams. dentatus Williams. sepuleralis Williams. glabrior Williams. Tachytes intermedins Vier. Plenoculus apicalis Williams. Niteliopsis kansensis Williams. Niteliopsis foxii Vier. Nyssonidx. Gorytes gulielmi Vier. papagorum Vier. subaustralis Vier. Nysson clarconis Vier. intermedius Vier. Philanthidx. Philanthus clarconis Vier. magdalenae Vier. Dideneis crassicornis Vier. Pemphredon ides. Passaloecus equalis Vier. Diodontus brunneicornis Vier. Crabronidx. Trypoxylon quintilis Vier. regularis Vier. Crabro canonicola Vier. cinctibellus Vier. clarconis Vier. Crabro papagorum Vier. Oxybelus exclamans Vier. viciniformis Vier. Notoglossa calligaster Vier. p»nemarginatus Vier. tsenigaster Vier. Eumenidx. Eumenes bolliformis Vier. enigmatus Vier. cruciferarum Vier. globulosiformis Vier. marginilineatus Vier. Odynerus yumus Vier. amphichrous Vier. anormiformis Vier. cochisensis Vier. congressus Vier. delodontus Vier. egregius Vier. 5-Univ. Sci. BulL.Vol. VIII. No. 1. 34 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Order HYMENOPTERA. Euvienidm — continued. Odynerus excentralis Vier. gulielmi Vier. leionotus Vier. pimorum Vier. microstictus Vier. maricoporum Vier. papagorum Vier. paenevagus Vier. percampanulatus Vier. rectangulis Vier. sulfuritinctus Vier. pulverulenta Vier. spectabiliformis Vier. hidalgiformis Vier. subtoltecus Vier. canaliculatus Vier. provisoreus Vier. tempiferus Vier. Vespidx. Polistes exclamans Vier. Apoidea. Andrena alasliensis Vier. delosa Vier. Perdita klagesi Vier. Melissodes duplocincta Ckll. galvestonensis Ckll. herrickii Ckll. hexacantha Ckll. nigrosignata Ckll. pallidisignata Ckll. prjelauta Ckll. portivagans Ckll. semitristis Ckll. tenuitarsis Ckll. Xenoglossa pruinosa, var. limitaris Ckll. strenua, var. Kanensis Ckll. Anthophora montaniformis Vier. Synhalonia gilletti, sub. sp. snowii Ckll. fuscotincta Ckll. lippise, var. sublippiae Ckll. Diadasia afflicta perafflicta Ckll. Exomalopsis snowii Ckll. Psithyrus tricolor Franklin. consultis Franklin. Order DIPTERA. (African.) Tabimdx. Hinea flavipes Adams. Tabanus tarsalis Adams. Asilidx. Promachus flavibarbis Adams. apicalis Adams. solus Adams. negligens Adams. Sisyrnodites major Adams. nigrifimbriis Adams. HUNTER: DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY. 35 Order DIPTERA. (African.) Bombyliidx. Systropus snowi Adams. Syrphidx. Melanostoma bituberculata Adams. Eristalis longicornis Adams. aequalis Adams. communis Adams. dissimilis Adams. Conopidas. Conops fumipennis Adams, bellus Adams, semifumosus Adams. Muscidx. Paracompsomyia houghi Adams. splendida Adams, verticalis Adams. Sciomyzida:. Sepedon ornatifrons Adams, scapularis Adams. Diopsidx. * Diopsis affinis Adams, nitidus Adams, pollinosus Adams. 36 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. CONTENTS OP MUSEUM. North American Coleoptera Lepidoptera Diptera Hymenoptera Hemiptera Orthoptera Neuroptera Exotic Coleoptera " Lepidoptera Collections for studies in geographic distribu- tion, variations and economic problems. . Grand totals ' 20,803 Grand total in Museum Number of species varieties in regular named collections. Number of specimens in regular named collections. 8,089 35,052 3,756 12,208 2,244 6,741 1,304 3,912 1,064 3,724 492 1,845 293 2,600 8,450 981 1,716 182,000 20,803 255,640 276,451 SUMMARY OP TYPES IN SNOW ENTOMOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS. Neuroptera 1 Orthoptera 15 Hemiptera 45 Coleoptera 12 Diptera 490 Lepidoptera 100 Hymenoptera 258 African Diptera 25 Total 946 hunter: department of entomology. 37 What the University, Through its Department of Entomology, is Doing for the State.* 1. For the State in General. 2. For Each One of the 105 Counties in Particular. FOR THE STATE. 1. Extended investigations in alfalfa culture and insect life, with special reference to native grasshoppers. 2. Increased alfalfa yield one-third by methods of culture devised by this department and now uniformly used over the entire state. 3. Demonstrated that bees largely increase the alfalfa seed yield. 4. Four thousand copies of manual, fully illustrated, on bee culture and management, distributed free over the state. 5. Fifteen thousand copies of directions for dealing with injurious grasshoppers, distributed over the state. 6. Eight thousand fully illustrated bulletins on alfalfa culture dis- tributed over the state. 7. Eight thousand nine hundred and thirty-two boxes of green-bug parasites distributed over the state, a check to the inroads of this most de- structive wheat insect. 8. Fifteen thousand bulletins, fully illustrated, on the green bug and how to control it by proper culture and use of parasites. Assisted by Professor Glenn and advanced students. 9. Ten thousand bulletins, fully illustrated, on insects most injurious to fruit trees, with Professor Headlee of the Agricultural College. 10. Two thousand circulars of detailed information dealing with spe- cial current problems. 11. Detailed survey of orchards, 1,142,466 trees, in seven counties, and the directions given owners for their management. 12. Investigations looking toward control of woolly aphis and crown gall, two of the most serious menaces to the nursery business. 13. Eradication of San Jose scale from seven counties. 14. Directed, in the past two years, 1910-'12, work of spraying 162,585 fruit trees. 15. Annual examination of nursery stock, making possible its sale and shipment. 16. Inspection of all imports of nursery stock from foreign coun- tries. In this there has been detected and destroyed about 5000 brown- tail moths, an insect which is costing some of the eastern states in remedial measures thousands of dollars annually. 17. Survey each spring of wheat areas to detect presence of green bug. This at the request of the millers and grain men. *_At the close of each biennium the Department is called upon for this information, and it has accordingly been deemed advisable to place this data here in permanent form for future reference. Since 1907 the activities of the Department along economic lines, in accordance with the assignment of the Kansas State Entomological Commission, has been confined to the southern half of the state. 38 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. 18. Furnishing high schools with mounted collections without cost. 19. Detailed survey of insect life of thirty-five counties. Distin- guishing the beneficial from the injurious. Assisted by Mr. F. X. Williams and advanced students. 20. In past fifteen years, performed entomological work of prac- tical value in 105 counties. 21. State entomologist, entomologist to Kansas State Board of Agri- culture. Entomologist to Kansas State Board of Horticulture, honorary member of Western Association of Nurserymen. 22. Addresses before various state societies on problems of economic value. 23. Answer from 5000 to 8000 letters annually to citizens of the state, giving information sought by them. 24. Federal act of August 20, 1912, requires all importations of trees, plants, shrubs, bulbs, etc., to be inspected at point of destination by properly authorized state authority. This department performs this service for the south half of the state. 25. Extended investigation on probable cause of the human disease pellagra. 26. Chairman of University research commission on the horse plague. The results of this work were to locate the cause in improperly cured forage, and to demonstrate conclusively that a change to properly cured forage eliminated the disease. At the time when the University under- took this work there were many theories advocated regarding the cause, and now practically all investigators engaged on the problem agree with the University's diagnosis. 27. Construction of federal legislation in interest of horticulture, and assistance in passage of same. For some ten years the federal authorities and horticultural interests had been unable to agree on federal legislation to protect this country against importations of foreign pests. There is now a federal statute, and Kansas has proper protection thereby. Two trips were made to Washington and frequent conferences held with the members of House Committee on Agriculture in connection with this work. 28. The large problems which concern the state from time to time, such as the native grasshoppers, chinch bugs, Hessian fly, green bug, and codling moth, as the preceding pages show from year to year during the past forty years as occasion required, have been the subject of special in- vestigations by the department. For example, in the year 1913 the department cooperated with county commissioners in the distribution of 170 tons of the dry poison for the extermination of grasshoppers. HUNTER: DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY. 39 FOR THE STATE, ARRANGED BY COUNTIES. Allen County. Eradicated infestation of San Jose scale. Made examination and certified to the healthy condition of about $5000 worth of nursery stock during one year. Distributed green-bug parasite. Anderson County. Directed the treatment of insects injurious to forest trees. Distributed green-bug parasite. Inspected nursery stock. Conducted experimental work on chinch bug. Atchison County. Distributed green-bug parasites. Made examination of the orchards with reference to a serious out- break of apple blight, and reported same to the United States Department of Agriculture. Barber County. Made e.xamination and certified to the healthy condition of about $5000 worth of nursery stock each year. Distributed green-bug parasites. Barton Couyity. Made annual examination and certified to the healthy condition of about $15,000 worth of nursery stock during the last eight years. Established and maintained a distributing station for the distribution of the green-bug parasite.- Made a detailed survey of the insect life of the county. Gave individual assistance to farmers in fighting grasshoppers. Bourbon County. Made annual examination and certified to the healthy condition of about $75,000 worth of nursery stock at four points during each of the last ten years, making possible its sale and shipment. Distributed green-bug parasites. Investigations of the sand fly with reference to its connection with the distribution of pellagra. Brown County. Made examination of orchards with reference to serious outbreak of apple blight, and reported same to the United States Department of Agriculture. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Butler County. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Chase County. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Chautauqua County. Distribution of green-bug parasites. 40 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Cherokee County. Made annual examination and certified to the healthy condition of about $5000 worth of nursery stock during each of the last two years. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Cheyeyine County. Made a detailed study of insect life, with special reference to the species injurious and beneficial to agriculture, requiring the time of four men for one year. Clark County. Made a detailed survey of the insect life, with special reference to the species injurious and beneficial to agriculture. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Clay County. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Special green-bug investigation conducted here. Cloud County. Made examination of orchards, with reference to a serious outbreak of apple blight, and reported same to United States Department of Agri- culture. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Coffey County. Made annual examination and certified to the healthy condition of about $30,000 worth of nursery stock during each of the last ten years, enabling the owner to offer same for sale and shipment. Inspection of orchards and shade trees. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Comanche County. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Cowley County. Made annual examinations and certified to the healthy condition of about $400,000 worth of nursery stock during each of the last sixteen years. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Craivford County. Made annual examination and certified to the healthy condition of about $40,000 worth of nursery stock at three points during each of the last eight years, making possible its sale and shipment. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Survey of orchard and forest trees and advising owners as to methods of treatment. Decatur County. Made demonstrations of the value of the disc harrow in alfalfa culture, increasing thereby the alfalfa yield one-third. Made detailed survey of insect life, with special reference to species injurious and beneficial to agriculture. Distribution of green-bug parasites. hunter: department of entomology. 41 . Dickinson County. Made annual examination and certified to the healthy condition of about $10,000 worth of nursery stock during each of the last eight years. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Doniphan County. Made examination of the orchards with reference to a serious outbreak of apple blight, and reported same to the United States Department of Agriculture. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Douglas County. Made annual examination and certified to the healthy condition of about $300,000 worth of nursery stock at five different points, during each of the last sixteen years. Eradicated a serious infestation of San Jose scale. Detected of foreign importations seven nests, amounting to about 1500 of the brown-tail moth. Erected an inexpensive plant for the manufacture of orchard sprays, demonstrating to farmers their independence of any spray manufacturing concern. Took immediate charge of the spraying and management of one orchard and directed the work in two other large orchards. Demonstrated in experimental orchard the efficacy of sprays in pro- ducing sound fruit and in increasing yield and market value of orchards. Edwards County. Established and maintained for many years experiment station for the exclusive study of alfalfa culture and insect life, with special reference to grasshoppers. Developed and established on a firm basis the cultural value of the disc harrow in the production of alfalfa. Demonstrated that disking and cross-harrowing in the spring in- creased the alfalfa yield about one-third. Made annual examination and certified to the healthy condition of about $.5000 worth of nursery stock during each of the last seven years. The department here profited by the cooperation of Professor Dean, of the Agricultural College, in campaign against the grasshopper. Elk County. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Ellis County. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Made detailed survey of insect life of the county, with special refer- ence to species injurious and beneficial to agriculture. Ellsworth County. Distribution of green-bug parasites. 6-Univ. Sci. Bull., Vol. VIII, No. 1. 42 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Finney County. Conducted experiments with reference to the part played by bees in the production of alfalfa seed. It was shown that bees increased the alfalfa seed yield fully two- thirds. It was further shown that alfalfa was the best honey-producing plant in the state. Survey of orchard and forest trees and direction of means of taking proper care of them. Survey of the insect life of the county with special reference to the species injurious and beneficial to agriculture. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Cooperated with county commissioners in campaign against grass- hoppers. Distributed poison — 4000 pounds Paris green and 40 tons bran. Ford County. An extended demonstration through three seasons proved the value of the disc harrow in the production of alfalfa. A detailed survey of the shade and fruit trees of Dodge City, and the direction of the necessary spraying of the trees infested with San Jose scale. Annual examination, without cost to the state, at the State Forestry Station. Survey of the insect life of the county. Cooperated with county commissioners in campaign against grass- hoppers. Distributed 4500 pounds Paris green, 45 tons bran. The de- partment profited here by the cooperation of Professor Dean, of the Agricultural College, the Santa Fe and the U. S. Department of Agri- culture. Franklin County. Made annual examination and certified to the healthy condition of about $350,000 worth of nursery stock during each of the last sixteen years, enabling owners to off'er same for sale and shipment. Prepared 4500 gallons of spray for one orchardist. Examined some fifteen shipments of foreign importations of nursery stock, detecting thereon and destroying twenty-seven nests of the brown- tail moth, amounting in all to 5000 insects so highly destructive to forest and fruit and shade trees. Fumigated about $40,000 worth of nursery stock. Made detailed survey of fruit and shade trees and advised concern- ing methods of caring for them. Investigations of sand-fly distribution with reference to its con- nection with the dissemination of pellagra. Geary County. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Gove County. Made a detailed study of insect life with special reference to the species beneficial and injurious to agriculture, requiring the entire time of four men during the entire season. hunter: department of entomology. 43 Graham County. The extended demonstration through three seasons proved the value of the disc harrow in the production of alfalfa. Distribution of gi-een-bug parasites. Study of the insect life with special reference to species beneficial and injurious to agriculture. Grant County. Made a detailed study of insect life with special reference to species beneficial and injurious to agriculture. G7-ay County. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Cooperated with county commissioners in campaign against grass- hoppers. Distributed poison — 1700 pounds Paris green, 17 tons bran. Greeley County. Made a detailed study of insect life with special reference to species injurious and beneficial to agriculture, requiring the entire time of four men during a part of the year and of two men the entire season. Greenwood County. Made annual examination and certified to the healthy condition of about $2.5,000 worth of nursery stock during each of the last six years. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Hamilton County. Maintained and established a station for five years, dealing vnth alfalfa culture and insect life, with special reference to native grasshoppers, in- creasing thereby the alfalfa yield one-third. Demonstrated that bees were not only profitable for honey, but also for their part in increasing the alfalfa-seed yield fully two-thirds. Gave individual assistance to the farmers in fighting grasshoppers. Harper County. Eradicated infestation of San Jose scale. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Harvey County. Made annual examination and certified to the healthy condition of about $25,000 worth of nursery stock during each of the last sixteen years. Corrected false report sent out by agent of Department of Agriculture on infestation of San Jose scale. This report, if allowed to stand, would have brought about great pecuniary loss to the nurserymen. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Haskell County. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Made detailed study of the insect life, with special reference to the species injurious and beneficial to agriculture. 44 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Hodgeman County. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Cooperated with county commissioners in campaign against grass- hoppers. Distributed poison — 1000 pounds Paris green, 10 tons bran. Jackson County. Made annual examination and certified to the healthy condition of about $15,000 worth of nursery stock during each of the last twelve years. Study of sand-fly distribution, with reference to its possible connection with the dissemination of pellagra. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Jefferson Cotinty. Field laboratory for green-bug investigation. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Direction of work on orchard culture. Jewell County. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Kept a man in the field directing work against the green bug. Johnson County. Owner of large young orchard at Lenexa asked the department to assume direction of its scientific management, and this the department did. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Kearny County. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Study of insect life, vsrith special reference to species injurious and beneficial to agriculture. Cooperated with county commissioners in campaign against grass- hoppers. Distributed poison — 2500 pounds Paris green, 25 tons bran. Kingman County. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Inspection of nursery stock annually, making possible its sale and shipment. Inspection of shade and fruit trees for San Jose scale. Kiowa County. Established and maintained a field station for the distribution of the green-bug parasite. Labette County. Eradicated San Jose scale, the most serious menace to horticulture in one portion of the county. Made detailed examinations of shade and fruit trees at Parsons, and directed sj^-aying with the purpose of eradicating this scale from the city. Made annual examination and certified to the healthy condition of about $300,000 worth of nursery stock at three points during each of the last twelve years, making possible its sale and shipment. Investigation of sand fly, with reference to its connection with the transmission of pellagra. hunter: department of entomology. 45 Lane County. Made a detailed study of insect life, with special reference to species injurious and beneficial to agriculture, i-equiring the entire time of four men during the entire summer. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Gave individual assistance to the farmers in fighting grasshoppers. Leavenworth County. Made annual examination and certified to the healthy condition of about $40,000 worth of nursery stock during the last ten years. Distribution of gieen-bug parasites. Lincoln County. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Linn Cotinty. Made annual examination and certified to the healthy condition of about $40,000 worth of nursery stock, making possible its sale and ship- ment. Made annual examination and certified to the healthy condition of about $2000 worth of greenhouse stock, enabling owner to offer same for sale and shipment. Distributioa of green-bug parasites. Inspected orchards and advised owners as to methods of culture and management. Logan County. Made a detailed study of the insect life with special reference to species injurious and beneficial to agriculture. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Lyon County. Made annual examination and certified to the healthy condition of about $10,000 worth of nursery stock during the last six years. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Marion County. Made annual examination and certified to the healthy condition of about $10,000 worth of nursery stock during each of the last sixteen years. Established and maintained an experiment station on green bug and other insects damaging the wheat. Marshall County. Made examinations of orchards with reference to a serious outbreak of apple blight and reported same to the United States Department of Agriculture. Distribution of green-bug parasites. McPherson County. Made annual examination and certified to the healthy condition of about $5000 worth of nursery stock during each of the last four years. Distribution of green-bug parasites. 46 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Meade County. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Study of the distribution of sand fly in its connection with the possible transmission of pellagra. Study of insect life with special reference to species injurious and beneficial to agriculture. Cooperated with county commissioners in campaign against grass- hoppers. Distributed poison — 1500 pounds Paris green, 30,000 pounds bran. Miami County. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Mitchell County. Kept a man in the field directing work against the green bug. Montgomery County. Made annual examination and certified to the healthy condilion of about $10,000 worth of nursery stock at two points during each of the last ten years. Study of the sand fly with its possible connection with the transmission of pellagra. Survey of orchards and shade trees, giving advice as to methods of culture and management. