\-^ |V J. V C Sa> \,^^ HARVARD UNIVERSITY LIBRARY OF THE Museum of Comparative Zoology / 5 - Nfl- ).(a^.^r^<^ University of Kansas PuBLiCAriiiONS LIBRARY MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY DEC 0 1 Ibc: HARVARD UNIVERSITY VOLUME 14 • 1960-1965 i EDITORS E. Raymond Hall, Chairman Theodore H. Eaton, Jr. Henry S. Fitch Robert W. Wilson Museum of Natural History UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAWRENCE 1965 s -f^f\ ■ L Museum of Natural History university of kansas lawrence PRINT bC/ B* ROBERT R. (BOB) SANDERS. STATE PRINTER TOPEKA. KANSAS I 965 30-7489 CONTENTS OF VOLUME 14 1. Neotropical bats from western Mexico. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 1-8. October 24, 1960. 2. Geographic variation in the harvest mouse, Reithrodontomys megalotis, on the Central Great Plains and in adjacent regions. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. and B. Mursaloglu. Pp. 9-27, 1 fig. July 24, 1961. 3. Mammals of Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 29-67, pis. 1 and 2, 3 figs. July 24, 1961. 4. A nev^^ subspecies of the black myotis (bat) from eastern Mexico. By E. Raymond Hall and Ticul Alvarez. Pp. 69-72, 1 fig. December 29, 1961. 5. North American yellow bats, "Dasypterus," and a list of the named kinds of the genus Lasiurus Gray. By E. Raymond Hall and J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 73-98, 4 figs. December 29, 1961. 6. Natural history of the brush mouse (Peromyscus boylii) in Kansas with description of a new subspecies. By Charles A. Long. Pp. 99-110, 1 fig. December 29, 1961. 7. Taxonomic status of some mice of the Peromyscus boylii group in eastern Mexico, with description of a new subspecies. By Ticul Alvarez. Pp. 111-120, 1 fig. December 29, 1961. 8. A new subspecies of ground squirrel ( Spermophilus spilosoma) from Tamaulipas, Mexico. By Ticul Alvarez. Pp. 121-124. March 7, 1962. 9. Taxonomic status of the free-tailed bat, Tadarida yucatanica Miller. By J. Knox Jones, Jr., and Ticul Alvarez. Pp. 125-133, 1 fig. March 7, 1962. 10. A new doglike carnivore, genus Cynarctus, from the Clarendonian, Plio- cene, of Texas. By E. Raymond Hall and Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 135- 138, 2 figs. April 30, 1962. 11. A new subspecies of wood rat (Neotoma) from northeastern Mexico. By Ticul Alvarez. Pp. 139-143. April 30, 1962. 12. Noteworthy mammals from Sinaloa, Mexico. By J. Knox Jones, Jr., Ticul Alvarez, and M. Raymond Lee. Pp. 145-159, 1 fig. May 18, 1962. 13. A new bat (Myotis) from Mexico. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 161-164, 1 fig. May 21, 1962. 14. The mammals of Veracruz. By E. Raymond Hall and Walter W. Dal- quest. Pp. 165-362, 2 figs. May 20, 1963. 15. The Recent mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico. By Ticul Alvarez. Pp. 363-473, 5 figs. May 20, 1963. 16. A new subspecies of the fruit-eating bat, Sturnira ludovici, from western Mexico. By J. Knox Jones, Jr., and Gary L. Phillips. Pp. 475-481, 1 fig. March 2, 1964. 17. Records of the fossil mammal Sinclairella, family Apatemyidae, from the Chadronian and Orellan. By William A. Clemens, Jr. Pp. 483-491, 2 figs. March 2, 1964. 18. The mammals of Wyoming. By Charles A. Long. Pp. 493-758, 82 figs. July 6, 1965. Index, pp. 759-784. MUS. CON.r. - OOL LIBRARY DEC oi h-1 HARVARD UNIVERSITY ^ I - l-j /C^. n/- IT Ct t^ C 4t^ 4-4-0 University of Kansas PuBLicAtioNy™''^ Museum of Natural History Volume 14, No. 1, pp. 1-8 October 24, 1960 N0V181960 HARV/IRO ONiVERSITY Neotropical Bats from Western Mexico BY SYDNEY ANDERSON University of Kansas Law^rence 1960 University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, Robert W. Wilson Volume 14, No. 1, pp. 1-8 Published October 24, 1960 University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas PRINTED IN THE STATE PRINTING PLANT TOPEKA. KANSAS I960 28-4805 Neotropical Bats from Western ])4exico ^ BY SYDNEY ANDERSON Tropical fruit-eating bats of the genus Artibeus reach their north- ern hmits on the lowlands of the eastern and western coasts of Mexico. Recent students have placed the species of Mexican Artibeus in two groups; one includes bats of small size and one includes bats of large size (Dalquest, 1953:61; Lukens and Davis, 1957:6; and Davis, 1958:163). Three of the small species (A. cineretis phaeotis, A. aztecus, and A. ttirpis nanus) and three of the large species (A. hirsutus, A. jamaicensis jamaicensis, and A. litura- tus palmarum) have been reported as far north as Jalisco along the west coast. A, cinereus phaeotis and A. turpis nanus are known from as far north as southern Sinaloa, and A. hirsutus is known from as far north as southern Sonora (Hall and Kelson, 1959:140, 141). Additional specimens of A. hirsutus from Sonora, Sinaloa, and Chihuahua, and specimens of A. lituratus and A. jamaicensis from Sinaloa that extend the known ranges of these two species north- ward are reported here; data on variation, distribution, and repro- duction concerning these three species are included. Also, specimens of Sturnira lilium and of the genus Chiroderma from Chihuahua that extend their known ranges northwestward are reported. Support for field work that yielded the specimens reported came from the National Science Fomidation, the American Heart Association, Inc., and the Kansas University Endowment Association. Catalogue numbers of The Uni- versity of Kansas Museum of Natural History are cited. The latitude (N) and longitude (W) are recorded to the nearest minute for each locality mentioned. Artibeus lituratus palmarum J. A. Allen and Chapman. — Speci- mens from Eldorado (24° 19', 107°20'), Sinaloa, extend the known range of the species approximately 265 miles northwestward from Huajimic (21°37', 104°21'), Nayarit. Skins and skulls of 11 speci- mens (75211-75221, 7 males and 4 females) taken on November 13, 1957, 1 mi. S Eldorado, were prepared by William L, Cutter. Skeletons of 12 specimens (75222-75233, 3 males and 9 females) from Eldorado were obtained by Cutter on the same day. None of the 13 females was pregnant. One specimen (75211, female) is immature; it has open phalangeal ephiphyseal sutures (as do four other larger individuals); this specimen measured 83 mm. in total length, weighed 45 grams, and has a skull 26.6 mm. in greatest (3) 4 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. length, 22.4 mm. in condylocanine length, 13.4 mm. in lambdoidal breadth, and has unusually small second (last) upper molar teeth, each having about one half the occlusal area of the M2 of the average adult in the series. None of the 23 specimens has a third upper molar. All except one have both third lower molars; one (75233) lacks the third lower molar on both sides of the jaw. Facial stripes vary from conspicuous to inconspicuous, but are evi- dent in each of the 11 skins. The two skins having the darkest pelage are both of males and are the only two skins having open epiphyseal sutures. Five adult males and three adult females are represented by skins. Three of the male skins are slightly darker and less reddish than those of the three females, and the contrast between paler neck and shoulders and other parts is slightly less marked. The other two males are paler and more rufous than the three females; the palest and most rufous of these two males is an old individual having well-worn teeth. Dichromatism is not cor- related with age or with sex in this series, which, therefore, differs from specimens reported by Lukens and Davis (1957:9) who observed that dichromatism was correlated with sex. In size, as shown in measurements below, in darkness of ventral pelage, and in cranial features the specimens from Sinaloa agree with those from Guerrero, and diflFer from specimens of Artiheus jamaicensis, in the ways described by Lukens and Davis ( loc. cit. ) . Average measurements of males and females do not differ significantly. The following are average and extreme measurements in millimeters of 17 adults (lacking epiphyseal sutures): total length, 93.4 (90-99); length of hind foot, 19.8 (19-21); length of ear, 23.8 (23-26); length of forearm, 65.2 (60.1-70.6); greatest length of skull, 29.24 (28.0-30.2); condylocanine length, 25.25 (24.2- 26.4); lambdoidal breadth, 15.92 (15.3-16.6); postorbital constriction, 6.29 (5.8-6.9); and weight (in grams), 63.2 (51-69). Artibeus jamaicensis jamaicensis Leach. — A female (61088) ob- tained on June 18, 1954, by Albert A. Alcorn, from 32 mi. SSE Culiacan (24°26', 107''07'), Sinaloa, extends the known range of the species approximately 415 miles northwestward from 2 mi. N. Ciudad Guzman (19°43', 103^28'), Jahsco. Two other females (61089- 61090) from central Sinaloa, collected on June 19, 1954, by A. A. Alcorn, are from M mi. E Piaxtla (23°51', 106°38'). Each of the three specimens contained a single embryo. The embryos (in the order the specimens are listed above ) measured 28, 26, and 25 milli- meters. The Sinaloan specimens are both paler and browner than specimens from Jalisco and from eastern Mexico, and the facial stripes are more distinct, being as distinct in one specimen ( 61088 ) as in any of the Artibeus lituratus reported here. Four additional specimens from Jalisco are: 34232-34235, 3 males and 1 non- Neotropical Bats from Western Mexico 5 pregnant female taken by J. R. Alcorn at Hacienda San Martin (20° 18', 103°30'), 18 mi. W Chapala, 5000 feet, on July 12, 1949. Each specimen of A. jamaicensis listed above lacks epiphyseal su- tures and both an upper and a lower third molar on each side. In size, coloration of ventral pelage, and configuration of skull, the specimens agree with the description of specimens from Guerrero and differ from other species as reported by Lukens and Davis (1957:7,9). Minimum and maximum measurements in millimeters for the three A. jamaicensis from Sinaloa, followed by corresponding figures for the four from Jalisco, are: total length, 80-82, 82-84; length of hind foot, 15-16, 16-17; length of ear, all 20, 20-21; length of forearm, 54.7-55.9, 54.7-58.5; greatest length of skull, 26.6-27.3, 26.5-28.2; condylocanine length, 22.6-23.2, 22.5- 23.9; lambdoidal breadth, 13.9-14.5, 13.7-15.1; and postorbital constriction, 6.2-6.6; 6.3-6.7. Artibeus hirsutus Andersen. — One specimen (25053, in preserva- tive) of a series from % mi. W Aduana (27°02', 109°03'), 1600 feet, Sonora, was cited by Hall and Kelson (1959:136) and reproductive data from two skins (24841-24842) were mentioned earlier by Cockrum (1955:490). In addition to these three specimens the series includes 20 specimens in preservative (25052, 25054-25072). All were collected on May 16, 1948, by J. R. Alcorn. Number 25070, on deposit in the Institute of Biology in Mexico City, and two others (25053-25054) are not on hand as I write this, and have not been examined by me. Artibeus hirsutus has recently been found in northern Sinaloa and in southwestern Chihuahua. Three males (75208-75210) from El Fuerte (26°24', 108M1'), Sinaloa, were ob- tained on December 10, 1957, by William L. Cutter. Four speci- mens (79441-79444, 2 males and 2 females) were captured in mist nets on the north bank of the Rio Septentri6n, 1% mi. SW Tocuina (27°07', 108°22'), 1500 feet. Chihuahua, on July 18, 20, and 21, 1958, by Kenneth E. Shain and me. I captured another (79445, a male) in a hand net in an abandoned, horizontal mine shaft on the north side of the Rio Batopilas, at about 3500 feet elevation, across the canyon from the village of La Bufa (27°09', 107^33'), Chihuahua, on July 10, 1958. Eight specimens (12406-12413) in the Museum of Natural History at the University of Illinois were collected on July 22 and 23, 1956, in Santo Domingo Mine (26°55', 109^05'), 7 mi. SW Alamos, Sonora, by W. Z. Lidicker, W. H. Davis, and J. R. Winkelman. Eight specimens (9981-9988) in the Los Angeles County Museum were collected on July 26, 1953, by Kenneth E. Stager, 5 mi. W Alamos in an old mine tunnel at Aduana. One (36581) of six specimens (36581-36586, 4 males and 2 pregnant females) from 2 mi. ENE Tala (20°39', 103°40'), 4500 feet, Jalisco, 6 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. was reported by Hall and Kelson (1959:136); the locality being erroneously cited as 8 mi. ENE Tala. These six specimens were collected by J. R. Alcorn on February 28, 1950. The 59 specimens from Guerrero are distributed by localities as follows: 8 mi. N, 1 mi. W Teloloapan (Teloloapan is at 18° 18', 99°54'), 3600 feet, 15 specimens (66432-66446, all males, including one skeleton and two in preservative) obtained by Robert W. Dickerman on February 7, 1955; Alpixafia, 4 kms. NW Teloloapan, 1540 M., 16 specimens (35219-35234, 5 males and 11 females) ob- tained by Bernardo Villa R. on May 22 and 23, 1949; 1 mi. N Teloloapan, 7 specimens (66447-66453, all males, including one in preservative) obtained by Dickerman on February 8, 1955; 4 kms. SE Teloloapan (Cerro Piedras Largas), 1760 M., 15 specimens (35310-35324, 12 males and 3 females) obtained by Villa R. on October 20 and 21, 1948; Puente de Dios, 1700 M., Yerbabuena (=8 mi. N, 1 mi. W Teloloapan), six specimens (28408-28413, 4 males and 2 females ) obtained by Villa R. on July 25 and 29, 1948. Six of the 16 Guerreran specimens taken in May are young as shown by the open epiphyseal sutures; all other Guerreran specimens lacked these sutures. Of 13 adult females from Guerrero, only two, taken in May, contained embryos (one embryo in each). Average and extreme measurements in millimeters of 28 adult Guerreran A. hirsutus of both sexes (the sexes are not significantly different) are as follows: total length, 79.5 (69-90); length of hind foot, 15.1 (12-17); length of ear, 21.1 (19-24); length of forearm, 55.8 (53.1-57.8); greatest length of skull, 27.11 (26.3-28.0); condylocanine length, 22.92 (22.1-23.5); lambdoidal breadth, 14.23 (13.7-14.6); postorbital constriction, 6.51 (6.2-6.8); and weight (in grams), 37.4 (34.0-42.6). The presence or absence of the third molar tooth was recorded for 88 specimens (28 from Sonora, Sinaloa, and Chihuahua, and 60 from Guerrero and Jalisco). The third molar tooth is present on both sides of the lower jaw in all specimens except one (12413 Univ. Illinois) from Sonora which lacks both upper and lower third molars. The upper third molar is usually present on both sides. The exceptions are as follows: the above mentioned Sonoran specimen and one other Sonoran specimen, one specimen from La Bufa, Chihuahua, two from Jalisco, and five from Guerrero lack the tooth on both sides; two specimens from Guerrero and one from Sonora lack the tooth on only one side. Facial stripes are absent or present but inconspicuous in all specimens recorded here. The generally grayish hue, hairiness of interfemoral mem- brane, and configuration of skull described by Lukens and Davis (1957:7) for A. hirsutus are evident in all the specimens reported here. Skins of three adults from Sonora and Chihuahua are slightly Neotropical Bats from Western Mexico 7 browner and somewhat paler than skins of adults from Jalisco and Guerrero. Reproductive data from Sonora and Chihuahua are as follows: of the five Chihuahuan specimens, two are immature (open epi- physeal sutures); the one adult female (79443) contained a single embryo 28 mm. in crown-rump length. Eight of 20 Sonoran speci- mens taken in May are females, each of which lacks epiphyseal sutures, and each contained one embryo. One embryo measured 8 mm. in length of uterine enlargement; all others are longer than 20 mm. from crown to rump, but vary in stage of development, some having no pigmentation in the membranes and others having pigmentation. The forearm is only 42 mm. long in one young male from Sonora. Three of 8 Sonoran specimens taken in July had open epiphyseal sutures but were of adult size. In summary of the reproductive data by states, Artibeus hirsutus is known to bear embryos in the following months: May in Sonora, July in Chihuahua, February in Jalisco, and May in Guerrero. These data, along with the presence of embryos and young of various ages among specimens taken at the same place and time, indicate that the species does not have a restricted breeding season. A geographic overlap of the ranges of A. hirsutus and A. jamaicen- sis from Guerrero to central Sinaloa is now known. But the two species have not been taken at the same place within this region of overlap. Other species. — At the locality on the Rio Septentrion, 1500 feet, 1/2 mi. SW Tocuina, Chihuahua, from which specimens of A. hirsutus were obtained as mentioned previously, several other species of tropical bats were captured, including Desmodus rotundus murinus Wagner, Glossophaga soricina leachii (Gray), Chilonycteris par- nellii mexicana Miller, Sturnira lilium parvidens Goldman, and Chiroderma (specimens not yet certainly identified to species). The canyon of the Rio Septentrion is steep and rocky, the tropical vegetation occurs only in the bottom of tlie canyon, and unless con- struction of a railroad had been in progress the area could have been reached only after several days by means of a pack train. From a distributional standpoint the occurrence of Sturnira and Chiroderma VA mi. SW of Tocuina is of unusual interest. The published record of Sturnira lilium nearest to Tocuina is from 2 mi. N Ciudad Guzman (19°43', 103°28'), JaHsco, and the nearest published record of the genus Chiroderma is of Chiroderma isthmicum from Presidio (18^37', 96°47'), Veracruz (Hall and Kel- son, 1959:126, 134). The Chihuahuan specimens extend the known 8 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. range of Sturnira lilium approximately 585 miles northwestward and that of the genus Chiroderma approximately 920 miles north- westward from the localities noted above. Five specimens (79434- 79438) of Sturnira lilium, two adults and three immature individ- uals, were taken from July 18 to July 22, 1958, by the author and Kenneth E. Shain, as also were the two (79439-79440) Chiroderma. To the list given by Koopman and Martin (1959:9) of neotropical genera known to range farther north on the west coast of North America than on the east coast there can now be added Artibeus, Sturnira and Chiroderma (as noted above), Anoura, Choeronycteris and Leptonycteris (Hall and Kelson, 1959:119, 120, 122; Hoff- meister, 1959:18), and Liomys (Hall and Kelson, 1959:536). In view of these additional genera, and others that almost cer- tainly remain to be discovered farther north on the west coast, the suggestion by Koopman and Martin (1959:11) that species inhabiting humid tropical habitats, in general extend farther north on the east coast of Mexico than on the west coast may need to be re- considered. On the west coast, areas of more humid tropical vege- tation and climate are more distant from the coastline as one pro- ceeds northwestward from Nayarit to Sonora. The broad band of humid tropical vegetation along the coast is progressively re- duced in width, and crowded back against the mountains, and still farther north consists of only small scattered remnants that are difficult to visit, in the bottoms of deep canyons. LITERATURE CITED COCKRUM, E. L. 1955. Reproduction in North American Bats. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 58:487-511. Dalquest, W. W. 1953. Mexican bats of the genus Artibeus. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 66:61-66. Davis. W. B. 1958. Review of Mexican bats of the Artibeus "cinereus" complex. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 71:163-166, 1 fig. in text. Hall, E. R., and Kelson, K. R. 1959. The mammals of North America. The Ronald Press, N. Y., Vol. I, XXX -I- 1-546 -f 1-79 pp., 312 figs, and 320 maps in text, un- numbered figures in text. HOFFMEISTER, D. F. 1959. Distributional records of certain mammals from southern Arizona. Southwest. Nat., 4:14-19, 1 fig. in text. Koopman, K. F., and Martin, P. S. 1959. Subfossil mammals from the G6mez Farias region and the tropical gradient of eastern Mexico. Jour. Mamm., 40:1-12, 1 fig. and 2 tables in text. LuKENS, P. W., Jr., and Davis, W. B. 1957. Bats of the Mexican state of Guerrero. Jour. Mamm., 38:1-14. Transmitted August 18, 1960. S> - A/A "" Li]o^^^<^-^^^ tji>^ University of Kansas Publicatio]'IS [^^:;i;^y Museum of Natural History 0* 'i\t* ' » < \^ ■•' ' Volume 14, No. 2, pp. 9-27, 1 fig. in text July 24, 1961 AUGiaiset Geographic Variation in the Harvest Mouse, Reithrodontomys megalotis, On the Central Great Plains And in Adjacent Regions BY J. KNOX JONES, JR. AND B. MURSALOGLU University of Kansas Law^rence 1961 University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, Robert W. Wilson Volume 14, No. 2, pp. 9-27, 1 fig. in text Published July 24, 1961 i.! «»?•.. L AUG 18 bet University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas PRINTED IN THE STATE PRINTING PLANT TOPEKA. KANSAS I 961 28-7578 Geographic Variation in the Harvest Mouse, Reithrodontomys megalotis, On the Central Great Plains And in Adjacent Regions BY J. KNOX JONES, JR. AND B. MURSALOGLU The western harvest mouse, Reithrodontomys megalotis, inhabits most parts of the central Great Plains and adjacent regions of tall grass prairie to the eastward, shows a marked predilection for grassy habitats, is common in many areas, and is notably less vari- able geographically than most other cricetids found in the same region. R. megalotis occurs (see Hall and Kelson, 1959:586, map 342) from Minnesota, southwestern Wisconsin, northwestern Illi- nois, Iowa and Missouri westward to, but apparently not across, the Rocky Mountains from southeastern Alberta to Colorado; it is known in Oklahoma only from the Panhandle, thence southward through the Panhandle and Trans-Pecos areas of Texas to southern Mexico, westward across the mountains in New Mexico to the Pacific Coast, and northward to the west of the Rockies to southern British Columbia. Hoffmeister and Warnock (1955) studied western harvest mice from Illinois, Iowa, northeastern Kansas, Minnesota and Wisconsin, concluded that one subspecific name {Reithrodontomys megalotis dychei J, A. Allen, 1895, with type locality at Lawrence, Douglas Co., Kansas) applied to all, and relegated Reithrodontomys mega- lotis pectoralis Hanson, 1944 (type locaHty at Westpoint, Columbia Co., Wisconsin) to synonymy under dychei. Our study, based upon an examination of 1350 specimens, concerns the area west of the Missouri River from Kansas and Nebraska westward to Montana, Wyoming, Colorado and northern New Mexico. Our objectives were to study variation in R. megalotis in the region indicated and to decide what subspecific names properly apply to populations of the species that occur there. Aside from the name R. m. dychei, currently applied to western harvest mice from a large part of the region here under study, three other subspecific names need consideration : "Reithrodontomys aztecus" J. A. Allen, 1893 (type locality, La Plata, San Juan Co., New Mexico), currently applied to specimens from nortliem (11) 12 University of Kansas Fuels., Mus. Nat. Hist. New Mexico and southern Colorado (and adjacent parts of Arizona and Utah) east to southwestern Kansas and tlie Oklahoma Panhandle; "Reithrodontomys megalotis caryi" A. H. Howell, 1935 (type locaUty, Medano Ranch, 15 mi. NE Mosca, Alamosa Co., Colorado), proposed for, and currently applied to, harvest mice from the San Luis Valley, Colorado, but possibly a synonym of aztecus according to Hooper (1952:218); and "Reithrodontomys dychei nebrascensis" J. A. Allen, 1895 (type locality, Kennedy, Cherry Co., Nebraska), proposed for harvest mice from western Nebraska and adjacent areas, but regarded as a synonym of dychei by A. H. Howell (1914:30-31). Our comments concerning the taxonomic status of these several names appear beyond. We are grateful to Dr. W. Frank Blair, University of Texas, for the loan of a specimen from the Texas Panhandle (TU), and to Dr. Richard H. Manville, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, for the loan of specimens of R. m. caryi from the Biological Surveys Collection (USNM). We are grateful also to persons in charge of the following collections for allowing one of us (Jones) to examine Nebraskan specimens of R. megalotis in their care: University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (UMMZ); University of Nebraska State Museum (NSM); and U. S. National Museum (USNM). A research grant from the Society of the Sigma Xi faciUtated travel to the institutions mentioned. Specimens not identified as to collection are in the Museum of Natural History of The University of Kansas. All measurements are in millimeters, and are of adults (as defined by Hooper, 1952:12) unless otherwise noted. Secondary Sexual Variation Hooper (1952) did not accord separate treatment to males and females in taxonomic accounts of Latin American harvest mice because (p. 11): "In no species . . . does sexual dimorphism in the measurements, if present at aU, appear to be su£Bcient to w^arrant separating the sexes in the analysis." Hooper did not statistically test the validity of treating the sexes together in R. megalotis. He did test a series of R. sumichrasti from El Salvador, in v^^hich he found no basis for separate treatment of males and females. Some authors (Verts, 1960:6, for instance) have recorded females of R. megalotis as larger than males in external measurements, whereas others (Dalquest, 1948:325, for instance) have recorded males as the larger. In order to learn something of secondary sexual variation, and to decide vi^hether or not to separate the sexes in our study, w^e compared adult males and females from the southern part of the Panhandle of Nebraska ( Cheyenne, Keith, Kimball, Morrill and Scotts BluflF counties) in four external and Geographic Vabiation in Harvest Mouse 13 2^ a H O <: O eOOOOCDTfC^T— (1— IIN'-Ht— li— <>— Ir— 1»— li-H lortJdddddddddddddd ■H-H-H-H-HI-H-H-H-H-H-H41-H-H-H O^-vx-^.-^ • • -eCOOCROt^COfOfN ■* CO Oi ■* (N rl O llllllllllllllll C^IkO"— ii— I •-H -— '--^^--o OO^t^OfCTtHeOfCKM— eO'-HOOi>i>w^'ecccpoc^o •^ <0 1— I r-H C^ T-( 1— I (N(N(M(M0000O0000OO0O0CX3 000000 00 CCCO (rCCC(MlM(MOTj ,_ ^ ■fJ H^ 4^ (g bDtDtt) a •g g fl a aj .Si o 6 73 be o> a'si S 25 O g O t- ^ a? •- o Jj o o b 03 03 CO CQ o a a N a «4-H 0**-<**-<^^-*^ O O X5-d -0-0 cS 03 14 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. twelve cranial measurements ( see Table 1 ) . The external measure- ments are those customarily taken by collectors and were read from the labels of the specimens; cranial measurements were taken to the nearest tenth of a millimeter by means of dial calipers, and are those described by Hooper (1952:9-11). Females from our sample averaged larger than males in all external and several cranial measurements, but individual variation greatly exceeded secondary sexual variation in each of these measurements and in no case was the greater size of females statistically significant. Therefore, and because we found no qualitative external or cranial differences between the sexes, males and females have been con- sidered together in each population studied. Pelage and Molt Western harvest mice that attain adulthood acquire at least three distinct types of pelage in sequence in the course of their development. The first of these, the juvenal pelage, is short, rela- tively sparse, and characteristically grayish brown. The molt (post- juvenal molt) from juvenal pelage to subadult pelage seemingly occurs at an early age, perhaps frequently before the young leave the nest, as individuals in juvenal pelage are few among specimens studied by us. Judging from study skins alone, the progress of post- juvenal molt in R. megalotis is similar to that described for R. humulis by Layne (1959:69-71). The subadult pelage is thicker, longer and brighter than juvenal pelage and closely resembles the pelage of adults; it differs from adult pelage dorsally in being somewhat duller and in having less contrast between back and sides. The pelage of adults varies depending on season. In summer the individual hairs are relatively short (5-6 mm. at the middle of the back) and sparse. The over-all color of the dorsum, sides and flanks is brownish to dark brownish, and the venter is grayish. In winter the pelage is dense, long (8-9 mm. at the middle of the back) and lax. The over-all color dorsally in fresh winter pelage in most specimens is paler (more buffy) than summer pelage, the sides are markedly buffy, and the venter is whitish; even the tail is more pilose and more sharply bicolored than in summer. Adults molt, usually completely but occasionally only partially, at least twice a year — once in spring (in May and June in Nebraskan speci- mens) from winter to summer pelage, and once in autumn (in October and November in Nebraskan specimens) from summer to winter pelage. Of the two molts, the one in spring is most Geographic Vaeiation in Harvest Mouse 15 easily discernible because the contrast in color between worn winter pelage and fresh summer pelage is considerably greater than that between worn summer pelage and fresh winter pelage, and because the progress of spring molt is seemingly more regular than that of autumn molt. In spring, molt proceeds posteriorly in a more or less regular line on both dorsum and venter; in most specimens it is completed first on the venter. In autumn, molt is irregular, or at best is coincident over large parts of the body, and frequently is seen only by searching through the pelage with a One probe or dissecting needle. In both spring and autumn, molt seemingly is delayed in females that are pregnant or lactating. In both winter pelage and summer pelage, the upper parts have blackish or grayish guard hairs and shorter, more numerous cover hairs. All the cover hairs are gray basally; some have a bufiFy band terminally and others have a bufiFy subterminal band with a terminal black tip. The generally darker over-all color of upper parts in summer pelage results (as seen in Nebraskan specimens) from a narrower band of bu£F on the cover hairs (only approxi- mately one half the width of the band on hairs in winter pelage), a darker buffy band (ochraceous buflF rather than pale ochraceous or straw color), and a relative sparseness of the pelage, which allows the gray basal portion of some hairs to show on the surface. The more grayish venter of summer-taken specimens results from much more of the grayish basal portion of the white-tipped hairs showing through than in the longer, denser pelage of winter. Wear on the pelage seems in general to produce a paler over-all color of upper parts, evidently due mostly to abrasion of the terminal black tip of the cover hairs, but possibly actual fading of the pelage is involved also. Worn winter pelage is especially notable for its paleness; the buJBFy tones are accentuated and the upper parts, especially posteriorly, may even appear fulvous. The difference in color of upper parts between specimens in worn winter pelage and fresh summer pelage (or for that matter specimens in fresh versus worn winter pelage) from the same locality is greater in our material than the difference between some specimens in comparable pelages from localities more than 500 miles apart. We have seen no specimens taken in winter in which we could discern that the autumn molt had been incomplete, but three old adult males in summer pelage indicate that spring molt is not always completed. KU 50154, obtained on August 14, 1952, 5 mi. N and 2 mi. W Parks, Dundy Co., Nebraska, has the entire pos- 16 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. HList. terior back and sides still in old winter pelage and does not appear to have been actively molting; the entire venter is in summer pelage. KU 50146, obtained on August 22, 1952, 3 mi. E Chadron, Dawes Co., Nebraska, has small patches or tufts of winter pelage remaining on the rump and likewise does not appear to have been actively molting. KU 72085, obtained on October 13, 1956, 4 mi. E Barada, Richardson Co., Nebraska, is in the process of molting from summer to winter pelage, but has tufts of old vmiter pelage on the rump. Geographic Variation Geographic variation, both in color of pelage and in external and cranial dimensions, is less in R. megalotis in the region studied than in most other cricetine species that occur there. Nevertheless, meaningful variation is present. The assumption that variation in R. megalotis paralleled in degree that of other species, Peromyscus maniculatus for example, led to untenable taxonomic conclusions by some previous workers. Color of Pelage Color of pelage is remarkably uniform, considering the geographic extent of the area involved, over most of the northern part of the central grasslands. Perhaps this uniformity results partly from the predilection of the western harvest mouse for grassy habitats, for in most areas on the Great Plains the species is restricted to riparian communities, principally along river systems, where soils, cover, and other conditions approximate those of corresponding habitats farther to the east to a much greater degree than do conditions in upland habitats. Differential selective pressure, therefore, theo- retically would be less between eastern and western populations of R. megalotis than in an upland-inhabiting species. In any event, specimens from western Nebraska, Wyoming, northern Colorado, and adjacent areas average only slightly paler dorsally than speci- mens in corresponding pelages from the eastern parts of Nebraska and Kansas, and many individuals from the two areas can be matched almost exactly. To the southwest, on the other hand, a trend toward paler (pale brownish, less blackish) upper parts is apparent. Specimens from southwestern Kansas and adjacent parts of Colorado and Oklahoma average slightly paler in comparable pelages than specimens from northeastern Kansas and eastern Nebraska, but most specimens from farther southwest, in northern New Mexico and southwestern Geographic Variation in Harvest Mouse 17 Colorado, are discemibly, although not markedly, paler than mice from northern and eastern populations. A "pectoral spot," fairly common in some populations of R. megalotis east of the Missouri River ( see Hoffmeister and Wamock, 1955:162-163), is present in only a small percentage of the speci- mens we have studied, and when present is usually only faintly developed. External and Cranial Size As seen in Figiure 1, the tail and especially the ear are longer in mice from New Mexico and adjacent areas than in specimens 108 102 96 DYCHEI 139.7 81.1 (3.0 20.8 7.1 II \\. I 40. 1 • t 86.0 \ 12.8—1 /i20.8 i/ S 7.2 16 V • lAfifl / v\ 42 Fig. 1. Geographic variation in five measurements of Reithrodontomys mega- lotis on the central Great Plains. The size of each sample is given along with total length, length of tail expressed as a percentage of the head and body, length of ear, greatest length of skull, and length of rostrum. The approximate distribution of the species in the region shown and the approximate ooundary between the subspecies fl. m. aztecus and R. m. dychei also are indicated. 18 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. from northern localities. The ear, only slightly variable in size in the northern part of the region, is markedly longer in the south- west, averaging more than 2 mm. longer in specimens from New Mexico and adjacent southwestern Colorado than in specimens from Nebraska and eastern Kansas; specimens in a zone from central Colorado through southwestern Kansas and adjacent Okla- homa generally have ears of a size between the two extremes. As concerns the tail we note a slight trend toward increasing length (best expressed as percentage of length of body) from north to south throughout the central plains, but in general the trend is more pronounced southwestwardly. Variation in length of tail and length of ear, therefore, appear to be in accord with Allen's Rule. Length of body and length of hind foot seem not to vary significantly in specimens we have studied. The skulls of specimens examined diJBFered only slightly, except that the rostrum is significantly longer and relatively, if not actually, narrower in specimens from the south and southwest than in mice from the rest of the region under study. The rostrum is longest (average 7.7 mm.) in specimens from the vicinity of the type locality of R. m. aztecus, but is relatively long (7.5-7.6 mm.) in populations from as far north as northeastern Colorado and south- western Nebraska. An average greater occipitonasal length ( great- est length of skull) in specimens from the south and southwest results mostly from the longer rostrum. Recognition of two subspecies of R. megalotis on the central Great Plains seems justified on the basis of the geographic variation dis- cussed above. One subspecies, for which the name R. m. aztecus is applicable, occurs in the southwest and is characterized by the culmination of trends in the region studied to paler upper parts, longer tail, longer ear, and longer, relatively narrower rostrum — characters that appear at least partly independent of each other as concerns gradation toward the smaller, darker-colored popula- tions to the northward. The latter, while exhibiting some dijQFer- ences in color (slightly paler westwardly) and length of tail (shorter northwardly), stand more or less as a unit in contrast to the mice from the southwest, and represent, in our judgment, a single subspecies, R. m. dychei. The area of intergradation be- tween the two subspecies is relatively broad, considering all the characters mentioned, and assignment of some intergrades is admittedly difficult. Geographic Variation in Harvest Mouse 19 Reithrodontomys megalotis aztecus J. A. Allen Reithrodontomys aztecus J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:79, April 28, 1893 (type locality, La Plata, San Juan Co., New Mexico). Reithrodontomys megalotis aztecus, A. H. Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, 36:30, June 5, 1914. Reithrodontomys megalotis caryi A. H. Howell, Jour. Mamm., 16:143, May 15, 1935 (type locality, Medano Ranch, 15 mi. NE Mosca, Alamosa Co., Colorado). Distribution. — Western and southern Colorado, southeastern Utah, north- eastern Arizona and northern New Mexico, east to the panhandles of Texas and Oklahoma and to southwestern Kansas. External measurements. — ^Average and extremes of 10 adults (5 males, 5 females) from San Juan County, New Mexico, and adjacent Montezuma County, Colorado, are: total length, 140.1 (126-150); length of tail-vertebrae, 67.4 (56-71); length of hind foot, 17.3 (16-18); length of ear from notch, 15.1 (13-17); tail averaging 92.7 per cent of length of body. Corresponding measurements of 13 adults (7 males, 6 females) from Bernalillo and Guada- lupe counties. New Mexico, are: 142.1 (129-156); 69.4 (60-75); 17.9 (17-19); 16.3 (15-18); tail averaging 95.4 per cent of length of body. Corresponding measurements of 22 adults ( 17 males, 5 females ) from Meade County, south- western Kansas, are: 147.1 (139-162); 71.3 (65-77); 17.6 (17-19); 13.8 (13-15); tail averaging 94.1 per cent of length of body. For cranial measure- ments see Table 2. Remarks. — For comparisons with Reithrodontomys megalotis dychei, geographically adjacent to the northeast, see account of that subspecies. When Howell (1935:143) named Reithrodontomys megalotis caryi from the San Luis Valley of Colorado he compared it directly only with R. m. megalotis from southern New Mexico and northern Chihuahua. Few adults were available to Howell from the San Luis Valley, accounting for the fact, we think, that the pubhshed measurements of caryi average less than those given for R. m. aztecus by Howell {op. cit. :144) and herein. We have examined 16 of the 23 specimens from Medano Ranch and the single speci- men from Del Norte that Howell listed. Unfortunately, none is fully adult. The specimens from Medano Ranch, collected in late October and early November, are mostly in fresh winter pelage or molting from subadult pelage, and closely resemble topotypes of aztecus in comparable pelages. Comparison of skulls of the speci- mens from Medano Ranch with skulls of topotypes and other indi- viduals of aztecus of approximately equal age indicates that the Coloradan specimens may average slightly smaller and have some- what shorter rostra. Externally, topotypes of caryi have the rela- tively long tail of aztecus and approach it in length of ear (measured on dry specimens). To us, they appear to be inter- 20 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. grades between aztecus and dychei, but to bear closer resemblance to the former, and we tentatively regard caryi as a synonym of aztecus. Benson (1935:140) noted that two adult topotypes of caryi were "similar to adult topotypes of aztecus." Specimens from southern Colorado east of the San Luis Valley, assigned to aztecus, are intergrades between it and dychei, as are two specimens from El Paso County, to the north, which resemble aztecus in color but resMnble dychei in other characters and are tentatively assigned to the latter. Specimens from southwestern Kansas and adjacent Oklahoma, herein referred to aztecus, also are intergrades wdth dychei. Indi- viduals from Meade County, for example, are intermediate on the average between typical specimens of the two subspecies in color of upper parts (if anything, nearer dychei), resemble dychei in length of ear, but resemble aztecus in length of tail and rostral proportions (consequently also in length of skull). Although a case could be made for assignment of the specimens from Meade County (and elsewhere in southwestern Kansas) to dychei, they are, everything considered, nearer aztecus, to which subspecies they have been assigned consistently since first reported from the area by Hill and Hibbard (1943:24). Of two specimens examined from 10 mi. S and 1 mi. W Gniver, Hansford Co., in the Panhandle of Texas, the one adult is clearly assignable to aztecus as is the specimen from 9 mi. E Stinnett, Hutchinson Co., Texas, that was referred to dychei by Blair (1954:249). Reithrodontomys megalotis aztecus has had a rather unstable taxonomic history. Allen, who originally named the subspecies (1893:79), regarded it two years later (1895:125) as a synonym of R. m. megalotis, the subspecies with geographic range to the south and west of that occupied by aztecus. Howell (1914:30) recog- nized aztecus as valid, but he, too, questioned its distinctness from megalotis in a later paper (1935:144). Hooper (1952:218), the most recent reviewer, supported the validity of aztecus because specimens available to him averaged "distinctly larger in skull length and size of brain case" than specimens of megalotis. Our comparisons of typical specimens of aztecus with specimens of megalotis from southern New Mexico and southwestern Texas confirm Hooper's observations and indicate also that aztecus has a longer rostrum and slightly longer ear. Geographic Variation in Harvest Mouse 21 Specirnens examined. — 205, as follows: Colorado. Alamosa County: Medano Ranch, 15 mi. NE Mosca, 16 (USNM). La Plata County: 1 mi. NW Florida, 6700 ft., 1; Florida, 6800 ft., 1. Las Animas County: 1 mi. S, 7 mi. E Trinidad, 2. Montezuma County: 1 mi. W Mancos, 5; north end. Mesa Verde Natl Park, 7000 ft., 3; Far View Ruins, Mesa Verde Natl Park, 7700 ft., 3; Park Point, Mesa Verde Nat'l Park, 8525 ft., 2; within 3 mi. Rock Springs, Mesa Verde Nat'l Park, 7500-8200 ft., 6. Prowers County: Lamar, 2. Rio Grande County: Del Norte, 1 (USNM). Kansas. Finney County: 1 mi. S, 2 mi. E Garden City, 4. Ford County: % mi. NW Bellefont, 10; 6%. mi. N Fowler, 2. Grant County: 2 mi. S, 9 mi. W Santanta, 1. Kearney County: SH mi. N, 4 mi. E Lakin, 4. Meade County: within 2^2 mi. Fowler, 10; Meade County State Park, 14 mi. SW Meade, 48; 17 mi. SW Meade, 5. Morton County: Tk mi. S Richfield, 4; 8 mi. N Elkhart, 1; 7M mi. N, \Vi mi. W Elkhart, 2. Seward County: 3 mi. NE Liberal, 1. Stanton County: 1 mi. N, 6-7^ mi. W Manter, 2; dam of Lake Stanton, 1. New Mexico. Bernalillo County: 6)i mi. E Alameda, 11; 5 mi. W Albu- querque, 3. Catron County: 1 mi. NE Apache Creek, 4; Apache Creek, 2. Guadalupe County: 4 mi. SW Santa Rosa, 4700 ft., 10. McKinley County: Upper Nutria, 7200 ft., 2. Rio Arriba County: 4 mi. N El Rito, 1; 1 mi. SE El Rito, 1. Sandoval County: 3 mi. N La Cueva Rec. Area, 1. San Juan County: 2 mi. N La Plata, 15. Santa Fe County: 1 mi. W Santa Fe Municipal Airport, 1; La Bajada Grade, 20 mi. W Santa Fe, 1. Socorro County: 2 mi. S San Antonio, 4. Oklahoma. Beaver County: 7 mi. S Turpin, 1. Texas County: 334 mi. SW Optima, 8. Texas. Hansford County: 10 mi. S, 1 mi. W Gruver, 2. Hutchinson County: 9 mi. E Stinnett, 1 (TU). Reithrodontomys megalotis dychei J. A. Allen Reithrodontomys dychei J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 7:120, May 21, 1895 (type locality, Lawrence, Douglas Co., Kansas). Reithrodontomys megalotis dychei, A. H. Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, 36:30, June 5, 1914. Reithrodontomys dychei nehrascensis J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 7:122, May 21, 1895 (type locality, Kennedy, Cherry Co., Ne- braska ) . Distribution. — Southwestern Wisconsin, southern Minnesota, northwestern Illinois, Iowa, Missouri and northwestern Arkansas, west through Kansas (except southwestern part), Nebraska and the Dakotas to the foothills of the Rocky Mountains from central Colorado to southeastern Alberta. External measurements. — Average and extremes of 17 adults (11 males, 6 females) from Douglas County, Kansas, are: total length, 134.2 (115-151); length of tail-vertebrae, 64.2 (59-72); length of hind foot, 16.7 (15-18); length of ear from notch, 13.4 ( 12-15 ) ; tail averaging 91.7 per cent of length of body. Corresponding measurements of 20 adults (14 males, 6 females) from Cherry County, Nebraska, are: 135.3 (122-155); 62.9 (56-72); 17.5 (17-18); 13.0 (12-14); tail averaging 86.9 per cent of length of body. For cranial measurements see Tables 1 and 2. Remarks. — From Reithrodontomys megalotis aztecus, geograph- ically adjacent to the southwest, R. m. dychei differs as follows: upper parts averaging darker (especially in summer pelage), owing principally to more suffusion of blackish middorsally; tail slightly 22 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. shorter; ears markedly shorter, rostrum shorter and relatively broader; occipitonasal length shorter owing to shorter rostrum. "Reithrodontomys dychei nebrascensis," named by Allen (1895: 122) from Kennedy, Nebraska, was distinguished in the original description from dychei by "slightly larger size, relatively longer ears, and more strongly fulvous coloration," AUen applied the name nebrascensis to harvest mice from Montana south to central Colorado and western Nebraska. Howell (1914:30-31) placed nebrascensis in synonymy under dychei because he found speci- mens from Kennedy to be "indistinguishable from specimens of typical dychei in comparable pelage." We concur with Howell. Topotypes of nebrascensis that we have examined average only slightly paler than topotypes of dychei in the same pelage (some specimens from each series can be matched almost exactly), and do not differ significantly in any external or cranial measurements. The "fulvous" upper parts of the series from Kennedy (all taken in late April ) that was available to Allen resulted from worn wdnter pelage. We think that Allen was led astray also by his erroneous assumption that geographic variation in color of R. megolotis on the Great Plains paralleled that found in Peromyscus maniculatus. Actually, R. megalotis varies in color much less geographically in the region concerned than does P. maniculatus. Specimens from the northwestern part of the range of dychei (Wyoming, Montana and western South Dakota), like those from western Nebraska, average slightly paler dorsally than topotypes and other specimens from eastern Kansas and Nebraska (a few approach aztecus in this regard), but do not otherwise differ. Most specimens from northern Colorado, southwestern Nebraska ( Hitch- cock and Dundy counties) and western Kansas average shghtly paler than typical specimens and have longer rostra, approaching aztecus in these particulars, but have the shorter ears and shorter tail of dychei. In general, these intergrades resemble dychei to a greater degree than aztecus and are accordingly assigned to the former. One exception is a series from Muir Springs, 2 mi. N and 2/2 mi. W Ft. Morgan, Colorado. Specimens in this series approach typical dychei in color, but resemble aztecus in having long ears and long rostra (average 15.3 and 7.5, respectively, in 13 adults). The specimens from Muir Springs resemble aztecus to a greater degree than dychei, but are assigned to the latter because speci- mens from farther west and farther south in Colorado are assignable to dychei. Howell (1914:31) earher noted that specimens from Geographic Variation in Harvest Mouse 23 northern and central Colorado were intergrades between the two subspecies. The geographic range occupied by R. m. dychei (from east of the Mississippi River in Illinois and Wisconsin to the foothills of the Rockies) is large (although not so large as that currently ascribed to R. m. megalotis, which ranges from southern British Columbia to central Mexico). Most other small rodents that occur in the same geographic area occupied by dychei are represented there by at least two subspecies, a dark one in the east and a pale one in the west. Eastern populations of dychei have, it is true, somewhat darker upper parts than mice from western localities, but the differences are sHght; also, judging from the Uterature, the "pectoral spot" is more common in eastern mice. It should be noted that R. m. dychei probably has extended its range both eastward and westward in the last century as a result of agricultural practices — clearing of land in the east and irrigation in the west. Specimens examined. — 1145, as follows: Colorado. Adams County: South Platte River, 5 mi. N Denver, 1; 3 mi. S, 1 mi. W Simpson, 1. El Paso County: 5 mi, E Payton, 1; 4 mi. S maingate of Camp Carson, 1. Larimer County: 3 mi. N Loveland, 1; 9/4 mi. W, Vi mi. N Loveland, 5600 ft., 1; 16 mi. W Loveland, 6840 ft., 1; 3)^-4J^ mi. W Love- land, 5030 ft., 7; 6 mi. W, Yi mi. S Loveland, 5200 ft., 14; 7 mi. W, 2)i mi. S Loveland, 5370 ft., 1. Morgan County: Muir Springs, 2 mi. N, 2M mi. W Ft. Morgan, 21. Washington County: Cope, 6. Yuma County: 1 mi. W to 1 mi. E Laird, 6. Kansas. Atchison County: VA mi. S Muscotah, 10; 4/2 mi. S Muscotah, 2. Barton County: 3 mi. N, 2 mi. W Hoisington, 3. Brown County: 1 mi. E Reserve, 2; 5 mi. S Hiawatha, 4. Cheyenne County: 23 mi. NW St. Francis, 1; 1 mi. W St. Francis, 12; 8 mi. S, VA mi. W St. Francis, 1. Decatur County: 1 mi. N, 2 mi. E Oberlin, 4; 5 mi. S, 8 mi. W Oberlin, 1. Doniphan County: Geary, 2. Douglas County: 5 mi. N, J2 mi. E Lavnrence, 1; 1 mi. NW Midland, 1; 4/2 mi. N Lawrence, 2; 4 mi. N, 1% mi. E Lawrence (sec. 8, T. 12 S, R. 20 E), 10; ¥2 mi. NW Lecompton, 1; 2)i mi. N, 1 mi. W Lawrence, 2; 2 mi. N Lawrence, 2; U. P. Railroad tracks, N of Lawrence, 1; 9^^ mi. W Lawrence, 1; 5 mi. W Lawrence, 1; 2 mi. W Lawrence, 4; 1 mi. W Lawrence, 4; Fort Lake, Lawrence, 1; Lavwence, 24; 1 mi. SW Lawrence, 2; 1 mi. S, IM mi. W Lawrence, 2; Ifi mi. S, Sii mi. E LavvTence, 1; 2 mi. SW Lawrence, 2; 7-7M mi. SW Lawrence, 4; Rock Creek, 850 ft., 10 mi. SW Lawrence, 8; N end Lone Star Lake, 9 mi. S, 7 mi. W Lawrence, 1; no specific locality, 6. Ellis County: J2 mi. S, 3^2-4 mi. W Hays, 2250 ft., 12. Franklin County: 4 mi. N Ottawa, 2; % mi. S, 1% mi. E Ottawa, 4. Gove County: Castle Rock, 4; no specific locality, 1. Jackson County: % mi. N, 3 mi. W Holton, 4. Leaven- worth County: Ft. Leavenworth, 2; no specific locahty, 3. Logan County: no specific locality, 2. Marshall County: 2 mi. N, 4 mi. E Oketo, 1; /2 mi. N, VA mi. E Waterville, 1; 1 mi. E Waterville, 5; M mi. SW Waterville, 4. Mitchell County: % mi. S, 332 mi. W Beloit, 1500 ft., 4. Nemaha County: Nebraska-Kansas line, 7 mi. N Sabetha, 1; 10J2 mi. N Seneca, 1; 2)2 mi. S Sabetha, 6. Norton County: VA mi. N, M mi. E Norton, 1; M mi. N, 4 mi. E Norton, 5; 1 mi. SW Norton, 10; 4 mi. W, 1 mi. S Logan, 3. Osage County: 3 mi. N Lyndon, 1. Osborne County: M mi. W Downs, 5. Phillips County: 24 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. 2% mi. SE Long Island, 1. Pottawatomie County: 1 mi. NW Fostoria, 1. Rawlins County: 2 mi. NE Ludell, 17; 2 mi. S Ludell, 2; Atwood, 3; Atwood Lake, 2. Republic County: IJz mi. S, 1 mi. E Belleville, 1; Rydal, 8. Scott County: State Park, 2. Shawnee County: 1 mi. S Silver Lake, 857 ft., 2. Sherman County: % mi. S, IJ2 mi. E Edson, 1. Smith County: 2 mi. E Smith Center, 9. Stafford County: 16 mi. N, 4 mi. E StafFord, 1. Thomas County: 10 mi. N, 6 mi. E Colby, 5. Trego County: 16 mi. S, 4}s mi. E Wakeeney, 1. Wichita County: 15 mi. W Scott City, 5. Montana. Big Horn County: Big Horn River, 14 mi. S Custer, 2750 ft., 4. Dawson County: 1 mi. W Glendive, 2070 ft., 3. Phillips County: 1 mi. N, 1 mi. W Malta, 2248 ft., 1. Powder River County: Powderville, 2900 ft., 1. Nebraska. Antelope County: Neligh, 16 (6 NSM, 9 USNM). Boyd County: 5 mi. WSW Spencer, 1; 5 mi. S, 2 mi. E Spencer, 2; 6 mi. SSE Spencer, 1. Box Butte County: Alliance, 2 (USNM). Buffalo County: Kearney, 2 (USNM). Burt County: 1 mi. E Tekamah, 3. Butler County: 2 mi. N, 2 mi. W Bellwood, 2 (NSM); 4-5 mi. E Rising City, 11; 4 mi. E, 1 mi. S Rising City, 5. Chase County: 2 mi. SE Enders, 1. Cherry County: W of Crookston, 1 (NSM); Valentine, 2 (USNM); Ft. Niobrara Nat'l Wildlife Refuge, 4 mi. E Valentine, 5 (3 NSM); 3 mi. SSE Valentine, 4; 3 mi. S Valentine, 12; 8 mi. S Nenzel, 2; Niobrara River, 10 mi. S Cody, 2 (1 USNM); 11 mi. S, 2 mi. W Nenzel, 1; 18 mi. NW Kennedy, 8 (2 NSM, 6 USNM); Two Mile Lake, 6 (4 NSM, 2 USNM); Watt's Lake, Valentine Nat'l Wildlife Refuge, 3; Hackberry Lake, 12 (UMMZ); 2 mi. W to 4 mi. E Kennedy, 25 (4 UMMZ, 12 USNM); no specific locality, 1 (USNM). Cheyenne County: 15 mi. S Dalton, 4300 ft., 1; 3 mi. N Sidney, 6; 4 mi. E Sidney, 42. Cuming County: Beemer, 1 (USNM). Custer County: 7 mi. NW Anselmo, 1 (UMMZ); within 1 mi. Victoria Spring, 9 (UMMZ); 2 mi. E LiUian, 1 (UMMZ); Comstock, 1 (NSM); CaUaway, 3 (USNM); 6 mi. SE Mason City, 1 (UMMZ). Dawes County: Wayside, 1; 3 mi. E Chadron, 2; 6 mi. S Chadron, 1 (NSM); 8 mi. S Chadron, 1 (NSM); 10 mi. S Chadron, 1 (UMMZ); 1 mi. W Crawford, 2 (NSM); Crawford, 2 (UMMZ). Dawson County: % mi. S Gothenburg, 5; 3 mi. SSE Gothenburg, 4. Deuel County: 1 mi. N, 2 mi. W Chappell, 3. Dixon County: 3 mi. NE Ponca, 4. Dundy County: Rock Creek Fish Hatchery, 5 mi. N, 2 mi. W Parks, 42; 2 mi. N, 2 mi. W Haigler, 1; Arikaree River, Parks, 2; 2 mi. SW Benkleman, 7; Haigler, 3 (1 NSM, 2 USNM). Franklin County: V&-2 mi. S Franklin, 10. Gage County: 1 mi. SE DeWitt, 3; Ji mi. W Homestead Nat'l Mon., 1; 1 mi. S, 1 mi. W Bamston, 1; Da mi. S, 2 mi. E Bamston, 18. Garden County: Crescent Lake Nat'l Wildlife Refuge, 1; Js mi. S OshJcosh, 1. Hall County: 6 mi. S Grand Island, 5. Harlan County: 1 mi. W Alma, 17. Hitchcock County: Republican River, Trenton, 3. Hooker County: Kelso, 3 (UMMZ). Holt County: 6 mi. N Midway, 4; 1 mi. S Atkinson, 4 (2 NSM); Ewing, 1 (USNM). Jefferson County: 7 mi. S, 2 mi. W Fairbury, 6; 3 mi. S, 1 mi. W Endicott, 1. Johnson County: 1 mi. S, IM mi. E Burr, 1. Kearney County: H-35^ mi. S Kearney, 6. Keith County: 4 mi. WNW Keystone, 69. Keya Paha County: 12 mi. N Springview, 8; 12 mi. NNW Springview, 5. Kimball County: 3 mi. E Kimball, 1; Smeed, 40. Knox County: 3 mi. W Niobrara, 2; 1 mi. SE Niobrara, 5; 2 mi. S Niobrara, 2; Verdigre, 2 (USNM). Lancaster County: within 5 mi. Lincoln, 21 (8 NSM). Lincoln County: 2 mi. N North Platte, 1; Conroy Canyon, SW corner sec. 4, T. 11 N, R. 27 W (5 mi. S, 2J2 mi. W Brady), 2 (NSM). Logan County: 1-2 mi. NE Stapleton, 11. Madison County: Norfolk, 1 (USNM). Morrill County: 1 mi. N Bridgeport, 4. Nemaha County: 2 mi. SW Peru, 6; 3 mi. S, IM mi. E Peru, 2. NuckoUs County: 2 mi. WSW Superior, 5; 1 mi. SSW Hardy, 9. Otoe County: 1 mi. SE Nebraska City, 3; 3 mi. S, 2 mi. E Nebraska City, 3. Pawnee County: Turkey Creek, 4 mi. NW Pawnee City, 2 (NSM); 4 mi. S, 8 mi. W Pawnee City, 7; 1 mi. S Du Bois, 4. Platte County: Columbus, 3 (USNM). Polk County: 15 mi. W Osceola, 2. Red Willow County: 5 mi. S, 2M mi. E McCook, 2; 8 mi. S, 3 mi. E McCook, 2. Richardson County: 5 mi. N, 2 mi. W Humboldt, 2 (1 NSM); 4 mi. E Barada, 16; 3}i mi. S, 1 mi. W Dawson, 6; 2 mi. N Falls City, 2; 4-6 mi. W Falls City, 4; )i mi. S, Geographic Variation in Harvest Mouse 25 1?^ mi. W Rule, 1. Saline County: 2 mi. NE Crete, 1; J^ mi. W DeWitt, 1. Sarpy County: 1 mi. W Meadow, 1. Saunders County: 2 mi. NW Ashland, 3. Scotts Bluff County: 8 mi. NNW ScottsblufE, 1; Mitchell, 1 (NSM); 3^1 mi. S Mitchell, 13; 5 mi. S Gering, 10; 7 mi. S Gering, 1; 11-12 mi. S Scottsbluff, 4600-4800 ft., 8; 12 mi. SSW Scottsbluff, 4700 ft., 5. Sioux County: 1 mi. S, 4 mi. W Orella, 1 (NSM); 8 mi. N Harrison, 2 (UMMZ) 6M-7 mi. W Crawford, 3 (1 NSM); 3M mi. N, 1 mi. E Glen, 1 (NSM); 3 mi! NE Glen, 1 (NSM); Glen, 3 (NSM); Agate, 4600 ft, 1. Stanton County m mi. S Pilger, 3; 6 mi. SE Norfolk, 1. Thomas County: 1 mi. W Halsey, 2 Halsey, 1 (NSM). Thurston County: 1 mi. S Winnebago, 8. Valley County 2 mi. W Ord, 1; 2 mi. S, 4 mi. E Ord, 6. Washington County: 1 mi. E Blair, 6; 3 mi. SE Blair, 2; 6 mi. SE Blair, 7; 3 mi. S, 2 mi. E Ft. Calhoun, 1 (NSM). Wayne County: % mi. W-2^A mi. E Wayne, 3. Webster County: 3 mi. S Red Cloud, 2. South Dakota, Buffalo County: 2 mi. S, 3 mi. E Ft. Thompson, 1370 ft., 4. Clay County: 2/2 mi. N, M mi. W Vermilhon, 1. Pennington County: 2 mi. S, 3 mi. W Scenic, 1. Stanley County: 1.2 mi. S, 4 mi. W Ft. Pierre, 1484 ft., 1. Wyoming. Albany County: 27 mi. N, 8 mi. E Laramie, 6420 ft., 2. Big Horn County: 7M mi. E Graybull, 4050 ft., 1; 7 mi. S, M mi. E Basin, 3900 ft., 1. Campbell County: 4 mi. N, 3 mi. E Rockypoint, 3800 ft., 3; 1% mi. N, % mi. E Rockypoint, 2; Rockypoint, 5; 5 mi. S, 4 mi. W Rocky- point, 1; Ivy Creek, 5 mi. N, 8 mi. W Spotted Horse, 2. Crook County: m mi. NW Sundance, 5000 ft., 3. Fremont County: 2 mi. N, 3 mi. W Shoshoni, 4650 ft., 1; s/^o mi. NW Milford, 5357 ft., 1; Milford, 5400 ft, 1. Table 2. Cranial Measurements of Two Subspecies of Reithrodontomys megalotis. Number ■a a s thof tooth-row Averaged m ^-4 _ S, AND Sex eatest le of skull O o eadth of brainca CSX! spth of eraniuir eadth of rostrum ngth of incisive ngth of palate v^eolar le maxilla] >, (4 0) ;-i <» « *^ O N w hH ^ a M >A I-:) < R. m. dychei, Douglas County, Kansas Av. 17 (lld^, 6 9) 20.9 10.5 10.1 3.1 7.9 7.2 3.8 4.3 3.5 3.3 Minimum 20.4 10.0 9.8 3.0 7.7 6.8 3.6 4.0 3.2 3.1 Maximum 21.9 10.9 10.3 3.3 8.2 7.9 4.0 4.5 3.9 3.4 Cherry County, Nebraska Av. 20 (14c?, 6 9) 21.0 10.9 10.3 3.1 7.9 7.3 3.8 4.4 3.6 3.5 Minimum 20.4 10.0 9.8 2.9 7.5 6.8 3.5 4.3 3.4 3.2 Maximum 22.1 11.3 10.7 3.3 8.4 7.8 4.1 4.7 3.9 3.7 R. m. aztecus, San Juan County, New Mexico, and Montezuma Count y, Colorado Av. 10 (Gcf, 4 9) 21.5 10.8 10.2 3.1 8.1 7.7 3.7 4.5 3.4 3.5 Minimum 20.5 10.4 9.9 2.9 7.9 7.2 3.5 3.9 3.1 3.2 Maximum 22.7 11.1 10.6 3.3 8.4 8.2 3.9 4.8 3.7 3.7 26 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Hot Springs County: 3 mi. N, 10 mi. W Thermopolis, 4900-4950 ft., 7. Johnson County: 1 mi. W, §io mi. S Bujffalo, 4800 ft., 5; 6% mi. W, 2 mi. S Buffalo, 5620 ft., 4; 1 mi. WSW Kaycee, 4700 ft., 8. Laramie County: Horse Creek, 5000 ft., 3 mi. W Meriden, 1; 1 mi. N, % mi. W Pine Bluffs, 5040 ft., 4; 1 mi. S Pine Bluffs, 5100 ft., 1; 2 mi. S Pine Bluffs, 5200 ft., 2. Natrona County: 1 mi. NE Casper, 5150 ft., 1; 2J4 mi. W Casper, 5250 ft., 1; 7 mi. S, 2 mi. W Casper, 6370 ft., 1. Niobrara County: 2 mi. S, J2 mi. E Lusk, 5000 ft, 1. Park County: 4 mi. N Garland, 2; 13 mi. N, 1 mi. E Cody, 5200 ft., 2; %o mi. S, 3%o mi. E Cody, 5020 ft., 1. Platte County: 2Vi mi. S Chugwater, 5300 ft., 4. Sheridan County: 3 mi. WNW Monarch, 3800 ft., 4; 5 mi. NE Clearmont, 3900 ft., 6. Washakie County: 1 mi. N, 3 mi. E Tensleep, 4350 ft., 5. Geographic Vaeiation in Harvest Mouse 27 LITERATURE CITED Allen, J. A. 1893. List of mammals collected by Mr. Charles P. Rowley in the San Juan region of Colorado, New Mexico and Utah, with descriptions of new species. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:69-84, April 28. 1895. On the species of the genus Reithrodontomys. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist, 7:107-143, May 21. Benson, S. B. 1935. The status of Reithrodontomys montanus (Baird). Jovir. Mamm., 16:139-142, 1 fig.. May 15. Blair, W. F. 1954. Mammals of the Mesquite Plains Biotic District in Texas and Okla- homa, and speciation in the central grasslands. Texas Jour. Sci., 6:235-264, 1 fig., September, Dalqltest, W. W. 1948. Mammals of Washington. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 2:1-444, 140 figs., April 9. Hall, E. R., and K. R. Kelson 1959. The mammals of North America. Ronald Press, New York, vols. l:xxx-t- 1-546 -f 79 and 2:viii -f 547-1083 + 79, 553 figs., 500 maps, 178 unnumbered text figs., March 31. Hill, J. E., and C. W. Hibbakd 1943. Ecological differences between two harvest mice (Reithrodontomys) in western Kansas. Jour. Mamm., 24:22-25, February 20. Hoffmeister, D. F., and J. E. Warnock 1955. The harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys megalotis) in Illinois and its taxonomic status. Trans. Illinois Acad. Sci., 47:161-164, 1 fig. Hooper, E. T. 1952. A systematic review of the harvest mice (genus Reithrodontomys) of Latin America. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, 77: 1-255, 9 pl5., 24 figs., 12 maps, January 16. HO'WELL, A. H. 1914. Revision of the American harvest mice (genus Reithrodontomys). N. Amer. Fauna, 36:1-97, 7 p]s., 6 figs., June 5. 1935. The harvest mice of the San Luis Valley, Colorado. Jour. Mamm., 16:143-144, May 15. Layne, J. N. 1959. Growth and development of the eastern harvest mouse, Reithro- dontomys humulis. Bull. Florida State Mus., 4:61-82, 5 figs., April 27. Verts, B. J. 1960. Ecological notes on Reithrodontomys megalotis in Illinois. Nat. Hist. Misc., Chicago Acad. Sci., 174:1-7, 1 fig., July 25. Transmitted March 30, 1961. n 28-7578 iwioiw.iocn University of Kansas Publicatioms « v/i./f Museum of Natural HistBky I AUG 18 1951 Volume 14, No. 3, pp. 29-67, pis. 1 and 2, 3 figs. i|i te«i',V;A ..t!,, - July 24, 1961 — ^ «— i Mammals of Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado BY SYDNEY ANDERSON University of Kansas Lawrence 1961 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Institutional libraries interested in publications exchange may obtain this series by addressing the Exchange Librarian, University of Kansas Library, Lawrence, Kansas. Copies for individuals, persons working in a particular field of study, may be obtained by addressing instead the Musetun of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. There is no provision for sale of this series by the University Library, which meets institutional requests, or by the Museum of Natural History, which meets the requests of individuals. However, when individuals request copies from the Museum, 25 cents should be included, for each separate number that is 100 pages or more in length, for the purpose of defraying the costs of wrapping and mailing. * An asterisk designates those numbers of which the Museum's supply (not the Library'* supply) is exhausted. Numbers published to date, in this series, are as follows: Vol. 1. Nos. 1-26 and index. Pp. 1-638, 1946-1950. *Vol. 2. (Complete) Mammals of Washington. By Walter W. Dalquest. ^p. 1-444, 140 figures in text. April 9, 1948. Vol. 3. *1. The avifauna of Micronesia, its origin, evolution, and distribution. By Rol- lin H. Baker. Pp. 1-359, 16 figures in text. June 12, 1951. *2. A quantitative study of the nocturnal migration of birds. By George H. Lowery, Jr. Pp. 361-472, 47 figxures in text. June 29, 1951. 3. Phylogeny of the waxwings and allied birds. By M. Dale Arvey. Pp. 473- 530, 49 figures in te.tt, 13 tables. October 10, 1951. 4. Birds from the state of Veracruz, Mexico. By George H. Lowery, Jr., and Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 531-649, 7 figures in text, 2 tables. October 10, 1951. Index. Pp. 651-681. •Vol. 4. (Complete) American weasels. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 1-466, 41 plates, 31 figures in text. December 27, 1951. Vol. 5. Nos. 1-37 and index. Pp. 1-676, 1951-1953. *Vol. 6. (Complete) Mammals of Utah, taxonomy and distribution. By Stephen D. Durrant. Pp. 1-549, 91 figxires in text, 30 tables. August 10, 1952. Vol. 7. *1. Mammals of Kansas. By E, LendeU Cocknun. Pp. 1-303, 73 figures in text, 37 tables. August 25, 1952. "i j' •* •. 2. Ecology of the opossum on a natural area in northeastern Kansas. By Henry S. Fitch and Lewis L. Sandidge. Pp. 305-338, 5 figures in text. August 24, 1953. 3. The silky pocket mice (Perognathus flavus) of Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 339-347, 1 figure in text. February 15, 1954. 4. North American jumping mice (Genus Zapus). By Philip H. Krutzsch. Pp. 349-472, 47 figures in text, 4 tables. April 21, 1954. 5. Mammals from Southeastern Alaska. By Rollin H. Baker and James S. Findley. Pp. 473-477. April 21, 1954., 6. Distribution of Some Nebraskan Mammals. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 479- 487. April 21, 1954. 7. Subspeciation in the montane meadow mouse. Microtus montanus, in Wyo- ming and Colorado. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 489-506, 2 figures in text. July 23, 1954. 8. A new subspecies of bat (Myotis velifer) from southeastern California and Arizona. By Terry A. Vaughan. Pp. 507-512. July 23, 1954. 9. Mammals of the San Gabriel mountains of California. By Terry A. Vaughan. Pp. 513-582, 1 figure in text, 12 tables. November 15, 1954. 10. A new bat (Genus Pipistrellus) from northeastern Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 583-586. November 15, 1954. 11. A new subspecies of pocket mouse from Kansas. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 587-590. November 15, 1954. 12. Geographic variation in the pocket gopher, Cratogeomys castanops, in Coa- huUa, Mexico. By Robert J. Russell and Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 591-608. March 15, 1955. 13. A new cottontail (SylvOagus floridanus) from northeastern Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 609-612. April 8, 1955. 14. Taxonomy and distribution of some American shrews. By James S. Findley. Pp. 613-618. June 10, 1955. 15. The pigmy woodrat, Neotoma goldmani, its distribution and systematic posi- tion. By Dennis G. Rainey and Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 619-624. 2 figures in text. June 10, 1955. Index. Pp. 625-651. (Continued on inside of back cover) University of Kansas Publications Museum of Natural History Volume 14, No. 3, pp. 29-67, pis. 1 and 2, 3 figs, in text July 24, 1961 Mammals of Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado BY SYDNEY ANDERSON University of Kansas Lawrence 1961 University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, Robert W. Wilson Volume 14, No. 3, pp. 29-67, pis. 1 and 2, 3 figs, in text Published July 24, 1961 MirS. CO^lP. ZOOL LIBRARY AUG 18 1961 RARVAHO IftifVERSilY Univeesity of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas PRINTED IN THE STATE PRINTING PLANT TOPEKA. KANSAS 1961 28-7577 Mammals of Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado BY SYDNEY ANDERSON INTRODUCTION A person standing on the North Rim of the Mesa Verde in south- western Colorado sees a vast green plain sloping away to the south. The plain drops 2000 feet in ten miles. On a clear evening, before the sun reaches the horizon, the rays of the sun are reflected from great sandstone cliffs forming the walls of deep canyons that appear as crooked yellow lines in the distance. Canyon after canyon has cut into the sloping green plain. These canyons are roughly parallel and all open into the canyon of the Mancos River, which forms the southern boundary of the Mesa Verde. If the observer turns to the north he sees the arid Montezuma Valley 2000 feet below. A few green streaks and patches in the brown and barren low country denote streams and irrigated areas. To the northeast beyond the low country the towering peaks of the San Miguel and La Plata mountains rise more than 4000 feet above the vantage point on the North Rim at 8000 feet. To the northwest, in the hazy distance 90 miles away in Utah, lie the isolated heights of the La Sal Mountains, and 70 miles away, the Abajo Mountains ( see Fig. 1 ) . In the thirteenth century, harassed by nomadic tribes and beset by years of drouth, village dwelling Indians left their great chff dwelhngs in the myriad canyons of the Mesa Verde, and thus ended a period of 1300 years of occupancy. The story of those 1300 years, unfolded through excavation and study of the dwellings along the cliffs and earher dwellings on the top of the Mesa, is one of the most fascinating in ancient America. To stop destructive commer- cial exploitation of the ruins, to preserve them for future generations to study and enjoy, and to make them accessible to the public, more than 51,000 acres, including approximately half of the Mesa, have been set aside as Mesa Verde National Park, established in 1906. The policies of the National Park Service provide protection, not only for the features of major interest in each park, but for other features as well. Thus the policy in Mesa Verde National Park is not only to preserve the many ruins, but also the wildlife and plants. Five considerations prompted me to undertake a study of the (31) 32 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. 110 UTAH 96 ARIZONA SCALE OF MILES Fig. 1. Map of the "four comers" region showing the position of Mesa Verde National Park ( in black ) relative to the mass of the Southern Rocky Mountains above 8000 feet elevation (indicated by stippled border) to the northeast in Colorado, and the positions of other isolated mountains in the region. mammals of Mesa Verde National Park: First, the relative lack of disturbance; second, the interesting position, zoogeographically, of the Mesa that extends as a spur of higher land from the mountains of southvs^estem Colorado and that is almost surrounded by arid country typical of much of the Southwest; third, the discovery in the Park of Microtus mexicanus, a species of the Southwest until then not known from Colorado; fourth, the co-operative spirit of the personnel at the Park when I visited there in 1955; and finally, the possibility of making a contribution not only to our knowledge of mammals, but to the interpretive program of the Park Service. A Faculty Research Grant from The University of Kansas pro- vided some secretarial help and field expenses for August and early September, 1956, when my wife, Justine, and I spent our vacation enjoyably collecting and studying animals in the Park. The co- Mammals of Mesa Verde National Park 33 operation of Dr. E. Raymond Hall is greatly appreciated; a grant to him from the American Heart Association provided field expenses for work by Mr. J. R. Alcorn, collector for The University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, in 1957. Mr. Harold R. Shepherd of Mancos, Colorado (Senior Game Biologist for the State of Colorado, Department of Game and Fish), provided advice in the field, helped in identifying plants, and saved specimens of rodents ( in 1958 and 1959 ) taken in his studies of the eflFect of rodents on browse utilized by deer. Mr. J. D. Hart, As- sistant Director of the Department of Game and Fish, issued a letter of authority to collect in Colorado; and Superintendent O. W. Carl- son approved my appointment as a collaborator. Mr. "Don" Watson, then Park Archeologist, and Mrs. Jean M. Pinkley, now Park Arche- ologist, assisted us in 1956, and since then have provided advice and assistance, and have reviewed the manuscript of this report. Geologically, the Mesa Verde is the northern edge of a Creta- ceous, coal-bearing, sandstone deposit called the Mesaverde group, which dips beneath the San Juan Basin of New Mexico. An abrupt retreating escarpment commonly forms on arid plateaus underlain by horizontal rocks of unequal strength, and characterizes the borders of mesas. Such an escarpment forms the North Rim of the Mesa Verde. However, the dip of the rocks has channelled drainage southward and erosion has cut numerous, deep, parallel- sided canyons rather than a simple, retreating escarpment. The Mesa Verde therefore is, technically speaking, a cuesta rather than a mesa. The remnants of the plateau left between the canyons are also (and again incorrectly in the technical sense) called mesas; Chapin Mesa and Wetherill Mesa are examples. CHmatically, the Mesa Verde is arid; precipitation averaged 18.41 inches per year for a period of 37 years. Precipitation may be scattered through the year, and more important, may be erratic from month to month and from year to year. In addition to low precipitation and periods of drouth, a great amount of sunshine, and thin, well-drained soils on all but the more sheltered parts of the Mesa favor vegetation that requires neither great amounts of, nor a continuous supply of, water. The vegetation of the Mesa is illustrated in Plates 1 and 2, and consists predominantly of pinyon pine, Pinus edulis Engelm., and Utah juniper, Juniperus osteosperma ( Torr. ) Little. More sheltered areas along the North Rim and in most of the canyons support scattered small stands of Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii 34 University of Kajstsas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. (Merb.) Franco. These are the "spruce trees" of Spruce Tree Canyon. An occasional ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Laws., represents a vestige of more montane species of plants and animals in the Park. The dusky grouse, Dendragapus obscurus (Say), occurs along the North Rim in oak-chaparral, and is one of the few montane species of birds; several montane mammals are dis- cussed later. The vegetation of the Mesa Verde has not changed appreciably in the last thousand years. The tree rings of 13 centuries show that Douglas fir has grown essentially as it does now, varying with precipitation from year to year, and periodically suffering from drouth (Schulman, 1946:18). Surface ruins yield mostly pinyon and juniper; cave ruins yield more Douglas fir than surface ruins; and "only rarely does yellow pine [Pinus ponderosa] occur in the ruins, indicating that then, as now, this tree grew only in the northern and higher parts of the Mesa Verde, remote from most of the ruins" (Getty, 1935:21). Not all areas within the Park are undisturbed. The rights of way of roads are kept clear, as are campgrounds and other facihties in the area of headquarters. Part of the Mancos Valley within the Park is privately owned and is still in agricultural use. Cattle from land belonging to the Ute Indians wander into the Park from the Mancos Canyon along the floor of the canyon above the mouth of Weber Canyon. In addition to the pasture near head- quarters. Prater Canyon below a fence across the canyon above Middle Well is used to pasture horses used by visitors to the Park and belonging to the pack and saddle concessioner. In 1956, the floor of Long Canyon was grazed by stock belonging to Utes, and horses ranged freely onto Wetherill Mesa as far as the North Rim. Occasionally livestock enter the floor of other canyons, for example Navajo, Soda, Prater, Morfield, and Waters canyons, owing to inadequate fencing, or no fencing. The first mammals from the Mesa to be preserved for scientific study were seven specimens in the United States National Museum (designated USNM in lists of specimens examined) obtained by Merritt Cary in 1907, and mentioned in his "Biological Survey of Colorado" (Cary, 1911). In 1931 and 1932, R. L. Landberg obtained a few specimens that are in the Denver Museum of Natural History. In 1935, C. W. Quaintance, Lloyd White, Harold P. Pratt, and A. E. Borell prepared specimens, some of which remain in the museum at the Park (all specimens in the museum at the Park are designated by "MV" for Mesa Verde and by their cata- Mammals of Mesa Verde National Paek 35 logue numbers), and some are in the Museum of Vertebrate Zool- ogy at the University of California at Berkeley (designated "MVZ" in the following accounts ) . Specimens in The University of Kansas Museum of Natural History are referred to by catalogue numbers only. Specimens prepared by D. Watson bear dates from 1936 108*50' MArKOS V • : ■ ; / 5 108° 30' Fig. 2. Map of Mesa Verde National Park and vicinity. The map and this legend provide the names of places mentioned in the following accovmts of mam- mals. Localities from which specimens have been preserved are indicated by dots. Localities within M mile of each other are not indicated by separate dots. Unnumbered dots designate some of the places from which specimens were ob- tained. The nmnbered dots are: (1) Prater Grade; (2) Upper Well, Prater Canyon, 7575 ft.; (3) Chickaree Draw, 8200 ft.; (4) Ji mi. N Middle WeU, 7500 ft., Prater Canyon; (5) east side of Morfield Canyon about one mile below the well; (6) Lower Well, Prater Canyon; (7) Sect. 27, head of east fork Navajo Canyon; (8) Far View, designated on various specimens as Far View Ruins, Far View Point, and Far View House, 7700 ft.; (9) localities designated Utihty Area, and Well, "Park Well," or "Old Park Well"; (10) Headquarters, including the designations 25 mi. [by road] SW Mancos, Museiun, Hospital, head of Spruce Tree Canyon, Spruce Tree House, and Spruce Tree Lodge; (11) ClijBF Palace, across the canyon about Ji mile southwest are Sun Temple and Oak Tree Ruin; (12) Square Tower House; (13) Balcony House; (14) Indian Cornfield, "Cornfield," or "Garden." 36 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. until 1955. In 1938, Raymond F. Harlow prepared some specimens; his Student Technician's Report of 7 typescript pages, for July 8 to September 9, 1938, is on file at Mesa Verde National Park. In 1944 and 1945, Dr. D. A. Sutton, then a student at the University of Colorado, collected chipmunks for his own study, and also some other specimens that are in the University of Colorado Museum and the Park Museum. In 1949, Dr. R. B. Finley, then a student at The University of Kansas, collected in and near the Park and obtained a few specimens preserved in The University of Kansas Museimi of Natural History. Rodents preserved by Harold R. Shepherd have been mentioned. I have examined 244 specimens that were collected by the above persons. Between August 8 and September 4, 1956, and on July 17, 1960, I collected 216 mammals from Mesa Verde National Park. Between November 3, and 12, 1957, J. R. Alcorn collected 275 mammals from the Mesa. The total of specimens examined is 735. Written reports by C. W. Quaintance, H. P. Pratt, and R. Harlow have been of considerable use. A typescript report of 13 pages by Wildlife Technician H. P. Pratt for the period from September 9 to October 15, 1935, and monthly reports comprising 40 typescript pages and 4 pages with photographs by C. W. Quaintance for the period from February 18 through July 17, 1935, are on file at oflBces of Region Four, National Park Service, 180 New Montgomery Street, San Francisco 5, California. Chief Ranger Wade has kindly made available the files in his ofiBce, including reports of the Superin- tendent and reports of the Chief Ranger in earlier years, and Annual or Biennial Animal Census Reports since 1930. Special reports on prairie dogs, porcupines, and deer are in the files. These reports, and random reports that were regarded as reliable, are recorded on card files in both the Chief Ranger's oflBce and Park Archeologist's office. Most of the information reported here on the larger mammals was gleaned from the above sources. A study of population fluc- tuations in porcupines by Donald A. Spencer and perhaps a study of movements of porcupines by Spencer, Wade and Fitch are to be published elsewhere. Other studies stiU in progress are mentioned in the following accounts. Mammals of Mesa Vebde National Park 37 ACCOUNTS OF SPECIES Sorex merriami leucogenys Osgood Merriam's Shrew Specimen: MV 7898/507, head of Navajo Canyon (locality No. 7 in Fig. 2), October 21, 1954. This was the third reported specimen of the rare Merriam's shrew from Colorado (Rodeck and Anderson, 1956:436). Sorex vagrans obscurus Merriam Wandering Shrew Specimens examined. —Totai, 8: Morfield Canyon, 7600 ft., 75972, 75973; Upper Well, Prater Canyon, 7575 ft., 69235-69238; M mi. N Middle WeU, Prater Canyon, 7500 ft., 69239-69240. The specimens from Prater Canyon were trapped in the grasses and sedges of the meadow comprising the floor of the canyon. The ground and vegetation were dry at the time of capture, September 2, 3, and 4, 1956. Microtus montanus was the only other species taken in the mouse traps in the sedge and grass. Five of the six specimens from Prater Canyon are young, having slightly worn teeth; the sixth is an old adult male the teeth of which are so much worn that only a few traces of the reddish-brown pigment remain. His testes were 5 mm. long. These specimens are from an area of intergradation between S. v. obscurus and S. v. monticola. The length of the maxillary tooth-row in these six specimens averaged 6.23 (6.1-6.4) millimeters. Comparison with average measurements of 6.6 and 6.8 in samples of S. u. obscurus, and of 5.9 in a sample of S. u. monticola (Findley, 1955:64, 65) reveals the intermediate size of the specimens from the Mesa Verde. The gap between habitat suitable for Sorex vagrans on the Mesa Verde and the nearest record- station for S. V. monticola to the south and west in the Chuska Moun- tains is wider than the gap between the Mesa Verde and the nearest record-station for S. u. obscurus to the north and east, one mile west of Mancos, 75971, 7000 feet, or at Silverton. On geographic grounds the specimens from the Mesa Verde are referred to S. v. obscurus. The two specimens from Morfield Canyon were trapped on Novem- ber 4, 1957, and are grayish above and silvery below. Their pelage contrasts markedly with the dorsally brownish and ventrally buffy pelage of the September-taken specimens from Prater Canyon. 38 University of ICansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist, Myotis califomicus stephensi Dalquest California Myotis Specimens examined.— Total, 3: Rock Springs, 7400 ft., 69243, 69246, August 21 and 22, 1956; 4505 Denver Museum, within the Park (exact locality not recorded), R. L. Landberg, July 27, 1931. The specimens from Rock Springs were an adult male and a non- pregnant adult female. Both were shot over the road in pinyon and juniper. The specimens are referred to M. c. stephensi on account of their paleness, stephensi being paler than M. c. californicus from east of Mesa Verde in Colorado. Myotis evotis evotis (H. Allen) Long-eared Myotis Specimens examined. — Total, 4: Chickaree Draw, Prater Canyon, 8200 ft., MV 7841/507, probably in the summer of 1935; Rock Springs, 7400 ft., 69241, August 23, 1956, and 69249, August 18, 1956; Museum, Headquarters, 6950 ft., 69251, August 24, 1956. An adult male ( 69241 ) was taken in a Japanese mist net stretched fifteen feet across a dirt road where it entered the stand of pinyon and juniper at the south edge of the bum on Wetherill Mesa be- tween 7:20 and 8:30 p. m.; at the same place and time I captured five other bats of four species: Myotis thysanodes, Myotis suhu- latus, Eptesicus fuscus, and Plecotus townsendii. A piece of mist net attached to an aluminum hoop-net two and one half feet in diameter was used to good advantage in capturing bats rebounding from the larger mist net, and in frightening bats into the larger net when they approached closely. An adult male (69249) was shot at 7:20 p.m. while flying six to eight feet from the ground between pinyon trees up to 20 feet high; the air temperature was 70° F. A female (69251) was found seemingly exhausted on the floor in the museum at Park Headquarters in the daytime, and was immature as indicated by small size, open basicranial sutures, unworn teeth, weakly ossified zygoma, and open epiphyseal sutures of phalanges. Myotis subulatus melanorhinus (Merriam) Small-footed Myotis Specimens examined. — Total, 8: Rock Springs, 7400 ft., 69242, 69244, 69245, 69247, 69248, August 21 to 23, 1956; Hospital, Park Headquarters, MV 7886/507, $ , July 12, 1939; Headquarters, MV 7877/507, 5 , August 30, 1938; 4504 Denver Museum, within the Park (exact locahty not recorded), R, L. Landberg, July 27, 1931. The specimens from Rock Springs are two adult males that were shot, and one adult male, one adult female, and one young male M Mammals of Mesa Verde National Park 39 that were netted at the place described in the account of Myotis evotis. The three adult males are near the average color of M. s. melanorhinus, and distinctly darker than the Myotis californicus from the Mesa Verde. In the female the pelage is paler and brighter, and the ears and membranes are darker, than in M. californicus. Myotis thysanodes thysanodes Miller Fringed Myotis Specimen: Rock Springs, 7400 ft., 69250, ad. $, August 23, 1956; taken in net as noted in account of Myotis evotis. Myotis volans interior Miller Long-legged Myotis Specimen: Rock Springs, 7400 ft., 69252, ad. 9, August 21, 1956; shot over road. Eptesicus fuscus pallidus Young Big Brown Bat Specimen: Rock Springs, 7400 ft., 69253, ad. 9, August 23, 1956; taken in net as noted in account of Myotis evotis. Plecotus townsendii pallescens (Miller) Townsend's Big-eared Bat Specimens examined. — Total, 5: Rock Springs, 7400 ft., 69254, ad. 9 , nonpregnant, August 23, 1956; Square Tower House, 6700 ft., 69255-69258, March, 1955. The specimen from Rock Springs was taken in a net as noted in the account of Myotis evotis. The specimens from Square Tower House were obtained by D. Watson in a dimly lighted chamber formed by fracture in the rocks at the bottom of the canyon wall, above the talus slope. The bats were suspended from the wall of the chamber, which was at least six feet wide and fifteen feet long. Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana (Saussure) Brazilian Free-tailed Bat Specimens examined.— Total, 2: Cliff Palace, 6800 ft., MV 7862/507 and 7863/507, males, both collected by A. E. Borell, on August 23, 1936. Lepus californicus texianus Waterhouse Black-tailed Jackrabbit The black-tailed jackrabbit inhabits the Montezuma Valley to the north of the Mesa Verde and the Mancos Valley to the northeast, and has been seen occasionally on the top of the Mesa according to reports with date and locaUty noted in the files at the Park for the years 1941, 1942, 1947, 1948, 1950, and 1951. In 1942 four observations were made, in 1950 and 1951 two observations were 40 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. recorded each year, and in other years only one observation was recorded each year. Nine observations are for Chapin Mesa south of Far View; only two observations are for higher elevations on the North Rim. Sylvilagus audubonii warreni Nelson Desert Cottontail Specimens examined. — Total, 2: Head of Prater Canyon, MV 7850/507; Far View Ruins, 75974, ad. 9 , nonpregnant, November 8, 1957. One specimen was shot, while it was sitting near a pile of logs, by J. R. Alcorn by means of a bow and arrow. Although S. audubonii occurs on the Mesa along with S. nuttallii, S. audubonii is the species of the lowlands throughout the western United States at the latitude of Mesa Verde National Park. For example, S. a. warreni (69260) but not S. n. pinetis was obtained along the east side of the Mancos River at 6200 feet elevation (less than 50 yards outside the Park) and the same was true at the same elevation at a place 4M mi. N of the Park (No. 69259 from 2 mi. E Cortez). Sylvilagus nuttallii pinetis (J. A. Allen) Nuttall's Cottontail Specimens examined. — Total, 3 : ad. $ , 69263, skull only, dead on road, 1^ mi. N Park Headquarters, 7275 feet, August 9, 1956; ad. $, 69261, no embryos, dead on road, % mi. S and 1%. mi. W Park Point, 8000 ft., August 8, 1956; ad. $ , 69262, shot in brushy area on the bum on Wetherill Mesa 2 mi. NNW Rock Springs, 7900 ft., August 24, 1956. Nuttall's cottontail in Colorado is in general the cottontail of the highlands, and the three localities just mentioned are on the top of the Mesa Verde. Sciurus aberti mimus Merriam Abert's Squirrel Specimens examined. — Total, 2: $ , MV 7872/507, prepared by D. Watson, killed by a car "near" the Park Well on September 24, 1937; $ (an un- numbered cased skin only), foimd dead "near" the Park Well on June 21, 1937. Since 1934 these squirrels have been observed and recorded each year except in 1938, 1943, 1947, 1953, 1957, and 1958. The 77 reported observations can be grouped as follows: 11 from within a mile of the entrance to the Park, 14 from the North Rim or higher parts of canyons adjacent to it, 38 from Chapin Mesa south of Far View, and 14 not classifiable. The large number of observations on Chapin Mesa, chiefly in the vicinity of Park Headquarters, indi- cates the presence of more observers rather than more squirrels in this area. Mammals of Mesa Verde National Pabk 41 Tamiasciurus hudsonicus fremonti (Audubon and Bachman) Red Squirrel Specimens examined. — Total, 2: MV 7843/507, Chickaree Draw, Prater Canyon, 1935, C. W. Quaintance and Lloyd White; $, 69264, no embryos, % mi. NNW Middle Well, Prater Canyon, 7600 ft, August 31, 1956. Red squirrels, or chickarees as they are called in Colorado, are known from only one place on the Mesa Verde, a side canyon on the west side of Prater Canyon above Middle Well. This side canyon has been named Chickaree Draw by C. W. Quaintance, who, with Lloyd White, studied the chickaree there in 1935. Quaintance reported the small colony at 7800 feet elevation in Douglas fir beneath which were found piles of cones from which the seeds had been eaten by the chickarees. On May 29, 1935, White observed a chickaree eating green oak leaves. On June 3, 1935, a nest was found in an old hollow snag up under the rim rock; there were four young squirrels in the nest. At least one nest was in a juniper and was composed mostly of oak leaves and grass. One nest twenty-five feet from the ground in a Douglas fir was composed of oak leaves and finely shredded cedar bark. In August, 1956, I found these squirrels in the same area and I shot one specimen. Other chickarees were seen and heard and the characteristic piles of parts of Douglas fir cones still attest to their presence. On September 1, 1953, D. Watson observed a pair of chickarees in Prater Canyon. The only other specific record in the files at the Park is of two seen in a branch of Soda Canyon in late 1956. Jean Pinkley tells me that chickarees have been observed in 1958 and 1959 at several other localities from Prater Canyon to the hill at the head of Navajo Canyon. The extent to which increased observations indicate an increase in number of chickarees is uncertain, since the amounts of time spent in the field and the percentage of observations recorded are not known. Marmota flaviventris luteola A. H. Howell Yellow-bellied Marmot Records are available of observations at 14 different places in the Park and in 19 different years between 1930 and 1960. Approxi- mately two-thirds of the observations have been on Prater Grade or in upper Prater Canyon or in upper Morfield Canyon. On the morning of August 24, 1956, Harold Shepherd and I heard the whistle of an animal that he was certain was a marmot, 2 mi. NNW of Rock Springs at the west rim of Wetherill Mesa. Mr. Shepherd has worked in areas occupied by marmots for years in southwestern 42 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Colorado. Wetherill Mesa is the locality farthest west in the Park where marmots are known to occur. They occur as far south as Cliff Palace. Cynomys gunnisoni zuniensis HolHster Gunnison's Prairie Dog Specimens examined.— Total, 3: MV 7836/507, Prater Canyon, 7600 ft., C. W. Quaintance and L. White, May 24, 1935; 9, MV 7847/507, head of Prater Canyon, June 13, 1935, C. W. Quaintance (the skin is on display); MV 7887/507, Prater Canyon, September 1, 1939. C. W. Quaintance in reports on the results of his work in 1935 included the following information: On February 20 in Prater Canyon Ranger Markley noticed that prairie dogs were active although about three feet of snow lay on the ground. Between April 15 and May 15 approximately 500 prairie dogs were in Prater Canyon above Lower Well; tlirough field glasses 350 were counted. Young were first noted in Prater Canyon on July 12. Quaintance and Lloyd White had under observation two bulky nests of the red-tailed hawk in the tops of tall Douglas firs in side draws of Prater Canyon. Quaintance found near the rimrock a quarter of a mile from the prairie-dog town the skeletons of two prairie dogs between a sliver of a dead pinyon branch and the branch itself. Another skeleton lay on a dead hmb fifteen feet from the ground. A red-tailed hawk once was observed to swoop dowTi, seize a prairie dog and fly down the canyon. The four colonies found in the Park were in Prater Canyon, in Morfield Canyon, in the east fork of School Section Canyon, and in Whites Canyon. The last two were smaller colonies than the first two. Prairie dogs were observed away from these colonies. On June 20 a young prairie dog ran into a culvert on the Knife Edge Section of the road. Others were observed on the north side of the road, at the head of the east prong of School Section Canyon, on the road west of Park Point, and on the road at the head of Long Canyon five miles from the nearest known colony in the Park. Possibly this last individual came from the Montezuma Valley north of the Park. Mr. Prater, after whom Prater Canyon is named, homesteaded on the Mesa Verde in 1899. He informed Quaintance that prairie dogs were present in Morfield Canyon prior to 1900 but were not in Prater Canyon in 1899. Prater said he drowned out a few that came into Prater Canyon before 1914. In 1942, Chief Ranger Faha wrote in his Annual Animal Census Report that he had interviewed an old time resident (name not noted) who stated that prairie dogs Mammals of Mesa Verde National Park 43 were not present on the Mesa Verde until about 1905 or 1906 and that Helen Morfield, the daughter of Judge Morfield who home- steaded in Morfield Canyon, brought the first prairie dogs on the Mesa Verde. Estimates of the prairie-dog population in the Annual Animal Census Reports for 1935 through 1941 were: 1935—800, 193&_650, 1937—650, 1938—650, 1939— no report, 1940—1500 and increasing, 1941 — slight decrease. After 1942 more adequate records were kept by Chief Ranger Wade and other Park Service personnel. On August 9, 1943, occupied burrows of prairie dogs were found to be thinly scattered down Prater Canyon from the head of the canyon at the Maintenance Camp to a point about one hundred feet below the lower well. The largest concentration was in the vicinity of the upper well near Prater's Cabin. Little new digging that would indicate a spreading population was noticed. Seemingly desirable, but unoccupied, habitat extended at least two miles south of the inhabited area. In Morfield Canyon, burrows were found from a point one hundred yards north of the fence at the south boundary of Section 17, south for a mile and one-half to a point one-third of a mile into Section 29. The greatest concentration was in the vicinity of Morfield Well. South of this point the burrows were found only along the narrow dry sides of the canyon and in sage-covered areas at slightly higher elevations than the rest of the floor of the canyon. Seemingly desirable habitat extended at least three miles to the south and one mile to the north of the occupied area. The report of the study in 1943 concluded with the statement that artificial control by poisoning would be unwise and unnecessary. Requests were being made at that time to exterminate prairie dogs in the Park on the basis of the unproved assumption that prairie dogs move from the Park to surrounding range land where extermination was then being attempted by poisoning. On August 10, 1944, no occupied burrows were found in Whites Canyon or the east fork of School Section Canyon. A heavy rain on August 9 made accurate count of occupied burrows possible. In Prater Canyon the occupied area extended 200 feet south of the area occupied in 1943. In Morfield Canyon no change had occurred. North of the fence in Morfield Canyon 130 occupied burrows were counted. More than one hole, if judged to be part of the same burrow system, were counted as one. The vegetation within the colony had continued to improve in spite of the large population of prairie dogs. On August 8 and 14, 1945, although a careful search was made. 44 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. the only prairie dogs found in Prater Canyon were living in one burrow fifty yards from the Maintenance Camp. In Morfield Canyon the colony had decreased. Occupied burrows were found on the west side of the canyon near the fence and above the well ( 17 bur- rows), and below the well on the west side (estimated 30 burrows). The total population in both canyons was estimated to be 100, com- pared with 800 in the preceding year. The ground-water table was thought to be rising, and vegetation was increasing. On August 12, 1946, two prairie dogs were observed in Prater Canyon, one near the Maintenance Camp, and the other a mile to the south. In Morfield Canyon 18 occupied burrows were found north of the fence and 36 below the well, in the same two areas occupied in 1945. On August 12, 1947, two animals were seen at one of the localities occupied a year earlier in Prater Canyon, and three burrows were occupied. In Morfield Canyon 119 occupied burrows were counted. At least 12 dens occupied by badgers were present in 1946, and four in 1947. On August 9, 1948, no evidence of Hving prairie dogs was found in Prater Canyon. In Morfield Canyon 45 burrows were counted north of the fence. The grass had been increasing in abundance for several years. On August 18, 1949, no evidence of living prairie dogs was found in either canyon. In 1951 five prairie dogs were said to have been seen in Prater Canyon in June and July. No other observations have been recorded. On June 22, 1956, 13 pups and 7 adult prairie dogs were released in an enclosure in Morfield Canyon. Periodic inspections in the summer revealed that the colony was surviving and healthy. By the following spring no prairie dogs remained. Another reintro- duction is planned this year ( 1960 ) . Both the history of the prairie dogs and the history of the view- point of people toward them are interesting. Individual views have ranged from a desire to exterminate all the prairie dogs to a desire to leave them undistiu-bed by man. In review: The early history of prairie dogs on the Mesa Verde is not well documented but reports are available of the absence of prairie dogs before settlement by white men, and of introductions of prairie dogs. Other reports indicate that prairie dogs have been observed far from established colonies; therefore natural invasion may account for the establishment of prairie dogs on the Mesa. Mammals of Mesa Verde National Park 45 Grazing of moderate to heavy intensity by livestock continued in Morfield Canyon until 1941. Cessation of grazing and above average precipitation were accompanied by increased growth of vegetation in the colonies of prairie dogs. Mr. Wade has sug- gested that flooding of burrows by ground water drove prairie dogs from some lower parts of the floors of the canyons, and that increased vegetation favored predators, primarily badgers and coyotes, which further reduced the population. The abruptness of the decline, especially in Prater Canyon, is consistent with the theory that some epidemic disease occurred. This possibility was considered at the time of the decline, and a Mobile Laboratory of the United States Public Health Service spent from June 5 to June 25, 1947, in the Park collecting rodents and their fleas for study. The primary concern was plague, which had been detected in neighboring states. No evidence of plague or of tularemia was reported after study of 494 small rodents obtained from 13 localities in the Park. Only six prairie dogs (all from Morfield Canyon) were studied. The negative report does not prove that tularemia or some other disease was not a factor in the decimation of the colony in Prater Canyon the year before. If prairie dogs were able to survive primarily because of over- grazing by domestic animals, future introductions may fail. If disease was the major factor in their disappearance, reintroductions may succeed. Spermophilus lateralis lateralis (Say) Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel Specimens examined. — Total, 10: highway at School Section Canyon, MV 7894/507; Sect. 27, head of east fork of Navajo Canyon, 7900 ft., 69265; and Prater Canyon, 7600 to 7800 ft., MV 7835/507, 7837/507, 7846/507, 7874/ 507, 7875/507, MVZ 74411-74413. In 1956, 1 observed S. lateralis % mi. W of Park Point, % mi. WSW Park Point, in the public campground at Park Headquarters, at the lower well in Prater Canyon, and at two other places on the North Rim. Other observations on file were made at Prater Grade, Park Point, "D" cut (on North Rim 1 mi. WSW Park Point), and Morfield Canyon. A juvenile was noted at Park Point on June 28, 1952, by Jean Pinkley, and five young were seen together at "D" cut on July 3, 1935. The earliest observation, also recorded by Jean Pinkley, was on February 1, 1947. All of the localities with the exception of Park Headquarters are above 7500 feet, and most of the localities are in vegetation that is predominandy oak-brush. a— 7577 46 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Spermophilus variegatus grammurus (Say) Rock Squirrel Specimens examined. — Total, 6: Head of Prater Canyon, MV 7876/507; Chickaree Draw, Prater Canyon, MV 7843/507, 7844/507; Headquarters Area, MV 7888/507; Ruins Road % mi. NE of Cliff Palace, MV 7893/507; and Spruce Tree House, 4334 in Denver Museum. Specimen number 7893/507 had 360 Purshia seeds in its cheek- pouches according to a note on the label. On July 18, 1960, I found a young male rock squirrel dead on the road a mile north of headquarters that had 234 pinyon seeds in its cheek-pouches. Young, recorded as "half -grown," have been observed in May and July. The first appearance may be as early as January. In 1950, D. Watson thought that they did not hibernate, except for a few days when the weather was stormy. I observed a rock squirrel in August in the public campground at Park Headquarters sitting on its haunches on a branch of a juniper some twelve feet from the ground and eating an object held in its forefeet. The rock squirrel ranges throughout the Park in all habitats. Eutamias minimus operarius Merriam Least Chipmunk Specimens examined. — ^Total, 17: North Rim above Morfield Canyon, MV 7856/507; Morfield Canyon, 7600 ft. (obtained on Nov. 4, 1957), 75976; Mid- dle Well in Prater Canyon, 7500 ft., MV 7855/507; Prater Canyon, 7600 ft., MVZ 74414; Park Point, 8525 ft., 69267-69270; }i mi. S, 1^ mi. W Park Point, 8300 ft., 69271-69272; Sect. 27, head of east fork of Navajo Canyon, 7900 ft, 69273; Far Vievs^ Ruins, 7700 ft., 69274-69275, and two uncatalogued specimens in preservative; 3 mi. N Rock Springs, 8200 ft., 69276-69277. Five of the fourteen specimens of known sex are females, all of which were taken in August and September, and none of which is recorded as having contained embryos. The skulls of the eight August-taken specimens also suggest that young are bom in late spring or early summer: the largest skull had well-worn teeth that might indicate an age of more than one year; four others had com- plete adult dentitions that were barely worn; and three had not yet acquired complete adult dentitions. The records of E. minimus, like those of Spermophilus lateralis, indicate greatest abundance in the higher parts of the Mesa Verde and in areas of predominantly brushy vegetation. Eutamias quadrivittatus hopiensis Merriam Colorado Chipmunk Specimens examined.— Total, 13: Prater Canyon, 7600 ft., MV 7838/507; Lower Well, Prater Canyon, 69278; Park Headquarters, MV 7889/507; near the old Park Well, 7300 ft., 5468 in Univ. of Colorado collection; Utility Area, Mammals of Mesa Verde National Park 47 5469 and 5470 in Univ. of Colorado collection; Spruce Tree House, 4352-4355 in Denver Museum; Mesa Verde, 25 mi. [by road] SW Mancos, 149080-149081 USNM; Square Tower House, 7000 ft., 5467 in Univ. of Colorado collection. Although both species occur in some of the same areas, E.q. hopiensis is more abundant than is E. minimus in stands of pinyon and juniper, along cliffs, and at low elevations. (A specimen of hopiensis, MV 7849/507, from 3 mi. S of the Park boundary where the 6000 foot countour line cross the Mancos River is indicative of the occurrence at low elevations. ) Thomomys bottae aureus J. A. Allen Botta's Pocket Gopher Specimens examined.— Total, 35: Prater Canyon, 7600 ft., 74408-74410 MVZ; Upper WeU, Prater Canyon, 7575 ft., 69279; K mi. N Middle Well, Prater Canyon, 7500 ft., 69280; Middle Well, Prater Canyon, 7500 ft., 69281- 69285, 75977; Morfield Canyon, 7600 ft., 75978; % mi. S, 1% mi. W Park Point, 8000 ft., 69286-69288; IM mi. S, 1^ mi. W Park Point, 8000 ft., 69289; m mi. S, 2 mi. W Park Point, 8075 ft., 69290; Sect. 27, head of east fork Navajo Canyon, 7900 ft., 69291-69292; Yz mi. N Far View Ruins, 7825 ft., 69293; Far View Ruins, 7700 ft., 69294, MV 7852/507, 7853/507; 3 mi. N Rock Springs, 8200 ft., 69295-69298; 2M mi. N, ^ mi. W Rock Springs, 8100 ft., 69299-69301; 2 mi. N, Ji mi. W Rock Springs, 69302-69303; 1 mi. NNW Rock Springs, 69304; % mi. NNW Rock Springs, 69305; Mesa Verde, northern end, 8100 ft., 149087 USNM. The pocket gophers of the Mesa Verde and vicinity are of one species, Thomomys bottae. The distribution and variation of this species in Colorado have been studied recently by Youngman ( 1958) who referred all specimens from the Mesa Verde to T. b. aureus. He noted that some specimens have dark diffuse dorsal stripes that are wide in specimens from the Mancos River Valley. The generally darker color of the specimens from the Mancos Valley as compared with that of specimens from on the Mesa was noticed in the field, and is another example of the local variability of pocket gophers. The nine specimens listed by Youngman (1958:372) as from "Mesa Verde National Park," Mancos River, 6200 ft., are not here Hsted among "specimens examined" because possibly some, or all, of the nine were trapped on the east side of the River and therefore outside the Park. None was, however, farther than 30 yards east of the Park. In the Park, pocket gophers occur both on mesa tops and in canyons. Most of the locahties hsted above and others at which mounds were seen are areas of disturbance such as the old burn on Wetherill Mesa, the rights of way for roads, the river valley, and the grazed floor of Prater Canyon. Little evidence of pocket gophers was found on unusually rocky slopes, steep slopes, or in stands of 48 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. pinyon and jumper or in relatively pure stands of oak-brush. In addition to workability of the soil, the presence of herbaceous plants, many of them weedy annuals, is probably the most important factor governing the success of pocket gophers in a local area. No female was recorded to have contained embryos, but two had enlarged uteri or placental scars. This fact and the capture of nine half- grown individuals indicate breeding prior to late August when most specimens were trapped. Dipodomys ordii longipes (Merriam) Ord's Kangaroo Rat Kangaroo rats have been seen crossing the highway in the Park less than one mile from the Park entrance by Jean Pinkley. Castor canadensis concisor Warren and Hall Beaver In 1935 Quaintance and White spent June 16 to June 20 in the Mancos River Bottoms at the mouth of Weber Canyon, looking for sign of fresh beaver work. They found none. Annual Animal Census Reports include the following information based on patrols along the Mancos River at the east boundary of the Park: 1937 — estimate 4 beaver present, 1938 — 8, 1941 — numerous bank burrows, 1942 — ^uncommon, 1944 — uncommon, 1945 — most concentrated at southeast corner, 1946 — runs and two small dams seen (flood had washed out larger dams), 1947 — only in VA miles north of boundary wdth Ute Reservation, 1949 — two separate colonies ( each with dams and one wdth a large house), 1950 — none, owing to drouth and diversion of water upstream completely drying the river at times, 1951 — none, 1953 — ^present, 1955 — ^present. On the Mancos River, 6200 ft., in late August, 1956, sign of beaver was abundant, numer- ous trees had been cut but none within a week, and a bank den was found on the west side of the river extending back 50 feet from the stream and caved in at three places. In 1959 dens were still present. Reithi-odontomys megalotis aztecus J. A. Allen Western Harvest Mouse Specimens examined. — Total, 38: North end Mesa Verde National Park, 7000 ft., 75984-75986; Park Point, 8525 ft, 69316-69317; Far View Ruins, 7700 ft., 69318-69319, 79220, MV 7897/507, and 23 uncatalogued specimens in preservative; 3 mi. N Rock Springs, 8200 ft., 69320-69321; 2 mi. NNW Rock Springs, 7900 ft., 69322-69323; 1 mi. NNW Rock Springs, 7600 ft., 69324; ii mi. NNW Rock Springs, 7500 ft., 69325. The specimen listed last (69325) was an adult male recovered Mammals of Mesa Vebde National Park 49 from the stomach of a small (snout-vent length 334 mm., wt. 26.0 gms.) Crotalus viridus that was trapped in a Museum Special mouse-trap on a rocky slope mostly barren of vegetation. The availability of samples taken in August (by Anderson in 1956), in September (by Shepherd in 1958), and in November (by Alcorn in 1957) makes the following comparison of age and reproductive condition possible. The sample from November includes some specimens from outside the Park as follows: 1 mi. W Mancos, Colorado, 75979-75983, and 2 mi. N La Plata [not shown on Fig. 2], San Juan County, New Mexico, some 18 miles southeast of the Park, 75987-76000. The data shown in Figure 3 indicate that females are pregnant at least from in August into November. A smaller percentage of females was pregnant in November than in August or September. The fact that all females more than 130 mm. long were pregnant in September suggests an autumnal peak in breeding activity. A change in the ratio of small individuals (less than 130 mm. in length) to large individuals (130 mm. or more in length) is indicative of a sustained breeding period through- out the time shown. In August the ratio was 1 to 2.3, in September the ratio was 1 to 1.2, and the ratio was 1 to 0.7 in November. The western harvest mouse is found usually in grassy areas. Peromyscus boylii rowleyi (J. A. AUen) Brush Mouse Specimens examined. — Total, 14: North end Mesa Verde National Park, 7000 ft., 76002-76003; Far View House, 7700 ft., MV 7851/507, 7854/507; Far View Point, 5 uncatalogued specimens in preservative; Y2 mi. N Spruce Tree Lodge, 34742; 25 mi. [by road] SW Mancos, 149094 and 149096 USNM; Oak Tree Ruin, 6700 ft., MV 7870/507; and ClifE Palace, 6800 ft., MV 7864/507. The specimens were taken in August, September, and November. One adult female trapped on September 10, 1958, had six embryos. Peromyscus crinitus auripectus (J. A. Allen) Canyon Mouse Specimens examined. — ^Total, 3: Mesa Verde [Spruce Tree Cliff Ruins], 149095 USNM; Balcony House, MV 7865/507, 7866/507. Peromyscus maniculatus rufinus (Merriam) Deer Mouse Specimens examined. — Total, 396: North end Mesa Verde National Park, 7000 ft, 76004-76100; Prater Canyon, 7600 ft., 76101-76144, MV 7839/507, 7840/507; Upper Well, Prater Canyon, 7575 ft., 69328-69329; Morfield Canyon, 7600 ft., 76145-76184; Park Point, 8525 ft., 69330-69342, 69344-69360; m mi. E Waters Cabin, 6400 ft. (labels on some specimens read "West Bank 50 University of Kansas Publs,, Mus. Nat. Hist. Mancos River, Northeast side Mesa Verde National Park"), 69361-69376, 76185-76204; Sect. 27, head of east fork Navajo Canyon, 7900 ft., 69377- 69380, 69422-69426; 3 mi. N Rock Springs, 8200 ft., 69403-69410; 2 mi. NNW Rock Springs, 7900 ft., 69411-69412; 1 mi. NNW Rock Springs, 7600 ft., 69413-69418; H mi. NNW Rock Springs, 7500 ft., 69419-69421; Far View Ruins, 7700 ft, 69386-69402; Far View Point, 76530-76531, 79221 and 90 uncatalogued specimens in preservative; Mancos River, 6200 ft., 69382-69385; back of Park Museum, 6930 ft, MV 7857/507; Mesa Verde, 25 mi. [by road] SW Mancos, 149093 USNM; Cornfield, MV 7878/507. The most abundant mammal is the ubiquitous deer mouse. Series of specimens taken in August (by Anderson in 1956), in September (by Shepherd in 1958 and 1959), and in November (by Alcorn in 1957) make possible the follovv^ing comparisons of age, reproductive conditions, and molts. The specimens obtained in August and November w^ere placed in five categories according to age ( as judged by wear on the teeth ) . These categories correspond in general to those used by Hoffmeister (1951:1) in studies of Teromyscus truei. From his descriptions I judge that wear in Feromyscus maniculatus diflFers from wear in Teromyscus truei in that the last upper molar is not worn smooth before appreciable wear appears on the first two molars, and the lingual and labial cusps wear more nearly concurrently. The five categories di£Fer as follows: category 1, last upper molar in process of erupting, showing no wear; category 2, some wear apparent on all teeth, but most cusps little worn; category 3, greater wear on all teeth, lingual cusps becoming rounded or flattened; category 4, lingual cusps worn smooth, labial cusps show considerable wear; category 5, all cusps worn smooth. The condition of the pelage was noted for each prepared skin. HofiFmeister {op. cit.: 4) summarized changes in pelage that he observed in Teromyscus truei, and he sum- marized earlier work by Collins wdth Teromyscus maniculatus. In P. maniculatus a grayish juvenal pelage is replaced by a postjuvenal pelage in which the hairs are longer and have longer, pale, terminal or subterminal bands giving a paler and more buffy or ochraceous hue to the dorsal pelage. The postjuvenal pelage is replaced by an adult pelage that is either brighter or, in some cases, is not distin- guishable with certainty from the postjuvenal pelage. Not only is the juvenal pelage distinguishable from the postjuvenal pelage, but the sequence of ingrowth of postjuvenal pelage follows a regular pattern that is usually difFerent from that of subsequent molts. The loss of juvenal hair is less readily observed than the ingrowth of new postjuvenal hair on account of the greater time required for the growth of any individual hair than for the sudden loss of a hair. Mammals of Mesa Verde National Park 51 Molt was observed in some individuals no longer having juvenal pelage; some new pelage was observed on the skins of seven mice collected in August. Each of these was in category 4 or 5 and prob- ably had been bom in the previous calendar year. These seven molting individuals make up nearly 17 per cent of 42 individuals that had completed the juvenal to postjuvenal molt. In November, 80 per cent of individuals ( 92 of 115 ) that had previously obtained their postjuvenal or adult pelage were molting. These mice were in age-categories 3, 4, and 5. Some of the individuals in category 3 were developing new hair beneath a relatively unworn bright pelage that I judge to be an adult pelage rather than a postjuvenal pelage. If this judgment be correct and if the relatively unworn dentition (category 3) means that these animals are young of the year, we must conclude that individuals bom in early summer may molt from juvenal to postjuvenal, then to adult pelage, and finally in the autumn into another adult pelage. Other individuals, six in number and of categories 2 and 3, are simultaneously completing the juvenal to postjuvenal molt and beginning the postjuvenal to adult molt. The juvenal to postjuvenal molt begins, as has been described by various authors, along the lateral line and proceeds dorsally and ventrally and anteriorly and posteriorly, and the last patch to lose the gray juvenal color is the top of head and nape, or less fre- quently the rump. In some individuals a gray patch on the nape remained but emerging hair was not apparent; perhaps the molt had been halted just prior to completion. The progressing band of emerging hair is narrow in most specimens but in some up to one- fifth of the circumference of the body has hair at the same degree of emergence. Subsequent molts, both from postjuvenal to adult pelage and between adult pelages, are less regular in point, or points, of origin, width of progressing molt, and amount of surface molting at one time. Half or more of the dorsum is oftentimes involved in the same stage of molt at once. In some specimens the molt begins along the lateral hne, and in others in several centers on the sides. In some skins distinct lines of molt are visible without parting the hair, and in some others the molt is patchy in appearance. Growth of new hair is apparent at various times of the year as a result of injury such as that caused by bot fly larvae, cuts, scratches, or bites of other mice. Abrasion, wear, irritation by ectoparasites, and other kinds of injury to the skin may play a part in the development of a patchy molt. Both breeding and molting are sources of consider- able stress, and the delay of the peak of molting activity until No- vember when breeding activity has decreased seems of benefit to 52 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. 1 — I — I — r — I — I — I 1 1 — r — I — I 1 1 — r REITHRODONTOMYS PEROMYSCUS 10 £a g^ » AUG. r#^ 20 10 z UJ O UJ a. to SEPT. UJ CO 30 20 10 MALES NON-PREGNANT FEMALES PREGNANT FEMALES JI^y=^ "^Qy- J- J_ X X J_ J_ _L _L ISA too 120 140 160 I 120 140 160 TOTAL LENGTH IN MILLIMETERS 180 Fig. 3. Frequency distributions, according to size, of Reithrodontomys megalotis and Peromyscus maniculatus in three samples taken in August, September, and November. Sexes and pregnancy or nonpregnancy of females are indicated. See discussion in text. Mammals of Mesa Verde National Pakk 53 the mice. A change in the ratio of young mice (categories 1, 2, and 3) to old mice (categories 4 and 5) between August and November was noted. In August, 29 per cent of the population is composed of old mice, and in November only 6 per cent. This change results from birth of young as well as death of old mice, but may indicate that a mouse in November has less than one chance in ten of being ahve the following November. Some females born early in the reproductive season breed in their first summer or autumn. For example, a female of category 2, taken on August 12, and probably in postjuvenal pelage, had placental scars. Undoubtedly the young of the year contribute to the breeding population, especially late in the season. In Figure 3 the proportion of females bearing embryos in August, September, and November is shown. Of the females trapped in August, 11 of 32 that were more than 144 mm. in total length con- tained embryos; an additional 14 females were lactating or pos- sessed placental scars or enlarged uteri. Therefore, approximately 80 per cent of the larger females were reproducing in August. In September two females were pregnant and an additional sixteen of the 44 females examined showed other evidence of reproduction; these eighteen females make up 41 per cent of those more than 144 mm. in total length. The only reproductive data available for No- vember pertain to the presence or absence of embryos. No female was pregnant although 35 females more than 144 mm. in total length were examined. Some of the skins show prominent mammae indica- tive of recent nursing, and juveniles less than a month old were taken. The reproductive activity of deer mice on the Mesa Verde seems to be greatly reduced in autumn. Peromyscus di£5cilis nasutus (J. A. Allen) Rock Mouse Specimen: I mi. NNW Rock Springs, 7600 ft., 69413, a young individual completing the molt from juvenal to postjuvenal pelage. Peromyscus tniei tniei (Shufeldt) Pinyon Mouse Specimens examined. — ^Total, 42: North end Mesa Verde National Park, 7000 ft., 76220-76232; Far View Ruins, 7700 ft., 69326-69327, 79222, and 8 uncatalogued specimens in preservative; Far View Point, 76532-76535; Far View House, 7700 ft., 74416 MVZ; % mi. NNW Rock Springs, 7500 ft., 69429-69430; Rock Springs, 7400 ft., 69431-69435; Park Well, 7450 ft., 69428; Headquarters, MV 7882/507; back of Museum, MV 7879/507, 7880/507, 7881/507; Square Tower House, 6700 ft., 69438. In August three females were pregnant or lactating, or both. None of seven adult females taken in November was pregnant. 54 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Neotoma cinerea arizonae Merriam Bushy-tailed Wood Rat Specimen: Head of Prater Canyon, MV 7873/507. Another, in the Denver Museum, from Spruce Tree House, was reported by Finley (1958: 270). Neotoma cinerea prefers vertical crevices in high cliffs but occu- pies other areas. Neotoma mexicana inopinata Goldman Mexican Wood Rat Specimens examined. — ^Total, 10: Headquarters, MV 7890/507 and probably 7861/507, 74421 MVZ; Spruce Tree Lodge, 6950 ft., 34802-34803; Spruce Tree House, 74419-74420 MVZ; Square Tower House, MV 7869/507; Cliff Palace, 74422 MVZ; Balcony House, MV 7868/507. The Mexican v^ood rat is the most common species of wood rat on the Mesa Verde. The two specimens from Spruce Tree Lodge obtained by R. B. Finley on September 2, 1949, are young indi- viduals. Another species of the genus, the white-throated wood rat, Neotoma albigula, may occiu- within the Park, since three specimens (34757-34759) from the Mesa Verde were trapped on September 15, 1949, by R. B. Finley, approximately 4)2 miles south of the Park [6 mi. E, 17 mi. S Cortez, 5600 ft. — south of the area shown in Figure 2]. Finley (1958:450) stated that at that locality he trapped Neotoma mexicana [No. 34801], that N. albigula was perhaps more common there than N. mexicana, that dens of N. albigula were more common than those of N. mexicana under large rocks in the talus on the south slope of the Mesa, and that dens of N. mexicana seemed to be more nmnerous in crevices of ledges in the bedrock and cliffs. Ondatra zibethicus osoyoosensis (Lord) Muskrat D. Watson (in letter of January 16, 1957) reported that he has seen muskrat tracks many times along the Mancos River. He also relates a report received from Chief Ranger Wade and D. A. Spencer who saw a muskrat, no doubt a wanderer, on the Knife Edge Road on a cold winter night. These men, both reliable observers, stopped and saw the muskrat at a distance of two feet, where it took shelter under a power shovel parked beside the road. Reports of dens seen along the Mancos River are available for 1944, 1945, 1946, and 1947. Microtus longicaudus mordax (Merriam) Long-tailed Vole Specimens examined. — ^Total, 36: North end Mesa Verde National Park, 7000 ft., 76233-76237; entrance to Mesa Verde National Park, 5123-5126 in Denver Museum; Prater Canyon, 7600 ft., 76238-76244; Upper Well, Prater Canyon, 7575 ft., 69441; Morfield Canyon, 7600 ft., 76245-76259, 76261-76263; west bank Mancos River, northeast side Mesa Verde National Park, 76260. Mammals of Mesa Verde National Park 55 The vegetation at the above-named localities is a combination of brush and grasses that are both more luxuriant than in areas dominated by pinyon and juniper on the more southern and alti- tudinally lower part of the top of the Mesa where no M. longicaudus was taken. Microtus mexicanus mogollonensis (Meams) Mexican Vole Specimens examined.— Total, 22: Prater Canyon, 7600 ft., 76283-76287; Sect. 27, head of east fork of Navajo Canyon, 7900 ft., 69442; Far View Ruins, 7700 ft., 69443, 79223-79224; 2 mi. NNW Rock Springs, 7900 ft., 69444- 69446; Park Well, 7450 ft., 69447-69453; rock ledge at head of Spruce Tree Canyon, uiuiumbered specimen in Denver Museum; Headquarters, MV 7895/ 507, 7896/507. The first specimen of the Mexican vole from Colorado was ob- tained on the Mesa Verde and has been reported by Rodeck and Anderson (1956:436). Specimens have now been taken at seven localities on the Mesa. Prater Canyon is the only one of these localities at which any other species of vole was taken. There Microtus longicaudus and Microtus montanus were also obtained. Judging from the vegetation at the above locahties, M. mexicanus is to be expected in drier areas with less cover than M. montanus inhabits, and in areas having less cover than those inhabited by M. longicaudus. Microtus montanus fusus Hall Montane Vole Specimens examined.— Total, 16: Upper Well, 7575 ft., 69454-69465; % mi. N Middle Well, 7500 ft., 69466-69469. The voles were trapped in the dry but dense meadow of grass and sedge covering the floor of the canyon (see Plate 1). Sorex vagrans was trapped in the same places. Four of the females of M. montanus trapped on September 3, 1956, were pregnant. Erethizon dorsatum couesi Meams Porcupine Specimens examined. — Total, 2: 69470, old 9, and 69471, her young male ofiEspring, both obtained on August 28, 1956, in the canyon of the Mancos River, 6200 feet, along the western side of the River. I saw no other porcupine in the Park. In 1935, C. W. Quaintance took special notice of porcupines because of the possibility, then being considered, of their being detrimental to habitat conditions thought to be favorable to wild turkeys. Porcupines were suspected of killing ponderosa pine, 56 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. which occurred in only a few places, and which was thought to be necessary for wild turkeys. Porcupines were recorded as follows: one found dead on the road at the North Rim on March 16; one killed in oak brush along the North Rim; one killed between April 15 and May 15; oak brush damaged by porcupines in Soda Canyon below the well; one seen on July 4 on the Poole Canyon Trail; one seen at the foot of the Mesa on June 26; one seen by Lloyd White in Moccasin Canyon on June 27; and one seen by Mrs. Sharon Spencer on July 1 in Prater Canyon. After four months on the Mesa Verde, Quaintance concluded that there were not so many porcupines as had been expected and that there were more ponderosa pines than had been expected. In 1946, Donald A. Spencer began a study of porcupines on the Mesa Verde and in 1958 deposited, in the University of Colorado Library, his results in manuscript form as a dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a higher degree ("Porcupine population fluctuations in past centuries revealed by dendrochron- ology," 108 numbered and 13 unnumbered pages, 39 figures, and 13 tables). Dendrochronology, or the dating of trees by studying their rings, is a technique widely used in the southwest by archeol- ogists, climatologists, and others. Spencer found that porcupines damage trees in a characteristic manner, and that damage to a pinyon pine was evident as long as the tree lived. By dating approximately 2000 scars and plotting the year for each scar, Spencer observed three peaks since 1865; these were in about 1885, 1905, and 1935. The increase and decrease each time were at about the same rate. The study did not yield precise population estimates. Some porcupines were destroyed but Spencer is of the opinion that the decline that came in following years was independent of the control measures. Spencer thinks that activities of porcupines on the Mesa Verde are a major factor in maintaining a forest cover of relatively young trees, and also in preventing invasion of trees into areas of brush. The general pohcy in regard to porcupines from 1930 to 1946 was to kill them because they eat parts of trees. In at least the following years porcupines were killed: 1930, 1933, 1935, 1940, 1943, 1944, and 1946. The largest number reported killed in one year is 71 in 1933 when a crew of men was employed for this purpose. The amount of effort devoted to killing porcupines varied from year to year. The most frequently voiced alarm was that the scenic value of the areas along the entrance highway and near Mammals of Mesa Verde National Park 57 certain ruins was being impaired. The direst prediction was that all pine trees on the Mesa Verde were doomed to extinction in the near future. The last prediction has not come to pass, nor has this extinction occurred in the past thousand years and more during which pine trees and porcupines have existed together on the Mesa Verde. In 1946 the studies of Spencer, Wade, and Fitch began. Much eflFort was expended in obtaining and dating scars for analysis, and the interesting results mentioned above were the reward. Also many porcupines were captured alive and marked with ear-tags so that they could be recognized later. For example, in the winter of 1946 and 1947, 117 were marked in Soda Canyon. A decline in numbers in recent years reduced the impetus for continuation of the study by reducing the results obtained for each day spent search- ing for porcupines. Information obtained on movements of porcu- pines relative to season and weather conditions in these studies may be summarized and published later. Data regarding ratio of young to adult animals from year to year are also of interest. The effect of a porcupine on a single tree is often easy to assess. The effect of a fluctuating population of porcupines on a mixed forest is not so easy to assess, but is of more intrinsic interest. It is desirable that studies designed to evaluate the latter effect continue while the population remains low and also when the next cyclic increase begins. Publication of Spencer's results would be a major step forward. Cahalane (1948:253) mentions the diflBculty that has been ex- perienced in protecting aesthetically desirable trees around cliff dwellings. Perhaps in a local area removal of porcupines is some- times warranted, but control of the porcupine seems undesirable to me, as a general policy, because one purpose of a National Park is to preserve natural conditions and that implies naturally occurring changes. What is needed is continued careful study of the ecological rela- tionships of animals and of plants. National parks provide, to the extent that they are not disturbed or "controlled,** especially favor- able places for studies of this sort. Mus musculus subsp. House Mouse Specimens examined. — Total, 7: North end Mesa Verde National Park, 7000 ft., 76290; west bank Mancos River northeast side Mesa Verde National Park, 76291-76296. 58 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Canis latrans meamsi Merriam Coyote Specimens examined. — ^Total, 3: 69472, skull only of a young individual, found dead at the top of the bank of the Mancos River, IJa mi. E Waters Cabin, 6400 ft., August 29, 1956, probably killed by man; ad. $ , 76298, taken by J. R. Alcorn, November 10, 1957, on the top of the Mesa at Square Tower House; and skin and skull, MV 7858/507, without data. Tracks or scats of the coyote were seen in all parts of the Park visited. Coyotes range throughout the area. On September 3, 1956, 35 coyote scats were found on the dirt roads in Prater and Morfield canyons above 7300 feet elevation and on the road crossing the divide between these canyons. Probably none of these scats was more than a month old. Coyote tracks were seen at some of the fresher scats. Scats associated with fox tracks and scats of small size were not picked up. Nevertheless, a few of the scats studied may have been those of foxes. Judging from the contents of scats that were certainly from foxes, the effect of inadvertent inclusion of fox scats would be to elevate the percentage of scats containing berries (but not more than five percentage points). Each scat was broken up and the percentage of scats containing each of the fol- lowing items was noted (figures are to the nearest per cent). Re- mains of deer occurred in 48 per cent of scats, gooseberries (Ribes) in 34 per cent, porcupines in 29 per cent, insects in 11 per cent, birds in 11 per cent, imidentified hair in 9 per cent, and unidentified ma- terial in 6 per cent. One scat (3 per cent) contained an appreciable amount of plant debris, one contained Microtus along with other items, and one contained only Sylvilagus; 14 scats had material of more than one category. The percentage in each category of the volume of each scat was estimated. Data on volume warrant no conclusion other than one that can be drawn from the percentages of occurrence, namely that the major food sources used in August, 1956, by coyotes in these canyons were deer, berries, and porcu- pines and that other sources, though used, were relatively unim- portant. Deer were common in the area. It is fortunate that coyotes remain to help regulate the deer population. Wolves, Canis lupus, which at one time occurred in the Park, are now gone. The coyote and mountain lion are the only sizeable predators that remain. Vulpes vulpes macroura Baird Red Fox D. Watson (in letter of January 16, 1957) reported that red foxes have been seen on the Mesa by several employees of the Park. These persons know the gray fox, which often is seen in winter feeding at Mammals of Mesa Verde National Park 59 their back doors, and Mr. Watson considers the reports reliable. In the early morning of October 24, 1943, a reddish-yeUow fox having a white-tipped tail was observed by three men, one of whom was Chief Ranger Wade, at Park Point. In 1948, 1950, and 1953 black foxes have been reported. Urocyon cinereoargenteus scottii Mearns Gray Fox Specimens examined.— Total, 3: $ , MV 7867/507, 2 mi. N of Head- quarters, 7400 ft., September 24, 1935, H. P. Pratt; $, 76299, November 9, and 5, 76300, trapped on November 12, 1957, by J. R. Alcorn at Square Tower House. The gray fox is common on the Mesa. Ursus americanus amblyceps Baird Black Bear From 1929 through 1959 at least 151 observations of bears were recorded. Observations were unrecorded in only five years — 1952, 1953, 1954, 1956, and 1958. Most observations were in the 1940's and the peak was in 1944 ( 18 observations ) and 1945 ( 21 observa- tions). Cubs have been recorded in 10 different years. If dated reports are tabulated by months the following figures are obtained for the 12 months beginning with January: 0, 0, 0, 4, 15, 19, 19, 9, 10, 9, 3, 0. The peak in the summer months and the absence of observations in the winter months are significant. Individual bears probably enter and leave the Park in the course of their normal wanderings; however bears probably hibernate, breed, and bear young within the Park and should not be regarded as merely oc- casionally wandering into the Park. Procyon lotor pallidus Merriam Raccoon In December, 1959, three raccoons were seen on Prater Grade and later three were seen in Morfield Canyon near the tunnel. I saw a dead raccoon at the side of the highway 3 mi. WSW of Mancos, 6700 feet, on August 8, 1956. This locality is outside of the Park and not on the Mesa, but is mentioned because it indicates that the raccoon probably occurs along the Mancos River, which forms the eastern boundary of the Park. The raccoon is rare in the area. Some local persons were surprised to hear of its presence; other persons told me that raccoons were present, but rare. 60 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Bassariscus astutus flavus Rhoads Ringtail Specimens examined. — Total, 4: MV 7884/507 and 7885/507, trapped in Balcony House and prepared by D. Watson in 1939; MV 7901/507 and 7902/ 507, without data. The cHff dwellings are favored by ringtails and in some years they are common near occupied dwellings in the area of headquarters. Ringtails have been seen in each major habitat within the Park. Mustela frenata nevadensis Hall Long-tailed Weasel Specimens examined. — Total, 5: MV 7891/507, $, from the "Garden" [= Indian Com6eld]; $, MV 7892/507, also from the "Cornfield"; MV 7859/ 507, "Killed by car on Prater Grade"; S , MV 7871/507, in winter pelage, from the North Rim; and $ , 83464, killed on the road M mi. NE of the tunnel, Mor- field Canyon. C. W. Quaintance in 1935 reported that on January 11, he and Mr. Nelson saw a weasel attack a cottontail, and on March 9, while on the snow plow, Mr. Nelson witnessed another cottontail being killed by a weasel. Weasels in white winter pelage have been recorded in December and January. The brown pelage has been seen as late as November. Mustela vison energimienos (Bangs) Mink D. Watson (in letter of January 16, 1957) wrote: "When Jack Wade, now Chief Ranger, was doing patrol work in the Mancos Canyon back in the 1930's, he saw mink along the river at the east side of the Park. Several years ago, the people who lived on the ranch where Weber Canyon joins the Mancos trapped a mink." Tracks have been reported along the Mancos River in several years. Spilogale putorius gracilis Merriam Spotted Skunk Specimen: Immature $ , MV 7860/507, ClifF Palace, August 22, 1936, pre- pared by A. E. Borrell. In some years these little skunks have become so numerous in the area of headquarters that they were a nuisance, and were captured in garbage cans and released in other parts of the Park. Mephitis mephitis ester Merriam Striped Skunk D. Watson advises me that striped skunks are fairly common around the entrance to the Park, along the foot of the Mesa, and along the Mancos River. Striped skunks have been reported in 1951 PLATE 1 Upper: View ot the North Rim of Mesa Verde, looking west from Park Point, the highest pkice on the North Rim. The south-facing slope on the left is covered with brushy vegetation, mostly oak. Sheltered parts of the north- facing slope support stands of Douglas fir, and at a few places some pon- derosa pines. Photo taken in August, 1956, by S. Anderson. Lower Left: View of Rock Canyon from Wetherill Mesa, looking south- west from a point 2 mi. NNW Rock Springs. The area in the foreground on Wetherill Mesa was burned in 1934. Photo taken in August, 1956, by S. Anderson. Lower Right: Prater Canyon, at Upper Well, 7575 feet. In the matted grasses and sedges on the floor of the canyon Microiiis montaniis and Sorex vagrans were captured. Tamiasciurus hudsonicus was found in a side canyon, Chickaree Draw, one half mile southwest of the place shown. Chickaree Draw is more sheltered than the slojie in the background and has a denser stand of Douglas fir than occurs here. Photo taken in August, 1956, by S. Anderson. PLATE 2 Upper: Relatively undisturbed stand of pinyon pine and Utah juniper li mi. N Rock Springs, at 7400 feet elevation on Wetherill Mesa along a service road. The vegetation shown is characteristic of the lower more exposed parts of the top of the Mesa Verde. Photo taken in August, 1956, by S. Anderson. Lower: Wetherill Mesa, M mi. NNW Rock Springs, 7500 feet elevation. This area burned in 1934. It contained no pine or juniper in 1956 despite attempted reforestation in the thirties and the presence of a stand of pinyon and juniper ( shown above ) only one quarter of a mile away. Possibly fire in the last three or four hundred years on the higher parts of the Mesa has been a factor in producing chaparral there, rather than pinyon and juniper. Photo taken in August, 1956, by S. Anderson. Mammals of Mesa Verde National Park 61 in Moifield Canyon, in 1952 on the Knife Edge, in 1953 at Windy Point (M mi. N of Point Lookout), and in 1959 at the head of Mor- field Canyon. Taxidea taxus berlandieri Baird Badger Several reports, but no specimens, of the badger have been ob- tained. In 1935, C. W. Quaintance wrote that in School Section Canyon tracks of cougar, bobcat, coyote, and deer were found, and that pocket gophers, badgers, and cottontail rabbits were present. Later in 1935, H. P. Pratt wrote that he had found evidence of badgers "at the lower well in Prater Canyon, where on September 23, there were extensive badger diggings and fresh tracks in the vicinity of the prairie dog colony there." Badgers are common in the lowlands around the Mesa and they are common enough on the Mesa to be regarded as nuisances by archeologists on account of badgers digging in ruins. Badgers have been seen from three to six times each year from 1950 to this date, most of them in the vicinity of the North Rim. Felis concolor hippolestes Merriam Mountain Lion Mountain lions range throughout the Park. There are reliable sight records of lions and lion tracks, but no specimen has been preserved. Early records of observations include the report of tracks seen in Navajo Canyon by Cary (1911:165), and a lion seen in 1917. Since 1930 the more adequate records include reports of from one to eight observations each year for 26 of the 30 years. Young ani- mals (recorded as "half-grown") or cubs have been reported in four of these years. The tabulation of dated reports by month beginning with January is: 2, 0, 3, 2, 8, 4, 6, 7, 4, 9, 5, 7. Mountain lions range more widely than bears in their daily and seasonal activities, but like bears probably breed, bear young, and feed in the Park. Al- though at any one time lions may or may not be within the Park, it is part of their normal range and the species should be regarded as resident and is not uncommon. Lynx rufus baileyi Merriam Bobcat Specimens examined. — Total, 2: A specimen (now mounted in Park Mu- seimi) from the Knife Edge Road; and ad. 9, 76302, Prater Canyon, 7500 ft., November 12, 1957, obtained by J. R. Alcorn. Bobcats are present throughout the Park. Approximately 80 ob- servations of bobcats are on file, from all parts of the Park and in all 3—7577 62 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. months. Probably the bobcat and the gray fox are the most abun- dant carnivores in the Park. In addition to known predation by mountain Hons and coyotes on porcupines, the bobcat kills porcu- pines. A dead porcupine and a dead bobcat with its face, mouth, and one foot full of quills were found together on January 31, 1952, under a boulder in front of Cliff Palace. On August 20, 1956, I saw a bobcat hunting in sage in a draw near a large clump of oak- brush, into which it fled, at tlie head of the east fork of Navajo Canyon, Sect. 21, near the North Rim, 8100 feet. Odocoileus hemionus hemionus (Rafinesque) Mule Deer Specimens examined. — Total, 2: Young $, 76303, November 8, 1957, Far View Ruins; 9, 76304, November 12, 1957, Spruce Tree House Ruin, both obtained by J. R. Alcorn. In all parts of the Park, mule deer are common. Five projects concerning deer are in progress or have been concluded recently on the Mesa. One is a study of the responses of different species of plants to browsing and was begun in 1949 by Harold R. Shepherd for the Colorado Department of Game and Fish. A number of individual plants and in some instances groups of plants were fenced to exclude deer. Systematic clips of 20, 40, 60, 80, or 100 per cent of the annual growth are made each year. The results of the first ten years of this study are being prepared for publication by Shep- herd. A study of browsing pressure was initiated in 1952 by Regional Riologist C. M. Aldous, on eight transects in the Park. Each transect consists of 15 plots at intervals of 200 feet. The amount of use of each plant species was recorded from time to time. The study was terminated in 1955. I have seen no summary of results of this study. A trapping program was begun in 1953 with the co-operation of the Colorado Department of Game and Fish. Deer are trapped, marked, and released. Some are released in areas other than where trapped. In this way the excessive size of the herd near headquar- ters has been reduced. Recoveries of marked deer outside the Park by hunters and retrapping results in the Park should provide in- formation about movements of deer and about life expectancy. Tlie "Deer Trend Study" was initiated in 1954. From November to May, twice a day, at the same time, a count is made along the entrance road from the Park Entrance to Headquarters. Ten drain- age areas traversed are tabulated separately. The results of four years of this study indicate that the greatest number of deer are Mammals of Mesa Verde National Park 63 present in November, December, and January, and tliat only about one-fourth as many are present in February and Mai'ch. Depending on severity of weather, the yearly pattern varies, the deer arriving earlier, or leaving earlier. This change in numbers, the recovery outside of the Park of animals marked in the Park, and direct ob- servations of movement indicate that the Mesa Verde is an inter- mediate range rather than a summer-range or winter-range. In summer deer tend to move northward and eastward out of the Park, and in winter they move back through the Park toward lower and more protected areas in canyons both in the Park and south of the Park on the Ute Reservation. Some deer remain in the Park the entire year. Close co-operation between personnel of the Park Service and of the Colorado Department of Game and Fish has regulated hunting outside the Park in such a way as to provide satisfactory control of the deer within the Park. A study of the ejffect of rodents on plants used by deer was ini- tiated in 1956 by Harold R. Shepherd. Three acres were fenced in a fashion designed to exclude rodents but not deer. An adjacent three acres were fenced as a control, but not so as to exclude rodents or deer. Eight trap lines nearby provide an index of rodent fluc- tuations from year to year. These studies will need to be continued for a period of ten years or more, and should provide much informa- tion concerning not only deer but also rodents and their effect on vegetation. Cervus canadensis nelsoni V. Bailey Wapiti Wapiti are seen periodically; probably they wander in from the higher mountains to the northeast and do not remain for long. Tlie following note was included in the 1921 report of Mr. Jesse L. Nus- baum, then Superintendent of the Park: "The first elk ever seen in the Park made his appearance near the head of Navajo Canyon, August 15 of this year, and travelled for two miles in front of a Ford car down the main road before another car, travelling in the opposite direction, scared him into the timber." Additional observations have been recorded as follows: School Section Canyon ("fall" 1935), Knife Edge Road (July, 1940), West Soda Canyon and Windy Point (December, 1949), Long Canyon (July, 1959), and Park Entrance (December, 1959). Three of the six observations are in July and August; therefore movement by wapiti into the Park can not be attributed entirely to disturbance during the hunting season. 64 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Ovis canadensis canadensis Shaw Bighorn Some early records of tlie bighorn were mentioned by C. W. Quaintance (1935) : In a letter of January 20, 1935, John Wetherill said that a "Mountain Sheep Canyon" (now Rock Canyon) was named for a bunch of sheep that wintered near their camp; and Sam Ahkeah, a Navajo, says the Indians occasionally find remnants of sheep on the Mesa, which they take back to their hogans. Caha- lane (1948:257) reported that hunting presumably had eliminated bighorns from the Mesa by 1896; however Jean Pinkley reports that a large ram was killed on Point Lookout in 1906. On January 30, 1946, 14 sheep (3 rams, 7 ewes, and 4 lambs) from the herd at Tarry all, Colorado, were obtained through the Colorado Department of Game and Fish and were released at 8:30 a. m. at the edge of the canyon south of Spruce Tree Lodge. The sheep, instead of entering the canyon as expected, turned north, passed behind the museum, and eventually disappeared northward on Chapin Mesa. The sheep evidently divided into at least two bands. On April 24, 1946, three sheep were seen 2/2 mi. N of Rock Springs, and on June 19, 1947, tracks were seen in Mancos Canyon. In 1947, 1948, and 1949 farmers in Weber Canyon reported seeing sheep many times on Weber Mountain, and watering at the Mancos River. In May, 1949, an estimate of 27 sheep on Weber Mountain was made after several days study by men from the state game department. The herds continued to increase. In 1956 I saw two bighorns. On August 18, at 6:20 a. m., my wife and I briefly observed a bighorn on the rocks below Square Tower Ruins. On August 24, I was digging with a small shovel in rocky soil behind the cabin at Rock Springs, when hoof beats were heard approaching in the rocky head of the canyon to the east. An adult ewe came up to the fence around the cabin area and looked at me, seemingly curious about tlie noise my shovel had been producing. I remained motionless and called to my wife, Justine, to come from the cabin and see the sheep. The ewe seemed not to be disturbed by my voice, but took flight, returning in the direction from which she had come, the moment Justine ap- peared from behind the cabin. Sheep can now be seen on occasion in any of the deep canyons across the southern half of the Park. The sheep have caused slight damage in some of the ruins by bedding down there, and by climbing on walls. As the sheep increase in numbers this activity may be regarded as a problem. In 1959 an estimated 75 to 100 sheep were in the Park and adjacent areas. Mammals of Mesa Verde National Park 65 DISCUSSION The distributions of animals are influenced by geographic, vegeta- tional, and altitudinal factors. The Mesa Verde is intermediate in geographic position and altitude between the high Southern Rocky Mountains and the low southwestern desert. For this reason, we find on the Mesa Verde ( 1 ) a preponderance of species having wide distributions in this part of the country, and having relatively wide ranges of tolerance for difiFerent habitats, (2) a lesser number of exclusively montane or boreal species than occur in the higher mountains to the northeast of the Mesa and that may reach the limits of their ranges here, and (3) a small number of species of southern or Sonoran affinities. Fifty-four species are recorded above. Forty-one of these species are represented by specimens from the Park. Thirteen additional species in the hst have been seen in the Park. On the Grand Mesa, which is more elevated than, and some 110 miles north of, the Mesa Verde ( see Figure 1 ) , 55 per cent of the species of mammals have boreal affinities and the other 45 per cent are wide-spread species (Anderson, 1959:414). Boreal species from the Mesa Verde are Sorex vagrans, Sylvilagtis nuttalUi, Spermophihis lateralis, Marmota flaviventris, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, Microtus montanus, and Microtus longicaudus. These seven species comprise only thirteen per cent of the mammalian fauna of the Mesa Verde. Other boreal species that occur in the mountains of Colorado on the Grand Mesa or elsewhere (Findley and Anderson, 1956:80) and that do not occur on the Mesa Verde are Sorex cinereus, Sorex paltis- tris, Ochotona princeps, Lepus americana, Clethrionomijs gapperi, Phenacomys intermedins, Zapus princeps, Martes americana, Mus- tela erminea, and Lynx canadensis. The 47 species from the Mesa Verde that are not exclusively boreal make up 87 per cent of the mammalian fauna. Most of these are wide-spread species and are more abundant in the deserts or other lowlands than in the coniferous forests of the highlands, for example the eight species of bats, and Sylvilagus audubonii, Thomomys bottae, Taxidea taxus, Bassariscus asttitus, Canis latrans, Cynomys gunnisoni, Reithrodontomys mega- lotis, and Lepus califomicus. A few of the wide-spread species are more common in the highlands than in the lowlands, for example Ursus americanus, Felis concolor. Castor canadensis, Erethizon dor- satum, and Cervus canadensis, and the ranges of three of these, the bear, mountain lion and wapiti, are more restricted today than formerly. A few species find their favorite habitat and reach their 66 University of Kansas Publs., Mus, Nat. Hist. greatest abundance in altitudinally and vegetationally intermediate areas such as upon the Mesa Verde, or in special habitats, such as the rock ledges, and crevices that are so abundant on the Mesa. Examples of this group of species ai*e Spermophiliis variegattis, Peromyscus crinittis, Peromysctis truei, Neotoma cinerea, and Nco- toma mexicana. One species, Dipodomys ordii, is restricted to the desert. Species that are restricted to the desert and that occur in Montezuma County, Colorado, but that are not known from tlie Mesa Verde are Ammospermophihis leiicurus, Perognathiis finvtis, and Onychomys leucogaster. Species known to have changed in numbers in the past 50 years are the mule deer that has increased, and the prairie dog that has decreased. Possibly beaver have increased along the Mancos River. The muskrat, mink, beaver, and raccoon usually occur only along the Mancos River, as there is no other permanent surface water in the Park. Species such as the bighorn and the marmot that aie rare witliin tlie Park, or those such as the chickaree, the prairie dog, the wander- ing shrew, the montane vole, and the long-tailed vole that occupy only small areas of suitable habitat within the Park are the species most likely to be eliminated by natural changes, or through the activities of man. For example parasites introduced through do- mestic sheep that wander into die range of bighorns within the Park might endanger the bighorn population. An increase in grazing activity, road building, and camping in Prater and Morfield canyons might ehminate the small areas of habitat occupied by the montane vole and the wandering shrew. Fire in Chickaree Draw could de- stroy all the Douglas fir there, and consequently much of the habitat occupied by the chickaree. Probably some species inhabit the Mesa that have not yet been found, but they are probably few, and their discovery will not alter the faunal pattern in which the few boreal species occupy restricted habitats in the higher parts of tlie Mesa, and a preponderance of geographically wide-spread species occupy all or most of the Mesa, and surrounding areas. Additional bats are the species most likely to be added to the list. Mammals of Mesa Verde National Park 67 LITERATURE CITED Anderson, S. 1959. Mammals of the Grand Mesa, Colorado. Univ. Kansas Publ, Mus. Nat. Hist, 9(16):405-414, 1 fig. in text. Caiialane, v. H. 1948. The status of mammals in the U. S. National Park System, 1947. Jour. Mamm., 29(3) :247-259. Caby, M. 1911. A biological survey of Colorado. N. Amer. Fauna, 33:1-256, 39 figs., frontispiece (map). Findley, J. S. 1955. Speciation of the Wandering Shrew. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 9(1) :l-68, figs. 1-18. Findley, J. S. and Anderson, S. 1956. Zoogeography of the montane mammals of Colorado. Jour. Mamm., 37(l):80-82, 1 fig. in text. Finley, R. B. 1958. The wood rats of Colorado, distribution and ecology. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 10(6) :213-552, 34 plates, 8 figs., 35 tables in text. Getty, H. T. 1935. New dates from Mesa Verde. Tree-ring Bulletin, l(3):21-23. HOFFMEISTER, D. F. 1951. A taxonomic and evolutionary study of the piiion mouse, Peromyscus truei. Illinois Biol. Monogr., vol. XXI(4), pp. ix + 104, 24 figs., 4 tables and 5 plates in text. RoDECK, H, G. and Anderson, S, 1956. Sorex merriami and Microtus mexicanus in Colorado. Jour. Mamm., 37(3) :436. SCHULMAN, E. 1946. Dendrochronology at Mesa Verde National Pork. Tree-ring Bulle- tin, 12(3): 18-24, 2 figs., 1 table in text. YOUNGMAN, P. M. 1958. Geographic variation in the pocket gopher, Thomomys bottae, in Colorado. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 9(12) : 363-387, 7 figs, in text. Transmitted April 11, 1961. D 28-7577 (Continued from inside of front cover) Vol. 8. Nos. 1-10 and index. Pp. 1-675, 1954-1956. Vol. 9. 1. Speciation of the wandering shrew. By James S. Findley. Pp. 1-68, 18 fig- ures in text. December 10, 1955. 2. Additional records and extensions of ranges of mammals from Utah. By Stephen D. Durrant, M. Raymond Lee, and Richard M. Hansen. Pp. 69-80. December 10, 1955. 8. A new long-eared myotis (Myotis evotis) from northeastern Mexico. By Rol- lin H. Baker and Howard J. Stains. Pp. 81-84. December 10, 1955. 4. Subspeciation in the meadow mouse, Microtus peimsylvanicus, in Wyoming. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 85-104, 2 figures in text. May 10, 1956. 5. The condylarth genus Ellipsodon. By Robert W. Wilson. Pp. 105-116, 6 figures in text. May 19, 1956. 6. Additional remains of the multituberculate genus Eucosmodon. By Robert W. Wilson. Pp. 117-123, 10 figures in text. May 19, 1956. 7. Mammals of Coahuila, Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 125-335, 75 figures in text. June 15, 1956. 8. Comments on the taxonomic status of Apodemus peninsulae, with description of a new subspecies from North China. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 337-346, 1 figure in text, 1 table. August 15, 1956. 9. Extensions of known ranges of Mexican bats. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 347-351. August 15, 1956. 10. A new bat (Genus Leptonycteris) from Coahuila. By Howard J. Stains. Pp. 353-356. January 21, 1957. 11. A new species of pocket gopher (Genus Pappogeomys) from Jalisco, Mexico. By Robert J. Russell. Pp. 357-361. January 21, 1957. 12. Geographic variation in the pocket gopher, Thomomys bottae, in Colorado. By Phillip M. Youngman. Pp. 363-387, 7 figures in text. February 21, 1958. 13. New bog lemming ( genus Synaptomys ) from Nebraska. By J. Elnoz Jones, Jr. Pp. 385-388. May 12, 1958. 14. Pleistocene bats from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 389-396, December 19, 1958. 15. New Subspecies of the rodent Baiomys from Central America. By Robert L. Packard. Pp. 397-404. December 19, 1958. 16. Mammals of the Grand Mesa, Colorado. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 405- 414, 1 figure in text. May 20, 1959. 17. Distribution, variation, and relationships of the montane vole, Microtus mon- tanus. By Emil K. Urban. Pp. 415-511. 12 figures in text, 2 tables. August 1, 1959. 18. Conspecificity of two pocket mice, Perognathus goldmani and P. artus. By E. Raymond Hall and Marilyn Bailey OgUvie. Pp. 513-518, 1 map. January 14, 1960. 19. Records of harvest mice, Reithrodontomys, from Central America, with description of a new subspecies from Nicaragua. By Sydney Anderson and J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 519-529. January 14, 1960. 20. Small carnivores from San Josecito Cave (Pleistocene), Nuevo Leon, Mexico. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 531-538, 1 figure in text. January 14, 1960. 21. Pleistocene pocket gophers from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. By Robert J. Russell. Pp. 539-548, 1 figure in text. January 14, 1960. 22. Review of the insectivores of Korea. By J. Knox Jones, Jr., and David H. J'ohnson. Pp. 549-578. February 23, 1960. 23. Speciation and evolution of the pygmy mice, genus Baiomys. By Robert ■ L. Packard. Pp. 579-670, 4 plates, 12 figures in text. Jime 16, 1960. Index Pp. 671-690. VoL 10. 1. Studies of birds killed in nocturnal migration. By Harrison B. TordoflF and Robert M. Mengel. Pp. 1-44, 6 figures in text, 2 tables. September 12, 1956. 2. Comparative breeding behavior of Ammospiza caudacuta and A. maritima. By Glen E. Woolfenden. Pp. 45-75, 6 plates, 1 figvu-e. December 20, 1956. 3. The forest habitat of the University of Kansas Natural History Reservation. By Henry S. Fitch and Ronald R. McGregor. Pp. 77-127, 2 plates, 7 figures in text, 4 tables. December 31, 1956. 4. Aspects of reproduction and development in the prairie vole (Microtus ochro- gaster). By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 129-161, 8 figures in text, 4 tables. Decem- ber 19, 1957. 5. Birds found on the Arctic slope of northern Alaska. Bv James W. Bee. Pp. 163-211, pis. 9-10, 1 figure in text. March 12, 1958. 6. The wood rats of Colorado: distribution and ecology. By Robert B. Finley, Jr. Pp. 213-552, 34 plates, 8 figures in text, 35 tables. November 7, 1958. 7. Home ranges and movements of the eastern cottontail in Kansas. By Donald W. Janes. Pp. 553-572, 4 plates, 3 figures in text. May 4, 1959. (Continued on outside of back cover) (Continued from inside of back cover) 8. Natural history of the salamander, Aneides hardyi. By Richard F. Johnston and Schad Gerhard. Pp. 573-585. October 8, 1959. 9. A new subspecies of lizard, Cnemidophorus sacki, from Michoac&n, Mexico. By William E. DueUman. Pp. 587-598, 2 Bgures in text. May 2, 1960. 10. A taxonomic study of the Middle American Snake, Pituophis deppei. By William E. Duelhnan. Pp. 599-612, 1 plate, 1 figure in text. May 2, 1960. Index Pp. 611-626. Vol. 11, 1. < The systematic status of the colubrid snake, Leptodeira discolor Giinther. By William E. DueUman. Pp. 1-9, 4 figs. July 14, 1958. 2. Natural history of the six-lined racenmner, Cnemidophorus sexlineatus. By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 11-62, 9 figs., 9 tables. September 19, 1958. 3. Home ranges, territories, and seasonal movements of vertebrates of the Natural History Reservation. By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 63-326, 6 plates, 24 figures in text, 3 tables. December 12, 1958. 4. A new snake of the genus Geophis from Chihuahua, ^fexico. By John M. Legler. Pp. 327-334, 2 figures in text, January 28, 1959. 5. A new tortoise, genus Gopherus, from north-central Mexico. -By John M. Legler. Pp. 335-343. April 24, 1959. 6. Fishes of Chautauqua, Cowley and Elk counties, Kansas. By Artie L. Metcalf. Pp. 345-400, 2 plates, 2 figmres in text, 10 tables. May 6, 1959. 7. Fishes of the Big Blue River Basin, Kansas. By W. L. Minckley. Pp. 401- 442, 2 plates, 4 figures in text, 5 tables. May 8, 1959. 8. Birds from Coahuila, Mexico. By Emil K. Urban. Pp. 443-516. August 1, 1959. 9. Description of a new softshell turtle from the southeastern United States. By Robert G. Webb. Pp. 517-525, 2 pis., 1 figure in text, August 14, 1959. 10. Natural history of the ornate box turtle, Terrapene omata ornata Agassiz. By John M. Legler. Pp. 527-669, 16 pis., 29 figures in text. March 7, 1960. Index Pp. 671-703. Vol. 12. 1. Functional morphology of three bats: Eumops, Myotis, Macrotus. By Terry A. Vaughan. Pp. 1-153, 4 plates, 24 figures in text, July 8, 1959. 2. The ancestry of modem Amphibia: a review of the evidence. By Theodore H. Eaton, Jr. Pp. 155-180, 10 figures in text. July 10, 1959, 3. The bacultun in microtine rodents. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 181-216, 49 figiu-es in text. February 19, 1960. 4. A new order of fishlike Amphibia from the Pennsylvanian of Kansas. By Theodore H. Eaton, Jr., and -Peggy Lou Stewart. Pp. 217-240, 12 figures in text. May 2, 1960. More numbers will appear in volume 12. Vol. 13. 1. Five natural hybrid combinations in minnows ( Cyprinidae ) . By Frank B. Cross and W. L. Minckley. Pp. 1-18. June 1, 1960. 2. A distributional study of the amphibians of the isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico. By William E. Duelhnan. Pp. 19-72, pis. 1-8, 3 figs. August 16, , 1960. 3. A new subspecies of the slider turtle (Pseudemys scripta) from Coahuila, Mexico. By John M. Legler. Pp. 73-84, pis. 9-12, 3 figtues in text. August 16, 1960. 4. Autecology of the Copperhead. By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 85-288, pis. 13-20, 26 figures in text. November 30, 1960. 5. Occurrence of the Garter Snake, Thamnophis sirtalis, in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains. By Henry S. Fitch and T. Paul Maslin. Pp. 289-308, 4 figures in text. February 10, 1961. 6. Fishes of the Wakarusa River in Kansas. By James E. Deacon and Artie L. Metcalf. Pp. 309-322, 1 figure in text. February 10, 1961. 7. Geographic variation in the North American Cyprinid Fish, Hybopsis gracilis. By Leonard J. Olund and Frank B. Cross. Pp. 323-348, pis. 21-24, 2 figures in text. February 10, 1961. 8. Descriptions of two species of frogs, Genus Ptychohyla — studies of American hylid frogs, V. By William E. DueUman. Pp. 349-357, pi. 25, 2 figures in text. April 27, 1961. More numbers will appear in volume 13. Vol. 14. 1. Neotropical bats from western Mexico. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 1-8. October 24, 1960. 2. Geographic variation in the harvest mouse Reithrodontomys megalotis on the central Great Plains and in adjacent regions. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. and B. Mursaloglu. Pp. 9-27, 1 figure in text. July 24, 1961. 3. Mammals of Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 29-67, pis. 1-2, 3 figures in text. July 24, 1961. More numbers will appear in volume 14. 'vn^ Lj University of Kansas Publications ^^;''^' ^^«'- Museum of Natural History _ ^EB211962 Volume 14, No. 4, pp. 69-72, 1 fig. L j December 29, 1961 OiyLiiElIY A New Subspecies of the Black Myotis (Bat) From Eastern Mexico BY E. RAYMOND HALL AND TICUL ALVAREZ University of Kansas Law^rence ^ 1961 University of Kansas Publications, MusEtrM of Natural History Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, Theodore H. Eaton, Jr, Volume 14, No. 4, pp. 69-72, 1 Bg. Published December 29, 1961 University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas PRINTED BY JEAN M. NEIBARGER. STATE PRINTER TOPEKA. KANSAS 196 1 28-8477 mu^i. coHfp ynm A New Subspecies of the Black Myotis (Bat) [f^jj " From Eastern Mexico 1 FEB 21 IQfto BY E. RAYMOND HALL AND TICUL ALVAREZ In 1928 when Miller and Allen (Bull. U. S. Nat. MusT, 1"^ published their revisionary account of American bats of the genus Myotis, the black myotis, Myotis nigricans, was known no farther north than Chiapas and Campeche. Collections of mammals made in recent years for the Museum of Natural History of The Uni- versity of Kansas include specimens of M. nigricans from eastern Mexico as far north as Tamaulipas. Critical study of this newly acquired material reveals that it pertains to an hitherto unnamed subspecies that may be named and described as follows: Myotis nigricans dalquesti new subspecies Type. — Male, adult, skin and skull. No. 23839 Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas; from 3 km. E of San Andres Tuxtla, 1000 ft., Veracruz; obtained on January 5, 1948, by Walter W. Dalquest, original No. 8444. Range. — Tropical Life-zone of eastern Mexico from southern Tamaulipas to central Chiapas. Diagnosis. — Color black or dark brown, venter having browTiish wash; size large (see measurements); Ml and M2 quadrangular; prominent protostyle on P4; P2 and P3 in straight line; sagittal crest absent. Comparison. — Color almost as in Myotis nigricans extremus, the subspecies occurring adjacent to dalquesti in Chiapas and Tabasco. From M. n. ex- tremus, dalquesti differs as follows: larger; hypocone in Ml and M2 broader making posterointernal part less rounded; protostyle of P4 prominent instead of absent; P3 in hne with C and P2 instead of displaced hngually; sagittal crest absent instead of present posteriorly. Myotis nigricans nigricans and M. n. dalquesti are of approximately equal size; otherwise they differ in the same features as do extremus and dalquesti. Measurements. — Average and extreme measurements of seven males from the type locality, followed by those of 19 females from 38 km. SE Jesus Carranza, and finally length of forearm and cranial measurements of eight female topotypes of M. n. extremus, are as follows: Total length, 80 (77-82), 76 (72-80); length of tail, 32.8 (30-35), 33.5 (31-35); hind foot, 7.9 (7-8), 8.0 (8-8); forearm, 34.2 (33.6-35.3), 35.1 (33.1-36.4), 33.1 (31.8-34.3); greatest length of skull ( including incisors ) , 13.8 (13.3-14.1), 13.6 (13.2-14.1), 12.9 (12.6-13.1); zygomatic breadth, 8.1 (7.9-8.4), 8.1 (7.9-8.3), 8.0 (only one can be measured); width of rostrum above canines, 3.2 (3.1-3.3), 3.2 (3.0-3.4), 3.1 (3.0-3.2); interorbital constriction, 3.6 (3.5-3.7), 3.6 (3.5-3.8), 3.4 (3.3-3.4); occipital depth (excluding auditory bullae and sagittal crest), 4.6 (4.4-4.8), 4.6 (4.3-4.9), 4.3 (4.1-4.6); maxillary tooth-row (C-M3), 5.0 (4.8-5.1), 5.0 (4.8-5.2), 4.7 (4.6-4.8); maxillary breadth at M3, 5.2 (5.1-5.4), 5.3 (5.1-5.5), 5.1 (4.8-5.2). (71) 72 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Fig. 1. Left side of skull, incisors, canine, and premolars X 11> and occlusal surface of left first upper molar X 20. A. Myotis nigricans dal- questi, holotype. B. Myotis nigricans extremus No. 77674 USNM, topotype. Remarks. — The subspecific name dalquesti is given in recognition of Prof. Walter W. Dalquest who gathered the largest and most varied collection of mammals ever taken in the state of Veracruz. Inspection of the measurements given above will reveal that there is no overlap between extremus and dalquesti in the interor- bital constriction or occipital depth and only slight overlap in the length of the maxillary tooth-row and maxillary breadth. In 10 adult females from Ocosingo, Chiapas, there is suggestion of intergradation between dalquesti and extremus in that one speci- men (66515 KU) has the cranial characters of extremus except that it is large like dalquesti; in two other skulls P3 is slightly displaced hngually and two other skulls bear a slight sagittal crest. These are features characterizing extremus. Otherwise the specimens resemble dalquesti, to which subspecies they are here referred. Three males from a place 8 km. W and 10 km. N El Encino, 400 ft., Tamaulipas, are the northernmost representatives of the species and differ from the other specimens of dalquesti in shorter forearm, shorter maxillary tooth-row and lesser maxillary breadth. Study in the laboratory was supported by Grant No. 56 G 103 from the National Science Foundation. Field work was supported by a grant from the Kansas University Endowment Association. We thank Dr. David H. Johnson for lending eight topotypes of M. n. extremus. Other specimens of extremus available to us are as follows: 1 mi. E Teapa, Tabasco, 1 (7535 LSU — courtesy of Dr. George H. Lowery, Jr.); Cayo Dist. Augustine, British Hon- duras, 1 ( 9670 KU, in red phase ) ; 12 km. NNW Chinaja, Guatemala, 4. Specimens examined. — Total, 142, as follows: Tamaulipas: 8 km. W, 10 km. N El Encino, 400 ft, 5. Veracruz: 4 km. WNW Fortin, 3200 ft., 1; 2 km. N Motzorongo, 1500 ft., 1; 3 km. E San Andres Tuxtla, 1000 ft., 7; 38 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 500 ft., 118. Chiapas: Ocosingo, 10. Transmitted June 30, 1961. D 28-8477 \Z? ' N fi\ ' L-jf^ wj^'e^^c. 2.1 rj-^ University of Kansas Publications Museum of Natural History Volume 14, No. 5, pp. 73-98, 4 figs. December 29, 1961 FEB21196rJ North American Yellow Bats, "Dasypterus," And a List of the Named Kinds Of the Genus Lasiurus Gray BY E. RAYMOND HALL AND J. KNOX JONES, JR. University of Kansas Lawrence ^ 1961 University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, Theodore H. Eaton, Jr. Volume 14, No. 5, pp. 73-98, 4 Bgs. Published December 29, 1961 University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas PRINTED BY JEAN ft. NEIBARGER. STATE PRINTER TOPEKA. KANSAS 196 1 28-8516 North American Yellow Bats, "Dasypterus And a List of the Named Kinds P'lf J/^^^ Of the Genus Lasiurus Gray I ^^\, .^^^ ^ ' FEB 2 11362 BY E. RAYMOND HALL AND J. KNOX JONES, JR. | •«* lillhuWiiil INTRODUCTION Yellow bats occur only in the New World and by most recent authors have been referred to the genus Dasypterus Peters. The red bats and the hoary bat, all belonging to the genus Lasiurus Gray, also occur only in the New World except that the hoary bat has an endemic subspecies in the Hawaiian Islands. The kind of yellow bat first to be given a distinctive name was the smaller of the two species that occur in North America. It was named Nycticefus ega in 1856 (p. 73) by Gervais on the basis of material from the state of Amazonas, Brazil, South America, but was early recognized as occurring also in North America (in the sense that Mexico and Central America, including Panama, are parts of North America). More than 40 years elapsed before sub- specific names were proposed for the North American populations; Thomas named Dasypterus ega xanthinus in 1897 (p. 544) from Baja California, and Dasypterus ega panamensis in 1901 (p. 246) from Panama. The larger of the two North American species was named Lasiurus intermedius in 1862 (p. 246) by H. Allen on the basis of material from extreme northeastern Mexico. Another alleged species, Dasypterus floridanus, was named in 1902 (p. 392) by Miller from Florida, but as set forth below it is only a subspecies of L. intermedius, a species that is seemingly limited to parts of the North American mainland and Cuba. A third species, Atalapha egregia, allegedly allied to the small yellow bat, L. ega, was named in 1871 (p. 912) by Peters from Santa Catarina, Brazil, but Handley (1960:473) thinks that L. egregius is allied instead to the red bats. The species L. egregius has not been studied in connection with the observations reported below. (75) 76 University of Kansas Fuels., Mus. Nat. Hist. Bats of the genus concerned were given the generic name Nycteris by Borkhausen in 1797 (p. 66), and the name Lasiurus by Gray in 1831 (p. 38). For much of the latter part of the 19th century the generic name Atalapha proposed by Rafinesque in 1814 (p. 12) was used because it antedated the name Lasiurus. In this period Harrison Allen (1894:137) raised to generic rank the name Dasy- pterus that had been proposed by Peters in 1871 (p. 912) only as a subgenus for the yellow bats. Since 1894 the yellow bats ordi- narily have borne the generic name Dasypterus. The red bats and the hoary bat continued to be referred to as of the genus Atalapha until early in the 20th century when it was decided that a European bat of another genus was technically the basis for the name Atalapha. Thereupon Lasiurus was again used in the belief that it was the earliest available name for the bats concerned. But in 1909 (p. 90) Miller showed that the name Lasiurus was preoccupied by Nycteris Borkhausen, 1797 (p. 66). From 1909 until 1914 in conformance with the Law of Priority Nycteris was used for the red bat and the hoary bat. At this point it is desirable to digress and indicate why and how the Law of Priority came into being. In the 19th century different technical names were used for the same kind of animal depending on the opinions of individual authors. For example, one author used name A because it was most descriptive of the morphology of the animal, another author used name B because it had been used more often than any other, another author used name C be- cause it was more euphonious, etc. In order to achieve uniformity and stability a set of rules was drawn up in 1901 at the International Zoological Congress in Berlin. Those rules were based principally on the rule, or law, of priority. In effect, the law stated that the technical name first given to a kind of animal (with starting date as of January 1, 1758, Systema Naturae of Linnaeus ) would be the correct and official name. After the mentioned rules were adopted, some zoologists, mostly non-taxonomists, objected to the rules and in response to these objections a compromise was adopted in 1913 at the International Zoological Congress in Monaco and the Inter- national Committee on Zoological Nomenclature was authorized to set aside, at its discretion, the Law of Priority. In 1913 it was North American Yellow Bats 77 thought by everyone that the names conserved (nomina conser- vanda) by setting aside the rules would be few. Returning now to the generic names applied to the bats con- cerned, it is to be noted that from 1803 until 1909 Nycteris had been used as the generic name of an African bat on the erroneous assumption that the name was first applied in a valid fashion to the African bat. With the aim of conserving the name Nycteris for the African bat, some zoologists petitioned the International Com- mittee on Zoological Nomenclature to set aside the Law of Priority and petitioned also that the name Lasiurus be validated for use again as the generic name for New World bats. This petition was granted in 1914 in the first lot of names for which exception to the rules was made. As a result, since 1914 Lasiurus has been used with increasing frequency, and Nycteris with decreasing frequency, for New World bats. The above explanation of the application of the generic names Nycteris, Atalapha, and Lasiurus is given for two reasons: First, study of more abundant material than was available to Harrison Allen in 1894 when he raised Dasypterus to generic rank reveals, as set forth beyond, that the yellow bats are not generically dif- ferent from the red bats and hoary bat and so will bear the same generic name that is applied to the red bat and hoary bat; second, a choice of generic names has to be made. Actually, the Inter- national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature since 1913 has voted to make many, instead of only a few, exceptions to the rules. The number of names resulting from these exceptions is becoming so large that some zoologists fear that the chaotic condition of nomenclature in the previous century will return. Those who hold such fears maintain that adherence to the rules of 1901, or to the Law of Priority, or at least to some rules, clearly is desirable. Certainly there is much logic in that view. According to the rules, Nycteris is the correct name of the bats concerned. According to the Commission, it is well to use instead the name Lasiurus. Per- haps the time has come to follow the rules and use Nycteris. But, because of the possibility that the Commission will return to its policy of 1913 and recommend only a few instead of many except- tions to the rules, the generic name Lasiurus is tentatively used in the following accounts. 78 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Genus Lasiurus Gray Hairy-tailed Bats 1797. Nycteris B[orkhause]n, Der Zoologe ( Compendiose Bibliothek gem- einniitzigsten Kenntnisse fiir alle Stande, pt. 21), Heft 4-7, p. 66. Type, Vespertilio borealis Miiller [^ Lasiurus horealis]. Nycteris Borkhausen is a homonym of Nycteris G. Cuvier and fi. Geoffrey St.- Hilaire, 1795, type Vespertilio hispidus Schreber, 1774 [^ Nycteris hispida], from Senegal. Although Nycteris Cuvier and Geoffroy St.-Hilaire is a nomen nudum, Opinion 111 of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature establishes the name as available for a genus of Old World bats. On this basis, Nycteris Borkhausen is not available for the New World genus. Nycteris fi. Geoflfroy St.-Hilaire, 1803, is a synonym of Nycteris Cuvier and Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, 1795, as given status by the Commission. 1831. Lasiurus Gray, Zool. Misc., No. 1, p. 38. Type, Vespertilio borealis Miiller. 1871. Atalapha Peters, Monatsber. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., Berlin, p. 907, and other authors [nee Atalapha Rafinesque, 1814]. Type species. — Vespertilio borealis Miiller. Diagnosis. — Interfemoral membrane large and most of its upper surface furred; mammae 4; third, fourth and fifth fingers progressively shortened; ear short and rounded; skull short and broad; nares and palatal emargination wide and shallow (width transversely exceeding length anteroposteriorly ) ; sternum prominently keeled; i. |, c. y, p. ^ or |, m. |; when two upper pre- molars present, anterior one minute, peglike, and displaced lingually; M3 much reduced, area of its crovim less than a third that of Ml. Members of this genus are notable for having three and even four young (more than other bats). In North America at least L. borealis and L. cinereus, are migratory. Provisional Key to the Recent Species of Lasiurus 1. Color reddish or grayish (not yellowish); normally two premolars on each side of upper jaw. 2. Occurring on Antillean islands (color reddish). 3. Length of upper tooth-row less than 4.5 mm. (occurring on Hispaniola and Bahamas) L. minor. 3'. Length of upper tooth-row more than 4.5 mm. (not occurring on Hispaniola and Bahamas). 4. Greatest length of skull less than 13.9 mm. (occurring on Cuba) L. pfeifferi. 4'. Greatest length of skull more than 13.9 mm. (occurring on Jamaica) L. degelidus. 2'. Occurring on mainland and coastal islands of North and South America; also on Galapagos and Hawaiian islands (color reddish or grayish), 5. Total length more than 120 mm.; color grayish L. cinereus. 5'. Total length less than 120 mm.; color reddish. North American Yellow Bats 79 6. Upper parts brick red to rusty red, frequently washed with white; lacrimal ridge present. 7. Not occurring on Galapagos Islands L. borealis. T. Known only from Galapagos Islands (both ear of 7.6 mm. and thumb of 6.4 mm. allegedly shorter than in L. borealis of adjacent mainland; presence of lacrimal ridge not verified) L. brachyotis. 6'. Upper parts not brick red to rusty red; lacrimal ridge not developed. 8. Forearm more than 46.5 mm. (48 in only known speci- men, a male ) ; dorsum bright rufous ( absence of lacrimal ridge not verified) L. egregius. 8'. Forearm less than 46.5 mm.; dorsum not bright rufous. 9. Upper parts mahogany brown washed with white; forearm less than 43 mm L. seminolus. 9'. Upper parts deep chestnut; forearm more than 43 mm. (44.8 in only known specimen, a female) L. castaneus. v. Color yellowish; only one premolar on each side of upper jaw. 10. Total length more than 119 mm.; length of upper tooth-row 6.0 mm. or more L. intermedius. 10'. Total length less than 119 mm.; length of upper tooth-row less than 6.0 mm L. ega. Lasiurus intermedius Northern Yellow Bat Diagnosis. — Upper parts yellowish orange, or yellowish brown, or brownish gray faintly washed with black to pale yellowish gray; size large (forearm, 45.2-62.8; condylocanine length, 16.9-21.5). Distribution and Geographic Variation Lasiurus intermedius H. Allen, type from Matamoros, Tamaulipas, has been reported from the Rio Grande Valley of Texas southward to Honduras and in Cuba. Lasiurus floridanus (Miller), type from Lake Kissimmee, Florida, has been recorded from southeastern Texas, eastward along the Gulf of Mexico to Florida, and thence northward along the Atlantic Coast to extreme southeastern Vir- ginia (see records of occurrence beyond and Fig. 2). Specimens of intermedius from the vicinity of the type locality and from other locahties in Mexico differ from specimens of floridanus (from Florida and southern Georgia) as follows: Larger, both externally (especially forearm) and cranially (see measurements); teeth larger and heavier; skull heavier and having more prominent sagittal and lambdoidal crests; braincase less rounded, more elongate; auditory bullae relatively smaller; upper parts averaging brighter 80 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. (yellowish to yellowish-orange in general aspect, rather than yel- lowish brown to brownish gray). The differences mentioned above are of the magnitude of those that ordinarily separate subspecies of a single species rather than two species. Miller (1902:392-393), in the original description of floridanus, noted that the differences between it and intermedius were slight and remarked (p. 393): "Indeed, it is probable that it intergrades with the Texas animal." Lowery (1936:17) also has suggested that intergradation might occur between intermedius and floridanus "in southwestern Louisiana or eastern Texas"; later (1943:223-224) he pointed out that specimens from Baton Rouge, Louisiana, averaged larger in cranial dimensions than typical flori- danus and again mentioned the possibility of intergradation between the two kinds. Sanborn (1954:25-26) touched obliquely on the problem when he wrote: "In Florida, Dasyp terns intermedius is referred to as a Florida yellow bat {Dasypterus floridanus)." Handley (1960:478) wrote that certain morphological similarities suggested "gene flow" between the two kinds. Specimens examined from Louisiana resemble floridanus from Georgia and Florida to the eastward in external dimensions. Some of those specimens resemble floridanus in size of skull, but two skulls from Louisiana are inseparable from those of topotypes of intermedius. The upper parts of specimens from Louisiana are generally like those of animals to the east but average somewhat paler (less brownish). The specimens seen from Louisiana seem to be intergrades between intermedius and floridanus but clearly are assignable to the latter. The picture is less clear as regards bats from southeastern Texas (one specimen each from Colorado and Travis counties, and four specimens from Harris County). Five of the specimens have skulls (the Travis County specimen is a skin only) and of these, four are clearly assignable, on the basis of size and shape of the skull, to intermedius. The fifth skull (specimen from Colorado County) is intermediate in size between floridanus and intermedius and on that basis alone could be assigned with equal propriety to either. All these specimens from Texas more closely resemble floridanus than intermedius in external size (forearms: 49.2, 49.6, 50.7, 49.9 (approximate), 49.6, 49.1). The pale yellowish-gray upper parts of the four adults, seemingly resulting from a dilution of the brown- North American Yellow Bats 81 CONDYLOCANINE LENGTH q: < UJ o Lu O X H O ■z. UJ _J Fig. .8 17.0 .2 45- 46- 47 _ 48_ 49« 50_ 51 _ 52- 53- 54. 55- 56_ 57 T — I — I — r .6 T" .8 18.0 Z 1 — I — r 1 — r .8 19.0 .2 .4 1 1 1 1 2:©o «<> o ?