U. &. Wational Musenm Gf f OA ae Hous , Curator of We Gi) eae of COlhnelegy USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. ADVERTISEMENT. The United States National Herbarium, which was founded by the Smithsonian Institution, was transferred in the year 1868 to the Department of Agriculture, and continued to be maintained by that Department until July 1, 1896, when it was returned to the official custody of the Smithsonian Institution. The Department of Agricul- _ture, however, continued to publish the series of botanical reports - entitled ‘* Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium,” begun in the year 1890, until, on July 1, 1902, the National Museum, in pursuance of an act of Congress, assumed responsibility for the pub- lication. The first seven volumes of the series were issued by the Department of Agriculture. 5S. PB. WANGrEYS Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. sa eau: é al Li PLATE I. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. ‘GNV1S| 30 SIVH HLYON DNINHO4 ANOLSAWI7] SNOYSSITIVHOD JO WHOSLV1d GASIVY DNIMOHS ‘WVNX JO IWLidVO AHL ‘VNVOY 4O MalA Of, a2 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNELED STATES WATION AL MUSEUM CONTRIBUTIONS UNITED STATES NATIONAL HERBARIUM VOLUME [|X THE USEFUL PLANTS OF THE ISLAND OF GUAM WITH AN INTRODUCTORY ACCOUNT OF. THE PHYSICAL FEATURES AND NATURAL HISTORY OF THE ISLAND, OF THE CHARACTER AND HISTORY OF ITS PEOPLE, AND OF THEIR AGRICULTURE By WILLIAM EDWIN SAFFORD 2.03763 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1905 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM: IssuED AprIL 8, 1905. ND oo PREFACE. Mr. W. E. Safford, assistant botanist in the Department of Agri- culture, for several years availed himself of the opportunity afforded _ him asa lieutenant in the United States Navy to study and observe the useful plants of the Tropics. In addition to cruises in other parts of the world he visited, in 1886, 1887, 1894, and 1899, Upolu and Tutuila of the Samoan group, and Oahu of the Hawaiian group; and from August, 1899, to August, 1900, he acted as assistant governor of the island of Guam. This paper has been prepared by Mr. Safford through the recent elaboration of notes and observations made in those years. While presented under the title ‘‘ The Useful Plants of Guam,” it includes some reference, however brief, to every plant known to occur on that island, particular note being made of those which have been described from Guam by various writers as species new to sci- ence. It discusses the principal plants used for food, fiber, oil, starch, sugar, and forage in the Pacific tropical islands recently acquired by the United States, and gives their common names not only in Guam but in the Philippine Islands, Samoa, Hawaii, and Porto Rico. The method of cultivating and propagating the more important species is treated in considerable detail, as is the preparation of their derivative products, such as arrowroot, copra, and cacao. The publication will be useful to the rapidly increasing number of American travelers and officers who wish to have in language of as little technicality as possi- ble information about the economic plants of the world; and while the author does not lay claim to more-than a report on the island of Guam, much of the information hé gives is applicable throughout the Tropics. Besides consulting the original narratives of travelers, Mr. Safford took advantage of his exceptional opportunities to study the archives of Guam, and his account of the discovery, early history, and explo- rations of the island, together with its climate, ethnology, and eco- nomic conditions, will afford the most comprehensive and authentic picture of Guam thus far published. The technical names of the plants have been critically scrutinized by Mr. W. F. Wight, also assistant botanist in the Department of 2 oO 4 PREFACE. Agriculture. The task has been a laborious one, far more laborious than the printed results suggest, but in the progress of the work its necessity has been amply demonstrated. The result is a substantial basis for the uniform designation of economic tropical plants in accord- ance with the system now followed by American botanists. Mr. Safford is indebted to Dr. Barton W. Evermann, of the Bureau of Fisheries, for photographs Nos. 1, 20, 22, and 44, taken by Dr. Alfred G. Mayer, of the Agassiz Expedition to the Tropical Pacific, while attached to the U.S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross; to Mr. William Bengough for photographs Nos. 2, 7, 8, 23, and 60, taken by him on the island of Guam in 1900; to Lieut. Commander J. E. Craven, U. 8. Navy, for photograph No. 19; to Lieut. L. M. Nulton, U.S. Navy, for photographs on plate 21; to Dr. Harvey Whittaker, late of the U. S. Navy, for photograph No. 24; to Mr. B. J. Howard, of the Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, for photographs on plates 9, 10 (fig. 1), 11, 12, and 18; to Mr. F. L. Lew- ton, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, U. 5. Department of Agricul- ture, for photograph No. 35, taken in Johore for the Government exhibit at Chicago; to Mr. Carl S. Scofield, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, for photographs Nos. 5, 50, and 57, taken from herba- rium specimens from the island of Guam; to Mr. C. B. Doyle for photographs Nos. 3, 4, 10 (fig. 2), 31, 32, 38, 40, 41, 42, 46, 47, 49, 51, 52, 58, 54, 56, 59, 61, 62, 64, 65, 68, from herbarium specimens, for No. 15 from the seed collection, and No. 14 from cultivated specimens, taken under the supervision of the author, and No. 17 from specimens collected in Guam by Lieut. Franck Taylor Evans, U. 8. Navy; to Messrs. O. F. Cook and Guy N. Collins for Nos. 6, 25, 26, 29, 33, 34, 43, 44, 48, 55, 58, and 66, taken in Porto Rico, Nos. 27, 30, 36, 39, taken in Guatemala, and Nos. 28 and 67, taken in Mexico; and to Mr. Guy N. Collins for Nos. 16, 37, and 63, taken in the Hope Gardens, Kingston, Jamaica. He is also indebted to Mr. Charles M. Mansfield for photograph No. 69, taken from herbarium specimens sent to the author from Guam by Rey. José Palomo. Through the courtesy of Professor Willis L. Moore, Chief of the Weather Bureau, an account of the climatology of Guam is also pre- sented, the detailed study of which is the work of Dr. Cleveland Abbe, jr. FREDERICK V. COVILLE, Curator of the U. S. National Herbarium. CONTENTS. Tintin OyeUeoNa) 5 See Se cache vier snes ACME ee cid RS eee See Origin and purpose of the present work, and acknowledgments......-.-- Geosrapnical imformationessaceeseete te seen eee eee eee aan ae FEMS TOT CAST O ECOG Ses rN er Wt IR A esis oe OI SLB rae eevee Sc S Discovery, ol Guam andritskearlysnistony: sess sees eee AVA ey Lrg Yee Sener oh 8 ce ree Cs SN va aye a nts aS Cha Oa Dmtchpnavicators eis sneer se aha nN Resin ge Sep eyes eeps Say Sallhingsroutesmmethe Paciic esas ease esa eee ES WbMISSIONATICS 4.1. See eee eae See, Se ee Wee ee @onquestiotthe mativiesine= s-c2 es: 2 ee eee eee eee ees 1 Sbpoved DAS a1: 4 OV eee Weta te pet ol ee Ho ee NR ea Oe (CESS Re [Dammplersse vaste et las earner ye ta eae Ca uy rset pepe eee senor Woodes Rogers... --.---- ester eee Ae he Sere et ie A Ati RANTS Tapp ae va cae Fas ee eo sect a. a eke Re GNOME eee ee a Scientincexplorations of thenslamdr = 22 eee ea see eee ee Malaspinavexpeditiomes. sswace o 55 Sater prc s aspects sre oie eat IRKOMUAATO WASHOE: COUN H ON k aE eee RSS as iene 6 ok eee en ee Eire, Clie Cee xa GhiLT O Tiles as ore, raya motes yer sed UM ap ane NR pk DunrontrdaUinvallilezs) tiwomvaSitsl sy ee ssn eer yee eps ee Extracts from the archives of Guam relating to its economic history - Hranciscomramonnde mValllal@bosee aes suse alee sores eee eee He lipercl eplak® onto; ses reefers ere eee stern eu at tiny eee ee SocredadieAtomi coats nee teres pyle ee ets re ae ae Summary ...-.- SaaS LE ON rp OUR a ee OF inysicaluconditionsKhofGaiame ease e ee ets eee opie 3 Shek opps ea aie Glimaterandiirarmialla eet e Sos ech cys Oe cate 3 Renee crete pee UBIO UREY S52 0) an yeeese es Scare pe Aa = eet baa EM Nese tee IR ne 8 Beppe phy sicalieeographiy soca oyle at ene oer eye tee pag areas Weretationvoiithienislam diss a7 aie Cee a eo cea ise) Daal cay R pe Cera ale Plant covering according, to habitaty. 42 Sea ee escapee eee Worrall Srecisp rs sae -a betta = oo oens a Bes uae aioe eae ye ene MAN SrOVEIS WANDS, Secee-o2 eat oe Sao eS acto eee HERAT S Brera eet pe 2 ote Sonne Ye cysts ee NR Tt cy 2k ed ee SEDUCING eat ds ss Sores Scena em RA Ee eR a EE Esc PAW ANG ONE; CHEAT UN GS yale sey era slereere ae eee te caer pa Wallagevenvirons 2. ssa se ees pies DEON aca CA, Bact ea I ATtStoOL SpecialMinterest 2. 2S ae eer crys = ere are eel CR Winidentifiedstreesjandishrulbs 5 — ee re ee eee Groups whichrare notiwellikao wines. sees ees ee a GALANT GV OCS es spa yew Syn me gC ae epee ga bb tb bw b&b tb Oo OH Or Ol % No oO Gd O G GC WC a vo 6 CONTENTS. Introduction—Continued. Page. Vegetation of the Island—Continued. Plants of special interest—Continued. Wamsibananas}andjoreadinuitaesss os seeene ene 63 ScCrewpines: 2. s220.201202 sU a Stee sae ee 64 Banyans, mangroves, and epiphytes of the forest .............-- 65 Plants thatisleep ..2-es25* Season ce ae ee eee eee je 65 Plants which seldom bloom=2 2222255 2225-2 se- eee ee 66 Rlants' withvextratloralnectariess sa — 2s aa 66 Plants with protective devices:= 222 22-2.-5-s5 ee = ee 68 C@ycas circinalis and its fecundation ==— 2222-2 eee 71 Dispersal of plants by oceanic currents) = 32 4-2-22— 5-2 eee 72 Animals of thesland: 03 522-3 2ce 6. Sexe dine eee ee eee 76 Mammals?) 2. oi scien. dh cies Soe ck oe Cee ee 76 Bird se 25282 oe ie eels a SL ee a Reptiles s::20-2 eee to ee eee 80 Fishes ia 4-o24) eee eee 81 General notes:..3 2282 Se hs ee ee 81 Alphabetical list. of principal fishes - 2 2-2-2225. 5-2. ee 83 Marine invertebrates 227-20 eee eee ote tee 89 Insects 22.2258 oo: me Seti. Soe ee 90 Scorpions, spiders, and centipedesi: ==. 22 = eee ee 94 The people -.2- 282 ook keke ee Se ee oe eee 95 Aboriginal inhabitants= -24-32 6-2 eee ee 95 Physicalcharacteristics'= 22-52. =) 5s eee 95 ‘Personalsand! domesticieconomy 222 e-25 ee oo eee 96 Usetuliarts 022s nk wr bec Re ee 100 Navigation. =~ 5.0.2.de.60- cle ite 100. Mental and moral characteristics! 52-2 -2 3=-5---- =e 102 Social institutions! and!customs 2222225222 52-= 42 6 ee 104 Religion and superstitions: =-22- 222-572-325. 0-55 see 109 haneuage,) 22S atc eee 118 Origine. 2.225 0 SS io ei eee ee 116 The modern inhabitants: 2.22. 3 asses ee a eee U7/ Origin and language... 252.25 2s acetone LZ Physicalicharacterisucs)-- 32 552222255 eee Sey esg) Personal and domestic economy. - 2-2-2 == ee ae ee eee 123 Jseful artss2.2 5. so tas es oteso-n Lose eee 124 Mental and'moral characteristics)... 222 s4-24425— 550 eee eee 127 Social-anstitutions and *customs/225 5520 = 54 eee 128 Industrial-system << S23. 64425-2625 45 65 eee 131 Statisties| of population, commerce; €t@ 222255 —5-55-— =e eee eee 137 Standards of measure = 2. 2.22222 sS2e ses ee eee 138 Agriculture of the island ---..- en er eee see SG a 139 SoilS)o jo.se 224-4 Ss nse Se ee eee 139 Indigenous and spontaneous economic plants.......-.---------- 142 Cultivated food and stimulant plants.....-----.---:---222--5eee 143 Textile:and thatch plants... 2.23.22. ss2255 24-ee 148 Forage plants 2225222... s.5 02252 0e.s 52 aoe oe eee 150 Weeds: . 22 sss ceo ook fake Sos need eee Sa ee 151 Animal pests...2:22. 2.25. 225222. seed she eae 152 Plant names ..:.. 225.222 cc22 22523653 eS SS eee 152 Literature . 2.22.0... - dois 2505sde 5 252352 nee ee Oe 154 Topical sketch -...222.2..2< 5. 5520532223 eee 154 Alphabetical list of works consulted or cited.....-.-.--------------- 160 Descriptive catalogue of plants: ....-..22-522--5-2es== =e 170 INGER so cs cdcada ciecine cane tne dose sececes ese n ee ee 405 PLATE I. 1b sO TV: Ve VI. AWIG Es XI. xe: XIII. XIV. EG. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX. XOXGIE XXII. XXIII. XXIV. XOXGV XXVI. XX VII. XXVIII. XXIX. XXX. XXXII. XXXII. XXXII. XXXIV. XXXYV. XXXVI. ILLUSTRATIONS. Facing page. View of Agafia, the capital of Guam, showing raised platform of coralliferous limestone forming north half of island... --- Frontispiece. The forest, showing epiphytal vegetation ........---..----------- Davalivasouda.an epiphytal termes. eee = een ae ese The great marsh fern, Acrostichum aurewm.........-.------------ Lycopodium cerraum, a characteristic plant of the savannas ------.- Agati grandiflora, a leguminous tree with edible flowers and pods. - The Agana River, showing textile serewpine, breadfruit, and coco- . View of the forest, showing Cycas circinalis, serewpine, and roots Oli TONE ORM ONE Na ee ee Oe ee een Pe ea ee smn Ce . Ricinus communis. Fig. 1. Marginal nectar glands. Fig 2. Cross section through petiole at base of leaf blade, showing extrafloral TOME LILIES ene Pe Lan NN dS acdc me Nk . Fie. 1.—Nectar gland on midrib of cotton leaf (Gossypium sp.). Fic. 2.—Leaf of Pariti tiliaceum, showing nectar gland.-.-.-..----- Raphides, or needle crystals of oxalate of lime, in taro leaf._..---- Needle cells of taro, their ends projecting into vacuoles.-.-.-...--- Cellstof taro discharging, their needles! 3-. 4.. +--+. -2--- 2s eee Cycas circinalis, leaf and carpophyll bearing half-developed fruit - - Sea beans, showing air spaces which give them buoyancy --------- Moringa CiirnolasMOWersianG Ari bes (21ers 8 eee ce meee ere Stone adz and sling stones of aborigines -.-..-.------------------ Mercovernment house atiacam aes =n sl eye eee fares oe House with thick walls of masonry and tiled roof....--.---.----- Typical native dwelling, with sides of bamboo and woven reeds HOV! TROON TH COLO LOUDT EA PENG Oe, i a ee easeise Fig. 1.—A modern oven. Fic. 2.—Evaporating salt. ......--.--- Road from Agafia to Piti: Carabaos drawing an American wagon. - Cleaning the forest for plantings oy eee Annee ee een A Pacific island taro patch, Caladium colocasia .....--.----------- Mangortree, Vangieraindicas ra tullli trait h ee eae eee eee Cashew, Anacardium occidentale, half-grown fruit....---.--------- Coffeerin full blooms cos os se ans ee eee ae nee eee ivercoral bead ava esd brivis! brs aes ee es VAG VOMOMLCRUS CVE CUO ister tious 1 DNC CE TL 7a 5 a Ue ser nt meee apnea SE The sour sop, Annona muricata, flowers and fruit.........-------- The sugar apple, Annona squamosa..----------- by See aetna iBetel-nutipalans Areca) cathecu eset eee eee = ee Fertile breadfruit, Artocarpus communis, male and female inflores- cencen.and young fruit: ie oc2 5 esas aa ac a eer eae 50 56 57 57 60 64 65 66 PLATE XX XVII. SOO OWAUL, EXOXOXGIOXE XL. XL. XLII. XLITI. XLIV. XLV. XLVI. XLVII. XLVIII. XLIX. L. LI. IDL: LITT. IED LV. LVI. LVII. LVIII. LIX. LX. LXI. LXII. LXIiI. LXIV. AXEVs LXVI. LX VII. LX VIII. LXIX. LXX. ILLUSTRATIONS. Facing page. Averrhoa carambola, inflorescence and foliage...........-.- 193 Fruit of Barringtonia speciosa, a fish intoxicant....-..-..-- 196 The arnotto tree, Bixa orellana, foliage and fruit..... ...-- 199 Bruguiera gymnorhiza, the many-petaled mangrove -......- 202 Casuarina equisetifolia. Male inflorescence, female inflores- cence, and. fruit... heed 6 ee ee eee 220 Ceiba pentandra, the kapok tree. Leaf and pod..........-- 221 Cocos nucifera, the coconut tree, in bloom ......_..-..----- 232 Cocos nucifera, male flowers and female flower....-.------- 233 Coelococcus anucarum, the Caroline ivory-nut palm-_-__..---- 244 The ivory nut, Coclococcus anicaruny. 222 .s2--2e ee eee 244 Cyclophorus adnascens, an epiphytal fern ...----.---------- 253 The wing-stemmed yam, Dioscorea alata........---------- 259 The spiny yam, Dvoscoreq spinosa-. 22-2 == 4 9 262 Gleichenia dichotoma, a fern growing on the savannas ------ 283 quilandina crista, the nicker nut, pods and seeds...-..---- 288 Heritiera littoralis, a strand tree, foliage and fruit------ oS Be292 Humaia heterophylla, the Umata fern’. -.--. 2222-22-22 295 Unisiaroyuga the npilstree sees ene ee a= = 296 The physic muty Jatropha. Cuncasss=— a= ae 301 Lens phaseoloides, the snuffbox sea bean, pod and Snlanes CENCE) 52. bi cb seu Act eo eee ase sR eee eee eee 308 Lycopodium phlegmaria, an epiphytal clubmoss- --...-.----- 313 Moringa moringa, the horse-radish tree.----.----.--------- 327 Ochrocarpos obovalis, an important hard-wood tree... -.---- 335 Pandanus fragrans, a screwpine growing in jungle.-------.- 344 Pariti tiliaceum, the only source of cordage on the island... 346 Phymatodes phymatodes, the oak-leaf fern........---------- 352 Piper betle: the! betel pepper == = ae- - oe soe eee EEE 304 Rhizophora mucronata, the four-petaled mangrove -..------ 364 Stemmodontia canescens, a strand plant .....--...---------- 377 Tamarindus indica, the tamarind. Foliage and fruit._----- 383 Theobroma cacao, the chocolate plant. Inflorescence --.---- 387 Tournefortia argentea, a characteristic strand shrub....----- 390 Xiphagrostis floridula, sword-grass. Spikelets and portion of leaf blade, magnified so as to show cutting teeth. -.--.-.- 399 Map of theisland’ of Guams2: 22 see 2a eee eee 404 THE USEFUL PLANTS OF THE ISLAND OF GUAM. By Wiuu1am Epwin Sarrorp. INTRODUCTION. ORIGIN AND PURPOSE OF THE PRESENT WORK, AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. During a series of cruises in the Pacific Ocean the routine of my official duties was pleasantly broken by frequent excursions on shore for the purpose of collecting material for the United States National Museum, as well as for recreation. While sitting in native huts and while wading upon coral reefs, traversing forests and climbing moun- tains, I interested myself in taking notes on the languages and customs of the natives, their arts, medicines, food materials and the manner of preparing them, and the origin of their dyes, paints, fibers for fishing nets and lines, materials for mat making and thatching, woods used in constructing their houses and canoes, and gums and resins used in calking. In attempting to identify many of the plants entering into their economy, I felt the need of some popular work containing the com- mon names of the more important species in various island groups, together with their descriptions and the uses to which they are applied in various parts of the world, the methods of their cultivation, and the processes of preparing the commercial staples which they yield. Some information of this nature may be derived from accounts of mis- sionaries, travelers, and explorers, but our ship’s library was woefully lacking in such works, and much of the information contained in the books which were available was incomplete and untrustworthy. Works of a scientific nature, such as the Botany of the Challenger Expedition, though discussing the geographical distribution of strand plants and the means of their dissemination, I found to contain only lists of names which were useful in comparing island floras, but did not serve in any way to identify the plants in which I was interested. Others, like Seemann’s Flora of Fiji, were too rare and expensive to be placed in the library of an ordinary man-of-war, and could be con- sulted only during visits to San Francisco or Honolulu. Moreover, 9 10 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. though frequent mention is made of the uses of plants in this work, the descriptions are in Latin, and the book is not available to the average lay student. It occurred to me, therefore, that a popular work on the useful plants of Polynesia would be welcome, and I set out accordingly to gather together such information as I could for this purpose. Many of the plants with which I became familiar I encoun- tered on widely separated shores. Some of them I found bearing the same name on islands whose inhabitants have had no intereommunica- tion within historic times. These and kindred facts opened up an alluring field of ethnological inquiry as to the origin and dispersal of the inhabitants of the myriads of islands which dot the Pacific, a sub- ject upon which I shall enter in an initial way during the course of this work.“ It gives me great pleasure to acknowledge the valuable assistance I have received in the preparation of this work from Mr. Frederick V. Coville, Botanist of the United States Department of Agriculture; Mr. O. F. Cook, Mr. Guy N. Collins, and Mr. F. L. Lewton, of the office of tropical agriculture, and the late Mr. Henry E. Baum. Iam indebted to Mr. Carl 8. Scofield and Mr. Thomas H. Kearney for aid and suggestions during its progress, and to Messrs. Lyster H. Dewey, Rodney H. True, and V. K. Chesnut for references relating to the fiber plants, medicinal plants, and poisonous plants included in my lists. Acknowledgments are also due to Dr. H. W. Wiley and Mr. B. J. Howard, of the Bureau of Chemistry, Department of Agriculture, for investigations as to the cause of the acridity of the tare plant and for fine micro-photographs showing the raphides, or needles of oxalate of lime, found in its leaves; also for beautiful representations of extra- floral nectaries of Ricinus and Gossypium. For notes on the agriculture of the island I am indebted to Don Justo Dungea and Don Antonio Martinez, citizens of Guam, and for botanical material forwarded to me since my departure from the island to Rey. José Palomo and Mr. Atanasio T. Perez. In the determination of flowering plants I have been assisted by Mr. E. S$. Steele and Mr. Philip Dowell, and of cryptogams by Mr. William L. Maxon, of the National Herbarium. In conclusion, | wish to express my thanks to Mr. E. 8. Steele and Mr. F. L. Lewton for their great assistance in preparing this work for publication and in helping me to correct the proof sheets. In submitting it I venture to express the hope that it may fill a want not only of travelers and students of botany, but also of settlers on tropical islands and in other warm regions of the globe; and I trust that it may be of some use to merchants and manufacturers seeking new sources of tropical staples and raw materials. «See p. 116. SLAND AND PEOPLE. lal GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION. Guam, the largest and most important of the group known as the _Ladrones or Marianne Islands, is situated in the Pacific Ocean about 1,200 miles east of the Philippines. The group forms a chain 420 miles long, extending from latitude 20° 30’ north, longitude 143° 46’ east, to latitude 13° 14’ north, longitude 142° 31’ east. Beginning at the north, the names of the islands are Farallon de Pajaros, Las Urra- cas (Maug), Asuncion (Asomsom), Agrigan, Pagan, Alamagan, Guguan, Sariguan, Anatahan, Farallon de Medinilla, Saipan, Tinian, Aguigan, Rota (Luta), and Guam or Guéhan.“ Guam is the only island belong- ing to the United States. The rest were sold by Spain to Germany at the close of the late war. The seat of the German Government is on the island of Saipan, where there is a colony of Caroline Islanders, besides a small population of Marianne natives. The islands are of voleanic origin and are fringed with coral reefs. In the southern members of the group there are no active volcanoes, but on several of the northern islands there are still a number of smok- ing craters. Guam and Samoa lie in corresponding latitudes on oppo- site sides of the equator, and their climates are much alike. Their flora and fauna have many features in common, and many of the plants used in the economy of the natives are the same. The inhabitants of the two groups, however, though both of the Oceanic race (allied to the Malayan), belong to different grand divisions of it and have distinct languages and few traditions in common. (Guam is consider- ably larger than Tutuila, the most important of the Samoan Islands owned by the United States, though its chief port, San Luis de Apra, can not be compared with Pango-Pango, our naval station in the South Pacific, and perhaps the finest harbor in the world. The advantage of Guam as a station for repairs and supplies is evident, forming, as it does, a stopping place for vessels between Hawaii and the Philippines. Its strategic importance has been greatly enhanced since it has been made the landing place of the trans-Pacific cable, and the completion of the Panama Canal will make it still more valuable to our Government. The extreme length of the island from north-northeast to south- southwest is 29 statute miles. Its width is from 7 to 9 miles, narrow- ing at the middle to a neck only 4 miles across. On the northwest coast of this neck is situated Agata (Hagadiia), the capital, a city of over 6,000 inhabitants. (Pl. LXX.) The entire population of the island, according to the census of 1901, was 9,676.” “¥or the pronunciation of vernacular names, see p. 170. » This indicates the number of actual residents on the island and does not include visitors nor the Government forces of the United States stationed there. —e 12 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. HISTORICAL NOTICES. DISCOVERY OF GUAM AND ITS EARLY HISTORY. MAGELLAN. The island of Guam was discovered on March 6, 1521, by Magellan, after a passage of three months and twenty days from the strait which bears his name. An account of the privations and suffering of his crew, many of whom died on the way across the hitherto unexplored ocean, is graphically given by Antonio Pigafetta, Magellan’s historian. He describes how the expedition arrived at Guam with the crews suffering from scurvy and in a starving condition, having been com- pelled on the passage to eat rats and even the leather from off the standing rigging to keep soul and body together. In comparison with Magellan’s feat of crossing the vast Pacific the first voyage of Columbus, from the Canary Islands to the West Indies, seems insig- nificant. The natives of Guam came out to meet the Spaniards in strange ‘‘flying praos” (canoes provided with outriggers and trian- gular sails of mats). The Spaniards had dropped anchor, furled their sails, and were about to land, when it was discovered that a small boat which rode astern of the flagship was missing. Suspecting the natives of having stolen it, Magellan himself went ashore at the head ofa landing party of 40 armed men, burned 40 or 50 houses and many boats, and killed 7 or 8 natives, male and female. He then returned to his ship with the missing boat and immediately set sail, continuing his course to the westward. Before we went ashore [says Pigafetta] some of our people who were sick said to us that if we should kill any of the natives, whether man or woman, that we should bring on board their entrails, being persuaded that with the latter they would be cured. When we wounded some of those islanders with arrows, which entered their bodies, they tried to draw forth the arrow now in one way and now in another, in the meantime regarding it with great astonishment, and thus did they who were wounded in the breast, and they died of it, which did not fail to cause us compassion. Seeing us take our departure then, they followed us with more than a hundred boats for more than a league. They approached our ships, showing us fish and feigning to wish to give them to us, but when we were near they cast stones at us and fled. We passed under full sail among their boats, which, with greatest dexterity, avoided us. We saw among them some women who were weeping and tearing their hair, surely for their husbands killed by us. The natives did not fare much better at the hands of later visitors. Some of the early navigators-enticed them on board and made slaves of them, so that they might man the pumps and keep the ships free from water. They were spoken of as ‘‘ infidels,” to slay whom was no great sin; but if encounters took place between them and Europeans and a white man was killed, he was declared to have been murdered, @ See Narrative of the Loaisa Expedition, 1526, Burney, Chron. Hist., vol. 1, p. 217. EARLY NAVIGATORS. 13 and his death was avenged by the burning of villages, boats, and boat- houses, and by killing men, women, and children.“ They were branded by their discoverers with the name of /adrones (thieves) for stealing a boat and some bits of iron. The early navigators themselves did not hesitate to steal husbands from their wives and fathers from their children. DUTCH NAVIGATORS. Among the Dutch who visited the island was Oliver van Noort, who touched at Guam in 1600 on his way from the South American coast to Manila. About 200 canoes came off to meet him, bringing’ fish, fruit, rice, fowls, and fresh water to exchange for iron. He was followed in 1616 by the Dutch admiral, Joris Spilbergen, in command of a fleet fitted out by the Dutch Company, which was on its way to the Moluccas by the westward route; and in 1625 by the Nassau fleet, organized in Holland against Peru, and commanded by Jacob PHere- mite. One hundred and fifty canoes came off to meet them, to traffic with coconuts and yams. The fleet watered at the island, and in exchange for iron procured rice, fowls, coconuts, yams, and bananas. Coconuts were observed in inexhaustible quantities; rice was culti- vated in many places, and the natives sold it by weight in bales of seventy to eighty pounds each. The Hollanders considered it unsafe | for their men to ramble about the island singly or unarmed. SAILING ROUTES IN THE PACIFIC. Guam was reckoned seventy days from New Spain, as Mexico was then called. After the founding of Manila regular traffic was estab- lished between the coast of Mexico and the Philippines. The first port selected as a place of departure on the Mexican coast was Navidad, but Acapulco was substituted later. The vessels would leave Mexico each year in February or March, shaping their course a little to the south- ward until they reached the latitude of Guam, when they would con- tinue due west until they reached that island. This season was chosen in order to avoid the westerly monsoon in the Philippines, which usually sets in about the middle of June. The vessels returned by a northerly route in order to avoid the trade winds and the adverse equatorial current. Both the Mariannes and the Philippines were made dependencies of New Spain and were ruled by the viceroy residing at the City of Mexico. JESUIT MISSIONARIES. On his way from New Spain to the Philippines in one of the regular vessels, Padre Diego Luis Sanvitores, a Jesuit priest, touched at Guam and was moved to pity at the sight of the natives living in spiritual _ “See narrative of the expedition under Miguel Lopez Legazpi, which visited Guam In 1565, in Burney, Chron. Hist., vol. 1. 14 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. darkness in the midst of an earthly paradise. An account of his life and martyrdom is given in an old vellum-covered book,® in which much interesting information may be found concerning the natives of Guam. Tn it, in contrast with the barbarous cruelty with which the natives had been treated by visiting Europeans, one may read of their kindness to shipwrecked sailors cast upon their shores, and of the cordial reception of Padre Sanvitores. They provided homes for him and his companions and built for them a church. All wished to be baptized forthwith, though the missionaries would at first baptize only the infants and dying persons; adults in good health had to be instructed in the Chris- tian doctrine before they could enjoy the privilege. In this book many wonderful occurrences are related—stories of supernatural apparitions, of miraculous cures of men possessed of the devil, of lances, cast by the natives, suddenly arrested in mid-air, and of stones hurled from their slings crumbling harmlessly to dust; but it must not be forgotten that this was an age of marvels. The devil’s influence in the affairs of everyday life was recognized throughout Christendom, and it is not surprising that it found its way to Guam. It was to the power of the evil one over the elements that the early missionaries attributed the adverse winds, which blew almost con- stantly to the westward and prevented ships from sailing directly to Guam from the Philippines. Sanvitores, ‘‘the Apostle of the Mariannes,” was born in the city of Burgos, in northern Spain, November 12, 1627. The history of his life tells of his early boyhood, his call to the Society of Jesus and ordination, his work among the poor, his journey to Mexico; his departure from Acapulco, April 5, 1662, for Manila; the impression made upon him by the natives of Guam, whom he saw on his passage across the Pacific; his efforts to be sent to them as a missionary, the refusal of his superiors at Manila to grant his request, the King’s decree ordering the governor of the Philippines to furnish him with the means of reaching the Mariannes, the building of the ship San Diego at Cavite and his sailing therein to Acapulco, his appeal for aid to the viceroy of Mexico, his arrival at Guam, March 3, 1668, his emotion on seeing the islanders coming out to meet him, the kindness with which they welcomed him to their island, the zeal with which he pursued his work, the hardships which he had to endure, and his final martyrdom. The first serious stumbling block in the way of the missionaries was a Chinaman named Choco, living in the village of Paa, at the southern end of the island. This man had been shipwrecked about twenty years before their arrival, and had been kindly received by the natives. He pointed out to the islanders that many children and old people had died immediately after having been baptized. He spoke slightingly of the padres, saying that they were people despised and looked down «Garcia, Vida y martyrio de Sanvitores, 1683. See List of works. WAR OF EXTERMINATION. . 15 upon by the Spaniards themselves, who for that reason had sent them into exile on this island; and he said that surely the water used in baptism was poisonous, though some of the more robust upon whom it was poured might resist its effects. As it was indeed true that many of those baptized had died shortly after the performance of the rite, and as the missionaries thought them happy in dying thus secure of salvation, it seemed to the natives that there might be truth in the Chinaman’s charges. Henceforward, instead of receiving the mission- aries joyfully in their villages and retaining them as guests almost against their will, the natives greeted them with scowling faces, and, calling them murderers, threatened them with their spears. They no longer offered them breadfruit, as had been their custom, and mothers on their approach would catch up their infants and fly with them to the woods for safety; or if the little ones were sick or dying, they would conceal them in their houses as best they could.“ In their zeal the missionaries would often baptize children in spite of the threats of the fathers and the tears and prayers of the mothers. Moreover, they awakened the enmity of the makahnas, or wise men, whom they declared ~ to be imposters; they assailed the liberty of the wrrztaos, or bachelors, 1 by their efforts to abolish the ‘* great houses ” of the villages, in which they lived with unmarried women; they tried to change the marriage customs, according to which the parents received presents from the bridegrooms for their daughters; they tried to put an end to the invo- cation of the anztz, or spirits, and taught that it was wrong to venerate the relics of ancestors. Less than two years after the arrival of the missionaries in the islands, on January 29, 1670, a priest was killed on the island of Saipan for having baptized a child in spite of the protests .of its parents;’ and on April 2, 1672, in Guam, Padre Sanvitores met. his death in the same way. CONQUEST OF THE NATIVES. A war of extermination now began, which lasted twenty-three years, suspended from time to time when the Spaniards found themselves too weak to continue it, but resumed at the arrival of each ship bring- ing reinforcements, no matter whether in the meantime peace with the natives had been declared or not. Often whole villages were punished for the act of a single man, and innocent natives who had committed no crime whatever were shot down wantonly.° Much did the evangelical ministers regret these excesses of the fervors of the new soldiers [says Padre Garcia], which, with the lack of experience and too great desire to make themselves feared, placed in jeopardy all Christianity; for the Indians retired from their villages to others more distant from Agadma, and it was feared with reason that the whole island would form a confederation against the Spaniards @Garcia, op. cit., p. 224. ¢Garcia, op. cit., pp. 446, 447. 5 Garcia, op. cit., pp. 421-424. 