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Morris County. Made annual examination, and certified to the healthy condition of about $40,000 worth of nursery stock during the last eight years. Directed the spraying of a 125-acre orchard during three years. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Morton County. Made special study of insect life vvdth special reference to species in- jurious and beneficial to agriculture. Nemaha County. Made examination of orchards with reference to serious outbreak of apple blight, and reported same to United States Department of Agi'i- culture. Made annual examination and certified to healthy condition of about $6000 worth of nursery stock during each of the last twelve years. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Neosho County. Made annual examination and certified to healthy condition of about $50,000 worth of nursery stock during each of the last twelve years, enabling the owner to make sale and shipment. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Survey of shade trees and fruit trees and direction of methods for control of tent caterpillar pest. hunter: department of entomology. 47 Ness County. Investigation of horse plague in western Kansas. Study of insect life with special reference to species injurious and beneficial to agriculture. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Gave individual assistance to the farmers in fighting grasshoppers. Norton County. The extended demonstration through three seasons proved the value of the disc harrow in the production of alfalfa. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Study of the insect life with special reference to species injurious and beneficial to agriculture. Osage County. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Osborne County. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Study of insect life with special reference to species injurious and beneficial to agriculture. Ottawa County. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Pawnee County. A detailed survey in the city of Lamed of shade and fruit trees, and directing the spraying of the area. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Phillips County. Kept a man in the field directing work against green bug. Pottawatomie County. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Pratt County. Eradicated infestation of San Jose scale. Made examination of and certified to healthy condition of about $5000 worth of nursery stock. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Study of insect life with special reference to species injui'ious and beneficial to agriculture. Gave individual assistance to the farmers in fighting grasshoppers. Rawlins County. Made a detailed study of insect life with special reference to species beneficial and injurious to agriculture. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Republic County. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Made examination of orchards with reference to serious outbreak of apple blight, and reported same to the United States Department of Agriculture: 48 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Reno County. Made detailed examination of the orchards. Directed spraying of infested orchards until, as far as our obser- vation goes, the San Jose scale has been eradicated from that county. Made annual examination and certified to the healthy condition of about $10,000 worth of nursery stock during the last six years. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Rice County. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Riley County. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Rooks County. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Study of insect life with special reference to species beneficial and injurious to agriculture. Rush County. Made a detailed survey of insect life with special reference to species beneficial and injurious to agriculture. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Russell County. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Saline County. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Scott County. Study of insect life, with special reference to species injurious and beneficial to agriculture. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Cooperated with county commissioners in campaign against grass- hoppers. Distributed poison — 1000 pounds arsenic, 10 tons bran. Sedgwick County. A detailed examination of ten townships, giving specific directions to owners in each case on the best methods of orchard management, amount- ing in all to 305,082 fruit trees. Out of this number 52,032 were sprayed. Made annual examination and certified to the healthy condition of about $45,000 worth of nursery stock during each of the last ten years. Examined four large greenhouse plants during the last six years, mak- ing possible the sale and shipment of their goods. Fumigated annually about $10,000 worth of stock during the last six years. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Seward County. Study of insect life, with special reference to species injurious and beneficial to agriculture. hunter: department of entomology. 49 Shawnee County. Eradicated infestation of San Jose scale. Made annual examination and certified to the healthy condition of about $500,000 worth of nursery stock at seven different points during each of the last sixteen years. Fumigated about $30,000 worth of nursery stock, enabling owners to ship same into states requiring such treatment. Examined a large number of importations of foreign nursery stock, and destroyed thereon about 6000 brown-tail moths. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Sheridan County. Study of insect life, with special reference to species beneficial and in- jurious to agriculture. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Sherman County. Study of insect life, with special reference to species beneficial and in- jurious to agriculture. Smith County. Study of insect life, with special reference to species beneficial and in- jurious to agriculture. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Stafford County. Established and maintained a distributing station for the distribution of green-bug parasites. Gave individual assistance to the farmers in fighting grasshoppers. Stanton County. Study of the insect life, with special reference to species beneficial and injurious to agriculture. Stevens County. Study of insect life, with special reference to species beneficial and in- jurious to agriculture. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Sumner County. Made annual examination and certified to the healthy condition of about $150,000 worth of nursery stock at four different points during each of the last fourteen years. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Thomas County. Made a detailed study of insect life, with special reference to species injurious and beneficial to agriculture, requiring the entire time of four men during the entire season. Distribution of green-bug parasites. 7— Univ. Sci. Bull.. Vol. VIII. No. 1. 50 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Trego County. Study of insect life, with special reference to species beneficial and in- jurious to agriculture. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Wabaunsee County. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Wallace County. Made a detailed study of insect life, with special reference to species beneficial and injurious to agriculture. Wasliington County. Made examination of orchards with reference to a serious outbreak of apple blight, and reported same to the United States Department of Agri- culture. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Wichita County. Made a detailed study of insect life, with special reference to species injurious and beneficial to agriculture, requiring the time of four men during the entire season. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Gave individual assistance to the farmers in fighting grasshoppers. Wilson County. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Examination of fruit and shade trees and direction of methods for care and management. Woodson County. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Wyandotte County. Made annual examination and certified to the healthy condition of about $125,000 worth of nursery stock during each of the last sixteen years, making possible its sale and shipment. Fumigated about ?75,000 worth of nursery stock in order that same might be sold. Made detailed examination of the conditions of all orchards, 125 in number, amounting to 129,422 fruit trees, in Shawnee township, giving explicit directions to the owners in each case on profitable management. Held two public spraying demonstrations in larger orchards, which were attended by over 300 horticulturists, some coming from other counties. At these demonstrations the fruit-growers were shown how to make and apply the various sprays. Distributed over 1000 bulletins on orchard spraying. Directed the work of spraying 35,000 fruit trees. Distribution of green-bug parasites. Total number of counties 105 Total number of items 240 HUNTER : DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY. 51 Some of the Graduates of the University WHO TOOK THEIR MAJOR WORK IN THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY. Adams, C. F., Director and Entomologist of Arkansas Agricultural and Mechanical College, Fayetteville, Ark. Aldrich, J. M., Entomologist, U. S. Department Agriculture. Andrews, Orrel M., Science Illustrator, Illinois State University, Ur- bana. 111. Burrows, M. T., Professor Department Pathology, Medical School, Cor- nell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Claassen, p. W., Assistant State Entomologist on Kansas Entomological Commission, Southern Division. Crumb, Ebb. S., Member Staff of U. S. Entomologist. Emery, W. T., Investigator for State Board of Health. Glenn, P. A., Chief Inspector, Office of State Entomologist, Urbana, 111. Hungeeford, H. B., Assistant Professor in Entomology, Kansas Uni- versity. Hunter, S. J., Head of Department of Entomology, University of Kansas. State Entomologist, Southern Division. HoSFORD, Ruby, Assistant in Laboratory and State Work, University of Kansas. ISELY, DwiGHT, Holder Schuyler Fellowship in Entomology at Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. 1913-'14. Kellogg, V. L., Professor of Entomology and Binomics, Leland Stanford University. McDaniel, Eugenia, Instructor in Entomology, Michigan Agricultural College. Meek, W. J., Associate Professor of Physiology, Wisconsin University. Palmer, Miriam, Instructor in Entomology, Colorado Agricultural Col- lege, Fort Collins. Parrott, p. J., Entomologist New York Experiment Station, Geneva, N.Y. Sanborn, C. E., Head of Department of Entomology, Oklahoma Agricul- tural and Mechanical College, Stillwater, Okla. Scheffer, T. H., Member Staff of United States Biological Survey. Spangler, a. J., Chief Inspector, Minnesota State Nursery and Orchard Inspection Sei-vice, State Experiment Station, St. Anthony Park, Minn. Weeks, Ella, Biological Artist, Kansas Agricultural College. The above list does not include those graduates who took their majors in the department and are now practicing physicians and teachers of science in high schools. 52 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Publications of Department of Entomology. Adams, C. F. 1. 1903 — Dipterological Contributions; K. U. Science Bui., vol. II, No. 2. 2. 1904 — Notes on and Descriptions of North American Diptera; K. U. Science Bui., vol. II, No. 14. 3. Descriptions of Six New Species of Diptera of Kansas; K. U. Science Bui., vol. 11, No. 5. 4. 1905 — Diptera Africana, part I; K. U. Science Bui., vol. Ill, No. 6. Aldrich, J. M. 5. 1892 — A new Genus and Species of Tabanidje; Psyche, pp. 236, 237; 1 fig. 6. A New Species of Phora; Canadian Entomologist, pp. 142- 146. 7. The Systematic Position of the Diptera; Science, New York. 8. Revision of the Genera Dolichopus and Hygroceleuthus; K. U. Science Quarterly, pp. 1-26; 1 pi. 9. New Genera and Species of Psiloponae; K. U. Science Quar- terly, pp. 47-50. 10. The Dolichopodid Genus Liancalus Loew; Psyche, pp. 569- 571. 11. 1894 — New Genera and Species of Dolichopodidffi; K. U. Science Quarterly, pp. 151-157. 12. Courtship Among the Flies; Amer. Nat., pp. 35-37. 13. 1895 — The Tipulid Genera Bittacomorpha and Pedicia; Psyche, pp. 200-202; 1 fig. 14. 1896 — A Collection of Diptera from Indiana Caves; 21st Annual Report of the Geology and Natural Resources of Indiana; 1 fig. 15. The Dipterous Genera Tachjrtrachus and Macellocerus; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, pp. 81-84. 16. On the Diptera of St. Vincent (Dolichopodidse and Phoridae) ; Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., pp. 309-345 and 435-439. 17. 1899 — A Balloon-making Fly (published with L. A. Turley) ; Amer. Nat., pp. 809-812, with illustrations. 18. Goniops and other Synonyms; Ent. News, p. 351. 19. 1902— DohchopodidsB of Grenada, W. I.; K. U. Sci. Bui., vol. I, No. 3. Branch, Hazel E. 20. 191.3 — Morphology and .Biology of the Membracidae of Kansas; pis. V-XXI, this Journal. Brown, Barnum. 21. 1897 — Two New Species of Asilids from New Mexico; K. U. Quart., vol. IV, pp. 103, 104. hunter: department of entomology. 53 Gaumer, George F. 22. 1875 — Observations on the Habits of Certain Larvae; Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., IV, pp. 22-24. Glenn, P. A. 23. 1909 — The Influence of Climate upon the Green Bug and its Para- sites; Univ. of Kansas BuL, vol. IX, No. 2, pp. 165-200. HosFORD, Ruby C. 24. 1913 — The Study on the Segmentation of the Head of Insects; pis. I-IV, this .lournal. HUNGERFORD, H. B. 25. 1912 — Biological Notes on Some Kansas Hymenoptera; Ent. News, vol. XXIII, June, pp. 241-261; pis. 14, 15, 16 (with Williams). 26. Orchard Problems and How to Solve Them: Circular No. 3. 27. 1913 — The Success of a Two-spray Calendar in a Kansas Orchard; Jour. Economic Ent., April, pp. 165-173. Hunter, S. J. 28. 1892 — The Corn-root Worm, Diabrotica longicornis Say; Trans. Kan. Acad. Sci., XIII, pp. 131-133. 29. 1893 — Insects Injurious to Drugs; Proc. Kans. Pharm. Assoc, pp. 99-102 (with L. E. Sayre) ; Amer. Jour. Pharm., July, 1893. 30. 1896 — Notes on Injurious Insects; Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., XV, pp. 50-53. 31. 1897 — The More Destructive Grasshoppers of Kansas; Bui. Dept. of Entom., Oct., pp. 1-111, pis. I-IV (with F. H. Snow). 32. 1898 — Scale Insects Injurious to Orchards; Bui. Dept. Entom., pp. 1-62, figs. 1-7. 33. On the Occurrence of Dissosteira longipennis Thomas; Psyche, VIII, pp. 291-292. 34. Dissosteira in Colorado; Psyche, VIII, p. 299. 35. Parasitic Influence on Melanoplus; K. U. Quart., VII, pp. 205-210, Oct., figs. 36. The same, with additions; Bui. Dept. Entom., No. 64, pp. 32-47. 37. The Coccid» of Kansas, I; K. U. Quart., VIII, A, pp. 1-15, pis. I-VII (separates, Dec). 38. 1899— Alfalfa, Grasshoppers, Bees; Their Relationships; Bui. Dept. Entom., pp.~ 1-164, pis. I-XIII, figs. 1-59. 39. The Coccidas of Kansas, II; K. U. Quart., VIII, A, pp. 67-77, pis. XIII-XVII. 40. 1899 — Fertilization of the Alfalfa Blossom by Bees; Quart. Report Kansas State Bd. Agric, March, pp. 219-223, 3 figs. 41. The Nurseiyman and the Entomologist; 24th Proc. Amer. Assoc. NurserjTifien, pp. 28-34. 42. The Commotion in Kansas and Missouri upon the Appearance of Dissosteira in Colorado; Psyche, VIII, pp. 384-386. 54 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Hunter, S. J. — continued. 43. 1899 — Entomological Legislation in the Interests of Horticulture; Trans. Kans. State Hort. Soc, vol. XXXIV, pp. 65-67. 44. 1900— Coccida of Kansas, III; K. U. Quart., vol. IX, No. 2, pp. 101- 107, pis. XVIII-XXIV. 45. Alfalfa Culture and Insect Life; Quart. Rep. Kans. St. Bd. Agric, March, pp. 41-51, 5 pis., 3 figs. 46. Some Entomological Problems in Horticulture; Rep. Colo. St. Bd. Hort., vol. XI (1899-1900), pp. 54-57, 66-69. 47. The Melanopli of Kansas, part I ; Psyche, vol. IX, pp. 63-64, June, 1900 (with W. S. Sutton). 48. The Blelanopli of Kansas, part II ; Psyche, vol. IX, pp. 76-78, July, 1900 (with W. S. Sutton). 49. The Melanopli of Kansas, part III; Psyche, vol. IX, pp. 88- 90, Aug. 1900 (with W. S. Sutton). 50. Spraying; Rep. Kans. St. Hort. Soc, 1900, vol. XXV, pp. 55-57. 51. 1901 — On the Production of Artificial Parthenogenesis in Arbacia by the Use of Sea Water Concentrated by Evaporation; Amer. Journal Physiology, vol. VI, pp. 178-180, Nov. 1901. 52. Coccidffi of Kansas, IV; K. U. Quart., vol. X, pp. 107-145, pi. VIII, July, 1901 (issued Jan. 1902). 53. Selection, Natural and Artificial; Western Fruit Grower, Oct. 1901, pp. 12, 13. 54. 1902 — Elementary Studies in Insect Life (a textbook) ; 369 pages, 264 illustrations, April, 1902. 55. 1903 — The Coccidae of Kansas (a text for students in taxonomy) ; 120 pages, 15 plates, August, 1903. 56. On the Condition Governing the Production of Artificial Par- thenogenesis in Arbacia; Biol. Bui., vol. V, No. 3, Aug. 57. The Study of Animal Life; Its Place in the Public Schools; Education, vol. XXIV, pp. 209-218, Dec. 1903. 58. On the Morphology of Artificial Parthenogenesis in the Sea Urchin, Arbacia. 59. 1904 — The Blean Proportional in the Problems of State Education; Education, vol. XXIV, pp. 485-495. 60. 1907 — Report of the Entomologist of the Kansas State Horticul- tural Society; Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., vol. XXIX, pp. 160-162. 61. 1908 — Experiments with and Knowledge of the Green Bug to Date; Rep. of Kans. St. Bd. of Agric, vol. XXVII, No. 105, pp. 35-57, March, 1908. 62. Report of State Entomologist to Entomological Commission of Kansas; state report. 63. 1909— The Green Bug and Its Natural Enemies; Bui. Univ. Kans., vol. IX, No. 2, 220 pages, 11 plates, 65 text figures. 64. Circular of Information in Regard to San Jose Scale (with T. J. Headlee) ; Kans. State Entom. Comm. Circular No. 3. 65. 1910 — The Green Bug and Its Natural Enemies; Science, vol. XXXI, No. 788, Feb. 4, 1910. hunter: department of entomology. 56 Hunter, S. J. — continued. 66. 1910 — On the Transition fi-om Parshenogenesis to Gamogenesis in Aphids and Braconids; Science, vol. 31, No. 795, Mar. 25, 1910. 67. Report of tlie State Entomologist to Entomological Commis- sion of Kansas; state report. 68. Report of the Entomologist of the Kansas State Horticultural Society; report of the State Board of Horticulture. 69. 1911 — Report of the Entomologist of the Kansas State Board of Horticulture. 70. 1912— The Sand Fly and Pellagra; Jour. Am. Med. Assoc, Feb. 24, vol. LVIII, pp. 547, 548. 71. Report of the Entomologist to the Entomological Commission of Kansas; state report. 72. Report of the Entomologist of the Kansas State Horticultural Society; report of the State Board of Horticulture. 73. 1913— Pellagra and the Sand Fly, II; Jr. Ec. Ent, Feb., pp. 96-101. 74. Apparatus for Maintenance of Thermal Climatic Conditions; Jour. Ec. Ent., April, pp. 196, 197. 75. Pellagra and the Sand Fly; report of National Association for the Study of Pellagra. 76. Department of Entomology, Historical Account, this Journal. ISELY, DWIGHT. 77. 1913 — Eumenidse of Kansas; this Journal. Kellogg, V. L. 78. 1889— Some Notes on the Mallophaga ; Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., XII, pp. 46-48, fig. 1. 79. 1892 — Notes on the Elementary Comparative Anatomy of Insects; pp. 1-12. 80. Kansas Notes; Insect Life, V, pp. 114-116. 81. Insects Injurious to Drugs; Meyer Bros'. Druggist, XIII, pp. 234-236, 1 pi. (with L. E. Sayre). 82. Notes on the Elementary Comparative External Anatomy of Insects; Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., XIII, p. 111. 83. Insect Notes; Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., XIII, pp. 112-115. 84. Common Injurious Insects of Kansas; pp. 1-117, figs. 1-61. 85. Two Grain Insects; Bui. Dept. Entom., Univ. of Kansas, pp. 1-10, pi. (with F. H. Snow) . 86. Insects Injurious to Drugs; Proc. 13th Ann. Meet. Kans. Pharm. Assoc, pp. 105-110 (with L. E. Sayre). 87. Notes on Melitera dentata Grote; K. U. Quart. No. 1, pp. 39-41. 88. 1893— The Sclerites of the Head of Danais archippus Lab., K. U. Quart., II, No. 2, pp. 51-57, 1 pi. 89. The Horn Fly of Cattle; Bui. Dept. Entom., Univ. of Kansas, pages 1-7 (with F. H. Snow) . 90. The Destruction of Insects by Fungi; Trans. St. Hort. Soc. of Calif, for 1893, pp. 29-32. 91. 1894 — The Taxonomic Value of the Scales of the Lepidoptera; K. U. Quart., II, pp. 45-89, 17 figs., 2 pis. 56 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Kellogg, V. L. — continued. 92. 1894 — Insects Injurying Drugs; Proc. Kans. Pharm. Assoc, for 1894, pp. 69-70 (with L. E. Sayre). 93. An European Experiment with Insect Diseases; Third Ann. Rep. Kans. Univ. Exper. Sta., pp. 227-339. 94. Insects Injuring Drugs at the University of Kansas; Insect Life, VII, pp. 31-32. 95. Notes on the Elementary Comparative External Anatomy of Insects; pp. 1-20. 96. 1903 — Two New Genera of Mallophaga; BioL Bui. of Marine Biol. Lab., vol. 5, No. 2. LOHRENZ, H. W. 97. 1911 — The Woolly Aphis, Schizoneura lanigera; Jour. Ec. Ent., vol. IV, April, pp. 162-172. Meek, W. J. 98. 1903— On the Mouth Parts of the Hemiptera; K. U. Sci. Bui., vol. II, No. 9. Palmek Miriam. 99. 1905 — On the Dorsal Glands as Characters of Constant Specific Value in the Coccid Genus Parlatoria; K. U. Sci. Bui., vol. III, No. 5. Sanborn, Chas. Emerson. 100. 1904 — Kansas Aphididse, with Catalogue of North American Aphid- ida; and Host-plant List; K. U. Sci. BuL, vol. Ill, No. L. 101. 1906 — Kansas Aphididse, with Catalogue of North American Aphid- idse and Host-plant and Plant-host List, part II; K. U. Sci. Bui., voL III, No. 8. Scheffer, Theophilus H. 102. 1895 — Notes and Observations on the Twig Girdler, Oncideres cin- gulata Say; Insect Life, VII, pp. 345-347. Snow, Francis H. 103. 1875 — The Rocky Mountain Locust, Caloptenus spretus Uhler; Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., IV, pp. 26-28. 104. The Larva and Chrysalis of the Sage Sphinx, Sphinx lugens Walker (eremitoides Streckerr) ; Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., IV, pp. 28, 29. 105. Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Eastern Kansas; Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., IV, pp. 29-59 (503 species enumerated). 106. The Best Means of Defense against the Insect Enemies of the Horticulturist; Trans. Kans. State Hort. Soc, V, pp. 104-112. 107. 1876 — List of Coleoptera Collected in Colorado in June, July and August by the Kansas University Scientific Expedition; Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., V, pp. 16-20 (enumerates 304 species) . 108. 1877 — Amblychila cylindriformis Say; Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., VI, pp. 29-32. hunter: department of entomology. 57 Snow, Francis H. — continued. 109. 1877 — The Insects of Wallace County, Kansas; Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., VI, pp. 61-71 (Coleoptera, 316 species; Lepidoptera, 45 species) . 110. Hunting Amblychila; Amer. Nat., XI, pp. 731-735. 111. List of Lepidoptera Collected in Colorado in June, July and August by the Kansas University Scientific Expedition; Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., VI, 70-75 (enumerates 104 species) . 112. . — List of Coleoptera Collected Near Dome Rock, Platte Canyon, Colorado, by the Kansas University Scientific Expedition; Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., VI, pp. 75, 76 (enumerates 94 species) . 113. 1880 — List of Lepidoptera Collected near Idaho Springs, Colo., by the Kansas University Scientific Expedition for 1879; Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. VII, pp. 61-63 (enumerates 180 species). 114. — ■ List of Coleoptera Collected in Santa Fe Canyon, N. M., by the Kansas University Scientific Expedition; Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. VII, pp. 70-73 (enumerates 237 species) . 115. Douglas County Additions to the List of Kansas Coleoptera in 1879-'80; Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., VII, pp. 78-79 (enumer- ates 144 species) . 116. Preliminary List of the Hymenoptera of Kansas; Trans. Kans. Acad Sci., pp. VII, pp. 97-101 (enumerates 186 species) . 117. Additions to the List of Kansas Lepidoptera; Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., VII, pp. 102-105 (enumerates 140 species). 118. Larva of Eurycreon ran talis Guen. (Web-worm) ; Psyche, III, p. 127. 119. 1881 — List of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera Collected in New Mexico by the Kansas University Scientific Expedition; Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., VIII, pp. 35-46 (315 species Lepidoptera, 53 sp. nov. ; 514 Coleoptera, 17 sp. nov.). 120. 1882 — Additions to the List of Kansas Coleoptera in 1881-'82; Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., VIII, p. 58 (49 species). 