- — — o o o oo o 3 • FLORIDA-GEORGIA © LOUISIANA O EASTERN TEXAS O VICINITY TYPE LOCALITY OF INTERMEDIUS © MEXICO 1. Condylocanine length plotted against length of forearm for specimens of the species Lasiurus intermedius. ish color found in floridanus, differ from the color of typical specimens of both intermedius and floridanus, but the average is nearer that of floridanus than that of intermedius. Color of pre- adult pelage in the one July-taken young of the year resembles the color of adults. An August-taken young of the year is in process of acquiring the adult pelage but the hairs have not reached their full growth; it is pale yellowish but not so grayish as the other specimens. All characters considered, the specimens from eastern Texas resemble floridanus more than they do intermedius, and so are provisionally assigned to floridanus (as was done by Taylor and Davis, 1947:19; Eads, et al, 1956:440; and, Davis, 1960:59). 82 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat, Hist. Additional material from southeastern Texas is needed. It will be remembered that the type locality of intermedins is in the Rio Grande Valley; all specimens seen, in the study here reported on, from the Texas side of the valley are unquestionably referable to that subspecies, Intergradation, then, occurs between L, intermedins and L. flori- danus in some degree in southern Louisiana and in more marked degree in southeastern Texas. Specimens from the area of inter- gradation vary more individually in many features than do speci- mens from other areas. In general the intergrades tend to resemble floridanus in small size externally and intermedins in large size of skull. The specimens from southeastern Texas differ from typical specimens of both subspecies in color, being pale yellowish gray (instead of yellowish to yellowish-orange as in intermedins or yellowish brown to brownish gray as in floridanus) , and this differ- ence is shared to some extent with animals from Louisiana, the latter being somewhat intermediate between bats from Texas and those from Florida and Georgia, although nearer those from Florida and Georgia. An hypothesis to account for the variation noted is that in Wis- consin Time, and perhaps in earlier Pleistocene times, this yellow bat was (as it is now) a v/armth-adapted animal as Blair (1959: 461) Vv'ould term it. Some cool period forced the mainland popu- lations of the two species into two refugia — ^peninsular Florida and eastern Mexico — and the present area of intergradation is, therefore, of a secondary rather than a primary type. Possibly also the relatively treeless area of part of southern Texas has made for a sparse population there of Lasiurus intermedins and gene flow now may be, and long may have been, slight between the eastern and southern segments of the species. It could be contended that the peculiar coloration of specimens from southeastern Texas, coupled with the tendency to have a large skull (as has intermedins) and small external dimensions (as has floridanns), justifies subspecific recognition for the animals that here are termed intergrades. But, judging by the specimens now available, such subspecific recognition vv^ould tend to obscure rather than clarify the geographic variation noted. North American Yellow Bats 83 Life History Probably bats of the species Lasiiirus intermedins seek retreats primarily in trees (see Moore, 1949a: 59-60) but Baker and Dicker- man (1956:443) reported "approximately 45 yellow bats" concealed on July 22, 1955, "among dried corn stalks hanging from the sides of a large open tobacco shed" in the state of Veracruz. Young are bom in late spring, three being the only number known except that Davis (1960:59) was told that in the vicinity of Mission, Texas, two was the usual num.ber 'iDorn in May and June." Sherman (1945:194) reported a female with young (number not given) taken on June 7, 1918, at Seven Oaks, Florida, and another with three young taken on June 20, 1941, at Ocala, Florida. Lowery (1936:17) recorded a female, having three young, obtained on June 17, 1932, at Baton Rouge, Louisiana. A specimen taken on May 19, 1940, at Baton Rouge contained three embryos. Baker and Dickerman (loc. cit.) reported four adult females from Vera- cruz as lactating on July 22, 1955, but they were accompanied by flying young of the year and probably were near the end of the lactation period. Among specimens examined, juveniles are avail- able by date as follows : 5 mi. N Baton Rouge, Louisiana ( June 26, 1953); Palm Beach, Florida (July 6, 1950); and Izamal, Yucatan ("taken with mother" on July 28, 1910). Breeding probably takes place in autumn and winter; Sherman {op. cjf.:196) reported males from Florida as sexually "mature" from the beginning of September to mid-February. Late winter segregation of sexes has been reported. Subspecies In the following accounts, localities of occurrence in each state are listed from north to south; if two lie in the same latitude, the westernmost is listed first. Localities that are italicized are not shown on the distribution map (Fig. 2), either because undue crowding of symbols would result or, in several cases, because we could not precisely place the localities. Length of forearm is the average of both forearms in individuals in which both forearms could be measured. 84 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist, Lasiurus intermedius intermedius H. Allen 1862. Lasiurus intermedius H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 14:246, "April" (between May 27 and August 1), type from Mata- moros, Tamaulipas. Geographic distribution. — Southern Mexico (Yucatan, Chiapas and Oaxaca), northward along Gulf Coast to Rio Grande Valley of southern Texas (see Fig. 2). Diagnosis. — Size medium (see measurements); sagittal crest present (height above braincase averaging 0.4 mm. in 12 from Brownsville, Texas); inter- orbital region relatively broad; M3 relatively broad ( see comparisons in account of the Cuban subspecies beyond); mesostyle of Ml and M2 and 2nd com- missiure and cingulum of M3 large; pelage yellowish to yellowish-orange. Comparisons. — See p. 79 and under accounts of Lasiurus intermedius flori- danus and the Cuban subspecies. External measurements. — Three adult males from the Sierra de Tamaulipas in Tamauhpas: Total length, 146, 136, 142; length of tail-vertebrae, 69, 67, 70; length of hind foot, 11, 11, 11; length of ear from notch, 17, 16, 17; length of forearm (dry), 53.2, 51.8, 51.9. Corresponding measurements for two adult females from 1 mi. SW Catemaco, Veracruz: 149, 155; 64, 69; 11, 12; 17, 17; 51.8, 55.2. Weight in grams of the Tamauhpan specimens, respectively: 24, 21, 24. For cranial measvuements see Table 1. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 45, as follows: Texas: 5% mi. N Mission, 2 (Texas A & M); Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge, 1 (USNM); Brownsville, 13 (4 AMNH; 1 Texas A & M; 8 USNM). Tamauli- pas: Matamoros, 2 (USNM); Sierra de Tamauhpas, 1200 ft., 10 mi. W, 2 mi. S Piedra, 1 (KU); Sierra de Tamaulipas, 1400 ft., 16 mi. W, 3 mi. S Piedra, 2 (KU). Veracruz: 16 mi. SW Catemaco, 15 (KU). Oaxaca: Oaxaca, 1 (British Mus.). Chiapas: San Bartolome, 1 (USNM). Yucatan: Tekom, 1 (Chicago Mus.); Izamal, 5 (USNM). Honduras: Rio Yeguare, between Tegu- cigalpa and Danh, 1 (MCZ). Additional records: Texas: Padre Island (Miller, 1897:118); Cameron County (ibid.). Oaxaca: Tehuantepec (Handley, 1960:478). Yucatan: Yaxcach (not found, Gaimier, 1917:274). Lasiurus intermedius floridanus (Miller) 1902. Dasypterus floridanus Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 54:392, September 12, type from Lake Kissimmee, Oceola Co., Florida. Geographic distribution. — Extreme southeastern Virginia, south along At- lantic Coast to and including peninsular Florida (except possibly extreme southern tip), thence westward to southern Louisiana and the southern part of eastern Texas (see Fig. 2). Diagnosis. — Size small (see measurements); sagittal crest present but low; interorbital region relatively broad; teeth essentially as in L. i. intermedius except averaging smaller; pelage yellowish brown to grayish brown. For comparison vdth the Cuban subspecies, see account of that subspecies. Comparisons. — From Lasiurus intermedius intermedius, L. i. floridanus differs as follows: averaging smaller (see measurements), especially in forearm North American Yellow Bats 85 and skull; teeth smaller; skull having less prominent sagittal and lambdoidal crests; braincase more nearly round; tympanic shields over petrosals approxi- mately same size and therefore relatively larger; pelage of upper parts duller, yellovidsh broviTi to brownish gray instead of yellovdsh to yellovirish orange. External measurements. — Average (and extremes) of 14 February-taken males from along the Au cilia River, JeflFerson Co., Florida: Total length, 126.8 (121-131.5); length of tail-vertebrae, 54.2 (51-60); length of hind foot, 9.8 (8-11); length of ear from notch (13 specimens), 16.3 (15-17); forearm (dry, 13 specimens), 48.1 (46.7-50.0). Corresponding measurements of the holotype, an adult female (after MiUer, 1902:392): 129, 52, 9, 17, 49. Average (and extremes) weight in grams of the series of males: 17.7 (15.5- 19.5). For cranial measurements see Table 1. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 65, as follows: Texas: Austin, 1 (Texas \J.); 4mi.N Huffman, 1 (Texas A & M); Houston, 3 (1 KU; 2 MVZ); Eagle Lake, 1 (Texas A & M). Louisiana: 5 mi. N Baton Rouge, 1 (LSU); J mi. W LSU Campus, Baton Rouge, 1 (LSU); Baton Rouge, 7 (1 AMNH; 5 LSU; 1 USNM); J^ mi. E Baton Rouge, 1 (LSU); North Island, Grand Lake, 1 (LSU); Lafayette, 2 (USNM); Houma, 2 (USNM). Georgia: Beachton, 11 (6 Chicago Mus.; 5 USNM). Florida: 2 mi. S Tallahassee, 1 (AMNH); 5 mi. W Jacksonville, 1 (AMNH); Aucilla River, 15 mi. S Wau- kenna, 7 (Univ. Fla.); Aucilla River, at U. S. Hgy. 98, 8 (Univ. Fla.); W of Gainesville, 1 (Univ. Fla.); Gainesville, 3 (2 Univ. Fla.; 1 Univ. Mich.); near Gainesville, 1 (Univ. Fla.); Alachua County, 1 (Univ. Mich.); 2 mi. SW Deland, 2 (Univ. Fla.); head of Chassahowitzka River, 1 (USNM); Lakeland, 2 (Univ. Fla.); Seven Oaks [near present town of Safety Harbor], 2 ( 1 AMNH; 1 USNM); Lake Kissimmee, 1 (USNM); Palm Beach, 1 (Univ. Fla.); Mullet Lake (not found), 1 (USNM). Additional records: VmciNiA: Willoughby Beach (Rageot, 1955:456). South Carolina: 5 mi. NW Charleston (Coleman, 1940:90), Louisiana: New Orleans (Lowery, 1943:223). Mississippi: Hancock County (Hamilton, 1943:107). Georgia: W edge Camilla ( Constantine, 1958:65). Florida (Sherman, 1945:195, unless otherwise noted): St. Marys River [near Bou- logne]; vicinity Palm Valley (Ivey, 1959:506); 6 mi. N Lake Geneva (Sher- man, 1937:108); Old Town; Welaka (Moore, 1949a: 59); Bunnell; Ocala; Davenport; Hillsborough River State Park; 1 mi. NE Punta Gorda (Frye, 1948:182); Miami (Moore, 1949&:50). Lasiurus intermedius insularis, new subspecies Holotype. — Adult female, preserved in alcohol but having skull removed, formerly in the Poey Museum, University of Havana, now No. 81666, Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, from Cienfuegos, Las Villas Province, Cuba; obtained on January 23, 1948, by D. Gonzales Muiioz. Geographic distribution. — Known only from the island of Cuba ( see Fig. 2 ) . Diagnosis. — Large throughout ( see measurements ) ; sagittal crest enormously developed, especially posteriorly (height above braincase averaging 1.7 mm. in 4 specimens); interorbital region narrow; M3 narrow; mesostyle of Ml and M2 and 2nd commissure and cingulum of M3 small; pelage yellowish to reddish-brown. 86 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist, Comparisons. — From Lasiurus intermedius intermedius of the adjacent main- land of Mexico, L. i. insularis differs as follows: Larger, both externally and cranially; sagittal crest relatively higher, especially posteriorly; interorbital region relatively narrower; palate longer posterior to tooth-rows; teeth dis- tinctly larger throughout except M3, which is relatively (frequently actually) narrower, averaging 66.1 (62.5-71.0) per cent width of M2 in insularis rather than 74.1 (66.6-79.3) per cent in 10 intermedius from Brownsville, Texas; mesostyie of Ml and M2 relatively smaller as are second commissure and cingulum of M3; coloration of No. 254714 USNxM resembling that of L. i. intermedius, but coloration of three specimens, preserved in alcohol, averaging somewhat darker (more reddish-brown) than in intermedius. Fig. 2. Geographic distribution of the three subspecies of Lasiurus intermedius. 1. L. i. floridanus 2. L. i. intermedius 3. L. i. insularis Black dots represent localities of capture of specimens examined. Hollow circles represent localities of capture of other specimens recorded in the htera- ture but not examined by us ( Hall and Jones ) . North American Yellow Bats 87 From Lasiunis intermedius floridanus of the adjacent Floridan mainland, L. i. insularis differs in many of the same ways that it differs from L. i. inter- medius, except that the differences are even more trenchant because jioridanus is smaller than intermedius. Indeed, the difference in size between jioridanus and insularis is approximately the same as between Lasiurus borealis and Lasiurus cinereus. Measurements. — External measurements (all taken from specimens pre- served in alcohol) of the holotype, followed by those of two other females, one from Laguna La Deseada, San Cristobal, Pinar del Rio Province, and the other from Bayate, Guantanamo, Oriente Province, are, respectively: Total length, 164, 161, 150; length of tail-vertebrae, 68, 76, 77; length of liind foot, 12, 12, 13; length of ear from notch, 20, 17, 19; length of forearm, 61.2, 62.6, 61.8. The length of forearm of a study skin from San German (that otherwise lacks external measurements) having wings spread is approximately 55.4. For cranial measurements see Table 1. Remarks. — Four of the five specimens on which the name L. i. insularis is based differ to such a degree from mainland populations of the species L. intermedius that specific rather than subspecific recognition for the Cuban bat might seem warranted. It is because of the fifth specimen (USNM 254714) that we accord subspecific rank to insularis. It is smaller than the other Cuban specimens and except for longer condylocanine length, longer mandibular tooth- rows, narrower interorbital region, and heavier dentition is indis- tinguishable in measurements from the largest specimens of L. i. intermedius from the mainland. In addition, it appears not to have the enormously developed sagittal crest of the other speci- mens of insularis although posteriorly the dorsal part of the skull (where the crest is most prominent) is missing. USNM 254714 agrees with the other Cuban specimens in having the mesostyle of Ml and M2 somewhat reduced and in having a small M3 on which the cingulum and second commissure are poorly developed, and this specimen is regarded as representative of the lower size limits of the Cuban population. The skull from San Bias was found in an owl pellet (see de Beaufort, 1934:316). Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 5, all from Cuba, as follows: Pinar del Rio Prov.: Laguna La Deseada, San Cristobal, 1 (Poey Museum). Las Villas Prov.: Cienfuegos, 1 (KU, the holotype). Camaguey Prov.: San Bias, 1 (Amsterdam Zoological Museum). Oriente Prov.: San German, 1 (USNM); Bayate, Guantanamo, 1 (Ramsdem Muserun, Univ. Oriente). 88 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. 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Ph Ui «r (A n W CO S & g D (N CO nn a ^ V3 1-H ^^ U , , "3 >. a E c 0 «> b U I-* f-H »o » i> 06 o U a o I— > .3 o 3 03 ^ £ ■E.2 w c r' .S ' "0 cc CO -S . >^ ; O M 3 u , g < .g s o CO •H - iV/H- University of Kansas Publications Museum of Natural History Volume 14, No. 7, pp. 111-120, 1 fig. '-. mi December 29, 1961 ^Liur.ii^U r\ -^ 4 .--■. /-^ f\ ■ -i/ ..- Taxonomic Status of Some Mice of The Peromyscus boylii Group in Eastern Mexico, With Description of a New Subspecies BY TICUL ALVAREZ University of Kansas Lawrence ^ 1961 Untversity of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natxhial History Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, Theodore H. Eaton, Jr. Volume 14, No. 7, pp. 111-120, 1 fig. Published December 29, 1961 University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas PRINTED BY JEAN M. NEIBARGF.R. STATE PRINTER TOPEKA. KANSAS 196 1 29-393 Taxonomic Status of Some Mice of THP^'mSu^^^^ eromyscus boylii Group in Eastern Me^co^ With Description of a New Subspecies ^^ ^ "^ ^^° BY nCUL ALVAKEZ I -^2 Saussure (1860) described Peromyscus aztecus from southern Mexico. Osgood ( 1909 ) by comparison of one of Saussure's speci- mens with some from Mirador, Veracruz, concluded that aztecus was a subspecies of P. hoylii. Dalquest ( 1953 ) incorrectly reported specimens of P. hoylii from San Luis Potosi as P. h. aztecus. Mer- riam (1898) named Peromyscus levipes from Mt. Malinche, Tlax- cala. Thomas ( 1903 ) described from Orizaba, Veracruz, P. beatae, which Osgood (1909) mistakenly thought was indistinguishable from P. boylii levipes. Therefore, Osgood in 1909 in his revision of the genus Peromyscus reported only two subspecies of P. boylii from eastern Mexico: P. b. levipes, and P. b. aztecus. Study of Osgood's and Thomas' material, along with recently collected speci- mens from the states of eastern Mexico, leads me to conclude that P. aztecus and P. boylii are different species; that P. beatae is a valid subspecies different from P. b. levipes; and finally that speci- mens of P. boylii from Nuevo Leon and northwestern Tamaulipas pertain to an hitherto unnamed subspecies. Peromyscus aztecus Saussure 1860. H[esperomys]. aztecus Saussure, Revue et Mag. Zool., Paris, ser. 2, 12:105, type from southern Mexico, probably from the vicinity of Mira- dor, Veracruz, according to Osgood (N. Amer. Fauna, 28:156-157, April 17, 1909). 1909. Peromyscus boylei aztecus, Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 28:156, April 17. Geographic distribution. — Known only from Mirador and Jalapa in Vera- cruz, and Huachinango in Puebla. Diagnosis. — Size medium for the genus (see measurements); tail about as long as head and body; dorsal coloration near Sayal Brown (capitalized color terms after Ridgway, 1912); sides reddish; underparts Light Buff; tail bi- colored but not distinctly so; supraorbital border of skull angular, and bullae pointed anteriorly; anterior half of braincase nearly straight (not rounded) as viewed from above; upper molar series long (4.7-5.0); incisive foramina short in relation to length of skull. Comparisons. — From Peromyscus boylii, P. aztecus diflFers as follows: Larger in most parts measured; maxillary tooth-row 4.7-5.0 instead of 4.0-4.6; color (113) 114 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. brighter on sides (reddish instead of ochraceous); supraorbital border angular instead of rounded; anterior border of zygomatic plate convex in upper half and almost straight in lower half as opposed to nearly straight throughout in boylii; pterygoid fossa broader; bullae more pointed anteriorly and less inflated; mesostyles of upper molars larger; svirface between orbital region and nasals convex in lateral view instead of flat. Remarks. — When Saussure (1860:105) described P. aztecus he did not designate a type or type locality. Osgood ( 1909:157) desig- nated as lectotype the mounted specimen, in the Geneva Museum, which has the skull inside and of which Saussure figured the molar teeth. Osgood ( loc. cit. ) examined one of the three specimens (No. 3926 USNM) that Saussure used in describing P. aztecus and found that it agreed "in every respect with recently collected specimens from Mirador, Veracruz, which, in the lack of exact knowledge, may be assumed to be the type locality, as it is certain that some at least of Saussure's specimens were taken near there." Osgood regarded P. aztecus as a subspecies of P. boylii be- cause of the resemblance be- tween aztecus and P. b. evides, but evides is far removed geo- graphically (occurring only in western Mexico) from aztecus, and is smaller. P. aztecus is larger than any known sub- species of P. boylii, and is not known to intergrade with P. b. levipes or P. b. beatae (with which aztecus occurs sympatrically at Jalapa, Veracruz), the two subspecies of boylii that are found nearest the geographic range of P. aztecus. Also, as mentioned previously, aztecus possesses dis- tinctive characters that distinguish it from all subspecies of boylii. For these reasons I regard aztecus as a distinct species. Fig. 1. Two species of Peromyscus. 1. P. boylii ambiguus 2. P. boylii beatae 3. P. boylii levipes 4. P. aztecus (triangles) Peromyscus boyui Group in Eastern Mexico 115 According to Hall and Kelson (1959:634), P. aztecus occurs in San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo, and west-central Veracruz, but their map 364 is based on the records of Osgood (1909:158) and Dalquest (1953:143). I have examined all the specimens reported by the two authors last named and find that those from San Luis Potosi are P. boylii levipes. The diagnosis and comparisons here presented of aztecus were based on specimens from Mirador in comparison with all the speci- mens of P. boylii from eastern Mexico hsted beyond. The largest specimens of P. boylii that I have examined are from Las Vigas, Veracruz, and localities within a radius of five kilometers thereof. Some measurements of these large specimens of P. boylii overlap those of P. aztecus but the two lands of mice difiFer greatly in char- acters of the skull, in color, and in length of tail. The specimens (three adults and three juveniles) from Huachi- nango, Puebla, are slightly darker than specimens from Mirador but do not differ otherwise. Of two specimens reported from Jalapa, Veracruz, by Osgood (1909:158), one (108547 USNM) agrees with specimens from Mirador in color and cranial character- istics and is P. aztecus, whereas the other ( 108548 USNM ) is P. b. beatae. Specimens examined. — Total 16 (all USNM) as follows: Pxjebla: Huachi- nango, 6. Veracruz: Mirador, 9; Jalapa, 1. Peromyscus boylii levipes Merriam 1898. Peromyscus levipes Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 12:123, April 30, type from Mt. Malinche, 8400 ft., Tlaxcala. 1909. Peromyscus boylei levipes, Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 28:153, April 17. Geographic distribution. — Southeastern Tamaulipas and eastern San Luis Potosi, south through the central states of Mexico to Guatemala. Diagnosis. — Size medium for the species; tail shorter or longer than head and body (83-112.3%); color variable according to locality but in general ochraceous, having some dusky on upper parts; supraorbital border not angular, almost rounded; auditory bullae large. Comparisons. — For comparisons see accounts of the subspecies discussed beyond and Osgood (1909:145), Remarks. — A precise diagnosis for P. b. levipes is diflScult to prepare because some geographic variation in color and in the cranial characters is present within the range of the subspecies as here understood. For instance there is a gradual cline of decreasing size to the northward in nearly all measurements, but the ratio of length of tail to length of head and body does not present such a 116 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist, cline; mice from several localities in San Luis Potosi have a relatively shorter tail than do mice from farther north and from farther south. Also, specimens labeled in reference to Zacualpilla, Jacales, Jacala, Tulancingo, and San Miguel Regla average slightly darker dorsally than do typotypes. Some of these specimens are reddish on the cheek and lateral line. Specimens from San Luis Potosi resemble topotypes, but some specimens from northeastern locahties in that state have cinnamon or brownish upper parts and are intermediate in coloration between populations of levipes to the south and popu- lations of the same subspecies to the north from the Sierra Madre Oriental and the Sierra de Tamauhpas. Specimens from these two sierras have a cinnamon-reddish color that is more intense in speci- mens from the Sierra de Tamaulipas. Osgood (1909:153) recorded P. h. levipes as occurring from central Nuevo Leon south through San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo, and Veracruz to southern Oaxaca. Actually specimens from Nuevo Leon and from most parts of Veracruz differ subspecifically from levipes and also from each other. In Veracruz, P. h. levipes is known only from the northwestern part. Specimens examined. — Total 179 as follows: Tamaulipas: Sierra Madre Oriental, 5 mi. S, 3 mi. W Victoria, 1900 ft., 2; 8 mi. S, 6 mi. W Victoria, 4000 ft., 37; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 2000 ft., 8 mi. S, 11 mi. W Piedra, 13. San Luis Potosi: Villar, 11 (USNM); 10 km. E Platanito, 19 (LSU); 8 mi. E (by road) Santa Barbarita, 12 (LSU); Agua Zarca, 3 (LSU); 6 km. NE Cd. Maiz, 13 (LSU); Pendencia Region (Puerto Lobos), 1 (LSU); Pendencia, 2% mi. N Puerto Lobos, 5 (LSU); 3 km. SW Sdn Isidro, 15 (LSU); Cerro Coneja Region, Llano Coneja, 6100 ft., 2 (LSU); Xilitla, 4 (LSU). Hidalgo: 10 mi. NE Jacala, 5050 ft., 7; Regla (Sdn Miguel), 2250 m., 4; Arroyo de las Tinajas, 2370 m., 9.5 km. SSW Tulancingo, 1; 10 mi. NW Apam, 7750 ft., 1. Veracruz: 3 km. N Zacualpan, 6000 ft., 1; 3 km. W Zacualpan, 6000 ft., 12; 2 km. N Los Jacales, 7500 ft., 8; 6 km. WSW Zacualpilla, 6500 ft., 5. Tlaxcala: Mt. Malinche, 3 (USNM). Peromyscus boylii beatae Thomas 1903. Peromyscus beatae Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., sex. 7, 11:485, May, type from Xometla Camp, Mt. Orizaba, Veracruz. Geographic distribution. — East side of the Sierra Madre Oriental in Vera- cruz, from Jalancingo south to Xuchil. Diagnosis. — Size large for the species; tail no shorter than head and body (100-114.8%); dorsum dark (near Front's Brown or Mummy Brown mid- dorsally. Clay Color on sides); supraorbital border rounded; anterior palatine foramina long. Comparisons. — P. b. beatae differs from other subspecies of P. boylii by the combination of large size, long tail, and dark color. Peromyscus BOYLn Group in Eastern Mexico 117 Remarks. — ^Thomas (1903:485) described P. beatae on the basis of five specimens from Xometla Camp (lat. 18° 59' N, long. 97° 10' W) and one juvenile from Santa Barbara Camp, both on the Volcan de Orizaba, Veracruz. Thomas thought that beatae was related to aztecus, but the diflFerences relied on by him to dis- tinguish the two are the same as those that distinguish aztecus from boylii. Osgood (1909:153) placed beatae in synonymy under P. b. levipes because Mount Orizaba (type locality of beatae) is "relatively very near" Mount Malinche (type locality of levipes), and Thomas had not compared beatae with levipes. Xometla, on the east side of the Volcan de Orizaba, is approximately 56 miles east of the Tlaxcalan part of Mount Malinche and is situated where the Tropical Life-zone begins, whereas Mount Malinche is in the Austral Life-zone on the Mexican Plateau; the difference in habitat between the two places is great. Topotypes of levipes differ from two topotypes of beatae in the same fashion as do other specimens of levipes (from San Luis Potosi) from other specimens of beatae (from Veracruz). Unfortimately, the topotypes of beatae lack external measurements and are subadults, but their coloration agrees with that of other specimens that are here referred to beatae. Hall and Kelson (1959:634, map 364) incorrectly mapped the distribution of levipes in Veracruz. There are at least two places named Xuchil in the state of Veracruz and Hall and Kelson {loc. cit.) unfortunately plotted the one at lat. 20° 42' N, long. 97° 42' W whereas the specimens actually were collected at the Xuchil on the pleateau south of the Volcan de Orizaba (18° 53' N, 97° 14' W) in the west-central part of Veracruz. The specimens from Xuchil are P. b. beatae. Intergradation in color between the two subspecies levipes and beatae is seen in specimens from Jalapa and Zacualpan (3 km. N, also others from 3 km. W), Veracruz. Intergradation between these two subspecies possibly will be found elsewhere along the Sierra Madre Oriental. Specimens examined. — Total 60 as follows: Veracruz: 1 km, E Jalancingo, 6500 ft., 2; 2 km. S Jalancingo, 2; 6 km. SSE Altotonga, 8000 ft., 8; 1 km. W Las Vigas, 8500 ft., 2; Las Vigas, 8500 ft., 13; 2 km. E Las Vigas, 8000 ft., 5; 3 km. E Las Vigas, 8000 ft., 8; 5 km. E Las Vigas, 7 (TAM); 5 km. N Jalapa, 4500 ft., 2; Jalapa, 1 (USNM); 10 km. SE Perote, N slope Cofre de Perote, 10,500 ft., 1 (TAM); Xometla Camp, Mt. Orizaba, 8500 ft., 2 (BM); Sta. Barbara, Mt. Orizaba, 12.000 ft., 1 (BM); Xuchil, 6 (CM). 118 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Peromyscus boylii ambiguus new subspecies Type. — Male, adult, sldn and skull. No. 33092, United States National Museum, from Monterrey, Nuevo Le6n; obtained on February 17, 1891, by Wm. Lloyd, original number 377. Geographic distribution. — Eastern Coahuila, central Nuevo Le6n, and the Sierra San Carlos, Tamaulipas. Diagnosis. — Size small for the species; tail averaging longer than head and body (90-114%); dorsal coloration ochraceous, slightly darker middorsally; cheeks and lateral line Capucine Orange; skull small; supraorbital border rounded; anterior palatine foramina short. Comparisons. — P. b. ambiguus diflFers from P. b. levipes in smaller size, longer tail relative to length of head and body, smaller incisive foramina, brighter and paler color, and relatively broader interorbital region. From P. b. beatae, P. b. ambiguus differs in being smaller in all parts measmred and paler. Remarks. — Osgood (1909:155) reported as P. b. levipes 37 speci- mens from Monterrey and 18 from Cerro de la Silla, Nuevo Le6n, but noted that they were "aberrant." I have examined those same specimens and can hardly decide to which species, P. boylii or P. pectoralis, they belong. Everything considered I, as did Osgood, opine that the specimens are P. boylii. However, I do not rule out the possibihty that in this area there is an unnamed species, be- cause I find an unusually wide range of variation in such cranial characters as size of the bullae, width and form of the pterygoid fossa, and shape of the braincase. Extremes of these characters are not constantly associated except in one specimen (33124 USNM), which is the smallest of all the adults examined. It has small bullae, a short rostrum, widely spreading zygomatic arches anteriorly, and a narrow pterygoid fossa, but does not diflFer ex- ternally from the other specimens. Additional material from this area is needed in order to make out the systematic position of these mice. Because of the wide range of variation in some of its characters, P. b. ambiguus is difficult to diagnose. Nevertheless, its small external and cranial size, short anterior palatine foramina, and bright color seem to separate it from other subspecies of P. boylii in the eastern part of the range of the species. These diflFerences are most conspicuous when specimens from the northernmost part of the range of levipes are compared with specimens of ambiguus. The specimens from the Sierra San Carlos, Tamaulipas, closely resemble levipes in color, but are referred to ambiguus on the basis of small size, as also are the two specimens from 12 km. E San Antonio de las Alazanas, Coahuila. Peromyscxjs boyui Group in Eastern Mexico 119 Table 1. Measubements ( in Millimeters ) of Peromyscus • «-< o r cent len tail to he body 1% J2 o o3 "3 5 bfl S 03 o a o bC faO .3 '•*3 o3 o (U 0) OJ >^ a 1— I -fV ^-v— JUL 12 1962 1 iihaVhttO University of Kansas Publications UHIVERSITY Museum of Natural History Volume 14, No. 8, pp. 121-124 March 7, 1962 A New Subspecies of Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus spilosoma) from Tamaulipas, Mexico BY TICUL ALVAREZ University of Kansas Lawrence 1962 UNiYERSiry OF Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History ymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, Theodore H. Eaton, Jr. i Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, j Volume 14, No. 8, pp. 121-124 Published March 7, 1962 University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas PRINTED BY JEAN M. NEIBARGER, STATE PRINTER TOPEKA. KANSAS 1962 29-1505 I rr^Tr^-p^,.^ .gQi i A New Subspecies of Ground Squirprel l^ ' ( Spermophilus spilosoma) from Tamatilip^s^ 2 1962 BY TICUL ALVAEEZ 1 yf^>y[RSnY When A. H. Howell (N. Amer. Fauna, 56:1-256, 19S8) revised the North American ground squirrels, he had no specimens of the spotted ground squirrel, Spermophilus spilosoma, from Tamaulipas. Thirteen years later. Hall (Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:38, 1951) listed the species for the first time from the state when he recorded as S. s. annectens 13 specimens from the barrier beach 88-89 miles south and 10 miles west of Matamoros. In 1953, Mr. Gerd Heinrich collected 10 individuals of S. spilo- somzi from the coastal plain of eastern Tamaulipas that extend southward the known range of the species on the east coast of Mexico, provide the first specimens from the mainland of Ta- maulipas, and represent a new subspecies that is named and de- scribed below. Spermophilus spilosoma oricolus new subspecies Type. — Female, adult, skin and skull, No. 55497 Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas; from one mile east of La Pesca, Tamaulipas, Mexico; obtained on May 27, 1953, by Gerd Heinrich, original number 6933. Diagnosis. — Size medium for species (see measurements); general color cinnamon buff, almost pure on dorsal surface of hind foot and dorsal and ventral midline of tail; spots well marked; postorbital constriction narrow; auditory bullae small; viewed from front, lower border of maxillary plate forming con- tinuously concave line with jugal; zygomatic process of maxillary narrow, having anterior border concave. Comparisons. — From Spermophilus spilosoma annectens (specimens from Padre and Mustang islands, Texas), S. s. oricolus differs as follows: larger in external dimensions but smaller in cranial dimensions; postorbital constriction narrower, 13.4 (13.2-13.8) instead of 14.0 (13.5-14.7); rostrum slightly broader; greatest distance between posterior border of maxillary plate and squamosal arm of zygoma longer, averaging 9.9 (9.7-10.2) instead of 9.6 (9.0-10.1); zygomatic process of maxillary, viewed dorsolaterally above lacrimal narrower, having anterior border concave instead of almost straight; when skull viewed from front, lower border of maxillary plate forming continuously con- cave line with jugal instead of almost a right angle where jugal and maxillary meet; ramus of lower jaw narrower; general color paler; upper surface of hind foot washed with cinnamon instead of yellowish; postauricular spot absent (usually present in annectens) . From Spermophilus spilosoma pallescens (specimens from southeastern Coahuila), S. s. oricolus differs as follows: color more cinnamon especially on upper surface of hind foot; dorsal spots more distinct; smaller externally, except hind foot, which measures the same; braincase and postorbital constriction narrower; nasals shorter; auditory bullae conspicuously smaller. (123) 1 124 University of Kansas Publs,, Mus. Nat. Hist. From Spermophilus spilosoma cabrerai ( specimens from eastern San Luis Potosi), S. s. oricolus difiFers mainly in pale (cinnamon) rather than dark (blackish) upper parts, but differs also in being smaller externally (judging from measurements given in the original description by Dalquest, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 64:107, 1951), and in having a greater zygomatic breadth, nar- rower braincase and postorbital constriction, and narrower maxillary process. Measurements. — Average and extreme measurements of eight specimens from the type locahty (four females, including type, and four males) are as follows: total length (only five specimens), 234 (212-245); length of tail vertebrae (five only), 67 (50-75); length of hind foot, 36.1 (35-37); length of ear from notch, 8.4 (7.5-10.0); length of head and body, 166 (155-171); greatest length of skull, 41.2 (40.6-42.7); zygomatic breadth, 24.4 (23.7-25.2); cranial breadth, 18.4 (17.8-18.9); interorbital constriction, 9.2 (8.5-9.8); postorbital constric- tion, 13.4 (13.2-13.8); length of nasals, 14.0 (13.6-14.8); length of maxillary tooth-row, 8.0 ( 7.7-8.4 ) ; greatest distance between posterior border of maxillary plate and squamosal arm of zygoma, 9.9 ( 9.7-10.2 ) . Remarks. — The type locahty of S. s. oricolus is nearly at sea level on the coastal plain of eastern Tamaulipas. In so far as now knovni, the population of ground squirrel here named as new is isolated, the nearest records of oc- currence being those reported by Hall {loc. cit.) from a place on the barrier beach approximately 80 miles north of La Pesca. The nearest record from the mainland (S. s. annectens) is from southern Texas. A possible explanation for the presence of the species at La Pesca is that it dispersed southward along the barrier beach, and that an isolated or semi- isolated segment finally reached the mainland where the barrier beach rejoins it just northeast of La Pesca. This possibility is strengthened by study of the specimens already mentioned from 88-89 miles south and 10 miles west of Matamoros, because they combine many characters of annectens and oricolus. The insular specimens differ from both annectens and oricolus in having shorter nasals and a shorter skull, narrower zygomatic and interorbital regions, and a relatively broader interpterygoid space. Also, the zygomatic process of the maxillary, viewed dorsolaterally above the lacrimal, is even narrower that in oricolus and has the anterior border even more concave. In color, specimens from the barrier beach are pale as is oricolus, but the over-all color is reddish cinnamon rather than cinnamon buff. Concerning the junc- ture of the zygomatic plate with the jugal, 12 of the 13 specimens studied resemble annectens in this character and one resembles oricolus. The speci- mens from the barrier beach may themselves represent an imnamed sub- species; more material than now is available is needed, because most of the specimens are not fully adult. Because the 13 specimens from the barrier beach resemble oricolus shghtly more than annectens, all characters con- sidered, they are tentatively assigned to oricolus. The author is grateful to Professor E. Raymond Hall and Mr. J. Knox Jones, Jr., for permission to examine the specimens here reported and for helpful suggestions. Field work that yielded the specimens was financed by the Kansas University Endowment Association. The laboratory phases of the study were made when the author was a half-time Research Assistant sup- ported by a grant. No. 56 G 103, from the National Science Foundation. Specimens examined. — A total of 23, all from Tamaulipas: 88 mi. S, 10 mi. W Matamoros, 12; 89 mi. S, 10 mi. W Matamoros, 1; 1 mi. E La Pesca, 10. Transmitted November 8, 1961. 29-1505 ^-ivh--u f University of Kansas Publications Museum of Natural History iMBs. mm. zooi Volume 14, No. 9, pp. 125-133, 1 fig. in text March 7, 1962 Taxonomic Status of the Free-tailed Bat Tadarida yucatanica Miller BY J. KNOX JONES, JR., AND TICUL ALVAREZ University of Kansas Law^rence ^ 1962 University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, Theodore H. Eaton, Jr. Volume 14, No. 9, pp. 125-133, 1 fig. iii text Published March 7, 1962 University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas PRINTED BY JEAN M. NEIBARGER. STATE PRINTER TOPEKA. KANSAS I 962 29-1507 MBS. COMP. ZOOf imm Taxonomic Status of the Free-tailed Baft, ^ "^ ^ ^^^2 Tadarida yucatanica Miller lum '^'^^ BY S J. KNOX JONES, JR., and TICUL ALVAEEZ The Yucatan free-tailed bat, Tadarida yucatanica Miller, appar- ently first was mentioned in the literature by Dobson (1876:731) under the name Nyctinomus gracilis. Later, Dobson (1878:437) and Alston (1879-1882:33) listed bats from Duenas and Peten, Guatemala, under the same name, and Thomas (1888:129) em- ployed it for a specimen from Cozumel Island, Quintana Roo. Twenty-six years after Dobson's first reference, Miller (1902:393) formally described yucatanica on the basis of specimens from Chichen-Itza, Yucatan, and the name has stood unchallenged in the literature until now as a monotypic species. T. yucatanica seem- ingly is sedentary, not migratory. It was thought for many years to be restricted in distribution to the Yucatan region, but now is known from scattered localities in tropical and subtropical areas from Tamaulipas, Mexico (Villa R., 1960:314) southeastwai'd at least to central Panama (Bloedel, 1955:235). Our attention first was focused on the taxonomic status of the species when we attempted to identify specimens from southern Tamaulipas in the collections of the Museum of Natural History. Included in our material are the two specimens from a cave "10 kilometers north-northeast of the village of Antiguo Morelos" that were reported by Dalquest and Hall (1947:247) as Tadarida femorosacca, and a series of 34 individuals from the vicinity of Piedra in the Sierra de Tamaulipas that was collected by Mr. Gerd Heinrich in June, 1953. In 1954, Goodwin (1954:2) named Tadarida laticaudata ferru- ginea based on 11 specimens from a cave "8 miles north of Antiguo Morelos," Tamaulipas. Goodwin claimed for ferruginea characters that distingished it specifically from yucatanica and from femo- rosacca, and that allied it with T. laticaudata, a species previously not reported from North America. More recently, Villa R. (1960) reviewed the status of ferruginea and, on the basis of comparisons of specimens from "Cueva del Abra, 10 km. NNE Antiguo Morelos" widi specimens from Yucatan, regarded ferruginea and yucatanica not only as conspecific, but not even subspecifically distinct. Villa R. apparently did not investigate the relationship of yucatanica to (127) 128 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. laticaudata. In view of the taxonomic history of the bats thus far reported from Tamaulipas, a review of the status of T. yucatanica seemed in order. Accordingly, pertinent specimens from Tamauli- pas and the Yucatan region were borrowed to complement those already on hand, along with specimens of T. laticaudata and T. femorosacca. Comparisons of the Tamaulipan specimens in our collection with bats from Goodwin's series of ferruginea reveal no differences what- soever and clearly indicate that all are of the same species. Thus the names Tadarida femorosacca of Dalquest and Hall and Tadarida laticaudata ferruginea of Goodwin were applied to the same kind of bat. Comparisons of the combined specimens from Tamaulipas with topotypes and other specimens of yucatanica reveal only minor differences in size and color and v/e are inclined to agree with Villa R. that the two populations are conspecific. We do not agree, how- ever, that "there are no significant differences between the samples from the Yucatan Peninsula and from Cueva del Abra, Tamaulipas" (Villa R., op. df.:316). Goodwin {op. cit.:S) noted that ferruginea was "similar" to yucatanica in external measurements, but that the color was a deeper red and the underparts were washed with Pinkish Buff (of Ridgway) rather than Wood Brown. The Tamaulipan speci- mens at hand average slightly larger externally (see measurements beyond) than those from Yucatan and Guatemala and also differ slightly in color. Perhaps the upper parts are a "deeper red" as Goodwin claimed, but to our eyes they simply average paler and slightly more reddish brown than the dark brown upper parts of yucatanica. We agree that the venter of ferruginea is washed with Pinkish Buff and distinctly, although not markedly, paler than that of yucatanica; the ears and membrances of ferruginea also are paler. The most significant differences between the two populations are in several cranial dimensions. Goodwin noted that ferruginea had a larger skull. The measurements published by Villa R., too, show Tamaulipan specimens to be the larger, but he did not recognize the magnitude of the difference for two reasons. First, the standard deviations given for some of his measurements seem to be in error, completely obscuring some important differences between the two kinds. Possibly the decimal point was misplaced and the standard deviation in each instance (greatest length, basal length, basilar length, and mandible in each sample, and zygomatic breadth in the Tamaulipan series) was recorded as 10 times greater than actually Taxonomic Status of Tadamda yucatanica 129 Table 1. Cranial Measurements of Three Sxjbspecies of Tad arid a laticaudata. 1— H Number ja •t^ C -C >. of specimens uo -1 -t^ «H M 03 > CO averaged c * 3^ J^2 S I or catalogue a Qi 5 ^ O n •- a 2^ o aj S 2 number, S'o -t^ o O t*H o (U O -tJ "2 O c3 c3 and sex !h c3 a; c3 c3 > gi o N >-] <; M Average Minimum . Maximum Tadarida laticaudata ferruginea, vicinity type locality** 10 cfcf 17.96 17.8 18.3 10.12 9.9 10.5 3.73 3.7 3.8 5.21 5.0 5.4 9.85 9.7 10.1 6.64 6.4 6.9 vicinity Piedra, Sierra de Tamaulipas, Tamaulipas ** Average Minimum . Maximum . 30 9 9 17.69 17.3 18.2 10.01 9.8 10.4 3.71 3.5 3.9 5.12 4.9 5.3 9.78 9.5 10.1 6.43 6.2 6.7 La Libertad and Floras, Peten, Guatemala Average Minimum . Maximum . Average Minimum . Maximum . 12 c?cf 8 9 9 17.62 9.90 3.64 5.07 9.67 6.47 17.3 9.5 3.4 4.8 9.5 6.3 18.1 10.2 3.7 5.4 9.8 6.6 17.16 9.62 3.55 4.85 9.46 6.37 16.9 9.3 3.4 4.8 9.2 6.2 17.5 9.8 3.7 5.0 9.6 6.6 7.27 6.9 7.5 7.14 6.9 7.8 Tadarida laticaudata laticaudata, Sapucay, Paraguay 114953 USNM, d^ 114956 USNM, cf 17.9 18.2 10.1 10.5 3.7 3.8 5.3 5.4 9.6 10.3 6.5 6.4 7.4 7.7 114955 USNM, 9 114958 USNM, 9 114964 USNM, 9 18.0 18.1 17.6 10.6 10.2 10.1 3.6 3.7 3.7 5.2 5.1 5.3 10.4 10.3 9.8 6.7 6.6 6.6 7.9 7.4 7.8 Tadarida laticaudata yucatanica, topotypes 108156 USNM, cf 108157 USNM, cf 108158 USNM, cf 17.6 17.4 17.5 9.9 10.0 9.8 3.7 3.6 3.7 5.1 5.0 5.3 9.8 9.6 9.8 6.5 6.5 6.5 7.0 7.1 6.9 108159 USNM, 9 108161 USNM, 9 16.7 17.0 9.4 9.7 3.6 3.5 4.9 5.0 9.3 9.5 6.1 6.4 6.8 6.8 6.93 6.8 7.3 6.91 6.8 7.0 * Exclusive of incisors. ** Same series for which external measurements are given. 130 University of Kansas Pxjbls., Mus. Nat. Hist. was the case. Second, he did not separate the sexes in his samples. Males average larger than females in cranial measurements and, when the sexes are treated separately, Tamaulipan specimens aver- age larger in all cranial measurements taken than specimens of yucatanica — significantly larger in most ( see Figure 1 and Table 1 ) . On the basis of the differences mentioned we regard ferruginea and yucatanica as distinct at the subspecific level. Fig. 1. Differences between specimens from Tamaulipas (same series for which external measurements are given) and specimens from Flores and La Libertad, Guatemala, in three cranial measurements: A, greatest length of skull exclusive of incisors; B, zygomatic breadth; C, breadth across M3. The sexes are separated in each measurement, with the larger Tamaulipan sample to the left in each instance. For each measurement, the horizont^ line indi- cates the mean, the vertical line the observed range, the black rectangle two standard errors on either side of the mean, and the open rectangle one standard deviation on either side of the mean; size of sample is showTi above each measurement. As noted, ferruginea was originally described in the species T. laticaudata. Comparison of the North American specimens dis- cussed above with specimens of laticaudata from Sapucay, Paraguay (USNM 114953, 114955-56, 114958-59, 114961-62, 114964), and Pira- cicaba, Brazil (USNM 123830), reveals that they are strikingly sim- ilar. The differences that separate laticaudata from yucatanica, and especially ferruginea, are no greater than those that separate the two North American kinds and are quantitative rather than quali- tative in nature. On account of the morphologic similarity, and because the three kinds are allopatric and have geographic ranges that are more or less complementary, we regard ferruginea and yucatanica as subspecies of laticaudata. Thus we return essentially to the taxonomic arrangement of Dobson and other early workers, because the name Nyctinomus gracilis applied by them to North American bats was the name then current for the South American Taxonomic Status of Tadarida yucatanica 131 species now known as laticaudata. T. laticaudata is the oldest specific name proposed for a New World member of the genus. Probably T. laticaudata is widespread in the South American tropics. The monotypic species T. europs and T. gracilis may well prove to be conspecific with it. In North America, we suspect that future zoological exploration will reveal laticaudata to be more or less continuously distributed from eastern Mexico to South America, and possibly present on some of the Caribbean islands as well. It is to be remembered that as late as 15 years ago the species was known on this continent only from a restricted part of the Yucatan Penin- sula. T. laticaudata is related to another North American species, the larger T. femorosacca. Benson (1940:26-28) carefully compared Sonoran specimens of femorosacca with specimens of laticaudata from Paraguay and noted a number of diflFerences. Some of these do not appear to be constant when North American examples of laticaudata are considered, but some clearly separate the two species. T. femorosacca is larger, both externally and cranially (although there is shght overlap), is distinctly more grayish (less reddish) throughout, has larger and more rugose ears, larger teeth, a longer, more cylindrical interorbital region, a tubelike extension of the anterior nares, and lacks the distinct emargination present in laticaudata at the dorsoposterior margin of the anterior nares. At present, femorosacca is known from the southwestern part of the United States (southern parts of California, Aiizona, and New Mexico) and from the Mexican states of Baja California, Jalisco, and Sonora — only to the north and west of the Mexican Plateau. Aside from T, laticaudata, T. femorosacca, and the large, dis- tinctive T. molossa, one other species of the T. laticaudata group, Tadarida aurispinosa, has been reported from North America. Car- ter and Davis (1961) listed five specimens of aurispinosa from Cueva del Abra, where the species occurs along with T. laticaudata. Judging from the published measurements of aurispinosa it bears about the same relationship to femorosacca in size that the latter bears to laticaudata. North American Subspecies of Tadarida laticaudata We are grateful to authorities at The American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) and the United States National Museum (USNM) for the loan of specimens of T. laticaudata, and to authorities at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, and Department of Zoology, University of Arizona, for the loan of specimens of T. femorosacca for comparisons. Speci- 132 University of ICansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. mens in the Museum of Natural History (KU) also have been used. AU measurements in the following accounts are in millimeters. Tadarida laticaudata ferruginea Goodwin Tadarida laticaudata ferruginea Goodwin, Amer. Mus. Novit., 1670:2, June 28, 1954 (type locality, 8 mi. N [= Cueva del Abra, 10 km. NNE] Antiguo Morelos, Tamaulipas). Geographic distribution. — Presently known only from southern Tamaulipas. External measurements. — Average and extreme measurements of 30 females from two locahties labeled with reference to Piedra, in the Sierra de Tamaulipas, are as follows: total length, 103.4 (97-110); length of tail, 39.9 (35-45); length of hind foot, 10.0 (10); length of ear from notch, 19.1 (19-20); length of forearm (dry), 43.3 (41.6-45.0). Average and extremes of corresponding measurements of 12 males from the vicinity ( within 20 kilometers ) of the type locality are: 99.3 (95-112); 37.6 (34-42); 10.0 (9-11); 19.0 (17-21); 43.1 (41.8-44.4). See Table 1 for cranial measurements. Comparisons. — From Tadarida laticaudata yucatanica, T. I. ferruginea dif- fers as explained on p. 128. From T. I. laticaudata, T. I. ferruginea differs in being shghtly but distinctly paler throughout (difference about the same as between ferruginea and yucatanica) , and in having on the average a narrower skull and smaller teeth. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 65, as follows: Tamaulipas: Sierra de Tamauhpas, 2 mi. S, 10 mi. W Piedra, 1200 ft., 27 (KU); Sierra de Tamauhpas, 3 mi. S, 16 mi. W Piedra, 1400 ft., 7 (KU); 5 mi. S El Mante, 8 (AMNH); 11 mi. S El Mante, 13 (AMNH); 10 km. NNE Antiguo Morelos [=8 mi. N Antiguo Morelos], 7 (5 AMNH, 2 KU); 20 mi. SW El Mante, 2 (AMNH). Tadarida laticaudata yucatanica (Miller) Nyctinomops yucatanicus Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 54:393, September 12, 1902 (type locahty, Chichen-Itza, Yucatan). Geographic distribution. — Presently known from the Yucatan Peninsula eastward to Panama. External measurements. — Available measurements of two males and a female from Chichen-Itza, Yucatan, are, respectively: total lengtli, 98, 101, 97; length of tail, 40, 40, 39; length of forearm (dry), 42.5, 42.5, 42.0. Average and extreme measurements of 10 males and six females (the latter all in alcohol) from La Libertad, Guatemala, are, respectively: total length, 101.0 (97-103), 94.7 (92-97); length of tail, 40.6 (37-45), 36.8 (36-39); lengtli of hind foot, 10.7 (10-11), 10.1 (9.5-10.5); length of ear from notch, 20.4 (19-21), 17.6 (17-18.5); length of forearm (dry), 42.3 (41.0-43.6), 42.5 (40.8-44.3). See Table 1 for cranial measurements. Comparisons. — From Tadarida laticaudata ferruginea, T. I. yucatanica dif- fers as explained on p. 128. T. I. yucatanica resembles T. I. laticaudata in color of upper parts and membranes, but is paler ventrally, and yucatanica is smaller both externally and cranially. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 40, as follows: Yucatan: Chichen-Itza, 5 (USNM). Guatemala: Flores, 4 (AMNH); La Libertad, 31 (KU). Taxonomic Status of Tadabida yucatanica 133 Additional records: Yucatan (Villa R., 1960:315): Merida; Uxmal. QuiNTANA Roo: Cozumel Island (Thomas, 1888:129). Campeche: San Jose Carpizo (Villa R., 1960:315). British Honduras: El Cayo (Murie, 1935:19). Guatemala: Uaxactun (Murie, 1935:19); Coban (Goodwin, 1955:4); Dueiias (Dobson, 1878:437). El Salvador: San Salvador (Felten, 1957:8). Pan- ama : Pacora ( Bloedel, 1955 : 235 ) . LITERATURE CITED Alston, E. R. 1879-1882. Biologia Centrali-Americana. Mammalia, xx + 1-220 pp., 22 pis. Benson, S. B. 1940. Notes on the pocketed free-tailed bat. Jour. Mamm., 21:26-29, February 14. Bloedel, P. 1955. Observations on the life histories of Panama bats. Jour. Mamm., 36:232-235, May 26. Carter, D. C., and Davis, W. B. 1961. Tadarida aurispinosa (Peale) (Chiroptera: Molossidae) in North America. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 74:161-165, August 11. Dalquest, W. W., and Hall, E. R. 1947. Tadarida femorosacca ( Merriam ) in Tamauhpas, Mexico. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 1:245-248, 1 fig., December 10. Dobson, G. E. 1876. A monograph of the group Molossi. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 701-734, 6 figs., November 7. 1878. Catalogue of the Chiroptera in the . . . British Museum. British Museum, xhi + 567 pp., 30 pis., after May 20. Felten, H. 1957. Fledermiiuse (Mammaha, Chiroptera) aus El Salvador. Sencken- bergiana Biologica, 38:1-22, 2 pis., 3 figs., January 15, GooDWEsr, G. G. 1954. A new short-tailed shrew and a new free-tailed bat from Tamauli- pas, Mexico. Amer. Mus. Novit., 1670:1-3, June 28. 1955. Mammals from Guatemala, with the description of a new little brown bat. Amer. Mus. Novit., 1744:1-5, August 12. Miller, G. S., Jr. 1902. Twenty new American bats. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 54:389-412, September 12. Murie, A. 1935. Mammals from Guatemala and British Honduras. Misc. Publ., Univ. Michigan, 26:1-30, 1 pi., 1 fold-out map, July 15. Thomas, O. 1888. List of mammals obtained by Mr. G. F. Gaumer on Cozumel and Ruatan islands. Gulf of Honduras. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 129, June. Villa R., B. 1960. Tadarida yucatanica in Tamaulipas. Jour. Mamm., 41:314-319, 1 fig., August 15. Transmitted November 8, 1961. n 29-1507 ; A -^ lmmfttmik0m. MBS. COMP. ZOOl University of Kansas Publication Museum of Natural HistorV mmsm Volume 14, No. 10, pp. 135-138, 2 figs. April 30, 1962 A New Doglike Carnivore, Genus Cynarctus, From the Clarendonian, Pliocene, of Texas BY E. RAYMOND HALL and WALTER W. DALQUEST University of Kansas Lavi^rence 1962 University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural, History Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, Theodore H. Eaton, Jr. Volume 14, No. 10, pp. 135-138, 2 Bgs, Published April 30, 1962 University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas PRINTED BY JEAN M. NEIBARGER, STATE PRINTER TOPEKA, KANSAS 1962 29-2890 A New Doglike Carnivore, Genus Cyna: From the Clarendonian, Pliocene, of Tbxas^ BY E. RAYMOND HALL and WALTER W. DALQUEST A study of a right maxilla bearing P3-M1 and part of a right mandibular ramus bearing m2 ( see figures ) reveals the existence of an unnamed species of cynarctine carnivore. It may be known as: Cynarctus fortidens new species Holotype. — Right maxilla bearing P3, P4, and Ml, No. 11353 KU; bluff on west side of Turkey Creek, approximately 75 feet above stream, Raymond Farr Ranch, Center NE, NE, S. 48 Blk. C-3, E. L. and R. R. Ry. Co., Donley County, Texas [approximately 6.5 miles north and 1 mile east of Clarendon], Clarendon fauna. Early Pliocene age. Obtained by W. W. Dal- quest, on June 25, 1960. Referred material. — Fragment of right lower mandible bearing m2. No. 11354 KU (see fig. 2), found about two feet horizontally distant from the holotype in the same stratum as the holotype and on the same date by the same collector (a staff member of the Department of Biology of Midwestern University, Wichita Falls, Texas). Fig. 1. Cynarctus fortidens. No. 11353 KU (Midwestern Univ. No. 2044). Lateral view of holotype X 1, and occlusal view of check-teeth X 2. Fig. 2. Cynarctus fortidens. No. 11354 KU (Midwestern Univ. No. 2045). Lateral view of right lower mandible and m2 X 1) and oblique occlusal view of m2 X 2. (137) 138 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Diagnosis. — Size large (see measurements); no accessory cusp between protocone and paracone of fourth upper premolar; first upper molar longer than broad and lacking cingulum on part of tooth lingual to protocone. Comparisons. — From Ctjnarctus crucidens Barbour and Cook (see page 225 of Two New Fossil Dogs of the Genus Cynarctus from Nebraska. Nebraska Geol. Surv., 4(pt. 15) .-223-227, 1914; also pages 330 and 338 of Dental Morphologic of the Procyonidae with a Description of Cynarctoides, Gen. Nov. Geol. Ser. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 6:323-339, 10 figs., October 31, 1938) C. fortidens diflFers in lacking, instead of having, an accessory cusp between the protocone and paracone of the fourth upper premolar and in lacking, in- stead of having, a cingulum on the part of P4 that is internal (lingual) to the protocone. Remarks. — The lower jaw and its second molar seem to be from an indi- vidual significantly larger than the holotype. Possibly the lower jaw and upper jaw are from two species but the lower jaw probably is from a male and the upper jaw from a female of the same species. Reasons for regarding Cynarctus as belonging to the family Canidae instead of to the family Procyonidae have been stated recently in detail by E. C. Galbreath (Remarks on Cynarctoides acridens from the Miocene of Colorado. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 59(3):373-378, 1 fig., October 31, 1956) and need not be repeated here. Although some uncertainty remains as to the familial position of Cynarctus, we favor Galbreath's view that tlie genus belongs in the family Canidae. The holotype of Cynarctus crucidens is from Williams Canyon, Brown County, Nebraska. According to C. B. Schultz (in litt., December 6, 1961), WiUiams Canyon is a tributary of Plumb Creek; the upper part of the Valen- tine formation and the younger lower part of the Ash Hollow formation are exposed in WiUiams Canyon; which one of these formations yielded the holo- type of C. crucidens is unknown. On the basis of the correlation chart (Pi. 1 in Nomenclature and Correla- tion of the North Ajnerican Continental Tertiary. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 52(pt. l):l-48, 1941) by H. E. Wood 2nd et al, C. fortidens and C. crucidens are equivalent in age or C. fortidens is the younger. The rounded summits of the principal cusps of the teeth of C. fortidens suggests that it was mainly frugivorous instead of carnivorous — more frugiv- orous by far than the Uving gray fox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus, that is known to eat substantial amounts of fruits and berries. Indeed, no other canid that we know of has teeth so much adapted to a frugivorous diet as are those of C. fortidens. Its degree of adaptation to a frugivorous diet is more than in the procyonid genus Nasua but less than in the procyonid genus Bassaricyon. Measurements (of crowns) of C. fortidens. — P3-M1, length, 25.8 (milli- meters); P4-M1, 18.9; P3, length, 6.2; P3, breadth, 2.8; P4, length of outer border, 9.3; P4, breadth, 7.05; Ml, length, 9.7; Ml, breadth, 9.3; m2, length, 10.3; m2, breadth, 6.6; depth of mandible at posterior end of m2, 17; tliick- ness of mandible, 7.1. Transmitted February 21, 1962. D 29-2890 NW--U University of Kansas Publication! Museum of Natural History MBS. COMP. ZflOL Mii ^y UiU-21962 HARVARD liN^i/tRSITY Volume 14, No. 11, pp. 139-143 April 30, 1962 A New Subspecies of Wood Rat (Neotoma) from Northeastern Mexico BY TICUL ALVAREZ University of Kansas Law^rence 1962 University of Kansas Publications, MusEtrM of Natural History Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, Theodore H. Eaton, Jr. Volume 14, No. 11, pp. 139-143 Published April 30, 1962 University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas PRINTED BY JEAN H. NEIBARGER. STATE PRINTER TOPEKA, KANSAS 1062 29-2891 MHS. COMP. ZOOl LIBRARY JUL 12 1962 A New Subspecies of Wood Rat (Neotoma) from Northeastern Miexico BY TICUL ALVAREZ The White-throated woodrat, Neotoma alhigula, has been known previously from the Mexican state of TamauHpas by only eight in- dividuals reported by Goldman (N. Amer. Fauna, 31:37, October 19, 1910 ) , which were assigned to Neotoma alhigula leucodon ( type locality, city of San Luis Potosi, Mexico). Additional specimens from southwestern Tamaulipas, obtained in recent years by repre- sentatives of the Museum of Natural History, along with specimens from parts of Nuevo Leon and Coahuila, represent an unnamed subspecies, which is named and described as follows : Neotoma albigula subsolana new subspecies Type. — Male, adult, skin and skull, No. 56950, Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas, from Miquihuana, 6400 ft., Tamaulipas; obtained on July 20, 1953, by Gerd H. Heinrich, original number 7553B. Geographic distribution. — Sierra Madre Oriental from southeastern Coahuila to southwestern Tamaubpas. Diagnosis. — Over-all size small for species (see measurements), but tail, maxillary tooth-row^ and incisive foramina relatively long; upper parts dark (individual hairs banded subterminally with cinnamon and tipped with gray- ish, yielding an over-all color of grayish brown); lips gray, especially anteriorly and medially; alveoli of incisors narrow (4.8-5.2); posterior branch of pre- maxilla extending only slightly behind nasals; rostrum short; braincase broad; mastoid breadth averaging 51.1 (47.8-52.7) per cent of basilar length. Comparisons. — Neotoma albigula subsolana, differs from topotypes of N. a. leucodon, the subspecies geographically adjacent to the southwest, as follows: size smaller, especially length of palatal bridge (6.9-8.1 instead of 8.2-9.6), al- veolar length of maxillary tooth-row (8.3-8.9 instead of 8.8-9.7), and greatest length of auditory bulla (7.3-7.9 instead of 8.2-8.9); mastoid breadth rela- tively greater, 51.1 (47.8-52.7) instead of 47.0 (45.5-49.1) per cent of basilar length; posterior process of premaxilla extending only shghtly beyond posterior border of nasals; auditory bulla conspicuously smaller; upper parts darker, es- pecially middorsally; over-all color grayish instead of ochraceous or yellowish; lips gray instead of nearly white. Neotoma albigula subsolana differs from N. a. albigula, geographically ad- jacent to the northwest (specimens from Pima County, Arizona) as follows: size averaging shghtly larger, except length of nasals; mastoid breadth averag- ing 18.8 (17.9-20.2) instead of 17.9 (17.7-18.2), its ratio to basilar length therefore greater, 51,1 (47.8-52.7) instead of 49.4 (47.9-50.0); zygomatic (141) 142 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. arches expanded posteriorly instead of nearly parallel as in albigula; inter- parietal longer and narrower; mesopterygoid fossa broader; auditory bulla slightly smaller; upper parts distinctly darker. Remarks. — N. a. suhsolana is characterized by the combination of small size, dark color, small auditory bulla and relatively broad braincase. Typical specimens have been collected only at higher elevations in the Sierra Madre Oriental where no other species of Neotoma is known to occur. Intergradation between N. a. suhsolana and N. a. leucodon occurs at lower elevations on the west side of the Sierra Madre Oriental as shown by specimens from nine miles southwest of Tula, Tamau- lipas, and Sierra Guadalupe, Coahuila, from which places some specimens are paler than others, approaching leucodon in color, and are slightly larger than typical suhsolana. Specimens assigned to leucodon from vicinity of Presa Guadalupe and from 1 to 6 kilome- ters south of Matehuala, San Luis Potosi, are typical of that subspe- cies in measurements but are darker than topotypes. N. a. suhsolana intergrades with N. a. alhigula in southeastern Coahuila (specimens from 6 to 9 miles east of Hermanas and from Panuco) where some individuals average paler and smaller than topotypes of suhsolana and some have skulls that combine charac- ters of suhsolana and alhigula. These specimens, which were re- ferred to N. a. leucodon by Baker (Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist, 9:281-282, June 15, 1956), are assigned to suhsolana on the basis of relatively dark upperparts and broad mesopterygoid fossa (narrow in only one specimen) . On geographic grounds, specimens not studied by me from Mu- nicipio de Galeana, Nuevo Leon (Koestner, Great Basin Nat,, 2:13, 1941), and those from Jaumave, Tamaulipas (Goldman, N. Amer. Fauna, 31:37, October 19, 1910), probably are referable to N. a. suhsolana. The subspecific name suhsolana (Latin adjective for eastern) is proposed for this woodrat because of its eastern geographic occur- rence. Measurements. — Average and extreme measurements of nine topotypes (6 males and 3 females) are as follows: total length, 338 (315-370); length of tail-vertebrae, 157 (130-182); length of hind foot, 35 (33-37); length of ear from notch, 31 (29-34); basilar length, 36.5 (34.7-39.2); zygomatic breadth, 23.9 (22.5-25.0); interorbital constriction, 5.5 (5.7-6.2); length of nasals, 15.5 (15.2-16.5); length of incisive foramina, 9.4 (8.8-10.1); length of palatal bridge, 7.7 (6.9-8.1); alveolar length of maxillary tooth-row, 8.7 (8.3-8.9); length of auditory bulla, 7.6 (7.3-7.9); mastoid breadth, 18.7 (17.9-20.2). A New Sxjbspecies of Wood Rat 143 Specimens examined. — A total of 124 ( all from Mus. Nat. Hist., Univ. Kan- sas) from: COAHUILA: 6 mi. E Hermanas, 1; 9 mi. E Hermanas, 1; Panuco, 3000 ft., 4; 1 mi. S, 4 mi. W Bella Union, 7000 ft., 3; 3 mi. S, 3 mi. E Bella Union, 6750 ft., 1; 6 mi. E, 4 mi. S SaltiUo, 7500 ft., 5; 7 mi. S, 4 mi. E Bella Union, 7200 ft., 3; 14 mi. W, 1 mi. N San Antonio de las Alazanas, 6500 ft., 2; 12 mi. S, 2 mi. E Arteaga, 7500 ft., 5; north slope Sierra Guadalupe, 10 mi. S, 5 mi. W General Cepeda, 6500 ft., 26; 7 mi. S, 1 mi. E Gomez Farias, 6500 ft., 3; 8 mi. N La Ventura, 5500 ft., 1. NUEVO LEON: Iturbide, Sierra Madre Oriental, 5000 ft., 10; Laguna, 1; 9 mi. S Aramberri, 3900 ft., 3; 1 mi. W Doctor Arroyo, 5800 ft., 4. TAMAULIPAS: Miquihuana, 6400 ft., 22; Joya Verde, 35 km. SW Cd. Victoria (on Jaumave Road), 3S00 ft, 2; Nicolas, 56 km. NW Tula, 5500 ft., 10; Tajada, 23 mi. NW Tula, 5200 ft., 2; 9 mi. SW Tula, 3900 ft., 15. Comparative material. — N. a. albigiila, 10 specimens (all KU) from: ARI- ZONA: 4 mi. S, 5 mi. E Continental, 4; 7 mi. E Tucson, 2500 ft., 1; 30 mi. S Tucson, 1; 14 mi. S, 3 mi. E Continental, 1; Sta. CataKna Mts., south slope Molino basin, 4200 ft., 2; Santa Rita Mts., northwest slope, near Sta. Rita Range, 4300 ft., 1. N. a. leucodon, 46 specimens (in Mus. Nat. Hist., Univ. Kansas, unless otherwise noted) from: SAN LUIS POTOSI: 6 km. S Matehuala, 13 (LSU); 1 km. S Matehuala, 2 (LSU); 7 km. W Presa de Guadalupe, 5 (LSU); Presa de Guadalupe, 4 (LSU); 8 mi. SW Ramos, 6700 ft., 3; 10 mi. NE San Luis Po- tosi, 6000 ft., 2; San Luis PotosI, 9 (USNM); Hda. La Parada, 8 (USNM). I am grateful to Prof. E. Raymond HaU and Mr. J. Knox Jones, Jr., for per- mission to examine critical specimens and for helpful suggestions. I am grateful also to Dr. George H. Lowery, Jr., of the Louisiana State University (LSU) and to Dr. David H. Jolmson and Dr. Richard H. Manville of the United States National Museum (USNM) for the loan of specimens. Gerd H. Hein- rich (in 1953) and Percy L. Chfton (in 1961) collected for the Museum of Natural History the Tamauhpan specimens herein reported. Fieldwork was supported by the Kansas University Endowment Association. Laboratory phases of tlie study were made when the author was a half-time Research As- sistant supported by grant No. 56 G 103 from the National Science Foimdation. Transmitted February 21, 1962. n 29-2891 OH»Ti^ lffMl\f Cb2 Ak^J^J Wi> t JUL 6- 1962 University of Kansas Publication Museum of Natural History Volume 14, No. 12, pp. 145-159, 1 fig. in text May 18, 1962 Noteworthy Mammals from Sinaloa, Mexico BY J. KNOX JONES, JR., TICUL ALVAREZ, AND M. RAYMOND LEE University of Kansas Lawrence "^ 1962 University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, Theodore H. Eaton, Jr. Volume 14, No. 12, pp. 145-159, 1 6g. in text Published May 18, 1962 University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas PRINTED BY JEAN H. NEIBARGER, STATE PRINTER TOPEKA. KANSAS 1 962 29-3000 f- f Ir='='"T~i-ifiriTi I I I ,„iii Noteworthy Mammals from Sinaloa, Mexico ^_ .q^^ BY J. KNOX JONES, JR., TICrUL ALVABEZ, and M. RAYMOND LEE In several of the past twelve years field parties £rom thie Museumll_L..- of Natural History have collected mammals in the Mexican state of Sinaloa. Most of the collections contained only a modest number of specimens because they were made by groups that stopped for short periods on their way to or from other areas, but several col- lections are extensive. Field work by representatives of this insti- tution now is underway in Sinaloa with the aim of acquiring mate- rials suitable for treating the entire mammalian fauna of that state. Among the mammals thus far obtained are specimens of twenty species that represent significant extensions of known range, are of especial taxonomic or zoogeographic interest, or that complement published information, and it is these records that are reported herein. The following persons obtained specimens mentioned beyond: J. R. Alcorn (1950); J. R. and A. A. Alcorn (1954 and 1955); R. H. Baker and a party of students (1955); W. L. Cutter (1957); S. An- derson and a party of students (1959); M. R. Lee (1960 and 1961); and J, K. Jones, Jr., accompanied by R, R. Patterson and R, G. Webb ( 1961 ) . The Kansas University Endowment Association and the American Heart Association provided funds that helped to de- fray the cost of field operations. In the accounts that follow, all measurements are in millimeters and all catalogue numbers refer to the mammal collection of the Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas. Place- names associated with specimens examined are indicated on the accompanying map (Fig. 1). Notiosorex crawfordi (Coues). — A non-pregnant female (75184) was obtained on November 29, 1957, at EI Fuerte by W. L. Cutter. Comparison of this specimen with topotypes of IV. evotis ( see below ) and with undoubted examples of N. crawfordi proves our specimen to be referable to the latter. We presume that the shrew reported as evotis on geographic grounds from El Carrizo by Hooper (1961:120) also is referable to crawfordi. External measurements of our female are: total length, 77; length of tail, 20 (tip missing); length of hind foot, 11; length of ear from notch, 8; weight in grams, 4. Cranial measurements of this individual are given in Table 1. (147) 148 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. 108 100 miles 108 Fig. 1. Map of Sinaloa on which are plotted symbols representing place- names mentioned in text. From north to south, these are: El Fuerte; San Miguel; Los Mochis; Guamuchil; Terrero; Pericos; Culiacan; El Dorado; Piaxtla and Camino Real (one symbol); Panucoj Mazatlan; Matatan; Rosario; Escuinapa; Concepcion. Notiosorex evotis (Coues). — Four topotypes (85533-36), all males, were collected by Lee at Mazatldn. One was caught on De- cember 17, 1960, in a museum special trap set "in low weeds near thorn bush" in a sandy field at the north edge of Mazatldn, less than a mile from the ocean. A few trees and some grasses grew in this area; Mus musculus and Perognathus pernix were taken in the same hne of traps. Additional trapping at this locality failed to produce Mammals from Sinaloa, Mexico 149 Table 1. Cranial Measurements of Two Species of Notiosorex. ■5 b tD J3 rt C -t> a; -a 43 -^ Catalogue number, or "3 CO a ^ o 03 +3 c3 bC 1. number of specimens J s% >5 "3 •fl o a averaged, and sex o c 6 (U o c 1—1 X S3 1 o V II Notiosorex crawfordi, Huachuca Mts., Arizona" Average 6 (20?", 4 9). Minimum Maximum 16.01 3.72 6.08 8.32 6.69 15.7 3.6 4.9 7.8 6.3 16.5 3.85 6.2 8.8 7.15 75184 KU, 9 El Fuerte, Sinaloa 16.5 I 3.7 I 6.0 1 SW Guadalajara, Jalisco 33318 KU, & , 42683 KU, ?.. 42684 KU, ?.. 15.0 + 1 3.6 4.9 7.1 3.5 4.6 6.6 3.6 4.9 7.1± 5.93 5.8 6.2 8.4 I 6.9 I 6.1 5.7 5.4: 6.1 = 2 mi. E La Palma, Michoacdn 42586 KU, ?. 42587 KU, ?. 42588 KU, ?. 3.8 3.8 4.9 4.8 4.9 6.9 6.9 6.9 Notiosorex evotis, Mazatldn, Sinaloa Average 4 (cf). Minimum Maximum 17.68 17.4 17.9 4.06 4.0 4.1 5.37 5.3 6.4 8.68 8.5 8.8 7.60 7.6 7.7 6.0 6.2 6.58 6.6 6.7 * After HoflFmeister and Goodpaster, 1954:51. more shrews. The other three specimens were captured alive on February 1 (one) and February 2 (two), 1961, in the wake of a bulldozer that was clearing land adjacent to the place where the first specimen was trapped. The ground cover being cleared away consisted mostly of dry, dense weeds and short, thorny scrub; the latter was sparse in some places and formed dense thickets in oth- ers. One individual that was kept alive for a short time in a can ate crickets and roaches readily and ate one spider, but refused isopods. On one occasion it ate six crickets in about three hours. Wet oat- meal and oatmeal mixed with peanut butter both were refused. Average and extreme external measurements of the four males are as fol- lows: total length, 93.2 (90-98); length of tail, 25.5 (23-27); length of hind foot, 11.9 (11-13); length of ear from notch, 7.7 (7-8); weight in grams, 5.4 ( 4.4-6.3 ) . Cranial measurements are given in Table 1. Notiosorex evotis was described by Coues (1877:652) on the basis of a single specimen, obtained at Mazatlan by Ferdinand Bischojff 150 University of Kansas Publs., Mus, Nat. Hist. in 1868, that originally had at least the partial skull inside. Subse- quently the skull was removed and evidently lost (Poole and Schantz, 1942:181). Coues named evotis as a species distinct from crawfordi (described by him in the same paper) on the basis of larger size, shorter tail, and alleged slight differences in color. He did not describe the skull, but did note that the dentition was "sub- stantially the same as that of N. crawfordi." Evidently, the only other correctly identified specimen of evotis on record is an indi- vidual from Mazatlan in the British Museum, the skull of which was figured by Dobson ( 1890: pi. 23, fig. 20). Merriam (1895:34) characterized evotis, known to him by only the holotype, as: "Similar to N. crawfordi, but slightly larger and darker." He did not examine the skull, which by that time had been "lost or mislaid." Merriam reduced evotis to subspecific status under crawfordi with the following remarks: "In the absence of suflBcient material of N. evotis, it is impossible to determine its exact relations to crawfordi. Dobson did not recognize it as distinct, but figured its teeth under the name crawfordi [loc. cit., possibly a lapsus]. For the present it seems best to retain it as a subspecies." Merriam's arrangement of evotis as a subspecies of crawfordi has been followed by subsequent workers, mostly, we suppose, because additional material of undoubted evotis has not until now been available. Comparisons of our four specimens with specimens (from Jalisco, Sinaloa and Tamaulipas) and published descriptions and measurements (see especially Hoffmeister and Goodpaster, 1954:46-47, 51) of crawfordi reveal that evotis has a longer body and hind foot than crawfordi but a relatively (sometimes actually) shorter tail and ear, and a distinctly larger, heavier skull (see Ta- ble 1). The upper parts of our specimens average pale brownish gray and are paler, not darker, than the upper parts of crawfordi. But, all of the latter were obtained in the warm months of the year except one November-taken individual from El Fuerte, Sinaloa, the dorsal pelage of which approaches in color that of the darkest of the evotis. The pelage of both kinds probably is paler in winter than in summer and may be indistinguishable in the same season. Ventrally, all four evotis are grayish white, faintly to moderately tinged with brownish buff. Notiosorex evotis differs cranially from Notiosorex crawfordi as follows: larger (see measurements); mesopterygoid fossa squared rather than broadly U-shaped anteriorly; rounded process on max- illary at posterior border of infraorbital canal well developed (faint or lacking in crawfordi); occipital condyles smaller and, in lateral Mammals from Sinaloa, Mexico 151 view, elevated above basal plane of skull; upper molars slightly more crowded in occlusal view. These differences, although ad- mittedly slight, appear to be constant in the specimens we have seen, but ought to be used cautiously owing to the small samples studied. Shrews of the genus Notiosorex have been reported twice pre- viously from localities in west-central Mexico, other than from Ma- zatlan, as follows: 21 mi. SW Guadalajara (remains from owl pel- lets) and 13 mi. S, 15 mi. W Guadalajara, Jalisco, by Twente and Baker (1951:120-121); and Cerrito Loco, 2 mi. E La Palma, Micho- acan (remains from owl pellets), by Baker and Alcorn (1953:116). The remains were referred to evotis on geographic grounds in one instance and were so referred inferentially in the other. Examina- tion of the specimens upon which these reports were based reveals that all are crawfordi on the basis of characters previously cited. As a result, N. evotis is known only from the type locality at Mazatlan, whereas N. crawfordi is widely distributed on the Mexican Plateau as far south as Jalisco and northern Michoacan, and occurs on the west side of the Sierra Occidental as far south as northern Sinaloa. The two kinds obviously are closely related and intergradation eventually may be demonstrated between them. But, for the pres- ent, we adopt a conservative course and treat evotis as a full species owing to its distinctive features, restricted geographic distribution, and the lack of evidence of intergradation between it and crawfordi. Balantiopteryx plicata pallida Burt. — Thirty-five specimens from two adjacent localities along the Rio del Fuerte in northern Sinaloa, 3 mi. NE San Miguel, 300 ft. (84944-48) and 10 mi. NNE Los Mo- chis (60572-75, 60667-78, 60681-94), provide the first records of the subspecies from the state. Individuals from both localities were shot at dusk as they foraged among trees in the valley of the river. Fifteen of 18 females from 10 mi. NNE Los Mochis, collected on June 5, 6 and 7, 1955, were pregnant; each contained a single em- bryo, the embryos ranging from 7 to 15 mm. in crown-rump length. B. p. pallida previously has been reported from the southern parts of Baja California and Sonora. Balantiopteryx plicata plicata Peters. — Specimens in the Museum of Natural History from the following localities, several of which are marginal, document better than previously has been done the distribution of this subspecies in Sinaloa: 32 mi. SSE Culiacan (60699); 10 mi. SE Escuinapa (68629); 17 mi. SSE Guamuchil (60576); 5 mi. NW Mazatlan (85537-61, 85901-04); 1 mi. SE Ma- 152 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat, Hist. zatlan, 10 ft. (39461-76); 1 mi. S Pericos (60697-98, 60700); 'A mi. E Piaxtla (60701); 'A mi. W Rosario, 100 ft (39477-79); 5 mi. SSE Rosario (60702-03); 4 mi. N Terrero (60695-96). Pregnant females, each with a single embryo, were recorded in 1954 from 4 mi. N Terrero, 2 (June 9), 1 mi. S Pericos, 2 (June 13), and 5 mi. SSE Rosario, 2 (June 20). None of 16 December-taken females from 5 mi. NW Mazatlan was pregnant. The specimen from 17 mi. SSE Guamuchil, preserved in alcohol, is provisionally referred to JB. p. plicata on geographic grounds in- asmuch as specimens from the nearby locahties of 1 mi. S Pericos and 4 mi. N Terrero, although more grayish on the average than specimens from southern Sinaloa, are somewhat darker and dis- tinctly larger than specimens of B. p. pallida from along the Rio del Fuerte in northern Sinaloa. Specimens from southern Sinaloa average only slightly paler than typical plicata examined from southern Mexico and Nicaragua. Pteronotus psilotis ( Dobson ) . — A total of six specimens from two localities in southern Sinaloa provide the first records from the state and are the northernmost records in western Mexico. The two lo- cahties are: % mi. S Concepcion, 250 ft. (84987-90); 1 mi. W Mata- tan ( 84985-86 ) . The two individuals from the last-mentioned place extend the known range of the species approximately 275 miles north-northwest from a locahty 7 mi. W, Jz mi. S Santiago, Cohma (Anderson, 1956:349), and place the limit of the known distribution of P. psilotis farther to the north in western Mexico than in the east- em part of the country. We follow Burt and Stirton (1961:24-25) in use of the generic name Pteronotus for this species. The two specimens from 1 mi. W Matatan were shot at late dusk as they foraged with other bats, presumably of the same species, low over water at the place where the Rio San Antonio joins the larger Rio Baluarte. The four individuals from /2 mi. S Concepci6n were captured in mist nets stretched across the Rio de las Caiias at the Sinaloa-Nayarit border, and were taken shortly after dark at heights of three feet or less above the water. Our six specimens all are males. Five are in the reddish color phase and one is in the brown- ish phase. Average and extreme measurements of the six males, which average slightly smaller than specimens examined from Colima and Guerrero, are as follows: total length, 66.8 (65-69); length of tail, 16.3 (15-18); length of hind foot, 11.8 (11-12); length of ear from notch, 16.9 (16.5-17.0); length of forearm (dry), 41.5 (40.6-42.4); weight in grams, 8.3 (6.9-9.8); greatest length of skuU, 15.4 (15.2-15.5); zygomatic breadth, 8.3 (8.2-8.4); interorbital constric- tion, 3.4 (3.3-3.6); mastoid breadth, 8.7 (8.6-8.8); length of maxillary tooth- row, 5.8 (5.8-5.9); breadth across M3, 5.4 (5.3-5.6). Mammals from Sinaloa, Mexico 153 Sturnira lilium parvidens Goldman. — The first specimens to be reported from Sinaloa are as follows: 32 mi. SSE Culiacan (61087); 1 mi. S El Dorado (75207); Pdnuco, 22 km. NE Concordia (85648- 50). The three bats from the last-mentioned locaHty were caught after midnight in a mist net stretched across a road adjacent to a nearly dry stream bed. The vegetation in the vicinity of the net consisted mostly of dry weeds and grass along with some low shrubs, but a tree-filled canyon was about one-fourth mile above the net. We lack details about the capture of the other two bats. S. /. parvidens has been reported only once from farther north in western Mexico than Sinaloa. Anderson (1960:7) recorded five specimens from along the Rio Septentri6n, 1/2 mi. SW Tocuina, Chi- huahua. Artibeus lituratus palmarum Allen and Chapman. — This species has been reported once previously from Sinaloa (from 1 mi. S El Dorado by Anderson, 1960:3). Six specimens (85668-72, 85674), all males, collected on December 23 and 24, 1960, at Panuco, 22 km. NE Concordia, provide the second known occurrence in the state. Artibeus toltecus (Saussure). — A male (85666) from Panuco, 22 km. NE Concordia, provides the first record of this species from Sinaloa and extends the known range northwestward approximately 182 miles from Ambas Aguas [= 6J2 km. SW Amatlan de Jora], Nayarit (Andersen, 1908:300). Our specimen was taken on De- cember 22, 1960, in a mist net placed across a road in an area where vegetation consisted mostly of weeds, grasses and shrubs. Two Glossophaga soricina leachii and two Choeronycteris mexicana were taken in the same net. Davis' (1958:165-166) key is useful in separating the small Mexi- can members of the genus Artibeus, but we have found some adults of toltecus to be smaller than the key indicates. For example, in the 12 Mexican specimens (Oaxaca, 6, Tamaulipas, 3, Jalisco, 2, Sina- loa, 1 ) examined by us the total length of skull varies from 19.7 to 21.0 and the forearm from 36.3 to 42.6. Dalquest (1953) and more recently Koopman (1961) regarded A. toltecus and the larger A. aztecus, which occurs in the same areas but at higher elevations than toltecus, as subspecies of the more southerly A. cinereus. Davis (op. cit.), on the other hand, recog- nized toltecus, aztecus, and cinereus as distinct species. More speci- mens of small and medium-sized Artibeus are needed from Mexico before this baffling complex can be studied adequately, but on the basis of specimens examined we are inclined to agree with Davis 154 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat, Hist. as concerns the specific distinctness of toltecus and aztectts. In Tamaulipas (the mammalian fauna of which is currently under study by Alvarez) for example, toltecus is known from Rancho Pano Ayuctle at an elevation of 300 feet in tropical deciduous forest, whereas aztecus has been taken only four miles away at Rancho del Cielo, but at an elevation of 3000 feet in cloud forest. The altitudi- nal difiFerence between ranges of the two kinds in Tamaulipas cor- responds to that found in Sinaloa (see Koopman, loc. cit.) and is of approximately the same magnitude found by Davis at higher ele- vations in Guerrero. This relationship suggests that the two kinds are neither subspecies of a single species, nor individual variants of a widespread, monotypic species, but probably are two different species. We agree that one, most likely the smaller toltecus, may eventually prove to be a northern subspecies of cinereus. Myotis occultus Hollister. — A single specimen of this species (67491) from 1 mi. N, M mi. E San Miguel provides the first certain record from Sinaloa, and is indistinguishable from specimens from Alamos, Sonora, that were referred to occultus by Hall and Dalquest (1950:587). Miller and Allen (1928:100) identified a skin alone from Escuinapa as occultus, but Hall and Dalquest ( loc. cit. ) later assigned this specimen provisionally to M. fortidens on geographic grounds and because it agreed in color with undoubted specimens of the latter from Guerrero. Specimens from south of San Miguel and north of the undoubted range of fortidens are needed in order to ascertain whether the two kinds are distinct species or instead only subspecies of a single species. The Sinaloan bat was taken in a mist net stretched over a drain- age ditch adjacent to the Rio del Fuerte on the night of June 19-20, 1955, by R. H. Baker. Several other kinds of bats were obtained ( shot or netted ) at the same place, among which was one specimen of Myotis velifer. The specimens studied of occultus from Sinaloa and Sonora are clearly separable from specimens of velifer from the same region ( Sonora and northern Sinaloa ) in having paler ( more reddish) pelage, shorter forearm, smaller skull, relatively broader rostrum, and four fewer teeth. Myotis velifer velifer (J. A. Allen). — Three specimens from the following localities in northern Sinaloa provide the first records of the species from the state: El Fuerte (75234); Rio del Fuerte, 1 mi. N, % mi. E San Miguel (67490); Rio del Fuerte, 10 mi. NNW Los Mochis (61149). The subspecies Af. v. velifer has been re- ported previously from the adjacent states of Chihuahua, Durango, and Sonora. Mammals from Sinaloa, Mexico 155 A female (61149) obtained on June 8, 1954, carried a single em- bryo that measured 3 mm. in crown-rump length. Lasiurus borealis teliotis (H. Allen). — A female from 10 mi. NNW Los Mochis (61172), obtained on June 8, 1954, represents the first record of the species from Sinaloa, and is tentatively re- ferred to this subspecies. It resembles cranially, but is paler than, Califomian specimens seen of teliotis. Molossns ater nigricans Miller. — This large free-tailed bat previ- ously has been reported no farther north in western Mexico than the type locality, Acaponeta, Nayarit. Nineteen specimens from four diflFerent localities in Sinaloa are as follows: 1 mi. SE Camino Real, 400 ft. (85093-99); 32 mi. SSE Culiacan (61279-87); 1 mi. S Pericos (61277-78); M mi. E Piaxtla (61288). The specimens la- beled with reference to Camino Real and Piaxtla were obtained along the Rio Piaxtla at approximately the same place. Those from 1 mi. S Pericos extend the known range of the species approximately 225 miles northwestward. M. a. nigricans is characteristically an early flier. Along the Rio Piaxtla, 1 mi. SE Camino Real, where bats probably found daytime retreats in the rocky walls of the steep-sided valley of the river, in- dividuals first appeared early in the evening when the sun was still on the western horizon, but were gone before other species of bats were seen. A female from 32 mi. SSE Culiacan, taken on June 18, 1954, contained one embryo that was 18 mm. in crown-rump length. Each of the color phases of the species, reddish (8) and black (11), are represented among our specimens. We follow Goodwin (1960) in the use of the specific name ater for this bat. Dasypus novemcinctus mexicanus Peters. — Two armadillos (85402-03) from the valley of the Rio del Fuerte, 3 mi. NE San Miguel, 300 ft., are the first of the species to be reported from northern Sinaloa. They extend the known range northwestward in the state approximately 285 miles from Escuinapa (Russell, 1953: 25) and signal the possible occurrence of D. n. mexicanus in south- em Sonora. Sign of the armadillo was abundant at the place where our two specimens were collected. Because it was felt that the species possibly had been introduced along the Rio del Fuerte, a number of local residents were questioned on the point, but all in- sisted that armadillos were native to the area. External measurements of 85402 (female) and 85403 (male) are, respec- tively, as follows: total length, 725, 748; length of tail, 351, 357; length of hind foot, 87, 89; length of ear from notch, 39, 39. 156 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Sylvilagus audubonii goldmani (Nelson). — This cottontail has been reported from Sinaloa only from Bacubirito, Culiacdn (type locality), and Sinaloa (Nelson, 1909:226). Additional records are: 12 mi. N CuHacan (67561-62); 6 mi. N El Dorado (75263); 6 mi. N, VA mi. E El Dorado (75264-66); 7 mi. NE El Fuerte (81076-77); and 1 mi. S Pericos ( 61292-93 ) . Specimens from the vicinity of El Do- rado extend the known range some 30 miles southward from the type locality. A female from 1 mi. S Pericos that was taken on June 13, 1954, carried three embryos that measured 29 mm. in crown-rump length. Sciurus truei Nelson. — ^Three specimens (61300-02) of this spe- cies collected by A. A. Alcorn on June 19, 1954, 32 mi. SSE CuHacan extend the known range approximately 210 miles south-southeast from Guirocoba, Sonora (Burt, 1938:38), and provide the first rec- ord from Sinaloa. Two of the specimens are females and each was pregnant, one with two embryos and the other with three. Our specimens generally agree in color with S. truei, but are larger than typical individuals and in this respect approach S. sina- loensis of southern Sinaloa. Probably truei and sinaloensis both are only subspecies of the more southerly S. colliaei. The three nominal species currently constitute the S. colliaei group in which the pres- ence or absence of P3 seems to vary geographically. The tooth fre- quently is absent in the northern truei and usually present (invari- ably in the specimens we have examined ) in colliaei. Only one of our Sinaloan specimens is accompanied by a skull; in it P3 is pres- ent on the right side and absent on the left. External measurements of the male and two females are, respectively: total length, 512, 508, 504; length of taU, 263, 263, 252; length of hind foot, 64, 63, 64; length of ear from notch, 28, 29, 28. Cranial measurements of 61300 (a female) are: greatest length of skull, 56.2; zygomatic breadth, 32.6; inter- orbital constriction, 17.9; postorbital constriction, 17.9; length of nasals, 17.3; alveolar length of maxillary tooth-row (on side lacking P3), 10.9. Thomomys umbrinus atrovarius J. A. Allen. — Two specimens (85104-05) from the valley of the Rio Piaxda, 1 mi. SE Camino Real, 400 ft., resemble the description of atrovarius and agree in size, color and most cranial details with a specimen (85744) from 5 mi. NW Mazatlan. The first-mentioned specimens extend the known range of the subspecies some 50 miles northward from Ma- zatlan (Bailey, 1915:96), and indicate the probable occurrence of the species at lower elevations in other parts of central Sinaloa. Peromyscus merriami goldmani Osgood. — This subspecies has been reported previously only from the type locality, Alamos, So- Mammals from Sinaloa, Mexico 157 nora. Eight specimens were collected in Sinaloa by W. L. Cutter in the autumn of 1957 as foUows: 6 mi. N, VA mi. E El Dorado (75368-72); 2'A mi. N El Fuerte (75365-66); El Fuerte (75367). The first-mentional locality is approximately 200 miles south-south- east of the type locality. All specimens collected by Cutter were taken in lowland areas, supporting remarks by Commissaris ( 1960 ) concerning habitat preferences of P. merriami as compared with those of the closely related P. eremicus. Two of three females from northeast of El Dorado were pregnant on November 18 and 19; one carried four embryos ( 8 mm. in crown- rump length ) and the other three ( 11 mm. ) . External and cranial measurements of P. m. goldmani previously were known only for the holotype (Osgood, 1909:252, 267). Measurements of five adults, a male (75370) and four females (75365, 75369, 75371-72) are, respectively, as follows: total length, 204, 225, 215, 214, 210; length of tail, 105, 120, 110, 108, 109; length of hind foot, 21, 23, 23, 22, 22; length of ear from notch, 21, 21, 21, 20, 21; weight in grams, 29, 19, 35 (pregnant), 33, 34 (pregnant); greatest length of skull, 26.6, 26.5, 26.9, 26.5, ; zygomatic breadth, 13.8, 13.9, 14.1, 13.4, ; interorbital constriction, 3.9, 3.8, 4.0, 4.0, ; mastoid breadth, 11.8, 11.9, 11.8, 11.9, 11.5; length of nasals, 10.1, 9.4, 10.0, 10.0, ; length of maxillary tooth-row, 4.5, 4.3, 4.1, 4.1, 4.1. Onychomys torridus yakiensis Merriam. — Only one specimen of this grasshopper mouse has been reported previously from Sinaloa (from the town of Sinaloa by HolHster, 1914:471). Thirteen speci- mens in the Museum of Natural History better define the range of the species in the state as follows: 12 mi. N Culiacan (67981-82); 6 mi. N, VA mi. E El Dorado (75374-80); 2'A mi. N El Fuerte (75373); 1 mi. S Pericos (62118-20). The individuals from northeast of El Dorado extend the known range of the species some 115 miles south- southeast from Sinaloa. A female taken on November 17, 1957, from 6 mi. N, IJ2 mi. E El Dorado carried two embryos that measured 23 mm. in crown-rump length. A female obtained on November 18 at the same place car- ried four embryos that measured 10 mm. Neotoma albigula melanura Merriam. — Four specimens from northern Sinaloa, two (85379-80) from 3 mi. N, 1 mi. E San Miguel, 350 ft., and two (75386-87) from 2% mi. N El Fuerte, provide the first records of the species from the state. N. a. melanura has been known previously from adjacent parts of Sonora and Chihuahua (see Hall and Kelson, 1959:687-688). The specimens from north- east of San Miguel were trapped in runways under choUa cactus, in which nests also were found, on a slope above a rocky arroyo. Spilogale pygmaea Thomas. — Two pygmy spotted skunks from 5 mi. NW Mazatlan (85898-99) are the fifth and sixth of the species 158 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. to be reported (see Van Gelder, 1959:381 ) and the second and third taken in Sinaloa (the holotype of pygmaea was obtained at Rosa- rio). One of our specimens, an adult male, was shot on the night of January 10, 1961, as it foraged near an old hollow tree in weedy- thorn bush habitat adjacent to the Pacific Ocean. The hollow tree contained the nest of a woodrat. The second, an adult female, was trapped nearby in a commercial rat trap baited with peanut butter and set near a burrow in a forested area having little undergrowth. The two individuals here reported fit fairly well the description of color pattern given for the species by Van Gelder {op. cit.: 379), but are larger (considering sex), externally and cranially, than any of the four specimens re- ported previously. Measurements of the male and female are, respectively: total length, 291, 270; length of tail, 65, 58; length of hind foot, 38, 35; length of ear from notch, 25, 23; weight in grams, 247.0, 190.5; condylobasal length, 46.0, 42.9; occipitonasal length, 45.0, 41.4; zygomatic breadth, 29.0, 27.3; mastoid breadth, 23.9, 22.5; interorbital constriction, 14.3, 13.6; postorbital constriction, 14.8, 14.1; palatilar length, 15.6, 14.6; postpalatal length, 23.2; 22.4; cranial depth, 16.6, 15.2; length of maxillary tooth-row, 14.2, 13.4. Cranial measurements were taken in the manner described by Van Gelder (op. ct*.: 236-237). LITERATURE CITED Andersen, K. 1908. A monograph of the Chiropteran genera Uroderma, Enchistenes, and Artibeus. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 204-319, illustrated, September. Anderson, S. 1956. Extension of known ranges of Mexican bats. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist, 9:347-351, August 15. 1960. Neotropical bats from western Mexico. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 14:1-8, October 24. Bailey, V. 1915. Revision of the pocket gophers of the genus Thomomys. N. Amer. Fauna, 39:1-126, 8 pis., 10 figs., November 15. Baker, R. H., and A. A. Alcorn 1953. Shrews from Michoacan, Mexico, found in bam owl pellets. Jour. Mamm., 34:116, February 9. Burt, W. H. 1938. Faunal relationships and geographic distribution of mammals in Sonora, Mexico. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, 39:1-77, 26 maps, February 15. Burt, W. H., and R. A. Stirton 1961. The mammals of El Salvador. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michi- gan, 117:1-69, 1 fig., September 22. COMMISSARIS, L. R. 1960. Morphological and ecological differentiation of Peromyscus mer- riami from southern Arizona. Joum. Mamm., 41:305-310, 2 figs., August 15. COUES, E. 1877. Precursory notes on American insectivorous mammals, with descrip- tions of new species. Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Territories, 3:631- 653, May 15. Dalquest, W. W. 1953. Mexican bats of the genus Artibeus. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 66:61-65, August 10. Mammals from Sinaloa, Mexico 159 Davis, W. B. 1958. Review of the Mexican bats of the Artibeus "cinereus" complex, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 71:163-166, 1 fig., December 31. DoBSON, G. E. 1890. A monograph of the Insectivora, systematic and anatomical. Part III (includes only plates XXIII-XXVIII), Gumey and Jackson, London, May. Goodwin, G. G. 1960. The status of Vespertilio auripendulus Shaw, 1800, and Molossus ater GeofFroy, 1805. Amer. Mus. Novit., 1994:1-6, 1 fig., March 8. Hall, E. R., and W. W. Dalquest 1950. Pipistrellus cinnamomeus Miller 1902 referred to the genus Myotis. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 1:581-590, 5 figs., January 20. Hall, E. R., and K. R. Kelson 1959. The mammals of North America. Ronald Press, New York, 2:viii -\- 547-1083 + 79, illustrated, March 31. Hoffmeister, D. H., and W. W. Goodpaster 1954. The mammals of the Huachuca Mountains, southeastern Arizona. Illinois Biol. Monog., 24:v-f- 1-152, 27 figs., December 31. Hollister, N. 1914. A systematic account of the grasshopper mice. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 47:427-489, pi. 15, 3 figs., October 29. Hooper, E. T. 1961. Notes on mammals from western and southern Mexico. Jour. Mamm., 42:120-122, February 20. Koopman, K. F. 1961. A collection of bats from Sinaloa, with remarks on the limits of the Neotropical Region in northwestern Mexico. Jour. Mamm., 42: 536-538, November 20. Merriam, C. H. 1895. Revision of the shrews of the American genera Blarina and Notio- sorex. N. Amer. Fauna, 10:5-34, pis. 1-3, 2 figs., December 31. Miller, G. S., Jr., and G. M. Allen 1928. The American bats of the genera Myotis and Pixonyx. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:viii + 1-218, 1 pi., 1 fig., 13 maps. May 25. Nelson, E. W. 1909. The rabbits of North America. N. Amer. Fauna, 29:1-314, 13 pis., 19 figs., August 31. Osgood, W. H. 1909. Revision of the mice of the American genus Peromyscus. N. Amer. Fauna, 28:1-285, 8 pis., 12 figs., April 17. Poole, A. J., and V. S. Schantz 1942. Catalog of the type specimens of mammals in the United States National Museum, including the Biological Surveys collection. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 178:xiii + 1-705, April 9. Russell, R. J. 1953. Description of a new armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus ) from Mexico with remarks on geographic variation of the species. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 66:21-25, March 30. Twente, J. W., and R. H. Baker 1951. New records of mammals from Jalisco, Mexico, from bam owl pellets. Jour. Mamm., 32:120-121, February 15. Van Gelder, R. G. 1959. A taxonomic revision of the spotted skunks (genus Spilogale). Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 117:229-392, 47 figs., June 15. Transmitted March 15, 1962. n 29-3000 University of Kansas Publications Museum of Natural History L__ . Volume 14, No. 13, pp. 161-164, 1 fig. May 21, 1962 A New Bat (Myotis) From Mexico BY E. RAYMOND HALL University of Kansas ,JjAWRENCE ^* 1962 University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, Theodore H. Eaton, Jr. Volume 14, No. 13, pp. 161-164, 1 6g. Published May 21, 1962 University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas PRINTED BY JEAN M. NEIBARGER, STATE PRINTER TOPEKA, KANSAS 1962 29-3265 Jul d-1962 A New Bat (Myotis) from Mexico J* BY E. RAYMOND HALL A single specimen of little brown bat from the northern part of the state of Veracruz seems to be of an heretofore unrecognized species. It is named and described below. Myotis elegans new species Holottjpe. — Female, adult, skin and skull, No. 88398 Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas; 12^2 mi. N. Tihuatlan, 300 ft. elevation, Veracruz, Mexico; obtained on September 24, 1961, by Percy L. Clifton, original No. 985. Geographic distribution. — Know^n only from the type locality. Diagnosis. — A small-footed species having a short tail and small skull. Pelage on upper parts near (16' /) Front's Brown (capitalized color terms after Ridgvi^ay, Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, Washington, D. C, 1912), and more golden on underparts; ears pale brownish and flight-membranes only shghtly darker; thumb small (7.5 mm. including wrist); tragus slender but deeply notched. Longitudinal, dorsal profile of skull relatively straight but frontal region elevated from rostrum and lambdoidal region elevated from posterior part of parietal region; posterior margin of P4 (in occlusal view) notched. Comparisons. — Among named kinds of Myotis, M. elegans shows most re- semblance to the species M. califomictis and M. subulatus. Differences from the latter include shorter tail and ear, more golden color on underparts, pale (not blackish) lips, ears and flight membranes, more slender tragus, shorter skull, posterior border of P4 (in occlusal view) more deeply notched, and longitudinal dorsal profile of skull higher in frontal and lambdoidal regions. Differences from M. californicus include shorter tail, more golden color on underparts, deeper notch in tragus, shorter skull, notched instead of smooth posterior border of P4 (in occlusal view), longitudinal, dorsal profile of skull less abruptly elevated in frontal region and with (instead of without) pre- lambdoidal depression. From M. c. mexicanus that occurs to the north, west, and south of the type locality of M . elegans the latter further differs in darker color, paler ears, paler flight membranes, and lesser size, including skull. Differences from M. nigricans of the same region include reddish instead of black pelage, smaller hind foot, smaller skull, rostrum smaller in relation to remainder of skull, narrower interorbital region, and absence of a sagittal crest. Measurements. — Total length, 79; length of tail, 34; length of hind foot, 7.5; length of ear from notch, 12; length of tragus, 6.5; weight, 4 grams; length of forearm, 33.0; greatest length of skull, 12.4; condylobasal length 11.9; interorbital constriction, 3.2; breadth of braincase, 6.1; occipital depth, 4.5; (163) 164 University of Kansas Fuels., Mus. Nat. Hist. length of mandible, 8.9; length of maxillary tooth-row, 4.6; maxillary breadth at M3, 4.9; length of mandibular tooth-row, 5.0. Degree of wear on teeth, stage 2 (in terminology of Miller and Allen, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144, May 25, 1928). Remarks. — The longitudinal dorsal profile of the skull and the deeply notched posterior border of P4 seem to be distinctive of elegans. When the characters of elegans first were tabulated it was felt that it probably was only subspecifically diflFerent from some previously named species. But further study of the distinctive characters indi- cates that they are outside the Fig. 1. Lateral view (left) and dorsal view ( right ) of the holotype of Mtjotis elegans, X 2. range of variation of any near relative of elegans and it, therefore, is here accorded specific rank. Material examined. — Known only from the holotype. Transmitted April 2, 1962. D 29-3265 ,/ "*"« Lii ■rn- University of Kansas Publications i.-J Museum of Natural History Volume 14, No. 14, pp. 165-362, 2 figs. May 20, 1963 , . , , \\" The Mammals of Veracruz BY E. RAYMOND HALL AND WALTER W. DALQUEST University of Kansas Lav^rence ^'' 1963 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS MUSUEM OF NATURAL HISTORY Institutional libraries interested in publications exchange may obtain this series by addressing the Exchange Librarian, University of Kansas Library, Lawrence, Kansas. Copies for individuals, persons working in a particular field of study, may be obtained by addressing instead the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lavn-ence, Kansas. There is no provision for sale of this series by the University Library, which meets institutional requests, or by the Museum of Natural History, wliich meets the requests of individuals. However, when individuals request copies from the Museum, 25 cents should be included, for each separate number that is 100 pages or more in length, for the purpose of defraying the costs of wrapping and mailing. * An asterisk designates those numbers of which the Museum's supply (not the Library's supply) is exhausted. Numbers published to date, in this series, are as follows: * '■ ■■ Vol. 1. Nos. 1-26 and index. Pp. 1-638, 1946-1950. *Vol. 2. (Complete) Mammals of Washington. By Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 1-444, 140 figures in text. April 9, 1948. ^ Vol. 3. *1. The avifauna of Micronesia, its origin, evolution, and distribution. By Rol- lin H. Baker. Pp. 1-359, 16 figures in text. June 12, 1951. *2. A quantitative study of the nocturnal migration of birds. By George H. Lowery, Jr. Pp. 361-472, 47 figiu-es in text. June 29, 1951. 3. Phylogeny of the waxwings and allied birds. By M. Dale Arvey. Pp. 473- 530, 49 figures in text, 13 tables. October 10, 1951. *4. Birds from the state of Veracruz, Mexico. By George H. Lowery, Jr., and Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 531-649, 7 figures in text, 2 tables. October 10, 1951. Index. Pp. 651-681. *Vol. 4. (Complete) American weasels. By E. Raymond HaU. Pp. 1-466, 41 plates, 31 figures in text. December 27, 1951. Vol. 5. Nos. 1-37 and index. Pp. 1-676, 1951-1953. *Vol. 6. (Complete) Mammals of Utah, taxonomy and distribution. By Stephen D. Durrant. Pp. 1-549, 91 figures in text, 30 tables. August 10, 1952. Vol. 7. Nos. 1-15 and index. Pp. 1-651, 1952-1955. Vol. 8. Nos. 1-10 and index. Pp. 1-675, 1954-1956. Vol. 9. *1. Speciation of the wandering shrew. By James S. Findley. Pp. 1-68, 18 figures in text. December 10, 1955. 2. Additional records and extension of ranges of mammals from Utah. By Stephen D. Durrant, M. Raymond Lee, and Richard M. Hansen. Pp. 69-80. December 10, 1955. 3. A new long-eared myotis ( Myotis evotis ) from northeastern Mexico. By Rol- hn H. Baker and Howard J. Stains. Pp. 81-84. December 10, 1955. 4. Subspeciation in the meadow mouse, Microtus pennsylvanicus, in Wyomir By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 85-104, 2 figures in text. May 10, 1956. 5. The condylarth genus Ellipsodon. By Robert W. Wilson. Pp. 105-116, figures in text. May 19, 1956. 6. Additional remains of the multituberculate genus Eucosmodon. By Robert W. Wilson. Pp. 117-123, 10 figures in text. May 19, 1956. 7. Mammals of Coahulia, Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 125-335, 75 figures in text. June 15, 1956. 8. Comments on the taxonomic status of Apodemus peninsulae, with description of a new subspecies from North China. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 337-346, 1 figure in text, 1 table. August 15, 1956. 9. Extensions of known ranges of Mexican bats. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 347-351. August 15, 1956. 10. A new bat (Genus Leptonycteris ) from Coahulia. By Howard J. Stains. Pp. 353-356. January 21, 1957. 11. A new species of pocket gopher (Genus Pappogeomys) from Jalisco, Mexico. By Robert J. RusseU. Pp. 357-361. January 21, 1957. 12. Geographic variation in the pocket gopher, Thomomys bottae, in Colorado. By Phillip M. Youngman. Pp. 363-387, 7 figures in text. February 21, 1958. 13. New bog lemming (genus Synaptomys) from Nebraska. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 385-388. May 12, 1958. 14. Pleistocene bats from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 389-396. December 19, 1958. 15. New subspecies of the rodent Baiomys from Central America. By Robert L. Packard. Pp. 397-404. December 19, 1958. 16. Mammals of the Grand Mesa, Colorado. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 405- / 414, 1-figure in text. May 20, 1959. 17. Distribution, variation, and relationships of the montane vole, Microtus mon- tanus. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 415-511, 12 figures in text, 2 tables. August 1, 1959. ( Continued on inside of back cover ) University of Kansas Publications Museum of Natural History Volume 14, No. 14, pp. 165-362, 2 figs. May 20, 1963 The Mammals of Veracruz BY E. RAYMOND HALL AND WALTER W. DALQUEST University of Kansas Lawrence 1963 University of Kansas Publications, Museiim of Natural History Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, Theodore H. Eaton, Jr. Volume 14, No. 14, pp. 165-362, 2 figs. Published May 20, 1963 University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas '. im mn) JUN-5I963; hmm mim$m PRINTED BY JEAN M. NEIBARGER, STATE PRINTER TOPEKA, KANSAS 1963 29-4035 The Mammals of Veracruz BY E. RAYIVIOND HALL (The University of Kansas) AND WALTER W. DALQUEST (Midwestern University) CONTENTS PAGE Introduction 167 Life-zones 170 Itineraby 174 Gazetteer 182 Check List 186 Accounts of Species 192 Literature Cited 356 INTRODUCTION In the rich, tropical lowlands of Veracruz, mammals have long interested man. Several species had religious and ornamental sig- nificance. Statues and ornaments of clay and stone representing mammals are common. Four stone squirrel heads in the plaza at San Andres Tuxtla weigh more than a hundred pounds each. The importance of hunting to the Indians before the Conquest is not known. They had few domestic animals and no draft animals. The Indians were a civilized, agricultural people; corn was a prin- cipal food crop. The accounts of the Conquest, although well documented in many respects, provide relatively httle information on the native wildlife. In one letter to Charles V, Cortes on July 10, 1519 (see pp. 20-21 of translation by J. B. Morris, 1928), mentioned that "All kinds of hunting is to be met with in this land and both birds and beasts similar to those we have in Spain, such as deer, both red and fallow, wolves, foxes, partridges, pigeons, turtle doves of several kinds, quails, hares and rabbits: so that in the matter of birds and beasts there is no great difference between this land and Spain, but there are in addition lions and tigers about five miles inland, of which more are to be found in some districts than in others." The situation is not greatly different today! (167) 168 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. The colonial period was marked by the introduction of livestock (cattle, horses, burrows, sheep, swine, goats) and food plants (beans, sugar cane, rice). The impact of these introduced species on the native wildlife must have been great. In the post-colonial period wildlife probably was affected by firearms becoming available to large numbers of persons. The Diaz period, in Veracruz, was marked by intensive exploitation of large parts of northern and southern Veracruz by foreign in- terests, especially British and American. The foreigners were far more effective in exterminating wildlife than was the native popu- lation. In the modern period, since 1910, firearms and ammunition have been available to a large part of the population. New roads are constantly being constructed into previously inaccessible areas. Enforcement of game laws is diflBcult. Over large areas the larger mammals have been eliminated, and their extirpation at an ac- celerated rate in other areas seems inevitable. Local names apphed to mammals of Veracruz can be divided into three categories. The first category consists of Spanish names applied to mammals that closely resemble species in Spain, for ex- ample zorra (fox), ardilla (squirrel) and conejo (rabbit). The second category is made up of descriptive phrases in Spanish for animals that do not closely resemble any in Spain. Examples are cabeza de viejo (the tayra, a white-headed mustelid) and braze fuerte (literally strong arm, referring to the tamandua — an ant- eater). The third category consists of names only slightly changed from tlie Indian (usually Nahuatl) language. Examples are coyote from the Nahuatl coyotl and mapache from the Nahuatl mapachth. In general, local names, distinctive of genera and often of species, are available for the mammals except kinds of bats, mice, and rats. All bats except the vampire are designated by the Spanish "mur- cielago." The vampire is "vampiro." Rat is "rata" and mouse is raton. In 1947 and 1948 Walter W. Dalquest drafted an account, much more extensive than the present one, of the mammals of Veracruz. In the period 1959-1961 E. Raymond Hall modified the account into essentially its present form. In the latter period Bradford House and Ticul Alvarez re-examined the specimens, prepared new lists of "Specimens examined," and checked the specific and subspecific identifications. Hall and Alvarez studied the specimens from northern Veracruz obtained in 1960 by M. Raymond Lee and in 1961 by Percy L. Clifton and J. H. Bodley and incorporated the Mammals of Verachuz 169 resulting information in the manuscript. In the itinerary and ac- counts of species the pronouns I, me, my, and mine refer to Dalquest. In the remarks on habits of the diflFerent species the quoted material that is not identified as from some previously pub- lished source is from Dalquest's field notebooks on file in the Museum of Natural History at the University of Kansas at Lawrence. Mammals were collected in Veracruz for the Museum of Natural History principally to obtain topotypes and other specimens from there that would enable investigators at the Museum to have com- parative materials for studying speciation and subspeciation in mam- mals from adjoining areas. Aims of the following account are to make known (1) the kinds of native mammals of Veracruz, and (2) the geographic distribution of each kind in Veracruz; and (3) to record natural history information as given beyond because such information is scarce or lacking for many of the species. Presentation at this time of the results of study of the taxonomy and the geographic distribution of the mammals of Veracruz is timely because corresponding information is being organized by other authors for the mammals of Tamaulipas to the northward and for those of Tabasco to the southward. Also, the combined informa- tion from these three accounts will aid in investigations underway in Yucatan and adjoining areas. For any technical (scientific) name of a species or subspecies beyond that differs from that in "The Mammals of North America" by Hall and Kelson (1959), an explanation or citation to an explana- tion immediately follows the listing of records of occurrence. Where no such citations are given, basis for a name can be found in the mentioned publication by Hall and Kelson. For kinds of mammals known to occur in Veracruz, previously pubHshed information is cited in the accounts beyond (1) if the information relates to lands found by other investigators but not by us, and (2) if specimens are listed from places additional to those from which the University of Kansas Museum of Natiural History has specimens. Also, some previously unrecorded speci- mens in other museums are here recorded for the first time. For the use of these specimens and for other assistance we thank David H. Johnson, Henry W. Setzer and Charles O. Handley, Jr., of the U. S. National Museum; Richard H. Manville, Viola S. Schantz, and John E. Paradiso, of the mammal collections of the U. S. Fish and Wildhfe Service; Philip Hershkovitz and Karl F. Koopman of the Chicago Natural History Museum; and G. B. Corbet of the British Museum, Natural History. Some of the re- 170 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. search in the laboratory was supported by Grant No. 56 G 103 from the National Science Foundation. Field work was supported by a grant from the American Heart Association, Inc., for a brief period by a grant from the Atomic Energy Commission, and principally by grants from the Kansas University Endowment Association. LIFE-ZONES Life-zones, from the Arctic-Alpine to the Tropical, are present in Veracruz. The physiography of the state is such, however, that the higher hfe-zones are all in a small area along the western edge of the central part of the state. There the eastern edge of the Mexican Plateau extends eastward into Veracruz, and the desert- inhabiting mammals of the Lower Sonoran Life-zone enter the state. At the eastern edge of the plateau in Veracruz, the land rises abruptly, and the top of the great volcanic cone of the Pico de Orizaba is 18,077 feet above sea level. Orizaba is the second highest mountain in North America, being exceeded only by Mount McKin- ley in Alaska. On the eastern side of Mt. Orizaba, and its neighbor- ing mountain, Cofre de Perote, the land pitches down abruptly. The summit of Orizaba is only 70 miles from the Gulf of Mexico and the distance from its summit to the Tropical Life-zones at the city of Orizaba is only 18 miles. The upper life-zones, in Veracruz, are present in only a small area. Much of this area is made up of the Lower Sonoran Life- zone, the desert of the Mexican Plateau, and even this zone is but faintly represented on the eastern slope of the Plateau. Above the Lower Sonoran Life-zone, it is diflBcult or impossible to delimit the individual life-zones customarily recognized farther northward; in- stead there is the area of pines, then the zacaton and firs, and finally the area above timberline which can be designated as the Arctic Alpine Life-zone. The remainder, approximately 95 per cent of the state, Hes in the Tropical Zone. For practical purposes we choose not to attempt to recognize an Upper Tropical Life-zone and a Lower Tropical Life-zone, but instead prefer to recognize three divisions of the Tropical Zone. The divisions are arid, lower humid, and upper humid. The Arctic-Alpine Life-zone in Veracruz includes the peak of Mount Orizaba. Probably this life-zone normally has no distinctive mammalian fauna at this latitude. The other boreal and temperate life-zones form a narrow belt round the upper parts of the slopes of the Cofre de Perote and Mammals of Veracruz 171 the Pico de Orizaba, from near Tlapacoyan, on the north, to near Acultzingo, on the south. This belt is characterized by coniferous trees and a distinct mammahan fauna. Characteristic species, in Veracruz, are: Sorex macrodon, Sorex saussurei, Cratogeomtjs pero- tensis, Reithrodontomys chnjsopsis, Scitirus oculatus, and Neotomo- don alstoni. The parts of this belt at higher levels are more humid, and the species of conifers difiFer from those of the lower levels. The higher areas have numerous meadows of a bunchgrass (zaca- ton). Only a few kinds of mammals are restricted to the upper area; only the volcano mouse (Neotomodon) and the volcano harvest mouse {Reithrodontomys chrysopsis) seem to be confined to it. The Mexican Plateau, intruding from the west brings the Sonoran life-zones into the area to the north and west of Cofre de Perote, This is an area of sandy desert, supporting mammals characteristic of the Sonoran life-zones: Cratogeomys fulvescens, Dipodomys phillipsi, Perognathus flavus, Spermophihis perotensis, and Pero- myscus difricilis. On the eastern slope, the Sonoran life-zones are almost pinched out, owing to the rapid drop of the terrain. There is an indication of the Sonoran zones near Las Vigas, and again in the valley below Acultzingo. At the northern edge of the temperate area, near Tlapacoyan, there is an abrupt transition from the temperate area to the Tropical Zone. At Teziutlan in the state of Puebla there are extensive forests of conifers. Going eastward, and downward, a person passes through an area strongly reminiscent of the humid division of the Transition Life-zone of the northern Pacific Coast of the United States. Beneath broad-leaved trees of the alder type, a dense growth of mosses and sword ferns cover the ground. Continuing eastward, there is a gradual transition; the sword ferns give way to tree ferns, the alderHke trees give way to tropical trees, the stream courses have a distinct tropical flora, and finally the temperate forms of vegetation are found only on the higher hills, before dis- appearing completely in favor of a pure tropical forest. At the southern edge of the temperate area, near Acultzingo, the conifers of the northern temperate area, the western desert flora, and the eastern tropical flora almost meet at an area of brush- land. The entire area is somewhat humid, being cloud-covered much of the time as a result of the warm winds, which blow in from the gulf, rising and spilling over the lip of the plateau near Acultzingo. Nevertheless, the water runs off rapidly because the 172 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. area is rocky and slopes steeply. The area of bnishland has scat- tered coniferous trees in sheltered places. The trees support an extremely rich flora of bromehads, mosses, ferns and orchids, al- though the ground beneath is relatively dry. The mammalian fauna is limited as to species and numbers of individuals, but is made up of species from the temperate zone, the desert, and the tropical jungles to the east. According to Dr. Edward H. Taylor of The University of Kansas, the area has a rich endemic fauna of reptiles and amphibians. In Veracruz the arid division of tlie tropical zone is best seen on the coastal plain, which is relatively level, extending from sea level along the gulf to between 700 and 1700 feet, depending on the topography. Much of the plain is grassland that, by the later part of the dr>' season, is sparse, dead and brown. The earth is baked and cracked. Vegetation consists of scattered, bushlike trees with lacy foliage and thickets of flat-topped, thorny bushes. But along the water courses the jungle is thick and dense. There the trees are tall and abundantly hung with vines, parasites and epiphytes. The mammalian fauna of this division includes some species that are not found in other divisions of the Tropical Life- zone. Examples are Reithrodontomys fulvescens, Sigmodon his- pidus, and Liomys pictus. Several species have subspecies in the arid division different from those in the upper humid division of the tropical zone. The upper humid division of the tropical zone is the dense forest area, where the trees are tall and abundantly hung with many species of vines, mosses, ferns, cacti, bromeliads, orchids, and other parasites and epiphytes. This division has a distinct fauna. The mammals include several species that, in Veracruz, seem to be con- fined to it. These include: Cryptotis mexicanus and Microtus quasiater. The line of contact between the upper humid and arid divisions of the tropical zone is sharp; in places, one can tell almost to the yard where the two meet. This arrangement has resulted from human activities. Originally, a band of oak forest separated the upper humid division and arid division of the tropical zone. This oak forest was transitional in nature, being neither strictly semi- arid nor semihumid. Unfortunately the land most important for cultivation is at the junction of these two. There the land is level, and cultivation is practical; also this zone is the most humid part of the relatively arid coastal plain. As a result the land was cleared Mammals of Veracruz 173 tor cultivation and numerous towns and villages are situated there, A second factor that makes for rapid clearing is the oak itself. This wood makes a superior kind of charcoal. The trees grow on relatively level ground and therefore the charcoal made from them is easily transported to market. Consequently the oak forest has completely disappeared in most places. Only in the more inacces- sible areas is there any extensive oak forest remaining. In so far as we were able to determine, the oak forest has no kinds of mam- mals endemic to it; those trapped were kinds which occurred also on the coastal plain and individuals were few. The lower humid division of the tropical zone includes the dense, lowland jungle, and in most respects does not differ greatly from the upper humid division, but in detail it differs greatly. Many species of trees are confined to the lower humid division, as also are several species of mammals, for example Alouatta villosa, Tapirus bairdii, Cyclopes didactylus and Tayassu pecari. The topography of Veracruz, except for the mountains and the edge of the Mexican Plateau aheady discussed, is relatively simple. The state is a low, level, tropical lowland, extending northward and westward between the Gulf of Mexico and the high, arid desert of the Mexican Plateau. The tropical part of the state has but two important topographic interruptions. One is the Tuxtla Mountains. They are a group of small volcanic peaks and basaltic intrusions. Although the peaks are not high, the highest, Volcan San Martin Tuxtla, being only 5000 feet above sea level, the area is much ele- vated above the surrounding plain. The area is an island, of the upper humid division of the tropical zone, completely surrounded by the lower humid division of the tropical zone less than 100 feet above sea level. The mammalian fauna of the Tuxtla Mountains has not been thoroughly studied, but the study which has been made reveals a certain amount of endemism among the mammals. The second interruption of the coastal plain is the arm of high country which extends eastward along the twentieth parallel al- most to the waters of the Gulf. There the lowlands average less than 10 kilometers wide for a distance of approximately 45 kilo- meters in a north to south direction along the coast. The high land that extends eastward to the coast seems to have served as a barrier to the dispersal of the spiny pocket mice since only Liomys pictus occurs to the southward and Liomys irroratiis to the north- ward. For the most part, however, the barrier serves only to divide the ranges of subspecies. 174 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. ITINERARY In the first season of field work in Veracruz by Dalquest he was accompanied by his wife, Peggy. On Febraary 9, 1946, they traveled via Tlacotepec and Tehuacan in the state of Puebla to Potrero in the state of Veracruz. Potrero is the site of Ingenio El Potrero, a large sugar mill and sugar cane planta- tion. Mr. Dyfrig Forbes, the superintendent of Ingenio El Potrero, and his wife, Mrs. Leora Forbes, welcomed the Dalquests and invited them to make the beautiful Hacienda Potrero Viejo the base of their operations in Veracruz. Potrero Viejo is an old Spanish colonial village situated seven kilometers west of Potrero. Potrero Viejo, rather than the modern Potrero, is the "Potrero" of Sumichrast. Several days were spent at Potrero Viejo. Trips were made to nearby caves where bats of several species were found. On February 15 camp was established on the north side of the Rio Atoyac, approximately eight kilo- meters northwest of Potrero Viejo. There a local man named Valdo (killed in 1947) and two of Mr. Forbes' employees, Casildo Mazza and his nephew, Gerardo Mazza, assisted in the collecting of specimens. Work was con- tinued in the vicinity of Potrero until March 24, except for a short trip on March 17 and 18, with Mr. Forbes, to the coastal plain near Piedras Negras. On March 24 camp was moved to the Rio Metlac, four kilometers west- northwest of the town of Fortin. Mr. Daniel Rabago, manager of the power plant of the Moctezuma Brewery, made available a splendid camp site, modern conveniences, and some of his employees as assistants. On April 8 the Dalquests returned to Potrero Viejo. Further information, condensed from the field notes of W. W. Dalquest, is as follows: On April 10, we drove to Mexico City and then made a leisurely trip to the international border, collecting specimens at various localities along the way. On April 24 we shipped ovu: specimens from Laredo, Texas, and on April 29 again started southward, reaching Potrero Viejo on May 5. There equipment and supplies were packed, and on May 9 we left for the coastal plain where we set up and maintained our camp on the Rio Blanco 20 kilo- meters west-northwest of Piedras Negras. Gerardo Mazza again served as our assistant and camp was established on land belonging to his father. Ex- cept for one trip ( May 20-23 ) to Cordoba and Potrero Viejo for supplies, we remained near Piedras Negras until May 31. The rainy season had be- gun by that time, and we had some difficulty in crossing the swollen Rio Blanco and the muddy coastal plain. We remained at Potrero Viejo until lune 6, then collected in central and northern Mexico, and crossed the inter- national boundary at Laredo on luly 4. The second season's work was begun on September 8, 1946, when I (W. W. Dalquest) and Allen Oleson of Boulder, Colorado, crossed the border at Laredo. Collections were made along the highway, and we did not ar- rive at Potrero Viejo until the afternoon of September 23. In the period September 26-28 we camped on the edge of an arroyo 15 kilometers east- southeast of San Juan de la Punta. The period September 28 to October 7 was spent on the Rio Blanco, 20 kilometers west of Piedras Negras. Gerardo Mazza then was engaged and acted as assistant for the year. On October 7 we returned to Potrero Viejo, but left on October 9 and for one night camped 15 kilometers east-southeast of San Juan de la Punta, and then for two nights camped five kilometers southwest of Boca del Rio, on the lower reaches of Mammals of Veracruz 175 the Rio Atoyac, near its mouth. On October 13 we drove through the city of Veracruz to Jalapa, and camped five kilometers north of that city. We remained until October 20. On October 20 we camped three kilometers west of Plan del Rio and from the afternoon of October 21 until October 23 at Puente Nacional. On the 23rd we returned to Potrero Viejo and on Octo- ber 24 we made a round trip to Cordoba. We left Potrero Viejo on October 21, camped on the beach at Mocambo on the night of the 28th, drove to Veracruz on the 29th, on to Puente Nacional and Jalapa to two kilometers west of Jico where we camped until October 31 (Oleson set traps on the evening of the 27th five kilometers north of Jalapa). On the 31st we drove back to Jalapa and eastward to where we camped three kilometers east of Las Vigas until November 5. From November 6 until November 9, we collected on the desert two kilometers east of Perote. From November 9 until 11 we camped and collected six kilometers south-southeast of Altotonga and on the 11th we drove via Tezuitlan, Puebla, to an overnight dry camp seven kilometers southeast of Jalacingo. On November 12 we drove high on the slopes of the Cofre de Perote, and camped at 10,550 feet elevation, 11 kilometers northwest of Pes- cados. Although it was bitterly cold, we remained in this camp on the Cofre de Perote until November 18 when we drove via a place designated as two kilometers south of Sierra de Agua, 8500 feet, to the desert, where we camped for one night three kilometers west of Limon, placing us one kilometer east of the border of Puebla. The next day we drove to the highway to Puebla, and then east, camping on the night of November 19 three kilometers west of Acultzingo, and reached Potrero next day, when Mr. Oleson left to return to the United States. We (Gerardo Mazza and Dalquest) left Potrero Viejo on November 29, and managed to drive southward along the Tehuantepec railway and then south to where we camped three kilometers north of Presidio until Decem- ber 4 when we moved camp to a point two kilometers north of Motzorongo, where we remained until December 11. On December 11 we returned to our earlier camp three kilometers north of Presidio, and worked there until retiuming to Potrero Viejo on December 13. On December 14 we made an overnight trip to a camp seven kilometers southeast of San Juan de la Punta. We retiu-ned on the 15th to Potrero Viejo and left there on December 17, drove via Cordoba to Orizaba, and camped three kilometers southeast of Orizaba until December 22 when we returned to Potrero Viejo. On January 12, 1947, Gerardo Mazza left for the Rio Blanco, to collect alone, and I left Potrero Viejo to go to the state of Tabasco. An illness con- tracted in Tabasco prevented field work for some days, and it was not until February 1 that Mazza and I together took the plane for Coatzacoalcos. We collected at places 14 kilometers southwest of Coatzacoalcos, at a place seven kilometers northwest of Paso Nuevo, and at a place 10 kilometers northwest of Minatitlan until February 12, when we took the plane for Cordoba. Un- fortunately, weather conditions prevented the plane from landing in Vera- cruz, and we were taken to Mexico City. We were forced to live in Mexico City until money for our fare back to Potrero could be sent from there. We did not leave for the field again until February 26, and this time we went by train to Jimba where we remained until March 6 except for a side trip on March 4 and 5 to a place 15 kilometers to the southwest. We returned via Cordoba to Potrero Viejo leaving again for Cordoba on March 10, and 176 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. from there on March 11, by train for Jesus Carranza (old name Santa Lucrecia) on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. After several days spent near Jesiis Carranza, we obtained passage on a dugout canoe, and lived with the Indians down- stream from Jesus Carranza for more than a week. On March 23 we returned to Potrero Viejo. We made a short trip, March 31-April 2, to Cosamolapdn, and then packed our materials and specimens. Mazza then returned to the Rio Blanco while I left for the United States, crossing the international bound- ary on April 27. In the tliird season, I (Dalquest) drove directly from Lawrence, Kansas, to Potrero Viejo, arriving on September 21, 1947. A local boy, having the given name of "Moises," there was engaged as assistant. Camp was estab- lished two kilometers north of Paraje Nuevo, a few kilometers from Potrero Viejo, on September 23, and collecting was done there until September 28. On September 28 we left for our old camp on Boca del Rio, but stayed there only one night and collected specimens three kilometers west of Boca del Rio before returning to Potrero Viejo. On October 6, we drove to the edge of the plateau and camped three kilometers west of Acultzingo where we re- mained until October 8, when we drove to Limon, on the Perote desert, and camped three kilometers west of the towoi until October 11. On that date we moved camp to two kilometers east of Perote and searched especially for ground squirrels. Leaving there on October 13, we went north, through Tezuitlan, Puebla, and then back east to the state of Veracruz, and camped four kilometers west of Tlapacoyan, October 13 to 17. On October 17 we drove farther east, and camped five kilometers east-northeast of El Jobo. There we found mammals so scarce that we left the area and returned to Potrero on October 20. On October 27 we again went northward, through the city of Veracruz, and camped seven kilometers north-northwest of Cerro Gordo. We remained there until October 30, when we drove westward to the edge of the plateau and camped overnight foiur kilometers south of Jalacingo. On October 31 we drove on and camped three kilometers southwest of San Marcos, where we collected for several days. On November 5 we drove eastward to the gulf, and northward, stopping nine kilometers northwest of Nautla. Land crabs in great numbers here prevented successful collecting of mammals, and we drove, via San Marcos, north to three kilometers west of Gutierrez Zamora on November 6. We went still farther north on November 9, camping that night foiu- kilometers east of Papantla and next day moved camp to 10 kilometers northwest of Papantla. On November 11 we moved camp to five kilometers south of Tehuantlan and remained there until November 15 when we started the return trip, trapping nine kilometers east of Papantla on the nights of November 15, 16 and 17. On November 18 we had heavy rains; on the 19th we reached Martinez de la Torre and remained there overnight. On November 20 we camped again four kilometers west of Tlapacoyan, re- maining until November 25 when we drove via Tezuitlan, Jalacingo, Alto- tonga, Perote, and Jalapa to seven kilometers nortli-northwest of Cerro Gordo where we made collections imtil November 28 when we returned to Potrero Viejo. On December 5, Angel Carrillo was employed as assistant, and he and I, on that date, left Potrero and drove over the newly constructed highway to Mirador. Hacienda Mirador still was inhabited by the Sartorius and Grohman families, as it was when Sumichrast obtained specimens there nearly 100 years Mammals of Veracruz 177 before we did. E. W. Nelson collected there in 1894. The Grohman family kindly invited us to live at Hacienda Mirador while we were working in that area. We stayed at Mirador until December 10, and then moved east to a place 15 kilometers east-northeast of Tlacotepec, remaining there until De- cember 14. We then started back to Potrero Viejo, trapping on December 14 to 16 four kilometers west of Paso de San Juan; on December 16 to 18 three kilometers west of Boca del Rio; and on December 18 to 20 one kilometer east of Mecayucan. On December 20 we returned to Potrero Viejo. We left there on December 28, spent the night in Cordoba, and took the train south- ward the next day. We spent the following night at Rodriguez Clara, a divi- sion point, and the next morning took the train to San Andres Tuxtla, ar- riving on the evening of December 30. The Tuxtla area was rich in mammals, and we remained there vmtil January 21, 1948, when we returned via Cordoba to Potrero Viejo. On February 2, Carrillo and I (Dalquest) left Potrero Viejo, took the train southward to the Isthmus, and descended the Rio Jaltipec and Rio Coatzacoalcos by dugout to a locality known as Zapotal, a collection of native houses on the riverbank. There we established a base, for operations in the Isthmus, living with the Indians whom I (Dalquest) had met on the visit to that area in the previous year. We reached Zapotal on February 5, and remained until May 3, except for the period of February 24 to March 19, when I (Dalquest) returned to the United States on business. The rainy season started early in May, 1948, and on May 20, 1948, I (Dalquest) reached Laredo on the return trip to the United States. In May and June, 1948, Mr. Dyfrig Forbes obtained several valuable mam- mal specimens for us, in the immediate vicinity of Potrero Viejo. Actual collecting for the 1948-1949 season was started at Potrero Viejo on Septem- ber 14, 1948, with Angel Carillo again as assistant. On September 19, we left for the desert near Perote, arriving that evening. From a base at the town of Perote we collected west and north of the town, and also two and three kilometers west of Limon. We remained at Perote until October 1. On that date we moved our base eastward to the pine forest and lava area about Las Vigas, and from a base at Las Vigas collected specimens from within a three kilometer radius. Mammals were abundant, in spite of the cold weather, and our collecting trunks were filled when we left there on October 21. We arrived at Potrero Viejo on October 22. We remained at Potrero Viejo until November 2, when we left and drove through Huatusco to Jalapa, Puebla, and Mexico City, northward through Pachuca, Real del Monte, and Atotonilco to collect in the extreme western part of the Chicontepec Rincon. We obtained specimens 10 kilometers southwest of Jacales on November 4 and 5, and at six kilometers west-southwest of ZacualpiUa on November 6 to 10. On November 10, we drove eastward through Tulancingo, Hidalgo, and set traps seven kilometers west of El Brinco, Veracruz. Continuing southward from this locality, we trapped and hunted bats at Jalacingo on November 12 and 13. On November 14, we continued on to Potrero Viejo, obtaining speci- mens at Pucnte Nacional and Huatusco on the way. From November 17 to 27, we collected near Potrero Viejo, but on November 27, collected near Cautlapan, and spent the night at that town. On November 29, we drove to Coscomatepec, where we stayed until December 2, when we moved north- ward to Huatusco. We spent only one night at Huatusco, and returned to Cautlapan on December 3, and on to Potrero Viejo on December 4, On De- 178 UNn^ERSiTY OF Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. cember 5 we made a trip to the Cumbres of Acultzingo with Mr. Forbes, collecting specimens, principally reptiles and amphibians, along the high- way, and returned to Potrero Viejo that night. On December 8, we camped at Boca del Rio, and the following day drove south along the Gulf to the port of Alvarado. There are no small mammals on the sands at Alvarado, because of the great numbers of land crabs. We spent several days trying to secure a manatee here, but failed. We did make arrangement with a fisher- man to supply a specimen, and from him obtained a splendid skull a few weeks later. Leaving Alvarado on December 12, we drove tlirough Vera- cruz and then westward to Puente Nacional, where we set traps that night. On December 13 we collected at Plan del Rio, December 14 nine kilometers east of Totutla, and on December 15 at Cautlapan. We arrived at Potrero Viejo on December 16, and remained until December 29. On that date we drove to Teocelo where collecting was good, and we remained until Janu- ary 10, 1949. On January 10 we drove to Las Vigas, where we remained until January 19, and returned to Potrero Viejo on January 20. On January 28 we started northward, stopping at Teocelo until February 1, then driving through Papantla to Tuxpan and west along the river to San Isidro, where we spent the night. The following day, February 4, we started northward along the road leading to Tampico, Tamaulipas. We collected at the fol- lowing places: Potrero Llano, February 4; Cerro Azul, February 5; La Mar, February 6; El Cepillo, February 7; and Tampico Alto, February 8. On Febru- ary 8, we drove back southward to La Mar, and then westward over a very bad road to Ozuluama, where we stayed until February 10. On February 10, we returned to La Mar, and on southward to Potrero Llano, where we re- mained until February 16. Along this entire route, we found small mammals to be rare, and only near Potrero Llano were specimens taken in fair numbers. We started back for Potrero Viejo on February 17, arriving on the 21st. From March 1 to 7, we were out of Veracruz, bringing the previous six months' catch to the border at Laredo. We returned to Potrero Viejo on March 11. We left Potrero on March 18, taking the railroad south to Jesus Carranza, on the Isthmus. We were fortunate in meeting an Indian friend there the following day, and he took us and our equipment to Zapotal, where we were greeted by our friends of the previous two years. We spent the time between March 20 and April 14 collecting on the Rio Coatzacoalcos and Rio Chal- chijapa, east and south of Jesus Carranza. We returned to Potrero Viejo on April 2. On April 20, Carrillo was sent back to Zapotal, where I joined him on May 1. Between May 1 and May 16 we collected on the Rio Coatzacoalcos and Rio Solusuchil, southeast and east of Jesus Carranza. In 1949, collecting in Veracruz by Dalquest was terminated on June 5. In the period April 22-26, 1949, W. W. Dalquest and E. R. Hall, for part of the time accompanied by Mrs. E. R. Hall, visited many of the places where mammals had been collected in the previous three years by Dalquest. Our itinerary follows: April 22, from Mexico City east through Huauchinango, Puebla, Poza Rica (Veracruz), Papantla, Gutierrez Zamora, Tecolutla, to within two kilometers of Nautla, southwest through Tlapacoyan to Tezuitlan (Puebla) where we spent the night. April 23, to Jalacingo, Altotonga, Perote, Limon, to border of state of Puebla, back to Perote, Las Vigas, almost to city of Veracruz then Mammals of Veracruz 179 southwest across Rio Jamapa at Boca del Rio, thence southwest through Penuela, thence northeast seven kilometers to Potrero Viejo. April 24, caves (including Ojo de Agua) 13 miles west-northwest of Potrero Viejo, and another cave seven kilometers northwest of Potrero. April 25, Potrero Viejo, Cordoba, Orizaba, Acultzingo, Tehuacan, Limon, Perote, Las Vigas, Jalapa, Coatepec, Jico, Teocelo, back to Jalapa thence Puente Nacional, Huatusco, Coscomatepec, Fortin to Cordoba where we spent the night. April 26, to San Juan de la Punta, to within nine kilometers of Boca del Rio, to Alvarado, back to place nine kilometers west of Boca del Rio, to Boca del Rio, then back west to Peiiuela and to Potrero Viejo. April 27, via Cordoba and Orizaba to Mexico City. In the period January 12 through January 24, 1951, W. W. Dalquest, Rolhn H. Baker, Alford J. Robinson and George P. Young visited the southern part of the state of Veracruz and collected several mammals. With reference to the town of Jesus Carranza the localities of capture of mammals on this trip were as follows: 20 km. E (Boca del Rio Chalchijapa ) ; 37 km. E and 7 km. S (Arroyo Saoso); 20 km. ESE; 24 km. E and 7 km. S; 26 km. E and 8 km. S ( Arroyo Azul ) . On July 21, 1955, Rollin H. Baker, R. W. Dickerman, J. Keever Greer, DeLayne Hudspeth, John WiUiam Hardy, Charles M. Fugler, Robert L. Packard, Robert G. Webb, and South Van Hoose, drove northward, from Tollocita [=Tollosa], Oaxaca, taking the ferry over the Rio Altapec near Jesus Carranza, via Acayucan, and camped live miles south of Catemaco. On July 22 the party drove to San Andres Tuxtla, to five miles southeast of Lerdo de Tejada, to Alvarado, to the city of Veracruz. On July 24 the route was Veracruz, Jalapa, Perote, Tezuitlan (in Puebla), three miles northwest Nauda. On July 25 the party drove from three miles nortliwest Nautia to Tecolutla, Papantla, Poza Rica into the state of Puebla. In 1960 M. Raymond Lee collected mammals for the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History in the northern part of the state of Veracruz — from February 27 to March 3 at places 10, 19 and 25 miles west of Tampico and a place five miles south of Tampico. From March 6 to April 10 he collected at Tuxpan, at places four and six kilometers north tliereof, at places seven, nine, 12, 14, 15, 17, 25, 35 and 50 kilometers northwest of Tuxpan, at places four and five kilometers east of Tuxpan, and at places four and five kilometers northeast of Tuxpan. Again on April 18 he collected at the place four kilometers northeast. In this period, from March 29 to April 6, he collected at Hacienda Tamiahua, Cabo Rojo and on April 5 also on Isla Burros and the south end of Isla Juana Ramirez, both islands being in the Laguna de Tamiahua. From April 12 to 15 he collected at Zacualpan and tliree kilometers to the west; on April 16 two kilometers north of Los Jacales; on April 19 and 21 at Tlacolula; on April 20 at Ixcatepec; and on April 21 also at Piedras Clavadas and again at the place 35 kilometers northwest of Tuxpan. In 1961 Percy L. Clifton and J. H. Bodley collected vertebrates for the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History in the northern part of the state of Veracruz — on September 10 and 11 at a place one mile east of Higo, 500 feet elevation; September 12-14, at Platon Sanchez, 800 feet elevation; and, September 18-25, twelve and one-half miles north of Tihuatlan, 300 feet elevation. 180 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. 97 -7- »6 -TAMPICO 0 10 ts so III I l3>a 7» -22 d @ ^^-^M^< J5) ^•':!^^. "if -.0 \ y^ 'i ^■-^^^tv V^ 40 1 — H ^^••° do — Fir' • » («>J »87 \ •102 ^ ^ IJ3» •TT^ II9«»II8 ttt?"^ \^ (^ ^^ y25 • • • • • / 131 •132 129 \ ^.^^133 W?) ^^. 13*7 139 ,« ') i_«~" I / Fig. 1. Localities that are numbered in the Gazetteer (pp. 182-186). In the numerical sequence north takes precedence over south and west over east. 1. Chijol 2. Tam6s 3. Hacienda El Caracol 4. Tampico Alto 5. Rivera 6. Isla Juana Ramirez 7. Higo 8. Hacienda Tamiahua 9. Isla Burros 10. ElCepillo 11. Ozuluama 12. Laguna Tamiahua 13. CaboRojo 14. La Mar 15. Platon Sdnchez 16. Ixcatepec 17. Cerro Azul 18. Piedras Clavadas 19. Potrero Llano 20. Tlacolula 21. Tuxpan 22. San Isidro 23. Tihuatldn 24. Miahuapa Mammals of Veracruz 181 25. Tecolutia 26. ElBrinco 27. ElTajin 28. Papantla 29. Gutierrez Zamora 30. Jacales 31. Zacualpan 32. Zacualpilla 33. Tulapilla, La 34. Coyutla 35. Nautia 36. San Marcos 37. Tlapacoyan 38. Jalacingo 39. Altotonga 40. Acatlan 41. Las Vigas 42. Volcancillo ( = Cerro de los Pajaros) 43. Sierra de Agua 44. Santa Maria 45. Perote 46. Guadalupe Victoria 47. Los Conejos 48. Jalapa 49. Pescados ( = Los Pescados ) 50. Limon 51. Cofre de Perote 52. Hacienda Tortugas 53. Jico ( = Xico) 54. Cerro Gordo 55. San Carlos 56. Teocelo 57. Texolo 58. Plan del Rio 59. Carrizal 60. Puente Nacional 61. Chichicaxtle 62. Mirador 63. Totutla 64. Tlacotepec 65. Paso de San Juan 66. Veracruz 67. Huatusco 68. Rio Jamapa 69. Boca del Rio 70. Coscomatepec 71. Mt. Orizaba 72. Xometla Camp 73. Monte Blanco 74. Rio Atoyac 75. Metlac 76. Ojo de Agua 77. Sumidero 78. Fortin 79. Rio Metlac 80. C6rdoba 81. Atoyac 82. Grutas Atoyac 83. Xuchil 84. Cuautlapan 85. Cueva de la Pesca, Potrero 86. Potrero 87. Mecayucan 88. Penuela 89. Parajo Nuevo 90. Potrero Viejo 91. Orizaba 92. Cautlapan 93. Sala del Agua 94. El Maguey 95. Rio Blanco 96. Tuxpango 97. San Juan de la Punta 98. Maltrata 99. Necostla (Necoxtla) 100. Dos Caminos 101. Alvarado 102. Piedras Negras 103. Omaelca 104. Rio Blanco 105. Acultzingo 106. Presidio 107. Motzorongo 108. Lerdo de Tejada 109. Tlacotalpam 110. Uvero 111. Tula 112. Volcan de Tuxtla ( Volcan San Martin Tuxtla ) 113. San Juan de los Reyes 114. Santiago Tuxtla 115. San Andres Tuxtla 116. Tierra Blanca 117. Catemaco 118. Rio Tesechoacdn 119. Cosamaloapan 120. Tilapa 121. Rio Papaloapam 122. Otatitlan 123. Rio Coatzacoalcos 124. Coatzacoalcos 125. Perez 126. Paso Nuevo 127. Pasa Nueva 128. Minatitlan 129. Jaltipan 130. Acayucan 131. Jimba 132. San Juan Evangelista 133. Achotal 134. Buena Vista 135. Jesus Carranza 136. Rio Chalchijapa 137. Arroyo Saoso 138. Arroyo Azul 139. Rio Solosuchi (= Rio Solosuchil ) 140. Isthmus of Tehuantepec 2—4035 182 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. I GAZETTEER | i The following names of places and geographical features are those | to which reference is made in this paper. The spellings are based principally on the American Geographical Society's "Map of His- panic America on tlie scale of 1:1,000,000 (Milliontli Map)" and ( its accompanying Index (1944). Latitude north of the equator | is followed by longitude west of Greenwich. Numbers in brackets refer to the position of the places on the accompanying map (Fig. 1). Acatlan 19 43 N, 97 10 W [40] Acayucan 17 57 N, 94 55 W [130] Achotal 17 44 N, 95 08 W [333] Acultzingo 18 42 N, 97 18 W [105] , Altotonga 19 46 N, 97 14 W [39] Alvarado 18 47 N, 95 45 W [101] ' Arroyo Azul 17 22 N, 95 01 W [138] J Arroyo Saoso (37 km. E and 7 km. S Jesus Carranza) 17 24 N, 94 41 W i [137] Atoyac 18 54 N, 96 47 W [81] 1 Boca del Rio 19 06 N, 96 07 W [69] Buena Vista 17 37 N, 94 14 W [134] Cabo Rojo 21 34 N, 97 20 W [13] Carrizal 19 22 N, 96 39 W [59] Catemaco 18 25 N, 95 06 W [117] ^ Cautlapan (Ixtaczoquitlan ) 18 51 N, 97 03 W [92] ! Cerro Azul 21 12 N, 97 43 W [17] ' Cerro de los Pajaros (see Volcancillo, authority of W. W. Dalquest) ' Cerro Gordo 19 25 N, 96 42 W [54] | Chichicaxtle 19 20 N, 96 28 W [61] ' Chijol (Chijal on some labels) 22 15 N, 98 16 W [1] Coatzacoalcos (Puerto Mexico) 18 08 N, 94 24 W [124] Cofre de Perote 19 29 N, 97 21 W [51] C6rdoba 18 54 N, 96 56 W [80] i Cosamaloapan 18 22 N, 95 48 W [119] ' Coscomatepec 19 04 N, 97 02 W [70] , Coyutla 20 15 N, 97 39 W [34] ' Cuautlapan 18 53 N, 97 02 W [84] Cueva de la Pesca, Potrero 18 53 N, 96 47 W [85] I Dos Caminos 18 47 N, 96 42 W [100] ! El Brinco 20 27 N, 97 37 W [26] i El Cepillo 21 42 N, 97 45 W [10] ' El Maguey (El Magay on some labels) 18 50 N, 96 43 W [94] El Tajin 20 27 N, 97 23 W [27] Fortin 18 54 N, 97 00 W [78] Grutas Atoyac 18 54 N, 96 46 W [82] Guadalupe Victoria ( Agutepec) 19 32 N, 97 16 W [46] Gutierrez Zamora 20 27 N, 97 06 W [29] Hacienda El Caracol, 5 km. SW Tam6s Approximately 22 II N, 98 01 W [3] Mammals of Veracruz 183 Hacienda Tamiahua 21 44 N, 97 33 W [8] Hacienda Tortugas Possibly within 50 kilometers of 19 28 N, 96 28 W [52] ( Hda. Tortugas is the type locaUty of Eira barbara senex; the type locality is at an elevation of approximately 600 feet in the District [= Municipio] of Jalapa. ) Higo 21 46 N, 98 22 W [7] Huatusco 19 09 N, 96 57 W [67] Isla Burros 21 43 N, 97 36 W [9] Isla Juana Ramirez 21 47 N, 97 39 W [6] Isthmus of Tehuantepec 17°-18° N, 94°-95° W [140] Ixcatepec (Sta. Maria) 21 14 N, 98 01 W [16] Jacales 20 26 N, 98 27 W [30] Jalacingo 19 48 N, 97 18 W [38] Jalapa 19 31 N, 96 55 W [48] Jaltipan 17 58 N, 94 43 W [129] Jesus Carranza (Santa Lucrecia) 17 26 N, 95 01 W [135] Jico (Xico) 19 25 N, 97 00 W [53] Jimba 17 56 N, 95 23 W [131] Laguna Tamiahua 21 38 N, 97 35 W (central point of the lake) [12] Lagunas (Not found; Osgood, 1909:201, lists Peromyscus mexicanus mexi- canus from this locality, ) La Mar 21 31 N, 97 41 W [14] Las Vigas 19 38 N, 97 05 W [41] Lerdo de Tejada Approximately 18 36 N, 95 31 W [108] (Mentioned in R. H. Baker's itinerary on file in Museum of Natural History of The Uni- versity of Kansas. ) Limon (= San Antonio Limon) 19 30 N, 97 21 W [50] Los Conejos Approximately 19 31 N, 97 09 W (on north slope of Cofre de Perote) [47] Los Pescados ( see Pescados ) Maltrata 18 47 N, 97 16 W [98] Mecayucan 18 53 N, 96 15 W [87] Metlac ^ Approximately 18 56 N, 97 00 W [75] (A power plant on the Rio Metlac; approximately three kilometers northerly from Fortin according to field notes of W. W, Dalquest. ) Miahuapa 20 37 N, 97 37 W [24] (See also Tulapilla, La, in account of Peromyscus leucopus mesomelas. ) Minatitlan 17 59 N, 94 33 W [128] Mirador 19 17 N, 96 54 W (W. W. Dalquest, field notes) [62] Monte Blanco 18 59 N, 97 00 W [73] Motzorongo 18 39 N, 96 45 W [107] Mt. Orizaba 19 02 N, 97 16 W [71] Nautla 20 13 N, 96 46 W [35] Necostla ( Necoxda) 18 47 N, 97 01 W [99] Necoxtla (see Necostla) Ojo de Agua (a cave, and a spring which is the source of a river) 18 56 N, 96 54 W ( W. W. Dalquest, field notes ) [76] Omaelca (Omaelco) 18 45 N, 96 46 W [103] Orizaba 18 51 N, 97 05 W [91] Otatitlan 18 11 N, 96 02 W [122] Ozuluama (Ozulama on labels) 21 40 N, 97 51 W [11] Papantla 20 27 N, 97 19 W [28] Paraje Nuevo 18 52 N, 96 52 W (W. W. Dalquest, field notes) [89] 184 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Paso de Ovejas 19 17 N, 96 26 W ( Not shown on Fig. 1. ) Pasa Nueva Here (see map) is shown at 17 59 N, 95 11 W on the authority of Wetmore (1943:216, 217) who has told one of us (Hall) that he (Wetmore) had obtained verbal information from Colburn as to the location of the place concerned. Colburn collected the specimens that J. A. Allen (1904:29) recorded from "Pasa Nueva." Possibly Allen did not talk with Colburn about the exact position of the place and perhaps rehed on some other source that caused him (Allen) to state that the location was "a short distance from Tlacotalpan, about 60 miles south of the city of Vera Cruz. . . ." Nava (Direc. Gen. Correos y Tele- grafos de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, 1892, p. 203) listed a "Paso Nuevo" as a rancho near Cosamaloapam. It was because Allen's state- ment as to location was plausible that Lowery and Dalquest (1951:541) tended to think of the locahty as at approximately 18 23 N, 95 48 W. Possibly that is correct but because Wetmore had advice from the col- lector, Colburn, it is probable that the specimens were collected at 17 59 N,95 11W. [127] Paso de San Juan 19 12 N, 96 19 W [65] Paso Nuevo 18 01 N, 94 26 W [126] Penuela 18 52 N, 96 54 W [88] Perez 18 04 N, 95 43 W [125] Perote 19 34 N, 97 14 W [45] Pescados 19 30 N, 97 08 W (W. W. Dalquest, field notes) [49] Piedras Clavadas "75 km. NW Tuxpan" 21 11 N, 97 59 W [18] Piedras Negras 18 46 N, 96 11 W [102] Plan del Rio 19 23 N, 96 36 W (W. W. Dalquest, field notes) [58] Platon Sanchez 21 17 N, 98 22 W [15] Potrero 18 53 N, 96 47 W [86] Potrero Llano (= Potrero del Llano) 21 10 N, 97 43 W (W. W. Dalquest, field notes) [19] Potrero Viejo 18 52 N, 96 50 W [90] Presidio 18 39 N, 96 46 W (W. W. Dalquest, field notes) [106] Puente Nacional 19 20 N, 96 29 W [60] Rio Alvarado ( see Rio Papaloapam, W. W. Dalquest, field notes ) Rio Atoyac 18 58 N, 96 54 W [74] SE to junction with Rio Jamapa at 18 50 N, 96 40 W (W. W. Dalquest, field notes) Some maps give Rio Atoyac also for the lower part of the river to which the name Rio Jamapa is applied in our present account of the mammals of Veracruz. Rio Blanco (village) 18 49 N, 97 09 W [95] Rio Blanco 18 43 N, 97 18 W, east into Laguna Tlalixcoyan (a part of Laguna de Alvarado) at 18 45 N, 95 50 W [104] Rio Chalchijapa From across Oaxacan boundary at 94 46 N (where named Rio Alegro) northerly to Boca Chalchijapa (17 26 N, 94 50 W) at con- fluence with Rio Coatzacoalcos [136] Rio Coatzacoalcos From Oaxacan boundary at 17 20 N, 94 59 W, NE into sea at Puerto Mexico ( 18 09 N, 94 25 W) [123] Rio Jamapa 19 06 N, 96 43 W, E into sea at Boca del Rio ( 19 06 N, 96 07 W) [68] Rio Metldc A river, tributary to the Rio Blanco, running from NW to SE at Fortin (W. W. Dalquest) [79] Rio Papaloapam From Oaxacan boundary at 18 11 N, 96 06 W, NE into Laguna de Alvarado ( 18 43 N, 95 45 W) [121] Rio Solosuchi (= Rio Solosuchil) 17 14 N, 94 28 W, NW into Rio Chalchi- japa at 17 22 N, 94 47 W [139] Rio Tesechoacan This is a continuation northward of the Rio Playa Vicente. Mammals of Veracruz 185 From Perez the river continues northward to its junction with the Rio Papaloapam at 18 24 N, 95 43 W [118] Rivera 22 06 N, 97 46 W [5] Sala del Agua 18 50 N, 96 43 W [93] San Andres Tuxtla 18 27 N, 95 13 W [115] San Carlos 19 24 N, 96 21 W [55] San Isidro 20 56 N, 97 33 W [22] San Juan de la Punta 18 49 N, 96 44 W [97] San Juan de los Reyes 18 31 N, 95 27 W [113] San Juan EvangeUsta 17 53 N, 95 08 W [132] San Marcos 20 12 N, 96 57 W [36] Santa Maiia Approximately 19 37 N, 96 54 W (see Goldman 1951:281) [44] Santiago Tuxtla 18 28 N, 95 18 W [114] Sierra de Agua 19 37 N, 97 11 W [43] Sumidero 18 54 N, 97 01 W [77] Tamos 22 13 N, 97 59 W [2] Tampico (in state of Tamaulipas) 22 13 N, 97 51 W Tampico Alto 22 06 N, 97 48 W [4] Tecolutla 20 29 N, 97 01 W [25] Teocelo 19 23 N, 96 58 W [57] Texolo (possibly Teocelo; the Barranca of Texolo is one kilometer north of Teocelo but we do not know of any town or village bearing the name Texolo) 19 23 N, 96 58 W [57] Tierra Blanca 18 26 N, 96 21 W [116] Tihuatlan (Tehuatlan on specimen labels) 20 43 N, 97 33 W [23] Tilapa 18 18 N, 95 47 W [120] Tlacolula 21 06 N, 97 58 W [20] Tlacotalpam ( = Tlacotalpan ) 18 37 N, 95 39 W [109] Tlacotepec 19 12 N, 96 50 W [64] Tlapacoyan 19 58 N, 97 13 W [37] Totutla 19 13 N, 96 57 W [63] Tula 18 36 N, 95 22 W [111] Tulapilla, La 20 21 N, 97 37 W [33] Tuxpan 20 57 N, 97 24 W [21] Tuxpango 18 49 N, 97 01 [96] Tuxtla ( probably refers to Santiago Tuxtla ) Ubero (see Uvero) Uvero (Ubero) Approximately 18 36 N, 95 25 W [110] Sumichrast ( 1882:228) identifies Uvero as a locality between Alvarado and Santiago Tuxtla. According to Garcia y Cubas (Diccionario Geografico, Historico y Biografico de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, Mexico, 1881-1891), Uveru is 20 kilometers northwest of Santiago Tuxtla. Ubero, from which place Oryzomys palustris couesi has been recorded, may be another spelling for the same place. Veracruz 19 12 N, 96 08 W [66] Volcan de Tuxtla (see Volcan San Martin Tuxtla) 18 33 N, 95 13 W [112] Volcan San Martin Tuxtla ( see Volcan de Tuxtla ) Volcancillo (Cerro de los Parajos) 19 38 N, 97 04 W [42] A volcanic cone three kilometers east of Las Vigas ( W. W. Dalquest ) . Xico (see Jico) Xomeda Camp, Mt. Orizaba Probably is Xomitla at 18 59 N, 97 10 W [72] 186 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Xuchil 18 53 N, 97 14 W [83] (Name appears on labels of specimens col- lected from June 14 to 18 inclusive by Edmund Heller and C. M. Barber.) Zacualpan 20 26 N, 98 21 W [31] ZacualpiUa 20 25 N, 98 22 W [32] CHECK LIST The 198 kinds ( subspecies and monotypic species ) of 160 species which belong to 93 genera of 28 families of 11 orders are as follows: Order Maksupialia Family Didelphidae PAGE Didelphis marsupialis — Opossum 192 Didelphis marsupialis calif omica Bennett 195 Didelphis marsupialis tabascensis J. A. Allen 195 Philander opossum pallidus (J. A. Allen) — Four-eyed Opossum 195 Marmosa mexicana mexicana Merriam — Mexican Mouse-opossum 199 Caluromys derbianus aztecus (Thomas) — Wooly Opossum 201 Order Insectivora Family Soricidae Sorex vagrans orizabae Merriam — Vagrant Shrew 204 Sorex macrodon Merriam — Large-tooth Shrew 204 Sorex saussurei veraecrucis Jackson — Saussure's Shrew 205 Cryptotis mexicana mexicana (Coues) — Mexican Small-eared Shrew .... 205 Cryptotis nelsoni (Merriam) — Nelson's Small-eared Shrew 206 Cryptotis obscura (Merriam) — Dusky Small-eared Shrew 206 Cryptotis micrura (Tomes) — Guatemalan Small-eared Shrew 207 Order Chiroptera Family Emballonuridae Bhynchonycteris naso (Wied-Neuwied) — Brazihan Long-nosed Bat 208 Saccopteryx bilineata (Temminck) — Greater White-lined Bat 211 Peropteryx macrotis macrotis (Wagner) — Lesser Doglike Bat 212 Peropteryx kappleri kappleri Peters — Greater Doglike Bat 213 Centronycteris maximiliani centralis Thomas — Thomas' Bat 214 Balantiopteryx plicata plicata Peters — Peters' Bat 214 Balantiopteryx io Thomas — Thomas' Sac-winged Bat 215 Family Phyllostomidae Pteronotus psilotis (Dobson) — Dobson's Mustached Bat 216 Pteronotus parnellii mexicana (Miller) — Parnell's Mustached Bat 217 Pteronotus davyi fulvus (Thomas) — Davy's Naked-backed Bat 218 Mormoops megalophylla megalophylla (Peters) — Peters' Leaf-chinned Bat, 219 MicTonycteris megalotis mexicana Miller — Brazihan Small-eared Bat .... 221 Micronycteris sylvestris (Thomas) — Brown Small-eared Bat 222 Mimon cozumelae Goldman — Cozumel Spear-nosed Bat 223 Phyllostomus discolor verrucosus Elhot — Pale Spear-nosed Bat 224 Trachops cirrhosus cofflni Goldman — Fringe-hpped Bat 224 Chrotopterus auritus auritus (Peters) — Peters' False Vampire Bat 225 Vampyrum spectrum nelsoni (Goldman) — Linnaeus' False Vampire Bat . . 226 Glossophaga soricina leachii (Gray) — Pallas' Long-tongued Bat 226 Mammals of Vera.cruz 187 PAGE Anoura geoffroyi lasiopyga (Peters) — GeofiFroy's Tailless Bat 229 Hylonycteris underwoodi Thomas — Underwood's Long-tongued Bat .... 229 Leptonycteris nivalis nivalis (Saussure) — Long-nosed Bat 229 Carollia perspicillata azteca Saussure — Seba's Short-tailed Bat 230 Carollia castanea subrufa (Hahn) — ^Allen's Short-tailed Bat 233 Sturnira lilium parvidens Goldman — Yellow-shouldered Bat 234 Stumira ludovici Anthony — Anthony's Bat 234 Chiroderma villosum jesupi J. A. Allen — Isthmian Bat 234 Artiheus jamaicensis jamaicensis Leach — Jamaican Fruit-eating Bat 234 Artibeus lituratus palmarum J. A. Allen and Chapman — Big Fruit-eating Bat 237 Artibeus cinereus phaeotis (Miller) — Gervais' Fruit-eating Bat 238 Artibeus toltecus (Saussure) — Toltec Fruit-eating Bat 238 Artibeus turpis turpis Andersen — Dwarf Fruit-eating Bat 238 Centurio senex Gray — Wrinkle-faced Bat 239 Family Desmodontidae Desmodus rotundus murinus Wagner — Vampire Bat 239 Diphylla ecaudata Spix — Hairy-legged Vampire Bat 241 Family Natalidae Natalus stramineus saturatus Dalquest and Hall — Mexican Funnel-eared Bat 242 Family Vespertilionidae Mijotis velifer velifer (J. A. Allen) — Cave Myotis 244 My Otis fortidens Miller and G. M. Allen — Cinnamon Myotis 246 Myotis keenii auriculus Baker and Stains — Keen's Myotis 247 Myotis thysanodes aztecus Miller and Allen — Fringed Myotis 247 Myotis volans amotus Miller — Long-legged Myotis 247 Myotis californicus mexicamis (Saussure) — Cahfomia Myotis 247 Myotis elegans Hall — Graceful Myotis 248 Myotis nigricans dalquesti Hall and Alvarez — Black Myotis 248 Myotis argentatus Dalquest and Hall — Silver-haired Myotis 249 Pipistrellus subflavus veraecrucis (Ward) — Eastern Pipistrelle 249 Eptesicus fuscus miradorensis (H. Allen) — Big Brown Bat 250 Eptesicus brasiliensis propinquus (Peters) — Brazilian Brown Bat 250 Lasiurus borealis teliotis ( H. Allen) — Red Bat 251 Lasiurus seminolus Rhoads — Seminole Bat 251 Lasiurus cinereus cinereus (Pahsot de Beauvois) — Hoary Bat 251 Lasiurus intermedius intermedius H. Allen — Northern Yellow Bat 251 Lasiurus ega xanthinus (Miller) — Southern Yellow Bat 252 Nycticeius humeralis mexicanus Davis — Evening Bat 252 Rhogeessa tumida tumida H. AUen — Little Yellow Bat 252 Plecotus mexicanus (G. M, Allen) — Mexican Big-eared Bat 252 Family Molossidae Cynomops malagai Villa — Mexican Dog-faced Bat 254 Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana (Saussure) — Brazilian Free-tailed Bat .. . 254 Eumops glaucinus (Wagner) — Wagner's Masti£F Bat 255 Molossus ater nigricans Miller — Red Mastiff Bat 255 188 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Order Primates Family Cebidae •' PAGE Alouatta villosa mexicana Merriam — Howler Monkey 258 Ateles geoffroyi vellerosus Gray — Spider Monkey 260 Family Hominidae Homo sapiens americanus Linnaeus — Man 262 Order Edentata Family Myrmecophagidae Tamandua tetradactyla mexicana (Saussure) — Tamandua 263 Cyclopes didactylus mexicanus Hollister — Two-toed Anteater 264 Family Dasypodidae Dasypus novemcinctus mexicanus Peters — Nine-banded Armadillo 264 Order Lagomorpha Family Leporidae Sylvilagus brasiliensis truei (J. A. Allen) — Forest Rabbit 266 Sylvilagus fioridanus — Eastern cottontail 267 Sylvilagus fioridanus connectens ( Nelson) 268 Sylvilagus fioridanus orizabae ( Merriam) 268 Sylvilagus fioridanus russatus (J. A. Allen) 268 Sylvilagus audubonii parvulus (J. A. Allen) — Desert Cottontail 268 Sylvilagus cunicularius cunicularius (Waterhouse) — Mexican Cottontail . . 268 Order Rodentia Family Sciuridae Spermophilus perotensis Merriam — Perote Ground Squirrel 269 Spermophilus variegatus variegatus (Erxleben) — Rock Squirrel 269 Sciurus deppei — Deppe's Squirrel 270 Sciurus deppei deppei Peters 271 Sciurus deppei negligens Nelson 272 Sciurus aureogaster — Red-bellied Squirrel 272 Sciurus aureogaster aureogaster Cuvier 274 Sciurus aureogaster frumentor Nelson 276 Sciurus oculatus oculatus Peters — Peters' Squirrel 275 Glaucomys volans herreranus Goldman — Southern Flying Squirrel 275 Family Geomyidae Thomomys umbrinus — Southern Pocket Gopher 275 Thomomys umbrinus albigularis Nelson and Goldman 275 Thomomys umbrinus umbrinus ( Richardson ) 275 Heterogeomys hispidus — Hispid Pocket Gopher 275 Heterogeomys hispidus hispidus (Le Conte) 277 Heterogeomys hispidus isthmicus Nelson and Goldman 278 Heterogeomys hispidus latirostris Hall and Alvarez 278 Heterogeomys hispidus torridus Merriam 278 Mammals of Veracruz 189 PAGE Heterogeomys lanius Elliot — Big Pocket Gopher 278 Cratogeomys perotensis — Perote Pocket Gopher 278 Cratogeomys perotensis estor Merriam 280 Cratogeomys perotensis perotensis Merriam 280 Cratogeomys fulvescens subluteus Nelson and Goldman — Fulvous Pocket Gopher 280 Family Heteromyidae Perognathus ftatnis mexicanus Merriam — Silky Pocket Mouse 281 Dipodomys phillipsii perotensis Merriam — Phillips' Kangaroo Rat 282 Liomys pictus — Painted Spiny Pocket Mouse 283 Liomys pictus obscurus Merriam 284 Liomys pictus veraecrucis Merriam 284 Liomys irroratus — Mexican Spiny Pocket Mouse 284 Liomys irroratus alleni ( Coues ) 286 Liomys irroratus pretiosus Goldman 286 Liomys irroratus torridus Merriam 286 Heteromys lepturus Merriam — Santo Domingo Spiny Pocket Mouse 286 Heteromys temporalis Goldman — Motzorongo Spiny Pocket Mouse 287 Family Cricetidae Oryzomys palustris — Marsh Rice Rat 287 Oryzomys palustris couesi (Alston) 288 Oryzomys palustris peragrus Merriam 288 Oryzomys melanotis rostratus Merriam — Black-eared Rice Rat 289 Oryzomys alfaroi — Alfaro's Rice Rat 290 Oryzomys alfaroi chaprrumi Thomas 290 Oryzomys alfaroi palatinus Merriam 291 Oryzomys fulvescens fulvescens (Saussure) — Pygmy Rice Rat 291 Tylomys gymnurus Villa — Naked-tailed Climbing Rat 292 Nyctomys sumichrasti sumichrasti (Saussiure) — Sumichrast's Vesper Rat. . 295 Reithrodontomys megalotis saturatus J. A, Allen and Chapman — Western Harvest Mouse 296 Reithrodontomys chrysopsis perotensis Merriam — Volcano Harvest Mouse, 297 Reithrodontomys sumichrasti sumichrasti (Saussure) — Sumichrast's Har- vest Mouse 297 Reithrodontomys fulvescens — Fulvous Harvest Mouse 298 Reithrodontomys fulvescens difficilis Merriam 298 Reithrodontomys fulvescens tropicalis Davis 298 Reithrodontomys mexicanus mexicanus (Saussure) — Mexican Harvest Mouse 299 Peromyscus maniculatus fulvus Osgood — Deer Mouse 300 Peromyscus melanotis J. A. Allen and Chapman — Black-eared Mouse 302 Peromyscus leucopus — White-footed Mouse 303 Peromyscus leucopus affinis (J. A. Allen) 304 Peromyscus leucopus incensus Goldman 304 Peromyscus leucopus mesomelas Osgood 304 Peromyscus boylii — Brush Mouse 304 Peromyscus boylii beatae Thomas 305 190 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. PAGE Peromyscus boylii levipes Merriam 305 Peromyscus aztecus (Saussure) — Aztec Mouse 305 Peromyscus bullatus Osgood — Perote Mouse 306 Peromyscus difficilis — Zacatecan Deer Mouse 307 Peromyscus difficilis amplus Osgood 307 Peromyscus difficilis saxicola Hoffmeister and de la Torre 308 Peromyscus simulatus Osgood — Jico Deer Mouse 308 Peromyscus furvus J. A. Allen and Chapman — Blackish Deer Mouse 308 Peromyscus angustirostris Hall and Alvarez — Narrow-nosed Mouse 309 Peromyscus mexicanus — Mexican Deer Mouse 309 Peromyscus mexicanus mexicanus (Saussure) 311 Peromyscus mexicanus teapensis Osgood 311 Peromyscus mexicanus totontepecus Merriam 311 Peromyscus nelsoni Merriam — Nelson's Deer Mouse 311 Baiomys taylori — Northern Pygmy Mouse 311 Baiomys taylori analogus (Osgood) 311 Baiomys taylori taylori Thomas 311 Baiomys musculus brunneus (J. A. Allen and Chapman) — Southern Pygmy Mouse 311 Sigmodon hispidus — Hispid Cotton Rat 312 Sigmodon hispidus saturatus Bailey 314 Sigmodon hispidus toltecus ( Saussure) 314 Neotomodon alstoni perotensis Merriam — Volcano Mouse 315 Neotoma nelsoni Goldman — Nelson's Wood Rat 317 Neotoma mexicana — Mexican Wood Rat 317 "Neotoma mexicana distincta Bangs 317 Neotoma mexicana torquata Ward 317 Microtus mexicanus mexicanus (Saussure) — Mexican Vole 318 Microtus quasiater (Coues) — Jalapan Pine Vole 320 Family Muridae Rattus rattus— Black Rat 321 Rattus rattus alexandrinus (fi. Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire ) 321 Rattus rattus rattus (Linnaeus) 321 Rattus norvegicus norvegicus (Berkenhout) — Norway Rat 321 Mus musculus and subspecies — House Mouse 322 Family Erethizontidae Coendou mexicanus mexicanus (Kerr) — Mexican Porcupine 322 Family Dasyproctidae Agouti paca nelsoni Goldman — Paca or Spotted Paca 324 Dasyprocta mexicana Saussure — Mexican Agouti 326 Order Carnivora Family Canidae Canis latrans cagottis (Hamilton-Smith) — Coyote 328 Urocyon cinereoargenteus — Gray Fox 329 Urocyon cinereoargenteus orinomus Goldman 330 Urocyon cinereoargenteus scottii Meams 330 Mammals of Vera.cruz 191 Family Procyonidae ^^^^ Bassariscus astutus astutus ( Lichtenstein ) — Ringtail 330 Bassariscus sumichrasti sumichrasti (Saussure) — Tropical Caconiixtle .... 331 Procyon lotor — Raccoon 332 Procyon lotor hemandezii Wagler 333 Procyon lotor shufeldti Nelson and Goldman 333 Nasua narica — Coati 333 Nasua narica molaris Merriam 335 Nasua narica narica ( Linnaeus ) 335 Potos flavus aztecus Thomas — Kinkajou 335 Family Mustelidae Mustela frenata — Long-tailed Weasel 338 Mustela frenata macrophonius ( Elliot ) 338 Mustela frenata perda ( Merriam) 338 Mustela frenata perotae Hall 338 Mustela frenata tropicalis (Merriam) 338 Eira barbara senex (Thomas) — Tayra 339 Galictis allamandi canaster Nelson — Grison 340 Mephitis macroura — Hooded Skunk 340 Mephitis macroura eximius HaU and Dalquest 341 Mephitis macroura macroura Lichtenstein 341 Conepatus leuconotus leuconotus (Lichtenstein) — Eastern Hog-nosed Skunk 341 Conepatus semistriatus coixepatl (Gmehn) — Striped Hog-nosed Skunk . . 