16 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. and padres as against homicides, who, the ones with baptism, as many natives already said, and the others with arms, came to take the lives of themselves and their chil- dren. Padre Solano, calling together the soldiers of the post, declared to them that though arms used in their proper time and season were the defense of that Chris- tianity, yet wielded intempestively they would be its destruction, since they would not only irritate with reason the Indians, but would become unworthy of the favor of the Lord, without which what could twenty or thirty men do against thirty thou- sand? For thus far only the barbarians’ dread of firearms had protected the mission, and if this were lost the multitude could not be withstood. That they would lose this dread with their constant use, even at the price of injuries: to themselves, and if they once rushed upon the arms they might seize them, and with these in their pos- session our defense would be converted into our injury. He charged the soldiers very particularly that in the southern part of the island, where the only villages were in which the missions were unhampered, they should abstain from all hostility, so as not to hinder the only harvest which at that season could be gleaned, and not to make enemies of those whom they now held as friends. The soldiers approved the discourse and promised to confine themselves within the limits of justice and prudence. ¢@ It is not the province of these notes to give a detailed account of the uprisings of the natives and the methods taken by the various goy- ernors and military commanders to quell them. The yearly reports of the missionaries tell of the flight of the natives from island to island, pursued by their conquerors, whose arquebuses and arrows they resisted with their simple slings and spears as best they could, and of their reconcentration on the island of Guam, where they were | stricken by an epidemic which almost exterminated them. Moreover [says one of these writers], this diminution was caused greatly by the repugnance with which they bore a foreign yoke—lovers ever of all the latitude which their primitive freedom permitted them—and this burden weighed so heavily upon their haughtiness, laziness, and barbarity that some even sacrificed their lives in despair; and some women either purposely sterilized themselves or cast into the waters their new-born infants, believing them happy to die thus early, saved from the toils of a life gloomy, painful, and miserable. In all the dominions of Spain there is no nation more free from burdens, since they pay no tribute to the King—a common custom in all nations—nor do they give to the church the fees which are given throughout Christendom; but, as they see not what the rest suffer, they judge that subjection is the worst misery of the world. ENGLISH PIRATES. Two years after the publication of Padre Garcia’s account of the island, on March 15, 1685, the English pirates, Eaton and Cowley, anchored at Guam. They found the governor, Don Damian Esplana, in a state of uneasiness owing to the hostile attitude of the natives, who, under a chief named Yura, had risen against the Spaniards less than a year before, had wounded the governor and killed several mis- sionaries and a number of soldiers. Cowley describes in his narrative @ Garcia, Vida y Martyrio de Sanyitores, p. 447. /Murillo Velarde, Historia, Libro IV, 1749; Fray Juan de la Concepcion, Hist. Gen., Tomo VII, p. 348, 1788-92. DAMPIER. if how the ship was received by the natives, who brought them ‘‘pota- toes, mananoes, coconuts, and plantains, selling them to us for old nails and old iron. But they being treacherous, we trusted them not; for we had always our small arms ready, and great guns loaden with round ball and cartridges. Sometimes we would have our deck full with these infidels; but we were always in arms, having our swords and pistols by our sides, with some Centinels standing abaft before them.” Some of the Englishmen having gone fishing with the natives, the latter surrounded the boat by a seine, as though to draw it ashore together with its crew. ‘The bucaneers in the boats being provided with firearms— let go in amongst the thickest of them and killed a great many of their number, while the others, seeing their mates fall, ran away. Our other men which were on shoar meeting them, saluted them also by making Holes in their Hides. We took our Boat immediately thereupon, and went on board, most of our well men being on shoar, and seeing many of these Infidels’ boats lie along our ship’s side, did not know what design they might have on board [against] our sick men; but as it fell out, they were Boats which came from the governor, with more presents for our refreshment. * * * We took four of these infidels Prisoners, and brought them on board, binding their hands behind them; but they had not been long there, when three of them leaped over board into the sea, swimming away from the ship with their hands tied behind them. However, we sent the boat after them, and found a strong man at the first Blow could not penetrate their skins with a cutlace: One of them had received, in my judgment, 40 shots in his body before he died; and the last of the three that was killed, had swam a good English mile first, not only with his Hands behind him, as before, but also with his Arms pinion’d. The governor gave carte blanche to the pirates to kill as many natives as they pleased and even rewarded them with presents of hogs, pumpkins, green stuff, *‘ potatoes,” and rice; after which they saluted him with three guns and sailed away. DAMPIER’S VISIT. The following year, on May 20, 1686, Captain Swan arrived at Guam, accompanied by Dampier,’ who gives in the first volume of his voyages an excellent account of the island, its products, the inhabitants, and their wonderful canoes, which he ‘‘did believe to sail the best of any Boats in the World.” Under the above date he writes as follows: At 4a Clock, to our great Joy, we saw the Island Guam, at about 8 leagues dis- tance. It was well for Captain Swan that we got sight of it before our Provision was spent, of which we had but enough for 3 days more; for, as I was afterwards informed, the Men had contrived, first to kill Captain Swan and eat him when the Vituals was gone, and after him all of us who were accessary in promoting the undertaking this Voyage. This made Captain Swan say to me after our arrival at Guam, Ah! Dampier, you would have made them but a poor Meal; for I was as lean as the Captain was lusty and fleshy. 4Cowley’s voyage, in Dampier’s Voyages, vol. 4, 1729. 5 A new Voyage Round the World, by Capt. William Dampier, vol. 1, p. 283, 1717. 9773—05——2 18 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Dampier’s accurate descriptions of the breadfruit and the coconut are given further on, in the Alphabetical list of useful plants, under the headings Artocarpus communis and Cocos nucifera. Of the bread- fruit he says: I did never see of this Fruit any where but here. The Natives told us, that there is plenty of this Fruit growing on the rest of the Ladrone Islands; but I did never hear of it anywhere else. And of the coconuts he says:? These at Guam grow in dry ground, are of a middle size, and I think the sweetest that I did ever taste. Dampier relates that when the natives were repulsed by the Span- iards in the recent uprising they destroyed the plantations and stock, and those implicated in the conspiracy then went to other islands. As for the remaining ones, if they were not actually concerned in that broil, yet their hearts were also bent against the Spaniards, for they offered to carry the Englishmen to the fort and assist them in the con- quest of the island; but Captain Swan was not for molesting the Span- iards here, as it was to his interest to use the island as a base for supplies. At this time there were at Guam only the governor, twenty or thirty Spanish soldiers, and two or three priests. Captain Swan detained a priest who came off to visit his ship, and requested him to write a letter to the governor stating that the English had come to the island not in any hostile manner, but as friends to purchase with their money what they wanted. He sent a present to the governor of 4 yards of scarlet cloth and a piece of silver and gold lace. The governor replied to the letter at once, complimenting Cap- tain Swan for his present and promising as much provision as he could possibly spare. As a token of his gratitude he sent a present of 6 Hogs of a small sort, most excel- lent Meat, the best I think that ever I eat [says Dampier]. They are fed with Coco- nuts, and their flesh is hard as Brisket Beef. They were doubtless of that breed in America which came originally from Spain. He sent also 12 Muskmelons, larger than ours in England, and as many Water-melons, both sorts here being a very excellent Fruit; and sent an order to the Indians that lived in a Village not far from our Ship, to bake every day as much of the Bread-fruit as we did desire, and to assist us in getting as many dry Coco-nuts as we would have; which they accordingly did, and brought off the Bread-fruit every day hot, as much as we could eat. After this the Governour sent every day a Canoa or two with Hogs and Fruit, and desired for the same Powder, Shot, and Arms; which was sent according to his request. * * * The 30th day of May, the Goyernour sent his last Present, which was some Hogs, a Jar of pickled Mangoes, a Jar of excellent pickled Fish, and a Jar of fine Rusk, or Bread of fine Wheat Flower, baked like Bisket, but not so hard. He sent besides, 6 or7 packs of Rice, desiring to be excused from sending any more Provision to us, saying he had no more on the Island that he could spare. He sent word also, that the West Monsoon was at hand, that therefore it behooved us to be jogging from «A new Voyage Round the World, p. 297, 1717. bOp. cit., p. 296. ENGLISH PRIVATEERS. Le) hence, unless we were resolved to turn back to Americaagain. Captain Swan returned him thanks for his kindness and advice, and took his leave; and the same day sent the Frier ashoar that was seized on our first arrival, and gave him a large Brass Clock, an Astrolabe, and a large Telescope; for which Present the Frier sent us aboard six Hogs, and a roasting Pig, 3 or 4 Bushels of Potatoes, and 50 pounds of Manila Tobacco. Then we prepared to be gone, being pretty well furnished with Provision to carry us to Mindanao, where we designed next to touch. We took aboard as many Coco-nuts as we could well stow, and we had a good stock of Rice, and about 50 Hogs in salt. @ WOODES ROGERS. On March 11, 1710, the celebrated English privateer Woodes Rogers arrived at Guam, accompanied by Alexander Selkirk, whom he had recently rescued from the island of Juan Fernandez, in the South Pacific. The English were in pretty bad condition. Their provisions were nearly exhausted, and many of them were sick and suffering from wounds received in battle with the Spaniards on the American coast. Rogers had with him a prize, Vuestra Senora de la Incarnacion, the name of which he had changed to the Batchelor Frigate. He car- ried with him considerable booty in the form of money, jewels, and fabrics taken from the natives of Guayaquil and other Spanish- A meri- can towns recently sacked by him, and among his prisoners were sev- eral officers of the recently captured prize. ‘To the governor of Guam (Don Antonio Pimentel) Rogers and his associates wrote the following letter: Srr: We being Servants of her Majesty of Great Britain, and stopping at these Islands on our Way to the East Indies, will not molest the settlement; provided you deal fairly with us. We will pay for whatever Provisions and Refreshments you have to spare, in such manner as best agrees with your Conveniency, either in Money or any Necessaries you want. But if after this civil Request you deny us, and do not act like a Man of Honour, you may immediately expect such Military Treatment, as we are with ease able to give you. This wethought fit to confirm under our Hands, recommending to you our Friendship and kind Treatment, which we hope you'll esteem, and assure yourself we then shall be with the strictest Honour Your friends and humble Servants, W. Rogers. S. CourTNEY. EK. Cooke. To the Honourable GovERNOR OF THE ISLAND OF GUAM. Marcu 23, 1709 (1710). As the governor had no adequate means of resisting the English, he supplied them with provisions. Courtesies were interchanged, the Spaniards entertaining the English on shore and accepting their invi- tation to entertainments on board the ships. Rogers presented to the governor two negro boys ‘‘ dressed in liveries,” 20 yards scarlet cloth- serge, and 6 pieces of cambric, ‘* which he seemed wonderfully well pleased with.” The ships were supplied with 60 hogs, 99 fowls, 24 aOp. cit., pp. 301-304. 20 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. baskets of Indian corn, 14 bags of rice, 44 baskets of yams, and 800 coconuts. Fourteen bullocks, described as *‘ small and lean,” were dis- tributed among the ships, and each ship was given 2 cows and calves. The English took receipts from the Spanish for their presents, and gave to them certificates ‘‘to show to any English that they had parted friendly.” They sent ashore an old Spaniard whom they held as prisoner and got a receipt for him. In Woodes Rogers’s Narrative he gives the population of the islands and various other data. Among the fruits were oranges, lemons, cit- rons, muskmelons, and watermelons, which were brought hither by the Spaniards. The orange trees were thriving well. Cattle were plenty, but were small and poor. Much indigo was seen growing wild and not utilized. Money was scarce. The 200 soldiers were paid once a year in money brought from Manila, the ship bringing their pay carrying also clothing, sugar, rice, and liquors. These articles being sold on the island, the ship usually returned to Manila with most of the money she had brought. On this account the natives were plant- ing rice and making other improvements in their agriculture. The hogs were described as ‘‘the best pork in the world, because they are fed altogether on coconuts and breadfruit, which are plentiful here.” The Spaniards were marrying with the natives. The Indians are described as tall, strong, and dark-colored, the men wearing no cloth- ing but a breech clout and the women wearing little petticoats. The natives were skillful in slinging stones, which they made of clay, of an oval form, burning them till as hard as marble. They were such good marksmen that the Spaniards said they seldom missed hitting any mark, throwing a projectile with such force as to kill a man at a considerable distance. They also had lances, made of coconut wood. One of the flying praos of the natives was presented by the governor to Woodes Rogers, who gives a detailed description of it in his Narrative.@ The governor of Guam, Don Antonio Pimentel, was afterwards tried by the Spanish authorities for giving aid and comfort to the English. A copy of the proceedings now in the archives at Agafa, dated 1720, is marked ‘‘Causa formada en virtud de Real provision 4 Don Juan Antonio Pimentel, Gobernador de estas islas Marianas, sobre la acogida y refresco que dié 4 los Piratas, que apresaron la Nao Almiranta Nuestra Seriora dela Encarnacion de \a carrera de Acapulco.” ANSON. Among the other travelers to visit the Marianne Islands was Anson, the famous circumnavigator, who stopped at Tinian for repairs in 1742, the same year that he captured the treasure-laden galleon from See Woodes Rogers’s Narrative, 1712. EXPULSION OF THE JESUITS. 21 Acapulco, on which was found the chart containing, as far as is known, the first indication of the existence of the Hawaiian Islands.” Anson had been sent from England in 1740 to annoy the Spaniards in the South Seas. After having lost most of his men from scurvy, he crossed the Pacific in the only remaining ship out of his squadron of eight vessels, the Centurion. He found the island of Tinian nearly deserted and overrun with wild cattle and wild hogs. He gives a glowing account of the beauty of the island, but this was declared by Byron, who afterwards visited the island, to be overdrawn. DE PAGES. In 1768 Guam was visited by the French traveler, De Pagés, who was a passenger on the galleon that brought Don Enrique de Olavide y Michelena. Don Enrique was about to begin a second term as goy- ernor of the Mariannes, relieving Don José de Soroa. In De Pagés’s narrative? he gives a vivid account of his trip from Acapulco to Guam, describing the conditions on board the galleon, the character of the passengers and cargo, the courses steered, and the weather encountered. At Guam he saw the breadfruit for the first time, and he speaks of the habit of betel chewing, to which the natives were addicted, describing the areca nut and the betel pepper. As an illus- tration of the isolated state of Guam, he states that it had been eight years since a vessel from Manila had touched at the island. EXPULSION OF THE JESUITS. A year after the arrival of Olavide the Jesuit missionaries were expelled from the Mariannes by the edict of the King of Spain, Carlos Il], dated February 27, 1767. It was this King who joined France in sending assistance to the American colonies during their struggle for independence. The Jesuits had been in the islands for a century, and whatever may have been the harsh means by which they were established there, they had won the love and confidence of the natives, and were kind and just in their dealings with them, protecting them when necessary against acts of cruelty, injustice, and oppression on the part of the military authorities,’ and never exacting services from them without due compensation. A school for the education of native children had been established shortly-after the death of Padre Sanvi- tores under the name of ‘‘ Colegio de San Juan de Letran,” and had been endowed with a fund yielding 3,000 pesos a year by Maria Anna «See Lord Anson’s Voyage Round the World, 1748. 5 De Pagés, Travels Round the World (English translation), 1791. ¢ Among the official papers in the archives at Agafia are the proceedings of several ‘“residencias,’’? or courts of inquiry, held at Agafia for the trial of governors and officers composing their staff. In these trials the padres represented the interests of natives who might have cause for complaint against the authorities. DO USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. of Austria, in whose honor the islands were named. The Jesuits taught not only the Christian doctrine and the elements of learning, but many useful arts as well. They also instructed the native youths in music, as is shown by the inventory of their effects and the testi- mony of travelers visiting the island shortly after their. expulsion. They had several farms in flourishing condition, the finest of which was that of Tachogjia, in the interior of Guam, between Agafa and Pago. On this farm, called *‘San Ignacio de Tachogiia,” they had a fine herd of cattle, and elsewhere they had a stallion and a number of brood mares. They were in constant communication with missions of their order in other countries, receiving fabrics from New Spain as well as from China and Manila, spices from Ceylon, and tobacco from Mexico. Under their supervision the natives learned to cultivate maize, tobacco, cacao, sweet potatoes, and other plants brought from America, and in the inventories, besides a supply of garden imple- ments called ‘‘fosifios” (thrust hoes), new machetes for clearing the forest, and other implements, were found steel, iron, and blacksmith’s tools, tan bark and vats for tanning, carpenters’ tools, saws, crow- bars, pickaxes, paints, stones for grinding pigments, ‘‘metates” and ‘*manos,” like those of the Mexicans for converting maize into tor- tillas, and material and instruments for making ornaments for their altars. The young lieutenant of the armada who brought the order for their expulsion had been instructed to take away in his schooner the Jesuits, together with all their belongings. Realizing that this would be impossible, he made an official statement in writing to the governor, saying that his little schooner, with a single deck, could not accomplish the task; that it would require several two-decked vessels much larger than his own to take away all the belongings of the Fathers. Nevertheless, on November 2, 1769, the schooner WVuestra Senora de Guadalupe, which had brought the decree of banishment, sailed away from Guam, carrying the Fathers, together with as many of their personal effects as possible. Many of their papers were burned. In the inventory of their effects in the archives at Agafia is a list of letters, copies of memorials, manuscript sermons, and books. Even the lay brother in the kitchen, who acted as procurador, had a library of his own. On the arrival of the decree the senior of the missionaries, Padre Xavier Stengel, was absent, having gone to the neighboring island of Rota to hear confessions and administer the annual communion to the natives. A canoe was sent to bring him. As one of the Fathers had died sometime before the arrival of the decree, it was necessary to carry back a certified statement of his death and burial to account for his not sailing with the others. After the Jesuits’ departure the farms were neglected, the cattle, now the property of the Crown, ran wild, and many animals were killed by the natives, as may be seen in the records of trials in the ADMINISTRATION OF TOBIAS. 23 archives. The spiritual administration of the islands was handed over to friars of the order of St. Augustine, who had come as passengers on the schooner bringing the decree. This religious order continued on the island until its seizure by the United States. CROZET’S VISIT. The next governor of the Mariannes, Don Mariano Tobias, has been immortalized by the Abbé Raynal in his Histoire et politique des étab- lissements et du commerce des Européens dans les deux Indes. Raynal hated the tyranny and injustice with which primitive nations were so often treated, and believed that the rights of individuals should be considered even though their skins might be brown and their clothing scant. He called attention to glaring acts of cruelty and oppression perpetrated by European nations upon the natives of newly colonized countries. In consequence of his bold accusations his book was éondemned to be burned (May 29, 1781), and he was obliged to fly from France. An interesting account of the island during Tobias’s administration is given by Crozet, who visited Guam September 27, 1772.“ Crozet was an officer of the expedition of the French navigator Marion- Dufresne, which left Mauritius on a voyage of discovery in the South Seas. On June 8, 1772, Marion was killed and eaten by natives of New Zealand by whom he and his men had been invited ashore to a feast. The Chevalier du Clesmeur, who commanded one of the vessels, left seeds of a number of useful plants at Guam. Among them were those of Cajan cajan, which has ever since been called ‘‘lenteja francesa” by the natives. Crozet describes the breadfruit tree, the manner of its propagation by cuttings, and the preparation of its fruit for food. He noticed that cattle are very fond of its leaves. He speaks of the edible chestnut-like seeds of the ‘‘dugdug,” or fertile breadfruit, and mentions the principal fruits growing on the island. Guavas already formed thickets in open places. The indigenous capers growing near the sea attracted him by the beauty and fragrance of their flowers. They had already been transplanted to the Philippines. Provisions were so plentiful that it was not necessary to fish, though the French sailors caught some fresh-water fishes, including eels, in the streams of the island. These were held in less esteem by the natives than salt-water fish. Crozet says that Tobias had stimulated the natives to cultivate their fields, which they had neglected owing to the importation of breadstuff for the missionaries and garrison by the galleons from Mexico. He attributes the introduction of the cultiva- tion of maize, rice, sugar cane, and other useful plants to Tobias, who also planted avenues of coconut palms and breadfruit trees four deep «Nouveau Voyage. See List of works. 24. USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. along the beach and around the town, making Agafia an enchanting place. Crozet is undoubtedly wrong in his statement as to the intro- duction of many of these plants. It is certain that maize was culti- vated in Guam as early as 1676, nearly a hundred years before Tobias’s time; for Padre Garcia states that the natives in that year destroyed the maize plantation, which was the principal sustenance of the missionaries and the soldiers.” Rice and sugar cane were cultivated by the aborigines before the advent of the Spaniards. Many of the improvements attributed by Crozet to Tobias were due to the Jesuits, though it is undoubtedly true that he encouraged agriculture and other useful arts, and in all probability introduced domestic animals, as well as the deer which now overrun the island. What the Jesuits did for the island is shown by the documentary evidence left behind them. Crozet speaks of the use of cattle for draft animals, and says that then, as now, they were ridden like horses and that each family of natives had several riding beasts. La Perouse, who visited Manila in 1787, has given the following account of Tobias’s subsequent misfortunes: I saw at Manila that virtuous and upright governor of the Ladrones, M. Tobias, who, unhappily for his repose, has been too much celebrated by Abbé Raynal. I saw him persecuted by the monks, who, representing him as a wretch desti- tute of piety, have alienated the affections of his wife, who has even demanded to be separated from him, that she might not live with a reputed reprobate, and all the fanatics have applauded her resolution. M. Tobias is the lieutenant-colonel of the regiment which forms the garrison of Manila, and is known to be the best officer in the country, yet the governor has ordered that his appointments, which are con- siderable, should be paid to this pious wife, leaving him only $26 a month for his own subsistence and that of his son. This brave soldier, reduced to desperation, was waiting for a proper opportunity to quit the colony in order to obtain justice. ? It is interesting to read Crozet’s description of Agafia as it was in 1872, six years before the rediscovery of the Hawatian Islands by Cap- tain Cook. He gives the population as about 1,500 natives. There is a beautiful church, decorated according to the Spanish custom. The commandant’s house is spacious and well built. The former residence of the Jesuits, now occupied by the St. Augustinian Brotherhood, is spacious and conve- nient, but the fine Jesuits’ college, built for the education of the Indians, is not inhabited, their successors, the Augustinians, having removed the college to a build- ‘ing near the convent. There is a barracks capable of lodging a garrison of 500 men, and there is the King’s fine, large magazine. All these buildings are of brick and tile. The island of Guam is the only island in the vast extent of the South Sea, sprinkled as it is with innumerable islands, which has a European-built town, a church, fortifications, and a civilized population. On leaving Guam Crozet carried two plants of the breadfruit with him to the island of Mauritius. «Garcia, Vida y martyrio de Sanvitores, p. 554, 1683. » La Perouse, Voyage Around the World, vol. 2, p. 285, 1807. THADDAEUS HAENKE. 95 SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS OF THE ISLAND. MALASPINA EXPEDITION. In February, 1792, Guam was visited by Alessandro Malaspina, in command of the corvettes Atrevida and Descubierta, which had been sent by Carlos 1V, King of Spain, on a voyage of scientific investiga- tion. Attached to his expedition as naturalists were Thaddaeus Haenke and Luis Née, who were the first to make systematic botanical collec- tions on the island. They were also the first botanists to visit Cali- fornia, having the preceding year collected in the vicinity of San Diego and Monterey.@ The story of Haenke’s adventures while attempting to join Mala- spina is told both in the official narrative of the expedition and in the preface to Presl’s Reliquiz: Haenkeane. Haenke was a Bohemian by birth. He received his botanical education from Jacquin, who for a time was professor of chemistry and botany in Vienna, and upon his recommendation was appointed botanist of the expedition by the King of Spain. Although he set out for Cadiz immediately on receiving his appointment, he reached that port only to find that the two cor- vettes had just set sail (July 30, 1789). Following them in the first vessel bound for Montevideo, he suffered shipwreck on one of the numerous shoals at the mouth of the Rio de Ja Plata, losing nearly all his books, papers, and effects. He succeeded in reaching shore, how- ever, with his Linneeus and a collecting outfit, but he found that the expedition had already sailed. Knowing that it was to stop on the coast of Chile, he set out at once on foot, crossing the Pampas of Argentina and the Chilean cordillera of the Andes, collecting and drying plants on the way.’ On reaching Santiago, Chile, to his great joy he found there Malaspina and a number of his officers, who had left their ships at anchor in the harbor of Valparaiso to pay an official visit to the capital. He immediately reported for duty and was assigned to the Descubierta. The expedition skirted the coasts of South America, Mexico, and North America as ‘far as Port Mulgrave, which is situated in Yakutat Bay, southern Alaska. Their exploration of the latter region is com- memorated by the name of the celebrated Malaspina Glacier. Return- ing to Mexico, Haenke went alone on a collecting tour from Acapulco to Mexico City and back. Leaving Acapulco on December 21, 1791, the expedition sailed for Guam, coming to anchor on February 12, See Brewer, in Geological Survey of California, Botany, vol. 2, p. 553, 1880. 5 **Con un verdadero amor 4 las ciencias y particularmente « la botanica, conside- raba resarcidos en mucha parte los sufrimientos pasados, pues le habian deparado la casualidad de atravesar las Pampas 6 llanuras de Buenos Aires y las cordilleras del Chile, logrando acopiar hasta 1,400 plantas, la mayor parte nuevas 6 no bien carac- terizadas.”’ Official narrative, p. 86, 1885. 26 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. 1792, in the roadstead of Umata. Many of the crew were suffer- ing from an epidemic caught at Acapulco. Haenke proceeded to Agafa and the northern part of the island, Née to the hills near Umata, each making collections of plants. Don Antonio Pineda, who shortly afterwards lost his life in the Philippines, occupied himself with the geology and zoology of the island. The governor, Lieut. Col. Don José Arlegui, offered them every facility for carrying on their work. Don Juan Ravenet made sketches of a couple of the natives and of a native of the Caroline Islands, between which group and Guam a regular traffic had existed since 1788. The expedition set sail at daylight on the morning of February 24. A few plants were collected on Tinian, one of the northern islands, but the bulk of the collection from the Mariannes was made on the island of Guam. From Guam the expedition sailed for Cape Espiritu Santo, island of Samar, in the Philippine group. From the Philippines it proceeded to Botany Bay, and thence to the Society Islands. Returning to the Peruvian coast, the expedition received news of the French Revolution and of the declaration of war with France. The botanists separated. Née left the At¢revida on the coast of Chile and proceeded overland, stop- ping at Talcahuano, Concepcion, and Santiago, and thence by way of the cordillera del Valle to Mendoza and over the pampas to Buenos Ayres. He rejoined the expedition May 10. Haenke crossed the Peruvian Andes to Tarma and visited the region about Huanuco, at the headwaters of the Rio Huallaga, a tributary of the Marafion. With the approval of the viceroy of Peru, it was decided that he should proceed across the continent to Buenos Ayres by way of Huancavelica, Ayacucho, Cuzco, and Potosi (situated in what is now Bolivian territory), occupying himself on the way with botany, zoology, and mineralogy; and a soldier named Geronimo Arcangel was detailed to accompany him. Letters were received from him from Cuzco and Arequipa reporting the progress of his explorations and stating that he expected to reach Montevideo the early part of the following year. The expedition, however, was suddenly ordered home on account of the war, and Haenke remained in South America, collecting extensively in the interior of what is now Chile, Peru, and Bolivia. In 1796 he established himself at Cochabamba, a city beautifully situated on the fertile plateau watered by the tributaries of the Rio Grande, now the chief agricultural and industrial center of Bolivia. Here he estab- lished a botanical garden, gaye medical assistance to his neighbors, and occupied himself with the study of natural science, making repeated excursions throughout the territory of what is now Chile, Peru, and Bolivia. Alcide d@’Orbigny, in his paper on the genus Vic- toria, tells of meeting in his travels in South America with a Spanish missionary, Padre Lacueva, who had accompanied Haenke on one of his expeditions. The padre related an incident which illustrates in a COLLECTIONS OF HABENKE AND NEE. Oi most touching manner the enthusiasm which was characteristic of the collector and observer. While they were navigating the Rio Mamore in a canoe they discovered ina marsh bordering the river a plant so marvelously beautiful that Haenke fell upon his knees in worship, offering to the Author of so magnificent a creation a prayer of grateful homage. He insisted on stopping and camping at this place and left it with the greatest reluctance.” This was about the year 1801. The plant was in all probability the magnificent water lily afterwards described as Victoria amazonica. Haenke looked forward to returning some day to Europe, but he was accidentally poisoned and died at Cochabama in 1817. Only a small proportion of his herbarium reached Europe, the greatest part having been sent by the authorities to Lima, where it was lost. About 9,000 plants collected on the Malaspina expedition were sent, according to his wish, to the National Museum of Bohemia, at Prague. Others found their way to the Royal Garden at Madrid, with those of Née. Duplicates of these were sent to the University of Prague and the Musée Palatin at Vienna, and about 700 species to the Royal Herbarium at Munich. It was upon the collections at Prague and the notes accom- panying them that the Reliquiz Haenkeanz of Presl was based.? Née, who reached Cadiz in 1794, took back with him 10,000 plants, nearly half of which were apparently new. His herbarium, together with descriptive notes and drawings, belong to the Royal Garden at Madrid. Many of his Guam plants were described in 1802 by Cava- nilles;* among them are a number of ferns as well as of flowering plants that have not since been recognized, and no careful comparison has been made between the types in Madrid and material from the Pacific in England. Notes of both Née and Haenke are included in Malaspina’s official narrative, lying in manuscript in the archives of the Madrid hydro- graphic office. Malaspina shortly after his return to Spain was thrown into prison, suspected of revolutionary designs. The Spanish Goy- ernment refused to publish his narrative, and when a map appeared embodying the results of his explorations his name was not allowed to appear uponit. Humboldt speaks of this great injustice with indig- nation. Malaspina was an Italian by birth. A sketch of his life is included in Amat di San Filipo’s Biografia dei viaggiatori italiani, Rome, 1881. For along time his manuscript history disappeared from view and investigations concerning it were made by the Societa Geo- grafica Italiana, the president of which, in his address of 1868 (Bolle- tino, 1868, pp. 73-74), announces its discovery in the archives of the hydrographic office at Madrid, and states that it is written in a great aA. @Orbigny, Annales des Sciences Naturelles, vol. 13, p. 55, 1840. bSee List of works. ¢ Cayanilles, Josef, Descripcion, etc. See List of works. 28 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. part by Malaspina’s own hand. It is quite voluminous. A part of the narrative is said to have been published in the Anales Hidrograficos in 1871, but no such publication can be found in the official list. The narrative, much abridged, finally appeared in 1885, seventy-six years after the death of the brave and unfortunate navigator.“ For the most part it consists of bare statements of facts, resembling a log book, and has few descriptions and little detailed information concern- ing the countries visited. A satisfactory history of this important expedition still remains to be written. ROMANZOFF EXPEDITION. On the evening of November 24, 1817, the brig Rurzk, fitted out at the expense of the chancellor of the Russian Empire, Count Roman- zoft, for the purpose of scientific exploration, and commanded by Otto von Kotzebue, a lieutenant in the Russian navy, came to anchor in the harbor of San Luis de Apra. Attached to her were the botanist Adelbert von Chamisso; the naturalist Johann Friedrich Eschscholtz, and the artist Ludwig Choris. Owing to the shortness of the Furzh’s stay at Guam it was not possible to make extensive collections. Chamisso, however, got much interesting and valuable information while on the island from the Sargento Mayor Don Luis de Torres. To botanists, Eschscholtz’s name is chiefly associated with the beautiful ‘‘ Californian poppy” (Eschscholtzia), named in his honor by Chamisso. The narrative of the expedition was published by Kotzebue, under the title of ‘‘A Voyage of Discovery into the South Sea and Behring’s Straits,” ete.? This narrative, which embodies Chamisso’s observa- tions, is filled with errors and misstatements. It was miserably ‘‘ done into English” by a translator who ‘‘ joined to a style at once bald and incorrect a deplorable ignorance of his subject; hence the work abounds in errors of the grossest kind.”’ Chamisso, wishing to cor- rect them, made out a list of errata, but no attention whatever was paid to him. He accordingly published his notes and journal inde- pendently, under the titles of ‘‘ Bemerkungen und Ansichten,” and ‘“Tagebuch,” in the former of which he gives comparative vocabu- laries of the languages of Guam, Yap, Ulea, and Radak.? In these two works a most charming personality is revealed. Cha- misso’s love of nature was equaled by his love for his fellow-man. He recognized the humanity in the simple brown-skinned natives of the remote islands of the Pacific, and did not consider them legitimate «Novo y Colson, La yuelto al mundo, ete. See List of works. b See list of works. € Quarterly Review, vol. 26, p. 364, 1822. @Chamisso’s gesammelte Werke. See List of works. CHAMISSO AND ESCHSCHOLTZ. 29 victims of the selfish schemes of white adventurers. He was much moved by the sad havoc wrought by the Spaniards in the Marianne Islands, and repeated the story of persecution and cruelty accompany- ing the ‘‘reduction” of the natives as related by the Spaniards themselves. From the statement published by Kotzebue that the natives of Guam had been exterminated by the Spaniards a wrong impression has gone abroad. The facts are presented under the head of ‘‘The modern inhabitants,” below.? The plants collected by the Romanzoff expedition were deposited in the Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. Duplicates were sent to the Hooker Herbarium, at Kew, England, and to the Univer- sity of Kiel, Germany. A number of the plants were described by Chamisso and Schlechtendal in the journal Linnea, the series beginning with the first paper of the first volume.’ In the introduction to this paper, Chamisso, in speaking of Eschscholtz, says, *‘ Intimam insti- tuimus amicitiam nunquam obnubilandam, communiaque semper habuimus studia, labores, fructus;” and in his Tagebuch he describes him as a young doctor from Dorpat, a naturalist and entomologist, shy and retiring by nature, but true and noble as gold. Such tributes reflect the character of their author. FREYCINET EXPEDITION. A little more than a year after Chamisso’s visit, on March 17, 1819, the French corvette Uranie, Louis de Freycinet commanding, arrived at Guam. With him were the botanist, Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré, the zoologists Quoy and Gaimard, and an artist named Arago. A stay of several months allowed the naturalists to make extensive col- lections and observations on the island of Guam, and the islands of Rota and Tinian were also visited by them. On the return voyage the Uranie, while at the Falkland Islands, struck a rock and foundered. Gaudichaud’s collections were almost ruined. The hold, in which his herbarium was stowed, was flooded, and the plants saturated with sea water. Only a collector can appreciate the feelings of Gaudichaud when, several days afterwards, he fished them up and spread them out to dry as best he could. The collections were taken to France in the Physicienne, and deposited in the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, at Paris. An interesting account of the vegetation of Guam was given « “Der fromme Missionir Don Diego Luis de San Vitores landete auf Guajan im Jahre 1667; er begehrte den Volkern das Heil zu bringen, aber es folgten ihm Sol- daten und Geschtitz. Noch vor dem Schlusse des Jahrhunderts war das Werk voll- bracht, und diese Nation war nicht mehr. Pacificar nennen’s die Spanier.’’? Char isso, Bemerkungen und Ansichten, p. 90. 5See p. 117. ¢ De Plantis in Expeditione speculatoria Romanzoffiana obseryatis, etc. Linnzea, erster Band, Jahrgang, 1826, Berlin. 30 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. by Gaudichaud in the Botany of the Freycinet Expedition,” and the greater part of his observations are embodied in the narrative of the expedition published by Freycinet himself.’ The zoology was pub- lished by Quoy and Gaimard.. A narrative of the expedition was published independently by the artist Jaques Arago, which abounds in exaggerations, scandalous stories, and unkind criticisms and ridi- cule of the people whose hospitality he had enjoyed. Its publication naturally offended the Spaniards, and the next expedition from France to visit the island met with a very different reception at the hands of the governor.“ While waiting for supplies from Manila a survey of the island was made by M. Duperrey under the direction of Freycinet. Existing maps were corrected and several charts of small harbors were drawn. DUMONT D’URVILLE’S TWO VISITS. Dumont d’Urville made two visits to the island of Guam. On his first visit, in May, 1828, he came in command of the Astrolabe, which had been sent out on an exploring voyage with special instructions to look for traces of La Pérouse. Attached to the Astrolabe were Lesson, as pharmacist and botanist, who assisted d’Urville in collecting plants, and Quoy and Gaimard, as zoologists, who were the first to collect specimens of the Guam reed-warbler, Acrocephalus luscinia, the only true song bird of the island. A most interesting narrative of this expedition was written by Dumont d’Urville himself, and the zoology was published by Quoy and Gaimard.? The Astrolabe anchored at Umata and was boarded by José Flores, alcalde of the village. He told the captain that he had seen the ships of Malaspina, who visited Guam in 1792, thirty-six years before. In the roadstead d’Urville saw two ships which had been captured by the Spaniards from the independents of Mexico and were now being taken to Manila. Three years before this there had been a mutiny on board some Spanish vessels lying at anchor in the roadstead of Umata. The squadron was commanded by Don Andrés Garcia Camba, Caballero de Santiago, afterwards governor of the Philippines. General Camba had served in South America against the revolutionists and had been captured at the battle of Ayacucho, December 9, 1824, in which the @ Botanique du yoyage autour du monde. See List of works. > Freycinet, Louis de: Voyage autour du monde. See List of works. eSanchez y Zayas, Islas Marianas, p. 230. See List of works. The author calls attention to the fact that Medinilla, the governor of Guam at the time of the Uranie’s visit, entertained the captain and all the French officers for eight months, giving them bed and board; but that his hospitality ‘was very poorly repaid, according to old French custom, as may be seen in the book written by Arago, draftsman of the expedition, a book which unfortunately has been translated into Spanish, although the narrative of the commanding officer has not been translated.” @Voyage de découvertes de /’ Astrolabe, 1833. JOHN ANDERSON. 31 South American colonies won their final victory over Spain. On the 1st of January, 1825, he sailed in command of a squadron composed of the ship As/a and the brigantines Agué/es and Constante, bound for - the Philippines. The water of the squadron becoming scarce, they anchored in the roadstead of Umata and filled their casks. On the night of March 10, while weighing anchor, the crews suddenly rose, set fire to one of the vessels, maltreated the commanding officer, and drove him ashore, together with his officers and 100 loyal men. Ganga-Herrero, the governor of Guam, went on board and tried to restore discipline, but they put him ashore, hoisted the flag of the insurgent republics of America, and set sail for Peru to join the inde- pendents. The general, accompanied by his officers and loyal men, proceeded in a whaling vessel to Manila, where they arrived April 4, and were received with great hospitality by all classes of people.” D’Urville states that Governor Ganga-Herrero was much regretted by the natives, whom he permitted to trade on their own account with vessels anchoring at the island. His successor, Medinilla, on the other hand, was universally disliked. He forbade all traffic with visiting vessels, monopolizing it for himself. Among the officials visiting the ship was the captain of the port, a Scotchman named John Anderson, who had come to the island with Freycinet. He had served tem- porarily on the Uranie as chief quartermaster, and was allowed to remain in Guam at his own request. D’Urville describes him as a fine-looking man, well-behaved, and speaking French pretty well. Anderson knew Quoy and Gaimard, having been shipmates with them on the Uranie. He came to investigate the sickness on board, fearing that some contagious disease might be introduced into the island. He gave VUrville information regarding the hydrography of the region. As an illustration of the conditions in Guam, he said that Medinilla, the governor, on his return from Manila had brought back more than 60,000 pesos worth of goods of all kinds to sell to the natives of Guam, and that he conducted a very profitable business, since he per- mitted no competitors in trade. This monopoly [says d’Urville], which according to our ideas would not be very honorable on the part of a governor, does not cause surprise in the Mariannes. The governors have had this privilege from time immemorial. D’Urville attributed the lack of enterprise and progress on the island to the absurd laws and this disheartening monopoly. How should industry flourish? [he says]. The governor is the sole trader. He receives annually money for the salaries of the officers, which he sends back, giving them instead inferior goods at prices fixed by himself. 4 This account is taken from the narrative of Dumont d’ Uryille, supplemented by the report made to the Queen Regent, inserted in the work ‘‘Los diez y seis meses de mando superior de Filipinas,’ por el Mariscal de Campo Don Andrés Garcia Camba: Cadiz, 1839. on USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. On January 1, 1839, Dumont @Urville, commanding the Astrolabe and Zelée, paid his second visit to Guam. Attached to the expedition were Hombron and Jacquinot, as doctors and botanists, and Arago as artist. Two collections of plants were made on this expedition, the first by the above-named botanists, the second, including several new species of alge, by Dumont d’Urville himself. Besides the official reports of this expedition “a narrative was written by Arago.? Hombron gave his collection of plants to M. Benjamin Delessert, whose herbarium was afterwards presented by one of his nieces to the city of Geneva, Switzerland. It has been placed in a building in the Botanical Garden of that city. EXTRACTS FROM THE ARCHIVES OF GUAM, RELATING TO ITS ECONOMIC HISTORY. At Agana, the capital of Guam, there are a number of letter books containing copies of the official communications of the governors of the Mariannes to their immediate superior, the captain-general of the Philippines. In these letters various questions are discussed at length regarding the policy which should be pursued to make the Marianne Islands self-supporting and profitable to Spain, and to make the natives prosperous and happy. Arguments are advanced in fayor both of protection and of free trade with visiting vessels. Attempts were made to compel the natives to till the ground, and inducements were offered by tempting their self-interest. Causes for the failure of the population to increase were sought in the destruction of the crops by hurricanes and pests, in the use of unwholesome or injurious food, - and in the disinclination of the natives to work more than was neces- sary for their daily needs. Some of the governors greedily monopo- lized all trade, forcing the natives and the soldiers of the barracks to buy goods from them at prices arbitrarily fixed by themselves, and forbidding the natives to sell their products to the whalers who flocked to the islands. Others gave the natives free license to trade and entered into their daily life by cultivating farms of their own after the native fashion. Efforts were made to benefit the islands by | decrees of the captains-general of the Philippines, to whose ears came stories of dishonesty and oppression on the part of the governors, and confidential subordinates were sent to the islands to see what could be done for their good. The following extracts, showing the efforts made in behalf of the islands and the natives, are taken from the archives at Agafia. « Voyage au pole sud, ete., 1841-1854. See List of works. yag I ; , > Arago, Jacques Etienne Victor. Voyage autour du monde, etc., 1843. See List of works. ECONOMIC CONDITIONS IN 1830. 33 FRANCISCO RAMON DE VILLALOBOS. On December 17, 1828, new regulations were issued by Don Mariano Ricafort, the captain-general of the Philippines, for the government of the Marianne Islands; and Don Francisco Ramon de Villalobos, captain in the royal corps of artillery, was sent thither to study the condition of affairs in that group, with a view of reporting upon them and making such suggestions as he might see fit for the improvement of the islands and the people. Instead of sending his correspondence through the governor, he communicated directly with the captain- general of the Philippines, as may be seen by his letter books in the archives at Agana. In the new regulations Article II provided for the absolute liberty of trade and for the abolishing of dues paid by vessels arriving at the islands. The object of this was to stimulate the application and the industry of the natives and inhabitants of the Marianne Islands, so that they might attain greater prosperity, even to such an extent, per- haps, as to become self-supporting. Villalobos belonged to that school of economists who believe *‘ wealth” and ‘‘ money” to be synonymous terms, estimating the wealth of a country by the amount of coin it contains, and holding that trade should be restrained in such a manner as to prevent money from being sent out of the country. He writes to the captain-general as follows: The lack of circulation of coin is the cause of the very small interior and exterior trade of this territory, which consists almost entirely in bartering certain goods for others, with the countless difficulties arising therefrom which caused the establish- ment of money by our remote ancestors. This same cause has prevented the natives from dedicating themselves exclusively to one branch of industry or trade, each family finding itself obliged to engage in all occupations according to its needs, with the consequent imperfection and scarcity resulting therefrom, and, finally, as it is not possible for a single person or family to procure for itself as many articles and resources as are necessary for its nourishment, clothing, and conveniences, these natives have lacked the advantages enjoyed by other countries, in which the free circulation of money secures for them everything needful. It is evident, then, in order that the Marianne Islands may issue from so sad a plight, it is indispensable that there should be in them an abundance of money, and as long as this is not the case, whether, as in the former system, little comes in and soon goes out, or whether great sums come in and go out immediately, as will hap- pen in the present system, the evil will always be the same or nearly the same. At present there are in the Marianne Islands no articles of export to attract the attention of the foreigner but some edibles or beverages made from the coconut palm. Freedom of trade once established, it would introduce many articles, and the few things produced by the country would not suffice to pay for them, so that the difference would have to be made good in money. From this it would follow that money paid for salaries would remain here only temporarily; the country would be merely a channel through which the money from the royal treasury would flow to foreign parts with no hope of its return. The Mariannes would be deprived of the spirit of agriculture and industry, which I think ought, in a certain degree, to come before commerce, and the islands would be no less poverty stricken than they have been up to the present time. 9773—05——3 34 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Don Francisco goes on to make the following suggestions: First, considering the impossibility of preventing the arrival of foreigners in these ‘islands, they should be obliged to pay at least the established anchorage dues; second, industry and agriculture on the part of the natives should be fostered, obliging them, on their own account and for their own benefit, to engage in producing objects easy of exportation, such as dyewood, indigo, cotton, tortoise shell, mother-of-pearl, arrowroot, and béches de mer, and in the breeding of animals, the more extensive cultivation of land, and the production of wines, brandies, sugar, and other articles— all in accordance with the regulations of good government—which will not be hard to formulate according to the system in force in the Visayan Islands; third, the said freedom of trade will allow the natives to sell their goods, as will be seen; fourth, the royal treasury will continue to send half of the appropriation for the pay of the forces on the island in goods at prices as moderate as practicable; and fifth and last, ~ if national or foreign vessels arrive with articles of commerce, they shall take away with them the equivalent of what they leave in the country in products of the island, and, if they do not wish the latter, they shall be sent away. He also suggests that the proceeds from the port dues be applied in part to the.payment of premiums to persons who have most excelled in some branch of industry or agriculture or who have been of some benefit to the public. By these methods [says Villalobos“], sustained with constancy and intelligence and favored by the docility and good disposition which I observe in the inhabitants of these islands, I believe that the day will really come in which the Marianas will have much money, many goods; that they may without difficulty be self-sup- porting, like other provinces; that ships will concur, and that all amplitude desired will be given to trade. Villalobos did much to benefit the people of Guam. In his official letters to his chief he reports,, among other things, the segregation of lepers and provision for their care and comfort; the appointment of hunters to supply the leper hospital with fresh meat by killing wild hogs and cattle; his efforts to encourage commerce, so that Guam may derive profit, like the Hawaiian Islands, from the visiting whalers; the vaccination of the natives as a protection against small- pox; the reorganization of the urban militia; proposed reforms in the administration of the college for the education of native children; efforts to promote the cultivation of coffee, ‘‘ which article may be the wealth of this country;” the condition of agriculture on the island; the preparation of the large marsh east of Agafia for the cultivation of rice; the injuries to maize caused by rats and weevils, and the con- sequent restriction of its cultivation to amounts barely sufficient for the needs of each family; the substitution of taro and yams for maize, when the latter has been destroyed by hurricanes, and the use of plantains and bananas as food staples instead of bread; the cultivation of sweet potatoes for supplying visiting ships; the excellence of the pineapples and the use made of pineapple fiber; the fine quality of Guam a4\.etter book, January 18, 1830. CONDITIONS UNDER GOVERNOR VILLALOBOS. 35 tobacco, and the means employed to keep the plants free from worms; the introduction of manila hemp and the failure to make it profitable; the cultivation of eggplants, red peppers, tomatoes, squashes, water- melons, muskmelons, and peanuts in the natives’ gardens; the scarcity of sugar cane on the island; the importance of the coconut palm, and the manufacture from it of toddy, vinegar, yeast, brandy, oil, syrup, fiber, and thatch for houses; the importance of breadfruit, both sterile and fertile, as a food staple; the manufacture of fecula, like arrow- root, from nuts of ‘‘federico” (Cycas circinalis); the yield of betel nuts from Areca palms, growing spontaneously on the islands; the manufacture of mats, hats, and lashings from the leaves of Pandanus; the scarcity of mango trees and sappan wood (used for dyeing); the abundance of achiote or arnotto (Lixa orellana), and the cultivation of the orange, lemon, lime, citron, bergamot, custard apple, tamarind, papaya, carambola, island arrowroot, and turmeric. He also reports on the wild and domestic animals, and states that on the neighboring islands of Saipan and Tinian there are thousands of cattle and swine roaming in the woods.@ Villalobos erected a kiln for making pottery and tiles, paying the cost of it partly from his own pocket. He also made charts of the island at his own expense, and superintended in person the construc- tion of bridges and the repairing of roads, stimulating the workmen by fees and small gratuities. In consequence of mutinies and acts of insubordination on the part of crews of ships in the harbor, England proposed to establish a consulate either at Guam or in the Bonin Islands. Villalobos objected to this, saying that if there were an English consul at Guam questions might arise leading to international complications, which might perhaps result in the loss of the island. On the other hand, if a consulate were established in the Bonin Islands, the whaling fleet would assemble there to the detriment of the natives of Guam, who derived much benefit from trading with the said vessels. He pro- posed that an arrangement be made whereby the British Government would authorize the governor of the Mariannes to act in settling cases of mutiny and the like. He also recommended the establishment of a store of marine supplies by either one of the two governments, and called attention to the immense advantages of the presence of many ships at Guam with liberty to trade with the islanders, the governor being prohibited from engaging in trade of any kind. Orders having been issued to collect import duties from the ships coming to Guam, Vil- lalobos informed the captain-general that it would be practically impos- sible to carry out the provisions of the decree. He stated that if guards were placed on board the ships, the cost of maintaining them «Villalobos, manuscript report to the captain-general of the Philippines, dated November 16, 1831. 36 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. would exceed the amount received for duties. If no guards were sta- tioned the duties would be only imaginary, on account of the bad faith of those who sold and their ‘‘lack of delicacy.” Moreover, if it — should come to light that a sale had been secretly made and the corre- sponding duties on the same be exacted from a foreign captain, his pride and insolence would be apt to compromise the dignity of the authorities beyond all bearable limits or bring about disagreeable con- sequences resembling perhaps an unhappy affair between the ex-Goy- ernor Ganga-Herrero and an English captain, Mr. Stavers, who, in 1824, died from injuries received while resisting arrest. In view of these difficulties Villalobos on his own authority ventured to grant free trade between the visiting ships and the islanders. PABLO PEREZ, Don Pablo Perez began his service as governor of the Mariannes on September 8, 1848. Among the first reports forwarded by him to the captain-general were statistical tables regarding the population of the islands, a list of ships anchoring at Guam, a report of recent hurri- canes, the destruction of crops, and the resulting dearth of food, and a list of the useful woods of the island. He calls attention to the lack of laborers in Guam, especially of men skilled in mechanical trades, and begs that convicts be sent to the island, including mechanics of various kinds and husbandmen or tillers of the soil. He speaks of the presence of a few such men on the island who remained there after the expiration of their terms of imprisonment, and states that these were the only individuals skilled in the use of the plow, carpenter’s tools, etc. He comments upon the inadequacy of the method practiced by the natives of cultivating the soil by means of the ‘‘ fosifio,” or thrust- hoe,” in consequence of which ‘‘ their harvests are small which might be large.” Don Pablo found the roads and bridges in a deplorable state, owing to the effects of recent floods and hurricanes, and he reported that there was a lack of suitable tools for carrying on public works and of iron for making such tools. Following the hurricanes and floods there was an epidemic, caused probably by a dearth of nutri- tious food, and shortly after this the island was visited by a severe earthquake. In response to the report of this, supplies of rice, maize, and other food were sent to Guam from Manila, together with a relief fund raised by the young ladies and gentlemen of that city by means of theatrical performances for the benefit of the sufferers. Don Pablo acknowledges the receipt of these contributions as follows:? The governor of the Mariana Islands in the name of the inhabitants, who do not cease giving thanks to the Almighty for not haying succumbed to a desolating epi- demic and the most horrible of earthquakes, which still continue, saw themselves @See p. 144. > Manuscript copy of letter in the archives of Guam, dated October 10, 1849, RELIEF RECEIVED FROM MANILA. 37 threatened anew by a devouring famine which threatened to put an end to their miserable existence. But Providence, which incessantly watches over those peoples who implore its aid, willed that the beneficent hand of our Superior Government, ever benevolent and philanthropic, should put a happy end to so much misfortune and unhappiness so great. What joy was ours on the 3d day of September, when there arrived at this port the frigate Union, bearer of most bounteous supplies of rice, maize, and other grains, at prices more moderate than have ever before been known in these possessions! It is impossible to describe the joy and animation of the people of this community, whose misery and poverty were increasing by a plague of worms which consumed as much rice, maize, and other seed as were sown in the months of July, August, and September; so that if succor had not arrived so opportunely the ruined crops could not have been replaced for lack of seed. Such was the scarcity that on the 29th of August, four days before the arrival of the said ship, the only remaining five cabanes of rice were put up at auction and sold at 5 pesos a caban. From this alone may be formed an idea of the great if not the total lack which was suffered here. Like one who suddenly recovers from a mortal illness to perfect health, so was the air of contentment and rejoicing which seized upon all souls in their most sincere gratitude to the author of so many and such great benefits. Nor was our gratitude less to those gentlemen who contributed the subscription in money of $675—4-5, Which was dis- tributed among the poor of these islands on this the birthday of our adored Queen, Dofia Isabella II (whom God save), in accordance with the directions of the Superior Government. Without elements, means, or resources whatever for manifesting our gratitude, I directed that on the 9th of the same month of September a mass of thanksgiving be celebrated by three priests, something very rarely seen in this city, with a sermon preached eloquently and eruditely, as is his custom, by Padre Kray Manuel Encarna- cion, the parish priest of the village of Agat, who, in speaking of the calamities suf- fered by these islands, made his hearers understand and exhorted them to the grati- tude due our Government, which so prodigally relieved our necessities, finishing the function with a solemn te deum, and displaying the most holy sacrament. All the people bowing down like those of Israel before His Divine Majesty, breathed forth their prayers and vows for the happiness of their benefactors. In order to give another proof of the sentiments of gratitude which filled us and to carry out in a certain way the beneficent ideas of our Government, which especially distinguish it, as is seen by the sublime acts which illustrate the pages of the history of our colonies, I decided to act as godfather to the first girl baby which might be born, and I gave to it the name of Isabella, in memory of our august Queen; and the lieutenant-goyernor acted in the same capacity for the first boy baby, which he called Narcissus, in memory of his excellency our captain-general, Count of Manila, who so justly rules these remote regions, each one of us giving to his godchild 50 pesos and an outfit of decent clothing, which event took place at 9 o’clock on the morning of the 16th of September, with the assistance of the authorities and of nearly all the population, so that these children may be living testimony of the remembrance of the generosity of our Sovereign and of your excellency, who knows so well how to act as the instrument of so many and such great acts, which history will record for the honor and the glory of the great Spanish nation. On August 10, 1851, the brigantine Clavelino arrived from the Phil- ippines bringing 65 convicts. They were ina miserable plight. On the voyage two of their number had died, and nearly half of the remain- der were afflicted with scurvy, virulent ulcers, or cutaneous diseases. No medicines were available for treating these poor people. They 38 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. were handed over to a little Irish doctor named William E. George, who had acted as apothecary on a whaler and had been permitted to take up his residence in Guam; but his private supply of medicines Was soon exhausted. Finally the board of directors of the hospital for lepers consented to furnish means out of their own fund for lint, bandages, and drugs to relieve the sufferers, asking the approval of their action by the captain-general. On September 1, the governor caused 51 of these convicts, all of whom were farmers by calling, to be distributed over the island, putting them under the charge of the most thrifty cultivators of the soil. The principal one of these was the priest of Agat, Fray Manuel Encarnacion, to whom 18 of them were assigned. The governor issued a circular prescribing the conditions under which they were to be employed. The sick were to be kept at Agafia under treatment. On the 1st of September there were 14 on the sick list and on October 17 all had been put to work but 6. CONVICT LABOR. The governor apprehended no trouble in allowing the convicts to be scattered over the island so long as there were no ships in harbor, as there was no possible means for them to escape from the island. It was his intention to have them divided into gangs, placed under the surveillance of guards, and employed at as great a distance as possible from the port, as soon as the season for the whalers’ visits should arrive. At these seasons there were often fifteen or twenty vessels in the harbor, and as most of them were short-handed, there would be great danger of their smuggling these people on board on the eve of sailing. Those convicts who should misbehave were to be punished by being placed in gangs under a guard and compelled to work in his sight. Those who might become sick or who were returned by their masters as unfit for work or as dangerous subjects, would have to be sup- ported by the Government. The governor asked the captain-general to authorize their subsistence from Government funds under the direct supervision of the governor. Searcely a month had passed when the governor was informed that the convicts had entered into a conspiracy to rise against the authorities and take possession of the island. They were surprised by the guard, who fired upon them and charged bayonets. Their leader, Fortunato de los Angeles, ‘‘a villain from the Province of Cavite,” was taken prisoner, one was killed,and two wounded. The rest scattered through the town and sought refuge in the woods. Before a week had passed all had been captured. The governor in his report to the captain- general says: I acknowledge that I was mistaken. Believing that men whom your excellency had pardoned from the punishment of death by your decree of the 11th of last Jan- uary would live grateful of such a boon, I never dreamed that they would rise against the authorities and attempt to make us the victims of their ferocity. ECONOMIC CONDITIONS IN 1856. 39 The prisoners were sent back to Manila in the brigantine Clavelino, the same vessel which had brought them, in charge of Lieut. José Martinez, assisted by 12 privates and 2 corporals. Thus ended the attempt of Don Pablo to introduce convict labor into Guam. FELIPE DE LA CORTE. On May 16, 1855, Don Felipe de la Corte relieved Don Pablo Perez as governor of the Mariannes. During his administration Guam was visited by a terrible epidemic of smallpox, which lasted nine months and carried off two-fifths of the population. In a report upon economic conditions, dated June 19, 1856, Don Felipe savs: For a long time the attention of the superior Government has been called to the slow progress of the population of these Marianne Islands, and the governors and special commissioners sent here have been directed to investigate the causes of this stationary condition of the population and even the decrease sometimes noticed in the number of inhabitants. * * * Some have thought to find the origin of this evil in the changeableness of the climate and the inconstancy of its seasons; others in the use of articles of food not very nutritious or perhaps injurious (nuts of Cycas), and others in the great number of rats, which destroy the abundant harvests. After a dissertation on the principles of political economy, ‘‘a science which teaches us by sure principles the means of bringing about the prosperity of a country and of ridding it of objects opposed to its progress,” Don Felipe goes on to say: It is not necessary to tire oneself in seeking other causes than that of poverty, | which is the only thing that retards the progress of the population of the Marianne Islands. Other things to which it has been attributed are accidents. The use of hurtful food, poor clothing, and other things, far from being considered a cause, are in reality the effects of that poverty and the direet means through which it works for the speedy destruction of this unhappy portion of the human race. This poy- erty, the general and sole cause, has not, however, been perceived by many, because they could not believe that it could occur in the midst of a soil which produces abundant and varied fruits, in spite even of those plagues, and because they have confounded with wealth the occurrence here at all times of fruits growing spontane- ously which the natives use for food during the periods when more wholesome kinds are lacking. * * * The prosperity of a country depends, instead of upon the abundance of its spontaneous products, rather upon the wealth accumulated in it, and here precisely is the great defectand the origin of the evil inthe Marianne Islands. In them, most excellent Sefior, nobody possesses anything, with very few exceptions. Here all live absolutely for the day, and domestic utensils, toolsof laborers, lodgings, and everything—absolutely everything—is so mean, so little durable, and so incapa- ble of constituting wealth that all, or nearly all, could with solemnity declare at all hours that they are poor. * * * ‘To correct the evils upon which I here have touched, and to ameliorate the condition of these islanders, my predecessors, with laudable zeal, have reproduced without ceasing exhortations, orders, and decrees that they should plant and harvest wholesome and abundant fruits. But who would believe it? With fat harvests, of which the grain has sometimes even been burned for lack of consumers, poverty has continued and reached even to us; for not hay- ing sought the means of accumulating that wealth then superfluous, to fill out the dearth later in worse seasons, all has perished at the moment, and without object. And what is still worse, it has created in these natives the idea in good yearsas well asin bad, of large crops as well as of small, that they can not hope for a beneficial 40 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. change. They have logically figured that it is futile to work for superfluous harvests which may have to be burned, consequently not relieving them in the periods of scarcity which are sure to come later; that it is better to work little than to work without result. On account of this they have been accused of possessing a lazy dis- position, which they are far from manifesting on occasions in which they clearly see the good results of their work. PRESERVATION OF MAIZE.—To dispel so harmful a prejudice I have thought it of the greatest importance to inaugurate the first accumulation of wealth in the preser- vation of the article most important for the subsistence of these natives. This is maize, or Indian corn, which is harvested with the greatest ease and may be planted at three epochs of the year in such a way that three times as much as the amount necessary for consumption may be produced at each harvest if its cultivation be fol- lowed on a great scale and leaving out accidents. There is in contrast with this the experience which they have that with their small resources the most careful can scarcely make their supply of this grain last from har- vest to harvest, so that there are repeatedly seasons during which a great portion of the population, being without maize or even the other articles of food used here, finds itself forced to fall back on federico [Cycas nuts] and other fruits and roots of the forest, which can not fail to do them injury either from their being essentially harmful or because the organic system of the native suffers from the repeated changes from one kind of diet to another. Anxious to root out an evil which I consider the greatest in these islands, and per- suaded that when this is once accomplished a new era will begin for their inhabit- ants, I have availed myself of the teachings pertaining to my profession, and I have thought that without prejudice to anyone and by means of light work of all there could be put into practice the ancient system practiced by Spain and other countries of preserving cereals in subterranean granaries, and, combining this idea with the beneficent institution of the public granaries of Spain and some places in the Indies, I published an order which I hope will meet with the approval of your excellency, assuring you that in taking this step I have been prompted by a fervid wish to ben- efit these natives. Don Felipe de la Corte wrote a most interesting account of these islands, which was published by the Spanish Government.“ He was relieved at his own request by Don Francisco Moscoso y Lara on Jan- uary 28, 1866, after having served eleven years. SOCIEDAD AGRICOLA. During the administration of Governor Moscoso a society was formed under the title ‘‘ Sociedad Agricola de la Concepcion.” It was composed of the governor and several of the officials and leading citi- zens of the island. Laborers were introduced from Japan and efforts were made to develop the resources of the island. The project failed, however. Some of the Japanese died and the rest returned to Japan. SUMMARY. From the above extracts some idea may be gathered of the economic conditions on the island of Guam. The causes which have prevented the general prosperity of the natives have been (1) the frequent hur- «Memoria descriptiva. See List of works. SEASONS. 41 ricanes, which destroyed the results of their labor; (2) the unwise course of certain governors in discouraging individual enterprise; (3) the absence of any effort to accumulate capital either in the form of money or of supplies. PHYSICAL CONDITIONS OF GUAM. CLIMATE AND RAINFALL. Srasons.