121. On Musca domestica versus Vespa occidentalis Cresson; Psyche, III, pp. 339. 122. A New Museum Pest, Trogoderma tarsale; Psyche, III, pp. 361, 352, June. 123. 1883 — Three Noxious Insects — The Forest Handmaid Moth, the Maple Worm, and the Codling Moth; Second Quarterly Re- port Kans. St. Bd. Agric, pp. 93-101. 124. Homonivorous Habits of Lucilia macellaria, the Screw Worm; Psyche, IV, pp. 27-30. 125. Three Injurious Insects — the Tree Cricket, the Raspberry Saw Fly, and the Screw Worm; Mo. Rep. Kans. St. Bd. Agric. for May, pp. 6-12. 126. Injurious Insects and How to Destroy Them; First Qaurt. Rep. Kans. St. Bd. Agric, pp. 39-48. 127. 1884 — Insects Injurious to Wheat; Fourth Bien. Rep. Kans. St. Bd. Agric, IX, pp. 604-611, pis. I, II. 8-Unlv. Sci. Bull.. Vol. VIII, No. 1. 58 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Snow, Francis H. — continued. 128. 1884 — Preparatoiy Stages of Hyperchiria zephyria Grote; Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., IX, pp. 61-62. 129. Lists of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera Collected in New Mexico by the Kansas University Scientific Expedition of 188.3-1884; Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., IX, pp. e.'i-eo (Lepi- doptera 82, Coleoptera 148). 130. Paris Green, London Purple and Pyrethrum as Insecticides; Mo. Rep. Kans. St. Bd. Agric. for April, pp. 19-27. 131. 1885 — Injurious Insects from July to September — the Hessian Fly, the Wheat-straw Worm, the Corn-root Worm, the Straw- berry-root Worm, and the Grape Phylloxera; Quart. Rep. Kans. St. Bd. Agric. for quarter ending Dec. 31, pp. 152-157. 132. The Chinch Bug; Fifth Bien. Rep. Kans. St. Bd. Agric, X, pt. 11, pp. 153-157. 133. Injurious Insects — the Hessian Fly, the Wheat-straw Worm, and the Webb Worm; Mo. Rep. Kans. St. Bd. Agric. for June, pp. 5-18. 134. 1887 — The Purslane Worm, Copidryas gloveri Grote; Science, X, p. 204. 135. 1888— The Chinch Bug, Blissus leucopterus Say; Rep. Kans. St. Bd. Agric. for quarter ending March, pp. 127-131; Sixth Bien. Rep. same, pp. 205-208. 136. Insects Injurious to Wheat — the Hessian Fly and the Fall Webb Worm; Fourth Bien. Rep. Kans. St. Bd. Agric, pp. 604-611. 137. 1889— The Chinch Bug; Proc 18th Ann. Meeting Kans. St. Bd. Agric, Jan., pp. 78-81. 138. On Experiments for the Artificial Dissemination of the Con- tagious Diseases Among Chinch Bugs; Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., XIII, pp. 34-37. 139. 1890 — Experiments in 1890 for the Destruction of Chinch Bugs in the Field by the Artificial Dissemination of Contagious Dis- eases; Seventh Bien. Rep. Kans. St. Bd. Agric, XII, part II, pp. 184-188. 140. Experiments in 1890 for the Artificial Dissemination of Contagious Diseases among Chinch Bugs; Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., XII, pp. 119-122; Proc Eighteenth Ann. Meeting Kans. St. Bd. Agric, pp. 142-144. 141. ■ The Chinch Bug; Fifth Bien. Rep. Kans. St. Bd. Agric, April, p. 155. 142. 1891 — Insects Injuring Kansas Wheat; St. Bd. Agric, April, pp. 7-10. 143. Experiments for the Destruction of Chinch Bugs in the Field by the Artificial Introduction of Contagious Diseases; Insect Life, III, pp. 279-284. 144. Contagious Diseases of the Chinch Bug; First Ann. Rep. Exp. Sta. Univ. of Kans., pp. 1-219, pis. I-III. HUNTER: DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY. 59 Snow, Francis H. — continued. 145. 1892 — Contagious Diseases of the Chinch Bug; Second Ann. Rep. Dir. Univ. Exp. Sta., pp. 1-56. 146. The Chinch-bug Disease and Other Notes; Insect Life, IV, pp. 69-72. 147. Chinch Bugs, Experiments in 1892 for Their Destruction by Diseases; Eighth Bien. Rep. Kans. St. Agric, part II, pp. 248-255. 148. Two Grain Insects; Bui. Dept. Entom. Univ. of Kans., pp. 1-10, pi. (with V. L. Kellogg). 149. Experiments for the Destruction of Chinch Bugs by In- fection; Psyche, VI, pp. 225-233. 150. 1893— The Contagious Diseases of the Chinch Bug; Third Ann. Rep. Exp. Sta. Univ. of Kans., pp. 1-247, pi. IV. 151. 1894 — Contagious Diseases of the Chinch Bug; Fourth Ann. Rep. Exp. Sta. Univ. of Kans., pp. 1-50, pis. I-IV. 152. Work in Economic Entomology at Kansas University for Season of 1894; Insect Life, VII, pp. 141-144, figs. 153. Results of Chinch-bug Experiments; Quar. Rep. Kans. Bd. Agric, March, pp. 108-115. 154. 1896 — Contagious Diseases of the Chinch Bug; Sixth Ann. Rep. Dir. Univ. of Kans. Exp. Sta., pp. 1-30, pis. I-IV. 155. 1897 — The More Destructive Grasshoppers of Kansas; Bui. Dept. Entom., Oct., pp. 1-17, pis. I-IV (with S. J. Hunter). 156. 1904 — Lists of Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera and Hemiptera Col- lected in Arizona by the Entomological Expeditions of the University of Kansas in 1902 and 1903; K. U. Sci. Bui., vol. II, No. 12, May, 1904. 157. Lists of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera Collected in Hamilton, Morton and Clark Counties, Kansas, in 1902 and 1903; K. U. Sci. BuL, vol. II, No. 4, June, 1904. 158. A Preliminary List of the Diptera of Kansas; K. U. Sci. Bui., vol. II, No. 5. 159. 1905 — Some Results of the University of Kansas Entomological Ex- peditions to Texas, 1901 and 1905; Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., vol. 20, part 1, p. 136. 160. Some Results of the University of Kansas Entomological Expeditions to Arizona, 1904 and 1905; Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., vol. XX, part 1, p. 155. 161. 1906 — List of the Species of Hymenoptera Collected in Arizona by the University of Kalisas Entomological Expeditions of 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, and 1906; Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., vol. XX, part 2, pp. 127-139. 162. Result of the University Entomological Collecting Expedi- tions to Pima County, Arizona, in June and July, 1903; Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., vol. XX, part 2, pp. 140-164. 163. List of Coleoptera Collected in New Mexico by the Ento- mological Expeditions of the University of Kansas; Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., vol. XX, part 2, pp. 165-189. 60 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Snow, W. A. 164. 1891 — The Moose Fly, a New Haemotobia; Can. Entom., London, Ont, XXIII, pp. 87-89. 165. 1892 — Notes and Descriptions of Syrphidae; K. U. Quart., I, pp. 33-38. 166. 1894 — Descriptions of North American Trypetidae, with Notes; K. U. Quart., II, pp. 159-174, pis. VI, VII. 167. American Platypzidse; K. U. Quart., Ill, pp. 143-152, pi. 168. 1895 — American Platypzidae, second paper; K. U. Quart., Ill, pp. 205-207. 169. Diptera of Colorado and New Mexico; K. U. Quart., Ill, pp. 225-247. 170. Supplementary List of North American Syrphidae; K. U. Quart., Ill, pp. 249-262. 171. Cnephalia and Its Allies; K. U. Quart, III, pp. 178-186. 172. A New Species of Pelecocera; K. U. Quart., Ill, p. 187. 173. On Toxoteypana of Gerstacker; K. U. Quart., IV, pp. 117-119. 174. 1896 — List of Asilidae, Supplementary of Osten Sacken's Catalogue of North American Diptera, 1878-'95; K. U. Quart., IV, pp. 173-190. Stough, Howard B. 175. 1910 — The Hackberry Psylla, Pachypsylla celtidis-mammse Riley — A Study in Comparative Insect Morphology; K. U. Sci. Bui., vol. V, No. 9. Sutton, W. S. 176. 1900— The Melanopli of Kansas, part I; Psyche, vol. 9, pp. 63, 64, June, 1900 (with S. J. Hunter). 178. The Melanopli of Kansas, part II; Psyche, vol. 9, pp. 76-78, July, 1900 (with S. J. Hunter). , 179. ■ The Melanopli of Kansas, part III; Psyche, vol. 9, pp. 88-90, -A^ug. 1900 (with S. J. Hunter). 180. The Melanopli of Kansas, part IV; Psyche (with S. J. Hunter) . TucKBK, Elbert S. 181. 1905 — Determination of Some Texas Coleoptera, with Records; Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., vol. XX, part 1, p. 85. 182. Collecting Insects at Night; Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., vol. XX, part 1, p. 108. 183. 1906 — Contributions towards a Catalogue of the Insects of Kansas; Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., vol. XX, part 2, pp. 190-201. 184. Conditions to be Met by the Insect Collector; Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., vol. XX, part 2, pp. 230-232. 185. 1907 — Some Results of Desultory Collecting of Insects in Kansas and Colorado; K. U. Sci. Bui., vol. IV, No. 2. 186. Concerning Some Insects Collected and Bred from Dead and Dying Elm; Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., vol. 21, part 1, p. 158. hunter: department of entomology. 61 Williams, Francis X. 187. 1905 — The Larva of Hepialus sequoislus Behrens; Ent. News, Jan., pp. 19-20. 188. Notes on the Larvse of Certain Lepidoptera ; Ent. News, May, p. 153. 189. A Trip to Mt. Diablo in Search of Lepidoptera (with Grin- nell) ; Ent. News, Sept., pp. 2.35-238. 190. Notes on the Synonymy and Preparatory Stages of Illice fanstinula Bdv.; Ent. News, Oct., pp. 257-279. 191. Notes on the Life History of Hepialus sequoislus Behrens; Ent. News, Nov., pp. 283-286. 192. 1908 — A New Eriocrania (Lepidoptera) from the Pacific Coast; Ent. News, Jan., pp. 14, 15. 193. The Life History of Lycaena autracis Bdv., with Other Notes on Other Species; Ent. News, Dec, pp. 476-483. 194. 1909 — On the Life Histories of Certain Wood-boring Lepidoptera; Ent. News, Feb., pp. 58-62. 195. The Butterflies and Some of the Moths of the Mt. Shasta Region; Ent. News, Feb., pp. 62-75. 196. Notes on the Life History of Cecidomyia resinicoloides ; Ent. News, XX, 1-8. 197. 1910 — The Butterflies of San Francisco, Cal.; Ent. News, Jan., pp. 30-41. 198. Anatomy of the Larva of Cecidomyia resinicoloides; Annals Ent. Soc. Amer., Ill, No. 1, pp. 45-57. 199. 1912 — Biological Notes on Some Kansas Hymenoptera; Ent. News, vol. XXIII, June, pp. 241-261 ; pis. 14, 15, 16 (with Hunger- ford) . 200. 1913 — Monograph of the Larridas of Kansas; this Journal. 201. Notes of Three Sesiidffi Affecting the "Missouri Gourd"; this Journal. 202. Notes on the Habits of some Wasps that Occur in Kansas; this Journal. THE KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Vol. VIII, No. 2— July, 1913. (Whole Series, Vol. XVIII, No. 2.) CONTENTS: Study on the Segmentation of the Head of Insects, Based UPON Comparisons as Outlined in Comstock and Kochi, "The Skeleton of the Head of Insects," .... Ruby C. Hosford. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY, LAWRENCE, KAN. Entered at the post-office in Lawrence as second-class matter. 5-838 KANSAS STATE PRINTING OFFICE. W. C. Austin, State Printer. TOPEKA, 1914. THE KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Vol. VI II , No .2] J ULY, 1 9 1 3. [ vI\TiirNa 2. Segmentation of the Head of Insects. Plates I to IV. BY RUBY C. HOSFORD. THE question of the segmentation of the head of insects has been much discussed, with the result that different observers have recognized from one to seven segments therein. Savigny (1816) made a very important step toward the' solution of the problem by suggesting that the movable ap- pendages of the head were homodynamous with legs. Com- parative anatomists, then, accepting this and seeing that each segment in the body of an insect has only one pair of appen- dages, have concluded that there are at least four segments in the head : i. e., the antennal, the mandibular, the maxillary, and the second maxillary or labial. They also suggest that since the eyes in certain Crustacea are borne on movable stalks, they may be the appendages of a fifth segment. From this point the embryologist carries on the study. He has found that in the embryo there exist distinct segments, each corresponding to a pair of mouth parts. It has also been found that in some stages of development there are at least three pairs of distinct ganglia which go to make up the sub- cesophageal ganglion. Each of these pairs of ganglia corre- sponds to a pair of mouth parts. Wheeler ('93) observed rudimentary intercalary or pre- mandibular appendages, which others have homologized with the crustacean second antennse. Folsom has found rudimen- Received for publication March 20, 1913. (65) 66 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. tary chitinized intercalary appendages in adults of Tomocerus, Orchesella, and other Collembola. Folsom in his study of the embryo of Anurida found seven pairs of primary ganglia, the extra one being the fifth, between those of the mandibular and maxillary segments. This is called the superlingual segment. According, then, to the conclusions set forth from the study of comparative anatomy and embry- ology, the insect head is composed of seven segments: the anten^ial, the mandibular, the maxillary, the second maxillary or labial, the premandibular or intercalary, the ocular, and the superlingual. The order of arrangement of these segments may be de- termined by the position of the primitive ganglia that inner- vates them. The supracesophageal ganglion, or the brain, is composed of three pairs of primary ganglia : the protocerebrum innei-vates the compound eyes and the ocelli or the ocular segment; the deutocerebrum, the antennje or antennal segment; and the tritocerebrum, the labrum or premandibular segment. The .suboesophageal ganglion is composed of four pairs of primary ganglia : the first innervates the mandibles or mandibular seg- ment; the second, the superlingute or superlingual segment; the third, the maxillae or maxillary segment; and the fourth, the labium or second maxillary segment. We have, then, the following order : 1. — Ocular. 2. — Antennal. 3. — Intercalary. 4. — Mandibular. 5. — Superlingual. 6. — Maxillary. 7. — Labial. Having now decided that there are seven segments united to form the head capsule of insects, we wish to determine what sclerites belong to the different segments. Using the work of Gomstock and Kochi as a working outline, I have endeavored by a series of comparisons to form for myself an opinion on at least some of the following points : Areas of the external skeleton of the head ; the structure of a typical segment; and the sclerites belonging to each head segment. hosford: head segmentation of insects. 67 I. Areas of the External Skeleton of the Head. By making a comparative study of the following insects: Orthoptera- — cricket, cockroach, Corydalis (larva and adult), walking-stick, mantis, Dahinia, Orchelimiim, Decticinse, and grasshopper; and Coleoptera — Amblychila, I have made the following observations : 1. (E. SU.) The Epicranial Suture, though indistinct and small in Dahinia, Orchelimiim, and Decticinse, is present in all of the Orthoptera and can easily be traced in the Amblychila. 2. (F.) The Front, the first single sclerite between the arms of the inverted Y {E. SU.), is always present. It is en- larged by pushing up of E. SU.; smallest in larva of Corydalis. In the orthopterous forms it includes the paired ocelli and median ocellus when present. The beetle studied has no ocelli. 3. (CI.) The Clypeus, the second of the single sclerites between E. SU. and the mouth, is sometimes separated from F. by a deep suture, and sometimes seems but a continuation of it, the suture being absent. The point of separation between the two is always to be determined by the invaginations of the anterior arms of the tentorium. The clypeus is often divided by a transverse suture into clypeus first and clypeus second. The clypeus is really composed of three parts in a transverse row, the part on the median line being C. proper, the lateral ones on the frontal margin being A^itecoxal pieces of the man- dibles. This division is shown especially well in the larva of the Corydalis. They can be located in the other specimens merely by their assumed position. 4. (L.) The Labrum, upper lip of the mouth, last single sclerite between E. SU. and the mouth, often appears as an appendage, but is really a portion* of one of the head segments. In some cases the markings make it appear as composed of two parts. 5. (E.) The Epicranium in the forms studied includes the paired sclerites of the skull. These sclerites constitute the sides of the head and that part of the dorsal surface that is be- hind the arms of the epicranial suture (E. SU.). 6. (V.) The Vertex, the first pair of paired sclerites be- hind the arms of E. SU., the dorsal portion of the epicranium; or that portion which is next the front and between the com- 68 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. pound eyes. In the heads of Orchelimum, Decticinas and grass- hopper these sclerites are much smaller than in the other speci- mens studied. The smaller the frontal sclerite the larger the vertex. 7. (0.) The Occi'put, the part of the head behind the ver- tex and surrounding the occipital foramen. This is not always a distinct sclerite, but when it is, as in the Corydalis, it ap- pears to be formed from the tergal portion of the united post- gense. This is present in the grasshopper, Corydalis and Amhlychila. 8. (G.) The Gense, the lateral portions of the epicranium just back of and below the compound eyes. 9. (P. G.) The Postgenie. Each gense was divided by a more or less well-marked suture, and the part back of this forms the postgenx. Comstock thinks that it is the upper part or continuation of these that forms the occiput. Packard thinks the postgense are distinct from the occiput, which he considers as a part of the labial segment. I favor Comstock's view, for, in the grasshopper especially, the occiput seems so evidently a continuation of the postgense. 10. (Gu.) The Giila, which is often absent, when present forms the ventral wall of the hind part of the head, and bears the labium or second maxillae. 11. The Cervical Sclerites, the sclerites of the neck. Of these there are dorsal, ventral, and lateral ones. There are two dorsal cervical sclerites in the neck of the cockroach. In Amhlychila I distinguished none. Melanophis has two lateral cervical sclerites on each side. Between these is a prominent apodeme. I also found what ap- peared to be a smaller apodeme on each side. In Amblychila there are two small chitinized spots, one on each side, which are probably vestiges of the lateral cervical sclerites. In the cockroach there are two ventral cervical sclerites ; in the cricket there are five, arranged in two series ; in Stenopcl- matus there are three, arranged in two series ; in Corydalis and Amhlychila these sclerites are not found, but the gula is present. Snodgrass thinks that these cervical sclerites do not belong to the head, but to thorax. He designates them as the micro- thorax. hosford: head segmentation of insects. 69 12. (OS.) The Ocular Sclerite. "Each compound eye is situated in the axis of an annular sclerite which may be the basal segment of the ocular appendages." These annular sclerites are the ocular sclerites. They show especially well in the cricket and Amblychila. 13. (AS.) The Antennal Sclerites, annular sclerites at the base of each antenna. 14. (Tr.) The Trochantin of the Mandible, a distinct sclerite between the mandible and the gense in some insects; indeed, in all that I studied. II. The Structure of a Typical Segment. Since the abdominal segments have lost their appendages, it is evident that a reduction of certain parts has taken place there, which makes it impossible to use them as typical seg- ments. The thoracic segments are the more typical. The parts of a thoracic segment as generally recognized are as follows: a ventral part, sternite; two lateral parts, pleu- rites; and a dorsal part, tergite. Each segment is composed of two subsegments. "The line separating the subsegments passes, on the pleural aspect, between the episternum and the epimeron ; and, on the tergal aspect, between the scutum and scutellum"; on the sternal aspect, between the sternum and sternellum. The line of union between the episternum and epimeron is the apodeme, which is an invagination of the body wall. The division on the sternal aspect of most insects is not easily recognized, but it shows plainly on the metathorax of Steno- pelmatus and the nymph of Pteronarcys. As the apodemes show the division of the pleural subsegments, so the furca shows their division on the sternite. Embryologists have also proven that each segment "is com- posed of a median and two lateral fields, and that the append- ages are developed as evaginations of the lateral fields." III. Sclerites Belonging to Each Head Segment. 1. Ocular or Protocerebral. Tergal sclerites. No trace. Sternal sclerites. Front. Contains ocelli which are inner- vated by protocerebrum. Decided ridge in Mantis front may indicate sternum and sternellum. 70 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Pleural sclerites. — One-half of vertex and corresponding gena. These probably represent lateral elements of sternum, because they enclose the ocular sclerite, which represents the appendage of this segment. Appendages. Ocular sclerite. 2. Deutocerebral or Antennal. Tergal sclerites. — No trace. Sternal sclerites. — Clypeus. Formed from portion of pro- cephalon, the central swelling of the cephalic end of the body of embryo insects. It is not the first segment nor does it con- tain the mouth, which falls in the tritocerebral segment, but is between the front and the mouth ; therefore, it is a sclerite of the second segment. Pleural sclerites. — Antennal sclerites. Lateral elements of sternite, because the antennae arise from them. Even when an- tennae seem to be postoral the basal part of the rudiment of the antennal sclerite appears to abutt against the procephalon. Appetidages. — Antennae. 3. Tritocerebral or Second Antennal. Tergal sclerites. — No traces. Sternal sclerites. — Labrum. Formed from procephalon; contains mouth, which is in third segment. Pleural sclerites. — None determined. Appendages. — Second antennae, when found. i. Mandibular. Tergal sclerites. — Occiput. Continuation of the postgenae which form the pleural sclerites. Packard considers this as belonging to the sixth or labial segment, but as far as my ob- servations have gone I agree with Comstock. It seems to me to be a continuation of the postgenae, which Packard also con- siders as belonging to the mandibular segment. Sternal sclerites. — Pharyngeal sclerites. Found in the floor of the mouth cavity of Melanoplus on each side just behind the superlinguae. They are back of the superlinguse, which shows that they must precede superlingual sclerites in the course of the invagination of the mouth. They are also closely con- nected with the mandible. Since in this region sclerites are frequently developed secondarily, Comstock does not think hosford: head segmentation of insects. 71 that much stress should be laid on this supposed homology. I, myself, do not think the evidence brought forward on this point is very conclusive. Pleural sclerites. — Postgense. A suture which is the more or less open mouth of an apodeme divides the postgense as does the apodeme the pleurites of the thoracic segments. The man- dibles, like the coxse of the legs, fit into the openings where the apodemes begin. The antecoxal pieces. In Gryllus and the larvse of Corydalis the mandibles articulate with a sclerite distinct from the clypeus. This corresponds to the antecoxal piece in the tho- racic segments. Appendages. — Mandible and trochantin, a small sclerite at base of mandible in Orthoptera and Amblychila. 5. Superlingual. Tergal sclerites. — None found. Sternal sclerites. — Represented by that part of the floor of the mouth cavity which bears the superlinguse. Pleural sclerites. — Represented by that part of the floor of the mouth cavity which bears the superlinguse. Appendages. — Superlinguse. 6. Maxillary. Tergal sclerites. — None found. Sternal sclerites. — Lingua. This is the unpaired portion of the hypopharynx, and evidently pertains to the sternite of this segment, because it arises between the rudiments of the maxillse. Pleural sclerites. — Maxillary pleurites. There is a narrow band or sclerite that runs around the posterior margin of the epicranium. This is the posterior pleurite. The anterior one is scarcely visible except in a few insects, as in the cockroach and cricket. Between these two sclerites is an apodeme, which forms the posterior arm of the tentorium. In Amblychila this apodeme and the two sclerites are very clearly seen. Appendages. — Maxillse. a-Univ. Sci. Bull.. Vol. VIII. No. 2. 72 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. 