342 Lutra annectens annectens Major — Southern River Otter 343 Family Felidae Felis onca veraecrucis Nelson and Goldman — ^Jaguar 344 Felis concolor mayensis Nelson and Goldman — Mountain Lion 345 Felis pardalis pardalis Linnaeus — Ocelot 346 Felis wiedii oaxacensis Nelson and Goldman — Margay 346 Felis yagouaroundi — Jaguarundi 346 Felis yagouaroundi cacomitli Berlandier 347 Felis yagouraroundi fossata Meams 347 Lynx rufus escuinapae J. A. Allen — Bobcat 347 Order Sirenia Family Trichechidae Trichechus manatus latirostris (Harlan) — Manatee 348 Order Perissodactyla Family Tapiridae Tapirus bairdii (Gill)— Baird's Tapir 348 Order Aktiodactyla Family Tayassuidae Tayassu tajacu crassus Merriam — Collared Peccary 350 Tayassu pecari ringens Merriam — White-Upped Peccary 352 192 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Family Cervidae PAGE Odocoileus virginianus — White-tailed Deer 353 Odocoileus virginianus thomasi Merriam 354 Odocoileus virginianus toltecus ( Saussure ) 354 Odocoileus virginianus veraecrucis Goldman and Kellogg 355 Mazama americana temama (Kerr) — Red Brocket 355 Order Maesuplallv Family Didelphidae Didelphis marsupialis Opossum The usual name in Veracruz is "dacuache." In some places the name "zorro" is used, not to be confused with "zorra," or fox. The opossum seems to be found in all life-zones save, probably, the Arctic-Alpine. The animal was reported to us from the high, coniferous forest, at 10,500 feet elevation on the Cofie de Perote, though we did not take it there. The opossum is common near Las Vigas, in the pine forest at 8000 feet elevation, and also on the sandy, arid desert near Perote, where we trapped one specimen along the cut-bank of a sandy arroyo. The opossum is most abun- dant in thickets and jungle near water, such as streams, rivers and lakes, and extensive cultivated fields of sugar cane or corn. At the upper edge of the upper humid division of the Tropical Life-zone we took specimens along cold, swift streams supporting rainbow trout. In the lower humid division of the Tropical Life-zone, opos- sums were obtained along shores of deep, slow rivers in steaming jungles. Homes of several opossums were discovered in Veracruz. One was found, by a dog, in dense jungle, 20 kilometers west-northwest of Piedras Negras, on May 12, 1946. The dog began to bark at the bottom of a cut-bank of an arroyo where a log, about 15 inches in diameter and 35 feet long, lay parallel to the bank and about six inches away. Slumps of earth mixed with branches, roots and leaves formed a rough roof over the cavity between the bank and the log. Digging revealed a medium-sized opossum in the cavity, and a mass of dry, dead leaves. On May 19, 1946, nests of the red-bellied squirrel ( Sciurus aureo- gaster) were being examined in an arroyo near the Rio Blanco, 20 kilometers west-northwest of Piedras Negras. A small opossum was frightened from one squirrel nest, a rounded ball of dry leaves approximately 15 inches in diameter. The opossum escaped by running along branches of the trees. Mammals of Veracruz 193 At Jesiis Carranza the home of an opossum was in a hollow mahogany log that had been cut for lumber and left lying among many similar logs. The log was about three feet in diameter and 30 feet long. A cavity through the center was about eight inches in diameter. At tlie lower end, this cavity was partly filled with earth, seemingly tracked into the cavity by some animal. Investi- gation showed that the cavity extended the full length of the log, but light did not show through. When a long pole was pushed into the hollow, an opossum emerged from the other end. The cavity in the log had been partly obstructed by dry leaves, not, it seemed, in the form of a nest, but scattered along the entire length of the hollow. The opossum seems to be completely nocturnal. Night hunting with a headlamp usually discloses one or two opossums each night in suitable habitat. At the Rio Blanco, 20 kilometers west-northwest of Piedras Negras, eight were seen in a few hours in one night. One was in an open area of tall grass; one was at the base of a sandy cut-bank; six were in trees and vines in the jungle, five to 10 feet from the ground. Opossums wander from the jungle at times. At our camp, seven kilometers southeast of San Juan de la Punta, on December 15, 1946, they were common in the jungle along the Rio Jamapa. One, however, was found in a flat-topped acacia tree isolated in an extensive grassland, fully 2500 feet from the jungle. The acacia is not a fixiit tree, and it is not known why the animal was in the tree. Opossums may be social to some extent. It is not unusual to catch two or more in traps set close together. Eight kilometers northwest of Potrero this was true. Four kilometers west-northwest of Fortin, at 3200 feet elevation, an opossum was obtained on March 28, 1946. Although traps were set daily, no other opossums were taken until April 2, when two males were found in traps set 50 feet apart. Although a rather clumsy animal on the ground, the opossum is a swift, sure and agile climber. The brilliant red eyes seen by means of a reflected light at night are often at considerable heights above the ground. In the lowlands opossums rarely have any fat beneath tlie skin, but in the uplands characteristically have a deep layer of fat, especially in winter. Tails of younger animals are usually clear white and jet black; in older animals the white becomes duller and the black becomes grayish. In jungle areas, the food of the opossum probably consists mainly of fruit; the jobo plum and several species of wild figs are favored 194 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. food. To humans these fruits have a bitter or pitchlike taste. Some domestic fruits, such as banana, papaya and mango are eaten. No insects were found in stomachs examined. On a fev^ occasions opossums followed trap lines, eating captured animals, and had to be caught before trapping for small species could be continued successfully. One opossum, obtained in the desert, contained re- mains of Dipodomys phillipsii and Peromyscus maniculatus. We found the opossum easy to trap by using carrion (bird, mammal or fish ) as bait. In some parts of Mexico and the United States the opossum is used as food. This is not true in Veracruz; when questioned about eating opossum, most residents were disgusted by the idea. The opossum does some damage to fruit and chickens, but is so easily captured, especially by dogs, that it is not a serious pest. The fur of the opossum in Veracruz is of no value, although the fur of the animals that live in the uplands possibly could be marketed. We learned little concerning the breeding habits of the common opossum in Veracruz. Occasionally two specimens, a male and a female, were taken in adjacent traps. Three kilometers southeast of Orizaba, at 5500 feet elevation, a female was caught in a trap on December 9, 1946, about two hours after dark. Before she was removed from the trap, the beam of a flashlight was played on nearby trees, in order to reveal owls or other predators that might have been attracted by the struggles of the trapped animal. A large male opossum was found in the tree directly over the trapped fe- male. An adult female with nine young in the pouch was obtained four kilometers west-northwest of Fortin, at 3200 feet elevation, on March 28, 1946. Fifteen kilometers east-southeast of San Juan de la Punta, on September 27, 1946, an adult female and a young male, about one-quarter grown, were shot from a strangler fig tree, where they were feeding at about 10:00 p. m. Opossums obtained in the highlands of Veracruz were all in seemingly good health; they were fat and had long, soft fur. In the lowlands they were usually lean and had thin, coarse fur. Many specimens from the lowlands had scabby patches of bare skin; a nodulelike, crusted mass in the skin at the base of the fur, usually on the back, was common. Ectoparasites were not common on opossums in Veracruz. An animal taken two kilometers west of Jico, 4200 feet elevation, had several large ticks. Several opossums, perhaps a dozen, were found dead along streams or in fields, but the cause of death was not determined. Mammals of Veracruz 195 Other animals of similar size, rabbits, for example, were almost never found dead. Didelphis marsupialis califomica Bennett Specimens examined. — Total 14: Hacienda Tamiahua, Cabo Rojo, 3; 17 km. NW Tuxpan, 2; 9 km. NW Tuxpan, 1; Tuxpan, 1; 12}^ mi. N Tihuatlan, 300 ft. 1; 2 km. E Perote, 8300 ft., 1; 5 km. N Jalapa, 4500 ft., 2; 2 km. W Jico, 4200 ft., 1; 3 km. SE Orizaba, 5500 ft., 3. Additional records. — Under the name "Didelphis marsupialis," J. A. Allen (1901:168) recorded specimens from: Las Vegas [=Vigas]; Jico; and Mal- trata. Ingles (1959:380) recorded the species from 25 mi. NW of the City of Veracruz. Ferrari-Perez (1886:130) recorded the species from Jalapa. This subspecies occurs in the state on the highlands along the western border and in the northern part of the state. Longer and "softer" fur, shorter tail, and longer nasals (relative to postnasal part of the skull) than in D. m. tabascensis seem to characterize D. m. califomica. Our specimens, excepting the one from 2 km. E of Perote, are intergrades between the two mentioned subspecies. Measurements of our largest male. No. 19055, are 963; 488; 76; 57; basilar length, 104.8; length of nasals, 55.3; zygomatic breadth, 58.4. Didelphis marsupiahs tabascensis J. A. Allen Specimens examined. — ^Total 57: 5 km. S Tehuatldn [=: Tihuatlan], 700 ft., 6; 9 km. E Papantla, 300 ft., 1; 9 km. NW Nautla, 10 ft., 1; 3 km. SW San Marcos, 200 ft., 2; 4 km. W TIapacoyan, 1700 ft., 2; Rio Atoyac, 8 km. NW Potrero, 2; 4 km. WNW Fortin, 3200 ft., 3; Potrero Viejo, 1700 ft., 1; Rio Blanco, 20 km. WNW Piedras Negras, 3; 15 km. ESE San Juan de la Punta, 2; 7 km. SE San Juan de la Punta, 2; Rio Blanco, 20 km. W Piedras Negras, 3; 3 km. SE San Andres Tuxtla, 1000 ft., 4; Coatzacoalcos, 1; Achotal, 17 (Chicago N. H. Mus.); 20 km. ENE Jesiis Carranza, 200 ft., 1; 20 km. E Jesus Carranza, 300 ft., 2; 25 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 250 ft., 2; 34 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 400 ft., 1; 60 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 450 ft., 1. Additional records. — Papantla (J. A. Allen, 1901:173); Mirador (ibid.); Boca del Rio (Davis, 1944:374); Catemaco (J. A. Allen, 1901:173); Pasa Nueva (J. A. Allen, 1904:30); Minatitlan (J. A. Allen, 1901:168, as "Didelphis marsupialis" ) . The three largest skuUs are Nos. 13776 and 13777, males, from Achotal and No. 23392, unsexed, from 5 km. S Tehuatlan. Meaurements, respectively, are: basilar length, 120, 115.8, approximately 115.4; length of nasals, 56.5, 56.3, 57.0. The three next largest specimens, all males, are No. 17684 from 4 km. WNW Fortin, No. 66269 from Coatzacoalcos, and No. 32050 from 25 km. S Jesus Carranza. Measurements are, respectively, as follows: 959,853,852; 473,386,400; 71,65,71; 59,54,54; basilar length, 111.3, 104.2, 111.7; length of nasals, 57.7, 54.3, 58.4; zygomatic breadth, 63.8, 65.8, 65.3. Philander opossum pallidus (J. A. Allen) Four-eyed Opossum Specimens examined. — Total 50: 35 km. NW Tuxpan, 1; 25 km. NW Tux- pan, 1; Tuxpan, 2; 12M mi. N Tihuatlan, 300 ft., 2; 3 km. SW San Marcos, 200 ft., 2; Teocelo, 4000 ft., 1; 3 km. W Boca del Rio, 10 ft., 1; Boca del Rio, 10 ft., 1; 5 km. SW Boca del Rio, 2; Rio Atoyac, 8 km. NW Potrero, 1700 ft., 8; 4 km. WNW Fortin, 3200 ft., 2; 7 km. W Potrero "1700 ft.," 1; Potrero Viejo, 1700 ft, 3; 3 km. SE Orizaba, 5500 ft., 5; Rio Blanco, 20 km. 196 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. W Piedras Negras, 3; 2 km. N Motzorongo, 1500 ft., 2; 3 km. E San Andres Tuxtla, 1000 ft., 6; Jimba, 350 ft., 1; 20 km. ENE Jesiis Carranza, 200 ft., 2; 20 km. E Jesus Carranza, 300 ft., 2; 30 km. SSE Jesus Carranza, 300 ft., 2. Additional records. — J. A. Allen (1901:216) lists specimens from Papantla; Chichicaxtle; Orizaba; Motzorongo; Catemaco. C6rdoDa and Huatusco (Sumi- chrast, 1882:32). Our 24 males average larger than our 18 females. As would be expected, the sagittal crest increases with increasing age. Within each sex, the speci- men having the highest sagittal crest has the greatest occipitonasal length. The two males ( 17672, 32057 ) having the highest sagittal crests yield measure- ments, respectively, as follows: 649, 530; 306, 280; 48, 40; 38, 34; occipito- nasal length, 80.0, 76.7; nasal length, 37.1, 38.0. The two females having the highest sagittal crests are Nos. 19080 and 17676. They, respectively, yield corresponding measurements as follows: 612, 556; 300, 290; 44, 41; 37, 35; 78.0, 72.9; 37.7, 35.9. Over most of Veracruz the four-eyed opossum is called "co- madreja." In the uplands, near Jico and Jalapa, this name is ap- plied to the weasel (Mustela frenata). Less commonly, the four- eyed opossum is called "raton tlacuache," a name more usually used for the mouse-opossum, Marmosa mexicana. The four-eyed opossum ranges throughout the tropics of Vera- cruz. At the extreme upper edge of the upper humid division of the Tropical Life-zone, it lives along cold, clear streams at the edge of the oak belt. Lower down, but still in the upper humid division, it was found along rivers and streams that flowed through dense jungle, where the tall, broad-leafed trees were thickly hung with orchids, vines, mosses and bromeliads. The four-eyed opossum was found living in thickets bordering the broad rivers of the coastal plain, in the arid division of the Tropical Life-zone, and along the marshy shores of rivers and streams of the lower humid division of the Tropical Life-zone, in the southern part of the state. Most of our specimens were taken on the very shores of rivers or streams. Two examples show, however, that the species is not confined to such habitat. On May 21, 1946, at Potrero Viejo, seven kilometers west of Potrero, workers discovered a family of four young animals in a field of sugar cane, several kilometers from the nearest water at that time of the year. At Jimba, 350 feet elevation, in southern Veracruz, a four-eyed opossum was taken from a tree on a hillside fully three kilometers from the nearest water. These records are unusual, however. Against them are nearly 30 records from in and near water. The four-eyed opossum seems to be entirely nocturnal. None was seen abroad by day, unless frightened from its daytime retreat, but one was seen shortly after dark. Mammals of Veracbuz 197 At the Rio Atoyac, eight kilometers northwest of Potrero, be- tween February 19 and March 5, 1946, several four-eyed opossums were taken in a trail leading from a dense thicket of vines, bushes, thorny plants and creepers, to a stream ten feet away. Subse- quently part of the thicket was cleared with machetes and a hole, about five inches in diameter that led downward beneath the roots of a tree, was discovered near the center of the thicket. This seemed to have been the home of at least one of the opossums. Several large basilisk lizards were hving in the thicket. Five kilometers southwest of Boca del Rio, a four-eyed opossum was shot on the ground, near the base of a large "strangler fig" tree {Ficus sp.). As this tree was under observation for most of the day, it is assumed that the animal's home was in one of the numerous holes in the base of the tree, or in a hole in the ground beneath it. Twenty kilometers east-northeast of Jesus Carranza, two of these opossums were found in nests that they had constructed in the palm thatch of the roofs of abandoned houses. These nests con- sisted of a handful of dry leaves, pushed in between the layers of palm fronds. From outside, a distinct spherical or oval lump in the thatch marked the site of the nest. Inside the house we could see no trace of the nests. Twenty-five kilometers southeast of Jesus Carranza, the nest of a four-eyed opossum was found in a cavity in the side of a piece of tree trunk, 15 inches in diameter and three feet long, that was suspended in the air, by vines, seven feet over the surface of a dry wash. The nest was of dry leaves, about 11 inches deep and seven inches in diameter. When the vines supporting the section of tree trunk were slashed, the trunk fell to the ground and spht open on the hard gravel. The opossum escaped. Another four-eyed opossum was shot from the large hollow in the side of a giant "ligaron" tree. This tree was fully 12 feet in di- ameter at waist height, and contained a hollow about 60 feet high and five feet in diameter. The opossum was shot as it ran up the rough side of the hollow. Tlie hollow was also the home of a colony of sac-winged bats of the species Saccopteryx bilineata. On a few occasions, two four-eyed opossums were seen as close together as 50 feet, but otherwise they were solitary. Usually we saw one to three four-eyed opossums each night, while we hunted with a head lamp in suitable habitat. Philander seemed to be less common in most parts of Veracruz than Didelphis. The actions of Philander differ from those of other marsupials that occur in Veracruz. Philander is quick and active. Trapped indi- 3_4035 198 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. viduals are able to jump and twist about in surprising fashion. Care must be used to avoid being bitten when removing them from traps. The four-eyed opossum is an agile climber and a skillful swimmer, but most of its hunting seems to be done on the ground, along the edges of streams. Along the Rio Atoyac, eight kilometers north- west of Potrero, on the evening of February 18, 1946, a Philander was shot as it ran along a narrow trail halfway up a vertical bank about two meters in height. The trail was scarcely visible as it wound through moss and ferns. The animal fell into the stream be- low. A half hour later another Philander was shot only 50 to 60 feet distant from the first. The second one was on a horizontal branch or some dense vines about six feet above the surface of the stream, and also fell into the water. Specimens are usually seen or trapped on the ground, but are sometimes seen in trees. Along the Rio Atoyac several four-eyed opossums were taken in a trap set beneath the water level, at the base of a cut-bank. They could have reached the trap only by svdmming. Seven kilometers southeast of San Juan de la Punta, on December 15, 1946, a four-eyed opossum was seen just before midnight, running swiftly over the large, rounded boulders (six to 18 inches in diameter) along the river bank. When frightened, the animal turned and made a smooth, clean dive into the swift water, and as it did not reappear, must have swum away under water. In the lowlands these opossums seldom were fat but in the high- lands, at 5000 feet elevation and higher, in winter, they had a deep layer of yellow fat immediately beneath the skin. Didelphis in the uplands likewise is fat in winter but in the lowlands usually is lean at all seasons. The four-eyed opossum is omnivorous; it has been seen feeding on sweet-lemons, jobo plums, and the fruit of the Chico Zapote {Sapote achras, source of chewing gum). Five kilometers south- west of Boca del Rio, at 10 feet elevation, on October 10, 1946, a four-eyed opossum was seen at the base of a large, hollow fig tree. The upper part of the hollow in the tree served as a retreat for a colony of the large fruit bat, Artibeus jamaicensis. Bats were bringing small, green figs into the hollow and feeding on them. Parts of the fruit, varying in size from almost whole figs to mere shreds, were dropped by the bats. The four-eyed opossum was feeding on these bits of figs. On a number of occasions, four-eyed opossums followed our trap lines, eating mice and other small mammals that had been Mammals of Veracruz 199 captured. These opossums are easily trapped by using flesh, prefer- ably much decayed, for bait. The four-eyed opossum probably breeds at all times of the year. A female having six young in her pouch was found at a place four kilometers west-northwest of Fortin, 3200 feet elevation, on March 28, 1946. Four young were found in a field at Potrero Viejo, 1700 feet elevation, on May 21, 1946. A female having four young in the pouch was obtained five kilometers southwest of Boca del Rio, 10 feet elevation, on October 10, 1946. Males having enlarged testes were taken on December 7, 1946, December 20, 1946, and March 3, 1947. The ear of one Philander was diseased and partly missing. Many individuals were examined for ectoparasites but no parasites were found. Like other opossums. Philander has a strong, unpleasant odor. Marmosa mexicana mexicana Merriam Mexican Mouse-opossum Specimens examined. — Total 25: 4 km. W Tlapacoyan, 1700 ft., 5; 5 km. N Jalapa, 4500 ft., 8; 2 km. W Jalapa, 4200 ft., 1; 2 km. W Jico 4200 ft., 3; 4 km. WNW Fortin, 3200 ft., 1; 1 km. E Mecayucan, 200 ft., 1; Cautlapan, 1 (collection of E. H. Taylor); 3 km. SE Orizaba, 5500 ft., 1; 15 km. ESE San Juan de la Punta, 1; 25 km. ESE Jesus Carranza, 350 ft., 1; 25 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 250 ft., 1; 35 km. SE Jesiis Carranza, 350 ft., 1. Additional records (Tate, 1933:133, unless otherwise noted). — IM mi. E Jalapa (J. A. Allen and Chapman, 1897:208); Texolo (not located; possibly = Teocelo); Veracruz; San Anare[sl Tuxtla; Pasa Nueva (J. A. Allen, 1904:29); Achotal. The Mexican mouse-opossum occurs throughout the length of the state in the Tropical Life-zone. The largest (17670, 4 km. W Fortin) of our 13 males and the largest fe- male (32054, 35 km. SE Jesiis Carranza), yield measurements, respectively, as follows: 273, 318; 149, 185; 20, 21; 22, 18; occipitonasal lengtli, 33, 32.9; zygomatic breadth, 17.2, 17.6. The Mexican mouse-opossum is not well known to the local resi- dents of Veracruz. The only local name used seems to be "raton tlacuache," literally, mouse-opossum. The mouse-opossum reaches its maximum abundance in the densely forested areas at the upper edge of the upper humid divi- sion of the Tropical Life-zone. It is not a common species. Five kilometers north of Jalapa, at 5000 feet elevation, where it was found most abundantly it was in an approximate ratio of one mouse- opossum to eight mice. In most places it was far less common. In the forested uplands this species was trapped in situations as follows: an area of giant elephant's ear in dense jungle, where the 200 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. HList. trees overhead were heavily draped with orchids, bromeliads, mosses and vines; in dense bushes, composed of many species, about five feet high and on a steep hillside; along a tiail through dense forest on a hillside of 20 degree slope; under a stump in a dense forest on a hill; under logs, stumps and roots of trees in dense forest (four animals); on a slope of 15 degrees, covered with dense grass, coffee and low bushes; beneath tree-ferns at the foot of a cliff; under a log near a chff; in a patch of dense vegetation drenched by the spray of a waterfall; in brush and weeds on the steep side of a valley. Two specimens were taken on the arid coastal plain. Here this species was rare, and occupied a habitat unlike that of the upland forest. One individual was trapped in tall grass on a level plain, where there were scattered bushes about five feet tall, 15 Idlometers east-southeast of San Juan de la Punta, at 400 feet elevation. This specimen was so extensively eaten by ants that only the skull was saved. Another was taken one kilometer east of Mecayucan, at 200 feet elevation, in an area where there were many low, thorny bushes and much open ground. This individual is not fully adult, but is much paler than any other specimen from Veracruz. Three specimens were saved from the dense jungles of the southern part of Veracruz. One was trapped in tall, dense grass on a flood plain of the Rio Solosuchil, 25 kilometers east-southeast of Jesus Carranza, at 350 feet elevation. Another was taken 25 kilo- meters southeast of Jesus Carranza on March 31, 1949. This animal was shot at night. The trees overhead were so dense that little sun- light reached the forest floor, and as a result there was no under- story vegetation, save for a few low palms and bushes a foot or so in height. The ground was level, dry and covered with a thin layer of dry leaves. The small, red eyes of tlie mouse-opossum were first seen at a distance of about 20 feet. The animal was on a twig of a bush about 10 inches from the ground. It jumped to the ground and turned to look at the light. Another mouse-opossum was obtained 35 Idlometers southeast of Jesus Carranza on April 7, 1949. On this date, at about ten o'clock at night, we were hunting in deep forest, similar to that 25 kilometers east-southeast of Jesus Carranza. A pair of small, red eyes were seen at the mouth of a hole in a cut-bank. The bank was composed of sand, was almost vertical and about a foot in height. The hole was 30 millimeters in diameter and 50 millimeters from the base of the cut-bank. The burrow was opened and was found to contain a nest of dry leaves, about a handful in quantity, in a Mammals of Veracruz 201 pocket about four inches in diameter and 16 inches from the en- trance. An adult female mouse-opossum was captured in the nest. There were no young in the nest and the female was not lactating. Mouse-opossums have an unpleasant, but not strong, musky odor. They are surprisingly tough; several that were caught just behind the necks in mousetraps were still alive the following morning, although the traps invariably killed mice larger than the mouse- opossums. One such animal, when removed from the trap, whipped its tail around a twig. When removed, its tail quickly fastened about the finger of its captor. It was much more dexterous with its tail than either Didelphis or Philander, but probably less so than Caluromys. The mouse-opossum of Veracruz seems to be omnivorous. Ani- mals were commonly taken in traps baited with banana, and one was taken in a meat-baited trap. Five kilometers north of Jalapa, the stomachs of two individuals contained only remains of insects, so finely chewed as to resemble the contents of the stomach of an insectivorous bat. Three stomachs held starchy, dull, grayish-white plant material, dark green in places. This may have been mostly acorns; acorns were abundant there at that time. Two kilometers west of Jico, at 4200 feet elevation, the first three mice caught in a trap line had been eaten in the traps. The next trap held a Marmosa. Mice in the other traps, farther along the line, were untouched. I wondered if the mouse-opossum had eaten the three mice. Mouse-opossums are rarely fat, but all of those taken seemed to be in good health. Only near Jalapa were ectoparasites found on this species. There one animal had a number of tiny yellow mites on the ears; one had a large, gorged tick clinging to the skin beneath one ear; one had a flea; two animals had three or four small mites each. Caluromys derbianus aztecus (Thomas) Wooly Opossum Specimens examined. — Total 8: 3 km. E San Andres Tuxtla, 1000 ft., 6; 20 km. ENE Jesus Carranza, 300 ft., 1; 20 km. E Jesus Carranza, 300 ft., 1. Additional records. — Potrero (seen alive); San Juan de la Punta (Thomas, 1913:359). Potrero is the northernmost place from which we have record of this species in Veracruz. The largest adult male (23668) and largest adult female (23369), both from 3 km. San Andres Tuxtla, yield measurements, respectively, as follows: 698, 742; 411, 442; 45, 45; 42, 41; occipitonasal length, 59.0, 60.5; zygomatic breadth, 35.1, 34.0. 202 University of Kansas Fuels., Mus. Nat. Hist. Tlie wooly opossum seems to have no distinctive vernacular name in Veracruz. Specimens taken in the San Andres Tuxtla area were referred to by natives, but rather doubtfully, as comadreja. This is the local name of the four-eyed opossum. On the Rio Coatzaco- alcos tlie wooly opossum was called zorro or zorro Colorado. There are no foxes (zorras) in this area, where the name zorro is usually used for the common opossum (Didelphis). Our specimens were all taken in dense jungle where there were vines and tall trees. The species was associated with Didelphis, Philander, Potos fkivus, Tylomys gymnurus and Coendou mexicanus. These are all nocturnal, fruit-eating mammals. The wooly opossum seems to be completely nocturnal. With one exception, all of our specimens were taken at night. The one taken in the daytime probably was frightened from its daytime hiding place by dogs. Twice, individuals were found about 20 minutes after dark. Others were taken from one hour after dark until as late as midnight. Caluromys seems to be entirely arboreal. One individual, how- ever, was killed on the ground at night by dogs. A strong wind had been blowing, and many trees and large limbs had fallen earlier in the night. Perhaps the wooly opossum had fallen with a tree or branch or perhaps it had been snatched from a low branch by one of the dogs. No homes of wooly opossums were found. Twenty kilometers east of Jesus Carranza, at 300 feet elevation, on February 6, 1948, a pack of dogs began to sniff and bark at the foot of a large mango tree. A few moments later a wooly opossum was seen in the tree approximately 20 feet from the ground. The mango tree had several hollows in the trunk immediately below the place where the animal was first seen and the opossum probably was sleeping in one of these when scented by the dogs. This seems to be the rarest species of marsupial occurring in Veracruz. Hundreds of hours were spent in hunting with headlights in the Veracruz jungles, and several nights were spent at the type locality of Caluromys d. aztecus where we searched especially for wooly opossums. In spite of this, only a few specimens were col- lected in the four seasons of field work. It is significant also that the native hunters did not recognize the few specimens that we collected, and had no name for the species. Caluromys, like other marsupials that occur in Veracruz, seems to be sohtary. Never was more than one seen at a time, although Mammals of Veracruz 203 on two occasions two individuals were shot from the same tree on the same night, but several hours apart. In the jungle at night, the eyes of Caluromys glow a brilliant red, like the eyes of Didelphis. Animals were seen moving rather slowly in the tall jungle trees, or were motionless as they looked at the light. One animal was 35 feet from the ground on the limb of an "amate-capulin" tree, about 10 inches in diameter and another was taken in the same tree, about 50 feet from the ground. One that was shot and wounded, but not killed, moved swiftly. It was not vicious, as is Philander, nor dull and slow, like Didelphis. The general impression gained was that of an unusually long, slender, squirrellike animal having short legs. The wooly opossum feeds on the berrylike fruit of the "amate- capulin" tree — a favorite of all fruit-eating birds and mammals. One specimen had the sldns of two small, green berrylike fruits in the stomach. One old female was fat, but most of the specimens taken were lean. At Potrero a wooly opossum was found by workmen in a pile of stored pipes. It was kept as a pet by Miss Marion Forbes of Potrero Viejo. The animal proved to be gentle and afiFectionate. Its ordinary movements were slow and deliberate, but when frightened it was able to run fairly fast. When running, the rear part of the body was held much higher than the shoulders; the nose almost touched the floor and the tail was held out almost straight. From the tip of the nose to the tip of the tail, the dorsal surface of the opossum formed a straight line at an angle of about 30 degrees with the floor. This animal was a skillful climber, with a splendid sense of bal- ance. It proved almost impossible to push the animal from the arm of a chair or a similar position; at least one of its feet or the tail would retain a secure grip. The tail of this opossum was one of its most remarkable features; it gripped objects almost as though the tail had an independent nervous system and eyes of its own. Even bas-relief carvings on furniture offered enough of a pur- chase to assist in supporting the animal. When suspended from the tip of its tail the animal twisted its body up, until it could grip its tail with its hands. It then climbed up, hand over hand, to the support on which the tip of the tail had a purchase. When asleep the wooly opossum does not ciul its body into a tight ball, but Hes on its side in a loose semicircle. The tail is placed in one complete circle about the body, and the extreme tip is hooked over the tail about an inch from the base. 204 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. This individual was fed bananas, insects and mice. It refused live, adult mice, but ate those freshly killed. Young mice were eaten alive or dead. Live insects, such as large cockroaches, were eaten with every indication of excitement and pleasure. The in- sect was grasped in the hands and squeezed tightly. It was then usually transferred to the left hand and eaten, a bite at a time. Each bite was thoroughly chewed before another was taken. The pouch of the wooly opossum is well developed in most fe- males. One had a poorly developed pouch. Three young were found in the pouch of one female. No ectoparasites were found on any of our specimens of Caluromys. Order Insectivora Family Soricidae Sorex vagrans orizabae Merriam Vagrant Shrew Specimen examined. — Colfre de Perote, 9500 ft., 1 (U. S. N. M.). Measurements of the adult female from Cofre de Perote, according to Jackson (1928:114), are: 98; 33.5; 13; condylobasal length, 16.5; cranial breadth, 7.8. Sorex macrodon Merriam Large-toothed Shrew Specimens examined. — ^Total 4: Las Vigas, 8500 ft., 3; S km. W Acultzingo, 7000 ft., 1. Additional records. — ^Jackson ( 1928:153) lists Orizaba and Xico. So far this species is known only from the four places hsted immediately above, all in west-central Veracruz at higher elevations. The thickened borders of the premaxillae where they border the anterior nares distinguish each of the four skulls from those of the other Sorex that are here identified as Sorex satissurei veraecrucis. A male with enlarged testes was captured in an oatmeal-baited trap set in dense, woody bushes along the mossy bank of a tiny stream three kilometers west of Acultzingo in the cloud brushland at the very edge of the Mexican Plateau. At Las Vigas three other males were trapped in runways of Microtus mexicamis in deep moss at the bottom of a valley on the northern edge of the town. Two other species of shrews, Sorex saussurei and Cryptotis mexicanus, were common in the same area. Mammals of Veracruz 205 Sorex saussurei veraecnicis Jackson Saussure's Shrew Specimens examined. — Total 10: 6 km. SSE Altotonga, 9000 ft., 1; 1 km. W Las Vigas, 8500 ft., 1; Las Vigas, 8500 ft., 7; 2 km. E Las Vigas, 8000 ft., 1. Additional record. — Xico ( = type locality ) . On November 11, 1946, six kilometers south-southeast of Alto- tonga a large, adult female was trapped. She was not pregnant and was not nursing, but seemingly had raised a litter that year; the mammae were large. The trap was in a damp swale about 50 meters long by 20 meters wide. There were a few bushes two feet high, but the cover otherwise was grass about 3 inches high, low ferns, bracken, moss, and hverworts. The swale drained into a deep arroyo with mossy rocks and a cold, clear stream. Along the border of a cornfield only a few yards from where the shrew was caught, Peromtjscns melanotis was trapped. In the arroyo we took only Peromyscus boy Hi and Microtus mexicanus. The surrounding area, for miles, is arid pine forest. At Las Vigas seven specimens were obtained in runways of shrews and of Microtus mexicanus in deep, damp moss in a small valley in the pine forest. Three individuals of Sorex macrodon, nu- merous specimens of Cryptotis mexicanus, and Microtus mexicanus also were taken there. One kilometer west of Las Vigas a speci- men was trapped in a small heap of boulders in a fence, or "cerca," of maguey plants. This individual was associated with Peromyscus melanotis and Reithrodontomys megalotis. Two kilometers east of Las Vigas a shrew of this species was caught in a trap set in a damp place under a low cliff of lava in the "malpais," an extensive, recent flow of lava. Peromyscus boylii and Neotoma mexicana torquata were common there. Cryptotis mexicana mexicana (Coues) Mexican Small-eared Shrew Specimens examined. — ^Total 54: 4 km. W Tlapacoyan, 1700 ft., 3; 1 km. W Las Vigas, 8500 ft., 1; Las Vigas, 8500 ft., 44; Huatusco, 5000 ft., 3; Coscomatepec, 5000, ft, 3. Additional records (Merriam, 1895:23). — ^Jalapa, type locality; Jico; Orizaba. This shrew occupies a limited area in the state of Veracruz, but locally is abundant in favorable habitat. On November 21, 1947, a dead individual was found in a trail four kilometers west of Tlapacoyan. Although much decayed, it was 206 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. prepared as a specimen. The following night two others were taken in a line of mousetraps set in beds of six-inch high succulent vege- tation along a small stream. The soil was soft and wet. There were numerous runways of small mammals, probably of Microtus quasi- ater. The traps along the streams took also Microtus quasiater, Oryzomys palustris, Oryzomys alfaroi and Marmosa mexicana. At Las Vigas several individuals of Cryptotis mexicana were trapped along the long hedges of maguey plants, called "cercas," that separate tiie cornfields in this area. Here the shrew was associ- ated with Microtus mexicanus, Peromyscus melanotis and Reith- rodontomys megalotis. Many other individuals of C. mexicana were taken in the deep moss in a small, cold valley in tlie pine forest nearby. Sorex macrodon, Sorex saussurei and Microtus mexicanus were also found here, although the Cryptotis outnumbered the two species of Sorex together by ten to one. At Huatusco, specimens were taken in a patch of wild bananas about 30 feet in length by 20 feet in width. At Coscomatepec, specimens were taken in dense, dry brush on an overgrowm hillside. We regularly trapped specimens of this species by using banana, peanut and walnut for bait. The stomachs of specimens examined in the field, however, contained remains of only insects and worms, as far as could be determined. Several females taken at Las Vigas, between October 7 and 20, 1948, were nursing young. Other females were neither nursing nor pregnant. No females containing embryos were taken at that locality. One taken at Coscomatepec, 5000 feet elevation, contained three embryos, each five millimeters long, on December 2, 1948. Cryptotis nelsoni (Merriam) Nelson's Small-eared Shrew Record. — The type locality, Volcdn San Martin Tuxtla (Merriam, 1895:26). This shrew is known only from the type locality and may be only sub- specifically separable from Cryptotis mexicana. Cryptotis obscura (Merriam) Dusky Small-eared Shrew Specimen examined. — Zacualpan, 6000 ft., 1. The identification is tentative (specimens that might be useful in direct comparison are on loan to a pros- pective revisor of the genus, April 5, 1961). M. R. Lee, the collector, trapped the specimen near "a large deciduous tree among a mat of fallen leaves." Mammals of Veracruz 207 Cryptotis micnira (Tomes) Guatemalan Small-eared Shrew Specimens examined. — Total 11: 7 km. W El Brinco, 800 ft., 1; Las Vigas, 8500 ft., 2; 5 km. N Jalapa, 4500 ft., 1; 7 km. NNW Cerro Gordo, 3; Teocelo, 4500 ft., 3; 1 k-m. E Mecayucan, 200 ft., 1. Additional records (Merriam, 1895:22, unless otherwise noted). — Jico; Boca del Rio (Findley, 1955:615); Orizaba Valley; Catemaco. Our specimens of C micrura diflFer from those of C. parva berlandieri principally in darker pelage and larger skull, in which the top of the brain- case, relative to the rostrum, is more elevated. Cranial measurements of eight of these specimens have been published by Findley (1955:616). When the species of the genus Cryptotis are revised we suppose that C micrura will be arranged as a subspecies of C. parva. This tiny shrew is the smallest mammal that occurs in the state of Veracruz. It is rare, and of rather erratic distribution through the Tropical Life-zone of the state. Little was learned of its habits. A Cryptotis micrura, captured by hand five kilometers north of Jalapa, on October 29, 1946, was under a pile of rock, 30 feet long and 10 feet wide, in one of many trough-shaped runways that prob- ably had been constructed by Microtus quasiater. These mice were abundant in the vicinity. The rocks were one to three feet in di- ameter and of irregular shape. The rock pile was in a grassy meadow that stretched away for 75 feet or more in every direction; cattle had grazed the grass here until it was only about three inches high. Seven kilometers north-northwest of Cerro Gordo, at 1500 feet elevation, on October 28, 1947, 50 traps, set in low, thick, damp brush, took one shrew, along with Reithrodonfomys fulvescens (5 individuals), Peromyscus mexicanus (1), Sigmodon hispidus (5), and Baiomys musculus (7). The shrew had no parasites. It was a female that had recently been nursing young. On October 29 another specimen was taken in the same area. On November 26, we returned to the same locality, and took a non-pregnant female in dense sawgrass. On the preceding night our traps had been set in the dense brush where two shrews were taken a month ago. The area had dried up and then had become wet again with the on- set of the Norte Season. On the morning of the 26th our traps held only two individuals of Baiomys and a few individuals of Sigmodon. We immediately moved our traps to dense grass about three feet high ( the flower stalks were six feet high ) and set them in sheltered 208 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. places to protect them from the rain. Sometimes we made a thatched roof over the trap site. We left the traps out all day, and took nine cotton rats. In the night the traps took Cryptotis (1), Reithrodontomys (3), and Sigmodon (3). At Teocelo, along a lov^^ rock wall that was overgrown with brush and grasses and that served to separate two coffee groves, a shrew of this species was trapped on January 3, and another on January 7, 1949. Reithrodontomys and Microtus quasiater were common here. On November 11, 1948, a Cryptotis micrura was obtained in a patch of elephant's ear and other succulent vegetation beside a small stream, seven kilometers west of El Brinco. It was associated with Peromyscus leucopus and Peromyscus mexicanus. One kilometer east of Mecayucan, on December 19, 1947, a young Cryptotis micrura was taken on dry, hard ground beneath thorny bushes. The surface of the ground had some sparse grass and dry leaves but was mostly bare. This locality is on the arid coastal plain. A skuU of Cryptotis micrura was removed from the intestinal tract of a king snake (Lampropeltis polyzo7ia) at Potrero Viejo, 1700 feet elevation, by Dr. E. H. Taylor in 1936. Order Chiroptera Family Emballonuridae Rhynchonycteris naso (Wied-Neuwied) Brazilian Long-nosed Bat Specimens examined. — Total 59: 5 km. SW Boca del Rio, 10 ft., 1; 1 km. E Mecayucan, 200 ft., 5; Rio Blanco, 20 km. W Piedras Negras, 400 ft., 17; 15 km. W Piedras Negras, 300 ft., 6; 14 km. SW Coatzacoalcos, 100 ft., 16; 22 km. ESE Jesiis Carranza, 300 ft., 4; 35 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 350 ft., 10. Locally this species is abundant in the state of Veracruz, although its dis- tribution is rather irregular. At times, none is found along miles of river in seemingly suitable habitat. Then a half dozen colonies may be found within the space of a mile. The following notes record typical finds of this bat. "This afteiTioon Gerardo, Vicente, two other men, and I took a dugout canoe and went hunting for these small bats in the arroyo [an arroyo leading into the Rio Blanco, 20 kilometers west of Piedras Negras, on October 4, 1946]. We paddled up the vine- hung stream, passing under many logs that lay across our path. Each log was carefully examined, and also the trees along the bank. We came upon a colony unexpectedly, and a swarm of mothlike flying bats, about 25 in all, went flitting upstream. At the next leaning tree about 15 had landed. They were spaced one to two Mammals of Veracruz 209 inches apart in a vertical line on the under side o£ the tree. The lowest was about five inches from the water. My shot brought down four, and the group broke up, some flying downstream and others up. We followed diem, and found them at odd places along the shore or on dead, leaning trees in the water. All were over water, and every one shot fell into the stream. After the first shot, I got no more chances at bunches. The bats were scattered singly or in groups of up to four. They usually allowed a fairly close ap- proach. Many times we were within 10 feet of them before they flew. So well did the dull, grayish color with the four paler spots match lichens or mouldy spots on bees, that we often failed to see them." Of the 13 collected at this place, two are small and, as shown by the development of the skull, are young of the year. Of the seven adult females, none was pregnant but all had active mammary glands. The testes of the adult males were smaU. A colony found on the north side of the Rio Coatzacoalcos, 14 kilometers southwest of the city of Coatzacoalcos, on February 2, 1947, was described as follows: "The slow-moving rivers and streams of this area seem to be ideal for sharp-nosed bats, and we found them after a short search. We hunted them from a dugout canoe, looking carefully on the undersides of leaning tree trunks in the water and on the bank. One specimen, a male, was found singly. At another tree, on the bank but overhanging the stream, we saw a line of about 15. They were in a vertical line, along the lowest part of the circumference of the tree, which was about two and one half feet thick. The lowest bat was about two feet from the water — the highest about four and one half feet. I fired at the center of the hne, getting eight specimens. The others flew up- stream but we did not try to follow them. Five (of those taken) are non-pregnant females. The testes of the four males are small." At the same locality, on February 7, 1947: "Yesterday afternoon we were poling a dugout along an arroyo of still water choked with water hyacinth, when a swarm of sharp-nosed bats came out from the underside of a dead tree lying across the arroyo. The underside of the tree was about two feet from the surface. There were about 50 bats in the group. Many lit on the underside of a similar tree, 75 feet on up the arroyo. We brought down 11 in one shot. "The series includes six females and five males. The testes of the males vary from two by two to three by three millimeters in diameter. The testes are almost round. All the females were preg- 210 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. nant, with embryos (one each) from nine to ten milHmeters in length." The evening flight of this bat is mothhke, and the species can be recognized when the bats are in flight. They seem never to fly anywhere except over water. They fly rather slowly, in rela- tively straight lines, and usually from one to tliree feet above the surface of the water. Like many other species of bats, the sharp-nosed bat retires to a convenient roost after the evening hunt. Surprisingly, the one night roost found was not over water. It was one kilometer east of Mecayucan. On September 20, 1947, it was described as follows: "Tonight I looked for bats under the bridge across the arroyo here. I saw nothing but what I took to be three big cocki-oaches, sticldng flat to the concrete 30 feet over my head. Farther on, where the ground sloped up, was another. This I examined closely, and it was one of the large cockroaches. While passing under the others a few minutes later, I heard a bat flutter, and turned out my light. It seemed to alight over my head. When I turned my light on there were four cockroaches where, a moment before there had been three. They still looked like cockroaches, even having back legs, but with the light close to my eyes I could see four pairs of tiny red eyes. I felt almost foolish shooting at them, but with my shot a bat of this species fell. The others did not move (as I shot them all, one by one). By going along under the bridge I got an- other. One shot did drop a cockroach." The resemblance of these bats to cockroaches was remarkable. They stuck flat against the concrete. Their reversed wing tips lay back away from the body at a 30 degree angle, like the back legs of the big "queen" cockroaches. Their mottled bodies are similar in color. Pregnant females of this species were taken on January 13 and February 7. When these bats are carrying young, they desert their roosts over water and retire to hollow trees. Thirty-five kilometers southeast of Jesiis Carranza, on April 9, 1949, several were shot from colonies roosting on a cliff overhanging the Rio Solosuchil. All were males. Later that same day, the hollow shell of a tree, lying on the ground in the shade of a deep arroyo, was broken open. A num- ber of bats flew out. Eight were captured. Each was a female of Rhynchonycteris, having a single large young clinging to a nipple. Some of the young were so large that the females were unable to fly more than a few yards. Mammals of Veracruz 211 Saccopteryx bilineata (Temminck) Greater White-lined Bat Specimens examined. — Total 54: Boca del Rio, 10 ft., 2; Rio Blanco, 20 km. W Piedras Negras, 400 ft., 1; 2 km. N Motzorongo, 1500 ft., 2; 14 km. SW Coatzacoalcos, 100 ft., 6; 35 km. ENE Jesus Carranza, 150 ft., 1; 20 km. ENE Jesus Carranza, 200 ft., 8; 20 km. E Jesus Carranza, 300 ft., 10; 25 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 250 ft., 7; 20 km. S Jesus Carranza, 300 ft., 10; 34 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 400 ft., 1; 35 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 350-400 ft., 3; 38 km. SE Jesiis Carranza, 500 ft., 2. Additional records (Sanborn, 1937:330). — ^Veracruz; Achotal; Minatitlan. The greater white-lined bat is abundant in the dense jungle of the southern part of Veracruz but is far less common farther north, in the central part of the state. On the south side of the Rio Blanco, 20 kilometers west of Piedras Negras, on October 1, 1946, a bat of this species was shot in flight. This area is part of the almost level coastal plain, forested only along water courses. The bat was flying about under the shade of a large mango tree along an arroyo. No other individuals were taken on the coastal plane, except at Boca del Rio, 10 feet elevation, where two were found clinging to the side of a horizontal beam, 25 feet from the ground, in the ruins of an old building. In the upper humid division of the Tropical Life-zone I found this species at only one locality. This was two kilometers north of Motzorongo. There two were shot as they hunted over the sur- face of a small pond in an arroyo. Nowhere else in Veracruz was this bat found at an elevation so high as 1500 feet. Many daytime retreats of this species of bat were found in southern Veracruz. Almost all were in hollow trees; some were in shaded but well-hghted hollows and others in almost complete darkness. Some typical retreats were noted as follows: On February 6, 1947, 14 kilometers southwest of Coatzacoalcos while searching for hollow trees in the dense jungle for topotypes of Vampyrum spectrum, we came across a colony of about 25 in- dividuals of this bat (Saccopteryx) in a hollow tree, really just the shell of a tree, about three feet in diameter. The hollow was open on top and along one side. It was so light there tliat the bats were easily visible. They were not shy and I was able to catch four with my hands before the others took flight. They came back within five minutes, but this time were too shy to catch by hand. I shot three, but one was too smashed to save. 212 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Twenty kilometers east of Jesiis Carranza on February 7, 1948, we "Went hunting for bats in hollow trees. ... A colony of seven of this species was found in a shell-like fig tree. The tree was about seven feet in diameter with a five-foot hollow that went up at least 40 feet. There were numerous large openings and the hollow was as light as day. The bats were scattered, clinging to the inside of the shell of the tree, 15 to 20 feet from the ground. All seven were taken — six females and one male. A single Sac- copteryx was found in a small cavity no higher than my head, in a tall ti'ee about 500 yards away. This cavity was rather dark." At the same locality on February 7, 1948, "A few bats of this species, and about 20 Desmodus, were found in a large hollow tree . . . probably 20 feet in diameter at the base, and , . . iso- lated in a forest of palms that effectively shade it. The opening to the hollow is a narrow V, six feet high by three wide at its widest. I fired nine shots from my pistol into the hollow and one Saccopteryx and four vampires feU down. There were many other bats in the hole, but without my light I could do nothing." Thirty-five kilometers southeast of Jesus Carranza three indi- viduals of this bat were noted clinging to the back of a shaded aperture in the face of a hmestone cliff. They were approximately 25 feet from the ground. Most of the specimens of this species are females. Adult fe- males with embryos were found only once, on February 18, 1948, when the two adults taken each had a single small embryo. The only parasites noted on Saccopteryx hilineata were small, red mites. Most of the specimens collected had a few such mites on the ears. The flight of Saccopteryx hilineata closely resembles that of Myotis but is slower and more deliberate. Bats of this species usu- ally fly only four to seven feet above the ground along water courses, trails or openings in the jungle, but once, specimens were shot while they were flying over the tops of small trees, fully 30 feet from the ground. They fly rather erratically, as they swerve and swoop in catching insects. They prefer to remain under the shade and cover of trees and branches while in flight. They emerge shortly after sunset, but while it is still almost daylight, and each individual seems to patrol a certain part of the jungle that I suppose is its home range or hunting ground. Peropteryx macrotis macrotis (Wagner) Lesser Doglike Bat Specimens examined. — ^Total 15: 35 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 350 ft., 2; 38 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 500 ft., 13. Mammals of Veracruz 213 All of our specimens of this species were captured in caves in the lime- stone cliffs along the Rio Chalchijapa, 35 to 38 kilometers southeast of Jesus Carranza. The species was first found on April 27, 1948, when a colony was located in a shallow recess in a cliflE. This recess was about four feet high, 50 feet long and 20 feet deep. The opening was flush with the face of the chflF and about 20 feet above the surface of the river. The bats were clinging to the roof of the recess, in shaded daylight. When frightened they took refuge in a small, roomhke cave about six feet high and 20 feet in diameter. The entrance to this cave was about 20 inches in diameter and the cave was dark. The bats were captured in a net hung over the entrance to the cave. One bat escaped and 10 were captured. On April 30 the cave was revisited and two more individuals were captured. In April, 1949, there were no bats of any kind in this cave. On April 27, 1948, a specimen was taken in a long, tubelike cave about three feet in diameter and 100 feet long. An Artibeus jamaicensis was also found in the cave. The following day two others were taken in small caves in a hmestone cliff. One bat was alone. The other was in a cave with several individuals of Balanti- opteryx io and a Chropoterus auritus. In April, 1949, the caves on the Chalchijapa were revisited. All the caves where Perapteryx macrotis had been found in 1948 were examined but only two bats of this species were taken. Peropteryx kappleri kappleri Peters Greater Doglike Bat Specimens examined. — ^Four from 38 km. SE Jesiis Carranza, 500 ft. The four specimens were obtained on April 30, 1948, and were seen first as they flew from the underside of a large block of lime- stone that had fallen long before from a high cliff. The under- side of this block was shaded but not dark. Two of the bats were captured when they entered a small cave formed by fallen boulders, The cave was rather dark, and approximately seven feet in diameter by 10 feet in height. The two remaining bats flew to a similar but smaller cave 30 feet away where they too were caught. All four were males having small testes. The flight of these bats was slow and deliberate. One was captured in full flight with a quick snatch of a hand. 4—4035 214 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Centronycteris maximiliani centralis Thomas Thomas' Bat Specimen examined. — One from 35 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 350 ft. This rare bat is known from but seven specimens. Ours was shot in late afternoon while it was flying in dense jungle. The bat was about 10 feet from the ground and was following a regular course approximately 125 feet in length. At each end of its course, in ap- proximately 10 trips up and down a small arroyo, the bat turned each time at almost exactly the same place. The flight was slow and fluttery. Balantiopteryx plicata plicata Peters Peters' Bat Specimens examined. — Total 25: Puente Nacional, 500-1000 ft., 17; 9 km. E. Totutla, 2500 ft., 3; 7 km. SE San Juan de la Punta, 400 ft., 5. These little bluish bats seem to prefer an arid habitat. On Octo- ber 21 and 22, 1946, at Puente Nacional several colonies, numbering from two to 75 individuals, were in narrow, horizontal, slitlike caves, formed along the contact of a layer of soft conglomerate rock with a layer of hard sandstone. The bats were clinging to the ceiling of the cave with both feet and the thumbs, with bodies thrust out, away from the rock. The cave was light enough for a person to see the bats without the aid of an artificial light. When disturbed, they flew farther back into the cave. In the beam of a flashlight, their eyes gleamed like tiny rubies, far back in the low cave. Near these caves, where the bats were resting by day, were several larger, more open caves. The floors of these were covered to a depth of six inches with guano. Seemingly the bats hung up at night in these larger caves, to rest after hunting. Nine kilometers east of Totutla several bats of this species were found in a large, dry cave, along with several individuals of Micro- nycteris sylvestris. The three specimens taken were males. On December 15, 1946, seven kilometers southeast of San Juan de la Punta, a colony of about 200 bluish sac-winged bats and a few more than 50 common vampires, species Desmodus rotundus, were in a small, dark cave along the Rio Blanco. The sac-winged bats were shy, and quick to take alarm. Few females of B. plicata were found and none taken was preg- nant. This species of bat is more often than not parasitized by a small orange or yellow mite. These mites live in clumps of from 15 to 30 or more on the ears and, less commonly, on the tail or ante- brachial membranes. Mammals of Veracruz 215 Balantiopteryx io Thomas Thomas' Sac-\vinged Bat Specimens examined. — Total 107: Grutas Atoyac, 2 km. E Atoyac, 14;, 5 km. S Potrero, 1700 ft., 11; 38 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 500 ft., 82. We first found tliis species on March 6, 1946, in a cave known as Grutas Atoyac, two kilometers east o£ Atoyac, at about 1500 feet elevation. Approximately 25 individuals were in the innermost rooms of the cave, fully 300 meters from its mouth. The bats were hanging separately, most of them in small, pithke depressions in the roof. A few hung from the walls. A few vampires ( Desmodus rotundus) were in the same cave, but near its mouth. The 14 indi- viduals of Balantiopteryx io were evenly divided as to sex. None of the females was pregnant. Each bat had from six to 10 small red mites attached to the membranes of the tail, wings and/or ears. On April 25, 1948, in a large cave in a limestone cliflF, 38 kilometers southeast of Jesus Carranza, along the Rio Chalchijapa, this species was abundant. The mouth of the cave is about 30 feet high, 45 feet wide, 20 feet above the river, and the bottom of the entrance is seven feet below the base of the cliflF. Inside, the cave varies from 20 to 50 feet in height and 30 to 60 feet in width. The main cave is about 500 feet in length, and there is a side passage about 75 feet long. In addition to Balantiopteryx io, Pteronotus parnellii, Artiheus jamaicensis and Myotis nigricans inhabited the cave. Some individuals of B. io hung from openings in masses of wave- like stalactites 30 to 50 feet from the mouth of the cave, where there was dayhght enough to permit a person to see the bats. They were about 20 feet from the floor. Approximately 75 feet from its mouth, the cave varies from 25 to 50 feet in height, and the bats were most abundant there. Most were hanging 25 to 35 feet from the floor, but some were as high as the cave extended. Only a few were seen as far as 100 feet from the mouth of the cave, and only one was noted more than 125 feet from the mouth. Without ex- ception the bats hung singly, and usually more than nine inches from one another. They preferred to hang from the tops of pits and crevices but some hung from the open, flat ceihng. It was esti- mated that between 500 and 1000 individuals of Balantiopteryx were present in the cave. For so many bats, the quantity of guano in the cave was surprisingly small. In addition to the large colony mentioned above, more than 1000 other individuals of Balantiopteryx io were seen at this locality. Most were in some of the thousands of small caves that pit the cliffs. 216 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. but many were in deep, dark crevices and masses of stalactites that hung from the faces of the cliEs. A total of 89 specimens was saved from this locality, in 1948; only two were females. At the same locality in 1949, the bats were as abundant as the year before. Two females taken on April 25, 1948, contained embryos. Family Phyllostomidae Pteronotus psilotis (Dobson) Dobson's Mustached Bat Specimens examined. — Seventy-five from 3 km. E San Andres Tuxtla, 1000 ft. Additional record. — Near Tuxpan (Malaga- Alba and Villa R., 1957:534). For tills species, long known as Chilonycteris psilotis, the older generic name Pteronotus is here used because Burt and Stirton (1961:24) regard all of the species heretofore referred to Chilonycteris and to Pteronotus as con- generic. In early January, 1948, a large colony of this species was found along with other kinds of bats three kilometers east of San Andres Tuxtla in a long, narrow, sinuous cave in a basaltic cliff. The en- trance to the cave was triangular, about two meters on a side. The cave consisted of a tubelike lower portion about 200 feet long, abruptly blocked by a wall of rock, which probably resulted from a geologic fault. Ten feet above the lower level of the cave, a narrow opening allows entrance to the upper part of the cave, con- sisting of a series of low, shallow rooms, joined by passages. The lower level was cool and relatively dry. There we caught Pteronotus parnellii, Glossophaga soricina, Carollia perspicillata, Desmodus rotundus and Natalus stramineus. The only odor noted in the lower level of the cave was the ammonia smell of the vampire bats. The upper part of the cave, in strong contrast to the lower part, was hot and damp, with an almost overpowering stench. The tem- perature was estimated at 95 degrees Fahrenheit. The walls in many places were wet; drops of water hung from the roof before dropping to the floor. The floor was buried under many inches of semi-hquid bat guano, and the surface of the guano was so covered with the white larvae of a small species of fly that it appeared to have been whitewashed. The air of the cave contained milh'ons of tiny black flies. In this upper level there were a few individuals of Mormoops megalophylla and thousands of individuals of Ptero- notus psilotis and Pteronotus davyi. Pteronotus psilotis was a weaker flier than Pteronotus davyi; a net that was hung in the cave took several specimens of P. psilotis Mammals of Veracruz 217 but no P. davyi. P. psilotis was notably less agile in flight than P. damji. At rest, psilotis preferred to lie on a horizontal or inclined surface; few hung from the roof of the cave. P. psilotis was notably swift on the ground, running and hopping with tightly folded wings, and resembled a large spider in motion. This species is insectivorous. We noted individuals hunting in the evening in openings in the jungle, and among the branches of the tall jungle trees. On one rainy night, many small bats were seen hunting over the surface of a small lake, Laguna Encantada. Two of these were killed and proved to be P. psilotis. On later, nights, when it was not raining, no bats were seen over the lake. Like many other species of bats, Dobson's mustached bat seems to fill its stomach quickly, and then to retire to some secluded place to rest. On one dark night, we spent some time in the cave men- tioned above. A constant stream of bats was entering and another leaving the cave. With lights turned out, we stood by the side of the cave with small hand nets. When the bats began to pass, the net would be swung, and bats usually were captured. Then the lights would be turned on, and the captives were placed in a sack. The lights caused the bats to withdraw to the mouth of the cave, but shortly after the lights were turned out, the bats again began to stream past. In this fashion we captured Pteronotus psilotis (56), Pteronotus davyi (6), Carollia (1), and Natalus (1). None of the females of this species taken in the first week of January was pregnant. There was an average of about four para- sitic winged flies and three large black "stick-tight" fleas to each bat of this species that we examined. Pteronotus pamellii mexicana (Miller) Parnell's Mustached Bat Specimens examined. — Total 7: 8 km. NW Potrero, 1700 ft., 1; 3 km. E San Andres Tuxtla, 1000 ft., 2; 38 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 500 ft., 4. Additional records.— Jalapa (Ward, 1904:639); Mirador (Rehn, 1904:204). For this species, long known as Chilonycteris pamellii, the older generic name Pteronotus is here used because Burt and Stirton (1961:24) regard all of the species heretofore referred to Chilonycteris and to Pteronotus as con- generic. This species seems to be rather rare in the State of Veracruz. Our specimens were all captured in caves surrounded by dense jungle. In a lava cave three kilometers east of San Andres Tuxtla (see ac- count of Pteronotus psilotis), two specimens of this bat were ob- tained by firing a pistol loaded with dust-shot into a wheeHng mass 218 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat, Hist. of flying bats, that consisted principally of Natalus stramineus and Glossophaga soricina. This cave was searched on many occasions for other individuals of this species, but none was found. In April, 1948, 38 kilometers southeast of Jesus Carranza, this species was found in a large limestone cave ( see account of Balanti- opteryx io). In this cave, from 75 to 150 feet from the entrance, there were six to eight colonies of Mijotis nigricans, each colony consisting of a dense mass of from 50 to 150 pregnant females. Each of four colonies had a single Pteronotus parnellii, a nonpreg- nant female, packed tightly in with the mass of Myotis. The ground beneath each colony was examined, but nothing was found to sup- port our suspicion that P. parnellii was preying on the Myotis, or in some fashion obtaining benefit from the association. On Novem- ber 18, 1948, eight kilometers northwest of Potrero, an adult male P. parnellii was creeping about and over approximately 50 indi- viduals of Artiheus jamaicensis that clung in a tight mass to the top of a small pit in the roof of a hmestone cave. Pteronotus davyi fulvus (Thomas) Davy's Naked-backed Bat Specimens examined. — Sixty-two from 3 km. E San Andres Tuxtia, 1000 ft. Additional records (Davis and Russell, 1952:235). — Mirador; San Andres Tuxtia; South San Andres Tuxtia; Achotal. In Veracruz we found this species only in a cliff of basaltic rock (see account of Pteronotus psilotis) three kilometers east of San Andres Tuxtia in the first week of January, 1948. On the ground, Pteronotus davyi acts much like Pteronotus psilotis, running and hopping with considerable agility, with wings tightly folded to the body, but in the air, P. davyi is far more slcillful than P. psilotis and was far more diflBcult to capture in a butterfly net; also, P. davyi did not become entangled in the strands of a large hanging net. Like P. psilotis, P. davyi retires to a cave or similar retreat after its evening hunt. Swinging a net blindly at bats passing in the darkness yielded 56 individuals of P. psilotis as against six of P. davyi. Probably fewer specimens of P. davyi were taken because it could more often dodge the net; shooting bhndly in places where both species were living brought down the two kinds in about equal numbers. In the early evening, individuals of Pteronotus davyi emerged from the cave and began their evening hunt. Although they devi- ated much from a straight line of flight when hunting insects, their flight was rather slow and direct in comparison with that of other Mammals of Veracruz 219 bats of about the same size. Most individuals of P. davyi flew only about seven feet from the ground, although some barely skimmed the ground and a few maintained an altitude of 25 feet or more. The hne of flight of the bats from the mouth of the cave was con- sistently down the face of the chff, through the jungle, across a small bay of the lake, over a meadow of tall sawgrass, and up a steep hillside, to the open, grassy hills. A few individuals drank water as they passed the lake, but most did not. Probably the flight broke up over the hills, but this could not be determined for it was usually too dark to watch the bats after they were fol- lowed to the hills. This flight was repeated night after night. The first bats reached the top of the hill, where we were camped, at dusk. This was about one kilometer from the cave. The flight continued for nearly an hour. None of the females of Pteronotus davyi collected in the first week of January was pregnant. The testes of the numerous males collected were all small. Males outnumber females in our series by more than three to one. Our Pteronotus davyi had relatively few parasites. Most individuals had one small winged-fly or two such but many had none. No "stick-tight" fleas were noted, al- though these were common on the Pteronotus psilotis from the same cave. Mormoops megalophylla megalophylla (Peters) Peter's Leaf-chinned Bat Specimens examined. — Total 6: 6 km. VVSW Boca del Rio, 10 ft., 1; 4 km. WNW Fortin, 3200 ft., 1; 3 km. E San Andres Tuxtla, 1000 ft., 4. Additional records. — Canon of Actopan NE of Jalapa (Ward, 1904:634); Mirador (Rehn, 1902:170); Orizaba (Rehn, 1902:170). Hall and Kelson (1959:93) list, under M. m. megalophylla, specimens recorded by Ward (1904:634) from the Caiion of Actopan and incorrectly plot the locality too far south. As clearly stated by Ward, the locahty is "some miles northeast of Jalapa, Veracruz, in the bottom of the Canon of Actopan." Therefore, the place is correctly to be plotted at the north margin of the black dot representing Mirador on Map 59, page 96 (Hall and Kelson, 1959). Two subspecies of this bat, Mormoops megalophylla megalophylla (Peters) and Mormoops megalophylla senicula (Rehn), have been reported from Vera- cruz. They were originally described as being separable primarily on the basis of the structure of the second upper premolar (Rehn, 1902:169). In 1960, specimens, from northern and southern extremes of the range of the species, in the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas, were examined as to this dental character and other characters. Also, sLx speci- mens of Mormoops megalophylla from Coahuila, six from Guatemala, and one from Tabasco were examined. The structure of P2 did not serve to dis- 220 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. languish between these specimens by the methods employed. Villa and Jimenez by independent study later (1961:502) reported the same conclusion. But, in 1960, other differences in other parts of the specimens influenced us to recognize two subspecies. The pelage of the northern specimens was dull brown and they were more densely haired than the Guatemalan and Tabascan specimens. Mean length of the forearm on the dried skins was 55.1 mm. The color fitted the description given by Rehn (op. cit.) for M. m. senicula, in- cluding the "silvery suffusion." The Guatemalan and Tabascan specimens differed in color, from other specimens examined, primarily in that the hairs were ochraceous basally — as described by Rehn (op. cit.) for M. m. mega- lophylla. The hair was sparse to almost absent on the nape and crown allow- ing the color of the basal part of the hair to show at the edge of the "naked" area. The mean lengths of the forearms of the Guatemalan specimens and the Tabascan specimen were 54.4 and 54.7, respectively. Subsequently, Davis and Carter studied a large number of specimens from north of Colombia. Although they noted (1962:65) the difference in color between specimens from Guatemala (chocolate brown) and specimens north thereof (wood brown), they agreed with Villa and Jimenez (1961:502) that M. m. senicula should be placed as a synonym of M. m. megalophylla. Be- cause the study by Villa and Jimenez was based on a larger number of speci- mens than we had and because the study by Davis and Carter was of wider geographic scope than our study in 1960 we follow those four authors and apply the subspecific name M. m. megalophylla to all of our specimens from the state of Veracruz instead of recognizing the subspecific name M. m. senicula and applying it to specimens from Orizaba and others north thereof. On March 25, 1946, four kilometers west-northwest of Fortin in the tropical-forest habitat, a dead, non-pregnant female was hanging head-down from a window screen. The cause of death could not be ascertained. In a cave, described in the account of Pteronotus psilotis, three kilometers east of San Andres Tuxtla in early January, 1948, four individuals were obtained in a low, shallow room in the upper level of the cave, where the temperature was estimated to be about 95 degrees Fahrenheit, and where the walls were not wet, and where the odor of the guano was almost overpowering. One was shot in flight among several thousand individuals of Pteronotus psilotis and Pteronotus davyi. One was asleep, hanging head-down from a rock wall, with its head bent under, almost to the chest, and the back somewhat bowed. The other two were awake, hanging from vertical walls of rock; they twisted about, watching the light, but did not attempt to fly. They squeaked when plucked from the wall. In contrast to these occurrences, all in the upper humid division of the Tropical Life-zone, one was taken on the arid coastal plain at Boca del Rio on April 23, 1949. The female at Boca del Rio was hanging free, from the rough surface of an overhead joist in a fairly Hght room of an abandoned hacienda. In adjoinng rooms Mammals of Veracruz 221 there were colonies of Artibeus jamaicensis and Desmodus rotundus. On other visits to this old building, a small colony of Glossophaga soricina was found hanging from the beam where the Mormoops was taken, but none was noted on the day that the Mormoops was found. A female taken in early January was not pregnant, nor was a fe- male taken in March. The one taken on April 23, 1949, contained an embryo 22 miUimeters long. Two males taken in January had small testes. No parasites were ever noted on this species. Micronycteris megalotis mexicana Miller Brazilian Small-eared Bat Specimens examined.— Total 16: Plan del Rio, 1000 ft., 2; 4 km. W Paso de San Juan, 250 ft., 5; 14 km. SW Coatzacoalcos, 100 ft. 3; Achotal, 5 (Chi- cago N. H. Mus.); 35 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 400 ft., 1. Additional record. — Cuesta de Don Lino, near Jalapa (Ward, 1904:653). This species was found on the arid, open coastal plain of the central part of the state of Veracruz, and in the dense jungles of the southern part of the state. Suitable daytime retreats, rather than surrounding environments, seem to regulate the distribution of Micronycteris megalotis. As noted in Veracruz, and elsewhere in Mexico, bats of this species require narrow, dimly-lighted, hori- zontal, tubular hollows for their daytime retreats. In a natural state these are probably suppHed by hollow logs and the burrows of large mammals. On February 1, 1947, we looked into a large pipe, about two and one half feet in diameter, that passed beneath a railroad em- bankment, 14 kilometers southwest of Coatzacoalcos. Six bats were in the pipe, but only two, one Micronycteris and one Carollia, were obtained. On subsequent visits, three more individuals of Micronycteris and two more of Carollia were taken. Of these three individuals of Micronycteris one was found in the pipe after dark. As no bats were found in the pipe earher that day, it is concluded that M. megalotis, Hke many other bats, retires to a suitable retreat to rest after feeding. The pipe where the bats were found was in dim light. Four kilometers west of Paso de San Juan on the night of Decem- ber 15, 1947, a Micronycteris was shot in an underpass under the highway from Jalapa to Veracruz. Another bat, probably of this species, was seen in the underpass. Having become aware of the presence of Micronycteris at this locahty, we made a systematic search of the pipelike drains that 222 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. passed under the highway. Eight bats were found in one drain that was about 18 inches in diameter. Five of these were shot; four were of the species Micronycteris megalotis and one was a Carollia perspicillata. Thirty-five kilometers southeast of Jesus Carranza, on Febru- ary 15, 1948, our dogs had run an agouti to ground in a burrow about 10 inches in diameter. We had enlarged the mouth of the burrow and built a fire of dry palm fronds, forcing smoke into the burrow with a fan. Several small bats suddenly flew out into my face, probably blinded by the smoke. One must always be cautious in opening mammal burrows in the tropics because the dangerous fer-de-lance (Bothrops atrox) often lives in burrows of mammals. The sudden appearance of the bats caused me to jump back in alarm. A native assistant knocked one of the bats to the ground and it was a Micronycteris megalotis. Stomachs of specimens taken in the daytime were empty, but stomachs of two shot at night were crammed with remains of insects. None of the females taken on December 13, December 15, or February 7 was pregnant. The testes of two males taken on De- cember 15 were of moderate size. The individuals from near Coatzacoalcos were parasitized by a few dark-colored, wingless flies. Micronycteris sylvestris (Thomas) Brown Small-eared Bat Specimens examined. — Total 16: 15 km. ENE Tlacotepec, 1500 ft., 15; 9 km. E Totutla, 2500 ft., 1. A colony of about 25 bats of this species was found in a cave in a sandstone and conglomerate cliff, 15 kilometers east-northeast of Tlacotepec on December 11, 1947. The cave was low and shal- low, about six feet high by 30 feet wide and 30 feet deep, with a low, wide entrance. It was dimly lighted. Thirteen individuals were shot. None of the females taken was pregnant, and the testes of the males were small. All of the bats were parasitized by from three to five small, winged flies. On December 14, 1948, another bat of this species was taken from a cave in a conglomerate cliff nine kilometers east of Totutla. This cliff was about 300 feet high, and the cave was approximately 50 feet from the top. The entrance was about 30 feet high by 40 feet wide. The cave was of about this dimension, and 75 feet deep. It was well lighted. The only bats present were one Micronycteris sylvestris and four individuals of Balantiopteryx plicata. Mammals of Veracruz 223 Mimon cozumelae Goldman Cozumel Spear-nosed Bat Specimens examined. — Total 10: 3 km. N Presidio, 1500 ft., 3; 35 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 350 ft., 4; 38 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 500 ft., 3. On December 2, 1946, a deep, dark limestone cave, three kilo- meters north of Presidio, was the home of four of these large, hand- some bats. This cave is situated in a small, jungle-covered hill, isolated in an extensive field of sugar cane. The bats were extremely shy, and were in flight when first seen, shortly after we entered the cave. Two escaped from us; the other two were captured. At the same locahty we watched this species feeding, and one was shot in flight. Immediately about our camp were several large trees of sweet oranges. Shortly after dusk the bats would appear from the direction of the hills. They arrived at elevations of from 20 to 35 feet from the ground. They were quite graceful, far more so than Artibeus. Their wing-beats were not rapid, and their flight was silent. The long interfemoral membrane could sometimes be seen against the clear sky. They approached the orange trees with a glide and a downward swoop. Numerous tra.ps baited with banana and suspended in the orange trees, or tied to branches, were not disturbed by the bats. We were not able to see them in the trees, in the act of feeding. They ate only very ripe, some- times spoiled, fruit. Possibly the bats were feeding on insects that were feeding on the fruit. Very ripe fruit was easily dislodged from the trees, and the sound of falUng oranges attested to the ac- tivities of the bats until almost daybreak. Two males taken at the above locality were lean, but a female was fat. The only ectoparasite noted was a small, winged fly. On April 10, 1948, 38 kilometers southeast of Jesus Carranza five large bats were found in a small cave in a hmestone bluff. The entrance was a hole a yard in diameter that descended vertically for a distance of 10 feet. The cave itself was about 10 feet high, four feet wide, 15 feet long and the bottom was covered by deep, dark water. A ledge along one wall of the cave allowed entrance. From the roof, three bats were taken. One other escaped out the entrance of the cave, and another was wounded but was lost when it entered a narrow crevice, a foot wide, that led off from one end of the cave. Two of the three bats taken were of the genus Mimon and the other a Trachops cirrhostis. One Mimon was a male and the other a female containing a large embryo. Another female, Mimon, with 224 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. a full-term embryo, was one of two bats found in a small, room- like cave about 15 feet high and 12 feet in circumference. The bats were in a mass of stalactites in the highest part of the cave. The second bat escaped. On April 4, 1949, 35 kilometers southeast of Jesus Carranza four individuals of Mimon and one Trachops were found and captured in a cave about 12 feet across and six feet high. All four were non- pregnant females. Every cave in which Mimon lived was damp; the rock and stalac- tites were covered with a film of water. Only Trachops was found with Mimon. These two bats resemble each other closely, and cannot be distinguished in the caves. Both were completely silent. The droppings that littered the floor under their roosts were white, Hke the droppings of hawks and owls. Both genera are probably somewhat carnivorous. Phyllostomus discolor verrucosus Elliot Pale Spear-nosed Bat Record.— Orizaba (Sanbom, 1936:97). The skull shown in figure 67 of Hall and Kelson (1959:108) is not P. d. verrucosus but instead is Trachops cirrhosus coffini. Trachops cirrhosus coffini Goldman Fringe-hpped Bat Specimens examined. — Total 17: 38 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 500 ft., 2; 35 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 350 ft., 15. One of three bats taken from a company of five in a limestone cave 38 kilometers southeast of Jesus Carranza on April 10, 1948, was this species (see account of Mimon cozumelae) . It was an adult male. Another was taken at the same locality on April 27 in a long, deep cave in a limestone cliff. About 50 bats, presumably of this species, were present. The cave was so dangerous, because of sink-holes covered with thin (/2 inch thick) rock, that we were satisfied with one bat, a non-pregnant female. The bats in the cave were in a room entered by a hole descending for 10 feet at a 45 degree angle. The room was about 15 feet long by eight feet wide and seven feet high, but three holes in the floor descended 20 feet or more. A con- nected passage varied from a sht 10 feet high by six wide, to a hole scarcely large enough to allow a person passage by crawling. The floor was pitted with holes that went down to various depths. The floor was only a thin plate of rock. We went approximately 100 Mammals of Vera.C31uz 225 feet into the cave but the bats kept flying ahead of us. On later visits we found no bats in this cave. On April 5, 1949, a colony of these bats was found 35 kilometers southeast of Jesus Carranza in a cave about 30 feet in length by 20 feet in width and height. The entrance was a small, narrow hole at the base of a limestone cliff. There were no bats in the cave proper but when a stone was dropped into a small hole, about a yard in diameter and four feet deep, we heard the flutter of a bat's wings. At the bottom of the hole, really a pit, a horizontal tube barely large enough to admit a man led off for a distance of about 10 feet. At the end of this tube we entered an almost cir- cular chamber, 15 feet across, having a domed roof about 10 feet high. A female and 13 males of Trachops were in the chamber. We captured all 14, The floor was littered with the fecal droppings of this bat; they were white, and resembled the feces of birds more than those of bats. Possibly this species is carnivorous. Chrotopterus auritus auritus (Peters) Peters' False Vampire Bat Specimens examined. — ^Three from 38 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 500 ft. On April 27, 1948, at the mentioned locality, two individuals of this large bat were at the entrance of a short, narrow, high cave. The mouth of the cave is about five feet wide by 35 feet high. The bats were approximately tliree feet from the entrance, in a hole a foot in diameter and a foot deep, and were slow to fly. A net on the end of a long pole was pushed up to cover the hole, but the bats did not drop into the net until a shot was fired into the roof of the cave near the hole. The testes of the male were of moderate size and the female had a nearly full-term embryo. These large bats did not take flight as soon as did the several individuals of Artibeus jamaicensis and Balantiopteryx io that also were in the cave. At the same locaHty on the following day a male of Chro- topterus, whose testes were of moderate size, was found in the dark- ness at the base of a clump of yard-long stalactites at the edge of a chff. The bat was about 25 feet from the ground. A net at the end of a long pole was placed over the bat, and it dropped into the net. These bats were free of ectoparasites. White stains beneath the roosts of the bats resembled those left by the excreta of hawks and owls. The stomachs of the specimens were empty. The species is probably carnivorous. 226 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Vampynim spectrum nelsoni (Goldman) Limiaeus' False Vampire Bat Coatzacoalcos (Goldman, 1917:115), the type locality of the subspecies V. s. nelsoni, is the one record-station of occurrence in the state. This is the largest North American bat. Selected measurements, in millimeters, of the type are as follows: Total length, 130; length of tail, 0; length of hind foot, 31; height of ear from notch, 40; height of tragus, 12; height of noseleaf, 18; greatest length of skull, 51.0; zygomatic breadth, 23.6. Glossophaga soricina leachii (Gray) Pallas' Long-tongued Bat Specimens examined. — Total 152: 35 km. NW Tuxpan, 1000 ft., 6; Potrero [del] Llano, 350 ft., 2; 17 km. NW Tuxpan, 7; Tuxpan, 3; 12J^ mi. N Tihuatlan, 300 ft., 6; 10 km. NW Papantla, 750 ft., 1; 3 km. W Gutterez Zamora [= Gutierrez Zamora], 300 ft., 1; 3 mi, NW Nautla, 3; San Marcos, 200 ft., 3; Plan del Rio, 1000 ft., 2; 4 km. W Paso de San Juan, 250 ft., 7; Boca del Rio, 10 ft., 20; 8 km. NW Potrero, 1700 ft., 1; 7 km. NW Potrero, 1500 ft.. 1; 4 km. WNW Fortin, 3200 ft., 4; Potrero Viejo, 7 km. W. Potrero, 10; 5 km. 5 Potrero, 1700 ft., 2; Alvarado, 10 ft., 1; 3 km. W Acultzingo, 7000 ft., 1; 3 km. E San Andres Tuxtla, 1000 ft., 31; Cosamaloapan, 150 ft., 4; Cosa- malapan [= Cosamaloapan], 150 ft., 8; 5 mi. S Catemaco, 2; 35 km. ENE Jesiis Carranza, 150 ft., 1; Jesus Carranza, 250 ft., 1; 20 km E Jesus Carranza, 300 ft., 6; 38 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 500 ft., 6. Additional records (Miller, 1913:419, unless otherwise noted). — Mirador; Cordoba (Sumichrast, 1882:202); Catemaco; Jaltipan; Achotal. This long-tongued bat is fairly common in the lowlands of Vera- cruz. It makes its home in caves, old buildings, and similar retreats. Four kilometers west-northwest of Fortin several specimens were taken between March 27 and April 3, 1946, from long, artificial tunnels constructed near the power plant of the Moctezuma Brewery. On the first visit to tliese tunnels, the bats were abundant; 13 individuals of Carollia and one Glossophaga were shot. When the tunnels were revisited the following day, the Carollia had left, but several individuals of Glossophaga remained. The tunnel containing the most bats was about four feet wide, 25 feet high, and 600 feet long. It had been dug through a clay- colored, soft, crumbly rock of a claylike texture. Pallas' long- tongued bats were near one end of the tunnel, hiding, singly or in pairs, in small side niches, near the top of the tunnel, formed by the fall of loose concretions and earth. A colony of swallows nested at the other end of tlie tunnel. Bats of the genus Carollia were near the center of the tunnel, where it was darkest, and were hanging free from the roof. The long-tongued bats could seldom be seen from the floor of the tunnel and were difficult to obtain. When disturbed in the httle side-caves, as by a thrown pebble, the long-tongued bats would Mammals of Veracruz 227 dart to another niche. They were rather noisy in flight, making a nisthng whir. At this same locaHty, on April 3, 1946, Mr. Rabago, manager of the power plant, told me of having seen bats fly out of small caves in the limestone cliff, immediately above the power plant. Al- though I had looked carefully for bats in these caves, I had found none. On this day, as I walked along the cliff, just above the plant, a bat flew out ahead of me. It took refuge in another cave, and when I searched for it there the bat flew out and returned to the cliff near where I had first seen it. Searching carefully, I found a hole, which I had overlooked before, about five feet from the ground. The hole, under an overhanging ledge, was about eight inches in diameter, coursed straight up for six inches, and then back into the cliff at a 45 degree angle for about seven feet. Turning my hght into the opening, I saw two bats clinging to the roof near the back of the hole. Immediately beneath them was a pile of droppings about six inches in diameter and three inches high. One bat dropped when shot but the other flew out and escaped. The one killed lodged behind a pile of droppings, but was scraped out vdth a long stick. At Potrero Viejo, seven kilometers west of Potrero, on Septem- ber 24, 1946, small bats were reported in the old church and Mrs. Leora Forbes got permission, and the key, to enter. We opened the door to find eight of these small bats hanging in a row, each about three inches from the next one, to a rough overhead beam, about 12 feet from the floor. They were in dim light, but plainly visible. They were shy and took flight. Some went behind the altar. I found a small door in the altar and managed to squeeze through the intricately carved mass of 200-year-old wood. In back, between the altar and the end wall of the church, there was a dimly-lighted space about 15 inches wide. Some old wires hung down, and several bats clung to tliem. Two bracing boards along the back of the altar had other bats hanging head-down with wings wrapped around them, in the manner of Balantiopteryx io. Most of them hung by one foot. When my light struck them, they twisted about, peering at it. Most were shy and took flight. Some flew into a small room of the church, and there hung up in the dim hght, 15 feet from the floor. One or two took refuge under a table. In all, about 18 to 20 were present. Some flew out, through a small passage, into the church tower, where they hung from the rough stone in a well-hghted place. In the church proper, we knocked down 11 bats with rubber bands. Two were males, each weighing 228 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. ten grams. Of the females, three weighed ten grams; three weighed 11 grams; one 13 grams; one 14 grams; one 15 grams; and one 16 grams. The fom- heavier bats each had a single embryo 20 to 25 millimeters long. The testes of the two males were small. I saw no parasites on the bats. At Jesus Carranza a colony of about 20 of these bats was found in a dimly-lighted house. The house was notably warm. Molossus ater nigricans also was present. In the theater at Cosamaloapan on the night of April 1, 1947, we noted small bats flying through the beam of the projector. Re- turning next morning we saw six to eight of these bats hanging from the wares that support the screen and in the space between the elevated stage and the ground found about 700 more. In flight these bats made a dull roar, and a distinct wind. Three hundred more were in the dusky space above the low, partial ceihng of old signboards in the building. They hung head-down, with wings wrapped around the body, with a space of an inch or so separating each bat from its neighbors. Of the 14 saved, six were males and eight were females. One female had an embryo 10 mm. long. This long-tongued bat seems to be a fruit eater as well as an eater of nectar (a flower bat). Some stomachs examined were full of fruit pulp. On the night of March 19, 1947, 35 kilometers east- northeast of Jesus Carranza, a rat trap baited with banana and set in a chico zapote (chicle) tree caught a Glossophaga. Three kilometers east of San Andres Tuxtla about 1000 individuals of Glossophaga were found in the attic of a partly ruined building of brick and stone, in which we were living. The evening flight of this colony was observed on January 9, 1948. All day the bats were completely silent but for a half hour before sunset there was a great deal of squeaking. The first bat emerged from the attic about 25 feet above the ground just as the sun disappeared behind a dark cloud on the horizon. The bat flew west, then made a complete semicircle about 100 feet in diameter, coming back past the house at the same level at which it left, but some 100 feet to the south. When it came back over the cliff south of the house it was about 75 feet from the tops of the jungle trees. It veered slightly south- ward and flew off to the lakeside jungle, still at the same level. The second bat emerged about three minutes later; it made a circle about 50 feet in diameter, and pitched down out of sight in a steep dive over the cliff south of the house. Five minutes later three or four bats came out, but all went back in again. Ten minutes later it was rather dark and bats were flying in and out. Ten minutes Mammals of Veracruz 229 later still it was dark and I heard no more squeaking. Turning my light into the eaves revealed four bats that took flight. These were the last, for I looked into the attic and no others remained. The flight lasted about one-half hour in all. Parasites noted on Glossophaga include only winged and wing- less flies. Once three to eight small winged-flies to each bat were seen in a colony of seven bats. This was the heaviest infestation noted for this species. Colonies of Glossophaga usually contain animals of both sexes. Breeding seems to continue over much of the year. Pregnant fe- males (each vidth one embryo) were taken on March 12, 19, 29, April 1, 2 and September 24. On November 5, young were taken with the mothers and a young bat was found on November 18. Anonra geoflFroyi lasiopyga (Peters) Geoffrey's Tailless Bat Specimen examined. — State of Vera Cruz, 1 (U.S.N.M. 144470). Additional record. — Texolo [= Teocelo] (Sanborn, 1933:27). Hylonycteris imderwoodi Thomas Underwood's Long-tongued Bat Specimen examined. — One from 15 km. ENE Tlacotepec, 1500 ft. Additional record.— Metlac (G. M. Allen, 1942:97). This is a rare species, known from but a few localities. Our single specimen was taken 15 kilometers east-northeast of Tlacotepec on December 12, 1947, when "Four or five of these little bats were found in a cave in the barranca here. The cave is only about four feet in diameter. . . . The entrance is about two by three feet. The bats were behind a ledge, clinging to the highest, darkest place. They were shy, and all but one escaped. Beneath their resting place was a pile of guano about three inches high by six in diameter. There were several pits of jobo plums on the pile, showing that some of this fruit is taken to the cave to be eaten. The cave is in a cliff of conglomerate rock, about 40 feet high. There is a stream of water below the cliff. The cave is about eight feet above the water. No parasites were found on the specimen taken. It is a male with small testes." Leptonycteris nivalis nivalis (Saussure) Long-nosed Bat Specimens examined. — Twenty-nine from 3 km. W Boca del Rio, 25 ft. Additional records. — Pico de Orizaba, type locality (Saussure, 1860:492); "Veracruz" (Ward, 1904:653). 5—4035 230 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. A colony of approximately 200 individuals of Leptonycteris v^^as found in a dark, archlike tunnel in the basement of the old hacienda on the arid coastal plain, three kilometers west of Boca del Rio on September 28, 1947. When disturbed, the bats retired to a dark room on the floor above. Also present in this room were about 50 individuals of Artibeus jamaicensis and a few vampires, Desmodus rotundus. The specimens collected were all parasitized, each bat having from three to 10 small winged-flies and several mites. Six of the females taken were pregnant, each having a single large embryo. The testes of the males were small. Carollia perspicillata azteca Saussure Seba's Short-tailed Bat Specimens examined. — Total 79: 35 km. NW Tuxpan, 2; 25 km. NW Tux- pan, 3; 17 km. NW Tuxpan, 1; 3 mi. NW Nautla, 1; Mirador, 3500 ft., 6; 4 km. W Paso de San Juan, 250 ft., 1; Boca del Rio, 10 ft., 1; Rio Atoyac, 8 km. NW Potrero, 3; 4 km. WNW Fortin, 3200 ft., 28; Sumidero, 1150 m., 2; Alvarado, 10 ft., 12; Rio Blanco, 20 km. W Piedras Negras, 400 ft., 3; 2 km. N Motzorongo, 1500 ft., 1; 3 km. E San Andres Tuxtla, 1000 ft., 1; 5 km. S. Catemaco, 1; 14 km. SW Coatzacoalcos, 100 ft., 3; Achotal, 1; 35 km. ENE Jesus Carranza, 150 ft., 1; 20 km. E Jesus Carranza, 300 ft., 6; 35 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 400 ft., 1; 38 km. SE Jesiis Carranza, 500 ft., 1. Additional records (Hahn, 1907:112, unless otherwise noted). — Cuesta de Don Lino, near Jalapa (Ward, 1904:653); Jalapa (Ferrari-Perez. 1886:128, probably this species); Rio Tesechoacan, near Perez, assvimed to be the type locality; Jaltipan; Buena Vista. This bat is one of the most abundant of the fruit bats that occur in Veracruz. Other abundant species are Glossophaga soricina and Artibeus jamaicensis. Carollia is primarily a cave-living species, although, on February 1, 1947, 14 kilometers southwest of Coatza- coalcos, and on December 15, 1947, 4 km. W Paso de San Juan, in- dividuals were found in pipes beneath railroad embankments and a paved highway. On March 19, 1947, 20 kilometers east of Jesus Carranza, a colony was found in a hollow tree. In 1948, 38 kilome- ters southeast of Jesus Carranza, several small colonies were found in hollow ti-ees in relatively open jungle. Four kilometers west-northwest of Fortin, on March 27, 1946, Mr. Daniel Rabago, the engineer in charge of the power plant of the Moctezuma Brewery, guided me (Dalquest) to some artificial tun- nels connecting the Rio Metlac with the river to the west. The valley to the west is 120 meters higher and water is piped from a dam through an artificial tunnel and down to the power house. The main tunnel is 200 meters long, about seven feet high and seven wide, and is constructed through soft, shalelike rock. Midway, there is a side-tunnel, about 50 meters in length, similar to the main tunnel but containing no pipes or artificial lights. It opens on the Mammals of Veracruz 231 side of the hill and the opening is barred with grill work. In this side-tunnel we found two bats. The one captured was a female of Carollia. About 200 meters farther downstream another tunnel penetrates the hillside. This is a slotlike tunnel about four feet wide and 25 feet high. At the west end of this tunnel, many swal- lows were nesting. From the center to the eastern end we found many individuals of Carollia. They were clinging either singly or in small groups. Perhaps 50 were present in the tunnel. It was so high that it was necessary to shoot the bats. I killed 10 of Carollia and one Glossophaga that were in a condition good enough to save. All of the specimens taken were females. At the same locality, on April 1, 1946, one cave was reached only after considerable work with the machete. Only vampires were present. Entrance to the other cave was gained by sliding on our backs, down a 20 foot-long tunnel inclined at a 30 degree angle. The tunnel was about two feet high by six feet wide. The cave, about 50 feet wide and 70 to 80 feet long, is 12 to 20 feet in height. Falls of loose rocks and large boulders partition the space in the cave, and the floor is httered with angular pieces of limestone from a few inches to several feet in diameter, and is shppery because of bat guano, with many deep pits among the rocks. Great care is required in moving about in the cave. Probably about 100 indi- viduals of Carollia were present of which I caught ten. All were males. The bats tended to hang together, though not in clusters, from low places in the ceiling. In pursuing them about the cave I discovered that their favorite perches were places where the roof was five to six feet high, usually near the side of the main room or under projecting ridges of large boulders. An interesting com- panionship between a Carollia and a Nataltis stramineus was noted here, and is described in the account of Natalus stramineus. Stomachs of Carollia taken at the Rio Atoyac, eight kilometers northwest of Potrero, held a semi-liquid mass of yellow pulp, prob- ably of the wild sweet-lemon or wild orange, both of which were ripe and common in the vicinity. One bat was taken in a banana- baited mouse trap set beside the trail in dense jungle at the above mentioned locality on February 25, 1946. Another was taken here in a trap set on the ground on March 25, 1946. Another was taken in a trap set on the ground on March 6, 1946, at the same locality, and under rather unusual circumstances. A line of traps baited with bananas had been set along the river for Oryzomys. One trap was set under an overhanging bush. The fohage of the bush formed a dense arch with a doughnut-shaped cavity a foot in diameter extending 232 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. in a circle around the bush. The distance across the circle, from one side to the other, was about three feet. I broke an opening, about seven inches across, through the foliage and set a trap in the cavity. The follow^ing morning the trap held a Carollia. The bat must have smelled the banana, and entered through the small open- ing, landed on the ground beside the trap, and been caught while feeding on the bait. Seemingly this species has an excellent sense of smell. On March 11, 1946, at the same place I noticed that in a bunch of sweet rotan bananas that we had hung in the shade of an orange tree a few meters from camp, a section about 20 millimeters in diameter had been eaten from the skin of a ripe banana and through this opening a section of banana 50 millimeters in length and 25 milHmeters in diameter had been eaten out. The upper and lower ends of the cavity were smoothly concave, indicating that the center core of the banana had been eaten more extensively than the sur- roimding pulp, perhaps because it was more tasty or because it was more easily available to the bat. This banana was left on the stalk, and a mouse trap baited with banana was tied just above it. The next morning the trap and the banana previously eaten were un- disturbed, but part of another ripe banana in the clump had been eaten. All bananas except this one were removed from the stalk, and the banana-baited trap was tied to it. Next morning a male Carollia was in the trap. The following observations were made at a place two kilometers north of Motzorongo and entered in my field notebook on December 10, 1946. "For three nights now I have been watching fruit bats over a pool of water in the arroyo here. Three or more species are present, as well as Saccopteryx bilineata and Myotis volans [proved to be Eptesicus propinqutis] and probably other bats. One small fruit bat is especially common, but only last night was I able to get one, and found it to be this species (CaroZ/ia per^piciZZafa). . . . [Bats of this species] will hit a wdre strung over the surface of the pool, and even fall into the water, but they are able to take off again. I caught one by setting banana-baited mouse traps tied to branches in their favorite resting tree. The specimen is a male with testes four by two millimeters. Two small v^dnged-flies were the only parasites noted." Bats of this species arrived at the pool shortly after it was com- pletely dark, and some were present two hours later. They come in at a height of three to five feet making a swish like a bullet. Mammals of Veracruz 233 Possibly this is the end of a dive down to the pool from a higher level. They begin to flap their wings when within 10 feet of a bnsh or low-hanging branch of a tree on which they intend to land. The swish of their arrival, followed by a flapping, is easily heard and the air that is moved makes leaves and ferns rusde. It is my impression though that they never, or at least rarely, strike things with their wings. In this they are unlike some fruit bats. Arriving under a bush, they seem to drift up into it. This upward movement and alighting is in complete silence, in contrast with their noisy arrival. They usually rise two or three feet, until well into the network of vines and branches, before alighting. When frightened, they leave their perch almost as silently as they arrive, but the wind from their wing beats causes the leaves to rustle. Once outside the bush, there is a great flapping; often they circle or spiral upwards, before flying ofiF to a perch in another bush but sometimes leave with a swift, rushing sound. Carollia is rarely parasitized. The only parasite noted was a species of small, winged fly. Four kilometers west-northwest of Fortin, on March 29, 1946, a bat that seemingly died from wounds received from another bat was clinging to the wall of a cave about six feet from the ground. It had not been dead for more than a few hours when found, for it was not at all decayed. The nose-leaf and skin of the muzzle had been torn ofiF. Males and females often are in separate colonies. Most of the females found between March 6 and March 29 were pregnant. Four taken on December 11 had swollen uteri but no recognizable embryos. Carollia castanea subruf a (Hahn) Allen's Short-tailed Bat Records (Hahn, 1907:115). — Mirador; Otatitlan; Coatzacoalcos; Minatit- lan; Achotal. Hahn (1907) lists both Carollia perspicillata azteca and Carollia subruf a from localities in Veracruz. When our large series of Carollia from Veracruz is compared with his descriptions of C. perspicillata azteca and C. subrufa, and with a specimen from Veracruz identified by him as C. subrufa, we are unable to recognize two species. No specimen seen from Veracruz is so large as the largest C. p. azteca nor smaller than the smallest C. subrufa listed by Hahn from the general latitude of the localities of occurrence in Veracruz. Most of our specimens resemble the larger individuals of C. subrufa and the smaller individuals of C. p. azteca in size, both as to external measurements and cranial measiuements. Light, heavy and intermediate dentition is found in cur material. Consequently all of our material from Veracruz is referred to the earlier named C. perspicillata azteca. 234 University of Kansas Fuels., Mus. Nat. Hist. Stumira lilium parvidens Goldman Yellow-shouldered Bat Specimens examined. — Total 16: Hacienda Tamiahua, Cabo Rojo, 4; I2)i mi. N Tihuatlan, 300 ft., 11; 5 mi. S Catemaco, 1. Additional record. — Mirador ( Hershkovitz, 1949:442). The sixteen specimens from Veracruz and the one specimen available from Tabasco (5 mi. SW Teapa) are dark as are seven of the 13 specimens available from Guatemala. The two specimens from the state of Puebla and many of the specimens from western Mexico (Jahsco, Nayarit, and Chihuahua) are notably paler. But there is variation in each lot. Also there are two or more color phases. No consistent geographic variation in the skulls can be correlated with the dark color of the specimens from eastern Mexico. Therefore the specimens from the state of Veracruz are here referred to the subspecies S. I. parvidens. Stumira ludovici Anthony Anthony's Bat Record.— Mirador (Hershkovitz, 1949:442). Chiroderma villosum jesupi J. A. Allen Isthmian Bat Records.— Presidio (G. M. Allen, 1927:158); Achotal (Sanborn, 1936:103). Handley (1960:466) regards the name Chiroderma isthmicum Miller, 1912, previously used for this kind of bat, as a synonym of Chiroderma jesupi J. A. Allen, 1900, which is only subspecifically distinct from Chiroderma villosum Peters 1860. Artibeus jamaicensis jamaicensis Leach Jamaican Fruit-eating Bat Specimens examined. — Total 154: 5 mi. S Tampico, 3; Hacienda Tamiahua, Cabo Rojo, 1; Tlacolula, 60 km. WNW Tuxpan, 6; Potrero Llano [= Potrero del Llano], 350 ft., 4; 12M mi. N Tihuatlan, 300 ft., 2; 3 mi. NW Nautla, 1; Teocelo, 4000 ft., 1; 3 km. W Boca del Rio, 10 ft., 34; Boca del Rio, 10 ft. 30; 5 km. SW Boca del Rio, 3; 8 km. NW Potrero, 1700 ft., 16; 5 km. N Potrero, 1500 ft., 17; 7 km. NW Potrero, 1500 ft., 3; Potrero Viejo, 5 km. W Potrero, 2; Cueva de la Pesca, Potrero, 650 m., 8; Cautlaupan [ = Cuautlapan], 4000 ft., 1; Sala de Agua, 1500 ft., El Maguey, 8 km. S Potrero, 13; Rio Blanco, 20 km. W Piedras Negras, 400 ft, 2; 5 mi. S Catemaco, 1; 38 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 500 ft., 6. Additional records (Andersen, 1908:267). — Plan del Rio; Mirador; Tuxtla [probably Santiago Tuxtla]. This is one of the most common fruit bats of Veracruz, and is probably the one most often seen. It is principally a cave-living species, but on the coastal plain, where caves are scarce, it lives in crevices in trees and even in wells. This species was found in a limestone cave in a beautiful tropical setting at El IVIaguey, Sala de Agua, eight kilometers south of Potrero, on February 10, 1946. Approximately 200 feet in from the Mammals of Veracruz 235 mouth, further progress is prevented by a swift river that, I was told, emerges from the mountain five kilometers av/ay. The cave varies from 10 to 30 meters in width and six to 10 meters in height. The floor is damp earth with many boulders, but walking is not difficult. Bats were found only far back in the cave, on the very banks of the river. There many were heard and seen in flight. They were quite shy, and only once was a cluster seen. It was made up of perhaps a dozen individuals in a rough pit, two feet in diameter and one foot deep, in the roof of the cave. They flew before I could get a shot. Most of the other pits in the roof contained one, two or three bats each. They hung head downward, some against vertical rocks and others free. Sixteen v/ere taken by shooting. Several of those killed continued to cling to the rock and had to be dislodged by throwing stones; others could not be reached at all. For such heavy, stocky bats they fly very well. They make an audible swish as they fly, but they maneuver well and perch skill- fully. No guano was noted on the floor, but numerous cores of the jobo plum were strewn about, obviously by the bats. The core is about the size and shape of a peanut without the constriction, and is not unhke a peanut shell in texture. The fresh fruit has a pulp layer one-quarter inch thick over the core. About 75 bats were seen. Others may have been perched in the cave, back, over the river, or at least where I could not see them. Although they flew out over the river, none was actually seen perched there. Five kilometers north of Potrero, in a beautiful tropical forest, on February 11, 1946, another large colony was found in a small cave on a limestone hillside. The mouth of the cave is an arch about 30 feet wide and 20 feet high. The floor is a jumble of fallen boulders, and the rejected cores of the jobo fruit almost cover some of the rocks. Several short, crevicelike tunnels lead from the en- trance room, but no bats were found until I went through a small opening into a hemispherical room about 50 feet across. Bats by the thousands were present. Clusters of hundreds clung to the highest parts of the ceiling, and others clung to the walls, within reach of my hand. The wings of thousands in flight made a loud, flapping whir. In the center of the floor was a tarlike pool — the excrement of vampire bats. I estimated that 100 vampires and 2000 Jamaican fruit-eating bats were present. The two kinds re- mained separate, the vampires in the center of the ceiling and the fruit-eating bats elsewhere. The two kinds looked much alike but 236 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. behaved diflFerently. The vampires clung with thumbs as well as the feet, and moved about on the rock. The fruit-eating bats clung viath the feet alone and did not shift their positions except to fly. The vampires crept into crevices to escape but the fruit-eating bats simply flew about; a few of the latter went into the entrance room, but most of them flew from perch to perch. All of the fruit-eating bats were adult, whereas the vampires were of several ages. The odor in the cave was that of ammonia from the vampire's pool. No droppings of fruit-eating bats were noted, although the cores of the jobo fruit were common on the floor. The cores were less com- mon than in the entrance room, however. These big bats are noisy feeders. On many occasions I watched bats that probably were this species, but that could not certainly be identified. The following notes, however, are accompanied by specimens, and the identity of the animals is known. On the Rio Blanco, 20 kilometers west of Piedras Negras on October 6, 1946, where actual specimens were taken and saved, the bats fed on the jobo plums by flying into the clusters of fruit at the ends of the branches, with a great fluttering of wings and rustling of branches and leaves. Bats picked the fruits and flew away with them. The bats often alighted in the plum tree to eat the fruit; the pits dropped into the water below. Mostly, however, the bats flew to another tree or bush to eat. One of their favorite perches was in a bush not more than six feet high. There was a dense mass of vines and dead branches under the tree that formed a network, which, on first inspection, seemed to be too dense for such a large bat to penetrate. Yet they fluttered in, and clung to a branch, twig or vine. When a light was turned on they were seen hanging head down, each peer- ing at me over the top of a fruit that was held in the mouth and by means of both wrists. When close to the bats I could see a dull red glow from their eyes. They were shy and usually flew as soon as the light struck them. Rarely would they wait until I started to put my gun to my shoulder. Only one was shot. Evidence showed that they alighted on the ground to feed on fallen fruit, although I was never able actually to see the bats on the ground. Their flut- tering was noisy. One time, after watching them for about an hour a tropical dowmpour set in. Then the bats ceased to flutter, but were about as active [otherwise] as ever. They flew to the plum tree and returned, but were as silent as owls. On October 10, 1946, five kilometers southwest of Boca del Rio, a small colony was located among the roots of a tall strangler-fig. The roots were rather flat, and extended 25 feet up in the air. There Mammals of Veracruz 237 were numerous bits of figs and some pits of jobo plums beneath the crevices. The bark at the tops of the crevices was scratched and showed the reddish inner layer. This was mainly a night resting place of fruit-eating bats, but about five were hidden in crevices. The one taken for a specimen was an adult with large testes. On another night I put a chair under the most used crevices in the tree and noted that the bats eyes glowed red in the beam of a flashlight. Two males with testes of moderate size and a non-preg- nant female were shot. Each dropped wild figs that were green in color and rather tough but seemingly ripe. At Potrero Viejo, 1500 feet elevation, on the evening of February 14, 1946, Mrs. Leora Forbes heard that bats were occasionally seen in one of the rooms of the hospital of the Potrero Sugar Company. We visited the hospital about 10:00 p. m. and the intern told us that approximately 10 bats had been killed in one room a few nights earlier. The bats were killed because they annoyed the patients, who mistook the bats for vampires, and because the bats hung from crevices in walls near the ceiling to eat fruit. They left considerable debris. Only two bats were present when we examined the room — both of this species. They were collected and prepared. The walls were well marked with the pulp of a red fruit. The pulp contained a number of seeds. From the appearance of the wall, one could wrongly imagine that overripe raspberries had been thrown against it and left to dry. The bats visited a single dimly-hghted room and the corridor leading to it. Embryos were found in this species on February 10 and 11. Young bats were seen in caves in March and late April. Small winged-flies are the common parasite on this species. Artibeus lituratus palmarum J. A. Allen and Chapman Big Fruit-eating Bat Specimens examined. — Total 9: Tlacolula, 60 km. WNW Tuxpan, 2; 4 km. NE Tuxpan, 1; 12Ji mi. N Tihuatldn, 300 ft., 3; Mirador, 3500 ft., 1; 4 km. WNW Fortin, 3200 ft., 1; 20 km. E Jesus Carranza, 300 ft., 1. Additional record. — Paso de Ovejas (Villa, R., and Jimenez, G., 1962:394). This species was rare in the state of Veracruz, and om observations on it are scanty. Its habits seem to differ somewhat ftom those of Artibeus jamaicensis. In early April, 1946, four kilometers west-northwest of Fortin, large bats were noted on several occasions along a limestone chff. In spite of numerous attempts to stalk them, the bats were so shy that they flew before I could get within gunshot range. On April 5, however, one bat hesitated too long, and I shot it. It was hanging 238 University of Kansas Publs., Mus, Nat. Hist. in the open, shaded but in full daylight, from a rough place on the ledge above a pile of "droppings." These, hke the reddish- brown, flattened, ovoid "droppings" so often found beneath the roosts of Artibeus are actually balls of the skins or rinds of fruit. The bats chew the fruit while holding it between their wrists. Both pulp and rind are taken into the mouth. The pulp is swallowed and the rind is rejected in the form of a small pellet. In a few hours these pellets take on the characteristic reddish-brown color. At Hacienda Mirador the skull of the big fruit-eating bat was obtained from a mummified animal that had been saved by Mr. Walter Grohman. Twenty kilometers east of Jesus Carranza, while my companions and I were going along a jungle trail about midnight with a hunting light, a pair of tiny, bright-red eyes was seen in a small mango tree, about 15 feet from the ground. A shot brought dowoi a specimen of A. I. palmarum. A male taken on April 5, had enlarged testes, that measured sLx by eight milHmeters. A female taken on February 7, was not pregnant. Artibeus cinereus phaeotis (Miller) Gervais' Fruit-eating Bat Records (Davis, 1958:165, unless otherwise noted). — Minitatlan; Jesus Carranza; Rio Solosuchil; Achotal (Sanborn, 1947:22(i — as Dermanura ju- cundum). Artibeus toltecus (Saussure) Toltec Fruit-eating Bat Specimens examined. — Plan del Rio, 1000 ft., 2 (catalogue Nos. 2914 and 2915 Texas Agric. and Mech. College; see Davis, 1944:378). Additional record. — Mirador ( Hershkovitz, 1949:449). Artibeus toltecus is here accorded specific rank, instead of subspecific rank under A. cinereus, in accordance with the findings of Davis (1958:166). Artibeus turpis turpis Andersen Dwarf Fruit-eating Bat Specimen examined. — Arroyo Azul, 1. Additional records. — Plan del Rio (Davis, 1958:163); Buena Vista (Ander- sen, 1908:310). The trinomen instead of the binomen (auct.) is here used because Davis (1958:166) concluded that Artibeus nanus Andersen is a subspecies of Artibeus turpis Andersen that has one page of priority. Davis (1958:163) regards A. t. nanus as occurring only in western Mexico and regards A. t. turpis as occupying eastern and southern Mexico. Therefore, Andersen's (1908:310) record of a specimen from Buena Vista, Veracruz, may relate to A. t. turpis although recorded by Andersen (loc. cit.) under the name Artibeus nanus. Mammals of Veracruz 239 Centurio senex Gray Wrinkle-faced Bat Records.— Las Vigas (Ward, 1904:653); Mirador (Sanborn, 1949:198); Dos Caminos, km. 354, 4500 ft. (Sanborn, 1949:199); Orizaba (Sumichrast, 1882:203); Minatitlan (ibid.). Family Desmodontidae Desmodus rotundus murinus Wagner Vampire Bat Specimens examined. — Total 70: Tlacolula, 60 km. WNW Tuxpan, 1; 7 km. SW Tuxpan, 1; 10 km. SW Jacales, 6500 ft., 1; 1 km. E Jalacingo, 6500 ft., 3; 3 km. W Boca del Rio, 10 ft., 9; 5 km. S Jalapa, 3 (Chicago N. H. Mus.); Boca del Rio, 10 ft., 3; Ojo de Agua, 8 km. NW Paraje Nuevo, 9; 8 km. NW Potrero, 1700 ft., 1; 13 km. WNW Potrero, 2000 ft., 4; 5 km. N Potrero, 1500 ft., 12; 4 km. WNW Fortin, 3200 ft., 1; Grutas Atoyac, 2 km. E Atoyac, 1; Cueva de la Pesca, Potrero, 650 m., 1; 7 km. SE San Juan de la Punta, 400 ft, 2; 3 km. W Acultzingo, 7000 ft., 8; 3 km. E San Andres Tuxtla, 1000 ft., 4; Achotal, 3 (Chicago N. H. Mus.); 20 km. E Jesiis Carranza, 300 ft., 3. Additional records. — 5 km. N Jalapa (Davis, 1944:378); Portrero Viejo [= Potrero Viejo] (Hooper, 1947:43). The vampire bat (vampiro in Spanish) in Veracruz is typically a cave-dweller but lives also in crevices in rocks, hollow trees, old wells and abandoned buildings. Probably these nontypical places are chosen when suitable caves are lacking. On the arid coastal plain, where caves are scarce, several colonies were found in old wells. Five kilometers north of Potrero on February 11, 1946, approx- imately 100 vampires were found in a cave along with about 200 individuals of Artibeus jamaicensis. The vampires were in a cluster in almost the center of the ceiling. There was a pool of black, tar- like, digested blood on the floor beneath them. A strong odor of ammonia came from this pool. The vampires clung to the roof with both feet and the thumbs, and braced their bodies and raised their heads, peering at the intruder. I fired twice into the cluster, and to my great disgust, the bats that fell plopped into the stinking pool, and were almost covered by the muck. The others flew and were lost to sight in the mass of wildly flying Jamaican fruit-eating bats (Artibeus jamaicensis) . I then noted the vampire bats entering a narrow cleft into which they crept, far back out of my sight. All of the fruit-eating bats were adult, but the vampires were of several sizes; some were almost full-grown and others must have been only a few days old. Some adult females were pregnant. 240 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. At the cave, "Ojo de Agua," eight kilometers northwest of Paraje Nuevo, on February 12, 1946, in one of the upper levels of the cave, vs^here it is relatively dry, a companion and I found approximately 50 vampire bats hanging in a pit, a meter wide and a half a meter deep, in the limestone roof of the cave. On the floor four meters beneath, was a circular pool of excrement and blood. I fired three shots into the cavity and then quickly leaned forward over the pool. Falling bats bounced off my head and shoulders and only a few fell into the pool. The remainder of the bats flew farther into the cave and took refuge, singly or in small numbers, in pits and crevices, from which they flew vdth a loud swishing of wings at my approach. They were extremely agile and able to creep rapidly in crevices. One individual lay on a flat rock vdth its body on a horizontal plane. From this position it jumped, did not fly, horizontally to another rock eight inches away. It made this jump quite gracefully and landed with wings closed. It scuttled over the rock and into a crevice. We explored the cave rather thoroughly but found no otlier species of bats. The lower levels of the cave are cold and damp. About 75 meters from its mouth there is a rushing under- ground river and the air is full of spray. No bats were found in this part of the cave. On the Rio Blanco, 20 kilometers west of Piedras Negras, on September 30, 1946, we were told of a house v^dth an old well, where bats were abundant. On peering into the well, which was perhaps 30 meters deep, about six vampires were seen clinging to the wall, and others flitted about beneath them. Attempt was made to catch some in a net, but they took refuge in small holes cut for footsteps. Then an old five-gallon can was filled with corncobs and red-hot coals; a handful of chili peppers was added. This was lowered on a long rope, and the well was filled with smoke. The bats could be heard fluttering about, but although my companion and I waited for more than an hour, none was driven out by the smoke. It is well known that vampires feed on blood but it is not so well known that the animals preyed upon by the bats vary from place to place. In the state of San Luis Potosi, for example, vampires commonly attack chickens. In Veracruz, they seem never to do so, and people were unvdlling to believe that they did so elsewhere. In Veracruz, die following notes were made at the Rio Atoyac, eight kilometers northwest of Potrero, on March 21, 1946. "We have been in this area about six weeks now. I have examined many oxen, horses and burros for evidence of vampire attacks. No oxen bitten Mammals of Veracruz 241 by vampires were seen by us, and relatively few horses with scars of vampire bats were noted. Almost all the burros seen had scars or wounds inflicted by these bats." Most of the bites were on the sides of the neck or shoulders. Some freshly bitten animals were noted. Numbers of flies buzzed about the wounds. Hornets were chewing on one fresh wound but the burro seemed to be uncon- scious of their bites or the presence of the flies. Masters of the burros seemed to be equally indifferent and I saw no evidence that they ever treated any of the bites. Seemingly the animals suffer no permanent ill-effects from a moderate number of vampire bites. Certainly, though, the wound is open to the attacks of parasitic insects and infection. Resident people know of this bat from its attacks on animals, but most persons do not recognize the bat as a vampire when they see it. The common, large, Jamaican fruit-eating bat, Artibeus, was often confused with the vampire. The vampire seems to have no regular breeding season. A few young bats, in various stages of development, as well as pregnant females and non-pregnant, non-lactating, females, were found in each large colony of vampires examined. The common parasite on the vampire bat is a small, winged fly, which, upon superficial in- spection, seems to be the same as the fly found on Artibeus ja- maicensis. Diphylla ecaudata Spix Hairy-legged Vampire Bat Specimens examined. — ^Total 8: Ojo de Agua, 8 km. NW Paraje Nuevo, 1; 7 km. NW Potrero, 1700 ft., 3; 7 km. NW Potrero, 1500 ft., 2; 13 km. WNW Potrero, 1700 ft., 1; 5 km. S Potrero, 1700 ft., 1. Additional record. — Orizaba (Malaga and Villa, 1957:530). The name Diphylla ecaudata centralis Thomas, previously used for this bat, has been shown by Burt and Stirton ( 1961:37) to have been based on material that is inseparable from that on which the name Diphylla ecaudata Spix was based. D. e. centralis, therefore, is a synonym of D. ecaudata. The latter stands now as a monotypic species. The hairy-legged vampire is a cave-living species. In Veracruz we found it associated with the vampire, Desmodtis. The principal differences noted in the habits of the two kinds are that Diphylla is relatively solitary, prefers darker retreats, and leaves no pool of digested blood beneath its roosts; instead of a pool, we found only dry, brown stains beneath the perches of Diphylla. 242 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Family Natalidae Natalus stramineus saturatus Dalquest and Hall Mexican Funnel-eared Bat Specimens examined. — Total 110: 14 km. NW TiLxpan, 10; 9 km. NW Tuxpan, 7; 13 km. WNW Potrero, 2000 ft., 10; 4 km. WNW Fortin, 3200 ft., 1; 3 km. E San Andres Tuxtla, 1000 ft., 82. Additional records.— Jalapa (Ward, 1904:638); Mirador (Miller, 1902:400); Tilapa (Sumichrast, 1882:202); San Andres Tuxtla (Miller, 1902:400). The specific name stramineus instead of mexicanus is used here in con- formance with the findings of Goodwin ( 1959 ) . The specimens from the northern part of Veracruz ( 14 km. NW Tuxpan, and 9 km. NW Tuxpan) differ notably in coloration from the specimens in the south. In coloration, specimens from the northern part of Veracruz (also specimens from Tamaulipas: 6 km. SW Rancho Santa Rosa; 16 mi. W, 3 mi. S Piedra; 14 mi. W, 3 mi. S Piedra; 20 mi. N, 3 km. W EI Mantie; 8 km. NE Antiguo Morelos) are closer to N. s. mexicanus than to N. s. saturatus but resemble the latter in longer skull and longer maxillary tooth-row. Conse- quently all of the specimens from Veracruz are referred to N. s. saturatus. This species was abundant in a lava cave tliree kilometers west of San Andres Tuxtla (see account of Pteronotus psilotis for descrip- tion of cave). About 200 feet from the entrance of this cave, a geologic fault separated the cave into upper and lower parts. A rock face or wall now interrupts the otherwise relatively level cave, and above this wall the cave continues for an undetermined dis- tance. In the upper part of the cave we found thousands of in- dividuals of Pteronotus psilotis and Pteronotus davyi. In the lower cave we found Pteronotus parnellii, Glossophaga soricina, Carollia perspicillata, Desmodus rotundus and Natalus stramineus. The numbers of individuals of Natalus in the cave varied greatly from day to day, reaching a low point of two bats on January 2, 1948, and a high of about 300 on January 10. On all days except Janu- ary 10, all the funnel-eared bats (Natalus) in the cave were found in a single area, from five to 25 feet in front of the barrier wall. Here the cave was cool and damp. This was the part of the lower cave, fartherest from the mouth, where it was cool; above tlie rock wall in the upper cave the air was hot. The bats were from four to 15 feet from the floor. Some hung free from the ceiling and some were in cracks and crevices, but most of the bats clung to the vertical walls of the cave. On January 10, when there were about 10 times as many funnel- eared bats in the cave as were ever noted before, approximately 50 of them were hanging from the roof in a wide part of the cave, only about 100 feet from the entrance. The bats had chosen a part Mammals of Veracruz 243 of the room from which the hghted entrance of the cave was hidden by a bend. The funnel-eared bats were not at all shy; individuals were usu- ally plucked from the wall as they twisted about, watching the light, although on most occasions, a few took flight when an ob- server approached. It was noticed that the more bats there were in the cave, the more shy they were. When bats too high to be reached by hand were shot, the other bats hanging nearby rarely took flight at tlie sound of the gunshot. All of the females taken in early January were non-pregnant and they were not lactating. The testes of the males were small. This species was commonly parasitized by a small winged-fly; three to seven flies were present on almost every bat taken. On April 1, 1946, a Natalus was captured four kilometers west- northwest of Fortin in a cave occupied by a colony of Carollia per- spicillata (see account of Carollia for description of the cave). The Natalus was in a most unusual association with one Carollia. "One Carollia hung from the center of the roof, usually in the center of a large open place. I climbed up on a boulder and shined my light directly on this bat. When I did so I noticed a tiny yellow bat clinging to the roof beside the Carollia. Unfortunately the two bats were too high to reach with my net, and I was too close to them to shoot. Time after time I would get within a few feet of them before they would fly. Always the two clung together and flew together. They did not associate with the other Carollia in the cave — ^by this I mean that they stayed near the ceiling in the open part of the cave. The presence of the little yellow bat enabled me to . . . [locate] the Carollia, and I could always find the little yellow bat by looking for a Carollia hanging from the open ceiling. Being unable to catch these bats with my net, I was forced to shoot them. The one shot brought down both. The little yellow bat is a Natalus mexicanus [rr: N. stramineus], a female. I examined the Carollia very carefully and found it to be a male, as were all the other Carollia in the cave, and to differ in no appreciable way from all the other Carollia present. The relationship between these two species is difficult to explain, but I had them under observa- tion long enough to be sure that it existed." No Natalus was observed feeding or hunting. The species is in- sectivorous, for one specimen taken in a cave at night, where it, like many other species of bats, had retired to rest after the evening hunt, had its stomach crammed with insect remains. 244 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. EList. The male of Natalus possesses a glandular structure on the head not noted in any other kind of bat. It lies between the sldn and the skull. It is attached to the skin between the eyes, and extends backwards from the point of attachment, becoming broader and thicker, and forming a cap over the top of the skull ( see Dalquest, 1950:438-440). Nowhere is it attached to the skull. This glandular structure is absent in the female. Family Vespertilionidae Myotis velifer velifer (J. A. Allen) Cave Myotis Specimens examined. — ^Total 155: 4 km. E Las Vigas, 8500 ft., 143; 5 km. N Jalapa, 4500 ft., 1; 4 km. WNW Fortin, 3200 ft., 3; 3 km. SE Orizaba, 550 ft., 8. Additional records. — Las Vegas [probably = Las Vigas] (Ward, 1904:647); 5 km. N Jalapa, 4500 ft. (Davis, 1944:378); Xuchil (Miller and Allen, 1928: 91); Orizaba (MUler and Allen, 1928:91). This is a species of the upland, and it is common on the Mexican Plateau. It enters the upper humid division of the Tropical Life-zone in central Vera- cruz, and was taken as low as 3200 feet elevation. In the daytime Myotis velifer retires, singly or in large colonies, to secluded retreats in buildings, crevices in cliffs, and caves. Three kilometers southeast of Orizaba, on December 20, 1946, a colony of about 50 of these bats was living in crevices in the roof of a powerhouse where the machinery roared so loudly that persons had to shout to make one another hear. A few individuals of Molossus ater also lived there. We were told that the bats lived there the year around, emerging from the crevices in the evening. When they returned, they did not enter the crevices immediately, but hung from the ceiling in groups for an hour or so. The ceiHng is about five meters high. By using a ladder, we caught five of the bats. On March 28, 1946, along the face of a limestone cliff here, four kilometers west-northwest of Fortin, several hanging-up places of fruit bats were discovered but no bats were present. Near one of the resting places of fruit bats the droppings of an insectivorous species were noted. The cliff here is composed almost entirely of fossil trees of some palmlike species that had annual growth rings several inches thick. Many of these trees were hollow in life, the central cavity being two to four inches in diameter, circular in shape, and several feet in length. One of these cavities extended almost vertically from an overhanging wall. It was from this cavity that the droppings seemed to originate. With the aid of a ladder I got Mammals of Veracruz 245 directly under the opening, and reflected a beam of light into it reveahng two small bats about six feet from the opening and 12 feet from the ground. By means of a wire hook at the end of a bam- boo pole one of the bats was obtained and proved to be Myotis velifer velifer. This species is insectivorous. Like many bats, it retires to rest for an hour or so after hunting. About one hour after dark, near a waterfall, five kilometers north of Jalapa, at 4500 feet elevation, one of these bats was taken from a cavelike opening where no bats were found in the daytime. Two red-collared swifts were also caught here. Myotis velifer emerges from its retreats, and begins its evening feeding rather late. The following notes were made on April 6, 1946, four kilometers west-northwest of Fortin. "Tonight I went hunting bats over a pool in the river. ... In the past I have seen many Myotis here. They appear too late in the evening to shoot so we have twice strung wire over the pool. On each oc- casion, six to ten Myotis have struck the wire, often giving it a hard blow. . . . [but] none has been captured or, so far as I know, knocked into the water. In desperation tonight I focused the beam of my flashhght across the pool, and aiming down this lighted part, I pulled the trigger whenever a bat crossed the beam. After wast- ing several cartridges I finally .... killed another of these large Myotis, this time a male." In the tropics this species probably does not hibernate. We were told that the colony near Orizaba is active the entire year. In the uplands, Myotis velifer hibernates in large colonies. Ap- proximately four kilometers east of Las Vigas many colonies of this species hved in the lava caves on the small volcanic peak called Volcancillo, and in the lava flows below the peak. These caves were first visited on January 11, 1949. The temperature of the outside air was low but, save in early morning, above freezing. The caves were entered through holes. These are similar to those formed by the collapse of parts of the roofs of lava tubes. Inside these caves, the ceihng, walls, and floor are cool and wet. The floors are usually strewn with angular blocks of lava that have fallen from the ceiling, which make walking hazardous. The basaltic lava is fractured and soft; in places it is more scoria than basalt. The caves vary from simple tubes too small to permit a person to stand upright, to great halls where the beam of a flashlight scarcely reaches to the ceihng. Myotis was rarely less than 10 feet above 6—4035 246 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. the floor of the caves. Most individuals hung from damp places; many of the bats were "frosted" with droplets of water. Many hung singly; some were in pairs and small groups; most were in groups of 60 to 200. Nearly all of the bats were completely torpid; only a few were active in tlie cave and flying about. Some groups of bats were noted, day after day, in the same place in the same cave. Some of the bats, at least, remained in one position for more than a week. The torpid bats were dislodged with a pole, and fell to the floor. They were able to squeak, and to writhe about slowly; and after about 10 minutes in the collecting bag they be- came warm and completely active. Plecotus mexicanus and Pip- istrellus s^uhfiavus veraecrticis were also present in these caves. The breeding season of Mijotis velifer in Veracruz may be irregu- lar; pregnant females were taken on March 28, December 20, and December 21, The only parasites recorded were from bats taken in the tropical area of Veracruz. These were a flea, a winged fly, and what appeared to be a large louse. Myotis fortidens Miller and G. M. Allen Cinnamon Myotis Specimens examined. — Total 7: Rio Blanco, 20 km. WNW Piedras Negras, 3; 20 km. ENE Jesus Carranza, 200 ft., 4. At our camp on the Rio Blanco, 20 kilometers west-northwest of Piedras Negras, 200 feet elevation, we were told that small bats occasionally visited a nearby house in great numbers. We requested the persons who lived in the house to try and capture some of the bats. On the morning of May 13, 1946, two bats were brought to us and we were told that on the previous night the bats had been swarming at the house, alighting on the thatch of one end wall. The two bats brought into camp had been knocked down with a bamboo switch. I visited the house and found it to be of the ordinary kind, with roof and end walls constructed of thatch of the fronds of the coyol palm. On the ground at the outside base of one end wall there was a considerable quantity of bat droppings, all fresh. We lifted the thatch, a layer at a time, but found no bats. Seemingly the thatch was used as a resting place only at night. The early part of the next night was spent at this house, but no bats were seen and we were told that the bats might not return for several nights. Although the inhabitants were asked to call us immediately when the bats did return, they failed to do so. However, when the bats next returned, on May 29, one of them was knocked down for us with a bamboo switch. Mammals of Veracruz 247 Twenty kilometers east-northeast of Jesus Carranza, on April 13^ 1949, several small bats were noted flying about the palm-thatched roof of a house in the early evening. Two of these were shot; both proved to be of this species. On the evening of May 16, 1949, bats were noted about the thatch roof of the same house. They were not disturbed, but the following morning the thatch was lifted and seven bats emerged. Two of these were shot; each was a M. fortidens. The evening flight of this species is rather slow. When hunting they fly from six to 12 feet above the ground, erratically, and with a fluttery wing beat. Those disturbed from their roosts in the thatch, however, came out of their retreats swiftly, and flew off into the jungle at high speed. Two of the seven found in the thatch were about one foot apart; the others were scattered, being 10 feet or more apart. The four specimens taken at this locality were all males. No ectoparasites were noted on this species. A female from the Rio Blanco had an embryo on May 13; one taken on May 29 was lactating. Myotis keenii auriculus Baker and Stains Keen's Myotis Record. — Perote (Hoffmeister and Krutzch, 1955:3). For the nomenclatural history of this subspecies see Findley ( 1960:16-20). Myotis thysanodes aztecus Miller and G. M. Allen Fringed Myotis Record.— 3 mi. ESE Las Vigas (Davis and Carter, 1962:72). Myotis volans amotus Miller Long-legged Myotis Record.— Cofre de Perote, 12,500 ft., the type locality (Miller, 1914:212). Myotis calif omicus mexicanus (Saussure) California Myotis Record. — Mirador (Miller and G. M. Allen, 1928:160). Seemingly the only record of occurrence in the literature of this species in Veracruz is provided by the holotype of Vespertilio agilis H. Allen ( Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 18:282, 1866) from Mirador. Miller and G. M. Allen (1928:159) placed V. agilis in the synonymy of the earlier named V[espertilio]. mexicanus of Saus- sure (1860:282), the type locality of which is not precisely known. Since Miller and G. M. Allen (1928) seem not to have been able to examine the holotype of mexicanus and did not make it absolutely clear that they carefully examined the holotype of V. agilis, which they list (1928:160) as in the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia, some doubt remains as to both the specific and subspecific identity of Vespertilio agilis and, therefore, also, whether the species Myotis californicus actually was obtained at Mirador. 248 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Myotis elegans Hall Graceful Myotis Specimen examined. — One from IZH mi. N Tihuatlan, 300 ft. This small bat, recently named (Hall, 1962:163), is known from a single individual caught on September 24, 1961, in a mist net, by Percy L. Clifton. Myotis nigricans dalquesti Hall and Alvarez Black Myotis Specimens examined. — ^Total 159: 4 km. W Las Vigas, 33; 13 km. WNW Potrero, 2000 ft., 1; 4 km. WNW Fortin, 3200 ft., 1; 2 km. N Motzorongo, 1500 ft., 1; 3 km. E San Andres Tuxtla, 1000 ft., 7; 38 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 500 ft., 116. This subspecies was named by Hall and Alvarez ( 1961:71 ). On January 5, 1948, about 12 of these little black Myotis were found in a narrow crevice between a brick wall and a wooden door frame at the top of a door in a partly ruined house three kilometers east of San Andres Tuxtla. Eight were captured, and later that night the crevice was examined, and two bats were seen. The re- mainder of the colony did not return to the crevice in the following four days. All eight of the specimens taken were males, with small testes well out on the uropatagium. There were two to four small, wingless flies on each bat. Thirty-eight Idlometers southeast of Jesus Carranza numerous small colonies of from 10 to 50 bats were found in small, vertical crevices in limestone cliffs. Some of these crevices were over water. The bats were not far back in the crevices; usually their heads were about an inch from the opening. The bats were tightly packed in the crevices. In a large limestone cave (for description see account of Balan- tiopteryx io) there were eight colonies of from 50 to 100 bats of this species. The bats were tightly packed together at the bases of stalactites, 10 to 15 feet from the floor of the cave, and were in a constant state of agitation. The bats were in the back part of the cave, 100 to 200 feet from the cave mouth, where it was very dark. All were on the sides of stalactites nearest the mouth of the cave. One or two colonies were not actually seen; they were over pools of deep water and were located by the constant squeaking. AU of the bats taken at this locality on April 10 were females with embryos. Those taken on April 27 had large embryos or were nursing young. No males were found among the 120 bats saved. A bat of this species was shot in flight two kilometers north of Motzorongo on December 11, 1946. My notes record: "For two nights I have seen a small bat over the pool of water in the arroyo Mammals of Veracruz 249 in the jungle here. It would arrive about 25 feet from the ground, make three or four circles about 30 to 50 feet in diameter, and vanish. . . . On the third night it came again, and I dropped it with a lucky shot. I did not find it until this morning. It was this species, M. nigricans. Ants had eaten die face somewhat, but the skull is perfect. It is a male with tiny testes — three by four milli- meters. Other bats taken at the pool include: Saccopteryx biline- ata, Eptesicus [brasiliensis] propinquus and Carollia perspicillata," Myotis argentatus Dalquest and HaU Silver-haired Myotis Specimens examined. — ^Two from 14 km. SW Coatzacoalcos, 100 ft. This bat was found only once. On February 2, 1947, my com- panions and I were paddling a dugout canoe along one of the small, sluggish streams flowing into the Rio Coatzacoalcos, 14 kilometers southwest of the city of Coatzacoalcos. I placed my hand on a dead stub, about eight inches in diameter and four feet high, to steady the canoe. The stub was riddled with termite- and other in- sect-holes, and in one such hole two bats were detected. One was an adult male; the other was a young female. The stub containing these bats was the limb of a tree that probably had fallen into the water. We searched in dozens of similar stubs, eroded by termites and sticking up from the water, but no other bats were found. Pipistrellus subflavus veraecnicis (Ward) Eastern Pipistrelle Specimens examined. — Total 15: 4 km. E Las Vigas, 8500 ft., 14; 30 km. SSE Jesus Carranza, 300 ft., 1. Additional records. — "Las Vegas [= Las Vigas?], Jalapa" (Miller, 1897:93). On May 13, 1949, 30 kilometers south-southeast of Jesus Carranza, many bats, apparently all of the family Emballonuridae, as judged by the characteristic manner of flight, were noted here in the eve- ning. About midnight, on this moonlight night, small bats of another kind were noted flying swiftly over the river and sandbar near our camp. After several attempts one was shot and it was an adult, non-pregnant female Pipistrellus. Our largest series of this species was obtained in the caves four kilometers east of Las Vigas. This is the type locality of the sub- species (for description of these caves, see the account of Myotis velifer ) . Here we took bats of this species on January 15, 16 and 17. The bats were in hibernation at this time. They hung singly, well hidden, and usually one or two to a cave. A few were hanging from 250 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. the walls of the caves, in the open, but the greater number were found under ledges or in holes or crevices in the lava walls of the caves. All were near the floor of the cave; only one was found as high as seven feet from the floor and several were only about three feet from the floor. All were cold and torpid. After being handled, and after remaining about 10 minutes in the collecting bag, the animals became completely active. Several specimens were "frosted" with droplets of water, and seemed to have been hanging in the same place in the cave for some time. Eptesicus fuscus miradorensis (H. Allen) Big Brown Bat Specimens examined. — Total 3: 6 km. SSE Altotonga, 9000 ft., 1; 3 km. E Las Vigas, 8000 ft., 1; Potrero Viejo, 5 km. W Potrero, 1. Additional records.— Las Vigas (Miller, 1897:100); 5 km. E Las Vigas, 8000 ft. (Davis, 1944:380); 5 km. N Jalapa, 4500 ft. (Davis, 1944:380); 3 mi. E Perote (Hooper, 1957:3); 4 mi. E Perote (Hooper, 1957:3); Di mi. S Perote (Hooper, 1957:3); Jico (Miller, 1897:100); Mirador, the type locality (H. Allen, 1866:287); Tuxpango (Miller, 1897:100); Tilapa (Sumichrast, 1882: 201 ) ; Cuautlapa ( ibid. ) . The big brown bat is fairly common in the pine forests at high elevations in Veracruz, but is rare in the lowlands. In the pine forest north of the Cofre de Perote, in early November, 1946, one bat was taken six kilometers south-southeast of Altotonga, at 9000 feet elevation, and another three kilometers east of Las Vigas, at 8000 feet elevation. These bats flew rather slowly, in straight lines or large circles, about 25 feet above the ground. The nights were cold, probably about 40 degrees Fahrenheit, and no insects were noted in the air. The bats, however, were remarkably fat. The one specimen that I obtained from the tropical parts of Veracruz was taken in the village square of Potrero Viejo, 1700 feet elevation. Mr. Dyfrig Forbes obtained permission from the local authorities to shoot on the square. Such a crowd gathered, however, that the bat could not be found after it fell; several days later Miss Marion Forbes found it and it is preserved as a mummy. Eptesicus brasiliensis propinquus (Peters) Brazilian Brown Bat Specimens examined. — Total 16: 4 km. NW Tuxpan, 5; Tuxpan, 2; 12/2 mi. N Tihuatlan, 300 ft., 1; Potrero Viejo, 7 km. W Potrero, 1700 ft., 1; Potrero Viejo, 5 km. W. Potrero, 1700 ft., 2; Hacienda Potrero Viejo, 5 km. W. Potrero, 1700 ft., 1; Rio Blanco, 20 km. W Piedras Negras, 400 ft., 2; 2 km. N Motzo- rongo, 1500 ft., 1; Achotal, 1 (14150 Chicago N. H. Mus.) This small bat is not uncommon in the lowlands of central Vera- cruz, but the daytime retreat of the species was never found by us. Mammals of Veracruz 251 In the stable yard at Hacienda Potrero Viejo on March 24, 1946, the bats emerged at dusk and flew for some time about a large mango tree, across the wall from the observer and near buildings. Later they came near the stables and flew rather low and excessively fast. One was shot. Two additional specimens were secm-ed here, under similar conditions, on April 4, 1946. On October 24, 1946, a bat of this species flew into the window of a house at Potrero Viejo, and was saved. Another was shot under the overhanging branches of a tall mango tree along the Rio Blanco, 20 kilometers west of Piedras Negras, on October 4, 1946, where two days before a Saccoptenjx bilineata was killed. Another E. b. propinquiis was shot under the same tree on October 6, 1946. Two kilometers north of Motzorongo, on December 9, 1946, one of these bats was taken by means of a wire strung over the pool in the arroyo. The area was jungle, with dense vegetation all about. Over the pool were vines and tall trees. Two Saccopteryx bilineata were obtained at the pool, and fruit-eating bats of several kinds were present. The Brazihan brown bat hit the wire about one-half hour after dark, and fell into the water with a splash. It swam well and swiftly. Lasiurus borealis teliotis (H. AUen) Red Bat Record. — Penuela (Handley, 1960:472, regards Lasiurus borealis ornatus Hall, 1951, with type locality at Periuela as indistinguishable from Lasiurus borealis teliotis H. Allen, 1891). Lasiurus seminolus (Rhoads) Seminole Bat Record.— Vicinity of Tecolutla (Villa, 1955:238; Malaga Alba and Villa, 1957:552). Villa (1955:238) reported one specimen from Tecolutla on the verbal au- thority of Malaga Alba as Lasiurus borealis seminolus but Villa stated that he personally did not check the identification. We have not been able to locate the specimen. Lasiurus cinereus cinereus (Palisot de Beauvois) Hoary Bat Specimen examined. — One from 3 km. W Zacualpan, 6000 ft. Additional record. — ^Jalapa (Ward, 1904:653). Lasiurus intermedius intermedius H. Allen Northern Yellow Bat Specimens examined. — Fifteen from 1 mi. SW Catemaco. For an explanation of the subspecific status of this bat, see Hall and Jones (1961:84). 252 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. The 15 specimens mentioned above were dislodged on July 22, 1955, from the south and east sides of two tobacco sheds, along with 35 other individuals. The outside of the walls was thatched with corn stalks. The 15 individuals collected were four females having worn teeth, six females having unworn teeth and five males having unworn teeth. The four females having worn teeth were lactating. The other 11 were smaller and seemed to be young of the year (Baker and Dickerman, 1956:443). Lasiurus ega xanthinus (Miller) Southern Yellow Bat Specimen examined. — Achotal, 1 ( F.M.N. H. 14151). For use of the sub- specific name xanthinus instead of panamensis see Hall and Jones (1961:91). Nycticeius humeralis mexicanus Davis Evening Bat Specimens examined. — Two from 4 km. NE Tuxpan. The bats were cap- tured in a mist net at night. Rhogeessa tumida tumida H. Allen Little Yellow Bat Specimens examined. — Total 12: 25 km. W Tampico, 2; 123i mi. N Ti- huatMn, 300 ft., 8; Boca del Rio, 10 ft., 1; Rio Blanco, 20 km. W Piedras Negras, 400 ft., 1. Additional record. — Mirador, the type locality (Goodwin, 1958:3). At Rio Blanco and Boca del Rio specimens were shot in flight on the arid coastal plain. They were present in small numbers, at dusk, flew more rapidly than Saccopteryx bilineata or Eptesicus hrasiliensis propinquus, and maintained a distance of five to 12 feet above the ground. Individuals observed were partial to the shade of trees and boughs; they left the shadow of tree limbs for short pe- riods, seemingly to catch insects, but usually returned at once to the shadows. A similar restriction to shadow was noted in Saccopteryx bilineata, but to a lesser extent. The specimens from 12/2 mi. N Tihuatlan were found by a native in a hollow tree. Those from 25 mi. W of Tampico were caught between 7:00 and 8:00 p. m. in a mist net. Nothing was learned of the breeding habits of this species in Veracruz, and no ectoparasites were found on the specimens taken. Plecotus mexicanus (G. M. Allen) Mexican Big-eared Bat Specimens examined.— Total 77: 6 km. WSW Zacualpilla, 6500 ft., 3; 4 km. E Las Vigas, 8500 ft., 74. Mammals of Veracruz 253 Additional records. — Las Vigas (Ward, 1904:653 as Corynorhinus macro- tis — probably was P. mexicanus); Jico [5,500 ft.] (Handley, 1959:151). Handley (1959:141) has arranged this named kind of bat as a monotypic species instead of as a subspecies of Plecoius (Conjnorhinus) townsendii. On November 6, 1948, small caves and mine tunnels in the hills six kilometers west-southwest of Zacualpilla were searched for bats. In one narrow, low cave, situated beside a stream at the base of a hillside, sparsely forested with pine trees, we found two Mexican big-eared bats. They were 35 to 50 feet from the entrance of the cave, and were clinging to the wall, head down at a place where the cave was only about one meter in diameter. Both were cold and torpid, but not hibernating. They clung by means of their feet and thumbs, with the backs bowed and the heads against their chests. The long ears of this species were closely coiled and the tail was folded under the body, covering the abdomen. Two days later another bat of this same kind was taken in the same cave, 40 feet from the entrance. A large series of Plecotus was obtained four kilometers east of Las Vigas in mid-January, 1949. The bats were found in caves in the basaltic lava at a small volcanic cone called Volcancillo. The greater part of our material from that locality was taken in shallow lava tubes, from one meter to three meters in diameter, and from a few inches to a meter or so beneath the crust of the lava flow. These bats were not hibernating. They were found clinging to the walls of these relatively small, dry caves from 25 to 500 feet from the entrances. Certain caves seemed to be favored over others, and by returning to these caves each day, we secured specimens from places where, a day earlier, we had removed all the bats. In the much larger, deeper, caves in the same area, we found this species in hibernation. These larger caves were colder and damper than the shallow caves. The fur of the big-eared bats taken in the deep caves was damp or wet. Some individuals were seen, day after day, in the same place in these caves. One individual did not change position in a week. The hibernating bats were distinctly rat; those from tlie shallow caves were less fat and most of them were lean. In the deep caves we found also Myotis velifer and Pipistrellus subflavas. Only Plecotus was found in the shallow caves. We have no records of embryos from this bat in Veracruz. The testes of the specimens examined were all small. A species of winged fly is the common parasite on Plecotus. Almost all of the specimens taken in Veracruz had several of these parasites. 254 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Family Molossidae Cynomops malagai Villa Mexican Dog-faced Bat Records (Villa, 1955:1-2).— Tuxpan de Rodriguez Cano, 20° 57', 97° 24', four meters; Veracruz [city of]. Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana (Saussure) Brazilian Free-tailed Bat Specimens examined.— Total 26: 6 km. WSW Zacualpilla, 6500 ft., 9; Jalacingo, 6500 ft., 13; 4 km. WNW Fortin, 3200 ft., 1; Maltrata, 3 (U.S.N.M. 64340-64342 alcoholics). Additional records.— 5 km. E Las Vigas, 8000 ft. (Davis, 1944:380); 5 km. N Jalapa, 4500 ft. (Davis, 1944:380); Cofre de Perote, 13,000 ft. (Saussure, 1860:283); "Veracruz" (the state) (Shamel, 1931:5). This is a common bat on the Mexican Plateau, where it seems to have taken the place of Molossus afer nigricans. We have only one specimen from the tropics, which may have strayed far from its normal range. By searching for bat droppings on the ground beneath crevices, a small colony, six kilometers west-southwest of Zacualpilla, 6500 feet elevation, was found in a vertical crevice in a sandstone cliff in an arroyo. The base of the crevice was under an overhanging ledge, and was 15 feet from the ground. The bats were too far up in the crevice to see, and irregularities in the crevice made it impossible to shoot them. Accordingly the crevice was blasted open with dynamite, and nine bats were killed by the blast and subsequently recovered. One specimen did not fall to the ground until November 9 (the others were taken on November 6) and, as it was not decayed, we suppose that it had been wounded by the blast and died later. All of the individuals obtained were non- pregnant females. On November 12, 1948, a large colony of Brazilian free-tailed bats was discovered in the Cathedral at Jalacingo. The bats were in crevices in the wooden roof of two narrow rooms, about 25 feet long and four feet wide, that extended from the floor of the cathedral up, parallel to the tower, to the ceihng of the cathedral, perhaps 75 feet above. Some of the bats were in shallow crevices, or in the angle between the roof and walls. The bats were semi-dormant, and by reaching from a small window in the tower wall, we knocked them loose from their perches with a pole. The bats opened their wings and being unable to fly sailed to the floor below, where they were placed in a collecting bag before they could become fully active. The specimens taken here included three males and ten non-pregnant females. Mammals of Veracruz 255 A male was obtained in the Tropical Life-zone, over a pool four kilometers west-northwest of Fortin on April 2, 1946, by placing a wire in the line-of-flight of bats that were drinking from the pool. Numerous specimens of Molossus ater nigricans were trapped in the wires over this pool. Eumops glaucinus (Wagner) Wagner's Mastiff Bat Specimens examined. — Jesus Carranza, 250 ft., 3. In the town of Jesus Carranza on March 12, 1947, a wooden building was occupied by a colony of about 25 individuals of Glosso- phaga. "The day was hot and the attic was very warm. I climbed to the roof to get a better swing at the active, shy Glossophaga and noted the head of a molossid emerging from between two boards that overlapped loosely foiTning a crevice about three-quar- ters of an inch wide. I pulled the bat out. It did not attempt to escape, or struggle much, or make a sound. I reached in and pulled out two more, all rather torpid in spite of the heat." Several in- dividuals of Molossus ater nigricans were also found in this building. Molossus ater nigricans Miller Red Mastiff Bat Specimens examined. — Total 117: Ozulama [= Ozuluama], 500 ft., 8; La Mar, 20 ft., 5; Tuxpan, 22; 12}i mi. N Tihuatlan, 300 ft., 6; Puente Nacional, 500 ft., 10; 4 km. W Paso de San Juan, 250 ft., 14 Rio Atoyac, 8 km. NW Potrero, 16; 4 km. WNW Fortin, 3200 ft., 24; Potrero Viejo, 1700 ft., 3; 3 km. SE Orizaba, 3; Cosamaloapan, 150 ft., 3; Jesus Carranza, 250 ft., 3. Additional records. — San Andres Tuxtla (Miller, 1913:88); Tuxpango (Sumichrast, 1882:202); Catemaco (Miller, 1913:88). Moloss^us ater instead of Molossus rufus is the correct specific name for this bat according to Goodwin ( 1960:6). The red mastiff bat is one of the most common of the insectivorous bats in the Tropical Life-zone of Veracruz. Colonies were found in buildings, in hollow trees, and in crevices in cliffs. Four kilometers west-northwest of Fortin on March 26, 1946, bats were reported to inhabit the hollow of a large tree. The tree was of the slim species with broad leaves and red bark, called "palo mulato." It was about two feet in diameter at the base. Approxi- mately 25 feet from the ground there was a scar where the tiee had been hit by Hghtning. Above this scar the tree was hollow for an unknown distance. Bat guano had formed a pile at the bot- tom of the hghtning scar and had washed down the trunk of the tree. There was also a small pile at the base of the tree. Eleven specimens of Molossus ater nigricans in the black phase, were ob- tained from the colony of about 25 bats that hved there. 256 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. At Puente Nacional on October 21, 1946, bats of this species were seen emerging from crevices in a sandstone cliff and from small openings in a concrete bridge [the "National Bridge"]. On October 22, the bridge was investigated. The bridge is very old, and is of the series-of-arches type. There were originally drainage holes below the rail-wall, about every 25 feet, but those of the east side have become filled, on top, with rocks and soil. The lower, outer, ends of most of the holes are covered by plants. Most of the bats were found in holes that were still open on the bottom but plugged above. By digging away the earth and sod from above, we got into the tops of the holes. The bats were not clinging to the walls, but were lying flat on the ground, under stones. It ap- peared as if they had burrowed back under the rocks, but I think it more likely that they had dug the holes by continual use, loosening bits of the sandy soil that tumbled down the holes to the river below. Some of the burrows were all of six by five by one inches, in the shape of a pocket. Eight bats, all in the black color phase, were taken here. At four places (Jesus Carranza; three kilometers southeast of Orizaba; Ozuluama; and at Cosamolapan) this species was found in hot, dry, and dusty crevices in the attics of buildings. We watched the flight of this species of bat on several occasions, Usually the bats left their hiding places about one and one half hours before dark, usually before swallows and other birds had re- tired for the night. On dark days, they emerged earlier. Shortly after they emerged from their retreats they began the evening hunt. Usually they flew high, about 150 feet above the ground, in the early part of the evening. At this elevation, they were in- dependent of forest, cliffs, clearings, and other ground relief. As dusk advanced they flew lower and at about the time it became completely dark the bats were hunting at approximately 35 feet above the ground. At this elevation, they must maneuver through clearings and other roads and trails, avoiding the forest. Because they hunt at a much higher speed than most insectivorous bats, they are less able to twist and turn in the pursuit of insects, and re- quire large clearings or long stretches of narrow clearings, such as the space above a road, river, or field. These bats do not drink until it becomes completely dark. Then they approach a pool at an elevation, above its surface, of about 25 feet. Usually they fly over and past the pool and, when just past its farther bank, they dive, turn, and sweep back, skimming the Mammals of Veracruz 257 surface as they drink. They are easy to trap by stringing a wire an inch or so above the surface of the water. Approximately one half hour after complete darkness, the bats were seen returning to their retreats, and no specimens were taken in our wire traps more than one half hour after dark. Vespertilionid bats usually rest at night in some retreat other tlian their daytime roost. Red mastiff bats return to the daytime roost to rest at night. These bats hunt also in the morning and often do not return until well after dawn. On several occasions we saw these bats returning to their roosts after the birds had been active for some time; per- haps one half hour after dawn. In the early evening and early morning, it is not unusual to see swallows and red mastiff bats hunt- ing together. Both males and females were found together in some colonies. Several times we found small groups of three to five males. Preg- nant females were taken only in early spring: February 26, March 5, March 26, March 29, and April 5. This bat has a strong, sweetish, musky odor, which seems to originate from the large gland in the chest. Commonly the fur of the chest is covered with the thin oil secreted by this gland. Several of these bats were fat, but most of the specimens were lean. On November 24, 1946, one of these bats was flopping on the ground at the base of a tree, four kilometers west-northwest of Fortin, 3200 feet elevation. It was not wounded, but was unusually fat. The fur of the entire body was wet with the oil secretion from its chest gland which was soft and empty. Beside the Rio Atoyac, eight kilometers northwest of Potrero, at 1700 feet elevation, on March 1, 1946, a bat of this species was found hanging head-down from the weather-beaten post of an old, half -demolished dam across a small arroyo in the jungle. The bat was alive, but must have been ill, though no wounds were found on the body when the animal was skinned. At the same locality, on March 4, 1946, Mrs. Peggy Dalquest heard an animal squeaking in branches of a wild orange tree. When she tm-ned the light from a flashhght into the tree, a bat dropped to the ground. The animal was a Molossus in the red color phase, and although apparently uninjured, it was not able to fly. Parasites are rare on Molossus ater nigricans. Two species of mites were noted, a small red species and an even smaller yellow form. A small wingless fly was also noted. 258 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Order Primates Family Cebidae Alouatta villosa mexicana Merriam Howler Monkey Specimens examined. — Total 23: 10 km. NW Minititlan [= Minatitlan], 100 ft., 5; 35 km. ENE Jesus Carranza, 150 ft., 5; 20 km. E Jesus Carranza, 300 ft, 10; Arroyo Azul, 26 km. E and 8 km. S Jesus Carranza, 2; 35 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 400 ft., 1. Additional records. — Pasa Nueva (Allen, J. A., 1904:40); Minatitldn (Mer- riam, 1902:67); Achotal (Lawrence, 1933:341). In southern Veracruz, this species seems to live only at low eleva- tions; our specimens were taken at elevations of between 100 and 400 feet. In the low, swampy jungles, near sea level, the howler was more common than the spider monkey. To the best of my knowledge, the spider monkey occurs wherever the howler does, but is found also in the higher areas, where the howler does not occur. The howler is common in the low, dense jungles of broad-leafed trees and palms, as well as in the tall forest. We never saw monkeys on the ground, but on several occasions bands were found in small, isolated patches of jungle that they could have reached only by traveling over the ground. Locally this species may be abundant. Normally it occurs in bands of from six to 50 individuals. In bands, females outnumber males by ten to one. Usually the spider monkeys and howlers re- main separate, but in several bands of spider monkeys we noted a single howler. Such howlers that were shot were old males. One mixed band of about 100 spider and howler monkeys was seen. Like the spider monkeys, the howler monkeys seem to feed prin- cipally in the early morning. They are commonly seen in the tops of tall trees throughout the day. Individuals sometimes remain mo- tionless for hours. We have found what was probably the same band in the same general area on three consecutive days. Howler monkeys are skillfull climbers but are far less active than the spider monkeys, and usually move through the trees rather slowly, although when frightened they are capable of swift move- ment. Their reactions difiFer from those of the spider monkey in many respects; howlers do not show the curiosity of the spider monkey. A man may walk along a trail beneath a band of howlers without becoming aware of their presence, unless they are moving about, breaking branches, or calling. When one member of a band is shot, the other monkeys usually hoot and roar, and move higher Mammals of Veracruz 259 into the trees. Rarely do they swing ofiF through the trees, as the spider monkeys almost always do. Like the spider monkeys, howler monkeys throw things at in- truders, and are more apt to do so than spider monkeys. Usually their missiles are too small to be dangerous, and their aim is poor. Old males have powerful jaws and large teeth, and doubtless could give a serious bite. On one occasion two howlers were shot, but, as is often the case with howlers, the dead animals failed to fall from the trees, for the bodies were supported by the animals' death grip with feet, hands, and tails. The remainder of the band, ap- proximately 10 animals, were in the tops of nearby trees. When the collector climbed into the tree to dislodge the dead animals, "the other animals started roaring and, I think, were preparing to attack me. I went down the tree in a hurry. One old male followed me to within 30 feet of the ground." Although these animals did not actually come within 10 feet of me, they did make faces, gape their tremendous jaws, and make loud, booming roars that were discon- certing to me, high in a jungle tree. Twice we found howler monkeys at night. On the first occasion, the grating of our dugout canoe on a sandbar caused one animal to make a low hoot. The monkeys, about 25 in all, were sleeping in crotches well out on the limbs of a tree overhead. We were able to see them in the beams of our flashlights by looking for the black tails tightly wrapped around branches. At close range, their eyes, in the beam of a light, had a dull red glow. When the band was disturbed by our shooting, the survivors made off along the palm fronds and branches. A few hid in masses of vines. On another occasion the whistle from a passing railroad train caused a monkey to hoot. We found the band sleeping in a group of tall trees, on slender limbs about 50 feet from the ground. A porcupine (Coendou mexicanus) was shot from the same tree. The call of this monkey is a hooting roar or a barklike, coughing howl. The sound travels for long distances, and can easily be heard for more than a mile. In the mornings the calls from many bands of these monkeys may blend together to form a constant roar. Later in the day they call less often, but they may call at any hour of the day. On dull and rainy days they call less than on bright, clear days. At some times of the year, especially in late March, April, and the first of May, they seldom call. The call is given by the females as well as by males, but the loud roar, which carries to a great distance, is made by the old males. 260 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. This monkey is never eaten in Veracruz, and we were told that tliey never bother crops. Two females taken on February 4, 1947, had newly-born young, but young of various ages are seen in most bands of this species of monkey, and we suppose that they have no regular breeding season in Veracruz. Ectoparasites are not common on howlers. One old male had a number of large nematode worms in the rectum. Under the skin, several howlers had fly larvae described, in the field notes, as "brown; heavily ridged; about % inch long and % inch wide. They are only slightly flattened. They make a large lump on the animals, fully an inch in diameter. . . . [One animal had] some on the jaws, neck, chest, legs and feet." Ateles geoflFroyi vellerosus Gray Geoffroy's Spider Monkey Specimens examined. — Total 41: 10 km. NW Minatitldn, 100 ft., 4; San Juan Evangelista, 3 (U.S.N.M.); Achotal, 7 (Chicago N. H. Mus.); 35 km. ENE Jesus Carranza, 150 ft., 4; 20 km. ENE Jesus Carranza, 200 ft., 1; 20 km. E Jesus Carranza, 300 ft., 18; Arroyo Saoso, 37 km. E, 7 km. S Jesus Carranza, 1; 20 km. ESE Jesus Carranza, 1; 35 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 400 ft, 2. Additional records (Kellogg and Goldman, 1944:35, unless otherwise noted). — Barranca de Boca, Canton de Jalapa; Mirador (Reinhardt, 1873:150); 15 mi. NE Huatasco, 2000 ft.; Volcdn de Orizaba (Elliot, 1905:535); Pasa Nueva: Cuatotolapan. According to the Rules of Zoological Nomenclature, Sapojou Lacepede is the correct generic name but the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (see Opinion 91) recommends the use of Ateles. The type locality of this subspecies is Mirador, Veracruz, by restriction. The spider monkey no longer occurs near Mirador, or elsewhere in central Veracruz. At Hacienda Mirador, 3500 feet elevation, on December 6, 1947, we were told by the elder members of the Grohman and Sartorius families that they had been told by their parents that monkeys once occurred there. There is still a pass to the northwest of Mirador that is called "Paso de los Monos" (Pass of the monkeys). The ancestors of the Sartorius and Grohman families were living in Hacienda Mirador when tlie collector, Sumichrast, obtained the speci- mens on which Reinhardt based the name neglectus. This species once occurred in most or all of the forested parts of the Tropical Life-zone of Veracruz, but now is found only in the southern part of the state. I (Dalquest) saw individuals 15 kilome- ters southwest of Jimba in the Rincon area, and seven kilometers from Volcan San Martin Tuxtla. In the lowlands of southern Veracruz, the spider and howler monkeys occur together in some localities. Where they occur to- gether, the spider monkey is usually referred to as "mono" and the howler is usually referred to as "chango," but in some areas, this is reversed, the spider monkey being called chango. In higher areas. Mammals of Veracruz 261 where only the spider monkey occurs, it is called either mono or chango. The spider monkey is usually found in tall, extensive forest, but in some places we found spider monkeys to be abundant where the jungle was only about 50 feet in height. Usually the spider mon- keys live in rather humid forest, but in the Rincon area, to the west of Jimba, they were in dry, though tall and dense, jungle. Near the mouth of the Rio Coatzacoalcos they were in swampy forest, and they were abundant in the dense, humid forest and limestone clifiFs to the southeast of Jesus Carranza. The spider monkey seems to be entirely diurnal. We never saw or heard the species at night. Usually spider monkeys and howler monkeys remain in separate bands. On March 20, 1947, 35 km. east-northeast of Jesus Carranza, however, a band of about 100 monkeys was composed of about equal numbers of each of the two kinds. On several occasions we found bands of spider monkeys, with a single old male howler in the group. In general, the spider monkey was more common than the howler in southern Veracruz, except near the Gulf, where the howler was the more common. The spider monkey usually lives in small bands of from 10 to 25 animals. The largest band noted contained approximately 50 ani- mals, but this was unusual. On several occasions we found pairs and single animals. One solitary animal was an old female. One pair consisted of an old female and a young male. Several small groups of old males were seen, usually numbering three to five animals. The larger bands include animals of both sexes, ^vith the females outnumbering the males. Spider monkeys feed in the early morning. By two to three hours after sunrise they are usually rather inactive, sitting in the tops of the larger trees. Some bands remained in the same tree most of the day. Under such circumstances they are exceptionally inquisi- tive, and will descend to the lower parts of the trees to examine any strange animal that passes. Their alarm call is a loud, rather bird- like, double squeak, "EEEeek-eeaaAAK," repeated endlessly. Spider monkeys, calling together, in a large band make a great racket. We have heard them call continuously for more than an hour. The sound, to me, is irritating. Young spider monkeys make a long, drawnout squeal. Young spider monkeys are commonly sold as pets. Those that I saw were gentle and aflFectionate. They are captured by shooting the mothers, and climbing after the babies until they are caught or the trees containing the young are chopped down. We were told 7—4035 262 University of Kansas Publs., Mus, Nat, Hist. by hunters that a baby would never leave the vicinity of its dead mother. Hunters told us also that on some occasions, v^hen one monkey in a band was shot, the other monkeys would throw fruit and sticks and even large limbs at the hunters. We noted this habit only rarely, when monkeys were shot for specimens; the effort was rather half-hearted and the aim was poor. The howler monkey is more apt to throw tilings at an intruder than is the spider monkey. Almost invariably, when one or two spider monkeys of a band were shot, the others made off through the trees at high speed, leaving dead or injured animals to their fate. This is not true of the howler monkeys. Except for the sale of young animals for pets, the spider monkey is of little economic importance in Veracruz. The flesh is never eaten. Dead animals have a strong and unpleasant smell. Even our dogs refused, at first, to eat the flesh. This odor was never detected from live animals kept as pets. These monkeys seem never to descend to the ground and they do not bother crops. The jungle fruits upon which they feed are rarely utilized by man. The spider monkey has no regular breeding season. Young of various ages were seen in almost every large band examined. One man reported an albino spider monkey in the hills west of Jimba. Animals taken near Minatitlan in February had deep layers of yellow fat beneath the skin. Near Jesus Carranza, animals from some bands, young specimens as well as adults, were fat while animals from other bands in the same locality were lean. Parasites were rarely noted on spider monkeys, except that several animals had large fly-larvae in pockets under the skin. One old male had many nematode worms, about an inch long, in the rectum. Family Hominidae Homo sapiens americanus Linnaeus Man The native subspecies H. s. americanus has crossed extensively with the sub- species H. s. sapiens that invaded the area in the 16th century. Order Edentata Family Myrmecophagidae Tamandua tetradactyla mexicana (Saussure) Tamandua Specimens examined. — Total 5: 20 km. ENE Jestis Carranza, 200 ft., 1; 20 km. E Jesus Carranza, 300 ft., 2; Arroyo Saoso, 37 km. E, 7 km. S Jesiis Carranza, 1; 6 km. NW Paso Nuevo, 100 ft., 1. Mammals of Veracruz 263 Additional records. — "Passa Neuva" (Allen, J. A., 1904:394); Mirador (HaU and Kelson, 1959:239). In Veracruz the four-toed anteater is usually called *l3razo fuerte" but is referred to also as "oso hormiguero" and "chupa miel." The species occurs from one end of the state to the other, in the Tropical Life-zone at lower elevations. Though widespread, this anteater is not common, probably because it is killed by man at every oppor- tunity. This species is both aboreal and terrestrial. In trees it is said to prefer dense growths, such as the mango. Terrestrial habitat includes open ground under dense jungle, marshy ground, and open, arid grasslands. On February 9, 1948, at a place 20 kilometers east of Jesus Car- ranza, a large animal was heard moving on the ground at midnight. It made considerable noise in the dense jungle. A few moments later an anteater, the source of the disturbance, climbed up on one of the aerial roots of a large tree, and began to climb the tree. At the same locality on March 21, 1948, an anteater was found about noon, on an exceptionally hot day, in the top of a small coyol palm tree, on a drooping frond about eight feet from the ground. Six kilometers northwest of Paso Nuevo, an anteater was followed by dogs to its burrow almost in the center of an extensive area of tall sawgrass. The burrow had an entrance about 10 inches in diameter, was approximately two meters long and at its end was approximately a half meter below the surface of the ground. No nest was present, but the end of the burrow was slightiy enlarged. There are a number of superstitions regarding the anteater. One is that it reaches its long tongue into a nostril of a dog, and so strangles it. Another relates to the destruction of sugar cane. On the lower reaches of the Rio Coatzacoalcos, tlie people insist that the frequent destruction of small patches of sugar cane by some animal that tears and chews the stalks is the work of tlie anteater. We obtained a specimen and were able to prove to them that this was not so. The mouth of the anteater is too small to bite with, it has no teeth, and the lower jaw is soft and flexible. Chewing anything as hard as sugar cane would be impossible for an ant- eater. Anteaters are killed whenever found. One excuse for this is that the animals are a danger to dogs. They are also killed for their skin, which is said to be relatively stronger than that of an ox or horse. Most are killed, however, by hunters who find an anteater 264 Univebsity of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. in a burrow that they have worked diHgently to open in the hopes of obtaining an armadillo. We found no parasites on anteaters, not even ticks. The thick, tough hide may discourage ticks but the tapir in the same area is parasitized by a species of tick, in spite of its having an even thicker skin. Perhaps the strong, musky odor of the anteater is obnoxious to ticks. None of the three anteaters taken was pregnant. What I took to be the salivary gland is worthy of mention because it is so greatly developed and enlarged as to extend back along the sides of the neck and then down, between the armpits, to the chest. When cut open it is seen to contain a thick, sticky, transparent Hquid. Cyclopes didactylus mexicanus HoUister Two-toed Anteater Record.— Minatitldn ( Hall and Kelson, 1959:240). In the area of the Rio Coatzacoalcos, this little anteater is called "mico de noche." It seems to be rare, and we were unable to ob- tain a specimen. A few skins for sale were seen in shoemakers' shops, but the locality of origin of such skins was uncertain. Ani- mals are occasionally taken alive when large trees are cut down. One was said to have been kept aHve as a pet at Minatitlan. Family Dasypodidae Dasypus novemcinctus mexicanus Peters Nine-banded Armadillo Specimens examined. — Total 8: San Carlos, 1 (Chicago N. H. Mus.) Rio Blanco, 20 km. W Piedras Negras, 400 ft., 1; 15 km. SW Jimba, 750 ft., 1 20 km. ENE Jesus Carranza, 200 ft., 1; 20 km. E Jesus Carranza, 300 ft., 1 25 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 250 ft., 1; 35 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 400 ft, 1 30 km. SSE Jesus Carranza, 300 ft., 1. Additional record. — ^Jalapa (Ferrari-Perez, 1886:130). Armadillos from Veracruz can be separated from those seen from Texas and elsewhere in Mexico by examination of the lacrimal bone. In the armadillo, this bone makes up the anterior, dorsal part of the zygomatic arch. In skulls from Veracruz, the lower, anterior suture is on the lower edge or side of the zygomatic arch, and is visible from the lateral view. In other armadillo skulls examined, the lower, anterior suture is below the angle of the zygomatic arch, on the ventral side, and is not visible from the lateral aspect. Tliis character serves to separate both adult and young animals. Age in armadillos can be determined by the presence or absence of cer- tain sutures between bones of the skull. We consider as adult, Mammals of Veracruz 265 animals having the sutures closed between the basiphenoid and the presphenoid, and between the basisphenoid and the basioc- cipital. In addition, a skull from the Federal District is shorter and nar- rower than any from Veracruz and Texas. Two adults from Yucatan difFer from other skulls examined, in that the presphenoid is much longer, extending forward beneath the palate as a long, pointed bone, and in that the greatest width of the braincase is at the squa- mosal, rather than at the suture between the squamosal and tlie frontal. Specimens from the west coast of Mexico have not been examined. Our material indicates but does not prove that specimens from Yucatan and Veracruz are subspecifically distinct from both Dasypus novemcinctus mexicanus and D. n. texianus. In Veracruz, the armadillo is called both armadillo (pronounced armadeeo) and tochi. It is found throughout the Tropical Life- zone, and is everywhere hunted for food. Favored habitat of the armadillo in Veracruz is dry jungle, either where the forest floor is open or covered with a tangle of vegetation. We found signs most abundant where the jungle was low but with a dense crown of branches, leaves and vines. As a result of the ab- sence of sunlight in places of this kind, the ground beneath the trees was relatively open, and was littered with dry leaves. Dry ground seems to be preferred to damp ground, and level ground to rough ground. Armadillos are not social. They are principally nocturnal; only one was seen abroad by day. Their eyes do not reflect the rays of a hunting hght at night. As a result they are difficult to shoot at night. In the daytime they take refuge in burrows that they dig for themselves. A typical burrow was found 15 kilometers south- west of Jirnba, after our dog began to bark a short distance from the trail. The brush and jungle were so dense that we had to chop our way by means of machetes in order to reach the dog. It was at the entrance to a burrow between two logs. The top log was so much decayed that we were able to cut it in two with our machetes; we moved the other log. The dog had enlarged the entrance of the burrow, and its original diameter could not be determined. When the dog was pulled away, we could hear the tochi scratching as it burrowed. We dug with our machetes, and within two feet found a mass of dry leaves — the nest. We could see the animal's tail, but it set its feet so securely in the earth that it took all of my strength to pull tlie animal from its burrow. 266 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. i The armadillo is hunted by means of dogs especially trained for the work. In a good area, two hunters may catch as many as four armadillos in a day. The dog trails the animal to its hole, from which the armadillo is dug out. The flesh of the armadillo is held in great esteem. Correctly prepared, it is delicious, and resembles pork, but is sold for several times the price of pork or beef, in some areas. Only the agouti and paca are considered superior as food. i An armadillo taken on March 5, and another taken on April 24, each contained four large embryos. Large ticks are commonly found attached to the underside of the armadillo; each specimen examined had from 11 to 25 such ticks. Order Lagomorpha Family Leporidae Sylvilagus brasiliensis truei (J. A. Allen) Forest Rabbit i Specimens examined. — Total 5: 35 km. NW Tuxpan, 1; Potrero Llano [=Potrero del Llano], 350 ft., 1; WA mi. N Tihuatlan, 300 ft., 1; 2 km. N | Motzorongo, 1500 ft., 1; 30 km. SSE Jesus Carranza, 300 ft., 1. | Additional records (Nelson, 1909:264). — Mirador; Motzorongo; Otatitlan; Buena Vista. The forest rabbit is probably common in the dense jungle of Vera- cruz, but we found it extremely difficult to obtain. In field notes for December 6, 1946, it is recorded that at a place two kilometers north of Motzorongo "One of these small, dark rabbits was taken j last night. It was in a beautiful setting. There is a grove of tall banana trees in a clearing, about 100 feet square, chopped out of the jungle. The area is near the stream in the arroyo, and is level. It was probably cleared last year, and has come up in elephant's ear. Some leaves are five feet long. I was hunting here about one j hour after dark. Fruit-eating bats were making considerable noise, but I heard something else moving in the vegetation. My light picked out the dull, red glow of a single eye, and I had to shoot it at rather close range." The specimen was a male with testes i measuring 30 by 12 millimeters. | An adult male taken along the Rio Solosuchil, 30 kilometers south- southeast of Jesus Carranza on May 13, 1949, was shot approxi- mately two hours after dark, when it came to drink at a sandbar | at the edge of the river. Back of the bar the jungle was tall and dense except for patches of wild banana and occasional deep tangles ' of vines and brush, and the ground was open and level. I An adult female that was nursing young was shot in dry, low, dense and thorny jungle at Potrero Llano, 350 feet elevation, on i Mammals of Veracruz 267 February 15, 1949. Eastern cottontails were found in a large corn- field here, and while hunting for them we walked along the border of the clearing. The light was shone into the jungle, wherever the vegetation would allow us to do so. In one place, the light re- flected the glow of the eyes of a rabbit. It was shot, and found to be S. brasiliensis. Two individuals of S. floridanus were shot in the clearing 50 feet away. Sylvilagus floridanus Eastern Cottontail The Eastern cottontafl, known in Veracruz as "conejo," occurs in almost every part of the state. In the alpine meadows and bnishlands of the high mountains, it occurs with the Mexican cottontafl, Sylvilagus cunicularius, and in the deep jungle it occurs with the forest rabbit, Sylvilagus brasiliensis. It reaches its greatest abundance at lower elevations, in the extensive sugar cane fields and on the coastal plain. In these places, extensive grasslands and numerous thorny thickets offer ideal food and cover. This Eastern cottontail is nocturnal and most of our specimens were shot whfle we were hunting at night with a headlamp. On dark and cloudy nights, the cottontafls are not shy, and usually allow a hunter to approach within shotgun range. On clear, moon- lit nights, the same animals are shy. Locally, in ideal habitat, cottontails are abundant. While driving at night along roads through the sugar cane fields within a radius of seven kilometers of Potrero, as many as 10 cottontails to a mile were seen. On the coastal plain, near Piedras Negras, four to six were often seen on a night's hunt, but at most places they were far less common. In some places we obtained specimens only after many hours of hunting at night. A number of the specimens from the coastal plain were shot after they were flushed from thorny cover by dogs. When abundant near habitations, cottontails commonly damage gardens, and may do great damage to sugar cane when the cane is small. Two kilometers north of Motzorongo we saw seven consecu- tive new shoots of cane, in one row, that had been cropped to the ground by a rabbit that we shot. Cornfields suffer heavily from the attacks of cottontails; stalks less than a foot high are commonly cut a few inches from the ground. In some areas we found whole fields in which almost every stalk had been cut by rabbits. This cottontail is an important item of food and furnishes much sport in Veracruz. The cottontail and the chachalaca, in many parts 268 Untveksity of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. of the state, are the only common wild species of game. The flesh of the cottontail is far less desirable than that of the paca and armadillo, but the cottontail is much more easily obtained than those species. No pregnant females were obtained in Veracruz. Females that were nursing young were taken on May 27, February 12, and Feb- ruary 28. A male with greatly swollen testes was taken on Decem- ber 5. A juvenile only 184 millimeters in total length was taken on December 17. Most specimens had a few ticks, and some had many small ticks, but the infestations were small, considering the large numbers of ticks in the country that the cottontails inhabit. Several cottontails had a few fleas. One specimen had a fly larva under the sldn on one side of the neck. Sylvilagus floridanus connectens (Nelson) Specimens examined. — ^Total 35: Hacienda Tamiahua, Cabo Rojo, 2; Ozu- lama [= Ozuluama], 500 ft., 3; Ixcatepec, 70 km. NW Tuxpan, 1; Tlacolula, 60 km. WNW Tuxpan, 2; Potrero Llano, 350 ft., 2; 50 km. NW Tuxpan 2; 4 km. N Tuxpan, 1; 9 km. E Papantla, 300 ft., 1; Teocelo, 4000 ft., 1; 3 km. W Boca del Rio, 10 ft., 1; 7 km. NW Potrero, 1700 ft., 2; 5 km. NW Potrero, 1500 ft., 1; Potrero Viejo, 1700 ft., 8; 15 km. W Piedras Negras, 300 ft., 2; Rio Blanco, 20 km. WNW Piedras Negras, 5; 2 km. N Motzorongo, 1500 ft., 1. Additional records (Nelson, 1909:186). — ^Jico; Chichicaxtle, type locality; Mirador; Orizaba. Sylvilagus floridanus orizabae (Merriam) Records (Nelson, 1909:185). — Las Vigas; Movint Orizaba. Sylvilagus floridanus russatus (J. A. Allen) Specimens examined. — Total 6: Jimba, 350 ft., 2; 7 km. NW Paso Nuevo, 100 ft., 2; 14 km. SW Coatzacoalcos, 100 ft., 2. Additional records (Nelson, 1909:187). — Catemaco; Coatzacoalcos; Mina- titldn; Pasa Nueva, type locality. Sylvilagus audubonii parvulus (J. A. AUen) Desert Cottontail Record.