—Though Guam lies within the Tropics, its climate is tem- pered throughout the greater part of the year by a brisk trade wind, blowing from the northeast and east. Its mountains are not high enough to cause marked differences in the distribution of rain on the island, and the island is not of sufficient extent to cause the daily alter- nating currents of air known as land and sea breezes. Generally speaking, the seasons conform in a measure with those of Manila, the least rain falling in the colder months or the period called winter (invierno) by the natives, and the greatest rainfall occurring in the warm months, which are called summer (verano) by the natives. The year may be divided into a rainy and a dry season, but this division does not correspond exactly to that based on temperature, for the period of maximum temperature precedes that of the greatest rainfall. During the winter months the wind blows briskly and steadily from the northeast and east. In June it becomes unsteady, veering to the east and southeast, and by September what is generally known as the ‘‘southwest monsoon” sets in. The climate is healthful in compari- son with other tropical countries, the only period when sickness may be expected being that of July and August, when the absence of the trade wind and the presence of moisture in the atmosphere causes the heat to appear greater than it is. The mean annual temperature is about 80° F., and the mean monthly temperature ranges from 78° F. in December, the coldest month, to 82° F. in May and June, the hottest months. The highest absolute temperature recorded in 1902, 90° F., occurred in June and July, the _lowest, 66° F., in December. Though the mean monthly temperature varies only 2° on either side of the mean annual temperature, yet the ‘‘ winters” of Guam are so definitely marked that certain wasps which during the summer make their nests in the open fields among the bushes invade the houses of the people at that season and hibernate there. MetrorovocicaL Tanies.—The following tables, compiled from observations made at the naval station at Agana, the capital of Guam, show the temperature, rainfall, and prevailing winds for each month of the year 1902. They are taken from a report drawn up by Dr. Cleveland Abbe, jr., who, through the courtesy of Prof. Willis L. 492 USEFUL PL ANTS OF GUAM. Moore, Chief of the Weather Bureau, was detailed to examine and interpret the records forwarded to the United States Hydrographic Office: Temperature, 1902. [Degrees Fahrenheit and centigrade. | Mean daily Mean. Absolute. range. Month. Maximum. Minimum. Oe eXOh OF, XO, OF. Of OF, OO}, JTATAT YA e See sees ect as ieee eye cee lars ena fae 79 26.1 86 30.0 70 21.1 8 4.4 SPLATT oY ee Se SBN NE ee ae ea 80 26.7 86 30.0 71 21.7 8 4.4 IMA TC a sabe a ya MAC Aras bade eae ae pola earl 80 26.7 87 30.6 72 22.2 10 5.6 NG 0 AS es A IL SE a a IO es Oe 81 27.2 87 30.6 73 22.8 8 4.4 I TE Bs a a A a See 82 27.8 88 Bala 72 22.2 9 5.0 AULT es tee eae satiate ieam inte ates ek ertare 82 27.8 90 32.2 73 22.8 10 5.6 AW pe eaten Se eh ele e yet a eons eee ag me bm 81 27.2 90 B2N2 75 23.9 9 5.0 PAIR US Geechee lee thre (rc ea varigeentrercic aie aria tures 81 27.2 88 Bal, i 74 ono) 9 5.0 September os ss see ae ee eee ease 80 26.7 87 30.6 73 22.8 11 6.1 OCtODS rs a hE Ne S ge EN Ey eae 80 26.7 88 Salsa 70 21.1 10 5.6 INOVEMDbERK see eee wah OEE Ee Sane cen me 79 26.1 85 29.4 69 20.6 11 6.1 ADY=Yors eel] os) GAN eas genet ae ae oo aera a aS ree 78 25.6 85 29.4 66 18.9 9 5.0 ———— [=e ee SS St JME LM b-abn Wits Ae soooeesooedoos onaone 82 27.8 90 S28 2s eee aa eres 17 9.4 AMNUal MINIMUM yee eee eeeenteeeeneene re 78 25516) saeeee eee 66 18.9 3 1.7 MCAT ak sees SE awe CMe Se ee 80 26.7 87 30.6 72 22.2 9 5.0 Rainfall, 1902. [In inches and millimeters. ] Total. Percent- |Maximum in24 hours. Month. Ak age of ze Millime- | annual Millime- Inches. ters. rainfall. Inches. ters. ADUAT Yee ater ete eee siete nis a eras ce eleinneisincciae 3.58 90. 93 Bhul 1.01 25. 65 IRC DEUS: oc fajate oeaiere os ae cial cieie = eale einleitaaing crepe etavere 7.30 185. 42 6.3 2.24 56. 90 IMT ATCT ee eee eee ME ere Lk Se ek weg anes 3.21 81.53 2.8 .90 22.86 JN oy gt Und oe i SS a a tn eo a ea Seg es 3. 87 98. 04 B38} Avil 18.03 NEN ae ea an eee Ee RS UR er SS ar 4.55 115. 57 3.9 . 92 23537, AULT Be tee ree Ae i pare tet rs a en Te A a ek 7.14 181. 36 6.1 2.92 74.17 MUL eww e os dee sae soe eee sei oeeiswiae Saisie sie eaeee ene 16.06 407. 92 13.8 6. 26 159. 00 August 19.72 500. 89 16.9 4.72 119. 89 September 27.01 686. 06 2342 6.31 134. 87 October ae 9.63 244. 60 8.3 2.81 71.37 INOVCMbDEL sso see cece cae ee deleccp Beaten ose 11. 86 301. 24 10.2 2.62 66. 55 IDECEMDER Sc sae sons s asiee= Seo caae Sma aecenee seine 2.53 64. 26 B59) rita) 19, 56 Sums. ee eas cae ete cece see asd aeceeeeees 116. 46 2, 958. 12 100):0) | 222323552: Seca AVE KLIN UIT erate eee iyo aie 8 RAE aR ay cee a ee 27.01 686. 06 Ay? 6. 26 159. 00 AY Ohobbrabhe1 yeeros aes ga maga ae tear od se 2553 64, 26 2.20). SNe Se Ss eae eee se Number of days with rain, and amounts, 1902. More | More More | More More More More More Month. than a han the than Month. than a then pee than TRACOM ee Ghill einGheal te inch. trace. | inch. | inch. 1 inch. APE WAY, Sagasqnas 18 11 2 1 || September ...--- 27 26 15 8 February ........ 21 9 4 3) | pOctobereaneceee 21 12 7 3 Marehse saan. 16 9 2 0 || November ...... 25 17 6 4 APL cess 19 11 3 0 || December....-.-- 15 9 1 0 IMB Viyreee tees 22 9 3 0 UNEP sees esos 25 12 4 1 SUM eee 265 165 66 29 OU yee eee 28 17 7 5 || Maximum ...... 28 26 15 8 AMIS UIST eo ainelsys\a' 28 23 12 4 || Minimum....... 15 9 il 0 HURRICANES. 43 Directions of the wind, 1902. North- North- South- | g South- ; fs North East : South ae West awe Variable Month. days Wee days. ee days. My days. days. | days. | JEM AY BSacasaucobleeddocus 16.5 11.0 2.5 INA DAE TAS Seoseseo bodessoe 12.0 9.5 6.5 Marchex Ags 22s s 0.5 16.5 12.5 .5 /\prall Seca oeeaaaes] Gapessee 20.0 8.0 1.5 Maayan m terete |ececienine 13.0 14.5 1.5 (UME So saBEeaae tal MaAeeaae 6.5 17.0 4.5 SIU Veer Cee cate 13.0 5.5 6.5 August 1.5 2.5 5.0 SAO SN oe ee eae seceened lSoacesescol Seopened Bacsneters October 4.0 10.0 3.0 November 6.0 14.0 .5 December 8.0 21 Oj Peers Sum (days). 8.0 117.0 | 125.0 32.0 Storms.—Hurricanes may visit the island at almost any season. According to available records they appear to have been most frequent during the months of April and November. The first one recorded occurred on the 8th of September, 1671, in the midst of a war between the Spaniards and the natives. It is described as *‘a typhoon, called ‘baguio’ by the natives, the most furious which had been seen on the island, veering in a short time all round the compass, and causing injuries which it would take years to remedy, ruining nearly all the houses of Agafia and the other towns of the island, especially those of the chief conspirators, as they have since confessed; tearing up breadfruit trees, together with palms and other plants with which they nourish themselves, leaving them in a condition without farms, without houses, and without food.” Not even the church of the missionaries was spared, and one of the wizards of the natives declared that he was more powerful than the god of the Spaniards, since the hurricane had swept away their church and had not been able to injure his house. A violent hurricane laid waste the island on the night of August 10, 1848. A description of the damages wrought by it may be found in a report of the Spanish governor, Don Pablo Perez, to the captain- general of the Philippines. Since the American occupation there have been several hard storms. The first occurred on May 26-27, 1900, the wind being accompanied by very heavy rainfall. Breadfruit, coco- nuts, coffee, and cacao were stripped from the trees and bushes; plan- tains and banana plants were torn to shreds, and many trees were snapped off or uprooted. Inthe southern part of the island fowls died from exposure. At the village of Sumai, on Orote Peninsula, the infirmary and wharf shed were demolished and several private houses were blown down. At Agat several dwellings were destroyed, together with the schoolhouse. At Merizo the rice fields were destroyed, and at Umata the corn was killed, the chapel unroofed, and several dwellings demolished. At Inalahan three bridges were car- ried away by swollen streams and the tribunal, rectory, and school- 44 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. house unroofed. In the harbor of San Luis de Apraé the U. S. S. Brutus was torn from her anchorage and blown upon the reef, with- out, however, suffering serious injury. On the 13th of November following occurred the hurricane which caused the loss of the U.S. 5S. Yosemite, which was lying at anchor in the harbor. This vessel was swept from her moorings and carried out to sea, where she foundered. Five of her crew were lost. The sea overflowed the lowlands and flooded the streets of Agafia. Crops of all kinds were destroyed and most of the vegetation was stripped bare of foliage. Government buildings were injured and many native houses destroyed. Of the 255 deaths which occurred on the island during the year 1900, 34 were caused by the hurricane. This destruc- tion was followed, as is always the case, by a dearth of food. It caused our Government to expend nearly $10,000 for the relief of the natives, who received the proffered aid with expressions of deep grat- itude.“ Among the most serious results of hurricanes of this nature is the stripping of coconut trees of their leaves. The inflorescence is formed in the axils of the older leaves and if these are injured the flower buds shrivel up and the tree fails to produce. During the year which followed the hurricane not one ounce of copra, which is prac- tically the only export of the island, was produced in Guam. Coffee and other shrubs and trees soon recover from the effects of a storm, and maize, tobacco, and rice may be replanted. Cacao, however, is often killed outright, and several years are necessary for new plants to begin to bear. The records for 1902 show that hurricanes passed near the island of Guam in May, July, September, and October. In examining the Philippine weather records Doctor Abbe was able to identify the stormy periods of Guam as days when typhoons must have passed close to the island. Many of the typhoons which sweep the Philip- pines apparently have their origin in the vicinity of the Marianne Islands. Doctor Abbe has suggested in his report that a station be established on.the island of Guam for meteorological observations, to be connected by telegraph with Manila. This could not fail to be of great benefit to vessels about to put to sea, giving warning of approach- ing blows and indicating what kind of weather is to be expected. HY DROGRAPHY. CoNTOUR OF THE OCEAN’s BoTToM.—In taking soundings with a view to selecting a cable route across the Pacific the U. S. S. Vero found the ocean bed between Midway Island and Guam to be a great plain from 3,100 to 3,200 fathoms deep, somewhat broken in places by submarine reefs and mountain ranges. The first thousand miles from Midway, «Annual Report of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy, 1901, pp. 75-76. HYDROGRAPHY. 45 with the exception of a submarine mountain peak near Ocean Island, is entirely level. The remainder of the distance, though fairly level in general, is interspersed by a number of reefs and mountain ranges. On approaching the great submarine volcanic range running nearly north and south which forms the islands of the Marianne group, at a point a short distance east of Guam, this plain descends into an abyss, which is the deepest yet discovered in the world, lacking only 66 feet of a depth of 6 statute miles. The temperature at this depth was found to be 36° F. It was necessary to select for the cable a route around the northern limit of this depression, which has been christened the Nero Deep. Its southern limits are not yet known. Between Guam and the Philippines the bed of the ocean is less regu- lar than to the eastward. For the first 600 geographical miles the depth varies from 1,400 to 2,700 fathoms. The character of the bot- tom is described as undulating, but without definite ranges of hills or valleys. After this a low mountain range occurs which slopes to the westward down to a plain 3,000 to 3,500 fathoms deep, which reaches to the Philippines and has a bottom of soft mud and ooze. A route was also surveyed between Guam and Yokohama, Japan, to the westward of the Mariannes and to the eastward of the Bonin Islands. For the first 500 geographical miles a level plain 2,100 fath- oms deep was found. Then the Vero encountered a submarine moun- tain range which apparently connects that of the Marianne Islands with the range extending from the Bonin Islands to Japan. While crossing this range a submarine conical peak was discovered resem- bling Fujiyama in form.¢ OcEAN CURRENTS.—The currents in the vicinity of the Marianne Islands are much affected by the prevailing winds. During the greater part of the year there is a drift to the westward or south- westward of 1 to 2 knots per hour. On the sandy beaches of the east coast of theisland of Guam driftwood of American origin is often found, including huge logs of Oregon fir. From July to September, when the easterly winds are interrupted by the influence of the south- west monsoon, the drift is frequently to the northeast. Tipes.—The rise of tides in the archipelago is generally less than 3 feet. In the harbor of San Luis de Apra the rise and fall is 3 to 4 feet. High water occurs there at the full and change of the moon at about seven hours after its meridian passage. The tides play an important réle in the economy of vessels lying in the harbor, as the water on the reef is too shallow to permit boats of considerable size to land cargo at any time but that of high water, and it is not unusual 9) “See ‘‘ Trans-Pacific submarine telegraph cable survey,’’ in the Report of the Sec- retary of the Navy for 1900, pp. 299-302, from which the above information is derived. 46 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. for a boat to stick upon the reef halfway between the ship and the shore. There is a crooked channel through which boats of small size may pass, and extensive dredging operations have been recommended in order to enlarge the harbor and clear a channel from the harbor to the shore, but the recommendations of the board have not yet been carried out.¢ PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. SURFACE AND CONTOUR.—From a distance the island appears flat and even, but on approaching it the northern portion is seen to be a raised platform or plateau (Pl. I), with several low peaks rising from it in the north, and to the southward a low, rounded hill, which has received the vernacular name of ‘*‘ Tiyan” (belly). The southern half of the island is mountainous. The island is irregular in shape. It may be compared roughly to the shape of a human footprint (the right foot), with the heel north-northeast and the toe south-southwest (see map, Pl. LXX). The general plane of the northern half is not horizontal but shelving, with eastern and higher side bounded by steep cliffs. The east coast of the southern half is penetrated by a few small bays, none of which is capable of receiving a vessel. On the west coast of the northern part of the island there are a number of sandy bays fringed with coconut groves and separated from one another by as many rocky points. The east shore is constantly beaten by a heavy sea caused by the stiff trade winds which prevail during the greater part of the year. The adjacent sea is very deep, so that it is impossible for vessels to find anchorage there. The swell is even so great that it is dangerous at most times for boats to attempt to enter the small ports in the southern part, except at Hahahyan, at the extreme south, which is sheltered from easterly and northeasterly winds. On the west side of the island the sea is shallow enough in several places to permit vessels to anchor within a safe distance of the shore, except during a certain part of the summer, when winds from the southwest may be expected. The favorite anchorage of the early navigators was the roadstead of Umata (Humatag), where a good supply of fresh water was always to be secured without difficulty. Afterwards the bay of San Luis de Apré became used as a harbor, and is now the only port of the island in which large ships can find anchorage. The little harbor of Agafia (Hagadiia) can be entered only by vessels of the size of launches, and the anchorage in Agafia Bay is not considered safe. In Alexander Agassiz’s description of the island? he gives a detailed account of its shore line and the physical features of the island. The «See Report of the Guam Survey Board to the Secretary of the Navy, July 25, 1901. 6’ The Coral Reefs of the Tropical Pacific, p. 366 et seq., 1903. ~ RAISED PLATFORMS OF CORAL. 4% Albatross encountered the east coast of Guam near Point Hanom. He found distinct coralliferous limestone terraces in the faces of the cliffs from Pago Bay north, marking the position of the former sea level, and indicating the periods of rest during the elevation of the island; and when these are not distinct, lines of caverns along the vertical faces of the cliffs indicate the former lines of sea level. The cliffs of the northern part of the island vary from 300 to 500 feet in height. The lower part of their faces is riddled with crevasses, and at a higher level, probably on the face of the fourth or fifth terrace, there are numerous caverns. North of Point Anao some of the coralliferous limestones are stratified, dipping toward the sea; others, nearer the northern extremity of the island, show evidence of great disturbance, probably caused by the volcanic outbursts of Mount Santa Rosa. Mr. Agassiz found them to resemble those of similar limestone islands, such as Makatea, Niue, Eua, Vavau, and others of the Fiji group. Outside of Viti Levu and Vanua Levu, Guam proved to be the largest island visited by the A/batross, composed in part of volcanic rocks and of elevated coralliferous limestone. At the northern end of the island, though there are five distinct terraces, these are concealed by the vegetation growing on the slopes. Talage (‘‘ Lookout”) Bay,” at the northern extremity of Guam, is an immense sandy flat, flanked by a comparatively broad reef platform full of ‘*‘horseheads” and of ‘*negroheads” of coral, which extends from Taga Point around the north extremity of the island and down the east coast, past Achae and Nigo points, to Ipapao. From the latter point the coast consists of a vertical cliff, with here and there a small stretch of sandy beach along the sea between projecting points until it reaches Tumhun Bay. Here the coral forms a great reef flat, which continues along the coast southward, past Hagadifia Bay, as far as Apapa, or Cabras, island. To the south of Orote Peninsula, which projects 4 miles in a northwest- erly direction and forms the southern side of the bay of San Luis de Apra, a narrow reef flat juts out from the west coast at various promontories in the extension of spurs of volcanic slopes. At Malesd, or Merizo, Bay a broad reef flat projects, which forms the southwestern extremity of the island of Guam and extends eastward to Point Hahahyan, but not as far as Inalahan Bay, on the east coast. North of that bay the coast is edged by a narrow reef flat, which continues as far as Pago Bay. Along the east coast of the northern half of the island there is a narrow reef flat, bordering the precipitous shore from Hanom Point to Point Anao. The southern half of the island of Guam consists of what Mr. Agas- «The name of this bay is improperly written on most charts ‘‘ Taragay,’’ a word with no significance. ‘‘Talage,’’ (pronounced taldgay) the vernacular name, signi- fies ‘‘to look toward.’’ It was the point from which the ancient Chamorros looked out for vessels coming from the northern islands. 48 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. siz describes as ‘*a volcanic massif which has burst through the coral- liferous limestone,” and which at Mount Tengho reaches to a height of more than a thousand feet. The volcanic range to which it belongs has burst through the limestone near Agafia and extends southward, parallel to the west coast, at a distance of about 1 or 2 miles from the shore. Its highest peak, called Humuyong-manglo (‘‘Source-of-the- wind”), back of Umata, reaches a height of 390 meters. Considerable denudation has already taken place on the volcanic slopes, forming in the interior of the island a number of peaks, ridges, and pinnacles. On the western and southern sides of the volcanic mountains the lime- stone masses which once covered their sides have in great measure dis- appeared through disintegration, and the soft material covering the slopes is constantly being washed down their sides. Many of the val- leys form small canyons with very steep walls. The peninsula of Orote and Apapé Island are composed of elevated coralliferous limestone containing well-preserved fossils. These show no signs of metamorphism, as do those collected in the immediate vicinity of Mount Makahnag, where the limestone comes into contact with volcanic rock. The fossils are, however, highly calcified, and their hardness and the crystallization of the rocks would seem to indi- cate considerable age. THe HARBOR.—The bay of San Luis de Apra is the only harbor for vessels. Itis protected on the southwest by the promontory of Orote, on the east by the island of Guam itself, on the north by Apapa island and the adjoining reef of Luminan, which is awash at high water. From this reef a bank (Kalalang) extends to the southwestward toward Orote Point, terminating in two rocks which rise to within a few feet of the surface, leaving a narrow but deep channel, which serves as an entrance tothe harbor. Apap island consists entirely of elevated cor- alliferous limestone deeply pitted and honeycombed. The limestone mass is fullof crevices, potholes, and funnels, covered with stalactites. The island does not rise more than 8 or 10 feet above high-water mark. The shore is undercut and the island furrowed by numerous gullies; it is full of caverns, crevices, and pits.“ As the harbor is much obstructed by coral reefs and is at a consid- erable distance from the seat of government of the island, a board of officers was sent to make a survey of it, with a view to its improve- ment, either by dredging or the construction of a breakwater along the reef, or both. It is intended to make it the site of a naval base and coaling depot of large capacity, as well as to serve as acommercial port. The board was directed to make recommendations as to the remoyal of reefs and other obstructions to navigation; to draw up plans for wharves, docks, storehouses, barracks, hospital, water sup- @See Agassiz, op. cit., p. 370. SUGGESTED HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 49 ply, and sewerage system; port defenses, fortifications, and maga- zines; and to lay out a town site, having in view the prospective increase in commercial importance of the port. The following extract is taken from the report of the board: The bay of San Luis de Apra has a deep anchoring ground, extending about 1 mile north and south and about 2 miles east and west. It is broken, however, by several outlying reefs. It is protected except to the westward. Luminan Reef gives sufficient protection, but Kald4lang Bank, with a depth of some 30 feet, does not, the swell making round the end of Luminan Reef even with the prevailing northeasterly wind. It would therefore be necessary, in order to thoroughly close the harbor against the ocean swell and storms, to build a breakwater along these banks, extend- ing from Luminan Reef to Spanish Rocks, leaving a deep entrance between Spanish Rocks and Orote Island 2,000 feet wide. The board did not recommend that such a breakwater should be built, on account, among other considerations, of its great cost and the uncertainty of the force of storms against a breakwater on this narrow bank with deep water so close to seaward. Even if such a breakwater were built, the proposal which had been made of utilizing some of the coral reefs in the harbor as sites for coal depots could not be followed out, as test borings made in these reefs showed that nearly all of them are formed, not of solid coral, but of coral sand interspersed with occasional coral heads, with growing coral of various kinds on the sur- face, so that they would make poor foundations for retaining walls. After duly considering various plans the board recommended that an opening 30 feet deep be dredged through the reef separating the deep water of the main harbor from an inner basin south of the old fort, Santa Cruz, and not far from the village of Sumai on Orote Peninsula; that this basin be enlarged by dredging, and the top of a small reef in the outer anchorage, near Cabras Island, be removed to a depth of 6 fathoms; that the naval base and coaling station be established on Orote Peninsula, near Sumai, and be supplied with water brought from Paulana, a branch of the Atangtano River; that batteries be located on Orote Peninsula and Cabras Island with good military roads leading to them from the posts and boat landings; that the town site be established on the high land of Orote Peninsula, back of the naval station, and that commercial docks be constructed in places indicated by the board; and that a light-house be constructed on Orote Point with a light of the fourth order. The report of the board was published“ and handed to the Naval and Commerce Committees of Congress. An appropriation of $150,000 for the improvement of the harbor of San Luis de Apra passed the Senate, but the House failed to concur and the measure was lost. Thesum of $40,000 asked for the acquisition of land was granted by Congress. The retention of Guam as an American possession after its capture, as provided for in the peace protocol at the close of the Span- 4 Report of the Guam Survey Board to the Secretary of the Navy, July 25, 1901. 9773—05——4 50 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. ish war, was for the express purpose of establishing a naval coal depot. With completion of the Panama canal this will undoubtedly become an important mercantile port of call.¢ (See map, Pl. LXX.) EarTHQuakEs.—Earthquakes are frequent, but not often violent. Among the most severe were those of April 14, 1825, January 25, 1849, and September 22, 1902. Not long after that of 1849, which destroyed the church and the government house of Umata, a number of Caroline Islanders arrived at Guam in two canoes, stating that their islands had been swept by enormous waves, and begging the governor to allow them to take up their residence in the Marianne Islands. In the letter book of Don Pablo Perez, in the archives at Agafia, a detailed account of this earthquake is given. The first shock was felt at 2:49 p.m. It was followed by repeated shocks and trembling accompanied by a subterranean rumbling ‘‘ which made the natives fear that a vol- cano was about to burst forth and blow them all to atoms.” The earth was cracked open in many places, some houses were thrown down and others were injured; but the only life lost was that of a woman who happened to be in her rancho near the beach. She was carried away by one of the great waves which swept in from the ocean. Great masses of rocks fell from the cliffs. The shocks continued for several days in succession, and it was many days before the damages could be repaired. Sixteen whaling vessels lying at anchor in the harbor were uninjured. The captain of a whaling frigate which arrived shortly afterwards stated that he had felt the earthquake 1,000 miles to the eastward of the Mariannes. Since the American occupation of the island there have been a number of earthquakes, but the only one of serious importance was that of September 22, 1902. Governor Schroeder’s account of this is almost a repetition of Don Pablo’s report to the captain-general of the Philippines. The earthquake which occurred at 11.24 a. m. [says Governor Schroeder] is the severest of which there is any record. From the government house terrace, during its continuance, there could be seen clouds of dust rising suddenly from the different quarters of Agafia as the masonry houses would fall. The earth opened here and there in small places, from which water would spout and subside, leaving a few round, apparently hollow pits, and innumerable fine cracks were observable every- where. A dull grinding roar preceded and accompanied the shaking of the earth; sure-footed bulls were tripped up and fell to their knees, while buildings rocked and swayed, water tanks were tossed over, and bells rung by the vibration. In other parts of the island fissures 1 to 2 feet wide were made, those of Piti emitting strong sulphurous fumes. Masses were dislodged in the mountains and hills, plowing down the slopes and completely blocking the road from Agafia to Piti at three points. In the harbor of San Luis de Apra the collier Justin, anchored in 22 fathoms of water, was severely shaken. The disturb- ance of the white coral-mud bottom of the harbor was so great as to « Report of the Secretary of the Navy for the year 1902, pp. 361-362. EXTINCT VOLCANOES. Bil give a milky appearance to the sea for some distance around. A number of the masonry houses of Agafia were destroyed, and those left standing were so badly injured as to be unfit for habitation. The old bell tower of masonry near the church, built in 1669, was seamed with large cracks. In the other towns of the island nearly all masonry houses, churches, and rectories were ruined. The collier Justin was sent the day after the disaster with an officer to the German island of Saipan, 120 miles to the northward, to ascertain the damage done and offer aid. They found no casualties, though the earthquake had also violently shaken the island. Fortunately the disaster occurred in the daytime, as did the hurricane of 1890, and the casualties included but one child killed and a few of the townspeople of Agafa hurt. The total cost of repairs to government buildings was estimated at $22,100 gold. A summary of the earthquake phenomena of 1902 is included in Doctor Abbe’s report, published in Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmos- pheric Electricity, 1904, page 81. Extinct voLcANnors.—All of the mountain peaks of Guam are undoubtedly of volcanic origin. In some of them the outlines of the craters may still be traced and the lava presents the same appearance as in recent voleanoes.“? Surrounding the bases of the mountains are ancient coral reefs, the margins of which, in contact with the volcanic products, have in many places been converted into crystalline lime- stone, showing evidence of volcanic activity after the whole island had been raised from the sea. The heights of the principal mountains are approximately as follows: Santa Rosa 265 meters, Tiyan (Barri- gada) 205 meters, Makahnag 215 meters, Chachao 320 meters, Tengho 310 meters, Ilicho (Humuyong-manglo) 390 meters, Sasalaguan (Hell mountain), at the southern end of the island, 340 meters. ANCIENT CORAL REEFS.—The entire northern portion of the island is a raised coral platform penetrated in several places by the low volcanic peaks already referred to. On the west side of the island between the mesa and the sea several distinct flat terraces occur, showing succes- sive upheavals. During the recent earthquakes the general level of the whole island was raised. It would require only a very slight ele-’ vation to convert into dry land the very extensive reef flats along the west coast which are covered at high tide by only a few feet of water. The bottom between the shore and the barrier reef is perfectly level and covered with very fine sand resembling flour in consistency. Mrinerats.— With the exception of thin layers of iron-ore, no metal- yielding deposits occur on the island. An inferior lignite is found in one or two places. There is also a volcanic rock called homén, which is used for fire places, and a soft pale-green mineral called lauka which 4 This is especially true of Santa Rosa, in the northern part of the island. 52 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. is easily worked. In certain localities nodules of flint are found simi- lar to those from European chalk formations. Rrvers.—In the northern portion of the island the ground is so porous that the water disappears as it falls. There are, however, a number of sink holes called lupog, and in the rainy season several small streams near the bases of the hills of Santa Rosa and Mataguag. Near the middle of the island about a mile anda half from Agafia there is a fine large spring or lake (Matan-hanom) from which a copious supply of water issues all the year round. This, after slowly oozing through the great swamp called the ‘‘ Ciénaga,” forms the Agafia River, the channel of which has been artificially length- ened and turned for about a mile parallel to the coast before it reaches the sea. This is for the purpose of affording a laundry to the women of Agafia. In the southern portion of the island there are a number of small streams on both sides, some of which lose themselves beneath the surface for a time and reappear, issuing from caverns.@ VEGETATION OF THE ISLAND. PLANT COVERING ACCORDING TO HABITAT. CORAL REEFS. Among the algze growing on the reef the most conspicuous are the brown Padinas with fan-like fronds expanded like the tail of a strut- ting peacock, jointed Halimedas, like miniature Opuntias, and the feathery Caulerpa plumaris. Another Caulerpa (C. clavifera uvi- era), green and succulent, looks as though it bore bunches of minia- ture grapes. Among the red algz are the more delicate Acanthophora orientalis, Corallopsis salicornia, with terete cartilaginous fronds, and Mastophora lamourouxii, with dense foliaceous fronds, somewhat like Chondrus in form, and conspicuous fruit. From some of the gelati- nous species the natives make blancmange. Among the more delicate ereen forms are the woolly Rhizoclonium tortwosum and the beau- tiful little Bryopsis plumosa. Near the mouths of rivers grow Enteromorpha clathrata and E. compressa, with narrow, linear, grass- like fronds. (See A/gz, catalogue.) Among the marine flowering plants are Halodule uninervis, a plant resembling a fine eelgrass (Zos- tera), and Halophila ovata, belonging to the Vallisneriaceae, with a creeping rootstock and oval or linear-oblong petioled leaves. MANGROVE SWAMPS. At the mouths of many streams, where the water is brackish and the shores are muddy, are growths of mangroves and their allies; «The principal cavern of this nature is that in the valley of the Talofofo River, about a mile from its mouth, RIVER AND STRAND VEGETATION. 53 which form dense thickets and extend far out into the water at high tide. || Among those which send down aerial roots into the mud are Rhizophora mucronata (Pl. LXIV) and Bruguiera gymnorhiza (P1. XL), both of which have large, opposite, entire, smooth leaves, and fruit which germinates before dropping from the tree. They are easily distinguished, the former having a four-parted perianth and the latter having 10 to 14 calyx segments and petals. Associated with these are found red-flowered Lumnitzeras, small trees belonging to the Combre- taceae; Xylocarpus granatum (Carapa moluccensis), known in the East Indies as the ‘‘ cannon-ball tree,” on account of its hard, spherical fruits; and on adjacent firmer ground, Hixcoecaria agallocha, some- times called the ‘‘ milky mangrove” or the ‘‘ blinding tree,” the acrid juice of which is called ‘‘ tigers milk” in the East Indies. RIVERS. Near the mouths of most of the rivers, where the water is brackish, are thickets of Vypa fruticans, a stemless palm with great pinnate leaves, which furnish the natives with excellent material for thatching their houses. Associated with it are large simply pinnate ferns, Acrostichum aureum (Pl. IV), of wide distribution throughout the warmer regions of the globe, and growing submerged are species of Potamogeton and Ruppia maritima. There are also green, filamentous alow, including species of Conferva and Enteromorpha, and Chara jibrosa. Near the sources of some of the streams a small red alga (Thorea gaudichaudiz) istound growing to rocks. On the banks of the rivers near the sea beds of Pancratium littorale occur, together with a creeping aroid, Cocos nucifera, screw pines, and Pariti tiliacewm. Higher up the stream there are beds of reeds (Trichoon) and, on the open hillsides, the sword grass, X7pheagrostis floridula. Wherestreams flow through shady forests several cordate-leaved aroids occur, together with a tree fern (Alsophila haenket) and the widely spread Angzop- teris evecta (Pl. XX XIII). THE STRAND. The principal beach plant is pomoea pes-caprae, often called ‘‘ goats- foot convolvulus,” from the shape of its leaves. Its long, prostrate stems form a carpet over the sand without twining or taking root, and bear large, rose-purple, funnel-shaped flowers. Associated with it is the leguminous Canavali obtuscifolium, with a similar habit of growth, and frequently Melastoma marianum, Vigna lutea, and TTelio- troptum curassavicum. Among the beach shrubs are Lobelia koenigii, with thick, glabrous leaves, and white, zygomorphous flowers; Zowrne- Sortia argentea (P\. UX VIII), a boraginaceous plant with fleshy leaves, covered with silky white hairs, and white, heliotrope-like flowers with dark anthers growing in scorpioid racemes; and Pemphis acidula, a 54 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. shrub with a dense habit of growth, small sessile leaves, and axillary flowers with 6-parted perianths. On the windward side of the island, and near the southern end on the leeward side, growing in the sandy beach at the very margin of the sea are groves of Casuarina equiseti- folia (Pl. XLI), trees with tufts of linear, leafless, jointed branches _ resembling horsetails (Equisetum) and cone-like ante Among other beach plants are the composites Stemmodontia biflora, S. canescens, Eclipta alba, the recently introduced Synedrella nodiflora, and the bidens-like Glossogyne tenuifolia; and in places there are mounds formed by Sesuvium portulacastrum, the ‘* sea purslane,” often asso- ciated with creeping grasses. Coconuts are abundant on the west coast of the island (PI. I), but almost absent from the east coast. THE INNER BEACH. The principal trees forming the inner beach growth are Barring- tonia speciosa, Barringtonia racemosa, Terminalia catappa, Heritiera littoralis, Pariti tiliaceum, Thespesia populnea, Ochrosia mariannensis, Hernandia peltata, Artocarpus communis, Calophyllum inophyllum, and Morinda citrifolia. Beneath their shade grow the white-flowered amaryllis (Crinum asiaticum), the grasses, Stenotaphrum subulatum and Centotheca lappacea, and the shrubby Boerhaavia diffusa, Vitex trifolia, and Meibomia umbellata. Climbing on the trunks of trees are a num- ber of ferns, including Phymatodes phymatodes (P|. LX11), with leath- ery lobed fronds, Cyclophorus adnascens, with small, linear-lanceolate, simple fronds, Davallia solida, with beautiful, glossy, divided fronds, and Humata heterophylla, with fertile fronds differing from the sterile in shape (Pl. LIII). In addition to the above-mentioned species there are a number of shrubs growing in the vicinity of the beach—the beach plum (XVimenia americana), Clerodendron inermis, with white, honeysuckle-like flowers and. exserted pink stamens; Acacia farne- siana, with globular, yellow heads of fragrant flowers; Lewcaena glauca, with similar heads of white, inodorous flowers; and the custard apple, Annona reticulata, the only species of this genus which grows sponta- neously on the island. Twining among these shrubs are several species of Conyolvulaceae, including /pomoea choisiana and I. marian- nensis, With purple flowers; the lavender-flowered ‘‘alilag” (Argyreza tiliaefolia), the flowers of which, called ‘‘abubo,” are strung into gar- lands by the children; and Operculina peltata, which has white flowers. THE CLIFFS. On the promontory of Orote on the west coast, that of Kiroga on the east near Talofé6f6 Bay, on the rocky island of Cabras, or Apapa, and on the edges of cliffs are usually found the following plants: Cor- migonus mariannensis, 2 shrub or small tree belonging to the Rubi- aceae, with large, white, four-parted, trumpet-shaped flowers; Cycas paige ee pig Sp hee F PLATE Il. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. STASSSA YSLVM OOEWVG ONIAYYVD OVEVHVO ONNOA ‘NOILVLS9SA AVLAHdIdg DNIMOHS ‘NV¥ND JO GNV1S| ‘LSSYO4 SHL FOREST VEGETATION. 55 circinalis, with glossy pinnate leaves resembling fronds of ferns; and Boehmeria tenacissima, which yields the celebrated ‘‘ rhea” fiber, here growing in the form of a shrub or small tree. Besides these plants Intsia bijuga, a handsome leguminous tree, which yields the excellent ail wood (Pl. LIV); Premna gaudichaudii, a verbenaceous tree called ahgau, with elder-like flowers and durable hard wood used in con- struction; and the interesting ‘‘nunu” (/%cus sp.), a banyan which sends down aerial roots like life-lines over the edge of the cliffs. Among the smaller plants growing on rocky slopes is Gynopogon torre- _stanus, with glossy, myrtle-like leaves and the aromatic fragrance of the ‘‘maile” (Gynopogon olivaeformis) so dear to the Hawaiians. FORESTS. The forest vegetation of Guam (PI. IL) consists almost entirely of strand trees, epiphytal ferns, lianas, and a few undershrubs. The majority of the species are included in what Schimper has called the Barringtonia Formation.‘ The principal trees are the wild, fertile breadfruit, Artocarpus communis; the Indian almond, Zerminalia -catuppa; jack-in-the-box, Hernandia peltaia,; the giant banyan (PI. XII), called nunu by the natives (/%cus sp.); two other species of Ficus called ‘‘hodda” and ‘‘takete” or ‘‘taguete,” the first with prop-like, aerial roots growing from the trunk near its base and with fruit resembling small, red crab apples and the second resembling the nunu, but-with aerial roots from the trunk only and not from the limbs; Pan- danus fragrans (‘kaf6”) (Pl. LX) and Pandanus dubius (“‘ pahong”), two screw pines which differ from many of their congeners in not being found growing on the outer beach; Calophyllum inophyllum, a handsome tree known in the East Indies as Alexandrian laurel, which yields the tough crossgrained wood of which the natives make their cart wheels; arringtonia racemosa, which, unlike its congener, B. speciosa, \eaves the coast and follows along the banks of the streams into the interior; Heritiera littoralis (P\. LIT), called in India the look- ing-glass tree, which furnishes the natives of Guam with tough wood for their plows and wheel spokes; and, among recently introduced trees, Canangium odoratum, the fragrant flowers of which are the source of the perfume known as ilangilang, Annona reticulata, the custard apple or bullock’s heart, and Pithecolobium dulce, a leguminous tree known in the East Indies as the Manila tamarind, but which was* brought from Mexico for the sake of its tannin-yielding bark and its edible pods. No truly indigenous palms occur, but Aveca cathecu, the betel-nut palm, grows spontaneously in damp places; a small, slender- stemmed species allied to Areca, called ‘‘ palma brava” by the natives, is gradually spreading over the island; and the Caroline Island ‘* sago- palm,” Coeloccocus amicarum, has been introduced sparingly. Those “See Schimper, Die indo-malayische Strandflora, p. 68, 1891. < a 56 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. familiar with the forest vegetation of Eastern Polynesia will be struck by the absence from the forests of Guam of such genera as Freycinetia, Papyrius (Broussonetia), Urticastrum (Laportea), Myristica, Parinari, Bocoa (Inocarpus), Dysoxylum, Nyalelia (Aglaia), Macaranga, Bis- chofia, Aleurites, Omalanthus, Spondias, Rhus, Alphitonia, Melochia, Kleinhovia, Metrosideros, Maesa, and Diospyros. Among the climbing plants and epiphytes of the forest are Lens phaseoloides, the scimitar-pod sea bean (Pl. LVI), whose enormous, scabbard-like legumes contain lenticular seeds (Pl. XV) sometimes used for making snuffboxes; Stzzolobiwm giganteum, often called ‘*ox-eye” bean; a species of Calamus, with beautiful branching inflo- rescence of white flowers; Luzsza teretifolia, an inconspicuous orchid, and the minute leafless Zueniophyllum fascioia; Dischidia puberula,— an interesting asclepiad growing upon trees, with minute urceolate flowers and fleshy leaves; bird’s-nest ferns (Veottopteris nidus), perched on the branches associated with broad ribbons of Ophioderma pendula, tufts of Vephrolepis acuta and VN. hirsutula, grass-like Vittaria elon- gata, and pendent tassels of Lycopodiwm phlegmaria (Pl. LVI); climbing leathery-fronded Phymatodes phymatodes, lobed like oak leaves; Cyclophorus adnascens, with linear-lanceolate fronds; graceful Davallia solida (Pl. 111), with glossy divided fronds, and the interest- ing Humata heterophylla (P\. LI), which takes its generic name from the village of Humatag, or Umata, on the west coast of this island, where it was first collected. Beneath the shade of the forest trees several undershrubs are usually found, including species of Icacorea, Piper, Peperomia, and the creeping rubiaceous Carinta herbacea, with small white flowers and scarlet berries. On the edges of the woods and by roadsides are thickets of the spiny Gudlandina crista, bearing the well-known gray, stony ‘‘nicker-nuts,” the sharp recurved thorns of its branches catch- ing or scratching every animal which brushes against them (PI. LI). Lemoncito thickets (7riphasia trifoliata) are also common, the bushes sprouting from the roots and bearing fragrant, white, jasmine-like flowers and scarlet berries resembling miniature oranges. Among the succulent plants are wild ginger (Zinzzber zerwmbet), turmeric (Cur- cuma longa), Canna indica, the Polynesian arrowroot (Zacca pinnati- jida), and the introduced Zaetsia terminalis, a liliaceous plant with graceful tufts of red leaves. Besides the climbing and epiphytal ferns already mentioned there are many others growing on the ground, including Lelvisia spicata, Dryopteris dissecta, Dryopteris parasitica, Asplenium laserpitiifolium, A. nitidum, Microsorium trioides, and sey- eral species of Pteris. No filmy ferns (Hymenophyllaceae) have been found on the island. The only tree fern of Guam thus far known is Alsophila haenket, growing in damp places and often associated with Angiopteris evecta. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE III. DAVALLIA SOLIDA, AN EPIPHYTAL FERN COMMON IN THE FORESTS OF GUAM. NATURAL SIZE. 4 = us ae ms sens a et Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE IV. A MARSH FERN, ACROSTICHUM AUREUM. STERILE FROND AND A TERMINAL PINNA OF FERTILE FROND. NATURAL SIZE. OT pic aes +4 rao as : ¢ Fey aah eis Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE V. LYCOPODIUM CERNUUM, A CHARACTERISTIC PLANT OF THE SAVANNAS. NATURAL SIZE. MARSH AND SAVANNA VEGETATION. us MARSHES. The fresh-water marshes are usually overgrown with reeds (Z7richoon —ryoxburghii), associated with the great marsh fern (Acrostichum aureum) (Pl. IV), the climbing Lygodium scandens, and several coarse grasses and sedges. The only trees are Pariti tiliacewm and a euphorbiaceous tree called ‘‘alom,” probably a species of Echinus. Growing about the margins of swamps are the small Lacopa monniera, a creeping scrophulariaceous plant with blue flowers and the habit of growth of purslane; Ambulia indica and A. fragrans, with an aromatic, camphor- like odor; Centella asiatica, the Asiatic pennywort; Aeschynomene indica; a species of Polygonum; and the water fern (Ceratopteris gaudichaudii), which has edible fronds. Several large aroids occur both cultivated and growing spontaneously, among them the common taro (Caladium colocasia), the caulescent. Alocasia indica, and Alocasia macrorhiza.’ The introduced abaka, or ‘*‘ Manila hemp” (JZusa teatilis), grows in several places, but it is not now cultivated by the natives. At least two species of bamboo grow on the island, the most useful and durable of which (Bambos blumeana) is armed with recurved spines and forms impenetrable thickets in several places. SAVANNAS. These are grassy upland regions almost devoid of trees and shrubs. They are characterized by a red clay-like soil and lack of drainage, and by the reappearance of beach plants and marsh plants which are absent from the forests. X¢pheagrostis floridula, which covers large areas, is called ‘‘ sword grass” by foreigners on account of the cutting scabrous edges of its leaves (PL LXIX). Itgrows higher than a man’s head and offers refuge for deer. Roofs thatched with this grass are more durable than those of coconut or of nipa palm leaves, but more work is necessary in their preparation and they are not common except in regions where coconuts and nipa palms are scarce. Other savanna plants are the bracken-like fern Glecchenia dichotoma (Pl. L), Odontosoria retusa, Schizoloma ensifolium, Blechnum orientale, Pteris hbiaurita, Lycopodium cernuum (Pl. V), (the wawae tole, or ‘* rats- foot” of the Hawaiians), and the little golden star grass //ypovis aurea. The only tree is the ironwood (Casuarina equisetifolia), which also grows on the margin of the sea. Among other beach plants which reappear here are the shrubs Lobelia koenigii, Pemphis acidula, and Melastoma marianum,; the composites Stemmodontia biflora, S. canescens, and the Bidens-like Glossogyne tenuifolia; also the grasses Dimeria chloridiformis, Stenotaphrum subulatum, and Cento- theca lappacea. The pretty little climbing marsh fern Zygod/um scandens is common, and the lavender-flowered morning glory /pomoca choisiana also occurs. 58 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. ABANDONED CLEARINGS. Abandoned clearings are usually overgrown either with common | tropical weeds, thickets formed by hedge plants, plants once cultivated which have continued to grow, or indigenous species which usually grow on the edge of the forest or in open places. Among the tropi- cal weeds of wide distribution are Achyranthes aspera, Waltheria indica, Asclepias curassavica, Abutilon indicum, Sida rhombifolia, Sida acuta, Datura fastuosa, Physalis angulata, Physalis minima, and //eliotropium indicum; the composites Hlephantopus scaber, Elephantopus spicatus, Adenostemma viscosum, Ageratum conyzoides, Glossogyne tenutfolia, and Synedrella nodiflora; Euphorbia atoto, Euphorbia hirta, Phyllanthus niruri, Oxalis corniculata, and the creeping, clover-like Mecbomia triflora. Among the scrubby Legumi- nosae are Indigofera anil, Indigofera tinctoria, Crotalaria quinque- folia, Cassia tora, Cassia occidentalis, Cassia sophera, and the fine- leaved Cassia mimosoides. The principal hedge plants now forming thickets are the orange berry (Zriphasia trifoliata); the physic nut (Jatropha curcas); sibucao, or sappan wood (4iancaeca sappan),; Leucaena glauca, called ‘*‘taigantangan” in Guam, and ‘*‘ lead tree” in the British West Indies; and the well-known opoponax, Acacia farne- siana, Which bears yellow globular heads of fragrant flowers. Twining among these bushes are Abrus abrus (Pl. XX Xil), which bears the tiny red-and-black seeds called crab’s eyes; the spiny yam (Dioscorea spinosa) (Pl. XLIX), which often renders the thickets impenetrable; Cassytha jiliformis, a leafless, wiry parasite, sometimes called laurel-dodder; and several Leguminosae, including the yam bean, or hikamas (Cacara erosa). Among the Convolvulaceae are sev- eral species of Ipomoea; Argyreia tiliaefolia, the flowers of which, ~ealled abubo, are strung into garlands by the children; and the white- flowered Operculina peltata. On the sites of abandoned gardens are found trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, both indigenous to the island and introduced, which the natives usually plant near their houses. Among them are Calo- phyllum inophyllum, breadfruit both seedless and sterile, coconuts, Terminalia catappa, Erythrina indica, Ceiba pentandra, Tamarin- dus indica, Anacardium occidentale, Cassia fistula, Crescentia alata, Pandanus tectorius, Pandanus dubius, Pandanus fragrans, Cycas circinalis, Annona reticulata, Canangium odoratum, Agave vivipara, Adenanthera pavonina, Pithecolobium dulce, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Pariti tiliaceum, Herpetica alata, and bunches of Job’s tears (Coix lachrymae-jobc) and of lemon grass (Andropogon nardus). Many of these are self-propagating. The introduced Canangium odoratum (ilangilang tree), which the natives plant for the sake of its fragrant lowers, is gradually spreading: over the islandéthrough the medium of fruit pigeons. These birds are also fond of the fruit of the ink berry PLANTS OF ABANDONED CLEARINGS. 59 (Cestrum pallidum), the \emoncito or orange berry (Zriphasia trifo- liata), and the piod or beach plum (Ximenia americana), which they spread in the same way. Pineapples continue to grow for years where they are planted, and in old garden spots are found plants of the intro- duced arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) (Pl. X XV), the native arrow- root (gabgab), Tacca pinnatifida, turmeric, wild and cultivated ginger, and the cassava plant, or mandioca (Manihot manthot). Among the trees and shrubs which do not spread of their own accord in (vuam are the tamarind, the cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale), the tree which in Honolulu is called the ‘‘ golden shower” (Cass7a fistula), the pome- granate, the scarlet hibiscus, and the ornamental Phyllaureas, Aralias, and Acanthaceae of the gardens. It is interesting to note that of the three Annonas introduced into the island the custard apple or bullock’s- heart (A. reticulata) is the only species found wild, the soursop (A. muricata) (Pl. XXXIV), and the sweet-sop or sugar apple (A. sguamosa) (Pl. XX XV), growing only where planted. Among the plants which on account of their sterility must be planted by man are the textile screw pine or aggag (Pandanus tectorius), only one sex of which grows on the island; the seedless breadfruit or lemae (Artocarpus communis); taro (Caladium colocasia) and yams (Dioscorea spp.), which are seldom known to produce seed; sweet potatoes, which are propagated by cuttings, and bananas and plan- tains, which are seedless and must be grown from root suckers. Young plants of Agave vivipara, which the natives call ‘‘ lirio de palo” or the ‘‘tree lily,” are often found growing in circles, with the dead mother plant at the center. | Whole fields are overgrown with guava bushes, just as in the Hawaiian Islands and many other tropical countries;/ but the common lantana (Lantana camara) and the sensitive plant (IZimosa pudica), which are pests in so many parts of the world, have, fortunately, not yet found their way to Guam. Among the plants which have escaped from gardens are the pretty blue pea (Clitoria ternatea); the crimson-flowered cypress vine (Qua- moclit quamoclit), which the natives call ‘‘angel’s hair” (cabello del angel); Lochnera rosea, sometimes known as the Madagascar peri- winkle; the marvel of Peru, or four-o’clock (Mirabilis jalapa), and the touch-me-not or garden balsam (/inpatiens balsamina). Tomatoes bearing small fruit, either oval or globular, are also found growing near abandoned gardens, and occasionally gourd vines (Lagenaria lagenaria) are seen bearing bottle-shaped fruit. On the edges of clearings, growing in partial shade, are two bur- bearing plants called ‘‘dadangse” (stickers) by the natives: Uvrena sinuata, » malvaceous shrub with five-lobed leaves and rose-purple flowers, and Triumfetta rhomboidea, belonging to the Tiliaceae, with simple leaves and inconspicuous yellow flowers. The fruit of both is 60 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. armed with hooked prickles and catches upon the clothing of men and the fur of animals, so that these plants are common along roadsides. Other wayside plants are the species of Sida, already mentioned, which the natives call ‘‘escobilla” (broom) and gather fresh each day for sweeping out their houses. . The commonest grasses are Andropogon aciculatus, Capriola dac- tylon, Centotheca lappacea, Chaetochloa glauca aurea, Dactyloctenium aegyptiacum, Hleusine indica, Dimeria chloridiformis, Echinochloa colona, Eragrostis pilosa, Eragrostis tenella, Isachne minutula, [sehae- mum digitatum polystachyum, Ischaemum chordatum, Panicum di- stachyum, Paspalum scrobiculatum, and Stenotaphrum subulatum. Associated with grasses are often found the creeping Commelina benghalensis and Commelina nudiflora, and Zygomenes cristata, with scorpioid cymes of blue flowers inclosed in large falcate, inbricating bracts. Among the sedges are Carex densiflora, Carex fuirenoides, Cladium gaudichaudii, Cyperus rotundus, Cyperus difformis, several species of Fimbristylis, Fuirena umbellata, Eleocharis capitata, FE. planta- ginoidea, Kyllinga monocephala, Mariscus albescens, and Rynchospora corymbosa. : VILLAGE ENVIRONS. Besides the trees mentioned above as growing on the sites of aban- doned gardens many others are planted about the villages. Oranges, lemons, limes, citrons, shaddocks, and bergamots are common. In many gardens grow the pomegranate, atis, or sugar apple (Annona squamosa); laguana or soursop (Annona muricata); papaya (Carica papaya); Biva orellana, with burs resembling beechnuts and seed sur- rounded by a red coloring matter; coffee which yields abundant crops; bananas and plantains of several varieties; vines of betel pepper (Piper betle) covering trees and wallsg bushes of the fragrant henna, or *‘ cina- momo” (Lawsonia inermis), which in Jamaica is called the mignonette tree: the oleander, crape myrtle, and scarlet hibiscus, planted for the sake of their flowers, and ornamental species of Phyllaurea, and of Acanthaceae and Araliaceae, planted for the sake of their foliage. Along the roadsides are fine mango trees; J/elia azedarach, the *‘ pride of India,” bearing clusters of lavender flowers with dark violet stamens; the horse-radish tree (J/oringa moringa) (Pl. LVI), here called ‘*marunggai;” the silk-cotton tree (Ceiba pentandra), called **algodon de Manila;” the leguminous Agaté grandiflora, called “‘ katurai” (PI. Vi), with edible flowers and seed pods; Poinciana pulcherrima, called - ‘flower fence” in the British West Indies, bearing racemes of beau- tiful red and yellow flowers; the Indian almond (Terminalia catappa), here called ‘*talisai,” 2 handsome tree with a straight trunk, whorls of ' horizontal branches, and large, glossy, deciduous leaves, which turn red betore falling off. PLATE VI. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX, RS AND PobDs. A LEGUMINOUS TREE WITH EDIBLE FLOWE AGATI GRANDIFLORA NATURAL SIZE. See rete: PLANTS OF SPECIAL INTEREST. 61 Among the rarer trees are Delonix regia, the magnificent flam- boyant; the cabo-negro palm (Saguerus pinnatus); Coelococeus anica- rum, the ivory nut palm of the Caroline Islands (Pl. XLV); the candle nut (Aleurites moluccana), called *‘ kukui” in Hawaii, but here known by its Philippine name, ‘“‘lumbang;” Pangiwm edule, called * pangi” in the Philippines and ‘‘rauel” or ‘‘rauwell” on the island of Yap: the jujube tree (Zizyphus jujuba), here called ‘“‘manzanas” (apples); and Sandoricum indicum, here called by the Malayan and Philippine name, ‘‘santol,” the fruit of which has an acid pulp of fine flavor. Of the last species I know of but one tree, which grows on the ranch of Don José de Leon Guerrero in the district called Lalo. There are also one or two date palms, but they have not been known to fruit. The occurrence on the island of Canarium commune has been recorded, but the writer has not seen this species. This is the tree called in Manila ‘*brea blanca” (white pitch), which yieids the valuable resin known in commerce as Manila ‘‘elemi” and the nuts called ‘‘pili,” or Java almonds. Polynesian chestnuts (Bocoa edulis), avocados (Persea persea), Japanese loquats (Hriobotrya japonica), and navel oranges were introduced by the writer. All of them grew well at first, but the avocados were killed by a heavy rain, and it is not known whether the others are still living. Two trees of mandarin oranges grow in the garden of Don José Herrero in the district of San Ramon, Agafia, and opposite his house is a vigorous sapodilla tree (Sapota zapotilla). The mandarin trees bear very good fruit, but the sapodilla (here called ‘*chica”) has never borne. The durian (Durio zibethinus), the lanzon (Lansium domesticum), so common in the Philippines, and the man- gosteen (Garcinia mangostana) do not occur on the island. Grapes and the edible fig (/%cus carica) have been introduced but do not thrive well. PLANTS OF SPECIAL INTEREST. UNIDENTIFIED TREES AND SHRUBS. - Among the trees and shrubs of the island there are a number men- tioned by early collectors and by the Spanish governors in their official reports which have not yet been identified. It is a well-known fact that many tropical forest trees yielding important commercial woods, resins, gums, balsams, and medicines are not yet known to science. This is in most cases owing to the difficulty of preparing good botan- ical specimens of such plants for the herbarium. In this connection Mr. O. F. Cook, of the United States Department of Agriculture. writes as follows: The size itself makes it difficult to observe a tree as a whole or to bring numerous individuals under the eye at once, as may be done with smaller plants. Moreover, trees can not be preserved as complete specimens, and only small fragments can be accommodated for ready reference in the herbarium. Nevertheless, the task may 62 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. be said to be comparatively simpie with the trees of temperate climates, where forests are comparatively open and frequently composed of only a few kinds of trees or, perhaps, of a single species. In the Tropics a natural forest of one species is practi- cally unknown; hundreds of kinds grow indiscriminately mixed together. Crowded together in tropical forests trees have nothing like the shapes or habits they would assume if standing alone. All are putting forth, as it were, their best efforts to grow tall and thus secure as much sunlight as possible. Their leaves and branches are inextricably confused, interlaced with climbing plants, and encumbered with para- sites and epiphytes. To cut down a particular tree may be impossible unless one is willing to clear a large neighboring area to permit it to fall. Unless the botanist finds a clearing his opportunities for securing even the desired fragments of branches with leaves, flowers, and fruit may be extremely few. Hence, our knowledge of tropical trees is still in the early pioneer stages. @ Among the trees mentioned by Gaudichaud under their vernacular names are the ifil, fago, adban, chopag, chuti (tchiuti), seyafi (sidjiafi), kadela, langiti, hodda (odda), tagete (tagaiti), nunu, hayun-lago; and in the list of woods forwarded by Governor Olive to the captain-gen- eral of the Philippines are agatelang, agaliyan-halomtano, aguanac, ahgao, alom, amahayan, afgilao, aplokhating, brea, chosg6, faka, fago, fafiog, gausale, guaguaot, gulos, hayunmananas, hayun-palaoan, lalaha, lalanyog, langiti, lana, lenaya, luluhut, makupa, mahlokhayu, mapufiao, nimo, holon, pacpac, palma brava, panago (or banalo), pengua, kelitae (or palaga-hilitae), sayafo (or seyafe), sumai, sumaclacla, umumo, yoga. Only a few of these trees have been identified. (ood specimens of all are desirable for herbaria. Among the unidentified shrubs are several species which Gaudi- chaud referred to the genus Pavetta, called by the natives ‘‘ utud,” ‘‘otud” or *‘ utug,” *‘sesbu” or ‘*sosbu,” and *‘ guaguabug.” Another shrub not yet determined, having a disgusting fetid odor and flowers growing in axillary and terminal umbels, is called by the natives ‘* pau-dedo.” GROUPS WHICH ARE NOT WELL KNOWN. Certain families of plants have not been well worked up, such as the Apocynaceae, Rubiaceae, Verbenaceae, Urticaceae, and Euphorbiaceae. Among the first there are certain seaside shrubs allied to Cerbera referred to by Gaudichaud under the name of Rauwolfia and Plumiera. One of these is probably Ochrosia mariannensis, but the others are not yet known. Among the Rubiaceae are several small shrubs allied to the genus Ixora. Among the Verbenaceae the Guam plants belong- ing to the genera Premna and Vitex should be compared with series from other localities, and it is probable that there is a second species of Clerodendron, with bitter leaves, which has not yet been recorded. There are several species of Phyllanthus, Euphorbia, and Glochidion which have not yet been collected as well as a few Myrtaceae. «Cook, Culture Central American Rubber Trees, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Industry, Bull. 49, p. 18, 1903. PLANTS FIRST KNOWN FROM GUAM. 63 Very little is known of the algae, and still less of the fungi, lichens, mosses, and hepatics of the island. As in every part of the tropical world, there is much uncertainty about the various forms of cultivated yams, aroids, bananas, plantains, and breadfruit, and complete botanical specimens of these should be obtained, together with photographs of the growing plants, their flowers, fruits, and roots, and notes of the odor of the flowers and flavor of the fruit or roots. Similar work should be done on the screw pines of the island in order that careful comparisons may be made with the species and well-defined varieties from other parts of the world. Notes of particular methods of propagation, cultivation, and preparation for use are also valuable. The bamboos are not definitely known, and the entire genus Ficus, which includes the banyans, remains to be worked up. Special efforts should be made to get photo- graphs of flowering bamboos and aroids. GUAM TYPES. To the botanical collector the most desirable species are those which were first described from type specimens collected on this island. Some of these original types are in very poor condition or are incom- plete, lacking fruit or flowers or leaves from various parts of the plant or a representation of one of the sexes, and the identity of others is not well established, owing to the lack of a sufficient number to form a series for comparison with closely allied species from other locali- ties. The handsome caper growing on the rocky shores of the island (Capparis mariana Jacq.) is supposed to be a variety of Capparis spinosa; Clavaylon marianum Mill. Arg. is very closely allied to Claoxylon taitense of Tahiti; Ipomoea mariannensis, a plant which has never been figured, should be compared with the American /pomoea triloba,; the epiphytal fleshy-leaved Dischidia puberula should be com- pared with Dischidia benghalensis, for which it was first mistaken by Gaudichaud; the fragrant Gynopogon torresianus of Guam should be compared with the allied species from other Pacific islands; a series of specimens of Melastoma marianum should be secured for compari- son with the closely allied A/elastoma denticulatum and M. malabath- ricum of Polynesia and the East Indies. The Guam Pipers and Peperomias need further study, and the Guam types of species of Ochrosia, Cormigonus, Phylanthus, Glochidion, Euphorbia, and the hispid-leaved, yellow-flowered Stemmodontia canescens should also be secured. YAMS, BANANAS, AND BREADFRUIT. Many distinct kinds of yams (Dioscorea), bananas (Musa), and breadfruit (Artocarpus) are recognized wherever these plants are cul- 4See Schumann, Flora deutschen ost-asiatischen Schutzgebietes, p. 201, 1888. 64 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. tivated, but very little has been done to fix the species and varieties and to compare those growing in different parts of the world. Yams are dicecious, and the flowers of many recognized varieties are imper- fectly known. In some cases the flowers of but a single sex have been described; in others the fruit has never been observed, and in others only the tubers are known. Sir Joseph Hooker,” who has done much to straighten out the Indian species, writes as follows: The species of Dioscorea are in a state of indescribable confusion, and I can not hope to have escaped errors in the determination and delimitation of the Indian ones, to which I have devoted much labor. The Roxburghian food-yielding species are for the most part indeterminable, and, except through a knowledge of them as cultivated in India, they can not be understood. No doubt some of the species described by me have other earlier names in the Malayan flora than I have given; but the Malayan species are even more loosely described than the Indian. The Wallichian collection is very complete, but the species are often mixed. What has been said of the Indian yams applies also to those of the Pacific islands, and is also true of the many varieties of Musa and Artocarpus. Nearly every collector gives a list of named varieties of Dioscorea, Musa, and Artocarpus in the vernacular of the various localities visited, but scarcely any attempt has been made to fix these varieties and to bring together the various kinds from different local- ities for comparison. These must be studied in the countries where they are found and should be represented in collections not only by series of botanical specimens of the flowers, fruit, leaves, and roots (in alcohol, when necessary), but by photographs of the fresh plants, including representations of the flowers, fruits, tubers, etc., of natural size or according to some definite scale of reduction or enlargement. In this way only will it be possible to bring together and compare species and varieties from India, Australia, the Malayan and Pacitic islands, Africa, and America. SCREW PINES. The Pandanaceae are known no better than the yams. Some of them are propagated asexually for the sake of their textile leaves, and much confusion exists among the species. Very few have been described. Warburg has done much to delimit the species and varieties and clear up questions of synonymy, but there remains much more to be done. In his monograph of the Pandanaceae? Warburg mentions only one species, Pandanus dubius Spreng. (Hombronia edulis Gaudich.), as occurring in the Marianne Islands, and does not refer to the textile , species with glaucous leaves (the aggak of the natives), which has been cultivated in Guam from prehistoric times (PI. VIJ), nor the fragrant- fruited species with bright green leaves (ka70), which is one of the most common plants of the island (Pl. LX). As only one sex of the «Hooker, Flora British India, vol. 6, pp. 288-289, 1892. >’ Warburg, Pandanaceae, in Engler, Pflanzenreich, vol. 4, p. 9, 1900. PLATE VII. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. THE AGANA RIVER, ISLAND OF GUAM, SHOWING TEXTILE SCREW PINE, BREADFRUIT, AND OVERHANGING COCONUTS. ay - Contr. Nat. Herb , Vol. IX. PLATE VIII. THE FOREST OF GUAM, SHOWING CYCAS CIRCINALIS, SCREW PINE, AND THE ROOTS OF A GIANT BANYAN. PLANTS OF SPECIAL INTEREST. 65) textile species occurs on the island no fruit of course is produced by it. The importance of collecting the flowers and preserving them carefully in alcohol or formalin is evident, as well as the necessity of making photographs of the growing tree to show its habit, the char- acter of its bark, its method of branching, its fascicles of leaves, and the emergences on its stem and aerial roots. BANYANS, MANGROVES, AND EPIPHYTES OF THE FOREST. Of special interest on account of their method of germination and erowth are the giant banyans (/%cws spp.) of the forest, the mangroves of the brackish estuaries, and certain epiphytal cryptogams and other plants. The banyans usually begin their Salstones upon other trees, sending down ,aerial roots which interlace and grow together, clasping the trunk of their host and eventually strangling it. They then lead an independent existence, their great spreading limbs sending down more roots, which are like pendent threads at first, but soon thicken after gaining a foothold in the earth, and serve as columns to support the great dome of foliage overhead, as well as to supply it with nourish- ment and moisture (Pl. VIII). The chief interest in the mangroves (Rhizophora and Bruguicra) lies in the fact that their fruit germinates while still attached to the tree, the spindle-shaped radicle perforating the apex of the fruit, elongating and hanging vertically downward. When the fruit falls the radicle sticks into the soft mud below, retaining an upright position, like a stake thrust into the ground, onl resisting the current of the tide as it ebbs and flows. The forest epiphytes are not well known, owing to the difficulty in collecting them. Care should be taken to visit clearings where forest land is being prepared for planting. “In such places good material can undoubtedly be collected. The most interesting epiphyte thus far col- lected in Guam is Dischidia puberula, which belongs to a genus hay- ing some of their fleshy leaves modified into urn-like receptacles. These usually contain water, and the adventitious roots of the stem often creep into them, as if for nourishment or moisture. PLANTS THAT SLEEP. Among the Guam plants there are a number which exhibit in a marked degree the phenomenon known as “‘ sleep movements,” folding their leaves each night and opening them again at sunrise. Some of them (Acacia farnesiana and Abrus abrus, Pl. XX XI1), are so sensi- tive to changes in the intensity of light that thev go to sleep if the sky suddenly becomes overcast, and wake up when the sun reappears. Most of these plants are leguminous, but. there is one remarkable 9773—05——_5 66 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. example belonging to the Oxalidaceae. This is Averrhoa carambola, the *‘ bilimbines” of the natives, a tree which yields a pellucid oval- shaped, five-angled fruit. (Pl. XX XVII) Its foliage is not only sensitive to light and darkness, sunshine and shade, but also to sudden mechanical shocks, the leaves bending and their leaflets folding very much as in the case of the sensitive plant (J/imosa pudica). Besides the above-mentioned plants are several species of Cassia, Caesalpinia, Erythrina indica and other Leguminosae; and, among the Euphor- biaceae, two or three species of Phyllanthus and Euphorbia. PLANTS WHICH SELDOM BLOOM. Many plants grow spontaneously on the island which in many other parts of the world are seen only ina state of cultivation. The plant which produces the celebrated ‘‘rhea” fiber, Boehmeria tenacissima, which in cultivation is herbaceous and seldom flowers, grows spontane- ously in Guam in the form of a shrub or small tree, called in the island vernacular ‘‘amahayan.” Species of Colocasia and Alocasia, which seldom bloom in cultivation, and which are classified according to their inflorescence, here appear to grow in a state of nature. Their soft, fleshy spathes should be collected and preserved in alcohol or formalin for comparison with species and varieties from other localities. Bam- boos also are among the plants which seldom flower. The species growing in Guam have not yet been identified with certainty owing to the lack of good specimens of inflorescence. In cultivation all the plants here mentioned are propagated asexually, and are divided into a number of varieties. PLANTS WITH EXTRAFLORAL NECTARIES. There are perhaps few localities which offer better facilities for the observation of extrafloral nectaries. Here within a small area, grow- ing not in conservatories, but in a state of nature, may be observed a remarkably large number of plants having glands on the midribs, veins, petioles, or rachis of their leaves, or on the peduncles, pedicels, or sepals of their flowers. Among them are species of Cassia, Eryth- rina, and Acacia, with stalked disk or cup-like glands, and, belonging to the Euphorbiaceae, the candle-nut (Aleurites) and the well-known castor bean with well-marked nectaries at the junction of the blade and the petiole of the leaf. Ricinus communis is especially well provided with these nectar glands. They occur on the nodes of the stem, along the petioles of the leaves, and the serrations of the leaf blades (PI. IX, fig. 2), as well as at the base of the blade where it is joined by the petiole. At this point there are usually two nectaries, though there may be but one, or there may be three or four when the leaf has a greater number of lobes than usual. Many of the Euphorbiaceae are provided with extra- PLATE |X. Contr. Nat. Herb , Vol. IX, ENLARGED 43 DIAMETERS. MARGINAL NECTAR GLANDS OF RICINUS LEAF. the FIG Fic. 2.—CrRoss SECTION THROUGH LARGE NECTAR GLANDS AT BASE OF RICINUS LEAF- ENLARGED 30 DIAMETERS. BLADE. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE X. Fia. 1.—NECTAR GLAND IN LOWER SURFACE OF MIDRIB OF COTTON LEAF. ENLARGED 50 DIAMETERS. Fig. 2.—VAGINATE NECTAR GLAND IN MIDRIB OF PARITI TILIACEUM. NATURAL SIZE. PLANTS WITH EXTRAFLORAL NECTARIES. 