7. Labial or Second Maxillary. Tergal s'clerites. — Probably dorsal cervical sclerites. Sternal sclerites. — Ventral cervical sclerites and gula. The ventral sclerites are often arranged in two series, showing the subsegments, and divided into two or three in each segment, showing the lateral and median fields. In some insects, as adult of Corijdalis and Amblycliila, they have united to form the gula. Pleural sclerites. — Lateral cervical sclerites. These sclerites are best shown in Melanoplus. These under high-power lenses showed one prominent apodeme and one smaller one. Corn- stock mentions but one apodeme, and thinks that it helps to prove that these are the epimeron and episternum of a seg- ment. The posterior of these sclerites articulates with the epi- sternum of the prothorax, and the anterior one with what we believe to be the epimeron of the maxillary segment. I do not know what the smaller apodeme signifies. Appendages. — Second maxillae or labium. BIBLIOGRAPHY. COMSTOCK AND Kellogg. Elements of Insect Anatomy. CoMSTOCK AND KocHl. The Skeleton of the Head of Insects. FOLSOM, J. W. (a) The Anatomy and Physiology of the Mouth Parts of the Collem- bolan Orchesella cincta. (6) The Segmentation of the Insect Head. Psyche, vol. VIII, p. 391. (c) The Development of the Mouth Parts of Anurida maritima. Bui. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. XXVI. KoRSCHELT AND Heider. Textbook of the Embryology of Invertebrates. Packard. Textbook of Entomology. Snodgrass, R. E. a Comparative Study of the Thorax in Orthoptera, Euplexoptera and Coleoptera. 1907 Proceedings of the Ent. Soc. Wheeler, W. M. A Contribution to Insect Embryology. THE KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Vol. VIII, No. 3-July, 1913. (Whole Series, Vol. XVIII, No. 3.) CONTENTS: Morphology and Biology of the MembrAcid^ of Kansas, Hazel Brayich. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY, LAWRENCE, KAN. Entered at the post-office in Lawrence as second-class matter. 5 838 KANSAS STATE PRINTING OFFICE. W. C. Austin, State Printer. TOPEKA, 1914. THE KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Vol. VIII, No. 3] JULY, 1913. [voT.\TiitNT.. Morphology and Biology of the Membracidse of Kansas.* BY HAZEL ELISABETH BRANCH, A. B. (Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requiremeuts for the degree of master of arts. > Plates V to XXI. ACKNOWLEDGMENT. THE writer wishes to express her thanks to all those who have assisted her in the preparing of this paper, and especially to : Prof. S. J. Hunter, under whose guidance the work has been carried on, for his continued encouragement as well as kindly criticisms and suggestions. Mr. Mark F. Massey, for his assistance in the photographs and the loan of specimens from his own collection. Dr. E. P. Van Duzee, for information concerning geograph- ical distribution. Messrs. H. B. Hungerford and Francis X. Williams and Miss Ruby Hosford, for their ready criticisms in the identification of specimens, and suggestions in the systematic paper. Membracid^ : 1. — Morphology and Ecology of Entylia sinuata Fab. 2. — Taxonomy of Kansas' Forms. * This is one of a series of studies on Kansas Homoptera. The head of the department has assigned each of the different families to a graduate student. Some of these have already been published, others are to follow. (75) 76 kansas university science bulletin. Membracid^. (Order Hemiptera. — Suborder Homoptera.) The family Membracidse, although entirely phytophagous in its habits, confines itself for the most part to weeds and grasses. It is not a large family, as it includes not more than 1500 described species, but it is of wide distribution. Geographical Distribution. Frogatt states that the Membracidaj is a group confined to the tropical regions and well represented in Australia, but bet- ter in South America, where the forms are large and more profuse. Notwithstanding this statement, this family is found all over the United States and Canada, Great Britain, Austra- lia, New Zealand, Philippine Islands and New Guinea, Sumatra and Ceylon; in Brazil, Amazons and Ecuador; on temperate slopes of the Himalaya mountains, and on high ground in Cen- tral Africa. The distribution seems to follow the isothermal lines of temperature rather than the boundaries of the zones. However, a peculiar instance is noted in that Europe, excluding the British Isles, is void of the family, with the exception of three species of Centropida. On account of its jumping habits, it is difficult to collect, and there are many localities, no doubt, where the form remains unobserved. Those forms in the tropics are more prolific than those in the temperate zones ; are larger and of more brilliant colorings than the more noilhern species. In the United States the following states have reported col- • lections: Alabama, Arizona, Colorado, North Carolina, Cali- fornia, Florida, Georgia, Vermont, Missouri, Oregon, Virginia, New York, Texas, New Jersey, Wyoming, Illinois, and Kansas. In Kansas the following counties have yielded specimens : Neosho, Reno, Douglas, Finney, Rawlins, Gove, Cheyenne, Cowley, Sedgwick, Woodson, Wilson, Allen, Seward, and Sheridan. Description of Family. The family Membracidfe, commonly called tree hoppers, be- longs to the suborder Homoptera of the order Hemiptera, and is placed by Buckton between Cicadidse and Cercopidae. The classification as given by Comstock in "Introduction to Ento- mology" is as follows : Beak evidently arising from the mentum; tarsi three jointed; antennae minute, setiform; ocelli only two in number or wanting; males without musical organs; prothorax prolonged into a horn or point above the abdomen Membracid^. BRANCH: BIOLOGY OF KANSAS MEMBRACID^. 77 The head is usually perpendicular, and when viewed from the front appears somewhat triangular, with large globular eyes protruding on either side. On the face or cephalic aspect of the head and between the compound eyes are situated the two small ocelli. In all genera the prothorax is abnormal, being produced up- ward and backward or forward into numerous shapes. In the Kansas forms, at least, it extends well back over the abdomen, concealing the mesothorax and metathorax, and frequently continuing as far back as the tips of the tegmina. It rises from the head in a perpendicular line, and is as wide as the head, extending back of the compound eyes and under the mesothorax for a short distance, by means of small lateral arms. (See fig. 34, pi. X.) Frequently the prothoracic legs are removed with the prothorax, as they are connected to the lateral arms by a delicate membrane. Back of the compound eyes the prothoracic lateral margin rises and turns caudad suddenly under the suprahumerals, thus forming the lateral angles, or humeri. (See fig. 7, pi. VI.) Fastened into this angle is a tiny sclerite, which seems to help in the protection of the tegmina. In the prothorax there are four main divisions, the meto- pidium, procephalon, dorsum, and posterior process, although there are no definite sutures to mark the divisions. Metopidium is the sloping portion of the front of the pro- thorax extending from the head to the front of the doi'sum, and bearing the suprahumeral processes (fig. 5, a, pi. VI). It may extend in a horn over the head as in Campijlenchia cw- vata (fig. 11, pi. VII), or it may be void of any protuberance on the top. The suprahumeral processes are the lateral pro- tuberances seen at the sides over the compound eyes and humeri (fig. 5, e; fig. 7, x, pi. VI). These suprahumerals are variable in shape, and are sometimes so obscure as to appear absent until the hand lens is used. The procephalon is the portion above the metopidium. In the exotic forms it may extend backward as a horn and be branched into several spines, but among the Kansas species this form is not found. The procephalon is not present in our forms except in the two genera Enchcnopa and Campylenchia (figs. 11, 12, pi. VII). The dorsum is the portion from the suprahumerals to the tail. It is convex in the Kansas forms and without any 78 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. processes, usually surmounted by a prominent longitudinal median carina. Posterior process is the sharply constricted portion at the caudal extremity of the prothorax. It continues, frequently, to the tips of the tegmina, and usually ends in a sharp, black point. (Fig. 5, at c, pi. VI.) The prothorax is almost always pitted and is sometimes pilose. It is highly developed and may take on various shapes and forms; in fact, the family has been hkened to Brownies on account of the queer facial expression and the grotesque appearance of the prothorax. There are some forms with two "humps," one caudad, or back of the other, as in Etitylia sinuata (fig. 61, pi. XVI), while other forms bear only one spine or "hump," as in Enchenopa binotata (fig. 13, pi. VII), and Canipyl-enchia curvata (fig. 11, pi. VII). In some cases this single protuberance may be over the head and be a formation of the metopidium, called the procephalon, as in the two foregoing species; or it may be a crest on the dorsum over the abdomen, as in Telaniona (fig. 31, pi. VIII; fig. 73, pi. X). Frequently the pronotum rises high in front, and by sloping backward from the metopidium forms a high tectiform hood over the abdomen, sloping down posteriorly to the posterior process, as in Archasia (figs. 22, 23, pi. IX) and Stictocephalu (fig. 17, pi. VII; fig. 29, pi. IX). In all the above-mentioned forms the suprahumerals are obtuse and minute, but in Ceresa the prothorax bears a promi- nent lateral horn on either side just back of the head (figs. 5. 6, 9, 10, pi. VI) . In a few cases the pronotum may not present any protuberance except obscure suprahumerals, and the metopidium may rise only sufficiently high to cover the thorax. It thus seems to form a close protection for the thorax and abdomen, as in Micfutalis and Acutalis (figs. 18, 19, 20, 21, pi. VIII) and Vanduzea (figs. 14, 1.5, pi. VIII). Among the genera, other than those found in Kansas, the pronotum may not cover the abdomen, and in some cases does not conceal the mesothorax and metathorax, but ends in elevated and pro- truded spines or balls of odd shapes. Tegmina. The tegmina are elongate or lanceolate, mem- branous throughout, transparent in the main, but sometimes coriaceous and smoky in regions. The tegmina are unequally divided into corium, or embolium, and clavus (see fig. 75, pi. branch: biology of kansas membracid^. 79 XIX), which are separated by a fold (indicated in the draw- ing by a dotted line). The corium is the anterior portion of the tegmen, and, according to Coding, has a costal and three longitudinal veins proceeding from the base. In no case in the Kansas forms does this hold good, there being no more than two longitudinal and the costa, and frequently only one longitudinal, and the costa, proceeding from the base of the corium. Coding names the veins as costa, radia, and two ulnar. In case of Cyrtolobus vau and Campylenchia curvata, this is consistent if the two ulnars are fused at the base, but in the majority of forms there is but one vein other than the costa proceeding from the base of the corium. In the study of the nymphal pad some of this fusing and the disappearance of several veins is cleared up. In the nymphal pad there are two veins in the costal region, the costa and subcosta ; these fuse in the adult and are usually referred to as the costa. (See fig. 75, pi. XIX.) Frequently, as in Ceresa bubalus, the one longitudinal vein, other than the costa, is branched soon after leaving the base, and forms the radial and one ulnar vein. In the njonph pad is found one other vein "media," which is fused with the radia in the adult. The clavus has usually two anal veins, one of which fre- quently forms the posterior margin of the tegmen for some distance; the other anal vein usually joins the marginal vein at about its middle point. Much more discussion of the veins in tegmina of different species could be given, but observations on the drawings of the tegmina will give a conception as to the variation of the venation. Cells of the tegmen (and in this instance I take Ceresa buba- lus as a typical illustration, as it appears to be nearly constant) have four basal cells, the third of which is frequently referred to as the sutural area, as it contains the sutural fold between the clavus and corium. (See fig. 75, pi. XIX.) The costal cell in all forms is long and slender, proceeding to the first apical cell without the intervention of a discoidal cell. The cells between the apical cells and the basal cells are known as discoidal cells, and usually number three. The apical cells are typically five in number, although sonie genera may have only four, as in Micrutalis. These cells are marginal and are surrounded by nervules, no nerves or nervules 80 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. extending to the outer edge of the tegmen in this region ; but are surrounded by an unveined membrane, the limbus. (See fig. 75, pi. XIX.) The third apical cell is characteristic in genera, and often forms the basis for classification. The tegmina are not covered laterally by the pronotum, but are free, united to the thorax below the humeri of the pronotum. When at rest, the tegmina lie with the costal region downward, as in the Aphididse. The Wings are more or less spatulate and broad ; smaller than the tegmina, the anterior margin being about equal to the posterior margin of the tegmina. When at rest the wings are folded once and lie between the tegmina and abdomen, the costal region downward. The wing is uniformly transparent and clearly veined. Here is again found the division into the corium and clavus, the ce- rium usually having the costa and two other longitudinal veins (radia and ulnar) proceeding from its base. Here the costa does not always form the anterior margin as in the tegmina, almost the entire nerve area being bounded by the narrow limbus. In the clavus are two anal veins, the second of which fre- quently lies in the posterior margin. There are three and sometimes four basal cells, in the third of which is a sutural fold. There are no discoidal cells, and frequently only three apical cells, although there may be more in some genera. The Hind Legs are fitted for jumping. The femora are cylindrical and curved, the tibiae quadrangular, prismatic or spatulate. In the metathoracic leg the tibia is densely spined, with the points of the spines downward, toward the end of the claws. The tarsi are composed of three segments, the first one longer than the other two. The last segment of the tarsus ends in a pair of sharp, black claws. (Fig. 2, pi. V.) Color. Buckton figures some of the species in brilliant reds, yellows, and vivid greens, but the Kansas forms are modest in their colorings. Some few are pale green when alive, as Ceresa hubalus, Ceresa taurina, and Stictocephala, turning tawny when dried. A great number are mottled brown and tan, with touches of black or white, sometimes both. (See Entylia sinuata, figs. 61, 62, pi. XVI; Ceresa diceros, fig. 6, pi. VI; Vanduzea, fig. 15, pi. VIII; and Telamona, fig. 73, pi. X.) The only bright colors met with in the Kansas species occur in branch: biology of KANSAS MEMBRACIDiE. 81 the ocelli, which in life are usually a cherry red, and fre- quently remain so when dried. Enchenopa binotata (fig. 13, pi. VII) has two yellow spots near the region of the median carina. Some species are polished black, and may be out- lined with palish yellow, as Micrutalis calva, while others are a dull black with rouch surface. A few forms, Micrutalis oc- cidentalis, for instance, are frequently orange with more or less dark marking toward the head. Pablilia ynodesta is dia- morphic, and during a season may produce forms almost white with a downy surface. Size. According to Buckton the forms may be as large as two English inches (about 50 mm.) in wing expanse; but 20 mm. will include our largest species, Ceresa bubalm and Talamona ampelopsides, which are 9 to 10 mm. from tip of teg- mina to front of head. Our smallest species, Micrutalis oc- cidentalis. is not more than 3 mm. in length. The sizes vary greatly within the species, and the male is almost invariably smaller than the female. Life History of Entylia sinuata. Plate XVI. As far as the writer has observed or can ascertain from re- ports, the genera of the Kansas forms of Membracidse live on the leaves and twigs of shrubs, bushes, and weeds. No form has been found living in ants' nests, as the members of the sub- family Tragopidse do, but numerous species of ants are found on the vegetation with the Membracidse, supposedly attending to their wants and being repaid in honey dew exuded from the anus. At least three species of Formicidse have been collected with Membracidse, namely Formica fusca, and another of -the same genus, but the species is not determined; the third is Prenolepis imparis. Entylia sinuata are found in great numbers upon the under sides of the leaves of Cnicus altissimus Willd. Notes. Food plant, Cnicus altissimus. Place, a shady grove on the east slope of a hill. Temperature records were kept on a self-recording thermometer, and during the observations, from June 29 to July 23, the minimum was 72° F. ; the maxi- mum 91.9° F. On June 29, 1909, a pair is noted. In the morning (June 30) the male is missing, but the female sits quietly on the 82 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. midrib on the underside of the leaf with her head pointed to- ward the apex of the leaf. In the evening of the same day the female is missing, and two dark longitudinal, parallel lines about 10 mm. in length are discernible on the midrib. With a hand lens (12 y) the eggs can be made out. They are embedded in the midrib, but the ends of the eggs are visible, appearing clearly and of a white color. (See a, fig. 56, pi. XVI.) There is no perceptible change until four days later (July 4), when the slits are found burst open and the sides of the eggs are exposed to view. (Fig. 56, pi. XVI, at B.) On the ninth day of July the slit is spread further, and hatching is in progress. The egg is % rnm. in length, and has a small protuberance at the "hatching end," which is the last end to leave the ovipositors and is that portion visible in the midrib after the egg has been deposited. When first hatched the nj-mph is pale yellow, or nearly colorless, but after a period of thirty minutes the color and markings begin to appear. The head, first thoracic segment and tip of abdomen become dark brown, while dark markings are noticeable on the second, third, fourth and fifth rings of the abdomen. The other portion of the dorsal aspect of the body is pale green. The ventral portion of the thorax and abdomen is white, with legs of a pale, transparent yellow. Each of the abdominal segments, except the first, bares two dorsal and two lateral spines or tubercles, one on each side, tipped with black hairs. The second and third segments of the thorax (the undeveloped mesothorax and metathorax) bear hairs in place of spines. The mesothorax, though light in color, bears a dark spot on the front edge. On the cephalic or front edge of the head are four hairs, and there is a hair cephalad and one caudad of each compound eye. The nymph, when one hour old, measures IVn mm. and is extremely active. The antennse are pale and transparent, delicately haired, and are very nearly equal to the length of the antennse on the adult forms, being about one-half the length of the nymph. (See fig. 58, pi. XVI.) The prothoracic segment, which is dark brown, is a third wider than the mesothoracic segment and as wide as the head. This prothoracic enlargement is, no doubt, the beginning of the overdevelopment of the prothorax to be seen in the maturing branch: biology of KANSAS MEMBRACID^. 83 and adult forms. In this first instar, it is interesting to note that there is an articulation between this segment and the head. The head, which is dark and shiny, is extremely large in proportion to the body; in fact, it is larger in a line from back to front in dorsal aspect than in the adult forms. (Fig. 58, pi. XVI.) The mouth parts are enlarged out of all normal proportion, the distal end of the beak reaching to the end of the sixth abdominal ring. (See fig. 57, pi. XVI.) The ocelli are found in about the normal position. On the twelfth day (counting from the date of oviposition and on the third day of the life of the nymph), July 12, oc- curs the first moult. In this second instar the enlargement of the prothorax takes on a shape similar to that in the adult form, except that it does not extend back over the abdomen, but it does extend far enough to cover the mesothorax. The prothorax bears the shovel-like horn and the notch which forms the dorsal hump. The head is reduced in size in this instar. The second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh and ninth abdominal segments bear two dorsal hirsute spines, the lateral ones having disappeared. The third, fourth and fifth segments are marked with dark dorsally and about half way down the lateral face. The nymph, in the second instar, meas- ures 2i/> mm. in length. A curious fact noticed is, that in the nymphal stages the forms do not exhibit any jumping power, but run very rapidly. ■\Vhen four days old the measurement is 3 mm., but they have not moulted. On the fifth day after hatching (July 14) the second moult occurs. In this third instar a differentiation of color is observed. A number of the forms are dark with black "hoods," while others are light with tan hoods. Upon further observa- tions, this color difference seems to be the indication of the sex to be formed in the adult stage, the dark ones emerging as males and the light ones as females. In this instar also the wing pads appear. (See fig. 59, pi. XVI.) When nine days old (July 18) the third moult occurs. In this fourth instar we have the stage which is comparable to the pupa stage in forms having complete metamorphosis. In figure 60, plate XVI, is seen the "pupa," with the prothoracic enlargement spilt open ready for the emergence of the adult. This emer- 84 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. gence occurred when the nymph was fourteen days old (July 23). The imago is transparent, of a pale greenish-gray tinge, void of markings. It is active and will jump immediately upon emerging. Some were observed kicking off the old shell or jumping away from it. Within twenty minutes or half an hour the color markings begin to appear, and in less than an hour the imago is not discernible from the individuals many days older. Summary. Egg stage 9 days Larva stage — First instar 3 days Second instar 2 days Third instar 4 days Pupa or fourth instar 5 days Total 23 days Twenty-three days are necessarily consumed from time of the oviposition of the egg until the form reaches the adult stage. As nine days are used in the development of the em- bryo, we have two weeks as the time from hatching until the form emerges as an imago. Mrs. Rice, in her report on the life history of Entylia sinuata, states two weeks as the time from hatching to adult stage if ants are present, and one week if un- disturbed by ants. In my experiments indoors, without the presence of ants, the forms seemed unable to moult success- fully and died before reaching maturity. This fact leads me to believe that the ants are necessary factors in the life of an individual membracid. From three to four days after emergence the female com- mences to lay eggs. It has not been absolutely ascertained, but has been more or less satisfactorily observed, that one fe- male lays more than one egg during her life, each mass aver- aging about thirty-five eggs. The number of eggs is also indefinite, but as forms have been observed late in May and nymphs found as late as the first of November, and as it takes approximately four weeks from the time an egg mass is laid until a female from that generation begins to deposit her eggs, the writer feels justified in estimat- ing six or seven broods in a sea«on. As to the winter state, it is conjectured that it is spent either in the egg stage or as adult, protection being obained from the fallen leaves. On October 24 adult forms, a few nymphs in the pupa stage and newly emerged adults were observed, not- branch: biology of KANSAS MEMBRACID^. 