— Perote (Nelson, 1909:237). Sylvilagus cunicularius cunicularius (Waterhouse) Mexican Cottontail Specimens examined. — ^Two from 3 km. W Acultzingo, 7000 ft. Additional records (Nelson, 1909:241). — Las Vigas; Perote; Cofre de Perote; Orizaba. On October 7, 1947, three kilometers west of Acultzingo, a small boy told us that he had seen a rabbit enter a hole. The burrow was excavated and a Mexican cottontail, a young, non-pregnant female. Mammals of Veracruz 269 was captured. The burrow was about five inches in diameter, four feet long, and at its end two feet beneath the surface of the ground. There was no nest. At the same locahty, on December 5, 1948, several Mexican cottontails were found with the aid of dogs, and one, an adult male, was obtained. No ectoparasites were found on it or on the young female. In the winter of 1948-1949, at Las Vigas, Mexican cottontails were hunted on many nights. The animals were fairly common in the cool, damp meadows of zacaton and in thickets of brush on the mountainside nearby. The heavy fog, which occurs almost nightly at this elevation in the winter, greatly hampered us in our ejfforts to obtain specimens. No rabbits were seen in the early morning or daytime. Twice we found where some predator, probably a fox, had killed a rabbit the night before. Order Rodentia Family Sciuridae Spermophilus perotensis Merriam Perote Ground Squirrel Specimens examined.— Total 8: Perote, 7500 ft., 1; 2 km. E Perote, 7000 ft., 1; 2 km. W Lim6n, 7500 ft, 6. Additional records (Davis, 1944:383).— Perote, 8300 ft.; Guadalupe Victoria. This ground squirrel is called "moto" in the Perote area. In early October, 1947, we searched for ground squirrels near Perote, but most of them had gone into hibernation. One old female, that had been nursing young, was taken two kilometers east of Perote on October 13. It was fat, and had no ectoparasites. In early October of 1948, a small series of specimens, principally young animals, was obtained in the same general area. All were fat. Two fleas were noted on the specimens taken. Spermophilus variegatus variegatus (Erxleben) Rock Squirrel No specimens of this species were obtained in Veracruz, nor has the species been taken by other collectors. I saw two individuals in Veracruz. One was shot at and wounded on November 20, 1946, as it sat on the wall of an old ruin, seven kilometers west of Acult- zingo, 7000 ft. elevation. The animal escaped and presumably died. A week was spent in tlie vicinity, but no other was seen. This lo- cahty is on the lip of the Mexican Plateau, about one kilometer from the Puebla boundary. Another specimen was seen on Octo- 270 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. ber 11, 1947, on the extensive lava flow, three kilometers west of Limon, 8000 feet elevation. This locality also is about one kilometer from the Puebla boundary. Sciurus deppei Deppe's Squirrel In Veracruz this little squirrel is generally known as "ardilla montaiiera," or "ardilla chica." It lives in deep forest of broad- leafed trees, and prefers the dense jungle, where there is but little light. In tall forest it often occurs with the red-bellied squirrel, but seems never to enter the open palm-jungles, where tlie red-bellied squirrel is often common. Near tlie type locality, as at three kilome- ters west of Gutierrez Zamora, Deppe's squirrel was common in dense forest, the trees of which were seldom more than 30 feet in height or five inches in diameter at the base. Here the overhead vegetation was so dense that tlie ground beneath was only dimly lighted. This species was never seen to enter holes in trees, but it probably does so. Leaf nests are common. Most nests that we were reason- ably certain were of this species were about 12 inches in diameter and placed on larger Hmbs not less than 25 feet from the ground. Some were on slender main trunks, not far from the tops of trees. Locally these little squirrels are abundant, but seem not to be social to any degree. They differ greatly from the red-bellied squirrel in their actions, in that they spend considerable time on the ground, are rather slow, and in trees move with little disturbance, rarely rustling leaves and branches. They usually are found on the tree trunks and larger branches. At the approach of a hunter, they slip around to the far side of a trunk or large limb, and remain motionless. Most attempts to "wait them out" failed. The most successful method of hunting them was that of moving steadily and slowly through the gloom of the deep woods, and watching carefully the main trunks and larger limbs 20 to 40 feet from the ground. There the squirrels could be seen in silhouette against the leaves overhead. Nine kilometers east of Papantla we were told that on two hills, separated by only a few hundred yards of low, forested valley, the squirrels were different. Our own investigation confirmed this for on one hill only deppei was found whereas only aureogaster was found on the other hill. On other nearby hills, both species were found together. We can offer no explanation for this distribution. Mammals of Veracruz 271 On the slopes of Volcan San Martin Tuxtla, at 3000 feet elevation, a number of these squirrels were found on the ground in the early morning, A steady rain was falling, and we were hunting with the aid of dogs. Perhaps 10 little squirrels were flushed by the dogs. Some ran along the ground for several yards, not taking to the trees until closely pressed by the dogs. Because we were searching for larger animals, we shot only two Deppe's squirrels. In the dense jungles at low elevation, to the east and south of Jesiis Carranza, in extreme southern Veracruz, the little brown squirrel was abundant. It was found in the deepest part of the forest, where most of the trees were more than 100 feet high but most of the squirrels were seen on or near the ground; not one was noted more than 50 feet from the ground. They seem to prefer the trees that were heavily hung with vines, and trees with numerous cavities, such as the strangler fig. These squirrels are of little economic value; they are too small to be worth hunting for food. The cost of the ammunition is greater than the value of their meat. They rarely come into contact with agriculture, but when they do so, are capable of doing great damage, especially to corn. This occurs where a milpa ( cornfield ) is situated in a clearing in dense forest. The squirrels climb the stalks, and without detaching the ears of corn, cut away the husks to reach tlie kernels. They begin to gnaw at the tip, and rarely eat more than half the kernels of one ear. It is a common sight, in such a milpa, to see ears of corn, half-eaten, with the bottom of the ear still swathed in its husks, but several inches of the bare cob, from which the corn has been eaten, projecting. None of the females of this species that we examined was preg- nant. Males having enlarged testes were taken in November, March and April. No parasites were recorded on this squirrel. Sciurus deppei deppei Peters Specimens examined. — Total 55: 12^2 mi. N Tihuatlan, 300 ft., 2; 9 km. E Papantla, 300 ft., 8; Zacualpan, 6000 ft., 1; 3 km. W Guttierez [= Gutierrez] Zamora, 300 ft., 2; San Carlos, 4 ( Chicago N. H. Mus. ) ; 4 km. W Tlapacoyan, 1700 ft, 1; Dos Caminos, km. 354, alt. 4500 ft., 1 (Chicago N. H. Mus.); 7 km. SE Volcdn San Martin Tuxtla, 3000 ft., 2; Achotal, 1 (Chicago N. H. Mus.); 20 km. ENE Jesus Carranza, 200 ft., 2; 20 km. E Jesus Carranza, 300 ft., 3; Arroyo Saoso, 37 km. E, 7 km. S Jesus Carranza, 2; 20 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 250 ft., 1; 25 km. SE Jesiis Carranza, 250 ft., 3; 35 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 350 ft., 9; 30 km. SSE Jesiis Carranza, 300 ft., 2; 60 km. SE Jesiis Carranza, 450 ft., 1. Additional records (Nelson, 1899:104). — Papantla, type locality; Las Vigas; Jalapa; Jico; Cordova [= Cordoba]; Montzorongo; Catemaco. 272 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Sciurus deppei negligens Nelson Specimens examined. — Platon Sanchez, 800 ft., 6. Sciurus aureogaster Red-bellied Squirrel This squirrel is unusually variable in color. Over all of Vera cruz it is referred to as "ardilla," but the black phase is "ardilla negra," and the colored phase is "ardilla pinta." Most of the resi- dents consider these color phases to be separate species. The subspecies frumentor seems to be restricted to the pine forest of the mountains along the western border of the state. The habitat of the subspecies aureogaster is much more varied, and it is found in forests and jungles throughout the Tropical Life-zone of Vera- cruz. It probably reaches its maximum abundance in the tall, cool forests of the upper humid division of the Tropical Life-zone, at from 1500 to 4000 feet elevation. Where there are forests in the lower arid division of the Tropical Life-zone, as along streams and arroyos, this species is locally abundant. In the dense jungles of the extreme southern part of the state, the red-bellied squirrel is relatively scarce, as compared with farther north. This diurnal species is far more active in the early morning than at other times of day. It probably lives in holes in trees, at least at times, but only one was seen to enter a hole. Leaf nests are com- monly built. These are rather small nests for such a large squirrel. Most of the nests examined were from a foot to 18 inches in di- ameter; many were less than 35 feet from the ground. Opossums also utilize these nests. Nests in the lowlands were constructed principally of leaves of broad-leafed trees, with some twigs for strength. Nests of the subspecies frumentor were found in tall pine trees, were constructed of pine twigs and needles, were about 14 inches in diameter, and were placed 20 to 35 feet from the ground. No more than three individuals of this species were seen together, although several nests are commonly found within sight of each other in a small area. The red-bellied squirrel is almost entirely arboreal. On a few occasions, we saw individuals descend to the ground to escape dan- ger, but we never saw them feeding on the ground. They were often seen in low trees and bushes. Some hung head-down, by their back feet, from bushes as they fed on fruit at the ends of small twigs. Mostly, however, they live from 20 to 40 feet from the ground, but often higher. One, that was frightened at my ap- Mammals of Veracruz 273 proacli, in a large tree, ran to the top of the tree and out along a branch, where it lay flat, parallel to the branch, fully 100 feet from the ground. It remained there as long as I watched. Had I not seen it hide, it would certainly have escaped notice. Although squirrels of this species are skillful climbers and are able to travel rapidly through the trees, they ordinarily do not make long leaps from one branch to another. One leap that spanned about five feet was the maximum observed. Among the better known fruits on which this squirrel feeds are: mango, wild green figs, jobo plums, tamarind pods, and chico zapote. Numerous other species were eaten, as described in our notes, but the plant species were not identified. The subspecies frumentor normally eats seeds of the pine and other conifers as at Las Vigas where we saw numerous cores of pine cones from which the nuts had been eaten. In this area the red-belhed squirrel does much damage to com. We were sho\vn dozens of ears of corn, partly eaten and dragged back into the pines, by these squirrels. At least five per cent of the corn in one field had been taken by the squirrels. In the lowlands, the red-bellied squirrel may locally damage cornfields, but usually the squirrel is content with wild fruits. In the highlands, the red-belHed squirrel is esteemed for food, and is hunted for that reason as much as to protect the cornfields. In the lowlands it is almost never eaten, and never, so far as known, is it hunted for sport. The standard of living of the people of the lowlands is generally higher than in the highlands, and more desir- able game species are abundant in the jungle. In the hills near Potrero, only the colored phase was seen. In extreme southern Veracruz, to the south and east of Jesus Carranza, all but about two per cent of the red-bellied squirrels seen were black. On the Rio Blanco, west of Piedras Negras, the two color phases were found in about equal numbers. A female containing two nearly full-term embryos was taken on March 3, A male, taken on January 9, had greatly swollen testes. Common parasites are large, leathery ticks. When present, these are almost always on the head and neck. Many of these squirrels are parasitized by fly warbles. In the lowlands, almost every squir- rel obtained had warbles, or the scars of warbles, and as many as three were found on a specimen. Usually they were on the back, from between the shoulders to the rump. Less often they were on the abdomen; one male had been emasculated by a larva. 274 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Two squirrels were shot that had large parts of their tails missing. The stubs had completely healed. Remarks. — Kelson (1952:247) studied subspeciation in Sciurus aureogasier and recognized two subspecies. One, S. a. aureogaster, is characterized by a great amount of variation in color, color pat- terns and relative dimensions of the skull, and is widely distributed in Veracruz. Kelson states that the only evidence of geographic variation that he could detect was a slight increase southwardly in frequency and degree of melanism. He chose not to ascribe much taxonomic significance to this increase in melanism. The specimen (82965) from farthest north in Veracruz is from Hacienda Tamiahua and was not seen by Kelson. It has more white than any other specimen from Veracruz. Kelson makes this statement about the other recognized sub- species: ". . . although the essential morphological characters of S. a. frvmentor occur sporadically in other populations, the ani- mals from the higher elevations above Jico and Las Vigas are notably homogeneous, differ collectively from surrounding popula- tions, and occupy a logical geographic range. Therefore, S. a. frumentor is retained as a tenable subspecies, and [all other hereto- fore named variants] . . . are referred to S. a. aureogaster." All of our specimens with one exception are referred to S. a. aureogaster on geographical grounds. The one specimen referred to S. a. frumentor was obtained three kilometers east of Las Vigas. Davis ( 1944:384) reported a specimen from the Cofre de Perote and referred it to S. a. aureogaster. In deference to Kelson's (op. cit.) later taxonomic treatment of this species, this occurrence that was recorded by Davis is here tentatively listed under the subspecies S. a. frumentor. Sciurus aureogaster aureogaster Cuvier Specimens examined. — Total 75: 1 mi. E Higo, 500 ft., 1; Hacienda Tamiahua, Cabo Rojo, 1; 35 km. NW Tuxpan, 1; Platon Sanchez, 800 ft., 3; 17 km. NW Tuxpan, 2; 12J^ mi. N Tihuatlan, 300 ft., 2; 5 km. S Tehuatlan [= Tihuatlan], 700 ft, 1; 4 km. E Papantla, 400 ft., 1; 9 km. E Papantla, 300 ft, 1; 3 km. SW San Marcos, 200 ft, 2; San Carlos, 2 (Chicago N. H. Mus.); Plan del Rio, 1 (Chicago N. H. Mus.); Rio Atoyac, 8 km. NW Potrero, 13; 7 km. NW Potrero, 1700 ft., 4; Rio Blanco, 20 km. WNW Piedras Negras, 6; Rio Blanco, 20 km. W Piedras Negras, 400 ft., 5; 15 km. W Piedras Negras, 300 ft., 2; 2 km. N Motzorongo, 1500 ft., 1; 3 km. E San Andres Tuxtla, 1000 ft., 2; 5 mi. S Catemaco, 1; 14 km. SW Coatzacoalcos, 100 ft., 1; 10 km. NW Minititlan [= Minatitlan], 100 ft, 1; Timba, 350 ft., 1; Achotal, 13 (Chi- cago N. H. Mus.); 35 km. ENE Jesus Carranza, 150 ft, 2; 20 km. ENE Jesus Carranza, 200 ft., 2; 20 km. E Jesiis Carranza, 300 ft., 3. Additional records (Nelson, 1899:42-44, unless otherwise noted.) — Pa- pantla; 5 km. N Jalapa, 4500 ft (Davis, 1944:384); Jalapa; Jico; Chichicaxtle; Puente Nacional, 500 ft (Davis, 1944:384); Mirador; Orizaba; Motzorongo; San Andres Tuxtla; Catemaco; Otatitlan; Coatzacoalcos; Minatitlan. Mammals of Veracruz 275 Sciunis aureogaster frumentor Nelson Specimen examined. — One from 3 km. E Las Vigas, 8000 ft. Additional records (Nelson, 1899:46, unless otherwise noted). — "Near" Las Vigas; N slope Cofre de Perote, 10,500 ft. (Davis, 1944:384 — as S. a. aureo- gaster); "above" Jico. Sciurus oculatus oculatus Peters Peters' Squirrel Records (Nelson, 1899:89).— Las Vigas; Cofre de Perote. Glaucomys volans herreranus Goldman Southern Flying Squirrel Records. — Mountains of Veracruz, the type locality of the subspecies G. v. herreranus (Goldman, 1936:463); Los Pescados, Cofre de Perote (Hooper, 1952:110). Family Geomyidae Thomomys umbrinus Southern Pocket Gopher Thomomys umbrinus albigularis Nelson and Goldman Specimen examined. — One from 2 km. N Los Jacales, 7500 ft. Our adult female has no white on the throat or midline of the venter but neither does a female topotype of T. u. albigularis. Longer hind foot ( 29 mm. ) and less of, and fainter, ochraceous on the sides of the neck on the specimen from Veracruz are the only features not dupUcated in specimens from the type locality of T. u. albigularis. Thomomys umbrinus umbrinus (Richardson) Record.— Boca del Monte (Bailey, 1906:6). Heterogeomys hispidus Hispid Pocket Gopher The hispid pocket gopher, like other species of pocket gopher, is called "tuza" in Veracruz. It seems to be confined to the Tropical Life-zone. Usually gophers of this kind are found in clearings, either natural or artificial, but are found also beneath trees in the forest and jungle. In especially favored habitat they become lo- cally abundant, but usually are not common. We found them in greatest abundance in the sugar cane fields of the upper humid division of the Tropical Life-zone, and in cornfields on the arid coastal plain. Burrows of this species are usually large — in sand or loose soil they are as much as four inches in diameter. In firm, packed soil they are smaller. Mounds are usually small, and contain less than 276 University of Kansas Pxjbls., Mus. Nat. Hist. a cubic foot of earth. Burrows are plugged at a distance of from one to two feet from the mound. The gophers are principally noc- turnal. In places, however, we have seen and heard them feeding by day. None was taken in traps set in the daytime, however. At times these gophers wander about on the surface of the ground. On December 6, 1946, two kilometers north of Motzorongo, a gopher was found shortly after midnight and my (Dalquest's) field notes of the next day read as follows: "Last night, returning from a hunt, along a trail, I heard a strange clicking, rattling noise at my feet. I looked down and saw a gopher, reared back on its hind legs, with front legs back between the hind legs, and head up, chattering at me. It looked as if it were actually looking for trouble. It could easily have escaped. It is a male of medium size (343 mm.). Its testes are large — 15 by 9 mm., and probably in breeding condition. It seems to be healthy and normal." A young male of this species was taken under similar circumstances at about mid- night on February 10, 1947, 14 kilometers southwest of Coatzaco- alcos. This species of gopher inhabits some of the most important agri- cultural land in Mexico, and its depredations on crops are serious. On the south bank of the Rio Blanco, 20 kilometers west-northwest of Piedras Negras, on May 14, 1946, we found gophers to be nu- merous in the cornfields. "So numerous are the mounds that it ap- pears as if the ground had been ploughed." Gophers regularly take about one-fifth of the corn crop in that area. Near Potrero, this species of gopher is abundant in some sugar cane fields. Mr. Dyfrig Forbes, manager of a large plantation, states that about 50 per cent of the cane is destroyed, in some fields, each year. This is an average loss of some 22 tons of cane to a hectare, or (at 1947 prices and exchange) about 300 pesos (60 dollars) per hectare. Control by poison, gas, and traps, is only moderately efiFective. Two kilometers north of Motzorongo, banana trees were seen that had fallen to the ground because gophers had cut the roots and undermined the trees. About 15 trees had fallen in one grove, as a result of gophers' activities. The ability of these gophers to live away from fields means that they can probably never be completely eradicated. Where we found workings of gophers common on the south bank of the Rio Blanco, in May, 1946, mounds were conspicuous only in the corn- fields. In the extensive grassy plain surrounding the fields, mounds were rarely seen. When the grass was burned away, hundreds of new mounds were formed on the plain. The gophers were not de- Mammals of Veracruz 277 stroyed by the fire. The mounds of white sand were conspicuous on the blackened ground. In two days in a small area near our camp more than 100 new gopher mounds appeared in an area that we had not previously been aware was inhabited by gophers. The hispid pocket gopher seems to breed throughout the year. We took a young animal on March 13, nursing females on March 31 and October 5, a female containing two large embryos on Novem- ber 23, and a young male on December 5. No parasites were found on gophers of this species save at three kilometers east of San Andr6s Tuxtla, 1000 feet elevation. There the gophers were heavily infested with small mites. The stomach of a spectacled owl shot at Motzo- rongo, 1500 feet elevation, on December 6, 1946, contained the re- mains of a hispid pocket gopher. Heterogeomys hispidus hispidus (Le Conte) Specimens examined. — Total 12: 4 km. W Tlapacoyan, 1700 ft., 2; 5 km. N Jalapa, 4500 ft., 1; 4 km. WNW Fortin, 3200 ft., 2; Potrero Viejo, 7 km. W Potrero, 1700 ft., 1; Potrero Viejo, 5 km. W Potrero, 1; 3 km. N Presidio, 1500 ft., 2: 2 km. N Motzorongo, 1500 ft., 1; Motzorongo, 1; 5 mi. SE Lerdo de Tejada, 1. Additional records (Merriam, 1895:183). — Jico; Huatusco; Necostla [= Ne- coxtla]. The specimens, in the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kan- sas, of Heterogeomys hispidus from central and southern Veracruz were studied by W. W. Dalquest who wrote as follows concerning the subspecies H. h. his- pidus: Specimens from Jalapa, Tlapacoyan, and Fortin are typical hispidus. Specimens from Potrero, Presidio, and Motzorongo are intermediate between hispidus and torridus and could almost as well be placed with one subspecies as with the other. These specimens are from the upper humid division of the Tropical Life-zone, although from the lower edge of it. Approximately 10 years later Hugh B. House studied the same material and wrote as follows: On geographical grounds, the specimen from 5 km. N Jalapa is referable to H. h. hispidus. Indeed, it is from the area of the type locality for the subspecies, which is designated as "near Jalapa" (Merriam, 1895:181). On anatomical grounds, as set forth by Merriam ( op. cit. ) for what he consid- ered to be a separate species, our specimen seems to be referable to H. h. torri- dus. However, juxtaposition of temporal impressions dorso-medially on the skull, a character used by Merriam to distinguish H. h. torridus, is found in specimens in our collection from many parts of the range of the species. Instead of being correlated with geography, the condition seems to be associated with large size and general angularity of the skull, and in some places with relatively great age, independent of sex. This seems to apply to many of the cranial dis- tinctions made between H. h. hispidus and H. h. torridus. Furthermore, H. h. hispidus is supposedly characterized by the presence of a ridge or point on the auditory bulla extending toward the hamular process of the pterygoid. The only specimens found which lacked this formation are from the geographic range of tliis subspecies, whereas it was found on all specimens examined of the subspecies H. h. torridus, supposedly characterized by the absence of tliis 8—4035 278 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. spine. Disposition here of our series of specimens from Veracruz among the various subspecies reported follows that by Dalquest and as far as I can tell was made largely on a geographical basis. Heterogeomys liispidus isthmicus Nelson and Goldman Specimens examined. — Total 20: Tula, 7 (U. S. N. M.); 5 mi. SE Lerdo de Tejada, 7; 3 km. E San Andres Tuxtla, 1000 ft., 4; 14 km. SW Coatzacoalcos, 100 ft., 1; Jesus Carranza, 250 ft., 1. Additional records (Nelson and Goldman, 1929:150). — Catemaco; Jaltipan. Notes made by W. W. Dalquest are as follows: "Our specimens from the Tuxtla Mountains are not typical of isthmicus. Except in slightly smaller size they resemble typical hispidus, but are isolated from that subspecies by the lowlands that, I suppose, are inhabited by the small and relatively hairless H. h. torridns. Nelson and Goldman (1929:150) referred a specimen from Catemaco, in the Tuxtla Mountains, to H. h. isthmicus and until more material is available from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec it seems best to apply that name to the gophers from the Tuxda Mountains." Hugh B. House approximately 10 years later studied the same material and in manuscript wrote as follows: "Nelson and Goldman (1929:149) named H. h. isthmicus and distinguished it from other subspecies (1929:150) by the 'abrupt median, crescent-shaped, forward deflection of the lambdoidal crest.' This characterization holds up only fairly well in our series and cannot be con- sidered diagnostic." The geographic location of a specimen of this species from Jesus Carranza is such that it might be an intergrade between the subspecies H. h. tehuantepe- cus and H. h. isthmicus but since it is immature it is of httle taxonomic worth. Helerogeomys hispidus latirostris Hall and Alvarez Specimens examined. — Total 3: Hacienda El Caracol, Tam6s, 2 (U. S. N. M. 159499, 159500); Hacienda Tamiahua, Cabo Rojo, 1. For this subspecies that is not in Hall and Kelson (1959) see Hall and Alvarez (1961:121), Heterogeomys hispidus torridus Merriam Specimens examined. — Total 13: 4 km. N Tuxpan, 1; 12M mi. N TihuatMn, 300 ft., 8; 3 km. W Guttierez [= Gutierrez] Zamora, 300 ft., 1; Rio Blanco, 20 km. WNW Piedras Negras, 2; 15 km. W Piedras Negras, 300 ft., 1. Additional records. — Chichicaxtle (Merriam, 1895:184); 4 km. S Veracruz, 30 ft. (Davis, 1944:388); Boca del Rio, 10 ft. (Davis, 1944:388). Heterogeomys lanius Elliot Big Pocket Gopher This species is known from a single specimen taken at Xuchil. Cratogeomys perotensis Perote Pocket Gopher This large pocket gopher is called "tuza" in Veracruz, as are all pocket gophers. In some areas it is called "tuza de tierra." It seems to be confined to the pine forest of the mountains. We found it in Mammals of Veracruz 27^ the cool, humid meadows of zacaton grass on the Cofre de Perote, and in cornfields in the arid, lava-flow area at Las Vigas. Although its range lies entirely within the pine forest area, this gopher is not found in the forest itself, but rather in openings, natural and artifi- cial, in the forest. Near Las Vigas we found mounds of pocket gophers principally in cornfields, or in fields that had been planted to corn the year before. Residents told us that the gophers were concentrated in the cornfields. Corn has, it should be remembered, been grown in the area occupied by this gopher for hundreds of years. We caught this species only at night, although traps were often left in the burrows during the day. Near Las Vigas, burrows were about three inches in diameter and constructed through firm, black soil, and soft, red earth. On the Cofre de Perote and the area to the south, burrows were smaller, usually about two inches in diameter. At Altotonga and Jalacingo, burrows were in hard, red earth. Mounds of this species are usually rather small, containing about one cubic foot of earth. Near Las Vigas, the mounds aver- aged bigger. Burrows were usually diflBcult to find, for they were usually about one foot beneath the surface and were solidly plugged near the mound. Near Las Vigas, we found these gophers feeding extensively on the roots and lower stalks of corn. Sections of roots three to four inches long and a half inch in diameter were found strewn along their burrows. Near Altotonga they were also feeding on the roots of corn. We did not discover any food plants in burrows near Pescados, on the Cofre de Perote. Probably this gopher had been a serious pest to the cornfields for centuries before the discovery of the new world by Europeans. The gopher is a serious pest throughout the state of Veracruz, and probably does more damage than any other single kind of animal. There is no adequate means of control available to the people owning small areas of land; they depend on the crops from their land for food for themselves and their families. Traps, poison, and gas are rarely available, are expensive, and are not very effec- tive. When the depredations of the gophers become serious enough, men stand motionless, sometimes for hours, before an open gopher burrow, ready to impale the animal on a machete. Seemingly this species of gopher does not breed in winter. We found no embryos in animals taken in November, and trapped no very young animals in the winter months. 280 University of Kansas Publs,, Mus. Nat. Hist. Gophers are destroyed by man, and probably also by other ani- mals. Near Las Vigas, we lost one gopher that was destroyed in the trap by a gray fox. This species of gopher is characteristically parasitized by a species of small, yellowish louse. From 30 to 50 lice were estimated to occur on most individuals. Fleas also occur on this gopher, but are rare. Two of the three recognized subspecies of this species occur in Veracruz, C. p. perotensis and C. p. estor. "C. p. peraltus was de- scribed from Mount Orizaba Veracruz,' but the specimens actually came from Puebla, as shown [by] the labels and the collector's field catalogue" (W. W. Dalquest, MS.). Among our specimens, those that are geographically referable to C. p. perotensis are, as a group, darker than C. p. estor, and more often have a sagittal crest. When the crest is present it is more fully developed anteriorly than in the specimens geographically referable to C. p. estor. Neither of these two characteristics, how- ever, can be considered diagnostic either alone or in combination. Cratogeomys perotensis estor Merriam Specimens examined. — ^Total 27: 7 km. SE Jalacingo, 8000 ft,, 1; 6 km. SSE Altotonga, 9000 ft., 2; 2 km. S Sierra de Agua, 8500 ft., 1; 2 km. W Las Vigas, 8000 ft., 1; Las Vigas, 8500 ft., 17; 2 km. E Las Vigas 8000 ft., 1; 3 km. E Las Vigas, 8000 ft., 4. Additional records. — Las Vigas, 8000 ft., type locality (Merriam, 1895:155); 5 km. E Las Vigas, 8000 ft. (Davis, 1944:388). Cratogeomys perotensis perotensis Merriam Specimens examined. — Five from 1 km. NW Pescados, 10,500 ft., 5. Additional records.— N slope Cofre de Perote, 10,500 ft. (Davis, 1944:387); Cofre de Perote, 9500 ft., type locality (Merriam, 1895:154). Cratogeomys fulvescens subluteus Nelson and Goldman Fulvous Pocket Gopher Specimens examined.— Total 17: 2 km. N Perote, 8000 ft., 2; 2 km. E Perote, 8300 ft., 10; 3 km. W Limon, 7500 ft., 3; 2 km. W Lim6n, 7500 ft., 2. Additional records. — Perote, type locality, 7800 ft. (Nelson and Goldman, 1934:152); Guadalupe Victoria, 8300 ft. (Davis, 1944:388). The fulvous pocket gopher, like its neighbors, is termed "tuza" or "tuza de tierra," in Veracruz, and is abundant on the sandy Perote Desert, north of the Cofre de Perote. Their fresh mounds dotted the flats and, with the mounds of the kangaroo rats and ground squirrels, were observed along the highway through the Perote Desert from Sierra de Agua to the Puebla boundary, a distance of some 40 kilometers. Mammals of Verac3iuz 281 The fulvous pocket gopher seems to be diurnal as well as noc- turnal. We took specimens in the daytime as well as at night. We had some diflBculty in setting traps for this species because the soft, loose sand in which the burrows were constructed caved in at the slightest careless move. Mounds were large; well over a cubic foot of sand was included in each of most of them. The burrows were usually about three inches in diameter, and most of them were less tlian a foot under the ground. They were plugged near the mound. Little was learned of the food habits of this species. In some places we found the gophers Hving in numbers where there seemed to be Httle food — only scattered grasses, weeds and cactus. In two places we found these gophers doing considerable damage to corn- fields. In one field we estimated that one-fifth of the crop had been taken by gophers. The corn raised on the Perote Desert is small and poor. In several places, beans were destroyed by the mounds of gophers. Wheat also is destroyed, by mounds which cover the shoots when the plants are small, and is eaten by the gophers as well. In some places we found where the gophers were feeding on the maguey plants, a cultivated crop. As these gophers are numerous and large, they are a serious pest where cultivation is carried on, and cultivation is extensive in tlie desert areas they occupy. The series of specimens trapped in November consists principally of males. None of the females taken was pregnant. This species, Hke the Perote gopher, probably does not breed in winter. Of the specimens taken, 13 were examined for parasites. Only one had lice, and that one only a few. In contrast, all of the perotensis examined had numerous lice. Family Heteromyidae Perognathus flavus mexicanus Merriam Silky Pocket Mouse Specimens examined. — Total 2: 2 km. W Perote, 8000 ft., 1; 3 km. W Limon [= San Antonio Lim6n], 7800 ft., 1. On October 10, 1947, three kilometers west of Limon, a female of this tiny mouse was trapped on an almost white sand dune. She was not pregnant or lactating. There were scattered clumps of bunch grass about and prickly pear (yellow fruit). Cholla, and tree yuccas were not far away. Another female taken in sand along a row of maguey plants two kilometers west of Perote on September 28, 1948, was lactating. No ectoparasites were found on these two mice. 282 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Dipodomys phillipsii perotensis Meniam Phillips' Kangaroo Rat Specimens examined. — Total 16: 2 km. N Perote, 8000 ft., 1; 2 km. W Perote, 8000 ft., 1; 2 km. E Perote, 8300 ft., 7; 3 km. W Limon, 7500 ft., 3; 2 km. W Lim6n, 7500 ft., 4. Additional records. — Perote, type locality (Merriam, 1894:111); Guadalupe Victoria (Davis, 1944:391). In Spanish, the kangaroo rat of the Perote Desert is called "rat6n de cola grande." We failed to record the local Indian name. This species was found only on the open, sandy desert, where there were some shrubs, weeds, cactus and maguey plants. Grasses were scattered and sparse. Much of the desert is planted in com, beans and wheat. In the same areas where we took kangaroo rats, we found the fulvous pocket gopher (Cratogeomys fulvescens) and the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) to be abundant. The kangaroo rat is almost entirely nocturnal. We saw one dash across the road on a bright afternoon, but this individual had prob- ably been frightened from its burrow by a snake or other predator. The rats were difficult to obtain, although present in numbers. They refused most trap-baits, including rolled oats, banana, walnuts, peanuts and peanut butter. We laboriously thrashed out the seeds of some native weeds, and so trapped two or three specimens. Most of our series, however, was taken by concealing traps at the en- trances of their burrows or by shooting the animals at night, when their eyes reflected a dull red glow in the beam of a hunting light. In 1947 we noted that burrows of this species were not plugged. They were about three inches in diameter at the mouth. There were two to five separate entrances a few feet apart. The tunnels from these entrances joined within a meter, where the burrow was about two inches in diameter. Scratchings were seen in the sand, but few tail marks were noted. A burrow excavated in September, 1948, was a foot below the surface. The main entrance was marked by a small mound of fresh sand. The main burrow was a slightly curved tube, four feet in length, and ending in a swollen chamber. There was no nest. About midway in the burrow several leaves of a kind of dandelion were within a few inches of each other. Ap- proximately two feet from the end of the main burrow it branched, one part consisting of a two-foot long tube terminally vertical that opened on the surface where there was no pile of sand. The kangaroo rat escaped through this entrance when we opened its burrow. Mammals of Veracruz 283 Our specimens were taken from the last week of September to mid-November. No female taken at that time was pregnant. Sev- eral males were noted as having enlarged testes. Several of the rats taken were young. We suppose that litters are raised through- out spring and summer, probably regularly until August, and per- haps occasionally later. We found no ectoparasites on kangaroo rats in Veracruz. Liomys pictus Painted Spiny Pocket Mouse Where common this species sometimes is found in grassy fields, but seemingly is only a visitor there. It is more commonly found in brushland, under the dense, thorny scrub of palms and bullhorn acacia on the coastal plain, and in brushy, weed-grown borders of cornfields. The mouse prefers relatively open ground, littered with twigs and dry leaves — a habitat rarely occupied by mice in the United States. We took mice of this species by walldng along the dry beds of arroyos and setting traps in the brush along the banks, where the brush was too dense to enter easily. This species is common in the arid lower division of the Tropical Life-zone, and was occasionally taken in the humid lower division. On a few occasions it was taken in the humid upper division, but only at the very lowest edge of the zone, and where extensive sugar cane fields, or pastures extended into the plain, and presented a path of favorable habitat to the mice. Liomijs pictus is principally nocturnal. None was trapped in the daytime, but on the south bank of the Rio Blanco, 20 kilometers west-northwest of Piedras Negras, on May 18, 1946, a boy hunting for lizards saw one of these mice run under a log. The time was about midday. He pulled away the log and killed the mouse by striking it with the switch of bamboo, used to kill lizards. The mouse was an adult female. This species was rarely found in abundance. In suitable habitat from one to three specimens could be taken in a line of 100 mouse- traps each night. Often only one or two could be taken at a locaHty, in spite of much trapping. Three kilometers east of San Andres Tuxtla the species was abundant and we took an average of about five specimens each day from a line of 60 traps. The traps were set along the borders of fields and under dense, low bushes on a hillside, and under low bushes beside a trail near a small lake. 284 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Contents of the cheek pouches of captured animals consisted principally of seeds. On one occasion, two specimens had in their cheek pouches the seeds of seven or more species of plants. All of the seeds were from four to six millimeters in diameter. Seeds of about the size of a garden pea seemed to be preferred. Another mouse had been collecting small seeds, about the size of small peas, that were brilliant red on one side and jet black on the other. Soft, green leaves were often found in cheek pouches, and one animal was carrying tlie dry, branching joint of a dead weed in its pouch. Breeding seems to occur throughout the year. The testes of males in breeding condition become greatly swollen, and the scro- tum projects back under the tail. Some breeding records include: Sept. 28 — Breeding male; Jan. 10 — Four young mice; Oct. 2 — Young mouse; March 2 — Four embryos; Oct. 3 — Breeding male; May 15 — Breeding male; Oct. 22 — Nursing female; May 18 — Breeding male; Jan. 8 — Breeding males; May 28 — Breeding male; Jan. 9 — Breeding males; May 29 — Five embryos. The only parasites noted on this species were small mites, pale brown or red above, and white below. These were about the size of a pinhead up to two millimeters in length. They were hard, and moved swifdy. Almost every spiny pocket mouse had a few of these mites, and some individuals had as many as 50. Liomys pictus obscurus Merriam Specimens examined. — Total 44: Santa Maria, 4 (U. S. N. M. ); San Carlos, 1 (U. S. N. M.); Carrizal, 1 (U. S. N. M.); Puente Nacional, 500 ft., 5; 4 km. W. Paso de San Juan, 250 ft., 3; Boca del Rio, 10 ft., 4; 2 km. N Paraje Nuevo, 1700 ft., 1; Orizaba, 3 (U. S. N. M.); 15 km. ESE San Juan de la Punta, 400 ft., 2; Rio Blanco, 20 km. WNW Piedras Negras, 8; Rio Blanco, 20 km. W Piedras Negras, 400 ft., 2; 3 km. N Presidio, 1500 ft., 2; Otatitlan, 8 (U. S. N. M.) Additional records. — Plan del Rio (Davis, 1944:390); Pasa Nueva (Allen, J. A., 1904:31). Liomys pictus veraecnicis Merriam Specimens examined. — Total 39: 3 km. E San Andres Tuxtla, 1000 ft., 34; 5 mi. S Catemaco, 2; 14 km. SW Coatzacoalcos, 100 ft., 2; Jimba, 350 ft., 1. Additional records. — Santiago Tuxtla (Goldman, 1911:43); Pasa Nueva (Allen and Chapman, 1904:31); San Andreas [= Andres] Tuxtla (Merriam, 1902:47); Catemaco (Goldman, 1911:43). Liomys irroratus Mexican Spiny Pocket Mouse A single specimen of the subspecies torridus was captured four kilometers west of Acultzingo, 7500 feet elevation, on June 9, 1946, in a locality almost alpine in aspect, altliough above to tlie west, and Mammals of Veracruz 285 below to the east, the country was arid and desertlike, A low, dense stand of bushes was five feet high, and tall trees had the most luxurious growths of mosses, orchids and bromeliads seen in Mexico. Two specimens of the subspecies alleni were trapped 10 miles southwest of Jacales, 6500 feet elevation, on the "Chicontepec Rincon," of the Mexican Plateau. They were in low, thorny bushes on a dry hillside, among cactus plants and other desert flora. Habitats for the subspecies pretiostis were hsted as follows: "base of a wild orange tree on a hillside slope of 30°. Cover was dense grass and weeds about three feet high"; "dense cover of grass, weeds and succulent plants"; "open jungle of low trees and brush. Much of the ground was relatively open, with only dead leaves"; "in a cornfield"; "tall, dense grass and weeds"; "open, clear ground in a cornfield"; "a marshy place along a stream." This subspecies, in contrast to alleni and torridus, is tropical, inhabiting the lowlands. In the state of Veracruz at least, alleni and torridus axe races of the highlands, where they live under almost desert conditions. Mice of this species seem to be strictly nocturnal. Specimens were trapped only at night. Burrows noted in a cornfield near Gutierrez Zamora in November were open and about one inch in diameter. There were usually three to five within a square meter. One mouse trapped there had half its body still in its burrow. The soil was dark brown, crumbly, and claylike in texture. By setting traps only near burrows in cornfields we appreciably increased our catch of this species. A mouse of this species seems to live 30 or more feet away from any other individual of its kind. The three to five holes mentioned above are almost certainly the work of a single mouse, for traps set near the groups of burrows ( perhaps entrances to a single burrow ) took only a single mouse each time. In the aggregate these httle mice must do considerable damage. They undoubtedly eat com, though we have never found com in their pouches. Seeds of native grasses and plants often were found in the cheek pouches of the mice. They seem to prefer seeds about the size of small peas. We have few breeding records for this species. Some records for the subspecies pretiosiis are as follows: Sept. 20 — two females, each with 4 embr>'OS; Oct. 16 — male with enlarged testes; Nov. 7 — male with enlarged testes; Nov. 8 — two females, each with 3 em- bryos; Nov. 23 — young mouse. 286 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. The common parasite on this species of mouse is a small, hard mite, described in our notes as "brown above and white beneath, rather slow-moving." One mouse had a large, white tick. Several individuals were taken that had lost parts of their tails. Liomys irroratus alleni (Coues) Specimens examined. — Two from 10 km. SW Jacales, 6500 ft. Liomys irroratus pretiosus Goldman Specimens examined. — Total 78: 5 mi. S Tampico, 4; Ozulama [= Ozulu- ama], 500 ft., 3; La Mar, 20 ft., 1; Piedras Clavadas, 75 km. NW Tuxpan, 2; Platon Sanchez, 8000 ft., 4; Ixcatepec, 70 km. NW Tuxpan, 3; 35 km. NW Tuxpan, 2; Potrero [del] Llano, 350 ft., 4; 25 km. NW Tuxpan, 2; 17 km. NW Tuxpan, 1; 15 km. NW Tuxpan, 1; 14 km. NW Tuxpan, 1; 6 km. N Tuxpan, 1; 5 km. NE Tuxpan, 1; 4 km. NE Tuxpan, 3; 12J^ mi. N Tihuatlan, 300 ft., 8; 4 km. E Papantla, 400 ft., 1; 9 km. E Papantla, 300 ft., 6; 3 km. W Guttierez [= Gutierrez] Zamora, 300 ft., 7; Miahuapa, 8 km. N Coyutla, 8 m., 6; Miahuapa (La Tulapilla), 15 km. NNE Coyutla. 80 m., 3; 1 km. ENE Coyutla, 120 m., 5; 3 km. SW San Marcos, 200 ft., 2; 4 km. W Tlapacoyan, 1700 ft., 7. Additional records. — Nautla "near sea level" (Hooper and Handley, 1948: 20); near El Tajin Ingles (1959:394). Liomys irroratus torridus Merriam Specimen examined. — One from 4 km. W Acultzingo, 7500 ft. Additional record. — Acultzingo, 7000 ft. (Hooper and Handley, 1948:13). Heteromys lepturus Merriam Santo Domingo Spiny Pocket Mouse Specimens examined. — Total 14: Achotal, 11 (Chicago N. H. Mus.); 25 km. SE Jesiis Carranza, 250 ft., 3. Additional record. — San Andres Tuxtla (Goldman, 1911:26). On March 29, 1949, at our camp 25 kilometers southeast of Jesus Carranza an adult female spiny mouse got into the mosquito net of one of the native hunters, who was sleeping on the ground. In his attempt to capture the animal, the man accidentally lifted the edge of the net and the mouse escaped. An hour later it, or another in- dividual, was back, and inside the mosquito net of another man. This time the mouse was captured. The same night a young male was taken in a trap, baited with peanut and set on open ground in the deep jungle. Two nights later a spiny mouse was shot as it was hunting for food on the open, leaf-littered ground beneath the tall trees in the dense jungle. The spiny pocket mouse is at its northern limit of distribution in the state of Veracruz, and is rare at the few places where it has been found. We suppose that study of adequate material will show that Heteromys lepturus intergrades with H. temporalis and with H. Mammals of Veracoruz 287 desmarestianus, in which case lepturus and temporalis will be ar- ranged as subspecies of H. desmarestianus. Heteromys temporalis Goldman Motzorongo Spiny Pocket Mouse Specimens examined. — ^Three from 2 km. N Motzorongo, 500 ft. Additional record. — Motzorongo, the type locality (Goldman, 1911:27). Our three specimens were obtained on December 6, 8, and 9, 1946. The first was taken in the dense grass and weeds of an overgrown cornfield bordered on three sides by extensive fields of sugar cane and on the other by dense jungle. The only other mammal taken in the milpa on that date was a rice rat {Oryzomtjs palustris). Further trapping yielded no other Heteromys, in this milpa, al- though other small mammals were taken. The second specimen was trapped under coflFee bushes where the ground was free of grasses and weeds. None of 40 other traps had been disturbed. Fifty traps set near this place in the abundant understory vegeta- tion of a dense, poorly tended grove of coffee bushes, yielded the third Heteromys. The cheek pouches of one of these mice con- tained two coffee berries, 29 small round berries six milHmeters in diameter, and a brown husk. The testes of one male measured 20 by 11 millimeters; the animal was probably in breeding condition. No parasites were found on any of the tliree specimens. Family Cricetidae Oryzomys palustris Marsh Rice Rat For use of the specific name palustris instead of couesi see Hall (1960:171). This species prefers damp, marshy habitat, but occurs elsewhere, if there is suEBcient cover. On the arid coastal plain we trapped a few of the rats beneath dense, dry, thorny bushes. Where the forest of the upper humid division of the Tropical Life-zone is dense, but open enough to support grasses, brush and annuals, rice rats are often abundant. This species is principally, though not entirely, nocturnal. Of about 150 specimens trapped, only about five were taken in the daytime. All those taken in the daytime were young males. At times marsh rice rats become relatively abundant. Catches of one rat to each tliree traps are not uncommon, but the specimens taken in these periods of abundance are almost all young, half- grown animals. Usually rice rats are less common; ordinarily about 288 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. E^st. one specimen is taken in 50 traps. These rats usually do not leave distinct runways in dense vegetation. Often the species is trapped in runways of other small mammals, such as Sigmodon. The marsh rice rat eats principally vegetation; nothing else was in stomachs of specimens trapped. One old female was taken in a steel trap baited with fish, and there was evidence that she had eaten some of the fish before becoming caught. Breeding probably continues throughout the year. Young rats are taken at all times of the year, and always outnumber adults by about 10 to one. Some breeding records are as follows: March 6 — 3 embyros; Oct. 15 — breeding male; March 19 — 4 embryos; Oct. 21 — breeding male; Sept. 12 — 7 embryos; Oct. 26 — 3 embryos; Sept. 19 — 5 embryos; Dec. 6 — breeding male; Oct. 11 — 4 embryos; Dec. 9. — breeding male. Parasites were uncommon on marsh rice rats, but the following were recorded: two small brown mites in ear; one flea; six to eight small brown mites; three medium-sized ticks; two small ticks; a small tick, brown above, white below, that moved rapidly; a trans- lucent bot fly larva under the skin of the abdomen, measuring 10 by 4 by 3 millimeters. Oryzomys palustris couesi (Alston) Specimens examined. — Total 94: 5 km. N Jalapa, 4500 ft., 8; 7 km. NNW Cerro Gordo, 1500 ft., 4; 2 km. W Jico, 4200 ft., 1; Teocelo, 4500 ft., 7; 3 km. W Plan del Rio, 1000 ft., 1; Mirador, 3500 ft., 3; Boca del Rio, 10 ft., 1; Coscomatopec [= Coscomatepec], 5000 ft., 5; 5 km. SW Boca del Rio, 1; Monte Blanco, 1300 m., 1; Rio Atoyac, 8 km. NW Potrero, 13; 4 km. WNW Fortin, 3200 ft, 2; 1 km. W Mecayucan, 200 ft., 2; Potrero Viejo, 7 km. W Potrero, 1; Potrero Viejo, 1700 ft., 4; Cautlapan, 4000 ft., 2; 3 km. SE Orizaba, 5500 ft., 1; 7 km. SE San Juan de la Punta, 400 ft., 1; 15 km. W Piedras Negras, 300 ft., 1; 3 km. N Presidio, 1500 ft., 4; 2 km. N Motzorongo, 1500 ft., 6; 3 km. E San Andres Tuxtia, 1000 ft., 4; Coatzacoalcos, 3; 14 km. SW Coatzacoalcos, 100 ft., 2; 35 km. ENE Jesiis Carranza, 150 ft., 1; Jesus Carranza, 250 ft., 2; 20 km. E Jesus Carranza, 300 ft., 6; 25 km. ESE Jesus Carranza, 350 ft., 2; 30 km. ESE Jesus Carranza, 300 ft., 1; 55 km. ESE Jesiis Carranza, 450 ft., 1; 35 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 400 ft., 2; 30 km. SSE Jesus Carranza, 300 ft., 1. Additional records (Goldman, 1918:31). — Jalapa, 4400 ft.; Jico; San Carlos; Orizaba; Motzorongo; Tlacotalpam; Pasa Nueva; Catemaco; Achotal; Buena Vista; 75 mi. S Rivera; Ubero. For use of the specific name palustris instead of couesi see Hall (1960:171). Oryzomys palustris peragrus Merriam Specimens examined. — Total 64: 5 mi. S Tampico, 1; Hacienda Tamiahua, Cabo Rojo, 10; 1 mi. E Higo, 500 ft., 1; Platon Sanchez, 800 ft., 3; Cerro Azul, 350 ft., 1; Potrero [dell Llano, 350 ft., 4; 35 km. NW Tuxpan, 1000 ft., 2; 17 km. NW Tuxpan, 2; 5 km. NE Tuxpan, 1; 4 km. NE Tuxpan, 2; San Isidro, 100 ft., 2; 125^ mi. N Tihuatlan, 300 ft., 12; 5 km. S Tehuatlan [= Tihuatlan], 700 ft., 2; Miauapa (La Tulapilla), 15 km. NNE Coyutia, 80 m., 1; 3 km. SW San Marcos, 200 ft., 2; 4 km. W Tlapacoyan, 1700 ft., 18. Mammals of Vebacruz 289 Additional record. — Papantla (Goldman, 1918:31). For use of the specific name palustris in place of couesi see Hall ( 1960:171 ). The specimens from Hda. Tamiahua diflFer some from the others from Veracruz, being ochraceous-reddish instead of ochraceous-yellowish. Their skulls resemble those of O. p. aquaticus (from Tamaulipas) more than they do those of O. p. peragrus. Both aquaticus and the specimens from Hda. Tamiahua have more widely spreading zygomata, and the ascending branches of the premaxillae tend to exceed the nasals posteriorly. The specimens from Hda. Tamiahua are slightly larger than those from the mainland between Tampico and Tuxpan. The specimens from Hda. Tamiahua are nevertheless referred to peragrus because of the resemblance of the two in size and in color. One specimen, No. 24050, from 5 km. S Tihuatlan is larger than any other from Veracniz, including those from Hda. Tamiahua. Oryzomys melanotis rostratus Merriam Black-eared Rice Rat Specimeris examined. — Total 34: Cerro Azul, 350 ft., 1; Tlacolula, 60 km. WNW Tuxpan, 1; Potrero [del] Llano, 350 ft., 1; 35 km. NW Tuxpan, 1000 ft., 5; 17 km. NW Tuxpan, 1; 5 km. NE Tuxpan, 1; 4 km. NE Tuxpan, 2; Tux- pan, 2; 3 km. SW San Marcos, 200 ft., 2: Mirador, 3500 ft., 2; Cautlapan, 4000 ft., 1; 3 km. N Presidio, 1500 ft., 5; 2 km. N Motzorongo, 1500 ft., 2; 3 km. E San Andr^ Tuxtla, 1000 ft., 5; 20 km. E Jesus Carranza, 300 ft, 2; 35 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 400 ft., 1. Additional records (Goldman, 1918:54). — San Carlos; Motzorongo; Pasa Nueva; Achotal. At several localities we took one black-eared rice rat, and at other places two rats, but concentrated and continued trapping at these places seldom succeeded in capturing more. The species seems to be rather generalized as to its habits. Some data on habitat are as follows: Three kilometers north of Presidio specimens were trapped at the edge of a dense hillside jungle. An extensive sugar cane field extended up to the scattered limestone boulders at the foot of the hills. Our traps took Oryzomys palustris and Sigmodon in addition to O. melanotis. Two kilometers north of Motzorongo, two were trapped under weeds and coffee bushes on a hillside, along with Oryzomys palustris and Heteromys. Three kilometers southwest of San Marcos, a specimen was taken in deep jungle, along with Peromyscus mexicanus. At Mirador, two were trapped in an oak forest, where there was considerable thin, open under- brush and a few fallen logs. Three kilometers east of San Andres Tuxtla, three were taken in deep jungle and another in dense bushes about three feet high. A few breeding notes are as follows: No- vember 5, female with three small embryos; December 9, male with enlarged testes; December 12, one female with three embryos and another with four embryos. We recorded no parasites from this species. 290 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Oryzomys alfaroi Alfaro's Rice Rat Alfaro's rice rat, or the blackish rice mouse as we called it in the field, inhabits dense vegetation, especially in damp places. Four kilometers west of Tlapacoyan and also 1 kilometer east of Jalacingo, the species was obtained in dense growth of low, succulent plants along small streams. Usually, in the uplands, this species is found with CrytoUs mexicana, Microtus quasiater and Oryzomys palustris. One individual was taken in a small, marshy swale. Near (two kilometers west) Jico, a small series was trapped in marshy places and in damp meadows of tall grass. At Mirador, specimens were trapped in succulent vegetation along the border of a tiny stream and in mossy, overgrown places in an oak forest at the edge of a coffee grove. At Teocelo, specimens were obtained in tall grass at the edge of a sugar cane field. Oryzomys ofaroi palatinus is a lowland, jungle-inhabiting sub- species. We took it in small areas of tall grass, on the flood plains of rivers, and in deep jungle. In the jungle, the rice rats were found on bare, dry, leaf-littered ground. Two were shot on the floor of the jungle at night. They were heard rustling the leaves, probably hunting for food. Another was found under a log in the jungle. The log was beside a trail, on level ground. A growth of bushes and vines made a dense wall along each side of the log for half of its length. About six feet of the other half was slightly ele- vated above the ground, and there was no dense growth of vegeta- tion along that part of the log. When the log was rolled to one side, a nest was revealed. It consisted of a loose ball of soft, brown vegetation, probably shredded bark, about five inches in diameter and three inches high, and was situated where the elevated part of the log came into contact with the ground. The nest was open on top, the log having formed the roof. The half-grown, male Alfaro's rice rat obtained from under the log was presumed to have used the nest. Few parasites were recorded from Oryzomys alfaroi. One had a medium-sized tick. Each of two specimens taken on April 8 had four embryos. Oryzomys alfaroi chapmani Thomas Specimens examined. — Total 37: 4 km. W Tlapacoyan, 1700 ft., 3; 1 km. E Jalacingo, 6500 ft., 6; 5 km. N Jalapa, 4500 ft., 1; 2 km. W Jico, 4200 ft., 13; Teocelo, 4500 ft., 6; Mirador, 3500 ft., 3; Huatusco, 5000 ft., 3; Cosco- matopec [= Coscomatepec], 5000 ft., 2. Additional records (Goldman, 1918:68). — ^Jalapa; Jico; Mirador. Mammals of Veracruz 291 On geographic grounds the specimens from the smnmit and northern side of the barrier range (1 km. E Jalacingo, and 4 km. W Tlapacoyan) would be expected to resemble O. a. dilutior but instead, in small and lightly-con- structed skull, resemble O. a. chapmani. Oryzomys alf aroi palatinus Merriam Specimens examined. — Total 13: 20 km. ENE Jesus Carranza, 200 ft., 1; 22 km. ESE Jesus Carranza, 300 ft., 1; 25 km. ESE Jesus Carranza, 350 ft., 4; 25 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 250 ft., 4; 63 km. ESE Jesus Carranza, 500 ft., 1; 35 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 400 ft., 1; 35 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 350 ft., 1. Our specimens from the jungles of southern Veracruz are indistinguishable from the holotype of O. a. palatinus. Oryzomys fulvescens fulvescens (Saussure) Pygmy Rice Rat Specimens examined. — Total 54: Ozulama [= Ozuluama], 500 ft., 1; Plat6n Sanchez, 800 ft., 3; Tlacolula, 60 km. WNW Tuxpan, 1; Cerro Azul, 350 ft., 1; 12M mi. N Tihuatlan, 300 ft., 2; 5 km. S Tehuatlan [= Tihuatlan], 700 ft., 1; 4 km. W Tlapacoyan, 1700 ft., 1; 5 km. N Jalapa, 4500 ft., 1; Jalapa, 1 (Chi- cago N. H. Mus.); 2 km. W Jico, 4200 ft., 1; Jico, 1 (Chicago N. H. Mus.); Teocelo, 4500 ft., 4; Teocelo, 4000 ft., 2; Mirador, 3500 ft., 1; 15 km. ENE Tlacotepec, 1500 ft., 1; 4 km. W Paso de San Juan, 250 ft., 1; 3 km. W Boca del Rio, 10 ft., 2; Boca del Rio, 10 ft., 1; 3 km. SW Boca del Rio, 10 ft., 1 Coscomatopec [= Coscomatepec], 5000 ft., 2; Potrero Viejo, 1700 ft, 9 3 km. SE Orizaba, 5500 ft., 2; Monte Blanco, 1300 m., 1; Cautlapan, 4000 ft., 3 2 km. N Motzorongo, 1500 ft., 1; 3 km. E San Andres Tuxtia, 1000 ft., 3 Achotal, 4 (Chicago N. H. Mus.); 20 km. E Jesus Carranza, 300 ft., 2; 25 km ESE Jesus Carranza, 200 ft., 1. Additional records (Goldman, 1918:91). — Mirador; Orizaba; Santiago Tuxtla; Pasa Nueva. Specimens from northern Veracruz are smaller than specimens from central Veracruz, but are about equal in size to specimens from the southern parts of the state. We are not able to separate into subspecies Veracruzian specimens of this species on the basis of size or cranial characters, and specimens from the entire state aie referred to the subspecies O. f. fulvescens. The pygmy rice rat, termed pygmy rice mouse by us in the field, prefers a drier habitat than other members of its genus in Veracruz. It closely resembles the harvest mice (genus Reithrodontomys) in habits, as it does in appearance, and is usually taken in the trap lines that yield harvest mice. In the field, pygmy rice rats can be distinguished from Reithrodontomys by the plain, rather than grooved, anterior surfaces of the upper incisors. We found the pygmy rice rat in dense vegetation, such as tall grass, brush, weeds, sugar cane, weedy stands of corn, meadows of sawgrass, patches of succulent plants, and thickets of tree fern. No distinct runways were identified with this species, but in its usual habitat, the cotton rat, Sigmodon, is common, and the pygmy rice rat, as well as harvest mice, Reithrodontomys, and pygmy mice, Baiomys, were commonly trapped in the runways of cotton rats. 292 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Like other species of the genus Onjzomys, the young of this species are far more common than adults, although the disparity in numbers of the two ages was less than in Oryzomys palustris. Some breeding records for the pygmy rat are: November 15, three embryos; December 5, four embryos; December 17, four embryos; January 9, four embryos. Parasites are usually present on this species. Some recorded are as follows: black larve of a large bot fly, under the skin of the abdomen, the larva being 14 mm. long, eight mm. wide, six mm. high, and having seven deep ridges or rings; two small ticks; mites. Tylomys gymnunis Villa Naked-tailed Chmbing Rat Specimens examined. — Total 6: Rio Atoyac, 8 km. NW Potrero, 1; 3 km. N Presidio, 1500 ft., 1; 2 km. N Motzorongo, 1500 ft., 1; 3 km. E San Andres Tuxtla, 1000 ft., 2; 25 km. SE Jesiis Carranza, 250 ft., 1. Additional record.— Presidio (Villa, 1941:763). All of our specimens from Veracruz here are referred to T. gymnurus, the type locality of which is Presidio. This is done in spite of tlie fact that the two specimens from 3 km. E San Andres Tuxtla differ considerably from ma- terial from Presidio and vicinity. Two other nominal species of Tylomys have been named by Merriam ( 1901). They are T. tumbahtisis from Tumbala, Chiapas, and T. hullaris from Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas, based on specimens so young as to permit little if any more than generic identification. Each of the two is known only from the holotype. When adults of tumbalensis and hullaris are obtained, the single specimen from 25 km. SE Jesus Carranza probably will prove to be referable to tumbalensis or bullaris, and the speci- mens from 3 km. E San Andres Tuxtla may be found to represent an unnamed kind. We suppose that all of the kinds mentioned above are subspecies of a single species, but specimens have yet to be collected that will permit an objective decision. Climbing rats of the genus Tylomys seem to be uncommon in Veracruz. They are diflBcult to trap, usually refusing to take bait of any kind. We found them only in the tall, dense forests, and in most cases, near rocks and cliflFs. Several were seen in caves, and in a number of other caves piles of the droppings of a large rat, almost certainly of the climbing rat, were seen. Since almost nothing has been recorded of the habits of this rat, the following notes taken at the time of capture of specimens are included: At the Rio Atoyac, eight kilometers northwest of Potrero, 1500 feet elevation, on March 12, 1946, I set a line of steel traps on the hillside in extremely dense, junglelike forest. Vines and creepers were so dense that it was almost impossible to penetrate the area without a machete. Quail doves were common here, and on a Mammals of Veracruz 293 previous day I had shot an owl here in the daytime. A band of Nasua was seen and the traps were set for this animal. On the following morning a large rat was found in a trap set in a narrow pass between two limestone boulders. Under the overhang of one of the boulders each one of about a double handful of dry cofFee berries had a large hole eaten in one side. Only a few rat drop- pings were noted in the vicinity. The specimen was a female con- taining two large embryos. Three kilometers north of Presidio, on December 3, 1946, "at the type locality of this rat, we took a specimen after four days of trapping for it. Traps were set in dense jungle on the hillside. They were baited with prunes, raisins, and rolled oats without suc- cess. On the fourth day we tried our old standby — banana, though it is rather soft for rat trap bait. It was successful, however. Traps were set in trails, under and on limestone boulders, on root masses, and tied in trees. The rat was taken in a trap set on a ledge, about four inches wide, on a limestone outcrop or cliflF about 10 feet high and 50 feet long. The entire area where the traps were set is densely grown with vegetation. Trees are tall, about 100 feet. The crowns of the trees are grown into great masses of vines and creepers, with much parasitic and epiphytic growth — orchids, bromeliads, ferns and mosses. Lower is dense brush, some coflEee but mainly other plants. This reaches an average height of seven feet and it too is laced with vines. The ground is rather dark and free of grasses, etc. "The rat is a male. Unfortunately the skull was broken by the trap. The tail is very hard-looking. The black portion has an enameled look, almost polished. The white is ivory-color except near the tip, where it is flesh tinted. No ectoparasites were found. The stomach contained finely-chewed, olive-green, odorless vege- tation. The testes were large (20 by 11 mm.) and probably in breeding condition." Two kilometers north of Motzorongo on December 11, 1946, I wrote that we had not found sign of this rat among the limestone boulders in the jungle that I considered typical habitat for the rat and had not caught even one rat in rat traps set there for several days. "Last night I set ten rat traps, tied to branches and vines, in low, dense trees along the arroyo here, and baited them with bananas in hope of catching a fruit bat. The area is fully 100 meters from limestone, though the jungle is all about. This morning one trap held a Tylomys. The trap was over the water of a pool, in dense vines and branches, about 15 feet from the water. Some- 9_4035 294 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. thing had eaten the head completely off, but I saved the body skin It is a small male with testes only ten by five millimeters." ' Three kilometers east o£ San Andres Tuxtla on January 10, 1948. "Last night a large rat was seen in the jungle. I am almost sure it was this species. It ran across a horizontal vine about three inches in diameter and vanished in the branches of a tree. It moved jerkily, almost like a Peromyscus, but almost unbelievably fast. I could not get a shot at it. "This afternoon we set six traps baited with walnuts, in the trees and vines where the rat was seen." In the next three days the traps were visited every morning, and again in the evening, and various baits were tried. Climbing the j trees was diflScuIt, and was made unpleasant by tlie swarms of ants that viciously bit every exposed part of the body. Bananas and j walnuts failed to take the rat, but on January 11, it, a fine adult ' female, was caught in a trap baited with a prune. Immediately | anterior to the vagina a penislike structure was 20 mm. long, four : wide, and three thick, a flattened structure without ossification. The mammae were all abdominal, close to the anus and vagina. The female contained two large embryos. The animal was not fat j and no ectoparasites were noted on it. ! Its stomach was full, not of fruit as I had expected, but of finely- ; chewed, brownish green, fibrous vegetation. It looked like lichen, i had a rank odor, and may have been bark. At the same locality on January 14 about one hour after dark, I saw a tree rat about 60 feet from the ground in a capulin tree : in the jungle. I was able to recognize it as a Tylomys by the large ■ amount of white, its long body, and small, bright red eyes. It ran | along a horizontal branch about four inches in diameter to an old squirrel's nest. As I lost one rat by waiting for it to stop, I shot this one as it ran. It stuck in the tree. Next morning the rat still was in the tree. After we tried several means of dislodging it, and j failed, we had to cut down the tree. This took all morning, working by turns with machetes. The rat was a fine large male with large testes. Although he was in a capulin tree with ripe fruit, where birds and squirrels fed by day and marsupials by night, the rat had no fruit in its stomach, but only the yellowish and dark green pasty mass. 1 No ectoparasites were noted, but the rat had been dead in the tree i for 16 hours before we handled it. ■ A small male, seemingly in adult pelage, was obtained 25 kilo- meters southeast of Jesus Carranza, in extreme southern Veracruz, , Mammals of Veracruz 295 on August 31, 1949. He was caught in a live trap, baited with banana, tied in a tree about 10 feet from the ground. Nyctomys sumichrasti sumichrasti (Saussure) Sumichrast's Vesper Rat Specimens examined. — Total 14: Coscomatepec, 5000 ft., 1; 20 km. E Jesus Carranza, 300 ft., 1; 25 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 250 ft., 9; 35 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 350 ft., 1; 38 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 500 ft., 2. Additional records. — Eastern slope of the mountains in Veracruz (Saussure, 1860:107); Uvero (Sumichrast, 1882:325); Jalapa (Allen and Chapman, 1897:204). The type locality of the subspecies N. s. sumichrasti was recorded in the original description as the eastern slope of mountains in Veracruz. Sumichrast's (1882:325) account suggests that Uvero is the type locality. Our only record of Nyctomys from the eastern slope of the principal mountain range is a tail, taken in a mouse trap at Coscomatepec, 5000 feet elevation. It is unlikely that our specimens from near sea level in southern Veracruz are of the same sub- species as that hving in the upland forest of central Veracruz, but in the ab- sence of specimens from the latter area we use the name N. s. sumichrasti for all of our specimens. The tail referred to above was in a trap set beside a tiny stream^ under low, dense, woody plants and low, twisted trees. In southern Veracruz, the vesper rat is common but diflBcuIt to catch. Twenty kilometers east of Jesus Carranza, an adult female was shot at night in a palm jungle. She was on the branch of a bush, about five or six feet from the ground, and ran along a hori- zontal vine and palm frond. Traps set in the area took no additional specimens. Traps tied in trees and bushes 38 kilometers southeast of Jesus Carranza took the tail of one specimen and two young animals. At places 25 and 35 kilometers southeast of Jesus Carranza, in the last week of March and the first weeks of April, 1949, we hunted vesper rats in hollow trees in the jungle. We took our first specimen while hunting for the two-toed anteater (Cyclopes). A fire was built in the hollow of a tree. The rat ran from a small opening in the trunk about 10 feet from the ground. Several young were cling- ing to its teats. We found that by investigating every hole in every forest tree, especially holes from one to three inches in diameter, leading to relatively small hollows, nests of this species could be found in fair numbers. The hollows were probed with sticks, or, if the hollow was sinuous, with sections of flexible vine. When necessary, fires were built and the hollows were smothered in smoke. The rats were forced to flee and often emerged from the hollows and climbed the tree trunk or attempted to escape by running along 296 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. horizontal limbs. They ran at fair speed, not so slowly as the red tree mouse (Phenacomtjs loiigicaudus) of California, but more slowly than one would expect. Five specimens, all adult females with small young clinging to their teats, were shot while attempting to escape. The nests of Nyctomys, as we found them, and including only brood nests as far as we know, were irregular masses of shredded bark that formed platforms at the bottoms of, or across, hollows in trees. The hollows varied from six to 13 inches in diameter. The nests were often superimposed on other, older nests. One hollow contained five nests, one on top of another. Only the upper nest was new and in use. Each of the nests contained a central cavity in the form of a flattened sphere, or oval, about four inches in diameter and three inches high. The nests, especially the old nests, were the homes of many insects, spiders and scorpions, and a lizard was in one. In spite of this we found no ectoparasites on any of the specimens examined. Reithrodontomys megalotis saturatus J. A. Allen and Chapman Western Harvest Mouse Specimens examined. — Total 54: 2 km. N Los Jacales, 7500 ft., 1; 4 km. S Jalacingo, 1; 1 km. W Las Vigas, 8500 it., 14; Las Vigas, 8500 ft., 22; 3 km. E Las Vigas, 8000 ft., 2; 1 km. NW Pescados, 10,500 ft., 4; 3 km. W Lim6n, 7500 ft., 4; 3 km. W Limon, 7800 ft., 2; 2 km. W Limon, 7500 ft., 3; 3 km. W Acultzingo, 7000 ft., 1. Additional records (Hooper, 1952:60).— Jalacingo, 5500-6000 ft.; near Alto- tonca [= Altotonga], 6000 ft.; vicinity of Las Vigas, 7500-8000 ft.; Perote, 8000 ft.; Guadalupe Victoria, 8300 ft.; N slope Cofre de Perote, 10,000-10,200 ft.; Cofte de Perote; Volcan de Orizaba, timber line; Xuchil. (The specimens re- corded by Howell, 1914, page 37, as from the State of Veracruz, at Huachinango and Mount Orizaba, seem actually to be from the State of Puebla. ) In Veracruz the western harvest mouse is confined to the higher western part of the state. It occurs in a number of habitats. Within a three-mile radius of Las Vigas we took specimens in a marshy place, along the bank of a tiny stream, in zacaton grass, in an old field overgrown with weeds, in brush along the border of a cornfield, and once in a pine forest. The same trap lines usually took Cryptotis mexicanus and Microtus mexicanus. On the Cofre de Perote, we took this mouse in meadows of tall zacaton grass, and two to three kilometers west of Limon on the desert we captured specimens among rocks, cactus, yuccas, and on the open, sand flats. The hab- itat range of the species is wide, but its altitudinal range is limited. In Veracruz we found it from 7000 to 10,500 feet. At most places the western harvest mouse was uncommon, al- though in some habitats, for example in an old, weed-grown field Mammals of Veracruz 297 three kilometers east of Las Vigas, it was abundant. Generally speaking, it was more abundant than other species of harvest mice in Veracruz. Most of our specimens were taken in winter, and we, therefore, have few breeding records. On October 4, a female had four embryos. On November 3, a female had recently given birth to young. Several nests of this mouse were found within a three-mile radius of Las Vigas. Two were in a field under old boards so rotten tliat they crumbled when overturned. The nests were rounded, and set in small cavities in the ground. Outside diameters were five and five and one half inches. The central cavities were small, only about two inches in diameter. Other nests were found in low, stone walls, when the stones were moved in our search for snakes and other animals. Well-worn trails, runways and burrows formed a network among the stones, and several harvest mice were captured by hand when they tried to escape along these runways. The nests in the rock walls resembled those under the boards, but were more irregular in shape. No young mice were found in these nests. Reithrodontomys chrysopsis perotensis Merriam Volcano Harvest Mouse Specimen examined. — Cofre de Perote, 9500 ft., 1 (type in U. S. National Museum ) . Additional record (Hooper, 1952:90). — N slope Cofre de Perote, Los Cone- jos, 10,600 ft. Reithrodontomys sumichrasti sumichrasti (Saussure) Sumichrast's Hai-vest Mouse Specimens examined. — Total 8: 1 km. E Jalacingo, 6500 ft., 1; Las Vigas, 8500 ft., 3; 5 km. N Jalapa, 4500 ft., 1; 3 km. W Acultzingo, 7000 ft., 1; 4 mi. SW Acultzingo, 7000 ft., 2. Additional records (Hooper, 1952:74).— Jalacingo, 5500-6000 ft.; Altotonca [= Altotonga], 6000 ft.; vicinity of Jalapa, 4500 ft.; vicinity of Jico, between 4500 and 6500 ft.; Orizaba; Maltrata, 6000 ft.; vicinity of Acultzingo. This species of harvest mouse seems to be rather rare. We took only a few specimens. Five kilometers north of Jalapa, on Octo- ber 20, 1946, one was taken in a swamp supporting purple-flowered plants having stiff stalks about five feet high; fuzzy, tall, stiff grass, about four feet high; thorny trees; vines and other dense vegeta- tion. Beneath the dense mat of roots, two feet or more deep, the soil was cold and damp. Oryzomys alfaroi, Oryzomys palustris and Microtus qtmsiater were taken in the same trap line. 298 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Three kilometers west of Acultzingo, one specimen of R. s. sumichrasti was obtained in brush as were two specimens of Fero- myscus difficilis. The bushes were high and dense. Numerous large clumps of ferns, mosses, bromehads, and orchids grew there. A tall (eight foot) bush was in fruit, and provided abundant small, yellowish, applelike fruit. Reithrodontomys fiilvescens Fulvous Harvest Mouse We took a specimen 10 kilometers southwest of Jacales and an- other six kilometers west-southwest of Zacualpilla in the dry desert of the Chicontepec Rincon amongst diy grass, maguey and cacti. In the upper humid division of the Tropical Life-zone, a few of our specimens were taken in sugar cane fields, but most were taken in the tangles of weeds and grasses along the borders of cornfields. Only at Teocelo, did we find the upland subspecies, difficilis, to be common. The lowland subspecies, tropicalis, occupies dry, grassy areas, and is readily taken also in the weeds and grasses along the borders of fields. Generally, a few fulvous harvest mice are to be found in the extensive fields of sawgrass on the coastal plain. Wherever we found the species in Veracruz, whether in arid desert, coastal plain or humid jungle, it was in weeds, grasses, vines, or other dense low-growing vegetation. Other rodents most com- monly associated with this species were Sigmodon hispidus, Ory- zomys fulvescens and Baiomys. Some breeding records for the subspecies tropicalis are: Oct. 28 — four embryos; also nursing Nov. 14 — nursing female; female; Nov. 27 — two nursing females; Oct. 30 — foiu- embryos; also three Dec. 12 — three embryos; embryos; Jan. 17 — breeding male. Parasites are not common on this species. Small mites were noted on some specimens and a tick was attached to the head of one mouse. Reithrodontomys fulvescens difficilis Merriam Specimens examined. — Total 32: 3 km. W Zacualpan, 6000 ft., 1; 10 km. SW Jacales, 6500 ft., 1; 6 km. WSW Zacualpilla, 6500 ft., 1; Teocelo, 4500 ft., 24; 15 km. ENE Tlacotepec, 1500 ft., 2; Potrero Viejo, 1700 ft., 3. Additional records (Hooper, 1952:111). — IM mi. N Jalapa, 4500 ft.; 4 mi. SE Jalapa, 4800 ft.; Jico, 4300 ft.; Mirador, 3500 ft.; Orizaba, 4000-4200 ft; Rio Blanco, 4200 ft. Reithrodontomys fulvescens tropicalis Davis Specimens examined. — Total 63: Chijal [=Chijol], 3; 19 mi. W Tampico, 7; 5 mi. S Tampico, 4; Tampico Alto, 50 ft., 2; 1 mi. E Higo, 500 ft., 1; PIat6n Mammals of Verachuz 299 Sanchez, 800 ft., 2; Potrero [del] Llano, 350 ft., 3; 35 km. NW Tuxpan, 1000 ft, 3; 15 km. NW Tuxpan, 6; 6 km. N Tuxpan, 1; 3 km. E Tuxpan, 1; San Isidro, 100 ft., 2; 12M mi. N Tihuatlan, 300 ft., 3; 5 km. S Tehuatlan [=Ti- huatlan], 700 ft., 1; 7 km. NNW Cerro Gordo, 20; Rio Blanco, 20 km. WNW Piedras Negras, 3; 15 km. W Piedras Negras, 300 ft., 1. Additional records (Hooper, 1952:109).— Nautla, 75 ft.; San Carlos, 25 ft.; vicinity of Plan del Rio, 900-1000 ft.; Carrizal, 1000 ft.; Boca del Rio, 10 ft.; Presidio, 1000 ft.; Catemaco, 1100 ft. Reithrodontomys mexicanus mexicanus (Saussure) Mexican Harvest Mouse Specimens examined. — Total 17: 35 km. NW Tuxpan, 1000 ft., 1; 4 km. W Tlapacoyan, 1700 ft., 5; 1 km. E Jalacingo, 6500 ft., 2; 2 km. W Jico, 4200 ft., 2; Teocelo, 4500 ft., 1; Coscomatapec [= Coscomatepec], 5000 ft., 3; Rio Atoyac, 8 km. NW Potrero, 1; Cuautlapan, 1; 3 km. SE Orizaba, 5500 ft., 1. Additional records. — Altotonca [= Altotonga], 6000 ft. (Hooper, 1952:144); Jalapa, 4000 ft. (Merriam, 1901:552); Cordoba, 3000 ft. (Hooper, 1952:144). This is a rare species of harvest mouse. A few specimens were taken, as often as not only one at a place. In each of several locali- ties where a specimen was obtained intensive trapping usually failed to bring additional individuals to light. Along the Rio Atoyac, eight kilometers northwest of Potrero, 1700 feet elevation, one of these mice was taken in a clearing that had been a banana grove. Numerous limestone boulders lay among the tliistles and other herbaceous plants. Two kilometers west of Jico one was taken among scattered boulders in a coflFee grove at the foot of a cliff, and another was taken, along with several indi- viduals of Onjzomys alfaroi, in a line of 125 traps set at the edge of a cleared cofiFee grove in bushes alongside a stone fence and a cliff. Three kilometers southeast of Orizaba one was taken in brush and grasses at the rim of the gorge of the Rio Blanco. At Teocelo one was trapped in the runway of a pine mouse ( Microtus quasiater) through the lush, herbaceous vegetation at the edge of a tiny stream on a steep hillside. On December 1, 1948, at Coscomatepec, we were removing large bromeliads from trees, in search of reptiles and amphibians, when the nest of a Mexican harvest mouse was found. It was a ball of grasses and root fibers, about nine inches in diameter, rather loosely constructed, in plain view about eight feet from the ground on top of a large bromeliad growing from the trunk of a thorny tree. There were no twigs or limbs below the nest and none for several feet above it. When first sighted, the nest was mistaken for an old nest, of a bird, that had fallen from the tree above. Not until the bromeliad had been removed from tlie tree, and the nest par- tially pulled apart, did we find it to be a fresh nest. The three large young mice in the nest were two males and one female. All 300 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. were captured and prepared. The young measured from 160 to 168 mm. in total length. A female of this species, from eight kilometers northwest of Potrero, contained four small embryos on February 28, 1946. The specimen (No. 83125) from 35 km. NW Tuxpan, 1000 ft., is R. mexicanus, but differs from other specimens of R. mexicanus mexicanus from Veracruz. The pelage is paler, lacks any of the darker color in the middle dorsal area, and the sides are more cinnamon. The skull is 0.8 mm. longer than the maximum re- FiG. 2. Dorsal view of right root of zygomatic arch in two adult females of Reithrodontamys mexicanus mexicanus from Veracruz. X 6. Left. No. 83125, from 35 km. NW Tuxpan, 1000 ft. Right. No. 19396, from 27 km. W Jico, 4200 ft. Note difterence in depth and shape of zygomatic notch, and difference in shape of maxillary root of zygoma. corded by Hooper (1952), and from other specimens of R. m. mexicanus differs as follows: deeper; rostrum broader and longer; maxillary tooth-row shorter than the minimum; incisive foramina smaller; keel of zygomatic plate scarcely visible when the skull is viewed from directly above; zygomatic notch different in form as shown in figure 2. Peromyscus maniculatus fulvus Osgood Deer Mouse Specimens examined. — Total 184: 1 km. W Las Vigas, 8500 ft., 14; Las Vigas, 8500 ft., 11; 2 km. W Perote, 8000 ft., 55; 2 km. E Perote, 8300 ft., 56; 2 km. E Perote, 7000 ft., 8; 1 km. NW Pescados, 10,500 ft., 4; 3 km. W Limon, 7800 ft., 6; 3 km. W Lim6n, 7500 ft., 5; 2 km. W Limon, 7500 ft., 23; 4 mi. SW Acultzingo, 7000 ft., 2. Additional records (Osgood, 1909:87, unless otherwise noted). — Perote, VA mi. S Perote, 8500 ft. (Hooper, 1957:5); Guadalupe Victoria (Davis, 1944:394); Cofre de Perote; Xuchil. The deer mouse occupies open habitats at high elevations. We found it to be more abundant on the sandy soil of the desert north Mammals of Veracruz 301 of the Cofre de Perote than elsewhere. There, on the open desert flats, mice, principally of this species, were more abundant per unit of aiea than anywhere else in Veracruz where we collected. More than 50 deer mice were taken in 100 traps in each of several nights. The deer mouse is nocturnal. Of the several hundred trapped, we caught only one in the daytime. It was young, in the gray coat, beneath a maguey plant. This species begins to appear on the sur- face of the ground shortly after dark sets in, but does not emerge in abundance until about one half hour after dark. From then until midnight, deer mice are extremely active, and on a dark, moonless night may be seen by the hundreds. After midnight they are less active. Traps that were examined at several different times in the night caught by far more mice between one half hour after dark and midnight than later. The homes of these mice near Perote, in early November, 1946, were burrows in the soft sand. More individuals were seen and trapped near maguey plants than on open sand, but the mice were present on the open sand, free of any but the most sparse cover, in great numbers. Mice were seen to enter burrows on a number of occasions, when watched by the aid of a flashhght. Attempts to excavate these burrows, both at night and in the following day, failed, because the soft sand caved in and the burrows were lost in less than a meter. One kilometer northwest of Pescados the burrows of these mice were open holes, leading down vertically into the ground, in a rather dry meadow. Here the soil was too hard and too rocky to excavate for any considerable distance. In their ordinary movements at night, these mice are rather slow and deliberate. They chmb well, and many times were seen on the big leaves of the maguey plants, several feet from the ground. When startled, the mice made a series of erratic leaps, with many sidewise hops, and were difficult to catch with the hands. When captured, they bit viciously, and their long, sharp incisors were capable of inflicting painful wounds. At Las Vigas, these mice were fairly common in the long rows, or "cercas," of maguey plants. Here they were found with the Mexican vole (Microtus mexicaniis) , harvest mice (Reithrodonto- mys) and shrews {Cryptotis and Sorex). On the Perote Desert deer mice were caught in the same Hne of traps that caught the kangaroo rat (Dipodomys phillipsii) and the Perote mouse {Pero- myscus hullatus). These are all species found on the loose sand. We took no deer mice among rocks nearby; the rocks were occu- pied by the big-eared rock mouse, Peromyscus difficilis. 302 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Deer mice eat principally weed seeds, and probably some soft plant material. They eat some meat; several small mammals were eaten in the traps near Perote, and the tracks on the loose sand showed that they were eaten by this species. On the Perote Desert, we found many deer mice parasitized by the warble of a large fly. These warbles were chestnut brown, had heavy tranverse ridges, and were three-quarters of an inch long, one half inch wide, and one-quarter of an inch high. One large flea was noted. One mouse had a large swelUng on the hind leg, and another had a large internal cyst. The remains of deer mice were found in the stomach of an opossum (Didelphis) from Perote. Seemingly this species rarely breeds in vdnter. In November, 1946, northeast of Cofre de Perote (see hst of specimens examined) only a few of the many mice trapped were young. Also, only one of more than 50 females examined was pregnant. She had three small embryos. At Las Vigas, in late October, 1948, only a few of the mice collected were young, and no pregnant females were taken. Peromyscus melanotis J. A. Allen and Chapman Black-eared Mouse Specimens examined. — ^Total 27: 10 km. SW Jacales, 6500 ft., 1; 6 km. SSE Altotonga, 9000 ft., 2; 1 km. W Las Vigas, 8500 ft., 10; Las Vigas, 8500 ft., 3; 2 km. E Las Vigas, 8000 ft., 1; 4 km. SE Las Vigas, 9500 ft., 1; 1 km. NW Pescados, 10,500 ft., 9. Additional records (Osgood, 1909:112, unless otherwise noted). — ^Perote; V,i mi. S Perote, 8500 ft. (Hooper, 1957:5); N slope Cofre de Perote (Davis, 1944:395); Cofre de Perote; Santa Barbara Camp, Mount Orizaba. We found this species to be relatively rare in Veracruz. Four kilometers southeast of Las Vigas, in 1946, we took only one speci- men in 100 traps set in a deep canyon under logs, rocks and clumps of zacaton grass. A small series of topotypes was taken in October, 1948, principally in brush and under logs on the borders of corn- fields one kilometer west of Las Vigas. This mouse did not occur in the lava rocks, where Peromyscus boylii was common, nor did we take it along the rows of maguey plants where we found many individuals of Peromijscus maniculatus. A few black-eared mice were taken in brush along the border of a cornfield six kilometers south-southeast of Altotonga, On the Cofre de Perote, one kilometer northwest of Pescados, we found these mice in November. They did not emerge from their holes until after dark, and were so active that we were unable to catch them by hand. Their holes were less than one inch in diameter and descended vertically into the ground. The ground had been Mammals of Veracruz 303 covered with a species of short grass, but this had been grazed by sheep and goats to one inch of the ground. We found 20 burrows in an area of an acre, and probably there were many others. Both Peromyscus maniculattis and melanotis were hving in these burrows. Specimens were trapped in nearby zacaton grass, along with Neoto- modon alstoni. The black-eared mouse was breeding in November, one kilometer northwest of Pescados, when the ground was covered with frost almost every night. On November 4, the nest of a black-eared mouse was found 10 kilometers southwest of Jacales, at 6500 feet elevation, under a rock in an arid pine forest. The ground was covered with short, dry grass. Rocks were few. The rock under which the nest was found was about three feet long, two feet wide, and a foot thick. It was well embedded in the ground. The nest was at the end of a runway or burrow two feet long, that ran under the center of the rock, parallel with its long axis. The oval nest was open on top where an area of two and three-fourths square inches of it touched the rock. The nest itself was about three inches in length and two and one half inches in width and height, and formed of dry grass. The walls were only about one-half inch thick. The occupant, a male, was captured. Peromyscus leucopus White-footed Mouse The white-footed mouse in Veracruz inhabits principally brush, rarely enters deep forest, and where it does so usually occurs only along the edges of fields or brushland, or where there are numerous boulders. This species is often common in brush, fields and weeds, where the vegetation is dense, and is often trapped also in sugar cane fields, and in newly cleared areas where there are many fallen logs. On the coastal plain, this mouse seems to be rare, and only a few specimens were taken in tall grass. In northern Veracruz, most of our specimens were taken in the brush and weeds along the edges of fields and in cornfields. At Potrero Llano we found several nests of the white-footed mouse in a 20-acre cornfield that had been cleared about two years previously. The larger tree trunks were left lying on the ground, al- though all smaller trunks and limbs had been cut away and burned. The bark of the large trees had become loosened from the trunks in many places and when we opened these bark "blisters" by means of our machetes, we found numerous lizards, a few snakes, and about a dozen mouse nests. Seemingly all of the nests were of this species 304 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. of mouse. The few mice captured in the nests were all P. leucopus. The nests were irregular masses of grass and inner bark of trees and varied from five to eight inches in diameter. They usually were flattened and fitted between the tree and the bark. The cen- tral cavities were large for such small mice, usually about four inches in diameter. No young mice were found in the nests. Some breeding records for this species are as follows: Sept. 26 — Young mouse ( gray coat ) ; Oct. 12 — four embryos; Oct. 25 — male in breeding condition; four embryos; six embryos; Dec. 2 — six embryos; Dec. 3 — four embryos; male in breeding condition; two yoimg mice. Peromyscus leucopus affinis (J. A. Allen) Record.— Pasa Nueva (Hall and Kelson, 1959:628), Peromyscus leucopus incensus Goldman Specimens examined. — Total 149: 19 mi. W Tampico, on Highway 110, 10; 16 mi. W Tampico, on Highway 110, 3; 5 mi. S Tampico, 5; 1 mi. E Higo, 500 ft., 3; El Cepillo, 20 ft., 2; S end Isla Juana Ramirez, Lagima Tamiahua, 3; Hacienda Tamiahua, Cabo Rojo, 19; La Mar, 20 ft., 3; Platon Sanchez, 800 ft., 8; Ixcatepec, 70 km. NW Tuxpan, 1; Tlacolula, 60 km. NW Tuxpan, 1; Cerro Azul, 350 ft., 1; 35 km. NW Tuxpan, 1000 ft., 8; Potrero [del] Llano, 350 ft., 48; 17 km. NW Tuxpan, 1; 15 km. NW Tuxpan, 2; 14 km. NW Tux- pan, 2; 6 km. N Tuxpan, 4; 4 km. NE Tuxpan, 2; Tuxpan, 3; 3 km. E Tux- pan, 1; 4 km. E Tuxpan, 3; 12?^ km. N Tihuatlan, 300 ft., 8; 5 km. S Tehuatlan [= Tihuatldn], 700 ft., 1; 3 km. W Guttierez [= Gutierrez] Zamora, 300 ft., 1; 3 km. W Boca del Rio, 10 ft., 5; 5 km. SW Boca del Rio, 1. Additional records (Goldman, 1942:158). — Otatitlan; San Andrfe Tuxtla. Peromyscus leucopus mesomelas Osgood Specimens examined. — Total 65: 7 km. W El Brinco, 800 ft., 6; Miahuapa (La Tulapilla), 15 km. NNE Coyotla [probably = Coyutla], 80 m., 1; Mia- huapa,, 8 km. N Coyutla, 80 m., 1; 4 km. W Tlapacoyan, 1700 ft., 5; Teocelo, 4500 k., 6; Mirador, 3500 ft., 4; Rio Atoyac, 8 km. NW Potrero, 13; 4 km. WNW Fortin, 3200 ft., 3; Potrero Viego [= Potrero Viejo], 7 km. W Potrero, 3; Potrero Viejo, 1700 ft., 10; 3 km. SE Orizaba, 5500 ft., 7; 3 km. N Presidio, 1500 ft., 6. Additional records (Osgood, 1909:132, unless otherwise noted). — 5 km. N Jalapa, 4500 ft. (DaNds, 1944:396); Orizaba; Rio Blanco. Peromyscus boylii Brush Mouse The brush mouse occurs in brush, thickets, and especially rocky places. Five kilometers north of Jalapa we took specimens in thickets of a four-foot high, purple-flowered plant. Six kilometers south-southeast of Altotonga specimens were collected in brush along a small stream, and six kilometers southwest of Zacualpilla they were in the same habitat. Four kilometers south of Jalacingo they were found in piles of mossy boulders in a pine forest. In aU Mammals of Veracruz 305 of these habitats tliey were rather scarce. Only in the extensive lava beds within a radius of five kilometers of Las Vigas did we find this species to be common. Even there, in seemingly optimum habitat, it could not be termed abundant. Strangely enough, this species seems rarely to occur with other species of Peromyscus. Six kilometers south-southeast of Altotonga, a few individuals of Peromyscus melanotis were taken with boylii. Except at that locality, boylii not only was the only species of Peromyscus taken in the particular areas where the traps were set, but was the only genus of mouse. This species seems to be entirely nocturnal. We learned little of its habits. A male having enlarged testes was taken on October 16; a nursing female on October 15; a female containing three embryos on November 1. Within a radius of five kilometers of Las Vigas, several specimens were taken that had large cysts of tapeworms under the skin of the neck. The cysts were sacs filled with a color- less liquid and contained three or four tapeworms. Near Jalapa what seemed to be this same species of tapeworm was found in Peromyscus boylii and Peromyscus furmis. Peromyscus boylii beatae Thomas Specimens examined. — Total 45: 1 km. W Las Vigas, 8500 ft., 2; Las Vigas, 8500 ft., 13; 2 km. E Las Vigas, 8000 ft., 5; 3 km. E Las Vigas, 8000 ft., 8; 5 km. E Las Vigas, 7 (Texas Agric. and Mech. College); 10 km. SE Perote, N slope Cofre de Perote, 10,500 ft., 1 (Texas Agric. and Mech. College); Xometia Camp, Mount Orizaba, 8500 ft., 2 ( British Mus. ) ; Sta. Barbara, Mount Orizaba, 12,500 ft., 1 (British Mus.); Xuchil, 6 (Chicago N. H. Mus.). Additional records (Osgood, 1909:155). — Perote; Orizaba; Maltrata. For the characters of this subspecies, named in 1903 by Thomas but long regarded as inseparable from P. h. levipes, see Alvarez (1961:116-117). Peromyscus boylii levipes Merriam Specimens examined. — Total 39: 2 km. N Los Jacales, 7500 ft., 8; 3 km. W Zacualpan, 6000 ft., 13; 6 km. SW Zacualpilla, 6500 ft., 5; 1 km. E Jalacingo, 6500 ft., 3; 4 km. S Jalacingo, 2; 6 km. SSE Altotonga, 9000 ft., 8. Peromyscus aztecus (Saussure) Aztec Mouse Specimens examined. — Total 10 (U. S. N. M.): Jalapa, 1; Mirador, 9. The name Hesperomijs aztecus Saussure, 1860, was applied by Osgood (1909:156) to two specimens from Jalapa, nine specimens from Mirador, six specimens from Huachinango in the state of Puebla, and one specimen from "Mexico." He tentatively placed aztecus as a subspecies of Peromyscus boylii. He had no intergrades and recorded no specimens of P. b. levipes [= P. b. beatae] and P. b. aztecus geographically nearer each other than Las Vigas (levipes) and Jalapa (aztecus). These two locaUties are 23 kilometers apart. We have specimens of P. b. beatae [= levipes of Osgoodl from only five 306 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. kilometers north of Jalapa. There is no evidence of intergradation in the specimens from Jalapa (aztecus) and five miles north thereof (P. b. beatae). Actually (see Alvarez, 1961:115) one of the two specimens that Osgood had from Jalapa was Peromyscus boylii ( misidentified by Osgood as P. aztecus) and he therefore had the two species at one locality. Consequently we think that P. aztecus is specifically distinct from Peromyscus boylii. Larger size, more ciimamon coloration, less inflation anteriorly of tympanic bullae, sharply angled (versus rovmded) supraorbital border of frontals, elongate (versus round) braincase and, more evenly convex dorsal outline of skull in lateral view (nasals and frontal tending to form straight line, lowest anteriorly, in boylii) are characters distinguishing Peromyscus aztecus from all specimens from Vera- cruz of Peromyscus boylii. Peromyscus bullatus Osgood Perote Mouse Specimens examined. — Total 6: 3 km. W Limon, 7800 ft., 1; 3 km. W Limon, 7500 ft., 1; 2 km. W Limon, 7500 ft., 4. Additional record. — Perote (Osgood, 1909:184). Previous to 1947, this species v^^as known only from the type locaHty. Nothing was known of its habits, but we supposed that it lived among rocks. Superficially it resembles the rock-loving species Peromyscus difficilis. In 1946 and 1947, we trapped in vain on rocky cliffs and outcrops for this species two to three kilometers west of Limon. Many specimens of Peromyscus difficilis were captured, but none of bullatus. On October 11, 1947, a small mouse resembling difficilis was taken in a trap set on a sandy desert flat, west of Limon. This specimen was seemingly in adult pelage, but was smaller than even the young difficilis in the gray coat, and differed in other re- spects. When the skull was cleaned and studied, the mouse was identified as the rare bullatus. Returning in September, 1948, we trapped intensively on the same desert flat and obtained five additional speci- mens, including one adult male and an adult female. The Perote mouse was rare; only one bullatus to about 50 Peromyscus maniculatus was taken in our traps. We took many Peromyscus difficilis among rocks a hundred feet from where we took bullatus, but it was not taken among the rocks, and not one difficilis was taken on the sandy flats. The specimens of bullatus were taken in mouse traps, baited with rolled oats and walnut, set near the sparse growth of grasses and desert weeds on the flats and dunes of fine sand. The only adult female taken was not pregnant. Three rather young mice were taken in the last week of September, indicating that the breeding season of this species is a little later than in difficilis. Mammals of Veracruz 307 In relation to size of skull, the auditory bullae are the largest among tlie species of Peromyscus. The greatly enlarged bullae may be a response to living on the open sandy desert. Dipodomys, among the heteromyids, has huge auditory bullae and lives in \vind- drifted sand. Peromyscus difficilis Zacatecan Deer Mouse For a review of the subspecies of Peromyscus difficilis see HofFmeister and de la Torre (1961:1-13). This species of deer mouse is restricted to rocky places, and pre- fers an arid habitat. Six kilometers vv^est-southwest of Zacualpilla we took a series of specimens in a rocky canyon and along the cliffs of a gorge. In the pine forest of the hills a few hundred yards away, only Peromyscus boylii was found. Two to three kilometers west of Lim6n, on the Perote Desert, this species was abundant in the rocky cliffs and in a lava flow, but in the sandy flats a few yards away, only Peromyscus maniculatus and P. bullatus were found. Three kilometers west of Limon, 7500 feet elevation, the mice were taken among typical desert shrubs on a white, brecciated stone cliff. Plants included yuccas of two or three species, grasses, and at least five kinds of cacti. Most prominent was the prickly pear, of the yellow-fruited type. Three and four kilometers west of Acultzingo, a small series of these mice was taken along old rock walls. This area is a brush- land, but there is arid desert to the east and west. Many young mice of this species were taken six kilometers west- southwest of Zacualpilla in November. Relatively few young mice were taken two to three kilometers west of Limon in November, but several males there were recorded as having enlarged testes, and one female had three embryos on November 19. Peromyscus difficilis amplus Osgood Specimens examined. — Total 90: 3 km. W Lim6n, 7500 ft., 34; 2 km. W Limon, 7500 ft, 30; Perote, 10 (U. S. N. M.); Maltrata, 3 (U. S. N. M.); 4 km. W Acultzingo, 7500 ft., 1; 3 km. W Acultzingo, 7000 ft., 12. Additional record.— IJi mi. S Perote, 8500 ft. (Hooper, 1957:7). Specimens from three kilometers west and from two kilometers west of Limon are notable for long external ears and large tympanic bullae. In 30 adults (16 males and 14 females) the ear averages fully as long as the hind foot. Actual measurements are as follows: $, hind foot, 25.8 (25-28); ear from notch, 26.0 (25-28); 5, hind foot, 25.6 (25-27); ear from notch, 25.5 (23-27). Measured dry, the length of the ear is in males 21.5 (19.5-23.9), and in females 21.9 (20.0-24.2). Ten of the specimens from nearby Perote 308 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. (Osgood, 1909:182) have been examined and have similarly long external ears and large t>Tnpanic bullae. Hooper (1957:7) characterized seven speci- mens from 1/2 miles south of Perote as having larger tympanic bullae and ex- ternal ears than any other specimens seen by him of the species P. difficilis. Nine adults (four males and five females) from three and four kilometers west of Acultzingo have shorter ears as is characteristic of P. d. amplus in several parts of its geographic range. Actual measurements are: $ , 22.5 (21-24); 5, 22.0 (21-23). Measured dry, the length of the ear is in males 19.4 (18.2-20.4), and in females 17.6 (16.5-18.8). Altliough the specimens labeled v^^ith reference to Limon and Perote are notable for long external ears and large tympanic bullae, a few individuals from two kilometers west of Limon have shorter ears and smaller tympanic bullae, as small as certain specimens from three and four kilometers west of Acultzingo. Also, some of the 10 topotypes of P. d. amplus from Coixtlahuaca, Oaxaca, have long external ears and large tympanic bullae. It is concluded that the mice from Perote, VA mile south thereof, and from two and three miles west of Limon are not unique but are more nearly uniform in having long external ears and large tympanic bullae than are specimens from other areas. Peromyscus difficilis saxicola Hoffmeister and de la Torre Specimens examined. — Total 53: 6 km. WSW Zacualpilla, 6500 ft., 51; 10 km. SW Jacales, 6500 ft., 2. For an account of this subspecies see HoflFmeister and de la Torre ( 1961:10). Peromyscus simulatus Osgood Jico Deer Mouse Specimens examined. — Teocelo, 4500 ft., 3. Additional record.— Near Jico, 6000 ft. (Osgood, 1909:193). Peromyscus furvus J. A. Allen and Chapman Blackish Deer Mouse Specimens examined. — Total 81: 5 km. N Jalapa, 4500 ft., 5; 2 km. W Jico, 4200 ft., 26. Additional records (Osgood, 1909:197). — Jalapa; Jico. This large mouse seems to occupy but a tiny range. Though common at Jico and Jalapa, it has not been taken elsewhere. There is no obvious barrier, geographical or ecological, to the south or north. Yet the blackish deer mouse does not occur where we trapped in the vicinity of Jico, Huatusco or Coscomatepec to the south, or at Tlapacoyan to the north. We took the species in the cool forests at the very upper edge of the upper humid division of the Tropical Life-zone. There it was trapped along rocky cliffs, in canyons, in the forest, and in coffee thickets and brushy places. It occurred with Marmosa mexicana, Oryzomys palustris, Oryzomys alfaroi and Microttis quasiater. Mammals of Veracruz 309 The blackish deer mouse seems to be entirely nocturnal; we captured no specimens in the daytime. Several were trapped in small caves in a cliff and at the entrances to holes under logs and roots of overturned trees. This species may breed all year around. In late October many young mice of various ages were trapped. Most of the larger males trapped had enlarged testes. Several females were nursing young. Each of two pregnant females con- tained two embryos. Parasites seem to be rare in this species. One infestation of a tapeworm, in a cyst under the skin of the neck, was noted. Several mice had a few tiny, hard mites. Peromyscus angustirostris Hall and Alvarez Narrow-nosed Mouse Specimens examined. — Total 31: 3 km. W Zacualpan, 6000 ft., 24; Za- cualpan, 6000 ft., 7. The distinguishing characteristics of this recently discovered species are enumerated in the original description (Hall and Alvarez, 1961:203). M. Raymond Lee obtained all of the known specimens from an area supporting long-needled pine and trapped most of the specimens around rocks and water seeps. Peromyscus mexicanus Mexican Deer Mouse The Mexican deer mouse is a forest-living species. It is the commonest mammal taken in the deep jungle of the upper humid division of the Tropical Life-zone, and in many places is the only small mammal taken in the collectors' traps. In the hmestone areas, where numerous cliflFs and boulders lie scattered on the ground beneath tall trees, a mouse of this species may be taken in almost every trap set. On the open, bare forest floor, where there are few fallen logs and little underbrush, Mexican deer mice are much scarcer. On the coastal plain they are generally uncommon, occur- ring in thickets and jungles that fringe the rivers and watercourses. When these mice are unusually abundant in the forest, a few individuals may wander into thickets and weeds at the forest edge, and even into clearings. Mexican deer mice found in such locations are usually young. Not uncommonly, the species is taken in corn- fields in which the ground is clean and the cornstalks are tall and dense. There we took this species along with Liomtjs pictus and Liomys irroratus — species with which the Mexican deer mouse otherwise rarely comes in contact. Later in the year, when the milpas grow up in grass and weeds, the Mexican deer mice leave 10—4035 310 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. the fields, and grass-loving forms of small mammals enter the fields. In their forest habitat, the Mexican deer mice commonly are taken wdth Oryzomys alfaroi and Oryzomys melanotis and along the edges of the forests with Peromyscus leucopus. This species is nocturnal. Twice we saw individuals in the day, but both times in the gloom of caves. One very young animal was taken in a trap at midday. The Mexican deer mouse feeds on seeds and fruits. Coffee berries are eaten, and small caches of dry coffee husks, each husk having a hole eaten in the side, ai-e often found in the forest. Usually these caches are beneath rocks. The inside of the pit of the jobo plum is eaten, as well as the pulp. Several specimens had their chins and chests stained a deep red or deep purple, seemingly from the juice of some fruit or berry. Several mice were taken that had lost parts of their tails and the stumps had healed completely. Some breeding records for this species are as follows: Jan. 11 — four breeding males; Oct. 28 — nursing female; Feb. 2 — two breeding males; Nov. 2 — two breeding males; baby mouse; Nov. 3 — three embryos; March 5 — baby mouse; Nov. 4 — three embryos; May 29 — two embryos; Nov. 16 — three embryos; two embryos; De^ 1— baby mouse; Sept. 28— two embryos; nursing j^^^ g— two embryos; female; five breedmg males; ^^^^^^ j-^^^l^. Sept. 30 — two embryos; „ _ ■ r ^ two embryos; D<^^- 5— nursmg female; Oct. 22— nursing female; ^ec. 12— two breeding males; two breeding males; Dec. 13 — three embr3/os. One specimen "had a strange growth on the head, which came off and was lost. The skull beneath was much distorted." Several mice were taken that had growths, perhaps parasites or eggs of parasites, at the bases of the whiskers, in the flesh. These were white granules, one to two millimeters in diameter. No structure could be noted. These objects were free in the flesh, and readily slipped out when flesh of a mouse's nose was pinched. Another mouse had "two large tapeworms, about four inches long, white, thin, and with a scolex about two millimeters in diameter, under the skin of the throat. These were not in a cyst, but free and active." Other records of parasites include: "number of small ticks"; "several small, dark-brown, hard, "one flea"- slow-moving mites"; "two small black fleas"; "eight or ten small red mites"; "a few small, fast-moving mites"; "two small, fast-moving red mites"; "one small tick"; "about four small mites on "three tiny red mites in ear"; each mouse". Mammals of Veracruz 311 Peromyscus mexicanus mexicanus (Saussure) Specimens examined. — Total 200: Piedras Clavadas, 75 km. NW Tuxiaan, 6; 35 km. NW Tuxpan, 1; 25 km. NW Tuxpan, 2; 14 km. NW Tuxpan, 1; 3 km. W Gutierrez Zamora, 300 ft., 3; 9 km. E Papantla, 300 ft., 4; 3 km. SE San Marcos, 200 ft., 23; 7 km. NNW Cerro Gordo, 1; Teocelo, 4500 ft., 21; Puente Nacional, 500 ft., 6; Mirador, 3500 ft., 7; 15 km. ENE Tlacotepec, 1500 ft., 11; Rio Atoyac, 8 km. NW Potrero, 29; 7 km. NW Potrero, 1700 ft., 5; 4 km. WNW Fortin, 3200 ft., 11; 15 km. ESE San Juan de la Punta, 400 ft., 9; Rio Blanco, 20 km. WNW Piedras Negras, 4; Rio Blanco, 20 km. W Piedras Negras, 400 ft., 11; 3 km. N Presidio, 1500 ft., 12; 2 km. N Motzorongo, 1500 ft., 15; 3 km. E San Andres Tu.\tla, 1000 ft., 13; 5 mi. S Catemaco, 5. Additional records (Osgood, 1909:201). — Otatitldn; Lagunas; Pasa Nueva; Achotal; Carrizal; Catemaco; between Papantla and El Tajin (Ingles, 1959:397). Peromyscus mexicanus teapensis Osgood Specimens examined. — Total 9: 15 km. SW Jimba, 750 ft., 1; 14 km. SW Coatzacoalcos, 100 ft., 6; Jesiis Carranza, 250 ft., 1; 63 km. ESE Jesus Carranza, 500 ft., 1. Peromyscus mexicanus totontepecus Merriam Specimens examined. — Total 22: 7 km. W El Brinco, 800 ft., 8; Cautlapan [= Cuautlapan], 4000 ft., 2; 3 km. SE Orizaba, 5500 ft., 12. Peromyscus nelsoni Merriam Nelson's Deer Mouse Specimens examined. — Jico, 2 (U. S. N. M.), Baiomys taylori Northern Pygmy Mouse See Packard (1960:579-670) for details of the taxonomy and geographic distribution of Baiomys. At Potrero [del] Llano we found two of these mice in the stomach of a boa constrictor and another in the stomach of a king snake ( Lampropeltis poltjzona ) . Baiomys taylori analogus (Osgood) Record. — Acultzingo (Packard, 1960:639; see his account for a treatment of this subspecies). Baiomys taylori taylori (Thomas) Specimens examined. — Total 24: 19 mi. W Tampico, 1; 5 mi. S Tampico, 5; Tampico Alto, 50 ft,, 2; 1 mi. E Higo, 500 ft, 3; Ozuluama, 500 ft., 2; Platon Sanchez, 800 ft., 1; Cerro Azul, 350 ft., 4; Potrero [del] Llano, 350 ft., 6. Baiomys musculus brunneus (J. A. Allen and Chapman) Southern Pygmy Mouse Specimens examined. — Total 91: 7 km. NNW Cerro Gordo, 19; Teocelo, 4500 ft., 1; Puente Nacional, 500 ft., 2; 3 km. W Boca del Rio, 10 ft., 8; 4 km. WNW Fortin, 3200 ft, 6; Rio Atoyac, 8 km. NW Potrero, 1; 2 km. N Paraje Nuevo, 1700 ft., 13; Potrero Viejo, 1700 ft., 15; Cautlapan [= Cuaut- 312 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. lapan], 4000 ft., 16; 1 km. E Mecayucan, 200 ft., 1; 3 km. SE Orizaba, 5500 ft., 3; Rio Blanco, 20 km. WNW Piedras Negras, 4; 3 km. N Presidio, 1500 ft., 2. Additional records (Packard, 1960:614).— 2 mi. NW Plan del Rio, 1000 ft.; Plan del Rio, 1000 ft.; Carrizal; Chichicaxtle; Sta. Maria, near Mirador, 1800 ft.; Boca del Rio, 10 ft.; Cordoba; 29 km. SE Cordoba; Presidio. (Packard's, op. cit., systematic treatment of Baiomys should be consulted for nomenclature and information on geographic distribution.) Pygmy mice prefer low, dense vegetation such as grasses, saw- grass, weeds, succulent plants along the borders of small streams, and dense thickets. Occasionally they are found in relatively open brushland, especially if the brush be thorny species, but rarely are common there. At the edges of clearings or other places where the species may be locally abundant, they may stray into the jungle for short distances, but rarely for more than a few yards. Perhaps the favored habitat of tliis species in Veracruz, and the place where the greater part of our specimens was taken, is in the narrow borders of brush, weeds and grasses at the edges of fields. In Veracruz, the distribution of this species is irregular; in many apparently suitable localities we failed to find it. Usually, however, if present at all, the mice were numerous. Usually the pygmy mouse was found wath other grass-living forms, such as harvest mice (Reithrodontomtjs) , the pygmy rice rat {Oryzomys fulvescens) and the cotton rat {Sigmodon hispidus). When pygmy mice are abundant, their presence may be detected by their tiny runways in the grass and weeds. Piles of tiny drop- pings, characteristically green, occur at intervals along these run- ways. Often this species is trapped in the larger runways of Sig- modon hispidus. In a few places, where pygmy mice were rare, we found no evidence of their presence, such as runways or piles of droppings. In such cases we usually took only one or two speci- mens at a locality. The distribution by months of embryos ( one to four per female) suggests that the species breeds throughout the year. At Potrero Viejo this species was commonly killed by house cats. We found few parasites on Baiomys. One individual was noted as having a few mites. Sigmodon hispidus Hispid Cotton Rat The hispid cotton rat is a grass-loving species that occupies grass- lands, overgrown clearings, weed-grown borders of fields and brushy areas. It prefers dense growths of sacate (sawgrass or bunchgrass). Rarely it strays a short distance, usually not more Mammals of Veracruz 313 than 50 feet, into jungle or forest when these border the more nor- mal habitat. The cotton rat is both diurnal and nocturnal. More specimens can be trapped by day than by night. In one day, a "few" were trapped between 9:00 a. m. and 1:00 p. m.; seven between 1:00 p. m. and 5:00 p. m.; three in the following night; four the next morning. These rats construct broad trails through dense grass and other thick cover. In bunchgrass, there is usually enough space between the clumps of grass and roots to serve as runways, and runways are not extensively constnicted there. In some places the cotton rat does considerable damage to sugar cane, especially young plants. When the rats become extremely abundant, as they were in 1947 near Potrero, control measures some- times are taken. The Potrero Sugar Company resorted to poison. Cotton rats also destroy a great deal of stored corn, and damage beans. The natives trap the rats by means of a clever deadfall. This consists of two sticks pushed into the ground about six inches apart. A strand of sawgrass is tied between these sticks, about six inches from the ground. In the center of the strand of grass, a single kernel of com is tied in a half-hitch in the grass. A flat rock is leaned against the grass with the part above the grass about four inches from the ground. The cotton rat enters beneath the rock, cuts the strand of grass in order to obtain the corn, and thus releases the rock that falls and crushes the rat. Cotton rats breed throughout the year. Young are more common than adults in every locality where we found this species. Some breeding records are as follows: Jan. 10 — ^breeding male; Sept. 27 — two embryos; five females Feb. 2 — four embryos; with three embryos each; Feb. 9 — breeding male; Oct. 12 — seven embryos; Feb. 12 — three embryos; Nov. 2 — three breeding males; March 13 — breeding male; Nov. 4 — three embryos; March 23 — two embryos; Nov. 14 — three embryos; four May 15 — breeding male; embryos; May 16 — three breeding males; Nov. 15 — three embryos; May 30 — nursing female; Dec. 1 — breeding male; Dec. 11 — two breeding males. Three trapped cotton rats had lost parts of their tails in life, and the stumps had completely healed. One specimen had an infection of the shoulder, seemingly the result of a fly larva. Ectoparasites are not common on cotton rats. Listed were: "two or three small ticks"; "six to ten small mites, seemingly of two species"; 'large bot fly larva in center of back"; "translucent bot fly larva, 10 millimeters 314 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. long, four millimeters wide, three millimeters high, in center of back"; "a large tick in the fur of the back"; "two or three tiny brown and white mites." At a place 15 kilometers east-northeast of Tlacotepec an assistant brought into camp about 25 small mammal skulls and fragments of skulls. These he had found in a cave, beneath tlie roost of an owl. The skulls had weathered out of owl pellets. All the skulls were of the cotton rat. Sigmodon hispidus saturatus Bailey Specimens examined. — ^Total 58: 3 km. E San Andres Tuxtla, 1000 ft, 11; Catemaco, 1 (U. S. N. iM.); Coatzacoalcos, 6 (U. S. N. M.); 14 km. SW Coat- zacoalcos, 100 ft., 9; 10 km. NW Minitidan [= Minatitlan], 100 ft., 1; Achotal, 8 (Chicago N. H. Mus.); 35 km. ENE Jesus Carranza, 150 ft., 6; Jesus Car- ranza, 250 ft., 1; 20 km. E Jesus Carranza, 250 ft., 10; 55 km. ESE Jesus Car- ranza, 450 ft., 3; 25 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 250 ft., 2. Additional record. — Pasa Nueva (Allen, 1904:31). Sigmodon hispidus toltecus (Saussure) Specimens examined. — Total 304: Tampico Alto, 50 ft., 1; 19 mi. W Tam- pico on Highway 110, 17; 16 mi. (by road) W Tampico on Highway 110, 5; 5 mi. S Tampico, 11; S end Isla Juana Ramirez, in Laguna Tamiahua, 7; Hacienda Tamiahua, Cabo Rojo, 10; Isla Burros, Laguna de Tamiahua, 5; La Mar, 20 ft., 1; Platon Sanchez, 800 ft., 7; Ixcatepec, 70 km. NW Tuxpan, 1; Potrero Llano [=: Potrero del Llano], 350 ft., 17; 35 km. NW Tuxpan, 4; 17 km. NW Tuxpan, 2; 6 km. N Tuxpan, 6; 4 km. N Tuxpan, 2; 4 km. NE Tuxpan, 4; San Isidro, 100 ft., 3; 12}^ mi. N. Tihuatlan, 300 ft., 20; 5 km. S Tehuatlan [= Tihuatlan], 700 ft., 10; 3 km. W Gutierrez Zamora, 300 ft., 1; 3 km. SW San Marcos, 200 ft., 13; Chichicaxtle, 4 (U. S. N. M.); 7 km. NNW Cerro Gordo, 32; Jico 6 (U. S. N. M.); Mirador, 3500 ft, 2 (1 in U. S. N. M.); 15 km. ENE Tlacotepec, 1500 ft., 15; 3 km. SW Boca del Rio, 10 ft., 1; 5 km. SW Boca del Rio, 1; Rio Atoyac, 8 km. NW Potrero, 4; 7 km. NW Potrero, 1700 ft., 1; 2 km. N Paraje Nuevo, 1700 ft., 4; Potrero Viejo, 1700 ft., 3; Orizaba, 24 (U. S. N. M. 17, Chicago N. H. Mus. 7); 15 km. ESE San Juan de la Punta, 400 ft., 14; 7 km. SE San Juan de la Punta, 400 ft., 6; Rio Blanco, 20 km. WNW Piedras Negras, 8; 3 km. N Presidio, 1500 ft., 9; 2 km. N Motzorongo, 1500 ft., 4; Motzorongo, 12 (U. S. N. M.); Tlacotalpan, 2 (U. S. N. M.); Otatitlan, 5 (U. S. N. M.). Additional records.— El Tajin (Ingles. 1959:398); Jalapa (Allen and Chap- man, 1897:207); Mt Orizaba (Elliot 1907:247). Of the 14 skins from 19 miles west of Tampico, three are pale as is charac- teristic of S. h. berlandieri; the other 11 are darker as is characteristic of S. h. toltecus. Three insular populations deserve comment. The ten individuals from the population on Cabo Rojo (Hacienda Tamiahua), the big off-shore barrier beach, have dark-colored sides, are larger than individuals of the other two insular populations, seem to have larger external ears than even the mainland animals, and in comparison with the latter further differ as follows: anterior part ot glenoid surface of squamosal bone more angled; squamosal arm of zygomatic arch deeper (vertically); auditory bullae larger; bulla in contact with paroccip- ital process (rarely so in animals of same size from mainland); supraorbital crest higher. Mammals of Veracruz 315 Seven specimens from the south end of Isia Juana Ramirez in the Laguna de Tamiahua, have paler sides than animals from either of the other two insular populations or than animals from the mainland. Five specimens from Isla Burros, in the Laguna de Tamiahua, are the smallest, and have more ochraceous underparts (on the average) than other specimens. The diflFerences mentioned above exist between specimens of the same sex having about the same degree of wear on their molar teeth, and obtained and prepared at the same time of year (March 31-April 5). The variations may deserve subspecific recognition. Neotomodon alstoni perotensis Merriam Volcano Mouse Specimens examined. — Total 68: Las Vigas, 1 (U. S. N. M.); Perote, 1 (U. S. N. M.); Cofre de Perote, 5 (U. S. N. M.); 1 km. NW Pescados, 10,500 ft, 61. Additional record.— Cofre de Perote, 10,500 ft. (Davis, 1944:398). The volcano mouse is most abundant in the meadows of zacaton grass at high elevations on the mountains. It is less common about rocky outcrops and in marshes, but does occur in such places, and even was found on some occasions in the open pine forest. At the high altitudes where this species lives, the nights are cool or cold; frost occurs almost nightly in winter and snow is not uncom- mon. On the Cofre de Perote we found the volcano mouse associ- ated with the black-eared deer mouse (Peromyscus melanotis) and the western harvest mouse (ReifJirodontomys megaloiis). The volcano mouse was more common than the other species, outnum- bering the two combined by more than five to one in our traps. In mid-November we took an average of one volcano mouse to each five traps set. On tlie Cofre de Perote, one kilometer northwest of Pescados, we took six volcano mice in a small area of zacaton grass, isolated from the main meadow. Because we had taken no other species in this area, we searched there for the nest of the volcano mouse that afternoon. We picked up the trail of the mouse where it had been trapped, between two clumps of zacaton beside a pine log. We first cut away all the grass of the clump nearest the pine log. A runway completely circled the clump at its base, inside the circle of down-drooping dead grass. An entrance to this circle was on the side away from the pine log, but no others were found. We cut the head of grass ofiF, level with the ground, and bisected it. Much soil was mixed with the grass, and the punky center would have made a good place for tlie nest, as would the punky root mass. We scraped away the earth, and found, beneath an inch 316 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. of packed loam, packed sand. There was no underground burrow. We then repeated the process with the adjoining clump of zacaton. This one was larger. Three holes entered the clump, and joined with the ring runway. This clump also had two chambers outside the ring, about six inches long by three wide, with a dry, soft earth floor. These were on the surface of the ground, just inside the down-drooping circle of grass blades. This clump also was exca- vated and bisected, but no nest or underground burrow was found. The third clump was double, with a narrow neck so riddled with burrows as almost to form two separate clumps. The ring runway about the smaller was not complete. It ended to the outside at one end, and in several places it joined the runways through the neck. The other section had a complete ring, joined to the runway through the neck, two chambers, and at least three runways from the ring to the outside. It was excavated but no burrow or nest was found. Between the clump and a rock two feet long by one foot long, we found a burrow, only partially concealed by grass. It measured one and seven-eighths inches at the mouth, and about one and one half inches throughout its length of about six feet. It descended to a depth of about four inches, passed around the rock, and branched. One branch ended eight inches away. The other con- tinued for a foot, then abruptly went down between two rocks. At a depth of about 14 inches, it branched again. One branch rose gradually, in a distance of two feet, and stopped under a rock about one foot by six inches by six inches. The other branch passed beneath a rock about two feet by 18 inches, after which the branch ascended on the other side, and at a depth of four inches, entered the nest, which was a hollow ball of dry grass, five inches in diameter, having a central cavity two and one half inches in diameter. The nest was notably soft, and could not be lifted out in one piece. It was in a cavity, half in the earth and half in the roots of a clump of zacaton. By cutting away the opposite side of the clump of zacaton, we exposed the nest for a photograph, In November, few evidences of breeding were noticed in the mice trapped. One female had two embryos. One young mouse was taken. The testes of all of the males were small and abdominal. Few parasites were noted on volcano mice. There was an aver- age of one small mite to each three mice. One rattlesnake ( Crotalus triseriatus anahuacus ) was found in the zacaton meadow. No other signs of predators were noted. We saw no hawks or owls in the course of our stay at the Cofre de Perote. Mammals of Veracruz 317 Neotoma nelsoni Goldman Nelson's Wood Rat Specimens examined. — Perote, 11 (U. S. N. M., including type). Nelson and Goldman found this rat in the cactus at Perote. The cactus is now nearly gone, as a result of clearing the desert for wheat, corn and maguey. We failed to take specimens. Neotoma mexicana Mexican Wood Rat On the desert three kilometers west of Limon we found signs of wood rats in small caves in the conglomerate rock of the small canyons and in an extensive lava flow. The rats refused all baits, even dry pixines. One young animal was shot at night. Two and three kilometers east of Las Vigas, wood rats were fairly common in the recent lava flow. Their distribution was rather spotty. We found numerous signs about some large piles of boulders and in caves in the low cliffs. In other places, seemingly identical in all aspects, and nearby, there were no signs of occu- pancy by the rats. The rats were difficult to trap. They refused all baits save dry prunes, and even prunes were often refused. We took a small series after considerable effort. In the lava within three kilometers of Las Vigas we found a few small, old signs of wood rats in deep caves. A few small stick piles, doubtless made by wood rats, were seen in crevices in rocks. These seemed not to be nests, but piles made only in response to the nest- building habit or instinct, so highly developed in some species of wood rats farther north. Our specimens labeled with respect to Las Vigas include four adult females. None was pregnant on October 5 or 13. One old male had enlarged testes on November 3. A young rat was taken on October 12. No ectoparasites were noted on wood rats from Veracruz. Neotoma mexicana distincta Bangs Specimen examined. — Texolo [= Teocelo], 1 (U. S. N. M.). Neotoma mexicana torquata Ward Specimens examined. — Total 12: 3 km. W Lim6n, 7800 ft., 1; Cofre de Perote, 9500 ft., 2 (U. S. N. M.); Las Vigas, 8500 ft, 6; 2 km. E Las Vigas, 8000 ft., 2; 3 km. E Las Vigas, 8000 ft., 1. 318 University of ICansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Microtus mexicanus mexicanus (Saussure) Mexican Vole Specimens examined. — Total 128: 6 km, SSE Altotonga, 9000 ft., 2; Las Vigas, 8500 ft., 67; 1 km. W Las Vigas, 8500 ft., 10; Las Vigas, 7400-8000 ft., 11 (U. S. N. M.); 3 km. E Las Vigas, 8000 ft., 3; 2 km. N Perote, 8000 ft., 2; Perote, 3 (U. S. N. M.); 2 km. W Perote, 8000 ft, 3; Cofre de Perote, 26 (U. S. N. M.); 4 mi. SW Acultzingo, 7000 ft., 1. In Veracruz this vole lives in cool, damp places along the rim of the plateau and occupies a zonally higher area than does the pine vole. The latter lives at the upper edge of the upper humid division of the Tropical Life-zone, whereas M. mexicanus lives in the next higher zone. M. quamater lives in the oak forest association of tropical vegetation. Commonly a few pine trees extend down to or nearly to quasiater habitat. M. mexicanus occupies the pine forest habitat. Tlie two species closely resemble each other in both habits and general appearance. Our largest series of mexicanus was taken in the northern part of Las Vigas. There a few were trapped in a zacaton meadow, a number along die long rows of maguey plants and the greatest number in a deep, cool canyon. This canyon, at the northern edge of the town of Las Vigas, is in a beautiful pine forest. The canyon is deep, with steep sides about 200 feet high. These canyon sides are covered, beneath the tall pines, with a deep mat of thin-bladed grasses and moss. Near the stream, the ground is covered with a mat of almost pure moss about a foot deep. In the grass and moss we found literally thousands of tiny runways. Traps set in these runways took large numbers of shrews (Cryptotis and Sorex) and voles. Other than these mammals, the only species taken was the western harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys megaJotis), of which we took two. Our attempts to map the runways of Microtus were given up; there were simply too many intersections and runways in the area. In addition to the runways through the moss, there were many burrows in the ground. These probably led to nests, but we did not find any; the rocks in this area were too heavy and deeply sunken to move. In the pine forest above, however, voles were less common. There we were able to follow the runways in the short grass that was grazed by goats to within about two inches of the ground. Most of the runways in the grass were short, three to four feet in length, with several branches not more than two feet in length. We judged that there were about four branches to the average run- Mammals of Veracruz 319 way. One runway was nearly 20 feet long. Most runways were sinuous, but rarely had sharp turns, and usually each runway kept its general direction throughout its length. Each runway and sub- sidiary runway terminated in a shallow trough, showing that the vole there emerged to move about on, rather than tlirough, the grass. The runways were trough-shaped, about one and one-quarter inches wide. Usually three or four radiated from a common center, the burrow. The burrows were about one inch in diameter, widening in places to as much as three inches. We did not excavate those that led into the ground. Many led under logs that we rolled aside. The runways beneath the logs resembled those in the grass except that there were more branches beneath the logs. Many of the short branches, or pockets, and the runways themselves V'/ere wider than the runways through the grass. In general, there was one long burrow parallel with the long axis of the log, with two or three short branches leading to the edge of the log. From each of these, runways radiated off through the grass. Some of these runways had no nests, or if present, the nests were underground. Often there were burrows leading down into the ground beneath the logs. Many runways did have nests. In some of these we were able to catch voles. The nests were all of a common pattern: a relatively deep pocket in the ground, near the center of the log. One side of this pocket would be dug in sideways, and roofed over with a thin layer of earth between the nest and the log. This side pocket was filled with a large ball of soft, dry grass. Nests were about six to eight inches in diameter transversely and four to five inches in depth. There was a single entrance, and an interior cavity about three and one half inches in diameter. Two kilometers west of Perote, we found voles living in maguey cercas, on the open desert, but the voles were rather uncommon in such places. Some breeding records for this species are: Sept. 28 — three embryos; Oct, 19 — ntirsing female; Oct. 8 — nursing female; three em- Oct. 20 — three embryos; nursing fe- bryos; male; Oct. 14 — three embryos; Nov. 3 — nursing female having tlu-ee Oct. 15 — nursing female having embryos; one embryo; female with two embryos; Nov. 11 — breeding male. We took one or two young voles almost every day near Las Vigas, but it was obvious that breeding was not common in winter. 320 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Microtus quasiater (Coues) Jalapan Pine Vole Specimens examined. — Total 74: 4 km. W Tlapacoyan, 1700 ft., 11; 5 km. N Jalapa, 4500 ft., 32; Teocelo, 4500 ft., 28; Huatusco, 5000 ft., 1; 4 km. WNW Fortin, 3200 ft., 1; 3 km. SE Orizaba, 5500 ft., 1. Additional records. — Jalapa (Coues, 1874:192, type locality); Jico (Bailey, 1900:67); Orizaba (Hall and Cockrum, 1953:452); Tuxpango (Coues, 1874:192). The normal habitat of the Jalapan pine vole in Veracruz is marshy meadows and grassy swales, from 3000 to 5500 feet in elevation. Four miles west-northwest of Fortin, one was taken in a marsh. Three kilometers southeast of Orizaba, one was trapped in damp grass beside a sugar cane field. Four kilometers west of Tlapacoyan, a small series of specimens was taken in damp grasses and succu- lent plants beside a tiny stream in a cool canyon. At Teocelo, speci- mens were taken in a meadow, beside a small, cool stream, and in grasses and weeds along the borders of fields. Ordinarily, the pine vole is found in the same places as rice rats (Oryzomys), harvest mice (Reithrodontomys) and shrews (Cryptotis). Five kilometers north of Jalapa, in October, 1946, the pine voles were extraordi- narily abundant. From their more normal habitat they had spread out to thickets, dry hillsides, rock piles and rock walls, and even to the forest. This species is principally nocturnal. About 75 per cent of our specimens were taken in the night. The habits of the pine vole in Veracruz are much like those of some meadow voles (subgenus Microtus) in the United States. They make distinct, grooveUke runways in dense vegetation, and dig burrows under rocks and logs. Their runways are surprisingly narrow, being only about an inch in width. A nest found in a pine vole runway under a log was old and abandoned, although the burrow leading to it seemed to have been in use recently. The nest was a ball of dead grasses, about three inches in diameter. The food of the pine vole consists principally of the roots and bases of the stalks of annuals. Some grass must be eaten, for we found cut blades lying in runways on numerous occasions. All stomachs that were examined had only granular, starchy vegetation, usually dull white but often stained dark brown or blackish in places. No green food was noted. In mid-October we took a number of pregnant and nursing fe- male pine voles. Twelve pregnant females, taken from October 14 to October 20, had from one to four embryos, with an average (mean) of 2.1. Mammals of Veracruz 321 Ectoparasites are not common on pine voles. On several occa- sions a few small brown mites were noticed. Tiny, orange-colored mites were seen in clusters on the ears of three or four voles. One pine vole had a tick in the ear and another had a translucent cyst under the skin of the foreleg. When opened, the cyst was found to contain seven tapeworms with large scolices, five millimeters in diameter, and short bodies, ten millimeters in length. One vole had a scar on the shoulder, perhaps from a fight with another pine vole. Two drowned pine voles were found in a tiny, steep-walled pool of water. Family Muridae Rattus rattus Black Rat In Veracruz, as far as our records go, this species occupies a rather unusual habitat. V^e never found it in the larger towns and cities. Neither did we find it, or any other house rat, living apart from man's dwellings. All of the specimens of black rats collected and observed were in small villages and isolated houses in the coun- try. In the village of Potrero Viejo, 1700 feet elevation, both the black rat (R. r. rattus) and the roof rat (R. r. alexandrinus) are found. The black rats were found in smaller houses and buildings at the edge of the town, and the roof rats in the town itself. Neither was taken in the cane fields near the village. Rattus rattus alexandrinus (£. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire ) Specimens examined. — Total 8: Las Vigas, 8500 ft., 1; Potrero Viejo, 1700 ft., 7, Rattus rattus rattus (Linnaeus) Specimens examined.— Total 4: Rio Atoyac, 8 km. NW Potrero, 1700 ft., 1; Jesus Carranza, 250 ft., 2; 20 km. E Jesus Carranza, 300 ft., 2. Rattus norvegicus norvegicus (Berkenhout) Norway Rat We obtained no specimens of the Norway rat in the state of Vera- cruz, and doubt that it occurs in the tropics there. The species is included here on the basis of a dead specimen, whose head had been crushed by a car, seen and examined but not saved, on the street at Perote. 322 University of Kansas Fuels., Mus. Nat. Hist. Mus musculus and subspecies House Mouse Specimens examined. — Total 24: El Cepillo, 20 ft., 1; Hacienda Tamiahua, Cabo Rojo, 1; 10 km. SW Jacales, 6500 ft., 2; 3 km. SW San Marcos, 200 ft., 1; Las Vigas, 8500 ft., 2; 1 km. W Las Vigas, 8500 ft., 1; Perote, 8000 ft., 1; 5 km. N Jalapa, 4500 ft., 4; Teocelo, 4000 ft., 1; Mirador, 3500 ft., 2; 3 km. SE Orizaba, 5500 ft., 1; Rio Atoyac, 8 km. NW Potrero, 1; Potrero Viejo, 1700 ft., 2; 3 km. W Acultzingo, 7000 ft., 2; 3 km. E San Andres Tuxtla, 1000 ft., 2. House mice are found in the wild almost throughout tlie state of Veracruz. Only in the jungles of the extreme south did we fail to find them. Five kilometers north of Jalapa we made special efiForts to secure house mice from the fields, and four specimens were taken. These are topotypes of the subspecies M. m. ialapae Allen and Chapman. But tliey do not answer the description of jalapae, lacking tlie broad band of black on the back. In- stead they are like M. m. brevirostris. Specimens from elsewhere in the state of Veracruz do have the color of jalapae, but are smaller than that subspecies as it was described. Further, at Potrero Viejo, specimens having the color pattern ascribed to jalapae and that ascribed to brevirostris both were taken in the same house. Probably the house mice of Veracruz have been present for more than four hundred years. Much shifting of the populations probably has taken place. However that may have been, our small series of house mice from Veracruz shows wide variation in color. Family Erethizontidae Coendou mexicanus mexicanus (Kerr) Mexican Porcupine Specimens examined. — ^Total 14: Rio Blanco, 20 km. WNW Piedras Negras, 300 ft., 4; 15 km. W Piedras Negras, 300 ft., 1; 3 km, E San Andres Tuxtla, 1000 ft., 2; Catemaco, 2 (U. S. N. M.); 10 km. NW Minititlan [— Minatitlan], 100 ft, 1; Minititlan [z= Minatitlan], 1 (U. S. N. M.); Achotal, 1 (Chicago N. H. Mus.); 20 km. E Jesus Carranza, 300 ft., 1; 25 km. SE Jesiis Carranza, 250 ft., 1. Additional record. — Jalapa (Ferrari-Perez, 1886:130). The abundant, short, yellow or white spines give the Mexican porcupine the appearance of being a large black animal with a white head. This is especially so at night or when the animal is some distance away from the observer. The only name we heard applied to the porcupine in Veracruz was "puercoespin." We found the animal to be uncommon, or at least inconspicuous. Several were obtained in the dense jungles that flank the arroyos and water courses on the coastal plain. A few were taken in the dense jungles of the lower humid division of the Tropical Life-zone in southern Veracruz. Two were taken in the upper humid division of the Tropical Life-zone of tlie Tuxtla Mountains. Mammals of Vera.cruz 323 All but one of our porcupines were taken in tall trees, 60 to 100 feet from the ground. All were in trees densely hung with vines. One female was in a tree only about 40 feet high, and the porcupine was only about 20 feet from the ground. One man showed us a tree not over 10 feet high, in which he had seen a porcupine. On the south bank of the Rio Blanco, 20 kilometers west-north- west of Piedras Negras, on March 17, 1946, "I was hunting chachala- cas and other specimens with some Mexican friends. We were going along the bank of a small arroyo where thorny trees were quite dense and rather high. One of the men pointed into a tree and began to talk rather excitedly. I thought it must be an iguana in the tree. They said no, that it was another animal and tried to point it out to me. I was unable to see it, and told them to shoot it with a .22 rifle. They fired and a large porcupine came into sight from the top of a large limb, where it had been lying verti- cally, hidden from view unless one moved about a good deal. It slowly began to slide down the tree, its prehensile tail tip curling. It was very hard to skin because there are more quills on the belly of this genus tlian there are on the North American porcupine. The tail skin was extremely thick and tough. I had to cut it out to the tip, and even then it would skin only witli great diflBculty, and the tip actually was broken oflF. I broke two needles in trying to sew up the tail. I had to use the pliers to drive the needle through the tail skin." Another specimen was taken at the same locahty a month later. "It was in an extremly dense tree. There was no evidence from the ground that there was an animal in the tree. I looked and found no droppings or scraps of bark. It was such a good looking animal tree that Vicente volunteered to cHmb it. I was not particu- larly surprised when he shouted that there was a porcupine. His instinct as to which trees contain animals is surprising. He forced the animal out on a limb by jerking on vines and giving a menacing growl. The animal came out on Gerardo's side of the tree, and he fired, bringing it down with one shot. It is a large non-pregnant female." The following day, May 19, a very young porcupine and a half-grown animal were obtained. At a place ten kilometers northwest of Minatitlan, on February 6, 1947, "While night-hunting, we heard howler monkeys in the jungle and found one in a tall tree. I shot it. A few moments later Gerardo shouted that he saw another one in the same tree, and that it had a white head. I thought at once of capuchins, and told him to shoot it. He did not want to, saying that it was small. I 324 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat, Hist. told him to go ahead, that it might be a different kind. He fired, but nothing happened. A few minutes later I saw a pair of bright red eyes, high in the tree. The eyes were far too bright for a howler, so I fired, and brought down a porcupine. Two more mon- keys were taken from the same tree." Three kilometers east of San Andres Tuxtla on January 13, 1948, "A large porcupine was shot last night while it was feeding in a capulin tree, between showers of heavy rain. The animal's eyes had a dull red glow. "It is a female with one nearly full-term embryo, which I saved in alcohol. The mammae are all pectoral. There is a penislike struc- ture anterior to the vagina — a flattened cartilaginous structure similar to that of Tylomys. The animal was rather fat. The stomach was crammed with capulin fruit. No ectoparasites were noted on it." At the same locality on January 18, "another female porcupine was shot from the same tree as the above. It was feeding on the fruit about one hour after dark. It was on a branch about four inches in diameter and 15 feet from the main trunk and 30 feet from the ground. Its eyes had a dull, red glow. The white head was conspicuous in the beam of the light. "This specimen is not pregnant, and lacks the penishke structure that the pregnant female had. The animal is not fat. One large tick was the only ectoparasite noted. A number of white nematodes about an inch long were free in the body cavity." A specimen taken 20 kilometers east of Jesus Carranza on April 6, 1948, yielded a large, tough-skinned, dark brown, bot fly larva and a large tick. Family Dasyproctidae Agouti paca nelsoni Goldman Paca or Spotted Paca Specimens examined. — Total 10: Rio Blanco, 15 km. W Piedras Negras, 350 ft., 1; Catemaco, 3 (U. S. N. M.); Boca del Rio Chalchijapa, 20 km. E Jesiis Carranza, 1; 20 km. ENE Jesus Carranza, 200 ft., 2; 13 km. ESE Jesus Carranza, 350 ft., 1; 25 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 250 ft., 1; 30 km. SSE Jesus Carranza, 300 ft., 1. Additional record. — Chichicaxde (Goldman, 1913:10). In central and southern Veracruz, the paca is called "tepezcu- intle," but in northern Veracruz is called "tuza," "tuza real" or "cuautuza." In the same areas the pocket gopher (Heterogeomys) is called "tuza de tierra." Mammals of Veracruz 325 The paca inhabits the tropical parts of Veracruz, from sea level to at least 5000 feet elevation. It prefers low, dense jungle and cover near streams. It is rare almost everywhere, and especially so in inliabited areas, because it is much hunted for food. The price of tlie flesh of the paca far exceeds that of any other meat, domestic or wild. The few specimens obtained by us were taken only after a great amount of hunting, and by oflFering large rewards to native hunters. About 3:00 p. m. on April 4, 1948, 13 kilometers east-southeast of Jesus Cananza, a large female containing a nearly full-term embryo was taken on a small island in the river ( Rio Coatzacoalcos ) . From the canoe we saw her walking along the sandy beach but before we could get within gunshot range she dived into the river and vanished. She crossed an arm of the river, reappeared, walked along the sandy beach, and waded to the bank where she was shot. On the night of May 18, 1949, a small male paca was shot at a place 30 kilometers south-southeast of Jesus Carranza. The night was dark, and the full moon had not yet come over the horizon. We were hunting from a dugout, when the canoe passed the mouth of a small arroyo. The delta of the arroyo made a small, flat, marshy place at the edge of the river (Rio Solosuchi). In the beam of the hunting light, a single large, dull red eye was seen. The color of the eye resembled that of a large rabbit, Sylvilagus, which also often shows only a single eye in a beam of light. The eye was far too dull for that of a pauraque, the common large goatsucker. Our shot brought down the paca. It had been feeding on the tender, succulent vegetation on the muddy bank of the arroyo. On many occasions our dogs ran pacas, but usually lost the trails when the animals entered water. On April 1, 1949, 25 kilometers southeast of Jesus Carranza, our dogs startled a paca in a patch of thorny bushes about 10:00 a. m. The paca burst out of the thorns, dashed down the slope, and entered a small almost vertical burrow. Its entrance was about 30 feet from the bank of a small arroyo in which there was a pool of semi-stagnant water about 20 feet long and six feet wide. The bank beside the pool was about four feet high, and of dark, solid earth. Just above the water a horizontal burrow in the bank was in line with the vertical hole about 30 feet away on the floor of the jungle above. We built a fire at the lower entrance, forcing smoke into the burrow, and a few moments later a small paca emerged from the lower entrance and was shot. 11—4035 326 University of Kansas Pxjbls., Mus. Nat. Hist. Several days later another paca was driven to ground in a burrow beside this same arroyo. This paca dashed through a pool of water and entered a burrow in the vertical side of a bank about six feet high. About 40 feet back from the arroyo we found a smaller, ver- tical burrow, but were unable to force smoke from one entrance to the other; perhaps the two were not connected. We excavated the burrow near the water. The burrow coursed upward at a 30 degree angle from the water for a distance of two feet and then leveled off for a distance of some 20 feet. At this point the burrow pitched down again at a 30 degree angle and we ceased digging. Indeed, we never did succeed in completely excavating any burrow of a paca. Many hours were spent working with machetes, but little was accomplished except the removal of many cubic yards of earth. All the burrows excavated were simple tubes, but their principal extent lay at a distance of six feet or more beneath the surface of the ground. One other paca was caused to flee its burrow because of smoke of dry palm fronds, liberally mixed with powdered sulfur. At least ten other burrows were filled with smoke without success. All of our pacas were in good condition. No parasites of any kind were noted on them. Most of them were taken in an area where the agouti, Dasyprocta, was numerous. Almost every agouti that we ob- tained had some parasitic fly larvae under the skin. These were never seen on pacas. Dasyprocta mexicana Saussure Mexican Agouti Specimens examined. — Total 46: 3 km. N Paraje Nuevo, 1700 ft., 3; 2 km. N Paraje Nuevo, 1700 ft., 1; 2 km. S Paraje Nuevo, 1; Buena Vista, 6 (U. S. N. M.); Catemaco, 3 (U. S. N. M.); Achotal, 8 (Chicago N. H. Mus.): 20 km. ENE Jesus Carranza, 200 ft., 7; 20 km. E Jesiis Carranza, 300 ft., 2 25 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 400 ft., 4; 35 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 400 ft., 4 38 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 400 ft., 1; 30 km. SSE Jesus Carranza, 300 ft., 4 60 km. SE Jesiis Carranza, 450 ft., 2. We are not able to find any difference between the agoutis of the upper humid division of the Tropical Life-zone of central Veracruz and the agoutis of the deep jungles of southern Veracruz. Agoutis from the Isthmus area of Veracruz are the black mexicana. There is no evidence of intergradation between them and the brown agoutis of the punctata type, to the east in Campeche, or to the southwest in Chiapas. Be- cause the ranges of the two kinds (mexicana and punctata) seem to be mu- tually exclusive, one would expect the two to intergrade. If they do intergrade, the area of intergradation must be much smaller than one would expect. The agouti is called "Cerreti" over most of Veracruz, though locally the name "cuacechi" is used. Although much hunted, this species has not been so greatly reduced in numbers as the paca. Mammals of Veracoruz 327 In some places agoutis hold their own, even near villages. They become very shy, will run for long distances when chased by dogs, and will take refuge in holes only as a last resort. Near our base on the Rio Coatzacoalcos, 20 kilometers east of Jesus Carranza, our pack of dogs chased agoutis almost daily, but only in a few instances were we able to capture the animals. Often the chase would continue for more than an hour. On the other hand, in the uninhabited country a short distance to the south, agoutis were abundant and the dogs usually brought them to bay after a relatively short chase, usually lasting about 15 minutes. Near Potrero, where the agoutis are much hunted for food, they are crepuscular, and perhaps even partially nocturnal. They live in the cool, damp forest among the limestone boulders and make nar- row trails to their feeding places. Our specimens from central Vera- cruz were all taken by a skillful Indian hunter, who set out small bunches of ripe bananas and visited them in early morning and late evening. In southern Veracruz, the agouti is entirely diurnaL We found it most active in the late morning and afternoon, less active in early morning and late evening, and never found any evi- dence of activity at night. Usually an agouti, at the approach of danger, stands motionless until the danger is past, and then dashes rapidly for the nearest shelter in a hollow log or burrow in the ground. When an agouti runs, a fan of long hair stands out around the animal's rump, somewhat reminiscent of the fan of the northern porcupine (Erethizon) . The dash of an agouti for safety is rapid and erratic. It zigs and zags, without swerving greatly from its line of escape. Rarely do the feet come down twice in the same line. The animal makes a noise that is loud, out of all proportion to the agouti's size, as it rushes through the dead leaves and brush. Some accounts of t^'^pical agouti hunts on the Rio Chalchijapa and the Rio Solosuchi, southeast of Jesus Carranza, are as follows: March 27, 1948: Today the dogs ran several animals — probably all agoutis. Only one was caught. It took refuge in its burrow under a log and parallel to it. The burrow was a straight tube about 15 feet long, five inches in diameter, and a foot beneath the sur- face. Both ends opened out from under the log. The country was generally open, beneath tall, jungle trees, with some brush and many dead fallen leaves and twigs. March 29: Today after a short chase, the dogs cornered an agouti in its burrow that was about 10 feet long, nine inches in di- ameter, and 30 inches beneath the surface. It had a single opening. The animal is a large male. 328 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat, Hist. April 24: Today, after a short chase of about 15 minutes, the dogs brought a small agouti to bay in a hole in the ground at the base of a tall tree. The hole was large enough for one dog to enter, and it killed the agouti at the end of the burrow, about five feet from the mouth. Twice, now, we have taken very small specimens in very large holes. Larger animals seem to have smaller burrows than younger animals. April 30: We found abundant agouti sign here a week ago, and so returned in order to obtain a series of specimens, Tlie dogs worked well, running about 12 animals. Of these we got five; one was a skunk and four were agoutis. Most of the other animals were probably agoutis — three or four certainly were. The four obtained all took refuge in hollow logs. These hollows, in every case, were just large enough to admit the agoutis. If we were able to, we opened the logs with a machete. Some logs of very hard wood could not be opened. On these logs we used smoke of burning sulfur. Even this did not budge some animals, and we had to leave them. Of the four taken, one is a male with large testes; two are nursing females; and one is a female containing two full-term em- bryos. All have two to six fly warbles, usually on the backs or shoulders. May 1: A large female was taken today after a long chase that lasted nearly an hour. As usual, the animal entered a hollow log and was chopped out. About 4:00 p. m. a large male agouti ran along the edge of the river at the base of a sand bluff. It must have been hiding behind a clump of earth, for it was not seen until it dashed away with the erected "fan" of hairs. It did not try to enter the water. I shot it Mdth the rifle. It was heavily infested with fly warbles. One area three inches in diameter on its shoulders was a solid mass of warbles and had to be cut out of the skin. Two or three black fleas were also present. Twice we found remains of agoutis in stomachs of ocelots. Order Carnivora Family Canidae Canis latrans cagottis (Hamilton-Smith) Coyote Specimens examined. — Total 2: 15 km. W Piedras Negras, 300 ft., 1; Rio Blanco, 20 km. W Piedras Negras, 400 ft., 1. This animal is known throughout Veracruz by its Spanish name, coyote, derived from the Nahuatl "coyotl". The coyote lives on the Mammals of Veracruz 329 arid coastal plain and is said to occur as far west, along the coast, as the sugar cane fields near Potrero. In northern Veracruz it occurs principally along the sea beaches, moving inland wherever there are clearings. The coyote occurs also on the Perote Desert and in the pine forests of the mountains of the west-central part of the state. It avoids the dense jungle completely. We saw no coyotes in the daytime, but often heard them howling at night on the coastal plain, and on the desert near Limon. Tracks were seen on the dust of trails. Coyotes avoided our traps, however, as did most carnivores in Veracruz. One of our specimens was shot at night when it attempted to steal a chicken. When it was skinned, an old pellet of buckshot was found lodged in one front foot. The second specimen was shot in an arroyo at night, with the aid of a hunting light. The habits of the coyote in Veracruz seem to be much like those of the species in the United States. The coyote is universally ac- cused of steahng chickens, although we never heard of one killing larger domestic animals on the coastal plain. Such animals as horses, burros, cattle, pigs, sheep and goats are raised in numbers on the coastal plain. Coyotes are said to feed on carrion whenever the opportunity offers. Our specimens were in good pelage but had a large number of ticks — small to large, reddish, and present over the entire body, but especially on the ears. Urocyon cinereoargenteus Gray Fox The gray fox is called zorra in Veracruz. In southern Veracruz, where there are no foxes, the opossum (Didelphis) is called zorro. In Veracruz, foxes live in open country, including clearings in the jungle, from sea level at least to 8000 feet elevation, and they were reported from the Cofre de Perote at 10,500 feet elevation. They are probably most common in the lower arid division of the Tropical Life-zone of the coastal plain, but are also fairly common in the upper humid division forest and in the pine forests of high elevation. Only in the dense jungles of the lower humid division of the Tropical Life-zone do they seem to be absent. Probably these foxes are principally nocturnal. We shot two at night, in the beams of hunting lights, and trapped another at night. To a certain extent, however, they are diurnal, for we saw several out at midday. One was hunting on an exceptionally hot, bright, sunlit day. 330 University of Kansas Publs., Mus, Nat. Hist. Foxes were accused of stealing chickens, and probably do so. We examined fox droppings near Las Vigas, 8000 feet elevation, and found them to contain only vegetable matter, except for one that held the remains of a mouse, Peromyscus melanotis. Most common, in droppings collected in early November, was a small, purple berry that grows in spikes, only a few inches high. One dropping was composed entirely of corn. Another was principally of the purple berry, but held also a single large blackish bean. At that locality, a pocket gopher, Cratogeomys perotensis, was eaten in the trap by a fox. The only parasites noted on gray foxes were on specimens from the tropics. These all had the common large tick, locally called garrapata. Foxes are shot whenever opportunity arises, in Veracruz, and when killed are sometimes eaten by man. They are rarely hunted, however, and the steel trap* is almost unknown to the natives. Consequently the gray fox exists throughout its range in fair num- bers. Urocyon cinereoargenteus ormomus Goldman Specimens examined. — Total 11: Las Vigas, 1 (U. S. N. M.); 3 km. E Las Vigas, 8000 ft., 1; Jalapa, 1 (U.S. N. M.); 7 km. NW Potrero, 1700 ft., 1; Potrero, 1700 ft., 1; Orizaba, 3 (U. S. N. M.); 15 km. W Piedras Negras, 300 ft., 1; Rio Blanco, 20 km. WNW Piedras Negras, 1; 24 km. E, 7 km. S Jesus Carranza, 1. Urocyon cinereoargenteus scottii Meams Specimen examined. — One from 3 km. W Zacualpan, 6000 ft. Family Procyonidae Bassariscus astutus astutus (Lichtenstein) Ringtail Specimens examined. — Total 8: Acatlan, 4100 ft., 1; Las Vigas, 8500 ft., 1; 1 km. W Las Vigas, 8500 ft., 1; 2 km. E Las Vigas, 8000 ft., 1; 2 km. W Jico, 4200 ft, 1; Maltrata, 1 (U. S. N. M.); Orizaba, 2 (U. S. N. M.). Additional record. — Xico (Sanborn, 1947:270). In Veracruz the ringtail occurs in the uplands, principally on the Mexican Plateau. Where conditions are suitable it descends to the upper edge of the upper humid division of the Tropical Life-zone. Our lowest record altitudinally is 4200 feet, at Jico. Zonally the species ranges from the upper edge of the Tropical Life-zone, through the pine forests near Las Vigas, and onto the desert near Perote. The ringtail is rather restricted as to habitat. It is special- ized for life in rocky places, such as cliffs, outcrops and lava flows. This seems to be true, to a greater or lesser degree, over the entire range of the species. Mammals of Veracruz 331 Two ringtails were seen on top of a rocky cliff two kilometers west of Jico on October 30, 1946. This area is tropical forest, with the pines of the next higher life-zone beginning to appear as outliers. The animals were found about 10 p. m., along a rocky ledge near the cliff, when the beam of my headlight picked up two pairs of eyes. They had an unusually bright shine — one pure yellow and the other yellow tinged with orange. I fired a charge of buckshot be- tween them. When I climbed up to the ledge, I found nothing but heard a loud chirping, ratlier birdlike. I saw an animal back in the brush, at a range of about four feet, but it slipped over the cliff. I assumed that it was wounded. We called the dog from camp, and he found one ringtail. This one was well shot — not the one I saw first. We searched in vain for an hour for the other and got well scratched with malamujer. The specimen found was a male. It had a strong skunklike odor. Its stomach was full of mice — seemingly of the species Peromyscus furvus that was abundant there. Three of the large ticks, locally known as garrapatas, were on the animal. No other parasites were seen. Its testes were rather small. On the night of October 5, 1948, along the edge of the fresh lava flow two kilometers east of Las Vigas we were searching for wood rats wherever holes opened in the dense, drifting fog. A pair of greenish yellow eyes were seen; the animal was running swiftly over the rough lava. A whistle did not cause the animal to stop. A shot brought down an old female ringtail that was nursing young. Her stomach was filled with the fruit of the prickly pear cactus (locally called tuna de nopal ) . We saw no plants of this cactus in our wan- derings near Las Vigas. The specimen had no ectoparasites. On October 14, 1948, a full grown young ringtail was captured in a house in Las Vigas. The animal had entered in the night, and created a disturbance in trying to find a way out. The ringtail was kept alive for a short time. It had a harsh, menacing growl and a shrill, chattering squeal. It was an agile climber on the walls of the house. Bassariscus sumichrasti sumichrasti (Saussure) Tropical Cacomixtle Specimens examined (U. S. N. M.). — Total 3: Jalapa, 2 (1 a skull only); Mirador, 1. This species is the jungle equivalent of the ringtail, specialized for an arboreal life, rather than life in rocky places. We failed to take specimens in Veracruz. 332 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Procyon lotor Raccoon In central and extreme southern Veracruz the raccoon is called "mapache." In the Tuxtla Mountains area it is called "mapachina." Both of these words are corruptions, probably Totonac and Zapotec, of the Nahuatlan word, "mapachtli," which is still used occasionally in that part of Veracruz on the edge of the Mexican Plateau. Zonally the raccoon ranges throughout the Tropical Life-zone, from the upper edge of the upper humid division to the lowest part of the lower humid and lower arid division. Altitudinally we have records from 4200 feet to sea level. In Veracruz the species is less restricted to the vicinity of water than it is in the United States. Many of our specimens were captured several miles from water. As elsewhere in Mexico and North America, tracks are seen in the early morning, in the mud and sand along the edges of streams, ponds, and rivers. In the day, raccoons find refuge in hollows of trees, and later, when the tropical sun makes their hollows too warm, they emerge and rest on the limbs of tall, vine-laden trees, where the raccoons are invisible from the ground, but able to catch any cooling breeze. Local people are aware of this habit and when the sun is hottest visit the arroyos having vine-laden trees, which they patiently climb in search of the animals. Two of our speci- mens were obtained in this way. One was taken on the south side of the Rio Blanco, 20 kilometers west-northwest of Piedras Negras, on May 14, 1946. This area is on the arid coastal plain, and we went hunting for raccoons in the ex- treme heat of midday. We had gone some distance up the arroyo, examining each vine-hung tree carefully, without seeing even a squirrel. When we reached an especially tall, densely vine-hung tree, we looked for some time. Finally Vicente said that it was a perfect animal tree, and he was going to climb it. After some hard work he got up about 50 feet, and called that he saw a por- cupine. Then he said no, it was a raccoon. We forgot our heat exhaustion, and even the dogs caught some of our excitement, for they gathered around the foot of the tree expectantly. Vicente climbed higher, growling menacingly and shaking vines. After sev- eral minutes the raccoon came plunging down through the vines and branches. Two weeks later at the same locality another rac- coon was taken under similar circumstances. Four kilometers west of Tlapacoyan on November 24, 1947, while hunting with several of the local people, we for a long time found nothing, until the dogs barked at the base of a large, hollow tree. Mammals of Veracruz 333 We heard animals in the tree, and built a fire and smoked out an old female raccoon and three young. The tree was in dense jungle near a small arroyo. I think it was an oak. Twenty kilometers east of Jesus Carranza on February 8, 1948, the dogs treed something in a tree in the low, palm jungle. When we came up we found six raccoons in tlie tree, a low, bushy species about 50 feet high. We got all six animals. Two were large fe- males, not pregnant. The others, one female and three males, were smaller, not fully adult animals. No ectoparasites were noted. The raccoon is much hunted for food in Veracruz, although it is not considered as first-class meat. Even old animals, when prop- erly prepared, are tender and well flavored. The chili and other spices used in cooking seem to kill any strong taste that might be present. Procyon lotor hemandezii Wagler Specimens examined. — Total 15: 4 km. W Tlapacoyan, 1700 ft., 2; Rio Blanco, 20 km. WNW Piedras Negras, 300 ft., 2; Jico, 3 (U. S. N. M.); 20 km. ENE Jesus Carranza, 200 ft., 1; 20 km. E Jesus Carranza, 300 ft., 7. Additional record. — Mirador (Goldman, 1950:65). Taxonomic appraisal of specimens was summarized in 1948 in manuscript by Dalquest as follows: "Comparison of the skulls of raccoons from Veracruz with skulls from Campeche and from the Mexican Plateau, shows that our material most closely resembles those from the plateau. The skulls of our specimens are smaller, and narrower in the interorbital region, as compared with shufeldti from Campeche, and thus resemble hemandezii. The skins are more or less intermediate between those of the two subspecies, but more nearly like those of hemandezii. The fur is longer than in shufeldti but slightly shorter and thinner than in hemandezii. In color, all but three of our skins resemble hemandezii. Veracruzian raccoons are distinctly intermediate between the two subspecies, and show no characters worthy of separate recognition. In Veracruz, material from the high, cool tropics and the low, hot jungles, is essentially the same." Procyon lotor shufeldti Nelson and Goldman Record.— Minatitlan (Goldman, 1950:67). Nasua narica Coati The coatimundi is termed "tejon" throughout Veracruz. The geo- graphic range includes the Tropical Life-zone of the State, although the species is rare at high elevations and absent from the arid coastal plain. The coatimundi, or coati, seems to be entirely diurnal. We found all of our animals in the daytime, and never found tlie species at night. 334 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. The coati was most commonly found in low, brushy jungle and palm jungle, and rarely in deep forest. The jungle of coyol palm was especially favored; this palm furnishes shelter, shade, and a fruit of which the animal is especially fond. The coati likes also boulder-strewn areas, cliffs, and the dense tangles of low vegetation that fringe the water courses. In Veracruz, as elsewhere in Mexico, the natives maintain that there are two species of the coati. In Veracruz "tejon" and "tejon solo" are the names used. The "tejones" travel in bands, whereas the "tejones solos" are solitary. We took five "tejones solos." Three of these were females and two were males. They were all adult animals, and rather old. But, our oldest and largest coati was with a band of other animals and was not a "tejon solo." In general the coati is a social animal. Bands vary greatly in size. Some bands include only three to 10 animals. Rarely a band numbers 50 or more. Bands of 100 were reported. The coati spends much of its time on the ground. The bands usually travel rather slowly, and spread out when hunting, but the individuals proceed in single file when traveling. They keep the long tail upright, with the extreme tip bent backwards, almost hori- zontally. When hunting food on the forest floor they make con- siderable noise, scratching, rustling leaves and branches. They do a great deal of piglike rooting in the leaves and ground. When a band of coatis has passed, the characteristic signs are numerous scratched and rooted places in the leaves. The food of the coati consists principally of vegetable matter. One favored food is the fruit of the coyol palm. This is a nut about two inches in length and an inch wide. It has a tough rind, and a thin layer of pulp over a rock-hard seed. The nuts grow in great, pendant clumps, weighing many pounds. All trees do not come into fruit at the same time; the season lasts from early March into June. The seeds beneath a coyol palm often show the tooth marks of the coati, where the oily pulp has been chewed away, leaving the tough fibers attached to the seed. Corn is also eaten, and coatis occasionally do a great deal of damage to milpas. Bananas are eaten, even before they are ripe. The coati is much hunted for food in Veracruz. Dogs are trained to tree the animal, which local people consider more of a squirrel than a carnivore. The flesh of the older animals is sometimes tough and rank, but that of younger animals is tender and of good flavor. One female taken on March 15, contained four embryos. One old animal had lost the terminal part of its tail. Parasites are uncommon Mammals of Veracswz 335 on coatis. Most of the specimens examined by us had a few ticks and one old male had a heavy infestation of fly larvae. There were more than 50 larvae, some even on the feet, tail and jaws. Nasua narica molaris Merriam Specimen examined. — Hacienda Tamiahua, Cabo Rojo, 1. Nasua narica narica (Linnaeus) Specimens examined. — Total 35: Jico, 1 (U. S. N. M.); Carrizal, 1 (U. S. N. M.); 7 km. NW Potrero, 1; 3 km. N Paraje Nuevo, 1700 ft., 1; 2 km. N Paraje Nuevo, 1700 ft., 1; 2 km. E Paraje Nuevo, 1700 ft., 3; Potrero Viejo, 1700 ft., 5; Orizaba, 1 (U. S. N. M.); 14 km. SW Coatzacoalcos, 100 ft, 1; 35 km. ENE Jesus Carranza, 150 ft., 7; 20 km. ENE Jesus Carranza, 300 ft., 1; 20 km. E Jesus Carranza, 300 ft., 11; 35 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 400 ft., 1. Additional records. — Pasa Nueva (Allen, J. A., 1904:39); Jalapa (Allen, J. A., 1879:165). Potos flavus aztecus Thomas Kinkajou Specimens examined. — Total 31: I2J2 mi. N Tihuatlan, 300 ft., 2; 7 km. SE San Juan de la Punta, 400 ft., 1; 3 km. N Presidio, 1500 ft., 1; Rio Blanco, 20 km. WNW Piedras Negras, 1; Coatzacoalcos (Region), 4; 3 km. E San Andres Tuxtla, 1000 ft., 1; 20 km.. E Jesus Carranza, 300 ft., 7; 25 km. SE Jesus Car- ranza, 250 ft., 7; 35 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 1; 38 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 500 ft., 1; Arroyo Saoso, 37 km. E, 7 km. S Jesus Carranza, 3; 30 km. SSE Jesus Carranza, 300 ft., 1; 55 km. ESE Jesus Carranza, 450 ft., 1. Additional record. — Jalapa (Ferrari-Perez, 1886:128). A single adult female kinkajou is available from the Tuxtla Mountains of Veracruz and differs from all other Idnkajous examined from Mexico, especially in large size and large skull. This single specimen is here regarded as an ex- treme variant of P. /. aztecus, but if additional material from the same area resembles our specimen, the kinkajou from the Tuxtla Mountains will require a new name. The kinkajou is generally known as "marta" in Veracruz. Locally the name "martucha" may be used, and in nortliem Veracruz we heard it called "mico de noche." In southern Veracruz, "mico de noche" is the native name for the two-toed anteater. The kinkajou is arboreal. Probably it descends to the ground. It prefers the tall trees of the deep jungle, but visits lower growth and riverside forest in search of fruits, and may live permanently in some place of that kind. We found kinkajous most common where trees were more than 150 feet in height. Rarely did we find them in palm jungle. Kinkajous are nocturnal, but, Hke some other nocturnal and arboreal animals, emerge from their retreats at midday to take ad- vantage of cooling breezes. Probably the hollows in which they 336 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. live become unbearably hot in the strong tropical sun. Because daytime encounters with this species are unusual they are recounted here. On the south side of the Rio Blanco, 20 kilometers v^^est-nortli- west Piedras Negras, 300 feet elevation, on May 15, 1946, while hunting with two companions about midday in a forest-fringed arroyo, we found several partly eaten fruits under one large tree. I picked up one and found the unmistakable tooth marks of a large fruit bat. Vicente walked ahead and picked up several which he looked at and remarked "this is not bat." He called to Gerardo, that there was an animal in the tree. Gerardo peered about a moment and then shouted "Yes, a martucha." The animal was out of our sight about 40 feet up in the vine-hung tree. Gerardo fired twice and it descended and ran along a horizontal limb about 40 feet from me and 20 feet from the opposite bank of the arroyo. It was running smoothly but radier slowly. I fired and hit it in the chest witii a load of number five shot. It started to fall, then caught its tail around a branch and hung for a moment. It released its hold and crashed into the brush at the very hp of the arroyo. Twenty kilometers west of Piedras Negras, on October 2, 1946, Mr. Allen Oleson found two kinkajous clinging together in a ball, nearly in the top of a tree, about 50 feet from the ground. He fired at them with his pistol and secured the larger, an adult female. The smaller escaped, making a mewing cry. The smaller was pre- sumably the young of the larger, but the mammae of the larger animal were not active. Twenty kilometers east of Jesus Carranza, early in the morning of March 21, 1948, a male kinkajou was found in a tree in low palm jungle. The day was very hot. The animal was probably driven from its hollow by the heat. It was in a tree of moderate size — about two feet in diameter at the base. The kinkajou lay on one limb immediately above a fork about 20 feet from the ground. Its head was up as it alertly watched us. Most of our specimens of kinkajou were obtained at night. In the beam of a headhght, the kinkajou's eyes reflect a bright yellow glow. The kinkajou also makes a call that is distinctive and that, once heard, is not forgotten. Kinkajous call often, and a calling animal can usually be located. The loud, plaintive, somewhat quavering scream is made by both males and females. On one or two occasions we thought tliat more than one kinkajou was in a tree, but never did we actually see more than one. In Mammals of Veracruz 337 most instances the animals were almost certainly solitary. Even when locally abundant, they seem to remain 100 yards or more apart. They make considerable noise in their movements aloft, and there is often a shower of leaves, twigs and fruit falling beneath a tree where a kinkajou is feeding. Kinkajous feed where fruit is found. We took one specimen only 20 feet from the ground, in a mass of vines and creepers. Others were fully 100 feet from the ground. Probably about 60 feet is the elevation at which they usually Hve. They prefer large limbs, and may carry fruit there to eat it. We have seen them well out on slender limbs, however. Twice, individuals were seen hanging by their tails and swinging in wide arcs. When kinkajous find a tree having an abundance of fruit, they return to the same tree, night after night. We hunted one kinkajou in a patch of jungle for several successive nights, even shooting at it on some occasions. It remained at a height of about 100 feet. Although it became more shy, it retiurned each night to the fruit tree, until it was shot. The food of the kinkajou seems to be entirely fruit. In addition to the mango, it eats: a tough-skinned green fruit; a green berry resembling the blue elderberry in size, shape and general appear- ance; a nutlike fruit; the fruit of the amata fig; and a round vine fruit, about three inches in diameter, having a hard rind and a pale pink pulp that looked Hke a melon and had a delicious odor. Some kinkajous were shot over water. In every case the animal fell into the water and sank like a stone, not floating for even a moment. The body of the kinkajou is astonishingly heavy for its volume. No parasites of any kind were found by us on the kinkajou. The animal has a rather strong, musky odor. The flesh is lean and rather rank. The kinkajou is not eaten in most parts of Veracruz, but one man requested the meat of a kinkajou that we shot. His companions made fun of him, but he maintained that it was choice food. One dead kinkajou was found on the bank of a river. It had no wounds of any kind, but was too decayed to dissect. The skull of this animal was saved. A female taken on December 1 had a small embryo, five milli- meters long, in the right horn of the uterus. Another had two nearly full-term embryos on January 20. In this species there are two mammae, in an area free of fur, well forward on the inguinal region. 338 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Family Mustelidae Mustela frenata Long-tailed Weasel The long-tailed weasel is called "oncilla" in Veracruz. It occurs from the Tropical Life-zone to the Canadian Life-zone, from 300 to 12,500 feet in elevation. It is rare, occurring locally where mice are abundant — about cliflFs, in old rock walls, in brushy places, and in sugar cane fields. It is principally, if not entirely, diurnal. Sev- eral were seen in the daytime in Veracruz, and one at night. Two specimens taken two kilometers west of Jico, were killed along a rocky, boulder-strewn coffee grove at the foot of a cliff. Their stomachs were crammed with the remains of deer mice (Peromyscus furvus). Testes were moderately large, but probably not in breeding con- dition, on October 30. Specimens from seven kilometers west of Potrero were shot in sugar cane fields by local hunters and saved for us. The specimen from Las Vigas was taken in a trap set for a ringtail beside a lava flow. Several weasels had ticks in the ears, but no other parasites were noted. Mustela frenata macrophonius (EUiot) Specimens examined. — Total 3: Achotal, 1 (Chicago N. H. Mus., type); Perez, 2 (U. S. N. M.). Mustela frenata perda (Merriam) Specimens examined. — Total 2: Catemaco, 1 (U. S. N. M.); 35 km. SE Jesiis Carranza, 400 ft., 1. Mustela frenata perotae Hall Specimen examined. — Cofre de Perote, 1 (U. S. N. M.). Additional record.— Perote (Hall, 1951:355). Mustela frenata tropicalis (Merriam) Specimens examined. — Total 6: Hacienda Tamiahua, Cabo Rojo, 1; 2 km. W Tico, 4200 ft., 2; Las Vigas, 8500 ft., 1; 2 km. W Potrero, 1700 ft., 1; 3 km. N Paraje Nuevo, 1700 ft., 1. Additional records. — Jico (Merriam, 1896:30); 5 km. N Jalapa, 4500 ft (Davis, 1944:381); Jalapa (Hall, 1951:366); Orizaba (Hall, 1951:366). The specimen from Las Vigas has some characteristics of M. /. frenata, which suggest intergradation between frenata and tropicalis in the highlands of Veracruz. Mammals of Veracsiuz 339 Eira barbara senex (Thomas) Tayra Specimens examined. — Total 8: Mirador, 1 (U. S. N. M.); Catemaco, 1 (U. S. N. M.); Perez, 1 (U. S. N. M.); 20 km. ENE Jesiis Carranza, 200 ft., 3; 20 km. E Jesus Carranza, 300 ft., 1; 38 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 500 ft, 1. Additional records. — Hacienda Tortugas (Thomas, 1900:146); Pasa Nueva (Allen 1904:36). The tayra is known throughout Veracruz as "cabeza de viejo," hterally, head of old in reference to the white or gray head. It is well known to the natives, but we found it difficult to obtain specimens. The tayra seems to be normally a forest animal. We heard no reports of its occurrence on the coastal plain, unless the type local- ity is there. As we observed it, it is diurnal. Several times, how- ever, we heard a cry at night that we were told by natives was made by a tayra. This cry may or may not have been made by a tayra. Tayras are not social to any extent. We were told that four or five sometimes go together to raid sugar cane patches and corn- fields. Perhaps these are family groups. On April 9, 1948, we saw two animals together in a fig tree overhanging a small arroyo 38 kilometers southeast of Jesus Carranza, when we were poling a canoe upstream. By the time we had got the canoe ashore, they had vanished. We spread out; I went up the arroyo. A few min- utes later Chico shot. Then a tayra came running along a log that bridges the arroyo. It was wounded. I shot, but it kept on going. A minute later the dogs came along its trail and crossed the log. About 100 feet away they brought it to bay at the foot of a large tree. Though it was much wounded it was very vicious. It was very quick. When I tried to step on its chest, it bit my foot. When Casculo tried, it tore a long strip from his shoe, ruining it. The dogs and I finally killed it. It was an adult but non-pregnant fe- male. It had very little of the musk odor of the weasel, but had a faint, unpleasant smell. The natives accuse the tayra of destroying corn. One of our specimens was shot while tearing down cornstalks in a field. It is also accused of destroying sugar cane. We saw sugar cane patches that had been almost completely ruined by some animal. The stalks had been ripped, torn and chewed, and it seemed to be the work of a flesh-eating mammal, to judge from the tooth marks. Sugar cane seems to be an unusual diet for a mustelid. These stories of destruction of cane by the tayra are so widespread that 340 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. there seems to be no reasonable doubt that the tayra is responsible. Probably fruit, birds and small mammals are the more usual diet of the tayra. One of our native helpers said he had seen tayras chasing squirrels. Galictis allamandi canaster Nelson Grison Specimens examined. — Total 2: Potrero Viejo, 1700 ft., 1; 20 km. ENE Jesus Carranza, 200 ft., 1. Additional record. — Orizaba (Goodwin, 1953:435). The grison is one of the rarest carnivores that occurs in Veracruz. One of our specimens was shot by a native hunter in a sugar cane field at Potrero Viejo. He recognized the animal as unusual, and brought it to Mr. Dyfrig Forbes, who had it stuflFed for us. The other specimen is a skull-only that was among several dry skulls saved for us by people on the Rio Coatzacoalcos, east of Jesus Car- ranza. This particular lot included skulls of tamandua, agouti, armadillo, opossum, tayra, and coati. The hunter knew that we were anxious to obtain skulls of the tayra, and sold the grison skull to us as a tayra skull. Not until the skull was cleaned in the laboratory was it identified as from a grison. Mephitis macroura Hooded Skunk "Zorrillo" is the vernacular name used for this species and for the hog-nosed skunk throughout Veracruz. The hooded skunk inhabits open areas. We have no evidence of its presence in the jungle. The species is found in the arid pine forest and open desert in the west-central part of the state, and on the arid coastal plain to the east. Howell (1901:42) records a specimen from Orizaba, but the specimen may have come from the highlands to the west, or even from the mountains of that name, rather than from the city. Seemingly hooded skunks are entirely nocturnal. We caught none in traps. On one occasion a skunk was seen at night in a clump of thorny plants, and the area was surrounded with steel traps, baited witli meat. The skunk did not visit the traps. Other meat-baited traps, set where skunks were common, took no skunks. We collected the needed specimens by hunting them at night with headhghts. Their eyes have a greenish glow, as seen in the re- flected light. Hooded skunks from the coastal plain had relatively Httle skunk odor, far less than a striped skunk of equal size from the United Mammals of Veracruz 341 States. Skunks from the higlilands, near Las Vigas, however, had the usual strong skunk odor. In the pine forest area, we found hooded skunks along rock walls, along cercas of maguey, and along the edge of an extensive lava flow. Usually they were in relatively open country, rather than in the pine forest. On the coastal plain they were found in brush, in tall sawgrass meadows, and along fence lines of thorny, yucca- like plants. Near Las Vigas, the skunks were eating grasshoppers and a small purple berry. On the coastal plain, one was found feeding on mangos that had fallen to the ground, and two were feeding on grasshoppers in a recently plowed field. One old male hooded skunk had enlarged testes on January 13, but none of our other specimens showed evidence of breeding. At Las Vigas two young, three-quarters grown, specimens were taken in mid-October. Mephitis macroura eximius Hall and Dalquest Specimens examined. — Total 3: Rio Blanco, 20 km. WNW Piedras Negras, 2; 15 km. W Piedras Negras, 1. Mephitis macroura macroura Lichtenstein Specimens examined.