67 floral nectar glands, which have been noticed by systematic as well as by physiological botanists (Baillon, Miller Arg., Bentham and Hooker). They are found on the stipules of Jatropha multifida, and on the petiole at the base of the leaf blade of Alewrites moluccana. In a paper by Percy Groom on the extrafloral nectaries of the allied Aleurites cordata” these petiolar nectaries are described as follows: Each nectary is a green-stalked shallow basin, the concavity of which is tinted red. The secreting cells which line the basin form a single layer of palisade-like cells. The general cuticle is preserved over these, and the secretion emerges through splits init. The main body of the basin is composed of an anastomosing system of con- ducting parenchyma and ground parenchyma. * * * The secreting cells contain proteids, sugar, a red coloring matter (a compound of tannin?), tannin, but no starch. In the ground parenchyma starch, tannin, and crystals of calcic oxalate occur. The conducting parenchyma contains sugar, but no starch or crystals. * * * Darkening the nectaries of leaves on the plant or. of excised. leaves, or darkening the whole leaves, caused a gradual disappearance of the starch, but the nectaries continued to excrete for a time. The above description applies very nearly to the stipulary nectaries of Ricinus, a photograph of a cross section of which, made by Mr. B. J. Howard, of the United States Department of Agriculture, is shown in Plate IX, fig. 1, sie, | Among the Malvaceae growing in Guam several are provided with nectar glands on the underside of the midrib. These are most con- spicuous in U/rena sinuata, occurring not only on the midrib, but some- times on the main lateral ribs of the palmate leaves. They also occur on all leaves of cotton (Gossypium sp.) and on the midrib of Parit: tiliaceum (Pl. X, fig. 2), in the form of vaginate glands. A photo- graph of a cross section of the nectar gland of a cotton leaf, also made by Mr. Howard, is shown in Plate X, fig. 1. The sweet fluid secreted by these glands is eagerly sought by sugar- loving insects, and a number of authors maintain that the power of secreting it has been specially gained by plants for the sake of attract- ing ants and wasps, which will serve as defenders against caterpillars, leaf-cutting insects, or other enemies; but Darwin,? after a series of observations, could not see any reason to believe this to be so with the species observed by him, although the fact that these glands are visited by insects for the sake of their nectar can be verified at any time of the day when the sun is shining, and these insects must serve as a protection for them. It is interesting to note that these glands. may occur in one species and be absent from another closely allied to it of the same genus. Indeed, there are species in which the glands are present on some leaves and absent from others, and of their vari- ability we have already spoken in connection with Ricinus and Urena. « Annals of Botany, vol. 8, p. 228, 1894. >Cross and self fertilization, pp. 4038, 404, 1877. 68 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. On this account Delpino” argues that these glands ought not to be regarded as excretory, since if they were so, they would be more constant and would occur in every species. Their variability is especially noticeable in the genus Cassia, where the tiny cup-shaped nectaries may be found on the petioles of some species and the rachis’ of others, but are absent from both in others. If they performed some necssary function it is hard to believe that they would not occur in all the species. One thing is certain, they are more highly developed and more active in the young and tender leaves and about opening leaf buds than on the older and tougher leaves, which are less tempting to herbivorous animals, and more able to resist their attacks; and whatever may be the truth regarding the presence of these glands in general, Belt has shown conclusively? that the bull’s-horn acacia of Central America (Acacia sphaerocephala) not only attracts stinging ants by its nectaries, but offers them as an additional attraction dainty food rich in oil and protoplasm in the form of small bodies at the end of the divisions of the compound leaflets, which the ants gather when ripe and carry to their homes in the stout hollow thorns of the plant itself. The fruit-like bodies do not ripen all at once, but successively, so that the ants are kept about the young leaf for some time after it unfolds, and Belt arrived at the conclusion that the ants are really kept by the acacia as a standing army, to protect its leaves from the attacks of herbivorous mammals and insects. In the same way there is a succes- sion of active nectaries about the tender young leaf buds and flower clusters of Ricinus, which are constantly visited by wasps and ants; and the important part played by the nectar glands in the petioles of the cotton leaf (Pl. X) as an attraction to ants which serve to protect the plant from the boll weevil and other injurious insects has recently awakened great interest and has been turned to economic account.¢ PLANTS WITH PROTECTIVE DEVICES. _ Interesting examples of self-protection are offered by several plants evrowing in Guam, the most striking of which is that of the spiny yam, Dioscoreu spinosa. This plant grows spontaneously on the island and in places forms impenetrable thickets. It takes its name not from the small prickles on the stem but from a mass of spines surrounding the base of the stem and serving as a protection to the starchy tubers below from hogs and other enemies. This species has often been con- fused with Doscorea aculeata, the cultivated prickly yam in Guam, called ‘* nika,” which it resembles in the form of its broad heart-shaped « Rapporti tra insetti e tra nettarii estranuziali, p. 63, 1875. 6 Naturalist in Nicaragua, p. 218, 1874. ¢See Cook, An Enemy of the Cotton Boll Weevil, U. S. Dept. Agr., Rept. No. 78; also his Report on the habits of the kelep, or Guatemalan cotton-boll weevil ant, U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bull. No. 49, 1904. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE XI. Fia. 1.—RAPHIDES, OR NEEDLE-LIKE CRYSTALS OF OXALATE OF LIME IN LEAF-BLADE OF TARO PLANT (CALADIUM COLOCASIA). ENLARGED 100 DIAMETERS. Fig. 2.—A SINGLE CAPSULE DISCHARGING ITS NEEDLES. ENLARGED 200 DIAMETERS. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. ; PLATE XII. Filia. 1.—NEEDLE CELL IN PETIOLE OF TARO LEAF. ENLARGED 300 DIAMETERS. Fia. 2.—NEEDLE CELL IN BLADE OF TARO LEAF. ENLARGED 300 DIAMETERS. ACRIDITY OF TARO LEAVES. 69 leaves, with deep basal sinus, and in its prickly stem. (PI. XLIX.) It is very distinct, however, in having about its base the mass of spines referred to. They are wiry and branching, and have very much the appearance of sharp compound fishhooks. In reality they are lateral roots which differ from typical monocotyledonous roots in their hard woody structure and the absence of root caps. Mr. T. G. Hill and Mrs. W. G. Freeman, who made a study of the root structure of an allied species growing in Africa, found that ‘the lateral roots form the actual spines. They only exhibit normal root-structures at the extreme apex; elsewhere the phloem strands travel regularly throughout the whole area of the stele, while the xylem is more or less restricted to the central region. The hardness both of the main roots and the spines is due to the thickening and lignification of the con- junctive tissue of the stele.”“ Whether or not these spines have been specially developed for the purpose of protecting the edible tuber may be questioned, but that they do protect it is certain. Among the principal food staples of Guam is the taro, Caladiwm colocasia, a plant of the Arum family. Both the land and water varie- ties (P|. X XEV) are found invariably to have their smooth, succulent, satiny leaves free from the ravages of snails, insects, or herbivorous animals. Cattle and chickens delight in nipping off the young leaves of bananas and plantains; deer often inflict serious injury on a young coconut plantation in a single night; breadfruit trees suffer from the attacks of all herbivorous animals, and must be protected from them— fruit, leaves, and bark; and even tobacco will be devoured in the field by insect Jarvee unless it is carefully watched and attended. On chew- ing a small portion of a taro leaf, the cause of its safety from attack is at once apparent. The tongue, roof of the mouth, and lining of the throat seem to be pierced by a thousand tiny needles. The allied Alocasiae, plants also belonging to the Araceae, called ‘* piga” by the natives of Guam, are so very acrid that the skin is sometimes stung by merely rubbing against one of their leaves. Not only is the root of the taro edible, but the tender young leaves are eaten like spinach or asparagus. When not thoroughly cooked, however, they retain their acridity, and in Polynesia it is a common occurrence to expe- rience an intense inflammation or burning of the throat after a meal of savory taro tops cooked with cocoanut custard. Through the courtesy of Dr. H. W. Wiley, Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry, United States Department of Agriculture, a careful chem- ical and histological examination of fresh taro plants was made for me by Mr. Lyman F. Kebler and Mr. B. J. Howard. The result of their examination and experiments tends to corroborate the theory thai he burning sensation experienced on chewing the leaves is not caused by an acrid fluid, but by minute needle-like crystals of calcium oxalate « Annals of Botany, vol. 17, p. 418, 1903. 70 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. (V1. NI) contained in their tissue. Many plants in which these erys- tals are found are not acrid to the taste, but most of the Araceae, including our own Indian turnip, or jack-in-the-pulpit, are intensely so. In some plants the crystals are developed singly in a cell of the parenchyma; in other cases they are in the form of a radiating clus- ter, while in others, including several families of monocotyledons, they form compact bundles, called raphides. These raphides are some- times found in a cell which can not be easily separated from the remaining tissue of the plant. In the genera Caladium and Alocasia they are inclosed in what appears to be an elongated transparent cap- sule filled with mucilage. These capsules, or cartridges, are situated in the partition wall between two vacuoles, their ends projecting into the adjacent vacuoles. (PI. XII.) When the vacuoles become filled with water by being crushed in chewing or when artificially macerated, the mucilage absorbs water through the capsule walls, increasing in volume so that it exerts such a pressure that the needles are ejected with considerable force from the capsule at one or both ends, where the cell wall is thinner than at the sides. While Mr. Howard was examining a section containing some of these raphides, the capsules absorbed water and began to discharge - themselves by what appeared to be a series of explosions.” In PI. XI, fig. 1, is shown a section of taro leaf multiplied by 100 diam- eters, with the raphides in place. The thirsty mucilage, as it has been called by one author,’ has absorbed a certain quantity of water and some of the needles have been forced out. In fig. 2 is shown a single capsule discharging the needles at both ends, the distance to which they have been projected to the right showing that the force of the discharge was considerable. At every discharge the capsule recoiled like a gun which has been fired. In Pl. XII, fig. 1, is shown a cross section of the blade of a taro leaf magnified 300 diameters. This shows a capsule in place, with its ends projecting into adjacent empty vacuoles. Fig. 2 shows a similar cell in the tissue of the petiole. These capsules retain their power to absorb water and discharge their needles after the leaf has been thoroughly dried. They must be subjected to great heat to lose their activity; and when this is lost, as in cooking, the plant is no longer acrid. Sufficient heat is not always developed in boiling to effect the change. Pl. XIII shows single capsules, or ‘‘ bombs,” as Doctor Wiley has called them, in fig. 1 just beginning to discharge its needles and in fig. 2 in full action. Doctor Wiley in his description says: I immediately took Mr. Howard’s place at the microscope and saw for a period of five or ten minutes a most remarkable display. Continual discharges were made from this bomb, the ends of the arrows spreading out as they emerged in groups of «See Doctor Wiley’s account in Science, July 24, 1908. 6Turpin, Ann. des Sci. Nat. 2° serie, vol. 6, p. 18, 1836. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE XIII. Fic. 1.—CAPSULE OF TARO BEGINNING TO DISCHARGE NEEDLES. ENLARGED 300 DIAMETERS. Fia. 2.—CAPSULE OF TARO WITH THE NEEDLES SHOOTING FORTH. ENLARGED 300 DIAMETERS. PLATE XIV. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. LEAF AND CARPOPHYLL BEARING HALF-DEVELOPED FRUIT. CYCAS CIRCINALIS. NATURAL SIZE. CYCAS CIRCINALIS. (Ol from 4 to10. As these groups were finally separated from the bombs they were discharged with considerable velocity into the ambient liquid, the bomb itself suf- fering a corresponding recoil. * * * The field of vision in the vicinity of the bomb became partially covered with these long crystals, but the supply within the bomb did not seem to diminish materially. There must have been hundreds of the arrows in one single spheroid. * * * If the plant is not thoroughly cooked its acrid qualities remain in some degree. If thoroughly cooked they are destroyed. It is interesting to note that in cases where the leaves are chewed, either fresh or dried, the stinging sensation is not perceived until a few moments afterward, and in many cases it is not until the taro has been eaten that the prickly sensation in the lining of the mouth and throat shows that it has not been thoroughly cooked. * * * Alocasia indica, a plant closely allied to the taro plant, is so acrid that the Pacific Islanders resort to it only in cases of great scarcity of food. The disagreeable effects caused by these plants seem to be confined to the temporary prickling sensation of the mouth and throat. They are undoubtedly nutritious and are held in high esteem by the natives. - The réle played by raphides in protecting plants from herbivorous animals has been discussed by Otto Kuntze, in the Heft zur Botanis- chen Zeitung, 1877, and by Ernst Stahl in the Jenaische Zeitscrift fiir Naturwissenshaft und Medicine, 1888. The phenomenon of the explo- sion or shooting forth of the needles was first noticed by Turpin in 1836. He called the capsules containing them ‘‘ biforines,” errone- ously supposing them to be provided with an opening at each end. CYCAS CIRCINALIS AND ITS FECUNDATION. One of the most interesting plants growing in Guam is the ‘‘ fadan,” or ‘‘federiko” (Cycas circinalis), the nuts of which were a food staple of the aborigines before the discovery of the island. Its cylin- drical, scarred trunk, and stiff, pinnated, glossy leaves suggest ideal pictures of the forests of the Carboniferous age. (Pl. VIII.) Its nuts, poisonous when crude, but abounding in starch, are converted into a nutritious arrowroot, or sago, in several tropical countries. But its chief interest is in the structure of its inflorescence and the manner of its fructification. The group of plants to which it belongs occupies a place intermediate between the flowering plants and the cryptogams. Like the former, it has fruit with a large starchy endo- carp, but, as in the latter, fecundation is accomplished by means of spermatozoids and archegonia, corresponding to the male and female elements in animals. The male inflorescence is in the form of an erect cone consisting of modified staminal leaves which bear on the under surface globose pollen sacs corresponding to microsporangia. The female inflorescence consists of a tuft of spreading carpellary leaves having their margins coarsely notched. (Pl. XIV.) In the notches are situated the ovules, which are devoid of any protective covering. They correspond to macrosporangia. Pollination is effected by the wind. ‘The pollen settles on the ovules and sends down a tube into the tissue of the nucellus. Archegonia are formed, egg cells develop, (2 ’~ USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. and in the pollen tube are produced spermatozoids provided with minute movable cilia by which they are propelled. These are dis- charged over the archegonia and fecundate the egg. The fecundation of the allied Cycas revoluta of Japan has been studied by the Japanese botanist Ikeno;” that of Zama floridana and Z. pumila of the southern United States by Dr. H. J. Webber, of the United States Department of Agriculture.’ Doctor Webber found the mature spermatozoids of Zamia to be the largest known to occur in any plant or animal. They are even visible to the naked eye. He kept them alive in sugar solutions and found their motion to be due mainly to the action of cilia. In fecundation the entire spermatozoid enters the egg cell, swimming in between the ruptured neck cells. Sometimes two or three spermatozoids enter the same egg, but only one is used in fecundation, the others perishing. On entering the upper part of the egg cytoplasm the nucleus escapes from the spermatozoid, being left slightly in rear of the active ciliferous band. The plasma membrane of the sper- matozoid entirely disappears, seeming to unite with the cytoplasm of the egg, and this allows the spermatozoid cytoplasm also to unite with the egg cytoplasm and leaves the nucleus free. The nucleus passes on to the egg nucleus, with which it unites. Fecundation thus consists of a fusion of two entire cells—cytoplasm with : ay cytoplasm and nucleus with nucleus. ¢ With abundance of living material at hand, the study of Cycas circinalis along the lines followed by Ikeno and Webber could not fail to yield interesting and important results. DISPERSAL OF PLANTS BY OCEAN CURRENTS. On the sandy beaches which forma great part of the east coast of Guam there is always a line of drift, just above high-water mark, which is rich in seeds, fruits of various kinds, and driftwood brought by the great ocean current which sweeps across the Pacific from east to west. Sometimes the seeds and logs are riddled with teredo bor- ings or are covered with barnacles, but often they appear fresh and little worn by the erosion of the waves and sand. Many of the seeds are dead; some of them are alive and capable of germination. Not all the species which reach the islanduhave gained foothold there. The fruits of plants growing in muddy estuaries or mangrove swamps, for instance, can not establish themselves on a clean sandy beach. Germinating fruits of Rhizophora and Bruguiera are frequently cast up only to die, and nuts of the nipa palm, though found in perfect condition, can establish themselves only near the mouths of streams where the water is brackish. Though coconuts are of frequent «S$. Ikeno, Untersuchungen iiber die Entwickelung, ete. Jahrbiicher fiir wissensch. Botanik, 32, Heft 4, p. 557, 1898. See list of works. > Webber, Herbert J., Spermatogenesis and fecundation of Zamia. U. 8. Dept. Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry, Bull. No. 2,1901.. See list of works. ¢Idem., p. 85. ene eee he ee ee cael FG Contr. Nat. Herh., Vol. IX. PLATE XV. SEA BEANS, SHOWING AIR SPACES WHICH GIVE THEM BUOYANCY. SECTION OF POD AND SEEDS OF LENS PHASEOLOIDES HAVING AIR SPACE INCLOSED BETWEEN COTY- LEDONS. SEEDS OF GUILANDINA CRISTA WITH AiR SPACE BETWEEN THE KERNEL AND THE SHELL. DISPERSAL OF PLANTS BY OCEAN CURRENTS. 73 occurrence in the drift, it is interesting to note that on the eastern, or weather, side of the islands where they are washed up, there is not a single coconut grove near the water’s edge, while on the western, or lee, side, where groves have been planted, they grow so near the sea that their roots are often bared by the waves. It seems probable that coconuts grow in Guam only where they have been planted, except in cases where nuts which have fallen from trees of established groves have taken root. The seeds which occur in the drift owe their buoyancy to various causes. Many of the ‘‘sea beans” inclose an air space between their cotyledons; others have kernels which do not fill the stony, water-tight shells, but leave a space for air to keep them afloat; others have a separate air chamber; others have fibrous envelopes-or husks com- posed of light tissue, and still others have woody or cork-like shells of low specific gravity. SEA BEANS ADAPTED FOR FLOATING.—Among the hard stony seeds of leguminous plants cast up on the shores of Guamare gray *‘ nicker- nuts” (Guilandina crista), called *‘ pakao” by the Guam_ natives; brown ‘‘horse-eye sea beans” (St¢zolobium giganteum), with a con- spicuous black raphe encircling nearly three-quarters of the periphery of the seed, and the large flat ‘‘ snuffbox beans” (Lens phascoloides), called ‘‘ bayog” or ‘‘badyog” in Guam and ‘‘cacoons” in the West Indies. These ‘‘sea beans,” or their closely allied representatives growing in the West Indies, were figured as early as 1693 in an account of the objects cast up by the sea on the Orkney Islands by James Wallace, who knew nothing of their origin. They were recognized at once by Hans Sloane as the seeds of plants he had seen growing in Jamaica and which he had included in his catalogue of Jamaica plants. Their occurrence on the shores where they were collected, so far removed from the place of their origin, suggested to Sloane the existence of the current which was afterwards known as the Gulf Stream. Sloane published a paper on the subject in the Philosophical Transactions of London in 1696, in which he for the first time offered to the world the true explanation of the means by which they were transported.’ 3 ' @“ Cast up on the Shoar there are very oft those pretty Nutts, of which they use to make Snuff-boxes. There are four sorts of them, the figures of which are set down.”’ Description Orkney Islands, p. 14, 1693. 5** How these several Beans should come to the Scotch Isles, and one of them to Ireland, seems very hard to determine. It is easy to conceive, that growing in Jamaica in the Woods, they may either fall from the Trees into the Rivers or be any other way conveyed by them into the Sea: it is likewise easie to believe, that being got to Sea, and floating in it in the neighbourhood of that island, they may be car- ried from thence by the Wind and Current, which meeting with a stop on the main continent of Am. is forced through the Gulph of Florida, or Canal of Bahama, going there constantly E. and into the N. American Sea; for the . . . . Sargasso grows on 74 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Guilandina crista has gray polished round seeds of stony hard- ness, about the size of small marbles. When shaken, these seeds, or **nicker-nuts,” give forth a rattling sound, owing to the fact that the kernel, consisting of two closely oppressed cotyledons, fits loosely in the shell, leaving a large air space, which gives buoyancy to the seeds. (A 2Ore tikes tf, OT) The seeds of Lens phaseoloides (Pl. XV, figs. 2, 3, 4) do not rattle when shaken. Their kernels fill the shell completely, but inclosed between the two large cotyledons composing the kernel there is a large air space when the seeds are quite mature and dry. They are very light and float like bubbles on the surface of the sea. The seeds of Stizolobium are easily distinguished from those of Lens by their prominent raphe. Those of Lens have no raphe and are inclosed in an enormous woody, saber-shaped pod (Pl. LVI), consisting of many distinct joints, with a strong woody suture surrounding the whole legume. This suture is persistent and forms a sort of frame from which the inclosed joints may be removed separately. Each joint (PI. XV, fig. 1) is in the form of a closed cell in which the bean fits loosely and rattles about when shaken. This plant owes its very wide distribu- tion to the buoyancy of its seed and its habit of growing near the sea. Great numbers of the seeds are thrown up each year by the Gulf Stream on the Azores, but the plant has not succeeded in establishing itself on those islands. Seeds collected there by Darwin were sent by him to Sir Joseph Hooker. They were planted at Kew and many of them germinated and grew to be fine plants, ‘‘showing that their immersion during a voyage of nearly 3,000 miles had not affected their vitality.” ® MorinDA CITRIFOLIA.—This plant (Pl. XVI), called ‘‘ladda,” or ‘‘Jada,” by the natives of Guam, has seeds of unusual interest. Their buoyancy is insured by a distinct air cell. They are frequently found in the drift of tropical shores, and experiments have been made which demonstrate the great length of time they will float in salt water.¢ the rocks about Jamaica, and is carried by the Winds and Current (which for the most part go impetuously the same way.) towards the coast of Florida, and thence into the Northern Am. Ocean, whereas I mention p. 4. of my Catal. it lyes very thick on the Surface of the Sea: But how they should come the rest of their Voyage T cannot tell, unless it be thought reasonable, that as Ships when they go South expect a trade Easterly Wind, so when they come North, they expect and generally find a Westerly Wind for at least two parts of three of the Year, so that the Beans being brought North by the Current from the Gulph of Florida, are put into these - Westerly Winds way, and may be supposed by this means at last to arrive in Scot- land. Sloane, An Account of Four sorts of strange Beans, etc.’’? Philosophical Trans- actions, vol. 19, pp. 299, 300, 1696. vb J. D. Hooker, Insular Floras, Gardeners’ Chronicle, 1867, pp. 27, 51. ¢See Schimper, Die indo-malayische Strandflora, p. 165, pl. vir, fig. 26, b and e¢, 1891; also Guppy, The Dispersal of Plants, etc., Trans. Victoria Institute, vol. 27, p. 267, 1890. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE XVI. MORINDA CITRIFOLIA. FLOWERS AND FRuit. NATURAL SIZE. a ars Per er DISPERSAL OF PLANTS BY OCEAN CURRENTS. (5) FRUITS WITH BUOYANT HuSsks.—In addition to the coconut, which is provided with a fibrous envelope, and is known to float for long periods of time in the sea without losing its vitality, there are found in the drift of Guam the fruits of Barringtonia speciosa, called ** put- ing” by the natives, and Ochrosia mariannensis, called *‘ fago.” Both of these fruits have fibrous husks, but that of the Barringtonia has a hard glossy surface, somewhat as in the case of the coconut, while the surface of the Ochrosia is soft and easily eroded. The fruits of this Barringtonia (Pl. XX XVIII) are four-cornered and miter-shaped; ‘he natives crush them and use them as a fish intoxicant. Those of the Ochrosia are oval in shape, and, like the closely allied Cerbera fruits of Samoa and other tropical countries, are soon deprived of their pulpy parenchyma, and display the cushion of fiber inclosing the mesocarp. This owes its buoyancy to intercellular air spaces. It is elastic and serves to protect the seed from erosion and from the attacks of animals. MANGROVE FRUITS.—Great numbers of these spindle-shaped young plants are continually carried by the tide from the estuaries into which they drop after having begun to germinate on the tree. The fruits of Rhizophora mucronata (Pl. LXIV) are easily distinguished from those of Bruguiera gymnorhiza (Pl. Xl) by the four-parted persistent calyx, the calyx of Bruguiera consisting of many segments. Associated with them are found the seeds of the ‘‘red-flowered mangrove” (Lumnitzera littorea), called ‘‘ fafa” in Guam; those of Exxcoecaria agallocha, the ‘‘milky mangrove,” or ‘‘blinding-tree,” which grow in catkin-like spikes; and the keeled nuts of the ‘‘ufa” (Heritiera littoralis), the hard shell of which includes a very large air space (PI. LI1). LirroRAL TREES AND SHRUBS.—Other seeds found in the drift are those of Pariti tiliaceum and Thespesia populnea, the ‘*pago” and **kilulu” of the natives, both of which belong to the Malvaceae, and have cavities filled with air; the round nuts of Calophyllum inophyl- Jum, called ‘‘daog;” the boat-shaped ‘‘almonds” of 7erménalva catappa, called ‘‘talisai,” often much eroded; the angular woody seeds of the “Jalanyug” (Xylocarpus granatum), and the ribbed fruit of the nipa palm (Wypa fruticans). Among the plants which grow on the edge of the sea, whose fruit drops into the water continually, are the shrubby Lobelia koenigitt and Tournefortia argentea (Pl. LX VII), associated with the creeping ‘‘ goats-foot convolvulus” (/pomoca pes-caprae), the seeds of which contain air cavities, and the ‘‘ Polynesian ironwood ” (Casuarina equisetifolia), the cones of which (P]. XLI) are corky and buoyant and inclose seeds provided with wings which adapt them for transportation by the wind. ‘The transparent wings of these seeds are stiffened by the persistent style. When a handful of them is thrown into the air they resemble a swarm of flying insects. Hundreds of these seeds, together with the queer-shaped Barringtonia fruits, are 76 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. always to be found germinating on the stretches of sandy beach along the southern portion of the east coast of the island. With Schimper as a guide, and the benefit of the experiments of Guppy and of Treub. a student on the island of Guam would find abundance of material - and a most favorable opportunity for studying the seeds of the drift in the places where they have been deposited by the great trans- Pacific current, and where they could be observed in the process u germinating under absolutely natural conditions. ANIMALS OF THE ISLAND. MAMMALS. Bars.—There are no indigenous quadrupeds in Guam. The only mammals in prehistoric times were two species of bats, the large fruit- eating Preropus keraudrent Q. & G., or ‘flying fox,” called ‘*fanihi” by the natives, and a small insectivorous species, A7nlallonura semicau- data Peale, called **payésyes.” The fanihi flies about in the daytime, flapping its wings slowly like a crow. It has a disagreeable musky odor, but this leaves it when the skin is removed, and the natives some- times eat it. The flesh is tough, but not unsavory. The principal fruits eaten by it are guavas, fertile breadfruit, the drupes of the fragrant screw pine, ealled **kafo,” and eer apples, (:lanona reticulata), Which it has undoubtedly helped to spread over the island. This species occurs in Fiji, the Friendly Islands, New Hebrides, and Pelew Islands. It very closely resembles the iyines foxes of Samoa, which the natives of those islands call ‘‘ pe’a,” or ‘*manu-langi” (bird of heaven). inballonura semicaudute, the insectivorous bat, is noc- turnal in its habits, and flutters about very much like our own common species. It remains in caves during the day and ventures forth at twi- light. It is very similar to, if not identical with, the ‘‘apa’au-vai” of the Samoans, and has been collected in Fiji and the New Hebrides. Rats anp mick.—The Norway or brown rat(J/us decumanus Pallas), called **chaka” by the natives, was probably introduced ito the island through the agency of ships. It is very abundant and is a great pest, especially in plantations of maize and cacao. It also destroys young coconuts, ascending the trees and often making its nests there. The common mouse (J/us musculus L.) has also been introduced. It appar- ently causes little harm. Drrr.—An introduced deer, Cervus mariannus Desm., overruns the island and causes great damage to maize, young coconut palms, and other crops of the natives. It was brought to the island by Don Mariano Tobias, who was governor of the Mariannes from 1771 to 1774. Its flesh has a fine venison flavor, and it is a favorite food staple of the natives, who hunt the animal with dogs and guns, often burning DOMESTIC ANIMALS. WI ereat stretches of sword grass (Xipheagrostis floridula) in which it hides. These animals often make raids upon the garden patches of the natives, sometimes coming down into the palace garden at night and eating the melons and other succulent vegetables cultivated there. During the rutting season the honking cries of the fighting bucks are heard at night, especially when the moon is full. Domestic ANIMALS.—Buttalo, cattle, horses, mules, pig's, goats, cats, and dogs have been introduced. The buffalo (Lubalus buffdus L.) are used for carrying burcens, drawing carts, and for plowing rice, just as in the Philippines. Their flesh is seldom eaten in Guam and their milk, which is of excellent quality and in some countries is an impor- tant food staple, is never used. They are very strong animals, but awkward and more difficult to manage than oxen. It is a common sight in Guam to see a small boy riding a buffalo bull. As the huge, ungainly, great-horned animal goes galloping along the road it sug- gests some monster of prehistoric times. Buffalo can net endure Joug periods of drought. They love to wallow in swamps and, if hot and dry, will sometimes lie down with their riders when crossing a marsh. Many of the Guam cattle bear a general resemblance to Jerseys in size and color, though their udders are much smaller. Both bulls and cows are used as steeds and for drawing carts. A foreigner is espe- cially struck with the speed developed by some of these animals. It is a common sight to see a dainty smooth-skinned cow saddled and hal- tered trotting along as swiftly as a horse, with her calf galloping at her side. With the exception of a few herds of cattle and buffalo in the interior of the island, all animals in domestic use are kept tethered, to keep them away from the unfenced garden patches and cornfields of the natives. They are subject to the attacks of wood ticks (Acarina), so that they must be frequently examined. The natives rub their skins and curry them like horses. Sometimes a neglected animal dies in consequence of the attacks of these pests. , Horses do not multiply on the island. Colts are born but do not thrive. Goats are not plentiful. Wild hogs roam the forests in the northern part of the island. They live on fallen wild breadfruit and various roots. It is interesting to note that they eat the exceedingly acrid rootstocks of the great Alocasia which grows wild in the forests (see p. 70). Hogs kept on ranches and fed on coconuts, breadfruit, and other vegetable substances are prized for food. The excellent flavor of the Guam pork was much praised by early navigators (see pp. 18 and 20). Dogs are pests in the villages. They are not well cared for, as a rule, and get their living by foraging. Cats have gone wild, and sometimes destroy the eges of sitting hens and catch young chickens and turkeys. Dogs and cats are fed upon coconuts when other food is not available. 78 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. ’ BIRDS. @ Lanp prrps.—The most beautiful bird on the islandsis the rose- crowned fruit dove, (Pflopus roseicapil/us \Less.), called *‘‘ tot-tot” by the natives, and closely resembling the ‘‘manu-tangi” of Samoa ‘(P. fasciatus Peale). The general color of its plumage is green. Its head is capped with rose-purple and the lower surface is yellow and orange, with some purple on the breast. The sexesare similar. When it utters its mournful sobbing note it presses its bill against its breast and swells the back of its neck. Birds which were kept by the author in captivity would frequently cry out in the middle of the night. Their favorite food was the fruit of the ilangilang (Canangiwm odora- tum), Cestrum berries (called **tintan China”), and orange berries (Triphasia trifoliata). They also eat the plum-like fruit of X2menda americana, called ** prod” by the natives. Another fruit dove is Phlegoenus canthonura (Temm.), the female of which is smaller than the male and is of a uniform reddish-brown color, while the male has a white throat and olive-green reflections on its breast. Another dove, which was probably introduced from the Philippines, is Zurtur dussumicr? (Temm.). It is quite common in the open stretches of the mesa and is called ‘* paluman-halomtano,” or ‘*wild pigeon,” by the natives. It isa graceful, dove-colored bird resembling the common turtle dove, to which it is closely allied. Another introduced bird is the beautiful little pigmy quail (/).:/- factoria sinensis Gm.), called béngbefge by the natives, from the peculiar whirring noise it makes in flying. This little bird, which is only 5 inches long, is remarkable for the large size of its eggs. They are of a brownish color, sprinkled with deeper brownish dots, broadly ovate in form, and 1 inch through in their greatest diameter. The most remarkable bird of the Mariannes is a megapode (J/egapo- dius laperoust Quoy & Gaimard), which is called *‘stsengat,” or *‘ pollo del monte.” Tt is closely allied to if not identical with a megapode found in the Pelew Islands, and is of the same genus as the jungle- fowl or mound-builder of Australia, J/egapodius tumulus). In the Marianne Islands the natives attract it. by knocking stones together. These birds are remarkable for the thickness of their legs and the size of their feet. They have a habit of heaping up mounds of earth, decayed leaves, and rubbish in which they lay their eggs. They are of a brownish color with grayish head. On the head there is an area of naked skin of a reddish color. The bill and legs are yellow. The birds are about 9 inches long. They fly heavily. They are not known to occur in Guam, but were collected by M. Alfred Marche in 1887, 1888, and i889 on the islands of Rota, Saipan, Pagan, and Agrigan, belonging to this group. “JT am indebted to Dr. Charles W. Richmond tor reyising the scientific names of the birds in the following list, BIRDS. 79 The only bird of prey of the group is the short-eared owl (Aszo accipitrinus Pall.), called by the natives ‘‘mdémo,” ‘*méngmo,” or ‘““méngo.” Hartert doubts its occurrence asa resident of the Mari- anne Islands“ but it is a bird well known to the natives. ‘They deseribe itas having big eyes and a cat-like face, and say that it catches lizards. Tt has not heen collected in Guam, but is said to be common on the island of Tinian. It was collected by the Freycinet expedition. TERRESTRIAL KINGFISHERS.