85 withstanding the occurrence of two heavy frosts. On Novem- ber 1 several nymphs and adults were found on a food-plant stalk which had been taken to the laboratory for search of egg masses. No evidence of the theory that the form passes the winter in the egg stage has been ascertainable up to this date. Morphology. ■ EXTERNAL ANATOMY. Head. The head of a membracid is arranged in two planes; one vertical and parallel with the transverse planes of the body of the insect, the other set at an angle of about 95 degrees, or little more than a right angle, to the vertical plane. (Fig. 38a, pi. XI.) This vertical plane (which is continued by the cephalic face of the metopidium), when viewed in cephalic aspect, appears as an isosceles triangle. The suture between the head and the metopidium of the prothorax forms the base, and the globular eyes form the equal angles. The ventral edge of the face, which is formed by the clypeus, is the vertex of the triangle; the sides of the lorse extend from clypeus to compound eye, and form the sides of the triangle. (See fig. 62, pi. XVI.) Before the head can be viewed in its entirety the prothorax must be removed, as the top of the head is concealed by the prse- scutum. The suture, although in an approximately straight line, slopes slightly downward toward the sides, thus giving the base of the metopidium a curved appearance. (See fig. 62, pi. XVI.) This suture is not articulate in the adult forms, and although easily opened, care must be taken in removing the prothorax, as there are tiny arms produced from the front of the lateral angles of prothorax, which surround the head back of the compound eyes. Frequently, if these arms are not first broken away, the head will pull off' with the prothorax. These arms extend almost around the union of the head with the thorax, and reach to the coxae of the prothoracic legs, to which the arms are attached by a delicate membrane. (Fig. 34, pi. X.) The prothorax removed, the head or cephalic aspect thereof can be viewed. This ventral plane is flat when viewed laterally, but is really curved slightly backward on the sides, the middle of the curve being the central line dividing the face into bilateral halves. In this aspect three divisions 86 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. of the head can be seen, namely : Epicranium, clypeus, and lorse. (Fig. 35, pi. XI.) The Epicranium, in the generalized insect, is the dorsal part of the head lying back of an inverted Y-shaped suture (Comstock and Kochi). In this family the suture is clearly marked, the main suture branching at the top of the clypeus and the arms of the suture formed by the lateral edges of the clypeus. The top of the epicranium is almost flat, although there is a slight indentation at the suture and the line curves down slightly to meet the compound eyes. In dorsal view (fig. 1, pi. V) the epicranium narrows from front to back, rolling gently backward and then dropping suddenly to the occiput (fig. 40, pi. XII). The vertex of the epicranium is just back of the suture between the head and prothorax. The compound eyes are considered the outgrowth of the epicranium, and are situated at the extreme lateral edges of the sclerite. They are large and globular and composed of thousands of hexagonal facets. As the ventral surface of the eye contains approximately as many facets and is as large in area as the cephalic surface, it would seem that the downward vision of the insect would equal its forward vision. (Fig. 35 at c, and 37a at c, pi. XI.) Ocelli. — Situated in the front of the head, in an unsutured division of the epicranium, named the Frons, and nearer the clypeus than the vertex, lying either side of the epicranial suture, are the brilliant little ocelli. (Figs. 35 and 37a at a, pi. XL) LOR^. Separated by no apparent suture, but nevertheless a division of the epicranium, are the lorse. Their lateral edges extend from the base of the compound eyes to the ventral point of the lateral edge of the clypeus. This division line is about midway of the lateral edge of the clypeus in an oblique line upward to the base of the compound eye. There is thus formed a small triangle with two long and one short side, the short side being next to the clypeus. (Fig. 35 at I, pi. XI.) Clypeus.* This sclerite has been discussed and pointed out by the foregoing descriptions until it needs very little ex- planation. In this cephalic aspect it is triangular and with a curved base, the apex of the triangle at the epicranial suture. * In the nomenclature of the mouth parts the author follows Muir & Kershaw (2S) in that slie considers what many systematists call frons, clypeus and lahrum, respectivel/ the clypeus, labrum and epipharynx. branch: biology of kansas membracid^. 87 The ventral edge is densely hirsute. The whole cephalic face is deeply pitted or punctate and frequently mottled with dark patches. (Fig. 35 at y, pi. XI.) The plane at an angle of 95 degrees to this cephalic face is also a triangle, the base being the ventral edge of the ce- phalic face and the apex the distal end of the epipharynx. (See Fig. 37a, pi. XI.) In this plane are found the mouth parts proper, and here are situated all the typical sclerites of a suctorial mouth, namely, clypeus, labrum, epipharynx, mandibular and maxil- lary sclerites with their respective setae, and the labium or beak. Situated also in this plane are the gense or cheeks, and the antennal sockets with the delicate antennae. The compound eyes are also visible in this plane. When at rest the beak lies between the coxse of the legs of the insect and close to the sternum, but when in use it is lowered onto the food plant by special muscles. The GENiE (fig. 37a at g, pi. XI) are irregular quadrangu- lar plates surrounded by the compound eyes, the mandibular and maxillary sclerites and the overhanging lorse. These gense, with the maxillary sclerites, form the lateral edges of this plane of the head. Antennal Socket. (Fig. 35 at x, pi. XI.) Situated on the inner edge of the genae, and lying against the ventral face of the clypeus and under the overhanging edge of the lorae, is the circular socket or antennal sclerite, its edge next to the genae being the quadrant of a circle. Antenn.^. (Figs. 36 and 37a, pi. XI.) The antennae are pale in color and extremely minute and bristle-like. So minute and delicate are they that they are scarcely discernible with a pocket lens; in fact, they are frequently absent in mounted specimens, as they are easily broken off. The antenna, which measures 0.45 mm. in length, is com- posed of three segments — two stout basal segments (to and n, fig. 36, pi. XI) , the second and heavier of which bears sensoria; the third segment is spur-like, having a thickened base and gradually becoming slender until the distal end is hair-like. This spur, although unsegmented, has more than fifty small divisions, the last one much longer than the others. (Fig. 36, X, pi. XI.) The antennae are very deeply set into the socket. 88 • KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. there being found upon dissection an interior spine nearly as long as the two basal segments. In caudal aspect the head presents a concave surface, smooth and unhaired or punctured. Only small margins of the com- pound eyes can be seen. (Fig. 40, pi. XII.) Branching out from the occipital plates w^hich surround the cavity are seen the tentoria {t, fig. 40, pi. XII) ; from these is a narrow chitinized bar with three pairs of branches — one pair inward to support the oesophagus and attached to the cephalic face, just above the suture for clypeus, the second pair toward the thorax to help join the head to the thorax, and the third pair join to meet the bar which supports the labium. Mouth Parts. In ventral aspect (fig. 37a, pi. XI) the clypeus appears as a fleshy, swollen cushion, very large in proportion to the other sclerites, and rising in a dome. It is haired and its lateral edges fit down tightly upon the other sclerites. (See fig. 37a at y, pi. XL) Labrum. Lying against the distal edge of the clypeus is the labrum, light in color, and also fleshy and slightly elevated, but smooth and unhaired. It is elongated, with lateral edges curv- ing inward distad. (See lb, fig. 37a, pi. XL) In its under side the edges are seen to curve inward to support the epi- pharynx. The distal edge is pilose. Epipharynx. Arising beneath and extending beyond the labrum is the external portion of the epipharynx. It is pointed, and grooved on its inner surface, fitting closely over the open- ing in the first segment of the beak, and making, with the labium, an almost perfect tube (fig. 38b, pi. XII) for the setae, which come together and enter the beak at this point. It ex- tends exteriorly to the joint between the first and second seg- ments. (Fig. 37a, pi. XL) On its inner or under side the epipharynx is grooved and extends in a slender, thin plate to the hypopharynx, which will be discussed later. (Fig. 39, pi. XII.) Mandibular Sclerites. (Fig. 37a at m, pi. XL) Lying laterad of the clypeus is a slender, curved plate immovably sutured with the clypeus. Muir and Kershaw seem to con- sider this sclerite as a lateral projection of the clypeus. They figure a mandibular suture but no scelerite. I find this suture between the clypeus and the projected plate of branch: biology of KANSAS MEMBRACID^. 89 Muir and Kershaw easily opened and the two sclerites sepa- rated. In figure 42, pi. XII, can be seen this sclerite with the labriim remoA'ed. It has a delicate di.stal process, which is covered and protected by the labriim. The cross on figure 42 shows where the seta is joined to the sclerite on its inner sur- face. This sclerite is also sparsely covered with hairs. It can not be seen in caudal aspect until the maxillary sclerite has been removed. (Fig. 41, pi. XII.) Maxillary Sclerites. (Fig. 37a at n, pi. XI.) Situated laterad and below the mandibular sclerites are the maxillary sclerites. They too are curved, but on the front face are much narrower than mandibular sclerites. They form the lateral surface of the plane, however, and in caudal aspect are wide. (Fig. 40 at X, pi. XII.) Each sclerite bears two processes, one above the other, and both grooved on their outer edges to assist the set£e better on their way into the head. The proc- esses are also concealed under the labrum. Figure 39, plate XII, shows the inner surface of the clypeus, mandibular sclerites, labrum, and epipharynx. Situated on the distal edge of the clypeus and at the base of the epipharynx is the heart- shaped hypopharynx. Its function seems to be to cover the setse as they merge together and continue the tubular structure of the pharynx and enter the grooved trough of the epi- phamyx. Labium. (Fig. 37a, pi. XI; fig. 38b, pi. XII.) This is the beak in which lie the setse. It is composed of three segments, the second of which in cephalic view appears longest, but in lateral aspect seems to be joined to the distal segment by a sort of socket joint, the dorsal edges of which are formed by this second segment and the distal segment set into this socket thus formed. (Fig. 38a, pi. XII.) The first segment of the beak, as it passes under the labrum, clypeus and maxillary sclerites, broadens until it seems to form the base of the caudal cavity of the head. This segment forms the floor of the mouth, and, although chitinized, it is flexible. It is "supported down the middle by a chitinized rod (fig. 40 at r, pi. XII) coming from the bar and joining the tentorial sclerites. This rod ex- tends the entire length of the beak, ending in the third seg- ment. On dorsal side the labium is closed and flat, but on the ventral side its edges curve inward to form a groove or trough for the setae. The first two segments of the beak are slightly 2-Umv.Sci. Bull.. Vol. VUI. No. 3. 90 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. hirsute, but the distal one is furnished with heavy spines or sensorial hairs. The end of the beak is rounded and heavily chitinized, probably thus protected, as this portion rests upon the food-plant during feeding. Set^. The setse are four in number, one pair assigned to the mandibular processes and the other pair to the maxillary. The inner pair of maxillary setse are separated with diffi- culty, as they appear to be tightly grooved, forming a tube. The distal end of this pair extends beyond the other pair and projects out of the distal end of the beak. (Fig. 38b, pi. XII.) The distal ends of the maxillary setse are smooth and hair-like, but curved slightly at the extreme tip. They lie between the other pair until the first segment of the head is reached, when they become caudad in position and separate from each other on either side of the pharynx, disappearing into the head cavity. The inner end of each seta is thickened and is joined to the inner surface of the top of the head by heavy muscles. From this muscle descends a muscle to the inner face of the maxillary sclerite. (Fig. 41, pi. XII.) Mandibular Setse. — These are heavier than the maxillary setae, although not as long. The distal end is blunt and its outer edge or surface bears eight black teeth. (Fig. 37b, pi. XII.) The setse lie laterad of and surround the maxillary setse in their passage into the head, but on entering the head they lie cephalad. These mandibular setse are thickened in the head and connected to the sclerites by a well articulating joint. (Figure 41 at v, pi. XII.) From this joint extends a heavy muscle, which branches into two as it nears the top of the head. For further investigation, observations must be based on sections, both transverse and longitudinal. In making obser- vations on sections to ascertain the structures of mouth parts, it seems to be advisable to begin at the distal end of the beak and carry our observations into the head, piece by piece. The general shape of the beak or labium is transversely elliptical, the outline varying somewhat in the different seg- ments. The back or dorsal side of the labium (the side which lies against the sternum) is protected and strengthened by a chitinized rod. (Fig. 40, pi. XII.) The labial wall on the ven- tral side comes almost together, and then curves inward, form- ing a groove in which the setse lie. branch: biology of Kansas membracid^. 91 In a section near the tip of the beak (fig. 46, pi. XIII) the groove is shallow and opens in front, allowing the setae free and unhampered movement. In this section the maxillary set« are found, as they are longer than the mandibular setae, which do not always extend to the end of the beak ; in fact, the max- illary setae are frequently a full mm. longer than the beak. In this third segment the shape near the tip is circular. The supporting rod is not visible in the figure, but the dorsal wall is indentated slightly in the middle, and the rod probably plays in this indentation. The maxillary setae here appear as one, but upon closer observation this structure appears to be made up of two sections tightly grooved on their inner surfaces. One seta is situated above the other throughout the entire line of the beak. A section near the middle of the third segment is shown at figure 45, plate XIII. Here the shape is elongated dorso-ven- trad. (Fig. 38a, pi. XI.) In this section we notice the pres- ence of the mandibular setae ; they are crescent-shaped, folding around the maxillary setae. As the sections proceed toward the head, the labium becomes more circular in shape until near the upper end of the second segment it seems to be almost a perfect circle. (Fig. 44, pi. XIII.) A clearer conception of the various parts may be seen in figure 43, plate XIII. The shape is elliptical laterad and the strengthening rod is very clearly present. The epipharynx completely closes the tube and protects the setae. The mandibular setae show an opening which has been noticeable in the other sections. The shape of the setae is circular on its outer edge, but on the inner edge it is triangular. (See e, fig. 43, pi. XIII.) The ventral curve folds around the maxillary setae. The maxillary setae show the grooved structure on their inner edges. By making observations on figure 38a, plate XI, the reader will ascertain that a cut made transversely on the beak will also cut transversely, or nearly so, across the mandibular and maxillary sclerites. Such a section is shown at figure 47, plate XIII. The setae have become much larger than they were in the beak. The maxillary setae have separated from each other (.T and d, fig. 47, pi. XIII). The clypeus shows its vari- ous braces and pharyngeal muscles. In a longitudinal section — that is, across the vertical plane — the cut will be parallel to the longitudinal line of the maxillary 92 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. and mandibular sclerites. Such a section is shown at figure 48, plate XIV. Maxillary Set^. As the setae enter the head they separate, going either side of the pharynx and extending to the top of the epicranium. The setae widen as they approach this ex- tremity. Each seta is fastened to the epicranial wall by a heavy muscle (a, fig. 48, pi. XIV), from which arises another muscle, which is attached to the upper side of the seta and forms the refractory muscle. Attached to the lower edge of the widened extremity of the seta is a pair of muscles, one of which is branched. This pair of muscles proceeds along the line of the seta and are attached to the inner surface of the maxillary sclerite at its distal end, thus forming the pro- tractory muscles. Mandibular Set^. The mandibular setae, in the head, lie laterad of the maxillary setae. They do not extend as far into the head, as they are joined to the mandibular sclerite by an articulating joint. The seta is connected to the epicranial wall, however, by a very strong muscle, the retractor {t, fig. 48, pi. XIV). The protractor is shown at n; this muscle is branched at the end attached to the sclerite. This attachment is not visible in the figure. In this same section is shown a longi- section of the salivary ejaculator or pump of the suctorial ap- paratus. (See c, fig. 48, pi. XIV.) Connected to this pump are the ducts which supposedly lead to the salivary glands, although the glands have not been satisfactorily located by the writer. The Pharynx may be seen in both the transverse and longi- tudinal sections, as it enters the head in such a manner that a cross section of it is obtained near the back of the head in a transverse section (fig. 47, pi. XIII) and turns downward, passing over the oesophagal ganglion, and is found again in longi-section. Ganglia. In longi-section and through the compound eyes near the top of the head (see fig. 49, pi. XIV) the suboesophagal and supercesophagal ganglion are shown, with the maxillary setEe on either side of the subganglion over which the pharynx passes. The superganglion, or upper brain, is extremely large in proportion to the head, and lies forward toward the front surface of the face or epicranium. Branching out on either side of this ganglion is a large optic nerve which leads to the ■compound eye. (See o, fig. 49, pi. XIV.) BRANCH: BIOLOGY OF KANSAS MEMBRACID^. 93 An endeavor has been made to locate the nerves governing *^^he mouth parts, but as yet without success. Clypeus. In sections shown at figure 47, plate XIII, and figure 48, plate XIV, the heavy muscular tissues on the interior of the clypeus are seen. They are transverse and longitudinal muscles, which presumably regulate the muscular contraction and retraction of the upper part of the pharynx, and for this reason are called the pharangeal muscles. Summary. In a median lateral longitudinal section of the entire head and beak, a final and more comprehensive conception of the entire structure is presented. A careful study of this section, combined with the others just referred to, give the following results (fig. 50, pi. XV) : The Pharynx enters the head in a plane at an angle of about 60 degrees with the vertical or cephalic face of the head. It passes over the suboesophagal ganglion, and, turning sud- denly downward, passes under the superoesophagal ganglion (see b) . The pharynx proceeds toward the ventral face of the head until near the base of the distal end of the clypeus (z) , when it turns sharply downward in a line parallel to the ven- tral face of the clypeus. At this turn the upper wall of the pharynx is formed by the hypopharynx (h) , which joins itself to the epipharynx ig), lying beneath the labrum (l). The upper wall of the pharynx is expanded and compressed by the heavy muscles in the clypeus and labrum (t, u, n). The max- illary setfe (;r) lie either side of the pharynx, gradually ap- proaching each other until they meet, one lying over the other, forming a complete tube to continue the alimentary canal to the end of the maxillary setae. Pump. (Fig. 50, p, pi. XV.) Situated below the pharynx is a fleshy bundle of muscles with an opening into a short duct, wihch appears closed at the forward end. From this duct are two smaller ducts (k and o, fig. 50), one leading into the pharynx, and the other presumably leading from the salivary glands. Beak or Labium. The floor of the mouth is formed by the extension of the first segment of the beak (/, fig. 50, pi. XV), and is supplied with muscles near the curve of the first seg- ment. These muscles are presumably used in lowering and raising the beak. Each segment has three pairs of lateral 94 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. muscles, and there are numerous muscles running longitudi- nally, which are not shown at figure 50, but may be seen in cross sections in figures 46 and 45 at m, m, plate XIII. Running along the exterior surface of the floor and down the dorsal side of the beak is the chitinous rod used as a brace. Thorax. The head is fastened to the prothorax by two muscles (m-m, fig. 40, pi. XII). It is fastened to the meso- thorax by a pair of lateral muscles. The union with the meso- thorax is completely covered by the prothorax with its lateral arms, back of the compound eyes. Shape. — The prothorax may be seen in figure 61, plate XVI. It is compressed and the metopidium rises into a compressed and greatly elevated procephalon, which in lateral view is "spade-shaped." The dorsum is deeply sinuated at about one- third the way toward the posterior end. This sinuation forms the back of the procephalon and also the front edge of the dor- sal hump. The color of the prothorax is a dull tan and brown, varying in the sex. The color markings differ in some re- spects, but this is fully discussed under the head of Entylia sinuata, in the systematic paper at the close of this treatise. The mesothorax and metathorax are shown in dorsal aspect at figure 1, plate V. Here the bullse, or lobes, are to be seen; also the articulation of the tegmina and wings with the body. In each section (meso or meta) the scutum or bullse are elevated and polished; much enlarged in comparison with the other segments, as they contain muscles used in flying. The prse- scutum, scutum, scutellum and postscutellum are marked and indicated on figure 1. Tegmina. The tegmina of Entylia sinuata, like all of the genera of the tribe Polyglytini, are punctate and darkly coriaceous in the costal, radial and first basal cells. In Entylia sinuata the punctating is dense and heavy, as is shown in figure 1, plate V, and figure 83, plate XX. The veins in the tegmen seem to be pushed anteriorly, leaA'- ing a wide, unveined area below the first ulnar vein. The second ulnar vein disappears soon after leaving the base, but reappears near the posterior margin, where it appears in a hook-shaped line curving into the anal vein of the clavus. (Fig. 64, pi. XVII.) branch: biology of Kansas membracid^e. 95 The discoidal cells are small and only two in number, unless the vacant unveined portion be considered a discoidal. The first three apical cells are small, the third one petiolate, while the third and fourth are abnormally large. There is one, and possibly two, anals proceeding out of the base of the clavus. The tegmen is 3.8 mm. from base and 1.2 mm. wide in broadest portion. Wings. The wing is typical of the family, having the three longi- tudinal veins — costa, radia and ulnar — in corium, and two in clavus. It is difficult at times to see the second anal vein. The limbus surround the veined portion except at the base and along the costal area. Wing measures 2.2 mm. from base to tip. Legs. The prothoracic, mesothoracic and metathoracic legs, in all genera, differ greatly. The prothoracic leg has a heavy coxa, which is joined to the arm of the prothorax by a heavy mem- brane. The prothoracic leg is almost as large as the meso- thoracic. The tibia, however, appears heavier in the pro- thoracic leg, presumably because the prothoracic leg is more developed through the aid it gives during feeding time. The femur of the prothoracic leg, as well as that of the meso- thoracic, is much curved, especially the outer margin. The tibiae are slender and quadrangular, haired and spineless. The claws are longer than those in the metathoracic leg ; are sharp, bearing a soft, spongy cushion between them. This cushion is perhaps used as a suction in clinging to the plant, as the insect shows strong clinging abilities and is not easily shaken off its plant. In the prothoracic leg the tibia is scarcely longer than the femur, but in mesothoracic it is one third longer. The metathoracic leg, or "jumping leg," is the member with which the insect does its rapid work in locomotion. The femur is cylindrical, but is not. as curved on the outer edge as the femur in the prothoracic or mesothoracic leg. It is narrower in the middle than on either end, having a more forceful lever power than in the other shape. The tibia is at least twice the length of the femur. It is quadrangular, with numerous black, shining spines on the four angular edges and also on the planes between. There are also dark spines around the distal end of the tibia and on the first joint of the tarsus. (See fig. 2, 96 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. pi. V.) The tibia and tarsi are densely haired, and the tibia is larger at its distal end than in any other portion of its length. The Abdomen. The abdomen is composed of the typical ten segments (eight and the two forming the genitalia). It is compressed and has a ridge on its medial dorsal area. Each of the eight segments bears a pair of dark markings either side of the ridge. The first segment is narrower than the metathorax, thus giving the Insect a marked constriction just back of the wings. The body line curves outward, the fourth segment being some little wider than the first or eighth. Viewed laterally the spiracles can be seen. (See fig. 54, pi. XV.) The genitalia form a part of the abdomen and must here be discussed. The Male Genital Organs, viewed laterally, present all the typical sclerites. (Fig. 52, pi. XIV.) The supra-anal plate (g, fig. 52, pi. XIV) is joined to the eighth abdominal segment by a heavy membrane. Proceeding from the ventral side of the lateral face of the supra-anal plate is a sclerite which extends caudad beyond this plate. Its ven- tral edge curves upward, forming an apex with the dorsal edge on the caudal extremity of the sclerite. It is densely haired and flexible. This sclerite is a cercus, and has a mate on the opposite side of the insect. (Fig. 52, p, pi. XIV.) These are used as claspers. Clasper. — The most ventral plate in lateral aspect is a clasper. It is narrowed posteriorly, hirsute, and also has a mate. (See r, at figs. 52 and 51, pi. XIV.) Proceeding from the inner side of the claspers are four polished, claw-like append- ages (two on a side). The posterior pair are larger than the other pair, which, on the other hand, are darker than the posterior pair (x, fig. 52, pi. XIV). In ventral aspect the subgenital plate (see g, fig. 51, pi. XIV) is seen. It is a fleshy sclerite, dentate twice on its ventral edge. The two pairs of claw-like organs are attached to the cerci beneath this plate. The anal plate, in lateral aspect, is boot-shaped, pale, and hirsute. It is joined to the supra-anal plate by a membrane. (See y, fig. 52, pi. XIV.) branch: biology of Kansas membracid^. 