— Total 11: Perote, 1 (U. S. N. M.); Las Vigas, 8500 ft., 6 (2 in U. S. N. M.); Jico, 4 (U. S. N. M.). Additional record. — Orizaba (Hall and Dalquest, 1950:578). Conepatus leuconotus leuconotus (Lichtenstein) Eastern Hog-nosed Skunk Specimens examined. — Total 3: Potrero Llano [= Potrero del Llanol, 350 ft., 1; Rio Blanco, 20 km. WNW Piedras Negras, 300 ft., 2. Additional records. — Near Martinez de la Torre (N of Perote) (Ingles, 1959:405); Rio Alvarado (now known as Rio Papaloapan), type locality. The specimen from northern Veracruz has the color pattern of leuconotus but is larger than leuconotus, with a larger skuU, thus showing intergradation with texensis. Probably the range of this species is continuous along the gulf coast from Veracruz to Browns- ville, Texas, and intergradation probably takes place gradually between the two subspecies. The hog-nosed skunk is called "zorrillo" in Veracruz. Local resi- dents recognize it as being a species different from the hooded skunk but used the same name for both so far as we could deter- mine. The hog-nosed skunk and hooded skunk occur together on the coastal plain. We found this species only at night. It seems to be rather rare in Veracruz. Our three specimens were all found in cornfields. 12—4035 342 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. One of the fields was surrounded by low brushland and the other two by extensive grassy plains. On the plains, scattered thickets of bull-horn acacia and other thorny plants offered cover. The stomachs of all three specimens were filled with remains of insects. A female taken on May 24 was nursing young. Individuals of this species emitted only a little musk when shot. Their musk glands were large and full, as full and large as the glands of a large Mephitis from the United States. Conepatus semistriatus conepati (Gmelin) Striped Hog-nosed Skunk Specimens examined. — Total 7: Motzorongo, 1 (U. S. N. M.); Catemaco, 2 (U. S. N. M.); Perez, 1 (U. S. N. M.); 14 km. SW Coatzacoalcos, 100 ft., 1; 20 km. ENE Jesus Carranza, 200 ft., 1; 35 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 400 ft., 1. Additional record. — Pasa Nueva (Allen, J. A., 1904:36). This skunk, like the other skunks, is called "zorrillo," sometimes modified to "zorrillo que apesta mucho" or "zorrillo pijon." It is a jungle-inhabiting species and although widespread is rare. We hunted in vain for it at Motzorongo, the type locality. In southern Veracruz, we found it to be more common. One was shot there at night, 14 kilometers southwest of Coatzacoalcos, on February 12, 1947, at the base of an isolated tree where the shade of the tree and a few bushes beneath it allowed enough open ground in an extensive area of sawgrass for our hghts to pick out the animal's eyes. They shine bright green. The animal was an adult female, notably fat, and not pregnant. No parasites were noted on it. It had a strong odor, stronger than the odor of any other skunk obtained in Veracruz. Thirty-five kilometers southeast of Jesus Carranza on April 30, 1948, shortly after dawn, we came upon a small opening in the forest where a year or so before a large tree had fallen smashing down others in its fall. The small opening had allowed the wind a longer reach, and other old, rotten trunks had fallen, all inwards. As a result there was a dense tangle of trunks, vines, bushes and grasses about 100 feet in diameter. This type of opening is fairly common in the jungle, and agoutis commonly live in such places. We were not surprised, therefore, when the dogs found an animal's trail. But, the trail, unlike that of an agouti, wound back and forth within the clearing before the dogs bayed at a hole that was under the branches of a windfall at almost the center of the clearing. The dogs had ruined the original entrance and we chopped our way in to the burrow. It was about six inches in diameter and five feet long. The skunk was found at the end, about a foot beneath the surface Mammals of Veracruz 34S of the ground. The animal had the usual skunk odor, but not very strong. It was a male with large testes. Several large black ticks were noted on it. It had no fly larvae, although almost every other mammal taken at this locality had several. Twenty kilometers east-northeast of Jesus Carranza on April 12, 1949, an old male was brought to bay in a burrow in a patch of wild bananas, locally called platano tuno. This variety of banana grows in extensive clumps, but between the clumps the ground is open. The burrow was a simple tube about four feet long and 10 inches beneatli the surface, with an entrance about six inches in diameter. There was no nest. Lutra annectens annectens Major Southern River Otter Specimens examined. — Total 4: 20 km. W Piedras Negras, 300 ft., 1; 20 km. ENE Jesiis Carranza, 200 ft., 1; 35 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 400 ft, 1; 38 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 400 ft., 1. Additional records. — Orizaba (Pohle, 1920:95); Papaloapan (Ingles, 1959: 406). Rio Jamapa, near Huatusco (Sumichrast, 1882:213); Rio Blanco, near Omealca (ibid.). The otter is called "perro de agua" in Veracruz. It is not com- mon, and occurs in the lower, more sluggish parts of the larger rivers. Otters were reported from Puente Nacional, in the Rio Antiguo, at 500 feet elevation. They rarely leave the rivers, al- though on one occasion, 14 kilometers southwest of Coatzacoalcos, 100 feet elevation, we were told that one had strayed into a small stream, no more than six feet across and fully one kilometer from the river. We hurried to the place, but the otter had left. The local people told us that the occurrence of an otter in that stream was not unheard of, but was unusual. Otters in Veracruz are diurnal. They are most active in the gray hght of the very early morning, but may be seen at almost any hour of the day. In literally hundreds of hours of night hunting from a canoe, we saw not a single pair of eyes that we thought were of an otter. On the Rio Blanco, near Piedras Negras, we found otters to be extremely shy, and we got only a few ghmpses of the animals. Gerardo Mazza and his father came upon one large and one smaller otter in the Rio Blanco on June 3, 1946. They shot the larger animal, which sank from sight. The water of the river was greatly discolored from a recent rainstorm in the mountains and, although both men rushed into the river, not waiting to remove their cloth- ing, they were unable to recover the animal. Our only specimen from that locality was shot by a hunter and lacks the skull. 344 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. On April 8, 1948, 35 kilometers southeast of Jesus Carranza I was up on a limestone bluJff, hunting bats, when a large male otter appeared in a deep hole in the river and dived before Chico could shoot. He saw it go into a cave, almost completely under the surface. The mouth of the cave was about 18 inches in diameter. Peering into a large crevice I saw the otter about 15 feet below and as it turned to go over a projecting rock I shot tlie otter in the chest with a load of buckshot. Chico recovered it by diving. We examined many otter scats there. All consisted only of fish bones and scales. One head of a needle gar was seen; it may have been discarded by the otter or may have been part of a scat. The scats and piles of scales were mainly of bobo, zoro and mojarra. One large pile of the suckerhke puespuerco was seen. Two or three seemed to be robalo. No remains of other animals or small fish were seen. The only parasite found on this otter was a large, black tick, un- like any tick that I ever saw before. Field notes for April 30 mention that in the same general area we had seen several otter in the last few days, had lost one that was dead or wounded, and that on April 30 as we were coming through a wide pool of shallow water with a shallow rapid at each end, we obtained another. It was a male, much smaller than the other one, but vidth fine fur. On April 10, 1949, 20 kilometers east-northeast of Jesus Carranza a native hunter shot an adult female containing four large embryos and saved for us the skin and perfect skull. Family Felidae Felis onca veraecrucis Nelson and Goldman Jaguar Specimens examined. — Total 8: San Juan de los Reyes, 1 ( U. S. N. M. ) ; San Andres Tuxtla, 1 (U. S. N. M., type); P6rez, 1 (U. S. N. M.); 20 km. ENE Jesus Carranza, 200 ft., 2; 20 km. E Jesus Carranza, 300 ft., 3. Additional records. — "Norte de Veracruz" (Ingles, 1959:406); Orizaba (Nelson and Goldman, 1933:237); Achotal (Elliot, 1907:38). The jaguar is known as "tigre" or "tigre real," in Veracruz. Tlie term tigre is used in a rather general sense, however, and may refer to any of the cats. The jaguar is much hunted in Veracruz. It has been almost ex- tirpated in the heavily populated central part of the state. In the tick-infested, thorny brushlands of northern Veracruz, especially near the gulf, we were told that the jaguar was fairly common. We Mammals of Veracruz 345 saw no signs of jaguars there, however, nor were skins offered for sale. In the south it is common, and in the uninhabited area south of the isthmus, it is about as abundant as the game supply will allow. The jaguar is largely nocturnal in the areas that are most inhabited by man. At our base on the Rio Coatzacoalcos, 20 kilometers east of Jesus Carranza, jaguars were entirely nocturnal. None was seen by day, but tracks from the night before were often seen. It is noteworthy that the Virginia deer, Odocoileus virginianus, was com- mon there and probably was the principal source of food, although we found no deer killed by jaguars. This deer is nocturnal. In the uninhabited jungles to the south, there are no deer. Instead the brocket and peccary are common, and these are diurnal species. In this area we twice saw jaguars in the daytime. The stomach of one jaguar taken in the daytime was empty. Jaguar scats examined along the rivers of southern Veracruz were made up of the hair of collared peccary and one was made up of agouti. One fresh jaguar- kill was found 35 kilometers southeast of Jesus Carranza. It was an adult male brocket, and we judged that it had been killed in the late afternoon of the preceding day. Judging from the sign, the brocket had come to the river on a narrow trail, through an area of sawgrass about 50 yards wide. The jaguar had caught the brocket about 15 feet from the river. Only the abdomen and one flank were torn. The viscera and part of the brisket were eaten. There were no marks on the head, neck or shoulders. The jaguar must have hit the brocket from behind and on one side, killing it with a bite in the chest or abdomen. The skull of the brocket was saved. It is said that hunters have been mauled, even killed, by jaguars. Jaguars occasionally do considerable damage to livestock, especially cattle. Such damage is usually traceable to an individual jaguar. While we were at our base on the Rio Coatzacoalcos, jaguar tracks were seen almost every day in the jungle a mile south of the house. There were more than 100 catde in the area between the house and the jungle. Yet no livestock was damaged by jaguars there in the several months of our stay that was divided between three different years. Jaguar skins are sold for about 50 pesos, and find a ready market. One jaguar was examined for ectoparasites, but none was found. Felis concolor mayensis Nelson and Goldman Mountain Lion Specimens examined. — Total 4: Catemaco, 2 (U. S. N. M.); 20 km. ENE Jesus Carranza, 200 ft., 2. 346 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Felis pardalis pardalis Linnaeus Ocelot Specimens examined. — Total 12: Catemaco, 3 (U. S. N. M.); Perez, 5 (U. S. N. M.); Tierra Blanca, 1; 15 km. SW Jimba, 750 ft., 1; 14 mi. S Acayu- can, 1; 20 km, E Jesus Carranza, 300 ft., 1. Additional records. — Mirador (Goldman, 1943:377); Jalapa (Ferrari-Perez, 1886:128 may be F. pardalis or F. tuiedii). The ocelot is often termed "tigre" in Veracruz but more correctly is called "tigrillo." Ocelots are fairly common in the forest and jungles of the tropical parts of the state, but are seldom in evidence. In southern Veracruz they seem to be diurnal and solitaiy. Never did we shine the eyes of an ocelot vi^hen hunting at night. It is suggestive that the only stomach of an ocelot examined contained the remains of an agouti. The agouti, in southern Veracruz, is diurnal. The ocelot mentioned was an adult female. It was not fat, and had a single embryo 37.5 millimeters in length on April 22. It had a few of the common field ticks, called conchuelas. Our dogs refused to trail ocelots, or other cats. The few specimens obtained were received from native hunters. Ocelot skins had a ready sale, and usually brought about eight pesos. Felis wiedii oaxacensis Nelson and Goldman Margay Specimen examined. — Cordoba, 1 (A. M. N. H. ). Additional record. — Alvarado, tj'pe locality of Felix mexicana Saussure (1860:4) that currently is regarded as indistinguishable from Felis wiedii oaxacensis. Saussure's name is unavailable for use, being preoccupied by Felis mexicana Desmarest 1814. Felis yagouaroundi Jaguarundi This cat is called "onca" throughout Veracruz. On a few occa- sions we heard it called "tigre" or "tigrillo," but these names are usually restricted to the larger, spotted cats. We saw but three individuals. At Jimba, 350 feet elevation, one leaped from the cover of dense brush to the center of a railroad embankment, where it paused for a moment, and then leaped to the dense cover on the other side of the tracks. We were unable to shoot it, because a small boy was in the line of fire. On March 16, 1947, 35 kilometers east-northeast of Jesus Carranza a jaguarundi cat made a raid on the chickens at the house in which we were Hving. Dogs were put on the animal's trail, and although we twice got long-range shots at the animal, when it crossed a meadow, we Mammals of Veracruz 347 failed to get it. The dogs lost it, after trailing it for an hour. On the Rio Chalchijapa, southeast of Jesiis Carranza, a jaguarundi cat was seen drinking from the river, at the edge of a sand bar. The animal was crouched, and to us, closely resembled a large weasel. The jaguarundi is a highly specialized cursorial cat. We have discovered from natives that birds form its principal diet. All of our specimens were shot by natives, while the cats were raiding chickens. Usually, after catching a chicken in a quick dash, the cat stops to kill and eat it. There are many ground-living species of birds in the jungles where this cat is found, such as meadowlarks, tinamous of several kinds, quail of two species, currasows, guans, ant thrushes, and numerous others. Skins of jaguarundi cats have litde value, and are often ojGFered for sale for a few pesos in shoe stores. Felis yagouaroundi cacomitli Berlandier Specimens examined. — Mirador, 2 (U. S. N. M.). Felis yagouaroundi fossata Meams Specimens examined. — Total 6: Rio Blanco, 20 km. WNW Piedras Negras, 300 ft., 1; 15 km. SW Jimba, 750 ft., 1; Perez, 1 (U. S, N. M.); 20 km. ENE Jesus Carranza, 200 ft., 1; 20 km. E Jesus Carranza, 300 ft., 2. Lynx rufus escuinapae J. A. Allen Bobcat Specimen examined. — One from 3 km. W Limon, 7500 ft. The bobcat is called "gato montez" in Veracruz. It is well known on the Perote Desert and in the pine forest area near Las Vigas. Our only specimen was taken on a sandy desert flat, a kilometer in diameter, three kilometers west of Limon, 7500 feet elevation, on September 29, 1948, about t^vo hours after dark. The land is cov- ered by fine, wind-drifted sand that supports some maguey and cactus, and a few scattered juniper trees. There is one large corn- field and several bean fields on the sand flat. The bobcat was probably hunting for mice at the edge of one of the bean fields. The specimen was shot when its eyes were seen in the reflected beam of a hunting light. It is an adult female that was still nursing young. No ectoparasites were noted on it. The specimen was skinned at the town of Perote, where several persons requested the meat. At Las Vigas we were told that bobcats were fairly common near town. One man brought in an old skin, stuffed with ashes, for sale. The animal was said to have been killed in the lava flow east of Las Vigas the year before. 348 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Order Sibenia Family Trichechidae Trichechus manatus lalirostris (Harlan) Manatee Specimen examined. — Alvarado, 1. Additional records (Ingles, 1959:408, on testimony of natives). — Nautla; Coatzacoalcos; Rio Papaloapan. Manatees are reported at the mouths of the larger rivers in Vera- cruz. They are not common, and we never saw one alive. Fisher- men at Alvarado reported that the manatees were once fairly com- mon in the Bay of Alvarado, but were now scarce. Only about ten were taken in a year at the Port of Alvarado, although no specific hunting for them is carried on. Specimens, especially small indi- viduals, are taken occasionally in fish nets. One fisherman was com- missioned to obtain a skull for us, and after some two months, did so. The manatee is known as both "manati" and "malachin" in Veracruz. Order Perissodactyla Family Tapiridae Tapirus bairdii (Gill) Baird's Tapir Specimens examined. — Total 5: Buena Vista, 1 (U. S. N. M.); 20 km. ENE Jesus Carranza, 200 ft., 1; Arroyo Azul, 20 km. E, 8 km. S Jesus Carranza, 1; 32 km. ESE Jesus Carranza, 350 ft., 1; 60 km. SE Jesiis Carranza, 450 ft., 1. The tapir is called "anteburro" over most of Veracruz, though the names "tapir" (Spanish pronunciation) and "elefante" are also, though rarely, used. Tapirs are still common in southern Veracruz. They are most abundant in the dense jungles on rolling hills and relatively level land, at fairly low elevations. However, they were found in the rough hills, among the limestone cliflis, and even where the jungle was of almost alpine aspect, though still at low elevations. Near human habitations, tapirs become extremely shy. However, they are able to persist even near towns. In one area, where we hunted almost every day and saw tracks of tapirs daily, the local people had rarely seen the animal. One of the best hunters had seen but two tapirs in the area. On one occasion, we found the tracks of a tapir within two kilometers of Jesus Carranza, and from the locality where the tracks were found we could plainly hear the railroad trains and switch engines. Mammals of Veracruz 349 The tapir seems to be both nocturnal and diurnal. Near human habitations it probably feeds at night. On one occasion, while we were hunting from a canoe at night, a large animal was heard moving about in an area of sawgrass near the river. No reflection of eyes could be seen in the beam of our hunting light. A few moments later a rather mournful scream was heard. My native companion imitated the call, though he had never heard it before. A few moments later a large tapir came to the river bank. At close range its eyes had a dull white glow. My companion said that it was calling for its calf, which had probably been eaten by a jaguar. We heard this call repeated thiough most of the night. This was the only occasion on which we saw a tapir at night. Although usually found near water, the tapir is found far from water if other conditions are favorable. In the Rincon area, west of Jimba, we saw numerous tapir trails several kilometers from water. Probably these localities have numerous water holes over most of the year, but in the last two months of the dry season, this is not true. In and along the rivers of the uninhabited areas of extreme south- ern Veracruz, we saw tapirs almost daily. Most were in the water of the rivers. They were skillful swimmers. Usually they lay with only their heads exposed above the surface, and probably remained motionless in the water for long periods in the heat of the day. When approached, they swam off, with only the head showing above the surface. They swam swiftly and smoothly. If frightened, they dive from sight beneath the surface, as skillfully as a muskrat, and remain beneath the surface for a considerable time. On land, the tapir looks clumsy. The legs seem too close together. The long neck is held upright, and the large head with the trunk all combine to give the animal a surprisingly giraffelike appearance. The tapir is a powerful animal, as may be determined from its trails. It pushes through sawgrass, brush, vines, and other vegeta- tion like an army tank, giving way only to trees. On one occasion, a tapir was frightened in a small arroyo and fled through the thorny bamboo, called jimba in Veracruz. This plant grows in dense patches, sometimes acres in extent. It is about 12 feet high, and each stalk is about three inches in diameter at the base, and as strong as most bamboo. At each joint there are three or four long, strong, hooked thorns. This plant is almost impenetrable for man, and all other mammals save the tapir. The animal mentioned crashed off through the jimba, tearing a trail through the tough growth as easily as a man might through tall grass. Natives told us that, occasionally, 350 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. a tapir in its mad flight from danger, overruns a man and kills him. We were told that a female defending its young will try to trample an enemy. About noon on May 25, 1948, at a place 32 kilometers east-south- east of Jesus Carranza, we were traveling up the river ( Solosuchil ) in a dugout when a motionless tapir was seen. It was in the water, about four feet deep, and 10 feet from shore. Only the head and neck were above water. When the canoe was about 20 feet distant, the tapir lunged to its feet. Angel fired a load of buckshot into the middle of its back. I hit it in the shoulder with a .22 slug. It dived completely under water and vanished. About two minutes later it appeared near shore about 50 feet upsti-eam. Chico shot it with a load of buckshot, but it lunged to shore. I shot it in the neck with the .22, and it slumped. A total of 14 buckshot had hit it in the neck and shoulders and back. All had glanced off, after gouging small holes. My first shot had also glanced from the shoulder but entered the mandible, and lodged there. My second shot had entered the spinal column between the third and fourth vertebrae, killing the animal. It might have weighed 500 pounds. We rolled and pried it to shore and high enough for a picture. The animal, a non-preg- nant female, had a few conchuelas (ticks) on the eyehds and ears, but about 100 large garrapatas ( ticks ) on the breast, abdomen, and medial side of the upper part of each foreleg. The skin of the back, neck and shoulders was more than one half inch thick. Probably only the jaguar is an enemy of the tapir. We doubt that a jaguar ordinarily could kill a full-growni tapir. One of our hunters told of seeing a large tapir standing in the river, with blood pouring from many deep scratches in its face and neck. This animal was too sick to move, and allowed him to approach within a few feet in his canoe, without moving. When he returned an hour later, the animal was gone. The tapir has little economic value. We never heard of a tapir disturbing crops. The hide is so thick as to be worth- less. The flesh is rank and red, resembling horsemeat. It is often eaten, but is considered poor food. Tapirs are often killed by na- tives, seemingly for no particular reason. Order Abtiodactyla Family Tayassuidae Tayassu tajacu crassus Merriam Collared Peccary Specimens examined. — Total 9: Potrero Llano [= Potrero del Llano], 350 ft., 2; 22 km. ESE Jesus Carranza, 300 ft., 2; 32 km. ESE Jesus Carranza, 350 Mammals of Veracruz 351 ft., 1; 20 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 200 ft., 1; 25 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 250 ft., 1; 30 km. SSE Jesus Carranza, 300 ft., 2. Additional record — Pasa Nueva (Allen, 1904:30). The collared peccary, called "javalin" or "javalina" in Veracruz, usually travels in bands of from five to ten individuals. It is piglike in its actions, rooting about in the leaves, and constantly hunting for food. Fallen fruit from the jungle trees probably furnishes most of its food. Corn from the natives' fields is also eagerly eaten and a band of peccaries can completely ruin a milpa in a few days. The presence of a band of peccaries can often be detected by the chomping and clicking of the animals' tusks. When frightened they move off at a sharp trot, and their small hoofs make a distinct clicking noise, even on the soft floor of the jungle. When much frightened they make a dash for deep cover with surprising speed. At times they begin a dash with a few leaps of several yards. They are swift run- ners, and in dense cover can outdistance a pack of dogs in a short time. In one particular coyoi palm jungle, where the undercover was thick and thorny, our dogs chased a pack of javalinas almost daily, but we never came up with the animals. Ordinarily a hunter without dogs comes upon a band of these peccaries unexpectedly. Sometimes he is forewarned by hearing the clicking of tusks, or, if the wind is in the right direction, by the un- mistakable stiong odor of peccary. If not so warned, and he comes close to the animals, there is a loud snort, and there is a trotting noise as some of the animals flee. Usually, however, one animal is left, standing motionless, and looking like a small black ball on legs, with each hair standing upright. We believe that the females ordi- narily run and leave the males on guard, for every one of our speci- mens of peccaries is a male. Two of our specimens were taken in brush and vines at the edge of an isolated corn patch. The stomachs of these animals were filled with chunks of corn cobs. No attempt had been made to chew the corn from the cobs. One peccary was taken in a dense clump of wild bananas. The others were taken in deep jungle. We were surprised that our native companions considered this species of peccary to be a somewhat fossorial animal. They spoke of running peccaries into their holes, and occasionally looked into holes in the ground for peccaries. In the spring of 1949, however, an old boar peccary did run into a large hole in the ground, where it was shot. A few days later one of our assistants, returning from a hunt, called that he had found a peccary's burrow, and to bring machetes. We found him at the edge of a smaU cut-bank in the 352 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. forest, making a series of growling and barking noises. There was a burrow in the bank, about two feet in diameter. The man had been returning to camp, when he had walked over the burrow. The loud clicks from a peccary in the hole below him had given the first evidence of the presence of the animal. Because of sloppy work by the collectors, this animal was allowed to escape from its hole, and it severely wounded a dog before being killed. It was proven, how- ever, that the collared peccaiy in Veracruz does not only take refuge in a burrow in the ground when in danger, but actually spends some time in the burrow, perhaps sleeping there. Our specimens from southern Veracruz were almost covered with ticks. On some individuals there were hundreds, large, medium and small. The fewest ticks recorded from any specimen numbered 50. The collared peccary has a strong musky odor, emanating from a large gland along the mid-dorsal line of the rump, immediately under the skin. The musk gland of one individual measured 75 milli- meters long by 35 millimeters wide. The flesh of some animals is so strongly saturated vdth this odor as to be scarcely edible, but if care is used in skinning the animal little or no musky odor can be detected on the flesh. We found the flesh to be porklike, and never fat. The flesh of the peccary is in demand for food in the native villages and sells for about three pesos per kilogram. On the hides the bristlemarks are distinct and the leather makes a good grade of pigskin. Large skins bring the native hunters about three pesos each. Tayassu peeari ringens Merriam White-lipped Peccary Specimens examined. — Total 7: 20 km. ENE Jesus Carranza, 3; 20 km. E Jesus Carranza, 300 ft., 1; Arroyo Saoso, 37 km. E, 3 km. S Jesus Carranza, 3. The white-lipped peccary is called "marina" in Veracruz. It is found only in the extreme southern parts of the state: The Tuxtla Mountains, the Rincon area, and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Our specimens of this species were all obtained from native hunt- ers, after we offered suitable rewards for specimens. On several occasions we followed small bands of this species in the jungle, but failed to come up with them. The white-lipped peccary is more social than the collared peccary. Bands of 50 or more animals were reported to us, but the largest band followed by us, to judge from the tracks, numbered about 25. The smallest band followed numbered about 12. We were told that the odor of this species is like the odor of the collared species, and Mammals of Veracruz 353 that white-lipped peccaries chomp and click their tusks in the same way and call like pigs, though what this call might be, we do not know. Hunters often bag a number of animals from a band; on one occasion about eight were obtained. These animals seem to be rather local in their distribution, abundant in some relatively small areas, and absent over great areas of seemingly similar habitat. They are dangerous when wounded, and in the Rio Coatzacoalcos area, hunters have been killed by them. Family Cervidae Odocoileus virginianus White-tailed Deer According to the Rules of Zoological Nomenclature, Dama Zunmennann 1780 is the correct generic name but the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature recommends (Opinion 581 of September 16, 1960) the use of Odocoiletis. The whitetail is called "venado" throughout Veracruz. It is much hunted, but is still fairly common in some places. In areas where the human population is dense, it has been completely exterminated, for example on the coastal plain near Veracruz. The habits of this species are much like those of the whitetail of the United States, but modified somewhat to the tropical habitat. It is not found in the jungle or deep forest, but lives in the brush and thickets of the coastal plain, and near the flood plains of rivers in the southern part of the state. We studied and collected deer on the Rio Coatzacoalcos, east of Jesus Carranza. Except at one locality, the deer were confined to the large areas of grassland, called saca- tales, on the flood plains of the big river. Farther up the river, and on tributary rivers, where the jungle came down to the banks, there were no deer. We v/ere told, however, that deer did occur at the mouth of one arroyo on the Rio Solosuchil, called Arroyo de Zouza. Many persons had seen their tracks, but none of the jungle people had ever seen a deer there. We stopped at the mouth of this arroyo, which has a broad, marshy delta and a deep, thicket-filled valley, and found the unmistakable tracks of a large whitetail buck. Seem- ingly there is a small colony of deer at this locality, isolated by a large extent of jungle. Along the Rio Coatzacoalcos, the whitetail is nocturnal. A few were seen in the early mornings, or late afternoons, on dark, rainy days. Ordinarily they spend the day in dense thickets of wild 354 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. bananas or in the dense coyol palm jungle at the edge of the grass fields. They are usually solitary, although on occasions we saw two, three or foiu* together. Over most of Veracruz, this deer is hunted with dogs in the day- time or with hunting Hghts at night. The whitetail is said to be preyed upon by the jaguar. Specimens taken by us were heavily parasitized by ticks. The antlers of a specimen taken in March, and another taken in April, were in the velvet stage. In 1948 in manuscript Dalquest summarized results of his study of available specimens as follows: "Goldman and Kellogg (1940:89) described a subspecies of deer from northern Veracruz as new, under the name [O. v.] veraecrucis. They stated that this subspecies intergraded with the subspecies [O. v.] thomasi to the south. In the same paper they mention that the deer of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec are [O. v.] thomasi. Although no ranges or lists of specimens examined are included in the paper, it would seem that the authors would re- strict the name toltecus to [deer of] the high parts of central Veracruz, and perhaps to the area farther westward. "The type locality of [O. o.] toltecus is in the tropics, at Orizaba. Specimens, presumably of toltecus, have been examined from Mirador, Veracruz. I can see no essential differences between them and the specimens from Chijol, the type locality of veraecrucis. On geographic grounds I would not expect any difference between the two. "Specimens from extreme southern Veracruz are smaller and more reddish thus agreeing with thomasi. They agree with specimens from the coastal plain of Veracruz. In this area I examined numerous skins of deer taken by hunters from the coastal plain as well as from the Istlimus area. Variation in color is great, although the average is rather bright red. Deer from both areas are small. "In the Tuxtla Mountains I saw whitetails that were much larger than any deer observed on the coastal plain or the Isthmus. "Possibly five minor geographic variants ought to be recognized in Veracruz, although specimens supporting such an arrangement are not available. The variants would be from northern Veracruz {veraecrucis), the uplands of central Veracruz {toltecus), the coastal plains (unnamed variant), the Tux-tla Moun- tains (urmamed variant) and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec {thomasi). "The recognition of any of them, on the basis of the scanty material available, and considering the individual variation to be found in this species, seems hazardous." Odocoileus virginianus thomasi Merriam Record. — Catemaco (Miller and Kellogg, 1955:807). Odocoileus virginianus toltecus (Saussure) Specimens examined. — Total 13: Mirador, 4 (U. S. N. M.); Buena Vista, 4 (U. S. N. M.); 35 km. ENE Jesus Carranza, 150 ft., 1; 20 km. ENE Jesus Car- ranza, 200 ft., 3; 20 km. E Jesus Carranza, 300 ft., 1. Additional records. — Near Orizaba (Saussure, 1860:247); Pasa Nueva (J. A. AUen, 1904:30). Mammals of Veraoruz 355 Odocoileus virginianus veraecnicis Goldman and Kellogg Specimens examined. — Total 3: Chijol, 2 (U. S. N. M.); Potrero Llano [= Potrero del Llano], 350 ft., 1. Additional record. — Near port of Veracruz (Miller and Kellogg, 1955:806). Mazama americana temama (Kerr) Red Brocket Specimens examined. — Total 13: Potrero Llano [= Potrero del Llano], 350 ft., 1; 3 km. SW San Marcos, 200 ft., 1; Mirador, 5 (U. S. N. M.); Catemaco, 2 (U. S. N. M.); Arroyo Saoso, 37 km. E, 7 km. S Jesiis Carranza, 2; 35 km. SE Jesus Carranza, 400 ft., 1; 30 km. SSE Jesiis Carranza, 300 ft., 1. The brocket is called "temazate" in Veracruz. Seemingly it is never confused with the whitetail, or "venado." The brocket lives in the deep forest and jungle. It is shy, and quick to sneak away at the least alarm. Often it moves oflF a short distance and stands motionless, invisible in the gloom and reddish shades of the jungle floor. When chased by dogs it runs to dense thickets in the arroyos, where it winds about until the dogs are exhausted and give up the chase. Brockets seem to have small individual ranges. Those chased by our dogs usually circled about in an area of a kilometer or so in diameter. Brockets are principally diurnal. One was seen at night, but the others seen by us were active in the daytime. Several were seen as they came to drink at the edges of rivers. One of these was at a level sand bar, but three or four others had chosen steeply sloping banks. In the hills of central Veracruz, the brocket is still to be found, although it is scarce because of excessive hunting. At Mirador, the type locality of Mazama sartorii (now arranged as a synonym of M. a. temama), the brocket seems to have been extirpated. Mr. Walter Sartorius showed us a collection of antlers of deer and brocket from the area around Mirador but said that no brocket had been seen there for many years. It was the grandfather of Walter Sartorius after whom the species Mazama sartorii was named in 1860 by Saussure. In northern Veracruz, the brocket was said to be common in deep jungles, but we did not investigate. One skin was sold to us by a native hunter. In extreme southern Veracruz, the brocket is abundant. Brockets are solitary animals. We never saw more than one at a time, nor did we see tracks of more than one animal in a place. One of the strangest things about this species is the scarcity of females. All of our specimens are males and we saw no females 356 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. in Veracruz. Of the seven specimens in the United States National Museum from Veracruz, one is a female, and it is very young. Native hunters told us that females were rare. Concerning a specimen taken three kilometers southwest of San Marcos in central Veracruz, on November 1, 1947, I wrote in my field notes as follows: "While walking along the bed of an arroyo today, in deep jungle, I heard a rock roll on the hillside above me. The slope was about 30°, and the hill was surprisingly open. The ground had seemingly recently slid, and since become covered with a dense mat of moming-glorylike vine. A male brocket was feeding on the hill. . . . The specimen was fat and in perfect health. The coat is fine, and deep, rich red in color. The horns are small, but sharp and gnarled. Its testes measured 38 mm. in length. It had no ectoparasites that we could find. The hoof-glands were of a dark olive-brown color. ... I estimated its weight at 35 pounds." An adult male shot in a dense tangle of wild banana and thorny bamboo in southern Veracruz was older than the specimen taken near San Marcos and had numerous small and medium-sized ticks, as well as hundreds of deer lice. Flesh of the brocket tastes much like that of the whitetail and perhaps is even superior. It brings a good price in the native vil- lages. The skins are too small and thin to provide good leather, and so have no commercial value, although a few are sold as trophies. Because brockets live in the deep forest and jungles, they do not come into contact witli the crops of the natives. One brocket that had been killed by a jaguar was found (see account of the jaguar). LITERATURE CITED Allen, G. M. 1916. A third species of Chilonycteris from Cuba. Proc. New England Zool. Club, 6:1-7, 1 pi, February 8. 1927. The range of Chiroderma isthmicum Miller. Jour. Mamni., 8:158, May 11. 1942. Hylonycteris underwoodi in Mexico. Jour. Mamm., 23:97, Feb- ruary 16. Allen, H. 1866. 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Small carnivores from San Josecito Cave (Pleistocene), Nuevo Leon, Mexico. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 531-538, 1 figure in text. January 14, 1960. 21. Pleistocene pocket gophers from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. By Robert J. Russell. Pp. 539-548, 1 figure in text. January 14, 1960. 22. Review of the insectivores of Korea. By J. Knox Jones, Jr., and David H. Johnson. Pp. 549-578. Febraary 23, 1960. 23. Speciation and evolution of the pygmy mice, genus Baimoys, By Robert L. Packard. Pp. 579-670, 4 plates, 12 figures in text. June 16, 1960. Index. Pp. 671-690 VoL 10. 1. Studies of birds killed in noctiunal migration. Bv Harrison B. TordoflF and Robert M. Mengel. Pp. 1-44, 6 figures in text, 2 tables. September 12, 1956. 2. Comparative breeding behavior of Ammospiza caudacuta and A. maritima. By Glen E. Woolfenden. Pp. 45-75, 6 plates, 1 figure. December 20, 1956. 3. The forest habitat of the University of Kansas Natvu-al History Reservation. By Henry S. Fitch and Ronald R. McGregor. Pp. 77-127, 2 plates, 7 figures in text, 4 tables. December 31, 1956. 4. Aspects of reproduction and development in the prairie vole (Microtus ochro- gaster). By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 129-161, 8 figures in text, 4 tables. Decem- ber 19, 1957. 5. Birds found on the Arctic slope of northern Alaska. By James W. Bee. Pp. 163-211, plates 9-10, 1 figure in text. March 12, 1958. *6. The wood rats of Colorado: distribution and ecology. By Robert B. Finlev, Jr. Pp. 213-552, 34 plates, 8 figures in text, 35 tables. November 7, 1958. 7. Home ranges and movements of the eastern cottontail in Kansas. By Donald W. Janes. Pp. 553-572, 4 plates, 3 figures in text. May 4, 1959. 8. Natural history of the salamander, Aneides hardyi. By Richard F. Johnston and Gerhard A. Schad. Pp. 573-585. October 8, 1959. 9. A new subspecies of lizard, Cnemidophorus sacld, from Michoacan, Mexico. By William E. Duellman. Pp. 587-598, 2 figures in tex-t. May 2, 1960. 10. A taxonomic study of the middle American snake, Pituophis deppei. By William E. Duelbnan. Pp. 599-610, 1 plate, 1 figure in text. May 2, 1960. Index. Pp. 611-626. Vol. 11. Nos. 1-10 and index. Pp. 1-703, 1958-1960. Vol. 12. 1. Functional morphology' of three bats: Sumops, Myotis, Macrotus. By Terry A. Vaughan. Pp. 1-153, 4 plates, 24 figures in text. July 8, 1959. *2. The ancestry of modem Amphibia: a review of the evidence. By Theodore H. Eaton, Jr. Pp. 155-180, 10 figures in text. July 10, 1959. 3. The baculum in microtine rodents. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 181-216, 49 figures in text. February 19, 1960. 4. A new order of fishlike Amphibia from the Pennsylvanian of Kansas. By Theodore H. Eaton, Jr., and Peggy Lou Stewart. Pp. 217-240, 12 figures in text. May 2, 1960. 5. Natural history of the beU vireo. By Jon C. Barlow. Pp. 241-296, 6 figures in text. March 7, 1962. 6. Two new pelycosaiu-s from the lower Permian of Oklahoma. By Richard C. Fox. Pp. 297-307, 6 figures in text. May 21, 1962. 7. Vertebrates from the barrier island of Tamaulipas, Mexico. By Robert K. Selander, Richard F. Johnston, B. J. Wilks, and Gerald G. Raun. Pp. 309- 345, pis. 5-8. June 18, 1962. 8. Teeth of Edestid sharks. By Theodore H. Eaton, Jr. Pp. 347-362, 10 fig- rures in text. October 1, 1962. More numbers wiU appear in volume 12. Vol. 13. 1. Five nattual hybrid combinations in minnows ( Cyprinidae ) . By Frank B. Cross and W. L. Minckley. Pp. 1-18. June 1, 1960. 2. A distributional study of the amphibians of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico. By William E. Duellman. Pp. 19-72, pis. 1-8, 3 figures in text. August 16, 1960. . , ^ , ,. 3. A new subspecies of the slider tiutle (Pseudemys scripta) from Coahulia, Mexico. By John M. Legler. Pp. 73-84, pis. 9-12, 3 figures in text. August 16, 1960. 4. Autecology of the copperhead. By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 85-288, pis. 13-20, 26 figures in text. November 30, 1960. 5. Occurrence of the garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis, in the Great Plams and Rocky Mountains. By Henry S. Fitch and T. Paul Maslin. Pp. 289-308, 4 figures in text. February 10, 1961. •■ . . t 6. Fishes of the Wakarusa river in Kansas. By James E. Deacon and Artie L. Metcalf. Pp. 309-322, 1 figure in text. February 10, 1961. 7. Geographic variation in the North American cyprinid fish, Hybopsis graciUs. By Leonard J. Olund and Frank B. Cross. Pp. 323-348, pis. 21-24, 2 figures ' in text. February 10, 1961. ( Continued on outside of back cover ) ( Continued from inside of back cover ) 8. Decriptions of two species of frogs, genus Ptychohyla; studies of Ameri- can hylid frogs, V. By William E. Duellman. Pp. 849-357, pi. 25, 2 figures in text. April 27, 1961. 9. Fish populations, following a drought, in the Neosho and Marais des Cygnes rivers of Kansas. By James Everett Deacon. Pp. 359-427, pis. 26-30, 3 figs. ' August 11, 1961. 10. Recent soit-shelled turtles of North America (family Trionychidae ) . By Robert G. Webb. Pp. 429-611, pis. 31-54, 24 figures in text. February 16, 1962. Index. Pp. 613-624. Vol. 14. 1. Neotropical bats from v/estern Mexico. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 1-8. October 24, 1960. 2. Geographic variation in the harvest mouse. Reithrodontomys megalotis, on the central Great Plains and in adjacent regions. By J. Knox Jones, Jr., and B. Mursaloglu. Pp. 9-27, 1 figure in text. July 24, 1961. 3. Mammals of Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 29-67, pis. 1 and 2, 3 figures in text. July 24, 1961. 4. A new subspecies of the black myotis (bat) from eastern Mexico. By E. Raymond HaU anad Ticul Alvarez. Pp. 69-72, 1 figure in text. December 29, 1961. 5. North American yellow bats, "Dasypterus," and a list of the named kinds of the genus Lasimrus Gray. By "E. Raymond HaU and J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 73-98, 4 figures in text. December 29, 1961. 6. Natural history of the brush mouse (Peromyscus boylii) in Kansas with description of a new subspecies. By Charles A. Long. Pp. 99-111, 1 figure in text. December 29, 1961. 7. Taxonomic status of some mice of the Peromyscus boylii group iii eastern Mexico, with description of a new subspecies. By Ticul Alvarez. Pp. 113- 120, 1 figure in text. December 29, 1961. 8. A new subspecies of ground squirrel ( Spermophilus spilosoma) from Ta- maulipas, Mexico. By Ticul Alvarez. Pp. 121-124. March 7, 1962. 9. Taxonomic status of the free-tailed bat, Tadarida yucatanica Miller. By J. Knox Jones, Jr., and Ticul Alvarez. Pp. 125-133, 1 figvue in text. March 7, 1962. 10. A new doglike carnivore, genus Cynaretus, from the Clarendonian Pliocene, of Texas. By E. Raymond Hall and Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 135-138, 2 figures in text. April 30, 1962. 11. A new subspecies of wood rat (Neotoma) from northeastern Mexico. By Ticul Alvarez. Pp. 139-143. April 30, 1962. 12. Noteworthy mammals from Sinaloa, Mexico. By J. Knox Jones, Jr., Ticul Alvarez, and M. Raymond Lee. Pp. 145-159, 1 figure in text. May 18, 1962. 13. A new bat (Myotis) from Mexico. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 161-164, 1 figure in text. May 21, 1962. 14. The mammals of Veracruz. By E. Raymond HaU anad Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 165-362, 2 figures. May 20, 1963. More numbers will appear in volume 14. Vol. 15. 1. The amphibians and reptiles of Michoacan, Mexico. By William E. DueU- man. Pp. 1-148, pis. 1-6, 11 figures in text. December 20, 1961. 2. Some reptiles and amphibians from Korea. By Robert G. Webb, J. Knox Jones, Jr., and George W. Byers. Pp. 149-173. January 31, 1962. S. A new species of frog (Genus Tomodactylus ) from western Mexico. By Robert G. Webb. Pp. 175-181, 1 figure in text. March 7, 1962. 4. Type specimens of amphibians and reptiles in the Museum of Natural His- tory, the University of Kansas. By William E. Duelhnan and Barbara Berg. Pp. 183-204. October 26, 1962. More numbers wiU appear in volume 15. University of Kansas Publicat,^ons Museum of Natural History il Volume 14, No. 15, pp. 383-473,/5 figs.' May 20, 1963 — The Recent Mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico BY TICUL ALVAREZ University of Kansas Lam^rence ' 1963 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Institutional libraries interested in publications exchange may obtain this series by addressing the Exchange Librarian, University of Kansas Library, Lawrence, Kansas. Copies for individuals, persons working in a particular field of study, may be obtained by addressing instead the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. There is no provision for sale of this series by the University Library, which meets institutional requests, or by the Museum of Natural History, which meets the requests of individuals. However, when individuals request copies from the Museum, 25 cents should be included, for each separate number tliat is 100 pages or more in length, for the pyrpose of defraying the costs of wrapping and mailing. * An asterisk designates those numbers of which the Museum's supply (not the Library's supply) is exhausted. Numbers published to date, in ihis series, are as follows: Vol. 1. Nos. 1-26 and index. Pp. 1-638, 1946-1950. *Vol. 2. (Complete) Mammals of Waslaington. By Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 1-444, 140 figures in text. April 9, 1948. Vol. 3. *1. The avifauna of Micronesia, its origin, evolution, and distribution. By Rol- lin H. Baker. Pp. 1-359, 16 figures in text. June 12, 1951. *2. A quantitative study or the nocturnal migration of birds. By George H. Lowery, Jr. Pp. 361-472, 47 figures in text. June 29, 1951. 3. Phylogeny of the wax\vings and allied birds. By M. Dale Arvey. Pp. 473- 530, 49 figures in text, 13 tables. October 10, 1951. 4. Birds from the state of Veracruz, Mexico. By George H. Lowery, Jr., and Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 531-649, 7 figures in text, 2 tables. October 10, 1951. Index. Pp. 651-681. , *Vol. 4. (Complete) American weasels. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 1-466, 41 plates, 31 figures in text. December 27, 1951. Vol. 5. Nos. 1-37 and index. Pp. 1-676, 1951-1953. *Vol. 6. (Complete) Mammals of Utah, taxonomy and distribution. By Stephen D. Durrant. Pp. 1-549, 91 figures in text, 30 tables. August 10, 1952. Vol. 7. Nos. 1-15 and index. Pp. 1-651, 1952-1955. Vol. 8. Nos. 1-10 and index. Pp. 1-675, 1954-1956. Vol. 9. 1. Speciation of the vvandering shrew. By James S. Findley. Pp. 1-68, 18 figures in text. December 10, 1955. 2. Additional records and extension of ranges of mammals from Utah. By Stephen D. Durrant, M. Raymond Lee, and Richard M. Hansen. Pp. 69-80. December 10, 1955. 3. A new long-eared myotis (Myotis evotis) from northeastern Mexico. By RoUin H. Baker and Howard J. Stains. Pp. 81-84. December 10, 1955. 4. Subspeciation in the meadow mouse, Microtus pennsylvanicus, in Wyoming. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 85-104, 2 figures in text. May 10, 1956. 5. The condylarth genus Ellipsodon. By Robert W. Wilson. Pp. 105-116, 6 figures in text. May 19, 1956. 6. Additional remains of the multituberculate genus Eucosmodon. By Robert W. Wilson. Pp. 117-123, 10 figures in text. May 19, 1956. 7. Mammals of Coahuila, Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 125-335, 75 figures in text. June 15, 1956. 8. Comments on the taxonomic status of Apodemus peninsulae, with description of a new subspecies from North China. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 337-346, 1 figure in text, 1 table. August 15, 1956. 9. Extension of known ranges of Mexican bats. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 347-351. August 15, 1956. 10. A new bat (Genus Leptonycteris ) from Coahuila. By Howard J. Stains. Pp. 353-356. January 21, 1957. 11. A new species of pocket gopher (Genus Pappogeomys) from Jalisco, Mexico. By Robert J. Russell. Pp. 357-361. January 21, 1957. 12. Geographic variation in the pocket gopher, Thomomys bottae, in Colorado. By Phillip M. Youngman. Pp. 363-387, 7 figures in text. February 21, 1958. 13. New bog lemming (genus Synaptomys) from Nebraska. By J. Enox Jones, Jr. Pp. 385-388. May 12, 1958. 14. Pleistocene bats from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 389-396. December 19, 1958. 15. New subspecies of the rodent Baiomys from Central America. By Robert L. Packard. Pp. 397-404. December 19, 1958. 16. Mammals of the Grand Mesa, Colorado. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 405- 414, 1 figure in text. May 20, 1959. 17. Distribution, variation, and relationships of the montane vole, Microtus mon- tanus. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 415-511, 12 figures in text, 2 tables; August 1, 1959. 18. Conspecificity of two pocket mice, Perognathus goldmani and P. artus. By E. Raymond Hall and Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie. Pp. 513-518, 1 map. Janu- ary 14, 1960. (Continued on inside of back cover) University of Kansas Publications Museum of Natural History Volume 14, No. 15, pp. 363-473, 5 figs. May 20, 1963 The Recent Mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico BY TICUL ALVAREZ University of Kansas Lawrence 1963 University of Kansas Pijblications, Museum of Natural History Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, Theodore H. Eaton, Jr. Volume 14, No. 15, pp. 363-473, 5 figs. PubUshed May 20, 1963 University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas imhi --I PRINTED BY JEAN H. NEIBARGER. STATE PRINTER TOPEKA, KANSAS 1963 29-4228 The Recent Mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico BY nCUL ALVAREZ CONTENTS PAGE Introduction 365 Physiography 366 Climate 368 Affinities of Tamaulipan Mammals 370 Plant-Mammal Relationships 371 Barriers and Routes of Movement 376 History of Mammalogy 379 Conservation 381 Methods and Acknowledgments 384 Gazetteer 386 Check-list 388 Accounts of Species and Subspecies 393 Literature Cited 467 INTRODUCTION From Tamaulipas, the northeastemmost state in the Mexican Repubhc, 146 kinds of mammals, belonging to 72 genera, are here reported. Mammals that are strictly marine in habit are not in- cluded. The state is crossed in its middle by the Tropic of Cancer. Elevations vary from sea level on the Colfo de Mexico to more than 2700 meters in the Sierra Madre Oriental; most of the state is below 300 meters in elevation. Its area is 79,602 square kilometers (30,732 square miles). Tamaulipas, meaning "lugar en que hay montes altos" (place of high mountains), was explored in 1516 by the Spaniard Francisco Fernandez de Cordoba, but it was not until the 18th century that Jose de Escandon established several villages in the new province of Nueva Santender from which, in the time of Iturbide's Empire, Tamaulipas was separated as a distinct political entity, with about the same boundaries that it now has. My first contact with the state of Tamaulipas, as a mammalogist, was in 1957, when in company with Dr. Bernardo Villa R. I visited the Cueva del Abra in the southern part of the state. On several (365) 366 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. occasions since then I have been in the state, especially when em- ployed by the Direccion General de Gaza of the Mexican Govern- ment. In 1960-1962 I had the opportunity of studying the mam- malian fauna of Tamauhpas at the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas. The approximately 2000 specimens there represent many critical localities, but are not sufficient to make this report as complete as could be desired. Consequently the follow- ing account should be considered as a contribution to the knowl- edge of the mammals of Mexico and is oflFered in the hope that it will stimulate future studies of the Mexican fauna, especially that of the eastern region. PHYSIOGRAPHY Tamaulipas can be divided into three physiographic regions, which from east to west are Gulf Coastal Plain, Sierra Madre Oriental, and Central Plateau or Mexican Plateau ( Fig. 1 ) . Gulf Coastal Plain This physiographic region covers most of the state and extends northward into Texas and a short distance southward into Veracruz. According to Tamayo (1949) and Vivo (1953), the Gulf Coastal Plain is formed by sedimentary rocks from Mesozoic to Pleistocene in age. The most common type of soil is Rendzin, especially in the coastal area. Elevations range from sea level to 300 meters. The area is in general a flat plain inclined to the sea but this plain is broken by several small sierras. The more important of these are the Sierra de Tamaulipas, which rises to more than 1000 meters, and the Sierra San Carlos, which has a maximum elevation of ap- proximately 1670 meters. The Sierra de San Jose de las Rucias is smaller. Sierra Madre Oriental This physiographic region is represented in Tamaulipas by a small part of the long Sierra Madre Oriental that extends from the Big Bend area in Texas southward to the Trans-volcanic Belt of central Mexico. The Sierra Madre Oriental is in the southwestern part of Tamaulipas. The Sierra was formed by folding of the Middle and Upper Cretaceous and Cenozoic deposits that now are 400 to 2700 meters in elevation. In general, the soils are Chernozems. This physiographic region is situated between the other two physiographic regions in Tamaulipas and represents a barrier to the Mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico 367 100 27 25 23 100 98 Fig. 1. Three physiographic regions: 1 Coastal Plain; 2 Sierra Madre Oriental; 3 Central Plateau. 368 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. distribution of some tropical mammals on the one hand and to those from the Mexican Plateau on the other. Central Plateau This physiographic region, commonly termed the Mexican Plateau, occupies only a small area of Tamaulipas in its southwestemmost part. The plateau is approximately 900 meters above sea level. In general, the Mexican Plateau was formed by Cretaceous sediments. The most common type of soil is Chestnut. CLIMATE Owing to the dijfferences in elevations and varying distances from the sea, the climate of Tamaulipas is varied. Tamayo ( 1949 ) , fol- lowing the Koeppen System, assigned to Tamaulipas 10 diflFerent climate types that result principally from differences in temperature, precipitation, and humidity. Temperature The annual mean temperature for the lands less than 1000 meters in elevation, which make up most of the state, is between 20° and 25° C; and the difference in monthly means is 5° C. In the areas above 1000 meters, the annual mean is between 15° and 20° C, and the difference in the monthly means is 15° C. The maximum temperature recorded in the state is 45° C. in the region of Ciudad Victoria, between the Sierra Madre Oriental, the Sierra San Carlos, and the SieiTa de Tamaulipas. Minima recorded are between 0° and 5° C. on the southeastern coast, 0° to — 5° C. between 98° 20' long, and 99° 00' long., and — 5° to —10° C. in the Sierra Madre Oriental. Precipitation Rainfall varies seasonally and can be described as follows: In January it amounts to 25 to 50 mm. in the coastal region and 10 to 25 mm. in the rest of the state. In April there is more than 25 mm. to the north of about 23° north latitude, 10 to 25 mm. in the Sierra de Tamaulipas and Sierra Madre Oriental, and less than 10 mm. in the extreme southwestern part of the state. In July rainfall amounts to less than 25 mm. in Nuevo Laredo and San Fernando, is from 25 to 50 mm. in the northeastern and central parts of tlie state, 50 to 100 mm. in the Sierra San Carlos and Sierra Madre Oriental, and 100 to 200 mm. in the area south of Soto la Marina and east of the Sierra Madre Oriental. In October rainfall Mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico 369 is less than 50 mm. in the northern half of the state, including the Sierra de Tamaulipas, and 50 to 100 mm. in the rest of the state, except on the east side of the Sierra Madre Oriental and in the area near Tampico, which receive between 100 and 200 mm. The number of rainy days per year varies from 60 to 90 at Sierra San Carlos, Sierra Madre Oriental, and in the lowlands south of 23° north latitude; the rest of the state has about 60 rainy days, excepting the Mexican Plateau, which has fewer than 60. Although Tamayo ( 1949 ) followed the Koeppen System in classi- fying types of climate and thereby recognized 10 different kinds of climate in Tamaulipas, these can be grouped into three major cate- gories as follows: Steppe Dry Climate (Clima Seco de Estepa) This land of climate can be divided into two categories based on the average annual temperature. Warm The average annual temperature exceeds 18° C. but the mean of the coolest month is less than 18° C. This sub-climate is charac- terized by a short rainy season in summer and occurs on the west side of the southern part of the Sierra Madre Oriental and on the Mexican Plateau; it occurs also in the area northwest of Reynosa and on the east side of the Sierra Madre Oriental but in these areas the rainfall is irregularly distributed in the year. Cool The average annual temperature is less than 18° C. but the mean of the warmest month exceeds 18° C. This sub-climate occurs only on the west side of the northern part of the Sierra Madre Oriental. Moderate Rainy Temperature Climate (Clima Templado Moderato Lluvioso) This type of climate is characterized by the coolest month having a temperature of between — 3° and 18° C. In the northeastern and central parts of Tamaulipas, including the Sierra de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria, Gomez Farias, Rancho Pano Ayuctle, and Llera, the average temperatmre of the warmest month is less than 22° C; the winters are dry and not rigorous, and the wettest month has ten times as much rain as the driest. In the Sierra San Carlos the average temperature of the warmest month is less than 22° C, and the rainy season is in the autumn. 370 University of ICansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Tropical Rainy Climate ( Clima Tropical Lluvioso ) This climate is characterized by the average temperature of all months being above 18° C. and the mean-annual rainfall being above 75 cm. According to the distribution of precipitation this type of climate can be divided into: (1) areas having periodic rain and wet winters (southeastern Tamaulipas, south of 22° north lati- tude and east of 99° west longitude), and (2) areas having an irregular rainy season and dry winters ( area around Ciudad Mante, between 99° 30' and 98° 30' west longitude and south of 22° 30' north latitude). AFFINITIES OF TAMAULIPAN MAMMALS Owing to the differences in climate from one region to another, the flora and fauna also differ, especially in the southern part of the state as compared with the northern part. For expressing the taxonomic resemblance of mammalian faunas having nearly equal numbers of taxa, Burt (1959:139) recommended the following formula: C X 100/ ( Ni -f N2 — C) (where C is the number of taxa common to the two faunas, Ni is the number of taxa in the smaller fauna, and N2 is the number of taxa in the larger fauna). For non-flying mammals the resemblance of the Tamauhpan fauna to that of Texas, adjacent to the north, and Veracruz, adjacent to the south, is as foUows: Genera. — Texas 65 per cent, Veracruz 60 per cent. Species. — Texas 45 per cent, Veracruz 39 per cent. For bats the resemblance of the Tamaulipan fauna to those of Texas and Veracniz is as follows: Genera. — Texas 40 per cent, Veracruz 51 per cent. Species. — Texas 24, Veracruz 39. Table 1. — Nx^cber of Genera Mamma T,s AND SPECrF„S OF NON IN Three States. -INTRODUCED LaND Number of taxa Number of taxa in common genera species genera species States non- bats bats non- bats bats non- bats bats non- bats bats Texas 51 48 53 12 23 36 103 83 94 25 36 60 39 10 58 12 Tamaulipas Veracruz 38 20 50 27 Mammals of Tamauupas, Mexico 371 For all of the land mammals of Tamaulipas, the resemblance is as foUows: Genera. — Texas 58, Veracruz 57. Species. — Texas 40, Veracruz 39. On the whole, the fauna of Tamauhpas resembles faunas of both the Brazilian Subregion and tlie North American part of the Nearctic Subregion (see Hershkovitz, 1958:611). Considering the 48 genera of non-flying land mammals of Tamaulipas, 24 genera occur in habitats from the North American part through habitats of northern Mexico into the BraziHan Subregion. Of the remaining 24 genera, 16 occur in the North American part of the Nearctic Subregion or in it and the part of northern Mexico north of the Brazilian bound- ary, whereas eight occur in the Brazilian Subregion or in it and the northern part of Mexico. None occurs only in TamauHpas or only in northern Mexico. The non-flying fauna of the coastal plain east of the Sierra Madre Oriental and south of the Sierra de Tamaulipas and Soto la Marina is mainly tropical in affinities; only 27 per cent of that fauna (at the subspecific level) resembles the fauna north of Soto la Marina, which is Nearctic in its affinities. The fauna of the Sierra de Ta- mauHpas has a greater taxonomic resemblance (20.4 per cent at subspecific level) to that of the Sierra Madre Oriental, than does the fauna of the Sierra San Carlos (17.6 per cent). Taxonomic re- semblance between the faunas from the Sierra San Carlos and the Sierra de Tamaulipas amounts to only 16.1 per cent. Therefore, the faunas of these two Sierras (both are included in the same zoo- geographic unit) resemble each other less than either resembles the fauna of the Sierra Madre Oriental (in another zoogeographic unit). Of the three sierran faunas, those of the Sierra Madre Oriental and the Sierra de Tamaulipas have most in common. Migration from one to the other in relative recent time may account for the re- semblance. The Sierra San Carlos may have been isolated for a long time and interchange between its fauna and those of the other two sierras, therefore, may have been slight. Study of the taxonomic resemblance shows ibat the dividing line, in eastern Mexico, between Nearctic and Neotropical faunas is along the eastern base of the Sierra Madre Oriental, the southern base of the Sierra de Tamauhpas and thence to the coast at or near Soto la Marina. PLANT-MAMMAL RELATIONSHIPS Merriam (1898) assigned to TamauHpas four Life-zones. There were: Transitional on the highest elevations of the Sierra Madre; 372 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Upper Austral at lower elevations on the Sierra Madre; Lower Austral over most of the state; and Tropical in the coastal areas. Dice ( 1943 ) outlined Biotic Provinces on a map of North America and in the nortliern part of Tamaulipas showed two Biotic Provinces, Tamaulipan and Potosian. He did not show the southeastern limits of the Chihuahuan Biotic Province nor any of the hmits of the Vera- cruzian Biotic Province and in text mentioned nothing about the limits of these two provinces with reference to Tamaulipas. Later, Goldman and Moore (1946) divided Tamaulipas in three Biotic Provinces: Tamaulipas, Sierra Madre, and Veracruz. Still later (1949), Smith published a map of Mexican Biotic Provinces based on the herpetofauna of the Republic. He divided Tamaulipas among four Provinces. Two were Nearctic ( Austro-oriental and Tamauli- pan) and the other two were Neotropical (Veracruzian and Cor- doban ) . Leopold (1950 and 1959) recognized five principal vegetational types in Tamaulipas as follows: Mesquite-grassland; Pine-oak For- est; Thorn Forest; Tropical Deciduous Forest; and Desert. For dealing with the mammals of Tamaulipas in the following accounts the four Biotic Provinces (Tamaulipan, Potosian, Vera- cruzian, and Chihuahuan ) of Dice are the most useful. For dealing with types of vegetation in the accounts that follow, Leopold's (1950) system is employed although reference is made to other associations and formations that have been reported in Tamaulipas. Tamaulipan Biotic Province Tliis Province is recognized by most authors who have written about the zoogeography of Mexico. It is the most extensive in the state and includes the northern part of the Coastal Plain (see Fig. 2). The vegetation of the Tamaulipan Biotic Province is in general Mesquite-grassland but in the Sierra San Carlos and Sierra de Tamaulipas other types of vegetation are found. Two formations occur in the Mesquite-grassland. The first is the Mesquite Scrub, in which the dominant plant is the mesquite (Prosopis juliflora), asso- ciated with Cordia boissieri, several species of Acacia, and in some areas with Opuntia and Yucca treculeana. The dominant grasses are of the genera Bouteloua and Andropogon. The second formation is the Gulf Bluestem Prairie, where species of Andropogon are the dominants on the well-drained sites. Mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico 373 ^y%z 100 27 25 23 Fig. 2. Four biotic provinces: 1 Tamaulipan; 2 Potosian; 3 Chihuahuan; 4 Veracruzian. 374 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Sloughs and depressions are occupied by cordgrass, Spartina spartirme. Many areas have been invaded by mesquite and other shrubs. Around the Sierra de Tamaulipas and in the area between it and the Sierra San Carlos the vegetation is Thorn Forest (Tropical Thorn Forest of Martin et al., 1954), in which the dominant plants are Acacia, Ichthtjomethia, Ipomea, Prosopis, and Cassia. Another type of vegetation in the Sierra de Tamaulipas is the Tropical Deciduous Forest at 300 to 700 meters elevation, the trees of which are 20 meters high with a canopy averaging eight meters high (Martin et al., op. cit.). The common species of trees belong to the genera Tahehuia, Ipomea, Bombax, and Conzattia. Species of Bursera, Acacia, and Cassia are less abundant. In the low canyons Bursera, Ceiba, and Psidium, draped with lianas and various epiphytes, can be found. The Pine-oak Formation grows above an elevation of 800 meters in the Sierra de Tamaulipas and is characterized by Pinus cembroides, P. nelsonii, P. teocote, and Quercus arizonica. Martin et al. (op. cit.) recorded Montane Scrub from the dry areas, between elevations of 600 and 900 meters. That scrub is formed by huisaches (Acacia farnesiana) along with a few oaks and some trees of the Tropical Deciduous Forest. The vegetation of the Sierra San Carlos was studied by Dice (1937) and divided into three hfe belts, each with several associations. For more informa- tion about the plants of each association and their related mammals see the publication of the mentioned author. Endemic mammals of the Tamaulipan Biotic Province, in the part of it that is in Tamaulipas, are the following: Scalopus inf/itus; Lepus califomicus curti; Spermophilus spilosoma oricolus; Cratogeomys castanops tamaulipensis; Di- podomys ordii parvabullatus; and Sigmodon hispidus solus. Other characteristic mammals of this Province in the state of Tamaulipas are: Sylvilagus -fioridanus connectens; S. audubonii parvulus; Lepus califomicus merriami; Perognathus merriami merriami; Dipodomys ordii compactus; Orzomys melanotis carrorum; Reithrodontomys fulvescens intermedius; Peromyscus boylii ambiguus; Canis latrans texensis; C. I. microdon; C. lupus monstrabilis; Taxidea taxus berlan- dieri; Mephitis mephitis varians; Felis pardalis albescens; Trichechus manatus latirostris; and Odocoileus virginianus texanus. Many other kinds of mammals occur mainly in the Tamaulipan Province but are not listed above because they occur also in one or more of the other prov- inces. The Sierra de Tamaulipas is placed in the Tamaulipan Biotic Province be- cause the faima, especially of non-flying mammals, is closely related to that of the rest of the Province. Nevertheless, many mammals found in this Sierra are tropical in relationship. This is especially true of the bats. Therefore, most of the tropical bats that occur in Tamaulipas occur in the Veracruzian Biotic Province and in the Sierra de Tamaulipas. Potosian Biotic Province This Province occupies all of the Sierra Madre Oriental and, therefore, the southwestern part of the state. The vegetation in general is Pine-oak Forest, in which the most common trees are Abies religiosa, Pinus flexilis, P. patula, P. mon- Mammals of Tamauupas, Mexico 375 tezumae, P. teocote, Populus tremuloides, Juniperus flaccida, Quer- cus arizonica, Q. clivicola and Q. polymorpha. In his study of plants of the Gomez Farias area, Martin (1958) recorded several different types of vegetation, which in part can be placed in the Potosian Biotic Province, especially those types that occur to the northwest of the Cloud Forest. In addition to the Cloud Forest, Martin recognized Humid Pine-oak Forest, Dry Oak-pine Forest, Chaparral, Thorn Forest and Scrub, and Thorn Desert. The only mammal endemic to the Potosian Province in Tamaulipas is Cryptotis pergracilis pueblensis. Other mammals that occur mainly in this Province are: Sorex saussurei; Notiosorex crawfordi; Glaucomys volans herr- eranus; Cratogeomys castanops planifrons; Perognathus nelsoni; Liomtjs irro- ratus alleni; Reithrodontomys fulvescens griseoflavus; Microtus mexicanus sub- simus; Ursus americanus eremicus; Conepatiis leuconotus texensis; and Odocoileus hemionus. Tlie fauna of this Province is a mixture of elements with tropical affinities on the east side of the Sierra Madre and with those of the Mexican Plateau on the west side. Chihuahuan Biotic Province This Province occurs in Tamaulipas only in a small portion of the Central Plateau physiographic region and occupies the southwest- emmost part of the state. The vegetation is of two types: Desert or Mesquite-grassland. The last is like that described for the Tamaulipan Biotic Province. In the Desert type the dominant plants are the cactus, Opuntia leptocaulis, and yuccas, Yucca fili- fera and Y. potosina. Subdominants are mariola, guayule, Agave lechugilla, A. stricta or Larrea divaricata. Along stream banks mesquite, Prosopis julijiora, can be found. No endemic mammals of the Chihuahuan Province are known in Tamaulipas. Mammals that occur principally in this Province are: Dipodomys merriami atronasus; D. ordii durranti; Peromyscus melanophrys consobrinus; P. difficilis petricola; Onychomys torridus subrufus; and Neotoma albigula subsolana. Veracruzian Biotic Province This Province includes the southern part of the Coastal Plain physiographic region, south of the Sierra de Tamaulipas and Soto la Marina. But the exact line between this Province and the Ta- maulipan Province to the north is diflBcult to draw. The northern boundary of the Veracruzian Province is the line between the Nearctic and Neotropical regions in eastern Mexico. Vegetation of most of the Veracruzian Biotic Province is Tropical Deciduous Forest. This Forest is made up of Tahehuia, Ipomea, Bombax, and Conzattia, along with some Ceiba, Bursera, and Psidium. 376 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. The mammalia fauna of the Veracruzian Biotic Province is tropical in nature. This is especially true of the bats. Representatives of the tropical genera Micro- nycteris, Sttirnira, Artibeus, Enchistenes, Desmodus, Diphylla, and Molossus have their northern distributional limits in this Province. The non-flying mammals characteristic of the Province in Tamaulipas are: Philander opossum pallidtus; Marmosa mexicana; Ateles geoffroyi velerosus; Geomys tropicalis; Ory- zomys melanotis rostratus; O. alfaroi huastecae; O. fulvescens engracie ( endemic to this Province in Tamaulipas); O. f. fulvescens; Reithrodontomijs mexicanus; Peromyscus orchraventer (endemic); Neotoma micropus angustapalata; Eira barbara senex; Felts wiedii oaxacensis; and Mazama americana temama. BARRIERS AND ROUTES OF MOVEMENT The distributional patterns and aflBnities of the mammahan fauna of TamauHpas suggest possible routes of migration and barriers that limited or controlled movements of the mammals. Mammals may have reached Tamaulipas by way of a Northern route, a Trans-plateau route, a Montane route, or a Tropical route (Fig 3). The Northern route permitted species of mammals from the tem- perate region to the north to enter the Tamaulipan Biotic Province from or via Texas. Several came from the Great Plains, and a few came from the eastern part of the United States. Also, a few mam- mals that may have originated in the Tamaulipan Province moved northwards. Some of these, according to Dice (1937:267) were Liomys irroratus texensis, Peromyscus leucopus texensis, and Lepus californicus merriami. Other mammals thought to have moved north by this route are Didelphis marsupialis, Dasypus rKwemcinc- tus, Oryzomys palustris, Nasua narica, and Tayassu tajacti. Some mammals that passed through Tamaulipas into Texas have extended their geographic ranges far north of Texas. Mammals that came via the Trans-plateau route (name proposed by Baker, 1956:146) came no farther into Tamaulipas than the Chihuahuan Biotic Province. They encountered the barrier formed by the Sierra Madre Oriental. These mammals were listed in the account of the Chihuahuan Biotic Province. The route that Baker (1956:146) termed the "Southern Route" I here term the Montane route because I think it was used for move- ment southward as well as northward. The Montane route was used by mammals of boreal aflBnities {Microtus and Neotoma), that moved into Tamaulipas from the Mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico 377 north; also in this category are bats of the family Vespertihonidae. For movement from south to north, the route was used by several species native to Mexico, for example, Cratogeomys castanops. The Fig. 3. Routes of movement: 1 Northern; 2 Trans-Plateau; 3 Montane; 4 Tropical. 378 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. seaward slope of the montane area has enabled some tropical mam- mals to move farther north than they have done at higher and lower elevations. Philander opossum seems to be an example. The fourth route, the Tropical one, was used by mammals of tropical origin. Most moved into Tamaulipas only as far as the Veracruzian Biotic Province. The principal mammals that have used this route are the bats and marsupials, but Syhilagus hra- siliensis, Ateles geoffroyi, Heterogeomys hispidus, Eira harhara, and Mazama americana also can be included here. Some tropical mam- mals, as was pointed out previously, not only reached Tamaulipas but have moved through the state and far northward. The major barriers to dispersal of mammals in TamauHpas are three (see Fig. 2). Two of them, the Rio Grande Barrier and the Sierra Madre Barrier, are physiographical, but the Tropical Barrier is maintained by a combination of environmental factors. The three barriers separate the four Biotic Provinces in Tamaulipas. The Sierra Madre Oriental, which forms the Potosian Biotic Province, lies between the Tamaulipan and Chihuahuan provinces. The Tropical barrier separates the TamauHpan and Veracruzian biotic provinces. The Rio Grande, as was pointed out by R. H. Baker (1956:146), has low banks, is relatively shallow, and does not form an efiPective barrier for most mammals. For only two species, insofar as I know, has the Rio Grande constituted a barrier. Cratogeomys castanops has not entered southeastern Texas from Mexico, and Spermophilus spilosoma has not entered Mexico from southeastern Texas except on the coastal barrier beach. Alvarez (1962:124) postulated that the beach was the route by which S. spilosoma arrived at La Pesca where tlie barrier beach meets the mainland. The Sierra Madre Barrier is a good filter for some small mammals, especially for those that occur on the Mexican Plateau and those of tropical origin. The mammals that occur on each side of the Sierra are listed in accounts of the Chihuahuan (west side), Veracruzian and Tamaulipan (east side) biotic provinces. The Tropical Barrier is formed mainly by a climatic complex (probably a change in temperature and rainfall) in the coastal region at or about the latitude of Soto la Marina, where no geo- graphic barrier is found. In the western and central part of the Tropical Barrier, the climatic factor is supported by a geographic factor. The Sierra Madre Oriental is in the west and the Sierra de Tamaulipas is in the center. The several mammals that are afiFected Mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico 379 by this barrier are listed in the accounts of the Veracruzian and Tamauhpan biotic provinces. A pecuhar pattern of distribution is that presented by Scalopus inflatus and Geomys tropicalis. Both are the only known species of their genera in northeastern Mexico. Each is isolated from other species of its genus. The nearest known record of Scalopus is 45 miles northward and the nearest record of Geomys is approximately 165 miles northward. A possible explanation for the distribution of these two kinds is that each was widely distributed in one of the glacial periods and when the glacier receded to the north these animals remained in Tamaulipas, where they evolved and formed distinct species. The two species, G. tropicalis and S. inflatus, are fossorial and for this reason probably were able to resist inhospitable climates better than non-burrowing species. HISTORY OF MAMMALOGY In Tamaulipas the first exploration directed in substantial measure toward finding out about the mammalian fauna, at least as far as I know, was made by Dr. L. Berlandier, who traveled mainly in the northern half of the state. His collections provided specimens of several previously unknown mammals, which were described by Baird (1858). The original manuscript of Berlandier never has been pubhshed. About 1880 Dr. E. Palmer collected mammals in the southern part of Tamauhpas, in the area around Tampico. The results of his exploration were reported by J. A. Allen ( 1881 ) . E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman twice collected in Tamaulipas (Goldman, 1951 ) . In 1898 they visited and collected mammals in the southern part of the state, around Tampico, Altamira, Victoria, Forlon, and Miquihuana. In 1901-1902 they visited the area between Nuevo Laredo and Bagdad, then went south to Soto la Marina and Victoria. From their collections several species and subspecies have been described. Between 1910 and the early 1920's little was done in the way of scientific exploration because of the Mexican Revolution. From 1930 on, several expeditions yielded new information about the native mammals. In that year L. B. Kellum visited the Sierra San Carlos. The results were reported by Dice (1937). Another important collection from Tamaulipas was made by Marian Martin in the area of Gomez Farias. Mammals collected by her were re- ported by Goodwin (1954). Hooper (1953) also reported speci- mens from Gomez Farias but included in his report records of mam- mals collected in other areas as well. In 1950 E. R. HaU and C. von 2—4228 380 University of Kansas Publs., Mus, Nat. Hist. Wedel made a trip to the barrier beach in the northeastern part of the state and collected several kinds of mammals among which three were described as new by Hall ( 1951 ) . The report here presented is based upon specimens in the Museum of Natural History of The University of Kansas that were collected mainly by the persons named beyond. Gerd H. Heinrich and his wife Hilda collected in 1952 and 1953 in the areas around Miqui- huana, Ciudad Victoria, Soto la Marina, Sierra de Tamaulipas, and Altamira. W. J. Schaldach collected in 1949 and 1950 in the Sierra Madre Oriental south of Ciudad Victoria; he returned to TamauHpas in 1954 in company with V. Grissino and worked in the Sierra Madre Oriental south and north of Ciudad Victoria, In 1961 P. L. Clifton and J, H. Bodley collected in the northwestern part of the state and in the western part, around Tula, Nicolas, and Tajada. Some stu- dents and staflF members of the Museum have occasionally collected in Tamaulipas. As a result of all the mentioned expeditions and others, 32 species and subspecies have been described with type localities in Tamauli- pas. They are: Altamira Lepus californicus altamirae Nelson Sciurus aureogaster aureogaster (Cuvier) (by restriction) Sciurus deppei negligens Nelson Geomys tropicalis Goldman Antiguo Morelos, 8 mi. N of Tadarida laticaudata ferruginea Goodwin Brownsville (Texas), 45 mi. from Scalopus infiatus Jackson Charco Escondido Perognathus hispidus hispidus Baird Neotama micropus micropus Baird El Carrizo Peramyscus ochraventer Baker Gomez Farias Heterogeomys hispidus negatus Goodwin Hacienda Santa Engracia Oryzomys fulvescens engracia Osgood Jaumave Dipodomys ordii durranti Setzer La Pesca, 1 mi. E of Spermophilus spilosoma oricolus Alvarez Matamoros Cryptotis parva berlandieri (Baird) Lasiurus intermedius intermedius ( H. Allen ) Dasypus novemcinctus mexicanus Peters (by restriction) Mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico 381 Cratogeomys castanops tamaulipensis Nelson and Goldman Felis yagouaroundi cacomitli Berlandier Matamoros, 88 mi. S, 10 mi, W of Lepus californicus curti Hall Dipodamys ordii parvabullatus Hall Sigmodon hispidus solus Hall Mier Canis latrans microdon Merriam Miquihuana Idionycteris mexicanus Anthony (Plecotus phyllotis) Cratogeomys castanops planifrons Nelson and Goldman Onychomys torridus subrufus HoUister Neotmria albigula subsolana Alvarez Odocoileus virginianus miquihuanensis Goldman and Kellogg Rancho del Cielo, 5 mi. NW Gomez Farias Cryptotis mexicana madrea Goodwin Reithrodontomys megalotis hooperi Goodwin Rancho Santa Ana, about 8 mi. SW Padilla Oryzomys melanotis carrorum Lawrence Sierra de Tamaulipas, 10 mi. W, 2 mi. S Piedra Myotis keenii auriculus Baker and Stains Sierra San Carlos, 12 mi. NW San Carlos Peromyscus pectoralis collinus Hooper CONSERVATION A relatively large number of the species of Mexican big game occurs in Tamaulipas because its geographic position permits it to have species from the tropics and those from the northern plains and mountains. Eight of the 11 Mexican species that are considered as Big Game are recorded from the state. Until this centiu-y Ta- maulipas was not densely populated by man either in the pre- colonial period or thereafter. Therefore many species of game are still relatively abundant. Of the eight species that originally lived in Tamaulipas, the mule deer, brocket, and black bear never have been abundant there and now are in danger of extirpation. The pronghom was also rare in the state and now has been extirpated as it has been in many other parts of Mexico. The white-tailed deer, javalin, jaguar, and puma are still abundant in suitable habitats. The white-tailed deer is found almost everywhere in the state; in some areas it damages cornfields, and for this reason is killed by natives who eat the meat and sell the skins. The price of skins is low; in 1959 at Ciudad Mante tanners paid natives less than one dollar (10.00 Mexican pesos ) per hide. Some idea of the abundance of deer in Tamaulipas is provided by our having found in one tanner's shop, in 1959 at 382 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Ciudad Mante, about 500 deer skins. Besides these, we found about 65 skins of other species — jaguar, bear, ocelot, puma, margay, and raccoon. Additionally there was a large number of coati skins. Considering that Mexico has no professional trappers and tliat commerce in skins of wild animals is illegal, it is felt that the number of skins found in the tanner's shop indicated a relative large popula- tion of game mammals. The number of species of small game also is large. Some species are killed by natives for food, but most are killed in order to protect the cultivated crops, which are injured mainly by rabbits and squirrels. Baker (1958) pointed out that the future of the game species in the northern part of Mexico was not encouraging. He gave valid reasons for his view. In Tamaulipas, however, in some respects the outlook is more encouraging because there are many areas in which with a minimum of effort the authorities can save a good number of species. As Baker {op. cit.) remarked, the fauna in Mexico is declining mainly because many areas recently have been cultivated for the first time. Also, better roads have enabled hunters to reach areas that formerly were natural refuges for wild animals. Many times it has been said that the populations of wild animals were declining in Mexico because the number of game wardens is too small to protect game in all parts of the country. In some ways this is true but it seems that the problem is really one of education. The people do not realize that the animals are part of nature and therefore have the same right to Hve that man has. Most people see only the bad side of the animals' activities and never consider the benefit that wdld mammals provide for man. A typical case is that of the coyote, which is oftentimes killed only because it is a coyote. Sometimes individual coyotes do kill domestic animals, but the people seem never to understand that the coyote destroys a large number of mice, rabbits, and insects as has been shown by studies of the contents of coyote stomachs. The Mexican Government at this time is making a concentrated effort to provide schools in all parts of the country and is formulat- ing new programs of education. In this official program some lec- tures in conservation are needed with reference to the animal life. I know that some education now is given to people with respect to conservation of the water, soil, and forest, but gather that there is little that covers also conservation of animals. I do not deny the necessity for some natives to kill wild animals. Mammals of Tamauupas, Mexico 38S People need to eat fresh meat and for some it is almost impossible to obtain meat in any other way than by killing wild animals. Some natives cannot afford to purchase meat in the markets or they live too far from any village or city to do so. Also, natives need to pro- tect their cultivated areas; some of them have only four to six acres of land, on which corn is the only crop. When one deer in a night can destroy part of the corn, and in some areas not only one deer but several invade a field, and when one considers that besides deer there are rabbits, squirrels, raccoons, and coati, to name only some animals that feed on the corn, we find that the small cornfield at the end of the season may not contain any corn to harvest. It is under- standable, therefore, that the natives kill the animals. In this way they protect their cultivated fields, obtain food and sometimes money for the skins. Many natives, however, destroy the wildlife only for pleasure or to obtain money for skins and meat, which sometimes is sold to restaurants. Probably the best solution for the problem of conservation of wild animals is the establishment of wildlife refuges. In Tamaulipas, at least three refuges are needed in order to preserve the mammalian wildlife. These areas would serve also as a refuge for game birds and other vertebrates. A large area with suitable habitat for white- tailed deer, brocket, jaguar, puma, javalin, and fox could be estab- lished in the Sierra de Tamaulipas, which presents favorable habitat for all of the species named. A second area that does not need to be so large as the first could be established in the Sierra Madre Oriental, probably including some part of Nuevo Leon, where the black bear and the mule deer find suitable habitat. Probably the beaver can be introduced in the streams of the high mountains; beaver live in the same Sierra a little farther north in Nuevo Leon. The three species mentioned are in imminent danger of disappearing from Tamaulipas, if they have not already disappeared. The third refuge could be in some area of the northern part of the state near the Rio Grande. This refuge should give protection to the beaver — a rare animal in Mexico and in danger of extirpation over all the country. The pronghorn also would find suitable habitat in this area, but would have to be reintroduced there. With the establish- ment of these three refuges and with good management the fauna of Tamaulipas could be saved from extinction, would provide some recreation for sportsmen, and especially for the people in general who wish to study, photograph, or merely observe the native animal Hfe. The time is excellent for the establishment of the wildlife refuges 384 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. in Tamaulipas because large areas are still in Federal ownership and because a considerable number of animals remain. Other favor- able factors are that roads are not yet good in the areas proposed for refuges, the human population is low, and agriculture conse- quently is not practiced. But, with the rapid increase in population in Mexico, these favorable conditions will change in a few years and it will be almost impossible to establish the refuges then. METHODS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The families, genera, and species recorded in this report are arranged fol- lowing Hall and Kelson (1959). Subspecies are in alphabetical order under the species. Remarks are given on natural history in each species account, if information is available. Discussion of subspecies known from the state is included. Under each subspecies, the citation to the original description is given with, mention of type locality. Next is the citation to the first usage of the current name-combination. Then, synonyms are listed if there be such in the sense that original descriptions of the alleged species or subspecies had type localities in Tamaulipas. Measurements, unless otherwise noted, are of adults and are given in milli- meters. External measiurements are in the following order: total lengdi; length of tail vertebrae; length of hind foot; length of ear from notch. Cap- italized color terms are those of Ridgway, Color Standards and Color Nomen- clature, Washington, D. C, 1912. Capital letters designate teeth in the upper jaws and lower case letters designate teeth in the lower jaws; for example, M2 refers to the second upper molar and m2 refers to the second lower molar. The localities of specimens examined and additional records are listed from north to south and their geographic positions can be found in the gazetteer and on the map ( Fig. 4 ) . Most of the specimens examined are in the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas. Unless otherwise indicated, catalogue numbers re- late to that collection. A few specimens from other collections were seen. Abbreviations identifying those collections are: UMMZ, the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology; AMNH, the American Museum of Natural History; and CMS, George M. Sutton collection (University of Oklahoma). I am grateful to Prof. E. Raymond Hall and Dr. J. Knox Jones, Jr., for their advice and kind help that have enabled me to complete this work. I thank Dr. William E. Duellman for his advice concerning Zoogeography and Biologist Gaston Guzman for help with the names of plants. For the loan of specimens I am grateful to Dr. George M. Sutton of the University of Oklahoma, to Dr. David H. Johnson and Dr. Richard H. Manville of the United States National Museum, to Drs. William H. Burt and Emmet T. Hooper of the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, and to Dr. Richard Van Gelder of the American Museum of Natural History. I thank, also, Dr. William Z. Lidicker, Jr., for information about the locality called Lulu, and the collectors from the Museum of Natural History, especially Gerd H. Heinrich, William J. Schaldach, Percy L. Clifton, and John H. Bodley. I am grateful also to Charles A. Long and to Mammals of Tamaxjlipas, Mexico 385 several other persons, not named here, who helped me in some way to com- plete my study of the mammals of Tamauhpas. Most of the field work was financed by the Kansas University Endowment Association. Some laboratory work was done when the author was half-time Research Assistant imder Grant No. 56 G 103 from the National Science Foundation. 386 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. GAZETTEER The specimens examined and additional records are listed with reference to the following place names. The geographic position of each was taken from the maps of the American Geographical Society of New York, scale 1:1,000,000, and the Atlas Geografico de la Repubhca Mexicana, scale 1:500,000. Acuiia.— 23°26', 98°25'. Agua Linda.— 23°05', 99=14'. Aldama.— 22°55', 98°04'. Alta Cima.— 23°05', 99° 11'. Altamira.— 22°23', 97° 56'. Antiguo Morelos.— 22°33', 99°05'. Aserradero del InferniUo [Infiemillo]. —23° 04', 99° 13'. Aserradero del Pariso.— 22°59', 99°15'. Bagdad.— 25°57', 97°09'. Camargo.— 26°20', 98°50'. Cerro del Tigre.— 23°04', 99°17'. Chamal, 22°49',99°14'. Charco Escondido.— 25°46', 98°22'. Ciudad Victoria.— 23°45', 99°07'. Cueva de Quintero.— 22°39', 99°02'. Cueva La Esperanza.— 23°55', 99° 17'. Cueva La Mula. — see La Mula. Cueva Los Troncones.— 23°49', 99° 15'. Cues.— 22°58', 98° 13'. Ejido Santa Isabel.— 23° 14', 99°00'. El Carrizo.— 23°15', 99°05'. El Encino.— 23°08', 99°07'. El Mante (Cd. Mante).— 22°45', 99°01' El Mulato.— 24°54', 98°57'. El Pachon.— 22°36', 99°03'. Forlon.— 23°14',98°49'. G6mez Farias.— 23° 02', 99°10'. Guemes.— 23°55', 99° 00'. Guerrero.— 26°48', 99°20'. Hacienda Santa Engracia.— 24°02', 99° 12'. Hidalgo.— 24° 15', 99°26'. Jaumave.— 23°24', 99°23'. Joya de Salas.— 23°11', 99° 17'. Joya Verde.— 23°35', 99° 14'. La Azteca (Ejido).— 23° 05', 99° 08'. LaMula.— 23°36',99°17'. La Pesca.— 23°47', 97°48'. La Purisima.— 24°18', 99°28'. La Vegonia.— 24°40', 99° 05'. Limon.— 22°49', 99°00'. Marmolejo.— 24°38', 99° 00'. Matamoros.— 25°55', 97° 30'. Mesa de Llera.— 23°20', 99°01'. Mier.— 26°27', 99° 09'. Miquihuana.— 23°27', 99°46'. Nicolas.— 23°21', 100°04'. Nuevo Laredo.— 27° 30', 99°30'. Ocampo.— 22°50', 99°21'. Ojo de Agua.— 22°35', 98°58'. Padilla.— 24°01', 98°46'. Pahnillas.— 23°18', 99°33'. Piedra.— 23°30', 98°06'. Rancho del Cielo.— 23°04', 99° 12'. Rancho Pano Ayuctle. — 23°07', 99° 13'. Rancho Santa Rosa.— 23°58', 99° 16'. Rancho Tigre.— 22°54', 99°20'. Rancho Viejo.— 23°02', 99° 13'. Reynosa.— 26°06', 98° 15'. Rio Bravo (Town).— 26° 04', 98°08'. Rio Corono [Corona].— 23° 50', 98°50'. San Antonio.— 23° 08', 99°23'. San Carlos.— 24°35', 98°57'. San Fernando.— 24°51', 98°09'. San Jose.— 24°41', 99°06', San Miguel.— 24°45', 99°05'. Santa Maria.— 23°31', 98°41'. Santa Teresa.— 25°27', 97°29'. Savinito.— (?)23°43', 98°51'. Soto la Marina.— 23°46', 98°15'. Tajada.— 23°16',99°55'. Tamaulipeca.— 24°45', 99°05'. Tampico.— 22°12', 97°51'. Tula.— 23°00', 99°42'. Villagran.— 24°29', 99°29'. Villa Mainero. — 24°34', 99°36'. Washington Beach.— 25 °53', 97°09'. Xicotencatl.— 23°00', 98°57'. Zamorina.— 23°20', 97°58'. Mammals of Tamaxjlipas, Mexico 387 100 98 27 25 27 • JOYAOESALAS SAN ANTONIO r p^^O AYUCTLE r ^ •ELENCINO AGUA LINDA c'^^'^ p!^'),-,^^^^. 0 *■» »LA AZTECA TIGRE" /■••R.DEL CIELO INFERNILLO r yiEJO / \ ( •EL MULATO v"N » TAMAULIPECA. SAN MIGUEL-* / SAN JOSE«#LA VEGONIA '•••' MARMOLEJO* I VILLA MAINERO « """""" "^ »SAN CARLOS BAGDAD 25 • SAN FERNANDO 1} I • VILLAGRAN »LA PURISIMA • HIDALGO • PADILLA .•j «SANTA ROSA LA ESPERANZA* •GUEMES uarima •• •LOS TRONCONES SOTO LA MARINA CIUDAO VICTORIAN ,SAV1NIT0 LA PESCA LA MULA»,JOYA VERDE s^^TA MARIA MIOUIHUANAaX 1 ^ V*NICOLAS r 1 TAJADA JAUMAVE • MESA DELLERA ^PALMILLAS*^^ CMRRIZO PIEDRA ZAMORINA. 23 •TULA SANTA ISABEL -ON •ACURA RANCHO TIGRE, • XICOTENCATL •PARAlSO CHAMAL OCAMPO^ • SLIMON 1.^ •MANTE ■""•.J •. »OUINTERO EL PACHON* •OJOOEAGUA \ 'antiguo MORELOS ♦CUES • aloama <) 120 SjA W' 1 120- _; l003£Ht_80 1 23 ^LTAMIRA kTAMPICO ■qs^ 100 98 Fig. 4. Place names, in Tamaulipas, mentioned in text. 388 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. CHECK-LIST The 146 kinds of native mammals of 120 species found in Tamaulipas belong to 72 genera of 25 families of 10 orders. Non-native mammals introduced by man are not included. Class MAMMALIA Order MARSUPIALIA Family Didelphidae page Didelphis marsupialis californicus Bennett 393 Didelphis marsupialis texensis J. A. Allen 394 Philander opossum pallidus (J. A. Allen) 394 Marmosa mexicana mexicana Merriam 39o Order INSECTIVORA Family Soricidae Sorex saussurei saussurei Merriam 396 Cryptotis parva berlandieri ( Baird) 396 Cryptotis pergracilis pueblensis Jackson 396 Cryptotis mexicana madrea Goodwin 396 Notiosorex crawfordi ( Coues ) 397 Family Talpidae Scalopus inflatus Jackson 397 Order CHIROPTERA Family Phyllostomatidae Pteronotus rubiginosus mexicana ( Miller) 398 Pteronotus davyi fulvus (Thomas) 398 Choeronycteris mexicana Tschudi 399 Mormoops megalophylla megalophylla (Peters) 399 Micronycteris megalotis mexicana Miller 400 Glossophaga sorocina leachii (Gray) 400 Leptonycteris nivalis nivalis ( Saussure ) 401 Stumira lilium parvidens Goldman 401 Artibeus jamaicensis jamaicensis Leach 402 Artibeus lituratus palmarum Allen and Chapman 402 Artibeus toltecus ( Saussure ) 403 Artibeus aztecus Andersen ^^^ Enchistenes hartii ( Thomas ) "^04 Centurio senex Gray 4^"* Family Desmodontidae Desmodus rotundus murinus Wagner 405 Diphylla ecaudata Spix 406 Family Natalidae Natalus stramineus saturatus Dalquest and Hall 407 Mammals of Tamauupas, Mexico 389 Family Vespertilionidae page Myotis velifer incautus (J. A. Allen) 407 Myotis keenii auriculus Baker and Stains 408 Myotis calif omicus mexicanus ( Saussure) 408 Myotis nigricans dalquesti Hall and Alvarez 409 Pipistrellus subftavus subflavus (F. Cuvier) 409 Pipistrellus hesperus potosinus Dalquest 410 Eptesicus fuscus miradorensis ( H. Allen) 410 Lasiurus borealis borealis ( Miiller ) 411 Lasiurus borealis teliotis (H. Allen) 412 Lasiurus cinereus cinereus (PaUsot and Beauvois) 412 Lasiurus intermedius intermedius H. Allen 412 Lasiurus ega xanthinus ( Thomas ) 413 Nycticeus humeralis humeralis (Rafinesque) 413 Nycticeus humeralis mexicanus Davis 413 Rhogeessa tumida tumida H. Allen 414 Plecotus phyllotis ( G. M. Allen) 415 AntroTious pallidus pallidus ( Le Conte ) 415 Family Molossidae Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana (Saussure) 415 Tadarida aurispinosa (Peale) 415 Tadarida laticaudata ferruginea Goodwin 416 Molossus ater nigricans Miller 417 Order PRIMATES Family Cebidae Ateles geoffroyi velerosus Gray 417 Order EDENTATA Family Dasypodidae Dasypus novemcinctus mexicanus Peters 418 Order LAGOMORPHA Family Leporidae Sylvilagus brasiliensis truei (J. A. Allen) 418 Sylvilagus audubonii parvulus (J. A. Allen) 418 Sylvilagus ftoridanus chapmani (J. A. Allen) 419 Sylvilagus ftoridanus connectens ( Nelson) 419 Lepus californicus altamirae Nelson 420 Lepus californicus curti Hall 420 Lepus californicus merriami Meams 421 Order RODENTIA Family Sciuridae Spermophilus mexicanus parvidens Meams 421 Spermophilus spilosoma oricolus Alvarez 422 Spermophilus variegatus couchii Baird 422 390 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. PAGE Sciurus aureogaster aureogaster Cuvier 423 Sciurus deppei negligens Nelson 424 Sciurus alleni Nelson 424 Glaucomys volans herreranus Goldman 425 Family Geomyidae Geomys personatus personatus True 425 Geomys tropicalis Goldman 426 Heterogeomys hispidus negatus Goodwin 427 Cratogeomys castanops planifrons Nelson and Goldman 428 Cratogeomys castanops tamaulipensis Nelson and Goldman 428 Family Heteromyidae Perognathus merriami merriami J. A. Allen 429 Perognathus hispidus hispidus Baird 429 Perognathus nelsoni nelsoni Merriam 430 Dipodomys ordii durranti Setzer 431 Dipodomys ordii parvabullatus Hall 431 Dipodomys ordii compactus True 431 Dipodomys merriami atronasus Merriam 432 Liomys irroratus alleni ( Coues ) 433 Liomys irroratus texensis Merriam 433 Family Castoridae Castor canadensis mexicanus V. Bailey 434 Family Cricetidae Oryzomys palustris aquaticus J. A. Allen 435 Oryzomys palustris peragrus Merriam 435 Oryzomys melanotis carrorum Lawrence 436 Oryzomys melanotis rostratus Merriam 437 Oryzomys alfaroi huastecae Dalquest 437 Oryzomys fulvescens fulvescens ( Saussure) 438 Oryzomys fulvescens engracie Osgood 438 Reithrodontomys megalotis hooperi Goodwin 438 Reithrodontomys fulvescens griseofiavus Merriam 438 Reithrodontomys fulvescens intermodius J. A. Allen 439 Reithrodontomys fulvescens tropicalis Davis 439 Reithrodontomys mexicanus mexicanus (Saussure) 440 Peromyscus maniculatus blandus Osgood 440 Peromyscus melanotis J. A. Allen and Chapman 440 Peromyscus leucopus texanus (Woodhouse) 441 Peromyscus hoylii amhiguus Alvarez 443 Peromyscus hoylii levipes Merriam 443 Peromyscus pectoralis collinus Hooper 444 Peromyscus pectoralis eremicoides Osgood 445 Peromyscus melanophrys consohrinus Osgood 445 Peromyscus difflcilis petricola Hoffmeister and de la Torre 446 Peromyscus ochraventer Baker 446 Baiomys taylori taylori ( Thomas ) 447 Mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico 391 PAGE Onychomys leucogaster longipes Merriam 447 Ontjchomys torridus subrufus Hollister 448 Sigmodon hispidus berlandieri Baird 449 Sigmodon hispidus solus Hall 450 Sigmodon hispidus toltecus (Saussiire) 450 Neotoma albigula subsolana Alvarez 450 Neofoma angustapalata Baker 451 Neotoma micropus littoralis Goldman 453 Neotoma micropus micropus Baird 453 Microtus mexicanus subsimus Goldman 454 Order CARNIVORA Family Canidae Canis latrans microdon Merriam 454 Canis latrans texensis V. Bailey 455 Canis lupus monstrabilis Goldman 455 Urocyon cinereoargenteus scottii Meams 455 Family Ursidae Vrsus americanus eremicus Merriam 456 Family Procyonidae Bassariscus astutus jiavus Rhoads 456 Procyon lotor fuscipes Meams 457 Procyon lotor hernandezii Wagler 457 Nasua narica molaris Merriam 458 Potos jiavus aztecus Thomas 458 Family Mustelidae Mustela frenata frenata Lichtenstein 458 Mustela frenata tropicalis ( Merriam ) 459 Eira barbara senex ( Thomas ) 459 Taxidea taxus berlandieri Baird 460 Taxidea taxus littoralis Schantz 460 Spilogale putorius interrupta (Rafinesque) 461 Mephitis mephitis varians Gray 461 Mephitis macroura macroura Lichtenstein 461 Conepatus mesoleucus mearnsi Merriam 462 Conepatus leuconotus texensis Merriam 462 Family Felidae Felis concolor stanleyana Goldman 462 Felis onca veraecrucis Nelson and Goldman 463 Felis pardalis albescens Pucheran 463 Felis wiedii oaxacensis Nelson and Goldman 464 Felis yagouaroundi cacomitli Berlandier 464 Lynx rufus texensis J. A. Allen 464 Order SIRENIA Family Trichechidae Trichechus manatus latirostris ( Harlan) 465 392 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Order ARTIODACTYLA Family Tayassuidae pjige Tayassu tajacu angulatus (Cope) 465 Family Cervidae Odocoileus hemionus crodki ( Mearns ) 465 Odocoileus virginianus miquihuanensis Goldman and Kellogg 466 Odocoileus virginianus texanus ( Mearns ) 466 Odocoileus virginianus veraecrucis Goldman and Kellogg 466 Mazama americana temama (Kerr) 466 Family Antilocapridae Antilocapra americana mexicana Merriam 467 Mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico 393 ACCOUNTS OF SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES Didelphis marsupialis Opossum The opossum occurs throughout Tamaulipas but is commonest in the south, especially in the areas of tropical forest and along water courses. Most of the specimens examined were caught in steel traps baited with remains of small animals (mostly mammals and birds, but one trap was baited with the head of a black bass ) . At Villa Mainero five individuals were caught in one night in five of seven traps scented with spilogale musk. These traps were set in runways along a thick thorn-brush fence, which separated a corn- field from thorn-brush desert. Along the Rio Purificacion 36 kilome- ters north and 10 kilometers west of Victoria an opossum was eaten in a trap by a small carnivore, probably a felid judging from tracks around the trap. A female with 14 pouch young was taken in June in the Sierra de Tamaulipas and weighed 1350 grams; a March-taken female with nine small young in her pouch, from Soto la Marina, weighed 1800 grams. A male from the Sierra de Tamaulipas also weighed 1800 grams. Didelphis marsupialis califomica Bennett 1833. Didelphis Califomica Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, p. 40, May 17, type locality restricted to Sonora by Hershkovitz (infra). 1951. Didelphis marsupialis califomica, Hershkovitz Fieldiana-Zool., Chi- cago Nat. Hist. Mus., 31(47) :548, July 10. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Southeastern part of state, north at least to Soto la Marina. In studying Tamaulipan specimens, I was mindful that Hershko- vitz (1951:550) regarded all opossums of this species in Mexico as a single subspecies, even though J. A. Allen ( 1901 ) recognized two subspecies in the northeastern part of the Republic. According to Allen (p. 172), D. m. texensis (to which he ascribed a distribution in Texas and adjoining Tamaulipas) was described as: "Similar in coloration to D. marsupialis (typica) [D. m. califomica], but with a relatively longer tail, longer nasals, usually terminating posteriorly in an acute angle, instead of being rounded or more or less abruptly truncated on the posterior border." The available material from Tamaulipas can be divided into two groups on the basis of shape and proportion of the nasals. In opossums from the southeast the nasals are truncate posteriorly and average 47.0 (45.1-48.4) per cent of the condylobasal length, whereas in specimens from elsewhere 394 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. the nasals are acute posteriorly and average 50.7 (49.7-51.8) per cent of the condylobasal length. Tentatively, therefore, I follow Allen in recognizing two subspecies in northeastern Mexico. I note no especial dijfference in length of tail between texensis and calif ornica. Hooper (1951:3) followed Hershkovitz in reporting as californica a specimen from Rancho del Cielo; to me, specimens from this area are referable to texensis. One of the specimens from two miles south and 10 miles west of Piedra (54917) has a supernumerary tooth lingual and anterior to the last upper molar. The tooth is small ( 2.7 mm. long ) and peglike. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 8: 3 mi. N Soto la Marina, 1; 2 mi. S, 10 mi. W Piedra, 12,000 ft., 7. Additional records: Matamoros (Baird, 1858:234); Altamira (J. A. Allen, 1901:167). Didelphis marsupialis texensis J. A. Allen 1901. Didelphis marsupialis texensis J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Hist., 14:172, June 15, type from Brownsville, Cameron County, Texas. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Northern, central and southwestern parts of state. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 7: San Fernando. 180 ft., 1; Villa Mainero, 1700 ft., 2; 36 km. N, 10 km. W Cd. Victoria (1 km. E EI Barretal), on Rio Purificacion, 1; 12 km. N, 4 km. W Cd. Victoria, 1; Ejido Santa Isabel (12 km. S Llera), 2 km. W Pan-American Highway, 2000 ft., 1; 4 mi. N Jaumave, 2500 ft, 1. Additional records: Matamoros (J. A. Allen, 1901:173); El Mulato, San Carlos Mts. (Dice, 1937:249); Rancho del Cielo (Hooper, 1953:3). Philander opossum pallidas (J. A. AUen) Four-eyed Opossum 1901. Metachirus fuscogriseus pallidus J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 14:215, July 3, type from Orizaba, Veracruz. 1955. Philander opossum pallidus. Miller and KeUogg, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 205:8, March 3. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Known only from along eastern side of Sierra Madre Oriental, north to vicinity of La Purisima. In TamauHpas, the four-eyed opossum is seemingly common at relatively low elevations in the Tropical Deciduous Forest along the eastern side of the Sierra Madre Oriental, but the species is not restricted to this area as one specimen is available from a place seven kilometers southwest of La Purisima, in the drier forest of west-central Tamaulipas. The highest elevation at which individ- uals have been taken in the state is approximately 2500 feet. Specimens obtained two kilometers west of El Carrizo were caught in steel traps that were baited with the bodies of small birds and mammals and that were set in trails leading through a fence Mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico 395 of piled logs that separated a cornfield from adjacent forest. At Rancho Pano Ayuctle, some individuals were trapped in steel sets baited with scraps of meat; others were shot at night in the forest along the Rio Sabinas. Schaldach reported in his notes that fom-- eyed opossums robbed trap Hnes set for small mammals at Rancho Pano Ayuctle. W. W. Dalquest trapped an individual seven kilo- meters southwest of La Purisima using the body of an armadillo as bait. The natives of southern Tamaulipas refer to this animal as "tlacuache cuatrojos." Tamaulipan specimens of P. o. pallidus differ from topotypes and other specimens from the vicinity of the type locality in averaging somewhat paler dorsally and slightly smaller in cranial dimensions when specimens of equal age are compared. They differ also in having a longer terminal area of white on the tail, 53.1 per cent (43.3-62.8) of the length of the tail in 13 specimens from TamauH- pas, and 38.7 (30.9-48.2) per cent in 14 specimens from the vicinity of the type locality of paUidus in Veracruz; specimens from northern Veracruz are intermediate between the two mentioned populations in amount of white on the tail. Baker (1951:210) noted that the specimens from two kilometers west of El Carrizo had "propor- tionately longer tails than typical P. o. pallidus from central Vera- cruz," but I do not find this character to be consistent in the more abundant material now available. Measurements. — External and cranial measurements of three adults, a male and female from Rancho Pano Ayuctle and a male from two kilometers west of El Carrizo, respectively, are as follows: 577, 580, 568; 294, 288, 290; 46, 43, 43; 40, 42, 37; condylobasal length, , 70.1, 69.9; palatal length, 43.2, 42.3, 41.9; lambdoidal breadth, 23.6, 22.0, 22.7; alveolar length of maxillary tooth- row, 29.5, 28.4, 29.0. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 15: 7 km. SW La Purisima, 1; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 6 mi. N Gomez Farias, 300 ft., 1; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 25 mi. N Mante and 3 km. W Pan-American Highway, 300 ft., 7; 10 km. N, 8 km. W El Encino, 400 ft., 3; 2 km. W El Carrizo, 2500 ft., 3 (one specimen deposited in Instituto de Biologia, Mexico). Marmosa mexicana mexicana Merriam Mexican Mouse-opossum 1897. Marmosa murina mexicana Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 11:44, March 16, type from Juquila, 1500 m., Oaxaca. 1902. Marmosa mexicana. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39:19, April. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Knowai only from Aserradero del Infemillo (Goodwin, 1954:3) in southwestern part of state. Marmosa has been reported from Tamaulipas only by Goodwin (1954:3), who examined "15 rami, and one fragment of maxillary" that were found in a cave. Possibly they were remains from owl pellets. 3—4228 396 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Sorex saussurei saussurei Merriam Saussure's Shrew 1892, Sorex saussurei Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 7:173, Sep- tember 29, type from N slope Sierra Nevada de Colima, approxi- mately 8000 ft., Jalisco. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Known only from Miquihuana. Jackson (1928:156) reported four specimens from Miquihuana, which he incorrectly located in Nuevo Leon. Cryptotis parva berlandieri (Baird) Least Slirew 1858. Blarina berlandieri Baird, Mammals, in Repts. Expl. Surv 8(1):53, July 14, type from Matamoros, Tamaulipas. 1941. Cryptotis parva berlandieri, Davis, Jour. Mamm., 22:413, November 13. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Throughout state. A female taken on July 5, one mile south of Altamira, carried three embryos 5 mm. in crown-rump length. A female from the same locality and another taken on June 6 in the Sierra de Tamauli- pas were lactating. Weight of each of six males was 5.0 grams. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 9: Sierra de Tamaulipas, 10 mi. W, 2 mi. S Piedra, 1200 ft., 1; 1 mi. S Altamira, 8. Additional records: Matamoros (Baird, 1858:53); 9 km. N Rancho Tigre (Goodwin, 1954:3). Cryptotis pergracilis pueblensis Jackson Slender Small-eared Slirew 1933. Cryptotis pergracilis pueblensis Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 46:79, April 27, type from Huachinango, 5000 ft, Puebla. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Known only from Aserradero del Paraiso. The only report from Tamaulipas of this small shrew is that of Goodwin (1954:3) who listed a cranium and mandible, possibly of the same individual, found on the floor of a cave. Goodwin referred the remains to pueblensis because of the "noticeably broader and heavier rostrum than in ... C parva berlandieri from Rancho Tigre." Cryptotis mexicana madrea Goodwin Mexican Small-eared Shrew 1954. Cryptotis mexicana madrea Goodwin, Amer. Mus. Novit., 1670:1, June 28, type from Rancho del Cielo, 5 mi. NW Gomez Farias, 3500 ft., Tamaulipas. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Known only from the type locality and vicinity thereof. This subspecies is known only from two complete specimens, six crania and four rami collected in two diflFerent localities — the type Mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico 397 locality and Aserradero del Infernillo, only seven kilometers from the type locality. All the specimens were examined and reported by Goodwin (1954:1; 1954:4). The type specimen "was taken in a low section of an overgrown ditch" and the other complete speci- men was trapped in a stone wall that separated an orchard from a pasture. The six skulls were found in owl pellets. Notiosorex crawfordi (Coues) Crawford's Desert Shrew 1877. Sorex (Notiosorex) crawfordi Coues, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Territories, 3:651, May 15, type from near old Fort Bliss, ap- proximately 2 mi. above El Paso, El Paso Co., Texas. 1895. Notiosorex crawfordi, Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 10:32, Dec. 31. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Known only from two localities in southwest- em part of state. The two specimens examined were collected in July, one in tropi- cal forest and the other in pine-oak forest; each was a lactating fe- male and each weighed 5 grams. Judging from Merriam's (1895:32) description, the two females differ from the type and three specimens from San Diego, Texas, in having a unicolored tail and in being slightly larger externally. When more abundant material is available the Notiosorex crawfordi of northeastern Mexico probably will be found to represent a new subspecies; for the present I foUow Findley (1955:616) in referring Tamaulipan specimens to N. crawfordi. Measurements. — External measurements of the specimens from Jaumave and Palmillas, respectively: 90, 90; 28, 31; 11, 11.5; 8, 8. For cranial measure- ments see Findley (1955:32). Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 2: Jaumave, 2400 ft., 1; PalmiUas, 4400 ft., 1. Scalopus inflatus Jackson Tamauhpan Mole 1914. Scalopus inflatus Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 27:21, Feb- ruary 2, type from Tamaulipas, 45 miles from BrowoisviUe, Texas. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Known only from the type locality. Scalopus inflatus is known only from the type specimen, which is imperfect and lacks complete data according to Jackson (1914:21). The type locality is in Tamaulipas, 45 miles from Brownsville, Texas, but the exact direction from Brownsville is unknown; probably the locality was on the road between that town and San Fernando, Tamaulipas, which is south-southwest of Brownsville. 398 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Pteronotus nibiginosus mexicanus (Miller) Mustached Bat 1902. Chilonycteris mexicana Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 54:401, September 12, type from San Bias, Nayarit. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Southern part oi state in areas of tropical for- est. Most individuals of this species were taken in mist nets. North- west of El Encino for example, bats were collected from a net placed in "a strategic position across a narrow opening" ( Schaldach, field- notes ) in a cave near the headwaters of the Rio Sabinas; along the same river at Rancho Pano Ayuctle some were taken in a net stretched across a Httle creek ( arroyo ) . In the cave near El Encino the collector (Schaldach) estimated the population of P. rubigino- sus at between two and three hundred; at Ojo de Agua this bat was found in the deepest part of a cave in association with Myotis nigri- cans. Two June-taken females from the Sierra de Tamaulipas were lactating, and weighed 17 and 18 grams. The generic name Pteronotus is employed instead of Chilonycteris following Burt and Stirton (1961:24-25). The specific name rubi- ginosus is used in accordance with de la Torre ( 1955:696 ) . TamauH- pan specimens are assigned to P. r. mexicana because they do not diflFer from specimens of that subspecies from Nayarit, except that the coloration of TamauHpan specimens averages slightly darker in both color phases. Specimens of this subspecies from the Sierra de Tamulipas, pre- viously recorded by Anderson (1956:349), are the northernmost reported in eastern Mexico. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 31: Sierra de Tamaulipas, 2 mi. S, 10 mi. W Piedra, 1200 ft., 1; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 3 mi. S, 10 mi. W Piedra, 1400 ft., 3; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 25 mi. N El Mante, 3 mi. W Pan- American Highway, 300 ft., 3; Ojo de Agua, 20 mi. N El Mante, and 3 km. W Pan-American Highway, 300 ft., 2; 10 km. N, 8 km. W El Encino, 400 ft., 22. Additional records (Goodwin, 1954:4): Aserradero del Paraiso; El Pach6n. Pteronotus davyi fulvus (Thomas) Davy's Naked-backed Bat 1892. Chilonycteris davyi fulvus Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, 10:410, November, type from Las Peiias, Jalisco. 1912. Pteronotus davyi fulvus. Miller, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79:33, De- cember 31. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Known only from the two localities reported in this paper. Mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico 399 According to field-notes of Schaldach et ah, individuals of P. d. fulvus appear when it is almost dark (about 6:30 p. m. in December and January), ordinarily fly about 25 feet above the ground, but occasionally are seen at heights of between 60 and 70 feet (near tops of the largest cypress trees ) . Most bats flew in a straight hue for 10 to 20 yards, then zig-zagged, and repeated the same move- ments. All specimens examined are in the brown color phase. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 11: Rancho Santa Rosa, 25 km. N, 13 km. W Cd. Victoria, 260 m., 10; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 6 mi. N Gomez Farias, 300 ft., 1. Choeronycteris mexicana Tschudi Mexican Long-tongued Bat 1844. Choeronycteris mexicana Tschudi, Untersuchungen iiber die fauna Peniana . . ., p. 72, type from Mexico. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — East side of Sierra Madre in southwestern part of state. Specimens from La Mula were obtained in a small cave, which was inhabited also by Desmodus rotundus and Tadarida brasilien- sis. The specimens from Miquihuana were captured in a mine by a native. Those from four kilometers north of Joya Verde also were taken from a mine. Females obtained in August at La Mula were lactating. Specimens examined are indistinguishable from C. mexicana from Oaxaca and Jalisco. Baker (1956:172) found no differences between Coahuilan and Tamaulipan specimens. Most Tamaulipan specimens are dark grayish, but some are brownish and some are intermediate between the two colors mentioned. Fourteen adults weighed an average of 16.0 ( 12-18 ) grams. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 19: 4 km. N Joya Verde, 4000 ft., 3; La Mula, 13 mi. N Jaumave, 4; Cueva La Mula, 10 km. W Joya Verde, 2400 ft., 2; Miquihuana, 6500 ft., 10. Mormoops megalophylla megalophylla ( Peters ) Peters' Leaf-chinned Bat 1864. Mormops megalophylla Peters, Monatsb. preuss. Akad. Wiss., Berlin, p. 381, type from southern Mexico. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Throughout state, except possibly west of the Sierra Madre Oriental. Specimens from the Sierra de Tamaulipas were taken in mist nets in which Pteronotus rubiginosus, Lasiurus borealis, or Centurio senex also were captured. The specimen from Rancho Santa Rosa was shot as it flew at a height of six feet. 400 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Tamaulipan specimens of Mormoops megalophtjlla are here as- signed to M. m. megalophijlla instead of to M. m. senicula following Villa and Jimenez (1961:503), who regarded senicula as indis- tinguishable from megalophylla. Weight of four specimens from the Sierra de Tamauhpas aver- aged 16.2 (15-18) grams. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 5: Sierra de Tamaulipas, 3 mi. S, 16 mi. W Piedra, 1300 ft., 2; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 3 mi. S, 14 mi. W Piedra, 1400 ft., 1; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 3 mi. S, 10 mi. W Piedra, 1400 ft., 1; Rancho Santa Rosa, 25 km. N, 13 km. W Cd. Victoria, 260 m., 1. Additional records: Cueva de Los Troncones, 7.5 km. NNW, 3.5 km. S Cd. Victoria (Villa and Jimenez, 1961:503); Cueva de Quintero, 15 km. SSW Cd. Mante (ibid); Tampico (Davis and Carter, 1962:67). Micronycteris megalotis mexicana Miller Brazilian Small-eared Bat 1898. Micronycteris megalotis mexicana Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- delphia, 50:329, August 2, type from Platanar, Jalisco. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Known only from Rancho Pano Ayuctle (Goodwin, 1954:4). The single specimen of this species presently knovm from Tamaulipas was shot while it was roosting in a ranch house. Glossophaga soricina leachii (Gray) Pallas' Long-tongued Bat 1844. Monophyllus leachii Gray, in The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur . . .,1(1, Mamm. ) : 18, April, type from Realego, Chi- nandega, Nicaragua. 1913. Glossophaga soricina leachii, Miller, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 46:419, December 31. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Tropical region of southern part of state. Specimens from the Sierra de Tamauhpas were taken in a cave along with Desmodus rotundus and Tadarida laticaudata. Speci- mens from 20 miles north of El Mante were collected from a cave about 50 yards deep. Weights of two females from the Sierra de Tamaulipas were 9 and 12 grams. Tamaulipan specimens exam- ined do not differ from specimens from Nicaragua that were used in comparison. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 6: Sierra de Tamaulipas, 3 mi. S, 16 mi. W Piedra, 1400 ft., 2; 10 km. N, 8 km. W El Encino, 400 ft., 1; Ojo de Agua, 20 mi. N El Mante, and 3 km. W Highway, 300 ft, 2; 8 km. NE Antiguo Morelos, 500 ft., 1. Additional records: 5 mi. NE Antiguo Morelos, near El Pachon (de la Torre, 1954:114); Altamira (Miller, 1913:420). Mammals of Tamaulipas. Mexico 401 Leptonycteris nivalis nivalis (Saussure) Long-nosed Bat 1860. M. [= Ischnoglossa] nivalis Saussure, Revue et Mag. Zool., Paris, ser. 2, 12:492, November, type from near snow line of Mt. Orizaba, Veracruz. 1900. Leptonycteris nivalis. Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 13:126, April 6. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Probably throughout southern part of state, but presently known only from one locality. The specimens herein reported were taken in a cave. They pro- vide the first record of the species from Tamaulipas and are as- signed to the subspecies nivalis on the basis of their brownish color and small size in comparison with specimens of L. n. longala from Coahuila (see also description and measurements of longala given by Stains, 1957:356). None of the specimens suggests inter- gradation in color between nivalis and longala, but some are sHghtly larger than specimens of the former from Veracruz. Twelve females taken on August 27, 1961, were pregnant. Each carried a single embryo, the embryos averaging 15.7 (12-20) mm. in crown-rump length. The average weight of the 12 females was 26.9 (24.5-30.0) grams; 10 males weighed an average of 24.6 (21- 28) grams. Measurements. — Average and extremes of ten specimens (5 males and 5 females) are as foUows: 78.2 (76-80); 0.0; 16.4 (15-17); 16.7 (16-19); length of forearm, 48.4 (45.2-54.3); length of third finger, 100.8 (99.2-103.7); greatest length of skull, 26.8 (25.9-27.6); zygomatic breadth (6 only), 10.9 (10.7- 11.1); least interorbital constriction, 4.6 (4.5-4.9); mastoid breadth, 10.8 (10.5-11.2); length of maxillary tooth-row, 8.7 (8.4-9.0). Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 28: all from 6.5 mi. N, 13 mi. W Jimenez, 1250 ft. Sturnira lilium parvidens Goldman Yellow-shouldered Bat 1917. Sturnira lilium parvidens Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 30:116, May 23, type from Papayo, about 25 mi. NW Acapulco, Guerrero. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Known presently only from Rancho Pano Ayuctle. The two specimens from Tamaulipas were reported by de la Torre (1954:114) and in eastern Mexico are the northernmost yet reported of the genus. 402 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Artibeus jamaicensis jamaicensis Leach Jamaican Fruit-eating Bat 1821. Artibeus Jamaicensis Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 13:75, type from Jamaica. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Tropical region of southern part of state. The specimens from northwest of El Encino were shot deep ( 250 yards) in a cave; specimens of Myotis nigricans were obtained in the same cave. A female taken on May 24 carried a single embryo that was 43 mm. in crown-rump length. Six March-taken females reported by de la Torre (1954:114) had one embryo each that varied from 20 to 38 mm. in length. Artibeus jamaicensis and A. lituratus are the largest bats known from Tamaulipas. In addition to the differences between the two species pointed out by Lukens and Davis (1957:9), I note, in Tamaulipas at least, that the postorbital consti-iction is narrower in relation to the condylobasal length in lituratus, 24.6 (23.7-26.0) per cent as compared to 27.9 (26.7-29.9) per cent in jamaicensis. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 19: 10 km. N, 8 km. W El Encino, 400 ft., 10; Aserradero del Paraiso, 19 km. N Chamal (by road), 8 (AMNH); Cueva El Pachon, 5 mi. N Antiguo Morelos, 1 (AMNH). Additional records: Rancho Pano Ayiictle (de la Torre, 1954:114); 4 mi. N Antiguo Morelos, near El Pach6n ( ibid. ) . Artibeus lituratus palmanim J. A. Allen and Chapman Big Fruit-eating Bat 1897. Artibeus palmarum J. A. Allen and Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 9:16, February 26, type from Botanical Gardens at Port of Spain, Trinidad. 1949. A[rtibeus]. l[ituratus]. palmarum, Hershkovitz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 99:447, May 10. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Tropical region in southern part of state. Two specimens from the Rio Sabinas were taken in a mist net placed across the small, crevicelike entrance to a cave. Ten preg- nant females taken in late May each contained a single embryo; average crown-rump length of the 10 embyos was 43 (35-55) mm. Tamaulipan specimens of lituratus do not differ appreciably in color from topotypes except that the facial stripes are narrow and, in three individuals, poorly marked. Lukens and Davis (1957:9) reported that females from Guerrero were paler than the males, but the male examined in this study does not differ in color from the females seen. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 15: Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 6 mi. N Gomez Farias, 300 ft., 13; cave at headwaters of Rio Sabinas, 10 km. N, 8 km. W El Encino, 400 ft., 2. Mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico 403 Artibeus toltecus (Saussure) Toltec Fruit-eating Bat 1860. Stenoderma toltecus Saussure, Revue et Mag. Zool., Paris, ser. 2, 12:427, October, type from Mexico. Type locality restricted to Mira- dor, Veracruz, by Hershkovitz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 99:449, May 10, 1949. 1908. Artibeus toltecus, Andersen, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, p. 296, April 7. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Probably lowlands of southern part of state; known presently only from Rancho Pano Ayuctle. Artibeus toltecus is closely related to another species, A. aztecus, that occurs also in Tamaulipas. Externally, toltecus differs from aztecus in being smaller and darker; cranially, toltecus also is the smaller and the P2 and M2 are more angular lingually than in aztecus, in which the teeth are rounded. One of the most important differences between these two species is that they occur at different altitudes. Davis (1958:165) reported that toltecus occurred at ele- vations below 5000 feet at more southerly localities in Mexico, whereas aztecus occurred above 5000 feet. In Tamaulipas the two species probably have parallel distributions from south to north but A. toltecus is known from Rancho Pano Ayuctle at an elevation of 300 feet in rain forest, whereas A. aztecus is known from Rancho del Cielo at an elevation of 3300 feet in cloud forest. The two locali- ties are only four miles apart. One of the specimens examined (CMS 10640) is smaller, cranially and externally (see beyond), than any recorded by Davis (1958: 165). Measurements. — Some external and cranial measurements of two females and a male (GMS 10668, 10646 and 10640) are, respectively, as follows: length of hind foot, 12.5, 12.0, 11.0; length of ear from notch, 15, 17, 15; length of fore- arm, 40.5, 40.0, 36.5; greatest length of skull, 20.9, 20.7, 19.7; zygomatic breadth, 12.3, 12.3, 11.7; least interorbital constriction, 5.2, 5.0, 5.0; length of maxillary tooth-row, 6.8, 6.8, 6.5; breadth of braincase, 9.3, 9.2, 9.1. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 3 from Rio Sabinas, near Go- mez Farias ( Rancho Pano Ayuctle ) ( GMS ) . Artibeus aztecus Andersen Aztec Fruit-eating Bat 1906. Artibeus aztecus Andersen, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser, 7, 18:422, De- cember, type from Tetela del Volcan, Morelos. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Probably higher areas of southern part of state; knovra presently only from Rancho del Cielo. I follow Davis (1958:165) in treating A. aztecus and A. toltecus as distinct species. Differences between the two are discussed in the preceding account of toltecus. One specimen examined ( AMNH 146980) is distinctly larger than 404 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. the others here assigned to A. aztecus, but does not exceed the maxi- mal measurements given by Davis ( loc. cit. ) for the species. This specimen also has a narrower M2, and relatively and actually nar- rower braincase than other specimens (see measurements). Specimens from Rancho del Cielo were collected in a limestone cave in die cloud forest. A female taken on July 2 carried a small embryo and another obtained on August 14 had an embryo that appeared to be nearly ready for birth. Measurements. — Respective external and cranial measurements of three males (AMNH, uncatalogued) and a female (AMNH 146980) are as follows: total length, 58, 65, 66, 73; length of hind foot, 13, 12, 12, 13; length of forearm, — , 43, 40, 41; greatest length of skull, 21.6, 22.4, 21.5, 23.0; zygomatic breadth, 13.0, 12.8, 13.0, 12.4; least interorbital constriction, 5.2, 5.7, 5.5, 6.0; length of maxillary tooth-row, 7.0, 7.1, 6.9, 7.1; breadth of braincase, 10.0, 9.8, 10.0, 9.5. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 7, all from Rancho del Cielo, 3300 ft, (AMNH). Enchistenes hartii (Thomas) Little Fruit-eating Bat 1892. Artibeus hartii Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, 10:409, No- vember, type from Trinidad, Lesser Antilles. 1908. Enchistenes hartii, Andersen, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 2:224, Sep- tember 7. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Known only from Aserradero del InfemiUo. Enchistenes Jmrtii is known from Tamaulipas only by the cranium reported by Goodwin (1954:5), and this is the northernmost known occurrence. The bat has not been reported from any other Mexican state bordering on the Gulf of Mexico. Centurio senex Gray Wrinkle-faced Bat 1842. Centurio senex Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10, 10:259, De- cember, type locality erroneously given as Amboyna, East Indies; subsequently restricted to Realejo, Chinandega, Nicaragua, by Good- win (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist, 87:327, December 31, 1946). Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Tropical areas of southern part of state. The single specimen examined, a female weighing 23 grams that carried an embryo ( 17 mm. crown-rump length ) , was taken on June 14 in a mist net stretched between oak trees in the Sierra de TamauH- pas. One other female and one cranium have been reported from Tamaulipas. The specimen examined differs from two seen from southern Mexico (5 mi. SW Teapa, Tabasco, and 2 mi. S ToUosa, Oaxaca) in being brownish instead of grayish, but resembles in color two speci- mens from Cozumel Island, Quintana Roo. Mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico 405 Measurements. — A female from the Sierra de Tamaulipas affords the follow- ing measurements: Total length, 67; length of hind foot, 13; length of ear from notch, 15; length of forearm, 43.1; condylobasal length, 15.0; zygomatic breadth, 5.1; palatal length, 4.1; least interorbital constriction, 5.3; length of maxillary tooth-row, 5.1. Records of occurrence. — Specimen examined, one from the Sierra de Tamaulipas, 3 mi. S, 14 mi. W Piedra, 1300 ft. Additional records: Rancho Pano Ayuctle (de la Torre, 1954:114); Aserr- adero del Infernillo (Goodwin, 1954:5). Desmodus rotundus murinus Wagner Vampire 1840. D[esmodus]. murinus Wagner, in Schreber, Die Saugthiere . . ., Suppl., 1:337, type from Mexico. 1912. Desmodus rotundus murinus, Osgood, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Publ. 155, Zool. Ser., 10:63, January. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Southern part of state, north at least to vicinity of Jimenez. Hall and Kelson (1959:151) listed a place 12 kilometers west and 8 kilometers north of Ciudad Victoria as the northernmost locality of record for Desmodus, but three specimens from Cueva La Espera- nza, 6 kilometers southwest of Rancho Santa Rosa, are from a site slightly to the northwestward ( 12 mi. ) of the locality first mentioned and a specimen from 13 miles west and six and a half miles north of Jimenez represents the northeasternmost known occurrence of Desmodus in eastern Mexico. Most of the vampires examined in this study were taken in caves; those from four miles southwest of Padilla were obtained from a hollow tree. Nine specimens were collected in a small cave 70 kilometers south of Ciudad Victoria on January 18, when water on the floor of the cave was frozen; the bats were congregated on the ceiling at a height of 20 feet. In a cave in the Sierra de TamauHpas, 16 miles west and three miles south of Piedra, females and young were found some 50 yards from the entrance; Natalus stramineus and Glossophaga soricina were obtained from the same cave. In another cave only half a kilometer distant, 12 males were collected. In Cueva La Mula, Desmodus was found near the mouth, whereas Choeronycteris mexicana and two Tadarida brasiliensis were col- lected in the deepest part. At Cueva La Esperanza, 300 feet deep and on the east side of the Sierra Madre Oriental, four different congregations of vampires were found along with about 400 Nat- alus. A male Desmodus obtained in a cave 13 miles west and six and a half miles north of Jimenez also was associated with Natalus. Females with embryos or in lactation were collected as follows: 406 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Rancho Pano Ayuctle, March 10, one pregnant female (embryo 40 mm. in crown-rump length); Rio Sabinas, May 23, two pregnant females (embryos 36 and 43 mm.); Sierra de Tamaulipas, June 13, five lactating females and one female taken alive that gave birth on June 16 to one young; Cueva La Mula, August, nine lactating fe- males. A male from tlie Sierra Madre that was obtained on Janu- ary 5 had testes 8 mm. long. The average weight of 21 adults from four miles southwest of Padilla was 39.1 (32.0-44.5) grams. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 107: 3 mi. W, 6.5 mi. N Jimenez, 1250 ft., 1; Rio Soto la Marina, 4 mi. SW Padilla, 800 ft., 23; Cueva La Esperanza, 6 km. SW Rancho Santa Rosa, 360 m., 3; Cueva Los Troncones, 8 km. N, 12 km. W Cd. Victoria, Sierra Madre Oriental, 2500 ft., 2; Cd. Vic- toria, 1; Sierra Madre Oriental, 1900 ft., 5 mi. S, 3 mi. W Cd. Victoria, 3; La Mula, 13 mi. N Jaumave, 19; Cueva La Mula, 10 km. W Joya Verde, 2400 ft., 16; Joya Verde, 35 km. SW [Cd.] Victoria, 3800 ft., 6; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 1400 ft., 3 mi. S, 16 mi. W Piedra, 10; 70 km. S Cd. Victoria (via Highway), 6 km. W of Highway, 5; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 6 mi. N Gomez Farias, 300 ft., 7; cave near headwaters Rio Sabinas, 10 km. N, 8 km. W El Encino, 400 ft., 11. Additional records (Malaga and Villa, 1957:539): Cueva La Sepultura, 7.5 km. NNW and hence 7 km. SSW (via highway) Cd. Victoria; El Ojo de Agua, at km. 10 on Valles-Tampico highway; Cueva del Abra, 2 km. SSW Cd. Mante. Diphylla ecaudata Spix Hairy-legged Vampire 1823. Diphylla ecaudata Spix, Simiarum et vespertilionum Brasiliensium . . ., p. 68, type locality, Brazil, restricted to Rio San Francisco, Baia, by Cabrera (Rev. Mus. Argentine Cien. Nat., 4:94, March 27, 1958). Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Southern and central parts of state. The hairy-legged vampire was first reported from Tamaulipas by de la Torre (1954:114), who recorded a male from five miles north- east of Antiguo Morelos, near El Pachon. Later in the same year Martin and Martin (1954:585) listed another male from El Pachon. Subsequently, Malaga and Villa (1957:543) reported specimens from two additional localities in the state, one of which ( Cueva de la Sepultura) provides the northernmost place from which the species has been recorded. Malaga and Villa remarked that the species was abundant at Cueva de la Sepultura, being found in small groups clinging to the roof of the cave. Two females taken tliere on November 11 carried one embryo each; a lactating female was taken on November 14. The vampire, Desmodus rotundus, also was taken at Cueva de la Sepultura. I follow Burt and Stirton (1961:37) in treating Diphylla ecaudata as a monotypic species. Records: Cueva de la Sepultura, 7.5 km. NNW and hence 7 km. SSW {via highway) Cd. Victoria (Malaga and Villa, 1957:543); 5 mi. NE Antiguo Mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico 407 Morelos, near El Pachon (de la Torre, 1954:114); El Pachon (Martin and Mar- tin, 1954:585); Cueva de Quintero, 4 km. SSW Quintero (Malaga and Villa, 1957:543). Natalus stramineus saturatus Dalquest and Hall Mexican Funnel-eared Bat 1949. Natalus mexicanus saturatus Dalquest and Hall, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 62:153, August 23, type from 3 km. E San Andres Tuxtla, 1000 ft., Veracruz. 1959. Natalus stramineus saturatus, Goodwin, Amer. Mus. Novit., 1977:7, December 22. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Central and southwestern parts of state. All specimens examined were obtained from caves. At Cueva la Esperanza, approximately 400 individuals were found along with individuals of Desmodus rotundus; Natalus and Desmodus also were collected together in a cave approximately 30 yards deep three miles south and 14 miles west of Piedra, and in a cave six and a half miles north and 13 miles west of Jimenez, the northernmost locality from which N. stramineus is presently known. Tamaulipan specimens do not diflFer significantly in external or cranial measurements in comparison with the specimens from Vera- cruz reported by Dalquest and Hall (1949:154), but do diflFer in color. Most are in the gray phase and are Avellaneus ( grayish with yellowish hairs mixed ) instead of Clay Color as are specimens from Veracruz; those few in the red phase are between Clay Color and Tawny-Olive instead of between Burnt Sienna and Chestnut. By consequence, bats from Tamaulipas resemble in color the smaller N. s. mexicanus of western Mexico to a greater degree than they re- semble N. s. saturatus, but I follow Goodwin (1959:7). Dalquest and Hall (1949:154) reported the specimen from eight kilometers northeast of Antiguo Morelos as from San Luis Potosi, from which state the collector (Dalquest) evidently thought it had originated. Actually the place eight kilometers northeast of Antiguo Morelos is in Tamaulipas. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 64: 6.5 mi. N, 13 mi. W Jimenez, 1250 ft., 14; Cueva de la Esperanza, 6 km. SW Rancho Santa Rosa, 360 m., 20; Sierra de TamauHpas, 3 mi. S, 16 mi. W Piedra, 1400 ft., 7; 3 mi. S, 14 mi. W Piedra, 2; Ejido Ojo de Agua, 20 mi. N, 3 km. W El Mante, 300 ft., 20; 8 km. NE Antiguo Morelos, 500 ft., 1. Additional records (Goodwin, 1959:8): Antiguo Morelos; El Pachon. Myotis velifer incautus (J. A. Allen) Cave Myotis 1896. Vespertilio incautus J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 8:239, November 21, type from San Antonio, Bexar Co., Texas. 1928. Myotis velifer incautus, Miller and Allen, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:92, May 25. 408 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Probably most of northern part of state; pres- ently known only from three localities. The two specimens examined from the Sierra de Tamauhpas were taken in a mist net in which Eptesicus fiiscus, Myotis keenii, and Tadarida hrasiliensis also were captured. Both are females, one of which was lactating (June 20). Specimens from San Fernando probably were taken in houses by natives, who brought the bats to the collectors (CHfton and Bodley). The maxillary tooth-row and tibia are shorter, breadth across M3 narrower, and ear slightly longer in Tamaulipan specimens than in those for which measurements were given by Miller and Allen (1928:95), but the Tamaulipan specimens do not differ otherwise. The color in general is slightly more brownish than in Texan incautus, but about as in Oklahoman specimens examined. Three from San Fernando, Tamaulipas, are darker than others from that state. The average weight of 12 non-pregnant females from San Fer- nando was 11.0 (9.5-13) grams. The only male obtained at the same locality weighed 12 grams. Measurements. — Six females from San Fernando afford the following meas- urements: 100.0 (95-107); 42.5 (38-46); 10.3 (10-11); 15.3 (14.5-16); length of tibia, 17.4 (16.5-18.9); length of forearm, 44.8 (43.4-45.7); greatest length of skull, 16.5 (16.1-16.9); condylobasal length, 15.6 (15.3-15.8); least inter- orbital constriction, 4.0 (3.9-4.1); mastoid breadth, 8.3 (8.1-8.6); length of maxillary tooth-row, 6.5 (6.3-6.7); breadth across M3, 6.5 (6.0-6.9). Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 15: San Fernando, 180 ft., 13; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 10 mi. W, 2 mi. S Piedra, 1200 ft., 2. Additional record: Soto la Marina (Miller and Allen, 1928:93). Myotis keenii auriculus Baker and Stains Keen's Myotis 1955. Myotis evotis auriculus Baker and Stains, Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 9:83, December 10, type from 10 m. W, 2 mi. S Piedra, 1200 ft., Sierra de TamaiJipas, Tamaulipas. 1960. Mtjotis keenii auriculus, Findley, Jour. Mamm., 41:18, February. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Known only from type locahty (2 specimens), but probably widely distributed in western part of state. The two specimens known from Tamaulipas were caught in a mist net stretched across a narrow, brush-bordered arroyo in the Sierra de Tamaulipas. I tentatively follow Findley (1960) in ar- ranging auriculus as a subspecies of M. keenii. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, the holotype and one topotype. Myotis caUfornicus mexicanus (Saussure) California Myotis 1890. V[espertilioJ. mexicanus Saussure, Revue et Mag. Zool., Paris, ser. 2, 12:282, July, type from an unknown locality, but Dalquest (Louisiana State Univ. Studies, Biol. Ser., 1:49, December 28, 1953) restricted Mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico 409 the type locality to the "desert (warmer part) of the state of Mexico, Mexico." 1897. Myotis calif ornicus mexicanus, Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:73, Octo- ber 16. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Western mountains of state in pine-oak forest. Only ten specimens of this species, five from Nicolas, two from Miquihuana and the other three, each from a different locality, have been reported from TamauUpas. The specimen examined from 14 miles north and six miles west of Palmillas, a young female that still has deciduous incisors, was obtained on July 24. Of tlie five speci- mens from Nicolas, which represent the largest series of M. cali- fornicus ever reported from eastern Mexico, some were caught in mist nets and others were shot over a water-hole. Measurements. — Five skins and four skulls from Nicolas aflFord the following measurements: 86.0 (80-94); 39.0 (36-41); 7.4 (7-8.5); 13.7 (13.5-14.0); length of forearm, 33.0 (31.8-34.2); weight, 3.6 (3-4) grams; greatest length of skull, 13.9 (13.8-14.1); least interorbital constriction, 3.2 (3.1-3.3); breadth of braincase, 6.5 (6.4-6.5); length of maxillary tooth-row, 5.2 (5.1-5.3); breadth across M3, 5.1 (5.0-5.3). Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 6: Nicolas, 56 km. NW Tula, 5500 ft., 5; 14 mi. N, 6 mi. W Pahnillas, 5500 ft., 1. Additional records: San Jose (Dice, 1937:249); Miquihuana (Miller and Allen, 1928:160); La Joya de Salas (Goodwin, 1954:5). Myotis nigricans dalquesti Hall and Alvarez Black Myotis 1961. Myotis nigricans dalquesti Hall and Alvarez, Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 14:71, December 29, type from 3 km. E of San Andres Tuxtla, 1000 ft., Veracruz. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Tropical part of state, presently known only from two locahties. For taxonomic remarks concerning this bat see Hall and Alvarez (1961:72). Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 5, from 8 km. W, 10 km. N El Encino, 400 ft. Additional record: Cave in canyon of Rio Boquillas, 8 km. SW Chamal (Goodwin, 1954:6). Pipistrellus subflavus subflavus (F. Cuvier) Eastern Pipistrelle 1832. V[espertilio]. subflavus F. Cuvier, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1:17, type locality restricted to 3 mi. SW Riceboro, Liberty Co., Geor- gia, by W. H. Davis, Jour. Mamm., 40:522, November 20, 1959. 1897. Pipistrellus subflavus. Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:90, October 16, Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Presently known only from three localities, but probably occurs in most of eastern part of state. Specimens examined are intermediate in color and measurements between Pipistrellus subflavus subflavus and P. s. veraecrusis, but 410 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. the color resembles that of individuals of subfiavus from Kansas more than that of specimens of veraecrusis from Las Vigas, Vera- cruz. The two males from eight kilometers west and 10 kilometers north of El Encino represent the southernmost record of the subspecies. Measurements. — External measurements of two males (58849, 58848) from 8 km. west and 10 km. north of El Encino and a male (60296) from Rancho Pano Ayiictle are, respectively, as follows: 78, 81, 83; 36, 38, 36; 10, 10, 9; 11, 11, 11; length of forearm, 33.1, 32.0, — ; length of tibia, 14.6, 13.4, 13.0. Some cranial measurements of the two specimens from northwest of El Encino are: greatest length of skuU, 12.8, 12.9; breadth of braincase, 6.5, 6.5; length of maxillary tooth-row, 4.0, 4.1. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 3: 8 km. W, 10 km. N El Encino, 400 ft, 2; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 6 mi. N Gomez Farias, 300 ft., 1. Additional record: Matamoros (H. Allen, 1894:128). Pipistrellus hesperus potosinus Dalquest Western Pipistrelle 1951. Pipistrellus hesperus potosinus Dalquest, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 64:105, August 24, type from Presa de Guadalupe, San Luis Potosi. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Probably occurs throughout southwest part, but presently known only from Joya Verde. The specimens reported herein were shot in July in a canyon that contained some standing water. According to the field notes of the collector (Schaldach), individuals of this bat in Tamaulipas flew later, in his experience, than bats of the same species in Sonora, Ari- zona and Coahuila, not emerging until it was almost fully dark. Pipistrellus hesperus from Tamaulipas is identified as P. h. po- tosinus owing to the dark color, but the averages of some measure- ments differ slightly from those given by Dalquest (1951:106) for potosinus as follows: tail and ear shorter; foot larger; condylobasal length and cranial breadth less. Measurements. — Average and extreme external and cranial measurements of five males from Joya Verde are: 73.2 (70-75); 27 (26-28); 7 (7); 12.4 (12-13); length of forearm, 31.0 (29.5-31.5); greatest length of skull, 12.4 (12.2-12.8); condylobasal length, 11.8 (11.4-12.3); breadth of braincase, 6.3 ( 6.0-6.5 ) . Corresponding measurements of three females ( 60204, 60209, 60210) from the same locahty are: 72, 78, 76; 27, 33, 35; 7, 7, 7; 12, 12, 12; 31, 31, 32; 12.3, 12.9, 13.5; 11.7, 12.2, — ; 6.0, 6.6, 6.1. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 8, from Joya Verde, 35 km. SW Cd. Victoria, 3800 ft. Eptesicus fuscus miradorensis (H. Allen) Big Brown Bat 1866. S[cotophilus]. miradorensis H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- delphia, 18:287, type from Mirador, Veracruz. 1812. Eptesicus fuscus miradorensis, Miller, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79:62, December 31. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Southern part of state, north at least to Miqui- huana. Mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico 411 Specimens from Miquihuana, Palmillas, and Nicolas were shot in flight at dusk; those from the Sierra de Tamauhpas were collected in a mist net. Five females, all taken in June, were lactating. Judging from Hall and Kelson's (1959:185) distribution map for the species, two subspecies, E. f. fiiscus and E. f. miradorensis, pos- sibly occur in Tamaulipas, the former in the north and the latter in the south. Comparison of specimens presendy available from the state (all from the southern part) with typical individuals of the two subspecies mentioned reveal that diey resemble miradorensis to a greater degree than fuscus and they accordingly are assigned to the former. In measurements, the Tamaulipan specimens agree closely with miradorensis; in color, some resemble miradorensis but others approach juscus, possibly indicating intergradation between the two subspecies in the material at hand. Probably £. /. fuscus will be found in the northern part of the state. Measurements. — Average and extreme measurements of nine females from the Sierra de Tamaulipas and three males, two from Miquihuana (55137, 55138) and one from Pahnillas (55139), are respectively: 121.3 (111-127), 115, 107, 115; 51.9 (50-56), 50, 45, 52; 10.9 (9.5-11.0), 10, 10, 11; 17.8 (17-18), 18, 18, 18; length of forearm, 49.6 (48-52.6), 48.9, 49.1, 49.1; length of tibia, 18.8 (18.2-19.3), 20.5 17.3, 18.0; condylobasal length, 18.9 (18.5-19.3), 19.3, — , 18.8; zygomatic breadth, 13.1 (12.7-13.5), — , 13.0, 13.3; interorbital constric- tion, 4.2 (3.7-4.4), 4.0, 4.3, 4.1; length of maxillary tooth-row, 7.3 (7.1-7.5), — , 7.2, 7.2. Five lactating females weighed 20 ( 17-23 ) grams, and three males 17.5 (17-8) grams. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 17: Miquihuana, 6200 ft., 2; 14 mi. N, 6 mi. W Palmillas, 5500 ft., 1; Nicolas, 56 km. NW Tula, 5500 ft., 1; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 2 mi. S, 10 mi. W Piedra, 1200 ft., 12; Joya Verde, 35 km. SW [Cd.] Victoria, 3800 ft., 1. Additional record: Aserradero del Paraiso (Goodwin, 1954:186). Lasiunis borealis Red Bat Two subspecies of Lasiunis borealis have been reported from Tamaulipas. One, L. b. borealis, is known only from Matamoros, whereas the other, L. b. teliotis, is widely distributed in the central and southern parts. A young animal from Ciudad Victoria was captured inside a house. All specimens taken in the Sierra de Tamaulipas were caught in mist nets, in which Centurio senex, Pteronotus parnelli, and Mor- moops megalophyla also were taken. Lasiurus borealis borealis (Miiller) 1776. Vespertilio borealis Miiller, Des Ritters Carl von Linne . . . voll- standiges Natursystem . . ., Suppl., p. 20, type from New York. 1897. Lasiurus borealis, Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:105, October 16. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Known only by two specimens from Matamoros (Miller. 1897:108). 4-4228 412 University of Kansas Publs., Mus, Nat. Hist. Lasiurus borealis teliotis (H. Allen) 1891. Atalapha teliotis H. Allen, Proc. Amer, Philos. Soc, 29:5, April 10, type from an unknown locality, probably some part of California. 1897. Lasiurus borealis teliotis, Miller, N. Amer, Fauna, 13:110, October 16. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Generally distributed in higher parts of state. Eight June-taken females, all lactating, from the Sierra de Tamau- lipas averaged 10.0 (8-12) grams; five males from there w^eighed 9.2 (8-10) grams. According to Hall and Kelson (1959:188), males of this species usually are more brightly colored than females but this phenomenon is not evident in the Tamaulipan specimens. Males do, however, average slightly smaller than females. The name Lasiurus borealis teliotis is employed followdng Handley (1960:472); formerly L. b. ornatus Hall Vv^as applied (Hall and Kel- son, 1959:190) to bats here referred to as teliotis. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 7: Cd. Victoria, 1800 ft., 1; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 2 mi. S, 10 mi. W Piedra, 1200 ft., 1; Sierra de Tamauli- pas, 3 mi. S, 14 mi. W Piedra, 1200 ft., 1; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 3 mi. S, 16 mi. W Piedra, 1400 ft., 4. Lasiurus cinereus cinereus (Palisot de Beauvois) Hoary Bat 1776. Vespertilio cinereus (misspelled linereus) Palisot de Beauvois, Cata- logue raisonne du museum de Mr. C. W. Peale, Philadelphia, p. 18, type from Philadelpliia, Pennsylvania. 1864. Lasiurus cinereus H. Allen, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 7 (publ. 165): 21, June. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Probably state-wide but so far reported only from Matamoros (Miller, 1897:114), and Aserradero del Infemillo (Goodwin, 1954:6 — cranium only). Lasiurus intermedius intermedius H. Allen Northern Yellow Bat 1862. Lasiurus intermedius H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 14:246, "April" (between May 27 and August 1), type from Mata- moros, Tamaulipas. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Eastern half of state, known only from three locahties. The three specimens examined were taken in mist nets along with Lasiurus ega, Pteronotus rubiginosus and Mormoops megalophylla. The generic name Lasiurus is used instead of Dasypterus follow- ing Hall and Jones (1961). Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 3: Sierra de Tamauhpas, 2 mi. S, 10 mi. W Piedra, 1200 ft., 1; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 3 mi. S, 16 mi. W Piedra, 1400 ft., 2. Additional record: Matamoros (H. Allen, 1862:246). Mammals of Tamauupas, Mexico 413 Lasiurus ega xanthinus (Thomas) Southern Yellow Bat 1897. Dasyptenis ega xanthinus Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, 20:544, December, type from Sierra Laguna, Baja California. 1953. Lasiurus ega xanthinus, Dalquest, Louisiana State Univ. Studies, Biol. Ser., 1:61, December 28. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Probably occurs in southern and western parts of state; certainly known only from the Sierra de Tamaulipas. Three June-taken females, all captured in mist nets, were lactating. Hall and Jones (1961:91) assigned all Mexican specimens of the southern yellow bat to Lasiurus ega xanthinus, but remarked that specimens from western Mexico were paler than those from the east. Of the six specimens examined from Tamaulipas, four are dark, resembling in color specimens from Veracruz, Yucatan and Costa Rica, and the other two are somewhat paler, approaching specimens from Baja California, Zacatecas and Coahuila. In measurements, Tamaulipan specimens of Lasiurus ega generally resemble speci- mens from the west, but differ from any other L. ega seen in having a longer tail, longer ear, and shorter maxillary tooth-row. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 6: Sierra de Tamaulipas, 10 mi. W, 2 mi. S Piedra, 1200 ft., 4; 10 mi. W, 3 mi. S. Piedra, 1200 ft., 1; 16 mi. W, 3 mi. S. Piedra, 1400 ft., 1. Nycticeius humeralis Evening Bat Nycticeius humeralis has the same distributional pattern in Tamaulipas as has Lasiurus borealis in that both are represented there by two subspecies, one known only from Matamoros and the other occurring in the rest of the state. Bats of this species (N. h. mexicanus) from Giudad Victoria and some from the Sierra de Tamaulipas were shot in flight in evening; others from the last-men- tioned locaHty were taken in mist nets. Lactating females (22 speci- mens ) were collected in June and July. Nycticeius humeralis humeralis (Rafinesque) 1818. Vespertilio humeralis Rafinesque, Amer. Monthly Mag., 3(6):445, October, type from Kentucky. 1819. N[ijcticeius]. humeralis Rafinesque, Jour, Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. et Arts, Paris, 88:417, June. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Matamoros (Miller, 1897:120), one specimen. Nycticeius humeralis mexicanus Davis 1944. Nycticeius humeralis mexicanus Davis, Jour. Mamm., 25:380, Decem- ber 12, type from Rio Ramos, 1000 ft., 20 km. NW Montemorelos, Nuevo Leon. 414 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Known certainly only from central part, but probably occurs at suitable places in all but extreme northern Tamaulipas. Twenty-seven of 37 adults of N. hiimeralis examined from Tamau- lipas are pale as is N, h. mexicanus, but 10 are darker and approach N. h. humeralis in this respect. Twenty-two females averaged 10.3 (9-13) grams and eight males averaged 9.5 (8-11) grams in weight. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 45: Cd. Victoria, 10; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 2-3 mi. S, 10 mi. W Piedra, 1200 ft., 31; 3 mi. S, 16 mi. W Piedra, 1400 ft.. 4. Rhogeessa tumida tumida H. Allen Little Yellow Bat 1866. R[hogeessa]. tumida H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 18:286, type from Mirador, Veracruz. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Southeastern part of state. Specimens obtained from the vicinity of La Pesca were shot as were some from the Sierra de Tamaulipas. Others from tlie Sierra de Tamaulipas were taken in mist nets that were stretched across a small pool in an arroyo; Eptesicus fuscus, Myotis velifer, M. keenii and Nycticeus humeralis were captured in the same nets. Females evidently bear young in Tamaulipas in April and May. Fourteen of 15 females collected at La Pesca in May were lactating, as were five of 31 taken in the Sierra de Tamaulipas in June. The weight of 46 females averaged 5.5 (4-7) grams, and that of nine males, 4.5 (4-5) grams. Comparison of specimens from Tamaulipas with individuals from Veracruz reveals little difference in general color between the two samples. Most Tamaulipan specimens examined are dull yellowish brown, but some are darker. Goodwin (1954:6) reported a speci- men from Santa Maria as being dark brown. Measurements of 10 females ( see below ) from the Sierra de Tamaulipas average a Httle larger than those reported by Miller (1897:123-124), Hall (1952: 232), and Goodwin (1958:10-12). I follow the last author in using the specific name R. tumida for this bat. Measurements. — Average and extreme measurements of 10 females from the Sierra de Tamaulipas are as follows: 80.1 (78-83); 35.5 (33-37); 7.9 (7.5-8.0); 13.1 (13-14); length of forearm, 31.9 (30.6-33.0); greatest length of skull, 13.4 (13.1-13.8); zygomatic breadth, 8.6 (8.2-8.8); mastoid breadth, 5.6 (5.3-5.8); breadth across M3, 5.7 (5.5-6.0); length of maxillary tooth-row, 4.8 (4.7-4.9). Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 59: 4 mi. N La Pesca, 1; 3 mi. N La Pesca, 3; 2 mi. N La Pesca, 11; 1 mi. N La Pesca, 4; La Pesca, 1; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 2 mi. S, 10 mi. W Piedra, 1200 ft., 39. Additional record: Santa Maria (Goodwin, 1958:3). Mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico 415 Plecotus phyllotis (G. M. Allen) Allen's Big-eared Bat 1916. Corynorhynus phyllotis G. M. Allen, BuU. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60:352, April, type from San Luis Potosi, probably near city of same name. 1959. Plecotus phyllotis, Handley, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 110:130, Sept. 3. 1923. Idionycteris mexicanus Anthony, Amer. Mus. Novit., 54:1, Janu- ary 17, type from Miquihuana, Tamaulipas. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Known only from Miquihuana. The only specimen of this bat known from Tamauhpas was re- ported by Anthony ( 1923:1 ), and formed the basis of his description of Idionycteris mexicanus, a synonym of Plecotus phyllotis according to Handley (1956:53 and 1959:130). Antrozous pallidus pallidus (Le Conte) PalUd Bat 1856. V[espertilio]. pallidus Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7:437, type from EI Paso, EI Paso Co., Texas. 1864. Antrozous pallidus, H. Allen, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 7 (Publ. 165): 68, June. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Known only from a single ramus horn Aserra- dero del Infemillo (Goodwin, 1954:6). Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana (Saussure) Brazilian Free-tailed Bat 1860. Molossus mexicanus Saussure, Revue et Mag. Zool., Paris, ser. 2, 12:283, July, type from Cofre de Perote, 13,000 ft., Veracruz. 1955. Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana, Schwartz, Jour. Mamm., 36:108, February 28. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Probably state-wide, but presently known from only five localities. A female taken on June 21 in a mist net on the Sierra de Tamauli- pas carried an embryo that was 29 mm. in crown-rump length. Two specimens were shot in flight in the deepest part of Cueva La Mula. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 4: 8 km. S Cd. Victoria, 1; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 10 mi. W, 2 mi. S Piedra, 1200 ft., 1; Cueva La Mula, 10 km. W Joya Verde, 2400 ft., 2. Additional records: Rio Bravo (town) (Villa, 1956:8); Rancho "La Isla," 3 km. N EI Limon (Malaga and Villa, 1957:560); Cueva del Abra (ibid.); no specific locality (Shamel, 1931:6). Tadarida aurispinosa (Peale) Peale's Free-tailed Bat 1848. Dysopes aurispinosus Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8:21, type taken on board the U. S. S. Peacock at sea, approximately 100 mi. S Cape San Roque, Brazil. 1931. Tadarida aurispinosa, Shamel, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 78:11, May 6. 416 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Known only from Cueva del Abra, six miles north-northeast of Antiguo Morelos. Carter and Davis (1961) recorded for the first time this species from North America, on the basis of five specimens collected at Cueva del Abra. From the same locality P. L. Clifton collected sev- eral owl pellets which provide, besides many skulls of Tadarida laticaudata, four crania of T. aurispinosa. Available measurements of three, of the four T. aurispinosa, resemble those given by Carter and Davis (op. cit.) for their specimens. Measurements of the fourtli cranium are smaller ( greatest length of skull, 19.4; zygomatic breadth, 11.1; interorbital constriction, 3.7; cranial breadth, 9.1; mastoid breadtli, 10.7; basal length, 16.3; length of maxillary tooth- row, 7.4; breadth across M3, 7.9), but not outside the expected range of individual variation if we can judge by the range recorded by Jones and Alvarez ( 1962 ) for the related Tadarida laticaudata. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 4, from [Cueva del Abra], 6 mi. (by road) NNE Antiguo Morelos. Tadarida laticaudata ferrugiiiea Goodwin GeofiFroy's Free-tailed Bat 1954. Tadarida laticaudata ferruginea Goodwin, Amer. Mus. Novit., 1670:2, June 28, type from 8 mi. N Antiguo Morelos, Tamaulipas. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Known only from southeastern part of state. Specimens from three miles south and 16 miles west of Piedra were found in a crevice inside a cave. Two days previously Des- modus rotundus and Natalus stramineus were obtained from the same cave. All other specimens from the Sierra de Tamaulipas were caught in mist nets. Nycticeus humeralis, Myotis velifer, Eptesicus fuscus, Lasiurus horealis and L. intermedium were taken in nets that also captured T. laticaudata. All specimens taken (June 19-23) in the Sierra de Tamaulipas were females, except one. Of 33 females taken, 27 carried a single embryo each, the embryos averaging 27.0 (25-28) mm. in crown- rump length; the other five were lactating. Weight of the pregnant females averaged 16.0 (13-18) grams and that of the five lactating individuals averaged 13.0 (12-14) grams. A male weighed 22 grams. For the taxonomic status of this species in North America see Jones and Alvarez ( 1962 ) . Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 65: Sierra de Tamaulipas, 2 mi. S, 10 mi. W Piedra, 1200 ft., 27; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 3 mi. S, 16 mi. W Piedra, 1400 ft., 7; 5 mi. S El Mante, 8 (AMNH); 11 mi. S El Mante, 13 (AMNH); 10 1cm. NNE Antiguo Morelos, 1; 8 mi. N Antiguo Morelos, 7 (5 AMNH, 2 KU); 20 mi. SW El Mante. 2 (AMNH). Mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico 417 Molossus ater nigricans Miller Red Mastiff Bat 1902. Molossus nigricans MUler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 54:395, September 12, type from Acaponeta, Nayarit. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Southern part of state, north at least to Guemes. At Rancho Pano Ayuctle, according to the field notes of the col- lector (Schaldach), the red mastiff bat was common, and foimd daytime retreats in hollows in cypress trees. Schaldach twice found groups of bats in such hollows. M. a. nigricans is an early forager and most individuals seen were in flight before sunset, usually flying in a more or less straight line at heights of 25 to 60 feet above tlie ground. The odor of the chest gland was described by Schaldach as "strong" and "geranium-like." A female obtained three miles northeast of Guemes on August 19 carried a single embryo that was 33 mm. in crown-rump length. Specimens examined average slightly smaller than the type speci- men, especially in total length, length of hind foot, length of skull and length of maxillary tooth-row. Davis (1951:219) also noted some of these same differences in a specimen examined by him from two miles south of Ciudad Victoria. The variation in color is great among Tamaulipan specimens. Of the 15 examined, two are Dark Mummy Brown, six are Mummy Brown, six are Sudan Brown, and one is paler than Sudan Brown. I follow Goodwin (1960:6) in using the specific name ater. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 15: 3 mi. NE Guemes, 2; Rancho Santa Rosa, 25 km. N, 13 km. W Cd. Victoria, 260 m., 2; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 6 mi. N Gomez Farias, 300 ft., 1; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 25 mi. N El Mante and 3 km. W Pan-American Hwy., 2200 ft., 8; 8 km. W, 10 km. N El Encino, 400 ft., 2. Additional records (Davis, 1951:219): 2 mi. S Cd. Victoria; Altamira. Ateles geoffroyi velerosus Gray Spider Monkeys 1866. Ateles vellerosus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 773 (for 1865), April, type locality "Brasil?"; restricted to Mirador, 2000 ft., about 15 mi. NE Huatusco, Veracruz, by Kellogg and Goldman, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 96:33, November 2, 1944. 1944. Ateles geoffroiji vellerosus, Kellogg and Goldman, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 96:32, November 2. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Probably extreme southern part. No specimens of this monkey have been taken in Tamaulipas al- though Kellogg and Goldman ( 1944:34) pointed out that it probably occurred in the ti'opical forest of the southern part of the state. Later, Villa (1958:347) reported that A. Malaga Alba saw monkeys 418 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. in 1954 at Barranca de Caballeros, approximately 25 kilometers north-northwest of Ciudad Victoria. No other report of their occur- rence in the state has been forthcoming, Dasypus novemcinctus mexicanus Peters Nine-banded Armadillo 1864. Dasypus novemcinctus var. mexicanus Peters, Montsb. preuss Akad. Wiss., Berlin, p. 180, type from Matamoros, Tamavilipas ( see Hollister, Jour. Mamm., 6:60, February 9, 1925). 1920. D[asypus]. novemcinctus mexicanus, Goldman, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 69 (5):66, April 24. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Probably state-wide except on Mexican Plateau; presently known only from five localities. A 13-pound female from four kilometers west-soutliwest of La Purisima was captured after it was forced by the collector (Dal- quest ) and his dog out of the burrow that was under a log. A young specimen examined from seven kilometers southwest of La Purisima was captured by a dog. A partial skeleton including the skull was picked up on the barrier beach at a place 33 miles south of Washing- ton Beach, Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 3 (see text immediately above ) . Additional records: Matamoros (Hollister, 1925:60); Rancho del Cielo (Hooper, 1953:11). Sylvilagus brasiliensis truei (J. A. Allen) Forest Rabbit 1890. Lepus truei J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer, Mus, Nat, Hist, 3:192, December 10, type from Mirador, Veracruz. 1950. Sylvilagus brasiliensis truei, Hershkovitz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 100: 351, May 26. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Southern part of state; known only from Rancho del Cielo (Goodwin, 1954:7). Sylvilagus audubonii parvulus (J. A. Allen) Desert Cottontail 1904. Lepus (Sylvilagus) parvulus J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 20:34, February 29, type from Apam, Hidalgo. 1909. Sylvilagus audubonii parvulus. Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:236, August 31. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — ^Western part of state. The specimen examined, a male that weighed 646 grams, was shot at night. This species occurs only in western Tamaulipas. Hall and Kelson (1959:267, map 187) mistakenly plotted El Mulato, as being in the eastern part of the state; actually this locality is in the San Carlos Mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico 419 Mountains of the west, near the boundary between Tamaulipas and Nuevo Leon. Records of occurrence. — One specimen examined from 4 mi. SW Nuevo Laredo, 900 ft. Additional records (Nelson, 1909:237, unless otherwise noted): Nuevo La- redo; Guerrero; Mier; Camargo; El Mulato (Dice, 1937:256); Miquihuana. Sylvilagus floridanus Eastern Cottontail This species occurs throughout Tamaulipas. A female from Soto la Marina, obtained on May 17, was lactating; another from 12 miles northwest of San Carlos, on August 23, carried two embryos that were 15 mm. in crown-rump length. Sylvilagus floridanus chapmani (J. A. Allen) 1899. Lepus floridanus chapmani J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 12:12, March 4, type from Corpus Christi, Nueces Co., Texas. 1904. Sylvilagus (Sylvilagus) floridanus chapmani, Lyon, Smith. Misc. Coll., 45:336, June 15. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Northern two-thirds of state. A male and pregnant female from 12 miles northwest of San Carlos weighed, respectively, 650 and 690 grams. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 17: San Fernando, 180 ft., 3; 12 mi. NW San Carlos, 1300 ft., 3; La Pesca, 3; Soto la Marina, 500 ft., 6; Ejido Eslabones, 2 mi. S, 10 mi. W Piedra, 1200 ft., 2. Additional record: Jaiunave (Nelson, 1909:178). Sylvilagus floridanus cormectens (Nelson) 1904. Lepus floridanus connectens Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 17: 105, May 18, type from Chichicaxtle, Veracruz. 1909. Sylvilagus floridanus connectens, Lyon and Osgood, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 62:32. January 28. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Southern part of state. This subspecies has been reported previously from Tamauhpas only from Altamira. Specimens from 10 kilometers north and eight kilometers west of El Encino and 70 kilometers south of Ciudad Victoria, judging by their large size, dark color, and ochraceous brown (rather than pale ochraceous as in S. /. chapmani) upper sides of the hind feet are assignable to connectens. Goodwin (1954:7) reported specimens from Chamal, Joy a de Salas, Gomez Farias, and Pano Ayuctle as S. /. chapmani, remarking that they were intergrades between chapmani and connectens. Specimens reported by Goodwin are here assigned to S. /. connec- tens because the measurements of the specimen from eight kilome- ters west of El Encino are typical of that subspecies. 420 University of Kajstsas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 4: 10 km, N, 8 km. W El En- cino, 400 ft., 1; 2 km. W El Carrizo, 2; 9 mi. SW Tula, 5200 ft., 1. Additional records (Goodwin, 1954:7, imless otherwise noted): Chamal; La Joya de Salas; Gomez Farias; Rancho Pane Ayuctle; Altamira (Nelson, 1909: 186). Lepus californicus Black-tailed Jack Rabbit The black-tailed jack rabbit is the only species of Lepus known from Tamaulipas and is represented there by three subspecies, L. c. merriami of the northern part of the state, L. c. altamirae of the southeastern coastal plains, and L. c. curti of the barrier beach south of Matamoros. The known ranges of the tliree subspecies are not presently known to meet in Tamaulipas. Lepus californicus altamirae Nelson 1904. Lepus merriami altamirae Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 17: 109, May 18, type from Altamira, Tamaulipas. 1951. Lepus californicus altamirae. Hall, Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:45, October 1. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Southern coastal plain north certainly to vicinity of Soto la Marina. The two specimens examined in this study ( see below ) are inter- mediate between L. c. altamirae and L. c. curti, but show greater re- semblance to the former. In measurements they resemble altamirae rather than the smaller curti. They approach the latter in length of hind foot and are intermediate between the two subspecies in basilar length; in one specimen, the dimensions of the rostrum are as in curti and the other has the black patch on the posterior surface of the ear well developed, as in altamirae, but in the otlier the black is reduced, L, c. altamirae has been known previously only from Altamira. Measurements. — Two male adults (55415, 55416) from north of Soto la Marina, afford the following external measurements: 610, 590; 100, 100; 124, 125; 124, 122 (length of ear from notch, dry, 114, 110). Cranial measurements are: basilar length, 75.1, 74.4; length of nasals, 46.1, 41,9; width of rostrum at PM, 25.1, 28.7; height of rostrum in front of PM, 25.2, 21.5; diameter of audi- tory bulla, 14.1, 13,0. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 2: 3 mi. N Soto la Marina, 1; 2 mi, NW Soto la Marina, 1. Additional record: Altamira (Nelson, 1904:109), Lepus californicus curti Hall 1951. Lepus californicus curti Hall, Univ. Kansas Publ,, Mus, Nat. Hist., 5:42, October 1, type from barrier beach 88 mi. S, 10 mi. W Mata- moros, Tamaulipas. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Known only by the three specimens mentioned in the original description from two barrier islands in northeastern part of state. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 3: 88 mi. S, 10 mi. W Mata- moros, 2; 90 mi. S, 10 mi. W Matamoros, 1. Mammals of Tamauupas, Mexico 421 Lepus califomicus merriami Meams 1896. Lepus merriami Meams, Preliminary diagnoses of new mammals from the Mexican border of the United States, p. 2, March 25, type from Fort Clark, Kiimey Co., Texas. 1909. Lepus califomicus merriami. Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:148, August 31. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Northern and western parts of state. The two specimens examined, an adult female and a young male, from the barrier beach 33 miles south of Washington Beach are intergrades between L. c. merriami, reported from the mainland from as near as Matamoros, and L. c. curti, which occurs farther to the south on the same series of barrier beaches. Of seven characters that seem to differentiate the two subspecies, the adult female from 33 miles south of Washington beach resembles merriami in four as follows: tips of ears black (white in curti); nasals long; hind foot long; and supraoccipital process broad. The specimen resem- bles curti in shortness of tail and in having small auditory bullae. Breadth of rostrum above premolars, the seventh character, is less than in typical specimens of either of the two subspecies. More material is needed from the barrier beach in order to establish with certainty the relationships between jack rabbits occurring there. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 4: 33 mi. S Washington Beach, 2; 12 mi. NW San Carlos, 1300 ft., 2. Additional records: Nuevo Laredo (Nelson, 1909:150); Mier (ibid.); Ca- margo (ibid.); Matamoros (Hall, 1951:185); Tamaulipeca, San Carlos Mts. ( ibid. ) . Spermophilus mexicanus parvidens Meams Mexican Ground Squirrel 1896. Spermophilus mexicanus parvidens Meams, Preliminary diagnoses of new mammals from the Mexican border of the United States, p. 1, March 25, type from Fort Clark, Kinney Co., Texas. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Northern part of state, south at least to Xicotencatl. Most of the specimens examined from Tamaulipas are in the bro\vn phase (Howell, 1938:121) and differ from S. m. parvidens from Texas, Coahuila, and Nuevo Leon in being darker dorsally. Nevertheless, some individuals are as pale as those examined from the mentioned states. Measurements of Tamaulipan specimens average smaller than those given by Howell (1938:121) and Baker (1956:205) for parvidens. Specimens from San Fernando differ slightly from those from Soto la Marina in having a relatively long tail (average 69.2 instead of 62.1 per cent of length of head and body) and in having the upper parts of the hind feet ochraceous instead of nearly white. 422 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Two May-taken females from Soto la Marina carried 5 and 7 embryos that were 10 mm. in crown-rump length; another taken there was lactating. Weight of six non-pregnant females from San Fernando averaged 160.6 (129-197) grams. Two males from the same locality weighed 164 and 145 grams. Measurements. — Average and extreme measurements of four males and three females from Soto la Marina are, as follows: 312.6 (296-330); 119.8 (110- 130); 41.6 (38-43). Average cranial measurements of five specimens (two males, three females) from same locality are; greatest length of skull, 44.7 (43.7-47.4); zygomatic breadth, 26.9 (25.3-28.6); breadth of braincase, 19.4 (19.2-19.5); interorbital constriction, 13.3 (12.5-14.1); length of nasals, 15.9 (14.6-17.5); length of maxillary tooth-row, 8.3 (8.0-8.5). Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 20; San Fernando, 180 ft., 12; Soto la Marina, 500 ft., 8. Additional records (Howell, 1938:121 imless otherwise noted): Nuevo La- redo; Mier; Camargo; Reynosa; Bagdad; Victoria; Xecotencatl [= Xicotencatll (J. A. Allen, 1891:223). Spermophilus spilosoma oricolus Alvarez Spotted Ground Squirrel 1962. Spermophilus spilosoma oricolus Alvarez, Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 14:123, March 7, type from 1 mi. E La Pesca, Tamaulipas. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Known only from the type locality and from parts of the barrier beach, but possibly occurs at other places in northeastern parts of state. The 10 specimens from the type locality were trapped or shot on the beach, which was covered by thick, low, scattered bushes and grass. Of the many holes found there, some probably were used by ground squirrels and others by crabs. A female, taken on July 7 with two young at a place 33 miles south of Washington Beach, weighed 133 grams and had six placental scars. This specimen (reported as Spermophilus spilosoma annectens by Selander et at., 1962:335) resembles others examined from the barrier beach (see Alvarez, 1962:124) and is therefore assigned to S. s. oricolus. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 24: 33 mi. S Washington Beach, 1; 88 mi. S, 10 mi. W Matamoros, 12; 89 mi. S, 10 mi. W Matamoros, 1; 1 mi. E La Pesca, 10. Spermophilus variegatus couchii Baird Rock Squirrel 1855. Spermophilus couchii Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1:332, April, type from Santa Catarina, a few miles west of Monterrey, Nuevo Le6n. 1955. Spermophilus variegatus couchii, Baker, Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 9:207, June 15. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Possibly in southwestern part; reported only from Ciudad Victoria (Howell, 1938:141). Mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico 423 Since Baird (1855:332) described S. v. couchii and mentioned a specimen from Ciudad Victoria that was obtained by Berlandier, no other record from Tamauhpas has come to light. Probably the species obtained by Berlandier was introduced at Ciudad Victoria by man. Sciurus aureogaster aureogaster Cuvier Red-bellied Squirrel 1829. [Sciurus] aureogaster Cuvier, in Geoffrey St.-Hilaire, and F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm., 6, livr. 59 pi. with text, September (binomen published only at end of work, table generale et methodique, 7:4, 1842), type locality "California"; restricted to Altamira, TamauMpas, by Nelson (Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., 1:38, May 9, 1899). Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Tropical forest of southern part; north at least to Rancho Santa Rosa. According to one collector (Schaldach), natives referred to Sciurus aureogaster as "ardilla pinta" or "ardilla colorada." He re- corded in his field notes that S. aureogaster was most active between 7:00 and 9:00 a. m. and again from 3:00 to 5:00 p. m., that the nest was constructed of green oak leaves, and that the nest resembles somewhat in size and form that of S. carolinensis. Of 53 specimens examined, 17 are black and one from 70 kilome- ters south of Ciudad Victoria is clearly more whitish than the others. Specimens from the northeastern part of the range of the species ( = southeastern Tamaulipas ) average darker than those from the south and west. In individuals that are not black, the ventral red- dish color covers the shoulders and in some it extends between the shoulders to the median dorsal area. Among females collected from December through May, only one, taken 43 kilometers south of Ciudad Victoria on March 17, v/as pregnant (one embryo). The weight of seven adult males from Soto la Marina and the Sierra de Tamaulipas averaged 492.5 (400-575) grams. Specimens herein reported from San Fernando provide the north- ernmost record of the species. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 53: San Fernando, 180 ft., 5; 93^ mi. SW PadiUa, 800 ft., 3; Rancho Santa Rosa, 25 km. N, 13 km. W Cd. Victoria, 260 m., 8; 3 mi. NE Guemes, 5; Soto la Marina (3 mi. N), 500 ft., 6; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 10 mi. W, 8 mi. S Piedra, 1200 ft., 6; 43 km. S Cd. Vic- toria, 1; Ejido Santa Isabel, 2 km. W Pan-American Highway, 2000 ft., 5; 70 km. (by highway) S Cd. Victoria, 6 mi. W of Pan-American Highway, 3; 2 mi. W El Carrizo, 7; Rancho Pane Ayuctle, 6 mi. N Gomez Farias, 300 ft., 2; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 25 mi. N, 3 km. W El Mante, 300 ft., 1; 8 km. W, 10 km. N El Encino, 400 ft., 1. Additional records: Rio Corono (= Corona) (J. A. Allen, 1891:222); Vic- toria (Kelson, 1952:249); Santa Maria (Goodwin, 1954:8); 3 mi. NW Acufia, 424 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. 3500 ft. (Hooper, 1953:4); Forlon (Nelson, 1899:42); NE Zamorina (Hooper, 1953:4); Gomez Farias (Goodwin, 1954:8); Altamira (Nelson, 1899:42); Tam- pico (J. A. AUen, 1891:222). Sciurus deppei negligens Nelson Deppe's Squirrel 1898. Sciurus negligens Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 12:147, June 3, tj^e from Altamira, Tamaulipas. 1953. Sciurus deppei negligens. Hooper, Occas. Papers Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, 544:4, March 25. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Tropical forest in southern part of state, north to Rancho Santa Rosa and Padilla. In Tamaulipas this squirrel is called "ardilla chica" or "ardilla barcina," and is abundant in areas where tall trees and dense brush prevail. This species evidently does not have restricted periods of activity, as does S. aureogaster, but is active throughout the day. At El Carrizo a nest, nine to 10 inches in diameter and constructed of leaves and small sticks, was in a thick tangle of branches 25 feet above the ground. A male having testes 11 mm. long was in the nest. Among 16 females collected in the months of February, May and June, only two, taken in February, were lactating. A female from 70 kilometers south of Ciudad Victoria, had four placental scars, three on the right side and one on the left, along with a re- sorbed embryo on the right side; according to the collector "the scars appeared quite recent, as evidenced by the fact that not all of the blood had been resorbed yet." The northernmost localities from which S. d. negligens has been reported are nine and a half miles southwest of Padilla in the east, and Rancho Santa Rosa in the west. Three males from the vicinity of Padilla weighed 309, 276, and 261 grams. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 92: 9/2 mi. SW Padilla, 800 ft., 3; Rancho Santa Rosa, 25 km. N, 13 km. W Cd. Victoria, 260 m., 8; 3 mi. NE Guemes, 1; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 10 mi. W, 2 mi. S Piedra, 1200 ft., 3; Ejido Santa Isabel, 2 km. W Pan-American Highway, 2000 ft., 20; 70 km. (by highway ) S Cd. Victoria and 6 mi. W Pan- American Highway, 43; 2 km. W El Carrizo, 12; 8 km. W, 10 km. N El Encino, 400 ft., 2. Additional records: Victoria (Nelson, 1898:147); Santa Maria (Goodwin, 1954:8); Rancho Viejo {ibid.); Rancho del Cielo (ibid.); 3 mi. NW Acuna (Hooper, 1953:4); Pano Ayuctle (ibid.); Gomez Farias (Goodwin, 1954:8); Mesa de Llera, 10 mi. NE Zamorina (Hooper, 1953:4); Altamira (Nelson, 1898:147). Sciurus alleni Nelson Allen's Squirrel 1898. Sciurus alleni Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 12:147, June 3, type from Monterrey, Nuevo Leon. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Along Sierra Madre Oriental in southwestern part of state. Mammals of Tamax^jpas, Mexico 425 This squirrel occurs in stands of oak and "nogalillos" (hickory) trees that grow along streams and arroyos. Individuals are active from sunrise to about 10:00 a.m. and again late in the afternoon. They give a soft "chirring" call. Nelson (1899:92) noted that specimens from Miquihuana were smaller than those from the type locality. Among specimens I have examined, some are as large as topotypes and two females are larger (total length, 486 and 490) than measurements given for the species by Nelson ( op. cit. ) . Record of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 11, from Joya Verde, 35 km. SW Cd. Victoria, 3800 ft. Additional records: Near Victoria (Nelson, 1899:92); Miquihuana (ibid.); Joya de Salas (Goodwin, 1954:8). Glaucomys volans herreranus Goldman Southern Flying Squirrel 1936. Glaucomys volans herreranus Goldman, Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., 26:463, November 15, type from Mts. of Veracruz. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Known only from Aserradero del Infemillo (Goodwin, 1954:9 and 1961:9). Geomys personatus personatus True Texas Pocket Gopher 1889. Geomys personatus True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 11:159 for 1888, January 5, type from Padre Island, Cameron County, Texas. Distribution in Tainaulipas. — Known only from the barrier beach in north- eastern part of state. The specimens examined are referred, tentatively, to Geomys per- sonatus personatus on geographic grounds. They average smaller in all measurements than personatus (but are larger than G. p. mega- potamus), do not have the sagittal crest that usually is present in personatus, and the shape of the pterygoid bones is distinctive. In personatus and megapotamus the ventral border of the pterygoids (in lateral view) is convex instead of nearly straight as in specimens from the barrier beach. The specimens recorded here are all that are known of G. personatus (see account of G. tropicalis) from Mexico. Measurements. — Average and extreme external measiurements of five females from 73 miles south of Washington Beach are as follows: 266.8 (263-271); 94.8 (91-98); 34 (33-35). Cranial measurements of two males (89038, 89032) and average and extremes of five females are respectively: basal length, 49.1, 46.6, 45.9 (44.2-46.8); basilar length, 42.9, 40.0, 39.8 (38.0-40.8); zygomatic breadth, 29.6, 28.3, 28.0 (25.7-29.9); squamosal breadth, 27.8, 25.9, 26.2 (23.8-25.4); interorbital constriction, 7.4, 6.9, 7.3 (6.7-7.8); alveolar length of maxillary tooth-row, 10.3, 9.2, 9.4 (9.1-9.7). Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 17: 35 mi. SSE Matamoros, 8; 33 mi. S Washington Beach, 1; 73 mi. S Washington Beach, 8. 426 Untversety of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat, Hist. Additional record: 4 mi. S Washington Beach (Selander et al., 1962:335 — possibly fragmentary skeletal remains never catalogued in any research col- lection ) . Geomys tropicalis Goldman Tropical Pocket Gopher 1915. Geomys personatus tropicalis Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wasliinton, 28:134, June 29, type from Altamira, Tamaulipas. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Known only from vicinity of type locality, in southeastern part of state. Geomys tropicalis was named as a subspecies of G. personatus in 1915 by E. A. Goldman. To my knowledge, no one other than Gold- man has critically studied specimens of this pocket gopher, nor have specimens other than those listed in the original description been reported up to now. In 1953, Gerd H. Heinrich collected a series of 19 individuals one mile south of Altamira. These specimens were compared (by E. R. Hall in March, 1962) with the holotype and paratypes of G. p. tropicalis and were found to be indistinguishable. Careful comparisons of the specimens from one mile south of Altamira with topotypes of G. personatus personatus (and speci- mens of other subspecies) indicate that tropicalis differs from per- sonatus in a number of important characters, some of which tropi- calis shares with Geomys arenarius of the Rio Grande Valley and adjacent areas in Texas, New Mexico, and Chihuahua ( see Table 2 ) . As can be seen in the accompanying table tropicalis resembles arenarius in half of the eight characters considered, especially in the presence of a knob on the zygomatic process of the squamosal (the diagnostic character of arenarius according to Merriam, 1895:140) and in the shape of the mesopterygoid fossa. G. tropicalis differs from arenarius principally in having a low sagittal crest in adult males (lacking in arenarius) and in the shape of the interparietal Table 2. — Differences Between Three Species of Geomys. G. arenarius G. personatus G. tropicalis Zygomatic arches Sagittal crest Squamosal knob Interparietal Mesopterygoid fossa Ratio, zygomatic breadth to basal length Ratio, mastoid breadth to basal length Border of premaxilla at incisive foramina parallel absent present subquadrant V-shaped 63.7-66.6 58.0-60.4 wedge-shaped narrower posteriorly present absent triangular U-shaped 66.3-67.2 59.8-63.1 subquadrate narrower posteriorly small present triangular V-shaped 60.8-66.2 58.0-59.6 subquadrate Mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico 427 bone, which in tropicalis is small (in some skulls difficult to see) and triangular instead of being relatively large and subquadrate as in arenanus. G. tropicalis resembles personatus in half of the characters con- sidered, notably in shape of the interparietal bone, oudine of zygo- matic arches, and constriction of the premaxillae where they border the incisive foramina. Considering the distinctive combination of characters possessed by tropicalis, and its isolated, restiicted geographic range ( the near- est known record of Geomijs is approximately 165 miles to the north), tropicalis is here regarded as a full species. A skull alone examined from 10 miles northwest of Tampico does not differ from those of other specimens studied. The average weight of five non-pregnant July-taken females was 189.4 (180-200) grams. Weights of tliree males were 280, 270, and 255 grams. Females are in all measurements smaller than males. Measurements. — Average and extreme measurements of five females and three males from one mile south of Altamira are, respectively, as follows: 243.5 (235-250), 260, 260, 265; 82.0 (78-85), 87, 93, 89; 32.2 (31-33), 35, 35, 33; ear from notch in both sexes, 5; condylobasal length, 42.3 (41.3-43.1), 46.0, 48.0, 46.2; zygomatic breadth, 26.6 (25.1-27.7), 30.4, 31.2, 30.5; interorbital con- striction, 6.2 (6.1-6.3), 6.0, 6.2, 6.3; length of nasals, 14.6 (14.0-15.3), 17.0, 16.8, 15.9; alveolar length of maxillary tooth-row, 9.0 (8.6-9.3), 9.9, 10.0, 9.4. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 19: 1 mi. S Altamira, 18; 10 mi. NW Tampico, 1. Additional record: Altamira (Goldman, 1915:134). Heterogeomys hispidus negatus Goodwin Hispid Pocket Gopher 1953. Heterogeomys hispidus negatus Goodwin, Amer. Mus. Novit., 1620:1, May 4, type from Gomez Feras [Farias], 1300 ft., Tamaulipas. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — KnovvTi only from the vicinity of the type locality. Specimens of this pocket gopher were taken in large Macabee traps, at night with the aid of a dog, and by natives using slingshots. Mounds of H. hispidus were common two miles west of El Carrizo near banana trees; the mouths of burrows were four to five inches in diameter. Two females collected at this locality on April 16 and 17 were lactating. Specimens examined of H. hispidus from Tamaulipas resemble the description of H. h. negatus more than that of H. h. concamis, and are referred, therefore, to negatus. I assume, on geographic grounds, that the individuals reported by Hooper (1953:5) as concavus are negatus; they are here referred to as negatus. If this referral is correct, the subspecies concavus probably does not occur in Tamau- lipas. 5—4228 428 University of Kansas Publs.. Mus. Nat. Hist. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 6: Ejido Santa Isabel, 2 km. W Pan-American Highway, 2000 ft., 1; 2 km. W El Carrizo, 1; 5 km. W El Carrizo, 4. Additional records: Rancho Pano Aynctle (Hooper, 1953:5); Gomez Farias (Goodwin, 1953:1). Cratogeomys castanops Yellow-faced Pocket Gopher Two subspecies of Cratogeomys castanops occur in Tamaulipas, C c. planifrons in the higher elevations of the Sierra Madre Oriental in the western part of the state, and C. c. tamaulipensis on the plains of the Rio Grande. Specimens from Miquihuana were trapped in tunnels at 6400 feet elevation. At Palmillas, individuals were trapped in an area o£ mesquite, other bushes and "lechuguilla." Three specimens from southeast of Reynosa were collected in traps set along the dikes of irrigation ditches. Most specimens from Nicolas were brought by natives to the collector, but some were caught in traps set in tunnels among the desert bushes. Cratogeomys castanops planifrons Nelson and Goldman 1943. Cratogeomys castanops planifrons Nelson and Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 47:146, June 13, type from Miquihuana, 5000 ft., Tamaulipas. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Higher elevations in southwestern part of state. Specimens from four miles north of Jaumave do not diflFer from specimens from Miquihuana. The weights of nine females averaged 146.4 (110-210) grams; three males weighed 178, 203, and 215 grams. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 29: Miquihuana, 6400 ft., 9; 4 mi. N Jaumave, 2500 ft., 5; Nicolas, 56 km. NW Tula, 5500 ft., 15. Cratogeomys castanops tamaulipensis Nelson and Goldman 1934. Cratogeomys castanops tamaulipensis Nelson and Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 47:141, June 13, type from Matamoros, Tamaulipas. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Known only from two localities in extreme northern part of state, but probably occurs throughout northeastern part of state. Three specimens from three miles southeast of Reynosa are re- ferred to C. c. tamaulipensis on geographic grounds. They are tawny brown dorsally instead of cinnamon brown or pinkish cinna- mon as Nelson and Goldman (1943:141) described tamaulipensis, and the basioccipital bone ( in one male ) is parallel-sided instead of wedge-shaped. Possibly this diflcerence is owing to sex; Nelson and Mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico 429 Goldman studied only one adult, a female ( the type ) , and the only adult seen by me was a male. Measurements. — An adult male (58118) from three miles southeast of Reynosa, measured as follows: 301; 81; 40; 7; condylobasal length, 57.0; zygomatic breadth, 41.2; palatal length, 36.1; breadth of rostrum, 11.8; length of nasals, 22.0; squamosal breadth, 34.0; alveolar length of maxillary tooth-row, 10.8. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 3, from 3 mi. SE Reynosa. Additional record: Matamoros (Nelson and Goldman, 1934:140). Perognathus merriami merriami J. A. Allen Merriam's Pocket Mouse 1892. Perognathus merriami J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 4:45, March 25, type from Brownsville, Cameron Co., Texas. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — State-wide except southwestern part. Most of the available specimens of P. m. merriami were collected in the semi-arid areas of mesquite and grasses. At Soto la Marina P. m. merriami was abundant in open fields surrounded by brush. One female, collected on July 4, one mile south of Altamira was lactating. Weights of 16 adults from Soto la Marina and that of nine adults from the vicinity of San Fernando are, respectively: 8.2 (7-10) and 8.1 (7-9) grams. Specimens from Tamaulipas are darker than those examined from Coahuila and southern Texas. A skull picked up on the barrier beach, 73 miles south of Washington Beach, differs from all other skulls examined in having the rostrum (3.6 mm.) and Ml (4.3) wider, auditory bullae relatively smaller, and glenoid fossa larger (2.6 instead of less than 2.3 in specimens from Soto la Marina). Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 46: 4 — 4.5 mi. S Nuevo Laredo, 900 ft., 4; 10 mi. S, 11 mi. E Nuevo Laredo, 600 ft., 2; 1 mi. S Santa Teresa, 1; San Fernando, 180 ft., 1; 2 mi. W San Fernando, 180 ft., 14; 73 mi. S Washington Beach, 1; 12 mi. NW San Carlos, 1300 ft., 1; Soto la Marina, 19; Ciudad Victoria, 1; 17 mi. SW Tula, 3900 ft., 1; 1 mi. S Altamira, 1. Additional records (Osgood, 1900:22, unless otherwise noted): Mier; Rey- nosa; Matamoros; 40 mi. S Matamoros (Hooper, 1953:5); Hidalgo; Altamira. Perognathus hispidus hispidus Baird Hispid Pocket Mouse 1858. Perognathus hispidus Baird, Mammals, in Repts. Expl. Surv. . . ., 8(1):421, July 14, type from Charco Escondido, Tamaulipas. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Central and northern parts of state. Two specimens examined from the vicinity of Nuevo Laredo were trapped in weeds and tall grass along an irrigation ditch that ran between desert and a cornfield. One was a lactating female (No- vember 15) and weighed 31 grams; the other, an immature male. 430 Univeesity of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. weighed 23 grams. A May-taken specimen from Soto la Marina possesses a broader and more ochraceous lateral line than the other three individuals examined from Tamaulipas and the Texan speci- mens seen. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 4: 10 mi. S, 11 mi. E Nuevo Laredo, 600 ft., 2; Soto la Marina, 500 ft., 1; 9M mi. SW Padilla, 800 ft., 1. Additional records (Osgood, 1900:44, imless otherwise noted): Mier; Matamoros; Charco Escondido (Baird, 1858:422); 3 mi. W Soto la Marina (Hooper, 1953:5). Perognathus nelsoni nelsoni Merriam Nelson's Pocket Mouse 1894. Perognathus (Chaetodipus) nelsoni Merriam, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 46:266, September 27, type from Hacienda La Parada, about 25 mi. NW Cd. San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Known only from the west side of the Sierra Madre Oriental in southwestern part of state. Most of the specimens examined were taken in semi-arid habitats where the dominant plants were cactus, weeds and bushes. In Tamaulipas, specimens from the southern localities (places labeled with reference to Tula) are darker than those from the two northernmost localities (Miquihuana and four miles north of Jaumave). Most measurements are about equal in the southern and northern specimens, but in some measurements southern speci- mens average slightly smaller than those from the north. Greatest length of skull is a case in point. The difference in size is reflected in the weights. Average weights of nine males and nine females from southern localities are, respectively, 14.7 (12-16.5) and 13.8 (12-15.5) instead of 18.5 (17-20) and 17.0 (15-18) grams for four males and six females from tlie northern localities. In general, Tamaulipan specimens average somewhat smaller than those from other localities in eastern Mexico (see measurements given by Baker, 1956:238, Dalquest, 1953:107, and Osgood, 1900:53). Measurements. — Average and extreme measurements of six specimens (2 males and 4 females) from Miquihuana, three males from four miles north of Jaiunave, and five (3 males and 2 females) from nine miles southwest of Tula are, respectively, as follows: 176.2 (163-185), , 170, 173, (4 specimens only) 179.0 (165-186); 99.8 (97-105), , 90, 93, (4 specimens only) 96.7 (88-104); 22.5 (21-23), 23, 23, 24, 22.6 (22-23); 8 (8), 8, 8, 8, 8.8 (8-9); greatest length of skull, 26.1 (25.6-26.6), 25.8, 26.5, 26.9, 25.2 (24.9-25.7); mastoid breadth, 13.3 (12.9-13.6), 13.2, 13.8, 13.6, 13.1 (12.9-13.4); inter- orbital constriction, 6.4 (6.1-6.6), 5.9, 6.3, 6.3, 6.3 (6.1-6.8); interparietal breadth, 7.4 (6.8-7.9), 7.7, 7.2, 7.2, 7.6 (7.3-7.9); alveolar length of maxillary tooth-row. 3.7 (3.5-4.0); 3.6, 3.5, 3.6, 3.6 (3.5-3.8). Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 42: Miquihuana, 6300 ft., 7; 4 mi. N Jaumave, 2500 ft., 5; Nicolas, 56 km. NW Tula, 5500 ft., 10; Tajada, Mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico 43L 23 mi. NW Tula, 5200 ft., 6; 8 mi. N Tula, 4500 ft., 1; 9 mi. SW Tula, 3900 ft. 13. Additional record: Jaumave (Miller, 1924:284). Dipodomys ordii Ord's Kangaroo Rat This species has a restricted geographic distribution in Tamauli- pas, although three subspecies occur in the state; two of them occur in the extreme northeast and the other in the far west. Dipodomys ordii durranti Setzer 1949. Dipodomys ordii fuscus Setzer, Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 1:555, December 27, type from Jaumave, Tamaulipas. 1952. Dipodomys ordii durranti Setzer, Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., 42: 391, December 17, a renaming of D. o. fuscus Setzer, 1949. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Semi-desert areas in western part of state. The specimen examined from four miles north of Jaumave was trapped in a xeric area in which the vegetation consisted of mesquite, high paimlike yuccas, and "lechugilla." Specimens from the vicinity of Tula were trapped along bushy fence rows and adjacent to clumps of bushes and cactus, or shot at night in an area in which the soil was a sandy loam having relatively large amounts of gravel. The average weight of seven specimens from Nicolas was 50.3 (42-60) grams. According to Lidicker (1960:178 and in litt.), the place called Lulii that was ascribed to Tamaulipas by Setzer (1949:550), and from which D. o. durranti was reported, actually is in Zacatecas. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 19: Miquihuana, 6200 ft., 2; 4 mi. N Jaumave, 2500 ft., 3; Nicolas, 56 km. NW Tula, 12; 8 km. N Tula, 4500 ft., 2. Additional records (Setzer, 1949:556): Nuevo Laredo; Jaumave. Dipodomys ordii parvabullatus Hall 1951. Dipodomys ordii parvabullatus Hall, Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:38, October 1, type from 88 mi. S and 10 mi. W Matamoros, Tamaulipas. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Known only from two islands ofiF the barrier beach. Weight of four adults averaged 49.2 (44-60) grams. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 17: 33 mi. S Washington Beach, 4; 88 mi. S, 10 mi. W Matamoros, 7; 90 mi. S, 10 mi. W Matamoros, 6. Dipodomys ordii compactus True 1889. Dipodomys compactus True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 11:160, January 5, type from Padre Island, Cameron Co., Texas. 1942. Dipodomys ordii compactus, Davis, Jour. Mamm., 23:332, August 13. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Reported only from Bagdad (Hall, 1951:41). 432 University of Kansas Publs,, Mus. Nat. Hist. Dipodomys merriami atronasus Merriam Merriam's Kangaroo Rat 1894. Dipodomys merriami atronasus Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing- ton, 9:113, June 21, type from Hacienda La Parada, about 25 mi. NW San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Mexican Plateau in western part of state. Specimens examined are tentatively assigned to Dipodomys me- rriami atronasus. They di£Fer from typical atronasus as pointed out by Lidicker (1960:177). He noted that individuals from the east- ern edge of the range of D. m. atronasus w^ere slightly paler than typical specimens, but I found Tamaulipan material to be much darker, especially behind the nose and ears (blackish instead of brovraish), than specimens from Aguascalientes, San Luis Potosi and Zacatecas. Specimens examined were collected under the same conditions and in the same areas as D. ordii durranti. The average weight of 20 adults (11 females and nine males) was 46.6 (38-50) grams. Records of occurrences. — Specimens examined, 27: Nicolas, 56 km. NW Tula, 5500 ft., 16; Tajada, 23 mi. NW Tula, 5200 ft., 4; 15 mi. N Tula, 1; 8 mi. N Tula, 4500 ft., 3; 9 mi. SW Tula, 3900 ft., 3. Additional record: Tula (Lidicker, 1960:178). Liomys irroratus Mexican Spiny Pocket Mouse This species is probably the most common rodent in Tamaulipas. It was taken at almost every locality sampled and was associated with many other kinds of rodents. Its distribution is state-wide with the exception of the extreme northwestern part. Two sub- species are represented in Tamaulipas, L. i. alleni, which occurs in the western side of the Sierra Madre Oriental in the southwest part of the state, and L. i. texensis, which occupies the rest of the range of the species in the state. At Soto la Marina specimens were taken in dense brush, around the cultivated fields; no burrows were seen and all specimens were trapped before 10:00 p. m. On the Sierra de Tamaulipas, Liomys was collected in practically all microhabitats. In the vicinity of San Fernando, individuals were trapped in a dry area in which vegetation consisted of mesquite, cactus and chollas; the ground there was covered with dry leaves and small sticks, and burrows were found near the base of the mesquite bushes. One specimen was taken near the house of a woodrat. Two kilometers west of El Carrizo, where Liomys irroratus is called "raton tuza," specimens were collected on rocks inclined at an angle of about twenty-five Mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico 433 degrees that were covered with zacaton grass and some bushes. Some individuals were taken in a sugar cane field that was sur- rounded by bushes and tall grass; Baiomys taylori, Sigmodon his- pidus, and Peromysciis leucopiis were taken in the line of traps. One specimen was caught in a trap baited with banana. Some dates concerning reproduction of Liomys inoratus in Ta- maulipas are as follows: La Pesca, May 25, one female lactating and one female pregnant with 4 embryos that measured 8 mm.; Jaumave, July 26-29, three females lactating and three pregnant females that carried 6 embryos (6 mm.), 6 embryos (15 mm.), and 5 embryos (15 mm.); Palmillas, July 23, a female with 1 embryo measuring 6 mm.; Nicolas, October 19, a female carrying 4 embryos measuring 3 mm, Liomys irroratus alleni (Coues) 1881. Heteromys alleni Coues, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 8:187, March, type from Rio Verde, San Luis Potosi. 1911. Liomys irroratus alleni, Goldman, N. Amer. Favma, 34:56, Septem- ber 7. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Extreme southwestern part of state. This subspecies is easily distinguished from L. i. texensis by the following features: hind foot larger, 31.5 (30-33.5) instead of 27.8 (27-29); skull longer, 34.2 (32.4-36.4) instead of 31.5 (30.0-32.5); maxillary tooth-row longer, 5.4 (5.0-5.8) instead of 5.0 (4.8-5.1); interorbital constriction relatively narrower in alleni. Intergrada- tion between L. i. alleni and L. i. texensis takes place at Rancho Santa Rosa (where, of the two specimens, one is conspicuously larger than the other), eight kilometers northeast of Antiguo Morelos, El Encino, and Ejido Santa Isabel. All specimens from tlie localities mentioned are here assigned to texensis. Weight of three pregnant females averaged 68.9 (64-78) grams, that of non-pregnant females, 65.6 (64-68), and that of six males 73.0 (65-80). Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 34: Villa Mainero, 1700 ft., 2; Nicolas, 56 km. NW Tula, 5500 ft., 6; Jaumave, 2400 ft., 23; 16 mi. N, 6 mi. W Palmillas, 5500 ft., 1; 14 mi. N, 6 mi. W Palmillas, 5500 ft., 2. Additional records: Miquihuana (Goldman, 1911:56); Tula (Hooper and Handley, 1958:18). Liomys irroratus texensis Merriam 1902. Liomys texensis Merriam, Proc. Biol, Soc, Washington, 15:44, March 5, type from Brownsville, Cameron Co., Texas. 1911. Liomys irroratus texensis, Goldman, N. Amer. Fauna, 34:59, Septem- ber 7. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — State-wide except extreme southwestern and northwestern parts. 434 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Intergradation occurs between L. i. texensis and L. i. pretiosus in southeastern Tamaulipas as noted previously by Hooper (1953:5). Individuals from Altamira and one mile south thereof are small and dark as in pretiosus, but cranial measurements are as in texensis to w^hich they are here assigned. Specimens from the vicinity of Tam- pico are typical texensis. Average weight of the specimens from three different localities are as follows: Soto la Marina, seven males, 42.7, 14 females, 36.9; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 12 males, 47.3, 20 females, 40.7; Sierra Madre Oriental, eight males, 45.5, nine females, 37.0 grams. The specimens reported by Ingles (1959:394) from two miles south of El Mante as L. irroratus are here referred to texensis on geographic grounds. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 121: 7 km. S, 2 km. W San Fernando, 7; 7 km. SW La Purisima, 1; Rancho Santa Rosa, 25 km. N, 13 km, W Cd. Victoria, 260 m., 2; 36 km. N, 10 km. W Cd. Victoria, 1; 15 mi. N Cd. Victoria, 2; 4 mi. N La Pesca, 5; Soto la Marina, 25; Sierra Madre Oriental, 5 mi. S, 3 mi. W Cd. Victoria, 1900 ft., 18; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 2 mi. S, 10 mi. W Piedra, 1200 ft., 36; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 3 mi. S, 10 mi. W Piedra, 1200 ft., 1; Ejido Santa Isabel, 2 km. W Pan-American Highway, 2000 ft., 3; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 25 mi. N, 3 km. W El Mante, 300 ft., 1; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 6 mi. N Gomez Farias, 300 ft.. 8; 10 km. N, 8 km. W El Encino, 400 ft., 1; 2 km. W El Carrizo, 6; 53 km. N El Limon, 4; 8 km. NE Antiguo Morelos, 2; Altamira, 1; 1 mi. S Altamira, 3; 10 mi. NW Tampico, 1; 7 km. N Tampico, 2. Additional records: Hidalgo (Goldman, 1911:59); Matamoros (ibid.); Bag- dad (ibid.); Sierra de San Carlos (Hooper and Handley, 1948:20); 3 mi. W Soto la Marina (Hooper, 1953:5); [Cd.] Victoria (Goldman, 1911: 59); Acuna (Hooper and Handley, 1948:20); Mesa de Llera (Hooper, 1953:5); Gomez Farias (Goodwin, 1954:9); 2 mi. S Cd. Mante (Ingles, 1959:394); Antiguo Morelos (Hooper and Handley, 1948:20). Castor canadensis mexicanus V. Bailey Beaver 1913. Castor canadensis mexicanus V. Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 26:191, October 23, type from Ruidoso Creek, 6 mi. below Ruidoso, Lincoln Co., New Mexico. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Probably in the Rio Grande drainage. The beaver has been reported in Tamaulipas only from Mata- moros (Baird, 1858:355 — three specimens) and from 12 miles below, south of, Matamoros (V. Bailey, 1905:124). In Tamaulipas the beaver may occur only in the Rio Grande drainage. Oryzomys palustris Marsh Rice Rat Previous to this report only one subspecies of Oryzomys palustris had been recorded from Tamaulipas. Careful examination of the available material from the state shows that O. p. aquaticus occurs in the east and O. p. peragrus lives in the southwestern part of the state. Mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico 435 In general, specimens examined were trapped in dense brush alongside waterholes as at Altamira, or around cornfields as at the place 36 kilometers north and 10 kilometers west of Ciudad Victoria, where the bushes were mesquite and other kinds of Acacias. There the ground was covered by cat claw, and no grass was seen near the traps in which O. paliistris was caught. In the Sierra de Tamau- lipas a specimen was caught among rocks and bushes. Ingles (1959:395) reported that his specimens were trapped alive in dense brush and "tules." A female taken at Jaumave on July 25 had 5 embryos, each 20 mm. in crown-i-ump length. Oi-yzomys palustris aquaticus J. A. AUen 1891. Onjzomys aquations J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3:289, June 30, type from Brownsville, Cameron Co., Texas. 1918. Onjzomrjs couesi aquaticus, Goldman, N. Amer. Fauna, 43:39, Sep- tember 23. 1960. Oryzomys palustris aquaticus. Hall, The Southwestern Nat., 5:173, November 1. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — North part of state, and coastal area south to Tampico. Weights of two males were 80 and 82, and of a female 66 grams. Oryzomys palustris aquaticus differs from O. p. peragrus in having a rich cinnamon, reddish color and the interorbital region constricted to less than 14.7 per cent of the greatest length of the skull. O. p. pe- ragrus is ochraceous and grayish. The least width of its interorbital region is more than 14.5 per cent of the greatest length of the skuU. Individuals studied from the Sierra de Tamaulipas are typical aquaticus. Of those from Altamira, one has the color as in aquati- cus, but the color of the other two resembles that of peragrus; never- theless, all of the mentioned specimens are here assigned to aquaticus. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 4: Sierra de Tamaulipas, 10 mi. W, 2 mi. S Piedra, 1200 ft., 1; 6 mi. N, 6 mi. W Altamira, 2; 5 mi. N, 5 mi. W Altamira, 1, Additional records: Camargo (Goldman, 1918:40); Matamoros (ibid.); near Cd. Tampico (Ingles, 1958:395). Oryzomys palustris peragrus Merriam 1901. Oryzomys mexicanus peragrus Merriam, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., 3:283, July 26, type from Rio Verde, San Luis Potosi. 1918. Oryzomys couesi perargrus, Goldman, N. Amer. Fauna, 43:39, Sep- tember 23. 1960. Oryzomys palustris peragrus. Hall, The Southwestern Nat., 5:173, November 1. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Western part of state, along Sierra Madre Oriental. 436 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Two males from Jaumave weighed 62 and 65 and one pregnant female weighed 67 grams. Most records of O. p. peragrus are from places along the Sierra Madre Oriental, but Lawrence (1947:103) recorded a specimen from tile Rio Corona, which is east of, but not far from the men- tioned Sierra. Baker (1951:215) reported two specimens from two dilferent localities labeled with reference to Ciudad Victoria ( same specimens reported here) as O. p. aquaticus, but pointed out that they tended "toward the darker O. c. peragrus." Examination of more material and taking into consideration the relation between the interorbital constriction and the greatest length of skull, cause me here to refer those specimens to peragrus. Hooper (1953:8) reported three young specimens from Rancho Pano Ayuctle as of the subspecies aquaticus, but study of two adults from the same locality reveals that this locality should be included within the geographic range of peragrus. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 9: 36 km. N, 10 km. W Cd. Victoria, 1; Jamnave, 2400 ft., 5; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 25 mi. N, 3 km. W El Mante, 2; 70 km. S Cd. Victoria (by highway) and 6 km. W of Highway, 1. Additional records: Rio Corana (Lawrence, 1947:103); Pano Ayuctle (Hooper, 1953:8). Oryzomys melanotis Black-eared Rice Rat Oryzomys melanotis occurs in Tamaulipas from Soto la Marina southward. Two subspecies are recorded: O. m. carrorum in the north and O. m. rostratus in the tropical area from Rancho Pano Ayuctle to Altamira. Specimens from the Sierra de Tamaulipas were trapped along a stream, edged with trees, bushes and rocks; at Rancho Pano Ayuctle the animals were in grass between banana groves. The specimen from 70 kilometers south of Ciudad Victoria was taken in tall grass near a field of sugar cane in a line of traps that yielded also Peromys- cus leucopus, Sigmodon hispidus, Liomys irroratus, and Oryzomys fulvescens. Hooper (1953:8) and Ingles (1959:395) reported O. melanotis as caught at the edges of cane fields. Oryzomys melanotis carrorum Lav^ence 1947. Oryzomys rostratus carrorum Lawrence, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 24:101, May 29, type from Rancho Santa Ana, about 8 mi. SW Padilla, Rio Soto la Marina, Tamaulipas. 1959. Oryzomys melanotis carrorum. Hall and Kelson, The Mammals of North America, 2:560, March 21. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Southeast part of state; known only from the type locaUty and the Sierra de Tamavdipas. Mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico 437 The original description of this subspecies was based on three specimens collected at Rancho Santa Ana. Specimens examined from the Sierra de Tamaulipas extended the known range 45 miles southeast of the type locality, and also extend the previously known altitudinal range of 300-350 feet elevation to 1200 feet. Specimens examined correspond in color and measurements to those recorded by Lawrence (1947:102-103). Of 12 specimens studied, the tympanic bullae of six touch the surface of the table when the skull rests on the tips of tlie incisors and the occipital condyles. In the other six the bullae are 0.3 to 1.3 mm. above the table top. The mesopterygoid space in the specimens examined are broad and U-shaped and not V-shaped as in the three specimens examined by Lawrence (op. cit.). Weight of six males was 52.5 (48-63) and of four females 44.7 (40-49) grams. Measurements. — Average and extreme measurements of six males are as foUows: 255.3 (240-269); 135.7 (120-147); 135.7 (120-147); 30.4 (30-31); 21 (20-22); greatest length of skull, 31.6 (30.9-32.5); zygomatic breadth, 15.3 (14.7-16.1); interorbital constriction, 4.8 (4.5-5.1); breadth of skull, 31.6 (30.9-32.5); length of nasals, 12.9 (12.4-13.4); length of anterior palatine foramina, 5.5 (5.2-5.7); length of palatal bridge, 6.1 (5.8-6.4); length of maxiUary tooth-row, 4.0 (3.9-4.1). The females average sHghtly smaller. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 12 from Sierra de Tamauli- pas, 10 mi. W, 2 mi. S Piedra, 1200 ft. Additional record: Type locality (Lawrence, 1947:102). Oryzomys melanotis rostratus Merriam 1901. Oryzomys rostratus Merriam, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., 3:293. July 26, type from Metlatoyuca, Puebla. 1953. Oryzomys melanotis rostratus. Hooper, Occ. Papers Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, 544:8, March 25. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Extreme southeastern part of state, in tropical area. Ingles (1959:395) reported one specimen from two miles north of Ciudad Mante as O. melanotis; here it is referred to O. m. rostratus on geographic grounds. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 2: 2 km. W El Carrizo, 1; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 25 mi. N El Mante and 3 km. W Highway, 1. Additional records: 2 mi. N Cd. Mante (Ingles, 1959:395); Altamira (Gold- man, 1918:54). Oryzomys alf aroi huastecae Dalquest 1951. Oryzomys alfaroi huastecae Dalquest, Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., 41:363, November 14, type from 10 km. E Platanito, San Luis Potosi. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Rnovni only from Rancho del Cielo (Hooper, 1953:8). Oryzomys fulvescens Pygmy Rice Rat The pygmy rice rat in Tamaulipas was collected in grass. Two kilometers west of El Carrizo in grass around a sugar cane field, traps, baited with scraps of deer meat, caught Oryzomys fulvescens. 438 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Sigmodon hispidus, Peromyscus leticopus and Liomys irroratus. Seven kilometers north of Tampico, O. fulvescens was taken along with Peromyscus leucopus, Sigmodon hispidus and Baiomys taylori. A female obtained on March 2, at Rancho Pano Ayuctle, had 4 embryos 16 mm, in crown-rump length. Oryzomys fulvescens fulvescens (Saussure) 1860. H[esperomtjs]. fulvescens Saussure, Revue et Mag. Zool., Paris, ser. 2, 12:102, March, type from Veracruz; fixed by Merriam (Proc. Wash- ington Acad. Sci., 3:295, July 26, 1901) at Orizaba. 1897. Oryzomys fulvescens, J. A. Allen and Chapman, BuU. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 9:204, June 16. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Reported only from Rancho del Cielo (Good- win, 1954:10). Oryzomys fulvescens engracie Osgood 1945. Oryzomys fulvescens engracie Osgood, Jour. Mamm., 26:300, Novem- ber 14, type from Hacienda Santa Engracia (32 km. N), NW of Cd. Victoria, Tamaulipas, Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Central and southeast parts of state. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 13: 2 km. W El Carrizo, 5; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 25 mi. N, 3 km. W El Mante, 6; 10 km, N, 8 km. W El Encino, 1; 7 km. N Tampico, 1. Additional record: Altamira (Osgood, 1945:300). Reithrodontomys megalotis hooperi Goodwin Western Harvest Mouse 1954. Reithrodontomys megalotis hooperi Goodwin, Amer. Mus. Novit., 1660:1, May 25, type from Rancho del Cielo, 5 mi. NW Gomez Farias, 3500 ft., Tamaulipas. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Known only from type locality. Reithrodontomys fulvescens Fulvous Harvest Mouse This is the most common species of Reithrodontomys in Tamauli- pas; it occurs in almost all parts of the state, from sea level to high up in the mountains and from the tropical forest to the desert plain. The three subspecies in the state are R. f. intermedins in the northern half, R. f. griseoflavus in the high parts of the Sierra Madre Oriental, and R. f. tropicalis in the southeast. The lines between these subspecies are diflBcult to establish because the zones of inter- gradation are broad. Characters for separating the three subspecies in Tamaulipas are hsted by Hooper ( 1952 ) . Reithrodontomys fulvescens griseoflavus Merriam 1901. Reithrodontomys griseoflavus Merriam, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., 3:553, November 29, type from Ameca, 4000 ft., Jalisco. Mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico 439 1952. Reithrodontomys fulvescens griseoflavus. Hooper, Miscl. Publ. Mus, Zool., Univ. Michigan, 77:98, January 16. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Known only from Jaumave. Only specimens from Jaumave are clearly R. f. griseoflavus; all others east of this locality are intergrades between griseoflavus and tropicalis, under which latter subspecies they are included. In griseoflavus the tail is longer in relation to the head and body, 141.2 (135-153) per cent, than in the other two subspecies that occur in Tamauhpas. The average weight of 14 males was 14 ( 12-16) grams. Record of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 15, from Jaumave, 2400 ft. Reithrodontomys fulvescens intermedius J. A. Allen 1895. Reithrodontomys mexicanus intermedius J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 7:136, May 21, type from Brownsville, Cameron Co., Texas. 1914. Reithrodontomys fulvescens intermedius, A. H. Howell, N. Amer. Faima, 36:47, June 5. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Northern half of state. No specimen of this subspecies has been examined. Jones and Anderson (1958:447) reported specimens from Rancho Pano Ayuctle as R. f. intermedius, but here those same specimens are assigned to R. f. tropicalis. J. A. Allen (1891:223) recorded specimens from Santa Teresa as Ochetodon mexicanus. According to Hooper ( 1952: 142 ) that name was used by Allen for R. fulvescens. Allen's speci- mens from Santa Teresa are here referred to R. f. intermedius on geographic grounds. Records (Hooper, 1952:108): Camargo, 200 ft.; 20 mi. S Reynosa, Charco Escondido; Matamoros, 30 ft.; 7.5 mi. S Matamoros; 29 mi. S Cd. Victoria, 800 ft.; Hacienda Santa Engracia, 800 ft.- Santa Teresa (50 mi. SW Matamoros); Sierra San Carlos (El Mulato, Tamaulipeca, 1500 ft.). Reithrodontomys fulvescens tropicalis Davis 1944. Reithrodontom,ys fulvescens tropicalis Davis, Jour. Mamm., 25:393, December 12, type from Boca del Rio, 8 km. S city of Veracruz, Veracruz. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Tropical area in southeastern part of state. Most of the specimens examined of R. fulvescens are included in this subspecies, principally because of their reddish coloration that is characteristic of R. f. tropicalis. According to the original descrip- ton by Davis (1944:393) this subspecies is smaller than griseoflavus and the posterior border of the incisive foramina terminate anterior to the plane of the molars. But, these characteristics are not found in any specimen examined from Tamaulipas and the average of external measurements is more than those given by Hooper (1952: 109) for tropicalis. Of all specimens from Tamaulipas, those from the vicinity of Altamira and Tampico are most nearly typical of 440 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. tropicalis. Weights of seven males and five females, from the Sierra de Tamaulipas, were, respectively, 13 (11-15), and 11 (9-14} grams. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 51: Rancho Santa Rosa, 25 km. N, 13 km. W Cd. Victoria, 1; Cd. Victoria, 3; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 10 mi. W, 2 mi. S Piedra, 1200 ft., 12; 2 km. W El Cam'zo, 1; Ejido Santa Isabel, 2 km. W Pan-American Highway, 2000 ft., 14; Rancho Pano Ayucde, 25 mi. N, 3 km. W El Mante, 300 ft., 4; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 6 mi. N Gomez Farias, 300 ft., 4; 6 mi. N, 6 mi. W Altamira, 2; 1 mi. S Altamira, 3; 16 km. N Tampico, 3; 7 km. N Tampico, 4. Additional records: Hidalgo (Hooper, 1952:110); 5 mi. NE Gomez Farias, 1100 ft. (ibid.); La Azteca, 5 km. NNE Gomez Farias (Goodwin, 1954:11); Gomez Farias (ibid.); Antiguo Morales (Hooper, 1952:110); 2 mi. W Tampico (Ingles, 1959:396). Reithrodontomys mexicanus mexicanus (Saussure) Mexican Harvest Mouse 1860. jR [eithrodon], mexicanus Saussure, Revue et Mag. Zool., Paris, ser. 2, 12:109, type from mountains of Veracruz; restricted to Mirador, Veracruz, by Hooper, Miscl. Publ. Mus. Zool., Univ. Micliigan, 77:140, January 16. 1914, Reithrodontomys m.exicanus mexicanus, A. H. Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, 36:70, June 5. Not Reithrodontomys mexicanus (Saussure), being instead of J. A. AUen, 1895:135, which in part equalled Reithrodontomys fulvescens difficilis. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Known from two localities, but probably occurs in all tropical areas in south part of state. As noted before, J. A. Allen (1891:223) reported specimens from Rancho Santa Rosa as Ochetodon mexicanus, but he used this name for the species now knowTi as R. fulvescens. The specimen examined, previously reported by Jones and Ander- son (1958:447), represents the northernmost occurrence of the species. Records of occurrence. — One specimen examined from Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 6 mi. N Gomez Farias, 300 ft. Additional record: Rancho del Cielo, 3500 ft. (Hooper, 1952:144). Peromyscus maniculatus blandus Osgood Deer Mouse 1904. Peromyscus sonoriensis blandus Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 17:56, March 21, type from Escalon, Chihuahua. 1909. Peromyscus maniculatus blandus Osgood, N. Amer. Faima, 28:84, April 17. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Reported only from Miquihuana (Osgood, 1909:86). Peromyscus melanotis J. A. Allen and Chapman Black-eared Mouse 1897. Peromyscus melanotis J. A. Allen and Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 9:203, June 16, type from Las Vigas, Veracruz. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Known only from Miquihuana (Osgood, 1909: 112). Mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico 441 Peromyscus leucopus texanus (Woodhouse) White-footed Mouse 1853. Hesperomys texana Woodhouse, Pioc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 6:242, type probably from vicinity of Mason, Mason Co., Texas. 1909. Peromyscus leucopus texanus, Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 28:127, April 17. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Over all of state. This is the most common species of the genus Peromyscus in Tamaulipas. It and Liomijs irroraftis are the two rodents most easily trapped throughout the state. In general P. I. texanus occurs in forested and brushy areas especially under 1200 feet in elevation, as was noted in the Sierra de Tamaulipas, where P. I. texanus was taken commonly at elevations of up to 1200 feet. Above this eleva- tion the species was rare and P. pectoralis and P. botjlii were more abundant than at lower elevations. The three specimens of P. I. texanus from 12 kilometers north and four kilometers west of Ciudad Victoria were ti-apped in a line of 110 traps set near tree stumps. Small burrows in the ground were noted here. The forest at this locality was composed of mesquite, ebony, acacias, a few yuccas and "nopales" ( = cactuses ) ; the ground was covered by cat claw. Of the many young taken, 15 specimens were saved from Ejido Santa Isabel where P. leucopus was abundant in an area of chaparral consisting of wild "tomate," "zapote," "huizache" and "salvadora." Most of the specimens caught at this locality were taken between 7:30 and 9:30 p. m. in traps baited with a mixture of rolled oats, peanut butter and banana. Specimens from 53 kilometers north of El Limon were taken along with Liomijs irroratus; the specimen from two kilometers west of El Carrizo was trapped near a dead mesquite log. Reitrodontomys fulvescens was taken in the same area. Four specimens of P. leucopus were taken at Rancho Pano Ayucde, around a big pile of old firewood in an abandoned sugar mill. At the locality six miles north and six miles west of Altamira, P. leucopus was found in cultivated fields and along the grassy road- sides; in the vicinity of Tampico specimens were taken in an area of forested cactus-thorn. The specimen from seven kilometers south and two kilometers west of San Fernando was found in a trap set at the base of "nopal" cactus, which was surrounded by bushes and small trees ( 10-12 feet high ) . Breeding records are as follows: Rancho Pano Ayuctle, on Febru- ary 15, one female carried 2 embryos of 23 mm. in crown-rump length; Jaumave, July 26 to 29, five females, averaging 4.6 (3-6) em- bryos of 7 (3-15) mm., two females lactating, one on May 25 and the other on July 26; Ejido Santa Isabel, on January 20 to 25, tliree 442 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. females lactating; Soto la Marina, on May 16, one female lactating. Average weights were as follows: from Jaumave four pregnant females, 28.0 (25-33), eight males, 23.4 (21-27); from the Sierra de Tamaulipas, eight females non-pregnant, 21.2 (18-26), 14 males, 22.0 (19-27); from 6 mi. N, 6 mi. W Altamira, six males, 23.5 (21-27). All specimens examined from Tamaulipas are assigned to P. I. texanus because their coloration is pale. Even so the color varies some according to locality; specimens from Rancho Pano Ayucde and the Sierra de Tamaulipas have much of the cinnamon color that is characteristic of P. /. incensus from farther south, but even so specimens from the two localities last mentioned are paler than those from Veracruz that are typical incensus. Goldman (1942:158) reported specimens from Altamira as P. I. incensus, in which subspecies Ingles (1959:397) included specimens from two miles west of Tampico, but specimens examined from the same area do not differ from individuals from far north thereof; for this reason I identify specimens from these localities as texanus. Osgood (1909:131) and Hooper (1953:7) also referred specimens from the southern part of Tamaulipas to texanus. These two authors examined 156 specimens and did not find any intergradation be- tween texanus and incensus, but to me, the cinnamon tones of speci- mens from Rancho Pano Ayucde and the Sierra de Tamaulipas, suggest intergradation between the two subspecies. Osgood's (1909:265) measurements of P. I. texanus, from Browns- ville, Texas, and those of 40 specimens from different localities in Tamaulipas are about the same except that the anterior palatine foramina average longer in Tamaulipas. Baker's (1956:262) speci- mens from Coahuila, averaged larger even than Tamaulipan speci- mens. Another difference between Osgood's measurements and Baker's was the shorter 3.4 (3.0-3.7) maxillary tooth-row in Ta- maulipan specimens. Hooper (1953:7) recorded specimens from General Teran, as in Tamaulipas; actually this locality is in Nuevo Leon. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 149: 4.5 mi. S Nuevo Laredo, 1; 3 mi. SE Reynosa, 2; 7 km. S, 2 km. W San Fernando, 1; Villa Mainero, 1700 ft., 1; Rancho Santa Rosa, 25 km. N, 13 km. W Cd. Victoria, 260 m., 2; 9.5 mi. SW Padilla, 800 ft, 2; 15 mi. N Cd. Victoria, 2; 4 mi. N La Pesca, 1; Soto la Marina, 11; La Pesca, 1; 12 km. N, 4 km. W Cd. Victoria, 3; 7 km. NE Cd. Victoria, 1; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 10 mi. W, and 2 mi. S Piedra, 1200 ft., 31; Ejido Eslabones, 10 mi. W, 2 mi. S Piedra, 1200 ft., 6; Jaumave, 20; Ejido Santa Isabel, 2 km. W Pan-American Highway, 2000 ft., 15; 53 km. N El Limon, 12 km. S Rio Guayalejo, 5; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 25 irii. N El Mante, 3 km. W Highway, 300 ft., 16; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 6 mi. N Gomez Farias, 300 ft., 7; 8 km. W, 10 km. N El Encino, 400 ft., 3; 8 mi. N Tula, 4500 ft., 2; 2 km. W El Mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico 443 Carrizo, 3; 6 mi. N, 6 mi. W Altamira, 9; 16 km. N Tampico, 1; 7 km. N Tampico, 3. Additional records (Osgood, 1909:131, unless otherwise noted): Nuevo Laredo; Mier; Camargo; near Bagdad; Sierra San Carlos (Hooper, 1953:7); Matamoros- Victoria Highway (ibid.); Charco Escondido (Baird, 1858:464); Hidalgo; Cd. Victoria; 10 mi. NE Zamorina (Hooper, 1953:7); Gomez Farias (Goodwin, 1954:12); Chamal (ibid.); Tula (Hooper, 1953:7); Antiguo Morelos (ibid.); Altamira (Goldman, 1942:158); 2 mi. W Tampico (Ingles, 1959:397); Tampico. Peromyscus boylii Brush Mouse Specimens examined were obtained at higher elevations in the oak-tree zone of the Sierras in traps set among rocks, trees and in grassy areas. Peromyscus boylii was trapped in the same area as was P. pectoralis and no habitat distinction between the two was noted. Some behavioral differences, however, are pointed out in the account of P. pectoralis. Morphological differences between these two species in Tamaulipas were reported by Hooper (1952: 372). A female taken on August 5 in the Sierra Madre Oriental carried two embryos 15 mm. in crown-rump length. For the taxonomic status of P. botjlii in Tamauhpas see Alvarez (1961). Peromyscus boylii ambiguus Alvarez 1961. Peromyscus boylii ambiguus Alvarez, Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 14:118, December 29, type from Monterrey, Nuevo Leon. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Known only from the Sierra San Carlos. Record of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 7 (UMMZ), all from La Ve- gonia, Sierra San Carlos. Peromyscus boylii levipes Merriam 1898. Peromyscus levipes Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 12:123, April 30, type from Mt. Malinche, 8400 ft., Tlaxcala. 1909. Peromyscus boylii levipes, Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 28:153, April 17. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Central and southern parts of state. Weights of 19 males and 18 females from the Sierra Madre Orien- tal are, respectively, 25.2 (22-30) and 23.6 (20-29); weights of eight males and five females from the Sierra de Tamaulipas are 24.9 (22-32) and 29.6 (24-31). Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 54: Sierra Madre Oriental, 8 mi. S, 6 mi. W Victoria, 4000 ft., 37; 5 mi. S, 3 mi. W Victoria, 1900 ft., 2; Ejido Eslabones, 10 mi. W, 2 mi. S Piedra, 1200 ft., 1; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 11 mi. W, 8 ml. S Piedra, 2000 ft., 13; 2 km. W El Carrizo, 1. Additional records: Rancho del Cielo (Hooper, 1953:7); 3 mi. NW Acuna (ibid.); Rancho Viejo (Goodwin, 1954:12); Santa Maria (ibid.); Joya de Salas (ibid.). 6—4228 444 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Peromyscus pectoralis White-ankled Mouse Peromyscus pectoralis and P. boylii are closely related morpho- logically and seem to occupy the same habitat. In the Sierra Madre Oriental, according to the field notes of the collector (Heinrich, June 6 to August 5, 1953 ) , individuals of P. pectoralis had a pinkish coloration on the mouth and forefeet produced by the juice of the "nopal" cactus fruit, on which obviously the mice feed, whereas only a few specimens of boylii were thus discolored. It was noted that boylii was feeding on acorns. Furthermore, the two species may differ in time of breeding; in August, males of pectoralis had the testes well developed when those organs were small in boylii col- lected at the same locaUty. A specimen from 53 kilometers north of El Limon, was shot at a height of 10 feet on a concrete underpass. Other specimens were taken in a trap line that yielded Peromyscus boylii, P. leucopus and Liomys irroratus. Two subspecies of P. pectoralis occur in Tamaulipas: P. p. col- linus is widely distributed in the central and western parts of the state and P. p. eremicoides occurs only in the western "comer" of the state. Peromyscus pectoralis coUinus Hooper 1952. Peromyscus pectoralis collinus Hooper, Jour. Mamm., 33:372, August 19, type from San Jose, 2000 ft.. Sierra San Carlos, 12 mi. NW San Carlos, Tamaulipas. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Along the central and western mountains. A female obtained on January 21 at a place 53 kilometers north of El Limon, contained three embryos. A lactating female was taken on August 2 in the Sierra Madre Oriental. Males, as previously noted, had well-developed testes in August. The weights of 17 males and 20 females from the Sierra de Tamaulipas were, re- spectively, 26.6 (24-33), and 25.6 (21-31) grams. Measurements of specimens from different localities in Tamaulipas averaged about the same, except that those of specimens from Palmillas, averaged smaller. The small size suggests intergradation between the subspecies collinus and eremicoides. The latter occurs to the west and differs from collinus in smaller size, more grayish coloration, completely white tarsal joint and relatively longer tail. Hooper (1952:374) reported specimens from Jaumave as intergrades between the two subspecies before mentioned and Osgood (1909: 164) identified two specimens from there as eremicoides. In the Mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico 445 present account, individuals from Palmillas and Jaumave are re- ferred to collinus. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 101: 7 km. SW La Purisima, 1; Sierra Madre Oriental, 5 mi. S, 3 mi. W Victoria, 1900 ft., 12; Sierra Madre Oriental, 8 mi. S, 6 mi. W Victoria, 4000 ft., 16; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 2 mi. S, 10 mi. W Piedra, 1200 ft, 36; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 3 mi. S, 14 mi. W Piedra, 1200 ft., 14; 14 mi. N, 6 mi. W Palmillas, 5500 ft., 1; Palmillas, 4400 ft., 3; 53 km. N El Limon, 12 km. S Rio Guayalejo, 5; Joya Verde, 35 km. SW Victoria, 3800 ft., 9; 10 km. N, 8 km. El Encino, 400 ft., 1; 8 km. NE Antiguo Morelos, 500 ft., 3. Additional records (Hooper, 1952:374, tmless otherwise noted): Sierra San Carlos ( Marmolejo, 1700 ft., San Jose, 2000 ft., Tamaulipeca, 1500 ft.. La Ve- gonia, 2900 ft.); Villagran, 1300 ft.; Cd. Victoria; near Jaumave, 2400 ft.; Sierra de Tamaulipas, near Acuna, 1600 ft.; La Joya de Salas (Goodwin, 1954:12). Peromyscus pectoralis eremicoides Osgood 1904. Peromyscus attwateri eremicoides Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing- ton, 17:60, March 21, type from Mapimi, Durango. 1909. Peromyscus pectoralis eremicoides, Lyon and Osgood, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 62:128, January 28. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Known only from Miquihuana and vicinity of Tula. The two specimens from Miquihuana are typical P. pectoralis eremicoides in external and cranial measurements. Specimens from nine miles southwest of Tula are characteristic of eremicoides in cranial measurements but the tail is shorter than usual for this sub- species, in this respect approaching P. p. lacianus. Measurements. — ^Average and extreme measurements of 10 specimens from nine miles southwest of Tula and measurements of two males (56169, 56415) from Miquihuana are, respectively, as follows: 181.5 (173-197), 180, 197; 96.2; (87-110), 103, 113; 20.2 (19.0-21.5), 21, 21; 18.1 (16.5-19.0), 18, — ; greatest length of skull, 24.8 (24.1-25.6), 25.5, 25.6; length of nasals, 9.0 (8.6-9.3), 9.3, 9.3; zygomatic breadth, 12.2 (11.7-12.8), 12.3, 12.9; interorbital constriction, 3.8 (3.7-4.0), 3.7, 3.9; length of maxillary tooth-row, 3.6 (3.5-3.7), 3.6, 3.8. Weights of the 10 specimens from nine miles southwest of Tula average 17.9 (16-24) grams. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 28: Miquihuana, 6200 ft., 2; Nicolas, 56 km. NW Tula, 5500 ft., 1; Tafada, 23 mi. NW Tula, 5200 ft., 1; 8 mi. N Tula, 4500 ft., 2; 9 mi. SW Tula, 3900 ft., 19; 17 mi. SW Tula, 3900 ft., 3. Peromyscus melanophrys consobrinus Osgood Plateau Mouse 1904. Peromyscus melanophrys consobrinus Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, 17:66, March 21, type from Berriozabal, Zacatecas. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Mexican Plateau part of state. A lactating female caught on July 20 and four males from Miqui- huana weighed, respectively, 51, and 50.2 (47-54) grams. A female, taken on July 24, 14 miles north and six miles west of Palmillas in a valley covered by mesquite and other bushes, had 3 embryos 10 mm. 446 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat, Hist. in crown-rump length, and weighed 60 grams. One specimen from nine miles southwest of Tula was caught in an outcrop of rocks and two others were taken among bushes on the desert. A female on October 10 carried 4 embryos 2 mm, in crown-rump length. Specimens of P. melanophrys here listed are the first to be re- ported from Tamauhpas. They are assigned to the subspecies consohrinus on the basis of dark color and because their size closely corresponds to that of the holotype. The specimen from the vicinit>' of Palmillas and one from Miquihuana ( 56408 ) are larger than the others and grayish. A specimen (56413) from Miquihuana lacks all the molariform teeth. Its alveoli in one maxilla are closed and those in the opposite maxilla are more open than is normal. Measurements. — ^Average and extreme measurements of four males, two females (56413, 56408) from Miquihuana, and a female (56414) from 14 miles north and 6 miles west of Palmillas, are, respectively, as follows: total length (two males only), 249, 245, 265, 247, 280: length of tail vertebrae (two males only), 137, 134, 141, 131, 157; length of hind foot, 26.7 (26-27), 27, 27, 27; ear from notch, 23.7 (23-24), 25, 24, 25; greatest length of skull, 30.3 (29.5-31.0), 31.2, 31.8, 32.2; interorbital constriction, 4.8 (4.7-4.9), 4.9, 4.8, 5.0; length of palatine slits, 6.6 (6.2-6.8), 6.9, 6.9, 6.8; length of diastema, 8.1 (8.0-8.3), — , 8.5, 8.5; alveolar length of maxillary tooth-row, 4.5 (4.3-4.7), — , 4.3, 4.6, Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 16: Miquihuana, 6200 ft., 6; 14 mi. N, 6 mi. W Pahnillas, 5500 ft., 1; Nicolas, 56 km, NW Tula, 5500 ft., 6; 9 mi, SW Tula, 3900 ft., 3. Peromyscus difficilis petricola HoflFmeister and de la Torre Zacatecan Deer Mouse 1959, Peromyscus difficilis petricola Hoffmeister and de la Torre, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 72:167, November 4, type from 12 mi. E San An- tonio de las Alazanas, 9000 ft., Coahuila. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — ^Westernmost part of state. The three specimens from Miquihuana were collected among rocks and stumps, in an oak forest. The specimens from 20 miles north of Tula were collected after midnight on a hillside covered mainly with juniper brush, A female (October 11) carried 3 embryos 26 mm. in crown-rump length. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 6: Miquihuana, 8500 ft., 3; 20 mi, N Tula, 5800 ft., 3. Peromyscus ochraventer Baker El Carrizo Deer Mouse 1951. Peromyscus ochraventer Baker, Univ, Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:213, December 15, type from 70 km. (by highway) S Ciudad Victoria, 6 km. W Pan-American Highway at El Carrizo, Tamaulipas. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Vicinity of the type locality. Mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico 447 The series of specimens examined was the same used by the orig- inal describer of the species. He (1951:214-215) pointed out that the mice were taken in junglehke forest among rocks and adjacent to logs. Burrows extended beneath large blocks of limestone, and each burrow where a mouse was caught was marked by a pile of excavated earth resembling a tiny mound left by a pocket gopher. These burrows were at an elevation of approximately 2800 feet above sea level on the steep sides of a small hill in an area where the vegetation was intermediate between that of tlie arid and humid sub- divisions of the tropical region. Each of two females, captured on January 13, carried five placental scars; one of the females was lactating. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 24, from the type locality. Additional records (Goodwin, 1954:12): Gomez Farias; Rancho del Cielo; Joya de Salas. Baiomys taylori taylori (Thomas) Northern Pygmy Mouse 1887. Hesperomys (Vesperimus) taylori Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., sen 5, 19:66, January, type from San Diego, Duval Co., Texas. 1907. Baiomys taylori Meams, U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 56:381, April 13. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — All of state, except southwestern desert part. The species of this genus have been revised recently by Packard (1960) and the specimens from Tamaulipas are arranged according to his systematic findings. The weight of 35 specimens labeled with reference to Altamira are 7.6 (6.0-9.0) grams; 15 from Jaumave weigh 6.9 (6.0-9.0) grams. Pregnant females were collected as follows: February 22, Ejido Santa Isabel, 3 ( embryos x 4 mm. in crown-rump length); March 2, Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 6x 16; July 9, six miles north and six miles west of Altamira, 1x4; July 28 and 29, Jaumave, 2x8 and 3x9. The average number of embryos was 2.8 (1-5). Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 83: 4 mi. N La Pesca, 1; Cd. Victoria, 3; Jaumave, 2400 ft., 17; Ejido Santa Isabel, 2 km. W Pan-American Highway, 2000 ft., 7; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 25 mi. N, 3 km. W El Mante, 300 ft., 4; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 6 mi. N Gomez Farias, 300 ft., 1; Rio Sabinas, 8 km. N El Encino, 400 ft., 1; 2 km. W El Carrizo, 2; 6 mi. N, 6 mi. W Alta- mira, 33; 5 mi. N, 5 mi. W Altamira, 4; 1 mi. S Altamira, 3; 16 km. N Tampico, 4; 10 mi. NW Tampico, 1; 7 mi. S Altamira, 1; 1 km. N Tampico, 1. Additional records (Packard, 1960:654): Camargo; Charco Escondido, 20 mi. S Reynosa; Matamoras ( = Matamoros ) ; Hidalgo; 29 mi. N Cd. Victoria; Antiguo Morelos. Onychomys leucogaster longipes Merriam Northern Grasshopper Mouse 1889. Onychomys longipes Merriam, N. Amer. Faima, 2:1, October 30, type from Concho County, Texas. 1913. Onychomys leucogaster longipes, Hollister, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing- ton, 26:216. December 20. 448 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — From Ciudad Victoria northward. Only a young female was examined; she weighed 22 grams and extends the known range 59 miles eastward from Ciudad Victoria. Record of occurrence. — One specimen examined from Soto la Marina, 500 ft. Additional records (Hollister, 1914:253): Camargo; Reynosa; [Cd.] Victoria. Onychomys torridus subrufus Hollister Southern Grasshopper Mouse 1914. Onychomys torridus subrufus Hollister, Proc. U. S. Nat, Mus., 47:472, October 29, type from Miquihuana, Tamaulipas. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — West of Sierra Madre Oriental. The six specimens examined were collected in the desert area west of the Sierra Madre Oriental. At Nicolas a trap set in front of a hole held one specimen, and another was trapped beneath a brush fence that inclosed a cornfield. Dipodomys merriami and Perog- nathus penicillatus also were trapped beneath the fence. A subadult from Nicolas is slightly larger (see measurements) than either of two subadults from four miles north of Jaumave and an old specimen from eight miles north of Tula, except in the inter- orbital constriction, which is narrower. Nevertheless measurements of Tamauhpan Onychomys torridus resemble those given by Hol- lister (1914:483) for O. t. subrufus. A specimen from Nicolas is also darker than other individuals examined. A female taken on July 15, four miles north of Jaumave, was lactating. Measurements. — Measurements of a female from Nicolas, a male from eight miles north of Tula, and a female and a male from four miles north of Jaumave are as follows: 158, 147, 145, 144; 59, 58, 55, 55; 22, 21, 22, 22; 21, 20.5, 18, 18; condylobasal length, 24.4, 23.1, 23.9, 23.7; interorbital constriction, 4.1, 4.4, 4.3, 4.5; length of nasals, 10.6, 10.5, 10.5, 10.1; length of maxillary tooth- row, 3.8, 3.6, 3.7, 3.7; breadth of braincase, 11.8, 11.3, 11.3, 11.0; weight in grams, 32.5, 26.0, 25.0, 25.0. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 6: 4 mi. N Jaumave, 2; Nicolas, 56 km. NW Tula, 5500 ft., 2; Tajada, 23 mi. NW Tula, 5200 ft., 1; 8 mi. N Tula, 4500 ft., 1. Additional records (HoUister, 1914:475): Miquihuana; Jamnave. Sigmodon hispidus Hispid Cotton Rat This species, as is known, is active by day and by night. It occurs mainly in grassy areas and most of the specimens examined were trapped there. But, one mile east of La Pesca, specimens were taken on a beach having sparse grass. Neotoma micropus and Spermophilu^ spilosoma, but no smaller rodents, were taken there. Also, many crabs were found in the traps. Possibly only tlie rela- Mammals of Tamauijpas, Mexico 449 tively large rodents are able to compete successfully with the crabs. The specimen from one kilometer east of El Barretal was caught in a rat-trap set in front of small hole in a fence of dead brush that surrounded a cornfield. The area outside the fence supported mesquite and ebony trees (10-12 feet high) and the ground was covered with cat claw. Six miles north and six miles west of Alta- mira, the two young specimens were taken on a small grassy island surrounded by mud. According to natives, Sigmodon injures com and sugar cane. Probably other species of rodents are responsible for some or all of such damage since other kinds of rodents were taken in the same areas. Dice (1937:245) reported females from the Sierra San Carlos that carried 8 embryos of 18 mm., 5 x 33, 7 embryos very small, and 8 X 20. Females were collected on July 22, 29, and 30. Sigmodon hispidus berlandieri Baird 1855. Sigmodon berlandieri Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7:333, type from Rio Nazas, Coahuila, 1902. Sigmodon hispidus berlandieri, V. Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing- ton, 15:106, June 2. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — From Jaumave and Llera to north. This subspecies is distinguished from S. h. toltecus by larger size and paler, grayish coloration. Baker (1951:216) reported a specimen from 35 kilometers north and 10 kilometers west of Ciudad Victoria ( = 1 km. E El Barretal ) as S. h. toltecus. Comparison of its skull with those from the vicinity of Altamira (S. h. toltecus) and those from Jaumave (S. h. berlan- dieri ) shows that the skull from El Barretal closely resembles those Table 3. — Data on Reproduction. Locality 4 mi. N La Pesca Sierra de Tamaulipas . . . . Sierra de Tamaulipas . . . . Sierra de Tamaulipas . . . . Ciudad Victoria Jaumave Jaum^ave San Fernando San Fernando Vicinity of Nuevo Laredo Vicinity of Nuevo Laredo Date May 26 June 10 June 11 June 20 July 12 July 28 July 29 August 30 August 31 November 15 November 16 Embryos 4 2 5 4 6 7 8 3 5 Size in mm. 30 10 10 20 5 14 25 20 11 5 2 450 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hjst. from Jaumave, in having the zygomatic arches more nearly parallel and the braincase more rounded than in skulls from Altamira. Therefore tlie specimen from the vicinity of El Barretal is here as- signed to S.h. berlandieri. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 64: 4/2 mi. S Nuevo Laredo, 600 ft., 1; 10 mi. S, 11 mi. E Nuevo Laredo, 8; San Fernando, 180 ft., 8; 4 mi. N La Pesca, 10; 3 mi. N La Pesca, 1; 1 mi. E La Pesca, 3; Soto la Marina, 500 ft., 1; 36 km. N, 10 km. W Cd. Victoria, 1 km. E El Barretal, Rio Purificaci6n, 1; Cd. Victoria, 1; 2 km. W Pan-American Highway (12 km. S Llera), Ejido Santa Isabel, 2000 ft., 1; Jaumave, 2400 ft., 29. Additional records: Matamoros (Baird, 1858:506); Sierra San Carlos (El Mulato, Tamaulipeca, San Miguel) (Dice, 1937:254); Mesa de Llera (Hooper, 1953:9); Tamaulipas [state?] (Baird, 1858:506). Sigmodon hispidus solus Hall 1951. Sigmodon hispidus solus Hall, Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:42, October 1, type from island 88 mi. S, 10 mi. W Matamoros, Tamaulipas. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Known only from two specimens from the type locality. Sigmodon hispidus toltecus (Saussure) 1860. [Hesperomys] toltecus Saussure, Revue et Mag. Zool., Paris, ser. 2, 12:98, type from mountains of Veracruz [probably near Mirador, Dalquest, Louisiana State Univ. Studies, Biol. Sci. Series, 1:163, De- cember 28, 1953]. 1902. Sigmodon hispidus toltecus, V. Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 15:110, June 2. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Tropical region in southern part of state. The specimen reported by Baker (1951:216) from one mile east of El Barretal is here referred to S. h. berlandieri. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 69: Sierra de TamauHpas, 10 mi. W, 2 mi. S Piedra, 1200 ft., 24; Sierra de Tamauhpas, 11 mi. W, 8 mi. S Piedra, 2000 ft., 1; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 25 mi. N El Mante, 3 km. W highway, 300 ft., 3; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 6 mi. N Gomez Farias, 300 ft., 3; 8 km. W, 10 km. N El Encino, 400 ft., 2; 2 km. W El Carrizo, 2100 ft., 20; 6 mi. N, 6 mi. W Altamira, 8; 6 mi. N, 4 mi. W Altamira, 1; 5 mi. N, 5 mi. W Altamira, 3; 1 mi. S Altamira, 1; 16 km. N Tampico, 3. Additional records: Rancho del Cielo, 15 to 20 mi. S Mesa de Llera (Hooper, 1953:9); Cd. Mante (Ingles, 1959:398); Tampico (Booth, 1957:15). Neotoma albigula subsolana Alvarez White-throated Woodrat 1962. Neotoma albigula subsolana Alvarez, Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 14:141, April 30, type from Miquihuana, 6400 ft., Tamaulipas. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Western side of Sierra Madre Oriental. At Nicolas specimens were taken in traps set along a thorn fence and at Tajada two specimens were trapped along a rock wall. At other places some specimens were brought in by natives who cap- tured the rats by tearing apart their houses. Five females taken on October 18 at Nicolas carried embryos ( one to two per female), which averaged 22.2 (11-45) mm. in crown- Mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico 451 rump length. Another female, taken nine miles southwest of Tula on October 13, carried 2 embryos that were 35 mm. in crown-rump length. The average weight of the five pregnant females was 196.7 ( 183-207 ) grams. The average weights of nine adult males and six non-pregnant females from Miquihuana were, respectively, 215.6 (175-250) and 162.5 (155-175) grams. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 51: Miquihuana, 6400 ft., 22; Joya Verde, 35 km. SW Cd. Victoria (on Jaumave Road) 3800 ft., 2; Nicolas, 56 km. NW Tula, 5500 ft., 10; Tajada, 23 mi. NW Tula, 5200 ft., 2; 9 mi. SW Tula, 3900 ft., 15. Additional record: Jaumave (Goldman, 1910:37). Neotoma angustapalata Baker Tamaulipas Wood Rat 1951. Neotoma angustapalata Baker, Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:217, December 15, type from 70 km. by highway S Ciudad Vic- toria, and 6 km. W Pan-American highway at El Carrizo, Tamaulipas. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Southern part of state; presently known from two localities. Baker (1951:218) reported that specimens from the type locality were taken in crevices among rocks on a small hillside that sup- ported a sparse cover of vegetation growing from a deep layer of humus. The specimen from eight kilometers west and 10 kilometers north of El Encino was shot about 40 yards from the entrance to a large cave, but no sign of wood rats were found there. Hooper (1953:9) reported that N. angustapalata occupied caves at Rancho del Cielo, where a female with two nursing young was taken. When Baker ( op. cit. ) described Neotoma angustapalata on the basis of two specimens from El Carrizo, he assigned the species to the N. mexicana group because of the deep anterointernal re-entrant angle of Ml. The deep angle found in N. mexicana drffers markedly from the typical condition in either N. micropus or N. albigula. Study of the cranial characters and bacula of specimens of N. mi- cropus and N. angustapalata tends to corroborate the statement of Hooper (1953:10), who commented on the taxonomic relationships of N. angustapalata as follows: "It should be pointed out that all characters considered . . • the specimens [angustapalata] ap- pear to be large, deeply pigmented examples of the species N. mi- cropus notwithstanding the deep anterior fold in Ml. The presence of that deep fold is far from an absolute character in the mexicanus [sic] group." My study of 48 crania of N. micropus from Tamaulipas reveals that the depth of the re-entrant angle of Ml is extremely variable, from almost absent in some individuals to deep (as in angustapalata) 452 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. in others. Four specimens, one (56958) from the Sierra de Tamau- Hpas and three (56960, 56965, 56966) from the vicinity of Altamira, have the re-entrant angle as deep as in the holotype and topotype of angustapalata. Comparison of the bacula of the holotype and one topotype of angustapalata with 15 bacula of N. micropus reveal that on the aver- age the baculum of angustapalata differs from that of micropus in being longer, and narrower at the base ( greatest length, 7.1, width at base, 3.4 mm., in the topotype). One specimen of N. micropus littoralis from the vicinity of Altamira, however, has a baculum of tlie same shape as in angustapalata (this same specimen is one of the three from there in which the re-entrant angle of the Ml is deep). The shape of the baculum among specimens of micropus is highly variable and bacula of specimens from different locaHties frequently are slighdy different (see Fig. 5). Fig. 5. Bacula of Neotoma. All X 4. A, Neotoma angustipalata ( topotype, 37062 ) . B, Neotoma micropus micropus (4 mi. SW Nuevo Laredo, 89147). C, Neotoma micropus littoralis (Sierra de Tamaulipas, 2 mi. S, 10mi.WPiedra, 56957). The known distributions of N. micropus and N. angustapalata do not overlap (neither does the distribution of N. albigula overlap with either in Tamaulipas). The four specimens of N. micropus having the deep re-entrant angle in Ml are from localities near where the ranges of angustapalata and micropus probably meet. This could be interpreted in two ways: (1) these four specimens can be regarded as intergrades between angustapalata and micropus, in which case the former species should be placed as a subspecies of the latter. Or the four specimens, which were collected along with other specimens that lack deep re-entrant angles in the Ml, can be assigned, on the basis of the deep angle, to angustapalata, in which case the species micropus and angustapalata would be in Mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico 453 part sympatric. Until more material from critical areas is available for study, I continue to recognize angtistapalata as a monotypic species. I agree with Hooper tliat it is closely related to N. micropus. Measurements. — A female (58865) from 8 km. west and 10 km. north of El Encino, measured as follows: 404; 198; 41; 32; greatest length of skull, 49.7; basilar length, 40.8; zygomatic breadth, 25.9; length of nasals, 18.8; length of incisive foramina, 10.8; length of maxillary tooth-row, 9.9; greatest breadth of interpterygoid space, 4.0. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 3: 8 km. W, 10 km. N El Encino, 400 ft., 1; type locality, 2. Neotoma micropus Southern Plains Wood Rat Most of the specimens examined were trapped in brushy areas. On the Sierra de Tamaulipas, wood rats were caught in steel traps set near or between rocks. In the vicinity of La Pesca, specimens were trapped on the beach where Spermophilus spilosoma and Sig- modon hispidus were taken also. Two females, obtained on May 19 and June 10 at Soto la Marina and on the Sierra de Tamaulipas, respectively, each carried 2 em- bryos that were 40 mm. in crown-rump length. Dice (1937:254) reported that two females collected on July 24 and August 16 on the Sierra San Carlos each carried 2 embryos that ranged from 34 to 36 mm. in crown-rump length. Neotoma micropus occurs throughout the TamauHpan Biotic Prov- ince and is represented in Tamaulipas by two subspecies, each of which has its type locality in the state. Intergradation between the two takes place at Soto la Marina. Neotoma micropus littoralis Goldman 1905. Neotoma micropus littoralis Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 18:31, February 2, type from Altamira, 100 ft., Tamaulipas. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — From the Sierra de Tamauhpas southward. Weight of two males and three non-pregnant females was 248, 254, 185, 210, 240 grams, respectively. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 14: Sierra de Tamaulipas, 2 mi. S, 10 mi. W Piedra, 1200 ft., 6; 6 mi. N, 6 mi. W Altamira, 8. Additional record: Altamira (Goldman, 1910:29). Neotoma micropus micropus Baird 1855. Neotoma micropus Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7:333, April, type from Charco Escondido, Tamaulipas. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — From Soto la Marina northward. The weight of five males and four females from Soto la Marina averaged, respectively, 256.4 (210-317) and 233.0 (195-274) grams. 454 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. A specimen (56924) from La Pesca differs from all other speci- mens of N. micropus examined in being smaller, having a conspicu- ously shorter rostrum, broader intraorbital canal, and lower broader braincase. External measurements of this specimen are as follows: 347; 155; 39; — . Its cranial measurements are: greatest length, 44.8; basilar length, 34.3; zygomatic breadth, 23.6; interorbital con- striction, 6.2; incisive foramina, 6.5; length of maxillary tooth-row, 8.7; width of mesopterygoid fossa, 4.1. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 58: 4 mi. SW Nuevo Laredo, 900 ft., 14; 4}2 mi. S Nuevo Laredo, 1; 3 mi. SE Reynosa, 1; 3 mi. S Matamoros, 2; 33 mi. S Washington Beach, 1; San Fernando, 180 ft., 1; 7 km. S, 2 km. W San Fernando, 2; 12 mi. NW San Carlos, 1300 ft., 4; 9)i mi. SW Padilla, 800 ft, 3; 3 mi. N Soto la Marina, 3; Soto la Marina, 500 ft., 12; 4 mi. N La Pesca, 3; 1 mi. E La Pesca, 1; La Pesca, 2; 3 mi. NE Guemes, 1; 7 mi. NE Cd. Victoria, 1; Cd. Victoria, 6. Additional records (Goldman, 1910:28, unless otherwise noted): Nuevo Laredo; 10 mi. S Nuevo Laredo (Booth, 1957:15); Camargo; Matamoros; Bag- dad; 40 mi. S Matamoros (Hooper, 1953:9); Sierra San Carlos (El Mulato, Tamaulipeca) (Dice, 1937:254); San Fernando (J. A. AUen, 1891:224); Forlon. Microtus mexicanus subsimus Goldman Mexican Vole 1938. Microtus mexicanus subsimus Goldman, Jour. Mamm., 19:494, No- vember 14, type from Sierra Gaudalupe, southeastern Coahuila. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Reported only from moimtains near Miqui- huana (Goldman. 1938:495). Canis latrans Coyote In Tamaulipas two and possibly three subspecies of Canis latrans occur. C. /. texensis is known only from tlie northwestemmost part of the state, and N. I. microdon occurs from Camargo south to Nico- las. Hall and Kelson (1959:845) guessed diat C. I. cagottis would be found in the southern third of the state; as yet specimens from there have not been obtained and the subspecific identity of the coyotes there, if any are present, remains in doubt. Canis latrans microdon Merriam 1897. Canis microdon Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 11:29, March 15, type from Mier, on Rio Grande, Tamaulipas. 1932. Canis latrans microdon. Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 45:224, November 26. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Probably state-wide, reported only from the northern half of the state. Three specimens were examined. One is a pup from the vicinity of Padilla which is assigned to this subspecies on geographic grounds. The other two are skins, collected at Nicolas by natives. Mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico 455 who deceived the collector by providing dog skulls with the coyote skins. These two specimens are referred to C. I. microdon on the basis of their dark color and dusky shading on the throat and chest. One has a rufous over-all color and the other is ochraceous yel- lowish. This diflFerence in color suggests intergradation at this place between C. I. microdon that ranged to the northeast, C. I. cagottis to the south, and probably with C. I. impavidtis distributed to the west. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 3: QM mi. SW Padilla, 800 ft., 1; Nicolas, 53 km. N Tula, 2. Additional record: Camargo (Jackson, 1951:305); 20 mi. W Reynosa (Ingles, 1959:401); Matamoros (Jackson, 1951:305); Bagdad (ibid.); Sierra San Carlos (San Miguel, El Mulato) (Dice, 1937:251). Canis latrans texensis V. Bailey 1905. Canis nebrascensis texensis V. Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 25:175, Octo- ber 24, type from 45 mi. SW Corpus Christi at Santa Gertrudis, Kleberg Co., Texas. 1932. Canis latrans texensis V. Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 53:312, March 11. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Extreme northwest, known only from Nuevo Laredo (Jackson, 1951:279). Canis lupus monstrabilis Goldman Gray Wolf 1937. Canis lupus monstrabilis Goldman, Jour. Mamm., 18:42, February 11, type from 10 mi. S Rankin, Upton Co., Texas. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Probably extinct, recorded only from Mata- moros (Goldman, 1944:468). On the maps of distribution of C. I. monstrabilis published by Leopold (1959:400) and Baker and Villa (1960:370), Tamaulipas is included in the region in which the wolf is considered to be ex- tinct. Urocyon cineroargenteus scottii Meams Gray Fox 1891. Urocyon virginianus scottii Meams, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3:236, June 5, type from Pinal Co., Arizona. 1895. Urocyon cinereo-argenteus scottii, J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 7:253, Jime. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — ^All of state in sviitable habitats. The specimen from the Sierra Madre Oriental was obtained by a collector who used a rabbit call. Leopold (1959:408) reported that the highest elevation [about 2800 feet] at which he found gray fox in Mexico was at Hacienda de Acuna, in the Sierra de Tamauli- pas, where "dense, brushy draws and oak openings made ideal habitat." At this place Leopold saw, in early August, a family of 456 University of Kajsjsas Fuels., Mus. Nat. Hist. foxes, four well-grown young and their parents. Dice (1937:250) reported U. c. texensis ( a junior synonym of 17. c. scottii ) , as abun- dant in the Sierra San Carlos. The six specimens examined do not present any significant dif- ference in size and shape of the skull from specimens of scottii from Arizona, except that one skull from the Sierra de Tamaulipas is smaller than the others, suggesting intergradation between the sub- species scottii and tropicalis from farther south. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 6: 2 mi. W San Fernando, 180 ft., 1; 15 km. W Rancho Santa Rosa, Sierra Madre Oriental, 4500 ft., 1; Ejido Santa Isabel, 2000 ft., 1; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 2 mi. S, 10 mi. W Piedra, 1200 ft., 2; Joya Verde, 35 km. SW Victoria, 3800 ft., 1. Additional records: Near Marmolejo, San Carlos Mts. (Dice, 1937:250); Hacienda Acuiia, Sierra de Tamaulipas (Leopold, 1959:408, only seen); La Joya de Salas (Goodwin, 1954:14). Ursus americanus eremicus Merriam Black Bear 1904. Ursus americanus eremicus Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 17:154, October 6, type from Sierra Gaudalupe, Coahuila. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Probably in high and remote parts of the Sierra Madre Oriental; recorded only from Agua Linda (Goodwin, 1954:14). Bassariscus astutus flavus Rhoads Ringtail 1894. Bassariscus astutus flavus Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 45:417, January 30, type from Texas, exact locality imknown. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — ^Western half of state. The two specimens examined provide the second record of this species in Tamaulipas; they were shot in the bottom of an arid can- yon. One animal was about 30 feet up from the ground in an oak tree, and the other was along a small arroyo containing pools of water. From Rhoads' paper (1893:416-417) on the genus Bassariscus it would seem that B. astutus flavus differs from B. a. astutus in smaller size, especially of the skull, shorter tail ( shorter than head and body in flavus and longer than head and body in astutus) and the pres- ence of fulvous color. Comparison of 10 specimens of B. a. flavus from Coahuila and Texas with two of B. a. astutus (Distrito Federal, 1; Las Vigas, Veracruz, 1 ) from central Mexico reveals that the skulls do not differ qualitatively and that the skull of flxivus tends to be smaller and relatively wider, but that there is overlap in size. In aU flavus that I measured and in the two adults of astutus the tail is shorter than the head and body. The only real difference is the color; ringtails from Texas are deep fulvous instead of grayish as is Mammals of Tamauijpas, Mexico 457 astutus from the Distrito Federal and Veracruz. But the specimen from Veracruz has much fulvous and on the other hand specimens from Coahuila are more grayish than those from Texas. The two specimens from Tamaulipas can be assigned to either subspecies astutus or flavus with almost equal propriety. Here they are referred to B. a. flavus on the basis of their relatively small skull, short tail, and presence of some fulvous color. Measurements. — Measurements of female and male (60239, 60240), both adult, from Joya Verde, are, respectively: 745, 760; 370, 385; 70, 75; 47, 56; greatest length of skull (excluding incisors), 81.9, 83.1; zygomatic breadth, 46.1, 51.9; interorbital constriction, 16.3, 16.3; postorbital constriction, 19.5, 18.5; breadth of braincase, 33.7, 36.6; length of maxillary tooth-row, 31.5, 32.0; breadth across postorbital processes (tip to tip), 25.3, 26.8. Records of occurrence. — Two specimens examined from Joya Verde, 35 km. SW Victoria, 3800 ft. Additional record: Joya de Salas (Goodwin, 1954:14). Procyon lotor Racoon Racoons occur all through the state. The one specimen examined was shot about 11:00 p. m. in a cypress tree. Its mouth contained fresh com. The animal was notably fat and weighed 11 pounds. According to tlie natives the racoons do much damage in cornfields. Procyon lotor fuscipes Meams 1914. Procyon lotor fuscipes Meams, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 27:63, March 20, type from Las Moras Creek, 1011 ft.. Fort Clark, Kinney Co., Texas. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Practically all of state, except western part. Records (Goldman, 1950:51, imless otherwise noted) : Camargo; Matamoros; Bagdad; Marmolego; Camp 2 ( = 73 mi. S Washington Beach, Selander et al., 1962:338, recorded only to species); Gomez Farias (Goodwin, 1954:14); Alta- mira. Procyon lotor hemandezii Wagler 1831. Pr [ocyon]. hernandezii Wagler, Isis von Oken, 24:514, type from Tlalpan, Valley of Mexico. 1890. Procyon lotor hemandezi, J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer, Mus. Nat. Hist., 3:176, December 10. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — ^Western part of state; known only from Rancho Santa Rosa. The specimen examined is identified as P. I. hernandezii because the animal diflFers from specimens of P. I. fuscipes from southern Texas and Coahuila in the same way that Goldman (1950:50) noted that P. I. hernandezii differs from P. I. fuscipes. For example, in the specimen from Rancho Santa Rosa the interorbital region is lower, the braincase is less depressed near the fronto-parietal suture, the postorbital process is longer and more pointed, and the upper 458 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. carnassial is longer. The color is the same as in specimens of ftiscipes from Texas except that the postauricular spot is smaller, and the ground color is slightly more grayish. The median dorsal area is black, forming a longitudinal band about 3 cm. wide. Record of occurrence. — One specimen examined from Rancho Santa Rosa, 25 km. N, 13 km. W Cd. Victoria. Nasua narica molaris Merriam Coati 1902. Nasua narica molaris Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 15:68, March 22, type from ManzanUlo, Colima. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Over all of state. A male and female, both adults, from the same locality in the Sierra de Tamaulipas weighed, respectively, 3,150 grams and 4,836 grams. Three young from the same place weighed 2,250, 2,250, and 2,650 grams. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 7: Sierra de Tamaulipas, 10 mi. W, 2 mi. S Piedra, 1200 ft., 5; Rancho Pane Ayuctle, 25 mi. N El Mante, 3 km. W Pan-American Highway, 2200 ft., 1; 2 km. W El Carrizo, 1. Additional records: Sierra San Carlos (San Jose, El Mulato) (Dice, 1937: 249); Soto la Marina (Goldman, 1942:81); Cd. Victoria {ihid.); 10 mi. NE Zamorina (Hooper, 1953:3); 3 mi. NW Acuna {ibid.); 19 km. SW Mante (Davis, 1944:381). Potos flavus aztecus Thomas Kinkajou 1902. Potos flavus aztecus Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 9:268, April, type from Atoyac, Veracruz. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Uncertain; one specimen was seen by Leopold (1959:437) near Acuna. Mustela frenata Long-tailed Weasel This species occurs in practically all of the state, but as in most other areas actual records are few; only two specimens, both males, have been examined. One was taken at Jaumave, in a steel-trap baited with fresh egg. It weighed 325 grams. The other was taken in the vicinity of Altamira and weighed 434 grams. Two subspecies have been reported from Tamaulipas; Mustela frenata frenata that occurs in the central and northern parts of the state and M. f. tropicalis that occurs in the tropical area in the south- ern part of the state. Mustela frenata frenata Lichtenstein 1831. Mustela frenata Lichtenstein, Darstellung neuer oder wenig bekann- ter Saugethiere . . ., pi. 42 and corresponding text, impaged, type from Ciudad Mexico, Mexico. Mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico 459 1877. Putorius mexicanus Coues, Fur-bearing animals, U. S. Geol. Surv. Territories, Misc. PubL, 8:42, a nomen nudum [cited by Coues in synonmy as "Putorius mexicanus, Berlandier, MMS. ic. ined. 4 (Ta- maulipas and Matamoras)"]. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Central and northern parts of state. The specimen from Jaumave is clearly M. /. frenata, but the other from northwest of Altamira has many characters of the subspecies M. f. tropicalis and is an intergrade between the two subspecies. In cranial features and in measurements the animal is like frenata. For example: least width of palate more than length of P4; distance between anterior border of auditory bulla and foramen ovale equal to the width of four (including 13) upper incisors; depth of tympanic bulla less than distance between it and foramen ovale; length of tail amounting to 82 per cent of length of head and body. The coloration is more nearly like that of tropicalis. For example, the region between the ears and the region behind the ears as far as the shoulders is almost black; hairs of the soles of the forefeet are of the same color as in tropicalis. But, width of the whitish underparts amounts to 53 per cent of the circumference of the body; in this respect the specimen is like frenata. I refer the specimen to frenata because, to me, it is slightly more nearly Hke it. Measurements. — The male from 6 mi. N, 6 mi. W Altamira affords measure- ments as follows: 500; 226; 53; 23; basilar length (Hensel), 49.5; breadth of rostrum, 14.3; interorbital constriction, 11.9; orbitonasal length, 15.2; mastoid breadth, 27.2; zygomatic breadth, 32.4; tympanic buUae, length, 16.8; breadth, 7.5; length of ml, 5.7; P4, lateral length, 5.4, medial, 5.8; Ml, breadth, 4.6, length, 2.4; depth of skull at anterior edge of basioccipital, 14.7. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 2: Jaiunave, 2400 ft., 1; 6 mi. N, 6 mi. W Altamira, 1. Additional records (Hall, 1951:347): Matamoros; Miquihuana. Mustela frenata tropicalis (Merriam) 1896. Putorius tropicalis Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 11:30, June 30, typn from Jico, Veracruz. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Tropical area in south part of state; reported only from 50 mi. south of Ciudad Victoria (Hall, 1951:366). Eira barbara senex (Thomas) Tayra 1900. Galictis barbara senex Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 5:146, January, type from Hacienda Tortugas, approximately 600 ft., Jalapa, Veracruz. 1951. Eira barbara senex, Hershkovitz, Fieldiana-Zool., 31:561, July 10. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Known only from Pano Ayuctle (Hooper, 1953:4). Taxidea taxus Badger The badger in Tamaulipas is poorly known because only a few specimens have been reported from the state. I have examined 7^228 460 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. only two; one is the skull of a juvenile picked up in the sea along the barrier beach and the other is the skull of an adult male taken in a steel-trap baited w^ith a bird body and rabbit meat. The trap was set in front of a hole in the semidesert area 12 miles south of San Carlos. On their map 471 Hall and Kelson (1959:927) show a total of five subspecies of Taxidea taxus. They include die northern part of Tamaulipas in the geographic range of T. t. berlandieri. On page 926 Hall and Kelson {op. cit.) list ten additional subspecies de- scribed by Shantz. One of them T, t. littoralis (Shantz, 1949:301) was based on specimens from southeastern Texas and Matamoros, Tamaulipas. Of the two specimens examined by me the one from the barrier beach is here assigned to T. I. littoralis on geographic grounds, and the other one from the vicinity of San Carlos to T. I. berlandieri. Taxidea taxus berlandieri Baird 1858. Taxidea berlandieri Baird, Mammals, in Repts. Expl. Surv. . . ., 8(1):205, July 14, type from Llano Estacado, Texas, near boundary of New Mexico. 1895. Taxidea taxus berlandieri, J. A. AUen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 7:256, June 29. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Reported from only one locality, in north- western part of state. The skull examined, of an adult male, differs from Coahuilan and New Mexican skulls in having a broad rostrum, better developed sagittal and lambdoidal crests, and smaller tympanic bullae. The measurements are greater than those given by Shantz (1949:302) for T. I. littoralis and it is for that reason that the skull examined is assigned to T. I. berlandieri. Measurements. — ^The adult male measured as follows: 710: 115; 110; 55; condylobasal length, 123.1; zygomatic breadth, 81.1; mastoid breadth, 75.5; interorbital constriction, 29.3; least postorbital constriction, 27.6; length of maxillary tooth-row, 42.7; P4, length, 11.9, width, 10.7; Ml, length, 11.7, width, 11.7; tympanic bulla, length, 23.3, depth (from basioccipital), 12.8. Record of occurrence. — One specimen examined from 12 mi. S San Carlos, 1300 ft. Taxidea taxus littoralis Schantz 1949. Taxidea taxus littoralis Schantz, Jour. Mamm., 30:301, August 17, type from Corpus Christi, Nueces Co., Texas. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Known only from two localities in northeastern part of state. Records of occurrence. — One specimen examined from 33 mi. S Washington Beach. Additional record: Matamoros (Schantz, 1949:302). Mammals of Tamaxjlipas, Mexico 461 Spilogale putorius interrupta (Rafinesque) Eastern Spotted Skunk 1820. Mephitis interrupta RaBnesqae, Arm. Nat. . . .,1:3. Type local- ity. Upper Missouri River?. 1952. Spilogale putorious interrupta, McCarley, Texas Jour. Sci., 4:108. March 30. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — From Sierra de Tamaulipas northward. The young male from La Pesca weighed 480 grams. In the Sierra de Tamaulipas a lactating female was taken ( June 9 ) in a steel trap. A young male from there weighed 275 grams. The young male from three miles north of La Pesca weighed 520 grams. Specimens from Tamauhpas are assigned to the subspecies inter- rupta following Van Gelder ( 1959:270-279 ) . He regarded specimens from Tamaulipas as intergrades between S. p. interrupta and S. p. leucoparia. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 6: 938 mi. SW Padilla, 1; 3 mi. N La Pesca, 1; La Pesca, 1; Rancho Santa Rosa, 2 km. N, 13 km. W Cd. Victoria, 260 m., 1; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 2 mi. S, 10 mi. W Piedra, 1200 ft., 2. Additional records (Van Gelder, 1959:279): "Tamaulipas"; Cd. Victoria. Mephitis mephitis varians Gray Striped Skunk 1837. Mephitis varians Gray, Charlesworth's Mag. Nat. Hist., 1:581. Type locality, Texas. 1936. Mephitis mephitis varians. Hall, Carnegie Inst. Washington, Publ., 473:66, November 20. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — North half of state. Measurements. — ^An adult female from San Fernando measured as follows: 710; 360; 70; 30; basilar lenglJi, 56.2; condylobasal length 64.2- zygomatic breadth, 41.3; interorbital constriction, 19.0; length of maxillary tooth-row, 20.7. Records of occurrence. — One specimen examined from San Fernando, 180 ft. Additional records: Mier (A. H. Howell, 1901:32); Matamoros {ihid.)\ 2 mi, up stream from Marmolejo (Dice, 1937:250). Mephitis macroura raacroura Lichtenstein Hooded Skunk 1832. Mephitis macroura Lichtenstein, Darstellimg neuer oder weing be- kannter Saugethiere . . ., pi. 46, type from mountains northwest of the city of Mexico. 1877. Mep/iifwe(i«ZwCoues,BerlandierMss.,Fiu:-bearing Animals: . . ., U. S. Geol. Surv. Territories, Miscl. Publ., 8:236. Type locality, "In- habits most of Mexico. I have found it aroimd San Fernando de Bexar . . ." Distribution in Tamaulipas. — ^West of Sierra Madre Oriental. The two specimens from Jaumave are young; they were taken on different nights but in the same place. Weights of male and female, 462 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. respectively, are 195 and 290 grams. The other three specimens, two young and an adult male, were brought to the collector ( Bod- ley ) by natives. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 5: San Fernando, 180 ft., 2; Jaimiave, 2400 ft., 2; Nicolas, 56 km. NW Tula, 5500 ft., 1. Conepatus mesoleucus meamsi Merriam Hog-nosed Skunk 1902. Conepatus mesoleucus mearnsi Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 15:163, August 6, type from Mason, Mason Co., Texas. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Probably western part of state, but presently known only from Nicolas. The specimens herein assigned to this species, represented by the skull only, differ conspicuously from those assigned to C. leuconotus only in breadth of Ml. Measurements. — Measurements of a skull (sex tmdetermined ) from Nicolds are as follows: condylobasal length, 77.1; zygomatic breadth, 52.9; postorbital constriction, 21.1; mastoid breadth, 43.7; length of maxillary tooth-row, 23.4; breadth of Ml, 7.1. Records of occurrence. — Two specimens examined from Nicolas, 56 km. NW Tula, 5500 ft. Conepatus leuconotus texensis Merriam Eastern Hog-nosed Skunk 1902. Conepatus leuconotus texensis Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 15:162, August 6, type from Brownsville, Cameron Co., Texas. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — State-wide, except western part. Three specimens are assigned to this species on the basis of the breadth of Ml. In comparison with skulls from the type locality, those of Tamaulipan specimens are slightly smaller and narrower. Measurements. — Some cranial measiuements of a male adult (old) from ten miles west and two miles south of Piedra are: condylobasal length, 79.0; zygomatic breadth, 52.3; postorbital constriction, 22.0; mastoid breadth, 44.2; length of maxillary tooth-row, 24.4; breadth of Ml, 9.3. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 2: La Pesca, 1; Ejido Esla- bones, 10 mi. W, 2 mi. S Piedra, 1200 ft., 1. Additional record: Near El Mulato (Dice, 1937:250). Fells concolor stanleyana Goldman Puma 1938. Felis concolor stanleyana Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 51:63, March 18 (renaming of F. c. youngi Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 49:137, August 22, type from Bruni Ranch, near Bruni, Webb Co., Texas). Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Restricted to mountains of state. The two specimens examined are skulls only, which were picked up in the field. In general the measurements are like those given Mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico 463 by Goldman (1946:233) for the males of Felis concolor Stanley ana. But the skull from Miquihuana yielded measurements that suggest intergradation between F. c. stanleyana and F. c. azteca of the western mountains of Tamaulipas. Measurements. — Two skulls, one from Miquihuana and the second from QM mi. SW Padilla, yield measurements as follows: greatest length, 214.0, 213.0; condylobasal length, 195.0, 190.0; zygomatic breadth, 146.0, 140.1; height of skull (frontals to palate), 70.0, 72.4; interorbital constriction, 41.6, 41.4; breadth of nasals (at posterior union between premaxilla and maxilla), 20.1, 17.9; length of maxillary tooth-row, 62.7, 63.3; crown length of P3, 23.3, ; breadth of P3, 11.9, 12.2; anteroposterior diameter of upper canine, 15.1, 15.3, Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 2: 9/2 mi. SW Padilla, 800 ft., 1; Miquihuana, 6400 ft., 1. Additional records: Matamoros (Goldman, 1946:234); Zamorina (Hooper, 1953:4). Felis onca veraecrucis Nelson and Goldman Jaguar 1933. Felis onca veraecrucis Nelson and Goldman, Jour. Mamm., 14:236, August 17, type from San Andres Tuxtla, Veracruz. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Originally all of state; now restricted to sparsely populated areas. Only one cranium, from the Sierra de Tamaulipas, was examined. It is in good condition but lacks all the teeth except P3 and P4 on tlie right side. The measurements are larger than those given by Goodwin (1954:15) for a skull from five miles north of Gomez Farias. Measurements. — The cranium, sex undetermined, from the Sierra de Tamau- lipas, affords measurements as follows: greatest length, 238.0; condylobasal length, 204.0; zygomatic breadth, 166.0; breadth of rostrum, 66.1; interorbital constriction, 48.2; mastoid breadth, 100.7; crown length of camassial, 24.1. Records of occurrence. — One specimen examined from Sierra de Tamaulipas, 2 mi. S, 10 mi. W Piedra. Additional records: between Aldama and Soto la Marina (Nelson and Gold- man, 1933:237); 5 km. N Gomez Farias (Goodwin, 1954:15). Felis pardalis albescens Pucheran Ocelot 1855. Felis albescens Pucheran, in I. Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire, Mammiferes, in Petit-Thoaurs, Voyage autor du monde sur . . . la Venus . . ., Zoologie, p. 149, type locality, Arkansas. 1906. Felis pardalis albescens, J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 22: 219. July 25. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — All of state, except part west of Sierra Madre Oriental. Hall and Kelson (1959:961) reported from Tamaulipas two sub- species of Felis pardalis. According to Goldman (1943:379) the more northern of the t\vo, F. p. albescens, is smaller than the more southern one, F. p. pardalis. The skull examined, of a young female. 464 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. from 10 miles north of Altamira, in southern Tamauhpas, is small, smaller even than skulls of albescens from Texas used in comparison. For this reason I here assign the specimen examined to F. p. albeS' cens instead of F. p. pardalis as did Hall and Kelson (op.cit.). Hooper (1953:4) and Dice (1937:251) report as F. p. pardalis specimens from 10 miles northeast of Zamorina and others from the SieiTa San Carlos. I assume that specimens from these two places should be referred to albescens since the specimen from 10 miles north of Altamira, the southernmost locahty represented in Tamau- hpas, is here referred to albescens. Measurements. — Skull, from 10 mi. N of Altamira, measured as follows: con- dylobasal length, 97.3; zygomatic breadth, 77.6; squamosal constriction, 50.5; interorbital constriction, 22.2; postorbital constriction, 32.1; length of maxillary tooth-row, 34.7; length of upper camassial crown (outer side), 13.6. Records of occurrence. — One specimen examined, from 10 mi. N Altamira. Additional records: Matamoros (Goldman, 1943:379); Sierra San Carlos (El Mulato and San Jose) (Dice, 1937:251); Soto la Marina (Goldman, 1943:379); 10 mi. NE Zamorina (Hooper, 1934:4). Felis wiedii oaxacensis Nelson and Goldman Margay 1931. Felis glaucula oaxacensis Nelson and Goldman, Jour. Mamm., 12: 303, August 24, type from Cerro San Felipe, 10,000 ft., near Oaxaca, Oaxaca. 1943. Felis wiedii oaxacensis, Goldman, Jour. Mamm., 24:383, August 17. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Probably along Sierra Madre Oriental; known only from Rancho del Cielo (Goodwin, 1954:15). Felis yaguaroundi cacomitii Berlandier Yaguaroundi 1895. Felis cacomitii Berlandier, in Baird, Mammals of the boimdary, in Emory, Kept. U. S. and Mexican boundary survey 2(2): 12, January, type from Matamoros, Tamaulipas. 1905. Felis yaguaroundi cacomitii, Elliot, Field Coliunb. Mus. Publ. 105, Zool. Ser., 6:370, December 6. 1901. Felis apache Meams, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 14:150, August 9, type from Matamoros, Tamaulipas. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Eastern and nortliern parts of Sierra Madre Oriental; known only from type locality and near Gomez Farias (Goodwin, 1954:15). Lynx nifus texensis J. A. Allen Bobcat 1895. Lynx texensis J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 7:188, June 20, based on the description of a bobcat by Audubon and Bachman, The viviparous quadrupeds of North America, 2:293, 1851, from "the vicinity of Castroville, on the headwaters of the Medina [River]," Medina Co., Texas. 1897. Lynx rufus texensis, Meams, Preliminary diagnoses of new mammals . . . from the Mexican boundary hne, p. 2, January 12 (preprint of Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 20:458, December 24). Mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico 465 Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Probably occurs in western half of state; known only from two localities. The specimen examined was shot at night at about 3:00 a. m. in the beam of a headUght in typical scrub "monte." The native name for this bobcat in TamauHpas is "gato rabon." Measurements. — A male, from Rancho Santa Rosa, measured as follows: 885; 170; 172; 71; condylobasal length, 105.2; interorbital constriction, 22.5; postorbital constriction, 34.6; zygomatic breadth, 83.5; squamosal constriction, 51.7; length of maxillary tootli-row (C-P2), 38.2; length of upper carnassial (outer side), 14.5. Record of occurrence. — One specimen examined from Rancho Santa Rosa, 360 m. Additional records: Matamoros (Baird, 1858:96); El Mulato (Dice, 1937: 251). Trichechus manatus latirostris (Harlan) Manatee 1823. Manatus latirostris Harlan, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 3(1): 394. Type locality, near the capes of East Florida. 1934. Trichechus manatus latirostris, Hatt, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 66:538, September 10. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Reported from mouth of Rio Grande (Miller and Kellogg, 1955:791); probably extirpated in state. Tayassu tajacu angulatus (Cope) Collared Peccary 1889. Dicotyles angulatus Cope, Amer. Nat., 23:147, February, type from Guadalupe River, Texas. 1953. Tayassu tajacu angulatus, Dalquest, Louisiana State Univ. Studies, Biol. Sci. Sen, 1:207, December 28. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — All of state, in suitable habitats. Records: Near El Mulato (Dice, 1937:256); Alta Cima (Goodvmi, 1954: 15); Rancho del Cielo (ibid.); approx. 10 mi. N Cues (Leopold, 1947:443 map). Odocoileus hemionus crooki (Mearns) Mule Deer 1897. Dorcelaphus crooki Mearns, Preliminary diagnoses of new mammals of the genera Mephitis, Dorcelaphus and Dicotyles, from the Mexican border . . ., p. 2, February 11, type locality summit Dog Mtns., 6129 ft., Hidalgo Co., New Mexico. 1939. Odocoileus hemionus crooki, Goldman and Kellogg, Jour. Mamm., 20:507, November 14. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Reported only from Cerro del Tigre (Leopold, 1959:504), but probably throughout western part of state. Now rare in tlie state. Odocoileus virginianus White-tailed Deer This species is relatively abundant in Tamaulipas from where three subspecies have been reported. Two specimens examined were shot at night. 466 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Odocoileus virginianus miquihuanensis Goldman and Kellogg 1940. Odocoileus virginianus miquihuanensis Goldman and Kellogg, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 53:84, June 28, type from Sierra Madre Ori- ental, 6000 ft., near Miquihuana, Tamaulipas, Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Throughout Sierra Madre Oriental. An adult male, having two points on each antler, and a young male were examined and identified as this subspecies because o£ their small size and dark color. Measurements. — A male from 15 km. W Rancho Santa Rosa affords measure- ments as follows: 1385; 245; 330; 154; condylobasal length, 234; length of maxillary tooth-row, 76.3; width across orbits at frontal-jugal suture, 100.9. Records of occurrence — Specimens examined, 2: 15 km. W Rancho Santa Rosa, 4500 ft., 1; Ejido Santa Isabel, 2000 ft., 1. Additional records (Goodwin, 1954:15): San Antonio, 11 km. SW Joya de Salas; Rancho Pano Ayuctle. Odocoileus virginianus texanus (Mearns) 1898. Dorcelaphus texanus Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 12:23, January 27, type from Fort Clark [north of Eagle Pass on Big Bend of Rio Grande], Kinney Co., Texas. 1902. Dama v[irginiana]. texensis [sic], J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 16:20, February 1. 1901. Odocoileus texensis Miller and Rehn, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 30:17, December 27, an accidental renaming of texanus. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Probably all of northern part of state. Two fragments of lower jaw from the barrier beach were exam- ined and assigned to this subspecies on geographic grounds. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 2, fragments from 33 mi. S Washington Beach. Additional records: Sierra San Carlos (El Mulato and Sardinia) (Dice, 1937:256). Odocoileus virginianus veraecrucis Goldman and Kellogg 1940. Odocoileus virginianus veraecrucis Goldman and Kellogg, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 53:89, June 28, type from Chijol, 200 ft., Veracruz. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Tropical area, reported only from Soto la Ma- rina (Miller and Kellogg, 1955:806) and Savinito Tierre [= Tierra] Caliente (J. A. Allen, 1881:184) and Tampico (ibid.) as Cariacus virginianus mexicanus. Mazama americana temama (Kerr) Red Brocket 1782. Cervus temama Kerr, The Animal kingdom . . ., p. 303. Type locality, restricted to Mirador, Veracruz, by Hershkovitz (Fieldiana- Zool., Chicago Nat. Hist. Mus., 31:567, July 10, 1951). 1951. Mazama americana temama, Hershkovitz. Fieldiana-Zool., Chicago Nat. Hist. Mus., 31:567, July 10. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Southern part of state in tropical area. The specimen examined is conspicuously darker than specimens from Veracruz and Chiapas, being especially more brownish and less reddish. Mammals of Tamauijpas, Mexico 467 Records of occurrence. — One specimen examined from Rancho Pano Ayuctle (skin only). Additional records: Alta Cima (Goodwin, 1954:15); Rancho del Cielo (Hooper, 1953:10). Antilocapra americana mexicana Merriam Pronghom 1901. Antilocapra americana mexicana Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing- ton, 14:31, April 5, type from Sierra en Media, Chihuahua. Distribution in Tamaulipas. — Originally in the northern part of state; now absent from Tamaulipas. Antilocapra is here included on the basis of a skull recorded by Baird (1858:669) from Matamoros. J. A. Allen (1881:184) doubted the occurrence of this animal in Tamaulipas because Dr. Palmer found no indications of the presence of Antilocapra in any portion of the area that he traversed, which apparently was only southern Tamaulipas. I am sure that the pronghom is extinct in Tamaulipas, but its occurrence in the northern part of the state in relatively recent time (more than 100 yeai's ago) seems possible because tlie habitat in northern Tamaulipas is suitable for the pronghom. LITERATURE CITED Allen, H. 1862. Descriptions of two new species of Vespertilionidae, and some re- marks on the genus Antrozous. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, pp. 246-248, between May 27 and August 1. 1894. A monograph of the bats of North America. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 43:Lx+ 198, 38 pis., March 14. Allen, J. A. 1881. List of mammals collected by Dr. Edward Palmer in north-eastern Mexico, with field-notes by the collector. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 8:183-189, March. 1891. On a collection of mammals from southern Texas and northeastern Mexico. Bull. Amer. Nat. Hist., 3:219-229, December. 1891. A preliminary study of the North American opossums of the genus Didelphis. Ibid., 14:149-188, 4 pis., June 15. Alvarez, T. 1961. Taxonomic status of some mice of the Peromyscus boylii group in eastern Mexico, with description of a new subspecies. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 14:111-120. 1 fig., December 29. 1962. A new subspecies of ground squirrel ( Spermophilus spilosoma) from Tamaulipas, Mexico. Ibid., 14:121-124, March 7. Anderson, S. 1956. Extensions of known ranges of Mexican bats. Ibid., 9:347-351, August 15. Anthony, H. E. 1923. Mammals from Mexico and South America. Amer. Mus. Novit., 54:1-10, 2 figs., January 17. 468 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Bailey, V. 1895. Biological survey of Texas. N. Amer. Fauna, 25:1-222, 23 figs., 8 pis., October 24. Baird, S. T. 1855. Characteristics of some new species of Mammalia, collected by the U, S. and Mexican Boundary Survey, Major W. H. Emory, U. S. A. Commissioner. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7:331-333, April. 1858. Mammals. In General report upon the Zoology of the Several Pa- cific railroad routes. U. S. P. R. R. Exp. and Surveys, pp. xlviii -|- 757, 60 pis., July 14. Baker, R. H. 1951. Mammals from Tamaulipas, Mexico. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist, 5:207-218, December 15. 1956. Mammals of Coahuila, Mexico. Ibid., 9:125-335, 75 figs., Jime 15. 1958. El future de la fauna silvestre en el norte de Mexico. Anal. Inst. Biol., Mexico, 28:349-357, June 14. Baker, R. H., and Villa R., B. 1960. Distribucion geographica y poblacion actuales del lobo gris en Mexico. Ibid., 30:369-374, 1 map, March 31. Booth, E. S. 1957. Mammals collected in Mexico from 1951 to 1956 by the Walla Walla College Museum of Natural History. Walla Walla College Publ., 20:1-19, 3 maps, July 10. Burt, W. H. 1959. The history and affinities of the Recent land mammals of western North America. In Zoogeography. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. Publ., 116, February 10. BtJRT, W. H., and Stirton, R. A. 1961. The mammals of El Salvador. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michi- gan, 117:1-69, 2 figs., September 22. Carter, D. C, and Davis, W. B. 1961. Tadarida aurispinosa (Peale) (Chiroptera: Molossidae) in North America. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 74:161-165, August 11. Dalquest, W. W. 1951. Two new mammals from Central Mexico. Ibid., 64:105-107, Au- gust 24. 1953. Mammals of the Mexican state of San Luis Potosi. Louisiana St. Univ. Press, pp. 1-133, 1 fig., December 28. Dalquest, W. W., and Hall, E. R. 1949. A new subspecies of funnel-eared bat (Natalus mexicanus) from eastern Mexico. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 62:153-154, Au- gust 23. Davis, W. B. 1944. Notes on Mexican mammals. Jour. Mamm., 25:270-403, Decem- ber 12. 1951. Bat, Molossus nigricans, eaten by the rat snake, Elaphe laeta. Ibid., 32:219, May 21. 1958. Review of Mexican bats of the Artibeus "cinereus" complex. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 71:163-166, December 31. Davis, W. B., and Carter, D. C. 1962. Notes on Central American bats with description of a new sub- species of Mormoops. Southwestern Nat, 7:64-74, 1 fig., Jime 1. DE LA Torre, L. 1954. Bats from southern Tamaulipas, Mexico. Jour. Mamm., 35:113- 116, February 10. 1955. Bats from Guerrero, Jalisco and Oaxaca, Mexico. Fieldiana-Zool., 37:695-701, 1 fig., 2 pis., June 19. Mammals of Tamauupas, Mexico 469 Dice, L. R. 1937. Mammals of the San Carlos Mountains and vicinity. Univ. Michi- gan Studies Sci. Ser., 12:245-268, 3 pis. 1943. The Biotic Provinces of North America. Univ. Michigan Press, pp. viii -\- 78, 1 map. FiNDLEY, J. S. 1955. Taxonomy and distribution of some American shrews. Univ. Kan- sas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 7:613-618, June 10. 1960. Identity of the long-eared Myotis of tlie southwest and Mexico. Jour. Mamm., 41:16-20, 1 fig., 1 pi., February 20. Goldman, E. A. 1911. Revision of the spiny pocket mice (Genus Heteromys and Liomys). N. Amer. Fauna, 34:1-70, 6 figs., 3 pis., September 7. 1915. Five new mammals from Mexico and Arizona. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 28:133-137, June 29. 1918. The rice rats of North America (Genus Oryzomys). N. Amer. Fauna, 43:1-100, 11 figs., 6 pis., September 23. 1938. Three new races of Microtus mexicanus. Jour. Mamm., 19:493-495, November 14. 1942. A new white-footed mouse from Mexico. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing- ton, 55:157-158, October 17. 1942. Notes on the coatis of the Mexican mainland. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 55:79-82, June 25. 1943. The races of the ocelot and margay in Middle America. Jour. Mamm., 24:372-385, August 18. 1946. Classification of the races of the puma, pp. 175-302, pis. 46-93, fig. 6, tables 12-13, in Young, S. P., and Goldman, E. A., The puma, mysterious American cat. Amer. Wildlife Inst., xiv -f 358 pp., 93 pis., 6 figs., 13 tables, November 16. 1950. Raccoons of North and Middle America. N. Amer. Fauna, 60: vi -I- 153, 2 figs., 22 pis., November 7. 1951. Biological investigations in Mexico. Smithsonian Misc. CoU., 115: xiii + 476, 71 pis., 1 map, July 31. Goldman, E. A., and Moore, R. T. 1946. The Biotic Provinces of Mexico. Jour. Mamm., 26:347-360, 1 fig., February 12. Goodwin, G. G. 1954. Mammals from Mexico collected by Marian Martin for the American Museum of Natural History. Amer. Mus. Novit., 1689:1-16, No- vember 12. 1958. Bats of the genus Rhogeessa. Ibid., 1923:1-17, December 31. 1959. Bats of the genus Natalus. Ibid., 1977:1-22, 2 figs., December 22. 1960. The status of Vespertilio auripendulus Shaw, 1800, and Molossus ater GeoflFroy, 1805. Ibid., 1994:1-6, 1 fig., March 8. 1961. Flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans) of Middle America. Ibid., 2059:1-22, 7 figs., November 29. Hall, E. R. 1951. Mammals obtained by Dr. Curt von Wedel from the barrier beach of Tamaulipas, Mexico. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:33-47, 1 fig., October 1. 1951. A synopsis of the North American Lagomorpha. Ibid., 5:119-202, 68 figs., December 15. 1951. American weasels. Ibid., 4:1-466, 31 figs., 41 pis., December 27. 1952. Taxonomic notes on Mexican bats of the genus Rhogeessa. Ibid., 5:227-232, April 10. 470 University of Kansas Fuels., Mus. Nat. Hist. Hall, E, R., and Alvarez, T. 1961. A new subspecies of the black Myotis (bat) from eastern Mexico. Ibid., 14:69-72, 1 fig., December 29. Hall, E. R., and Jones, J. K., Jr. 1961. North American yellow bats, "Dasypterus," and a list of the named kinds of the genus Lasiurus Gray. Ibid., 14:73-98, 4 figs., Decem- ber 29. Hall, E. R., and Kelson, K. R. 1959. The mammals of North America. The Ronald Press Co., vol. 1: XXX + 546 4- 1-79, vol. 2:viii -f 547 + 1-79, 724 figs., 500 maps, March 31. Handley, C. O., Jr. 1956. The taxonomic status of the Corynorhinus phyllotis G. M. Allen and Idionycteris mexicanus Anthony. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 69:53-54, May 21. 1959. A revision of the American bats of the genera Euderma and Plecotus. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 110:95-246, 47 figs., September 3. 1960. Descriptions of new bats from Panama. Ibid., 112:459-479, Octo- ber 6. Hershkovitz, p. 1951. Mammals from British Honduras, Mexico, Jamaica and Haiti. Fieldiana-Zool., 31:547-569, July 10. 1958. A geographic classification of Neotropical mammals. Ibid., 36:583- 620, 2 figs., July 11. HOLLISTER, N. 1914. A systematic account of the grasshopper mice. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 47:427-489, 1 pi., October 29. 1925. The systematic name of the Texas armadillo. Jour. Mamm., 16:60, February 9. Hooper, E. T. 1952. A systematic review of the harvest mice (Genus Reithrodontomys ) of Latin America. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, 77: 1-255, 23 figs., 9 pis., 12 maps, January 16. 1952. Notes on mice of the species Peromyscus boylei and P. pectoralis. Jour. Mamm., 33:371-378, 2 figs., August 19. 1953. Notes on mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico. Occas. Papers Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, 544:1-12, March 25. Hooper, E. T., and Handley, C. O., Jr. 1948. Character gradients in the spiny pocket mouse, Liomys irroratus. Ibid., 514:1-34, 1 map, October 29. Howell, A. H. 1901. Revision of tlie skunks of tlie genus Chincha. N. Amer. Fauna, 20:1-62, 8 pis., August 31. 1938. Revision of tlie North American ground squirrels, with a classifica- tion of the Nortli American Sciuridae. N. Amer. Fauna, 56:1-256, 20 figs., 32 pis.. May 18. Jackson, H. H. T. 1914. New moles of the genus Scalopus. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 27:19-21, February 2. 1928. A taxonomic review of the American long-tailed shrews (Genus Sorex and Microsorex). N. Amer. Fauna, 51:vi -1- 238, 24 figs., 13 pis., July 24. 1951. Classification of the races of the coyote, pt. 2, pp. 227-341, pis. 58-81, figs. 20-28, in Young, S. P., and Jackson, H. H. T., The clever coyote. Stackpole Co., Harrisburg, Pa., and Wildlife Manag. Inst., Washington, D. C, xv -f 411 pp., 81 pis., 28 figs., 11 tables, November 29. Mammals of Tamauupas, Mexico 471 Jones, J. K., Jr., and Alvarez, T. 1962. Taxonomic status of the free-tailed bat, Tadarida yucatanica Miller. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 14:125-133, 1 fig., March 7. Jones, J. K., Jr., and Anderson, S. 1958. Noteworthy records of harvest mice in Mexico. Jour. Manun., 39:446-447, August 20. Kellogg, R., and Goldman, E. A. 1944. Review of the spider monkeys. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus,, 96:1-45, November 2. Kelson, K. R. 1952. The subspecies of the Mexican red-bellied squirrel, Sciurus aureo- gaster. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:243-250, April 10. Lawrence, B. 1947. A new race of Oryzomys from Tamaulipas. Proc. New England Zool. Club, 24:101-103, May 29. Leopold, A. S. 1947. Status of Mexican Big-game herds. Trans. 12th N. Amer. Wild. Conference, pp. 437-448. 1950. Vegetation zones of Mexico. Ecology, 31:507-518, 1 fig., October. 1959. Wildlife of Mexico. The Game birds and mammals. Univ. Cali- fornia Press, pp. xiii -f- 568, 193 figs. LiDiCKER, W. Z., Jr. 1960. An analysis of intraspecific variation in the kangaroo rat Dipodomys merriami. Univ. California Publ. Zool., 67:125-218, 20 figs,, 4 pis., August 4. LuKENS, p. W., Jr., and Davis, W. B. 1957. Bats of the Mexican state of Guerrero. Jour. Mamm., 38:1-14, February 25, Malaga A., A., and Villa R., B. 1957. Algunas notas acerca de la distribucion de los murcielagos de America del Norte relacionados con el problema de la rabia. Anal. Inst. Biol., Mexico, 27:529-568, 8 figs., 10 maps, September 30. Martin, M., and P. S. 1954. Notes on the captmre of tropical bats at cuevo [sic] El Pachon, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Jour. Mamm., 35:584-585, November. Martin, P. S. 1958. A biogeography of reptiles and amphibians in the Gomez Farias region, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich- igan, 101:1-102, 7 figs., 7 pis., 4 maps, April 15. Martin, P. S., Robins, C. R., and Heed, W. B. 1954. Birds and biogeography of the Sierra de Tamaulipas, an isolated pine-oak habitat. Wilson Bull., 66:38-57, 2 figs., 1 map, March. Merriam, C. H. 1895. Revision of the shrews of the American genera Blarina and Notio- sorex. N. Amer. Fauna. 10:1-34, 2 figs., December 31. 1895. Monographic revision of the pocket gophers, family Geomydae (Ex- clusive of the species Thomomys). Ibid., 8:1-258, 10 figs., 19 pis., 3 maps, January 31. 1898. Life Zones and Crop Zones of the United States. U. S. Dept. Ag- riculture, Bull., 10:1-79, 1 map, June. Miller, G. S., Jr. 1897. Revision of the North American bats of the family Vespertilionidae. N. Amer. Fauna, 13:1-140, 40 figs., 3 pis., October 16. 1913. Revision of the bats of the genus Glossophaga. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 46:413-429, 1 fig., December 31. 472 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat, Hist. 1924. List of North American Recent mammals, 1923. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 128:xvi + 673, April 29. Miller, G. S., Jr., and Allen, G. M. 1928. The American bats of the genera Myotis and Pizonyx. Ibid,, 144: vii + 217, 13 maps, May 25. Miller, G. S., Jr.. and Kellogg, R. 1955. List of North American mammals. Ibid., 205:xii + 954, March 3. Nelson, E. W. 1898. Description of the squirrels from Mexico and Central America. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 12:145-156, June 3. 1899. Revision of the squirrels of Mexico and Central America. Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., 1:15-106, 2 pis.. May 9. 1904. Descriptions of seven new rabbits from Mexico. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 17:103-110, May 18. 1909. The rabbits of North America. N. Amer. Fauna, 29:1-314, 8 pis., August 31. Nelson, E. W., and Goldman, E. A. 1933. Revision of the jaguars. Jour. Mamm., 14:221-240, August 17. 1934. Revision of the pocket gophers of the genus Cratogeomys. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 47:135-153, June 13. Osgood, W. H. 1900. Revision of the pocket mice of the genus Perognathus. N. Amer. Fauna, 18:1-72, 15 figs., 4 pis., September 20. 1909. Revision of the mice of the American genus Peromyscus. Ibid., 28: 1-285, 12 figs., 8 pis., April 17. 1945. Two new rodents from Mexico. Jour. Mamm., 26:299-301, Novem- ber 14. Packard, R. L. 1960. Speciation and evolution of the pygmy mice, genus Baiomys. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 9:579-670, 12 figs., 4 pis., June 16. Rhoads, S. N. 1893. Geographic variation in Bassariscus astutus, with description of a new subspecies. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 45:413-418, January 30. SCHANTZ, V. S. 1949. Three new races of badgers (Taxidea) from southwestern United States. Jour. Mamm., 30:301-305, August 17. Selander, R. K., Johnston, R. F., Wilks, B. J., and Raun, G. G. 1962. Vertebrates from the barrier islands of Tamaulipas, Mexico. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 12:309-345, 4 pis., Jime 18. Setzer, H. S. 1949. Subspeciation in the kangaroo rat Dipodomys ordii. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 1:473-573, 27 figs., December 27. Shamel, H. H. 1931. Notes on the American bats of the genus Tadarida. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 78:1-27, May 6. Smith, H. M. 1949. Herpetogeny in Mexico and Guatemala. Assn. Amer. Geographers, 39:219-238, 1 fig., September. Stains, H. J. 1957. A new bat (Genus Leptonycteris ) from Coahuila. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist, 9:353-356, January 21. Mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico 473 Tamayo, J. L. 1949. Geografia general de Mexico. Talleres Graficos de la Nacion, Mexico, vol. l:vii + 628, vol. 2:1-583. Van Gelder, R. G. 1959. A taxonomic revision of the spotted skunks (Genus Spilogale). Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 117:233-392, 47 figs., June 15. Villa R., B. 1954. Distribucion actual de los castores en Mexico. Anal. Inst. Biol., Mexico, 25:443-450, 2 pis., 1 map, November 9. 1956. Tadarida brasUiensis mexicana (Saussure), el murcielago guanero, es una subespecie migratoria. Acta Zool. Mex., 1:1-11, 2 figs., September 15. 1958. El mono araiia (Ateles geoffroyi) encontrado en la costa de Jalisco y en la region central de Tamaulipas. Anal. Inst. Biol., Mexico, 28:345-347, June 14. Villa R., B., and Jimenez G., A. 1961. Acerca de la posicion taxonomica de Mormoops megalophyla senicula Rehn, y la presencia de virus rabico en estos murcielagos insectivoros. Ibid., 31:501-509, 1 fig., April 17. Vivo, J. A. 1953. Geografia de Mexico. Fondo de Cultura Economica, Mexico. 3er. Ed., pp. 1-338, 37 pis. Transmitted June 28. 1962 D (Continued from inside of front cover) 19. Records of harvest mice, Reithrodontomys, from Central America, with de- scription of a new subspecies from Nicaragua. By Sydney Anderson and J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 519-529. January 14, 1960. 20. Small carnivores from San Josecito Cave (Pleistocene), Nuevo Leon, Mexico. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 631-538, 1 figure in text. January 14, 1960. 21. Pleistocene pocket gophers Jfrom San Josecito Cave, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. By Robert J. Russell. Pp. 539-548, 1 figure in text. January 14, 1960. 22. Review of the insectivores of Korea. By J. Knox Jones, Jr., and David H. Johnson. Pp. 549-578. February 23, 1960. 23. Speciation and evolution of the pygmy mice, genus Baiomys. By Robert L. Packard. Pp. 579-670, 4 plates, 12 figjires in text. June 16, 1960. Index. Pp. 671-690. ^. Mn.,, Vol. 10. 1. Studies of birds killed in noctum&l migration. By Harrison B. Tordoff and Robert M. Mengel. Pp. 1-44, 6 figures in text, 2 tables. September 12, 1956. 2. Comparative breeding behavior of Ammospiza caudacuta and A. maritima. By Glen E. Woolfenden. Pp. 45-75, 6 plates, 1 figure. December 20, 1956. 3. The forest habitat of the University of Kansas Natural History Reservation. By Henry S. Fitch and Ronald R. McGregor. Pp. 77-127, 2 plates, 7 figures in text, 4 tables. December 31, 1956. 4. Aspects of reproduction and development in the prairie vole (Microtus ochro- gaster). By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 129-161, 8 figures m text, 4 tables. Decem- ber 19, 1957. 5. Birds found on the Arctic slope of northern Alaska. By James W. Bee. Pp. 163-211, plates 9-10, 1 figure in text. March 12, 1958. 6. The wood rats of Colorado: distribution and ecology. By Robert B. Finley, Jr. Pp. 213-552, 34 plates, 8 figures in text, 35 tables. November 7, 1958. 7. Home ranges and movements of the eastern cottontail in Kansas. By Donald W. Janes. Pp. 553-572, 4 plates, 3 figures in text. May 4, 1959. 8. Natural history of the salamander, Aneides hardyi. By Richard F. Johnston and Gerhard A. Schad. Pp. 573-585. October 8, 1959. 9. A new subspecies of lizard, Cnemidophorus sacki, from Michoacdn, Mexico. By WiUiam E. DueUman. Pp. 587-598, 2 figures in text. May 2. 1960. 10. A taxonomic study of the Middle American Snake, Pituophis deppei. By William E. Duelhnan. Pp. 599-610, 1 plate, 1 figure in text. May 2, 1960. Index. Pp. 611-626. Vol. 11. 1. The systematic status of the colubrid snake, Leptodeira discolor Giinther. By William E. Duelhnan. Pp. 1-9, 4 figures. July 14, 1958. 2. Natural history of the six-lined racerunner, Cnemidophorus sexlineatus. By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 11-62, 9 figures, 9 tables. September 19, 1958. 3. Home ranges, territories, and seasonal movements of vertebrates of the Natural History Reservation. By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 63-326, 6 plates, 24 figures in text, 3 tables. December 12. 1958. 4. A new snake of the genus Geophis from Chihuahua, Mexico. By John M. Legler. Pp. 327-334, 2 figures in text. January 28, 1959. 5. A new tortoise, genus Gopherus, from north-centi-al Mexico. By John M. Legler. Pp. 335-343. April 24, 1959. 6. Fishes of Chautauqua, Cowley and Elk counties, Kansas. By Artie L. Metcalf. Pp. 345-400, 2 plates, 2 figures in text, 10 tables. May 6, 1959. 7. Fishes of the Big Blue river basin, Kansas. By W. L. Minckley. Pp. 401- 442, 2 plates, 4 figures in text, 5 tables. May 8, 1959. 8. Birds from Coahuila, Mexico. By Emil K. Urban. Pp. 443-516. August 1, 1959. 9. Description of a new softshell turtle from the southeastern United States. By Robert G. Webb. Pp. 517-525, 2 plates, 1 figure in text. August 14, 1959. 10. Natural history of the ornate box turtle, Terrapene omata omata Agassiz. By John M. Legler. Pp. 527-669, 16 pis., 29 figures in text. March 7, 1960. Index Pp. 671-703. Vol. 12. 1. Functional morphology of three bats: Eumops, Myotis, Macrotus. By Terry A. Vaughan. Pp. 1-153, 4 plates, 24 figures in text. July 8, 1959. 2. The ancestry of modem Amphibia: a review of the evidence. By Theodore H. Eaton, Jr. Pp. 155-180, 10 figures in^ext. July 10, 1959. 3. The iDaculum in microtine rodents. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 181-216, 49 figures in text. February 19, 1960. 4. A new order of fishlike Amphibia from the Pennsylvanian of Kansas. By Theodore H. Eaton, Jr., and Peggy Lou Stewart. Pp. 217-240, 12 figures in text. May 2, 1960. 5. Natiu-al history of the bell vireo. By Jon C. Barlow. Pp. 241-296, 6 figures in text. March 7, 1962. 6. Two new pelycosaurs from the lower Permian of Oklahoma. By Richard C. Fox. Pp. 297-307, 6 figures in text. May 21, 1962. 7. Vertebrates from the barrier island of Tamaulipas, Mexico. By Robert K. Selander, Richard F. Johnston, B. J. Wilks, and Gerald G. Raun. Pp. 309- 345, pis. 5-8. June 18, 1962. 8. Teeth of Edestid sharks. By Theodore H. Eaton, Jr. Pp. 347-362, 10 figures in text. October 1, 1962. More numbers will appear in volume 12. (Continued on outside of back cover) ( Continued from inside of back cover ) Vol. 13. 1. Five natural hybrid combinations in minnows ( Cyprinidae ) . By Frank B. Cross and W. L. Minckley. Pp. 1-18. June 1, 1960. 2. A distributional study of the amphibians of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico. By William E. Duelknan. Pp. 19-72, pis. 1-8, 3 figures in text. August 16, 1960. 3. A new subspecies of the slider turtle (Pseudemys scripta) from Coahuila, Mexico. By John M. Legler. Pp. 73-84, pis. 9-12, 3 figures in text. August 16, 1960. 4. Autecology of the copperhead. By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 85-288, pis. 13-20, 26 figures in text. November 30, 1960. 5. Occurrence of the garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis, in the great plains and Rocky mountains. By Henry S. Fitch and T. Paul MasUn. Pp. 289-308, 4 figures in tex-t. February 10, 1961. 6. Fishes of the Wakarusa river in Kansas. By James E. Deacon and Artie L. Metcalf. Pp. 309-322, 1 figure in text. February 10, 1961. 7. Geographic variation in the North American Cyprinid fish, Hybopsis gracilis. By Leonard J. Olund and Frank B. Cross. Pp. 323-348, pis. 21-24, 2 figures in tex-t. February 10, 1961. 8. Descriptions of two species of frogs, genus Ptychohyla; studies of Ameri- can Hylid frogs, V. By William E. Duelknan. Pp. 349-357, pi. 25, 2 figures in tex-t. April 27, 1961. 9. Fish populations, following a drought, in the Neosho and Marais des Cygnes rivers of Kansas. By James Everett Deacon. Pp. 359-427, pis. 26-30, 3 fig- ures in text. August 11, 1961. 10. North American recent soft-shelled turtles (family Trionychidae ) . By Robert G. Webb. Pp. 429-611, pis. 31-54, 24 figmes in text. February 16, 1962. Index. Pp. 613-624. Vol. 14. 1. Neotropical bats from western Mexico. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 1-8. ^ October 24, 1960. 2. Geographic variation in the harvest mouse, Reithrodontomys megalotis, on the central great plains and in adjacent regions. By J. Knox Jones, Jr., and B. Mursaloglu. Pp. 9-27, 1 figure in text. July 24, 1961. 3. Mammals of Mesa Verde national park, Colorado. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 29-67, pis. 1 and 2, 3 figures in text. July 24, 1961. 4. A new subspecies of the black myotis (bat) from eastern Mexico. By E. Raymond Hall and Ticul Alvarez. Pp. 69-72, 1 fig. in text. December 29, 1961. 5. North American yellow bats, "Dasypterus," and a list of the named kinds of the genus Lasiurus Grav. By E. Raymond Hall and J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 73-98, 4 figs, in text. December 29, 1961. 6. Natirral history of the brush mouse (Peromyscus boylii) in Kansas with de- scription of a new subspecies. By Charles A. Long. Pp. 99-110, 1 fig, in text. December 29, 1961. 7. Taxonomic status of some mice of the Peromyscus boylii group in eastern Mexico, with description of a new subspecies. By Ticiil Alvarez. Pp. 111- 120, 1 fig. in text. December 29, 1961. 8. A new subspecies of ground squirrel ( Spermophilus spilosoma) from Tarnau- hpas, Mexico. By Ticul Alvarez. Pp. 121-124. March 7, 1962. 9. Taxonomic status of the free-tailed bat, Tadarida yucatanica Miller. By J. Knox Jones, Jr., and Ticul Alvarez. Pp. 125-133, 1 figure in text. March 7, 1962. 10. A new doglike carnivore, genus Cynarctus, from the Clarendonian, Pliocene, of Texas. By E. Raymond Hall and Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 135-138, 2 figures in text. AprU 30, 1962. 11. A new subspecies of wbpd rat (Neotoma) from northeastern Mexico. By Ticul Alvarez. Pp. 139-143. April 30, 1962. 12. Noteworthy mammals from Sinaloa, Mexico. By J. Knox Jones, Jr., Ticul Alvarez, and M. Raymond Lee. Pp. 145-149, 1 figure in text. May 18, 1962, 13. A new bat (Myotis) from Mexico. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 161-164, 1 figure in text. May 21, 1962. 14. The Mammals of Veracruz. By E. Raymond Hall and Walter W, Dalquest. Pp. 165-362, 2 figures in text. May 20, 1963. 15. The Recent mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico. By Ticul Alvarez. Pp. 363- 473, 5 figures in text. May 20, 1963. More numbers will appear in volume 14. Vol. 15. 1. The amphibians and reptiles of Michoacan, Mexico. By Wilh'am E. Duell- man. Pp. 1-148, pis. 1-6, 11 figmes in text. December 20, 1961. 2. Some reptiles and amphibians from Korea. By Robert G. Webb, J. Knox Jones, Jr., and George W. Byers. Pp. 149-173. January 31, 1962. 3. A new species of frog (Genus Tomodactylus ) from western Mexico. By Robert G. Webb. Pp. 175-181, 1 figure in text. March 7, 1962. 4. Type specimens of amphibians and reptiles in the Museiun of Natxiral History, The University of Kansas. By William E. Duellman and Barbara Berg. Pp. 183-204, October 26, 1962. More numbers will appear in volume 15. ^ JUL 2 11964 HARVARD University of Kansas Publications Museum of Natural History Volume 14, No. 16, pp. 475-481, 1 fig. March 2, 1964 A New Subspecies of the Fruit-eating Bat, Sturnira ludovici, from Western Mexico BY J. KNOX JONES, JR., AND GARY L. PHILLIPS University of Kansas Lawrence | ^ 1964 i Univebsity of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, Theodore H. Eaton, Jr. Volume 14, No. 16, pp. 475^81, 1 fig. Published March 2, 1964 University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas PRINTED BY HARRY (BUD) TIMBERLAKE. STATE PRINTER TOPEKA, KANSAS I 964 29-8529 jUL2nyt)4 HARVARD UNIVERSITY. A New Subspecies of the Fruit-eating Bat, Sturnira ludovici, from Western Mexico BY J. KNOX JONES, JB., AND GARY L. PHILLIPS The fruit-eating bats of the genus Sturnira are represented on the North American mainland by two species, S. lilium and S. ludovici. The former, in most areas the smaller of the two, is widely distrib- uted in Mexico and Central America and is common in many places. On the other hand, S. ludovici, described by Anthony (1924:8) from near Gualea, Ecuador, generally has been regarded as rare; insofar as we can determine only 20 specimens of the species have been recorded previously from North America (Costa Rica, Honduras, and Mexico ) . In 1961 (M. Raymond Lee) and 1962 (Percy L. Clifton), field representatives of the Museum of Natural History collected mam- mals in western Mexico. Among the bats obtained by them were 23 specimens of S. ludovici, which represent an heretofore unde- tected subspecies that is named and described below. Sturnira ludovici occidentalis, new subspecies Holotype. — Adult female, skin and skull, no. 92798 Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas, from Plumosas, 2500 feet elevation, Sinaloa; obtained on August 31, 1962, by Percy L. CHfton (original no. 2939). Distribution. — Western Mexico; known certainly from south- western Durango south to southern Jalisco ( see Fig. 1 ) . Diagnosis. — Size small both externally and cranially (forearm in adults 40.4-44.1 mm., greatest length of skull 21.7-22.9); rostrum short and abruptly elevated; skull relatively broad; dorsal pelage drab brownish over-all, usually lacking epaulets (pale yellowish broMTi when present); ventral pelage brownish gray. Comparisons. — From Sturnira ludovici ludovici, the only other subspecies of the species, S. I. occidentalis differs in averaging smaller in most external and cranial dimensions (in some measure- ments the upper size limits of occidentalis barely overlap the lower hmits in specimens of ludovici examined), in having a rela- tively broader skull with a shorter, more abruptly elevated rostrum, and in being paler both dorsally and ventrally. (477) 478 Univebsity of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. From Sturnira lilium parvidens, with which it is sympatric, S. I. occidentalis usually (but not always) differs in being brownish ( rather than yellowish to yellowish orange ) dorsally and in lacking epaulets, and differs in the following cranial features: first upper incisors simple (rather than weakly bifid in unworn condition), larger, and more nearly straight when viewed from the front; second upper incisors reduced; lower incisors bilobate rather than trilo- bate; Ungual cusps on ml and m2 greatly reduced; M2 usually turned inward from Ml at distinct angle. The two species have approximately the same external and cranial dimensions in western Mexico. Measurements (in millimeters). — External measurements of the holotype are as follows: total length, 58; length of hind foot, 15; length of ear, 18; forearm (average of both), 42.5. Corresponding average and extreme measurements of 11 adults from 4 km. N Durazno, Jalisco, followed by those of eight adults from 17 km. SE Talpa, Jalisco, are: 61.9 (59-65), 60.9 (57-68); 14.1 (12-15), 13.0 (13); 16.1 (15-18), 16.0 (15-17); 42.2 (40.4-43.8), 42.9 (41.6-44.1); weight in grams, 16.8 (15-19, six specimens only), 19.2 (16.3-22.5). Cranial measurements of the holotype additional to those given in Table 1 are: condyloincisive length, 19.7; breadth across upper canines, 5.5; length of mandibular tooth-row (c-m3), 6.7. Remarks. — The pattern of geographic variation in size in Sturnira ludovici resembles that in many other species of tropical bats in North America in that individuals from the northern parts of the range are smaller than those from the south. Mexican specimens herein assigned to S. I. ludovici average somewhat smaller than specimens from Central America and the northern part of South America (but are within the currently understood size limits of that subspecies) and average paler as well. Additional material is needed from central and eastern Mexico before the limits of distri- bution of the two subspecies of ludovici can be determined accu- rately. All specimens examined of the new subspecies were trapped in mist nets. The holotype was captured in a net stretched across an old road among large fruit trees situated along a small river (a tributary of the Rio del Baluarte). Tropical deciduous vegetation grew in the narrow valley of the river but the adjacent hills sup- ported oak. A specimen of Artiheus jamaicensis jamaicensis was netted along with the holotype and on the previous night, August 30, one individual each of Glossophaga soricina leachii and Sturnira LIBRARY New Subspecies OF Sturnira LUDOVica;) i iQCA 479 Table 1. — Some Measurements of Adults of Two Subspecies of Stxxrnira. uroovici. 03 S Number of specimens a o f maxi ■row on rt O O averaged, or catalogue OJ-H ^:S s number, and sex ° ^ as astoid bread 11 ngth 0 tooth- eadth upper o ^ § a 0) >-5 Stumira ludovici occidentalis, holotype 92798 KU, 9 1 42.5 | 22.0 | 12.5 | 11.4 5.3 I 6.1 I 7.5 }/2 Eai- W Revolcaderos, Durango 5698 MSU, 9 5699 MSU, 9 43.7 42.3 22.6 22.2 13.1 12.7 11.9 11.3 6.0 5.6 6.3 5.9 7.8 7.5 17 km. SE Talpa, Jalisco Average 8 (4cf, 4 9). Minimum Maximum 42.9 22.5 12.9 11.5 5.9 6.2 41.6 21.7 12.6 10.9 5.7 6.0 44.1 22.9 13.5 11.8 6.3 6.4 4 km. N Durazno, Jalisco Average 11 (Ic?, 10 9). Minimum Maximum 67399 KU, 9 67400 KU, 9 44.2 42.9 24.0 23.2 13.3 13.7 11.8 11.9 5.9 6.0 6.4 6.3 7.7 7.5 7.9 20 km. WNW Purificacion, Jalisco 92811 KU, (f I 42.0 | 22.6 | 13.2 | 12.0 | 6.0 | 6.2 | 7.7 42.4 22.5 13.0 11.4 5.8 6.2 40.4 21.8 12.6 10.8 5.3 5.8 43.8 22.9 13.4 11.8 6.1 6.3 7.7 7.5 8.0 Stumira ludovici ludovici, 10 mi. SW Villa Judrez, Puebla 8.1 8.1 11 km. W Quiroga, Michoacdn 95703 UMMZ, d" 95704 UMMZ, 9 23.5 23.0 13.5 12.8 11.6 11.0 5.9 5.7 6.2 6.3 7.6 8.0 Vista Hermosa, Oaxaca 91635 KU, 9 91636 KU, 9 45.1 46.0 23.9 23.6 13.4 13.1 11.8 11.9 6.0 5.7 6.5 6.7 8.0 8.0 La Cruz Grande, La Paz, Honduras 126791 AMNH, 9 . 126811 AMNH, 9*. 44.0 45.5 23.6 24.6 13.5 13.2 11.8 12.0 6.1 6.3 6.3 7.2 8.1 8.2 Sierra Negra, Sierra de Perijd,, Colombia (after Hershkovitz, 1949) Minimum (2cf, 2 9). Maximum 44.2 46.0 22.9 24.2 13.2 13.8 6.2 6.7 6.5 7.0 near Gualea, Ecuador 67328 AMNH, c^**, 67329 AMNH, cf . . 45.3 25.0 24.9 14.0 13.9 12.4 12.2 6.3 6.1 7.0 8.4 8.4 •Holotype of Stumira hondurensis (measiirements after Goodwin, 1940:2). '• Holotype of Stumira ludovici ludovici (measurements after Anthony, 1924:9). 480 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist, lilium parvidens were taken in the same net. Baker and Greer (1962:69) also reported the two species of Sturnira as netted to- gether 6 mi. S Pueblo Nuevo in adjacent Durango. Other specimens of S. /. occidentalis were taken under the follow- ing circumstances: 17 km. SE Talpa, Jalisco (night of November 3-4, 1962) — nine individuals netted over the Rio Mascota in "pine- oak zone" along with representatives of S. I. parvidens, Artibeus toltecus, Chiroderma salvini, Eptesicus fuscus miradorensis, Lasiurus borealis teliotis, and Rhogeessa gracilis; 20 km. WNW Purificacion, Jalisco (night of November 20-21, 1962) — two specimens captured in a mist net stretched beneath branches of a fig tree at the edge of the Rio Jicote in which Glossophaga commissarisi, S. I. parvidens, Artibeus turpis nanus, and Artibeus lituratus palmarum also were taken; 4 km. N Durazno, JaHsco (nights of November 21-22 and 22-23, 1961) — 11 specimens, of which 10 were females, netted in company with G. s. leachii, S. I. parvidens, A. j. jamaicensis, A. toltecus, Centurio senex, and L. b. teliotis over a stream in a small canyon that supported "fairly dense stands of very tall deciduous trees." Five of the 10 females from 4 km. N Durazno were preg- nant; each contained a single embryo. Crown-rump length of the embryos averaged 26.8 ( 24-30 ) mm. No gross reproductive activity was evident in other females of S. I. occidentalis collected. SPECIMENS EXAMINED OTHER RECORDS 800 kms 500 miles 24 - 12 Fig. 1. Distribution of Sturnira ludovici in North America. 1. S. I. ludovici. 2. S. I. occidentalis. New Subspecies of Sturnira ludovici 481 Specimens examined. — A total of 26, arranged from north to south, as follows: Durango: /2 mi. W Revolcaderos, 6600 ft., 2 (MSU); 6 mi. S Pueblo Nuevo, 3000 ft., 1 (MSU). Sinaloa: Plu- mosas, 2500 ft., 1 (the holotype). Jalisco: 17 km. SE Talpa, 5200 ft., 9; 20 km. WNW Purificacion, 1400 ft., 2; 4 km. N. Durazno, 11. Specimens of S. I. ludovici used in comparisons included a para- type (AMNH) from near Gualea, Ecuador, a specimen from Mindo, Ecuador, two specimens from La Cruz Grande, La Paz, Honduras (AMNH — paratypes of "Sturnira hondurensis"), and the following from Mexico: 10 mi. SW Villa Juarez, 4850 ft., Puebla, 2; 11 km. W Quiroga, about 7000 ft., Michoacan, 2 (UMMZ); and Vista Hermosa, 1500 meters, Oaxaca, 5. Acknowledgements. — For the loan of comparative materials we are grateful to R. H. Baker of The Museum, Michigan State Uni- versity (MSU), W. H. Burt of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan (UMMZ), and R. G. Van Gelder of the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). Specimens listed above that bear no designation as to collection are in the Museum of Natural History of The University of Kansas. Literature Cited Anthony, H. E. 1924. Preliminary report on Ecuadorean mammals. No. 6. Amer. Mus. Novit., 139:1-9, October 20. Baker, R. H., and J. K. Greer 1962. Mammals of the Mexican state of Durango. Publ. Mus., Michigan State Univ., Biol. Ser., 2:25-154, 4 pis., 6 figs., August 27. Goodwin, G. G. 1940. Three new bats from Honduras and the first record of Enchisthenes harti (Thomas) for North America. Amer. Mus. Novit., 1075:1-3, June 27. Hershkovttz, p. 1949. Mammals of northern Colombia. Preliminary report no. 5: Bats (Chiroptera). Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 99:429-454, fig. 38, May 10. Transmitted June 24, 1963. n 29-8529 JUL 2 1 IbD^ HARVARD UNIVERSITY. University of Kansas Publications Museum of Natural History Volume 14, No. 17, pp. 483-491, 2 figs. '■ — '— March 2, 1964 Records of the Fossil Mammal Sinclairella, Family Apatemyidae, From the Chadronian and Orellan BY WILLIAM A. CLEMENS, JR. University of Kansas WREIS 1964 Lam^rence UNmERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MuSEUM OF NATURAL HiSTORY Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, Theodore H. Eaton, Jr. Volume 14, No. 17, pp. 483-491, 2 6gs. Published March 2, 1964 University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas PRINTED BY HARRY (BUD) TIMBERLAKE. STATE PRINTER TOPEKA. KANSAS 1964 29-8587 LIBRARY JUL Z i 1^64 HARVARD UNIVERSITY Records of the Fossil Mammal Sinclairella, Family Apatemyidae, From the Chadronian and Orellan BY WILLIAM A. CLEMENS, JR. Introduction The family Apatemyidae has a long geochronological range in North America, beginning in the Torrejonian land-mammal age, but is represented by a relatively small number of fossils found at a few localities. Two fossils of Orellan age, found in northeastern Colo- rado and described here, demonstrate that the geochronological range of the Apatemyidae extends into the Middle Ohgocene. Iso- lated teeth of Sinclairella dakotensis Jepsen, part of a sample of a Chadronian local fauna collected by field parties from the Webb School of CaHfornia, are also described. I thank Mr. Raymond M. Alf, Webb School of California, Claremont, California, and Dr. Peter Robinson, University of Colorado Museum, Boulder, Colorado, for permitting me to describe the fossils they discovered. Also Dr. Robinson made available the draft of a short paper he had prepared on the tooth found in Weld County, Colorado; his work was facilitated by a grant from the University of Colorado Council on Research and Creative Work. I also gratefully acknowledge receipt of critical data and valuable comments from Drs. Edwin C. Galbreath, Glenn L. Jepsen, and Malcolm C. McKenna who is currently revising the Paleocene apatemyids and studying the phy- logenetic relationships of the family. The prefixes of catalogue numbers used in the text identify fossils in the collections of the following institutions: KU, Museiun of Natural History, The University of Kansas, Lav4Tence; Princeton, Princeton Museum, Princeton, New Jersey; RAM-UCR, Raymond Alf Museum, Webb School of California, Claremont, California (the permanent repository for these specimens will be the University of California, Riverside); and UCM, University of Colorado Museum, Boulder, Colorado. The system of notations for teeth prescribed for use here is as follows: teeth in the upper half of the dentition are designated by a capital letter and a number; thus M2 is the nota- tion for the upper second molar; teeth in the lower half of the dentition are designated by a lower-case letter and a number; thus p2 is the notation for the lower second premolar. (485) 486 Uni\'ebsity of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Family Apatemyidae Matthew, 1909 Genus Sinclairella Jepsen, 1934 Sinclairella dakotensis Jepsen, 1934 The type of the species, Princeton no. 13585, was discovered in Chadronian strata of the upper part of the Chadron Formation cropping out in Big Corral Draw, approximately 13 miles south- southwest of Scenic, in southwestern South Dakota (Jepsen, 1934, p. 291). Detailed descriptions of the type specimen are given in papers by Jepsen (1934) and Scott and Jepsen (1936). Isolated teeth of Chadronian age referable to Sinclairella dakotensis have been discovered subsequently at a locality in Nebraska and fossils of Orellan age, also referable to S. dakotensis, have been collected at two localities in Colorado. The sample from each locality is described separately. Sioux County, northwestern Nebraska Material— RAM-VCR nos. 381, left Ml; 598, left m2; 1000, right ml; 1001, right m2; 1079, right m2; 1674, right M2; and 3013, left m2. Locality and stratigraphy. — These Chadronian fossils were discovered by Raymond Alf and members of his field parties in several harvester ant mounds built in exposures of the Chadron Formation in Sec. 26, T 33 N, R 53 W, Sioux County, Nebraska (Alf, 1962, and Hough and Alf, 1958). This is UCR locality V5403. The collectors carefully considered the possibility that some of the fossils found in the ant mounds were collected from younger strata by the harvester ants and concluded this was unlikely (Alf, personal communica- tion). Description and comments. — The cusps of RAM-UCR no. 381, a left Ml, are sharp and the wear-facets resulting from occlusion with the lower denti- tion are small. The paraconule is a low, ill-defined cusp on the anterior margin of the crown; a metaconule is not present. A smooth stylar shelf is present labial to the metacone. The crown was supported by three roots. There are no interradicular crests. The crowTi of RAM-UCR no. 1674, a right M2, is heavily abraded and many morphological details of the cusps have been destroyed. Low inter- radicular crests linked the three roots of the tooth with a low, central promi- nence. As was the case with RAM-UCR no. 381, no significant differences could be found in comparisons with illustrations of the teeth preserved in Princeton no. 13585. RAM-UCR nos. 598, 1001, 1079, and 3013 all appear to be m2's. The talonids of these teeth are not elongated, their trigonids have quadrilateral out- lines, and the paraconids are small but prominent, bladelike cusps. The trig- onid of RAM-UCR 1000 is elongated and the paraconid is a minute cusp; the tooth closely resembles the ml of the tj^pe of Sinclairella dakotensis. The Fossil Mammal, Sinclairella 487 Logan County, northeastern Colorado Material. — KU no. 11210 (fig. 1), a fragment of a left maxillary containing P4 and Ml-2. Locality and stratigraphy. — The fossil was found in the center of the WM, Sec. 21, T 11 N, R 53 W, Logan County, Colorado, ". . . in the bed below Agnotocastor bed, Cedar Creek Member . . ." (Ronald H. Pine, 1958, field notes on file at the University of Kansas). The bed so defined is part of unit 3 in the lower division of the Cedar Creek Member, as subdivided by Galbreath (1953:25) in stratigraphic section XII. The fauna obtained from unit 3 is of Orellan age. Description and comments. — P4 of KU no. 11210 has a large posterolingual cusp separated from tlie main cusp by a distinct groove, which deepens pos- ^iuh; T\x^-\';. " ■0m %. Fig. 1. Sinclairella dakotensis Jepsen, KU no. 11210, fragment of left maxillary with P4 and Ml-2; Orellan, Logan County, Colorado; drawings by Mrs. Judith Hood: a, labial view; b, occlusal view; both approximately X 9. 488 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. teriorly. The posterolingual cusp is supported by the broad posterior root. P4 of the type specimen of Sinclairella dakotensis is described (Jepsen, 1934, p. 392) as having an oval outline at the base of the crown, and a small, postero- lingual cusp. A chip of enamel is missing from the posterior slope of the main cusp of the P4 of KU no. 11210. The anterior slope of the main cusp is flattened, possibly the residt of wear, and there is no evidence of a groove like that present on the P4 of the type specimen. Only a few differences were found between the molars preserved in KU no. 11210 and their counterparts in the type specimen. A stylar shelf is present labial to the metacone of Ml of KU no. 11210, but, unlike the type, its sur- face is smooth and there is no evidence of cusps. Of the three small stylar cusps on the stylar shelf of M2 the smallest is in the position of a mesostyle. The M2 lacks a chip of enamel from the lingual surface of the hypocone. Unlike the M2 of Princeton no. 13585, in occlusal view the posterior margin of the M2 of KU no. 11210 is convex posterior to the metacone. The anterior edge of the base of the zygomatic arch of KU no. 11210 was dorsal to M2. The shallow oval depression in the maxillary dorsal to Ml might be the result of post-mortem distortion. The molars preserved in KU no. 11210 and their counterparts in the type specimen do not appear to be significantly difi^erent in size (table 1) or mor- phology of the cusps. The only difi^erence between the two specimens that might be of classificatory significance is the difference in size of the postero- Ungual cusp of P4. At present the range of intraspecific variation in the mor- phology of P4 has not been docvmiented for any species of apatemyid. The evolutionary trend or trends of the apatemyids ( McKeima, 1960, p. 48 ) for progressive reduction of function of p4 probably were paralleled by similar trends in the evolution of the P4. If so, the intraspecific variation in the mor- phology of P4 could be expected to be somewhat greater than that of the upper molars, for example. The morphological difference between the P4's of the type of Sinclairella dakotensis and KU no. 11210 is not extreme and does not exceed the range of intraspecific variation that could be expected for this ele- ment of the dentition. The close resemblances in size and morphology between the Ml-2 of Prince- ton no. 13585 and KU no. 11210 also favor identi- fication of the latter as part of a member of an OreUan population of Sinclairella dakotensis. Weld County, northeastern Colorado Material. — UCM no. 20173 (fig. 2), is a right M2. Locality and stratigraphy. — The tooth was dis- covered at the Mellinger locality. Sec. 17, T 11 N, R 65 W, Weld County, Colorado. The Mel- linger locality is in the Cedar Creek Member, White River Formation, and its fauna is considered to be of Orellan age (Patterson and McGrew, 1937, and Galbreath, 1953). Description and comments. — UCM no. 21073, which is more heavily abraded than KU no. 11210, shows no evidence of a stylar cusp either antero- FiG. 2. Sinclairella da- kotensis Jepsen, UCM no. 21073, right M2; Orellan, Weld County, Colorado; drawing by Mrs. Judith Hood: occlusal view, ap- proximately X 9. The Fossil Mammal, Sinclairella 489 labial to the metacone or in the position of a mesostyle. A small stylar cusp is present anterolabial to the paracone. A notch that appears to have been cut through the enamel of the posterolabial comer of the crown could have received the parastylar apex of M3. A similar notcJi is not present on the M2 of KU no. 11210 nor indicated in the illustrations of the M2 of Princeton no. 13585. The coronal dimensions of UCM no. 21073 (table 1) do not appear to differ sig- nificantly from those of the M2's of KU no. 11210 and the type specimen of Sinclairella dakotensis. Comments With the discovery of Orellan apatemyids the geochronological range of the family in North America is shown to extend from the Torrejonian through the Orellan land-mammal ages. The dis- coveries reported here enlarge the Oligocene record of apatemyids to include not only the type specimen of Sinclairella dakotensis, a skull and associated mandible from South Dakota, but also seven isolated teeth, representing at least two individuals, from a Chad- ronian fossil locality in Nebraska and one specimen from each of two Orellan fossil localities in northeastern Colorado. Simpson (1944:73, and 1953:127) presented tabulations of the pubhshed rec- ords of American apatemyids and suggested the data indicated the populations of these mammals were of small size throughout the history of the family. The few pre-Oligocene occurrences of apa- temyids described subsequently (note McKenna, 1960, figs. 3-10, and p. 48 ) and occurrences described here tend to reinforce Simp- son's interpretation. This interpretation may have to be modified to some degree, however, when current studies of collections of pre- Oligocene apatemyids are completed (McKenna, personal com- munication). Although information concerning the evolutionary trends of Amer- ican apatemyids has been published, no data on the morphological variation in a population are available in the literature. An adequate basis for evaluating the significance of the morphological differences between the P4's of Princeton no. 13585 and KU no. 12110 coupled with the similarities of their Ml-2's is lacking. In the evolution of American apatemyids the P4 underwent reduction in size and, ap- parently, curtailment of function. This history suggests the range of morphological variation of P4 in populations of Sinclairella da- kotensis could be expected to be greater than that of the molars and encompass the morphological differences between the P4's of Princeton no. 13585 and KU no. 12110. The difference in age of the Chadronian and Orellan fossils does not constitute proof that they pertain to different species. Although the identification is ad- 490^ University of Kansas Fuels., Mus. Nat. Hist. mittedly jprovisional until more fossils including other parts of the skeleton are discovered, the Orellan fossils described here are re- ferred to Sinclair ella dakotensis. Table 1. — Measurements (in millimeters) of Teeth of Sinclairella DAKOTENSIS JePSEN. P4 Ml M2 length width length 1 width 1 length 1 width 1 Princeton no. 13585 *.. RAM no. 381 2.1 1.1 4.0 4.1 3.7 3.5 3.4 4.7 RAM no. 1674 3.4 3.8 3.6 4.2 KUno. 11210 UCM no. 21073 2.4 1.6 3.9 3.5 4.1 + 4.1 ml m2 length width length width Princeton no. 13585*. 3.5 3.5 2.4 2.2 3.7 2.8 RAM no. 1000 RAM no. 598 3.8 3.6 + 4.0 3.6 2.6 RAM no. 1001 2.6 RAM no. 1079 2.8 RAM no. 3013 2.8 1. Length defined as maximum dimension of the labial half of the crown measured parallel to a line drawn through the apices of paracone and metacone. Width defined as maximum coronal dimension measured along line perpendicular to line defined by apices of paracone and metacone. 2. Dimensions provided by Dr. Glenn L. Jepsen. . • , 3. Dimensions taken from Jepsen (1934:300). The Fossil Mammal, Sinclairella 491 Literature Cited AxjF, R. 1962. A new species of the rodent Pipestoneomys from the Oligocene of Nebraska. Breviora, Mus. Comp. 2tool., no. 172, pp. 1-7, 3 figs. Galbbeath, E. C. 1953. A contribution to the Tertiary geology and paleontology of north- eastern Colorado. Univ. Kansas Paleont. Cont., Vertebrata, art, 4, pp. 1-120, 2 pis., 26 figs. Hough, J., and Alf, R. 1958. A Chadron mammalian famia from Nebraska. Joum. Paleon. 30: 132-140, 4 figs. Jepsen, G. L. 1934. A revision of the American Apatemyidae and the description of a new genus, Sinclairella, from the White River Oligocene of South Dakota. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc, 74:287-305, 3 pis., 4 figs. McKenna, M. C. 1960. Fossil Mammalia from the early Wasatchian Four Mile fauna. Eocene of northwest Colorado. Univ. California Publ. in Geol. Sci., 37:1-130, 64 figs. Matthew, W. D. 1909. The Camivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, Middle Eocene. Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat, Hist., 9:289-567, pis. 42-52, 118 figs. Patterson, B, and McGrew, P, O. 1937. A soricid and two erinaceids from the White River Oligocene. Geol. Ser., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 6:245-272, figs. 60-74. Scott, W. B. and Jepsen, G. L. 1936. The mammalian fauna of the White River Ohgocene — Part I. In- sectivora and Camivora, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc, n. s., 28: 1-153, 22 pis., 7 figs. Simpson, G. G. 1944. Tempo and mode in evolution. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, xviii -f 237 pp., 36 figs. 1953. The major features of evolution. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, XX -|- 434 pp., 52 figs. Transmitted June 24, 1963. n 29-8587 - N h- .^ University of Kansas Publications Museum of Natural History Volume 14, No. 18, pp. 493-758, 82 figs. July 6, 1965 The Mammals of Wyoming BY CHARLES A. LONG University of Kansas Lav^rence 1965 :i.^iViP UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Institutional libraries interested in publications exchange may obtain this series by addressing the Exchange Librarian, University of Kansas Library, Lawrence, Kansas. Copies for individuals, persons working in a particular field of study, may be obtained by addressing instead the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lavnrence, Kansas, When individuals request copies from the Museum, 25 cents should be included, for each 100 pages or part thereof, for the purpose of defraying the costs of ^Trapping and mailing. For certain longer papers an additional amount, indicated below, toward some of the costs of production, is to be included. * An asterisk designates those numbers of which the Museum's supply is exhausted. Vol. 1. Nos. 1-26 and index. Pp. 1-638, 1946-1950. *VoI, 2. (Complete) Mammals of Washington. By Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 1-444, 140 figures in text. April 9, 1948. Vol. 3. *1. The avifaima of Micronesia, its origin, evolution, and distribution. By Rol- lin H. Baker. Pp. 1-359, 16 figures in text. June 12, 1951. "2, A quantitative study of the nocturnal migration of birds. By George H. Lowery, Jr. Pp. 361-472, 47 figures in text. June 29, 1951. 3. Phylogeny of the waxwings and allied birds. By M. Dale Arvey. Pp. 473- 530, 49 figures in text, 13 tables. October 10, 1951. •4. Birds from the state of Veracruz, Mexico. By George H. Low^ery, Jr., and Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 531-649, 7 figures in text, 2 tables. October 10, 1951. Index. Pp. 651-681. •Vol. 4. (Complete) American vi'easels. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 1-466, 41 plates, 31 figiu-es in text. December 27, 1951. Vol. 5. Nos. 1-37 and index. Pp. 1-676, 1951-1953. •Vol. 6. (Complete) Mammals of Utah, taxonomy and distribution. By Stephen D. Durrant. Pp. 1-549, 91 figures in text, 30 tables. August 10, 1952. Vol. 7. Nos. 1-15 and index. Pp. 1-651, 1952-1955. Vol. 8. Nos. 1-10 and index. Pp. 1-675, 1954-1956. Vol. 9. Nos. 1-23 and index. Pp. 1-690, 1955-1960. Vol. 10. Nos. 1-10 and index. Pp. 1-626, 1956-1960. Vol. 11. Nos. 1-10 and index. Pp. 1-703, 1958-1960. Vol. 12. "1. Fimctional morphology of three bats: Eumops, Myotis, Macrotus. By Terry A. Vaughan. Pp. 1-153, 4 plates, 24 figures in text. July 8, 1959. •2. The ancestry of modem Amphibia: a review of the evidence. By Theodore H. Eaton, Jr. Pp. 155-180, 10 figures in text. July 10, 1959. 3. The baculum in microtine rodents. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 181-216, 49 figures in text. February 19, 1960. •4. A new order of fishlike Amphibia from the Pennsylvanian of Kansas. By Theodore H. Eaton, Jr., and Peggy Lou Stewart. Pp. 217-240, 12 figures in text. May 2, 1960. 5. Natvu-al history of the bell vireo. By Jon C. Barlow. Pp. 241-296, 6 figures in text. March 7, 1962. 6. Two new pelycosaurs from the lower Permian of Oklahoma. By Richard C. Fox. Pp. 297-307, 6 figures in text. May 21, 1962. 7. Vertebrates from the barrier island of Tamamipas, Mexico. By Robert K. Selander, Richard F. Johnston, B. J. Wilks, and Gerald G. Raun. Pp. 309- 345, pis. 5-8. June 18, 1962. 8. Teeth of Edestid sharks. By Theodore H. Eaton, Jr. Pp. 347-362, 10 figures in text. October 1, 1962. 9. Variation in the muscles and nerves of the leg in two genera of grouse (Tym- panuchus and Pedioecetes ) . By E. Bruce Holmes. Pp. 363-474, 20 figin:es. October 25, 1963. $1.00. 10. A new genus of Pennsylvanian fish ( Crossopterygii, Coelacanthiformes ) from Kansas. By Joan Echols. Pp. 475-501, 7 figures in text. October 25, 1963. 11. Observations on the Mississippi kite in southwestern Kansas. By Hemry S. Fitch. Pp. 503-519. October 25, 1963. 12. Jaw musculature of the mourning and white-winged doves. By Robert L. Merz. Pp. 521-551, 22 figures in text. October 25, 1963. 13. Thoracic and coracoid arteries in two families of birds, Columbidae and Hirundinidae. By Marion Anne Jenkinson. Pp. 553-573, 7 figures in text. March 2, 1964. 14. The breeding birds of Kansas. By Richard F. Johnston. Pp. 575-655, 10 figures in text. May 18, 1964. 75 cents. 15. The adductor muscles of the jaw in some primitive reptiles. By Richard C. Fox. Pp. 657-680, 11 figures in text. May 18, 1964. Index, Pp. 681-694. (Continued on inside of back cover) University of Kansas Publications Museum of Natural History Volume 14, No. 18, pp. 493-758, 82 figs. July 6, 1965 The Mammals of Wyoming BY CHARLES A. LONG University of Kansas Lawrence 1965 University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, Theodore H. Eaton, Jr. Volume 14, No. 18, pp. 49,3-758, 82 figs. Published July 6, 1965 MUS. COMP. 200L LIBRARY OCT 1 3 1965 HARVARD vUNJVERSlTV; University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas PRINTED BY HARRY (BUD) TIMBERLAKE, STATE PRINTER TOPEKA. KANSAS I 96S 30-2329 The Mammals of Wyoming BY CHARLES A. LONG CONTENTS PAGE Introduction 495 Acknowledgments 496 Materials and Methods 497 Physiography and Climate 498 Glaciation 500 Check List of Mammals of Wyoming 510 Accounts of Species and Subspecies 515 Discussion 723 Fauna! Areas 726 Speciation, Subspeciation, and Zoogeography 729 Some Effects of Man in Historic Time 739 Summary 740 Species and Subspecies of Unverified Occurrence 741 Type Localities in Wyoming 743 Literature Cited 747 INTRODUCTION Mention of Wyoming to many persons brings to mind the bears, the pronghorn, the moose, the elk, the porcupine, and other kinds of mammals that occur in this state. Forested, snow-capped moun- tain ranges, shallow rivers and cascading streams, vast rolHng prairies, and arid, rocky deserts also are remembered, and these habitats are the homes of Wyoming's mammals. Yellowstone Park, in northwestern Wyoming, is world-famous for its natural wonders, and many persons have felt that the animals alone are worth a trip to Yellowstone. The mammals of Wyoming have been studied to a greater or lesser extent by most of North America's noted mammalogists, and mammals from Wyoming have been collected and preserved in considerable numbers for many years by many investigators. Even so, no comprehensive account of them has been published. Indeed no list of the kinds of mammals that occur in the state has been published. Nevertheless, studies of mammals in nearby states and numerous studies of particular kinds of mammals in Wyoming have contributed to our knowledge of the fauna of the state. (495) 496 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. The chief aims of my study were to Hst and describe the kinds of mammals found in the state, to analyze the mammalian fauna as a whole with regard to patterns of distribution and relationships of kinds, and to explain their distributions and relationships in the light of Quaternary history. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS For permission to study specimens and other materials in their care in Washington, D. C. I am indebted to Drs. David H. Johnson, Henry W. Setzer and Charles O. Handley, Jr. of the United States National Museum proper, and to Mr. John L. Paradiso, Dr. Richard H. Manville and Dr. Hartley H. T. Jackson of The Biological Surveys Collections. Also some specimens were lent to me by some of the persons mentioned above and by Dr. S. D. Durrant of the University of Utah, Dr. R. Fautin of the University of Wyoming, Dr. R. S. Hoffman of Montana State University, and Drs. R. G. Van Gelder and S. Anderson of the American Museum of Natural History. To the many collectors and investigators, past and present, including such well-known persons as Theodore Roosevelt, Ernest Thompson Seton, and C. Hart Merriam I am grateful for having preserved the specimens used in preparing the following account of the mammals of Wyoming. Approximately two-thirds of these specimens are in the Museum of Natural History at The University of Kansas. This collection was made mainly by advanced students who were members of field parties from The University of Kansas when Wyoming was being used as an "out-door laboratory" for their training in vertebrate zoology. Professor E. Raymond Hall led the first parties there in 1945-1946, and the work was continued by other zoologists of The Uni- versity of Kansas, especially by Professor E. Lendell Cockrum who led parties in 1947-1948 and Professor Rollin H. Baker who led parties in the years 1949- 1951. This collection, now in the care of Professor E. R. Hall and Dr. J. Knox Jones, Jr., was generously reUnquished for my use in 1960. I am particularly grateful to Professor Emeritus Arthur B. Mickey of the University of Wyoming for making his personal collection of mammals available to me for study by placing them on permanent deposit in the Museum of Natural History at The University of Kansas. I am grateful to Messrs. W. Charles Kerfoot, Roger Beers, and David L. Long, who accompanied me in the summer of 1961 to Wyoming and neighboring states, helping me in my field studies. Mr. Thomas Swearingen drew figures 1, 2, and 81, and assisted me in making the other figures. I am grateful also to my fellow student, Charles Douglas, for varied assistance. I am grateful to my wife Claudine F. Long for help in Wyoming in August, 1961, for help in listing specimens throughout my study, and for assisting in many other ways essential to completion of the following account. I am grateful to Professors E. Raymond Hall, A. Byron Leonard and Charles W. Pitrat, who constituted a committee that guided me as a graduate student in my research. Dr. G. M. Richmond of the U. S. Geological Survey read the section on glaciation. Dr. J. Knox Jones, Jr., also gave much appreciated advice. Finally, it goes without saying that the one person who has done so many things to make such a study as this possible, who has shovra con- The Mammals of Wyoming 497 tinuous interest in this study, and who has gladly shared the benefits of his invaluable experience is my advisor Professor E. Raymond Hall. Financial assistance, for which I am grateful, was received from The Society of the Sigma Xi, the Kansas Heart Foundation, the National Science Foundation (including NSF GB 100), and The University of Kansas Endow- ment Association. Also gratefully acknowledged is assitance (to the museum in obtaining specimens) from the Office of Naval Research, U. S. Navy in 1947, and the American Heart Association Inc. in the period 1957-1961. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study 12,807 specimens of Wyoming mammals were examined. More than 8,000 of these are in the Museum of Natural History at the Uni- versity of Kansas and a few more than 4,200 in the United States National Museum. Approximately 300 specimens listed herein are in the collection at the University of Wyoming. Tliree of the specimens examined are in the American Museum of Natural History, one is in the collection at the University of Utah, and 23 are in the collection at Montana State University. I visited Wyoming and neighboring states for two days in 1960 and for two and a half months in the summer of 1961. In the period September 1960 to January 1963 I examined the materials at the University of Kansas, and in nine weeks in the summer of 1962 I examined specimens at the United States National Musemn. The arrangement here of the families and higher categories of Recent mam- mals closely follows that of Simpson ( 1945 ) . For characters of the several taxonomic categories, for arrangement of genera, and for distribution maps of each species and subspecies in all of North America the reader is referred to Hall and Kelson (1959). Keys to species herein are provided where it is judged that they are necessary or useful. In the text beyond a generic heading, with comments, is included if so doing avoids repetition of information in the accounts of two or more species. A specific heading, with comments, is included in the text for each polytypic species. Subspecies are listed alphabetically, except one of Ochotomj newly named beyond, under each species. The scientific name judged to be correct accord- ing to the International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature, or instead (rarely) a replacement-name recommended by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, heads the account of each subspecies, and is fol- lowed on the same line by the name of the author of that scientific name. Immediately below is the vernacular name (Hall, et ah, 1957) that applies to the species unless the species is polytypic and represented in Wyoming by more than one subspecies, in which case the vernacular name is listed below the scientific name of the species. A synonymy follows consisting of a citation to the original proposal of a name used, a citation to the first usage of the accepted or current name combination, and a citation to any junior synonym having its type locality in Wyoming. If judged pertinent, other name com- bination are listed. Comments on the holotype or type locality, a description of the subspecies or monotypic species, and in some instances a section of comparisons follow in that order. Measurements are listed to aid the researcher in identification and to reinforce conclusions made in the text. The geographic distribution is 498 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. stated and for most of the named kinds is shown on a map. Under the sub- heading of "Remarks" various data are presented. Finally, records of occur- rence are listed consisting first of specimens examined (the localities of which are usually plotted as black dots on a distribution map) and second of addi- tional records ( represented by open symbols on the distribution map ) found in the literature. Under county headings (see Fig. 2), arranged alphabetically, the localities in any given county are arranged from north to south. When localities lie on the same latitude, they are listed from west to east. Unplotted localities, in italicized type, are ordinarily within an eight mile radius of a plotted locality or the locality is of a general nature and nonmarginal (for example, Platte River y Several specimens labeled merely as Yellowstone Na- tional Park are listed beyond. I have assumed that each of these is from the part of the Park that lies in Wyoming. Specimens examined from collections other than the University of Kansas Museum of Natiural History are identified as to collection by explanatory abbreviations. Capitalized color terms are those of Ridgway (1912). In dental formulae, capital letters refer to teeth in the upper jaw, whereas lower case letters refer to those in the lower jaw. Most place-names used in the following accounts were found in atlases, on current road-maps, and especially on the map (frontispiece, Plate 1) in Merrit Gary's (1917) "Life zone investigations in Wyoming." That map excellently portrays the life-zones in Wyoming and shows many old locality names. A map (entitled "Wyoming Fishing Orders") showing streams in Wyoming that was published in 1961 by the Wyoming Game and Fish Commission also proved helpful. A list of kinds of mammals that may occur in Wyoming, but of which satisfactory record is lacking, is to be found following the accounts and dis- cussion. A list ( with map ) of type localities in Wyoming is also included. PHYSIOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE Much of the following information was gathered and pubHshed by Merrit Gary (1917), whose work was in all ways excellent. Wyoming is a rectangular state somewhat more than 97,000 square miles in area. The physiography and climate are varied. Surface features may be classified broadly as mountains, plains, and valleys or basins. The continental divide extends southeasterly from the midwestern margin of the Yellowstone plateau along the lofty crests of the Absaroka and Wind River ranges, across the Red Desert, and along the summits of the Sierra Madre Mountains, where the divide crosses the southern boundary of Wyoming. The names of physiographic features mostly are those used by Fenneman (1931: 134). Some of the features are shown also on Figure 1, page 506. The mountains of Wyoming are mostly in the northwest and oc- cupy approximately a fourth of the total area of the state. Ghief among these mountain ranges are the Absaroka, Wind River, Gros Ventre, and Teton ranges in the northwest; the Bighorn Mountains in the north-central part; and the Sierra Madre and Medicine Bow The Mammals of Wyoming 499 mountains in the south. Most of these are heavily forested ranges of high elevation, whose summits and crests rise far above timber- line and often are covered by snow the year round. Glaciers are extensive and abundant in the Wind River Mountains. The "glacier group" probably is larger than the "glacier group" in Glacier Na- tional Park, Montana (Wentworth and Delo, 1931:608, 611); the existing glaciers of the Wind River Mountains have a total surface area of 15.14 square miles, extending along the continental divide for a distance of 15 miles, and number more than 50. The Absaroka Mountains and the Teton Mountains support small glaciers (Went- worth and Delo, 1931:610), as also do deep and sheltered canyons in the Bighorn Mountains (Salisbury and Blackwelder, 1903:217; Salisbury, 1906 ) . All of these ranges belong to the Rocky Mountain system except the Bighorn Mountains, which are separated from it although a hook of low, but uplifted, hills connects them to the Rocky Mountain chain. This hook of elevated land separates the Bighorn Basin from the Wind River Basin to the south. Gannett Peak in the Wind River Mountains is the highest point in the state (13,785 feet) closely approached in elevation by Fremont Peak ( 13,730 feet, Wind River Mountains ) and the Grand Teton ( 13,747 feet, Teton Mountains). The low, isolated ranges, Ferris, Green, Seminole, Shirley, and Rattlesnake, are in the central part of the state and are timbered on their northern slopes (see Gary, 1917:10). The timbered foothills of the Uinta Mountains extend into the southwestern part of Wyoming. From them, arid, barren ridges and lowlands extend toward the mountains of northwestern Wyoming; these ridges give way to the timbered slopes of the Wyoming and Salt River ranges. In southeastern Wyoming the low, timbered Laramie Mountains are a spur of the rugged Medicine Bow Mountains. The lofty peaks of the Medicine Bow Mountains, approximately six miles northwest of Gentennial, are known as the "Snowy Range." The Medicine Bow Mountains are east of the rugged Sierra Madre Mountains mentioned previously. In the northeast the timbered Black Hills and the Bear Lodge Mountains, closely associated and often considered as the "Black Hills" (Guthe, 1935), are surrounded by the Great Plains. Wyoming, according to Gary (1917:10), although well supplied with mountains is better known for its vast open plains. These are either level or rolling, lying usually between 4,500 and 7,000 feet elevation, and are characterized by their types of vegetation: sage plains of the high arid plateaus, and grassy plains to the east and 500 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. northeast of the continental divide. The grassy plains are part of the Great Plains. On the eastern border of Wyoming these grassy plains become sandy, constituting a small westward extension of the Sand Hills in Nebraska. Rivers that have cut broad valleys in Wyoming are as follows: the North Platte and Laramie in southeastern Wyoming; the Belle Fourche and Powder in northeastern Wyoming; the Bighorn and Wind in northwestern Wyoming; and the Sweetwater and Green in southwestern and south-central Wyoming. The area where the Belle Fourche River crosses the eastern boundary of Wyoming has the lowest elevation (3,100 feet) in the state. The valleys of the Snake and Yellowstone rivers are small; the rivers that have cut them leave the state before attaining much size. The Snake River drains part of the Yellowstone Plateau and also the low, arid basin, Jackson Hole, situated between an upthrusted, magnificently dis- sected and weathered fault-block, the Teton Range, and several ranges overlooking the basin from the eastward. The Red Desert in southwestern Wyoming is an extensive, barren, alkahne area mainly west of the continental divide. Higher ground ( some of it timbered ) is to be seen south and west in Wyoming and beyond. The Green River leaves the state southwest of the Red Desert and in doing so passes through the higher ground to the southward. The climate of Wyoming is mainly arid; the precipitation ranges from less than 10 inches in the Red Desert and Bighorn Basin to about 15 inches in the other lowlands. In the Black Hills there are 15 to 20 inches of precipitation, and there is much more precipi- tation on the highest mountains of the northwestern part of the state. An elevated base level (averaging about 6,000 feet accord- ing to Gary, 1917:11) is associated with cool climate. Summers are short and cool (55° F. average) in high mountain valleys, but longer and warmer (65° F. ) on the Great Plains. Much snow falls in the mountains, but winter is more severe on the plains (Gary, 1917:11- 12) because of low temperatures and strong winds. GLAGIATION Wyoming is noted for its beautiful and rugged mountains, al- though vast prairies are also present in the state. Much of the ruggedness of the mountains results from past glaciation. There is no evidence that continental glaciers entered the state. Mountain glaciers indicate cool climate and, of course, suffi- cient precipitation to support their formation and regimen. Glacia- The Mammals of Wyoming 501 tion produces many physiographic features, and study of these features can reveal the nature of the cUmate in the past. Darwin (1859:290), Deevey (1949:1321), and others have presented evi- dence that glacial advances displaced animals and plants southward; during interglacial periods warmth-adapted animals and plants moved northward. Relict populations or isolated populations that may have undergone evolution, especially at the subspecific level, were isolated by glaciation. Glaciation in Wyoming occurred in mountains in the Pleistocene and probably later. Another indication of Pleistocene climate in Wyoming is provided in two deposits of pollen. Sears mentioned to Ray (1940) and Mears (1953) that peat deposits are thin in the Medicine Bow Mountains, and that the thinness indicated lack of vegetation there from the time of deposition until 1500 years ago. Hansen (1951:115-116) studied peat deposits obtained from a bog in Bridger Basin and reported that in the "Postglacial" time the climate became warm, then somewhat warmer still and more moist, dryer again and even warmer, and finally cooler. He stated that 70 pollen profiles in the Pacific Northwest indicate a warm, dry "climatic maximum" in the "Postglacial." Dorf (1959:195) suggested that when continental glaciers were advancing, the temperature in Wyoming was lower than the sub- arctic temperature of today. Glaciers occurred on high, moun- tainous areas, and tundra surrounded them. Interglacial periods were comparatively warm, and the glacial ice receded (Dorf, 1959:196-197). Dorf indicated that in most inter- glacial ages the temperature probably was little different than it is at present, but that it was even higher in one "late interglacial age." Even during interglacial ages in Wyoming a diagonal zone of "subarctic" temperature was supposed to have remained along the Rocky Mountains resembling the zone existing there today. The glacial history of the Wind River Mountains, which are in the northwestern part of the state (Fig 1), is the standard for comparative studies in western Wyoming and some adjacent areas. Glaciers in the Bighorn Mountains of north-central Wyoming greatly deepened some canyons. Some glaciation also occurred on the north flank of the Uinta Mountains in southwestern Wyoming and on the Medicine Bow Range in south-central Wyoming. I know of no mention of glaciation in the Black Hills of the northeastern part of the state. Field studies by numerous geologists have yielded many data on mountain glaciation in Wyoming. Some important evidences of 502 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. glaciation that have been studied are glacial moraines and rock striae. The relative ages of moraines have been determined by studying the effects on them of weathering, erosion, and vegetation and by comparing relative ages of glacier-affected drainages. Such studies indicate several past glaciations in Wyoming. Observations of glacial deposits and sti'iae on rocks indicate the direction and extent of glacial movement. Other geologic techniques for study- ing glaciation (for example, radiocarbon dating of fossils or peat analysis in glacial deposits) have been less useful in Wyoming than in some other areas. Studies of mountain glaciation in Wyoming may be divided into four phases: First, finding and describing evidences of glaciation; second, learning that glaciation in Wyoming occurred more than once; third, correlating stages and substages of one area with those of another; fourth, determining the climatic history of glaciated areas. Summations of studies in mountainous areas of Wyoming are discussed somewhat chronologically beyond. Strict adherence in the discussion of any one physiographic unit independently of others is not followed in this paper mainly because it is more con- venient to combine some units that have been studied together. Glaciation in the Wind River Mountains The highest mountains in the Wind River Range were severely glaciated. Blackwelder (1915:307-340) named three stages of glaciation based on relative ages of glacial deposits. The oldest drift, referred to the Buffalo stage (1915-328), was extensive and perhaps resulted from recurrent glacial advances. Blackwelder referred fresh moraines to the youngest stage termed by him ( 1915: 324) Pinedale. An intermediate stage was termed the Bull Lake stage (1915:325). Alden (1926:73) attempted to correlate Black- welder's stages with continental stages of glaciation as follows: Buffalo-Nebraskan; Bull Lake-Iowan'P; and Pinedale-Wisconsinan. Riclunond (1941:1929-1930) verified Blackwelder's findings. He also found that ice caps had covered the interior portion of the Wind River Range. During Bull Lake time, long ice tongues from an ice cap extended northeast to the Wind River and dammed it at three points. This ice cap was smaller in Pinedale time. Glaciers from the nearby Absaroka Range "failed to reach the main mass" of ice from the Wind River Mountains. Hack (Howard and Hack, 1943:239-240) found a young, prom- inent moraine north of Temple Lake in these mountains. He postu- lated that the moraine represented a stage of glaciation later than The Mammals of Wyoming 503 Pinedale, and used the term Temple Lake for the young moraine. In the nearby Du Noir Valley lying northeast of the Wind River Mountains, Miner and Delo (1943:131-137) recognized Bull Lake and Pinedale moraines; and more recently Miner and Apfel (1946: 1218-1219) and Keefer (1957:213-215) described glacial effects of Buffalo, Bull Lake, and Pinedale glaciers in this area. In these mountains Branson and Branson (1945:1148-1149) described small glaciers enclosed by small moraines, and Richmond (1948:1400- 1401) again mentioned small moraines in the vicinity of existing ijlaciers. He stated that two advances of ice occurred in the Buffalo stage. Richmond suggested that Blackwelder's sequence of stages be modified to account for the described glaciations. Moss (1949: 1911) mentioned five glacial advances along Big Sandy Creek in the southern part of the Wind River Mountains. In order of de- creasing age the advances were assigned to: Buffalo; "double maxima" of Bull Lake; Pinedale; Temple Lake; and "neoglaciation," the last including moraines of the "fifth advance" lying within 1,000 feet of small existing ice masses. Moss (1951:865-883) formally assigned some recently deposited drift in the Wind River Mountains to the two youngest glacial stages. One stage was termed Temple Lake stage and the other Little Ice Age ( = his neo-glaciation ) . Consequently, five stages of glaciation are recognized in these mountains. Holmes and Moss (1955) reviewed studies in this area describing deposits of all five stages; their important correlations appear in Table 1. Glaciation on the Yellowstone Plateau and in the nearby Beartooth, Absaroka, and Owl Creek Mountains W. H. Holmes (1881:204-205) mentioned a lack of moraines in Yellowstone Park, but he mentioned some evidence (numerous boulders) for past glaciation. Weed (1893) described glaciation of the Yellowstone Valley on the northern part of the Yellowstone Plateau (Fig. 1). The sources of the Yellowstone Glacier were "confluent ice sheets" on the northwestern part of the park, where all of the neve fields lay. Each mountain gorge in the park was the bed of a glacier. Darton (1906:25-26), Sinclair (1912:314- 315), Dake (1919), and Parsons (1939) described effects of glacia- tion in the Owl Creek, Beartooth, and Absaroka Mountains to the eastward (boulders were transported eastward to a point 12 miles east of Cody). Schlundt and Moore (1909:34) provided a rare example of dating a glacial epoch in Wyoming by analyzing radio- 504 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. active substances in Yellowstone Park. In fact, their work on radium in travertine was done more than 50 years ago, only seven years after radium was discovered. They stated: "The travertine of Terrace Mountain is overlain by glacial boulders. Since its activity is only 1 per cent of that of the recent deposits, its age is about 20,000 years." They also mentioned a shorter time period (14,000 years) based on a possible half-life for radium of 2,000 Table 1. — Classification of Glacial Deposits in Wyoming as a Means of Correlating Glacial Episodes. After Fig. 5, Holmes and Moss, 1955. Age or kind of deposits Area Buffalo Bull Lake Pinedale Temple Lake Little Ice Age Yellowstone Valle}' . . XI X X Beartooth Mountains Drift Broad deposits Canyon Moraines Absaroka Mountains Rolling Moraines Hum- mocky Moraines Rock glaci small mors Little Ice . ers and lines, ^ge? Bighorn Mountains. . Isolated boulders Lateral Moraines Terminal Moraines Western W'yoming. . . X X X Teton Mountains .... X triple 2 X double? X triple * X? Moraines in cirques Gros Ventre Mountains X X double? X N. Wind River Mountains X X X S. Wind River Mountains X X X X X Medicine Bow Mountains' Weath- ered moraines X 1. X refers to deposits identified (with regaid to age) and known by the name under which they are listed. 2. Buffalo till consists of "three tills of different glaciation" and the Pinedale had "three advances" (letter from G. M. Richmond to E. R. Hall, August 2, 1963). 3. In the Medicine Bow Mountains, Hares (1948) found glacial tiU and identified it as Kansan or older. Ray (1940) reported five glacial stages, which he identified as Wis- consin I-V; Richmond (1953) identified these five stages as Wisconsin I-III and late Recent 1-2. The Mammals of Wyoming 505 years. Inasmuch as the half-Hfe of radium is now known to be less than 2,000 years, the time of 14,000 years is probably too long. Alden ( 1928 ) described three glacial epochs on the Yellowstone Plateau. Fenneman (1931:153) also stated that glacial ice covered the Yellowstone Plateau as an ice sheet or piedmont glacier at least three times. Fenneman stated that "interglacial epochs were long and the larger valleys were greatly deepened between suc- cessive invasions of ice." He stated that the first epoch occurred in early Pleistocene, but that present glacial features resulted from ice in a late Pleistocene epoch. The ice (epoch not mentioned) at some places on the plateau attained a maximum thickness of approximately 2,000 feet. Three lobes of ice extended into three valleys, Yellowstone River Valley, Madison River Valley, and Snake River Valley, on the plateau. The Yellowstone Glacier, almost 3,000 feet thick, extended 36 miles north of the park. Glaciation in the Bighorn Mountains Early work in the Bighorn Mountains was done by Matthes (1900), SaHsbury and Blackwelder (1903), and Salisbury (1906). The last-named person reported that an area of 360 square miles in these mountains was once covered by ice, and that associated snow fields may have covered considerable additional terrain. He found evidences of 19 glacial systems from approximately 100 sources. The elevations of termini of all glaciers ranged from 6,200 to 10,400 feet. Two distinct glacial stages are known and probably a third stage should be recognized. Glaciation in the Medicine Bow Mountains W. W. Atwood, Jr. ( 1937 ) first found evidence for the existence of complex glaciation in the Medicine Bow Mountains ( Fig. 1 ) . He identified deposits of a Wisconsin stage and older deposits that he assumed to be pre- Wisconsin in age. Five glacial tongues orig- inated in a catchment area at the base of the Snowy Range, but none of them extended onto the surrounding plains. Ray (1940), who had worked out a complex of glacial stages in the nearby Cache la Poudre area of Colorado and found no evidence for pre- Wisconsin glaciation, visited the Medicine Bow Mountains and subsequently assigned Atwood's pre- Wisconsin deposits to an early Wisconsin substage (Wisconsin I). He recorded a glacial history for the Medicine Bow Mountains comparable to that made out by him in the Cache la Poudre area (Table 2). Glaciers were not 506 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Dislrlbulkm mop of WYOMING -p 5 Mus. Nal. Hlst.,UnhL Kara. 1946 \-r+- FiG. 1. Glaciated areas in Wyoming. After Holmes and Moss, 1955. The Yellowstone Valley extends northward from the Yellowstone Plateau. The southern extension of the Absaroka Mountains, south of the Shoshone River, frequently is termed the Shoshone Mountains. The low Owl Creek Mountains lie approximately 25 miles southeast of the Absaroka Mountains. Jackson Hole lies east of the Teton Mountains in the vicinity of Jackson Lake and southward. Snowy Range is a term applied to the high peaks of the northern part of the Medicine Bow Mountains. formed in the fifth Wisconsin substage described by Ray but a big snow field at that time lay at the southeastern base of Medicine Bow Peak, as indicated by protalus ramparts there. Richmond (1953) assigned similar deposits in the nearby Rocky Mountain National Park of Colorado to late Recent time. If Ray is followed, five cold Wisconsin stages occurred in the Medicine Bow Moun- tains, of which the latest was nonglacial. Richmond thinks the last two substages described by Ray are in fact late Recent. Meais (1953:81) thinks there were at least four Wisconsin or later stages. He thinks that materials left by pre-Wisconsin glaciers probably were "largely obscured or destroyed by the extensive Wisconsin ice advances." The glacier in each Wisconsin substage was less exten- sive than its predecessor, as was determined by observations on The Mammals of Wyoming 507 relative weathering, soil development, and drainage patterns above them. A record by Hares (1948:1329) has seemingly been over- looked. He found a deposit of striated boulders thought by him to be "older" than "Kansan" age. Flint (1947:228-229) cites At- wood (1937) and Ray (1940) in listing the lowest elevation re- corded for glaciers in these mountains as 7,500 feet, which is the lowest elevation recorded in the Cache la Poudre area; the lowest elevation recorded for a glacier in the Medicine Bow Mountains is 8,100 feet. Table 2. — Ray's Correlation of Deposits in the Medicine Bow Mountains WITH Those in the Cache la Poudre Area, Colorado. After Ray, 1940. Elevation Atwood's assignment Ray's ass gnments : of moraine (ft.) Medicine Bow- Range, Wyoming Cache la Poudre, Colorado Elevation of moraine (ft.) 11,000*... Wise. V Pro talus 11,500 10,500... Wisconsin undifferentiated Wise. IV Long Draw- 10,200 10,000.... Wise. Ill Corral Creek 9,100-10,100 8,500.... Wise. II Home 7,600 8,100.... pre-Wisconsin Wise. I Twin Lakes 7,500 « Mears, 1953. Glaciation in Other Areas In the Jackson Hole-Teton Range area early work was accom- plished by Bradley (1872), St. John (1877:444), Blackwelder (1915:325-328), and Alden (1928). Fryxell (1930) found evi- dences of Buffalo, Bull Lake, and Pinedale stages. In assigning deposits to these stages Fryxell, of course, did not know about younger stages subsequendy discovered by Moss (1951). Buffalo ice was the most extensive. "Pinedale" glaciers were less exten- sive than preceding glaciers. Additional work was done by Fryxell, Horberg and Edmund ( 1941 ) and Montagne and Love ( 1957 ) ; in the latter paper ice covering 1300 square miles in Jackson Hole in Buffalo time is mentioned. On the north flank of the Uinta Mountains, W. W. Atwood, Sr. (1909) suggested three "epochs" of glaciation, and Bradley found three stages represented (1936). 508 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. One mention is made by Bradley (1936:196) of an old glacial stage in the Wyoming Range correlated with Buffalo time. In the Gros Ventre Mountains, Swenson (1949:56-63) described glacia- tions assigned to BuflFalo, Bull Lake, and Pinedale times. Correlation Now five glacial stages are recognized in the Wind River Moun- tains, a standard used in other Wyoming studies. Tentative assign- ments of stages elsewhere in older works need verification or re- vising. Tentative recent correlations are shown in Table 1. It is important to correlate glaciation in Wyoming wdth conti- nental glaciation; combining data on both kinds of glaciation prob- ably more accurately reflects past world-wide climatic conditions than either alone would do. Alden (1926:73) attempted to do this by matching Buffalo with Nebraskan, Bull Lake with lowan?, and Pinedale with Wisconsinan stages. Recent workers tentatively match Buffalo with pre-Wisconsin and the other stages with Wis- consin or Recent. Holmes and Moss (1955:651) regarded the Bull Lake and Pine- dale complexes of glaciation as Wisconsin in age. They thought that Temple Lake was comparable to either late Mankato or even early Little Ice Age. Only Buffalo was regarded by them as pre- Wisconsin. Opinions held by workers in the Medicine Bow Moun- tains would not be inconsistent with this point of view. Most de- posits of the four glacial advances in the vicinity of the Snowy Range in these mountains are held to be Wisconsin or later by several workers (Ray, 1940; Richmond, 1953; and Mears, 1953). Only one record of a single deposit may indicate a pre-Wisconsin stage (Hares, 1948). Many workers in western Wyoming, however, hold to other corre- lations like those of Alden (1926), in which the Bull Lake stage is considered to be a pre-Wisconsin stage. Dating of radioactive substances may solve the problem of correlation when such sub- stances associated with glacial deposits (or interglacial deposits) have been accumlated. In summary, several things are important in analyzing animal distributions. Glaciation, at its height, was extensive enough to depress the tundra zone of the peaks of moun- tains of Wyoming. Glaciation occurred only on high mountain ranges (Fig. 1); the lowest glacial terminus was 6,200 feet eleva- tion. Five glacial epochs occurred in the Wind River Mountains; named in order of decreasing age they are the Buffalo, Bull Lake The Mammals of Wyoming 509 (double), Pinedale, Temple Lake, and Little Ice Age stages. The BuflFalo stage was most extensive and the moraines encompassing existing ice masses represent the least extensive stage. In other nearby mountain ranges in northwestern Wyoming data are com- parable. In the Medicine Bow Mountains four glaciations have been regarded as Wisconsin, and by Richmond the last and a non- glacial snow-field have been considered to be late Recent. Subarctic temperatures prevalent during glacial stages have, in general, ame- liorated since Pinedale time; interglacial temperatures resembled, somewhat, those of today. Displacement of animals northward and southward by interglacial and glacial ages, respectively, has been noted; east and west displacements are not so well known. Neither are the eflPects of the erratic amelioration of cold climate well known on animal distribution. A list of mammals and their distributions follow. ^■^s i Yellowstone Dislrjtiiilioii mop of WYOMING Mus. Not. Hist .Univ. Kons. 1945 10 0 ^-r4- FiG. 2. Counties of Wyoming including Yellowstone National Park. 2—2329 510 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. CHECK LIST OF MAMMALS OF WYOMING The mammalian fauna of Wyoming consists of 172 kinds (sub- species and monotypic species) of which five were introduced directly or indirectly by man; these 172 kinds belong to 101 species, 58 genera, and 22 families of 7 orders. Order MARSUPIALIA— Marsupials Family Didelphidae — Opossums PAGE Didelphis marsu-pialis virginiana Kerr Opossum 515 Order INSECTIVORA—Insectivores Family Soricidae — Shrews Sorex cinereus cinereiis Kerr ■> Sorex cinereus haydeni Baird / Masked shrew 517 Sorex vagrans ohscurus Merriam "i Sorex vagrans vagrans Baird / Vagrant shrew 520 Sorex nanus Merriam Dwarf shrew 523 Sorex palustris navigator (Baird) Water shrew 524 Sorex merriami leucogenys Osgood Merriam's shrew 526 Family Talpidae — Moles Scalopus aquaticus caryi Jackson Eastern mole 528 Order CHIROPTERA— Bats Family Vespertilionidae — Vespertilionid bats Myotis lucifugus carissima Thomas Little brown myotis 529 Myotis subulatus subulatus (SajO Small-footed myotis 530 Myotis volans interior Miller Long-legged myotis ...... 53 1 Myotis evotis evotis (H. Allen) Long-eared myotis 532 Myotis keenil septentrionalis (Trouossart) Keen's mj'otis 532 Lasionyderis noctivagans (Le Conte) Silver-haired bat 533 Lasiurus borealis borealis (Miiller) Red bat 533 Lasiurus cinereus cinereus (Palisot de Beauvois) Hoary bat 534 Plecotus townsendii pallescens (Miller) Townsend's bat 534 Euderma maculatum (J. A. Allen) Spotted bat 535 Eptesicus fuscus pallidas Young Big brown bat 530 Order LAGOMORPHA— Pikas, Rabbits, and Hares Family Ochotonidae — Pikas Ochotona princeps new subspecies Ochotona princeps figginsi J. A. Allen . . . . Ochotona princeps saxatilis Bangs Ochotona princeps ventorum A. H. Howell. Pika 537 The Mammals of Wyoming 511 Family Leporidae — Rabbits and Hares Sylvilagus floridanus similis Nelson Eastern cottontail . . Sylvilagus nuttallii grangeri (J. A. Allen) Nuttall's cottontail. Sylvilagus audubonii baileyi (Merriam) Desert cottontail . . . Lepus americanus bairdii Hayden "i Lepus americanus seclusus Baker and Hankinsj Lepus townsendii campanius Hollister ) -i ■ . Lepus townsendii townsendii Bachman / White-tailed jack rabbit. Lepus californicus melanotis Mearns Black-tailed jack rabbit . 542 543 544 Snowshoe rabbit 546 549 552 Order RODENTIA— Rodents Family SciumoAE — Squirrels Euiamias minimus confinis Howell Eutamias minimus consobrinus (J. A. Allen) . . Eutamias minimus minimus (Bachman) Eutamias minimus operarius Merriam Eutamias minimtis pallidus (J. A. Allen) Eutamias minimus silvaticus White Eutamias amoenus luteiventris (J. A. Allen) . . . Eutamias dorsalis utahensis Merriam Eutamias umbrinus fremanti White Eutamias umbrinus montamis White Eutamias umbrinus ^imbrinus (J. A. Allen) . . . Marmota flaviventris dacota (Merriam) Marmota flavivenlris luieola A. H. Howell Marmota flaviventris nosophora A. H. Howell Spermophilus richardsonii elegans Kennicott . . Spermophilus armatus Kennicott Spermophilus spilosoma obsoletu^ Kennicott. . . Spermophilus tridecemlineatus alleni Merriam Spermophilus tridecemlineat^is olivaceus J. A. Allen Spermophilus tridecemlineatus pallidus J. A. Allen Spermophilus tridecemlineatus parvus J. A. Allen Spermophilus lateralis castanurus (Merriam) . . Spermophilus lateralis cinerascens (Merriam) . . Spermophihis lateralis lateralis (Say) Spermophilus lateralis wortmani (J. A. Allen) Cynomys ludovicianus ludovicianus (Ord) Cynomys leucurus Merriam Tamiasciurus hudsonicus baileyi (J. A. Allen) Tamiasciurus hudsonicus dakotensis (J. A. Allen) Tamiasciurus hudsonicus fremonti (Audubon and Bachman) Tamiasciurus hudsonicus ventorum (J. A. Allen) Least chipmunk 554 .Yellow-pine chipmunk. . Cliff chipmunk 562 564 Uinta chipmunk 565 Yellow-bellied marmot . . Richardson's ground squirrel . Uinta ground squirrel . . . Spotted ground squirrel . Thirteen-lined ground squirrel 568 572 575 577 577 Golden-mantled ground squirrel . Black-tailed prairie dog . . White-tailed prairie dog . 583 590 591 Red squirrel 593 512 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Family Geomyidae — Pocket gophers Sciurus niger rufiventer E. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire. .Fox squirrel Glaucomys sabrinus hangsi (Rhoads) Northern flying squirrel . Thomomys talpoides altenuatus Hall and Montague Thomomys talpoides bridgeri Merriam Thomomys talpoides hullatus V. Bailey Thomomys talpoides caryi V. Bailej' Thomomys talpoides cheyennensis Swenk .... Thomomys talpoides clusius Coues Thomomys talpoides meritus Hall Thomomys talpoides nebulosus V. Bailey. . . . Thomomys talpoides ocius Merriam . Thomomys talpoides pygmaeus Merriam .... Thomomys talpoides rostralis Hall and Montague Thomomys talpoides lenellus Goldman Geomys bursarius lutescens Merriam Plains pocket gopher . 598 599 Northern pocket gopher. . . 600 G12 _ Family Heteromyidae — Heteromyids Perognathus fasciattis callistvs Osgood \ Perognalhiis fasciatus litus Gary. I Olive-backed pocket mouse 613 Perognathxis fasciatus olivaceogriseus Swenk . . . J Perognathus flavus piperi Goldman Silky pocket mouse 616 Perognathus parvus clarus Goldman Great Basin pocket mouse 617 Perognathus hispidus paradoxus Merriam Hispid pocket mouse 617 Dipodomys ordii luteolus (Goldman) "i Dipodomys ordii priscus Hoffmeister \ Ord's kangaroo rat 618 Dipodomys ordii terrosus Hofifmeister J Family Castoridae — Beavers Castor canadensis missouriensis Bailey Castor canadensis concisor Warren and Hall . Beaver 621 Family CmcETmAE — Cricetids Reilhrodontomys montanus albescens Gary Reithrodontomys megalotis dychei J. A. Allen . . Peromyscus crinitus doutti Goin Peromyscus maniculatus artemisiae (Rhoads) . . Peromyscus maniculatus nebrascensis (Coues).. Peromyscus leucopus aridulus Osgood Peromyscus truei truei (Shufeldt) Onychomys leucogaster arcticeps Rhoads Onychomys leiicogaster brevicaudus Merriam . . . Onychomys leucogaster missouriensis (Audubon and Bachman) Neotoma cinerea cinerea (Ord) Neotoma cinerea cinnamomea J. A. Allen Neotoma cinerea orolestes Merriam Neotoma cinerea rupicola J. A. Allen . Plains harvest mouse 625 . Western harvest mouse . . . 626 . Canyon mouse 627 Deer mouse 628 White-footed mouse 634 , Pinon mouse 634 Northern grasshopper mouse 635 Bushy-tailed wood rat .... 638 The Mammals of Wyoming 513 Clethrionomys gapperi brevicaudus (Merriam) 1 Cleihrionomys gapperi galei (Merriam) [ Capper's red-backed vole . . G42 Clethrionomys gapperi idahoensis (Merriam) . . J Phenacomys iniermedius intermedius Merriam . . . Heather vole 646 Microlus pennsyhanicus insperatus (J. A. 1 Allen) I Meadow vole 647 Microtus pennsylvanicus pullatus S. Anderson J Microtus montanus codiensis S. Anderson "i Microtus mo7itamis naniis (Merriam) > Montane vole 649 Microtus montanus zygomaticus S. Anderson . . J Microtus longicaudus longicaudus (Merriam) .... Long-tailed vole 653 Microtus richardsoni macropus (Merriam) Richardson's vole 656 Microtus ochrogaster haydenii (Baird) Prairie vole 659 Lagurus curtatus levidensis (Goldman) Sagebrush vole 660 Ondatra zibethicus cinnamominus (HoWister) ••) tvt u + 661 Ondatra zibethicus osoyoosensis (Lord) / Family Murtoae — Murids Rattus norvegicus norvegicus (Berkenhout) Norway rat 663 Mus musculus domesticus Rutty House mouse 663 Family Zapodidae — Jumping mice Zapus hudsonius campestris Preble 1 ,^ , . . _ ,,,, . „ ^ , , . , , . T^ ^ . / Meadow lumpmg mouse . . 664 Zapus hudsonius preolei Krutzscn J Zapus princeps idahoensis Davis 1 Zapus princeps princeps J. A. Allen [ Western jumping mouse. . . 665 Zapus princeps utahensis Hall J Family Erethizontidae — Porcupines Erethizon dorsatum bruneri Swenk l„ . „^o „ , . , ■ ji T, j,^ } Porcupme 668 Erethizon dorsatum epixanthum Brandt j Order CARNIVORA— Carnivores Family Canidae — Canids Canis latrans latrans Say "Ip . „_„ Canis latrans lestes Merriam / Canis lupus irremotus Goldman "| Canis lupus nubilus Say [ Gray wolf 675 Canis lupus youngi Goldman J Vulpes vulpes macroura Baird "i t> j r p.70 Vulpes vulpes regalis Merriam / Vulpes velox velox (Say) Swift fox 680 Urocyon cinereoargenteus ocythous Bangs Gray fox 682 Family Ursidae — Bears Ursus americanus cinnamomum Audubon and Bachman Black bear 682 Ursus arctos imperator Merriam Grizzly bear 685 Long-tailed weasel G93 514 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Family Procyonidae — Procyonids Bassarisciis astutus arizoiiensis Goldman Ringtail r)87 Procyon lotor hirtus Nelson and Goldman Raccoon OSS Family Mustelidae — Mustelids Maries americana origenes (Rhoads) \ M t fSO Maries americana vulpina (Rafinesque) j Martes pennanti colwnbiana Goldman Fisher 691 Mustela erminea vmricus (Bangs) Ermine 692 Mustela frenata alleni (Merriam) Mustela frenata longicauda Bonaparte Mustela frenata nevadensis Hall Mustela frenata oribasus (Bangs) Mustela vison energumenos (Bangs) "i , ,. , ggr Mustela vison letifera Hollister J Mustela nigripes (Audubon and Bachman) Black-footed ferret 697 Gulo gulo luscus (Linnaeus) Wolverine 697 Taxidea taxus taxus (Schreber) Badger 699 Spilogale putorius gracilis Merriam ^ Spotted skunk 700 Spilogale putorius interrupta (Rafinesque) . . . . / Mephitis mephitis hudsonica Richardson Striped skunk 702 Lutra canadensis nexa Goldman River otter 703 Family Felidae — Cats Felis concolor hippolesles Merriam \ Mountain lion 705 Fells concolor missoulensis Goldman / Lytix canadensis canadensis Kerr Lynx 707 Lynx rufu^ pallescens Merriam Bobcat 708 Order ARTIODACTYLA— Artiodactyls Family Cervidae — Deer Cervus canadensis nelsoni V. Bailey Wapiti or American elk . . . 710 Odocoileus hemionus hemionus (Rafinesque) Mule deer 712 Odocoileus virginiaynis dacotensis Goldman and "i Kellogg [ White-tailed deer 713 Odocoileus virginianus ochrourus V. Bailey. ... J Alces alces shirasi Nelson Moose 715 Family ANTiLOCAPRmAE — Pronghom Antilocapra americana americana (Ord) Pronghorn 716 Family Bovidae — Bovids Bison bison athabascae Rhoads \ r" 71 7 Bison bison bison (Linnaeus) / Oreamnos americanjis missoulae J. A. Allen Mountain goat 720 Ovis canadensis audubonii Merriam ^ ,, ,. , _,.)-^ ^ . , . , ■ o,, > Mountam sheep 720 Ovis canadensis canadensis onaw j The Mammals of Wyoming 515 ACCOUNTS OF SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES Key to Orders of Mammals in Wyoming 1. Incisor teeth f ; marsupium present Marsupialia, p. 515 1'. Incisor teeth not f ; marsupium lacking 2 2. Flight-membrane present; fingers elongated and longer than forearm, Chiroptera, p. 528 2'. Flight-membrane lacking (membrane for volant gliding in Glancomys); fingers not elongated and shorter than forearm 3 3. Upper incisors present; digits provided with claws 4 4. Diastema lacking; canines present 5 5. Middle incisors larger than canines Insectivora, p. 516 5'. Middle incisors smaller than canines Carnivora, p. 671 4'. Diastema present; canines absent 6 6. Incisors 4 above Lagomorpha, p. 536 6'. Incisors 2 above Rodentia, p. 552 3'. Upper incisors absent; digits provided with hooves. . . Artiodactyla, p. 710 Order MARSUPIALIA Marsupials Family Didelphidae — Opossums Didelphis marsupialis virginiana Kerr Opossum 1792. Didelphis virginiana Kerr, The animal kingdom . . ., p. 193. 1952. Didelphis marsupialis virginiana, Hall and Kelson, Univ. Kansas Pubis., Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:322, December 5. Type. — From Virginia. Description. — Maximum total length barely exceeding 1000 mm; upper parts blackish, grayish, or brownish strongly grizzled with white; tail haired at base but naked distally; hallux (on hind foot) clawless; sagittal crest frequently high (braincase low); female having well-developed marsupium containing, usually, 13 teats; 50 teeth; 5 incisors occurring on each side of upper jaw. Measurements. — Measurements are listed by HaU and Kelson (1959:5) as follows: Total length, 645-1017; length of tail, 255-535; hind foot, 48-80; total length of skull, 80-139. Distribution. — Known only from eastern Wyoming in northeastern Converse County. See Remarks. Not mapped. Remarks. — A letter published by Wyoming Wildlife (February, 1963) mentioned that Mr. Hans W. Larsen captured a live opossum in northern Converse County. Correspondence with him provides additional information as follows: "This is in reply to your letter of Feb. 7 in regard to the opossum I captured alive last fall. I caged this opossum in Newcastle and it escaped by cutting a wire appar- ently with its teeth. I only had it a couple of weeks. ... It 516 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. was captured in the northeast corner of Converse County near the site of the old Dull Center post office. This is about 30 miles north and east of Bill, Wyo., which is only a post office. ... I know this country very well and am positive it couldn't have escaped from anyone around there. It was believed to be a young 'possum by all who saw it. . . . The date was Aug. 31, 1962. It was evening, of course, when it crossed the country road in front of my pickup. When my coon dogs ran up to it, it played dead and I picked it up by the tail. ... It liked corn on the cob, eggs whole in the shell, and other raw vegetables. . . ." The opossum was captured in the watershed of the Cheyenne River, and may have been a young of the year that wandered into Wyoming from the eastward. Intensive collecting by investigators in Wyoming through the past 80 years has yielded no other opossum. Order INSECTIVORA Insectivores Size of most kinds small; feet plantigrade and pentadactyl; digits clawed; snout slender and pointed. Key to Families of Insectivores 1. Feet adapted for digging; ej^es and ears not evident externall}-; tail less than ^ as long as hind foot Talpidae, p. 528 1'. Feet not adapted for digging; eyes and ears tiny bvit evident; tail more than % as long as hind foot Soricidae, p. 516 Family Soricidae — Shrews Size small; not adapted for digging; ears and eyes evident; zygo- mata absent; usually predaceous. Genus Sorex Linnaeus Long-tailed Shrews No significant secondary-sexual differences were found in Wyo- ming shrews, but they can be divided into two age groups on the basis of amount of tooth-wear and cranial diflFerences (see Findley, 1955). Most specimens of shrews were collected in spring or sum- mer and are either first or second year animals (see Findley, 1955, on Sorex vagrans; Pearson, 1945, on Blarina; Hamilton, 1940, on Sorex fumeus; and Conaway, 1952, on Sorex paJustris). Yoimger shrews having no observable tooth-wear, of a size comparable with older shrews having observable tooth-wear, yield more nearly uni- form cranial measurements because the relative proportions of cranial measurements in older shrews vary more. Thus, inasmuch The Mammals of Wyoming 517 as enough specimens of most species were available for this study, cranial measurements of younger shrews of adult size, designated as class 1, were chosen for comparative use. Older shrews are here designated as class 2; their skulls are broader, shorter, and have sagittal and lambdoidal ridges ( see Findley, 1955, and Pruitt, 1954 ) . Measurements beyond were taken in the same fashion that Jack- son (1928:12) and Findley (1955:5) took measurements. Key to Species and Subspecies of Shrews 1. Pelage flecked with silvery-white hairs on dark, grayish background; hind foot fringed with stiff hairs; tail scaly and scantily haired; total length more than 130 mm Sorex palustris navigator, p. 524 1'. Pelage not flecked with silvery-white hairs; hind foot not fringed with stiff hairs; tail haired; total length less than 130 2 2. Third unicuspid larger than fourth 3 2'. Third unicuspid smaller than fourth 5 3. Whitish underparts; crowded unicuspid row; postmandibular foramen well developed Sorex merriami leucogenys, p. 526 3'. Brownish underparts; uncrowded unicuspid row; postmandibular fora- men not well developed 4 4. Tricolored pattern laterally; known from northeastern Wyoming, Sorex cinereus haydeni, p. 519 4'. Tricolored pattern obscure or lacking; not known from northeastern Wyoming Sorex cinereus cinereus, p. 517 5. Tail less than 40; hind foot less than 11; braincase flattened, Sorex nanus, p. 523 5'. Tail more than 40 (ordinarily); hind foot more than 11; braincase con- vex viewed laterally 6 6. Reddish-brown pigment evident dorsally; tail 41 or less; total length 108 or less Sorex vagrans vagrans, p. 523 6'. Reddish-brown pigment lacking dorsally; tail frequently more than 41; total length often more than 108 Sorex vagrans obscurus, p. 521 Sorex cinereus Kerr Masked Shrew Small; brownish; resembhng Sorex vagrans; fourth unicuspid tooth smaller than third in S. cinereus, but not in S. vagrans; nose and rostrum unusually elongated and pointed; upper parts dusky brownish; underparts grayish browm; total length 87-109 mm; tail almost half total length. The masked shrew in Wyoming is most numerous in montane habitats. Three pregnant females were collected in July, at a place eight miles north and 16 miles east of Encampment, 8400 feet. They contained 7, 8, and 12 embryos. The female (KU 2.5220) having 12 was trapped on July 8, 1948, by W. M. Good. Sorex cinereus cinereus Kerr 1792. Sorex arcticus cinereus Kerr, The Animal Kingdom . . ., p. 206. 1925. Sorex cinereus cinereus, Jackson, Jour. Mamm., 6:55-56, Feb. 9. 518 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Distribution mv of WYOMING Mus. Not. Hist., Univ. Kant. 1945 I l-^-l- 40 Miles W>7\ ltd Fig. 3. Distribution of Sorex cinereus. 1. S. c. cinereus 2. S. c. haydeni Type. — Name based on description by J. P. Forster, 1772, of shrew from Fort Severn, Canada (see Jackson, 1925:56). Comparisons. — From Sorex cinereus haydeni, S. c. cinereus differs as follows: darker; larger (cranially and externally); relatively longer tail; less of tricolor pattern laterally; relatively longer palate; relatively narrower rostrum (see Measurements ) . Measurements. — External and cranial measurements of seven adults from three miles ESE Browns Peak are as follows: Total length, 91.7 (88-94); tail vertebrae, 37.3 (35-39); hind foot, 10.8 (10-11); condylobasal length, 15.4 (14.9-15.8); maxillary tooth-row, 5.5 (5.4-5.8); palatal length, 7.7 (7.2-7.9); cranial breadth, 2.6 (2.4-2.8); least interorbital breadth, 2.6 (2.4-2.8); breadth maxillary processes, 4.0 (3.9-4.1). Distribution. — Most of state; unrecorded in eastern fifth. See Fig. 3. In Wyoming Sorex cinereus cinereus has been found at elevations of 3800 to 9150 feet. Remarks. — Jackson (1928:39) assigned shrews from western Wyoming to Sorex cinereus cinereus and those from eastern Wyo- ming to S. c. haydeni. He separated the two subspecies along an S-shaped curve, extending from north to south. I have assigned shrews from northeastern Wyoming to S, c. haydeni and those from elsewhere to S. c. cinereus. The Mammals of Wyoming 519 Shrews from northeastern Wyoming are shorter in body, tail, condylobasal length, maxillary tooth-row, and palate than shrews to the south-southwestward. The shrews from northeastern Wyo- ming are narrow interorbitally; they are indistinguishable from S. c. cinereus on basis of breadth across the maxillary processes. In addition, shrews from northeastern Wyoming are paler, Biiffy Brown to Olive Brown, whereas other masked shrews from Wyo- ming approach Blister Brown or Clove Brown. The southern shrews agree with S. c. cinereus; the northeastern shrews agree with S. c. Jiaydeni. More specimens are needed from the vicinity of Laramie Peak for a more nearly accurate subspecific appraisal of specimens from there. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 227, as follows: Albany Co.: Springliill, 1 USNM; Laramie Peak, 8000 ft., 2 USNM; Libby Flats, Snowy Range, 1 Univ. Wyo.; Libby Creek, 1; Nash Fork Creek, 1; 3.6 mi. SW Lara- mie, 1; Blair, Pole Mtn., 2; Pole Mtn., Ranger Sta., 8500 ft., 1; 2 mi. SW Pole Mtn., 8300 ft., 4; 1 mi. SS£ Pole Mtn., 8350 ft., 2; 6?i mi. S, 8% mi. E Laramie, 8200 ft., 1; 3 mi. S. Pole Mtn., 8100 ft., 1; Telephone Canyon, SE Laramie, 1. Big Horn Co.: Medicine Wheel Ranch, 28 mi. E Lovell, 9000 ft., 7; 2 mi. N, 12 mi. E Shell, 7900 ft., 1; Head Trappers Creek, 8500 ft., 20 USNM; Bighorn Mtns., 4 USNM. Carbon Co.: 18 mi. NNE Sinclair, 6500 ft., 1; Ft. Steele, 1 USNM; Bridget Pass, 7500 ft., 3; 6 mi. S, 14 mi. E Saratoga, 8800 ft., 2; 10 mi. N, 14 mi. E Encampment, 8000 ft., 3; 9 mi. N, 4 mi. E Encampment, 6500 ft., 3; 8 mi. N, 14 mi. E Encampment, 8400 ft., 10; 8 mi. N, 19 mi. E Encampment, 9150 ft., 3; Sierra Madre Mtns., 9038 ft., 1. Converse Co.: 21?^ mi. S, 24}^ mi. W Douglas, 7600 ft., 1. Johnson Co.: %o mi. S, 1 mi. W BuflFalo, 4800 ft., 1; Head N. Fork Powder River, 1. Natrona Co.: 5 mi. W Independence Rock, 6000 ft., 1. Park Co.: Grinnell Creek, Pahaska, 6300-7000 ft., 30 USNM; Valley, 7500 ft., 2 USNM. Sheridan Co.: 3 mi. WNW Monarch, 3800 ft., 4; Batons Ranch, Wolf, 1 USNM; 4 mi. NNE Banner, 4100 ft, 6. Sublette Co.: 32 mi. N, 1 mi. W Pinedale, 8000 ft., 1; 31 mi. N Pinedale, 8025 ft., 4. Sweetwater Co.: Jet. Big Sandy and Green rivers, 6400 ft., 1. Teton Co.: 1 mi. N Moran, 5 USNM; Lake Emma Matilda, Moran, 10 USNM; Jackson Hole Wildlife Park, 58 USNM; 1 mi. S, 3% mi. E Moran, 6200 ft., 1; Moose Creek, Teton Mtns., 6800 ft., 8 USNM; Teton Pass, 7200 ft., 11 USNM. Uinta Co.: 8 mi. S, 2/2 mi. E Robertson, 8300 ft., 1; 9 mi. S Robertson, 8000 ft., 1. Yellowstone Nat'I Park: Mtn. Creek, 1 USNM. Additional records (Jackson, 1928:50). — Carbon Co.: S. base Bridger Peak, Sierra Madre Mtns., 8800 ft. Lincoln Co.: 10 mi. SE Afton, 7500 ft.; Cokeville. Sublette Co.: Big Piney. Teton Co.: Pacific Creek; Black Rock Creek. Uinta Co.: Evanston. Sorex cinereus haydeni Baird 1858. Sorex haydeni Baird, Mammals, in Repts. Expl. Survey . . ., 8(1):29, July 14. 1925. Sorex cinereus haydeni, Jackson, Jour. Mamm., 6:55-56, Feb. 9. Type.— From "Fort Union, Neb." (Baird, 1858:30, 708) [= Mondak, Montana] . 520 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Comparisons. — Sorex cinereus haydeni differs from S. c. cinereus in the fol- lowing characters: paler; smaller (cranially and externally); relatively shorter tail; tricolored laterally; relatively shorter palate; and broader rostrum. Measurements. — Measurements of an adult male and adult female from VA miles east of Buckhom are as follows: Total length, 93, 94; length of tail, 36, 35; hind foot, 11, 11; condylobasal length, 14.9, 14.6; maxillary tooth-row, 5.4, 5.3; palatal length, 5.8, 5.5; cranial breadth, 7.1, 7.7; least interorbital breadth, 2.5, 2.7; breadth maxillary processes, 4.1, 4.1. Distribution. — Northeastern part of state. See Fig. 3 and account of Sorer c. cinereus. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 18, as follows: Crook Co.: Warren Peak, 6000 ft., 4 USNM; 3 mi. NW Sundance, 5900 ft., 9; Sundance, 2 USNM; Rattlesnake Creek, Black Hills. 6000 ft., 1 USNM. Weston Co.: m mi. E Buckhom, 6150 ft., 2. Sorex vagrans Baird Vagrant Shrew Small; brownish; some individuals difficult to distinguish from Sorex cinereus (see account of that species). Findley (1955) revised the species Sorex vograiis, and my find- ings agree with his concerning S. vagrans in Wyoming. Fig. 4. Distribution of Sorex vagrans. 1. S. V. obscurus 2. S. v. vagrans The Mammals of Wyoming 521 Sorex vagrans obscurus Merriam 1891. Sorex vagrans similis Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 5:34, July 30 (not Sorex similis Hensel 1855 from Sardinia). 1895. Sorex obscurus Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 10:72, December 31, a renaming of Sorex similis Merriam. 1955. Sorex vagrans obscurus, Findley, Univ. Kansas Pubis., Mus. Nat. Hist., 9:43, December 10. Type. — From Timber Creek, 8200 ft., Salmon Mountains [now Lemhi Mountains], 10 miles west of Junction, Lemhi County, Idaho. Comparisons. — Larger than S. v. vagrans (see Measurements); dorsum (in fresh summer pelage) less reddish; said to be paler in winter (Findley, 1955). Distribution. — Most of state; lacking in most arid areas and replaced by S. V. vagrans in western half of Lincoln County; known from elevations of 5400 to 10,500 feet. See Fig. 4. Table 3. — Average and Extreme External and Cranial Measurements OF Adults of Sorex vagrans CO O Qi b£ -»^ Locality umber specim o — ■ s c ;^. F- H a a c3 -§^ S ^ o— ' ss >.2 33 -C -^s"^ Z3 *J c3 B3 ^ O c3 Si §2 % o 0) "•" S. V. obscurus Sublette Co. Ft. Bridger, Uinta Co. Laramie Co. Lincoln Co. 15 107 95-109 110 102-119 107-118 102 95-108 45.6 41-48 44.8 42-47 41-43 39.1 36-41 11.7 8-13 13.3 13-14 12-12 16.5 16.1-16.9 16.8 16.6-17.0 16.2-16.4 S. V. vagrans 11.8 8-13 15.9 15.6-16.1 6.4 6.0-6.9 6.6 6.5-6.7 6.2-6.3 5.9 5.3-6.2 8.6 8.4-8.7 8.4 8.1-8.8 8.7-8.9 8.2 7.7-8.7 3.4 3.2-3.5 3.4 3.3-3.4 3.5-3.7 3.1 2.9-3. 3 Remarks. — S. v. obscurus maintains its distinctive characters, especially large size, throughout its geographic range in Wyoming and can be distinguished easily from the smaller S. v. vagrans of Lincoln County ( see Comparisons ) . A pregnant female (KU 32276) obtained by R. H. Baker on June 14, 1949, 22 miles south and 24.5 miles west of Douglas, 7600 feet, contained eight embryos. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 429, as follows: Albany Co.: Springhill, 6300 ft., 10 USNM; Laramie Peak, 8800 ft, 7 USNM; 3 mf. SW Eagle Peak, 6 USNM; 30 mi. N, 10 mi. E Laramie, 6760 ft., 3; 29 mi. N, Sf* mi. E Laramie, 6420 ft., 4; 27 mi. N, 5 mi. E Laramie, 6960 ft., 2; 26% mi. N, 6ii mi. E Laramie, 6700 ft., 1; 26 mi. N, 4^ mi. E Laramie, 6960 ft., 2; 522 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. 2« mi. ESE Browns Peak, 10,500 ft., 2; 3 mi. ESE Browns Peak, 10,000 ft., 7; Univ. Wyoming Sci. Camp, 1 Univ. Wyo.; Centennial, 8120 ft., 1; Woods P. O., 1 USNM; Nelson Park, Medicine Bow Mtns., 1; 252 mi. NW Laramie, 1; 4 mi. SW Laramie, 1; 6 mi. SW Laramie, 7200 ft., 3; 6^ mi. S, 8% mu E Laramie, 8200 ft., 4; 1 mi. ESE Pole Mtn., 8250 ft., 4; Blair, 1; Wallis Camp Ground, Pole Mtn., 1; J mi. SSE Pole Mtn., 8350 ft., 3; 2 mi. SW Pole Mtn., 8350 ft., 3; 3 mi. S Pole Mtn., 8100 ft., 2; Vedatiwoo, 1. Big Horn Co.: Medicine Wheel Ranch, 28 mi. E Lovell, 9000 ft., 14; 1 mi. N, 12 mi. E Shell, 7600 ft., 1; 4M mi. S, 17M mi. E Shell, 8500 ft., 1; Head Trappers Creek, 8500 ft., 6 USNM. Carbon Co.: Ferris Mtns., 8500 ft., 12 USNM; Shirley Mtns., 7600 ft., 7 USNM; Bridgers Pass, 18 mi. SW Rawlins, 7500 ft., 2, 2 USNM; 6 mi. S, 14 mi. E Saratoga, 8800 ft., 1; 1 mi. iVW Silver Lake, 9620 ft., 1; S Base Bridgers Peak, 3 USNM; JO mi. N, 12 mi. E Encampment, 7200 ft., 2; 10 mi. N, 14 mi. E Encampment, 8000 ft., 6; 9 mi. N, 3 mi. E Encampment, 6500 ft., 1; 9 mi. N, 8 mi. E Encampment, 7000 ft., 1; 8 mi. N, Mii mi. E Encamp- ment, 8100 ft., 5; 8 mi. N, 16 mi. E Encampment, 8400 ft., 4; 8 mi. N, 21Ji mi. E Encampment, 9400 ft., 5; 8 mi. N, 19'A mi. E Savery, 8800 ft., 8; 7 mi. N, 17 mi. E Savery, 8300 ft., 1; 6% mi. N, 16 mi. E Savery, 8300 ft., 1; 6 mi. N, 14 mi. E Savery, 8000 ft., 2. Converse Co.: 22 mi. S, 24)^ mi. W Douglas, 7600 ft., 14. Crook Co.: 3 mi. NW Sundance, 5900 ft., 1. Fremont Co.: Jackeys Creek, 1 USNM; Moccasin Lake, 4 mi. N, 19 mi, W Lander, 10,000 ft., 1; Milford, 5400 ft., 2; 2M mi. N Lander, 1; 17 mi. S, 6'A 7ni. W Lander, 8450 ft., 2; 23J^ mi. S, 5 mi. W Lander, 8600 ft., 1; 8 mi. E Rongis, Green Mtns., 8000 ft., 4 USNM. Laramie Co.: 1 mi. N, 5 mi. W Horse Creek P. O., 7200 ft., 2. Lincoln Co.: 10 mi. SE Afton, 7500 ft., 5 USNM; LaBarge Creek, 9000 ft, 1 USNM. Natrona Co.: Rattlesnake Mtns., 7300-7500 ft., 18 USNM; 7 mi. S, 2 mi. W Casper, 6370 ft., 1; 7 mi. S, 1 mi. W Casper, 6370 ft., 1; 7 mi. S Casper, 6000 ft., 6 USNM. Park Co.: Beartooth Mtns., 6 USNM; Black Mtn., 2 USNM; Whirlwind Peak, 9000 ft., 1; Grinnell Creek, Pahaska, 37 USNM; 25 mi. S, 28 mi. W Cody, 6350 ft., 1; Needle Mtn., 2 USNM; Valley, 7500 ft., 14 USNM. Sublette Co.: 31 mi. N Pinedale, 8025 ft., 3; 12 mi. NE Pinedale, 8000 ft., 2 USNM; iV Half Moon Lake, 7900 ft., 1; 2)'* mi. NE Pinedale, 7500 ft., 2; 3 mi. W Stanley, 8000 ft., 3 USNM. Teton Co.: Pacific Creek, 3 USNM; 1 mi. N Moran, 3 USNM; J^ mi. N Moran, 6750 ft., 1; « mi. N, 2'A mi. E Moran, 6200 ft., 4; Moran, 6244-6742 ft., 1; 1 Univ. Wyo.; 6 USNM; ii mi. E Moran, 6742 ft., 1; Jackson Hole Wild- hfe Park, 26 USNM; 3 mi. E Moran, 6210 ft., 9; 3% mi. E Moran, 6300 ft., 1; 1 mi. S, 3% mi. E Moran, 6200 ft., 9; Black Rock Creek, 2 USNM; Togwotee Pass, 9500 ft., 1 Univ. Wyo.; Timbered Island, 4 mi. N Moose, 6750 ft., 3; 2M mi. NE Moose, 6500 ft., 1; Teton Pass, 7200 ft., 15 USNM; Teton Mtns., 5 Moose Creek, 6800 ft., 9 USNM; Jackson, 3; locality not specified, 1 USNM. Uinta Co.: 1 mi. N Ft. Bridger, 6650 ft., 1; Ft. Bridger, 6650 ft., 3; Evans- ton, 1 USNM; 9 mi. S Robertson, 8000 ft., 8; 10 mi. S, 1 mi. W Robertson, 8700 ft., 5; WA mi. S, 2 mi. E Robertson, 8900 ft., 1; 13 mi. S, 1 mi. E Rob- ertson, 9000 ft., 1; 13 mi. S, 2 mi. E Robertson, 9200 ft., 1; 14 mi. S, 2 mi. E Robertson, 9000 ft., 1. Washakie Co.: 5 mi. N, 9 mi. E Tensleep, 7400 ft., 2; 4 mi. N, 9 mi. E Tensleep, 7000 ft., 2. Yellowstone Nat'l Park: Mammoth Hot Springs, 1 USNM; Tower Falls, 1 USNM; Willow Park, 2 USNM; Astringent Creek, 1 USNM; Old Faithful, 3 USNM; Shoshone Lake, 2 USNM. Additional records (Findley, 1955:44). — Teton Co.: Two Ocean Lake; 7 mi. S Moran; Beaver Dick Lake; Whetstone Creek; Flat Creek-Gravel Creek divide; Flat Creek-Granite Creek divide. Yellowstone Natl Park: Flat Mtn. The Mammals of Wyoming 523 Sorex vagrans vagrans Baird 1858. Sorex vagrans Baird, Mammals, in Repts. Expl. Surv. . . . 8(1): 15, July 14. 1955. Sorex vagrans vagrans, Findley, Univ. Kansas Pubis., Mus. Nat. Hist., 9:52-57, December 10. Type. — From Shoalwater Bay [= Willapa Bay], Pacific County, Washington. Comparisons. — Smaller than Sorex vagrans obscurus, more nearly red in summer, darker in winter. Measurements. — See Table 3. Distribution. — Western half of Lincoln County in western part of state. See Fig. 4. Remarks. — One female (KU 37291) obtained by S. Anderson on July 16, 1950, seven miles north and one mile west of Afton, 6100 ft., contained five embryos. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 17, as follows: Lincoln Co.: 13 mi. N, 2 mi. W Afton, 6100 ft., 6; 10 mi. N Afton, 6200 ft., 2 USNM; 7 mi. N, 1 mi. W Afton, 6100 ft., 5; 15 mi N, 3 mi. E Sage, 6100 ft., 1; 12 mi. N, 2 mi. E Sage, 6100 ft., 2; 6 mi. N, 2 mi. E Sage, 6050 ft., 1. Additional record (Findley, 1955:57). — Lincoln Co.: CokevUle, Sorex nanus Merriam Dwarf Shrew 1895. Sorex tenellus nanus Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 10:81, December 31. 1928. Sorex nanus, Jackson, N. Amer. Fauna, 51:174, July 24. Type. — From Estes Park, Colorado. Description. — One of tlie smallest American shrews; larger than Microsorex; resembles S. vagrans in having third unicuspid smaller than fourth, but brain- case nearly flat, smaller, teeth smaller, and foramen magnum more ventral in S. nanus. Upper parts and top of tail sepia brown; tail whitish below and darkened distally; underparts grayish; snout less attenuate than in S. cinereus. Measurements. — Mickey (1948) and Durrant and Lee (1955:560-561) re- corded measurements of two specimens from Wyoming, respectively, as follows: Total length, 91, — ; tail vertebrae, 39, — ; hind foot, 10.5, — ; ear from notch, 7, — ; condylobasal length, 14.1, — ; palatal length, 5.3, 5.5; cranial breadth, 7, — ; least interorbital constriction, 3.0, 2.75; maxillary breadth, 4.0, 3.65; maxillary tooth-row, 5.1, 5.2; weight, 2.5 grams, — . Cranial measurements of 14 adults and adult-subadults (sexes rarely determined) from the Beartooth Plateau are as follows: greatest length of skull, 14.3 ( 13.6-14.9); breadth braincase, 6.4 (6.1-7.0); maxillary breadth (of processes), 3.7 (3.5- 4.0); interorbital constriction, 2.6 (2.5-2.9); cranial depth, 2.9 (2.5-3.5) in 13 specimens. Distribution. — Known from only three i^laces, in Teton County (Durrant and Lee, 1955:560-561), Albany County (Mickey, 1948:294-295) and more recently from Park County ( Hoffmann and Taber, 1960:232 ) . See Fig. 5. Remarks. — This rare shrew, known by 15 specimens before 1960, 524 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. has been taken frequently by Hoffmann and Taber (1960:232) and their students on the Beartooth Plateau at high elevation (10,900 feet). Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 25, as follows: Albany Co.: North Fork Camp Ground, T. 16 N, R. 78 W, Medicine Bow Nat'l Forest, 1. Park Co.: Approximately 30 mi. SW Red Lodge, Montana, Beartooth Plateau, "Polygon Can, 10,900 ft., 23 Montana State Univ. Teton Co.: South Cascade Canyon, Grand Teton Nat'l Park, 10,050 ft., 1 Univ. Utah. Fig. 5. Distribution of Sorex nanus. Fig. 6. Distribution of Sorex palustris Sorex merriami, and Scalopus. navigator, the water shrew, in Wyo- 1. Sorex nanus mmg. 2. Sorex merriami 3. Scalopus aquaticus Sorex palustris navigator ( Baird ) Water Shrew 1858. Neosorex navigator Baird, Mammals, in Repts. Expl. Surv. . . ., 8(1):11, July 14. 1895. Sorex (Neosorex) palustris navigator, Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 10:92, December 31. Type. — From near head Yakima River, Cascade Mtns., Washington. Description. — Largest shrew in state (see Measurements); dorsum almost black but having a few scattered white hairs; underparts whitish or silvery- gray, rarely brownish; hind foot large, fringed with stiff hairs; third unicuspid smaller than fourth; post mandibular foramen not well developed and irregular in shape. Measurements. — See Table 4. Distribution. — Known throughout most of state except extreme southeastern areas and Green River watershed (see Fig. 6). Usually occurs near streams and lakes at elevations of 5400 to 10,600 feet. Remflr/c5.— Jackson (1928:186) contends that geographic varia- tion in Sorex palustris navigator is of a microgeographic sort and that the subspecies "retains its characters" throughout its geographic range. Specimens from Park, Big Horn, and Lincoln counties aver- The Mammals of Wyoming 525 "3 Oi C5 IC o o f-H CO 1-H d 1-H 1—1 (N 1-H d otc C^ iM (N O) o\ Ol OJ - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 . 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Nat. Hist. age shorter in total length, length of tail, and condylobasal length than specimens from southeastern Wyoming, which are darker and often have the venter brownish. Those from central Wyoming (Fremont Co., 1; Natrona Co., 1) appear to be intermediate; they resemble specimens from Park, Big Horn, and Lincoln counties in total length, but have longer tails. I follow Jackson in assigning specimens from Wyoming to S. p. navigator. No significant cranial differences were observed. A female (KU 16775) obtained by E. R. Hall on August 25, 1946, two miles southwest of Pole Mountain, 8300 ft., had eight embryos. A male (KU 37306) obtained by R. H. Baker on July 15, 1950, 13 miles north and two miles west of Afton, 6100 ft., had a tiny, anoma- lous right third upper unicuspid ( Long, 1961 ) . Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 155 as follows: Albany Co.: Laramie Peak, 8000 ft., 1 USNM; 26i'4 mi. N, SJi mi. E Laramie, 1; 3 mi. NW Centennial, 8200 ft., 1 Univ. Wye; Centennial, 8120 ft., 1; Hq. Park Medicine Bow Mtns., 1 USNM; Laramie, 1 USNM; 10 mi. E Laramie, 8500 ft., 3 USNM; Wallis Camp Ground, near Pole Mtn., 8350 ft., 1; 1 mi. SW Pole Mtn., 8300 ft., 9; 1 mi. SSE Pole Mtn., 8350 ft., 1; 3 mi. S Pole Mtn., 8100 ft., 2; 3 mi. ESE Browns Peak, 10,000 ft., 1. Big Horn Co.: Medicine Wheel Ranch, 28 mi. E Lovell, 9000 ft., 5; Head Trappers Creek, 8500 ft., 3 USNM. Carbon Co.: Ferris Mtns., 7800-8500 ft., 9 USNM; Shirley Mtns., 7600 ft, 1 USNM; 2 mi. S Bridgers Peak, 9300 ft., 2; 9% mi. N, IIJ^ mi. E Encamp- ment, 7200 ft., 1; 8 mi. N, 14'i mi. E Encampment, 8400 ft., 4; 8 mi. N, 16 mi. E Encampment, 8400 ft., 5; 8 mi. N, 20 mi. E Savery, 8800 ft., 2. Converse Co.: 21)i mi. S, 24)^ mi. W Douglas, 7600 ft., 1. Fremont Co.: 3 mi. S Dubois, 3 USNM; Lake Fork, 9600 ft., 1 USNM; Mosquito Park Ranger Sta., 2J2 mi. N, IVA mi. W Lander, 1; Milford, 5400 ft., 1; South Pass City, 1 USNM; 8 mi. E Rongis, 1 USNM. Laramie Co.: 5 mi. W Horse Creek P. O., 7200 ft., 7. Lincoln Co.: 13 mi. N, 2 mi. W Afton, 6100 ft., 4; 13 mi. N, 1 mi. W Afton, 6100 ft., 1; 10 7ni. N Afton, 5 USNM; 6 mi. N, 1 mi. W Afton, 6100 ft., 1; Greys River, 7000 ft., 1; 10 mi. SE Afton, 7500 ft., 2. Natrona Co.: Rattlesnake Mtns., 7000 ft., 1 USNM; 7 mi. S Casper, 6000 ft., 3 USNM; 10 mi. S Casper, 7750 ft., 1. Park Co.: 16)^ mi. N, 17 mi. W Cody, 5625 ft., 2; Black Mtn., 5 USNM; Grinnell Creek, Pahaska, 6300 ft., 8 USNM; Valley, 7000 ft., 3 USNM. Sheridan Co.: Batons Ranch, Wolf, 5 USNM. Sublette Co.: 31 mi. N Pinedale, 8025 ft., 2. Teton Co.: 18 mi. N, 9 mi. W Moran, 1 Univ. Wyo.; Pacific Creek, 1 USNM; J mi. N Moran, 2 USNM; Moran, 5 USNM; 1 mi. E Moran, 6742 ft., 1 Univ. Wyo.; Jackson Hole Wildlife Park, 6 USNM; Togwotee Pass, 9200 ft., 1 Univ. Wyo.; Teton Pass, 12 USNM; S Moose Creek, 1. Uinta Co.: Evanston, 2 USNM. Yellowstone Nat'l Park: NW Corner, 1 USNM; Mammoth Hot Springs, 4 USNM; Glen Creek, 3 USNM. Sorex merriami leucogenys Osgood Merriam's Shrew 1909. Sorex leucogenys Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 22:52, April 17. 1939. Sorex merriami leucogenys, Benson and Bond, Jour. Mamm., 20:348, Aug. 14. The Mammals of Wyoming 527 Type. — From mouth of the canyon of Beaver River, about 3 miles east of Beaver, Beaver Co., Utah. Description. — Grayish or brownish-gray above; feet and underparts whitish; third unicuspid larger than fourth; crowded unicuspid row; unicuspids higher than long ( anteroposteriorly ) and lacking heavily pigmented internal ridges; according to Benson and Bond (1939:350), exceeding S. m. merriami in total length, condylobasal length, and cranial breadth. Measurements. — See Table 5. , Distribution. — Expected in arid areas throughout state. See Fig. 5. Remarks. — The specimen from Niobrara County is assigned to the subspecies Sorex merriami leucogenys on the basis of its great total length, long skull, and broad braincase. The five specimens consisting only of skull-fragments found in owl-pellets from Camp- bell County possess well-developed post-mandibular foramina (see Findley, 1955 ) characteristics of S. merriami and also are assigned to S. m. leucogenys (Long and Kerfoot, 1963). Measurements (Table 5) of the two specimens (KU 90998-9) from Albany County, ob- tained by A. B. Mickey, closely agree with those of S. m. leucogenys in total length, length of tail, length of head and body, and cranial breadth as listed by Benson and Bond (1939:348-351). The speci- mens from Albany County resemble S. m. merriami only in having a slightly shorter skull and hind foot than has S. m. leucogenys. Hoffmeister (1956:276) assigned a specimen of S, merriami from Owl Canyon, Colorado, approximately 50 miles to the southward, to S. m. leucogenys. Nevertheless, the first shrew reported from Wyoming, obtained in Albany County, was referred to S. m. mer- riami (Mickey and Steele, 1947:293); no reasons were given for the subspecific assignment, but probably it was based on geographic Table 5. — External and Cranial Measurements of Merriam's Shrew FROM Wyoming. , , A -T! C Number a o O o c3 -^ %-< O bC C a; ondylobasa length C Is east interorbita constrictio ^■5 C3 ^-i m J H ^ h— H U Ch O hJ A ^ KU 90998 ad. 5 mi. N, 2 mi. E Laramie 40 11.5 16,1 6.8 8.1 3.7 5.2 6.0 KU 90999 ad. 3 mi. E Laramie 95 39 12.0 16.5 6.7 8.4 3.9 5.0 6.3 KU 19941 cfad. Niobrara Co. 99 39 13.0 16.4 6.2 8.4 3.6 5.1 5.5 528 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. grounds. In my opinion, all specimens of S. merriami that I have seen are subspecifically allied with the specimens recorded from Colorado and are now referable to S. m. leucogenys. More speci- mens are needed of S. merriami in order to appraise its geographic variation if any occurs. It is understood that a specimen of S. mer- riami from Sweetwater County in western Wyoming is in the col- lection of the University of Wyoming. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 9, as follows: Albany Co.: 5 mi. N, 2 mi. E Laramie, 1; 3 mi. E Laramie, 7250 ft., 1; 3.6 mi. SW Lara- mie, 7190 ft., 1 Univ. Wyo. Campbell Co.: 42 mi. S, 13 mi. W Gillette, 5. Niobrara Co.: 10 mi. N Hat Creek P. O., 4300 ft, 1. Family Talpidae — Moles Largest of Insectivores in state; adapted for digging; eyes and ears not evident externally; zygomata present; known only from southeastern part of state. Scalopus aquaticus caryi Jackson Eastern Mole 1914. Scalopus aquaticus caryi Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 27:20, Feb. 2. Type. — From Neligh, Antelope Co., Nebraska. Description. — Palest member of genus Scalopus; lacks ochraceous sufiFusion; pale grayish with shadows of purplish, yellowish, or silvery-gray often present; snout prominent and scantily haired. Measurements. — Adult male (KU 14772), total length, 162; tail vertebrae, 25; hind foot, 22; condylobasal length, 34.1; cranial breadth, 17.4; least inter- orbital constriction, 7.6; length maxillary tooth-row, 13.2. Distribution. — Southeastern part of state. See Fig. 5. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 2, as follows: Goshen Co.: Lingle, 1. Laramie Co.: Horse Creek, 3 mi. W Meriden, 5000 ft., 1. Order CHIROPTERA Bats Modified for flight; digits elongated for supporting flight mem- brane; membrane extends from manus to hind limbs and from them to tail; pectoral girdle and musculature strongly developed; molars W-shaped; eyes minute; orientation by echolocation. Family Vespertilionidae — Vespertib'onid Bats Key to Bats 1. Upper parts blackish having three conspicuous white spots; dentition i.f; c.}; p.|; m.i Euderma maculatum, p. 535 1'. Vpper parts lacking conspicuous white spots; dental formula not as in 1 2 The Mammals of Wyoming 529 2. Pinna more than 3 times as long as hind foot, Plecotus townsendii pallescens, p. 534 2'. Pinna less than 3 times as long as hind foot 3 3. Pelage dark and mottled with silver; dentition i.f; c.{; p.f; m.f, Lasionycteris noctivagans, p. 533 3'. Pelage lacking silver flecks or, if present, paler (more yellowish) and hoary; dentition not as in 3 4 4. Pelage having whitish or silver flecks; dentition i.J; c.f; p.f; m.f . . . 5 4'. Pelage lacking silvery or whitish flecks; dentition not as in 4 6 5. Upper parts reddish washed with silvery white; forearm less than 44, Lasiurus borealis borealis, p. 533 5'. Upper parts brownish washed with silvery white; forearm more than 44, Lasiurus cinereus cinereus, p. 534 6. Pelage pale .yellowish or buffy (ears black); hind foot frequently less than 7 mm Myotis subulatus subulatus, p. 530 6'. Pelage dark; hind foot longer than 7 7 7. Total length more than 106; dentition i.f; c.}; p.|; m.f, Eptesicus fuscus pallidus, p. 536 7'. Total length less than 106; dentition not as in 7 8 8. Pinna often more than 20 mm.; rostrum robust; pelage bright brown, Myotis evotis evotis, p. 532 8'. Pinna 19 or less; if more than 16, rostrum attentuate and pelage dull . . 9 9. Pinna long (up to 19 mm.); pelage dull; rostrum attenuate, Myotis keenii septentrionalis, p. 532 9'. Pinna short (less than 16); rostrum robust 10 10. Braincase rising abruptly from rostrum; pelage lacking brassy sheen, Myotis volans interior, p. 531 10'. Braincase rising gradually from rostrum; fresh pelage showing brassy sheen Myotis lucifugus carissima, p. 529 Myotis lucifugus carissima Thomas Little Brown Myotis 1904. Myotis carissima Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 7, 13:383, May. 1917. Myotis lucifugus carissima, Gary, N. Amer. Fauna, 42:43, October 3. Type. — From Lake Hotel, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Description. — Upper parts Buckthorn Brown with more or less brassy sheen; dark bases of hairs on dorsum producing blackish effect in worn pelage; hairs of underparts dull Pale Pinkish Buff distally; small, except hind foot (see Measurements) ; interfemoral membrane naked; braincase rising gradually from robust rostrum. Measurements. — Average and extreme external and cranial measurements of 18 adults from Qii miles northeast of Pinedale, 7500 ft., are as follows: Total length, 90.5 (83-103); tail vertebrae, 38.1 (31-44); hind foot, 11.0 (10-11); ear from tragus, 14.2 (13-15); greatest length of skull, 14.7 (14.2-15.1); breadth of braincase, 7.1 (6.9-7.5); maxillary tooth-row, 5.3 (5.1-5.5); inter- orbital breadth, 3.9 (3.7-4.0). Distribution. — In suitable habitat throughout state. See Fig. 7. Remarks.— A male (USNM 176760), incorrectly identified as M. yumanensis by Miller and Allen (1928:69), has an obscure brassy sheen and long skull (14.3 mm). 530 University of Kansas Publs., Mus, Nat. Hist. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 86, as follows: Albany Co.: Laramie 1. Big Horn Co.: 7 mi. S Basin, 3900 ft., 4. Campbell Co.: Rocky- point, 3850 ft., 1. Crook Co.: 15 mi. ENE Sundance, 3825 ft, 1; Sand Creek, 3750 ft., 2 USNM. Fremont Co.: 17Ji mi. S, 5 mi. E Lander, 6000 ft, 1. Lincoln Co.: 8 mi. N, 2 mi. E Sage, 6050 ft., 2; 14 mi. S, 1 mi. W Kemmerer, 6500 ft., 2. Sublette Co.: 7 mi. S Fremont Peak, 3 USNM; 2% mi. NE Pinedale, 7500 ft., 22. Teton Co.: Leeks Lodge, 1; 4 mi. N, 4 mi. E Moran, 4; Two Ocean Lake, 4; Moran, 1 USNM, 3 Univ. Wyo.; Jackson Hole Wildlife Park, 1 USNM; 1 mi. S Moran, 6; 1 mi. S, 3% mi. E Moran, 6200 ft., 2; 1 mi. S, 4 mi. E Moran, 6730 ft., 2; Moose, 6225 ft., 1. Yellowstone Nat'l Park: Mammoth Hot Springs, 18 USNM; type locality, 1 USNM; no specific locality, 3 USNM. Additional record (Miller and Allen, 1928:32).— Yellowstone Nat'l Park: Geyser Basin. Fig. 7. Myotis lucifugus carissima. Fig. 8. Myotis subulatus subulatus. Myotis subulatus subulatus (Say) Small-footed Myotis 1823. Vfespertilio]. subulatus Say. In Long, Account of an exped. . . . to the Rocky Mountains. . . . 2:65. 1897. Myotis subulatus. Miller. N. Amer. Fauna, 13:75, October 16. Type. — From Arkansas River near present town of Lajunta, Otero County, Colorado. Description. — Pelage bufRest of Myotis in Wyoming; hairs long; ears small and black; small with relatively short foot (see Measurements); skull delicate; braincase sloping gradually to short rostrum. Measurements. — Average and extreme external and cranial measurements of five adults from three localities in Campbell County (see below) are as fol- lows: Total length, 77.4 (68-86); tail vertebrae, 31.2 (25-37); hind foot, 6.8 (5-8); ear from notch, 13 (11-14); condylobasal length, 13.1 (12.9-13.2); zygomatic breadth, 8.2 (8.0-8.4); breadth of braincase, 6.2 (6.1-6.3); depth of braincase including bullae, 5.5 (5.2-5.7); maxillary tooth-row, 5.2 (4.9-5.4); interorbital breadth, 3.1 (2.9-3.2). Distribution. — Probably occurs throughout state. See Fig. 8. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 15, as follows: Big Horn Co.: Greybull, 2 USNM. Campbell Co.: 3 mi. N, I'A mi. W Spotted Horse, 2; NW side Middle Butte, 38 mi. S, 19 mi. W Gillette, 5200 ft., 1; £ Side Middle Butte, 39 mi. S, 19 mi. W Gillette, 5200 ft. 3. Converse Co.: 12 mi. The Mammals of Wyoming 531 N 7 nii. W Bill, 4700 ft., 1; 8 mi. S Douglas, 1 Univ. Wyo. Fremont Co.: Bull Lake 1 USNM. Laramie Co.: Horse Creek, GYz mi W Meriden, 5200 ft, 1. Natrona Co.: Rattlesnake Mtns., 1 USNM. Park Co.: 13 mi. N, 1 mi'. E Cody, 5200 ft., 1; 5 nif N Cody, 1. Additional records (Miller and Allen, 1928:169).— Big Horn Co.: Otto. Sweetwater Co.: Bitter Creek; Kinney Ranch. Uinta Co.: Ft. Bndger. Myotis volans interior Miller Long-legged Myotis 1914. Myotis longicrus interior Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 27:211, October 31. 1928. Myotis volans interior. Miller and G. M. Allen, Bull. Nat'l Mus., 144: 142, May 25. Type.— From five miles south of Twining, 11,300 ft., Taos County, New Mexico. Description. — Upper parts and underparts slightly darker than in Myotis lucifugus, lacking brassy sheen; underside of wing furred markedly distal to elbow; ears short; size average for genus (see Measurements); rostrum short; occiput much elevated. Measurements. — External and cranial measurements of tliree adults from within eight miles of Moran, Teton County, are as follows: Total length, 97, 95, 102; tail vertebrae, 48, 43, 47; hind foot, 8, 10.5, 10; ear from notch, 13, 13, 14; condylobasal length, 13.8, 13.6, — ; zygomatic breadth, 8.6, 8.3, — ; breadth of braincase, 7.4, 7.3, — ; depth of braincase, 5.5, 5.3, — ; interorbital breadth, 4.0, 3.9, 3.9. Distribution. — Upper Sonoran and Transition life-zones probably throughout state. See Fig. 9. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 19, as follows: Albany Co.: Univ. Wyoming Sci. Camp, 1, 1 Univ. Wyo.; Laramie, 1, 1 USNM. Big Horn Co.: 1 mi. N, 11 mi. E Lovell, 1. Hot Springs Co.: 10 mi. S, 3 mi. E Thermopolis, 4600 ft., 1. Lincoln Co.: Afton, 1 USNM. Natrona Co.: Rattle- snake Mtns., 1 USNM. Teton Co.: Moran, 1; 1 mi. S, 4 mi. E Moran, 6730 ft., 1; 8 mi. S Moran, 7000 ft., 3 Univ. Wyo., 1; 2 mi. N Blacktail Butte, 3; Moose, 6225 ft., 1. Weston Co.: ii mi. E Buckhorn, 1. Additional records (Miller and Allen, 1928:144, unless otherwise noted). — Big Horn Co.: Otto. Fremont Co.: Lake Fork. Niobrara Co.: S-Bar Creek (Quay, 1948:181). Teton Co.: Jackson Hole (Findley, 1954:434). Distribution map of WYOMING Mus NotHisl.Univ, Kons 1963 Scale 1002040 Miles m 4=^ ^^ 3 Distribution mop ol WYOMING Mus Not Hist, Univ. Kons 1963 Scale 100 20 40Miles Fig. 9. Myotis volans interior. Fig. 10. Myotis evotis evotis. 532 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Myotis evotis evotis (H. Allen) Long-eared Myotis 1864. Vespertilio evotis H. Allen, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 7 (165):48, June. 1896. Vespertilio chrysonotus J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 8:240, November 21, type from Kinney Ranch, Sweetwater County, Wyoming. 1897. Myotis evotis, Miller. N. Amer. Fauna, 13:77, October 16. Type. — Type locality restricted (see Dalquest, 1943:2) to Monterey, Cali- fornia, Description. — Upper parts Saccardo Brown to briglit Buckthorn Brown; underparts creamy Pinkish Buff to Cinnamon-Buff; size small to average for genus (see Measurements); pinna of ear elongated, often more than 20 mm; pinnae not confluent across crown of head; rostrum less attenuate than in Myotis keenii; other characters as for genus. Measurements. — Average and extreme external and cranial measurements of three adults ( t^vo females ) examined from Park, Sublette, and Weston counties (see specimens examined) are as follows: Total length, 91.3 (87-96); length of tail, 41.3 (39-43); hind foot, 9.7 (9-11); ear from tragus, 20.3 (17-23); condylobasal length, 14.8 (14.8-14.8); zygomatic breadth, 9.0 (8.8-9.1); breadth of braincase, 7.0 (6.7-7.2); depth of braincase, 6.3 (6.1-6.5); max- illary tooth-row, 6.0 (6.0-6.0); interorbital breadth, 3.8 (3.7-3.9). Distribution. — To be expected throughout state. See Fig. 10. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 5, as follows: Carbon Co.: Bottle Creek Picnic Ground, Sierra Madre Mtns., 8700 ft., 2. Park Co.: 15 mi. S, 21 mi. W Cody, 6200 ft., 1. Sublette Co.: 6 mi. N, 3 mi. E Pinedale, 7500 ft., 1. Weston Co.: IM mi. E Buckhorn, 6150 ft., 1. Additional records (Miller and Allen, 1928:118, unless otherwise noted). — Fremont Co.: Bull Lake. Sweetwater Co.: Kinney Ranch. Teton Co.: Jackson Hole (Findley, 1954:434). Myotis keenii septentrionalis (Trouessart) Keen's Myotis 1897. [Vespertilio grtjphus] var. septentrionalis Trouessart, Catalogus Mam- nialium . . . fasc. 1, p. 131. 1928. Myotis keenii septentrionalis. Miller and G. M. Allen, Bull. U. S. Nat'l Museum, 144:105, May 25. Type. — From Halifax, Nova Scotia. Description. — Resembles Myotis lucifugus in color; small (see Measure- ments); duller and darker than Myotis evotis; maxillary tooth-row longer than in Myotis lucifugus; distinguished from evotis and lucifugus by more attenuate rostrum; pinna of ear never more than 19. Measurements. — Average and extreme external and cranial measurements of three adults from M mi. E Buckhom are as follows: Total length, 87.3 (84-92); length of tail, 39.7 (38-41); hind foot, 9.0 (9.0-9.0); ear from tragus, 15.3 (15.0-16.0); condylobasal length, 14.3 (14.0-14.5); zygomatic breadth, 8.6 (8.6-8.7); breadth of braincase, 6.9 (6.7-7.0); depth of braincase, 5.9 (5.9-6.0); maxillary tooth-row, 5.8 (5.7-5.9); interorbital breadth, 3.5 (3.4-3.5). Distribution. — Knowoi only from northeastern Wyoming. See Fig. 11. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 3, as follows: Weston Co.: )i mi. E Buckhorn, 6100 ft., 3. The Mammals of Wyoming 533 _ ^^- ,' i45 Fig. 11. Map showing the geographic distribution as now known of Myotis keenii septentrionalis, LasUmycteris noctivagans, Lasiurus cinereus cine- reus, and Euderma maculatum. Guide to Species Square, Myotis keenii septentrionalis. Triangles, Lasiurus c. cinereus. Inverted Triangles, Lasionycteris noc- tivagans. Circle, Euderma maculatum. Lasionycteris noctivagans (Le Conte) Silver-haired Bat 1831. Vlespertilio]. noctivagans Le Conte, In McMurtrie, The animal king- dom . . . by Cuvier. 1:431. 1894. Lasionycteris noctivagans, H. Allen, Bull. U. S. Nat'l Mus., 43:105, March 14. Type. — From eastern United States. Description. — Upper parts and underparts black to Chestnut-Brown and motded silver (distal tips of hairs silver), although motthng sometimes obscure; interfemoral membrane furred; zygomata delicate as in Myotis; pi and p2 smaller than p3. Measurements. — External and cranial measurements of an adult male from Spht Rock are as follows: Total length, 92; tail vertebrae, 38; hind foot, 9; greatest length of skull, 15.7; zygomatic breadth, 9.3; breadth of braincase, 7.5; depth of braincase, 5.0. Distribution. — Transition and Canadian hfe-zones, probably throughout state, especially in northwestern Wyoming. See Fig. 11. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 4, as follows: Albany Co.: Laramie, 1; "near" Laramie, 1 USNM. Fremont Co.: South Pass City, 1 USNM; Split Rock, 6200 ft., 1 USNM. Additional record. — Teton Co.: Gros Ventre River (Negus and Findley, 1959:374). Lasiurus borealis borealis (Miiller) Red Bat 1776. Vespertilio borealis Miiller, Des Ritters Carl von Linne . . . vollstandiges Natursystem . . ., Suppl., p. 20. 1897. Lasiurus borealis. Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:105, October 16. Type. — From New York. Dsecription. — Smaller than Lasiurus cinereus, which it resembles in cranial characters; sUghtly larger than Myotis lucifugus; upper parts reddish and washed with silvery white and having buffy patch on shoulder; pelage brighter above and brighter in males than in females; length of foreami usually 37-43 mm; anterior upper premolar small and obscure as in L. cinereus. 534 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Measurements. — Length of head and body, approximately 55; total length, 91-112; length of forearm, 37-43 (Hall and Kelson, 1959:188). Distribution. — Southeastern Wyoming, perhaps in northeastern Wyoming. Not mapped. Professor A. B. Mickey called to my attention the recorded occur- rence of this species in Wyoming. Specimen No. 5264 was listed by H. AUen (1864:20, and 1894:153) from Laramie Peak. Now (1964) the specimen can not be found in the United States Na- tional Museum. Lasiurus cinereus cinereus (Palisot de Beauvois) Hoary Bat 1796. Vespertilio cinereus (Misspelled Unereus) PaHsot de Beauvois, Cata- logue raisonne du museum de Mr. C. W. Peale, Philadelphia, p. 18. 1864. Lasiurus cinereus H. AUen, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 7:21, June. Type. — From Pennsylvania, probably from Philadelphia. Description. — Large (see Measurements); brownish and whitish or silvery distal tips of hairs on dorsum and sides producing hoary or frosted effect; pelage of dorsum usually mottled silvery-white, mahogany brovm, and yellowish brown; flight-membrane, posterior rim of pinna of ear, and mouth dark brown; interfemoral membrane furred; skull robust with broad rostrum. Measurements. — External and cranial measurements of two lactating females from Campbell County (see below) are as follows: Total length, 143 (KU 32326), 130 (KU 32325); length of tail, 54, 46; length of hind foot, 11, 11; ear from notch, 15, 16; forearm (dry), 55.2, 51.3; condylobasal length, 17.4, 16.4; zygomatic breadth, 13.0, 12.5; interorbital breadth, 5.3, 4.9; breadth of braincase, 9.4, 8.5; depth of braincase (including auditory bullae), 9.5, 9.1; maxillary tooth-row, 6.3, 6.1; postpalatal length, 8.0, 7.3; weight, 30, 29 gms. Distribution. — Probably throughout state; known only from Campbell County. See Fig. 11. Remarks. — Gary (1917:43) Hsted the hoary bat as occurring in the Canadian and Transition hfe-zones of the state but did not publish actual records. This tree-living bat has a wide range in North America. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 2, as follows: Campbell Co.: 3 mi. N, 752 mi. W Spotted Horse, 1; NW side Middle Butte, 38 mi. S, 19 mi. W Gillette, 5200 ft., 1. Plecotus townsendii pallescens (Miller) Townsend's Big-eared Bat 1897. Corynorhinus macrotis pallescens MiUer, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:52, October 16. 1959. Plecotus townsendii pallescens, Handley, Proc. U. S. Nat'l Mus. 110: 190, September 3. Type. — From Keam Canyon, Navajo County, Arizona. Description. — Upper parts between Sayal Brown and Cinnamon; underparts The Mammals of Wyoming 535 paler; ears greatly elongated ( more than 300 per cent of hind foot ) and scantily haired; interfemoral membrane naked; rostrum markedly concave dorsally; f ren- tals noticeably convex in lateral view; dental formula: i.l; c.^; p.|; m.f. Measurements. — Average and extreme external and cranial measurements of eight females from Sand Creek are as follows: Total length, 105 (100-107); tail vertebrae, 49.3 ( 45-52 ) ; hind foot, 11.6 (11-12); greatest length of skull, 16.8 (16.1-17.1); zygomatic breadth, 8.7 (8.2-9.1); interorbital breadth, 3.5 (3.5-3.6); breadth of braincase, 7.8 (7.3-8.0); depth of braincase, 5.8 (5.5-6.0). Distribution. — Probably throughout state, especially in arid areas, but known only from some northern and eastern counties. See Fig. 12. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 19, as follows: Converse Co.: 8 mi. S Douglas, 1 Univ. Wyo. Crook Co.: Sand Creek, Black Hills, 3750 ft., 10 USNM. Platte Co.: 25 mi. NW Wheatland, 2. Yellowstone Nat'I Park: Mammoth Hot Spring, 6 USNM. Fig. 12. Distribution of Plecotus townsendii pallescens. Additional record. — Big Horn Co.: 25 mi. NE Greybull (Handley, 1959). Euderma maculatum (J. A. Allen) Spotted Bat 1891. Histiotus maculatm J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist, 3:195, February 20. 1894. Euderma maculata, H. Allen, Bull. U. S. Nat'I Mus., 43:61, March 14. Type. — From near Piru, Ventura County, California. Description. — Large; ears exceedingly long; upper parts blackish with two white "saddle spots" and white spot at base of tail (all spots distinct and large ) ; underparts whitish; skull low and rounded with large braincase; zygoma expanded at middle; pinnae of ears joined by membrane. Measurements. — External measurements of a female from Salt Lake County, Utah, are as follows: Total length, 115; tail vertebrae, 47; hind foot, 12; ear, 47; length of tragus, 17; length of forearm, 51 (Durrant, 1952:59). Distribution. — Known only from Bighorn Basin. See Fig. 11. Remarks. — This bat usually occurs in arid habitats. The rare species is known at this writing from only 18 specimens, some of which are not well preserved. Mickey (1961:401) recorded the only specimen known from Wyoming. Record of occurrence. — Specimen examined, 1, as follows: Big Horn Co.: Byron, 4020 ft., 1 Univ. Wyo. 536 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Eptesicus f uscus pallidus Young Big Brown Bat 1908. Eptesicus pallidus Young, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 60:408, October 14. 1912. Eptesicus ftiscus pallidus. Miller, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79:62, De- cember 31. Type. — From Boulder, Colorado. Description. — Large (see Measurements); upper parts Buckthorn Brown; underparts paler and often showing buff; dark brown mask present on face; pinna of ear black; interfemoral membrane scantily haired proximally; II markedly larger than 12; dental formula: i.|; c.J; p.?.; m.|. Measurements. — Average and extreme external and cranial measurements and weights of nine females of E. f. pallidus from H mi. S Rockypoint are as follows: Total length, 113.9 (109-118); length of tail, 44.9 (41-48); hind foot, 11.4 (10-13); ear from notch, 16.2 (14-19); condylobasal length 17.7 (17.2-18.4); zygomatic breadth, 12.4 (11.7-13.0); cranial breadth, 8.5 (8.1- 8.9); least interorbital breadth, 4.3 (4.1-4.5); depth of braincase (including bullae), 7.2 (6.9-7.4); weight, 17.9 (16.0-20.0) grams. Distribution. — Probably throughout state, but not known from southwestern parts. See Fig. 13. Records of occurrence. — Speci- mens examined, 34, as follows: Albany Co.: Laramie, 7200 ft., 1 Univ. Wyo. Big Horn Co.: Shell Creek, 1 mi. NW SheU, 2; Grey- bull, 2 USNM; 7 mi. S Basin, 3900 ft., 1. Campbell Co.: % mi. S Rockypoint, 3850 ft., 9; 3 mi. N, 7Ji mi. W Spotted Horse, 2; NW side Middle Butte, 38 mi. S, 19 mi. W Gillette, 5200 ft., 1. Crook Co.: Sand Creek, 1 USNM. Goshen Co.: Ft. Laramie, 1 USNM. Hot Springs Co.: 9 mi. S, 2 mi. E Thermopolis, 4500 ft., 1. Laramie Co.: Horse Creek, 6M mi. W Meriden, 5200 ft., 8. Natrona Co.: 27 mi. N, 1 mi. E Powder River, 6075 ft., 1. Sheridan Co.: 38 mi. E Lovell, 3. Weston Co.: VA mi. E Buckhom, 6150 ft., 1. Fig. 13. Distribution of Eptesicus fuscus pallidus. Order LAGOMORPHA Pikas, Rabbits, and Hares Four upper incisors present; fibula ankylosed to tibia; tibia articu- lating with calcaneum; II grooved on anterior face; herbivorous. Key to Families of Lagomorpha 1'. Hind legs slightly longer than forelegs; hind foot less than 40 mm. in length; supraorbital process absent; nasals widest anteriorly; five cheek- teeth above Family Ochotonidae, p. Hind legs noticeably longer than forelegs; hind foot more than 40 mm. in length; supraorbital process present; nasals widest posteriorly; six cheek- teeth above Family Leporidae, p 537 541 The Mammals of Wyoming 537 Family Ochotonidae — Pikas Ochotona princeps (Richardson) Pika Owing to differences in time of molt, uncertainty as to the number of molts (pikas have at least two molts per year), and different colors of different pelages, pikas are difficult to use in assessing geo- graphic variation. In my study, adults of the same season ( or, when possible, of the same date) in the same condition of molt were so used. The most useful phase of molt had new hair anteriorly; both old pelage and new pelage could then be compared. No significant differences between sexes were noted; hence sexes were combined in the morphometric analyses. Specimens were identified as adults on the basis of wear of the cheek-teeth. Pikas vary geographically in Wyoming. The differences among the numerous disjunct populations are slight and often clinal. In south-central Wyoming O. p. figginsi and O. p. saxatilis have DMributlm mop of WYOMING Mus. No). Hljt.Unh. Kons. 1945 l=E±= 40 Mite /Bn\ Fig. 14. Distribution of Ochotona princeps. 1. O. p. figginsi 3. O. p. saxatilis 2. O. p. obscura 4. O. p. ventorum 538 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. been recognized. Analysis of their cranial and external measure- ments yielded no differences considered to be significant when topotypes of both subspecies were also considered. This is indica- tive of intergradation, but the subspecies can be separated geo- graphically throughout their range on the basis of color. The as- signment herein of specimens from south-central Wyoming to these subspecies is in accordance with that of Hall (1951a). Specimens from parts of Wyoming included previously within the geographic range of O. p. ventonim show clinal variation south- westward in several characters (length of external ear, length of nasals, width of palatal bridge, and zygomatic breadth) from the isolated populations of the Bighorn Mountains. The southwestern populations show some resemblance to O. p. clamosa Hall and Bowlus. Topotypes of O. p. ventoriun and specimens from within three miles of the type locality are intermediate in this clinal varia- tion. Inasmuch as the northernmost populations from the Bighorn Mountains seem to be as different from near topotypes of O. p. ventonim as is O. p. clamosa at the other end of this stepped cline, the northern population from the Bighorn Mountains is named as follows: Ochotona princeps obscura, new subspecies Type. — Male, subadult, skin and skull; No. 32918 KU; from Medicine Wheel Ranch, 28 miles east of Lovell, 9000 ft.. Big Horn County, Wyoming; obtained by J. W. Twente, original No. 232. Description. — Size medium for species; pinna of ear large. Fresh simimer pelage: upper parts Cinnamon-BufF or Light Ochraceous-Buff laterally, in- termixed with black and becoming Ochraceous-Tawny dorsally; underparts Pinkish Buff; foot Pinkish Buff faintly washed with yellow; pinna blackish with whitish margin. Old pelage on summer-taken specimens: upper parts Pale Ochraceous-Buff flecked with dark brown; foot and underparts as in fresh summer pelage but more nearly white; middorsal, longitudinal darkening ob- scure or absent. Sphenopterygoid canal small and situated anteromedial to ventral process of alisphenoid; bullae only slightly inflated; rostrum robust; nasals markedly long, expanded posterolaterally, and extending posterior to anterior margin of orbit; palatal foramen long. Comparisons. — O. p. obscura is slightly paler than near topotypes of O. p. ventorum. An anteroposterior, middorsal dark line is obscure or absent in O. p. obscura but usually present in O. p. ventorum. The new subspecies differs further from O. p. ventorum in having longer ears, longer nasals, greater occipitonasal length, and longer posterior palatine foramina, smaller and less inflated auditory bullae, posterolaterally more expanded nasals, and a smaller sphenopterygoid canal situated more anteromedially to the ventral process of The Mammals of Wyoming 539 the alisphenoid. Differences from O. p. saxatilis and O. p. figginsi of south- central Wyoming are even greater in O. p. obscura. O. p. saxatilis is broader interorbitally and across the palatal bridge than O. p. obscura; the former also has shorter nasals, shorter palatal foramen, and is more yellowish. From O. p. figginsi, O. p. obscura differs as follows: upper parts paler and less richly cinnamon, interorbital region narrower and hind foot shorter. Measurements. — External and cranial measurements of four adults from 19 miles eastward from Shell are as follows: Total length, 189.6 (185-197) three adults; hind foot, 33.8 (32-33); ear from notch, 24 (21-25); occipi- tonasal length, 47.0 (44.9-48.7); zygomatic breadth, 22.5 (22.3-23.1); inter- orbital breadth, 5.1 (5.0-5.1); length of nasals, 16.8 (16.1-17.5); width of palatal bridge, 2.1 (2.0-2.3); palatal foramen, width 8.2 (7.7-8.5), length 5.5 (5.0-5.8) Distribution. — Bighorn Mountains. See Fig. 14. Remarks. — Pikas eastward from Shell have larger auditory bullae than do topotypes of O. p. obscura, resembling O. p. ventorum in this character. Pikas from the southern Bighorn Mountains seem more closely related to O. p. ventorum than do those from the type locality of O. p. obscura. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 18, as follows: Big Horn Co,: type locality, 6; 4M mi. S, 19 mi. E Shell, 9600 ft., 5; Hd. Trappers Creek, 10,500 ft., 7 USNM. Ochotona princeps figginsi J. A. Allen 1912. Ochotona figginsi J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. History, 31:103, May 28. 1924. Ochotona princeps figgins-i, A. H. Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, 47:21, September 23. Type. — From Pagoda Peak, Rio Blanco Co., Colorado. Comparisons. — Darkest of pikas in Wyoming, Ochraceous-Tawny, grizzled blackish upper parts in fresh, summer pelage; Sayal Brown or Cinnamon- Brown upper parts in worn, summer pelage; underparts Cinnamon or Pinkish Cinnamon; pinna of ear blackish margined with white; foot Pinkish Cinnamon washed with yellowish; palatal bridge narrow; resembling saxatilis, the nearest subspecies, cranially and in external measurements; resembling \entorum in having short palatal foramen (topotypes of figginsi average 7.4 mm in length of this foramen). Measurements. — Average and extreme external and cranial measurements of four adults from 7/2 mi. N, 18/2 mi. E Savery, are as follows: Total length, 187.3 (170-204); hind foot, 30.8 (30-33); ear, 20? (20-20? [in topotypes of figginsi the mean value is 23.3 and in nearby populations of pikas, this meas- urement is longer]); occipitonasal length, 45. 6 (44.8-46.7); zvgomatic breadth, 21.9 (21.7-22.1); interorbital breadth, 5.2 (5.0-5.4); length of nasals, 15.8 (15.0-16.5); palatal bridge, 1.8 (1.6-2.0); palatal foramen, breadth 5.4 (5.1-5.9), length 8.0 (7.9-8.3). Distribution. — Montane areas in Carbon County in south-central Wyoming. See Fig. 14. 540 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Remarks. — Cranially, specimens of O. p. -figginsi from Wyoming differ only slightly from topotypes of figginsi and from nearby speci- mens of O. p. saxatilis. Specimens of figginsi from Wyoming are intermediate in length of palatal foramen between topotypes of figginsi and southern populations of O. p. ventorum. Brownish pelage seems to be the most convenient character for identifying figginsi. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 10, as follows: Carbon Co.: Bridget Peak, 11,000 ft., 2 USNM; 7}^ mi. N, 18)^ mi. E Saveiy, 8400 ft., 7; W. slope Sierra Madre Mtns., 1. Ochotona princeps saxatilis Bangs 1899. Ochotona saxatilis Bangs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 1:41, June 5. 1924. Ochotona princeps saxatilis, A. H. Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, 47:23, September 23. Type. — From Montgomery, "near" Mt. Lincoln, Park County, Colorado. Comparisons. — DiflFers from all other subspecies in Wyoming in being Clay Color or Honey Yellow above (often grizzled blacldsh) in fresh, late sunmier pelage; worn winter pelage more grayish; underparts having more yellowish Light Ochraceous-Buff; interorbital region broader than in any other Wyoming subspecies. Measurements.' — Average and extreme external and cranial measurements of nine specimens from within three miles of Browns Peak are as follows: Total length, 168.3 (162-183); hind foot, 28.5 (27.3-32.5); pinna, 23.4 (22-29); occipitonasal length, 45.1 (44.7-45.4); zygomatic breadth, 21.7 (21.6-22.0); interorbital breadth, 5.2 (4.8-5.6); nasals, 15.0 (14.2-15.8); width of palatal bridge, 2.3 (1.8-2.6); palatal foramen, breadth 4.9 (4.5-5.2), length 8.2 (7.7-8.8). Distribution. — Montane areas of Albany and Carbon counties in south- central Wyoming. See Fig. 14. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 19, as follows: Albany Co.: 3 mi. E Browns Peak, 10,700 ft., 8; Medicine Bow Peak, 11,500 ft., 1 USNM; a mi. E Medicine Bow Peak, 11,000 ft., 1; 3 mi. ESE Browns Peak, 10,000 ft., 2; Medicine Bow Mtns., 4 Univ. Wyo. Carbon Co.: 2 mi. S, 1 mi. W Medi- cine Bow Peak, 10,600 ft., 1; Lake Marie, 10,440 ft., 1. County not specified: Medicine Bow Mtns., 1 USNM. Ochotona princeps ventorum A. H. Howell 1919. Ochotona uinta ventorum A. H. Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 32:106, May 20. 1924. Ochotona princeps ventorum, A. H. Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, 47:18, September 23. Type. — From Fremont Peak, 11,500 feet. Wind River Mountains, Sublette County, Wyoming. Comparisons. — Differs from O. p. ohscura in being slightly darker espe- cially along middorsal, longitudinal line; having shorter nasals; having sphe- nopterygoid canal larger and situated more posteriorly; having larger auditory bullae, shorter ear, and lesser occipitonasal length (see account of ohscura). The Mammals of Wyoming 541 Differs from O. p. figginsi in being paler in any pelage; having wider palatal bridge; and having shorter ear (see account of figginsi). Differs from O. p. saxatilis in lacking yellowish pelage (more grayish and less grizzled blackish) and being narrower interorbitally (see also account of O. p. saxatilis). Measurements.' — Average and extreme external and cranial measurements of 24 adult near topotypes (see specimens labeled with reference to Fremont Peak) are as follows: Total length, 187.0 (172-209); hind foot, 33.4 (30-35); ear, 23.9 (22-26); occipitionasal length, 44.0 (41.6-45.7); zygomatic breadth, 21.7 (21.1-22.5); interorbital breadth, 5.1 (4.7-5.5); length of nasals, 15.3 (14.1-16.5); width of palatal bridge, 2.1 (1.6-2.7); palatal foramen, breadth 5.3 (4.7-6.1), length 7.5 (6.0-8.9). Distribution. — Montane areas in extreme western and northwestern Wyo- ming. See Fig. 14. Remarks. — A pregnant female ( KU 15872 ) containing 4 embryos 48 mm. in length was obtained on August 1, 1945, from the east end of Island Lake, 10,600 feet, by A. B. Leonard. Another (KU 15887) was obtained containing 4 embryos 47 mm. in length on August 2, 1945, from the west side of Seneca Lake, 10,300 feet, by H. H. Hall. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 121, as follows: Fremont Co.: Lake Fork, 9500-11,800 ft, 13 USNM; 14 7ni. S, 8'A mi. W Lander, 1; 17 mi. S, &A mi. W Lander, 8450 ft., 1. Lincoln Co.: 2 mi. N, 8 mi. E Alpine, 9200 ft., 1. Park Co.: 30 mi. N, 18 mi. W Cody, 10,500 ft., 4; Pahaska, 3 USNM; Needle Mtn., 11,000 ft, 1 USNM. Sublette Co.: 2 mi. NE Kendall, 11,000 ft., 3 USNM; tijpe locality, 1 USNM; Island Lake, 15 mi. N, 13 mi. E Pinedale, 10,600 ft., 1; E End Island Lake, 3 mi. S Fremont Peak, 10,600 ft., 19; 4 mi. S Fremont Peak, 8 USNM; Barbara Lake, 11 mi. N, 10 mi. E Pinedale, 10,300 ft., 2; W Side Seneca Lake, 10,300 ft., 5 mi. S, 2 mi. W Fremont Peak, 6; Middle Piney Lake, 9000 ft., 1 USNM; 19 mi. W, 2 mi. S Big Piney, 7700 ft, 31. Teton Co.: 18 mi. N, 9 mi. W Moran, 1; % mi. N, 1 mi. E Togwotee Pass, 9800 ft., 3; Togwotee Pass, 10,800-11,000 ft., 2 USNM; Moose Creek, 10,000 ft., 12 USNM; Jackson, 6500 ft., 3 USNM; Teton Pass, 7800 ft., 2 USNM. Yellowstone Nat'l Park: Mammoth Hot Springs, 1 USNM; Golden Gate, 1 USNM. Family LEPORmAE — Rabbits, Hares, and Jack Rabbits Key to Genera of Leporedae 1. Interparietal fused with parietals; hind foot often more than 105 mm.; in juveniles, interptergoid space wider than 7.0 mm. . . . Genus Lepus, ]). 546 r. Interparietal not fused with parietals; hind foot often less than 105; m juveniles, interptergoid space narrower than 7.0. . .Genus Sylvilagus, p. 542 Key to the Species of Sylvilagus 1. Greatest diameter of external auditory meatus less than 4.9 mm., Sylvilagus floridanus, p. 542 1'. Greatest diameter of external auditory meatus more than 4.9 2 2. Ear usually longer than 70 mm.; greatest diameter of external auditory meatus often more than 6.0 mm Sylvilagus audubonii, p. 544 2'. Ear usually shorter than 70 mm.; greatest diameter of external aiulitory meatus usually less than 6.0 mm Sylvilagus nuttallii, i). 543 4—2329 542 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Sylvilagus floridanus similis Nelson Eastern Cottontail 1907. Sylvilagus floridanus similis Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 20:82, July 22. Type. — From Valentine, Cherry County, Nebraska. Description. — Size medium for genus (see Measurements); upper parts dark, Cinnamon intermixed with black in fresh pelage, bleached Pinkish BufiF intennixed with black and white in worn pelage; underparts whitish except buffy throat; feet Light Pinkish Cinnamon to Pinkish BuflF; tail white below, dorsally confluent in color with back; pinna of ear short and having buffy hairs; diameter of external opening of auditory meatus small (see Measure- m,ents). Darker and having shorter ears than other cottontails in state. Measurements. — Average and extreme measurements of four adult females from Laramie County are as follows: Total length, 418.5 (407-445); tail vertebrae, 42.8 (33-53); hind foot, 97.5 (93-103); ear from notch, 50.0 (48- 52); basilar length, 53.5 (52.3-55.8); zygomatic breadth, 35.3 (35.1-35.8); postorbital breadth, 12.1 (11.7-12.3); length of nasals, 29.9 (28.4-31.2); alveolar length of maxillary tooth-row, 14.4 (14.0-15.1); least width (anter- oposteriorly ) of palatal bridge, 6.2 (5.6-6.9); interpterygoid width between last molars, 6.2 (5.7-6.8); greatest diameter of opening of auditory meatus, 4.3 (4.1-4.5). Disfrlbution mop o) WYOMING Mus. Not. Hlsl.,Unl>. Kom. ims 40 Mil«s =1 JfT^f I Fig. 15. Distribution of Sylvilagus floridanus and Sylvilagus nuttallii. 1. S. f. similis 2. S. n. grangeri The Mammals of Wyoming 543 Distribution. — Extreme southeastern part of state. See Fig. 15. Remarks.— According to Nelson (1909:173) this subspecies is confined to wooded borders "of streams and prairies on the arid plains." The largest number of embryos recorded in the state is eight in a pregnant female (KU 15940) shot by H. H. Hall on July 13, 1945, 6 miles north and 3 miles west of Cheyenne. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 8, as follows: Goshen Co.: SJs mi. W Lagrange, 4600 ft.. 1. Laramie Co.: Horse Creek, 3 mi. W Meri- den, 5000 ft., 2; 3 7ni. E Horse Creek P. O., 6400 ft., 3; 6 mi. E Horse Creek P. O., 1; 6 mi. N, 3 mi. W Cheyenne, 6150 ft., 1. Additional record from Nelson ( 1909:174).— Laramie Co.: Meriden. Sylvilagus nuttallii grangeri (J. A. Allen) Nuttall's Cottontail 1895. Lepus sylvaticus grangeri J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 7:264, Aug. 21. 1909. Sijlvdlagus nuttallii grangeri. Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:204, August 31. Type. — From Hill City, Black Hills, Pennington County, South Dakota. Description. — Size medium (see Measurements); color of upper parts var- iable ranging from Pale Ochraceous-Buff intermixed with blackish olive in Juvenal pelage to Ochraceous-Tawny intermixed with blackish and scatterings of brown-tipped white hairs in adult pelage, but two specimens taken in October paler dorsally and laterally, with rump showing more white and less buff; underparts whitish except buffy throat; feet Pale Ochraceous-Buff, ex- cepting white hind feet in October-taken specimens; pinna of ear long and margined by thin line of black distally; rostrum narrow; tympanic bullae notably inflated; diameter of external auditory meatus more than in Sylvilagus fioridanus similis. Measurements. — External and cranial measurements of four adults, two females and two males, from Park County are, respectively, as follows: Total length, 415, 413, 414, 395; tail vertebrae, 25, 52, 57, 52; hind foot, 95, 90, 94, 93; ear from notch, 60. 63, 65, 62; basilar length, 55.4, 52.9, 52.7, 52.7; zygo- matic breadth, 35.0, 35.5, 36.6, 34.1; postorbital breadth, 12.1, 11.7, 10.3, 9.9; length of nasals, 30.9, 30.2, 31.2, 30.6; alveolar length of maxillary tooth-row, 13.5, 13.0, 13.7, 13.5; least width ( anteroposteriorly ) of palatal bridge, 6.3, 5.8, 6.4, 6.6; interpterygoid breadth between last molars, 6.3, 5.8, 5.0, 5.0; diameter of external auditory meatus, 5.7, 5.4, 5.5, 5.4. Distribution. — Throughout state except extreme southeastern part. See Fig. 15. Remarks. — S. nuttallii has never been recorded as being sympatric with S. fioridanus. Some mammalogists have suspected that the two species intergrade along the eastern base of the Rocky Moun- tains. Hall and Kelson (1951:52-53) have concluded that no such intergradation occurs, with which conclusion I agree. Nelson (1909:206) indicated that S. n. grangeri intergrades with S. n. pinetis near the southern boundary of Wyoming, All specimens 544 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. examined by me from southeastern Wyoming are referable to S. n. grangeri and reveal no indications of intergradation betw^een grangeri and pinetis. A pregnant female (KU 38008) containing eight embryos was obtained on June 15, 1950, from 13/2 miles north and 12 miles west of Cody by R. H. Baker. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 44, as follows: Albany Co.: Springhill, 1 USNM; Laramie Peak, 1 USNM; 2 mi. SE Pole Mtn., 8250 ft., 1; Laramie Mtns., 2 USNM. Big Horn Co.: GreybuU, 1 USNM. Carbon Co.: Rawlins, 1; Bridgers Pass, 1 USNM; Ft. Steele, 1; 6 mi. N, 6 mi. E Encampment, 6800 ft., 1. Converse Co.: Deer Creek, 1 USNM. Laramie Co.: 1 mi. N, 5 mi. W Horse Creek P. O., 7200 ft., 1; 2 mi. W Horse Creek P. O., 6600 ft., 1. Crook Co.: Devils Tower, 3 USNM; Sundance, 1 USNM. Fremont Co.: Jackeys Creek, 1 USNM; Wind River Basin, 1 USNM. Lincoln Co.: 14 mi. S, 1 mi. W Kemmerer, 6550 ft., 1. Natrona Co.: Rattlesnake Mtns., 3 USNM; Arminto, 1. Park Co.: ISii mi. N, 13 mi. W Cody, 2; 13'A mi. N, 12 mi. W Cody, 1; 3'A mi. W Cody, 5100 ft., 1; 4 mi. S, 15 mi. W Cody, 1; 16 mi. S, 20 mi. W Cody, 1. Platte Co.: Wheatland, 1 USNM. Sublette Co.: 2)4 mi. NE Pinedale, 7500 ft., 1. Sheridan Co.: 1 mi. E Acme, 1. Sweetwater Co.: Eden, 1; 18 mi. NW Rock Springs, 1; 2.5 mi. N Wam- sutter, 1; Green River, 4 USNM; 21 mi. S, 18 mi. E Rock Springs, 1. Uinta Co.: Ft. Bridger, 2 USNM. Washakie Co.: 'A mi. S, 1 mi. W Tensleep, 4300 ft., 1. Additional records (From Nelson, 1909:207). — ^Albany Co.: Rock Creek; Woods P. O.; Sherman. Sylvilagus audubonii baileyi (Merriam) Desert Cottontail 1897. Leptis baileyi Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 11:148, June 9. 1908. Sylvilagus audubonii baileyi, Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 22:336. Type. — From Spring Creek, east side of Bighorn Basin, Washakie County, Wyoming. Description. — Upper parts Light Ochraceous Buff dorsally fading to Light Buff laterally intermixed with black, producing ohve-buff effect in juvenal pelage, becoming paler laterally owing to increase of white and darker dorsally owing to intermixture of black, Ochraceous-Buff, and Mummy Brown; under- parts white except Ochraceous Tawny throat; tympanic bullae large; ears long; cheek-teeth large; lateral process of jugal often acuminate anteriorly and prominent. Comparisons. — S. audubonii is paler and has longer ears and larger bullae than S. floridanus. S. audubonii is paler, has sHghtly larger bullae, and usually has a more acuminate, prominent lateral process of the jugal than S. nuttallii. Measurements. — Average and extreme external and cranial measurements of four females from Washakie and Park counties and of one male from Park County are as follows: Total length, females 402.3 (390-415), male 400; tail vertebrae, 51.5 (48-59), 46; hind foot, 72.0 (62-78), 110; ear from notch of females, 72.0 (62-78), from crown of male 85; basilar length, 53.2 (51.0-55.4), The Mammals of Wyoming 545 Distribution Tnop of WYOMING Mus. Nat. Hist., Univ. t o s 2 S ^ -as O (S .2 >2 9 9 & 20? cf 29 9 KU 32372. KU 32378. KU 32377. Average of 3 old adults . . . Max Min KU 91074. KU 91073. Average of 4 old adults . . . Max Min Mosquito Park Ranger Sta., 2J^ mi. N, 17J^ mi. W Lander (old adults) 269 270 248 120 95 110 40 42 36 19 17 15 43.2 42.9 26.2 25.2 12.3 12.8 14.5 14.3 14.6 9 mi. N, 5 mi. E Pinedale, 9100 ft., Sublette Co. 280.7 288 275 98. 104 92 41.7 42 41 20 20 20 42.5 42.9 41.9 25.8 26.5 24.8 12.1 13.0 11.5 13.9 14.2 13.5 Gros Ventre Slide, 3 mi. E Kelly P.O., Teton Co 291 268 103 90 42 41 22 18 43.0 42.0 27.1 26.4 13.2 13.2 14.2 13.1 277.5 287 270 Near topotypes from Utah 93.0 97 89 39. 40 38 19 24 14 42.8 45.0 41.3 26.3 28.0 25.5 12.5 13.5 11.8 13.9 14.8 13.4 9.4 8.2 7.9 8.0 7.9 8.5 8.2 8.2 8.5 8.0 The Mammals of Wyoming 585 Remarks. — Because the geographic range of S. I. castanurus ex- tends eastward into the Wind River Mountains, this subspecies is interposed between two other subspecies, S. I. cinerascens to the northward and S. I. lateralis to the southward. S. I. lateralis occurs in the Wind River Mountains as a reUct population, isolated from a larger, wide-spread population of the same subspecies to the southward. Howell (1938:193-194) mentioned a series of four in- tergrades between this relict population of S. I. lateralis and S. I. castanurus of the Wind River Mountains (Howell regarded these latter squirrels as another subspecies, which he named S. I. caryi). My comparison of near topotypes of S. I. castanurus from Utah with several series of squirrels formerly known as S. I. caryi leads me to conclude that the squirrels known as S. I. caryi are referable to the subspecies S. I. castanurus. Howell (1917:105, 1938:197) men- tioned only three characters as diflFerentiating S. /. caryi from S. I. castanurus: dorsum more grayish; pale stripes often white instead of yellowish especially in winter pelage; and underside of tail paler. The skull may be slightly broader in topotypes of S, I. castanurus than in topotypes of S. I. caryi, and the maxillary tooth-row averages slightly longer (see Measurements) . With regard to the pale stripes, it is true that specimens of S. /. castanurus lack the white stripes of topotypes of S. I. caryi. These white stripes occur most frequently in winter pelage; in summer pelage of specimens previously referred to as S. I. caryi that I have examined, the white stripes may be half replaced by more yellowish stripes owing to molt, and in summer pelage yellowish stripes may occur (Howell, 1938:197). The change from new yellowish hairs to old white hairs probably results from exposure and wear. The more grayish dorsum of S. /. caryi was well described by Howell (1938:197) when he stated that S. /. caryi was, "similar to C. /. castanurus, but paler and more grayish on the back. Com- pared with C. /. lateralis: Head and shoulders in summer pelage darker and more extensively tawny." S. I. caryi differs from S. I. castanurus only to the degree that some specimens of caryi resemble those of S. I. lateralis, and I consider this resemblance to result from intergradation between S. I. castanurus and S. I. lateralis. The underside of the tail in S. L caryi is not neaily so constantly pale as Howell thought. Furthermore, this pallor, too, may result from intergradation between S. I. castanurus and S. I. lateralis, and perhaps S. I. cinerascens. In both S. I. lateralis and S. I. cinerascens the underside of the tail is paler than in S. I. castanurus. Howell (1938:193-194) mentioned that in three of four intergrades (S. I. 586 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. lateralis X S. I. caryi) from Big Sandy, Wyoming, the underside of the tail was paler than in S. /. caryi and resembled that of S. /. lateralis. I observed several comparable degrees of darkness and pallor in near topotypes of S. I. castanurtis and S. I. caryi. Scaled from one to five, on the basis of palest to darkest undersides of tail, the following average values for pallor or darkness increased toward darkness of tail in direct ratio to distance away from the area of intergradation mentioned by Howell: 4 specimens from /2 mi. S, 17/2 mi. W Lander, mean 1.3, range in paleness, 1-2; 13 from 9 mi. N, 5 mi. E Pinedale, 2.5 (1-5); 8 from 2 mi. S, 19 mi. W Big Piney, Lincoln County, 2.8 (1-5); 2 from Gros Ventre SHde, Teton County, 3.0 (1-5); 6 from Brooks Mtn. and Togwotee Pass, 9800 ft., 3.5 (2-5); 14 near topotypes from Utah, 4.0 (1-5). All specimens formerly known as S. Z. caryi are here assigned to S. I. castanurus. The subspecific boundary between S. I. castanurus and S. I. lateralis can be conveniently drawn in Wyoming (and in other areas) between a locality from which specimens have dark, inner dorsal stripes and a locality from which specimens lack inner, dark stripes. A female (KU 14949) taken on August 8, 1945, by E. R. Hall and H. H. Hall nine miles north and five miles east of Pinedale has moderately worn teeth and the usual number of teeth for this species, but each P4 is fused anteriorly to rooted dental material, which presents an added, flattened, sigmoid loop in occlusal view. The remaining teeth appear to be normal. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 74, as follows: Fremont Co.: Brooks Mtn., 1; ii mi. N, 1 mi. E Togwotee Pass, 9800 ft., 1; Jockeys Creek, 4 mi. S Dubois, 8500 ft., 1 USNM; 5 mi. S Dubois, 8500-9500 ft., 2 USNM; Bull Lake, 9600 ft., 1 USNM; Lake Fork, 10,600-10,800 ft., 3; Mosquito Park Ranger Sta., 2J^ mi. N, 17'A mi. W Lander, 9500 ft., 5; ^ mi. S, 17'A mi. W Lander, 3. Lincoln Co.: 3 mi. N, 9 mi. E Alpine, 1; 10 mi. SE Afton, 7000 ft, 2 USNM; Hd. Dry Creek, Salt River Mtns., 9500 ft., 2 USNM; Hd. Smiths Fork, 3 USNM; La Barge Creek, 9000 ft., 2 USNM; Cokeville, 1 USNM. Sublette Co.: 12 mi. NW Kendall, 10,000 ft., 1 USNM; Mema, 1 USNM; 5 mi. S Fremont Peak, 10,600 ft., 1 USNM; 7 mi. S Fremont Peak, 10,400 ft., 1 USNM; 8 mi. S, 3 mi. W Fremont Peak, 10,300 ft., 3; 9 mi. N, 5 mi. E Pinedale, 9100 ft., 13; Middle Piney Lake, 9000 ft., 1 USNM; 2 mi. S, 19 mi. W Big Piney, 7700 ft., 4. Teton Co.: Bobcat Ridge, 2 USNM; S Moose Creek, 10,000 ft., 1 USNM; Togwotee Pass, 4, 3 USNM; Gros Ventre Slide, 3 mi. E Kelly P. O., 6800 ft., 3, 3 Univ. Wyo.; Sheep Mtn., 1; Jackson, 3 USNM; Flat Creek, 1 USNM. Spermophilus lateralis cinerascens (Merriam) 1890. Tamias cinerascens Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 4:20, October 8. 1938. Citellus lateralis cinerascens, A. H. Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, 56:198 May 18. 1959. Spermophilus lateralis cinerascens. Hall and Kelson, Mammals of N. America, vol. 1, p. 362, March 31. The Mammals of Wyoming 587 Type. — From Helena, Montana. Comparhons. — Resembling Spermophilus lateralis castanurus, but more grayish; sides of face and neck more ochraceous; underside of tail paler (less Tawny); hind foot longer; possessing inner dark stripes (absent or reduced in S. I. lateralis or S. I. tcortmani); nasals shorter and skuU larger than in S. I. castanurus (after A. H. Howell, 1938:198). Measurements. — Average and extreme external measiurements of one male and three females from "Yellowstone Park and vicinity" are as follows: Total length, 286 (270-297); tail vertebrae, 107 (95-118); hind foot, 43.6 (41-46); ear from notch (dry), 14.9 (14-16). Average and extreme cranial measure- ments of four adult females from Montana and Yellowstone Park are as follows : greatest length of skull, 43.9 (32.6-45); zygomatic breadth, 27.5 (26.3-29.3); cranial breadth, 20.1 (19.3-20.8); postorbital constriction, 13.3 (12.9-13.7); length of nasals, 14.9 (14.5-15.5); maxillary tooth-row, 8.9 (8.7-9.2) (after A. H.Howell, 1938:199). Distribution. — Extreme northwestern part of state. See Fig. 26. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 8, as follows: Park Co.: Pahaska Tepee (Whirlwind Peak), 3 USNM. Yellowstone Nat'l Park: Golden Gate, 7000 ft., 4 USNM; Yellowstone Lake, 1 USNM. Spermophilus lateralis lateralis (Say) 1823. S[ciurus]. lateralis Say, in Long, Account of an expedition . . . to the Rocky Mtns. . . ., 2:46. 1831. Spermophilus lateralis, Cuvier, Supplement a I'histoire natureUe generale et particuhere de Buff on, 1:335. Type. — None designated by Say; description based on specimen obtained on Arkansas River, near Canyon City, Colorado (26 miles below Canyon City according to Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc, Washington, 18:163, June 29, 1905). Comparison. — Average in size (see Measurements) for the species; irmer dark dorsal stripes reduced or absent; whitish stripes often tending toward Light Ochraceous-Buff or Light Buff; lateral dark stripe Mummy Brown or more commonly Fuscous Black; sides below lateral dark stripes grayish, tawny, or Light Ochraceous-Buff; mid-dorsal pelage of brownish, agouti hairs flecked with Light Buff, Ochraceous-Tawny, and Fuscous intermixed with Fuscous guard hairs (especially in fresh pelage) becoming somewhat Tawny or Ochra- ceous-Tawny on rump; venter Light Buff or whitish; tail above Fuscous Black intermixed with Light Buff or Ochraceous-Buff hairs; underside of tail Light Ochraceous-Buff or Ochraceous-Buff (not Tawny) margined by Fuscous Black; head and shoulders washed vsdth Tawny or Ochraceous-Tawny, or occasionally yellowish Ochraceous-Buff; antiplantar surfaces Light Buff or whitish; juvenal pelage usually paler and more buffy; KU 14935 has much dark pigmentation lacking in pelage thereby being markedly reddish, and paler dorsally; nasals long, extending posterior to premaxillae. See accounts of other subspecies. Measurements. — See Table 7. Distribution. — Southeastemmost part of Wind River Mountains, extreme southwestern part of state, and mountainous areas in south-central Wyoming (Medicine Bow Mountains and Laramie Mountains). See Fig. 26 and Remarks. Remarks. — S. I. lateralis and S. I. wortmani diSer from the other subspecies of S. lateralis in small size, or absence, of the inner pair of 588 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. dark dorsal stripes, S. I. wortmnni di£Fers from S. I. lateralis chiefly in being paler; cranially the two subspecies closely resemble each other. S. /. wortmani is known only from the eastern part of the Green River watershed in Wyoming; in this low, arid area the pallor would seem to be an adaptation for survival. S. I. lateralis occurs in higher habitats (even in the Canadian Life-zone). Populations of S. I. lateralis almost surround S. /. wortmani, and the two subspecies seem to be more closely related to one another than to any of the other nearby subspecies. One specimen (KU 14935) lacks much of the dark pigmentation from the dorsal pelage, having a more reddish, paler appearance Table 7. — Measurements of Three Isolated Popxilations of Spermophilus lateralis lateralis in Wyoming. 43 ^ «*-! & Locality, No. individuals, and sex bO C "3 -i •♦J O 73 o 1- S '^ O c.Q, p.y, m.^. Key to Species of Perognathus L Length of tail usually more than half of total length of animal (in adults) ; hind foot 21-23 mm.; occurring in southwestern Wyoming, Perognathus parvus, p. 617 1'. Length of tail usually less than half of total length of animal; hind foot shorter than 21 or longer than 23 mm 2 2. Hind foot more than 23.5 mm. (24-28); upper parts brownish, Perognathus hispidus, p. 617 2'. Hind foot less than 20.5 ( 1 7-19) mm. ; upper parts olivaceous or pale gray- ish 3 3. Interparietal bone more than 4 mm. wide (transverse to long axis of skull); upper parts olivaceous Perognathtis fascialits, p. 613 3'. Interparietal bone less than 4 mm. wide (transverse to long axis of skull); upper parts buffy Perognathus flavus, p. 61G Perognathus fasciatus Wied-Neuwied Olive-backed Pocket Mouse Ordinarily the olive-backed pocket mouse can be distinguished from the silky pocket mouse by smaller postauricular pale patches. When the ear is appressed to the side of the head, the exposed part of the pale postauricular patch is no longer than the ear, as meas- ured from the notch, whereas in P. favtis the patch is longer than the ear in almost all specimens. 614 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Perognathus fasciatus callistus Osgood 1900. Perognathus callistus Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 18:28, September 20. 1953. Perognathus fasciatus callistus, Jones, Univ. Kansas Pubis., Mus. Nat. Hist., 5(29):517, 524, August 1. Type. — From Kinney Ranch, Sweetwater County, Wyoming. Comparisons. — Characterized chiefly by large, elongate auditory bullae and large size, Perognathus fasciatus callistus differs from the smaller P. /. litus in olivaceous instead of silvery upper parts, larger mastoid and otic bullae, longer hind foot, and usually narrower interparietal. From P. f. olivaceogriseus of eastern Wyoming, P. /. callistus differs in usually larger size, larger auditory bullae, narrower interparietal, longer hind foot, and paler, more yellowish olivaceous upper parts. Measurements. — External and cranial measurements of the holotype, three other adult males, and a single adult female, all from the type locality, are, respectively, as follows: Total length, 135, 131, 132, 137, 127; length of tail, 63, 68, 58, 64, 54; length of hind foot, 18, 18, 18, 19, 18; occipitonasal length, 22.8, 22.5, — , 22.7, 22.7; zygomatic breadth, 12.4, 11.8, 12.3, 12.6, 12.3; in- terorbital breadth, 4.7, 4.9, 5.1, 5.0, 5.1; length of nasals, 7.9, 8.2, — , 8.2, 8.0; maxillary tooth-row, 3.1, 3.2, 3.2, 3.3, 3.1. Distribution. — Arid habitats in southwestern Wyoming. See Fig. 33. Distribullon mop ot WYOMING Mus. Not. Hist., Univ. Kant. 1945 J : Scale 10 0 20 40 MilM I.I I 1 am I Fig. 33. Distribution of Perognathus fasciatus. Guide to subspecies 2. P. /. litus 1. P. f. callistus 3. P. /. olivaceogriseus The Mammals of Wyoming 615 Remarks.— I follow Jones (1953:524) in arranging P. callistus as a subspecies of P. fasciattis on account of observed intergradation between callistus and P. /. litiis (in a series of specimens from 27 miles north and 37 miles east of Rock Springs ) . Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 28, as follows: Sweetwater Co.: 27 mi. N, 37 mi. E Rock Springs, 6700 ft., 1; 25 mi. N, 38 mi. E Rock Springs, 6700 ft, 4; Green River, 2 USNM; 18 mi. S Bitter Creek, 6800 ft., 3; Kinney Ranch, 6800 ft., 4 USNM, 6; 32 mi. S, 22 mi. E Rock Springs, 7025 ft., 2; 30 mi. S Bitter Creek, 6900 ft., 2; 33 mi. S Bitter Creek, 6900 ft., 2; The Green River, 4 mi. ENE Linwood, Utah, 2. Perognathus fasciatus litus Gary 1911. Perognathus fasciatus litus Gary, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 24:61, March 22. Ttjpe. — From Sun, Sweetwater Valley, Natrona County, Wyoming. Comparisons. — For comparison with Perognathus fasciatus callistus see ac- count of that subspecies. Compared with P. f. olivaceogriseus, P. f. litus is smaller and paler; the upper parts appear silvery and lack the olivaceous color of olivaceogriseus. Measurements. — External and cranial measurements of the holotype (sub- adult female) and another female (same age) from the type locality are, re- spectively, as follows: Total length, 128, 127; length of tail, 59, 57; length of hind foot, 18, 18; occipitonasal length, 22.0, 22.0; zygomatic breadth, — , 11.1; interorbital breadth, 4.6, 5.0; length of nasals, 7.3, 8.2; cranial depth, 7.0, 7.3; maxillary tooth-row, 3.0, 3.2. Distribution. — Sweetwater Valley and nearby parts of Red Desert. See Fig. 33. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 9, as follows: Carbon Co.t 8 mi. SE Lost Soldier, 6700 ft., 1. Natrona Co.: 16 mi S, 11 mi. W Walt- man, 6950 ft., 1; 5 mi. W Independence Rock, 6000 ft., 4; Sun., 2 USNM. Sweetwater Co.: 2/2 mi. N Wamsutter, 1. Additional records (Jones, 1953:524). — Fremont Co.: Granite Mtns. Sweet- water Co.: 27 mi. N Table Rock. Perognathus fasciatus olivaceogriseus Swenk 1940. Perognathus flavescens olivaceogriseus Swenk, Missouri Valley Fauna, 3:6, June 5. 1953. Perognathus fasciatus olivaceogriseus, Jones, Univ. Kansas Pubis., Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:520, August 1. T,/pe..— From Little Bordeaux Creek, sec. 14, T. 33 N, R. 48 W, 3 mi. E. Chadron, Dawes County, Nebraska (Jones, 1953:520-522). Comparisons. — Characterized chiefly by dark, Cream Buff upper parts finely lined with black, distinct ochraceous lateral line, and small auditory bullae. See Comparisons under accounts of other subspecies. Measurements. — External and cranial measurements of an adult female and an adult male from 23 miles southwest of Newcastle and of two adult males from two miles south and 6M miles west of Buffalo are, respectively, as follows: Total length, 140, 134, 126, 132; length of tail, 64, 64, 59, 64; length of hind foot, 17, 17, 17, 18; occipitonasal length, 23.7, 23.2, 22.2, 22.1; zygomatic breadth. 616 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. 12.5, 12.6, 12.0, 11.5; interorbital breadth, 4.7, 4.9, 4.9, 5.0; length of nasals, 8.8, 8.3, 8.4, 7.9; mastoid breadth, 11.1, 11.2, 10.4, 10.4; maxillary tooth-row, 3.3, 3.0, 3.1, 3.3. Distribution. — Mainly in rocky soils in northeastern half of state. See Fig. 33. Remarks. — Two specimens (KU 87747-8) from 15 miles east- southeast of Cheyenne are markedly darker dorsally than specimens to the northward (for example, from Muskrat Canyon, Goshen County ) . The specimens from the vicinity of Cheyenne also differ from all specimens of P. fasciatus from Wyoming in having slight tinges of buff or cinnamon on their venters (some of which have disappeared since preservation). In both characters these speci- mens approach P. /. infraluteus, a subspecies occurring to the south- ward with type locality at Loveland, Colorado, and may be inter- grades between that subspecies and olivaceogriseus. Topotypes of infraluteus vary in color of venter from white to cinnamon. How- ever, the skulls of KU 87747-8 are indistinguishable from skulls of olivaceogriseus, including moderately large auditory bullae. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 26, as follows: Albany Co.: Tie Siding Picnic Ground, 8595 ft, 1. Campbell Co.: VA mi. N, M mi. E Rocky- point, 3850 ft., 1. Carbon Co.: Ft. Steele, 1 USNM. Crook Co.: Simdance, 1 USNM. Goshen Co.: Muskrat Canyon, 1. Hot Springs Co.: Kirby Creek, Bighorn Basin, 5000 ft., 2 USNM. Johnson Co.: 2 mi. S, 6'A mi. W Buffalo, 5620 ft., 3; 1 mi. WSW Kaysee, 4700 ft, 1. Laramie Co.: 15 mi. ESE Chey- enne, 2. Natrona Co.: 1 mi. NE Casper, 5150 ft., 2; Casper, 1 USNM. Platte Co.: 2M mi. S Chugwater, 1. Sheridan Co.: 5 mi. NE Clearmont, 3900 ft., 1; Arvada, 3 USNM. Weston Co.: Newcastle, 1 USNM; 23 mi. SW New- castle, 4500 ft., 4. Additional record (Jones, 1953:522). — Fremont Co.: 40 mi. E Dubois. Perognathus flavus piperi Goldman Silky Pocket Mouse 1917. Perognathus flavus piperi Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 30:148, July 27. Type. — From 23 miles southwest of Newcastle, Weston County, Wyoming. Comparison. — Compared with Perognathus fasciatus olivaceogriseus, which is comparable in size, P. fiavus piperi differs in lacking ohvaceous on its Light Buff to Light Ochraceous-Buff upper parts and in having conspicuous, larger auricular pale patches. Also, the lateral line is less distinct, although present. In both kinds of mice tlie venters are white and the upper parts are finely lined with black. Measurements. — External and cranial measurements of the holotype are as follows: Total length, 113; length of tail, 51; length of hind foot, 17; occipi- tonasal length, 22.0; mastoidal breadth, 12.4; interorbital breadth, 4.6; length of nasals, 8.1; maxillary tooth-row, 3.4 (Goldman, 1917:148). Distribution. — Known in Wyoming only from the type locahty, but probably' occurs elsewhere in Transition Life-zone of eastern fovulh of state. Not mapped. Record of occurrence. — Specimen examined, 1, as follows: Weston Co.: 23 mi. SW Newcastle, 1 USNM (not plotted). The Mammals of Wyoming 617 Perognathus parvus clarus Goldman Great Basin Pocket Mouse 1917. Perognathus parvus clarus Goldman, Proc, 30:147, July 27. Biol. Soc. Washington, Type. — From Cumberland, Lincoln County, Wyoming. Description. — Large (see Measurements) with unusually long tail; brown- ish or yellowish brown above, whitish below; hind foot long, usually more than 21 mm; nasals long and straight-sided; upper incisors robust; zygomata slender; tympanic bullae well inflated. Comparison. — Compared with Perognathus fasciatus callistus, which occurs also in southwestern Wyoming, Perognathus parvus clarus differs in having longer tail and liind foot, averaging larger in most measurements, and possess- ing more grizzled (blackish) upper parts. Measurements. — External and cra- nial measmements of an old adult male and an old adult female from 26 miles south and 21 miles west of Rock Springs are, respectively, as follows: Total length, 182, 162; length of tail, 96, 82; length of hind foot, 24.5, 22; ear from notch, 8.2, 7.5; occipitonasal length, 24.5, 26.9; basilar length, 17.1, 18.2; zygomatic breadth, 12.0, 13.5; interorbital breadth, 5.7, 5.7; length of nasals, 9.6, 11.1; mastoidal breadth, 11.9, 13.2; maxillary tooth-row, 3.6, 3.8. Average and extreme measure- ments of the holotype and seven adult topotypes, all males, are as follows: Total length, 173 ( 160-186); length of tail, 90 ( 83-97 ) ; length of hind foot, 22 (21-23); occipitonasal length, 25.4 (25.1-26.0, six specimens); zygomatic breadth, 12.4 (12.2-12.5, four speci- mens); interorbital breadth, 5.7 (5.5- cranial depth, 7.7 (7.6-8.0, six speci- Drslnbulion mop ol WYOMING Mu! Nol HisI ,Univ Kons !963 ScQte lyo ZO <0 Miles Fig. 34. Two species of Perognathus. 1. P. parvus clarus 2. P. hispidus paradoxus 5.9); length of nasals, 9.8 (9.5-10.0); mens); maxillary tooth-row, 3.8 (3.6-3.9) Distribution. — Desert areas in southwestern Wyoming. See Fig. 34. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 31, as follows: Lincoln Co.: Cumberland, 6550 ft., 2, 9 USNM. Sweetwater Co.: 26 mi. S, 21 mi. W Rock Springs, 6; 32 mi. S, 22 mi. W Rock Springs, 5; 32 mi. N Jet. Henrys Fork and Utah Boundary, 2. Uinta Co.: Bear River, 14 mi. N Evanston, 6800 ft., 2 USNM; Ft. Bridger, 1 USNM; 2ii mi. WSW Ft. Bridger, 6800 ft., 2; Moun- tainview, 2 USNM. Perognathus hispidus paradoxus Merriam Hispid Pocket Mouse 1889. Perognathus paradoxus Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 1:24, October 25. 1900. Perognathus hispidus paradoxus, Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 18:44, September 20. Type. — From Banner, Trego County, Kansas. 618 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Comparisons. — Characterized chiefly by large size (liind foot, 25-28 mm.) and strongly grizzled (blackish) upper parts, Perognathus hispidus paradoxus is much larger and more brownish than P. fasciatus and P. flavus. Also, in P. hispidus mastoid bullae relatively smaller and auricular patches less con- spicuous. Ochraceous lateral line distinctive in all three species. Measurements. — External and cranial measurements of an old female (KU 18255) and an old male (KU 18257) from 2}i miles south of Chugwater and of an old male (KU 25672) from two miles south of Pine Bluffs are, respectively, as follows: Total length, 220, 221, 220; length of tail, 108, — , 105; length of hind foot, 28, 28, 27; ear from notch, 12, 12, 13; occipitonasal length, 30.5, 33.2, 34.0; zygomatic breadth, 16.4, 17.0, 17.2; interorbital breadth, 7.4, 8.0, 7.4; length of nasals, 11.4, 13.0, 12.9; mastoidal breadth, 14.6, 14.5, 14.9; maxillary tooth-row, 5.0, 4.7, 5.2. Distribution. — Prairie habitat of eastern fifth of state. See Fig. 34. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 19, as follows: Crook Co.: 2 mi. N, 14 mi. W Hulett, 1. Laramie Co.: 5M mi. S Glenys, 5200 ft., 1; Horse Creek, 6}i mi. W Meriden, 5200 ft., 1; 1 mi. S Pine Bluffs, 1; 2 mi. S Pine Bluffs, 5200 ft., 7. Platte Co.: Chugwater, 1 USNM; 2ii mi. S Chug- water, 7. Dipodomys ordii Woodhouse Ord's Kangaroo Rat Adapted for saltatorial locomotion having greatly elongated hind limbs and long tail. Auditory bullae, as in many leapers, greatly enlarged. Cheek-teeth persistently growing; anterior root of zygo- matic arch enlarged; color pale Ochraceous-Buff above and white below. External cheek-pouches large. Known only from open deserts or plains. Dental formula = i.|, c.^, p.{, m.f . Dipodomys ordii luteolus (Goldman) 1917. Perodipus ordii luteohis Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 30: 112, May 23. 1921. Dipodomys ordii hiteolus, Grinnell, Jour. Mamm., 2:96, May 2. Type. — From Casper, Natrona County, Wyoming. Comparisons. — From specimens of Dipodomys ordii prisons, topotypes of D. o. luteolus difiFer little in color (upper parts between Light Ochraceous-BuflF and Ochraceous-Buff, venter white), although specimens of luteolus from eastern Wyoming are shghtly darker than topotypes of luteolus to the westward; luteolus is larger except that its liind foot is shorter and the auditory bullae are less inflated than in priscus. From D. o. terrosus, D. o. luteolus differs in paler upper parts, smaller size excepting longer tail and pinna of ear, less inflated auditory bullae and smaller skull. Measurements. — Average and extreme external and cranial measurements of 12 adult males and seven adult females from one mile northeast of Casper are, respectively, as follows: Total length, 265.6 (254-281), 260.7 (250-269); length of tail, 152.2 (145-163), 148.0 (139-153); length of hind foot, 42.2 (42-43), 41.0 (40-43); greatest length of skull, 38.9 (37.5-39.5), 38.6 (37.6- 40.5); greatest breadth across bullae, 24.1 (23.8-25.0), 24.2 (23.0-25.7); The Mammals of Wyoming 619 Oistribjiien mop of WYOMING Wuribg(ion map o( WYOMING Mus Nat.Hjst.Umv Kons,l963 Scole 100 20 40 Miles Fig. 36. 1. Reithrodontomys montanus albescens 2. Peromyscus crinitus doutti 626 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Distribution. — Known only from prairie areas in eastern fifth of state. See Fig. 36. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 4, as follows: Campbell Co.: 4/10 mi. N, 3/10 mi. E Rockypoint, 3800 ft., 1; Rockypoint, 1. Niobrara Co.: 2 mi. S, M mi. E Lusk, 5000 ft., 1, Laramie Co.: 1 mi. S Pine Bluffs, 1. Reithrodontomys megalotis dychei J. A. Allen Western Harvest Mouse 1895. Reithrodontomys dychei J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 7:120, May 21. 1914. Reithrodontomys megalotis dychei, A. H. Howell, N. Amer. Faima, 36:30, June 5. Type. — From Lawrence, Douglas County, Kansas. Description. — Large for Reithrodontomys (see Measurements); upper parts brownish washed with ochraceous; venter whitish but showing plumbeous (grayish) of basal parts of hairs; tail sharply bicolor being broadly blackish above; skull large; incisors grooved. For comparison with R. montanus, see account of that species. Measurements. — External and cra- nial measurements of one adult male and four pregnant females from one mile west-southwest of Kaycee are, respectively, as follows: Total length, 134, 134, 128, 144, 143; length of tail, 65, 59, — , 68, 63; length of hind foot, 16, 17, 17, 17, 17; length of ear from notch, 13, 13, 12, 12, 15; greatest length of skuU, — , 21.0, 19.7, 21.2, 21.0; zygomatic breadth, 10.2, 10.8, 10.4, 10.9, 10.9; interorbital breadth, 3.1, 3.2, 3.0, 2.9, 3.0; length of nasals, 7.5, 7.1, 7.0, 8.4, 7.6; cranial depth, 6.8, 6.9, 6.7, 6.7, 6.5; maxillary tooth- row, 3.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.2, 3.1. Distribution. — Great Plains in northeastern Wyoming. See Fig. 37. Remarks.— Eight pregnant females from Wyoming contained an average of 5.5 (3-7) embryos. Seven embryos were recorded from each of two females (KU 43938, 43945) from one mile west-south- west of Kaycee. This subspecies has been recently studied by Jones and Mursaloglu (1961:9-27). Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 84, as follows: Albany Co.: 27 mi. N, 8 mi. E Laramie, 6420 ft., 2; VA mi. N, 1 mi. W Laramie, 1; 2 mi. W Laramie, 1 Univ. Wyo.; 1 mi. S, 3 mi. W Laramie, 7200 ft., 2 Univ. Wyo.; 3.6 mi. SW Laramie, 1. Big Horn Co.: 7M mi. E GreybuU, 4050 ft., 1; 7 mi. S, % mi. E Basin, 1. Campbell Co.: 1% mi. N, %. mi. E Rockypoint, 1; Rockypoint, 5; 5 mi. S, 4 mi. W Rockypoint, 1; 5 mi. N, 8 mi. W Spotted Horse, 2. Crook Co.: 4 mi. N, 3 mi. E Rockypoint, 3800 ft., 3; 1% mi. NW Sundance, 5000 ft., 3. Fig. 37. 1. Reithrodontomys megalotis dychei 2. Peromyscus truei truei The Mammals of Wyoming 627 Fremont Co.: 12 mi. N, 3 mi. W Shoshoni, 4650 ft., 1; %o mi. NW Milford, 5357 ft., 1; Milford, 5357 ft., 1. Hot Springs Co.: 3 mi. N, 10 mi. W Thermopolis, 4900-4950 ft., 7. Johnson Co.: 8/10 mi. S, 1 mi. W Buffalo, 4800 ft., 4; 2 mi. S, 6M mi. W Buffalo, 5620 ft., 4; 1 mi. WSW Kaycee, 4700 ft., 8. Laramie Co.: Horse Creek, 3 mi. W Meriden, 5000 ft., 1; 1 mi. N, M mi. W Pine Bluffs, 5040 ft., 4; 1 mi. S Tine Bluffs, 5100 ft., 1; 2 mi. S Pine Bluffs, 5200 ft., 2. Natrona Co.: 1 mi. NE Casper, 5150 ft., 1; 2% mi. S, 1% mi. W Casper, 1. Niobrara Co.: 2 mi. S, }i mi. E Lusk, 5000 ft., 1. Park Co.: 4 mi. N Garland, 2; 13 mi. N, 1 mi. E Cody, 5200 ft., 2; %o mi. S, 3%o mi. E Cody, 5020 ft., 1. Platte Co.: 2% mi. S Chugwater, 5300 ft., 4. Sheridan Co.: 3 mi. WNW Monarch, 4; 5 mi. NE Clearmont, 3900 ft., 5. Washakie Co.: 1 mi. N, 3 mi. E Tensleep, 4350 ft., 5. Additional records (A. H. Howell, 1914b:32).— Fremont Co.: Sphtrock. Laramie Co.: Meadows; Pole Creek. Natrona Co.: Sun. Sheridan Co.: Atvada. Peromyscus crinitus doutti Goin Canyon Mouse 1944. Peromyscus crinitus doutti Goin, Jour. Mamm., 25:189, May 26. Type. — From Antelope Canyon, 20 miles southeast of Duchesne, 7200 ft., Duchesne County, Utah. Description. — Medium-sized for Peromyscus (see Measurements) except tail more than half total length; tail well-haired; upper parts buffy ochraceous, grizzled slightly with blackish; underparts whitish and often possessing pectoral spot of pale or dark ochraceous; maxillary tooth-row usually less than 4.0 mm. long. Measurements. — External and cranial measurements of an adult male and adult female from four miles northeast of Linwood, Utah, in Wyoming, are, respectively, as follows: Total length, 165, 178; length of tail, 87, 90; hind foot, 22, 22; greatest length of skull, 24.8, 26.1; zygomatic breadth, 12.2, — ; interorbital breadth, 4.4, 4.5; length of nasals, 8.8, 10.0; cranial depth, 8.0, 7.6; maxillary tooth-row, 3.8, 3.5. Distribution. — Known from arid, rocky areas along the Green River in ex- treme southern, southwestern Wyoming. See Fig. 36. Renmrhs.—Gom (1944:189-190) mentions that P. c. doutti is brighter than P. c. auripectus to the southward, and usually diflFers further from that subspecies in lacking a pectoral spot. She men- tions a specimen from Sweetwater County, Wyoming, having a pale pectoral spot. Of four other specimens examined by me from essentially the same place, one ( USNM 177481 ) has a bright pectoral spot and another ( USNM 177484 ) has a pale spot. The other two specimens lack pectoral spots. All four are referable to P. c. doutti because they are brighter than typical specimens of P. c. auripectus. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 4, as follows: Sweetwater Co.: 4 mi. NE Linwood, Utah, in Wyoming, 3800 ft., 4 USNM. Additional records (Goin, 1944:191): Sweetwater Co.: 1 mi. N Linwood, Utah. 628 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Peromyscus maniculatus (Wagner) Deer Mouse Teromyscus maniculatus is better represented in collections from Wyoming than is any other species of mammal. It occurs in all life- zones, and is usually abundant in all places except, perhaps, those in the two uppermost life-zones. The species is usually darker in high habitats and paler in low habitats, possibly because the latter are more arid. Size and tail length vary from place to place, but the greatest variation is in color of upper parts. They vary from dark brownish to pale yellowish buff and to bright ochraceous red. Even so, all populations are referable to a single subspecies, P. m, nehras- censis, except the brownish populations (P. m. aHemisiae) from extreme northwestern Wyoming. There are, then, in Wyoming two subspecies of the deer mouse. One occurs in western Wyoming. The eastern one ranges westward through the Wind River Mountains. Peromyscus maniculatus artemisiae (Rhoads) 1894. Sitomys americanus artemisiae Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- delphia, 46:260, October. 1909. Peromtjscus maniculatus artemisiae, Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 28:58, April 17. Type. — From Ashcroft, British Columbia. Description. — Medium in size for Peromyscus (see Measurements); upper parts dark brownish; pinna of ear blackish brown often margined with whitish; tail sharply bicolored, blackish brown above and whitish below; underparts whitish; auditory bullae small. Comparisons. — Compared with Peromyscus truei and P. crinitus, P. m. artem- isiae has a shorter tail and is darker, lacking ochraceous. From Peromyscus leucoi^us, P. maniculatus artemisiae differs in shorter tail, smaller size (espe- cially of skull ) , and more sharply bicolored tail. From Peromyscus maniculatus nebrascensis, P. m. artemisiae differs in larger size (on the average), darker upper parts, and darker pinnae. Measurements. — External and cranial measurements of two adult females and three adult males from Jackson Hole Wildlife Park are, respectively, as follows: Total length, 157, 170, 158, 173, 150; length of tail, 71, 70, 71, 81, 65; length of hind foot, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20; greatest length of skuU, 24.8, — , 25.6, — , 24.6; zygomatic breadth, 12.9, — , — , — , 12.9; interorbital breadth, 4.0, 4.0, 4.0, 3.7, 3.9; length of nasals, 10.2, — , 9.9, 11.0, 9.9; cranial depth, 7.3, 7.4^ 7.9, _, _; maxillary tooth-row, 3.8, 4.0, 3.5, 3.5, — . Distribution. — Known from Yellowstone Plateau and mountains immediately eastward thereof southward through Jackson Hole. See Fig. 38. Remarks. — Known breeding records are in June and July; nine pregnant females contained an average of 5.6 (4-7) embryos. The Mammals of Wyoming 629 Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 222, as follows: Lincoln Co.: 3 mi. N, 11 mi. E Alpine, 13; 13 mi. N, 2 mi. W Afton, 5; 10 mi. SE Afton, 7500 ft., 3 USNM; Border, 11 USNM. Park Co.: 28-31M mi. N, 30-36 mi. W Cody, 9; SW Slope Whirlwind Peak, 6700 ft., 2; 2 mi. S, 42 mi. W Cody, 6400 ft., 8; 6 mi. S, 3 mi. W Whirlwind Peak, 6700 ft., 1. Teton Co.: 18 mi. N, 9 mi. W Moran, 6743 ft., 3, 1 Univ. Wyo.; Whet- stone Creek, 1; Pacific Creek, 1; Two Ocean Lake, 1, 1 Univ. Wyo.; 1 mi. N Moran, 1 USNM; ii-'A mi. N, 2'A mi. E Moran, 6230-6750 ft., 1 Univ. Wyo., 5; Jackson Hole Wildlife Park, 25 USNM; Moran, 6244 ft., 3, 17 USNM; % mi. E Moran, 6740 ft., 1 Univ. Wyo.; 2'A mi. E Moran, 6750 ft., 1 Univ. Wtjo.; 3-3% mi. E Moran, 6230-6300 ft., 8; % mi. S, 3 mi. E Moran, 6200 ft., 1; 1 mi. S, 3%-4 mi. E Moran, 6200-6750 ft., 8, 1 Univ. Wyo.; S Moran, 1; 5 mi. S Moran, 1 USNM; Togwotee Pass, 1, 15 USNM, 1 Univ. Wyo.; Timbered Island, 4 mi. N Moose, 6750 ft., 7; Bar BC Ranch, 2'A mi. NE Moose, 6500 ft., 39; N. end Blacktail Butte, 1 mi. E Moose, 6600 ft., 8; Jackson, 1. Yellowstone Nat'l Park: Mammoth Hot Springs, 2; Bunsen Peak, 1; Locality not specified, 13. Additional record (Osgood, 1909:61). — Lincoln Co.: LaBarge Creek. Peromyscus maniculatus nebrascensis (Coues) 1877. Hesperomys sonoriensis var. nebrascensis Coues, In Coues and Allen, Monograph N. Amer. Rodentia, p. 79, August. 1909. Peromyscus maniculatus nebrascensis, Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 28:75, April 17. 1911. Peromyscus maniculatus osgoodi Meams, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 24:102, May 15, type from Calf Creek, Custer County, Montana. 1958. Peromyscus maniculatus nebrascensis, Jones, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, 71:107-110, July 16. Type. — From Deer Creek, Converse County, Wyoming (see Jones, 1958: 107). Description. — Size medium for Peromyscus (see Measurements); upper parts varying from pale buflF to reddish ochraceous and to brownish and olivaceous buflF; pinna of ear brownish and margined with whitish; underparts white; feet whitish; tail sharply bicolored, brownish above (sometimes black) and whitish below, and shorter than half total length animal; skull medium in size (see Measurements); auditory bullae moderately inflated. Comparisons. — For comparisons with other species and subspecies of Peromyscus, see accounts of those taxa. Measurements. — Average and extreme external and cranial measurements of eight old adult males and measurements of three old adult females from along Horse Creek, Laramie County, are, respectively, as follows: Total length, 153.5 (144-164), 164, 155, 155; length of tail, 64.6 (55-69), 66, 58, 65; length of hind foot, 21.0 (20-22), 20, 19, 21; length of ear, 15.5 (14-17), 15, 15, 17; greatest length of skull, 25.3 (24.5-26.3), 26.0, 25.9, 24.4; zygo- matic breadth, 13.3 (12.8-13.7), 13.1, 13.4, 13.0; interorbital breadth, 4.0 (3.8-4.1), 4.0, 3.9, 3.8; length of nasals, 10.2 (9.8-11.0), 10.8, 10.3, 9.6; cranial depth, 7.7 (7.5-8.0), 8.1, 7.9, 7.4; maxillary tooth-row, 3.6 (3.4-3.9), 3.5, 3.8, 3.7. Average and extreme external and cranial measurements of eight old adult males and measurements of one old adult female from 4/2 miles south and four miles east of Robertson are, respectively, as follows: Total length, 153.0 (137-162), 170; length of tail, 63.8 (56-72), 65; length 630 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. of hind foot, 20.0 (17-22), 17; length of ear, 17.8 (16-19), 17; greatest length of skull, 25.2 (24.1-25.6), 26.7; zygomatic breadth, 12.8 (12.6-13.0), 13.6; interorbital breadth, 3.8 (3.6-4.0), 3.9; length of nasals, 10.1 (9.2-10.7), 10.5; cranial depth, 7.6 (7.2-8.0), 7.6; maxillary tooth-row, 3.6 (3.5-3.7), 3.3. Distribution. — Most habitats, from low desert areas to high alpine areas, throughout most of state excepting the area occupied by P. m. artemisiae. See Fig. 38. Remarks. — There has been much confusion in the past 70 years concerning the name correctly to be applied to the deer mouse occupying most of Wyoming. Jones (1958:107-111) unraveled the truth of the matter by ascer- taining first that the type speci- men of P. m. nehrascensis came from Deer Creek in Converse County, Wyoming, instead of from the Deer Creek much far- ther east in Nebraska. Con- sequently, specimens from throughout most of Wyoming now correctly take the name P. m. nehrascensis, although before 1958 P. m. osgoadi was the name Fig. 38. Marginal records of Peromyscus maniculatus. 1. P. m. artemisiae 2. P. m. nehrascensis used for almost 50 years for these same mice. A syntype of P. m. nehrascensis has subse- quently been found that was for- merly thought to be no longer in existence (Jones and Mursaloglu, 1961:101-103). Blair (1953) has discussed gene exchange in populations of P. maniculatus in the light of recent work on dispersal and home range and in the light of studies on variation in deer mice under- taken by Dice and his associates. Dark mice from northwestern Wyoming (referred in this paper to P. m. artemisiae) diflFer from other deer mice in Wyoming mainly in color. Two geographic areas exert influences on the latter mice mentioned by Blair. The sand hills of western Nebraska and extreme eastern Wyoming be- cause of aridity and pale soils effect fairly high frequencies of pale mice not seen from surrounding areas. High frequencies of me- dium-dark mice in the same hills are attributed to the influx of hereditary materials from the surrounding populations. In the Black Hills, dark soils effect a fairly high frequency of dark mice not seen in surrounding areas except in the mountains of northwest The Mammals of Wyoming 631 Wyoming. But even in the Black Hills many mice are only me- dium-dark. My observations of Wyoming deer mice confirm these findings in part. Many medium-dark mice occur in the Black Hills, some of which show blackish color mid-dorsally. On the whole the specimens are somewhat more olivaceous than mice from the lowlands of Wyoming. Specimens from the sandy soils of eastern Wyoming are on the average paler than those from the Black Hills and also from the mountains in south-central Wyoming. Jones and Mursologlu (1961) noted that some mice from these moun- tains were more reddish than specimens from "adjacent arid plains" of Wyoming, but one specimen ( the syntype of P. w. nebrascensis ) is also reddish. In examing large series from many places in Wyoming I con- clude that several colors of pelage often are found in each popula- tion. Pale mice occur among dark mice in, say, forested areas, and dark mice or reddish mice occur with pale mice in arid areas. In general, the color of the mice conforms to Gloger's Rule in being predominately paler in arid areas and darker in more humid (higher) areas. But all mice examined from these areas (except extreme western Wyoming) are referable to nebrascensis on the basis of morphological resemblances as, I suppose on geographic grounds, are the mice listed by Quay (1948:181) from Niobrara County. The number of embryos in 29 pregnant females from Carbon County averages 5.6 ( 2-9 ) . Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 1,797, as follows: Albany Co.: Spnnghm, 6300 ft., 7 USNM; 29 mi. N, 8% mi. E Laramie, 6420 ft., 1; 27 mi. N, 8 mi. E Laramie, 6420 ft., 2; 27 mi. N, 5 mi. E Laramie, 6900 ft., 2; 26ii mi. N, 12 mi. E Laramie, 6100 ft., 1; 9 mi. NE Laramie, 7500 ft., 3 Univ. Wyo.; 8 mi. N Laramie, 7300 ft., 1 Univ. Wyo.; 8 mi. NE Laramie, 7500 ft., 8 Univ. Wyo.; 6 mi. NW Laramie, 7250 ft., 1 Univ. Wyo.; 6 mi. NE Laramie, 7250 ft., 1 Univ. Wyo.; 5 mi. N Laramie, 7400 ft., 2; 4'A mi. N Laramie, 7500 ft., 2 Univ. Wyo.; Univ. Wyo. Sci. Camp, 1 Univ. Wyo.; Nash Fork Creek, 2 mi. W Centennial, 2; ?i mi. S, 2 mi. E Medicine Bow Peak, 10,800 ft., 1; 3 mi. NE Laramie, 7350 ft., 2 Univ. Wyo.; 2-2'A mi. NW Laramie, 7175-7250 ft., 4 Univ. Wyo., 1; PA mi. N Laramie, 7200 ft., 1 Univ. Wyo.; 4 mi. W Laramie, 7275 ft., 1 Univ. Wyo.; Laramie, 7100-7150 ft., 8 Univ. Wyo.; 1 mi. E Lara- mie, 7164-7300 ft., 6 Univ. Wyo., 3; l%-2 mi. E Laramie, 7100-7300 ft., 6 Univ. Wyo., 8; 2¥2 mi. E Laramie, 7250 ft., 2 Univ. Wyo.; 3 mi. E Laramie, 7250 ft., 4 Univ. Wyo., 2; 4 mi. E Laramie, 7200 ft., 2 Univ. Wyo.; 5 mi. E Laramie, 1 Univ. Wyo.; 9 mi. E Laramie, 7400 ft, 1 Univ. Wyo.; 10 mi. E Laramie, 1 USNM; 2 mi. S Browns Peak, 10,600 ft., 1; 2% mi. ESE Browns Peak, 10,300 ft., 3; 3 mi. ESE Browns Peak, 10,000 ft., 11; 4 mi. SW Laramie, 7175 ft., 2 Univ. Wyo., 3; 6'A mi. S, 8% mi. E Laramie, 8200 ft., 10; N. Fork Camp Grounds, 8500 ft., 2; Wallace Picnic Ground, 8350 ft., 1; 1 mi. SSE Pole Mtn., 8350 ft., 8; 2 mi. SW Pole Mtn., 8300 ft., 2; 2 mi. S£ Pole Mtn., 8200 ft., 2; 3 mi. S Pole Mtn., 8100 ft., 3; Red Buttes, 12 mi. S Laramie, 1 Univ. Wyo.; 15 mi. SE Laramie, 8200 ft., 5 USNM; Tie City [Tie Siding], 8175 ft., 2; 2 mi. N Colorado Boundary, Hwy. 287, 2. 632 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Big Horn Co.: Medicine Wheel Ranch, 28 mi. E Lovell, 9000 ft., 12; Granite Creek Camp Grounds, 21; 2 mi. N, 12 mi. E Shell, 7500 ft., 14; Shell Creek, 1 mi. NW Shell, 3; 12 mi. E Shell, 7500 ft., 3; 6 mi. NW Greyhull, 3800 ft., 4; 10 mi. W Germania, 1 USNM; Germania, 1 USNM; 3 mi. E Germania, 1 USNM; Greyhull, 12 USNM; Hd. Trappers Creek, 8500 ft., 9 USNM; Bighorn River, 1 USNM; Bighorn Mtns., 1 USNM; 7 mi. S Basin, 3900 ft., 11. Campbell Co.: Powder River Crossing, 4100 ft., 2 USNM; Little Powder River, 3 USNM; 3 mi. N, 3 mi. W Rochjpoint, 3800 ft., 4; Rockypoint, 1; 2 mi. S, IVz mi. W Rockypoint, 1; 4 mi. S, 6 mi. W Rockypoint, 4200 ft., 2; 6 mi. S, 4 mi. W Rockypoint, 4200 ft., 2; 6V2 mi. S, 5 mi. W Rockypoint, 4200 ft., 2; Ivy Creek, 5 mi. N, 8 mi. W Spotted Horse, 3; 2^2 mi. N, 7 mi. W Spotted Horse, 3800 ft., 10; Middle Butte, 38 mi. S, 19 mi. W Gillette, 6010 ft., 8; S. Butte, 4OY2 mi. S, 17Y2 mi. W Gillette, 6000 ft., 4; 45'A mi. S, 15% mi. W Gillette, 5342 ft., 3; 45% mi. S, 13% mi. W Gillette, 5340 ft., 3. Carbon Co.: 12 mi. S Alcova, 2 USNM; Ferris Mtns., 8500 ft., 6 USNM; Shirley Mtns., 7600 ft., 12 USNM; 33 mi. W Medicine Bow, 6400 ft., 4; 18 mi. NNE Sinclair, 6500 ft., 31; Ft. Steele, 12 USNM; 30 mi. E Rawlins, 6700 ft., 4; Bridger Pass, 18 mi. SW Rawlins, 7500 ft., 16; Saratoga, 5 USNM; 6 mi. S, 13 mi. E Saratoga, 8500 ft., 2; 6 mi. S, 14 mi. E Saratoga, 8800 ft., 11; 10 mi. N, 14 mi. E Encampment, 8000 ft., 13; 10 mi. N, 16 mi. E Encampment, 8000 ft., 2; 9%-10 mi. N, 10%-12 mi. E Encampment, 7200-9200 ft., 23; 9 mi. N, 3 mi. E Encampment, 6500 ft., 3; 9 mi. N, 8 mi. E Encampment, 7000 ft., 5; 8 mi. N, 14% mi. E Encampment, 8100 ft., 6; 8 mi. N, 16 mi. E Encampment, 8400 ft., 15; 8 mi. N, 18 mi. E Encampment, 8900 ft., 1; 8 mi. N, 21% mi. E Encampment, 9400 ft., 2; Riverside, 5 USNM; 2 mi. S Bridger Peak, 9300 ft., 11; 10 mi. N Baggs, 4 Univ. Wyo.; 8 mi. N Baggs, 1; 8 mi. N, 19%-20 mi. E Savery, 8800 ft., 17; 7% mi. N, 18% mi. E Savery, 8400 ft., 1; 7 mi. N, 17 mi. E Savery, 8300 ft., 1; 6 mi. N, 12%-13% mi. E Savery, 8400 ft., 7; 6 mi. N, 14-14% mi. E Savery, 8350-8400 ft., 6; 6 mi. N, 15 mi. E Savery, 8500 ft., 1; 5 mi. N, 10% mi. E Savery, 8000 ft., 2; 4 mi. N, 10 mi. E Savery, 4; % mi. N Baggs, 6500 ft., 2; 1 mi. SW Dixon, 6600 ft., 4. Converse Co.: 13 mi. N, 2 mi. W Bill, 3800 ft., 1; 12 mi. N, 6 mi. W Bill, 2; 12 mi. N, 2 mi. W Bill, 4800 ft., 9; Deer Creek, 2% mi. S, 1 mi. W Glen- rock, 1; 4% mi. S, 3 mi. W Glenrock, 1; 3 mi. N, 5 mi. E Orin, 4725 ft., 6; 21%-22 mi. S, 24% mi. W Douglas, 7700 ft., 33; 23 mi. S, 25 mi. W Douglas, 7800 ft., 2. Crook Co.: 2 mi. S Colony, 3500 ft., 3; Little Missouri River, 7 USNM; 2 mi. N, 15 mi. W Hulett, 2; 2 mi. N, 13 mi. W Hulett, 1; Devils Tower, 3350 ft., 2 USNM; 15 mi. ENE Sundance, 3825 ft., 11; 3 mi. NW Sundance, 5900 ft., 12; 2 mi. NW Sundance, 11; 1% mi. NW Sundance, 5000 ft., 1; Sundance, 10 USNM; Belle Fourche River, Moorcroft, 2; Moorcroft, 10 USNM. Fremont Co.: Jackeys Creek, 3 mi. S Dubois, 11 USNM; 12 mi. N, 3 mi. W Shoshoni, 4650 ft., 8; 7 mi. N Shoshoni, 4700 ft., 5; 5 mi. N, 1 mi. W Shoshoni, 4700 ft., 1; 2% mi. W Shoshoni, 4800 ft., 2; Bull Lake Creek, Wind River, 1 USNM; Bull Lake, 3 USNM; Lake Fork, 9600-10,000 ft., 3 USNM; 2 mi. N, 6 mi. W Burris, 6450 ft., 5; Sage Creek, 8 mi. NW Ft. Washakie, 4 USNM; Ft. Washakie, 3 USNM; Moccasin Lake, 4 mi. N, 19 mi. W Lander, 10,100 ft., 9; Mosquito Park Ranger Sta., 2% mi. N, 17% mi. W Lander, 9000- 9500 ft., 3; 3/10 mi. S£ Milford, 5357 ft., 2; Middle Lake, 2 mi. S, 20% mi. W Lander, 1; % mi. N, 3 mi. E South Pass City, 2; South Pass City, 8000 ft., 2 USNM; 17 mi. S, 6% mi. W Lander, 7; 22-23 mi. S, 5-5% mi. W Lander, 8800 ft., 2; Splitrock, 6200 ft., 2 USNM; Sweetwater, 2 Univ. Wyo.; 8 mi. E Rongis, Green Mtns., 8000 ft., 4 USNM; Mt. Crooks and Crooks Gap, 33. Goshen Co.: Muskrat Canyon, 7; Raiohide Buttes, 4 USNM. Hot Springs Co.: Kirhy Creek, 1 USNM; 3 mi. N, 10 mi. W Thermopolis, 1; 2 mi. S Thermopolis, 4350 ft., 1; 10 mi. S, 3 mi. E Thermopolis, 4600 ft., 12; 24 Tfxi SE ThcTtnotyoiis 1 Johnson Co.: 14 mi. W Buffalo, 1; 8/10 mi. S, 1 mi. W Buffalo, 1; 1 mi. S, 7% mi. W Buffalo, 6500 ft., 1; 1 mi. S, 5% mi. W Buffalo, 4800-5600 ft., 2; 1 mi. S, 4% mi. W Buffalo, 5420 ft., 2; 2 mi. S, 6% mi. W Buffalo, 5620 ft., 7; 3 mi. W Klondike, 2; 1 mi. S, 4 mi. W Klondike, 6500 ft., 3; 1 mi. WSW Kaycee, 4700 ft., 43. The Mammals of Wyoming 633 Laramie Co.: 12 mi. N Horse Creek P. O., 1 Univ. Wyo.; Horse Creek, 6 mi. W Meriden, 5200 ft., 2; Horse Creek, 3 mi. W Meriden, 5000 ft., 15; 5 mi. W Horse Creek P. O., 7200 ft., 8; 3^ mi. \V Horse Creek P. O., 7000 ft., 13; 2'A mi. W Horse Creek P. O., 6600 ft., 2; 2.2 mi. W Horse Creek P. O., 6600 ft., 3; Horse Creek P. O. 6500 ft., 17; 3 mi. E Horse Creek P. O., 6400 ft., 3; 5'A mi. S Glemjs, 5200 ft., 2; 6 mi. W Islay, 15 USNM; 11 mi. N, 5'A mi. E Cheyenne, 5950 ft., 2; 1 mi. S, ¥2 mi. E Pine Bluffs, 5200 ft., 5; 2 mi. S Pine Bluffs, 5200 ft., 45; 7 mi. W Cheyetme, 6500 ft., 9; 15 mi. ESE Cheyenne, 6. Lincoln Co.: 6 mi. N, 2 mi. E Sage, 3; Fontenelle, 6500 ft., 2 USNM; Kemmerer, 6 USNM; Cokeville, 9 USNM; Cumberland, 18 USNM, 12. Natrona Co.: 27 mi. N, 1 mi. E Powder River, 6075-6100 ft., 3; Arminto, 2; 1 mi. NE Casper, 5150 ft., 3; 3 mi. W Casper, 5; Casper, 1 USNM; 4 mi. E Casper, 5100 ft., 1; 4'^ mi. S, PA mi. W Casper, 5550 ft., 2; 6 mi. S, 2 mi. W Casper, 1; 16 mi. S, 11 mi. W Waltman, 6950 ft., 6; Rattlesnake Mtns., 7500 ft., 7 USNM; 7 mi. S Casper, 6000 ft., 4 USNM; 7 mi. S, 2 mi. W Casper, 6370 ft., 6; 10 mi. S Casper, 7750 ft., 4; Dry Creek, 12 mi. N Sun, 6400 ft., 7 USNM; 1 mi. N, 9 mi. W Independence Rock, 5; Sun Ranch, 5 mi. W Inde- pendence Rock, 6000 ft., 13. Niobrara Co.: 10 mi. N Hatcreek P. O., 4300 ft., 15; 2 mi. S, % mi. E Lusk, 5000 ft., 1. Park Co.: Clarks Fork, 1 USNM; 16}^ mi. N, 17 mi. W Cody, 5625 ft., 13; 4 mi. N Garland, 35; 13 mi. N, 1 mi. E Cody, 5200 ft., 4; 5 mi N Cody, 9 USNM; 4 mi. S, 12 mi. W Cody, 1; 4 mi. S, 5 mi. W Cody, 11; 25 mi. S, 28 mi. W Cody, 6350 ft., 9; VaUey, 6500-7500 ft., 23 USNM; Needle Mtn., 10 USNM; 2 mi. S, 2 mi. E Meeteetse, 5750 ft., 11; 15'A mi. S, 13 mi. W Mee- teds 6 1 , Platte Co.: 2'A mi. S Chugwater, 5300 ft., 4. Sheridan Co.: 4 mi. NNE Banner, 2; Wolf, 4 USNM; 3 mi. WNW Monarch, 11; Sheridan, 5 USNM; 4-5 mi. NE Clearmont, 30; Arvada, 9 USNM. Sublette Co.: 31 mi. N Pinedale, 8025 ft., 11; N. Side Halfmood Lake, 7900 ft., 5; 5 mi. N, 3 mi. E Pinedale, 7500 ft., 4; 2« mi. NE Pinedale, 7500 ft., 3; Big Sandy, 6 USNM; 2 mi. S, 19 mi. W Big Piney, 7700 ft., 10; Jet. Green River and New Fork, 11 USNM. Sweetwater Co.: Farson, 6; 5 mi. SE Sand Dunes, 1; Jet. Big Sandy and Green rivers, 2; Superior, Steamboat Mtn., 7 USNM; Between Tipton and Tahlerock, 1 Univ. Wyo.; 2'A mi. N Wamsutter, 9; Green River, 5; % mi. S Green River, 6090 ft., 1 Univ. Wyo.; 26 mi S, 21 mi. W Rock Springs, 3; 32 mi. S, 22 mi. W Rock Springs, 23; 18 mi. S Bitter Creek, 6800 ft., 4; Kinney Ranch, 21 mi. S Bitter Creek, 6800 ft., 20; 22 mi. SW Bitter Creek, 3; 30 mi. 5 Bitter Creek, 2; 33 mi. S Bitter Creek, 4; 4 mi. NE Linwood 5800 ft., 10 USNM; W side Green River, 1 mi. N Utah Border, 6; ^ mi. N Henrys Fork and Utah Boundary, 1. Uinta Co.: ^ mi. S, PA mi. W Cumberland, 6500 ft., 3; Bear River, 14 mi. N Evanston, 6600-6800 ft., 7 USNM; 1 mi. N Ft. Bridger, 6650 ft., 10; 8'A mi. W Ft. Bridger, 7100 ft., 4; 2 mi. W Ft. Bridger, 6700 ft., 1; Ft. Bridger, 6650 ft., 13 USNM, 3; 2'A mi. WSW Ft. Bridger, 6800 ft., 5; Mountainview, 11 USNM; Evanston, 14 USNM; PA mi. S, 2 mi. E Robertson, 1; Sage Creek, 10 mi. N Lonetree, 2; 4'A mi. S, 2'A mi. E Robertson, 8075 ft., 6; 4'A mi. S, 4 mi. E Rob- ertson, 8025 ft., 19; 6 mi. S, 2'A mi. E Robertson, 12; 8 mi. S, 2'A mi. E Rob- ertson, 8300 ft., 13; 9 mi. S Robertson, 8000 ft., 76; 10 mi. S, 1 mi. W Robert- son, 1; 10 mi. S, 2'A mi. E Robertson, 8900 ft., 2; lO'A-lPA mi. S, 2 mi. E Robertson, 7200 ft., 10; 13 mi. S, 2 mi. E Robertson, 9200 ft., 1; Lonetree, 2 USNM; Beaver Creek, 4 mi. S Lonetree, 5 USNM. Washakie Co.: 5 mi. N, 9 mi. E Tensleep, 7400 ft., 1; 4 mi. N, 9 mi. E Tensleep, 7000 ft., 28; 1 mi. N, 3 mi. E Tensleep, 4350 ft., 1; ¥2 mi. S, 1 mi. W Tensleep, 4300 ft., 3; 4 mi. S, 7 mi. W Worland, 4100 ft., 7; 8 mi. S, 8 mi. W Worland, 4200 ft., 1; 10 mi. S, 9 mi. W Worland, 4100 ft., 9. Weston Co.: PA mi. E Buckhorn, 2; 9 mi. N, 1 mi. E Newcastle, 5; New- castle, 12 USNM; 23 mi. SW Newcastle, 4500 ft., 18. Additional records (Osgood, 1909:77 unless otherwise noted). — Albany Co.: Sheep Creek, 17 mi. W Toltec; Sherman. Big Horn Co.: Otto. Converse Co.: Ft. Fetterman. Niobrara Co.: Eastern part (Quay, 1948:181). 634 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist, Peromyscus leucopus aridulus Osgood White-footed Mouse 1909. Peromyscus leucopus aridulus Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 28:122, April 17. Type. — From Fort Custer, Big Horn County, Montana. Comparison. — Compared with Peromyscus maniculatus, P. leucopus differs in averaging larger (see Measurements); being darker above; having more robust and larger skull; having less sharply bicolored tail ( underside often brownish). Subadults can be con- fused with P. maniculatus, but few of them have the hind foot shorter than 21 mm. Measurements. — External and cra- nial measurements of an adult male and an old adult male from within 11 miles of Rockypoint (Crook County) and external measurements of a preg- nant (3 embryos) female (skin only) from two miles north and 13 miles west of Hulett are, respectively, as follows: Total length, 174, 186, 188; length of tail, 71, 78, 86; length of hind foot, 22, 23, 22; length of ear, 15, 19, 16; greatest length of skull, 27.0, 27.8; zygomatic breadth, 13.4, 14.7; interorbital breadth, 4.1, 4.5; length of nasals, 10.0, 11.0; cranial depth, 8.2, 8.4; maxillary tooth-row, 3.8. 4.1. Distribution. — Northeastern part of state; may be found elsewhere in eastern Wyoming in brushy or wooded habitat. See Fig. 39. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 6, as follows: Campbell Co.: 3 mi. N, 3 mi. W Rockypoint, 1. Crook Co.: 2 mi. S Colony, 3500 ft., 1; 3 mi. S, 5 mi. E Rockypoint, 1; 7 mi. S, 8 mi. E Rockypoint, 3900 ft., 1; 2 mi. N, 13 mi. W Hulett, 2. Peromyscus truei truei (Shuf eldt) Pifion Mouse 1885. Hesperomys truei Shufeldt, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 8:407, Septem- ber 14. 1894. P [eromyscus]. Truei, Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, ser. 6, 14:365, November. Type. — From Wingate, McKinley County, New Mexico. Description. — Large, especially pinnae of ears (see Measurements); tail well-haired and long; upper parts grayish ochraceous with ochraceous lateral line; underparts whitish; tooth-row long; auditory bullae large. Comparisons. — Long, well-haired tail and ochraceous lateral line distinguish this mouse from other kinds of Peromyscus in Wyoming except P. crinitus. Compared with P. crinitus, P. t. truei has longer ears, longer tooth-rows (more than 8.0 mm. ), larger auditory bullae, and narrower skull. Fig. 39. Distribution of Peromyscus leucopus aridulus. The Mammals of Wyoming 635 Measurements. — Measurements of one male and three females (all adults) from four miles northeast of Linwood, Utah (in Wyoming), are as follows: Total length, 171, 171, 173, 172; length of tail, 85, 87, 89, 86; hind foot, 23, 23, 23, 24; greatest length of skull, 26.2, 25.9, — , 25.8; zygomatic breadth, 12.9, 12.6, — , — ; interorbital breadth, 4.3, 4.4, — , 4.3; length of nasals, 9.3, 9.3, 9.8, 9.1; cranial depth, 8.5, 8.3, — , — ; maxillary tooth-row, 4.1, 4.2, 4.1, 3.9. Distribution. — Arid area along Green River in southwestern part of state. See Fig. 37. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 4, as follows: Sweetwater Co.: 4 mi. NE Linwood, Utah, 5800 ft., 4 USNM. Onychomys leucogaster (Wied-Neuwied) Northern Grasshopper Mouse Medium in size for Cricetidae except tail, which is short (usually less than twice the length of the hind foot ) ; upper parts brownish gray to Pinkish Cinnamon; underparts and feet white; tail tipped with white; cheek-teeth (unworn) showing sharp, elongate cusps; coronoid process of mandible elongate. Food consists principally of insects. Disiributkin ciwp of WYOMING Mus. Not. Hist., Univ. Karts. 1945 l-^J- 40 Miles =1 />m] 110 Fig. 40. Distribution of Onychomys leucogaster. Guide to subspecies 2. O. I. brevicaudus 1. O. I. arcticeps 3. O. I. missouriensis 636 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Onychomys leucogaster arcticeps Rhoads 1898. Onychomys arcticeps Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Science Philadelphia, 50:194, May 3. 1914. Onychomys leucogaster arcticeps, HoUister, Proc. U. S. Nat'l Mus., 47:439, October 29. Type. — From Clapham, Union County, New Mexico. Comparisons. — Compared with Onychomys leucogaster brevicaudus, O. I. arcticeps differs in larger size and paler upper parts. From O. /. misscniriensis, O. I. arcticeps differs in paler, huffier upper parts. Measurements. — External and cranial measurements of four adults, all males (7 mi. S Basin; 6 mi. NW Greybull; 13 mi. N and 1 mi. E Cody; 5 mi. N and 1 mi. W Shoshoni) are, in order by locality, as follows: Total length, 136, 144, 139, 132; length of tail, 41, 41, 43, 34; liind foot, 20, 21, 20, 17; ear from notch, 17, 18, 18, 16; greatest length of skull, 28.0, 27.7, 27.0, 27.2; zygomatic breadth, 15.5, 15.5, 14.2, — ; interorbital breadth, 4.7, 4.7, 4.3, 4.8; length of nasals, 11.7, 10.0, 10.1, 10.2; cranial depth, 8.6, 8.6, 8.0, 8.5; maxillary tooth- row, 4.3, — , 4.1, 4.2. External and cranial measurements of an adult male and an adult female from two miles south of Pine Bluffs, Laramie County, are as follows: Total length, 139, 140; length of tail, 35, 38; hind foot, 19, 19; ear from notch, 22, 14; greatest length of skull, 28.8, 28.3; zygomatic breadth, — , 15.3; interorbital breadth, 4.8, 4.6; length of nasals, 11.0, 10.8; cranial depth, 8.2, 8.4; maxillary tooth-row, 4.6, 4.1. Distribution. — Throughout most of state in proper habitat, excepting areas occupied by O. I. missouriensis and O. /. brevicaudus. Occurs in arid plains and deserts. See Fig. 40. Remarks. — In an adult male (KU 18283) the last (third) upper molars are absent. Five females from Laramie County, taken from 16 June to 22 July, contained an average of 4.2 (3-6) embryos. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 181, as follows: Albany Co.: VA mi N Laramie, 7200 ft., 2 Univ. Wyo.; Laramie, 7100 ft., 2 Univ. Wyo. Big Horn Co.: 6 mi. NW Greybull, 3800 ft., 4; Greybull, 1 USNM; 7 mi. S Basin, 3900 ft., 2. Carbon Co.: 3.3 mi. W Medicine Bow, 1; 30 mi. E Rawhns, 6750 ft., 4; Bridgers Pass, 2 USNM; Saratoga, 4 USNM; 1 mi. N Encampment, 7100 ft., 1. Converse Co.: 12 mi. N, 7 mi. W Bill, 4700 ft., 1. Fremont Co.: Sheep Creek, S. Base Owl Creek Mtns., 1 USNM; 2 mi. N, 6 mi. W Burris, 6450 ft., 2; 5 mi. N, 1 mi. W Shoshoni, 3; Bull Lake, 1 USNM; 3 mi. W Splitrock, 7400 ft., 1 Univ. Wyo.; Crooks Gap, 7000 ft., 1; Mt. Crooks, 8600 ft., 2. Hot Springs Co.: Hd. Bridgers Creek, 6500 ft., 1 USNM. Laramie Co.: Horse Creek, 6-6)2 mi. W Meriden, 5200 ft., 8; Horse Creek, 4 mi. W Meriden, 5200 ft., 2; 5)2 mi. S Glenys, 5200 ft., 2; 2 mi. S Pine Bluffs, 5200 ft., 6; Cheyenne, 1 USNM. Lincoln Co.: Fontenelle, 3 USNM; Kemmerer, 3 USNM; Cumberland, 1 USNM. Natrona Co.: 16 mi. S, 11 mi. W Waltman, 6950 ft., 2; 1 mi. NE Casper, 5150 ft., 14; Casper, 5 USNM; 1 mi. N, 9 mi. W Independence Rock, 1; Dry Creek, 2 mi. N Sun, 6400 ft., 1 USNM; Sun, 4 USNM. Park Co.: 13 mi. N, 1 mi. E Cody, 5200 ft., 1; 4 mi. N Garland, 2. Platte Co.: Bordeaux, 1 USNM; Chugwater, 1 USNM. Sublette Co.: Big Sandy, 7 USNM. Sweetwater Co.: 27 mi. N, 37 mi. E Rock Springs, 6700 ft., 1; 25 mi. N, 38 mi. E Rock Springs, 6700 ft., 1; Superior, Steamboat Mtn., 1 USNM; 2)i mi. N Wamsutter, 1; Green River, 1 USNM; 26 mi. S, 21 mi. W Rock Springs, 4; 32 mi. S, 22 mi. W Rock Springs, 2; 32 mi. S, 22 mi. E Rock Springs, 7025 The Mammals of Wyoming 637 ft., 1; 18 mi. S Bitter Creek, 8; 21 mi. SW Bitter Creek, 1; Kinney Ranch, 21 mi. S Bitter Creek, 6800 ft., 18, 1 USNM; 30 mi. S Bitter Creek, 11; 33 mi. S Bitter Creek, 6900 ft., 22. Uinta Co.: Mountainview, 4 USNM; Ft. Bridger, 1 USNM. Weston Co.: Newcastle, 1 USNM; 23 mi. SW Newcastle, 4500 ft., 4. Additional records (HolUster, 1914:441). — Sweetwater Co.: Superior; Bit- ter Creek. Carbon Co.: Aurora. Onychomys leucogaster brevicaudus Merriam 1891. Onychomys leucogaster brevicaudus Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 5:52, July 30. Type. — From Blackfoot, Bingham County, Idaho. Comparisons. — For comparison with O. I. arcticeps, see account of that sub- species. Compared with O. I. missouriensis, O. I. brevicaudus is smaller and slightly darker. Measurements. — External and cranial measurements of the type ( adult male ) , two adult females from Evanston, and an adult female and two males (sub- adults) from Bear River, 14 miles north of Evanston, are, respectively, as follows: Total length, 139, 135, 146, 140, 142, — ; length of tail, 38, 41, 41, 35, 42, — ; length of hind foot, 19.5, 20, 20, 20, 21, — ; total length of skull, — , — , — , 26.9, 27.3, 26.7; zygomatic breadth, 14.5, — , 15.1, 14.1, 14.4, 14.7; interorbital breadth, 4.8, 4.4, 4.4, 4.6, 4.5, 4.5; length of nasals, 10.0, — , — , 10.7, 10.2, 10.4; cranial depth, — , 8.3, 8.9, 8.1, 8.5, 8.3; maxillary tooth-row, 4.0, 4.4, 4.3, 4.3, 4.4, 4.2. Distribution. — Along Bear River in Lincoln County. See Fig. 40. Remarks. — This subspecies differs more from O. I. arcticeps than the latter subspecies does from O. I. missouriensis. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 10, as follows: Lincoln Co.: Cokeville, 1 USNM. Uinta Co.: Bear River, 14 mi. N Evanston, 6600 ft., 3 USNM; Evanston, 6 USNM. Onychomys leucogaster missouriensis (Audubon and Bachman) 1851. Mus missouriensis Audubon and Bachman, The viviparous quadrupeds of North America, 2:327. 1914. Onychomys leucogaster missouriensis, Hollister, Proc. U. S. Nat'l Mus., 47:438, October 29. Type. — From Fort Union, near present town of Buford, Williams County, North Dakota. Comparisons. — See accounts of O. I. arcticeps and O. I. brevicaudus. Measurements. — External and cranial measurements of an old female from the Little Powder River and of three females (subadults) and one subadult male from Arvada are, respectively, as follows: Total length, 160, 138, 140, 145, 137; length of tail, 43, 39, 38, 37, 41; length of hind foot, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20; total length of skull, 27.8, 26.9, 27.6, 27.4, 26.8; zygomatic breadth, — , 14.3, 14.9, 14.2, — ; interorbital breadth, 4.7, 4.5, 4.5, 4.3, 4.5; length of nasals, 10.7, 10.0, 11.2, 10.4, 10.2; cranial depth, 8.8, 8.3, 8.6, 8.5, 8.2; maxil- lary tooth-row, 4.7, 4.4, 4.3, 4.5, 4.5. Distribution. — That part of northeastern Wyoming drained by northward flowing rivers. See Fig. 40. 10—2329 638 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Remarks. — Specimens referred to O. I. niissouriensis are inter- grades between that subspecies and O. I. arcticeps. On Figure 40 the boundary between the two subspecies is nearly the same as that drawn by Hollister (1914:435). Bone fragments of O. leucogaster from Middle and Pumpkin buttes, Campbell County, reported by Long and Kerfoot (1963), are here referred on geographic grounds to O. I. missouriensis because the localities in Campbell County are in the same river valley (Belle Fourche) as is Moorcroft, from which place specimens are referable to O. I. missouriensis. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 15, as follows: Campbell Co.: Little Powder River, 1 USNM; 2 mi. S, l)i mi. W Rockypoint, 2; 42 mi. S, 13 mi. W Gillette, 2 (from owl pellet, discarded). Crook Co.: Moorecroft, 5 USNM. Sheridan Co.: 5 mi. NE Clearmont, 3900 ft., 1; Arvada, 4 USNiM. Neotoma cinerea (Ord) Bushy-tailed Wood Rat A large rodent having a bushy, squirrelhke tail; upper parts varying from dark blackish ochraceous to pale Cinnamon-Buff; venter ordinarily white; tail grayish or ochraceous above, usually Oislrlbullon mop of WYOMING Mus. Not. Hist., Univ. Koto. 1945 1-^4- FiG. 41. Distribution of Neotoma cinerea. 1. Neotoma cinerea cinerea 3. Neotoma cinerea orolestes 2. Neotoma cinerea cinnamomea 4. Neotoma cinerea rupicola The Mammals of Wyoming 639 wliitish below; rostrum long and slender with nasals flaring or straight-sided; supraorbital ridges often conspicuous; palatal slits elongate; Ml with deep anterointernal re-entrant angle; M3 with anterior closed triangle and two confluent posterior loops; dental formula as in Peromyscus. Neotoma cinerea cinerea (Ord) 1815. Mus cinereus Ord, In Guthrie, A new geogr., liist., comm. grammar . . ., Philadelphia, 2nd Amer.ed., 2:292. 1858. Neotoma cinerea, Baird, Mammals, in Repts., Expl. Surv. . . ., 8(1):499, July 14. Type. — From near Great Falls, Cascade County, Montana. Comparisons. — Compared with otlier subspecies of ZV. cinerea in Wyoming, N. c. cinerea is darkest (grayish or blackish instead of buffy); is as large as orolestes; has small auditory bullae as has that subspecies; and is unique in having some specimens lacking sphenopalatal vacuities; nasals flare anteriorly more than in other subspecies. Measurements. — External and cranial measurements of adult males from Moran, Teton Pass, Salt River, and Lamar River are, respectively, as follows: Total length, 396, 380, 406, 433; length of tail, 180, 162, 178, 194; hind foot, 49, 48, 49, 47; condylonasal length, 52.6, 51.9, 54.3, 54.5; zygomatic breadth, 27.2, 26.4, 28.3, 27.6; interorbital breadth, 5.6, 5.3, 5.6, 5.6; lengtli of nasals, 20.0, 19.9, 20.5, 20.4; cranial depth, 14.7, 13.7, 13.9, 14.0; maxillary tooth- row, 9.6, 9.9, 10.0, 10.6; palatal slits, 12.4, 11.6, 12.8, 12.4. Distribution. — Western Wyoming mainly in the mountains of northwestern part of state. See Fig. 41. Remarks. — Specimens from Cokeville are intergrades between N. c. cinerea and paler wood rats to the eastward, but are referable to N. c. cinerea on account of grizzled blackish upper parts in most of the specimens. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 42, as follows: Fremont Co.: 5 mi. W Union, 1 USNM; Bull Lake, 7700 ft., 5 USNM; Not found. Little Sheep Mtn., 8600 ft., 1 Univ. Wyo. Lincoln Co.: Salt River, 10 mi. N Afton, 6200 ft., 3 USNM; Cokeville, 5 USNM. Park Co.: Moutli Grinnell Creek, Pahaska, 1 USNM; 6 mi. S, 3 mi. W Whirlwind Peak, 6700 ft., 2; 25 mi. S, 28 mi. W Cody, 6350 ft., 1. Sublette Co.: Halfmoon Lake, 7900 ft., 3; 3 mi. W Stanley, 8000 ft., 1 USNM; Big Sandy, 2 USNM; Jet. Green River and New Fk., 1 USNM. Teton Co.: Jackson Hole Wildlife Park, 3 USNM; Moran, 6742 ft., 1, 1 USNM; 1 mi. E Moran, 6600 ft., 1, 1 Univ. Wyo.; 8 mi. E Moran, 1 USNM; Togwotee Pass, 11,000 ft., 1 USNM; Gros Ventre, 1 USNM; Teton Pass, 7200 ft., 2 USNM. Yellowstone Nat'l Park: Camp Thome, 1 USNM; Lamar River, 2 USNM; Old Faithful, 1 USNM. Neotoma cinerea cinnamomea J. A. Allen 1895. Neotoma cinnamomea J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 7:331, November 8. 1910. Neotoma cinerea orolestes, Goldman, N. Amer. Faima, 31:104, Oc- tober 19. 1944. Neotoma cinerea cinnamomea, Hooper, Jour. Mamm., 25; 415, De- cember 12. Type. — From Kinney Ranch, Sweetwater County, Wyoming. 640 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Comparisons. — Compared with Neotoma cinerea orolestes, most specimens of N. c. cinnamomea are paler (less ochraceous) above; tail above ordinarily paler grayish; auditory bullae often larger. Compared with IV. c. cinerea, specimens of N. c. cinnamomea are much paler ( less grayish ) ; have less flaring (anteriorly) nasals; ordinarily have larger bullae; and have small to large sphenopalatal vacuities (absent to small in cinerea). As mentioned by Gold- man (1910:104), N. c. cinnamomea approaches JV. c. rupicola in size and pallor. Measurements. — Measurements of a male topotype (USNM 88297) and of two males and one female from four miles south of Lonetree are, respectively, as follows: Total length, 399, 353, 397, 373; length of tail, 173, 144, 176, 162; hind foot, 43, 44, 44, 42; condylonasal length, 51.2, 48.5, 51.5, — ; zygomadc breadth, 26.3, 23.9, 26.5, 25.4; interorbital breadth, 5.9, 5.7, 6.0, 5.7; length of nasals, 20.2, 18.5, 19.6, 18.5; cranial depth, 13.3, 12.7, 12.8, — ; maxillary tooth-row, 9.3, 10.0, 10.0, 9.5; length of palatal sUts, 11.0, 10.9, 10.5, 10.8. Distribution. — Deserts of southwestern Wyoming in suitable habitat. See Fig. 41. Remarks. — There is good reason to question the vahdity of this subspecies. Its characters overlap those of N. c. orolestes. N. c. cinnamomea has been regarded as a vaHd subspecies by Hooper (1944:415) and as a synonym of N. c. orolestes by Goldman (1910: 104). The latter mentioned the resemblance (probably convergent responses to aridity) of cinnamomea to rupicola. Given sufficient time cinnamomea probably will become a more strongly marked subspecies; it is v^ell on the way, having high frequencies for pale upper parts and large auditory bullae. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 15, as follows: Lincoln Co.: Fontenelle, 1 USNM. Sweetwater Co.: Green River, 4 USNM; Type locaUty, 1 USNM; W side Green River, 1 mi. N Utah boundary, 4; 4 mi. NE Linwood, Utah, 5800 ft., 1 USNM. Uinta Co.: Ft. Bridger, 1 USNM; Beaver Creek, 4 mi. S Lonetree, 3 USNM. Additional records (Hooper, 1944:416). Sweetwater Co.: Thayer Jet.; 6 mi. 5 Point of Rocks; 5 mi. E Rock Springs. Uinta Co.: 10 mi. SW Granger. Neotoma cinerea orolestes Merriam 1894. Neotoma orolestes Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 9:128, July 2. 1910. Neotoma cinerea orolestes, Goldman, N. Amer. Fauna, 31:104, Oc- tober 19. Type. — From Saguache Valley, 20 miles west of Saguache, Saguache County, Colorado. Comparisons. — See accounts of other subspecies of Neotoma cinerea. Measurements. — External and cranial measurements of an adult female from Horse Creek, of an adult male from Devils Tower, and of two females and one male (all adults) from six miles west of Islay are, respectively, as follows: Total length, 405, 371, 380, 362, 386; length of tail, 173, 168, 161, 154, 164; hind foot, 42, 44, 44, 42, 44; condylobasal length, 51.9, 49.2, 49.0, 48.4, 53.3; zygomatic breadth, 27.8, 26.7, 26.1, 26.2, 27.1; interorbital breadth, 6.1, 6.2, 5.6, 5.6, 6.0; length of nasals, 21.0, 18.5, 19.4, 18.8, 21.4; cranial The Mammals of Wyoming 641 depth, 14.5, 13.8, 12.7, 12.6, 13.6; maxillary tooth-row, 9.6, 9.2, 9.6, 10.2, 9.8; length of palatal slits, 11.1, 11.6, 10.7, 10.4, 12.2. Distribution. — Throughout most of Wyoming in suitable habitat, ranging through the central lowlands of tlie state south into the Medicine Bow and Sierra Madre Mountains and northward into the Bighorn Mountains and Basin and most of the Black Hills. See Fig. 41. Remarks. — An adult (KU 15739) from Horse Creek has the nasals, rostrum, and palatal slits all curved to the left. The distance from the lacrimal to the anterior tip of the nasal is 20.9 mm. on the left, 22.5 mm. on the right. An adult male (USNM 202720) from Arvada has markedly in- flated bullae and wide interpterygoid fossa. Four of the five specimens (USNM 159741-159745) from six miles west of Islay have pinkish or Cinnamon Buff venters. The pinkish color is not the least ochraceous and is unknown to me on other mammals. Many of the pinkish hairs lack plumbeous bases, sug- gesting that the color has not resulted from staining by juices or soil. Wood rats taken more recently from nearby Horse Creek lack the pinkish color. Specimens from 3 to 6/2 miles west of Meriden vary greatly in size ( a pregnant female, KU 15729, is only 300 mm. in total length, whereas a male is 428 mm.). They are somewhat buffy and are referred to N. c. orolestes instead of N. c. rupicola. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 88, as follows: Albany Co.: Laramie Pk., 8800 ft., 1 USNM; Corner Mtn., sec. 28, T. 16N, R. 78W, 6, 2 Univ. Wyo.; 4 mi. N Centennial, 8500 ft., 1; Lake Owen, 3 Univ. Wyo.; 2 mi. N, 1 mi. W Centennial, 8500 ft., 1 Univ. Wyo.; 2 mi. N Centennial, 1 Univ. Wyo.; Silver Rung Camp, Snowy Range, 10,000 ft., 1 Univ. Wyo.; Libby Creek Camp, Snowy Range, 8700 ft., 1; 32 mi. W Laramie, 1; Pole Mtn., 15-16 mi. SE Laramie, 8200-8300 ft., 4 USNM; Woods P. O., 1 USNM. Big Horn Co.: Medicine Wheel Ranch, 28 mi. E Lovell, 9000 ft., 1; Grey- bull, 5 USNM; 7 mi. S Basin, 3900 ft, 1. Campbell Co.: 6 mi. S, 4 mi. W Rockypoint, 4200 ft., 1. Carbon Co.: Ferris Mtns., 7800 ft., 2 USNM; Sinclair, 1 Univ. Wyo.; Lake Mane, 10,440 ft., 4; Bridger Pass, 1 USNM; Bridger Pk., 1 USNM; Riverside, 2 USNM; 4 mi. N, 8 mi. E Savery, 7300 ft., 3. Converse Co.: Deer Creek, 2 USNM; no specific locality, 3. Crook Co.: Devils Tower, 2 USNM; 15 mi. N Sundance, 1; Sand Creek, 1 USNM. Fremont Co.: Crowheart, 1 USNM; Lake Fork, 9600-11,400 ft, 3; % mi. N, 3 mi. E South Pass City, 1. Hot Springs Co.: 10 mi. S, 3 mi. E ThermopoHs, 1. Laramie Co.: 6-6J^ mi. W Meriden, 5200 ft., 2; 3 mi. W Meriden, 5000 ft., 2; 2^k mi. W Horse Creek, 3; Horse Creek, 6500 ft., 7; 6 mi. W Islay, 5 USNM: THD Ranch, sec. 3, T. 17N, R. 65W, 1. Natrona Co.: 7 mi. S Casper, 1 USNM; Platte River, 18 mi. SW Casper 1 USNM; Sun Ranch, 5 mi. W Independence Rock, 6000 ft., 1, 1 USNM Park Co.: Black Mtn., Hd. Pat O'hara Creek, 1 USNM; 13 mi. N. 1 mi. E Cody, 1. Platte Co.: 2J^ mi. S Chugwater, 5300 ft., 1. Sheridan Co.: Wolf, Eaton's Ranch, 3 USNM; Arvada, 1 USNM. 642 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Neotoma cinerea rupicola J. A. Allen 1894. Neotoma rupicola J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 6:323, November 7. 1910. Neotoma cinerea rupicola, Goldman, N. Amer. Fauna, 31:107, Oc- tober 19. Type. — From Corral Draw, 3700 feet elevation, Pine River Indian Reserva- tion, Black Hills, South Dakota. Comparisons. — See accounts of Neotoma cinerea cinerea, N. c. orolestes, and N. c. cinnamomea. N . c. rupicola is characterized by small size and pallid coloration. Measurements. — External and cranial measurements of an adult female from Uva, Platte County, are as follows: Total length, 368; length of tail, 152; length of hind foot, 42; condylonasal length, 48.0; zygomatic breadth, 24.7; interorbital breadth, 5.3; length of nasals, 21.5; cranial deptli, 12.3; maxillary tooth-row, 9.4; palatal slits (length), 9.9. Distribution. — Arid southeastern lowlands and the southern part of the Black Hills. See Fig. 41. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 6, as follows: Laramie Co.: 2 mi. S Pine BluflFs, 5200 ft., 2. Platte Co.: Uva, 1 USNM; Bordeaux, 1 USNM. Weston Co.: )i mi. E Buckhorn, 6100 ft., 2. Clethrionomys gapperi (Vigors) Capper's Red-backed Vole Approximately the size of deer mouse with short tail; upper parts reddish brown, reddish chestnut, or yellowish ochraceous; sides yellowish or grayish or reddish brown; underparts plumbeous gray washed with conspicuous white or, occasionally, with cinnamon; ear blackish but often margined with rich brownish or chestnut; face grayish or pale brownish; skull small with rounded zygomata; teeth small, distinctly grooved on sides of molars; exoccipital condyles posterior to supraoccipital in adults. Cockrum and Fitch (1952:283-287) described geographic varia- tion in this species in Wyoming. Briefly, a subspecies {Clethrio- nomys gapperi brevicaudtis) occurs in the Black Hills. Clethrio- nomys gapperi galei ranges along the Rocky Mountain chain from northwestern Wyoming to south-central Wyoming; populations along these mountains vary in color of pelage but not in cranial characters. Specimens from the central lowlands of Wyoming and from the Bighorn Mountains are paler than dark mice from the Medicine Bow Mountains and from Jackson Hole. Mice in the Uinta Mountains were regarded as closely related to C. g. galei, more closely related than galei is to other adjacent subspecies. In fact, only grayer head and cheeks, paler upper parts, and more nearly white belly were mentioned as distinctive and were made the basis for the subspecific name Clethrionoinys gapperi uintaensis. The Mammals of Wyoming 643 No cranial differences were noted between the mice of the Uinta Mountains and C. g. galei by Cockrum and Fitch. Four topotypes of C. g. uintaensis (Univ. Utah 5917, 6134, 6136, 6150), examined by me, taken in August are paler than specimens of C. g. galei from the Medicine Bow Mountains, Wyoming, but are no paler than specimens of that subspecies from Weston County, Big Horn County, and Mount Crooks, Fremont County. The specimens, which possess also grayish heads and white venters, from Mount Crooks were not available to Cockrum and Fitch. Neither were specimens from San Pete County, Utah, which are as dark as any specimen of C. galei that I have examined from Wyoming. Con- sidering the extent of variation in C. g. galei and the absence of cranial characters of diagnostic value in specimens from the Uinta Mountains, it seems best to refer specimens from the Uinta Moun- tains to C. g. galei, and to arrange the name C. g. uintaensis (type locality. Paradise Park, 45 miles northwest of Vernal, Uintah County, Utah) as a synonym of C. g. galei. Fig. 42. Distribution of Clethrionomys gapperi. Guide to subspecies 2. C. g. galei 1. C. g. brevicaudus 3. C. g. idahoensis 644 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Specimens from the Teton Mountains and Jackson Hole are pro- visionally referred to the subspecies C. g. idahoensis, which is closely related to galei but darker and said to have narrower nasals (Merriam, 1891). No cranial differences were observed between mice from Jackson Hole and populations of C. g. galei; but inas- much as the Jackson Hole area would probably be an area in which intergradation between the two subspecies would occur, it seems best, in my opinion, to refer specimens from that place to idahoen- sis on the basis of tiieir darker color. Clethrionomys gapperi brevicaudus (Merriam) 1891. Evotomys gapperi brevicaudus Merriam, N. Anier. Fauna, 5:119, July 30. 1942. Clethrionomys gapperi brevicaudus. Bole and Moulthrop, Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:153, September 11. Type. — From three miles north of Custer, 6000 feet, South Dakota. Comparisons. — Tail shorter, liind foot averaging longer, and nasals longer than in other subspecies in Wyoming; interorbital region broader than in Clethrionomys gapperi galei. Measurements. — External and cranial measurements of the type (probably subadult, male) and an adult male from Rattlesnake Creek are, respectively, as follows: Total length, 125, 127; length of tail, 31, 30; hind foot, 19, 19; occipitonasal length, 23.5, 24.3; zygomatic breadth, 12.5, 12.8; interorbital breadth, 3.8, 3.8; length of nasals, 6.8, 7.1; cranial depth, 7.1, 7.5; maxillary tooth-row, 5.3, 5.2. Measurements of 20 adults (presumably males and females) from Pennington, South Dakota, of which 11 are preserved as skins but lack skuUs, are listed by Cockrum and Fitch (1952:287) as follows: Total length, 142 (123-155); length of tail, 35 (30-39); hind foot, 19.5 (18.6-21.0); basal length, 23.3 (21.7-24.5); condylobasilar length, 23.3 (21.9-24.5); zygo- matic breadth, 13.7 (12.9-14.7); lambdoidal breadth, 11.7 (11.3-12.9); alveolar length upper cheek-teeth, 5.5 (5.2-5.8); interorbital breadth, 3.9 (3.6-4.1); length of nasals, 7.7 (7.1-8.5); breadth of rostrum, 3.2 (2.9-3.6); length of incisive foramina, 5.0 (4.6-5.3). Distribution. — The Black Hills. See Fig. 42. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 27, as follows: Crook Co.: 3 mi. NW Sundance, 5900 ft., 3; Rattlesnake Creek, 6100 ft., 3. Weston Co.: \Yi mi. E Buckhorn, 6150 ft., 21. Additional record. — Weston Co.: 12 mi. SE Newcastle (Cockrum and Fitch, 1952:288). Clethrionomys gapperi galei (Merriam) 1890. Evotomys galei Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 4:23, October 8. 1897. Evotomys gapperi galei, Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 11:126, May 13. 1931. Clethrionomys gapperi galei, Hall, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 37:6, April 10. 1941. Clethrionomys gapperi uintaensis Doutt, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 54:161, December 8. Type from Paradise Park, 45 miles NW Vernal, Uintah County, Utah. The Mammals of Wyoming 645 Type. — From Ward, 9500 feet, Boulder County, Colorado. Comparisons. — For comparisons with Clethrionomys gapperi brevicaudus and C. g. idahoensis, see accounts of those subspecies. Measurements. — Average and extreme external and cranial measurements of 24 adults (10 males) from three miles east-southeast of Browns Peak are as follows: Total length, 143.9 (130-157); length of tail, 39.0 (34-45); hind foot, 18.2 (17-19); ear from notch, 13.5 (13-15); greatest length of skull, 24.1 (22.8-25.5); zygomatic breadth, 12.9 (12.2-13.7); interorbital breadth, 3.6 (3.3-3.9); length of nasals, 7.3 (6.5-8.3); lambdoidal breadth, 11.2 (10.7- 12.0); maxillary tooth-row, 5.0 (4.6-5.4). Distribution. — Most montane and riparian habitats from Yellowstone Nat'l Park and from the Bighorn Mountains southward (excepting Jackson Hole) into the Uinta Mountains and the Medicine Bow and Laramie mountains. See Fig. 42. Remarks. — Although specimens from the Medicine Bow Moun- tains are darker than specimens of this subspecies from northern counties, the type (from Boulder County, Colorado) is pale. See discussion under account of Clethrionomys gapperi. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 250, as follows: Albany Co.: Laramie Peak, 8000-8800 ft., 5 USNM; sec. 19, T. 16N, R. 78W, 9500 ft., 1; Upper Libby Creek Campground, 9700 ft., 1; Holmes Campground, 9700 ft., 1; Nash Fork Picnic Ground, 9850 ft., 5; Nash Fork Creek, 2 mi. W Centennial, 7; N Fork Campground, sec. 28, T. 16N, R. 78W, 8500 ft., 4; 2'A mi. ESE Browns Peak, 10,300 ft., 2; 3 mi. ESE Browns Peak, 10,000 ft., 56; 10 mi. E Laramie, 9000 ft., 1 USNM. Big Horn Co.: Medicine Wheel Ranch, 28 mi. E Lovell, 22; 4)i mi. S, 17M mi. E Shell, 8500 ft., 1; Head Trappers Creek, 8400-9500 ft., 23 USNM; 9 mi. N, 9 mi. E Tensleep, 8000 ft., 1. Carbon Co.: Ferris Mtns., 8000-8500 ft., 15 USNM; Shirley Mtns., 7600 ft., 5 USNM; Bridgers Pass, 18 mi. SW Rawlins, 7500 ft., 2; 8 mi. N, 195^ mi. E Encampment, 9150 ft., 4; Ridge above Battle, 10,000 ft., 1 USNM; 8 mi. N, 19ii mi. E Savery, 8800 ft., 1; 6 mi. N, 14 mi. E Savery, 8400 ft., 2. Converse Co.: 21M-22 mi. S, 24)^ mi. W Douglas, 7600 ft., 3. Fremont Co.: Jackeys Creek, 3 mi. S Dubois, 2 USNM; Moccasin Lake, 4 mi. N, 19 mi. W Lander, 10,000 ft., 3; 3 mi. N, 18 mi. W Lander, 1; Mos- quito Park Ranger Sta., 2)2 mi. N, ITA mi. W Lander, 9500 ft., 10; Middle Lake, 2 mi. S, 20% mi. W Lander, 1; 17 mi. S, 6% mi. W Lander, 8450 ft., 4; 22 mi. S, BVz mi. W Lander, 8800 ft., 3; 8 mi. E Rongis, Green Mtns., 8000 ft., 11 USNM; Mt. Crooks, 8600 ft., 6. Johnson Co.: 2 mi. S, 6M mi. W Buffalo, 5600 ft., 1; 1 mi. S, 4 mi. W Klondike, 6500 ft., 1. Park Co.: Grinnell Creek, Paliaska, 7000 ft., 4 USNM; Crows Peak, 9500 ft., 2 USNM; Valley, 7500 ft., 3 USNM; Needle Mtn., 10,000-10,500 ft, 12 USNM. Sheridan Co.: 38 mi. E Lovell, 1. Sublette Co.: 31 mi. N Pinedale, 8025 ft., 1. Sweetwater Co.: 5 mi. SW Maxon, 9000 ft, 2 USNM. Uinta Co.: 9 mi. S Robertson, 8000-8400 ft., 5; 9 mi. S, 2 mi. E Robertson, 1; ll'A mi. S, 2 mi. E Robertson, 9200 ft., 1; 14 mi. S, 2 mi. E Robertson, 9000 ft., 1. Washakie Co.: 4 mi. N, 9 mi. E Tensleep, 7000 ft., 1. Yellowstone Nat'l Park: Snow Pass, Mammoth Hot Springs, 6 USNM; Glen Creek, 7000 ft., 2 USNM; Harebell Creek, 1 USNM; No specific locality, 1 USNM. 646 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat, Hist. Clethrionomys gapperi idahoensis (Meiriam) 1891. Evotomys idahoensis Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 5:66, July 30. 1933. Clethrionomys gapperi idahoensis. Whitlow and Hall, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 40:265, September 30. Type. — From Sawtooth ( = Alturas ) Lake, east Base Sawtooth Mountains, 7200 feet, Blaine County, Idaho. Comparisons. — Resembles Clethrionomys gapperi galei, but upper parts darker. For comparison with C. g. hrevicaudus, see account of that subspecies. Measurements. — External and cranial measurements of three adults (all fe- males) from the northern half of Teton County, are as follows: Total length, 155, 143, 157; length of tail, 59, 42, 49; hind foot, 18, 19, 17; ear from notch, 17, 15, 15; greatest length of skull, 24.2, 22.7, 23.9; zygomatic breadth, 13.2, 12.2, 12.5; interorbital breadth, 3.6, 3.4, 3.5; length of nasals, 6.8, 6.2, 7.2; lambdoidal breadth, 11.2, 10.4, 11.1; maxillary tooth-row, 5.1, 5.1, 5.4. Distribution. — Teton County. See Fig. 42, and account of the species. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 84, as follows: Lincoln Co.: 3 mi. N, 11 mi. E Alpine, 5650 ft., 1; 10 mi. SE Afton, 4 USNM. Teton Co.: NW Corner Teton Nat'l Forest, 18 mi. N, 9 mi. VV Moran, 1; Whetstone Creek, 5 USNM; Upper Arizona Creek, 2 USNM; Trib. Pacific Creek, 2 USNM; Pacific Creek, 12 USNM; Big Game Ridge, 1 USNM; Jackson Hole Wildlife Park, 17 USNM, 1; 1 mi. N Moran, 2 USNM; Moran, 7, 3 USNM; 0-1 mi. S, 3% mi. E Moran, 6200 ft., 11; Throughfare Creek, 1 USNM; Black Rock Meadows, 3 mi. S, 17 mi. E Moran, 8600 ft., 1; Black Rock Creek, 2 mi. W Pass, 2 USNM; Togwotee Pass, 10,000 ft., 4 USNM, 4; Moose Creek, 6800 ft., 10 USNM; S Moose Creek, 9500 ft., 4 USNM; Teton Pass, 7200 ft., 4 USNM; No specific locahty, 2 USNM. Phenacomys intermedius intermedius Merriam Heather Vole 1889. Phenacomys intermedius Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 2:32, October 30. 1894. Phenacomys truei J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 6:331, November 7. Type from "Black Hills" ( == Laramie Mountains ) , Wyoming. Type. — From 20 miles north-northwest Kamloops, 5500 feet, British Co- lumbia. Description. — Medium in size for a microtine; upper parts dusky tan; venter whitish; tail brownish or grayish above, whitish below, and short ( see Measure- ments); pinnae of ear bearing Ochraceous hairs ; occlusal pattern of molars distinct in having deep re-entrant angles (zig-zag appearance); cheek-teeth rooted in adults. Measurements. — External and cranial measurements of an adult male and an adult female from Beartooth Lake are as follows: Total length, 145, 156; length of tail, 31, 33; hind foot, 18, 18.5; condylonasal length skull, 25.8, 26.1; zygomatic breadth, 15.3, 15.4; interorbital breadth, 3.6, 3.7; length of nasals, 8.0, 7.8; cranial depth, 7.4, 7.1; maxillary tooth-row, 5.8, 6.5. Distribution. — Montane areas of western and soutli-central Wyoming. Not known from Bighorn Mountains or Black Hills. Sec Fig. 43. Remarks. — This vole is widely distributed altitiidinally; its ap- parent absence in some montane areas is not yet understood. The Mammals of Wyoming 647 Distribution map o( WYOMING Mu! Nat H.st.Uniw Kons 1963 Fig. 43. Distribution of Phenacomys intermedius intermedius. Records of occurrence. — Speci- mens examined, 63, as follows: Al- bany Co.: Little Laramie River, sec. 28, T. 16N, R. 78 W, 8500 ft., 1; Libby Creek, sec. 24, T. 16N, R. 79W, 9500 ft., 1; Nash Fork Pic- nic Ground, sec. 13, T. 16N, R. 79W, 9850 ft., 1; sec. 24, T. 16N, R. 79W, 9800 ft., 1; Nelson Park, Medicine Bow Mtns., 1; 2/4 mi. ESE Browns Peak, 10,300 ft., 1; 3 mi. ESE Browns Peak, 10,000 ft., 12; 10 mi. E Laramie, 8500 ft., 2 USNM; "Black Hills" (Laramie Mtns.), 1 USNM. Carbon Co.: Bridgers Pass, 18 mi. SW Rawlins, 7500 ft., 1; 1 mi. NW Silver Lake, 8280 ft., 1; 8 mi. N, 18 mi. E Encampment, 8900 ft., 1; 2 mi. S Bridgers Peak, 9300 ft., 1. Fremont Co.: 2 mi. E Togwotee Pass, 1; 4 mi. N, 19 mi. W Lander, 10,100 ft., 1; 3 mi. N, 18 mi. W Lander, 1; 2 mi. S, 20% mi. W Lander, 1; 17 mi. S 6)i mi. W Lander, 1. Park Co.: Beartooth Lake, 9 USNM. Sublette Co.: 31 mi. N Pinedale, 8025 ft., 1; Mema, 8000 ft., 1 USNM. Teton Co.: Whetstone Creek, 1 USNM; Two Ocean Lake, 1 USNM; 18 mi. N, 9 mi. W Moran, 1; Trib. Pacific Creek, 1 USNM; % mi. N, 2'A mi. E Moran, 6230 ft., 3; Jackson Hole Wildlife Park, 2 USNM; Moran, 2 USNM; 3% mi. E Moran, 6300 ft., 3; %-l mi. S, 3% mi. E Moran, 6200 ft., 5; 2)k mi. NE Moose, 6500 ft., 1. Uinta Co.: 115^ mi. S, 2 mi. E Robertson, 9200 ft., 1. Yellowstone Nat'l Park: Tower Falls, 1 USNM. Microtus pennsylvanicus (Ord) Meadow Vole Best characterized by fifth posterior loop ( separated from fourth ) on middle upper molar; feet usually dark; upper parts usually darker than those of M. longicatidtis; venter occasionally washed with cinnamon as is that of Microtus ochrogaster. Microtus pennsylvanicus insperatus (J. A. Allen) 1894. Arvicola insperatus J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 6:347, December 7. 1943. Microtus pennsylvanicus insperatus, R. Anderson, Canadian Field- Nat., 57:92, October 17. Type. — From Custer, Custer County, South Dakota. Comparison. — From Microtus pennsylvanicus pullatus, M. p. insperatus dif- fers in paler upper parts, relatively and actually shorter tail, and longer upper molar tooth-row. Measurements. — Average and extreme external and cranial measurements of 1 1 adults ( five females ) from within two miles of Buffalo are as follows : Total length, 172.3 (160-184); length of tail, 50.1 (45-54); hind foot, 21.2 (20.5- 22); ear from notch, 13.1 (11-14); total length of skull, 27.5 (26.5-28.5); zygomatic breadth, 15.7 (14.6-17.0); interorbital breadth, 3.5 (3.3-3.7); length of nasals, 7.7 (7.4-8.2); cranial depth, 8.3 (7.9-8.9); maxillary tooth-row, 6.5 (6.3-6.7). 648 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. OisWbuHon mop of WYOMING Mus. Not. Hist.,Univ. Kons. 1945 l-.-^- 20 40 MilflS I I Fig. 44. Distribution of Microtus pennsylvanicm. 1. M. p. insperatus 2. M. p. pullatus Distribution. — Known from northeastern Wyoming. See Fig. 44. Remarks. — This subspecies is sympatric with M. longicaudus in the Black Hills, from which hills M. montanus is absent. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 158, as follows: Campbell Co.: 5 mi. S, 6 mi. W Rockypoint, 1; 42 mi. S, 13 mi. VV Gillette, 4 (from owl pellets, discarded); Belle Fourche River, 45 mi. S, 13 mi. W Gillette, 5350 ft., 2. Converse Co.: 10 mi. N, 6 mi. W Bill, 8 (from owl pellets, discarded). Crook Co.: 4 mi. N, 3 mi. E Rockypoint, 1; 3 mi. S, 2 mi. E Rockypoint, 3800 ft., 3; 3 mi. S, 5 mi. E Rockypoint, 2; 4 mi. S, 7 mi. E Rockypoint, 2; 15 mi. N Sundance, 5500 ft., 3; 15 mi. ENE Sundance, 3825 ft., 6; Bear Lodge Mtns., 2 USNM; 3 mi. NW Sundance, 5900 ft., 1; PA mi. NW Sundance, 5000 ft., 4; Sundance, 16 USNM; Sand Creek, 3750 ft., 2 USNM; Rattlesnake Creek, 1 USNM. Johnson Co.: 4/5 mL S, 1 mi. W BujBFalo, 4800 ft., 36; I mi. S, 5'A mi. W Buffalo, 4800 ft., 1; I'A mi. S, 5'A mi. W Buffalo, 1; « mi. E Klondike, 5160 ft., 1. Sheridan Co.: 3 mi. WNW Monarch, 3800 ft., 4; 5 mi. NE Clearmont, 3900 ft., 3; 4 mi. NNE Banner, 4100 ft., 26. Weston Co.: VA mi. E Bucklaom, 6150 ft., 26; Newcastle, 2 USNM. Additional record (S. Anderson, 1956:102). — Crook Co.: Bear Lodge Mtns., 6M mi. SSE Alva. The Mammals of Wyoming 649 Microtus pennsylvanicus pullatus S. Anderson 1956. Microtus pennsylvanicus pullatus S. Anderson, Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 9:97, May 10. Type. — From twelve miles north and two miles east of Sage, 6100 feet, Lin- coln County, Wyoming. Comparison. — See account of Microtus pennsylvanicus insperatus. Measurements. — External and cranial measurements of two adult males and four adult females (three pregnant) from within four miles of Cody, Park County, are, respectively, as follows: Total length, 170, 174, 171, 180, 185, 173; length of tail, 40, 48, 45, 49, 46, 48; hind foot, 19.5, 20, 20.5, 21, 20.5, 21; ear from notch, 12, 13, 13, 14, 13, 13; total length of skull, 28.7, — , — , — , — , 27.3; zygomatic breadth, 16.5, 16.9, 16.5, 17.3, 17.1, 16.0; interorbital breadth, 3.4, 3.3, 3.5, 3.2, 3.5, 3.6; length of nasals, 8.3, 7.7, 7.4, — , 8.0, 8.0; cranial depth, 9.0, — , — , 8.8, — , 9.1; maxillary tooth-row, 6.5, 6.5, 6.1, 6.7, 6.6, 6.4. Distribution. — Montane areas of western Wyoming. See Fig. 44. Remarks. — A cline of increasing pallor extends eastward or north- eastward in this subspecies toward the pale M. p. insperatus. The subspecific boundary was drawn by Anderson (1956:97-98) at the "most distinct break in this cline," in the Bighorn Basin of Wyoming. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 140, as follows: Lincoln Co.: 9-9J^ mi. N, 2 mi. W Afton, 6100 ft., 4; 7 mi. N, 1 mi. W Afton, 11; Salt River, 10 mi. W Afton, 6200 ft., 1 USNM; 15 mi. N, 3 mi. E Sage, 6100 ft., 1; 12 mi. N, 2 mi. E Sage, 4; Cokeville, 2 USNM; 6 mi. N, 2 mi. E Sage, 2. Park Co.: % mi. S, 3)4 mi. E Cody, 5020 ft., 15; Pahaska, 1 USNM. Sublette Co.: 34 mi. N, 4 mi. W Pinedale, 7950 ft., 2. Teton Co.: Whetstone Creek, 4 USNM; Jackson Hole Wildhfe Park, 3; Within 4 mi. Moran, 6200 ft., 54; 9 USNM; Elk, 2 USNM; Teton Pass, 7200 ft., 2 USNM; Jackson, 1 USNM. Yellowstone Natl Park: Mammoth Hot Springs, 15 USNM; Lamar River, 7000 ft., 2 USNM; Old Faithful, 5 USNM. Additional records (S. Anderson, 1956:99). — Sublette Co.: Kendall. Teton Co.: 5 mi. N Moran; Trappers Lake; Jenny Lake; String Lake; Sheep Creek. Microtus montanus (Peale) Montane Vole Upper parts brownish with more or less reddish or yellowish; underparts whitish; middle upper molar lacking fifth (posterior) loop. Known from boreal habitat throughout Wyoming except in the Black Hills. Microtus montanus codiensis S. Anderson 1954. Microtus montanus codiensis S. Anderson, Univ. Kansas Pubis., Mus. Nat. Hist, 7(7) :497, July 23. Type. — From 3% miles east and % mile south of Cody, 5020 feet elevation. Park County, Wyoming. 650 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Fig. 45. Distribution of Microtus montanus. Guide to subspecies 2. M. m. nanus 1. M. m. codiensis 3. M. m. zygomaticus Comparisons. — Compared with Microtus montanus nanus from Idaho, speci- mens of M. m. codiensis differ in larger size, relatively long alveolobasilar length, relatively long alveolar length of upper molar tooth-row, relatively wide- spreading zygomatic arches, relatively long tail, and paler color. Compared with M. m. zygomaticus of the Bighorn Mountains, M. m. codi- ensis has a relatively longer tail that is also actually longer, longer hind foot, longer upper molar tooth-row, slightly paler and less grizzled pelage. The auditory bullae are larger and less flattened, the angle formed at the suture between the basioccipital and basisphenoid bones is less acute, the suture is less elevated between the bullae when viewed from below (ventral view), and the incisive foramina are less constricted posteriorly. Measurements. — Average and extreme external and cranial measurements of 34 males and females, 27 from the type locality and seven from other localities in the range assigned to this subspecies, are as follows: Total length, 165 (146-186); length of tail, 44.2 (35-55); hind foot, 19.6 (17-21); condy- lobasilar length, 25.5 (24.0-27.5); zygomatic breadth, 15.6 (14.7-16.6); alveolar length of upper tooth-row, 6.6 (6.2-7.0); prelambdoidal breadth, 8.8 (8.1-9.5); lambdoidal breadth, 12.0 (11.2-12.8) (Anderson, 1954:500). Distribution. — Montane areas west of the Bighorn Basin and east of the geographic range of M. m. nanus, in northwestern Wyoming. See Fig. 45. The Mammals of Wyoming 651 Remarks. — The distribution of M. m. codiensis, in fact its exist- ence, is difficult to explain. Anderson (1954:500) pointed out that two other species of Microtus occur at the type locality of codiensis, and he posed the question, "Could interspecific hybridization be- tween 'good species' of Microtus take place in nature and possibly alter the characteristics of a local population?" He did not develop the idea further. It can be pointed out that M. montanus nanus occurs with three other species of Microtus in Jackson Hole ( Find- ley, 1951:119) and that there is no indication there of the infusion of any blood of the other species of M. montanus. Another ex- planation for the di£Ferentiation of codiensis is given on page 732 beyond. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 47, as follows: Hot Springs Co.: 3 mi. N, 10 mi. W Thermopolis, 4950 ft., 3. Park Co.: Black Mtn., hd. Pat O'hara Creek, 3 USNM; 13 mi. N, 1 mi. E Cody, 5200 ft., 1; SW slope of Whirlwind Peak, 9000 ft., 1; 5 mi. N Cody, 1 USNM; type locality, 31; Ishawooa Creek, 2 USNM; Valley, 1 USNM; Needle Mtn., 4 USNM. Microtus montanus nanus (Merriam) 1891. Arvicola (Mynomes) nanus Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 5:63, July 30. 1938. Microtus montanus nanus, HaU, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 51:133, August 23. 1917. Microtus montanus caryi V. Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 30: 29, February 21. Type from Milford, Fremont County, Wyoming; regarded as inseparable from M. m. nanus by S. Anderson. Univ. Kansas Publ, Mus. Nat. Hist., 7:494, July 23, 1954. Type. — From Pahsimeroi Mountains, head of Pahsimeroi River, 9350 feet, Custer County, Idaho. Comparisons. — Compared with Microtus montanus zygomaticus, M. m. nanus differs in longer tail, longer upper molar tooth-row, relatively narrower zygo- matic breadth, and larger, more inflated auditory bullae. For comparison vdth M. m. codiensis, see account of that subspecies. Measurements. — Average and extreme measurements of six adult males from near Pocatello, Bannock County, Idaho, and nine adult males from within 15 miles of Afton, Lincoln County, Wyoming, are, respectively, as follows: Total length, 143 (135-150), 163 (143-179); length of tail, 35.1 (33-38), 42.8 (36-49); hind foot, 18.9 (18-20), 18.8 (17-20); condylobasilar length, 24.4 (24.0-26.0), 25.6 (24.5-26.2); alveolobasilar length, 14.1 (13.7-14.5), 14.6 (13.8-15.0); palatilar length, 13.2 (12.9-13.6), 13.8 (13.2-14.5); alveolar length of upper molar tooth-row, 6.3 (6.1-6.5), 6.3 (6.0-6.6); depth of brain- case, 7.7 (7.5-7.9), 8.0 (7.7-8.3); zygomatic breadth, 14.3 (13.8-14.7), 15.3 (14.4-16.3); interorbital breadth, 3.6 (3.5-3.7), 3.5 (3.3-3.7) (after S. Ander- son, 1954:494). Distribution. — Montane habitats in southern half of state ranging northward into extreme northwestern part. See Fig. 45. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 691, as foUows: Albany Co.: 30 mi. N, 10 mi. E Laramie, 6760 ft., 6; 29% mi. N, 9^ mi E Laramie, 6350 ft., 1; 26% mi. N, 6i2 mi. E Laramie, 6700 ft., 3; 26 mi. N, 4ii mi. E Laramie, 6960 ft., 8; 8 mi. N, 13 mi. E Laramie, 7500 ft., 1; 5 mi. N Laramie, 7400 ft., 15; 2'A mi. NW Laramie, 2; Hq. Park, 10,200 ft., 4 USNM; 'A mi. S, 2 mi. E 652 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist, Medicine Bow Peak, 10,800 ft., 1; Centennial, 8120 ft., 1; 2% mi. ESE Browns Peak, 10,300 ft., 3; 3 mi. ESE Browns Peak, 10,000 ft., 12; 2 mi. S Browns Peak, 10,600 ft., 1; 1 mi. E Laramie, 7160 ft., 4; 4 mi. SW Laramie, 2; 6 mi. SW Laramie, 1; 6J^ mi. S, 8?4 mi. E Laramie, 8200 ft., 1; Pole Mtn., 14-15 mi. SE Laramie, 8300 ft., 4, 3 USNM; J mi. SSE Pole Mtn., 8350 ft., 4; 2 mi. SW Pole Mtn., 8300 ft., 13; 3 mi. S Pole Mtn., 8100 ft., 1; Therkildsons Ranch, SW Laramie, 1; Blair Camp Ground, Pole Mtn., 1; Pole Mtn., 2; Wallis Picnic Ground, 8350 ft., 1; Douglas Creek, 8250 ft., sec. 29, T. 13N, R. 79W, 2. Carbon Co.: 27 mi. N Sinclair, 6200 ft., 1 Univ. Wyo.; 18 mi. NNE Sin- clair, 6500 ft., 10; Bridgers Pass, 18 mi. SW Rawlins, 7500 ft., 7; Saratoga, 2 USNM; 6 mi. S, 13 mi. E Saratoga, 5; 6 mi. S, 14 mi. E Saratoga, 8800 ft., 1; Lake Marie, 10,440 ft., 2; J mi. S Lake Marie, 2; 10 mi. N, 14 mi. E Encamp- ment, 8400 ft., 14; 9'A-IO mi. N, ll'A-12 mi. E Encampment, 7200 ft., 5; 9 mi. N, 3-4 mi. E Encampment, 6500 ft., 23; 9 mi. N, 8 mi. E Encampment, 7000 ft., 3; 8 mi. N, 14-14'A mi. E Encampment, 8400 ft., 11; 8 mi. N, 16 mi. E Encampment, 8400 ft., 11; 8 mi. N, 18 mi. E Encampment, 8900 ft., 1; 8 mi. N, 2IY2 mi. E Encampment, 9400 ft., 5; Ya mi. N Riverside, 7380 ft., 2; S. base Bridger Peak, 8800 ft., 1 USNM; 2 mi. S Bridger Peak, 9300 ft., 2; 8 mi. N, 19)^ mi. E Savery, 8800 ft., 27; 7'A mi. N, 18'A mi. E Savery, 8400 ft., 1; 7 mi. N, 17 mi. E Savery, 8300 ft., 1; 6 mi. N, 12)^-13)^ mi. E Savery, 8400 ft., 10; 6 mi. N, 14-15 mi. E Savery, 8500 ft., 18; 5 mi. N, lO'A mi. E Savery, 8000 ft., 12; 4 mi. N, 8 mi. E Savery, 7300 ft., 3. Converse Co.: Beaver, 1 USNM. Fremont Co.: Brooks Peak, 5; within one mi. Milford, 27, 4 USNM, 3 Univ. Wijo.; 2Y. mi. N, 17J^ mi. W Lander, 9500 ft., 3; 2 mi. N, 17 mi. W Lander, 9300 ft., 4; 15J^ mi. S, 7Ji mi. W Lander, 9200 ft., 1; South Pass City, 8000 ft., 19 USNM; 23?i rni. S, 5 mi. W Lander, 8600 ft., 7. Laramie Co.: 5 mi. N, 1 mi. W Horse Creek P. O., 7200 ft., 1; 11 mi. N, 5V2 mi. E Cheyenne, 5450 ft., 7; 6 mi. W Cheyenne, 6500 ft., 1; 7 mi. W Cheyenne, 6500 ft., 8; Cheyenne, 4 USNM. Lincoln Co.: 13 mi. N, 2 mi. W Afton, 1; 10 mi. N, 2 mi. W Afton, 4; 9'A mi. N, 2 mi. W Afton, 3; 9 mi. N, 2 mi. W Afton, 9; 7 mi. N, 1 mi. W Afton, 12; Afton, 1 USNM; LaBarge Creek, 1 USNM; Border, 6 USNM; Coke- ville, 2 USNM; 6 mi. N, 2 mi. E Sage, 1; Cimiberland, 5 USNM; J^ mi. S, PA mi. W Cumberland, 6. Natrona Co.: 16 mi. S, 11 mi. W Waltman, 6950 ft., 44; 6 mi. S, 2 mi. W Casper, 5900 ft., 4; 6% mi. S, 2 mi. W Casper, 6100 ft., 1; 7 mi. S, 2 mi. W Casper, 6370 ft., 3; 10 mi. S Casper, 7750 ft., 33; Sun, 2 USNM; 5 mi. W Independence Rock, 6000 ft., 4; 1 mi. S, 5 mi. W Independence Rock, 2. Sublette Co.: 34 mi. N, 4 mi. W Pinedale, 1; 33 mi. N, 2 mi. W Pinedale, 6; 32 mi. N, I mi. W Pinedale, 1; 31 mi. N Pinedale, 4; Mema, 6 USNM; Big Piney, 1 USNM. Sweetwater Co.: Parson, 3; Kinney Ranch, 21 mi. S Bitter Creek, 6800 ft., 9, 2 USNM; 32 mi. S, 22 mi. E Rock Springs, 7025 ft., 15. Teton Co.: Upper Arizona Creek, 1 USNM; Pacific Creek, 1 USNM; Big Game Ridge, 2 USNM; Two Ocean Lake, 3 USNM; 18 mi. N, 9 mi. W Moran, 1; Jackson Hole Wildlife Park, 2; % mi. N, 2ii mi. E Moran, 6230 ft., 3; Moran, 16; 1 mi. E Moran, 1 Univ. Wyo.; %-l mi. S, 3% mi. E Moran, 6200 ft., 6; Togwotee Pass, 2; Black Rock Creek, 2 USNM; Bar BC Ranch, 2Ji mi. NE Moose, 6500 ft., 1; Teton Pass, 7200 ft., 1 USNM; Jackson, 1. Uinta Co.: 16 mi. S, 2 mi. W Kemmerer, 6700 ft., 3; Ft. Bridger, 6650 ft., 25, 9 USNM; 9 mi. S Robertson, 8000 ft., 9; 9'A mi. S, 'A mi. W Robertson, 8600 ft., 1; 10 mi. S, 1 mi. W Robertson, 8700 ft., 25; 14 mi. S, 2 mi. E Rob- ertson, 9000 ft., 5; 4 mi. S Lonetree, 1 USNM. Yellowstone Nat'l Park: Canyon Camp, 1 USNM; Lower Geyser Basin, 1 USNM; N. end Lake, 3 USNM. Additional records (S. Anderson, 1954:496, unless otherwise noted). — Albany Co.: 7 mi. N, 2 mi. E Laramie; Laramie; 7-7/10 mi. SSW Laramie; Sherman. Carbon Co.: JO mi. S, 25 mi. E Saratoga, 9800 ft. (S. Anderson, 1959:462). Lincoln Co.: Sheep Creek. Sublette Co.: Dell Creek. Sweet- The Mammals of Wyoming 653 water Co.: Bitter Creek. Teton Co.: Whetstone Creek; S. Fork Buffalo River; Jenny Lake. Uinta Co.: 10 mi. SW Granger. Yellowstone Nat'l Park: Upper Yellowstone River. Microtus montanus zygomaticus S. Anderson 1954. Microtus rnontanus zygomaticus S. Anderson, Univ. Kansas Pubis., Mus. Nat. Hist., 7:500, July 23. Type. — From Medicine Wheel Ranch, 28 miles east of Lovell, 9000 feet elevation, Big Horn County, Wyoming. Comparisons. — See accounts of Microtus montanus codiemis and M. m. nanus. Measurements. — Average and extreme external and cranial measurements of 12 adult male topotypes are as follows: Total length, 159 (144-174); length of tail, 36.4 (30-41); hind foot, 18.2 (16-20); condylobasilar length, 25.8 (24.7-26.7); alveolobasilar length, 14.8 (13.8-15.3); palatilar length, 13.8 ( 12.7-14.2); alveolar length of upper molar tooth-row, 6.4 (5.9-6.6); zygomatic breadth, 15.9 (15.0-16.7); interorbital breadth, 3.6 (3.4-3.7); lambdoidal breadth, 12.1 (11.5-12.5); prelambdoidal breadth, 8.6 (8.3-8.9); depth of braincase, 8.0 (7.6-8.3). Distribution. — Bighorn Mountains. See Fig. 45. Remarks. — According to S. Anderson (1954:502), M. m. zygo- maticus deviates from the norm for the species the most of any subspecies, followed next by A/, m. codiensis and then by several other populations (including two subspecies). M. m. nanus is wide-ranging and approaches nearest to the norm. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 48, as follows: Big Horn Co.: type locality, 24; head of Trappers Creek, 9500 ft., 2 USNM. Johnson Co.: 1 mi. S, 7)i mi. W Buffalo, 6500 ft., 3; Bighorn Mtns., 3 USNM. Natrona Co.: Buffalo Creek, 27 mi. N, 1 mi. E Powder River, 6075 ft., 16. Microtus longicaudus longicaudus (Merriam) Long-tailed Vole 1888. Arvicola (Mynomes) longicaudus Merriam, Amer. Nat., 22:934, October. 1895. Microtus (Mynomes) longicaudus, J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 7:266, August 21. 1891. Arvicola (Mynomes) mordax Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 5:61, July 30 ( = Microtus longicaudus mordax, Goldman, 1938. Jour. Mamm., 19:491, November 14, type from Sawtooth or Alturus Lake, 7200 feet, Blaine County, Idaho). Type. — From Custer, Black Hills, 5500 feet, Custer County, South Dakota. Description. — Medium in size for Microtus (see Measurements) except tail which is long (usually 3 to 3/2 times length of hind foot); upper parts Grayish Bister to Dark Sepia Brown often with reddish tinge or olivaceous wash; sides frequently worn and often paler than dorsum; middle upper molar having four closed triangles; skull relatively smooth compared to that of M. richardsoni; rostrum, nasals, and maxillary tooth-row short (see Measurements); auditory bullae large and well inflated. 11—2329 654 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Measurements. — External and cranial measurements of an adult female from Mema (Horse Creek), of the type of M. longicaudits (lactating female), and of three adult males from the Mouth of Grinnell Creek are, respectively, as follows: Total length, 205, 185, 190, 180, 190; length of tail, 69, 65, 66, 64, 70; length of hind foot, 20, 21, 22, 22, 22; condylonasal length, 27.8, 26.8, — , 27.8, 28.9; zygomatic breadth, 15.3, — , — , 15.4, 15.8; interorbital breadtli, 3.8, 3.6, — , 3.7, 3.6; lengtli of nasals, 8.2, 7.8, 7.9, 7.9, 8.0; depth of skull, 8.6, 7.9, — , 8.1, 8.0; maxillary tooth-row, 6.6, 6.5, 6.3, 6.6, 6.8. Average and extreme external and cranial measurements of 17 adults (11 males) from nine to ten miles southward of Robertson, Uinta County, are as follows: Total length, 183.4 (173-195); length of tail, 63.8 (56-72); hind foot, 20.8 (20-23); ear from notch, 15.4 (14-20); condylonasal length, 27.6 (26.6-28.5); zygomatic breadth, 15.2 (14.3-16.2); interorbital breadth, 3.7 (3.5-3.9); length of nasals, 8.2 (7.9-9.0); cranial depth, 8.0 (7.8-8.6); maxillary tooth-row, 6.4 (6.2-6.7). Distribution. — Montane areas generally, but in many riparian habitats in lower, arid areas. Occurs in suitable habitat throughout state. See Fig. 46. Distribulion mop of WYOMING Mus. Nor. Mist , Univ. Kons. r945 _1_ l-^-l- 40 Milos =i iia Fig. 46. Distribution of Microtus longicaudus longicaudus. Remarks. — The population of long-tailed voles in the Black Hills is isolated to an unknown degree from other Wyoming populations of this vole to the westward and southward. To Bailey (1900:48) the long-tailed vole was unknown between the Black Hills and the Bighorn Mountains. Now specimens are available from the Belle Fourche River at Moorcroft only 40 some miles west of the Black The Mammals of Wyoming 655 Hills, and a much longer distance by way of the riparian habitat of the Belle Fourche River. At the time I visited the locality the river was dry except for a pool of water behind a beaver dam. Specimens examined from Campbell, Johnson, and Sheridan coun- ties show that the voles in the Black Hills (M. I. longicaudus of Merriam) are not so isolated as Bailey thought. C. H. Merriam (1888 and 1891) named both M. I. longicaudus and M. I. mordax. He chose as the holotype of M. I. longicaudus an extremely dark vole having blackish feet and long black ears. Most of the voles of this species in the Black Hills are not so dark and have short brownish ears and somewhat paler feet. Bailey (1900) examined large series of topotypes and near topotypes of mordax and longicaudus; he recognized that Merriam's description of the population in the Black Hills and his comparison of it with the Idaho voles were inaccurate. Bailey mentioned that mordax and longicaudus are "very similar" in size and cranial dimensions. Differences noted by him were "slightly longer, slenderer rostrum and nasals; slenderer zygomata, and longer condylar ramus of mandible" in M. mordax. A few voles in the Black Hills have slightly larger tympanic bullae than those of mordax, but the character does not warrant subspecific recognition. Examination of specimens from Idaho and from throughout Wyoming has re- vealed that M. longicaudus does not vary much, although many specimens from Jackson Hole have a reddish tinge on tiieir upper parts, and occasional specimens from the Black Hills are darker than most Wyoming specimens. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 557, as follows: Albany Co.: Springhill, 6300 ft., 5 USNM; 3 mi. SW Eagle Peak, 7500 ft., 1; 30 mi. N, 10 mi. E Laramie, 6760 ft., 1; 29 mi. N, 8% mi. E Laramie, 6420 ft., 3; 26%-27% mi. N, 6i2-6% mi. E Laramie, 2; Nash Fork Creek, 1; Snowy Range, 2 USNM; N. Fk. Little Laramie River, sec. 28, T. 16N, R. 78W, 8500 ft., 1; W. Base Corner Mtn., sec. 28, T. 16N, R. 78W, 8500 ft., 2; N. Fk. Campsround, sec. 28, T. 16N, R. 78W, 8500 ft., 2; Class Lake, sec. 17, T. 16N, R. 79W, 10,750 ft., 1; 3 mi. ESE Browns Peak, 10,000 ft., 7; Laramie, 1 USNM; 1 mi. E Laramie, 7164 ft., 1; 7 mi. E Laramie, 7900 ft., 1 Univ. Wye; Vedauwoo Picnic Ground, 1; Tie City Picnic Ground, 8575 ft., 1; Wallis Picnic Ground, 8350 ft., 1; Laramie Mtns., 8500 ft., 5 USNM; 1 mi. SSE Pole Mtn., 8350 ft., 8; 2 mi. SW Pole Mtn., 8300 ft., 13; 3 mi. S Pole Mtn., 8100 ft., 4. Big Horn Co.: Medicine Wheel Ranch, 28 mi. E Lovell, 9000 ft., 9; Gran- ite Creek Campground, 3; 2 mi. N, 12 mi. E Shell, 7500 ft., 2; Hd. Trappers Creek, 8400-8500 ft., 10 USNM; 4M mi. S, 173^ mi. E SheU, 4; GreybuU, 2 USNM. Campbell Co.: 1/4 mi. N, % mi. E Rockypoint, 1. Carbon Co.: Ferris Mtns., 8500 ft., 3 USNM; Shirley Mtns., 4 USNM; Ft. Steele, 1 USNM; Bridgers Pass, 18 mi. SW Rawlins, 7500 ft, 35, 13 USNM; 1 mi NNW Silver Lake, 1; 10 mi. N, 14 mi. E Encampment, 8; 8 mi. N, 14-14/2 mi. E Encampment, 8000-8100 ft., 6; 8 mi. N, 16 mi. E Encampment, 8400 ft., 6; Lake Marie, 10,440 ft., 1; Riverside, 1 USNM; Sierra Madre Mtns., above Battle, 2 USNM; 8 mi. N, 19-20 mi. E Savery, 8800 ft., 8; 7 mi. N, 656 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. 17 mi. E Savery, 8300 ft., 3; 6 mi. N, 14 mi. E Savery, 2; 5 mi. N, WA mi. E Savery, 8400 ft., 1; 4 mi. N, 8 mi. E Savery, 7300 ft., 4. Converse Co.: 4^2 mi. S, 3 mi. W Glenrock, 1; 3 mi. N, 5 mi. E Orin, 4725 ft., 1. Crook Co.: Warren Peak, Bear Lodge Mtns., 6000 ft., 1 USNM; 3 mi. NW Sundance, 5900 ft., 7; PA mi. NW Sundance, 5000 ft., 1; Sundance, 12 USNM; Belle Fourche Riv., Moorcroft, 3; Rattlesnake Creek, 6000 ft, 2 USNM. Fremont Co.: Jackeys Creek, 1 USNM; Bull Lake, 3 USNM; Lake Fork, 11,400 ft., 1 USNM; Milford, 5400 ft., 2; Moccasin Lake, 4 mi. N, 19 mi. W Lander, 1; Mosquito Park Ranger Sta., 252 mi. N, 17J2 mi. W Lander, 3; Split- rock, 6200 ft., 1 USNM; Mt. Crooks, Green Mtns., 8600 ft., 24; Green Mtns., 2 USNM. Johnson Co.: VA mi. S, 5M mi. W Buffalo, 4600-5520 ft., 4; 2 mi. S, 6li mi. W Buffalo, 5620 ft., 1; 2 mi. W Klondike, 5980 ft., 1; 1 mi. WSW Kaycee, 4700 ft., 1. Laramie Co.: 1 mi. N, 5 mi. W Horse Creek P. O., 6600 ft, 1; 5 mt. W Horse Creek P. O., 7200 ft., 3; 3A mi. W Horse Creek P. O., 3. Lincoln Co.: 3 mi. N, 11 mi. E Alpine, 2; 10 mi. SE Afton, 2 USNM; Border, 4 USNM; Cumberland, 6500 ft., 1. Natrona Co.: 27 mi. N, 1 mi. E Powder River, 6075 ft., 2; 16 mi. S, 11 mi. W Waltman, 6950 ft., 27; Rattlesnake Mtns., 7000-7500 ft., 7 USNM; 10 mi. S Casper, 7750 ft., 2; 7 mi. S, 2 mi. W Casper, 6300 ft., 1; 7 mi. S Casper, 6000 ft., 5 USNM. Park Co.: Clarks Fork, 3 USNM; 5 mi. N Cody, 1 USNM; Moutli Grinnell Creek, 6300-7300 ft., 10 USNM; Needle Mtn., 2 USNM; Valley, 6500-7500 ft., 13; 15M mi. S, 13 mi. W Meeteetse, 2. Sheridan Co.: Wolf, 1 USNM; 4 mi. NNE Banner, 4100 ft., 5. Sublette Co.: Merna (Horse Creek), 7800 ft., 1 USNM; 12 mi. N Kendall, 7700 ft., 1 USNM; Halfmoon Lake, 7900 ft., 2; 10 mi. NE Pinedale, 8000 ft., 1; 5 mi. N, 3 mi. E Pinedale, 7500 ft., 5; 2ii mi. NE Pinedale, 7500 ft., 3; Big Sandy, 1 USNM; 2 mi. S, 19 mi. W Big Piney, 5. Sweetwater Co.: 32 mi. S, 22 mi. E Rock Springs, 7025 ft., 6; 22 mi. SSW Bitter Creek, 7; 'i mi. N Jet. Henrys Fork and Utah Boundary, 1. Teton Co.: Whetstone Creek, 1 USNM; Pacific Creek, 4 USNM; 1 mi. N Moran, 7 USNM; Two Ocean Lake, 1 Univ. Wyo.; Moran, 1; 3% mi. E Moran, 6300 ft., 4; %-l mi. S, 3% mi. E Moran, 6200 ft., 19; Gros Ventre Slide, 3 mi. E Kelly P. O., 6800 ft., 1; Bar BC Ranch, 2M mi. NE Moose, 6500 ft., 1; Teton Pass, 7200 ft., 14 USNM; Jackson, 1 USNM. Uinta Co.: 8M mi. W Ft Bridger, 7100 ft., 1; Ft Bridger, 6650 ft., 11, 1 USNM; Mountainview, 1 USNM; 8 mi. S, 2}i mi. E Robertson, 8300 ft., 1; 9 mi. S Robertson, 8400 ft., 41; 9 mi. S, 2'A mi. E Robertson, 8600 ft., 2; 10 mi. S, 1 mi. W Robertson, 8700 ft., 11; 10 mi. S, 2'A mi. E Robertson, 8900 ft., 5; 13 mi. S, 2 mi. E Robertson, 9200 ft., 1; 14 mi. S, 2 mi. E Robertson, 9000 ft., 1. Washakie Co.: 4 mi. N, 9 mi. E Tensleep, 7000 ft., 8; J mi. N, 3 mi. E Tenshep, 4350 ft., 3. Weston Co.: IJa mi. E Buckhorn, 6150 ft., 14. Yellowstone Nat'l Park: Snow Pass, Mammoth Hot Springs, 3 USNM; Tower Falls, 1 USNM; no specific locality, 1 USNM. Microtus richardsoni macropus (Merriam) Richardson's Vole 1891. Arvicola (Mynomes) macropus Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 5:60, July 30. 1900. Microtus richardsoni macropus, V. Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 17:61, June 6. Type. — From Pahsimeroi Mountains, 9300 feet, Custer County, Idaho. Description. — Large (most adults longer than 200 mm., some more than 250 mm. in total length ) ; dark brownish upper parts, whitish or grayish under- The Mammals of Wyoming 657 parts; skull robust with robust rostrum but small, flattened tympanic bullae. Comparisons. — This species is easily identified on accoimt of its dark color and the large size of adults. Subadults might be confused with Microtus pennsylvanicus (which differs in having a 5tli closed loop on the second upper molar tooth), with M. montanus (which has relatively and actually larger auditory bullae), and with M. longicaudus (which also has relatively and actually larger buUae). The upper molar row in most individuals of M. richardsoni is longer than in the other species. Measurements. — External and cranial measurements of the holotype (adult? male), four lactating females, and one adult male from 10 miles southeast of Afton are, respectively, as follows: Total length, 220, 233, 225, 220, 230, 240; length of tail, 71, 76, 73, 70, 76, 72; hind foot, 26, 27, 26, 26, 26, 29; condylonasal length, 31.5, — 33.2, — , — , 34.2; zygomatic breadth, 19.6, 19.9, 19.8 — , — , — ; interorbital breadth, 4.9, 4.7, 4.7, 4.3, — , 5.0; lengdi of nasals, 9.0, 9.5, 9.7, 9.0, — , 10.0; len^h of bulla from pterygoid process to auditory meatus, 7.3, 7.7, 7.6, 7.4, 8.0, 8.0. Oislributlon mop of WYOMING Mus. Not. Hlst.,Univ. Kons. 1945 J I ^-.-f- 40 Miles /fm \ Fig. 47. Distribution of Microtus richardsoni macropus. Distribution. — Montane and riparian habitat in western Wyoming. See Fig. 47. Remarks. — Voles are diflBcult to use in ascertaining geographic variation (see Anderson, 1959:433) because each large sample is likely to be made up of individuals all of the same age. Microtines are especially difficult to age. 658 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Recently, Rasmussen and Chamberlain (1959) named a new subspecies, M. richardsoni myllodontus, from Utah and assigned an indefinite portion of Wyoming to the geographic range of the new subspecies. The holotype of M. r. macropus, not examined by Rasmussen and Chamberlain, possesses two characters ( irregular shape of infraorbital foramen and offset tooth-row), which were listed as absolutely diagnostic for the subspecies M. r. myllodontus. The right mandibular molariform teeth of USNM 31451 are not aligned as figured by Rasmussen and Chamberlain ( 1959: Fig. 1), but differ in that the third molar is set in (offset) much as in Utah specimens. Irregularly shaped infraorbital foramina and offset tooth-rows are found in most specimens examined of M. richardsoni. Some characteristics attributed to M. r. myllodontus (for example, wide nasals) may reflect stage of growth. Lack of adults from the type locality of macropus may account for the 'larger" size ascribed to myllodontus. Differences in coloration between the two subspecies are slight. M. r. myllodontus has larger auditory bullae and more procumbent incisors but in my opinion these two differences do not warrant subspecific recognition of myllodontus. Examination of topotypes and near topotypes of myllodontus from the collection of the University of Utah reveals that the man- dibular tooth-rows differ from those of Wyoming specimens and of near topotypes of macropus. The difference is not so much in the alignment of the teeth but in the shape of the labial surface of the mandible, which is markedly inset at the level of the third molar instead of weakly inset. The infraorbital foramina of myl- lodontus is irregularly shaped less frequently in Wyoming speci- mens and near topotypes of macropus. The auditory bullae are larger in myllodontus. It now seems reasonable to regard M. r. myllodontus as a weakly differentiated subspecies, but to restrict its range to the following locaHties: Idaho, Hd. Crow Creek, Cari- bou County (1 USNM); Utah, all locaHties listed by Rasmussen and Chamberlain, 1959. Subadult specimens from Uinta County, Wyoming, lack procumbent incisors, have dark grayish venters, and are assigned tentatively to M. r. macropus. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 132, as follows: Big Horn Co.: Medicine Wheel Ranch, 28 mi. E Lovell, 9000 ft., 1. Fremont Co.: Brooks Pk., 4; Lake Fork, 9600-11,400 ft., 10 USNM; 155i mi. S, 7}i mi. W Lander, 9200 ft., 5; 23)^ mi. S, 5 mi. W Lander, 7: South Pass City, 8000 ft., 1 USNM. Lincohi Co.: 3 mi. N, 11 mi. E Alpine, 5650 ft, 1; 10 mi. SE Afton, 7500- 9000 ft., 15 USNM; LaBarge Creek, 9000 ft., 5 USNM. Park Co.: Pahaska Tepee, 6500 ft., 1 USNM; Valley, 7000-7500 ft., 5 USNM. Sublette Co.: 31 mi. N Pinedale, 8025 ft., 7; 2 mi. N. Kendall, 7700 ft, 2 USNM; 12 mi. N Pinedale, 8000 ft., 1 USNM; E. end Island Lake, 10,600 ft., 2. The Mammals of Wyoming 659 Teton Co.: Whetstone Creek, 8 USNM; Arizona Creek, 7 USNM; Pacific Creek, 8 USNM; Big Game Ridge, 2 USNM; Gravel Creek, 3 USNM; Jackson Hole Wildlife Park, 1; Blackrock Meadows, 8600 ft., 3; Blackrock Creek, 3 USNM; Togwotee Pass, 5; Teton Pass, 7200 ft., 14 USNM; Moose Creek. 6800 ft., 4 USNM. Uinta Co.: 9 mi. S Robertson, 8400 ft, 4; 10 mi. S, 1 mi. W Robertson, 8700 ft., 2; 14 mi. S, 2 mi. E Robertson, 9000 ft., 1. Microtus ochrogaster haydenii (Baird) Prairie Vole 1958. Arvicola (Pedomys) haydenii Baird, Mammals, in Repts. Expl. Surv. . . . 8(1):543, July 14. 1907. Microtus ochrogaster haydeni, Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 20:48, April 18. Type. — From Fort Pierre, Stanley County, South Dakota. Description. — Medium in size for Microtus; upper parts brownish agouti with more or less reddish wash; underparts grayish strongly washed with Ochra- ceous-Bulf or cinnamon especially on perianal region; skull strongly arched in lateral view; tooth-row long with wide re-entrant angles in grooves of molars; auditory bullae showing ventral ridges (not greatly inflated); posterior loop of middle upper molar not cut off (see account of Microtus pennsylvanicus) . Measurements. — Average and extreme external and cranial measurements of 28 adults (14 males) from 28-32 miles north and 7-12M miles east of Laramie are as follows: Total length, 158.6 (144-168); length of tail, 40.3 (33-44); hind foot, 20.5 (19-22); ear from notch, 12.2 (11-13); condylobasal length, 28.0 (26.0-29.6); zygomatic breadth, 16.1 (14.8-17.2); lambdoidal breadth, 12.3 (11.7-12.7); maxillary tooth-row, 6.5 (5.9-7.3); cranial depth, 11.3 (10.7-12.2); breadth of rostrum, 5.8 (5.1-6.3). Measurements of a pregnant female from four miles north of Garland, Park County, are as follows: Total length, 153; length of tail, 21; hind foot, 19; ear from notch, 12; condylobasal length, 27.9; zygomatic breadth, 15.9; lambdoidal breadth, 12.3; maxillary tooth-row, 6.2; cranial depth, 10.6; rostral breadth, 6.0. Distribution. — Prairie areas of the Great Plains. See Fig. 48. Remarks. — Voles from the arid areas of extreme eastern Wyo- ming adjacent to the Sand Hills of Nebraska are notably paler than other individuals of this species in Wyoming. Even those from Crook County are paler than those from western counties. Ten adults from Niobrara County are notably large (total length, 171.7, 160-180) as well as pale. Even so, no significant cranial differences (even in size) were noted between specimens from extreme east- ern Wyoming and those from more western and northwestern counties. Perhaps the one adult known from Park County makes it necessary to qualify that statement; the specimen has a shorter tail and shallower cranium (see Measurements) than other speci- mens from Wyoming. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 274, as follows: Albany Co.: 32 mi. N, 12J^ mi. E Laramie, 6080 ft., 4; 3ni-3PA mi. N, 12 mi. E Laramie. 6160 ft., 19; 29-29% mi. N, 8^-19'i mi. E Laramie, 6350-6420 ft., 31; 28}i mi. N, 7)'* mi. E Laramie, 6500 ft., 7; 28 mi. N, 8% mi. E Laramie, 6420 ft., 11; 26 mi. N, 4}i mi. E Laramie, 6960 ft., 1. 660 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Big Horn Co.: GreybuU, 9 USNM; 8/10-1 mi. S Greybull, 3788-3795 ft., 3. Campbell Co.: Ivy Creek, 5 mi. N, 8 mi. W Spotted Horse, 4. Converse Co.: 6 mi. N, 4 mi. W Bill, 4800 ft., 1; 3 mi. N, 5 mi. E Orin, 4725 ft., 9; Beaver, 1 USNM. Crook Co.: 15 mi. ENE Sundance, 3825 ft., 1; IM mi. NW Sundance, 5000 ft., 1; Sundance, 2 USNM; Sand Creek, 1 USNM. Fremont Co.: 12 mi. N, 3 mi. W Shoshoni, 10. Goshen Co.: Rawhide Butte, 5800 ft., 4 USNM; 1 mi. SW Torrington, 3. Johnson Co.: 8/io mi. S, 1 mi. W Buffalo, 4800 ft, 5; 1 mi. S, 5'A mi. W Buffalo, 4800 ft., 1; 2 mi. S, 6'A 7ni. W Buffalo, 5620 ft., 3; }i mi. E Klondike, 5160 ft., 2; 1 mi. WSW Kaycee, 4700 ft., 5. Laramie Co.: 6)2 mi. W Meriden, 5200 ft, 2; Horse Creek, 3 mi. W Meri- den, 5000 ft., 1; JHD Ranch, sec. 3, T. 17N, R. 65W, 2; 4 mi. S Hillsdale, 2; 2 mi. N Pine Bluffs, 5050 ft., 6; 1 mi. N, 'A mi. W Vine Bluffs, 5040 ft., 9; 1 mi. S, % Tni. E Pine Bluffs, 5200 ft., 7; 2 mi. S Pine Bluffs, 5200 ft., 23. Natrona Co.: 4 mi. E Casper, 5100 ft., 1; 2^4 mi. S, PA mi. W Casper, 5250 ft., 3; 6 mi. S, 2 mi. W Casper, 5900 ft., 1; 7 mi. S, 2 mi. W Casper, 6370 ft., 1; Alcova, 5180 ft, 1; Sun, 1 USNM. Niobrara Co.: 10 mi. N Hatcreek P. O., 9; 1 mi. W Lusk, 5000 ft., 17; 2 mi. S, V2 mi. E Lusk, 5000 ft., 2. Park Co.: 4 mi. N Garland, 2. Platte Co.: 35}^ mi. N, 18 mi. E Laramie, 5500 ft., 6; 2Vi mi. S Chugwater, 5300 ft., 12. Sheridan Co.: Dayton, 1 USNM; 3 mi. WNW Monarch, 3800 ft., 3; 4 mi. NNE Banner, 4100 ft., 4; 5 mi. NE Clearmont, 3900 ft., 12. Washakie Co.: 1 mi. N, 3 mi. E Tensleep, 4350 ft., 1. Weston Co.: Newcastle, 1 USNM; 23 mi. SW Newcastle, 4500 ft., 2. County not certain: Pass, 4 USNM. Dislribulion mop of WYOMING Mus NotHisl.Unrv. Kons 1963 :. -^ — ■■ -145 Fig. 48. Microtus ochrogaster hatjdenii. Fig. 49. Lagurus curtains levidensis. Lagurus curtatus levidensis (Goldman) Sagebrush Vole 1941. Lemmiscus curtatus levidensis Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 54:70, July 31. 1951. Lagurus curtatus levidensis. Kelson, Jour. Mamm., 32:114, Feb- ruary 15. Type. — From fi\'e miles east of Canadian River, west base Medicine Bow Range, east of Walden, North Park, 8000 ft., Jackson County, Colorado. Description. — Small for Microtinae, with short tail; upper parts dusky and brownish tan or grayish buff; venter whitish or creamy white often showing The Mammals of Wyoming 661 plumbeous gray; tail whitish or bicolored brownish or buffy above and whitish below; pinna of ear brownish; skull flattened and frontal region dished; cheek- teeth rootless; m3 with at least four closed triangles. Winter pelage of two specimens from within a mile of Pole Mountain is more lax and more yellowish than suiTtmer pelage. Measurements. — Averages and extremes for external measurements of seven adults and cranial measurements of six adults (two females) from within 17 miles of Laramie are as follows: Total length, 123.3 (116-127); length of tail, 21.1 (16-23); hind foot, 15.1 (11-16); ear from notch, 10.8 (10-11); occipi- tonasal length, 24.1 (23.1-25.0); zygomatic breadth, 14.2 (13.3-14.5); in- terorbital breadth, 3.3 (3,1-3.5); length nasals, 6.6 (6.4-7.0); maxillary tooth- row, 6.0 (5.6-6.1). Distribution. — Central, western, and southern Wyoming mainly from Transi- tion Life-zone. See Fig. 49. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 60, as follows: Albany Co.: N. Fork Little Laramie River, sec. 28, T. 16N, R. 78W, 8600 ft., 2; 4.5 mi. N Laramie, 2; 1 mi. E Laramie, 1; 3 mi. E Laramie, 7300 ft., 2; 4.4 mi. E Laramie, 1 USNM; 1 mi. SSE Pole Mtn., 8350 ft., 6. Campbell Co.: 40'A mi. S, 17'A mi. W Gillette, 1 (owl pellet); 42 mi. S, 13 mi. W Gillette, 1 (owl pellets). Carbon Co.: 1 mi. SW Di.xon, 6600 ft., 1. Converse Co.: 10 mi. N, 6 mi. W Bill, 9 (from owl pellets, discarded). Laramie Co.: 5 mi. W Horse Creek P. O., 1. Natrona Co.: 16 mi. S, 11 mi. W Waltman, 6950 ft., 1. Sweetwater Co.: Farson, 6580 ft., 1; 32 mi. S, 22 mi. E Rock Springs, 7025 ft., 9. Teton Co.: Jackson, 1 USNM. Uinta Co.: 8 mi. S, I'A mi. E Robertson, 8300 ft, 3; 9 mi. S Robertson, 12; Smiths Fork, 20 mi. S Ft. Bridger, 6 USNM. Ondatra zibethicus (Linnaeus) Muskrat Large for Cricetidae (see Measurements); upper parts brownish or reddish brown; underparts fawn or silvery gray washed with reddish; tail scaly and almost naked; tail compressed laterally; skull as in Microtus but larger and more angular; nasals long, broad, and flaring anteriorly; interorbital region narrow; semi- aquatic. The muskrat is probably the most valuable furbearer in Wy- oming. It is the largest kind of Microtine and usually feeds on vegetable matter. Two sub- species occur in the state. Ondatra zibethicus cinnamominus (Hollister) 1910. Fiber zibethicus cinnamominus Hollister, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 23:125, September 2. 1912. Ondatra zibethicus cinnamomina. Miller, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79: 232, December 31. Fig. 50. Ondatra zibethicus. 1. O. z. cinnamominus 2. O. z. osoyoosensis 662 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist, Type. — From Wakeeney, Trego County, Kansas. Comparison. — Compared with Ondatra zihethicus osoyoosensis, O. z. cin- namominus averages paler, is much smaller cranially, and has a notably shorter maxillary tooth-row. The pelage of cinnamomina is more reddish or buffy in- stead of brownish. Measurements. — No significant diflFerences in size were noted between males and females. External measurements of two adult males from Sun, and an adult female from a half mile south of Rockypoint are, respectively, as follows: Total length, 490, 485, 554; length of tail, 215, 210, 214; hind foot, 81, 78, 76. Cranial measurements of 20 adults taken in winter and early spring from 6-6.1 miles southwest of Laramie, are as follows: Condylonasal length, 58.4 (55.5-63.0); zygomatic breadth, 36.3 (33.3-38.6); interorbital breadth, 6.0 (5.5-6.5); length of nasals, 18.2 (17.2-19.9); maxillary tooth-row, 15.0 (14.1- 15.8). Distribution. — In general the Great Plains. See Fig. 50. Remarks. — Intergradation between this subspecies and Ondatra zihethicus osoyoosensis occurs along the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, but specimens are needed from the Bighorn, Medicine Bow, and Sierra Madre ranges in order the better to judge which subspecies occurs in each of those mountain ranges. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 72, as follows: Albany Co.: 3 mi. SW Eagle Peak, 7500 ft., 1 USNM; Rock Creek, 2 USNM; 18 mi. N Laramie, 1 Univ. Wyo.; Vic. Bosler, 7000 ft., 1; Olson Ranch, Little Laramie River Valley, 2; Little Laramie River, 1; 14 mi. W Laramie, 1 Univ. Wyo.; Laramie, 7150 ft., 1; Near Osterman Lake, 7225 ft., 1, 1 Univ. Wyo.; 2 mi E Laramie, 1 Univ. Wyo.; Big Laramie River, 7100-7150 ft., 1, 1 Univ. Wyo.; 5 mi. S, 12 mi. W Laramie, 7225 ft., 1, 1 Univ. Wyo.; Caldwell Lake, 3; 7 mi. W Fox Park, sec. 11, T. 13N, R. 79W, 8500 ft., 6; 6-6.1 mi. SW Laramie, 7180 ft., 21; 16 7ni. SW Laramie, 7200 ft., 1 Univ. Wyo. Campbell Co.: Yi mi. S Rockypoint, 3800 ft., 1; 38 mi. S, 19 mi. W Gillette, 1. Carbon Co.: Bridgers Pass, 18 mi. SW RawUns, 7500 ft., 1; 7M mi. N, 8M mi. E Savery, 8400 ft., 1. Laramie Co.: Horse Creek, 1 mi. E Horse Creek P. O., 1; 3.1 mi. S Horse Creek, 1; 7 mi. W Cheyenne, 1. Natrona Co.: 28 mi. N, 12 mi. W Casper, 4700 ft., 3; Sun, 3 USNM. Ondatra zihethicus osoyoosensis (Lord) 1863. Fiber osoyoosensis Lord. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 97, October. 1912. Ondatra zibethica osoyoosensis. Miller. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79:231, December 31. Type. — From Lake Osoyoos, British Columbia. Comparison. — See account of Ondatra zibethicus dnnamominus. Measurements. — External measurements of an adult male and adult female from Fort Bridger, of an adult male from 25 miles south and 28 miles west of Cody, and of an adult male and adult female from within a mile of Moran are, respectively, as follows: Total length, 578, 570, 563, 561, 553; length of tail, 263, 259, 260, 260, 245; hind foot, 78, 74, 82, 80, 80; ear from notch, 24, 27, 27, 23, 25. Cranial measurements of the male from 25 mi. S and 28 mi. W Cody, of the male and female from within a mile of Moran, and of an adult female from within three miles of Pinedale are, respectively, as follows: Condylonasal length, 67.0, 64.2, 64.0, 63.9; zygomatic breadth, 42.2, 38.8, The Mammals of Wyoming 663 39.6, 38.5; interorbital breadth, 6.6, 6.2, 6.9, 7.0; length of nasals, 23.2, 21.5, 21.4, 20.8; maxillary tooth-row, 15.3, 16.1, 15.3, 14.8. Distribution. — Western Wyoming. See Fig. 50. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 21, as follows: Fremont Co.: Brooks Lake, 1 Univ. Wyo.; 4 mi NW Milford, 5357 ft., 1. Lincoln Co.: Cokeville, 1 USNM; Fossil, 1 USNM; Opal, 2 USNM. Park Co.: 12 mi. S, 15 mi. W Cody, 1; 25 mi. S, 28 mi. W Cody, 1; 30 mi. S, 43 mi. W Cody, 1; Valley, 1 USNM. Sublette Co.: 7 mi. S Fremont Peak, 10,400 ft., 2 USNM; 2^A mi. NE Pinedale, 3. Teton Co.: }i mi. E Moran, 6740 ft., 2. Uinta Co.: 1 mi. N Ft. Bridget, 2. Yellowstone Nat'l Park: Yellowstone River, 1 USNM. Not found: Pass Creek, 1 USNM (Park Co.?). Family Miiridae Gray Key to Mubid Rodents Introduced Into Wyoming 1. Hind foot longer than 25; tail longer than 115 Rattus norvegicus, p. 663 1'. Hind foot shorter than 25; tail shorter than 115 Mus musculus, p. 663 Rattus norvegicus norvegicus (Berkenhout) Norway Rat 1769. Mus norvegicus Berkenhout, Outlines of the natural history of Great Britain and Ireland, 1:5. 1916. Rattus norvegicus, Holhster, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 29:126, June 6. Type. — From England. Description. — Large (see Measurements); upper parts grayish brown, but inelanistic and albinistic skins frequently seen in collections; tail sparsely haired; skull weakly developed; supraorbital ridges distinct; molars provided with small tubercles arranged in three longitudinal rows; dentition, i.}, eg, p.g, m.f. Measurements. — Total length, 316-460; length of tail, 122-215; hind foot, 30-45; occipitonasal length, 41.0-51.5; zygomatic breadth, 21.0-25.2. (After Hall and Kelson, 1959:769.) Distribution. — Not native to Wyoming; introduced by man; occurs in and around habitations of man. Not mapped. Record of occurrence. — Specimen examined, 1, as follows: Albany Co.: Woods Landing, 1 Univ. Wyo. Mus musculus domesticus Rutty House Mouse 1772. Mus domesticus Rutty, Essay Nat. Hist. County Dublin, 1:281. 1943. Mus musculus domesticus, Schwarz and Schwarz, Jour. Mamm. 24:65, February 20. Type. — From Dublin, Ireland. Description. — Small (see Measurements) resembling Reithrodontomys mega- lotis in size and color (but anterior faces of incisors not grooved as in R. megalotis); upper parts grayish brown-agouti; venter grayish; tail scantily haired and dark grayish; eyes small; occlusal surface of incisors showing dis- tinct posterior notch in lateral view; three longitudinal rows of tubercles on each molar tooth-row. 664 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Measurements. — Total length, 130-198; length of tail, 63-102; hind foot, 14-21; ear from notch, 11-18; occipitonasal length, 20.1-22.9; zygomatic breadth, 10.6-12.1. (After Hall and Kelson, 1959:770.) Distribution. — In and about man's habitations, but occasionally feral popu- lations are found in summer. Not mapped. Remarks. — This non-native species, in somewhat the same fashion as the Norway rat, is frequently injurious to man and to the native fauna. AppHcation here of the subspecific name M. tn. domesticus to specimens from Wyoming is in accordance with the suggestion of Schwarz and Schwarz (1943) and is not the result of critical study by myself of subspecific variation in Mus miisctdtis. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 60, as foUows: Albany Co.: 10 mi. NE Laramie, 7300 ft., 1 Univ. Wyo.; 4 mi. W Laramie, 7275 ft., 1 Univ. Wyo.; Laramie, 7300 ft., 3 Univ. Wyo. Big Horn Co.: 7 mi. S Basin, 1. Campbell Co.: 2Ji mi. N, 7 mi. W Spotted Horse, 2; 45}^ mi. S, 15 mi. W Gillette, 1; 53M mi. S, 15)2 mi. W Gillette, 5340 ft., 1. Crook Co.: IM mi. NW Sundance, 5000 ft., 1. Laramie Co.: 6}i mi. W Meriden, 5200 ft, 1; 11 mi. N, 5'A mi. E Cheyenne, 5950 ft., 2; 2 mi. N Pine Blu£Fs, 5050 ft., 2. Park Co.: 4 mi. N Garland, 6. Sheridan Co.: 3 mi. WNW Monarch, 3800 ft, 15; 4 mi. NNE Banner, 4100 ft., 13; 5 mi. NE Clearmont, 3900 ft., 6. Sweet- water Co.: }i mi. S Green River, 6090 ft., 3. Uinta Co.: Ft. Bridger, 6650 ft., 1. Family Zapodidae Key to Zapodid Rodents 1. Palatal breadth at M3 less than 4.2; total length less than 225, Zapus hudsonius, p. 664 1'. Palatal breadth at M3 more than 4.4; total length usually- more than 225, Zapus princeps, p. 665 Zapus hudsonius (Zimmermann) Meadow Jumping Mouse Smaller than Zapus princeps; upper parts lacking distinct dorsal blackish band, although sides paler than ochraceous or brown- ish back; lateral line ochraceous; tail long, brownish above and slightly paler below; hind foot long; baculum shorter than in Z. princeps; incisors grooved anteriorly; P4 small; nasals long; dentition, i.}, c.^, p.^, m.f; saltatorial. Occurs in moist areas in Canadian and Transition life-zones. Zapus hudsonius campestris Preble 1899. Zapus hudsonius campestris Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:20, August 8. Type. — From Bear Lodge Mountains, Crook County, Wyoming. Comparison. — From Zapus hudsonius prehlci, Z. li. campestris differs in brighter ochraceous (and more blackish) upper parts; dorsal dark band less obscure; skull averaging larger; frontal region less inflated. Measurements. — External measurements of 18 adults (8 males) from three miles northwest of Sundance are averaged as follows: Total length, 210.7 ( 191- The Mammals of Wyoming 665 224); length of tail, 126.2 (118-136); hind foot, 29.9 (29-31); ear from notch, 12.4 (11-16). Krutzsch (1954:462) lists measurements of 19 adults from the same locality as follows: Condylobasal length, 19.9 (19.2-20.8); breadth brain- case, 9.7 (9.4-10.0); interorbital breadth, 4.3 (3.8-4.5); mastoidal breadth, 10.4 (10.1-10.9); length maxillary tooth-row, 3.6 (3.4-3.8); occipitonasal length, 23.2 (22.4-24.2); palatal length, 10.0 (9.5-10.5); zygo- matic breadth, 11.1 (10.7-11.8). Distribution . — Black Hills and closely surrounding areas. May occur in the Bighorn Mountains; recorded from their northern base in Montana. See Fig. 51. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 40, as follows: Crook Co.: Bear Lodge Mtns., 6 USNM; Warren Peak, 6000 ft., 2 USNM; 15 mi. N Sundance, 5500 ft., 2; Devils Tower, Floodplain Belle Fourche River, 1 USNM; 3 mi NW Sundance, 19; Sun- dunce, 3 USNM. Weston Co.: mi. E Buckhom, 6150 ft., 7. Fig. 51. 1. Z 2. Z Zapus hudsonius. h. campestris h. preblei VA Zapus hudsonius preblei Krutzsch 1954. Zajnis hudsonius preblei Krutzsch, Univ. Kansas Pubis., Mus. Nat. Hist, 7:452, April 21. Type. — From Loveland, Larimer County, Colorado. Comparison. — For comparison with Za)nis hudsonius campestris, see account of that subspecies. Measurements. — External and cranial measurements of three adults from Springhill are as follows: Total length, 200, 210, 200; length of tail, 117, 128, 126; hind foot, 29, 31, 31; occipitonasal length, — , 23.4, — ; zygomatic breadth, — , 11.5, — ; interrorbital breadth, — , 4.3, — ; length of nasals, — , 8.9, — ; cranial depth, — , 7.5, — ; maxillary tooth-row, — , 3.7, — . Distribution. — Rare, but known from southeastern Wyoming and mountains of south-central Wyoming. See Fig. 51. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 6, as follows: Albany Co.: Springhill, 6300 ft., 5 USNM. Laramie Co.: Cheyenne, 1 USNM. Additional record. — Platte Co.: Chugwater (Krutzsch, 1954:453). Zapus princeps J. A. Allen Western Jumping Mouse Large for Zapus; upper parts yellowish gray or ochraceous later- ally intermixed with brownish becoming dark brownish middorsally (usually with dark brownish middorsal stripe); ochraceous, thin lateral line usually present between brownish gray of sides and whitish of venter; underparts white; tail longer than body, naked 666 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. and dark grayish; hind foot long; nasals long; incisors grooved; upper premolars larger than in Zapiis Imdsonius; baculum elongate in Z. princeps. This mammal is structurally adapted for saltation and occurs in the Transition and Canadian life-zones usually near water. Distribution mop of WYOMING Mus. Not. Hist., Univ. Kons. 1945 1-^4- 40 Mtles Fig. 52. Distribution of Zapus princeps. Guide to subspecies 2. Z. p. princeps 1. Z. p. idahoensis 3. Z. p. utahensis Zapus princeps idahoensis Davis 1934. Zapus princeps idahoensis Davis, Jour. Mamm., 15:221, August 10. Type. — From five miles east of Warm Lake, 7000 feet. Valley County, Idaho. Comparisons. — From Zapus princeps princeps, Z. p. idahoensis differs in lesser size; darker upper parts; lesser zygomatic breadth; and more nearly parallel upper tooth-rows. From Zapus princeps princeps, Z. p. idahoensis differs in lesser size; paler, less ochraceous upper parts; more obscure lateral line; shghtly buffy instead of white underparts; and smaller skull. Measurements. — External measurements of 20 adults (nine males) from 31 miles north of Pinedale average as follows: Total length, 227.0 (223-250); length of tail, 139.1 (126-149); hind foot, 31.3 (30-33); ear from notch, 17.1 (15-19). Cranial measurements of 24 adult males and females from western Park County westward of Cody are listed by Krutzsch (1954:456) as The Mammals of Wyoming 667 follows: Condylobasal length, 21.4 (20.6-22.6); breadth of braincase, 10.5 (9.9-11.2); interorbital breadth, 4.6 (4.3-5.2); mastoidal breadth, 11.0 (10.5- 11.4); length of maxillary tooth-row, 4.0 (3.9-4.2); occipitonasal length, 24.7 (24.1-25.6); palatal length, 10.9 (10.2-11.5); zygomatic breadth, 12.6 (12.0- 13.3). Distribution. — Yellowstone Park, eastern Park County, and the Wind River Mountains. See Fig. 52. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 138, as follows: Fremont Co.: 4 mi, N, 19 mi. W Lander, 10,000 ft., 1; 23% mi. S, 5 mi. W Lander, 8600 ft., 4. Lincoln Co.: LaBarge Creek, 9 USNM. Park Co.: Black Mtn., 3 USNM; 31.5 mi. N, 36 mi. W Cody, 6900 ft., 7; 28 mi. N, 30 mi. W Cody, 7200 ft., 1; 16J4 mi. N, 17 mi. W Cody, 5625 ft., 14; 2 mi. S, 42 mi. W Cody, 6400 ft., 4; Pahaska, 4 USNM; Mouth Grinnell Creek, 7000 ft., 17 USNM; 25 mi. S, 28 mi. W Cody, 6350 ft., 5; Valley, 7500 ft., 5 USNM. Sublette Co.: 31 mi. N Pinedale, 8025 ft., 27; 12 mi. N Kendall, 7700 ft., 7 USNM; Merrm, 7800 ft., 3 USNM; Halfmoon Lake, 7900 ft., 5; 12 mi. NE Pinedale, 2 USNM; 10 mi. NE Pinedale, 8000 ft., 1; 8 mi. N, 5 mi. E Pinedale, 8900 ft., 1; 5 mi. N, 3 mi. E Pinedale, 7500 ft., 4; 2 mi. S, 19 mi. W Big Piney, 7700 ft., 3; 3 mi. W Stanley, 8000 ft., 3. Yellowstone Nat'I Park: Glen Creek, 2 USNM; no certain locality, 6 USNM. Additional record (Krutzsch, 1954:404). — Park Co.: 12 mi. W Wapiti. Zapus princeps princeps J. A. Allen 1893. Zapus princeps J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist, 5:71, April 28. Type. — From Florida, La Plata County, Colorado. Comparisons. — From Zapus princeps utaliensis, Z. p. princeps differs in upper parts more ochraceous; lateral line broader; skull smaller; and upper tooth-rows more nearly parallel. For comparison with Z. p. idnhoensis, see account of that subspecies. Measurements. — Average and extreme external measurements of 22 adults (six males) from 10 miles north and 14 miles east of Encampment are as fol- lows: Total length, 233.0 (222-250); length of tail, 136.1 (127-145); hind foot, 31.3 (28-33); ear from notch, 14.4 (13-16). Cranial measurements of 11 adult males and females from eight miles north and 19?2 miles east of Savery are as follows: Condylobasal length, 21.2 (20.8-21.8); breadth of brain- case, 10.2 (10.0-10.5); interorbital breadth, 4.5 (4.2-4.7); mastoidal breadth, 10.9 (10.6-11.1); length maxillary tooth-row, 3.9 (3.7-4.1); occipitonasal length, 24.5 (23.7-25.0); palatal length, 10.8 (10.5-11.1); zygomatic breadth, 12.2 (12.0-12.5). Distribution. — Suitable habitats in Bighorn Mountains, mountain ranges in Central Lowlands, and mountains of south-central Wyoming. See Fig. 52. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 253, as follows: Albany Co.: 3 mi. SW Eagle Peak, 7500 ft., 3 USNM; 30 mi. N, 10 mi. E Laramie, 6760 ft., 1; 29 mi. N, 8% mi. E Laramie, 6420 ft., 7; 26% mi. N, 6'A mi. E Laramie, 6700 ft., 1; Nash Fork Creek, 2 mi. W Centennial, 1; Centennial, 8140 ft., 1; 2 mi. S Browns Peak, 10,600 ft., 2; 3 mi. ESE Browns Peak, 10,000 ft., 8; 4 mi. S, 8 mi. E Laramie, 8600 ft., 2; 6 mi. S, 8 mi. E Laramie, 8500 ft., 1; 1 mi. SSE Pole Mtn., 8350 ft., 3; PA mi. SE Pole Mtn., 8200 ft., 1; 2 mi. SW Pole Mtn., 8300 ft., 3. Big Horn Co.: Medicine Wheel Ranch, 28 mi. E Lovell, 9000 ft., 37; Granite Creek Campground, Bighorn Mtns., 3; 2 mi. N, 12 mi. E Shell, 7500 ft., 12; 12 mi. E Shell, 7500 ft., 1; AY2 mi. S, 17M mi. E Shell, 6. Carbon Co.: Shirley Mtns., 7600 ft., 4 USNM; Bridgers Pass, 7500 ft., 6; Lake Marie, 10,440 ft., 1; 6 mi. S, 14 mi. E Saratoga, 8800 ft., 5; 10 mi. N, 668 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. 12 mi. E Encampment, 7200 ft., 2; 10 mi. N, 14 mi. E Encampment, 8000 ft., 28; 10 mi. N, 16 mi. E Encampment, 8000 ft., 1; 9 mi. N, 3 mi. E Encamp- ment, 2; 8 mi. N, 14'A E Encampment, 8100-8400 ft., 20; 8 mi. N, 16 mi. E Encampment, 8400 ft., 6; 8 mi. N, 18 mi. E Encampment, 8900 ft., 1; 8 mi. N, 19'A mi. E Savertj, 7; 7 -7 'A mi. N, 18-18'A mi. E Savery, 8400 ft., 3; 6 mi. N, 13'A-14A mi. E Savery, 11; 4 mi. N, 8 mi. E Savery, 7300 ft., 2. Converse Co.: 21 mi. S, 24 mi. W Douglas, 7700 ft., 5; 21.5 mi. S, 24.5 mi. W Douglas, 18. Johnson Co.: .8 mi. S, 1 mi. W BuflFalo, 4800 ft, 1; I mi. S, 5'A mi. W Buffalo, 1; IY2 mi. S, 5'A mi. W Buffalo, 2; 2 mi. S, 6A mi. W Buffalo, 5620 ft., 4. Laramie Co.: Meadow, 2 USNM; 1 mi. N, 5 mi. W Horse Creek P. O., 7200 ft., 2; 5 mi. W Horse Creek P. O., 1; Islay, 1 USNM. Natrona Co.: 7 mi. S, 2 mi. W Casper, 6370 ft., 2; 7 mi. S Casper, 6000 ft., 1 USNM; 23 mi. S, 25 mi. W Casper, 7800 ft., 8. Washakie Co.: 5 mi. N, 9 mi. E Tensleep, 7400 ft, 2; 4 mi. N, 9 mi. E Tensleep, 7000 ft., 5. Zapus princeps utahensis Hall 1934. Zapus princeps utahensis Hall, Occas. Papers Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich- igan, 296:3, November 2. Type. — From Beaver Creek, 19 miles soutli of Manila, Daggett County, Utah. Comparisons. — See accoimts of Zapus princeps idahoensis and Z. p. princeps. Measurements. — ^Average and extreme external measurements of 16 adults (7 males) from nine miles south of Robertson are as follows: Total length, 246.1 (228-268); length of tail, 145.6 (131-165); hind foot, 33.5 (31-35); ear from notch, 15.3 (13-17). Cranial measurements of 15 adult males and females from southward of Robertson are hsted by Krutzsch (1954:459) as follows: Condylobasal length, 22.0 (21.0-22.6); breadth braincase, 10.7 (10.3-11.1); interorbital breadth, 5.0 (4.7-5.1); mastoidal breadth, 11.2 (10.8-11.6); length maxillary tooth-row, 4.1 (3.9-4.2); occipitonasal length, 25.4 (24.6-26.4); palatal length, 11.1 (10.8-11.7); zygomatic breadth, 13.2 (12.4-14.0). Distribution. — Southwestern Wyoming. See Fig. 52. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 171, as follows: Lincoln Co.: 3 mi. N, 11 mi. E Alpine, 5650 ft., 39; Greys River, 6000 ft., 2 Univ. Wyo.; Afton, 2 USNM; 10 mi. SE Afton, 7500 ft., 8 USNM. Teton Co.: Upper Arizona Creek, 1 USNM; Whetstone Creek, 36 USNM; Gravel Creek, 1 USNM; Two Ocean Lake, 1; 18 mi. N, 9 mi. W Moran, 1, 6 Univ. Wyo.; Jackson Hole WildUfe Park, 2; Moran, 1, 2 USNM; Ui mi. E Moran, 4, 6 Univ. Wyo.; 3 mi. S, 17 mi. E Moran, 8600 ft., 2; Black Rock Meadows, 2 Univ. Wyo.; 2J^ mi. NE Moose, 6225 ft., 1; Moose, 6225 ft., 1; Moose Creek, 6800 ft., 2 USNM. Uinta Co.: 9 mi. S Robertson, 8000-8400 ft., 22; 9M mi. S, 1 mi. W Robert- son, 8600 ft., 3; 10 mi. S, 1 mi. W Robertson, 8700 ft., 19; 13 mi. S, 1 mi. E Robertson, 9000 ft., 4; 4 mi. S Lonetree, 3 USNM. Additional record (Krutzsch, 1954:420). — Uinta Co.: 5 mi. E Lonetree. Family Erethizontidae Porcupines Erethizon dorsatum (Linnaeus) Porcupine Second only to the beaver in size among American rodents north of Panama; upper parts thickly set with black and yellow quills; underparts scantily haired; four toes on front feet and five on hind The Mammals of Wyoming 669 feet; diastema longer than maxillary tooth-row; infraorbital fora- men larger than foramen magnum; four cheek-teeth on each side of each jaw (except in juveniles in which the last molar has not yet erupted). This large slow-moving rodent is an able chmber and usually feeds on the bark of trees or on other vegetal matter. Two sub- species occur in Wyoming, Disltibulion mop ol WYOMING Mtis. Not, Hist-.Dfliv. Kanj. 1945 Scole 10 0 20 40 Miles I.I I I /t7n I Fig. 53. Distribution of Erethizon dorsatum. 1. E. d. hruneri 2. E. d. epixanthum Erethizon dorsatum bruneri Swenk 1916, Erethizon epixanthum bruneri Swenk, Univ. Nebraska Studies, 16:117, November 21. 1947. Erethizon dorsatum hruneri, Anderson, Bull. Nat, Mus, Canada, 102:173, January 24. Type. — From three miles east of Mitchell, Scotts Bluff County, Nebraska. Comparison. — Compared with Erethizon dorsatum epixanthum, E. d. bruneri is smaller (see Measurements), has frontals notably arched in lateral view ( not dished ) , and has auditory bullae less inflated. 12—2329 670 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Measurements. — Cranial measurements of three adult males from Arvada and one adult female from Manville are, respectively, as follows: Occipito- nasal length, 97, 95, 98, 93; condylobasal length, 110, 105, 104, 107; zygo- matic breadth, 75, 71, 66, 66; length of nasals, 37, 38, 38, 34; maxillary tootli- row, 25.7, 24.0, 26.3, 27.3; cranial depth, 30, 30, 29, 29; width of auditory bulla to lateral projection of meatus, 22.0, 21.5, 18.4, 21.0. Distribution. — Great Plains and montane areas closely adjacent. See Fig. 53. Remarks. — Skulls from Arvada have small bullae, raised or arched frontals, and are small. A subadult from Johnson County is re- ferred to E. d. bruneri because of tlie geographic nearness of the locality of the specimen to that of specimens from Arvada and because all of the specimens are in the same watershed. No adults are known from the Sierra Madre in south-central Wyoming, and a single subadult having shghtly raised frontals gives basis for assigning specimens from there to bruneri. Speci- mens from the nearby Medicine Bow Mountains are undoubtedly bruneri for they are small, have raised frontals, and small bullae. A specimen from 24 miles nordi and 12 miles east of Sinclair is subadult and is referred to bruneri only on the basis of geographic proximity to the mountains of south-central Wyoming. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 44, as follows: Albany Co.: Medicine Bow Mtns., 1 USNM; Laramie Mtns., 1 USNM; 25 mi. W Laramie, 7500 ft., 1 Univ. Wyo.; Laramie, 1 USNM; Pole Mtn., 1 Univ. Wyo.; Near Wallace Camp Ground, SE Laramie, 8500 ft., 1; 2 mi. SW Pole Mtn., 1; Woods Creek, 8000 ft., 1 Univ. Wyo. Carbon Co.: 24 mi. N, 12 mi. E Sinclair, 6600 ft., 1 Univ. Wyo.; 8 mi. N, 14 mi. E Encampment, 8400 ft., 1; 8 mi. N, 16 mi. E Encampment, 1; En- campment, 2 USNM. Converse Co.: Glenrock, 1 USNM; Boxelder, 1 USNM; 21 mi. S, 24 mi. W Douglas, 7600 ft., 1; 22.5 mi. S, 25 mi. W Douglm, 7800 ft., 1. Crook Co.: 15 mi. N Sundance, 1; 15 mi. ENE Sundance, 3825 ft., 1; Sundance, 1 USNM. Johnson Co.: 1 mi. S, 4?^ mi. W Buffalo, 5440 ft., 1. Laramie Co.: Horse Creek, 6500 ft., 1. Natrona Co.: 10 mi. S Casper, 7750 ft., 1 (marginal but not plotted on map because engraving for Fig. 53 was made before specimen was seen). Niobrara Co.: Kirtley, 1 USNM; Manville, 8 USNM. Sheridan Co.: Arvada, 12 USNM. Weston Co.: VA mi. E Buckhorn, 6150 ft., 1. Erethizon dorsatum epixanthum Brandt 1835. Erethizon epixanthus Brandt, Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci., St. Petersboiurg, sen 6, Sci. Math. Phys. et Nat., 3:390. 1884. Erethrizon dorsatus epixanthus, True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7(App., Circ. 29) : 600, November 29. Type. — From California. Comparison. — See accoiuat of Erethizon dorsatum bruneri. Measurements. — External measurements of a subadult female from two and a foiuiii miles northeast of Pinedale are: Total length, 795; length of tail, 220; hind foot, 90; ear, 35. Average and extreme cranial measiu-ements of seven adult males from Elk (2) and along the Snake River (5) and measure- The Mammals of Wyoming 671 ments of two adult females from along the Snake River are, respectively, as follows: Occipitonasal length, 101.6 (95-105), 102, 92; condylobasal length, 113.0 (110-115), 112, 98; zygomatic breadth, 72.0 (70-76), 74, 68; length of nasals, 41.0 (36-47), 41, 39; cranial depth, 29.6 (28-32), 28.3, 28.0; maxil- lary tooth-row, 27.1 (24.9-29.3), 26.8, 25.7. Distribution. — Mountains and basins of western Wyoming. See Fig. 53. Remarks. — In Wyoming, characters of this subspecies are best expressed in the mountainous northwestern part of the state. An adult male from Shell has the frontals raised as in hruneri, but its skull is exceptionally long (condylobasal length, 115 mm.). Owing to its large size, this specimen is referred to E. d. epixanthum. In subadults the frontals are often dished and the bullae are large. Specimens from the Wind River Basin and Green River Basin have dished frontals and for this reason are referred to epixanthum. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 66, as follows: Big Horn Co.: Shell, 19 USNM. Fremont Co.: 2 mi. N, 6 mi. W Burris, 6450 ft., 1; Crow- heart, 2 USNM; Meadow Creek, 4 USNM; Sage Creek, 3 USNM; Lander, 1 USNM; Hailey, 1 USNM. Lincoln Co.: 9 mi. N, 2M mi. W Afton, 2; Afton, 1 USNM; Greys River, 1. Park Co.: 2 mi. S, 42 mi. W Cody, 6400 ft., 1; 18 mi. S, 23 mi. W Cody, 6400 ft., 1; Ishawooa Creek, 19 mi. S, 19 mi. W Cody, 1. Sublette Co.: N. side Half moon Lake, 1; 1)i mi. NE Pinedale, 7500 ft., 1. Sweetwater Co.: Rock Springs, 1 USNM. Teton Co.: N. Vork Snake River, 7 USNM; Middle Fork Snake River, 7 USNM; Snake River, 1 USNM; Pacific Creek, 1 mi. N, 5 mi. E Moran, 6800 ft., 1 Univ. Wyo.; ii mi. N Moran, 6742 ft., 1 Univ. Wyo.; Elk, 6 USNM. Uinta Co.: 9 mi. S Rob- ertson, 8000 ft., 1; lO'A mi. S, 2 mi. E Robertson, 1. Order CARNIVORA Carnivores Key to Families of Cabnivores 1. Hind foot five-toed 2 2. Three lower molars; length of head and body more than 41 inches, Ursidae, p. 682 2'. Two lower molars; length of head and body less than 41 inches 3 3. Teeth, 40; tail annulated Procyonidae, p. 687 3'. Teeth fewer than 40; tail not annulated Mustelidae, p. 688 1', Hind foot four-toed 4 4. Four digits on forefoot; claws non-retractile; teeth, 42 Canidae, p. 671 4'. Five digits on forefoot; claws retractile; teeth 28-30 Felidae, p. 704 Family CANmAE Key to Canids 1. Basilar length usually less than 147; frontals concave dorsally (dished) 2 2. Back of pinna of ear blackish; tail lacking dorsal black stripe; inferior margin of mandible lacking prominent step 3 3. Tip of tail white; ears black on outer surface of pinna; upper parts red- dish Vulpes vulpes, p. 678 3'. Tip of tail blackish; ears grayish on outer surface of pinna; upper parts yellowish gray intermixed dorsally with golden buff. . . .Vulpes velox, p. 680 672 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. 2'. Back of pinna of ear reddish or rufous; tail having continuous dorsal black stripe; inferior margin of mandible having prominent step, Urocyon cinereoargenteus, p. 682 1'. Basilar length usually more than 147; frontals not concave dorsally .. 4 4. Anteroposterior length of upper canine less than 11; upper carnassial shorter than 23.4 Canis latrans, p. 672 4'. Anteroposterior length of upper canine more than 1 1 ; upper carnassial usually longer than 23.4 Canis lupus, p. 675 Canis latrans Say Coyote Larger than a fox and smaller than a wolf; upper parts Pinkish BufiF to Cinnamon Buff intermixed with gray and black; tail con- color with back but paler below; forelegs, muzzle, and ears Pinkish Buff, Cinnamon Buff, or even darker; underparts buffy; skull re- sembling that of Canis lupus but less robust with slenderer rostrum and weaker, less robust, dentition; canines elongate; tail held down when animal runs; dental formula as in C. lupus. Two subspecies of the coyote occur in Wyoming and intergrade in a broad zone at the eastern base of the Rockies. Young (Young and Jackson, 1951: Fig. 10) shows dispersal distances of tagged, re- leased coyote pups plotted on a map of Wyoming. One coyote moved 100 miles, another 90 miles, but most moved shorter dis- tances. It is interesting that no coyotes were known to have moved across the subspecies-boundary either westward or eastward (boundary shown in Fig. 54). Long dispersal distances would seemingly broaden a zone of intergradation. Some persons favor preserving the coyote but many sheep own- ers would exterminate it even in the National Parks in order to pre- vent the animals from straying from the protected areas onto lands where sheep are grazed. At one time in Wyoming, when parts of the National Forests were allocated to individual fur-trappers for their use, less poison was placed there by predatory-mammal con- trol agents than was the case later. Probably in reference to the period in which individual fur-trappers had registered trap-lines in the National Forests, Young (in Young and Jackson, 1951:73) has written that a "barrage of effective control poison stations" around the "border line of the Wyoming National Forest" lessened preda- tion by coyotes on sheep. Sperry (1941) examined the stomachs of 8,339 coyotes from 17 western states taken in all months of the year over a five-year period. He found that the coyote fed mainly on rabbits (33 per cent of food items, and remains were found in 43 per cent of the stomachs The Mammals of Wyoming 673 examined). Carrion was the second most important food. The third most important food was rodents. Remains of sheep and goats were found in about one-fifth of the stomachs. The propor- tion of sheep and goats that was carrion could not be ascertained. The manner in which stomachs were obtained, and the practices of the men charged with collecting stomachs had been questioned (see A. B. Howell, 1930:381-382). In my opinion, the remainder of food items lacks importance as evidence for or against the coyote. It is true that the coyote preys on antelope and deer, but predation may be of benefit to a population of deer or antelope. Therefore, only in sheep-raising areas are coyotes in important competition with man. The control measures used today and in the past are questionable, and in many cases terrible (see Sym- posium on Predatory Animal Control, Various authors, 1930:325- 389; see also Young, in Young and Jackson, 1951: Plate 16, Plate 18, pp. 171-224). In Yellowstone National Park, coyote control was practiced for many years. In two years (1914-1915) almost two Fig. 54. Distribution of Canis latrans. 1. Canis latrans latrans 2. Canis latrans testes 674 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. hundred coyotes were killed in the Park, and park rangers and trappers killed 223 coyotes in 1922 (Bailey, 1930:141). In 1923, no less than 226 were killed; and control practices continued for years thereafter, but the coyote remained abundant. Now coyotes are protected in the Park. I observed one in the northern part begging for food from the tourists! Everywhere in its range the coyote has persisted in spite of concentrated eflForts to exterminate it. Adolph Murie (1940) wrote an excellent account of the coyote in Yellowstone National Park. Canis latrans latrans Say 1823. Canis latrans Say, in Long, Account of an expedition ... to the Rocky Mountains. . . , 1:168. Type. — From Engineer Cantonment, about 12 miles southeast of the pres- ent town of Blair, Washington County, Nebraska. Comparison. — Compared with Canis latrans lestes, C. I. latrans averages slightly smaller; has much paler upper parts; muzzle, ears, and legs near Pinkish Buff to Pinkish Cinnamon instead of near Cinnamon to Sayal Brown ( almost Snuff Brown ) ; skull smaller and dentition weaker. This subspecies intergrades in a wide zone with Canis latrans lestes. Measurements. — External measurements of three adult males from Laramie are, respectively, as follows: Total length, 1,210, 1,205, 1,255; tail vertebrae, 330, 370, 380; hind foot, 195, 195, 195. Measurements of tliree adult females from Laramie are as follows: Total length, 1,125, 1,160, 1,150; tail vertebrae, 317, 330, 330; hind foot, 180, 190, 195. Cranial measurements of two of the adult males from Laramie are: Condylobasal length, 187.8, 185.7; palatal length, 96.4, 96.8; squamosal constriction, 60.8, 61.0; zygomatic breadth, 102.5, 103.3; interorbital breadth, 32.3, 32.3; maxillary tooth-row, 88.4, 86.9; upper carnassial length, 20.8, 21.6; length Ml, 12.3, 13.2; breadth Ml, 17.1, 16.9; lower carnassial length, 22.2, 23.0. Two adult females from Laramie measure, respectively: Condylobasal length, 176.2, 178.1; palatal length, 93.5, 92.1; squamosal constriction, 56.6, 56.1; zygomatic breadth, 97.1, 95.8; interorbital breadth, 31.5, 32.0; maxillary tooth-row, 83.2, 83.3; upper carnas- sial length, 20.2, 19.5; length Ml, 12.6, 12.9; breadth Ml, 15.9, 16.4; lower carnassial length, 22.1, 22.1 (Jackson, in Young and Jackson, 1951:259). Distribution. — Great Plains east of Bighorn Mountains. See Fig. 54. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 131, as follows: Albany Co.: Laramie, 11 USNM; E Laramie, 1; 16 mi. E Laramie, 8000 ft., 7 USNM; 17 mi. E Laramie, 8000 ft., 7 USNM; Medicine Bow Range, 3 USNM; 14-15 mi. SE Laramie, 8300 ft., 11 USNM; Jehn, 1 USNM; Red Mtns., near Jelm, 1 USNM; Horse Ranch Pass, near Jelm, 1 USNM. Carbon Co.: Shirley, 1 USNM. Converse Co.: Douglas, 10 USNM; Moss Agate Creek, 1 USNM; No specific locahty, 3 USNM. Crook Co.: Bear Lodge Mtns., 2 USNM; Sun- dance, 2 USNM. Laramie Co.: Federal, 14 USNM. Natrona Co.: Casper, 1 USNM; No specific locality, 2 USNM. Niobrara Co.: Manville, 16 USNM. Platte Co.: Chugwater, 1 USNM. Sheridan Co.: Arvada, 2 USNM. Weston Co.: Upton, 2 USNM; Hampshire, 12 USNM; Newcastle, 2 USNM; Howard, 14 USNM (not found); Howard, Wildlife Creek, 3 USNM (not found). Additional records (Jackson, in Young and Jackson, 1951:262). — Carbon Co.: Aurora. Crook Co.: Grand Canyon, near Sundance; Rattlesnake Canyon, near Sundance. Goshen Co.: Ft. Laramie. The Mammals of Wyoming 675 Canis latrans lestes Merriam 1897. Cants lestes Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 11:25, March 15. 1913. Canis latrans lestes, Grinnell, Proc. CaUfomia Acad. Sci., ser. 4, 3:285, August 28. Type. — From Toyabe Mountains, near Cloverdale, Nye Coimty, Nevada. Comparison. — See account of Canis latrans latrans. Measurements. — Average and extreme cranial measurements of 111 young adult and adult males from throughout the range of the subspecies (11 from Wyoming) are as follows: Condylobasal length, 187.1 (176.2-199.0); palatal length, 97.2 (89.8-105.0); squamosal breadth, 60.2 (55.0-65.0); zygomatic breadth, 99.5 (93.1-106.4); interorbital breadth, 33.4 (29.4-37.3); maxillary tooth-row, 88.1 (82.1-94.0); upper camassial length, 19.6 (17.4-22.2); length Ml, 12.7 (11.3-14.1); breadth Ml, 16.7 (15.0-18.3); length lower camassial, 22.5 (20.3-25.8). Measurements of 82 young adult and adult females from throughout the geographic range of the subspecies (11 from Wyoming) are as follows: Condylobasal length, 176.1 (164.4-189.9); palatal length, 91.5 (84.0- 99.6); squamosal breadth, 57.2 (54.4-60.3); zygomatic breadth, 94.2 (88.4- 99.8); interorbital breadth, 31.5 (27.6-34.9); maxillary tooth-row, 83.1 (75.8- 89.3); upper camassial length, 18.4 (16.6-20.0); length Ml, 12.3 (11.1-14.1); breadth Ml, 15.9 (14.1-17.4); lower camassial length, 21.3 (19.6-23.4) (Jackson, in Young and Jackson, 1951:281-282). Distribution. — Western half of Wyoming. See Fig. 54. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 183, as follows: Big Horn Co.: Shell, 14 USNM; Shell Creek Basin, 5 USNM. Carbon Co.: 16 mi. N, 2 mi. W Saratoga, 5; 20 mi. SW Saratoga, 2; 5^ mi. N Big Creek P. O., 1 USNM; Big Creek P. O., 20 USNM; 3-3'A mi. E. Big Creek P. O., 2 USNM. Fremont Co.: Dubois, 1; Vic. Dubois, 1; 20 mi. SE Mouth Kirby Creek, 1 USNM; Pinijon Ridge, 1 USNM; Sweetwater River, 17 USNM; Splitrock, 3 USNM. Lincoln Co.: 18 mi. N. 9 mi. E Afton, 1; Afton, 4 USNM; Afton, Gratjs River, 2 USNM; Opal, 24 USNM. Natrona Co.: 8 mi. N, 2M mi. W Waltman, 6050 ft., 1. Park Co.: Cody, 7 USNM; 14 mi. S, 26)^ mi. W Cody, 1; 19 mi. S, 19 mi. W Cody, Ishawooa Creek, 3; Valley, 1 USNM. Sublette Co.: Wagon Creek, 1 USNM; 12 mi. N Kendall, 1 USNM; Ken- dall, 11 USNM; Pinedale, 4 USNM; Big Piney, 2 USNM. Sweetwater Co.: 5 mi. SE Sand Dunes, 1; 2J2 mi. N Wamsutter, 1; Rock Springs, 2 USNM. Teton Co.: 3 mi. SW Black Rock Creek, 1 USNM; Kelly, 4 USNM. Yellowstone Nat'I Park: Yanceys, 1 USNM; Fort Yellowstone, 3 USNM; Near Mt. Gardiner, 1 USNM; Rose Creek, 7 USNM; No specific locality, 26. Additional records (Jackson, in Young and Jackson, 1951:287). — Fremont Co.: Longs Creek; Rongis. Lincoln Co.: Cokeville; Sheep Range. Sublette Co.: Pole Creek. Teton Co.: Crystal; Moran; Elk; Jackson. Uinta Co.: Ft. Bridger; Evanston. Canis lupus Linnaeus Gray Wolf Larger than coyote, some individuals exceeding 100 pounds; pelage of upper parts of thick, dense fur varying from white, through various agouti or grizzled grayish brown phases, to pure black; underparts of white wolves white, or black wolves black, but of 676 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. others pale to medium buff or gray; tail and ears concolor generally with dorsum; skull large and massive; teeth robust; upper carnassial actually and relatively broader than in C. latrans; tail held high in running instead of low as in C latrans. Gray wolves formerly preyed principally on the bison, culhng aged and ill-adapted individuals from the vast herds. With the coming of the white man wolves were reduced in numbers because the bison were all but exterminated and because professional wolf- killers were active. Co-operation of the Federal government with cattlemen in World War I extirpated the wolf. In Yellowstone Park, where many animals made successful last stands, the wolf was shown no mercy; and it was extirpated. Reviewing the status of the wolf it can be seen that it was de- structive to stock and game animals. The following is taken from Seton (1929:260): "R. M. Allen, the manager of the Ames Cattle Company (Ne- braska), writing to Recreation, Sept., 1897, p. 207, says his range is the northeast part of Crook County, Wyo. (5,435 square miles). Since the spring of 1895, they have killed on it about 500 Gray- wolves, and they seem as numerous as ever." From this report Seton estimated the number of wolves in Wyoming at that time as 10,000. Bounties were paid on 4,281 wolves in the years of 1897-1898, 2,140 per year (Seton, 1929:261). Seton estimated a minimum of 8,000 wolves in the state at that time. In the eleven years prior to 1908, Seton (1929:261) states that bounties were paid on 20,819 wolves. Probably twice as many were killed as were reported be- cause half of those killed never are found. Bailey (1930:135-137) de- scribed wolves as occasionally numerous in Yellowstone Park, and mentioned that they preyed mainly on elk; one wolf, he thought, killed one game animal every 24 hours, preferring fresh- killed meat to carrion. According to him, "It is therefore evident that wolves and game cannot be successfully maintained on the same Fig. 55. Distribution of Canis lupus. 1. C. I. irremotus 2. C /. nubilus 3. C. I. youngi The Mammals of Wyoming 677 range." Bailey also mentions the trapping of several wolves in 1915-1916 in the Park. Cahalane (1948:251) knew of tliree reliable reports of the wolf in the Park in 1941, 1944, and 1946, all referring to a single wolf. He states, "Presumably the animal (or animals) left the protected area for nothing has been heard of it during the past year." Canis lupus irremotus Goldman 1937. Canis lupus irremotus Goldman, Jour. Mamm., 18:41, February 14. Type. — From Red Lodge, Carbon County, Montana. Comparisons. — Compared witli Canis lupus youngi, C. I. irremotus is of about the same size, but is paler on the average (upper parts less overlain with black), and narrower in the frontal region of the skull. Compared with Canis lupus nubilus, C. I. irremotus is larger, paler, and narrower in the frontal region especially relative to the width of the rostrum. C. /. irremotus shows more resemblance to C. I. youngi of the southern Rockies than to C. I. nubilus of tlae Great Plains. Measurements. — External measurements of the type (male) and an un- usually large male from Gallatin County, Montana, are as follows: Total length, 1870, 1834; length of tail, 410, — ; hind foot, 240, — ; weight, — , 106 pounds. External measurements of two adult females from Soda Springs, Idaho, are as follows: 1929, 2046; length of tail, 480, 440; hind foot, 236, 254. Cranial measurements of the type and an adult male topotype are, respectively, as follows: Greatest length, 259.2, 262; condylobasal length, 237, 241; zygomatic breadth, 144.9, 142.7; squamosal constriction, 81.1, 81; width of rostrum, 47.7, 49.5; interorbital breadth, 44.6, 43.1; postorbital constriction, 34.7, 35.5; length of mandible, 186, 193.5; height of rostrum, 74.4, 82.6; maxillary tooth-row, 105.7, 106.2; upper carnassial, outer crown length, 25.7, 26.1; crown width, 13.9, 15.3. Cranial measurements of two adult females from Dillon, Montana, are, respectively: Greatest length, 254.5, 244.5; zygomatic breadth, 127, 123.3; maxillary tooth-row, 109.2, 102.3; outer crown length upper carnassial, 26, 25.2 (after Goldman, in Young and Goldman, 1944:446-447). Distribution. — Western part of state and northern two-thirds of the re- mainder. See Fig. 55. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 34, as follows: Campbell Co.: Gillette, 1 USNM. Converse Co.: Glenrock, 1 USNM; 10 mi. N Lost Springs, 3 USNM; No specific locality, 4 USNM. Crook Co.: Near Sand Creek Canyon, Black Hills, 1 USNM. Fremont Co.: Ft. Washakie, 1 USNM; Lenore, 2 USNM; 8 mi. NW Splitrock, 2 USNM. Johnson Co.: Barber, 2 USNM. Lincoln Co.: Cokeville, 1 USNM. Niobrara Co.: 15 mi. NW Manville, 1 USNM. Sheridan Co.: Arvada, 2 USNM. Sublette Co.: Wagon Creek, south- western Wyoming, 2 USNM; Cora, 5 USNM; Pinedale, 1 USNM; Big Piney, 4 USNM. Not found: Howard, 1 USNM (Weston Co.?). Additional records (Young and Goldman, 1944:448-449). — Big Horn Co.; Shell. Sheridan Co.: Otto. Teton Co.: Elk; Kelly. Yellowstone Nat'l Park: Hell Roaring Creek; no specific locality, 3. Canis lupus nubilus Say 1823. Canis nubilus Say, In Long, Account of an expedition ... to the Rocky Mountains . . . ,1:169. 1829. Canis lupus var. nubilus, Richardson, Fauna Boreali-Americana, p. 69. 678 University of Kansas Publs., Mus, Nat. Hist. Type. — From Engineer Cantonment, near present town of Blair, Washing- ton County, Nebraska. Comparisons. — For comparison with Canis lupus irremotus, see account of that subspecies. Compared with Canis lupus youngi, fewer specimens are as buffy. C. I. nubilus is larger, has a longer rostrum and palate, and a broader supraoccipital shield that rises more steeply. The shield in most skulls lacks the descending temiinal hook so frequently present in nubilus and does not project so far posteriorly over the foramen magnum. Measurements. — Cranial measvurements of two males (old adults) from Douglas and one subadult-adult male from Natrona County are, respectively, as follows: Length of palate, 120, 124, 119; length of nasals, 101, — , 94; cranial depth, 57, 62, 57; cranial depth plus height of sagittal crest, 75, 74, 68; zygomatic breadth, 138, 138, 128; outer crown length of upper camassial, 24.5, 23.0, 25.0; maxillary tooth-row, 105, 105, 102. Distribution. — Southeastern Wyoming. See Fig. 55. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 15, as follows: Converse Co.: Douglas, 12 USNM. Natrona Co.: No specific locality, 2 USNM. No specific locality: "Wyoming," 1 USNM. Canis lupus youngi Goldman 1937. Canis lupus youngi Goldman, Jour. Mamm., 18:40, February 11. Type. — From Harts Draw, north slope of Blue Mountains, 20 miles north- west of Monticello, San Juan County, Utah. Comparisons. — See accounts of Canis lupus irremotus and C. I. nubilus. Measurements. — Cranial measurements of an adult male and an adult fe- male from Laramie are as foUows: Length of palate, 124, 118; length of nasals, 104, 94; cranial depth, 62, 60; cranial depth plus height of sagittal crest, 77, 70; zygomatic breadth, 142, 132; outer crown length of upper camassial, 24.3, 19.0; maxillary tooth-row, 108.4, 101.2. Distribution. — Mountains along southern boundary of Wyoming and from Green River watershed. See Fig. 55. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 16, as follows: Albany Co.: Laramie, 2 USNM; Jelm, 3 USNM. Laramie Co.: Federal, 7 USNM. Sweet- water Co.: Rock Springs, 4 USNM. Additional record (Young and Goldman, 1944:463). — Carbon Co.: Dry Lake, 15 mi. N Rawlins. Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus) Red Fox Smaller than coyote and larger than swift fox; long hairs in pelage give animal appearance of being larger than it actually is; upper parts yellowish red; sides paler yellowish red; venter white or plumbeous; chin plumbeous or whitish; muzzle blackish; outer surface of pinna of ear black and inner surface white; tail long, grayish, reddish, or yellowish-red tipped with white; feet blackish; legs reddish proximally; skull having temporal ridges V-shaped and narrowly separated, not lyrate or U-shaped as in gray fox. The Mammals of Wyoming 679 The red fox feeds mainly on mice, pocket gophers, ground squir- rels, rabbits, and such birds as it is able to catch (see Bailey, 1930: 142 ) . Some foxes feed on chickens or other fowl of careless farm- ers. The animal has a valuable fur, but fur-farming, fortunately for wild foxes, has reduced the value of fox pelts, and in response to decreased pressure from fur-trappers the red fox seems to be increasing in numbers. When white man first visited Wyoming the red fox was probably abundant there, but because of its valuable fur the species was trapped in great numbers. The red fox population was reduced also because of the poisoning campaigns carried out in Wyoming; in fact, instead of the target species, the coyote, being exterminated, the three species of Wyoming foxes (all furbearers) became rare although the coyote remained abundant (and poisoning still is carried on in Wyoming! ) . The red fox is polychromatic having black, cross, and silver phases as well as red; but in Wyoming I have examined only the red phase. Almost certainly the red fox of the Great Plains, Vulpes viilpes regalis, ranged into eastern Wyoming, but all specimens that I have examined are from farther westward and are referable to V. v. macroura. Distribution mop of WYOMING Mu! NolHist.Umv Kans. 1963 Scole 100 20 40t^iles which is a smaller, more yellow- FiG. 56. 'Disinhniionoi Vulpes vulpes. ish fox. One specimen from Laramie (KU 91363) is large for a female. I follow Churcher (1959) in using the specific name Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus) for American red foxes. 1. v. V. macroura 2. V. V. regalis Vulpes vulpes macroura Baird 1852. Vulpes macrourus Baird, in Stansbury, Exploration and survey of the Valley of the Great Salt Lake of Utah. . . . (Spec. Sess., U. S. Senate, Exec. No. 3), App. C, p. 309, June. 1936. Vulpes fulva macroura, V. Bailey, Nature Mag., 28(5):317, No- vember. Type. — From Wasatch Mountains, bordering the Great Salt Lake, Utah. Comparison. — Smaller than Vulpes vulpes regalis and more yellowish in- stead of golden reddish. 680 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Measurements. — External measurements of an adult male from Lake Fork are as follows: Total length, 1015; length of taU, 461; hind foot, 72. This specimen was taken in 1893. Cranial measurements of the male from Park County, and of five specimens (sexes unknown, two are subadults) from 17 miles south and 6J2 miles west of Lander, are, respectively, as foUows: Con- dylonasal length, — , 130, 128, — , 124, 124; zygomatic breadth, 71.5, 77, — , — , 71, — ; postorbital processes of frontals, — , 35.4, 30.2, 35.1, 33.8, — ; greatest length of nasals, 55.3, 53.5, 54.5, 53.5, 53.0, 50.8; maxillary tooth-row, 61.7, 64.4, 62.8, 63.9, 60.9, 61.2; outer crown length upper camassial, 12.7, 14.0, 14.4, 14.0, 12.3, 13.3. Distribution. — Western and most of southern part of state. Remarks. — The specimen (KU 91363) from Laramie is large for a female, perhaps because it is an intergrade between macroura and V. v. regalis. The label mentions that this specimen may have escaped from a fur farm. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 10, as follows: Albany Co.: Laramie, 1. Fremont Co.: Lake Fork, Wind River Mtns., 10,000 ft., 1 USNM; 17 mi. S, leVi mi. W Lander, 8450 ft., 6. Park Co.: 3*i mi. S, 27 mi. W Cody, 1. Sublette Co.: Cliff Creek, Hoback Mtns., 1 Univ. Wyo. Vulpes vulpes regalis Merriam 1900. Vulpes regalis Merriam, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., 2:672, Decem- ber 28. 1929. Vulpes fulva regalis, B. Bailey, Jour. Mamm., 10:157, May 9. Type. — From Elk River, Sherburne County, Minnesota. Camparison. — See account of Vulpes vulpes macroura. Distribution. — Great Plains; possibly extiqoated. See Fig. 56. Remarks. — I have examined no specimen from Wyoming of this Great Plains subspecies. It occurs just across the Wyoming-Ne- braskan boundary (J. K. Jones, Jr., manuscript). The specimen recorded by Baird (1858:133) from Fort Laramie is tentatively as- signed to V. V. regalis on geographic grounds. Record of occurrence. — Goshen Co.: Fort Laramie, 1 (Baird, 1858:133). Vulpes velox velox (Say) Swift Fox 1823. Canis velox Say, In Long, Account of an exped. ... to the Rocky Mountains. . . ., 1.487. 1851. Vulpes velox, Audubon and Bachman, The viviparous quadrupeds of North America, 2:13. Type. — From South Platte River, probably in Logan County, Colorado. Description. — Small for Canidae; upper parts grayish buff or yellowish gray; tail tipped with black; venter paler than dorsum; pelage flecked with golden or yellow streaks; skull small with temporal ridges poorly developed; feet con- color with dorsum ( not black as in Vulpes vulpes ) . Measurements. — No measurements are available for Wyoming specimens, except the length (112 mm.) of hind foot measured dry on a specimen from Bridgers Pass. The dried feet in two specimens from Pueblo, Colorado, are 109 and 113 mm. long. The Mammals of Wyoming 681 Distribution. — Probably once occurred throughout Wyoming in valleys and on prairies. Known only from three localities. See Fig. 57. Remarks. — Only five specimens, to my knowledge, of the swift fox have been preserved from Wyoming, of which three (from Aurora, June 1898) are young. One adult (skin only) was taken by the early exploring party of Lt. F. T. Bryan and W. S. Wood on August 14, 1856, at Bridgers Pass. My notes state, "The pel- age is an unusual color, ex- tremely bufiFy except middorsally where the hairs are predomi- nately brownish. . . . The muzzle of the Wyo. specimen is not as dark as [in] hebes nor as pale as [in] Pueblo specimens." The length of the hind foot is short (dry) as in the specimens from Pueblo diflFering from the DisUibulion mop ot WYOMING Mus. Not Hist ,Uniw. Kons. 1963 Scale KJO 20 40Mil«s Fig. 57. Distribution of Vulpes velox velox. type of hebes ( 120 mm. ) . In size, in brownish instead of grayish pelage, and on geographic grounds the swift fox in Wyoming of territorial days is referable to V. v. velox. Likewise, a swift fox taken in November of 1958 at a point five miles east and two miles south of Archer, Laramie County, is pale and does not diflFer significantly in color from the specimen taken by Bryan and Wood in 1856. The recently taken specimen is re- ferred to V. V. velox. The three young swift foxes from Aurora are referred to V. v. velox on geographic grounds. The swift fox is one of the furbearers (G. M. Allen, 1942:195-196) that is almost or en- tirely beneficial to man. Poisoned baits placed for the coyote and wolf extirpated the swift fox on most parts of the Great Plains. Swift foxes more readily take poisoned baits than do some other carnivores (Bailey, 1905:179). Of course, trapping of furbearers, modification of the original environment, and capture by dogs (G. M. Allen, op. cit.) helped to extirpate the species. Poisoning carried on today probably will prevent the swift fox from regaining its former abun- dance in Wyoming although it is reappearing in some of tlie prairie states. The swift fox deserves full protection. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 5, as follows: Carbon Co.: Aurora, 3 Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist; Bridgers Pass, 1 USNM. Laramie Co.: 2 mi. S, 5 mi. E Archer, 1. 682 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Urocyon cinereoargenteus ocythous Bangs Gray Fox 1899. Urocyon cinereoargenteus ocythous Bangs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 1:43, June 5. Type. — From Platteville, Grant County, Wisconsin. Description.- Oiilrlbution map of WYOMING Mus. Not Hlst.Univ. Koni I9e3 Scot* Ipp 20 40Mil«» Smaller than coyote, about the size of red fox; upper parts grizzled grayish; throat white; face gray; sides of neck, lower flanks, and underside of tail rusty; tail with median dorsal streak of black hair; ventral border of mandible with dis- tinct step; longitudinal (temporal) ridges (two) on parietals and frontals U-shaped and more widely separated than in Vulpes. Measurements. — Measurements listed by Hall and Kelson (1959:860) are as follows : Total length, 800- 1 1 25 ; length of tail, 275-443; hind foot, 100-150; condylobasal length of skull, 110-130. External measurements of the only specimen known from Wy- oming are as follows: Total length, 1016; length of tail, 407. Distribution. — Probably occurs only sparingly on the Great Plains. See Fig. 58. Remarks.— k large adult female (USNM 167892) from Owen [rr Owens] in Weston County provides the only record of the gray fox in the state and the westernmost record of occurrence of the subspecies. Fig. 58. Occurrence of Urocyon cineroargenteus ocythous. Family Ursidae — Bears Key to the Bears 1. Upper parts grizzled with golden buff; mane or "roach" of long hair on shoulders; upper M2 longer than 30 Ursus arctos, p. 685 r. Upper parts not grizzled with golden buff; mane lacking; upper M2 shorter than 30 Ursus americanus, p. 682 Ursus americanus cinnamomum Audubon and Bachman Black Bear 1854. Ursus americanus var. cinnamomum Audubon and Bachman, The viviparous quadrupeds of North America, 3:125. Type. — From Lower Clearwater River, Camp Chopiuinish, near mouth of Jim Ford Creek, Clearwater County, western Idaho (see Bailey, 1936:319). The Mammals of Wyoming 683 Description. — Large for Camivora but smaller than grizzly bear (see Measurements); colors of pelage variable as follows: USNM 227661, from Elk Creek on Grays PUver, Lincoln County, is pale yellowish brownish, darker on crown. USNM 227925, from same locality, is pale brownish but not yellowish and has small white spot on throat. USNM 227926, from Shell Basin, is glossy black everywhere except on nose, which is brownish. USNM 283630, from Yellowstone Park, also is glossy black, but has a small white spot on throat. USNM 13297, from Yellowstone Park, is deep reddish brown except for a small white spot on throat. USNM 197059, probably from Yellowstone Park, is tinged with reddish everywhere and shows a golden sheen especially on feet. Skull of black bear much as in grizzly bear except smaller; M2 much smaller. Claws of forefeet smaller than in grizzly bear. Measurements. — Cranial measurements of an adult male from the head of Jose Creek, of an adult labeled male from 16 miles south of Dubois, of a subadult male from 5 miles south and 16 miles east of Saratoga, of an adult- subadult female from 24 miles south and 36 miles west of Cody, of an adult female from the head of Big Sandy Creek, and of an adult female from Cottonwood are, respectively, as follows: Greatest length of skull, 291, 248, 250, 242, 277, 257; zygomatic breadth, 180, 151, 135, 144, 165, 160; breadth postorbital processes frontals, 96.2, 82.7, 76.3, 81.9, 91.5, 89.3; length of nasals, 87.6, 66.2, 63.4, 60.8, 71.9, 68.4; maxillary tooth-row, 102.0, 88.0, 85.9, 90.2, 97.6, 87.4; breadth M2, 15.3, — , 14.0, 14.1, 13.6, 13.6; length M2, 25.5, — , 22.8, 25.8, 24.1, 21.1. Distribution. — Along Rocky Mountain chain. See Fig. 59. Remarks. — Bears in Wyoming are identified as Ursus americanus cinnamomum on the basis of small molars and arched frontals. The measurements of Wyoming black bears agree closely with those listed by Durrant 1952:410) for cinnamomum. Two other subspecies might be expected to occur in Wyoming, namely U. a. americanus in eastern Wyoming and U. a. amblyceps in southern Wyoming. But, in spite of great variation among specimens, Wyo- ming bears seem referable to a single subspecies; none of the bears is so broad across the zygomata or has the skull dished or so much flattened as does amblyceps (see Durrant, loc. cit.). I have seen no specimens from the Great Plains of Wyoming, where U. a. americanus might be expected to occur. Bears were and are most abundant in mountainous areas in Wyo- ming. Early reports and historical accounts frequently mention grizzly bears in Wyoming, but I know of only a few early ref- erences to the black bear. A specimen sent to the National Zoolog- ical Park from Yellowstone Park is preserved and labeled 1892, and another specimen in the National Museum is from Warm Springs Creek, Teton County, and was taken in 1893. To what degree the extensive poisoning campaigns in Wyoming adversely affected bears I do not know. Whether the black bear increased in num- bers in areas where the grizzlies were killed out, I do not know. 684 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Distribution mop of WYOMING Mus. Not, Hist.,Unl\i. Kons. Wi I t-,-1- 20 40Mil«s I I /rm I Fig. 59. Distribution of Ursus americanus cinnamomum. Jackson (1944:11) reported 3,512 black bears in Wyoming in the year 1941, showing that the black bear was seemingly plentiful. Wyoming ranked twelfth among the states in numbers of black bears; but among 14 states having at least 2,000 bears, Wyoming was the only state having no black bears listed on state and private lands; its bears all were listed as on federal lands. Nearly all of the bears that tourists see in Yellowstone National Park are black bears. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 48, as follows: Albany Co.: Centennial, 2 Univ. Wyo.; Laramie, 1 Univ. Wyo.; S Jelm, 1 Univ. Wyo. Big Horn Co.: Northern Bighorn Mtns., 2 USNM; Shell Basin, 1 USNM; 16 mi. N Tensleep, 1. Carbon Co.: 5 mi. S, 16 mi. E Saratoga, 2; vie. Encampment, 1 Univ. Wyo. Fremont Co.: 16 mi. S Dubois, 1; Riverton, 1 USNM; Lander, 1 USNM; 6 mi. S, /2 mi. E Lander, 1. Lincoln Co.: Afton, 1 USNM; Graus River, 3 USNM; E. Fork Hams Fork, 1. Park Co.: 31 mi. N, 36 mi. W Cody, 1; 4 mi. N, 4 mi. W Pahaska, 1; 15 mi. S, 23 mi. W Cody, 1; 24 mi. S, 36 mi. W Cody, 1. Sublette Co.: Ha. Jose Creek, trib. Green River, N Pinedale, 1; Pinedale, 3 USNM; 27 mi. E Afton, 1 USNM; 18 mi. S, 30 mi. W Lander, 1. Teton Co.: Squirrel Meadows, 2 USNM; Warm Springs Creek, 1 USNM; Pacific Creek, "Elk," 1 USNM; Black Rock, 2 USNM; Jackson Hole, 2 USNM; Gros Ventre River, 1 USNM. The Mammals of Wyoming 685 Yellowstone Nat'l Park: Mammoth Hot Springs, 1 USNM; Upper Yellow- stone River, 1 USNM; Gallatin River, 1 USNM; No specific locality, 5 USNM. Co. not certain: Northwest Wtjoming, 1 USNM. Additional records. — Albany Co.: Laramie Peak (Honess and Frost, 1942: 30), in 1876. Teton Co.: Teton Creek, Teton Canyon (Fryxell, 1943:81), in 1879. Ursus arctos imperator Merriam Grizzly Bear 1914. Ursus imperator Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 27:180, August 13. 1916. Ursus washake Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 29:152, Sep- tember 6. Type from Shoshone River, Wyoming. 1918. Ursus mirus Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 41:40, February 9. Type from Slough Creek, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. 1918. Ursus rogersi rogersi Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 41:66, February 9. Type from GreybuU River, Absaroka Mountains, Wyoming. 1918. Ursus rogersi bisonophagus Merriam, N. Amer. Faima, 41:66, Febru- ary 9. Type from Bear Lodge, Sundance National Forest, Black Hills, Crook County, Wyoming. Type. — From Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Description. — Large for Camivora (some males exceed 600 pounds; Seton [1929, 2:8] mentioned a male killed in Yellowstone that weighed 916 pounds); pelage on back long, especially on shoulders forming there a "roach"; upper parts varying from blackish to yellowish or brownish, always with more on less (depending to some extent on wear) of a golden or brassy sheen efi^ected by yellowish or whitish tips of long hairs; underparts resembling upper parts in color; feet usually darker than upper parts; claws of forefeet twice length of claws of hind feet; skull large (see Measurements); upper last molar (M2) large, robust (larger than in black bear); number of premolars vary but when all teeth present dental formula is i.f; c.\; p. J; m.|. Measurements. — The following measurements are from manuscript by Prof. E. Raymond Hall. Cranial measurements of the holotype of imperator (male), of an adult male topotype, and of two adult female topotypes are, respectively, as follows: Basal length, 336, 331, 293, 294; condylobasal length, 355, 357, 312, 311; basilar length, 332, 325, 287, 289; occipitonasal length, 318, 319, 274, 285; palatal length, 198, 187, 163, 171; zygomatic breadth, 233, 216, 192, 193; depth of skull, 129, 125, 105, 113; interorbital breadth, 89.3, 79.2, 76.6, 79.0; length P4-M2, 80.8, 79.7, 69.1, 74.5; M2 length, 41.1, 38.5, 33.3, 37.5; M2 breadth, 21.5, 19.7, 18.0, 19.7. Distribution. — Known foniierly throughout most of state, but now confined to Yellowstone National Park and closely adjacent areas. See Fig. 60. Remarks. — I follow Erdbrink (1953) in regarding the North American grizzly bear as conspecific with the Eurasian bear, Ursus arctos. In my opinion, a single subspecies, Ursus arctos imperator Merriam 1914, of the grizzly bear occurs in the Rocky Mountains of Wyoming. Possibly another subspecies occurs on the Great Plains, described as a buflFalo-killing grizzly and known as the "White Bear" of Lewis and Clark (Merriam, 1918:18). All of the specimens examined by me from Wyoming are tentatively referred 13—2329 686 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. to Ursus arctos imperator; holotypes from Wyoming for names that I regard as junior synonyms of Ursiis imperator have been seen. The junior synonyms are Hsted in the synonymy of imperator. Records (see beyond) show that in Wyoming grizzHes were abundant in pioneer times, perhaps more abundant than the black bear. Considered, with some justification, a threat to Hvestock and to man, the grizzly was slain in great numbers. An excerpt from the journal of E. Willard Smith (Barry, 1943:287-297) states that on October 10, 1839, 100 buffalo and six grizzlies were killed "quite near camp" at the mouth of Muddy Creek on the Snake River, Carbon County. Seton (1929:21) reported that "between 60 and 100 Grizzly-bears" existed in Yellowstone Park, and added: "Each year the number of hunters increases; each year more deadly traps, subtler poisons and more irresistible guns are out to get the Grizzly. He has no chance at all of escape. There is no closed season, no new invul- nerability to meet the new perils. He is absolutely at the mercy of those who know no mercy; and before five years more, I expect to learn that there are no Griz- zlies left in the United States, except in Yellowstone Park. . . ." OrXrltHilion map of WYOMING Mui. Nat. Hist, Unin Kant. 1963 Fig. 60. Ursus arctos imperator. Jackson (1944:11) reported 533 grizzlies in Wyoming in the years 1937-1942. Cahalene (1948:248) reported that almost one- third of the surviving grizzlies in the United States lived in Yellow- stone National Park (Wyoming) and Glacier National Park (Mon- tana ) . The grizzly is in danger of being extirpated in Wyoming. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 67, as follows: Albany Co.: Laramie Mtns., 3 USNM; Medicine Bow Mtns., 1 USNM. Big Horn Co.: Bighorn Mtns., 1 USNM. Carbon Co.: Ft. Steele, 1 USNM. Crook Co.: Bear Lodge Mtns., 1 USNM; Sundance Nat'l Forest, 3 USNM. Fremont Co.: 16 mi. NE Dubois, 1 USNM; South Pass City, 7900 ft., 1. Goshen Co.: Ft. Laramie, 1 USNM. Lincoln Co.: Grays River, 1 USNM; Afton, Deadman Creek, 1 USNM. Park Co.: Canfield Creek, E Park, 3 USNM; 2 mi. S, 6 mi. W Cody, 1; 4 mi. N, 4 mi. W Pahaska, 2; Ahsaroka Mtns., 1 USNM; N. Fork Shoshoni River, Ahsaroka Mtns., 4 USNM; Valley, 1 USNM; Upper Greybull River, 1 USNM. Sheridan Co.: Hd. Little Bighorn River, 1 USNM. Sublette Co.: N. Fork Teton River, 1 USNM. The Mammals of Wyoming 687 Teton Co.: Bridger Lake, 1 USNM; Squirrel Meadows, 1 USNM; Pacific Creek, 2 mi. N Road Slide, 1 USNM; Specimen Ridge, 1 USNM; Arizona Creek, 1; Hd. Box Creek Gorge, 1; Two Ocean Lake, 1 Univ. Wye; Jackson Hole, 1 USNM; Black Rock Creek, 1 USNM; Upper Gros Ventre Valley, N. Fish Creek, 1 USNM; Fish Creek, 1 USNM. Uinta Co.: Northern foothills Uintah Mtns., 1 USNM. Yellowstone Nat'l Park: Yellowstone River, 3 USNM; Slough Creek, 2 USNM; Lake Jet., 3 Univ. Wyo.; Old Faithful, 1; Lake Hotel, 2 USNM; no specific locality, 8 USNM. Co. not certain: Mtns. near Fort Laramie, 1 USNM; Medicine Bow Mtns., near Fort Laramie, 1 USNM; Northwestern Wyoming, 1 USNM; Wyoming Territory, 1 USNM; Bighorn Creek, 1 USNM. Not found: Del Norte Creek, 1 USNM. Additional records. — Carbon Co.: Medicine Bow Butte (Baird, 1858:220); Mouth Muddy Creek, Snake River (Barry, 1943:291), in 1839. Natrona Co.: Poison Spider Creek, opposite Casper Mtn. (Coutant, 1899:112), in 1812. Yellowstone Nat'l Park (Bailey, 1930:166-175): Mammoth Hot Springs; Canyon Hotel; Yellowstone River, Yellowstone Lake; Near Buffalo Ranch; Between Lonestar Geyser and Shoshoni Lake; Quadrant Mtn. Family Procyonidae — Raccoons and Allies Key to the Procyonidae 1. Tail longer than body; hard palate extends posteriorly about as far as last upper molar; hind foot less than 80 mm Bassariscus astutus, p. 687 1'. Tail shorter than body; hard palate extends posteriorly behind last upper molar for a distance of more than combined lengths of Ml and 2; hind foot more than 90 Procyon lotor, p. 688 Bassariscus astutus arizonensis Goldman Ringtail 1932. Bassariscus astutus arizonensis Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing- ton, 45:87, June 21. Type. — From Cosper Ranch, about 12 miles south of Blue, 5000 ft., Green- lee Co., Arizona. Description. — Size medium (see Measurements); tail ringed with alter- nating dark and pale bands and longer than body; brownish gray upper parts; face brownish; lacking gray spot immediately anterior to piima and paler upper parts of B. a. nevadensis; smaller, darker of face, and lacking dark- brownish color dorsally and buflF laterally of B. a. flavus (see Remarks). Measurements. — Available external and cranial measurements of the speci- men from Wyoming are as follows: Total length, 734; length of tail, 365; length of hind foot, 23 [?]; ear (from notch), 37; alveolar length of maxillary tooth-row, 28.1; alveolar length of mandibular tooth-row, 32.2. Distribution. — Known only from one locality in the southwestern part of state, but may occur elsewhere. See Fig. 61. Remarks. — Long and House (1961:274-275) assigned the only specimen known from Wyoming to the subspecies B. a. arizonensis. It was obtained on October 18, 1957, by K. Demick. Record of occurrence. — Specimen examined as follows: Lincoln Co.: 3 mi. N, 24 mi. W Kemmerer, 6300 ft., 1 Univ. Wyo. 688 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Procyon lotor hirtus Nelson and Goldman Raccoon 1930. Procyon lotor hirtus Nelson and Goldman, Jour. Mamm., 11:455, November 11. Type. — From EUc River, Sherburne County, Minnesota. Description. — Size medivim for carnivores (see Measurements); mask of black on face; tail annulated, black and brownish gray; upper parts grayish brown; venter grajdsh; baculum bilobed anteriorly; stance plantigrade or nearly so; postorbital processes distinct, acuminate; teeth large; molanform teeth with robust conical cusps; canines robust and moderately long; dental formula, i.|, c.J, p.|, m.|. Measurements. — External and cranial measurements of an adult male from two miles north of Wheatland, an adult, lactating female from Muskrat Canyon, and cranial measurements of an adult female from 16 miles west of Hulett are, respectively, as follows: Total length, 940, 765; length of tail, 315, 248; hind foot, 130, 120; ear from notch, 65, 66; condylobasal length, 122, 111, 113; zygomatic breadth, 81, 76, 75; breadth across postorbital processes of frontals, 25.2, 30.3, 31.5; length of nasals, 36.4, 38.8, 35.2; maxillary tooth-row, 45.1, 43.2, 42.4; cranial depth, 34.1, 35.9, 39.0. Distribution. — Known from eastern fifth of state. See Fig. 61. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 11, as follows: Albany Co.: Sybelle Creek, 30 mi. N, 15 mi. E Laramie, 1 Univ. Wyo.; Stjbelle Can- yon, 1 Univ. Wyo. Converse Co.: Univ. Wyo. Crook Co.: New Haven, 1 N, 16 mi. W Hulett, 1. Goshen Co.: GVi mi. SW Hat Creek, 1 Univ. Wyo. Oislribulion map of WYOMING Mus. Not. Hisl .Univ. Kons 1963 Scale 100 20 40Miles Fig. 61. Two procyonids. 1. Bassariscus astutus arizonensis 2. Procyon lotor hirtus 3 mi. E Bill, 4700 ft., 1; Douglas, 3 USNM; Little Missouri River, 2 mi. Muskrat Canyon, 1. Niobrara Co.: Platte Co.: 2 mi. N Wheatland, 1. 1. 2. 2'. 3. 3'. I'. 4. 4'. 5. 5'. Family Mustelidae Key to Mustelid Carnivores Premolars | 2 Obscure brownish stripes laterally Gulo gulo, p. 697 Stripes lacking 3 Tail more than 290; ml more than 11 Martes pennanti, p. 691 Tail less than 290; ml less than 11 Martes americana, p. 689 Premolars fewer than t 4 Premolars | Lutra canadensis, p. 703 Premolars f 5 Talonid of ml trenchant Mustela, p. 692 Talonid of ml basined or dished 6 The Mammals of Wyoming 689 6. Single whitish longitudinal stripe on top of head and neck; basilar length more than 80 mm Taxidea taxus, p. 699 6'. Single white neck stripe lacking; basilar length less than 80 mm 7 7. Upper parts black with broken white stripes or spots, Spilogale putorius, p. 700 7'. Upper parts black with continuous white stripes (two) or entirely black except white on top of head Mephitis mephitis, p. 702 Martes americana (Turton) Marten Much smaller than Martes pennanti (tail less than 290 in ameri- cana); upper parts pale brownish; underparts brownish with spots (especially on chin and throat) of orange or occasionally yellow; feet and tail brownish or blackish brown. The marten has been studied by Hagmeier ( 1961 ) , who hesitates to use the subspecies concept. He presents data obtained from many specimens, and I have attempted to draw conclusions (or make judgments ) from the assembled data with my own data from specimens that I have examined. From southern Wyoming, only one adult male is available to me, and it differs in several respects as shown below from specimens from northwestern Wyoming. Hagmeier's data contain several interesting items. Hagmeier (1961:130) found that the martens from northwestern Wyoming resembled those from Colorado in condylobasal length, but that martens from Utah were longer in this dimension than either specimens from northwestern Wyoming (known as M. a. vulpina) or specimens from Colorado (known as origenes). I found that specimens from northwestern Wyoming were longer in this dimension than the one adult from southern Wyoming, and from the measurements listed by Hagmeier for either origenes or vulpina. From these data I would judge Utah specimens to be more closely related to M. a. vulpina than to M. a. origenes. Dur- rant (1952:424) had only four skulls from Utah when he assigned Utah specimens to origenes. He found them to be intermediate between the two subspecies but referable to origenes. He men- tions that the size of the inner cusp of the upper carnassial in Utah specimens resembles this character in origenes. Smaller teeth, especially the carnassial, is the most striking difference between the specimen from southern Wyoming and those from northwestern Wyoming. Davis (1939:130) suggested that vulpina {= caurina of his nomenclature) might range into Utah from the north. In Wyoming it seems reasonable to recognize two subspecies each characterized as mentioned beyond. 690 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Martes americana origenes (Rhoads) 1902. Mustela caurina origenes Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 54:458, September 30. 1953. Martes americana origenes, Wright, Jour. Marnm., 34:84, February 9. Type. — From Marvine Mountain, Garfield County, Colorado. Comparison. — Compared with Martes americana vulpina, M. a. origenes has smaller teeth (see especially labial length of upper camassial in Hagmeier, 1961:136); shorter skull on the average; smaller auditoiy bullae on the aver- age; and slightly paler pelage vdth less white on margin of pinna of ear (in skin of KU 16787). Measurements. — External and cranial measurements of an adult male from three miles east-southeast of Browns Peak are as follows: Total length, 652; length of tail, 218; hind foot, 94; ear from notch, 42; condylobasal length, 79.5; zygomatic breadth, 48.6; breadth across postorbital processes of frontals, 24.2; maxillary tooth-row, 29.7; labial crown length of upper carnassial, 8.3; breadth Ml, 8.5. Distribution. — Mountains of south-central Wyoming. See Fig. 62. Record of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 2, as follows: Albany Co.: Little Brooklyn Lake, Medicine Bow Mtns., 10,350 ft., 1 Univ. Wyo.; 3 mi. ESE Browns Peak, 10,000 ft., 1. Martes americana vulpina (Rafinesque) 1819. Mustela vulpina Rafinesque, Amer. Jour. Sci., p. 82. 1959. Martes americana vulpina. Hall and Kelson, The Mammals of North America, The Ronald Press, 2:901, March 31. Type. — From regions watered by the Missouri, presumably Montana. Comparison. — See account of Martes americana origenes. Measurements. — External measure- ments of an adult male (KU 32329) from Middle Lake, Fremont County, are as follows: Total length, 620; length of tail, 200; hind foot, 91; ear from notch, 50. Average and extreme cranial measurements of five males and four females (all subadults) from Thorofare Creek are as follows: Con- dylobasal length, 82.4 (81.6-84.1), 72.2 (70.0-73.4); zygomatic breadth, 46.7 (44.1-51.1), 41.6 (40.4-43.1); breadth across postorbital processes of frontals, 23.4 (22.4-24.3), 20.9 (20.2- 22.0); maxillary tooth-row, 29.6 (29.1- 30.4), 25.7 (24.8-26.5); labial crown length of upper camassial, 8.7 (8.6- 8.9), 7.4 (6.8-7.9); breadth Ml, 8.8 (8.3-9.2), 7.4 (6.8-7.9). )» loe 106 104 ^H PTi 43 ^^^R — 1 — 1 j 1 > i 1 ' ' 43 ^^^^^^ j"x^ TS ^^> r' -^ M^W/J^ '" 1 41 ^^j^ ) i j^ mM _ _ i 41 Dijtribglion mop of WYOMING Mui Nat HW, Univ. Kons. 1963 Scoli Ipp 20 40MilM III 108 106 IC 4 Fig. 62. Martes americana. 1. M. a. origenes 2. M. a. vulpina Distribution — Northwestern Wyoming. See Fig. 62. The Mammals of Wyoming 691 Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 102, as follows: Fremont Co.: Crowheart, 2 USNM; Lake Fork, 1 USNM; Middle Lake, 2 mi. S, 20}^ mi. W Lander, 1; 17 mi. S, 6^2 mi. W Lander, 8450 ft., 23. Lincoln Co.: Greys River, 1; LaBarge Creek, 9000 ft., 1 USNM. Park Co.: Dry forks, Ishawooa Creek, 19 mi. S, 21 mi. W Cody, 3; Ishawooa Creek, 19 mi. S, 19 mi. W Cody, 2; 24 mi. S, 36 mi. W Cody, 10; Yellow Creek Mesa, 25 mi. S, 40 mi. W Cody, 2; Pass Creek, Yellowstone Watershed, 25 mi. S, 40 mi. W Cody, 5; Thorofare Creek, 27 mi. S, 42 mi. W Cody, 12; no specific locality, 1. Teton Co.: Bridger Lake, 1 USNM; 10 mi. N, 16 mi. E Moran, 22; Lava Creek, 2; Spread Creek, 1 USNM; Bear Creek, Gros Ventre River, 4 USNM; Jackson, 3 USNM; Jackson Hole, 3 USNM. Yellowstone Natl Park: Lamar River, 1 USNM; W. shore Yellowstone Lake, 1 Univ. Wyo. Martes pennanti Columbiana Goldman Fisher 1935. Martes pennanti columbiana Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 48:176, November 15. Type. — From Stuart Lake, near headwaters of Fraser River, British Columbia. Description. — Much larger than Martes americana (tail more than 290 in pennanti); dark brown, grayish on foreparts, rump blackish; tail entirely black; Ml more nearly square than in M. americana; skull much larger than in M. americana. Measurements. — Hall and Kelson (1959:901) hst measurements as follows: Males total length, 990-1033; length of tail, 381-422; weight up to 15 pounds, possibly 18 pounds. Females 830-900; length of tail, 340-380; hind foot, 89-115; weight up to 6 pounds; basilar length, 87-108. Distribution. — Recorded once from Yellowstone National Park, possibly from the part of the park that is in Wyoming. Not mapped. Remarks. — Seton (1929:457) remarks: "When I hved in the Yellowstone Park in the summer of 1897, I made all inquiries, and was told by the hunters that the Fisher was unknown; Capt. George S. Anderson told me that about 1893, he had confiscated a skin taken by a poacher in the Park. All hunters assure me that the Fisher is never found in Jackson's Hole." This record in Seton (loc. cit.) was assigned to the nominate subspecies because the subspecies to the westward (M. p. colum- biana) had not yet been recognized. With no evidence available for or against this assignment, it has persisted. Owing to the fact that M. p. columbiana occurs in Idaho and the northern Rockies, the skin recorded from Yellowstone Park is here listed under colum- biana on geographic grounds. Mr. Earl M. Thomas (Wyoming Wildlife, Game and Fish Dept., Wyoming, July 1952) states that "in the early 1920's" Lars Scon- trapped two fishers on the Beartooth Plateau. 692 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Record of occurrence. — Yellowstone Nat'l Park: No specific locality, 1 skin seen by Capt. George S. Anderson, about 1893 (Seton, 1929:457). Key to Species of Mustela 1. Length of upper tooth-rows less than 20 in males and 17.8 in females ... 2 2. Postglenoidal length of skull more than 47 per cent of condylobasal length Mustela erminea, p. G92 2'. Postglenoidal length of skull less than 47 per cent of condylobasal length Mustela frenata, p. 693 1'. Length of upper tooth-rows more than 20 in males and 17.8 in females. . 3 3. Pelage creamy or dusky grayish white; black facial mask present; ml lacking metaconid Mustela nigripes, p. 097 3'. Pelage dark brown (white spot on chin or throat); mask on face lacking; ml having incipient metaconid Mustela vison, p. 095 Mustela erminea muricus (Bangs) Ermine 1899. Putorius (Arctogale) muricus Bangs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 1:71, July 31. 1945. Mustela erminea murica. Hall, Jour. Mamm., 26:84, February 27. Type. — From Echo, 7500 feet, El Dorado County, California. Description. — Small (smallest carnivore in state); upper parts brown; under- parts yellowish white ( not the least Scale 0 20 40Mile5 cinnamon); winter pelage white ex- cept that tip of tail is black in all sea- sons; skull small; auditory bullae small; teeth exceedingly small. Males larger than females. Measurements. — External and cra- nial measurements of a female from )i mile east of Moran and of four adult males (one each from 8 mi. N and 19}^ mi. E Savery; 2Ji mi. NE Pine- dale; 3 mi. NW Sundance; and 30 mi. N and 10 mi. E Laramie) are, respectivelv, as follows: Total length, 214, 228, "220, 232, 221; length of tail, 55, 61, 55, 61, 62; hind foot, 26, 27.5, 28, 30, 27; ear from notch, 16, 13, 15, 16, 15; condylobasal length, 32.0, 34.5, 32.7, 34.9, — ; zygomatic breadth, 16.1, 18.0, 17.4, 18.0, 17.0; breadth postorbital processes of f rentals, 8.8, 9.9?, 9.8, 9.8, 9.5; cranial breadth, 16.5, 16.1, 17.0, 16.6, — ; cranial depth, 11.0, 11.3, 11.2, 10.4, — ; maxillary tooth-row, 8.0, 9.0, 8.8, 9.0, 8.4; outer crown length of upper carnassial, 3.4, 3.5, 3.5, 3.5, 3.4. Distribution. — State-wide in suitable habitats. See Fig. 63. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 13, as follows: Albany, Co.: 30 mi. N, 10 mi. E Laramie, 6560 ft., 1; 26 mi. N, Si mi. E Laramie, 6960 ft., 1. Carbon Co.: 8 mi. N, 19J^ mi. E Savery, 8800 ft., 2. Crook Co.: 3 mi. NW Sundance, 5900 ft., 1. Sublette Co.: 2)i mi. NE Pinedale, 7500 ft., 1. Teton Co.: ii mi. E Moran, 6700 ft., 1; Jackson Hole Wildlife Park, 6740 ft., 3, 1 USNM; Teton Pass, 1 USNM; No specific locality, 1 USNM. Fig. 63. Mustela eminea muricus. The Mammals of Wyoming 693 Mustela frenata Lichtenstein Long-tailed Weasel Larger than Mustela erminea; upper parts brown; underparts whitish but usually washed strongly with cinnamon or reddish brown; winter pelage white except tip of tail which is black in all seasons; skull larger than in M. erminea and much smaller than in M. vison. See accounts of Mustela erminea, M. vison, and M. nigripes. Four subspecies occur in Wyoming. Mustela frenata alleni (Merriam) 1896. Putorius alleni Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 11:24, June 30. 1936. Mustela frenata alleni, Hall, Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 473:106, November 20. Type. — From Custer, Custer County, South Dakota. Comparisons. — From Mustela frenata longicauda, M. f. alleni differs in lesser size (basilar length, less than 43.5 in males, 40 in females; total length, less than 400 in males, 375 in females). M. f. alleni averages slightly smaller than Wyoming specimens of M. /. nevadensis and is near Clay Color instead of near Brussels Brown on upper parts in summer {alleni is paler brown in summer). Measurements. — External and cranial measurements of an adult female from Sundance are as follows: Total length, 352; length of tail, 123; hind foot, 41; zygomatic breadth, 23.4; interorbital breadth, 7.8; maxillary tooth-row, 13.0. Distribution. — Occurs in the Black Hills. See Fig. 64. Record of occurrence. — Specimen examined, 1, as follows: Crook Co.: Sundance, 1 USNM. Mustela frenata longicauda Bonaparte 1838. Mustela longicauda Bonaparte, Charlesworth's Mag. Nat. Hist., 2:38, January. 1936. Mustela frenata longicauda, Hall, Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 473:105, November 20. 1877. Putorius culbertsoni Coues, Dept. Int., U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., Misc. Publ. No. 8, p. 136. Type from Ft. Laramie, Wyoming. Type. — Possibly from Carlton House, Saskatchewan. Comparisons. — Paler (near Clay Color instead of Brussels Brown) than Mustela frenata nevadensis; smaller and paler than M. f. oribasus; larger than M. f. alleni. Measurements. — Average and extreme cranial measurements listed by Hall (1951c:420-421) of five adult males from Alberta and of five adult females from Alberta (3), North Dakota (1), and Saskatchewan (1) are, respectively, as follows: Basilar length, 46.0 (44.7-46.5), 42.3 (40.0-43.7); zygomatic breadth, 30.3 (29.4-31.0), 25.9 (24.5-26.7); cranial depth, 15.4 (15.0-16.0), 13.7 (12.8-14.3); length of tooth-rows, 17.9 (17.2-18.6), 16.3 (15.1-16.8); outer crown length of upper camassial, 6.0 (5.4-6.3), 5.4 (5.0-5.9); breadth Ml, 4.6 (4.3-5.0), 4.3 (4.0-4.8). 694 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Diitnbution mop o( WYOMING Mus Nol Hisl .Univ Kon« 1963 Scale 100 20 40Miles Distribution. — Expected to occur only in eastern Wyoming south of the Black Hills. See Fig. 64. Record of occurrence (Hall, 1951c:269). — Goshen Co.: Fort Laramie. Mustela frenata nevadensis Hall 1936. Mustela frenata nevadensis Hall, Carnegie Inst., Washington Publ. 473:91, November 20. Type. — From three miles east of Baker, White Pine Covmty, Nevada. Comparisons. — See accounts of other subspecies. Measurements. — External measure- ments of an adult male from three miles east of Dubois and of another from Woods Landing are as follows: Total length, 469, 423; length of tail, 171, 160; hind foot, 46, 48; length of ear, 24, 22. Cranial measurements of three adult males from 10 miles south and 9 miles west of Worland, from 12 miles north and two miles west of Afton, and from 27 miles north and 7% miles east of Laramie and of an adult female from three miles west-southwest of Fort Bridger are, respectively, as follows: Condylo- basal length, 48.5, 48.4, 47.8, 40.8; zygomatic breadth, 29.6, 28.6, 27.0, 23.5; postorbital processes of frontals, 14.2, 13.0, 12.5, 10.8; cranial breadth (braincase), 21.5, 20.8, 22.3, 20.5; cranial depth, 14.8, 14.4, 15.8, 14.2; 2.6; outer crown length upper camassial, state in suitable habitats. See Fig. 64, Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 36, as follows: Albany Co.: Garrett, 1 USNM; 27 mi. N, 7}i mi. E Laramie, 6960 ft., 1; Jack Rabbit Can- yon, E Laramie, 1; 2 mi. W Univ. Wyo. Sci. Camp, 1 Univ. Wyo.; 2k mi. Ebt Browns Peak, 10,300 ft., 1; 8 mi. SW Laramie, 1; Woods Landing, 1; Laramie River, 1 USNM. , „ , Campbell Co.: 42 mi. S, 13 mi. W Gillette, 1 (from owl pellet, discarded). Carbon Co.: Bridgers Pass, 1 USNM; 7 mi. N, 17 mi. E Savery, 8300 ft., 1. Converse Co.: 10 mi. N, 6 mi. W Bill, 1. Fremont Co.: 1 mi. S, 3 mi. E Dubois, 6900 ft., 1; 17 mi. S, 6J2 mi. W Lander, 1. Goshen Co.: Hawk Springs Reservoir, 1. <,, r, Laramie Co.: Horse Creek, 3 mi. W Horse Creek P. O., 1; 3rio mi. S Horse Creek, 6600 ft., 1; 11 mi. N, 5)^ mi. E Cheyenne, 5950 ft., 1; 30 mi. W Fine Bluffs, 1; 15 mi. E Cheyenne, 5630 ft., 1. Lincoln Co.: 12 mi. N, 2 mi. W Afton, 6100 ft., 1; 9 mi. N, 2 mi. W Afton, 6100 ft., 1. Sheridan Co.: Story, 1. Teton Co.: Arizona Creek, 2; Jackson Hole Wildhfe Park, 3 USNM; Crystal Creek, Gros Ventre River, 2 USNM; Jackson, 1 USNM. Uinta Co.: 3 mi. WSW Ft. Bridger, 6650 ft., 1; Lonetree, 1 USNM. Yellowstone Natl Park: Lamar River, 1 USNM. Washakie Co.: 10 mi. S, 9 mi. W Worland, 4100 ft., 1. Co. not certain: "Wyoming Territory," 1 USNM. Fig. 64. Mustela frenata. 1. M. frenata alleni 2. M. frenata langicauda 3. M. frenata nevadensis 4. M. frenata oribasus maxillary tooth-row, 14.9, 14.7, 14.1, 1 5.5, 5.6, 5.2, 4.8. Distribution. — Throughout most of The Mammals of Wyoming 695 Additional records (HaU, 1951C:290-291).— Albany Co.: 3 mi. SW Lar- amie; 12 mi. S Laramie. Carbon Co.: Medicine Bow Mt7}s.; 15 mi. SE Parco. Fremont Co.: 20 mi. NW Dubois. Johnson Co.: BuflFalo. Park Co.: Greyhull River. Sublette Co.: Bronx. Teton Co.: Whetstone Creek. Yellowstone Nat'I Park: Yellowstone Lake. Mustela frenata oribasus (Bangs) 1899. Putorius (Arctogale) longicauda oribasus Bangs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 1:81, December 27. 1936. Mustela frenata orihasa. Hall, Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ., 473:105, November 20. Type. — From source of Kettle River, 7500 feet, on the smnmit between middle fork of Kettle River and Cherry Creek at Pinnacles, British Columbia. Comparison. — Compared with Mustela frenata nevadensis, with which M. /. oribasus intergrades in northwestern Wyoming, M. /. oribasus differs in larger size. Measurements. — Cranial measurements listed by HaU ( 1951c:422-423) of five adult and subadult males and two adult females, all from British Columbia, are, respectively, as follows: Basilar length, 48.8, 48.8, 46.6, 47.5, 45.0, 41.7, 42.0; zygomatic breadth, 32.2, 31.7, 30.7, 30.1, 31.0, 26.7, 27.0; interorbital breadth, 13.0, 12.0, 10.1, 10.3, 11.8, 10.5, 10.2; depth of skuU, 15.5, 15.5, 15.0, 15.0, 15.0, 14.0, 14.0; length of tooth-rows, 19.1, 19.5, 17.7, 18.5, 17.5, 16.4, 16.4; lateral (= outer crown length) upper camassial, 6.2, 6.3, 5.8, 5.9, 5.6, 5.5, 5.5; Ml, breadth 5.3, 5.3, 4.6, 4.6, 4.7, 4.5, 4.3. Distribution. — Northwestern Wyoming. See Fig. 64. Records of occurrence (Hall, 1951c:274). — Park Co.: Four Bears. Yel- lowstone Nat'I Park: Glen Creek, Mammoth Hot Springs. Mustela vison Schreber Mink Larger than long-tailed weasel, smaller than striped skunk; upper parts rich, blackish brown; underparts only slightly paler than upper parts, feet and tail concolor with back; white markings usually present on chin; skull flattened as in Spilogale; auditory bullae well inflated; ml having incipient metaconid; skull larger with more robust zygomata than in Mustela frenata. Females about 10 per cent smaller in linear measurements than males and only half as heavy. The mink is at home on land (where rabbits and small rodents are frequently preyed upon) or in water (in which the mink catches fish and frogs ) . The fur has a high value, and mink farming at this writing is big business. Mustela vison energumenos (Bangs) 1896. Putorius vison energumenos Bangs, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 27:5, March. 1912. Mustela vison energumenos. Miller, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79:101, December 31. Type. — From Sumas, British Columbia. 696 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Scale 0 20 40 Miles Comparison. — Compared with Mustela vison letifera, M. v. energumenos is smaller; darker; skull smaller, less robust; teeth smaller. (See measure- ments. ) Measurements. — External and cranial measurements of two adult males and one adult female from Woods Post 0£Bce are, respectively, as follows: Total length, 555, 570, 520; length of tail 186, 191, 176; hind foot, 70, 68, 57 condylobasal length, 64.4, 63.5, 58.5 zygomatic breadth, 36.2, 36.3, 32.7 interorbital breadth, 13.2, 12.3, 10.8 length of nasals, 12.5, 11.9, — ; maxil- lary tooth-row, 20.5, 19.8, 17.7. Mea- surements of an adult male from Teton County, of anotlier male from 12 miles south and 15 miles west of Cody, of an adult female from 15/2 miles south and 13 miles west of Meeteetse, and of a lactating, adult female from 6450 ft., on the Wind River, are, re- spectively, as follows: Total length, 562, — , 527, 472; length of tail, 197, — , 174, 145; hind foot, 69, — , 64, 57; ear from notch, 24, — , 26, 23; condylobasal length, 63.9, 64.8, 60.3, 58.4; zygomatic breadth, 37.3, 37.3, 35.2, 34.5; interorbital breadth, 10.1, 11.0, 11.7, 10.9; cranial depth, 19.7, Fig. 65, Distribution of Mustela vison. 1. M. V. energumenos 2. M. V. letifera 20.5, 18.5, 18.8; maxillary tooth-row, 19.6, 19.3, 18.6, 17.9; outer crown length upper CiU-nassial, 7.2, 7.4, 7.2, 6.1; breadth Ml, 6.0, 6.1, 5.9, 5.4. Distribution. — Rocky Mountains and southwestern Wyoming. See Fig. 65. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 8, as follows: Albany Co.: Woods P. O., 3 USNM. Fremont Co.: Brooks Lake, 1 USNM; Wind River, 3 mi. N, 6 mi. W Burris, 6450 ft., 1. Park Co.: 12 mi. S, 15 mi. W Cody, 1; 15J2 mi. S, 13 mi. W Meeteetse, 1. Teton Co.: 1 mi. S, 3^ mi. E Moran, 6200 ft, 1. Mustela vison letifera HoUister 1913. Mustela vison letifera Hollister, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 44:475, April 18. Type. — From Elk River, Sherburne County, Minnesota. Comparison. — For comparison with Mustela vison energumenos, see account of that subspecies. Measurements. — External measurements of an adult male from 2 miles north of Wheatland are as follows: Total length, 615; length of tail, 205; hind foot, 65; ear from notch, 26. Cranial measurements of an adult male (skull only) from Story are as follows: Condylobasal length, 75.2; zygomatic breadth, 44.7; interorbital breadth, 12.0; cranial depth, 20.9; maxillary tooth-row, 23.9; outer crown length of upper carnassial, 8.0; breadth Ml, 7.3. Distribution. — Great Plains in eastern Wyoming. See Fig. 65. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 6, as follows: Albany Co.: Laramie, 1; 6/2 mi. SW Laramie, 2; Olson River, 1. Platte Co.: 2 mi. N Wheatland, 1 Univ. Wyo. Sheridan Co.: Story, 1. The Mammals of Wyoming 697 Mustela nigripes (Audubon and Bachman) Black-footed Ferret 1851. Futorius nigripes Audubon and Bachman. The viviparous quad- rupeds of North America, 2:297. 1912. Mustela nigripes. Miller, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79:102, December 31. Type. — From Fort Laramie, Goshen County, Wyoming. Description. — About size of mink (see Measurements); upper parts yellow- ish buflF, occasionally whitish, especially on face and venter; black mask on face; black feet; tail tipped with black; typical mustehd skull, but mastoid processes notably angular. Measurements. — External measurements of an adult male from Laramie and of an adult (probably male) from "Wyoming" are as follows: Total length, 422, 496; length of tail, 96, 117; hind foot, 56, 56. Cranial measurements of an adult male from Manville and an adult (probably male) from within 12 miles of Cheyenne are, respectively, as follows: Condylobasal length, 67.6, 66.5; zygomatic breadth, 43.5, — ; interorbital breadtli, 12.0, 16.0; alveolar length maxillary tooth-row, 20.2, 19.6; labial alveolar length upper carnassial, 7.7, 6.9. Distribution. — Great Plains and closely adjacent areas. See Fig. 66. Remarks. — The black-footed ferret lived in prairie dog towns, and the geographic ranges of Cynomijs and this species in gen- eral coincided. Poisoning of ground squirrels and prairie dogs greatly decreased the numbers of these sciiurids and thereby in- directly, and possibly directly through action of the poison, may have extirpated the black- footed ferret in the state. Fig. 66. Musela nigripes. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 8, as follows: Albany Co.: Laramie, 1 Univ. Wyo.; 5 mi. W Laramie, 1 USNM. Laramie Co.: Chey- enne, 1 USNM; within 12 mi. Cheyenne, 1 USNM. Niobrara Co.: Manville, 1 USNM. Weston Co.: Newcastle, 2 USNM. County not specified: "Wyo- ming" 1 Univ. Wyo. Additional record. — Goshen Co.: Type locality. Gulo gulo luscus (Linnaeus) Wolverine 1758. [Ursus] luscus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1:47. 1823. Guh luscus, Sabine. In Franklin, Narrative of a journey to the shores of the Polar Sea in . . . 1819-22, p. 650. 698 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. 1959. Gulo gulo luscus, Kurten and Rausch, Acta Arctica, Fasc. 11, p. 19. Kurten and Rausch arrange Eurasian and American wolverines as tvvo subspecies of a single species, but the evidence does not support the implication of Kurten and Rausch that American wolverines comprise a single subspecies. Type. — From Hudson Bay. Description. — Large for Mustelidae, reaching 40 pounds; upper parts black- ish brown; broad pale brown stripe extends from neck to base of tail on each side of body; tympanic bullae moderately inflated and separate from paroc- cipital processes; Ml expanded hngually in occlusal view; trigonid longer than talonid in ml, metaconid absent; dental formula, i.?, c.J, p.|, m.i. Measurements. — Seton (1929:406) lists external measurements of four males and seven females as follows: "Average length," 1051, 940.7; length of tail, 212.5, 183.5; hind foot, 198.5, 177.5. Weights are recorded by Seton of almost 30 pornids and mention is made of some wolverines weighing more than 30 pounds. Distribution. — Owing to extensive wandering, may occur in any high moun- tains in Wyoming; seems to persist in movintains of northwestern Wyoming. Not mapped. Remarks. — Cahalane (1948:249) mentioned two sight records "in the past ten years" from the Grand Teton, and a single sight record from the south entrance of Yellowstone Park in 1946. The December, 1955, number of Wyoming Wildlife, Wyoming Game and Fish Commission, carries a report of a sight record from "east of Warren Bridge in the winter of 1953, according to Gene Peterson" said to be in the same area from which the species was reported 13 years earlier. Don Newhart (in the same magazine, for May, 1962) reported seeing a mother wolverine and two young along Eagle Creek, Shoshone Mountains. The only preserved specimen of a wolverine that probably was obtained in Wyoming was sent to the National Zoological Park from Yellowstone Park by Captain George S. Anderson, U. S. A., Acting Superintendent of the Park. The animal was kept for an unknown length of time in the National Zoological Park in Wash- ington, D. C. When the wolverine died its skull came to the United States National Museum (on July 16, 1895). Presumably the individual was captured in the Wyoming part of the Park instead of in Idaho or Montana. Records of occurrence. — Specimen examined, 1, as follows: Yellowstone Nat'I Park: No specific locality, 1 USNM. Additional record. — Park Co.: About 50 mi. W Cody and S Shoshone River (N. A. Wood, 1921:234; see also National Geographic, 19:353, May 1908). Yellowstone Nat'I Park(?): According to Coues (1877:49), "Mr. C. H. Merriam. . . . procured a specimen [of Gulo] on the Yellowstone River, Wyoming, in August, 1872." The Mammals of Wyoming 699 Taxidea taxus taxus (Schreber) Badger 1778. Ursus taxus Schreber, Die Siiugtliiere . . ., 3:520. 1894. Taxidea taxus, Rhoads, Amer. Nat., 28:524, June. Type. — From Labrador and Hudson Bay. Description. — Large for Mustelidae (see Measurements); upper parts an intermixture of white, cream, blackish, and gray, with white stripe extending a variable distance from nose middorsally onto back; face marked with black; feet brownish black; venter grayish with mid- ventral stripe or blotch of white; claws long and powerful, especially on forelimbs; legs short; skull large; zygomata robust; molars robust; P4 with accessory cusp behind deuterocone; adapted for digging; feeds mainly on burrowing rodents. Measurements. — External measurements of an adult male from the Platte River, Carbon County, and another from sLx miles south of Laramie are as follows: Total length, 742, 755; length of tail, 117, — ; hind foot, 95, 115; ear from notch, 50, 60. The former weighed 15 pounds. Cranial measure- ments of these two males, of another from 12 miles north of Laramie, and another from Laramie, and of an adult female from 16 miles west of Laramie are, respectively, as follows: Condylobasal length, 126.9, 130.6, 131.5, 130.0, 127.4; zygomatic breadth, 82.0, 91.3, 84.6, 88.8, 80.3; interorbital breadth, 27.1, 30.7, 27.8, 26.7, 26.9; breadth across postorbital processes of f rentals, 35.4, 41.1, 40.0, 37.7, 37.6; maxillary tooth-row, 42.0, 40.0, 42.7, 42.6, 41.4; cranial depth, 43.0, 44.4, 44.5, 44.2, 45.5; outer crowm length of Ml, 13.1, 12.8, 14.2, 13.8, 12.9; greatest breadth of Ml, 9.6, 10.7, 9.6, 10.5, 9.9. Distribution. — Mainly in lower life-zones, throughout most of state. See Fig. 67. Remarks. — All of the speci- mens that I have examined are referable to a single subspecies; they show great individual varia- tion in color, color pattern, and size. I tentatively follow Hall (1936) and Hall and Kelson (1959:925-927) in assigning the aforementioned specimens to Taxidea taxus taxus. However, Schantz ( 1946 : 81, 1950 : 90) named two subspecies from South Dakota and Montana with type localities much nearer Wy- oming than the type locality of the nominate subspecies. I have examined specimens from areas within the geographic ranges of each of the new subspecies, and in my opinion they and the Wyoming specimens are inseparable Dijiribulion mop of WYOMING Mot Nol Hist .Ufilv Kont 1963 100 20 40Mil«s Fig. 67. Distribution of Taxidea taxus taxus. 700 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. on account of greatly overlapping variation. The description for T. t. montana Schantz seems more appropriate for Wyoming speci- mens than does that of T. t. dacotensis Schantz, but the latter name was proposed first. The name Taxidea taxtis jeffersonii Harlan (Fauna Americana, pp. 309-310, 1825), in my opinion, has priority over T. t. montarui and T. t. dacotensis unless the type locality of jeffersonii is found to be within tlie range of T. t. neglecta of the Pacific Coast, in which case neglecta would become a synonym. The subspecies of Taxidea taxus are in need of revision. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 58, as follows: Albany Co.: Lookout, 1 USNM; 12 mi. N Laramie, 1; 16 mi. W Laramie, 7650 ft., 1; Laramie, 1, 1 USNM; Laramie, 15 mi. SE Green Mtn., 8200 ft., 1 USNM; Laramie, 20 mi. SE Green Mtn., 8200 ft., 1 USNM; 4 mi. E Laramie, 7500 ft., 1 Univ. Wyo.; 16-17 mi. E Laramie, 8000 ft., 2 USNM; 6 mi. S Laramie, 1; Pole Mtn., 16 mi. SE Laramie, 1 USNM; Jelm, 1 USNM; Tie Siding, 1. Big Horn Co.: Shell, 1 USNM; Bighorn Basin, 1 USNM. Carbon Co.: Big Creek, 4 USNM; E. bank Platte River, 7700 ft., 1. Converse Co.: 1 mi. S, 4 mi. W Shawnee, 4900 ft., 1. Fremont Co.: Lake Fork, 10,000 ft., 1 USNM; Sage Creek, Lenore, 1 USNM; 17 mi. S, 6'i mi. W Lander, 8450 ft., 1; 7 mi. E Sweetwater Sta., 1; Sweetwater River, 2 USNM; Sweetwater River, 25 mi. NW Splitrock, 1 USNM; South Pass City, 1 USNM; Crooks Gap., 7000 ft., 1; Pacific, S S. Pass City, 2 USNM. Hot Springs Co.: 2 mi. N, 6 mi. W Ther- mopolis, 1. Laramie Co.: Federal, 3 USNM. Lincoln Co.: 12 mi. N, 2 mi. W Afton, 6100 ft., 1; Grover, near Afton, 1 Univ. Wyo. Natrona Co.: 15 mi. SW Midwest, 1 Univ. Wyo.; 18 mi. W Casper, 1 USNM. Park Co.: 16J^ mi. N, 17 mi. W Cody, 2; 3 mi. S, 14 mi. W Cody, 1; VaUey, 1 USNM. Sheridan Co.: Arvada, 1 USNM. Sublette Co.: Kendall, 1 USNM; New Fork, Green River, 1 USNM; Big Sandy Creek, 1 USNM; 41 mi. S, 16 mi. E Pinedale, 1. Sweetwater Co.: 2'/2 mi. S. Bitter Creek, 1; 45 mi. S Wamsutter, 2 USNM. Teton Co.: Warm Spring Creek, 1 USNM; W. slope Uhl, 1; Jackson, 1 USNM. Uinta Co.: 9 mi. S Robertson, 8000 ft., 1; Lonetree Creek, 1 USNM. Spilogale putorius (Linnaeus) Spotted Skunk Smaller than Mephitis mephitis; upper parts black with four to six white stripes, frequently broken up into spots and short stripes; underparts black; skull notably flattened in lateral view; auditory bullae relatively larger than in Mephitis and upper molar less nearly square; skull much smaller than in Mephitis; dentition, i.f , c.\, p.f , ra.^. This small skunk is more agile than the striped skunk and fre- quently climbs among rock outcroppings and sometimes in trees. The spotted skunk preys mainly on insects and rodents. Two sub- species occur in Wyoming, but there is no evidence of direct inter- gradation between tliem. Indeed, the two kinds seemingly meet without intergrading at Iron Mountain where Mr. Elmer Smith, of Horse Creek, in the course of trapping furbearers in the winter of The Mammals of Wyoming 701 1943, took an individual of S. p. gracilis and on another day an in- dividual of S. p. interrupta in the same set. In the winter of 1944, he caught two additional individuals at Iron Mountain, both of which are S. p. gracilis (photographs of the fur-catches of 1943 and 1944 by Elmer Smith, on file in field notes of E. R. Hall in K. U. Mus. Nat. Hist). Spilogale putorius gracilis Merriam 1890. Spilogale gracilis Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 3:83, September 11. 1959. Spilogale putorius gracilis. Van Gelder, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 117(5) :279, June 15. 1890. Spilogale saxatilis Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 4:13, October 8. Type from Prove, Utah County, Utah. Type. — From Grand Canyon of tlie Colorado River, north of San Francisco Mountain, 3500 feet, Arizona. Comparison. — From Spilogale putorius interrupta, S. p. gracilis differs as follows: skull relatively broader and shorter (basilar length of adult male less than 50.1 mm.); lateral white stripe larger; tip of tail white instead of black. Measurements. — External measvirements of an adult male and adult female are listed by Merriam (1890:13) as follows: Total length, 450, 400; tail vertebrae, 176, 163; liind foot, 49, 41. Measurements of a subadult female from tliree miles south of Hudson are as follows: Total length, 351; tail, 138; hind foot, 40; ear from notch, 23; basilar length, 45.4; zygomatic breadth, 31.7; breadth upper carnassial, 18.0. Basilar length of an old male from Splitrock is 49.0 mm. Distribution. — Lower life-zones in western two-thirds of state. See Fig. 68. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 4, as foUows: Carbon Co.: Fort Steele, 1 USNM. Fremont Co.: 3 mi. S Hudson near Lander, 1 Univ. Wye; Splitrock, 2 USNM. Additional record. — Laramie Co.: Iron Mtn. (Hall, field notes, see com- ments under account of S. putorius). Spilogale putorius interrupta (Rafinesque) 1820. Mephitis interrupta Rafinesque, Ann. Nat., No. 1, p. 3. 1959. Spilogale putorius interrupta, Van Gelder, BuU. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist, 117(5) :273, June 15. 1902. Spilogale tenuis A. H. Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 15:241, December 16. Type from Arkins, Larimer County, Colorado. Type. — From Upper Missouri River (see Lichtenstein, 1838:281). Comparison. — For comparison with Spilogale putorius gracilis, see account of that subspecies. Measurements. — External and cranial measurements of an old adult male from Arkins, Colorado, are as foUows: Total length, 450; length of tail, 165; hind foot 51; basilar length, 52; occipitonasal length, 52.3; zygomatic breadth, 34.7; least interorbital breadth, 14.3; cranial depth, 15.5 (after A. H. Howell, 1906:22, 36). Distribution. — Lowlands of eastern Wyoming ranging northward into the Black HiUs. See Fig. 68. 14—2329 702 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Remarks. — Only one specimen of this subspecies is known from the state. Gary hsted additional occurrences (additional records, below) in his unpublished manuscript, "Mammals of Wyoming." In my possession is a copy of a letter from Mr. Stanley P. Young, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, to Prof. A. B. Mickey, dated Janu- ary 27, 1950, to which are attached three copied sheets of the account on the spotted skunk written by Gary. In 1962, when I inquired about examining and possibly using Gary's manuscript, thought to contain many distributional data and early records con- cerning other species, it was found to be missing from its file with no record of its disposition. Records of occurrence. — Specimen examined, 1 USNM, from: Platte Co.: Chugwater. Additional records (Gary, unpublished, see Remarks, unless otherAvise noted). — Albany Co.: base of Laramie Peak; Horseshoe Creek, near Spring- hill, more than 6000 ft.; North Laramie River, north of Garrett. Johnson Co.: On' the Powder River, betw^een Kaycee and Sussex (assumed to be tenuis on the word of J. W. Stevenson, Buffalo taxidermist). Laramie Co.: Iron Mtn. (Hall field notes). Weston Co.: Near Newcastle (rare). Fig. 68. Spilogale putorius. 1. S. p. gracilis 2. S. p. interrupta Fig. 69. Distribution of Mephitis mephitis hudsonica. Mephitis mephitis hudsonica Richardson Striped Skunk 1829. Mephitis americana var. hudsonica Richardson, Faima Boreali-Ameri- cana, 1:55. 1934. Mephitis mephitis hudsonica. Hall, Univ. Gahfomia Pubis. Zool., 40:368, November 5. Type. — From plains of the Saskatchewan, Canada. Description. — Larger than Spilogale (see Measurements); upper parts black with narrow white line extending from nose mid-dorsally to level of pinnae The Mammals of Wyoming 703 of ears and with two dorsolateral wliite stripes extending from base of tail to neck where tlie stripes coalesce, expand laterad, and are truncated abruptly behind the level of the ears; tail black but strongly intermixed with blotches of white above and below; underparts black; skull much as in Spilogale, but auditory bullae smaller (relatively), dimensions longer, teeth more robust, upper molar nearly square in occlusal view with cusp arrangement almost petaloid; upper camassial having sharp, elongate inner cusp; rostrum short dipping abruptly from arched or elevated frontals; lambdoidal and sagittal crests conspicuous in adult males; dental formula same as in Spilogale. Measurements. — External measurements of a male and female from Lara- mie, of two males from Fort Bridger, and of a male and female from six miles north and four miles west of Bill (all adults) are, respectively, as follows: Total length, 640, 640, 670, 786, 704, 540; length of tail, 255, 260, 260, 248, 295, 215; hind foot, 75, 74, 81, 77, 80, 62; ear from notch, — , 29, 20, 34, 33, 24. Cranial measurements of five males and two females from within five miles of Laramie are, respectively, listed as follows: Condylobasal length, 76.0, 77.8, 77.3, 80.3, 73.5, 72.4, 69.7; zygomatic breadth, — , 47.3, 49.0, 54.3, 46.3, 46.6, 47.3; interorbital breadth, 19.6, 18.9, 18.9, 20.0, 17.8, 18.2, 19.0; maxillary tooth-row, 22.4, 22.3, 23.8, 24.3, 22.3, 22.4, 21.5; outer crown length of upper camassial, — , 7.2, 7.2, 8.3, 7.8, 7.2, 7.5; breadth of upper molar, — , 8.9, 8.9, 9.4, 8.9, 8.6, 8.9. Distribution. — Lower hfe-zones probably throughout state. See Fig. 69. Remarks. — The striped skunk feeds mainly on insects and vege- table material in summer, and in winter mainly on mice and carrion. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 41, as follows: Albany Co.: SpringhiU, 6300 ft., 2 USNM; Eagle Peak, 1 USNM; Garrett, 1 USNM; 4.5 mi. N Laramie, 7275 ft., 3; Laramie River, Laramie, 7150 ft., 1; 2 mi. W Laramie, 7200 ft., 1 Univ. Wyo.; 1 mi. W Laramie, 7100 ft., 1 Univ. Wijo.; Laramie, 7150 ft., 1, 1 USNM, 1 Univ. Wyo.; 4 mi. SW Laramie, 7175 ft., 3; JHD Ranch, sec. 3, T. 17N, R. 65W, 1 Univ. Wyo. Big Horn Co.: Bighorn Mtns., 1 USNM. Campbell Co.: ISY^ mi. N, 2M mi. E Gillette, 1; 40?$ mi. S, 17M mi. W Gillette, 1. Converse Co.: 6 mi. N, 4 mi. W Bill, 4800 ft., 2; Glenrock, 1 USNM; 17 mi. SW Douglas, 2. Crook Co.: S}^ mi. NW Sundance, 5000 ft., 1. Fremont Co.: Bull Lake Creek, 1 USNM; 10 mi. SE Lander, 1. Goshen Co.: Rawhide Buttes, 5200 ft., 1 USNM. Laramie Co.: 2 mi. W Horse Creek P. O., 6550 ft., 1; 2 mi. S Pine Bluffs, 5200 ft., 1. Natrona Co.: Casper Mtns., 7 mi. S Casper, 6000 ft., 1 USNM. Platte Co.: 15 mi. SW Wheatland, 5200 ft., 1 USNM. Sheridan Co.: Rona (not found), 1 USNM; 4 mi. NNE Banner, 4100 ft., 1. Sublette Co.: Kendall, 1 USNM. Uinta Co.: Ft. Bridger, 3. Yellowstone Nat'I Park: Lower Geyser Basin, 1 USNM; Shoshoni Lake, 1 USNM. Lutra canadensis nexa Goldman River Otter 1935. Lutra canadensis nexa Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 48:182, November 15. Type. — From near Deeth, Humboldt River, Elko Coimty, Nevada. 704 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Description. — Large for Mustelidae (see Measurements); upper parts brown; venter paler brown; neck thick; skull flattended; legs short and toes webbed; tail long, thick at base, and oval in cross-section; ears small, capable of being closed; opening of auditory meatus large; Ml rhomboid, robust; P4 having hol- lowed or dished deuterocone; tympanic bullae flattened; dentition, i.f, c.\, p.|, m.^; aquatic. Measurements. — Hall (1946:196) lists external measurements for a sub- adult female of this subspecies from Bull Head Ranch, Nevada, as follows: Total length, 1,006; length of tail, 393; length of hind foot, 121. Females are slightly smaller than males. Distribution. — The only specimen known to me from Wyoming is from Yellowstone National Park. Not mapped. Remarks. — Most of Wyoming has been thought to be occupied by Lutra canadensis canadensis (see Hall and Kelson, 1959: Map 477) because Bailey (1930:142) referred a record to the nominate subspecies before L. c. nexa was named and before the river otter was nearly extirpated in the state. Only one specimen is available for examination, and it is a skin lacking the skull. Inasmuch as L. c. nexa occurs in Idaho in montane situations (even in nearby Teton County, Idaho, according to Davis, 1939:140), it probably occurred also in the mountainous western part of Wyoming. Thus, for geo- graphic reasons the river otter of Wyoming is referred to L. c. nexa. Jones (1962:94) exhaustively reviewed scientific and non-scientific literature of early observers in Nebraska and found that the otter was widely distributed in that state before the species was extirpated there. Swenk (1920:2) described from Nebraska a subspecies, L. c. interior, which if distinct or valid probably ranged across the Great Plains into eastern Wyoming. Swenk described L. c. interior as pale, large, and having a short hind foot and widely spaced teeth. Durrant (1952:436) mentioned reports of otters in the Uinta Mountains, the foothills of which are in southwestern Wyoming; he saw, in 1949, an Indian from Uintah County wearing otter fur braided into his hair (the otter was said to have been taken along the Green River). Durrant suggested that L. c. nexa probably in- tergraded with L. c. sonora in the Uinta Mountains. Records of occurrence. — Specimen examined, 1, as follows: Yellowstone Nat'l Park: Upper Yellowstone River, 1 USNM. Additional records.— Yellowstone Nat'l Park (Skinner, 1927:199): Gardiner River Slough Creek; Willow Park; Obsidian Creek; Gibbon Canyon; Riverside Geyser; Lake Outlet; Wolf Point; Yellowstone Lake. Teton Co.: Vic. S. Fork Snake River, Teton Mountains (Fryxell, 1943:84). Family Felidae Key to Felids 1. Tail more than 30 per cent of total length; 3 upper premolars present on each side f eiis concolor, p. 705 The Mammals of Wyoming 705 1'. Tail less than 30 per cent of total length; 2 upper premolars present on each side 2 2. Tail tipped with black; tail less than J^ length of hind foot, Lynx canadensis, p. 707 2'. Tail tipped with black above but white below; tail more than ^ length of hind foot Lynx rufus, p. 708 Felis concolor Linnaeus Mountain Lion Large for genus Felis ( larger than lynx ) ; tail more than twice as long as hind foot; upper parts brownish or grayish (sometimes red- dish); venter whitish often overlain with buff; ears blackish; chin and throat white; tail tipped with brownish or black; young spotted with black on buff ground color. The mountain lion is nearly extirpated in Wyoming. The animal has a large home range and lacks the ability to discern the boundaries of areas in which it is protected. Unless protective measures are strictly maintained and increased the mountain lion will surely be extirpated, as it was in Yellowstone National Park. The mountain Hon feeds on deer and occasionally livestock. Many persons are pleased that the lion is now rare, and absent in many areas. Persons who realize the value of predators on big game and who favor the preservation of all species of wildlife have been unable so far to have this species protected or to have the areas enlarged in which it is protected. The mountain lion has nearly disappeared in Wyoming. Young (in Young and Gold- man, 1946:40) wrote that: "Nineteen of these predators have been removed from the stock and game ranges of the State during 25 years of coopera- tive state-federal predator con- trol campaigns. Yellowstone National Park, where for years past it has been given full pro- tection, probably contains the largest concentrations of puma at the present time, but up to the year 1930 Bailey (129-151) reported the animal 'few and far between' even there." In 1950 Prof. A. B. Mickey obtained the skull and leg bones of an adult male (KU 96904) labeled as taken on Fig. 70. Distribution of Felis concolor, 1. F. c, hippolestes 2. F. c. missoulensis 706 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. February 3 of that year on "Squaw Creek [not found on any map] . . . E. of Saratoga, Carbon Co." Felis concolor hippolestes Merriam 1897. Felis hippolestes Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 11:219, July 15. 1929. Felis concolor hippolestes, Nelson and Goldman, Jour. Mamm., 10:347, November 11. Type. — From near Cora, head of Wind River, Sublette County, Wyoming. Comparison. — From Felis concolor missoulensis, F. c. hippolestes differs in longer skull, rostrum, palate, and diastema behind lower canine, and lesser zygomatic breadth. Probably largest of all subspecies of F. concolor. Measurements. — Three adult males and three adult females from Meeker, Colorado, have, respectively, the following lengths: 2,438, 2,336, 2,286, 2,134, 2,058, 2,006. Of these six adults cranial measurements are given for two males and two females, which are listed, respectively, with those of the type: Greatest length of skull, 237, 213.2, 203, 199.2, type 227.4; condylo- basal length, 210, 197.6, 184.4, 178.9, 204.4; zygomatic breadth, 162.5, 147.9, 133.7, 131.4, 160; cranial depth, 85, 79.5, 70.9, 68.5, 81.8; interorbital breadth, 46.2, 45.5, 38, 37.7, 48.5; postorbital processes of frontals, 83.2, 81, 69.3, 72.4, 83.5; "maxillary" tooth-row (to P4), 66.9, 62.8, 57.6, 58.5, 66.5; outer crown length of upper camassial, 22.9, 23.9, 20.2, 21.6, 23 (Young and Goldman, 1946:210). Distribution. — Occurred throughout most of state, except in extreme north- western Wyoming. See Fig. 70. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 3, as follows: Carbon Co.: "Squaw Creek" [not found on any map] . . . E. of Saratoga, 1. Sublette Co.: Cora, 2USNM. Additional records (Yoimg and Goldman, 1946:211). — Crook Co.: Hd. Bear Creek, Bear Lodge Mtns. Sheridan Co.: Wolf. Sublette Co.: Type locality. Co. not certain: Green Valley. Felis concolor missoulensis Goldman 1943. Felis concolor missoulensis Goldman, Jour. Mamm., 24:229, June 7. Type. — From Sleeman Creek, about 10 miles southwest of Missoula, Mon- tana County, Montana. Comparison. — See account of Felis concolor hippolestes. Specimens of this subspecies in Wyoming are intergrades between Fells concolor hippolestes and missoulensis. Measurements. — Cranial measurements of the type (male), of an adult male from 12 miles east of Hamilton, Montana, and of an adult female from Glacier National Park are, respectively, as follows: Greatest length of skull, 221.8, 222.5, 189.4; condylobasal length, 203.5, 200.3, 169.6; zygomatic breadth, 164.3, 162.3, 135.3; cranial depth, 81.5, 79.3, 67.3; interorbital constriction, 45.4, 47.8, 36; postorbital processes of frontals, 78.7, 85.2, 67.4; "maxillary" tooth-row (to P4), 65.7, 65.3, 57.2; outer crown length of upper camassial, 22.7, 23, 21.6 (Young and Goldman, 1946:207). Distribution. — Northwestern part of state. See Fig. 70. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 4 USNM, from: Yellowstone Nat'l Park: Blacktail Creek. Additional records (Young and Goldman, 1946:208). — Park Co.: Wapiti River; no certain locality. Teton Co.: Jackson Lake; Buffalo River, 20 mi. SE Jackson Lake. Yellowstone Nat'l Park: No certain locality. The Mammals of Wyoming 707 Lynx canadensis canadensis Kerr Lynx 1792. Lynx canadensis Kerr, The animal kingdom . . . , 1:157. Type. — From Eastern Canada, probably Quebec. Description. — Resembles Lynx rufus in size, but hind foot longer, ears more strongly tufted; upper parts Ochraceous-Tawny intermixed with brown, black, white, and sometimes reddish; eyehds white; pinna of ear buffy at base, having central white spot, and black tufts; skull larger than in L. rufus, except auditory bullae, which are smaller; presphenoid broad posteriorly (instead of narrow as in L. rufus); anterior condyloid foramen separated from foramen lacerum posterior; and tail tipped witli black. Measurements. — External measurements in inches listed by HaUoran and Blanchard (1959:450-451) for an adult male (USNM 287768) from Hoback Canyon, Sublette County, are as follows: Total length, 38/8; length of tail, 5; hind foot, IO/4; and ear, 3%. The weight of this specimen was 21^ pounds. Cranial measurements of a skull found in 1949 at Cottonwood Lake, and now in the collection of the Museum of Natural History, are as follows: Occipito- nasal length, 128, zygomatic breadth, 94; interorbital breadth, 29.1; post- orbital breadth, 39.0; breadth across orbital processes of frontals, 57.5; length of nasals, 40.0; maxillary tooth-row, 42.2; greatest breadth presphenoid, 9.0; length of canine, crown-root 39.6, crown-alveolar along anterior surface, 21.4. Distribution. — Formerly occurred at high elevations along Rocky Mouji- tain chain, but now confined to high, inaccessible (to man) ranges of north- western Wyoming, if not extirpated at the time of this writing. See Fig. 71. Remarks. — Aside from the fact that the lynx is a rare, beautiful member of the timberhne fauna and an inspiration to any naturalist lucky enough to see one, this cat should be protected because it rarely interferes with activities of man. The lynx seldom de- scends to elevations as low as 8000 feet, rarely leaves the forest, and feeds mainly on snow- shoe rabbits. Occasionally the lynx preys on grouse, other birds, and small mammals, thereby rendering each or any of these animals a service by destroying sickly or poorly adapted stock. But the lynx is classed as a pred- ator and destroyed whenever possible in Wyoming. Two para- graphs written by Halloran and Blanchard (1959:450-451) are as follows : "Thomas (Bull. 7, Wyo. Game & Fish Dept. 1954) stated, Tn Wyoming, the lynx is classified as a predator and may be trapped at any time with no Fig. 71. Lynx canadensis canadensis. 708 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. report to the Wyoming Game and Fish Department . . . The animal is not abundant in any area ot the state. "Howard J. Martley, District Agent, writes (per. comm., 9/30/57): "There are not many true Canada Lynx in Wyoming and tliose that inhabit the state are found ahnost all together in the extreme western portions, in the high mountain country. From 1952 until 1955 we know of five positive Canada Lynx catches made by our predatory animal hunters. . . .' " About all that can be said is that the lynx, as any other species of mammal, should be preserved; and that since the animal rarely does harm from man's point of view, it should be protected. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 14, as follows: Big Horn Co.: Shell, 1 USNM. Fremont Co.: Dubois, 1 USNM, Hd. Wind River, 1 USNM. Lincoln Co.: Cottonwood Lake, 6 mi. S, 6 mi. W Afton, 1. Park Co.: Painter, 1 USNM. Sublette Co.: Hoback Canyon, Hoback River, 6800 ft., 1 USNM; Kendall, 1 USNM. Teton Co.: Bridger Lake, 1 USNM; Elk, 4 USNM; Moose Creek, ISJi mi. NW Jackson, 1 USNM. Yellowstone Nat'l Park: No specific locality, 1 USNM. Additional record. — Albany Co.: 8 mi. SE Laramie, Laramie Mtns., 1 specimen taken in December of 1963 (letter of March 11, 1964, from Larry N. Brown to Charles A. Long), not plotted on map. Lynx rufus pallescens Merriam Bobcat 1899. Lynx fasciatus pallescens Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 16:104, Octo- ber 28. 1901. \Lynx rufa] pallescens, Elliot, Field Columb. Mus., Publ. 45, Zool. Series, 2:297, March 6. 1902. Lynx uinta Merriam. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 15:71, March 22. Type from Bridger Pass, Carbon County, Wyoming. Regarded as in- separable from pallescens by Grinnell and Dixon, Univ. California Pubis. Zool., 21:350, January 24, 1924. Type. — From south side of Mount Adams, near Trout Lake, Skamania County, Washington. Comparison. — Differs from Lynx canadensis as follows: smaller; tail tipped with black only above instead of also below; presphenoid bone usually narrower; auditory bullae larger; tail more ( instead of less ) than half length of hind foot; anterior condyloid foramen confluent with foramen lacerum posterior instead of separated. Occupies lower life-zones than does Lynx canadensis. Measurements. — Cranial measurements of three adult males and one adult female from Manville are, respectively, as follows: Condylobasal length, 120, 120, 117, 118; zygomatic breadth, 94, 88, 91, 89; postorbital processes of frontals, 66.6, 59.0, 64.9, 60.5; length of nasals, 36.2, 33.5, 35.0, 31.5; alveolar length of maxillary tooth-row, 40.4, 40.2, 39.6, 38.8; labial alveolar length of carnassial, 14.2, 14.5, 14.4, 12.9. Measurements of three adult males from Big Creek, Albany County, are as follows: Condylobasal length, 118, 117, 117; zygomatic breadth, 91, 90, 90; postorbital processes, 60.0, 66.0, 62.4; length of nasals, 34.7, 36.7, 33.8; maxillary tooth-row, 38.5, 37.2, 38.9; length of carnassial, 13.6, 13.8, 13.6. Measurements of three adult males and three adult females from along die Sweetwater River, Fremont County, are, re- spectively, as follows: Condylobasal length, 125, 116, 120, 110, 109, 112; zygomatic breadth, 93, 89, 93, 84, 85, 86; breadth across postorbital processes, 64.0?, 63.5, 61.2, 57.8, 60.0, 61.2; length of nasals, 36.7, 33.0, 34.6, 32.1, 31.4, 30.6; maxillary tooth-row, 41.5, 38.1, 39.6, 37.1, 36.8, 36.3; length carnassial. The Mammals of Wyoming 709 15.5, 14.0, 13.2, 13.5, 13.8, 13.4. Measurements of three adult males from Federal, Laramie County, are as follows: Condylobasal length, 112, 118, 116; zygomatic breadth, 84, 86, 91; postorbital processes, 57.5, 55.6, 61.6; length of nasals, 30.7, 31.5, 33.1; maxillary tooth-row, 37.9, 39.8, 37.7; length carnassial, 13.4, 14.2, 13.6. Distribution. — Most of state, especially in valleys and basins. Said by Cahalane (1948:252) to have been extirpated in Yellowstone and Teton na- tional parks (by 1947). I have examined no specimens from Yellowstone National Park. See Fig. 72. Fig. 72. Lynx rufus pallescens. Remarks. — Many specimens from south-central and south- eastern Wyoming are shghtly more reddish than specimens from other parts of Wyoming. Nevertheless, all Wyoming bob- cats clearly belong to the single subspecies Lynx rufus pallescens Merriam. The bobcat remains abundant in Wyoming in spite of predator control measures. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 160, as follows: Albany Co.: Rodgers Canyon, 1 Univ. Wyo.; Laramie, 4 USNM; Jelm, 1 USNM. Big Horn Co.: Shell, 2 USNM; Shell Creek Basin, 1 USNM. Carbon Co.: 16 mi. N, 2 mi. W Saratoga, 1; 15 mi. S Medicine Bow, 1 Univ. Wyo. Converse Co.: 3 mi. E Bill, 4700 ft., 3; 28 mi. NE Casper, 1; Big Creek, near Douglas, 3 USNM; Glenrock, 3 USNM; Douglas, 5 USNM. Crook Co.: Sundance, 2 USNM; Black HiUs, Sand Creek, 1 USNM. Fremont Co.: Lenore, 2 USNM; Sage Creek, 1 USNM; Hailey, 1 USNM; Sweetwater River, 25 mi. NW SUtrock, 1 USNM; Vic. Lander, 1; Atlantic City, 7655 ft., 2; Sweetwater River, near Rongis, 2 USNM; Sweetwater River, Split- rock, 2 USNM; Sweetwater River, 3 USNM; "Fremont County," 1. Laramie Co.: Horse Creek, 3 mi. W Horse Creek P. O., 16; Horse Creek, 6400 ft., 8; 3 mi. E Horse Creek P. O., 25; 5 mi. E Horse Creek P. O., 1; 9 mi. NW Federal, 1 USNM; Federal, 7 USNM; "Laramie County," 9. Lincobi Co.: 18 mi. N, 9 mi. E Afton, 1; Kemmerer, 6927 ft., 1. Natrona Co.: 8 mi. N, 2J^ mi. W Waltman, 6050 ft., 1; 18 mi. N, 6 mi. W Casper, 1; 18 mi. SW Casper, 1. Niobrara Co.: Manville, 8 USNM. Park Co.: Cody, 3 USNM; 3 mi. S, 14 mi. W Cody, 1; 4 mi. S, 25 mi. W Cody, 3; Ishawooa Creek, 19 mi. S, 19 mi. W Cody, 3. Platte Co.: Chugwater Creek, 20 mi. N Horse Creek, 13. Sheridan Co.: Arvada, 1 USNM. Sublette Co.: Green River, Jet. with New Fork, 1 USNM; Big Piney, 2 USNM. Sweetwater Co.: Point of rocks, 6509 ft., 1; Rock Springs, 2 USNM. Teton Co.: Elk, 1 USNM; 2 mi. N, 3 mi. W Summit, Togwotee Pass, 9000 ft., 1 Univ. Wyo.; Nat'l Elk Refuge, 1 USNM. Washakie Co.: M mi. S, 1 mi. W Tensleep, 4300 ft., 1. Weston Co.: Newcastle, 1 USNM. Additional record. — Carbon Co.: Bridgers Pass (Merriam, 1902:71). 710 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Order ARTIODACTYLA Key to Species of Artiodactyla 1. Horn sheaths have bony cores; horns present in both sexes (occasionally absent in females of Antilocapra) 2 2. Horns not branched or forked; lateral hooves present Bovidae, p. 717 3. Tail longer than 150 4 4. Length of skull less than 350; length of maxillary tooth-row less than 120 Oreamnos americanus, p. 720 2'. Horns in males branched or forked; lateral hooves lacking, Antilocapridae, Antilocapra americana, p. 716 1'. Bony antlers present; antlers in males only Cervidae. 5. Antlers palmate; pendulous "bell" suspended from throat, Alces alces, p. 715 5'. Antlers not palmate; bell lacking 6 4'. Length of skull more than 350; length of maxillary tooth-row more than 120 Bison bison, p. 717 3'. Tail shorter than 150 Ovis canadensis, p. 720 6. Posterior narial cavity not completely divided by vomer; canines present above Cervus canadensis, p. 710 6'. Posterior narial cavity divided by vomer; canines lacking above 7 7. Antlers having one main beam on each side from which tines rise verti- cally ; metatarsal gland less than 25 mm. long ; tail brown above, fringed with white Odocoileus virginianus, p. 713 7'. Antlers branch dichotomously; metatarsal gland more than 25 mm. long; tail tipped with black above Odocoileus hemionus, p. 712 Family Cervidae Cervus canadensis nelsoni V. Bailey Wapiti or American Elk 1935. Cervus canadensis nelsoni V. Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 38:188, November 15. Type. — From Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Description. — Size large for Artiodactyla (see Measurements); upper parts in simimer Light Buffy Fawn to Creamy BufF; upper parts in winter near Tawny; rump patch Creamy Buff or whitish; head, neck, legs, and belly brownish; antlers (occur in males only) large with long points usually nimi- bering up to nine; antlers deciduous; four hooves on each foot; upper canines short and tusklike; lower canines incisiform; cheek-teeth selenodont; posterior nasal cavity not completely divided by vomer; skull long, but shorter than in Alces. Measurements. — Cranial measurements of the type (male) and an adult female topotype are listed by Bailey (1935:188) as foUows: Basal length, 430, 410; length of nasals, 170, 170; upper molar series, 140, 140; mastoid breadth, 165, 150; zygomatic breadth, 200, 180; exorbital breadth, 210, 195; rostrum at canines, 90, 80; antlers (in type only) over beam, right 1260, left, 1250; spread of beams, 1000; of tips, 920. Cranial measurements of an adult female from 18 miles south and 25 miles west of Cody and of another from Jackson Hole, south of Moran, are, respectively, as follows: Greatest length of skull, 423, 436; zygomatic breadth, — , 181; length of nasals, 147, 163; length molariform tooth-row, 125, 134. Distribution. — Formerly statewide; extirpated in many areas. See Fig. 73. The Mammals of Wyoming 711 Remarks. — Many elk formerly migrated from the mountains of Wyoming into the Red Desert and other lowlands to winter, and a few still do. The elk is abundant in Jackson Hole and in Yellow- stone Park. From this center of abundance many animals have been reintroduced into new areas in and out of Wyoming. In pioneer times the subspe- cies of the east, Cervus canaden- sis canadensis, may have ranged into Wyoming from the east. But this subspecies was extir- pated before it could be studied. If it occurred in Wyoming, it probably was never abundant. One specimen (USNM 231542, foot only) has approximately 75 porcupine quills imbedded in the soft part of a foot about two inches above the dew-hooves. Distribution mop of WYOMING Mus Not Hist, Univ. Kons 1963 Fig. 73. Distribution of Cervus canadensis nelsoni. Records of occurrence. — Specimens examined, 11, as follows: Albany Co.: Cheyenne Pass, 1 USNM. Laramie Co.: Ft. D. A. Russell, 1 USNM. Park Co.: 18 mi. S. 25 mi. W Cody, 1. Teton Co.: Hd. Gros Ventre River, 1 USNM; Jackson Hole, S Moran, 1. Weston Co.: 1.5 mi. E Buckhorn, 6150 ft., 1 (perhaps not natural occur- rence, skull sawed in half, found 1951). Yellowstone Nat'l Park: Deer Creek, 1 USNM; Meadows Creek, 1 USNM; no certain locality, 2 USNM. Co. uncertain: "Northwestern Wyoming," 1 USNM. An undetermined number of antlers are in the U. S. National Museimi: from Mammoth Hot Springs, some from "Yellowstone Park," and some labeled merely "Wyoming." Additional records (Murie, 1951:42-46, unless otherwise noted). — Albany Co.: Laramie Peak, Toltec; Between Douglas and Rock Creek, in 1888; Medi- cine Bow Mtns.; Pole Mtn. Big Horn Co.: Bighorn Mtns. Campbell Co.: Belle Fourche River, in 1894. Carbon Co.: Ferris Mtns.; Seminole Mtns., in 1877; Shirley Mtns.; Elk Mtns., in 1864 and 1888; Medicine Bow River (Baird, 1858:643), in 1856; Sierra Madre Mtns. Converse Co.: Douglas. Crook Co.: Black Hills, before 1890, reintroduced 1912-13; Bear Lodge Mtns.; Sundance Mtn. in 1885; Stockard Creek, in 1885. Fremont Co.: Wind River Mtns.; Granite Mtns.; Green Mtns. Goshen Co.: Rawhide Butte; Ft. Laramie, in 1846. Hot Springs Co.: Owl Creek Mtns. Lincoln Co.: Hoback Mtns. and Basin; Wyoming Range; Near Fontenelle. Natrona Co.: Casper, in 1886; Rattlesnake Mtns. Park Co.: Absaroka Range. Platte Co.: North Platte River, in 1832. Sheridan Co.: Sheridan, in 1834. Sublette Co.: Vic. Pinedale; Big Piney. 712 University of Kansas Publs., Mus. Nat. Hist. Sweetwater Co.: Red Desert; Bitter Creek 1868. . ,oAn iae-n Teton Co.: Webb Canyon; Moose Creek; Teton Mtns. (Coutant, 1899:105), 1812 Uinta Co.: Foothills Uinta Mtns., 1886. Washakie Co.: Tensleep, 1896. , , , „ . , ^ „ Yellowstone Nat'l Park: Valleys of the following streams: Lamar, Yellow- stone, Gardiner, Gallatin, Slough, and Snake (Bailey, 1930:43-49). Odocoileus hemionus hemionus (Rafinesque) Mule Deer 1817. Cervus hemionus Rafinesque, Amer. Monthly Mag., 1:436, October. 1898. Odocoileus hemionus, Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 12: 100, April 30. 1902. Dama hemionus, J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 16:20, February 1. Dama is the correct generic name for the white-tailed deer according to the rules of zoological nomenclature, but Opinion 581, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature [Bull. Zool. Nomen., 17:267-275, September 6, 1960] recommends the use of Odocoileus. ) Type. — From mouth of the Big Sioux River, South Dakota (see Bailey, 1927:41). Description. — Averaging larger than Odocoileus virginianus; tail white, tipped with black; upper parts reddish or yellowish tawny, in winter more grayish or brownish; throat, buttocks, and abdomen whitish; antlers forking dichotomously; hooves blackish; diastema present in lower jaw; lacking upper canines; lacrimal pits (in lacrimal bones) deep; nasals averaging narrower, and lower incisors averaging smaller than in O. virginianus. Measurements. — Seton (1929:325) fisted external measurements of a buck as follows: Total length, 1,673; length of tail, 177; hind foot, 495; ear from notch, 254. Cranial measurements of an adult male and an adult female from Weston County are as follows: Greatest length of skull, 295, 280; zygomatic breadth, 135, 122; length nasals, 91, 83; maxillary tooth-row, 70, 74; length diastema, 71.5, 72. Distribution. — State-wide in suitable habitat. See Fig. 74. Remarks. — Usually found in forest areas, but often occurs in meadows or on the prairies of Transition Life-zone, and occa- sionally ranges into all life-zones. Baird (1858:658) mentions a great abundance of mule deer along the Yellowstone River. Seton (1929:250) writes that in the fall of 1920 the number of deer killed in Wyoming was 16,166, and of these numbers Seton says they were chiefly mule deer. Jackson (1944:8) listed 61,022 mule deer as oc- Dlitrlbullon mop of WYOMING Mui Nat Hlst.Unlv. Kans. 1963 Seal! UK? 20