—One of the commonest birds in Guam is Halcyon cinnamominus Swains., called *‘ sfhig” by the natives. It is of a beautiful blue and tawny color, the female differing from the male in having white on the belly. This bird is allied to the *‘ tio- tala” of Samoa (77. pealei Finsch & Hartl.). It feeds upon insects and lizards and is said to eat young birds and to pick out the eyes of young chickens. It utters a strident rattling note which is often heard in the middle of the night. An allied species, Halcyon albicilla (Dumont) occurs in the northern islands of the group. Other birds are the edible-nest swift, Collocalia fuciphaga (Thunb.) called ‘‘ yayaguag” by the natives and ‘‘ golondrina” by the Span- iards, which in Guam makes nests of leaves stuck together with a secre- tion from the mouth very different from the typical nests used for food by the Chinese; the fan-tailed fly-catcher, RAcpidura uraniae Oustalet, called ‘* chichirika,” or *‘chichirita,” by the natives, a pretty little bird which follows one along the road and spreads its tail as though wishing to attract attention. Another little fly-catcher fre- quenting shady woods, Myiagra freycinetd Oustalet, called ** chiguan- guan;” the starling-like sali, Aplonis kittlitzc Finsch & Hartl., closely allied to the Samoan miti-uli (A. brevirostris); a crow, Corvus kubaryt Reichenow, called ‘‘aga,” which is fond of Terminalia nuts and does much damage to the maize crops of the natives; two honey eaters, the little red-and-black Myzomela rubratra (Less.), called **éoioi,” which frequents the blossoms of bananas, coconuts, and scarlet hibiscus, and the olive-green and yellow Zosterops conspicillata (Kitt- litz), called ‘‘néssak” by the natives. The only real song bird on the island is the ga-karriso, or ga-piao, a reed warbler which is well named Acrocephatus luscinia (Quoy & Gaim.). It nests among the reeds of the large swamp near Agafia, known as °‘ la Ciénaga,” and has a song of exquisite sweetness. SHORE BIRDS.—Among the shore birds are a peculiar bittern, Ar- detta sinensis (Gmel.), called ‘‘kakkag” by the natives; the common reef-heron of the Pacific, Demigretta sacra (Gm.), called ‘* chachuké6,” which is not rare but wary and hard to approach; two rails called **k6k6,” Hypotacnidia owstoni Rothschild, and Poliolimnas cinereus (Vieill.), both of which are caught by the natives by means of snares laid in paths; the widely distributed water hen or gallinule, Gallinula 4 Novitates Zoologice, Vol. V, p. 68, 1898. ——e Se ee CN a ee ss Bg ee 7 —) a "te 7 SS es SO USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. chloropus Lath., called ‘* pulatal” by the natives, excellent for food, and easily distinguished by a red shieid on its forehead; three birds called ‘* kalalang,” the Pacitic godwit, Limosa lapponica bauert(Naum.), the Australian curlew, Vumendus cyanopus Vieill., often seen on newly tilled fields, and the oriental whimbrel Vumentus phacopus variegatus (Scop.), somewhat smaller, usually seen at periods of migration; and the widely spread snipe, Gallinago megala Swinh. Among the shore birds. called by the general name ‘‘dulili” are the gray and white Asiatic wandering tattler, //eteractitis brevipes Vieill.; the bullhead or black-bellied plover, Squatarola squatarola (lu.); the well-known Asiatic golden plover, Charadrius dominicus fulwus (Gm.), very common on cultivated tields and along the shores of the island; the Mongolian sand dotterel, Aegialitis mongola (Pall.); and the common turnstone, Arenaria interpres (.), which may be easily distinguished from the rest by its bright yellow feet. A duck, Anas oustaleti Salv., called ngainga by the natives, is peculiar to the Marianne islands. It is closely allied to species occurring in Hawati and Samoa. SEA BIRDS.—No gulls are found in the vicinity of the island. Nod-_ dies, Anous leucocapullus Gould and Anous stolidus (L.), called ** fahan,” -by the natives, are common. The beautiful snow-white tern, Gygis — alba kittlitzi Uartert, called ‘‘chtinge” by the natives breeds on the island in great numbers, not making a nest but laying its single white egg on the bare branch of a tree. The common booby Sw/a sula (L.), is common in the vicinity of the island. Great numbers of them may always be seen off the coast of Orote Peninsula, and the red-footed booby (Sula piscatrix L.) with white plumage, also occurs. They pursue flying fish, and dart into the water from great heights. The frigate bird, Fregata aquila (L.), called ‘‘ payaaya” by the natives, is not rare, but is seldom seen near the shore of Guam. The tropic bird, Phaéthon lepturus Daudin, nests on the northern islands of the group. REPTILES. ? There are few reptiles in Guam. The most conspicuous is a large lizard ( Varanus sp.) about 4+ feet long, of a black color speckled with lemon-yellow dots. The combination of these colors gives to the ani- mala greenish appearance as it runs through the bushes. As in the Guam kingfisher or ‘*sihig” we have a lizard-eating bird, so in this animal, called ‘‘ hilitai” by the natives, we have a bird-eating lizard. “Students of ornithology are referred to the report of Quoy and Gaimard in the zoology of the Freycinet Expedition; Oustalet’s ‘‘les mammiféres et les oiseaux des iles Mariannes;’’ Hartert ‘‘on the birds of the Marianne Islands;’”’ and Seale’s ‘*Report of a mission to Guam.’’ See list of works. >T am indebted to Dr. Leonard Stejneger, of the U. 8. National Museum, for the names of the reptiles. - ~ NATURAL HISTORY. 81 It isa great pest, frequently visiting the ranches of the natives, eat- ing the eggs of fowls and young chickens, and robbing birds’ nests. It is a common thing on walking through the woods of the island to hear an outcry among the birds and to discover one of these creatures in the vicinity of a nest which he has just robbed. Several pigeons belonging to the author were caught and killed by hilitais, their wings having been clipped to prevent their flying away from a-ranch to which they had been carried. These lizards are eaten by Filipinos living in Guam, but the natives look upon them with disgust. All houses of Guam are frequented by small lizards called ‘‘oeckos.” They are harmless creatures and are welcomed by the natives on account of their habit of catching insects. Their toes are so constructed as to enable them to run upside-down on the ceiling and rafters with great rapidity. At night they may be seen quite motionless lying in wait for moths and other insects which may be attracted into the houses by the light. Three or four often pursue the same insect, approaching it stealthily like cats after their prey. From time to time they utter a chattering noise, which has won for them the name of “‘island canary birds.” In the woods is a pretty blue-tailed skink (/imoza cyanura Lesson), a small lizard with a tail the color of turquoise and with longitudinal bronze lines along the back. The only snake on the island is Zyphlops hraminus (Daudin), a small species, with microscopic eyes and mouth | and covered with minute scales. It is sometimes called ‘‘ blind-worm,” from its general resemblance to a large earthworm, and is found in damp places, under stones and logs. Turtles are common in the sea, but are seldom taken. FISHES.” GENERAT, NOTES. The fishes of Guam have been collected by Quoy and Gaimard and Mr. Alvin Seale, of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Hawaii.’ Although the natives do not devote themselves to fishing so exten- sively now as was formerly the case, yet many of them have cast nets with which they catch small fish swimming in schools near the beach, and a few have traps and seines. The ancient custom of trawling for bonitos and flying fish has nearly died out, but the natives still resort occasionally to the method pursued by their ancestors of stupefying fish with the crushed fruit of Barringtonia speciosa, a narcotic widely “1 am indebted to Dr. Barton W. Evermann, of the U. S. Fish Commission, for revising the scientific names of the fishes and for reading the proof of the following list. >See director’s report for 1900, Honolulu, Hawaii, Bishop Museum Press, 1901, p. 61. 9773—05——_6 82 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. used for this purpose in the islands of the Pacific. The fruit is pounded into a paste, inclosed in a bag, and kept over night. The time of an especially low tide 1s selected, and bags of the pounded fruit are taken out on the reef the next morning and sunk in certain deep holes in the reef. The fish soon appear at the surface, some of them lifeless, others attempting to swim, or faintly struggling with their ventral side uppermost. The natives scoop them up in nets, spear them, or jump overboard and catch them in their hands, some- times even diving for them./ Nothing more striking could be imagined than the picture presented by the conglomeration of strange shapes and bright colors—snake-like sea eels (Ophicthus, Muraena, and Echidna); voracious lizard-fishes (Synodus); gar-like hound-fishes (Tylosurus), with their jaws prolonged into a sharp beak; half-beaks (Hemiramphus), with the lower jaw projecting like an awl and the upper one having the appearance of being broken off; long-snouted trumpet-fishes (Fistularia); flounders (Platophrys pavo); poreupine-fish (Diodon hystrix), bristling with spines; mullets of several kinds (Mugil), highly esteemed as food-fishes; pike-like Sphyraenas; squirrel fishes (Holocentrus) of the brightest and most beautiful colors—scarlet, rose- colorand silver, and yellow and blue; surmullets (U/peneus and Pseud- upeneus) of various shades of yellow, marked with bluish lines from the eye to the snout; parrot-fishes (Scarus), with large scales, parrot-like beaks, and intense colors, some of them a deep greenish blue, others looking as though painted with blue and pink opaque colors; variega- ted Chaetodons, called ‘‘sea butterflies” by the natives; black-and- yellow banded banner-fish (Zanclus canescens); trunkfishes ( Ostracion), with horns and armor; gaily striped lancet fish (Zeuthis lineatus) called Azyug; leopard-spotted groupers (/pinephelus hexagonatus), like the cabrillas of the Peruvian coast; cardinal-fishes (Apogon fascia- fus) striped from head to tail with bands of black and flesh color; hideous-looking, warty toadfishes, ‘‘ fv,” armed with poisonous spines, much dreaded by the natives; and a black fish (A/onoceros mar- ginatus), with a spur on its forehead. As many young fish unfit for food are destroyed by this process, the Spanish Government forbade this method of fishing; but since the American occupation of the island the practice has been revived. In the mangrove swamps when the tide is low hundreds of little fishes with protruding eyes may be seen hopping about in the mud and climbing among the roots of the Rhizophora and Bruguiera. These are the widely spread Periophthalmus koelreuteri, belonging to a group of fishes interesting from the fact that their air-bladder has assumed ina measure the function of lungs, enabling the animal to breathe atmospheric air. Following I give a list of some of the Guam fishes arranged accord- ing to their vernacular names: FISHES. 83 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF PRINCIPAL FISHES. Ababang (‘‘ Butterfly ’’). A name applied to several short, flat fishes with conspicuous mark- ings, such as species of Chaetodon and Zanclus; also to the pretty little Tetradrachmum so abundant in tide pools on the coral reefs. Among these are Chaetodon ornatissinus (Solander), ornamented with black and yellow stripes. In Samoa allied species are called ** tifitifi” (‘‘adorned”). Ababang gupdlau. Zanclus canescens L. A beautiful harlequin, or banner-fish, with an elongated dorsal fin and black, yellow, and white transverse (vertical) bands. In Hawaii this species is called ‘** kihikihi;” in Samoa ‘ tifitifi.” Ababang pintado. Tetradrachmum aruanum L. A beautiful and striking little fish, common in the tide pools of the reef, silvery and yellow, with black spots and bands. Agman, or Hagman. Muraena tile Ham. A sea eel, brownish; common. Iv Samoa allied species are called eepusi, im Hawai “pul.” Agman, or Hagman atilong. Muraena nigra Day. A dark-colored sea eel which lurks in holes in the coral-reef. Bayag, or Badyag. fistularia depressa L. Trumpet-fish; trompetero (Spanish). Boca dulce. Polydactylus sexfilis Cuv. & Val. A fish with shark-like mouth and large eyes; steel-blue on back, whitish on rest of body. Edible. Called *‘barbudo” in Spanish. In Hawaii called ‘‘ moi, or ‘* moi lii;” in Samoa allied species called ‘‘ afa.” _ Buha. Lutianus monostigma (Cuy. & Val.). Snapper; with a black spot on the lateral line under the anterior soft dorsal ray. Butele. Diodon hystrix L. Porcupine-fish. In Porto Rico called ‘* guanabano,” after the spiny- fruited sour sop (Annona muricata). In Samoa it is called ‘* tautu;” in Hawaii it is regarded as poisonous, but is eaten after having been prepared with certain precautions. Chalag, or Chalak. Holocentrus spp. and Flammeo sammara (Forskal). A general name for squirrel-fishes. //olocentrus binolatum Q. & G. is of a beautiful rose-color with silver longitudinal stripes. /Zo/ocentrus Suscostriatus Seale is pinkish with longitudinal rows of black spots and a black spot on spinous part of dorsal fin; red on top of head. /Zo/o- centrus diadema Lacép. is red with lighter longitudinal lines. “These beautiful colors soon fade in alcohol. In Hawaii allied species are called ‘‘ alaihi;” in Samoa ‘‘ malau.” 84 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Dafa. Scarus cypho Seale. ; A parrot-fish; large scales and parrot-like beak; calor deep green- blue. Danglon, or Danglun. Ostracion punctatus Bloch. A trunk-fish; body without ribs, inclosed by a hard carapax com- - posed of hexagonal plates; 2 horns in front and 2 in rear; black speckled with white. Fanihen-tasi (‘‘sea-bat’’). Stoasodon narinari (Euphr. ). An eagle-ray, with pectoral fins developed like two broad wings, and a long flexible tail armed with a serrated spine. Color of upper surface blue spotted with white. Fomho, or Fongho. T am indebted to Dr. W. H. Ashmead, of the U. 8. National Museum, for the names of the insects mentioned. INSECTS. 9] since the discovery. The butterflies are not especially striking to the casual observer. Among them is the widely spread tawny-colored milkweed butterfly, Anos/a plerippus Fabr., which has found its way to Guam, together with the introduced Asclepias curassavica, on which its larva feeds. Both the plant and the insect, although of American origin, now occur on many islands of the Pacific Ocean. Among the night-flying lepidoptera there is a large sphinx moth ( Protoparce celeus Hbrt.), the larva of which feeds on the tobacco plant and resembles very closely the tobacco worms of America. It is possible that this insect may have lived on the island before the introduction of tobacco, feeding upon some solanaceous plant, but it is probable that it came to Guam with the tobacco. Possibly its eggs were brought on dried leaves of the plant. Among the other pests introduced by the foreigner are clothes moths (Zinea pellionella L.). In the zoology of the Freycinet expedition several butterflies collected in Guam, includ- ing an Argynnis and two species of Danais, were described as new. Among the hymenoptera there are several interesting species of wasps and ants. One wasp, probably a species of Polistes (2. hebraeus Fabr.?), is social in its habits. During the greater part of the year it frequents open fields, building its nests in bushes a foot or two from the ground, attaching them toa limb by a peduncle with the mouth of the cells pointed downward, and not covered by a papery wall, as in our hornets’ nests. In these cells the eggs are laid and the larve are fed. When about to undergo transformation the larvee spin a covering which seals up the cell. The males differ from the female in appearance and are stingless. Besides the males and perfect females there are workers. Both the females and the workers sting, but their sting is not very severe. These insects are very abundant all over the island, especially in abandoned clear- ings grown up to guavas and other low bushes. It is almost impos- sible to cross such a field without stirring up a nest or two, and one of the commonest occurrences on an excursion is to hear a loud outcry on the part of your guide, whose naked legs are covered with the stings of the ‘‘sasata,” as they are called. . In revenge he usually finds a dry leaf of a coconut, which he converts into a torch and burns the nest. These wasps are not very pugnacious, and will only sting when they think their nest is attacked. After it has been burned they fly round and round the place without attemptiug to take vengeance. In the winter time (the month of December) they flock into houses in great numbers and settle upon some prominent point on the ceiling or on a chandelier, clinging together in masses like swarming bees. There they remain for a month or two ina state of torpidity. They are disagreeable guests, as they have a habit of drop- ping to the floor from time to time, and it is not unusual on getting out of bed in the morning to step on one of them, too stupid to fly but 92 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. lively enough to sting. On one of the Government vessels, which had visited Guam in January, were found some of these wasps after her arrival in San Francisco. They had sought an asylum while she lay in the harbor of Apra, and remained hibernating during the return voyage of the vessel. Another species found on board was a solitary wasp, a species of Odynerus or an allied genus. The mother had made a series of mud-like cells in a pamphlet, which had remained rolled up, and in each cell she had deposited a small green caterpillar, the larva of one of the smaller moths of the island, laying an egg and sealing up the cell and then making another cell on top of it and repeating the operation. In Guam these cell-making wasps are very common. Every hole in the wall of a house is plastered up by them; rolled-up magazines or newspapers lying on the table, bamboos, empty car- tridge cases, even gun barrels—everything which is tubular in shape is filled by their cells. Their sting stupefies the caterpillar, but does not kill it, and their larve in eating their animal food are much more active than those of pollen-feeding species, turning their heads from side to side and living for some time after having been taken from their cells. Among the ants (‘‘otdot,” or ‘‘utdut”) there is one (Solenopsis sp. ¢) of which the workers are very small and sting severely. The females are considerably larger. These little creatures, when out on foraging expeditions, travel in lines and sting every animal that crosses their path. Sometimes young chickens are killed by them. They are com- mon in houses, and it is not unusual on turning in at night to finda line of them crossing the bed. In another species belonging to the same family (Myrmicidae), probably of the genus Pheidole, there is a form with enormously developed cubical heads and strong jaws, called ‘‘soldiers.” It is very interesting to watch these insects swarm. They come out of the ground in great numbers. Both the males and females are winged. The females are very much larger than the males and the workers are smaller. The soldiers, which are very conspicuous, are sometimes called ‘‘ workers major,” and the common small-headed form ‘workers minor.” Soon after swarming the sexes mate. They then lose their wings and establish new colonies. Another stinging ant, much larger and of a black color, is called *‘ hating.” Leaf-cutting ants, the pests of many tropical countries, are happily absent from Guam. Consequently, gardens do not need to be pro- tected from them, and the green turf and luxuriant herbage of the island offers a most pleasing contrast to the bare earth and canal- protected gardens of Central America and Brazil. The diptera are represented by several species of flies and at least two mosquitoes. It has been asserted that the early natives blamed the Spaniards for having introduced both flies and mosquitoes to INSECTS. 93 Guam.” This is probably false, since the vernacular names of these insects in Guam are etymologically identical with the names of the same insects through the greater part of Melanesia, Polynesia, and New Zealand, and have evidently the same origin as the modern Malayan. | English. Guam. Melanesian. | Samoan. Haw. Malayan. Maori. Fly. ‘| Lalo. laiigo. largo. nalo. langau. ngaro. Mosquito. Namo. namu. namu. fiamok. waeroa. Louse. Huto. gutu. “utu. uku. kutu. kutu. Maggot. Ul6. ilo. The common Malay word for fly is ‘‘lala,” yet ‘‘langau” is also used. In New Zealand either ‘‘igaro” or ‘‘rango” is used, and the first form is etymologically identical with the Hawaiian ‘‘nalo.” Evi- dently the aborigines of Guam, in common with the inhabitants of most of the Pacific islands, were familiar with flies, mosquitoes, and lice before the arrival of the Spaniards. On the other hand, it is probable that fleas and bedbugs were introduced, as there are no Cha- morro words for these insects. In Samoa the flea is called ‘* Fijian louse.” In Codrington’s comparative vocabulary of the Melanesian languages it is not given. It is interesting to note in this connection that in Hawaii, where the approximate date of the introduction of the mosquito is known, there is no Hawaiian name for it, and in New Zealand its name is of independent origin and is quite distinct from the common Malayan and Polynesian forms. Mosquitoes are very troublesome both day and night inGuam. The day-flying species avoids the sunlight, but makes life a burden in the shade. All Europeans sleep under mosquito nets, and the natives habitually make a smudge in their houses after dark to smoke out the night-flying species. This is effective if the lights in the house are first extinguished and not relighted. _ Fleas are not common; the climate is probably too damp for them to flourish. The author passed a year on the island without seeing either a flea or a bedbug. Neither do lice appear to be abundant. This may be owing to the habit of the natives of frequently washing the hair with soap oranges and bergamots. @Ces Européans ‘‘ veulent nous persuader qu’ils nous rendent heureux, et plusieurs d’entre nous sont assez aveugles pour les en croire sur leur parole. Mais pourrions- nous avoir ces sentimens, si nous faisions réflexion que nous ne sommes accablez de miseres et de maladies, que depuis que ces étrangers sont venus nous desoler et troubler notre repos. Avant leur arrivée dans ces isles, scavions-nous ce que c’étoit que toutes ces insectes qui nous persécutent si cruellement? Connoissions-nous les rats, les souris, les mouches, les mosquites, et tous ces autres petits animaux, qui ne sont au monde que pour nous tourmenter? Voila les beaux présens qu’ils nous ont faits, et que leurs machines flotantes nous ont apportez!’’ (Le Gobien, Charles. Histoire des isles Mariannes, nouvellement conyerties 4 la religion Chrétienne, ». 141, Paris, 1700.) 94 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Among the Hemiptera besides lice there are plant lice of several kinds, large water bugs (Belostoma) in stagnant pools, and swarms of Ploteres, which skip over the surface of the water. Several varieties of roses have been introduced into Guam, but happily the rose aphis (Siphonophora) has not reached the island. Among the Neuroptera are several handsome dragon flies, one of which is bright red. Termites, or ‘‘ white ants,” called ‘‘anai” by the natives, are pests. They do great injury to books and furniture and to the woodwork of houses, often building covered galleries of mud along the walls of a room. In construction wood must be chosen which will resist the attacks of these insects. It is not an uncommon occurrence for a chair or table to collapse, and to find that 1¢ has been honeycombed by termites. Sometimes they form continuous galleries through a whole shelf of books ora pile of manuscript. These insects do not confine their attacks to dead wood; they attack living trees and are among’ the insects injurious to the cacao.@ Among the Coleoptera may be mentioned the weevils, which destroy ereat quantities of corn, rice, and other farinaceous food. Grain must be thoroughly dried in the sun and then stowed in earthen jars for protection against these pests. The Orthoptera are represented by several species of grasshoppers, which furnish excellent food for chickens and turkeys, and which do not seem to cause much injury to the crops of the island. Mole crickets (Gryllotalpae) are very common. SCORPIONS, SPIDERS, AND CENTIPEDES. A small scorpion is common in Guam. Its sting is painful, but not dangerous. Among the spiders one of the most interesting is a large dark brown species, probably belonging to the Kpeiridae, which car- ries about with it a white disk-shaped membranous case filled with eggs. There are no tarantulas nor other dangerous spiders. Wood ticks (Acarina) are great pests and sometimes infest cattle to such an extent as to cause them to sicken and die. Centipedes, called ‘‘saligao” by the natives, are common. They inflict a very painful but not dangerous bite. They are usually found in damp places under stones or rotten wood, the mother often sur- rounded by a brood of brightly colored young, similar to her in form. Like spiders and crustaceans they cast their skins in growing. The jaws are modifications of a pair of legs. They are sharp, prehensile, and fang-like, and are perforated at the tip so as to inject thea venom into the wound inflicted by them. Their body is flattened, so that they can force their way into small cracks, under stones an1 beneath the “See Banks, Report of the Philippine Commission, 1903, Pt. 2, p. 608, figs. 166 to 169. ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS. 95 loose bark of trees, in search of their insect prey. They are carnivo- rous and seize their victims with their pincer-like jaws, injecting their venom. They are very quick in their movements and tenacious of life. When one is cut in two each part makes off in an independent direction at full speed, but the posterior part does not get very far. THE PEOPLE. ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS.” PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS. The aborigines of Guam were described by the early navigators and missionaries as fine-looking, tall, robust, well built, and of better pro- portions than the Spaniards, though sometimes inclined to be corpulent, and as possessing ‘‘ great strength fitting to their statures.” They were oe of a brown color (un pardo bazo), lighter than the natives of the , Philippine Islands and taller than they. Their hair was naturally jet black, but at the time of Legazpi’s visit was bleached to a yellow color. At the time of the discovery the men wore it loose or coiled in a knot on the top of the head. Later they were described as shaving the head with the exception of a crest about a finger long, which they left on the crown. Some of the men were bearded. - The women, too, were tall. They were handsome and graceful and fairer and more delicate than the men, and at the time of the discovery wore their hair so long that it touched the ground.? No mention is made of tatooing or of piercing the ears or nose. Both sexes anointed themselves with coco- nut oil. The natives were remarkably free from disease and physical defects, and many of them lived to an advanced age, ‘* for among those alone who were baptized the first year of the mission there were more than 120 who were past the age of a hundred years; owing perhaps to their rugged constitutions, inured from their infancy to distempers which afterwards do not affect them, or to the uniformity and natural- ness (naturalidad) of their food without the artifice which gluttony has introduced to waste the life which it sustains, or to their occupations necessitating plenty of exercise without too great fatigue, or to the absence of vices and worries—which are roses and thorns whose prick- “The information regarding the aborigines of Guam is derived from the narratives of early navigators and from contemporary accounts of the Jesuit missionaries who first settled on the island. The most important of the former are Pigafetta’s history of Magellan’s voyage, the several narratives of Legazpi’s expedition in the archives at Madrid, and those of Gaspar and Grijalva, who accompanied Legazpi. The latter were published at Madrid in 1685 by Padre Francisco Garcia, of the Society of Jesus, in his Vida y martyrio del venerable Padre Diego Luis de Sanvitores. (See List of works. ) 5Le donne son belle, di figura svelta, pitt delicate e bianche degli uomini, con capegli nerissimi sciolti e lunghi fino a terra. (Pigafetta, Primo viaggio intorno al globo terraequeo, p. 51, Milano, 1800. ) 96 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. ing and piercing put an end to man—or perhaps all of these causes combined contribute to the prolix age of these islanders. As they know few infirmities so they know few medicines, and cure themselves with a few herbs which necessity and experience have taught them to be possessed of some virtue.” “ Both sexes were expert swimmers and were as much at ease in the water ason land. As they threw themselves into the sea and came bounding from wave to wave they reminded Pigafetta of dolphins. The men were good divers. _ Legazpi states that they would catch fish in their hands. The children accompanied their parents while fishing, and were so expert in the water that Garcia declared they appeared rather fish than human beings. PERSONAL AND DOMESTIC ECONOMY. CLOTHING AND ORNAMENTS.—The men went absolutely naked, not even wearing a breech clout.?. The women wore fringes of grass or leaves hanging from a waistband and sometimes aprons called ‘‘ tifi,”¢ described by Pigafetta as narrow and of paper-like consistency, and said by him to be made from the inner bark of a palm.” Pigafetta was certainly mistaken as to the origin of this bark. The natives of * Guam were not tapa makers like the Polynesians. No description of bark cloth is now made by them, but within the memory of some of the people still living aprons were made of the inner bark of the breadfruit —iduring a long interval between the visits of European vessels, when the supply of foreign cloth became exhausted. In other islands the bark of banyans (/7cus spp.) is also used for this purpose. In the narrative of Legazpi’s expedition it is also stated that ‘‘palm-leaf” mats were used by the women for aprons, the rest of the body being left uncovered. The men wore hats or eye shades of pandanus leaves - while fishing. - On festive occasions the women adorned their heads with wreaths of flowers or beads and disks of tortoise shell pendant from a band of red spondylus shells, which ‘‘they prized as highly as Europeans prize pearls,” also making belts with pendants of +mall coconuts, nicely fitted over skirts or fringes of roots of trees, thus completing their — gala attire, ‘‘which resembled rather a cage than a dress.” Their «Garcia vida y martyrio de Sanvitores, p. 197. > Relation of Legazpi. ¢ Padre Garefa’s History. It is interesting to find this name for bark-cloth aprons in the dialects of Isabel and Florida islands, of the Solomon group, where it has been transferred by the natives to introduced foreign cloth, which is now called ‘“‘tivi.’? (See Coddrington, The Melanesians, p. 321, 1891.) d ‘*Vanno per esse ignude, se non che coprono le parti vergognose con una corteccia stretta e sottile quanto la carta, tratta dalla scorza interna che sta fra la corteccia il legno della palma.’’ (Pigafetta, Primo viaggio intorno al glebo terracqueo, p. 51.) HOUSES OF THE ABORIGINES. 97 teeth were stained black for the sake of ornament and they bleached 4 their hair ‘* with divers washes.” Housrs.—According to the testimony of early writers their houses were high and neatly made and better constructed than those of any aboriginal race hitherto discovered in the Indies. They were rectan- gular in shape, with walls and roofs of palm leaves curiously woven. Vv They were made of coconut wood and palo maria (Calophyllum in- ophyllum) and were raised from the ground on wooden posts or pillars of stone. In one of the narratives of the Legazpi expedition it is said that some of the houses supported on stone pillars served as sleeping apartments; others built on the ground were used for cooking and other work. Besides these there were large buildings that served as y storehouses for all in common, wherein the large boats and covered canoes were kept. ‘‘These were very spacious, broad, and high, and worth seeing.”“ As described by the missionaries some of the houses had four rooms or compartments with doors or curtains of mats, one ¥ serving as a sleeping room, another as a storeroom for fruits, a third for cooking, anda fourth asa workshop and boathouse.’ Gaspar and Grijalva described one boathouse near the watering place as being supported on strong stone pillars and sheltering four of the largest canoes of the natives. Many of these stone or masonry pillars are still standing arranged in double rows. They are called ‘‘ latde” or ‘casas de los antiguos” by-the natives, who regard them with super- stitious dread. Much has been made of the pillars on the island of Tinian, shaped like the rest in the form of a truncated pyramid and capped by hemispherical stones, but in all probability they are nothing more than the remains of large houses which served the same purposes as the ** arsenals,” described in the narratives of the Legazpi expedi- tion. These large houses may be compared with the kiala of Florida » and Isabel islands in the Solomon group, one of which is described as 100 feet long by 50 feet wide and 50 feet high. In these great houses ‘the large canoes are kept, men congregate and young men sleep, strangers are entertained,” and in some islands the skulls of the dead, called ‘‘mangiti” (in all probability corresponding to the word % *“aniti” of the Chamorros) were suspended.“ The dwelling houses of Guam also resembled those of Isabel and Florida islands, which differ from typical Melanesian houses in being raised on piles, and in their neater construction. They are excellent dwellings, square in shape, with the side walls and the floor formed of split bamboos flattened and interlaced and the roof thatched with coconut leaves. The houses were grouped in villages located either on the beach in ¢ Blair and Robertson, The Philippine Islands, vol. 2, p. 113, 1903. 5 Garcia, Vida y Martyrio de Sanvitores, p. 197, 1685. ¢ Codrington, The Melanesians, p. 299, 1891. 9773—05 7 98 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. proximity to a good harbor, on the banks of a river for the sake of a “constant supply of fresh water, or on a high and inaccessible hill, as ~ in the case of Chiichugo, for the sake of security from attack. Those on the beach were composed of 50 to 150 houses, those in the interior of from 20 down to a half dozen. The principal town was Agadiia, on the west coast of the island, where a fine river, having its source in a great spring called ‘* Matan-hanom,” emptied into the sea. In all the larger villages there was a ‘* great house” frequented by the *‘ urritao,” or bachelors, in which unmarried men and women lived together. The houses contained little that could be called furniture. There were common floor mats, diagonally. braided, and sleeping mats, some of very fine texture, made from the leaves of the textile Pandanus. The water vessels were not coconut shells, as in many Polynesian ~ islands, but sections of large hollow bamboos, about 5 or 6 feet long, which were inclined against the wall. There were coarse bags of Pan- danus matting holding dried breadfruit, and every native carried a , finely woven bag of the same material containing betel nut. Coarse : baskets were made of fresh coconut leaves, as required, to be thrown away when dry and useless. Baskets of better construction were sy woven from strips of bamboo (piao). In the kitchen there was a hole in the ground and a pile of stones for an oven. Foop.—They subsisted principally on fruits, yams, taro, and fish. They ate coconuts prepared in various ways, sugar cane, bananas, plantains, and breadfruit. The last was in season only about four months of the year, but after it yams became mature. In the times of famine following hurricanes they resorted to the woods for ‘‘ fadang,” or nuts of Cycas circinalis, the poisonous properties of which they removed by soaking and repeatedly changing the water, after which the macerated starchy substance was ground in cavities of convenient stones and baked. For relishes they ate certain seaweeds, Terminalia nuts, and the kernels of Pandanus seeds. Pandanus drupes, which are an important food staple on many islands, did not enter into their domestic economy, and the widely spread ‘‘ Polynesian chestnut” (Bocoa edulis) was absent from the island. They had neither sweet potatoes nor maize until after the discovery, nor did the yam bean (Cacara) occur on the island. Rice was cultivated by them and sold to visiting ships. They regarded it as a luxury and kept it for their feasts. They did not practice cannibalism. Indeed the early navigators said that they could not be induced to eat meat of any kind. Although they had pigs at a very early date it is probable that these were introduced after the discovery. They also had fowls and kept doves in captivity, but we have no evidence that they ate them. They could not be induced to eat eels, and spoke disparagingly of some of the early missionaries for eating them. The creamy juice expressed ~4 from the grated meat of ripe cocoanuts entered into the composition = FOOD OF THE ABORIGINES. 99 of several of their dishes. As was nearly the universal custom throughout the tropical Pacific, they cooked in pits in the earth in which they built fires and heated stones, covering their food with hot stones and leaves somewhat after the manner of a New England clambake. Cooking in this manner they called ‘‘chahan.” To cook on the embers they called ‘‘peha.” Few articles of their food could be eaten raw. Fish called ‘‘mafdhag”” were caught in great quanti- ties at certain periods, dried in the sun, and stored for future con- sumption. Breadfruit was cut into thin slices and dried. It could be kept for a long time and eaten during the season when the fresh fruit was lacking. The dried slices could be eaten without further prepara- tion, or they could be prepared in various ways for food. At their feasts a sort of broth or stew was made of rice. Taro was not made into poi, as in the Hawaiian Islands. They did not eat to excess nor did they use wine or other intoxicat- ing liquor. It was not until the Spaniards brought Filipinos to Guam that the natives learned to ferment tuba from the sap of the coconut and to distill it into aguardiente. Water was their only beverage? ~ besides the milk of unripe coconuts. Narcorics.