97 The copulatory organ is little seen in lateral aspect, as it is situated on the ventral side of the anal plate, and is closely attached thereto. In ventral aspect this organ is seen lying against the anal plate {k, fig. 51, pi. XIV) . It is highly chitin- ized and dark, bearing a set of conspicuous, polished elevations. The Female Genital Organs. Ovipositors. — The last ven- tral segment is triangular in its caudal edge, the sides sloping obliquely from the middle. Proceeding from under this sclerite is a pair of long, slender, highly chitinized plates (o, fig. 53, pi. XV). Near the ventral plate of the abdomen these plates enlarge or broaden and surround the vaginal opening. These slender sclerites are pointed at the caudal extremity, situated close together, forming a groove for the placing of the eggs. These are the ovipositors. Either side of the ovipositors is another long, slender scle- rite. This with its mate form the egg guides (r, fig. 53, pi. XV). In lateral aspect (fig. 54, pi. XV) are seen the supra-anal plate at g, the subgenital at gs. the cerci or claspers at r, and the egg guides at e. The ventral plate is shown at v. In the female the subgenital plate lies beneath the anterior edge of the ovipositors. On its posterior edge it is double curved (fir, fig. 53, pi. XV). Techmque. Three processes of killing were used. First, the hot-water method: Boiling water was poured over the specimens and allowed to stand without further heating, for five minutes. At the end of this time dehydration was commenced, using in- creasing grades of alcohol from 30 per cent to 70 per cent, and left in 70 per cent for keeping. The second method: Gilson's solution — acetic alcohol with sublimate (see Lee's Vade Mecum) — ^was poured over speci- mens and allowed to stand from fifteen to thirty minutes. The solution was washed out with claret solution or iodine in 85 per cent alcohol. This washing must be repeated several times for an hour or two until no trace of the odor of acetic acid can be detected. If this acetic acid remains in the specimen it will cause the insect to swell, and there is danger of the abdomen bursting. The claret solution is replaced by 70 per cent alco- hol for keeping. 98 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. The third method was to kill in picro-aceto-sublimate (see Vade Mecum). The last two methods were found more efficient in external and coarse dissection, as the sutures were more distinct and the muscles less brittle than in the water-killing. Before much work could be done in external anatomy of the head, it was necessary to clear the heads by boiling for fifteen minutes in one part saturate solution potassium hydrate and ten parts water. For sectioning, any one of the three fixative methods seemed equally good. On account of the difficulty through the chitin, the material had to be softened in sodium hypochlorite solution (saturate solution, one part to ten parts water, was found satisfactory) . The writer left the specimens over night (about fourteen hours) in this solution, and then dehydrated up to 85 per cent alcohol, from which the specimens were put into cedar oil for twenty-four hours or longer. For infiltration, watch glasses were partially filled with melted paraflSn. The specimens, before being placed in the paraffin, were drained on blotting paper. This process makes the change of paraffin unnecessary. The infiltration continued for ninety-six hours. Sections were cut ten microns, stained three to four hours in Mayer's carmulum, and mounted in Canada balsam. Taxonomy. The following synoptical table of the subfamilies of the Membracidse is taken from Van Duzee (41), who uses that given by Canon Fowler, who founded his work formally on that of Stal : Scutellum wanting or entirely concealed by pronotum 1 Scutellum distinct and more or less uncovered, with its apex nearly always excavated or broadly sinuated and furnished on each side with acute angles Centrotin^ Stal. 1. Tarsi of equal length, or posterior pair longest 2 Posterior tarsi much shorter than the anterior and interme- diate HOPLOPHORIN^ Stal. 2. Tibiae, at least the anterior and intermediate, dilated or foli- aceous // — Membracin.e Stal. Tibise simple or very slightly dilated, never foliaceous 3 3. Third apical or terminal areola of the corium elongated, never petiolate Darning Stal. Third apical or terminal areole of the corium petiolate, the adjacent areoles contiguous before it , 4 BRANCH : BIOLOGY OF KANSAS MEMBRACID^. 99 4. Elytra externally broadly coriaceous and opaque, with the veins of the coriaceous portion scarcely distinguishable, and the free margin broad Tragopin^ Stal. Elytra entirely membranous, with the veins distinct or coriaceous and punctured at the base only / — Smiliin^ Stal. I.— Subfamily SMILIIN^* Stal. The Smiliida are more northern in their contribution and form by far the greater portion of our North American fauna in this family. Elytra free, with the clavus uncovered, its interior margin touching the external margin of the pronotum 1 — Cerasini Godg. Clavus and frequently a part of the corium covered by the pronotum . . 1 1. Wings with the terminal areole sessile, its base truncated. 2 — ^Telamonini Godg. Wings with the terminal areole triangular, stylate 2 2. Base of the corium with two closely contiguous veins. S — POLYGLYPTINI Godg. Base of the corium with three veins, usually contiguous. Jf — Smiliini Godg. 1. — Tribe Cerasini. Corium with two veins contiguous at base, sometimes united in one. ... 1 Corium with two distinct veins at base, contiguous at most, but for a short space at base, where they are subobsolete 2 1. Pronotum armed with suprahumeral horns, sometimes reduced to mere tubular angles 1 — Ceresa A. & S. Pronotum without suprahumeral horns, the sides of the metopidium, at most, obtusely angled 2 — Stictocephala Stal. 2. Elytra with five apical areoles, veins distinct. . . .3 — Acutalis Fairm. Elytra with four apical areoles, veins indistinct. 4 — Micrutalis Fowler. 1. — Genus Ceresa A. & S. In North America we find fifteen species, of which only three are recorded from Kansas. I give below a small key, based somewhat on that of Van Duzee (4) : A. Suprahumer.ils broad, stout and triangular. B. Elytra infuscated, metopidium pale, prothorax brown, transversely banded with pale near middle and a narrower pale marking near posterior process 2 — dieeros Say AA. Supraluimcrals acute, distinctly produced as horns, triangular, sometimes short. Elytra very transparent. -Species green when alive, turning to tawny or green mottled with tawny when dried. Prothorax covered with small white dots. B. Metopidium slightly curved cephalad between the Buprahumerals ; produced at times into an obtuse angle; sometimes flat but never concave. C. Clypeus short at apex, continuing contour of cheeks, 1 — bubalus Fabr, BB. Metopidium concave between the suprahumerals, sometimes flat or u trifle convex in the very middle. Suprahumerals (viewed from above) subterete, sloping upward and curving slightly backward. C. Clypeus produced at apex, forming an angle in contour of cheeks. 3 — tauriana Fitch * To accord with the general custom of term endings in subfamily names, I have changed the ending from ID.\ to IN.E. 100 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. 1. — Ceresa bubalus Fabr. Figs. 5, 7, 10, 87. Green when alive, turning to a tawny or an ochreous hue when dried. Finely punctured with obscure whitish dots. Pronotum bearing later- ally two large horns called suprahumerals, in front of the lateral angles. These suprahumeral processes point outward but never upward; are dark brown at the tips and along the upper margin as far as the union with the prothorax. The metopidium rises perpendicularly from the head, but slopes gently toward the sides, leaving an apparent carina down the middle of the face of the metopidium. The metopidium slopes backward as well as slightly upward, and, with the dorsal margins of the supra- humerals, forms an equilateral triangle, the apex of which is at the dorsal carina. Laterally, the suprahumerals slope inward and backward, forming the lateral edges of the prothorax. The prothorax is produced into a sharply constricted point at the posterior process. The prothorax extends nearly to the tip of the tegmina but does not cover them laterally. The sides of the pronotum slope inward and upward, meeting the dorsal carina and forming a high tectiform hood. From the apex of the plane of the metopidium, the dorsum slopes downward and backward until it meets the sharp, black point of the posterior process. The pronotum, caudad of the metopidium, possesses a strong median longitudinal precur- rent carina, slightly piceous in spots. The lateral edges of the prothorax are strongly carinated. The clypeus is not produced beyond the face but the lateral edges continue the contour. Tegmina ta\vny but transparent. The base of the clavus slightly coriaceous. Tibiae quadrangular. Length, 8 to 10 mm. Described from thirty specimens. HABIT.4T: Brownsville, Tex.; Buffalo, Colo.; Kansas City, Mo.; Man- chester, Vt.; Douglas, Sedgwick, Finney, Graham and Rawlins counties, Kansas; Eastern United States, Southern Canada, and extending west to California. 2. — Ceresa diceros Say. Figs. 6, 88. Prothorax brown, finely punctured and mottled or banded with light tawny spots, usually two on each side, one pair about the middle of the dorsum and the other pair near the posterior process. This process is black and polished. The general shape of this species agrees with that of Ceresa bubalus, but the suprahumerals are broader and thicker. The front margin of the metopidium is not produced into an obtuse angle, but the cephalic margin of the suprahumerals curves gently outward and backward until near the middle of the front margin, when the line abruptly proti-udes forward, producing a slight bump. The metopidium is pilose and is tawny in color. Tips of suprahumerals black. Length, 8 to 10 mm. Described from seventeen specimens. Amyot and Serville described this species as C. post fasciata. Habitat: Colorado Springs, Colo.; Pennsylvania; New York; Nova Scotia; Kansas City, Mo.; Douglas county, Kansas. 3. — Ceresa taurina Fitch. Figs. 8, 9. Green when alive, turning tawny when dry. Agi'eeing in many particu- lars with Ceresa bubalus, but the species is more slender and smaller. Suprahumerals more acute, curving upward and a little forward, making branch: biology of KANSAS MEMBRACID^. 101 the front margin of the metopidium present a concave line. Clypeus usually produced below the face, causing a break in the contour of the ventral line. Length, 7 to 8 mm. Described from twelve specimens. Habitat: Oak Creek canyon, Arizona; Lush, Wyo.; Columbia and Kansas City, Mo.; Welland county, Ontario; Colorado; North Carolina; Douglas, Sedgwick and Rawlins counties, Kansas. 2. — Genus Stictocephala Stal. This genus comprises a large number of species. Van Duzee gives eleven species for North America, three of which occur in Kansas. The members of this genus, like Ceresa, are green when alive, turning to a yellow or orange hue, frequently mottled, when dry, and covered over with small white dots. Its characteristic differentiation from Ceresa is the absence of the produced horn-like suprahumerals. A. Carinate sides of the metojiidium meeting before the middle of the bod.v. B. Metopidium, viewed from before, obviously widened upward to the rounded suprahumeral angles. Length of insect, 7.5 to 8 mm. C. Lorai continuing ihe rounded contour of the cheeks; the clypeus scarcely longer than the cheeks. Last ventral segment, of the female broadly and subangularly excavate behind. Inhabits a region east of the continental divide 1 — iiicrmis Fabr. A A. Carinate sides of the metopidium with no distinct meeting before the middle of the body. B. Metopidium, viewed from before, widened upward to the obtuse supra- Immeral angles. C. Dorsum, viewed laterally, distinctly arcuate ; metopidium high, its sides angulate or subangulate; distinctly carinate, uniting some- what behind the middle of the dorsum. Face evenly and regularly punctate, cariuEe frequently rufous 3 — festina Say BB. Metopidium regularly narrowing above the suprahumerals. C. Carinate sides of the metopidium meeting at or near the middle. Dorsum elevated. Face smoothly corrugated, evenly and closely punctate. Clypeus and lora^ little produced. Length of insect, 6 to 6.5 mm. D. Pectus and outer face of femora black ; clypeus briefly but obviously produced beyond the lines of the cheeks. 2 — hitea Walk. 1. — Stictocephala inermis Fabr. Figs. 16, 17, 66 and 89. This is the largest species of the genus. In cephalic aspect, the meto- pidium shows slight obtuse suprahumerals, but these are in no case pro- duced as in Ceresa. The metopidium rises from the head in a perpen- dicular plane, which almost immediately inclines slightly forward, causing the front of the metopidium, when viewed laterally, to present a curved surface. The metopidium, above the line of the suprahumerals, curves gently backward. Cephalad of the middle of the pronotum, the plane of the metopidium is terminated by the union of the dorsal carinje of the suprahumerals, thus forming an isosceles triangular plate as in Ceresa. From this point the dorsum slopes gently downward and backward to meet the posterior process, which is usually dark and always acute. The dorsum bears a longitudinal median carina, which is sometimes rufous or dotted with light brown. The sides of the pronotum are concave or in- wardly arcuated, and the ventral line, which is carinated, slopes rapidly 102 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. to meet the constricted posterior process. The tegmina are slightly colored with dark coriaceous spots at the base. The pectus and outer face of femora black, but frequently light and concolorous. Length, 7 to 9 mm. Described from twenty-five specimens. Habitat: Oak Creek canyon, Arizona; Trenton Falls, N. Y.; Kansas City, Mo.; Oregon (Canada mountains) ; Douglas and Cowley counties, Kansas. 2. — Stictocephala lutea Walk. Figs. 28, 29, 90. This species, although commonly found and reported from Kansas, has not been collected by the wi-iter. Therefore, this description is based on museum material only. It is somewhat smaller than S. inermis, but as the two species intergrade to a considerable degree, it is difficult to draw a fast and positive line between them. The specific differentiation of lutea from inermis lies in the convex metopidium (with its slightly and delicately carinated edges) , which in S. lutea has its apex caudad of the middle of the pronotum. The dorsum is high and the sides well arcuated. The pectus and outer face of the femora are black. Length, 7 to 7.5 mm. Described from twelve specimens. Habitat: Alabama; Mississippi; Arizona; Hayti; Sedgwick and Doug- las counties, Kansas. 3. — Stictocephala festiyia Say. The material at my disposal was accidentally injured, so that no de- tailed description can be given at this time. 3. — Genus Acutalis Fairmaire. 'This genus is distinguished from Micrutalis by the fact that the Acu- talis tegmina have five apical cells, while Micrutalis has but four. (See figs. 80, 81, 82.) There has been some question among investigators con- cerning the advisability of separating these two into different genera. The tegminal characters, however, would seem to be of generic value. Van Duzee gives three species common to North America, but up to this time only one has been collected in Kansas. Acutalis tartarea Say. Figs. 18, 19, 80. Pronotum black and shiny. Metopidium rising perpendicularly for a short distance and then curving gently back over the abdomen. Small, inconspicuous supi-ahumerals, light in color. Lateral edges of pronotum light, extending to the posterior process, which is compressed into a point. Posterior process pale. Face black and shiny; compound eyes and ocelli light. Tegmina black with a purpHsh iridescence as far as the apical region, where the tegmina become transparent; nei-vules heavy. Meta- thoracic legs are heavily spined and of a greenish hue; other legs pale yellow, hirsute, and with a dark spot on the distal end of the tibiae. Length, 4 to 5.5 mm. Described from fifteen specimens. Habitat: Virginia and Douglas county, Kansas. Van Duzee gives the species as common throughout the Middle Atlantic States, and north- ward through New York to Canada. BRANCH : BIOLOGY OF KANSAS MEMBRACID^. 103 4. — Genus Micrutalis Fowler. This genus has only four apical cells in the tegmina. Frequently, as in M. dorsalis (a species, according to Van Duzee, not reported from Kansas), there is a fifth terminal areole; but this is not formed in the regular way, but by the crowding of this nervure against that fonning the apex of the costal areole. In the Francis Huntington Snow collection at the University of Kansas the genus does not seem to be represented. It is there, however, but included in Acutalis, on account of the older manner of classification. The specimens labeled Anitalis calva and Acutalis occidentalis the writer classifies Micrutalis, on account of the four apical cells. Van Duzee records six species from North America. In the smaller and more typical species of this genus the terminal areole may be small, or even wanting. Genus Micrutalis Fowler. A. Size small; less than 4 mm., but more than 2.5 mm. B. Pacific coast species, pronotum, when viewed dorsally, slightly rounded, at least not acute, on edges before posterior process. C. Color pale, the dorsum sometimes marked with a brown median line, which may be expanded between the suprahumerals and before the ape.\ 1 — occidentaliji Godg. BB. Eastern species, with pronotum, viewed dorsally, with edges continuing the line directly with that of the posterior process. Pronotum relatively more acute than in the former. C. Black marking much extended ; the pronotum usually entirely black e-^icept at tip. In pale specimens the color of the dorsum is gathered anteriorly, and does not form a dorsal line widening before the apex 2 — ealva Say 1. — Micrutalis occcidentalis Coding. Fig. 81. Although this species seems to be accredited to the Pacific coast, the F. H. S. collection records it from Brownsville, Tex. This fall (1911) the writer found one specimen in sweepings at Lawrence, Kan. It is a small, pale species, in some cases almost void of color mark- ings. In cases of this kind there is a slight collection of light brown color near the cephalic end of the pronotum. In other specimens this color may be dark and extend about midway to the tip of the pro- notum. Length, 2.8 to 3.2 mm. Described from seven specimens. Habitat: Brownsville, Tex.; Riverside, Cal.; Lawrence, Kan. 2. — Micrutalis calva Say. Figs. 20, 21, 82. Prothorax smooth, black, and shiny. Posterior process, face and com- pound eyes pale. There are small, obscure, obtuse suprahumerals out- lined with a pale yellow carina. Femora black. Tibiae bear dark spots near femora. Tegmina clear, with pale but distinct neuration. Length 3 to 3.5 mm. Described from ten specimens. Redescribed as Smila flavipinnis by Germar. Habitat (Van Duzee) : Of wide distribution from southern New York to Florida, and west to the Rocky Mountains. F. H. S. collection records specimens collected in Texas, Missouri, and Kansas. 104 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. 2. — Tribe Telamonini Godg. A. Pronotum unarmed. B. Dorsum strongly compressed foliaceous 1 — Archasia Stal AA. Pronotum armed with a horn or dorsal crest more or less developed. B. Dorsum armed with a compressed horn, which is erect or nearly so, with a dorsal crest more or less elevated. C. Dorsal crest arising from behind the suprahumerals. If distinctly ele- vated, wider than high. Corium coriaceous, and if at all punctured, only for a short space at the base. D. Dorsal crest rounded; obtusely pointed, truncate or sinuate at apex, sometiuu's scarcely elevated 2 — Tclamona Fitch 1. — Genus Archasia Stal. A genus whose species are green when alive, turning oreheous or tawny in museum specimens. Prothorax punctate and finely althougli obscurely dotted with white specks. Longitudinal median carina piceous in spots. Prothorax very highly elevated and compressed into a sharp helmet above the head. Archasia galeata Fabricus. Figs. 22, 23. This is the only species of this genus reported from Kansas. There are two species classified by Van Duzee, but the F. H. S. collection yields but one specimen of each of the two species, and A. belfragi is not re- ported from Kansas. On account of the scanty material, very little study could be made. Contour of the prothorax entire, not having elevations or sinuations. Metopidium bears short, obtuse suprahumerals. Habitat: Van Duzee reports the species from Colorado and Georgia, stating that it is less abundant than A. belfragii Stal in the Northern States, but is a prevailing form in the South. The specimen in the F. H. S. collection is from Douglas county, Kansas. Length, 9.5 mm. 2. — Genus Telamona Fitch. This genus contains the largest form found in Kansas, it measuring sometimes 11 mm. in length. The male is much smaller than the female and also darker in color. .V. Crest (viewed laterally) pyramidal, rather slender and narrowed upward. B. Crest narrowing above to a rounded point, posterior angle scarcely if at all indicated, its front sloping from the metopidium without a sinus at the an- terior base 1 — pyramidata Uhl. A-\. Crest (viewed laterally) rectangular, broad, but little narrowed above. B. Crest nearly vertical before or sometimes overhanging. Gray or brownish species more or less distinctly banded or dotted with dark brown, sometimes almost black. C. Crest truncated above, the angles nearly or quite right angles. ■2 — ampelopsides Harris 1. — Telamona pyramidata Uhler. Figs. 30, 31, 84. Color varying from a pale, tawny concolorous specimen through green- ish ochre to brown with darker markings. In cephalic aspect the form is very broad and somewhat flat; the metopidium curves backvrard after rising perpendicularly for a short distance, and gently upward, forming a dorsal elevation back of the suprahumerals. This elevation or pro- tuberance slopes abrubtly downward and then proceeds in an almost hor'- BRANCH : BIOLOGY OF KANSAS MEMBRACID^. 105 zontal line to the posterior pi'ocess. The dorsal carina is prominent and piceous as far as the elevation, but caudad it becomes concolorous and obscure. There is frequently a dark color marking extending from back of the elevation to the lateral edge of the prothorax, slanting slightly caudad. End of prothorax diffused with dark. Tegmina transparent, except for the dark tip and slight coriation of base. Cephalic portion of the prothorax pale. Suprahumerals sometimes dark at the tips. Haritat: Colorado Springs, Colo.; Cheyenne, Douglas and Gove counties, Kansas; Missouri. Length, 10.2 to 8.5 mm. Described from twenty-five specimens. 2. — Telamona ampelopsides Harris. Figs. 73, 74. Redescribed as Thelia cyrtops by Fairmaire. Color dark dusty brown, some specimens having a greenish cast in the lighter portions. Metopidium rising similar to that in T. pyramidata, but instead of sloping gently backward it rises abruptly to form the high rectangular dorsal elevation. The dorsal contour of this protuberance runs backward in an almost horizontal yet slightly descending plane un- til past the middle of the prothorax, when it slopes suddenly downward and then extends caudad, forming a lanceolate posterior process. Color, dark brown, the cephalic face of the suprahumerals bearing a splotch which extends toward but does not attain the median carina. This median carina is piceous. The cephalic edge of the elevation has color markings which extend downward and backward to meet the splotch at the caudal edge of the elevation on the side of the prothorax. This color may or may not extend as far as the posterior process, which is dark. Median carina is dark and prominent for its entire length. Fe- mora dark on dorsal side. Tegmina smoky and darker at tip; clear in costal region. The males in this species are much darker than the fe- males, being at times almost black, but with the markings visible. Length, 11 mm. to 8.8 mm. Described from forty specimens. Habitat: Menand, N. Y.; Kansas City, Mo.; Manchester, Vt.; Doug- las county, Kansas. 3. — Tribe Polyglyptini Goding. A.. Pronotum usually not produced anteriorly; if at all, only very slightly. B. Dorsum regularly rounded transversely, punctate ; prothorax not elevated in rugee. The furcation forming the base of the terminal areole is a straight line or nearly so 1 — Vandusea Goding BB. Dorsum more or less elevated: the surface with longitudinal rugse. which may become more or less reticulated: the furcation forming the base of the terminal areole forming an angle. C. Dorsum strongly elevated, compressed, with a deep sinus whose base is rounded 2 — Entylia Germ. CC. Dorsum but slightly elevated : a little sinuated before the middle, the base of the sinuation being fiat or angled, not regularly rounded. 3 — Publilia Stal 1. — Genus Vanduzea Goding. This genus may be distinguished by the absence of wrinkes or rugae on the prothorax and by the peculiar shape of the terminal areole or third apical cell, which has a straight vein for a base instead of the 3— Univ. Sci. Bull., Vol. VIII. No. 3. 106 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. usual angle toward the base of the tegmen. The metopidium is not pro- duced any higher than is absolutely necessary to cover the mesothorax and metathorax. In the species common to Kansas the dorsum is transversely rounded and punctate. Van Duzee states that some species of this genus have the dorsum carinated and sinuated. The color of the species of the genus Vaiiduzea is mottled with dark, either dark bi-own or black, with whitish or light oblique vittae. The pi'othorax is pilose, the legs dark brown to black, with light hairs. The tegniina, except in the costal region, is transparent, the nervules with black or bi'own dotted lines. The tip of the limbus is infuscated. Vanduzea arquata Coding. Figs. 14, 1.5, 68, 69, 78. Color reddish brown, verging to black. There are white or light yellow markings or vittae, an oblique spot joining the lateral margin, and a line just before the posterior process. Sometimes there is a small white spot on the dorsum almost concurrent with the spots on the sides. The pronotum bears no procephalon or crest and is smoothly rounded transvei'sely. The metopidium rises slightly from the head and then curves gently backward to the dorsum, which is slightly arcuated to the posterior process. The metopidium (in cephalic view) is broad, with short, obtuse suprahumerals. Head and body and legs dark and pilose. Length 5.1 to 4..5 mm. Habitat: Galveston and Brownsville, Tex.; Douglas and Congress Junction, Ariz.; Kansas City, Mo.; Kansas City, Kan.; Morton, Clark, Douglas, Stevens. Seward and Haskell counties, Kansas. According to the determination in F. H. S. collection, there are two species common to Kansas, V. arquata and V". vestita. Van Duzee sepa- rates these species by the costal region of the tegmina. V. arquata has the costal cell coriaceous and punctured for nearly its whole length; V. I'estita has the costal areole or cell coneolorous, sparsely punctate near the base. If this classification be true — and I have every reason to consider it such — then there is but one species in the F. H. S. collection, as all the specimens agree with V. arquata. In Van Duzee's description of V. arquata he states that the suprahumerals are more prominent than in V. arquata. With this description as a basis, the specimens here can not be V. vestita, as there is no ascertainable diiference in the promi- nence of the suprahumerals. Genus EntyUa Germ. This genus has received a considerable list of sjmonyms, which I append at the close of the description of species. It is widely distributed east of the Rocky Mountains, and some species occur in considerable numbers, the writer having found extensive colonies in Kansas and Vermont. The metopidium of the prothorax rises in a high elevation to form a distinct procephalon, almost perpendicular or sloping slightly forward on its cephalic edge. This procephalon is greatly compressed and ex- tends rectilinearly caudad for a short distance, descending suddenly and abruptly into a deep sinus smoothly curved at the base. This sinus BRANCH: BIOLOGY OF KANSAS MEMBRACID^. 107 forms also the front of a second elevation, or the dorsal hump, which does not rise as high as the procephalon, but is equally compressed, slopes down rapidly, making the dorsal hump, in lateral aspect, appear somewhat rectangular. After dropping for a distance about equal to the depth of the curved sinus, the dorsal line proceeds gently backward and downward to meet the blunt posterior process. Eiitylia sittHatu Fabr. Figs. 61, 62, 64, 83. In looking over the individuals of this genus in F. H. S. collection, 1 find two species, or rather one species and a variety, Eiifylia sinaata and Entylia sinuata var. bactriana. Upon closer examination the writer finds that those determined as E. bactriana are all males, and those determined as E. sinuata are all females. In the life-history obseiva- tions (recorded in this paper) the writer found the males agreeing with bactriana and the females agreeing with sinuata. F. C. Crawford, asso- ciate curator, division of insects. United States National Museum, states that there are both males and females of both species and variety in the collection there. From this information, and the study of life history, it may be inferred that there has been an error in the determination of the material in the F. H. S. collection. Whether that is a correct .state- ment or not, the fact remains the same — that the writer has not found any E. sinuata var. bactriana in Kansas. It is not neces.=ary to redescribe the procephalon and dorsum of this species, as it agrees with that given in the generic characters. The sides of the prothorax bear three lateral carinse, the centi-al one being branched at its base in such a manner as to frequently appear as two. The lower one forms the edge of the prothorax, while the upper branches into the posterior elevations. These carinas frequently appear white, es- pecially in the males. There is a prominent dorsal carina which extends from the base of the metopidium, follows the elevations in their sinua- tions, and finally fades out on the posterior process. The prothorax extends beyond and covers the tips of teg-mina. The tegmina are transparent except in the basal region of the three longitudinal veins in the corium; this region is dark and heavily coriaceous. The discoidal cells are small and pushed costad and distad, leaving the lower part of the corium unveined. The tips of the tegmina are infuscated. The suprahumerals are distinct, obtuse, and not formed by any marked invaginations in the outline of the prothorax. The male is dark, almost black, with procephalon slightly less ele- vated than in the female. The face heavily punctate. As a rule, the male is smaller than that of the female. The female is light brown or tan, mottled with dark ariteriorly. The front of the head and pro- cephalon is densely spotted with irregular dark markings, and there is an arcuate dark mark on the sides of the prothorax behind the middle, with the posterior end infuscated. The body usually accords in shade to the main color of the prothorax; the legs pale. There are variations in this color marking, as the front of the face and prothorax, including the cephalic elevation or procephalon, may be pale, as usual, but the sides of the prothorax, including the dorsal hump, may be very dark, the caudal third of the prothorax being light, infuscated at the extreme 108 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. tip. Legs pale; body dark. Sometimes the color markings do not take definite shape, but appear in mottled splotches. Again, the procephalon may be light in color, continuing on to the sides of the prothorax and forming a cephalocaudal band meeting the light caudal third, thus leav- ing only the tip of the cephalic elevation and the sides of the dorsal ele- vation dark. Length: Males, 3.3 to 5.1 mm.; females, 5.2 to 6.1 mm. Described from sixty- three specimens. Habitat: Manchester, Vt.; Maine; Kansas City, Mo.; Brownsville, and Galveston, Tex.; Douglas, Sedgwick, Reno and Neosho counties, Kansas; New York. Synonyms : 1798 — Membracis sinuata Fabr. Ent. Syst. Suppl. 1798 — Memhrads emarginata. 1803 — Membracis emarginata Fabr. Syst. Phyng. 1851 — Entylia concisa Walk. List. Horn. B. M. 1851 — Entylia decisa Walk. List. Horn. B. M. 1851 — Entylia accisa Walk. List. Hom. B. M. 1851 — Entilia torva var. Fitch. Cat. Horn. N. Y. 1851— Entilia torva Walk. List. Hom. B. M. 1876 — Entilia carinata Glover. Rep. U. S. Dept. Agril. No. 29. At the close of the Synonimical Catalogue occurs the following habitat: New York, Missouri, New Hampshire, Virginia, District of Co- lumbia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Pennyslvania, Michigan, Iowa, Maryland, Florida, Illinois. 3. — Genus Publilia Stal. This genus has been formed by Stal for the reception of those species formally classed as Entylia, where the elevations are not high enough to put the form strictly into genus Entylia, but in which the dorsum is sim- ilarly sinuated. Kansas contributes two species to the genus. A. Dorsum straight or feebly bowed, scarcely if at all sinuated, form slender, pro- thorax punctate, not wrinkled 2 — modesta Uhler AA. Dorsum elevated, obviously sinuated. B. Sides of the prothorax with longitudinal wrinkles which form a network along the dorsum l^concava fay 1. — Publilia concava Say. Figs. 26, 27, 65. A small, dark form with a very roughly punctated and coarsely re- ticulated pronotum, which almost covers the tegmina laterally. The metopidium is slightly elevated, being compressed and in cephalic aspect appears as a heavy carina or minute procephalon above the cephalic face of the metopidium. The sinus on the dorsum is obvious, although not as marked as in Entylia sinuata; the base is flat or angulated, not a regular curve. The dorsal crest is not abrupt caudad, but curves gently to the posterior process. Along the sides of the prothorax are distinct carinas, which become forked anteriorly and dorsally, forming a network of veins. This species is dark, mottled slightly with pale, and there is a light vitta on the side below the sinus, and a large spot on the lateral edge behind the middle, extending upward toward the dorsal crest, but not BRANCH: BIOLOGY OF KANSAS MEMBRACID^. 109 extending to it. At the back of the dorsal crest is a narrow transverse line of a pale color, or there may be a reticulation. Length, 6 to 5 mm. Described from ten specimens. Habitat: Maine; Kansas City, Mo.; New York; Douglas county, Kansas. 2. — Publilia modeMa Uhler. Figs. 32, 33. A comparatively pale species, with prothorax entirely covering the abdomen and tips of tegmina, leaving only the costal region exposed. The dorsal sinus is very slight, sometimes almost entirely absent. The meto- pidium is not elevated into a procephalon of any degree, but is trans- versely rounded, the dorsal crest not apparent. Dorsum only slightly arcuated. Body dark, with femora black and shiny; frequently body light and legs pale. Pronotum with lateral carinas indistinct, and very slight, if any, reticulation; closely punctate. Color variable. There are some individuals which are pale green, virith only the front of head and metopidium mottled with dark, or the form may be brownish, with face still darker. The sides of the prothorax with two pale spots, one large one near the front, and an oblique line near the posterior process, concurrent across the dorsum. Frequently these pale spots are a light yellow. There is a white or grey variation, with head and front of metopidium dark grey, the posterior process and an oblique band on the prothorax also grey. A few forms are almost pure white, being only inconspicuously mottled, and this on the dorsal carina. In these vary pale specimens the costal region of the tegmina is the same shade as the ground color of the pronotum, and is coriaceous. The nymphs have sharp, shiny dorsal tubercles on the abdomen. The enlargements of the head and prothorax are hirsute. P. bicinctura Godg., as determined in P. H. S. collection, appears to agree with the grey variation of P. modesta. Length, 4.5 to 5.1 mm. Described from seventeen specimens. Habitat: Albuquerque, N. M.; Colorado Springs, Colo.; Gove and Rawlins counties, Kansas. ■i. — Tribe Smiliini Coding. In this tribe we find four genera — Smiliia Germ., Ophiderma Fairnm., Antianthe Powler, and Cyrtolobns Coding. Of these, only Cyrfolobus is reported from Kansas. The last three genera are separated from the first, Smiliia, by the presence of a transverse nervule between the two inner longitudinal veins, which is absent in Smilia. Cyrtolobus and Antianthe are separated from Ophiderma by the strongly compressed pronotum, as Ophiderma is not at all compressed and the dorsum is rounded transversely. Again, Cyrtolobus is differentiated from Antianthe by the absence of the strongly produced suprahumerals so evident in Antianthe. In Cyrtolobus there are small suprahumerals and the dorsum is highest at about the middle. Students in this subject have seen fit to divide the genus Cyrtolobus into the subgenera Xantholobus V. D., Evashmeadea Godg., Atymna Stal, and Cyrtolobus Godg. Xantholobus is separated from the others by its posteriorly inflated pronotum. Atymna and Cyrtolobus differ from 110 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Evashmeadea Godg. by the lack of sinuation on the dorsal crest. Atymita and Cyrtolobus are differentiated by the position of the highest portion of the crest. In Atymna the highest portion of the crest is anterior to to dorsum, rising above the humeral angles, while in Cyrtolobus the highest portion of the crest is near the middle of the dorsum. Of this subgenus Kansas has recorded but one species, Cyrtolobus can Say. Figs. 24, 2.5, 79. This species is pale brown or tan; frequently banded with both darker and lighter shades than the ground color. The crest is evenly arcuated, and in some cases very little elevated. The metopidium is transversely rounded, the crest beginning to rise back of the humeral angles. The dor.sum is rounded from its ventral edges and the crest is formed by a sharp compression. At times this crest is made manifest only by a distinct and prominent median dorsal carina. The pronotum does not extend to the tips of the tegmina, but covers the abdomen. The carina is usually darker than the rest of the pronotum. The color marking, when present, consists of three dark spots along the lateral side of the dorsum, cut into by two streaks of light on the crest or carina, but joined together on the lower edge of the side of the dorsum. Posterior process is light if the color markings are present; otherwise it is light and con- colorous with the pronotum. The face is usually void of color markings, and is short, with a broad clypeus rounded at the apex, and black, shiny, compound eyes. Legs pale and slender; pectus pale. Tegmina distinctly veined and transparent except near the tip, where it commences to be- come smoky, and continues so to the very tip. Length, 6.5 to 5 mm. Habitat: Colorado Springs, Colo.; Kansas City, Mo.; Columbia. Mo.; Pennsylvania.; Douglas county, Kansas. II.— Subfamily MEMBRACIN^ Stal. This subfamily is differentiated from the others by the dilated or foliaceous tibia. In this subfamily are placed the two genera Eiichenoim and Caiiipyleiichia, which together are separated from the other mem- bers of the subfamily by the pronotum being distinctly compressed and elevated toward the front into a prominent, usually oblique process. This process is further characterized by the lateral carina attaining the middle of the posterior process. The two genera are separated from each other by the position of the lateral carinae: .\. Lateral carin:*. of tlie anterior jiroces-s simple, placed about equally distant fniin tlie upl)er atid lower niaririns. Carina- foliaceous. Pronotum without pubescence. 1 — Enehpnopa A, & S. A.\. Lateral carina? of the anterior process with several branches. Caringe placed a little nearer the dorsal margin : the inferior carina not foliaceous. Pronotum with appressed pubescence 2 — Campf/lfiwhia Stal 1.— Genus Evcheno-pa A. & S. Figs. 12, 13, 71, 85. In this genus Kansas has recorded but one species. This one, however, is very common and of wide distribution. Enchenopa biiiotata Say may be distinguished from the other species of this genus by its dorsal carina being very prominent posteriorly. The insect is of a reddish brown, while BRANCH : BIOLOGY OF KANSAS MEMBRACID.^. HI its near relative, permutata, is pale yellow. The color of the prothorax may at times be almost black. The dorsal carina is extremely elevated and continues prominent to the tip of the posterior process. The metopidium bears a procephalon or anterior horn, which is usually larger at its anterior extremity than where it joins the pronotum. This horn seems to rise obliquely forward from the pronotum for some distance and then turn suddenly forward in a line parallel with the dorsal carina, thus forming a "bump" at the end of the horn. The procephalon is dis- tinctly compressed, and the dorsal carina extends into the procephalon and follows the median line even into the cephalic face. On the sides of the prothorax, but so close to the dorsal carnia that they extend over and meet the spots on the opposite side, are two long, slender spots, extending for some distance laterally. This is the character which probably gives the species its name. The posterior process is dark and very acute. The tegmina are entirely dark reddish brown with a smoky translucency. The wings are transparent. The body and pectus dark reddish brown. The tibiae of the prothoracic and mesothoracic legs are dilated; the metathoraeic grooved on its outer side and spined along the two outer edges. Described by Buckton as Enche)wpa pvorecta, and by Walker as Eiiclienopa bievii. Length, 5.5 to 7.4 mm. Described from over 100 specimens. Habitat: Missouri; Pennsylvania; Taxas; Manchester, Vt. ; Canada; Douglas and Sedgwick counties, Kansas. 2. — Campyleiichia cnrvata Fabr. Figs. 70, 11, 86. This species is a dusky reddish brown, with a procephalon or horn protruding obliquely over the face for a distance about equal to the pronotum, measuring from the suprahumerals posteriorly. The dorsal carina is not greatly elevated, but the lateral carina are distinct and ex- tend from the tip of the procephalon into the posterior process, which is acute. The pronotum is concolorous; the tibiae, as in Enchenopa binotata, are dilated. The tegmina smoky, coriaceous in the costal region and on the basal cells. Pectus dark and eyes light. Length, 8 to 9 mm. Described from over 100 specimens. Habitat: Colorado; Missouri; Canada; Douglas county, Kansas. 112 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. INDEX TO SPECIES. page Acutalis tartarea Say 102 Archasia galeata Fabr 104 Cavvpylenchia curvata Fabr Ill Ceresa bubalus Fabr 100 Ceresa diceros Say 100 Ceresa taurina Fitch 100 Crytolohiis vau Say 110 Enchenopa binotata Say 110 Entylia shiuata Fabr 107 Micrutalis calva Say 103 Micrutalis occidentalis Godg 103 Publilia concava Say 108 Publilia -nwdesta Uhl 109 Stictocephala festina Say i 102 Stictocephala inermis Fabr 101 Stictocephala lutea Say 102 Telamona ampelopsides Harr 105 Telamona pyramidata Uhl 104 Vanduzea arquata Godg 106 BRANCH : BIOLOGY OF KANSAS MEMBRACID^. 113 FOOD PLANTS. Ceresa bubalus. Osage orange Madura aurantiaca Nutt. Horse radish Nasturtium armoraeia Fries. Gama grass Tripsacum dactyloides L. Sunflower Helianthus animus L. Alfalfa Medicago sativa L. (Reported by Riley on iipple and poiato.) A(Mtalis tariaria. Horse ragweed Ambrosia trifida L. Ceresa taurina. Horse radish Nasturtium armoraeia Pries. Choke cherry Primus arbutifolia L. Ceresa diceros. Elderberi-y bushes. Campylenchia curvata. Goldenrod Solidago canadensis L. Sensitive rose Cassia nicitans L. Enchenopa binotata. Goldenrod Solidago canadensis L. Pin oak Quercus palustris Du Roi. Bittersweet Solanum dulcamara L. Entylia sinuata. Sweet clover Melilotus alba Lam. Thistle Cniciis altissimnis Willd, Cat-tail grass Phleum alpintim L. Sunflower Helianthus annuus L. Alfalfa Medicago sativa L. Spikenard Ambrosia .?p. Publilia concava. Pin oak Quercus palustris Du Ror. Sycamore Platanus occideiitalis L. Publilia modesta. Berlandiera texana. . Stictocephala inermis. Gama grass Tripsacuvi dactyloides L. Telamoiia ampelopsides. Woodbine or Virginia creeper Ampelopsis quinuefolia Michx. Alfalfa Medicago sativa. Ceresa bubalus. Entylia sinuata. Berlandiera texana. Publilia modesta. Bittersweet Solanum, delcamara. Enchenopa binotata. Cat-tail grass Phleum alpinum. Entylia sinuata. 4-Univ. Sci. Bull.. Vol. VIII. No. 3. 114 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Choke cherry Prunus arbutifolia. Ceresa taurina. Gama grass Tripsacum dactyloides. Ceresa bubalus. Stictocephala inermis. Goldenrod Solidago canadensis. Campylenchia curvata. Enchenopa binotata. Horseradish Nasturtium armoraeia Fries. Ceresa bubalus. Ceresa taurina. Osage orange Maclura aurantiaca. Ceresa bubalus. Pin oak Quercus palustris. Enchenopa binotata. Publilia concava. Sweet clover Melilotus alba. Entylia sinuata. Sensitive rose Cassia nictans. Campylenchia curvata. Sycamore Platanus occidentalis. Publilia concava. Sunflower Helianthus annuus. Ceresa bubalus. Entylia sinuata. Thistle Cnicus alt4^simus. Entylia sinuata. Virginia creeper Ampelopsis quinquefolia. Telamona am.pelopsides. Woodbine — See Virginia creeper. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1. Amyot and Serville, 1843. Hemip. Hist. Nat. des Insects. 2. BucKTON, G. W., 1903. A Monograph of the Membracidae. 3. BuRMEiSTER, 1838. Handb. der Entom. 4. COMSTOCK, J. H., 1901. Manual for the Study of Insects. 5. DiMMOCK, Geo., 1881. Anatomy of the Sucking Apparatus of Some Diptera. 6. Edwards, James, 1896. Hemiptera-Homoptera of Brit. Islands. 7. Edwards, James, 1886. A Synopsis of Brit. Homop. Cicadinii. Trans. Ento. Soe. London, vol. 24. 8. Fabricus, 1787. Syst. Rhyngotorum. 9. Fairmaire, 1846. Ann. Society Entomol. de France. 10. FoLSOM, J. W., 1906. Entomology: Its Biological and Economic Aspects. 11. FoLSOM, J. W., 1899. Mouthparts of the Collembolan Orchesella cincta. Bui. of Mus. of Comparative Zoo., Harvard College, vol. XXXV, No. 2. BRANCH: BIOLOGY OF KANSAS MEMBRACID^. 115 12. Fowler, W. W., 1894. Biologia Centrali Americana Rhyn. Hemip., vol. 11. 13. Frogatt, W. W. Australian Insects. 14. Garman, H., 1890. The Mouthparts of Thysanoptera. Bui. Essex Inst., vol. XXII, Nos. 1 and 3. 15. Germar, 1835. Silberman's Revue Entomol. 16. GODING, F. W., 1903. A monograph of Australian Membracidse. Pro. of the Linn. Soc, New South Wales. 17. GoDiNG, F. W., 1887-'95. Bui. 111. State Lab. of Nat. Hist, vol. III. 18. Coding, F. W., 1892. Syn. of North Amer. Membracidse. Trans, of Amer. Ento. Soc, vol. XIX. 19. Harris, T. W., 1862. Insects Injurious to Vegetation. 20. Howard, L. 0., 1905. The Insect Book. 21. Kellogg, Vernon L., 1905. American Insects. 22. KiRBY, W. F., 1892. Elementary Textbook of Entomology. 23. KiRBY, W. F., 1829. Mag. Nat. Hist. 24. Latreille, 1802. Hist. Naturelle Hemip. 25. Lee. Vade Mecum. 26. Leon, N., 1887. Bertrage zur Kenntinis der Mundteile der Hemip- tera. 27. Linn^us, 1755. Systema Naturae. 28. MuiR, F., and Kershaw, J. C., 1911. Homologies and Mechanism of Mouthparts of Hemip. Psyche, vol. XVIII. 29. Marlatt, C. L., 1895. Hemip. Mouth. Pro. of Ento. Soc. of Washington, vol. Ill, No. 4. 30. Mahlatt, C. L. Ceresa bubalus and Ceresa taurina. Insect Life, vol. VII, and U. S. Dept. Agri., Cir. 23. 31. Meek, W. J., 1903. Mouthparts of the Hemip. Kan. Univ. Science Bui., vol. II, No. 9, whole series, vol. XI. 32. Packard, A. S., 1890. Entomology for Beginners. 33. Rice, Mrs. M. E. Entilia simiata. Insect Life, vol. V. 34. Riley, Chas. Insect Life, vol. V. 35. Say, Thomas. American Entomology, vol. I. 36. Say, Thomas. Journ. of Acad. Natur. Scien., Philadelphia. 37. Stal, C, 1864. Hemiptera Fabricana, vol. IV. 38. Stoll, Caspar, 1787. Representation des Cigalles. 39. Sharp. Cambridge Natural History, vol. VI, part II; 1899. 40. Stough, H. B., 1910. Hackberry Psylla. Kan. Univ. Sci. Bui., vol. v., No. 9, whole series, XV, No. 9. 41. Van Duzee, Edward P., 1908. Studies in North American Mem- bracids. Bui. Buffalo Soc. of Nat. Sciences, vol. IX, No. 1. 42. Walker, F., 1851. List of Hemp, in Brit. Mus., and Supplement. THE KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Vol. VIII, No. 4— July, 1913. (Whole Series, Vol. XVIII, No. 4.) CONTENTS: Monograph of the LARRiDyE of Kansas Francis X. Williams PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITr, LAWRENCE, KAN. Entered at the post-office in Lawrence as second-class matter. KANSAS STATE PRINTING OFFICE. W. C. Austin, State Printer. TOPEKA, 1914. TABLE OF CONTENTS. page: Introduction • 121 External Anatomy of Tachytes distinctus 125 Systematic Larrid^ 137 Key to the family. . ■ 137 Key to the genera 139 Larra 1 40 Notogonia 141 Larropsis 141 Tachytes . 149 Tachysphex ! 58 Lyroda 174 Plenocidus 174 Niteliopsis 1 76 Miscophus 179 Bothynostethus 119 Recapitulation and comment 180 Notes on the Biology of the Larrid.e 183 Introduction 183 Specific biology 183 Summary 210 Table of the prey of the Larridas 2H Bibliography 211 Explanation op Plates. (119) THE KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Vol. VIII, No. 4] JULY, 1913. [voT"^^!frC4. The Larrid^ of Kansas. BY FRANCIS X. WILLIAMS. (Submitted in purti-Tl fultilliiient of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at the University of Kansas.) Plates XXII to XXX. Introduction. THIS paper is the result of about two years of study on that group of insect-catching wasps known as the Lar- ridae. The work done embraces the field observations and collections of three consecutive summers (1910-'12), spent chiefly in the western portion of Kansas ; a large amount of laboratory work at the University; and a trip to the United States National Museum and Philadelphia Academy of Sciences during the winter of 1912-'13. It may be here stated that the Larridae belong to the order Hymenoptera, and constitute one of the families of a large series of wasps known as the Fossores, or digger ivasps, so named because of their habit of excavating burrows in the earth. The Fossores in turn are included in and form the largest portion of that great assemblage, the solitary ivasps. These are distinguished from their social brethren by having the species represented only by the male and the fully devel- oped female, whereas the latter group possesses three castes or forms — males, egg-laying females, and undeveloped females, or workers. Furthermore, each female solitary wasp con- structs and uses her own nest, unless parasitic, while social wasps have one common abode, and are therefore of communal habit. (121) 122 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. The Larridae are rather stoutly built insects, for the most part of somber coloration, and, in the United States, range from about one-eighth of an inch to nearly an inch in length. Being very swift of movement and inobtrusive in habit, they are seldom seen by the the casual observer. Generally speak- ing, they store their burrows with long- or short-horned grass- hoppers, crickets, and bugs, which are subdued by stinging. The wasp lays an egg in each provisioned cell, closes it, and then leaves her offspring to work out its own salvation in this dark chamber. Upon hatching, the grub devours the food pro- vided (this is often in a decomposing condition), and reaches maturity, to spin or form a sort of cocoon. From this cocoon the wasp emerges in due season, to continue the life-cycle. Those of us who have not had the good fortune, the patience or the inclination to watch one of these digger wasps at work have missed the opportunity of observing an insect of re- markable instincts, great perseverance, and notable tfemerity in attacking its often huge prey. Few persons have any idea of the vast amount of good done by these Hymenoptera, for the noxious insects destroyed by the solitary wasps is very great, and plays an important part in maintaining the balance in nature. The external anatomy of the large species, Tachytes dis- tinctus, which is worked out in this paper, has presented features of interest to the writer, while the classification of the group, because of its ill-defined limits and the close rela- tionship which many of the species (of which fifty-eight have been found in Kansas) bear to one another, is rendered at the same time both attractive and perplexing. This paper is of necessity far from complete, particularly so is the chapter devoted to biology ; nor can the writer hope that it is free from errors. The identifications have been made with care, and if the status of a species is uncertain it is so indicated in the text. The types of the new species are in the Snow entomological collections, at Kansas University, at Lawrence. While in most cases the keys are largely modifications of those of Sharp, Cresson, Fox, Ashmead, and others, the writer frequently emphasizes characters heretofore but little used in classification in the American keys to species, so that this portion of the work is not lacking in originality. The generic and often the specific descriptions are in a great measure WILLIAMS: LARRID^ OF KANSAS. 123 taken from those in Fox's "North American Larridse" (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1893). These are usually abridged, ex- cept in the case of new species, and often refer more particu- larly to the Kansas specimens. No attempt has been made to cite much of the literature relating either directly or indirectly to the Larridae. This is largely because of the inaccessibility of many of these writ- ings, chiefly those of Europe, which are very important, and because of the limited scope of this paper. In the systematic portion reference is made to the original descriptions, and very frequently also to the best or more accessible diagnoses. The drawings are original, often of camera lucida outline, and where possible are made from the type specimen. In conclusion I desire to extend my thanks to the various members of the Kansas University Entomological Survey who assisted me in the field work; to the oflScers of the United States National Museum, for the favors extended me while there, especially to Mr. S. A. Rohwer, of that institution, for the very efficient aid given me in identifying species, etc.; to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, for similar kindness, and in particular to Mr. Wm. J. Fox, for copying portions of literature inaccessible to me, and for comparing specimens ; to Prof. Myron H. Swenk, of Nebraska University, for the loan of certain Larridse; to Mr. H. B. Hungerford, of Kansas University, for criticizing the manuscript ; and finally to Prof. S. J. Hunter, in whose department this work was done, for many helpful suggestions and for his patience and criticism in going over the manuscript. Francis X. Williams. Kansas University, Lawrence, Kan. March 13, 1913. PART I. The External Anatomy of Tachytes distinctus. Inasmuch as the external anatomy of each genus of the North American Larridae could not be examined, the writer has selected a large and common species, Tachytes distinctus, a typical example of the family, as the basis for the short study herewith presented. The female of this insect is fully twice as large as our common honey-bee (Apis mellifica), of stout build, though rather elongate, and in general of a dull black color, partly concealed by pubescence. The yellowish wings are smoky apically; the legs spinose, and largely of a ferruginous color. The male is smaller, and usually more slender than the female. A specific description of the insect will be found in the sys- tematic portion of this paper, while notes on its habits are given on pages 194-197 (96-101) of the biologic section. In order to bring to light more clearly the often none-too- well defined areas and sclerites, the pubescence and pile should be removed from the head and thorax of the insect. Head. (PI. XXII, fig. 6, front view.) Areas and Sclerites. The head of this type of insect does not present the com- paratively generalized condition to be found in the cockroach, for example, where some of the sclerites are definitely bounded by sutures. On the other hand, they have very largely dis- appeared by fusion with one another. Compound Eyes. The large, greenish compound eyes con- verge towards the upper portion (vertex) of the head, with the effect of making the interocular space at that point only about one-half as wide as the space between the eyes at the base of the mandibles, to which they nearly extend. This interocular space at the vertex varies in different species, and is for that reason of considerable taxonomic value. (125) 126 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Clypeus. This sclerite occupies the lower portion of the face below the insertion of the antennae. Its area is indicated by c in the figure. Its free (distal) end is prolonged into a lobe, from beneath which depends the labrum (I). The bound- ary between the clypeus and the frons, the next sclerite above, is indicated by a suture, which, extending obliquely upwards from near the base of the compound eyes, proceeds first to the outer side of the antennal sockets, then obliquely downwards to just below the latter, and finally transversely before them. The angle thus formed by these oblique sutures is marked by a small pit, the base of the hollow ingrowth of each meso- cephalic pillar or arm of the tentorium, which constitutes the endoskeleton of the head. Frons. The frons, or front, (/) as we have just seen, is bounded definitely below by a suture, but its upper limits are quite disputable, for here it can hardly be said to do more than to give way to the vertex, since the suture between these two areas is obsolete or nearly so. The frons is of course bounded laterally by the compound eyes ; it bears the antennae, and perhaps the anterior ocellus, at least. The sockets into which the antennae fit are quite proximate; there is a short raised area immediately above them, while laterad of this elevation are the two rather large, smooth antennal fossae or depressions. There is an interrupted line extending from the upper portion of the head to near the antennal sockets. This is the median line of the head. Vertex. The vertex is defined in Smith's Glossary of Terms Used in Entomology as "the top of the head between the eyes, front and occiput; in bees that part adjacent to and occupied by the ocelli." If, at least in the more specialized families of Hymenoptera, as the one under consideration, the vertex is to be regarded solely as an area of position, it would occupy the top of the head, as the name would imply, and this, at least in most Larridse, would place the lower boundary of the vertex about at the top of the paired (posterior) ocelli. Regarding the vertex as a sclerite, we would find in certain Hymenoptera that the median impressed line of the frons often forks at or just before the anterior ocellus, but these branches do not extend laterally to the compound eyes, and thus would not shut off the upwards-extending frons (?) from the vertex. Ac- cording to Comstock and Kochi (Am. Nat., XXXVI, 28; WILLIAMS: LARRID^ OF KANSAS. 127 1902) we read that, "in the more specialized orders, wherever we have been able to distinguish between the front and the vertex, we have found the paired ocelli in the vertex." The solid line /, figure 6, probably represents the upper limit (on the median line) of the frons and the lower limit of the vertex (vx), from a morphological point of view, while the paired dotted lines / and vx, in the same figure, represent these two areas as frequently considered by the systematist. Behind the paiied ocelli is a somewhat wedge-shaped depression point- ing posteriorly. This may mark the posterior limit of the vertex. This depression is well marked in those genera among the Larridae having the posterior ocelli distorted, and is ap- parently associated with that distortion. Geng; mid Occiput. The gense, or cheeks, refer to that por- tion of the head behind the compound eyes, and limited poste- riorly by the occipital ridge. The occiput is represented by a more or less circular depression* occupying the posterior por- tion of the head and opening into the foramen magnum, which is the passage for the esophagus, trachse, etc., from the thorax into the head. It is evident from descriptions of species, and from generic descriptions as well, that at least the dorsal por- tion of the occiput is not usually considered as confined by the raised line bounding the depression, but that it extends more anteriorly, viz., as far as the line drawn from the posterior borders of the eyes, to meet the vertex. Ocelli. These are three in number, but in Tachytes, as in other typical Larridse, only the anterior one is rounded, per- fect, and presumably functional; the posterior ocelli in the species under consideration are drawn out and curved hook- like behind, where they are quite proximate. A smooth, shining area extends along the outer edge of the attenuated ocelli but does not seem to be a portion thereof, for if the part of the head containing the ocelli be submitted to the caustic action of KOH, and then exposed to light, the nearly circular outline for the anterior ocellus is revealed, while the posterior pair show elongate, imperfectly S-shaped slits. Appendages. Antennie. (PI. XXVI, fig. 41.) The antennse, as heretofore noted, arise close together from the frons, just above the clypeus. They consist in the male of thirteen joints, and in the * This is referred to in Say's American Entomology as the jugulum. 128 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. female of twelve. They are conveniently divided into three parts: the scape (s), the largest and stoutest of the joints, which is differentiated into a small bulbous basal portion (b), fitting snugly into the socket, and the main limb, which is quite densely hairy ; the pedicel (p) , a short joint springing from the scape ; and lastly, the flagellum or filament F, constituting the remaining many-jointed and commonly uniform portion. Mouth Parts. (PI. XXIII, figs. 7-10.) The large oral cavity bears the complicated type of mouth parts found in most Hymenoptera. If we consider the clypeus to be the dorsal (upper) edge of the oral cavity, we have depend- ing therefrom, though but little exserted, the labrum. This is indistinctly bilobed, and bears some short, stout bristles. From the ventral (opposite or lower) side of the oral cavity hang the cardines of the maxillse (fig. 7, C), contributing to and sup- porting the latter, which may in turn partly enclose and pro- tect the median composite labium, or lower lip. The latter, unlike the maxillse, is not directly secured to the head skeleton, but is separated from it by an intervening membrane. Epipharijnx. (PI. XXIII, figs. 8 and 10, EPH.) The epi- pharynx is a slightly bilobed and pilose membrane which hangs down from the base of the labrum. Laterally it is pro- tected by a thin, weakly chitinized plate, which extends for a short distance into the mouth opening. The epipharynx may be termed the roof of the mouth. At the pharyngeal entrance is the pharyngeal plate, which is opposite the epipharynx. It is a transverse chitinized piece, extending from each side an- teriorly as a pair of broader subparallel portions, and poste- riorly as a narrow pair (fig. 10, r), which converges to the oesophagus. These (r) are termed by Sharp the epipharyngeal sclerites. The piece s, figures 8 and 10, is stouter than r, and extend from the dorsal (under) side of the mentum (Af) up to the anterior of the pharyngeal processes. The pair s is termed by Sharp the hypopharyngeal sclerites, and would seem largely to support the oral tissue, and in a great measure keep the mouth cavity open when necessity demands. The mouth parts thus far described do not differ very ma- terially from those of the bumblebee as given by Sharp (Camb. Nat. Hist. Ins., II, 14; 1901). WILLIAMS: LARRID^ OF KANSAS. 129 Maxillse. (PI. XXIII, figs. 7, 9 and 10.) The maxillae closely appre.'^s the labium on either side. They are of rather compli- cated structure, in that they are composed of a number of separate sclerites. As with the same structure in the honeybee (Apis), the distal part in Tachytes is considerably shortened, though, if anything, more complex in the wasp. Loinim. The lorum, which is conspicuous enough in Apis and Bomhus (among others), could not be made out with certainty here. It is possible that each loium is lepiesented in Tachytes by that broad upper inner poition of the cardines which is here thin and less heavily chitinized than the lower part, though it is in no wise separated therefrom. (See pi. XXIII, fig. 9, N and C.) Stipe. (PI. XXIII, figs. 7, 9 and 10, S^.) Articulated to the distal end of each cardo is the stipe, which comprises the larg- est portion of the maxillse. Figure 9 represents an inner view of one of the maxillse ; it will be observed that the stipe is heavily chitinized and composed of several pieces. Near the tip of each stipe arises the large six-jointed maxillary palpus. Galea. (PI. XXIII, figs. 7, 9 and 10, MX.) The large blade- like galea of the honeybee is here represented by a short, stout lobe articulated to the stipe. It is armed with stout as well as with fine hairs. Lacinia. (PI. XXIII, fig. 9, L.) Arising from a spur of chitin on the inner side of the galea, near its distal extremity, is a well-formed, curved lobe, which would seem to represent the lacinia. When in position, each of these lobes is seen to overlie the more basal of the two dorsal pairs of chitinized lobes or scales of the labium. (See pi. XXIII, fig. 8, k.) Mac- Gilliviay (Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., V, No. 3, 231-8; 1912) de- scribes and illustrates the lacinia in several groups of Hymen- optera, where, as in Tachytes. it consists of a thin pilose lobe far smaller than the galea. The inferior, distal edge of the stipe and the basal portion of the galea are thin and flap-like (fig. 9). Labium. (PI. XXIII, figs. 7, 8 and 10.) Commencing from its base, the labium is composed of the submentum (SMt) ; mentum (M) ; and the ligula, which comprises the fused glossae (GL) , the paraglossse (PGL) , and several small sclerites. The submentum is a small, delicate, V-shaped sclerite lying in 130 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. the membrane between the stipes, cardines and mentum. It does not appear to be articulated to or otherwise connected with the large mentum, but lies immediately behind it. The mentum is the large, heavily chitinized piece forming the body of the labium. Just before and on each side of its wedge- shaped extremity are the four-jointed labial palpi (LP). On either side, at about the middle of its length, the mentum sends an extension dorsad, which is secured in a degree to the inner lateral edge of the stipe of the maxillae. Glossa. Anterior to and arising from the mentum is the largely membranous ligula, consisting of the fused glosste and the free paraglossaB. It is tongue-like at its tip (labellum) . At the base of the ligula is the translucent ventral supporting plate of the ligula, which is grooved to the extremity of the ligula (fig. 7, gl, gr) . The dorsal extremity of the latter (fig. 8, GL) is beset with rather appressed, apically expanded hairs arranged in transverse rows. Hypopharynx. The glossse are sometimes termed the hypo- pharynx, but Snodgrass (Anat. of the Honeybee, U. S. D. A. tech. ser. No. 18, pp. 49-50; 1910) has shown that the honey- bee does not possess a hypopharynx. To quote this author: "The duct of the salivary glands of insects in general opens upon the base of the labium in front of the hypopharynx. In the honeybee the salivary opening is on the dorsal side of the base of the ligula, between the paraglosste. . . . This alone would show that the glossa is not the hypopharynx of the bee, as many authors have supposed, for otherwise the opening of the salivary duct should be ventrad to the base of the glossa. In fact, this makes it clear that the bee does not pos- sess a hypopharynx. There is, however, a conspicuous chi- tinous plate located on the anterior part of the floor of the pharynx, having two terminal points hanging downwards over the lower lip of the oral aperture ; but, although this plate is truly hypopharyngeal in position, it is not the homologue of the organ called the hypopharynx in other insects." This statement appears to apply as well to Tachytes, which has the opening of the salivary glands similarly situated be- tween the scales of the paraglossse (pi. XXIII, fig. 8, near h) . The portion above and beyond the mentum, being largely mem- branous, bears several strengthening sclerites of small size (pi. XXIII, fig. 8, g, h, e) ; g, the most anterior of these, lies WILLIAMS: LARRID^ OF KANSAS. 181 at the dorsal base of the glossai and is somewhat V-shaped in cross section, sending out a ventral arm (/) to either side to connect the piece with the thin paired plates (e, figs. 7 and 8). These are situated at the base of the mentum and are also connected with the two lateral pieces (d). There is, in addi- tion, a more or less central arched piece, throujjh the curve of which the tube of the salivary glands passes. Paraglossai. (PI. XXIII, figs. 7 and 8, PGL.) These arise from the two partly free dorsal chitinized lobes (i), and ex- tend ventrad on either side as thin transparent processes (fig. 8, PGL). The curved sclerite (h) lies in the inner mem- brane of the piece i, and is secured to g near the base of its posterior arm (/). • Mandibles. (PI. XXIII, fig. 7, MD, base; pi. XXV, figs. 21 and 22.) These are large and stout, bidentate within, and with a distinct emargination exteriorly (on the lower side) before the middle. In the male the mandibles are more slen- der than in the female. How Food is Taken. It may be well to mention, in the first place, that this process was not observed ; the writer having given the mouth parts considerable study, believes that his views are correct. • To see how food is taken up by the mouth parts and conveyed to the oesophagus, constant reference must be made to figures 8 and 11. The former figure we have just considered; the latter is a somewhat diagrammatic dorsal view, chiefly of the labium. As before stated, the epipharynx hangs down as a lobe from the labrum, while ventrad of (opposite) the former is the floor of the pharynx. It is between these two, therefore, that the passage (o) to the esophagus extends. The anterior end of the pharynx (p, fig. 11) is free; that is, extends forward as a horizontal, let us say, lobe, below and behind which is a thin- floored blind sac or pouch (t, fig. 8). Between the paired lobes i and k is a longitudinal channel or groove (fig. 11), which terminates posteriorly just before the aforesaid lobe (p). The ligula at this point slopes down rather abruptly (x, fig. 11) ; this is just about ventrad of p, figures 8 and 11, the slope ending in the form of an emargination or arc (c), with its center or inclined floor (as viewed from above) di- rected anteriorly. The anterior edge of the pharyngeal lobe (both figures) can be made to fit this emargination or curve 132 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. very nicely (for here the membrane, falling oil steeply, allows the lobe 7? to rest flush or coincide with c, figure 11 ) , and when serving such a purpose shuts off the passage (b) to the blind sac below. By comparing the two figures with one another and following the arrows in figure 11, commencing with the apical arrow (A), which is seen departing from the ventral groove of the ligula (as seen in figure 7, gr) , and keeping in mind that the dotted portions of the arrows are below or behind the transverse lines which they intersect, it can be seen how nectar or other liquids ma.y by a ventral-to-dorsal route be drawn, presumably by capillarity, into the mouth opening