—The custom of betel chewing was universal, and has survived to the present day. Around a fragment of the nut of the betel palm (Aveca cathecu) is wrapped a fresh leaf of betel pepper ( Piper betle) and a pinch of lime burned from coral rock is added. This stains the saliva red and discolors the teeth. An aromatic fragrance is imparted to the breath, which is not disagreeable. Kava, an infu- sion of the root of Piper methysticum, of wide use throughout the greater part of the Pacific islands was, unknown to them. Frrr.—It was asserted by the early missionaries that the aborigines’ of Guam were ignorant of fire before the advent of the Spaniards.° “See list of fishes, p. 83. ob “Their drink is water, their most usual infirmity is hydropsy. p. 198, 1685. ¢This statement was first. made by Garcia, who says: ‘‘It need not be asked whether they had any knowledge of letters, science, or art concerning those who were ignorant of one of the elements and knew not that there was fire in the world until they saw it kindled by the Spaniards in the shipwreck of the year 1638.” (Garcia, note ®, p. 198.) The assertion was probably made in consequence of the yarns of some of the shipwrecked sailors, who also recounted a number of miraculous happenings. Using Padre Garcia’s statement as a theme, Pére Charles le Gobien, repeats it with elaborate variations, though he does not give his authority for his information. Having read Pigafetta’s narrative of Magellan’s expedition, Le Gobien dates back their introduction to fire to the time of his discovery of the island, when he caused a number of houses and boats to be burned. ‘‘ What is most astonishing,”’ says Le Gobien, ‘‘and what one will find hard to believe, is that they had never seen fire. This element so necessary was entirely unknown to them. They knew neither the use of it nor its qualities; and never were they more surprised than when %) says one of the early missionaries, ‘‘and consequently ” Garcia, Vida y Martyrio de Sanvitores, 2 100 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. The statement has been frequently repeated” and Pigafetta erro- neously cited as authority for it. That it is not true is evident when one considers that their principal food staples could not be eaten uncooked. Moreover, they had words pertaining to fire in their vernacular, many of which were of etymological identity with similar terms in other islands of the Pacific. Among these were guafi (fire), apo (ashes), aso (smoke), tuno (roast), manila (flame), pinigan (live coal), songge (burn, v. t.), hanon (burn, y. intr.), sotne (boil), and other words. They must have possessed these words in prehistoric times. Not one of them is derived from the Spanish; all are allied to corresponding words in Malayan and Pacific languages. = USEFUL ARTS. ~ The natives made excellent houses and were skillful canoe builders. They furnished themselves with spears and slings for fighting, stone adzes or gouges for working in wood (Pl. XVII), and lines, hooks, and nets for fishing, and they planted and cultivated their gardens and rice fields. They were not wood carvers nor engravers, nor did they possess the art of weaving by looms, as did the Caroline Islanders, the natives of Santa Cruz, and some of the Philippine tribes. Their mats they braided diagonally after the manner of the Polynesians and Melanesians. The men made the houses and boats, the women braided the mats for beds and for boat sails. Pottery was unknown. Fish were caught by hooks from the shore (etupog) or by trawling from canoes under sail. They were also speared on the reef, attracted by torches (sul6) and caught with a net at night (gade), stupefied by sink- ing narcotics in holes in the reef, and ee in pounds of bamboo wickerwork (guigao). Fishhooks (hagiiet) were made of mother-of- pearl and tortoise shell. NAVIGATION. Their wonderful ‘‘ flying praos” were the admiration of all the early navigators, Dieseuinitons of them were given by Pigafetta (1521), fee saw it for the first time w hen Moeelene landed in one of fier dalanan where he burned about 50 houses in order to punish these islanders for the trouble they had caused him. They regarded the fire at first as a kind of animal, which attached itself to the wood, upon which it fed. The first who approached it too ¢losely hay- ing burned themselves, made the others afraid of it, and only dared look upon it afterwards from a distance for fear said they of being bitten by it, and lest this terrible animal might wound them by its violent breath, for this was the idea they first formed of the flame and the heat. This frivolous fear did not last. They saw their mistake, and they beeame accustomed in a short time to see the fire and to use it as we do.’”’ (Charles le Gobien, Histoire ae Isles Marianes, nouvellement conyer- ties 4 la religion Chrétienne, etc., p. 44, Paris, 1700.) «See Létourneau, C harles, La sociologie d’aprés l’ethnographie, p. 566, Paris, 1892; Goguet, A.-Y., De lVorigine des lois, 6™° édition, I, p. 89, 1758; Raynal’s Indies, vol. 3, p. 381, 1788. See also Plutarch: ‘‘ Aquidne an ignis sit utilior,’’ in Plutarch’s works (vol. 2, p. 955, Frankfort, 1620), which probably suggested to Pére le Gobien his graphic description. BOATS OF THE ABORIGINES. 101 Dampier (1686), Woodes Rogers (1710), Anson (1742), and Crozet (1772). Dampier’s description is as follows: “ The natives are very ingenious beyond any people in making boats, or ‘‘proes,”’ as they are called in the East-Indies, and therein they take great delight. These are built sharp at both ends. The bottom is of one piece, made like the bottom of a little canoa, very neatly dug and left of a good substance. This bottom part is instead of a keel. It is about 26 or 28 foot long. The under part of this keel is made round, but inclining to a wedge and smooth, and the upper part is almost flat, hay- ing a very gentle hollow, and is about a foot broad. From hence both sides of the boat are carried up to about 5 foot high with narrow plank, not above 4 or 5 inches” broad, and each end of the boat turns up round yery prettily. But what is very singular, one side of the boat is made perpendicular, like a wall, while the other side is rounding, made as other vessels are, with a pretty full belly. Just in the middle it is about 4 or 5 foot broad aloft, or more, according to the length of the boat. The mast stands exactly in the middle, with a long yard that peeps up and down like a mizzen-yard. One end of it reacheth down to the end or head of the boat, where it is placed in a notch that is made there purposely to receive it and keep it fast. The other end hangs over the stern. To this yard the sail is fastened. At the foot of the sail there is another small yard to keep the sail out square and to roll up the sail on when it blows hard? for it serves instead of a reef to take up the sail to what degree they please, according to the strength of the wind. Along the belly side of the boat, parallel with it, at about 6 or 7 foot distant, lies another small boat, or canoa, being a log of very light wood, almost as long as the great boat, but not so wide, being not above a foot and an half wide at the upper part and very sharp like a wedge at each end. And there are two bamboes of about 8 or 10 foot long and as big as ones leg placed over the great boat’s side, one near each end of it, and reach- ing about 6.or 7 foot from the side of the boat, by the help of which the little boat is made firm and contiguous to the other. These are generally called by the Dutch and by the English from them ‘‘outlayers.’?® The use of them is to keep the great boat upright from oversetting * * * and the vessel having a head at each end, so as to sail with either of them foremost (indifferently) they need not tack, or go about, as all our vessels do, but each end of the boat serves either for head or stern as they please. When they ply to the windward and are minded to go about he that steers bears away a little from the wind, by which means the stern comes to the wind, which is now become the head only by shifting the end of the yard. This boat is steered with a broad paddle instead of a rudder. I have been the more particular in describing these boats, because I do believe they sail the best of any boats in the world. I did here for my own satisfiaction try the swiftness of one of them. Sailing by our log, we had 12 knots on our reel, and she run it all out before the half-minute glass was half out; which, if it had been no more, is after the rate of 12 mile an hour; but I do believe she would have run 24 mile an hour. It was very pleasant to see the little boat running along so swift by the other’s side. The native Indians are no less dextrous in managing than in building these boats. By report they will go hence to another of the Ladrone Islands about 30 leagues off and there do their business and return again in less than 12 hours. I was told that one of these boats was sent express to Manila, which is about 400 leagues, and per- formed the yoyage in 4 days time. There are of these proes, or boats, used in many places of the East-Indies, but with a belly [curve] and a little boat [outrigger] on each side. Only at Mindanao I saw one like these, with the belly and little boat only on one side and the other flat, but not so neatly built. 4 New voyage, pp. 298 to 300, 1717. bOr “‘outriggers.”’ 102 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Anson, who in his narrative gives a figure of a flying prao of Guam, differs from Dampier in correctly stating that the flat side is always kept to the leeward and the outrigger to the windward. He describes the outrigger as a log fashioned in the shape of a small boat and made hollow, the sail made of matting, and the mast, yard, and thwartship pieces connecting the outrigger, of bamboo. In his figure, however, the sail is shown incorrectly. It should be of lateen or triangular shape with the upper yardarm projecting well aft beyond the stern.“ Besides the large praos they had small canoes, which were very swift, light, and pretty, ‘‘for they painted them with a coating made of red earth from the island of Guam, mixed with lime, with coconut oilas a medium, which beautified them greatly.”’ Pigafetta, in speaking of their canoes, says that they were all painted; some black and others red. They had paddles of the form of bakers’ shovels, which could be used either for steering or propelling the canoes. MENTAL AND MORAL CHARACTERISTICS. > In counting they used a decimal system, the names of the numerals corresponding with those of Malayo-Polynesian languages. Different forms of numerals were used in-counting living and dead objects, and in expressing measurements.‘ They were a happy, careless. people, fond of festivities, dancing, singing, story telling, and contests of strength and skill, yet suffi- ciently industrious to cultivate their fields and garden patches, build excellent houses for their families, braid mats of fine texture, and con- struct canoes which were the admiration of all the early navigators. They were much given to buffoonery, mockery, playing tricks, jest- ing, mimicry, and ridicule, offering in this respect a striking contrast to the undemonstrative Malayans. Legazpi, who visited the island in 1565, speaks of the loud laughter of those who surrounded his ships. In selling rice to passing ships they would often increase the weight and bulk of the packages by stones and leaves. ‘* For each nail,” says Legazpi, ‘‘ they gave measures of rice containing half a fanega,” more or less.” When straw and stones at the bottom of the packages were discovered by the Spaniards, the natives seemed to regard the decep- tion asa huge joke; they ‘‘clapped their hands in glee anc laughed long and loud, going from that vessel to another and playing the same trick. Then again they would take nails and fly without giving any- thing in return.” On the other hand, the Spaniards gave them in exchange for rice and fruits—the most valuable possessions of the «See Anson, Voyage Round the World, p. 340, 1748. bGarcia, Vida y Martyrio de Sanvitores, p. 198, 1683. ¢For numeral system and calendar of the aborigines, see Safford, W. E., The Chamorro language of Guam, Amer. Anthrop., n. s., vol. 6, pp. 95-104, 1904. @ 4 fanega is about 1.6 bushels. ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS. 103 islanders—such worthless things as the face cards from old packs of playing cards, bits of cloth which the Spaniards pretended to value, putting them first about their own necks and laughing to see the gul- lible natives imitate them in doing the same. Legazpi says that these natives were well named ladrones (thieves). They would not board his ships, though he invited them to do so, *‘ showing them much love and affection and looking upon them as friends.” This is easily accounted for by the treatment the natives had met with at the hands of the Loaisa expedition (1526), which, when ready to depart from Guam, allured 11 of the islanders on board by deceitful means and carried them away for the purpose of making them work the ship’s pumps. That they were naturally kind and generous is shown by their treat- ment of shipwrecked sailors cast upon their shores and their reception of the early missionaries who founded the first colony on the island. These missionaries complained that they could not make the natives take life seriously, saying that what they promised one minute they forgot the next. On the other hand, the missionaries spoke of the remarkable intelligence shown by the children in learning the Christian doctrine, the moderation of the natives in eating, and the absence of intoxicants. Their sense of hospitality was very marked. Women were treated with consideration, and had greater authority than in almost any other land hitherto known. It is certain that the natives distinguished between right and wrong. An upright man was called **tunas,” or **straight,” and the abstract quality of right or rectitude _was called ‘*tininas,” or ‘‘straightness.” A bad man was called *“abale,” which signifies evil or immoral, in distinction from the word *‘tailaye,”’ which has more the sense of ‘‘ worthless” and is also ‘ applied to things. **As to their customs,” says Padre Garcia, ‘‘I feel called upon to say that although they have been called ‘ladrones,’ on account of the - pilfering of a few pieces of iron from our ships, they do not deserve the name, for though they leave open their houses it is very seldom that anything is missed.” They were very courteous on meeting or in passing before one another, saying ‘‘ati adingmo,” which signitied . ‘let me kiss your feet.” A traveler in passing by their houses was always invited to stop and partake of food. One of the first mani- festations of ill will on the part of the natives toward the early missionaries was their discontinuance of this courtesy.“ It was also customary to offer bete! nut and leaves of betel pepper to visitors. It was considered a mark of politeness to take the hand of another and gently pass it across the breast. They held poetry in high esteem and regarded their poets as men of supernatural endowments.’ They were “Garcia, Vida y Martyrio de Sanvitores, p. 224, 1683. bIdem., p. 198. 104 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. inordinately vain, considering themselves to be men of the greatest genius and wisdom in the world, in comparison with whom all other nations were contemptible. They attached great importance to caste, -and had sharply defined lines between families of ‘high, low, and middle extraction. This led the early fathers to imagine that they must be descendants of some polite nation. ‘*Thus it is seen,” says Padre Garcia, ‘‘ how Pride, banished from Heaven, dwells in all parts of the earth, going in some nations clothed and in others naked.”“ Under “no consideration could a Chamorri, or noble, marry a girl of common caste, though she might be rich and he poor. In ancient times it was even customary for kinsmen to kill a noble who for love or for gain should disgrace his family by such a marriage. People of low caste were not permitted to eat or drink in the houses of nobles or even to come near them. If they wished to communicate with them, they must do so from a distance. This custom was especially marked among the nobles living at Agafia, where, on account of the excellence of the water and for other advantages of the site, lived the nobles of the highest rank. They were regarded by all the rest of the island with fear and respect. In this town there were 53 houses in which the nobility lived. The rest, about a hundred and fifty, belonging to the common people, occupied a position apart and were not considered as a part of the town or of the court. The prejudice of caste was one of the first difficulties encountered by the early missionaries. The chiefs did not consider it seemly that people of low caste should share with them the benefits of baptism, saying that so noble an institution as the fathers taught them to regard jt should be enjoyed only by the nobility and not by plebeians; and, indeed, the fathers had great difficulty in over- coming the fear of the common people, so firmly rooted was their feeling of abasement in the presence of their betters.? SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND CUSTOMS. Marrtacr.—Though more than one wife was permitted, yet a man had, as a rule, only one. Marriage between relatives was strictly forbidden. The wife was essentially the head of the family. Adultery on the part of aman was punished in various manners. Sometimes the injured wife would call together the other women of the village, and putting on their husbands’ hats and arming themselves with spears, they would go to the house of the adulterer, destroy his growing crops, and, making a demonstration as though about to spear him, they would drive him from his house. At other times the injured wife would punish her husband by deserting him, whereupon her relations would assemble at his house and carry away all the property, leaving «Garcia, Vida y Martyrio de Sanvitores, p. 199, 1683. bIdem., p. 219. MARRIAGE CUSTOMS OF ABORIGINES. 105 him without even a spear or a mat to sleep upon—nothing but the mere shell of the house. Sometimes they would eyen demolish the house itself. Ifa woman was unfaithful the husband might kill the adulterer, but the wife would receive no punishment.“ Divorce was frequent and might take place for any cause of discon- tent on the part of either the husband or the wife. The most frequent cause was jealousy. Inall cases the children accompanied the mother, and should she remarry they looked upon her new husband as a father. CoNCUBINAGE. —It was customary for the urritaos, or bachelors, to live in a ‘‘great house,” often in companionship with young women whom they purchased from their parents or hired for a certain time. This did not injure the chances of either for marriage. As in other islands of the Pacific where a similar custom prevailed, it is probable that the girls obtained from their families in this way came from other villages, and not from that in which they were to live. Certainly degrees of relationship were respected in such cases as scrupulously as in marriage. Sexual relations between kindred were considered infamous. After marriage, fidelity was expected and as a rule was observed on the part of both husband and wife. In cases of true marriage presents were also made by the groom to the father of the bride. A disregard for the marriage customs of the natives on the part of the early missionaries was one of the causes of complaint of the natives and finally led to bloodshed and war.? In 1676, the first regularly appointed governor, Don Francisco Ivisari y Vivar, shortly after his arrival in Guam, wishing to punish the village of Talisai for the pride of its inhabitants, who had remained away from the fiesta of Corpus Cristi, celebrated by the missionaries with processions, dances, and contests of the children in reciting the cate- chism, marched upon it during the night, and at daybreak fired upon the unsuspecting inhabitants; several of them were killed and others escaped to the woods badly wounded. The house of the urritaos was burned and three babies were carried to the mission and baptized. Shortly afterwards several marriages were solemnized by*the padres between girls educated at the mission schools and Spanish soldiers. In the school at the village of Orote there was a young girl who wished to marry a Spaniard. Padre Sebastian de Monroy, the mis- sionary stationed at that village, performed the ceremony secretly, without the consent or knowledge of the girl’s parents. While the party were still in the church the bride’s father came in a great rage protesting against the marriage of his daughter with the Spaniard, and attacked both the bridegroom and the priest. The newly wedded couple were sent for safety to Agafia, and the padre, to console the @Garcia, Vida y Martyrio de Sanvitores, 1683, p. 202. bJdem., p. 534. 106 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. enraged father, told him to calm himself, that he would not be a loser in consequence of the marriage as the padre would give him as much as he could have gotten for his daughter if he had sold her to an urri- tao. This only made matters worse and finally led to the burning of the entire mission and the assassination of the padre and all of his com- panions. Proprerty.—The nobles owned entailed estates of coconut groves, banana plantations, and other choice lands. These were not inherited by a man’s son at his death, but by his brother or nephew (probably by the son of his sister, as in many other islands of the Pacific), who on coming into possession of the property changed his name and took that of the founder or most illustrious ancestor of the family. The children belonged essentially to the mother. They inherited the property of their mother’s brothers. A man did not dare to dispose of any property of his family, except, perhaps, a canoe, knife, spear, or fishing tackle made by himself or land reclaimed by him from the bush. ‘Tortoise shell was used for money. GOVERNMENT.—They had no king nor defined code of laws, nor was there a ruler for the island in general nor for any village. The nobles of each village formed a kind of council or assembly, which, however, had no real authority over the rest; but everybody did pretty much what he pleased, unless prevented from doing so by some one stronger than himself. -The head of each family was the father or eldest rela- tive, but his authority was so limited as to call for little respect on the part of the sons, who obeyed it only when forced to do so. Children were seldom chastised by their parents. Offenses were punished by war if they were against a community, or by private revenge if they were against an individual. Owing to this lack of organization no community felt itself responsible for the misconduct of one of its members. When hostages were taken by the Spaniards to insure good treatment of their people ashore, or to exact certain promises from the natives, the immediate family of the hostage alone seemed to feel responsibility or concern for him. The rest continued as before; nor could they understand the justice of the Spaniards’ burn- ing whole villages and many boats for the act of a single individual, who might or might not belong to the village or be allied to the owners of the boats. WaRFARE.—Their weapons were slings and spears. Bows and arrows were unknown to them, nor had they swords, war clubs, or shields. They relied upon their quickness and agility to protect them from the blows of their adversaries. Their spears were of wood with points either of wood hardened by fire, or made of the shin bones of men or of the bones of fishes. They had no throwing sticks. The bone spearheads were barbed and had three or four blades or points PLATE XVII. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. STONE ADZ AND SLING STONES OF ABORIGINES OF THE ISLAND OF GUAM. NATURAL SIZE - WARFARE OF THE ABORIGINES. 107 which readily broke off. They were supposed by the Spaniards to be deadly poisonous. The wounds inflicted by them often caused death; but, as in the case of the weapons of natives of other Pacific islands reputed to be poisonous, it is probable that their virtue was attributed by the natives to some supernatural influence of the dead man from whose body the bones were taken, and the frequent deaths were due to lockjaw or blood poisoning from natural causes. The sling stones were of oval shape, fashioned out of stone or made of some sort of clay and baked. (Pl. XVII.) These were thrown with remarkable force and precision, as far, states one observer,‘as an arquebus can shoot, and with such swiftness as to embed themselves in the trunks of trees. 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Historia de la provincia de Philipinas, de la Compania de Jesvs, desde el alo 1616 hasta 1716. Libro 4. Manila, 1749. Naupin, CHArtes. Melastomacearum quae in Museo Paris continentur monogr. des- cript. tentamen. Ann. sci. nat., III, v. 12-18. Naumann, F. C. Ueber den Vegetationscharakter der Inseln des Neu-Britannischen Archipels und der Insel Bougainville. Engler’s Jahrb., vy. 6, p. 422, 1885. Neg, Luis. Del abacd (Musa textilis). Anal. de ciencias naturales, v. 4. Madrid, July, 1801. Neg, Luis. Del buyo (Piper betle). Ibid., v. 6. October, 1803. Neg, Luis. See also Cavanilles and Novo y Colson. Neisu, James. Leuscher’s method of preparing banana flour. Jour. Jamaica Agr. Soc., v. 7, p. 489, 1903. Nicwoius, H. A. A. A text-book of tropical agriculture. London, 1897. . Noyo y Cotson, PEpro pre. La yuelto al mundo por las corbetas Descubierta y Atrevida al mando del Capitéin de Navfo Don Alejandro Malaspina, desde 1789 41794. Publicado con una introduccién en 1885 por el Teniente de Navio Don Pedro de Novo y Colson. Madrid, 1885. OuivE y Garcra, Francisco. Islas Marianas, Manila, 1887. D’OrBIGNYy, AtcipE. Sur les espéces du genre Victoria. Ann. sci. nat., II, v. 13, p. 5d, 1840. OUDENAMPSEN, J. Bydrage tot de Kennis van Melia azedarach L. Utrecht, 1902. OustaLet, E. A. Les mammiféres et les oiseaux des tiles Mariannes. Nouvelles archives du Muséum d’histoire naturelle de Paris, III, v. 7, 8, 1895, 1896. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 167 Packs, PrerreE MArte Francois pe. Travels round the world in the years 1767, 1768, 1769, 1770,1771. Translated from the French. 3v.,8°. London, 1791-92. Packs (P.M. F.de). Nouveau voyage autourdu monde en 1788-90. 8 vy. Paris, 1797. Pascaer, E. Notice biographique sur M. Gaudichaud-Beaupré. Paris, 1844. Pérez, Panto. Official letters to the captain-general of the Philippines. In the Guam Archives (MSS.). ; Picaretra, Francesco Antonio. Primo viaggio intorno al globo terracqueo. 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Locat NAMEs.—Bilimbines (Guam); Carambola, Balimbing (Philippines); Coro-, mandel gooseberry (India); Kumurunga (Bengal). A small tree bearing an oval, angular, translucent, edible fruit. Leaves alternate, odd-pinnate, with 4 or 5 pairs of leaflets; leaflets alternate, ovate-acuminate, entire, stalked; flowers fragrant, small, ribes-like, rose-purple or magenta, growing in crowded clusters, which give to the tree a showy appearance when in full bloom; racemes growing from the bark of young and old branches (caulifloral), or from the axils of the leaves; petals 5; stamens usually 10, only 5 of them with anthers. The fruit has a thin, yellow, smooth skin. It is longitudinally ribbed or angled, so that a cross section has the shape of a three, four, or five-angled star. It contains a clear watery pulp, astringent when green and tasting like sorrel or green gooseberries, but pleasantly acid when ripe, or even sweet, with an agreeable fruity flavor, and a strong perfume like that of a quince. The leaves and younger branches are irritable, clos- ing and drooping somewhat like those of the sensitive mimosas and oxalids when the tree is shaken or suddenly shocked. The leaves are affected by light very much like those of many acacias, which close and apparently go to sleep when the sun disappears and awake when it shines again. The tree is readily propagated from the seed. It is long-lived and a constant bearer. In Guam it produces several crops a year. It grows near dwellings, on the sites of abandoned ranches, and by roadsides, but it is not abundant. The natives make preserves of it, but these are somewhat Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE XXXVII. AVERRHOA CARAMBOLA. INFLORESCENCE AND FOLIAGE. NATURAL SIZE. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 193 tough. When strained the pulp yields a fine jelly. Foreigners are warned against eating the uncooked fruit, the natives declaring that it will cause hiccoughs. Tarts made of it have very much the flavor of rhubarb. The natives do not appear to value the fruit very highly, but this may be owing to the scarcity of sugar, a large proportion of which is necessary for making jelly and preserves, and to the abun- dance of other fruits equally good or better. In India the unripe fruit is used in dyeing, the acid acting probably asa mordant. The juice remoyes iron rust from linen. The dried fruit is antiscorbutic and, together with the leaves and root, is used as a remedy in fevers. The tree was introduced into Guam many years ago. Gaudichaud mentions it, together with the allied Averrhoa bilimbi L., a species in which the clustered, caulifloral, pendant fruit is smaller and not angled, and the leaves have smaller and more numerous leaflets. The latter species is no longer found on the island; it has probably died out since Gaudichaud’s visit. REFERENCES: Averrhoa carambola L. Sp. Pl. 1: 428. 1753. Awned beard grass. See Andropogon aciculatus. : Azafran (Spanish). See Curcuma longa. Azucena (Guam). See Polianthes tuberosa. Baba (Guam). A plant belonging to the Arum family, with heart-shaped leaves 2 to 2.5 meters long and reddish stems; probably a species of Alocasia. Bacao, Bacauan, or Bakawan (Philippines). See Rhizophora mucronata and Bru- guiera gymnorhiza. Bacopa monniera. W ATER HYSSOP. Family Scrophulariaceae. Loca NAMES.—Graciola (Cuba). A small, creeping, glabrous plant with rather thick, entire leaves and a pale biue or nearly white flower growing in moist situations. Leaves obovate or oblong, entire or crenate, without prominent veins; flowers few, on pedicels usually rather longer than the leaves, with 2 small bracteoles under the calyx; calyx divided to the base into 5 distinct sepals, the outer one oval, the others ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate; corolla-tube scarcely so long as the calyx, the 5 lobes spreading, broad, as long as the tube, the 2 upper ones rather smaller and less deeply separated than the others; capsule ovid, shorter than the calyx, opening loculicidally in 2 valves, which at length separate from the dissepiment and sometimes split into two. Common in Guam, especially in the ciénaga, near Agafia. In India it is used medicinally by the Hindoos, who consider it to be aperient and a stimulant for the secretion of urine. REFERENCES: Bacopa monnieria (L.) Wettst. in Engler & Prantl, Pflanzentam. 4°: 77. 1891. Gratiola monnieria L. Cent. Pl. 2: n. 120.1756; Amoen. Acad. 4: 306. 1759. Monniera browne: Pers. Syn. 2: 166. 1807. Herpestis monmeria H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 2: 366. 1817. Badyog (Guam). The seeds of the snuff-box sea-bean. See Lens phaseoloides. Bahama grass. See Capriola dactylon. Bahay (Philippines). See Adenanthera pavonina. Bakao, Bakawan, or Bakawan (Philippines). See Rhizophora mucronata and Bruguiera gymnorhiza. Balangigan (Philippines). See Guettarda speciosa 9773—05—_13 194 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Balanophora sp. Family Balanophoraceae. A low, fleshy, leafless parasitic plant of an orange-scarlet color devoid of chloro- phyll growing on the roots of other plants, and shaped when young like an asparagus sprout. The whole plant is waxy and translucent. The flowers are unisexual and are closely crowded together. The male flowers have a regular perianth, but the female flowers have none. The latter consist of a one-celled ovary having a single ovule and along style. It resembles a species growing in the Fiji Islands, but the latter is pale yellow instead of reddish-orange. Balasbas (Philippines). See Graptophyllum pictum. Balatong (Philippines). See Phaseolus mungo. Balatong aso (Philippines). See Cassia occidentalis. Baliacag (Visayan). See Dioscorea aculeata and D. sativa. Balibago (Philippines). See Pariti tiliacewm; in the Guam vernacular called ‘“pago.”’ Balimbing (Philippines). ‘See Averrhoa carambola. Baliskug (Visayan). See Clerodendron inerme. Baliti (Philippines). See Ficus sp. Balloon vine. See Cardiospernum halicacabum. Balokbalok (Philippines). See Lobelia koenigii. Balogo (Visayan). See Lens phaseoloides. Balones (Philippines). See Lens phaseoloides. Balonggai (Visayan). See Moringa moringa. Balsam, Garden. See Impatiens balsamina. Balsam-pear. See Momordica chararitia. Balsamina (Spanish). See Momordica charantia. Balubad (Philippines). See Anacardium occidentale. Balunggai (Philippines). See Moringa moringa. Bamboo. See Bambos blumeana and Bambos sp. Bambos blumeana. THORNY BAMBOO. Family Poaceae. LocaL NAMEs.—Piao tituka, Piao lahe (Guam); Cauayang tinic (Philippines); Cafia espinas, Cafia macho (Spanish). A handsome bamboo armed with sharp recurved spines, forming impenetrable thickets in moist places, and often attaining the height of 50 feet. Stems growing in clumps; hard, smooth, glossy green when growing, walls thick, nodes not promi- nent; flowers produced at long intervals, the plants dying after the seeds have matured. This plant was introduced from the Philippines. It is much stronger and more durable than the common spineless piao, and is used by the natives in building houses (Plate XX), ranchos, and inclosures. Fresh canes stuck in the ground often take root. Large canes cut into lengths of 6 to 8 feet with the septa removed are used as water vessels (see Plate II; young carabao loaded with bamboo vessels filled with water), and single joints are used as flower pots and for collecting the sap of the coconut, as described under Cocos nucifera. The stem split into slats about an inch wide is used for making platforms in farmhouses, upon which the natives sleep, and also for inclosures under these platforms for the protection of young chickens from rats, cats, and lizards. REFERENCES: Bambos blumeana Schult. f. Syst. 7?: 1343. 1830, as Bambusa blumeana., DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 195 Bambos sp.? SMOOTH BAMBOO. Loca NAMES.—Piao, Piao palaoan (Guam); Cafia hembra (Spanish). A large bamboo without spines; stems growing to 4 inches or more in diameter; ranches numerous. Inferior to the preceding in hardness and durability, and sub- ject to the attacks of insects. The canes are used for water vessels, fences, frame poles for ranches and houses, and when split into widths of an inch or more they are used for floors and sleeping platforms in the poorer kinds of houses and in ranches. Troughs for collecting water from roofs and drinking troughs for fowls are made by splitting the canes and removing the septa. The identity of this plant has not been established. It may possibly be a species of Schizostachyum. Gaudichaud, in the report of the botany of the Freycinet expedition mentions Bambos bambos Wight (Arundo bambos L., Bambusa arundinacea Willd.) as occurring on the island, but this is probably a mistake. The vernacular name signifies ‘‘ female bamboo,’ to distin- guish it from the species armed with spines. The durability of both species is increased by soaking the split canes in water for a week or two and then drying them thoroughly. They are springy and elastic. Platforms of them with mats spread over them make very comfortable beds. Bambusa. See Bambos. Banago (Guam). See Jasminum marianum. Banalo (Philippines). See Cordia subcordata. Banana. See Musa paradisiaca. Bangeéang bond6k (Philippines). See Pandanus dubws. Bangil (Visavan). See Sophora tomentosa. Bantigui (Philippines). See Pemphis acidula. Banyan. See Ficus sp. Baong (Philippines). See Dioscorea sativa. Barbados pride. See Poinciana pulcherrima. Barringtonia butonica. Same as Barringtonia speciosa. Barringtonia racemosa. Loca NAMES.—Langaasag, Langasat, Langat (Guam); Potat (Philippines); Putat (Malay); Du’ra (Andamans); Samutra-pullum (India). A tree having pendant racemes of flowers; petals 4, white or rose-tinted; calyx 2 or 3-cleft; filaments of the stamens longer than the petals; style long; fruit ovate, bluntly 4-angled, smooth, brownish-red; leaves oblong, acuminate, wedge-shaped at the base, crenate or obscurely serrate. This species is common in Guam near the sea and along the banks of streams. It is not utilized by the natives. In India, however, according to Major Drury, the seed is used as a fish intoxicant, and the powdered fruit is applied externally in com- bination with other remedies for sore throat and cutaneous eruptions. From the seed of an allied species of the Malay Peninsula, called ‘‘ putat gajah ”’ by the natives, a starchy food is derived which is eaten by certain tribes. The ker- nels of the seeds are grated on a piece of thorny stem of a rattan (Calamus). Water is added and a milky juice is squeezed out of the pulp, resembling the milk expressed from grated coconut. This milky liquid is allowed to stand in boat-shaped dishes made of palm sheaths. A starchy substance is deposited and the water carefully drawn off. The deposit is made into cakes, which are roasted and eaten. If eaten without having been washed the gratings cause sickness.” The name ‘‘putat,’’ applied “See Ridley, H. N. Barringtonia seed as a Sakai food, Agricultural Bull. of the Straits and Federated Malay States, vol. 2, p. 165, 1903, 196 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. to all species of Barringtonia, is undoubtedly of the same origin as the Guam, Philip- pine, and Polynesian names for species of the same genus. REFERENCES: Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Roxb. Hort. Beng. 52. 1814 (ex Ind. Kew.); FI. Ind. 2: 634. 1832. Eugenia racemosa L. Sp. Pl. 1: 471. 1753. Barringtonia speciosa. Furu. PLATE xXXvItii. Family Lecythidaceae. Locat NAMES.—Puting (Guam); Putat (Malay); Botong (Philippines); Futu (Samoa, Tonga); Hutu, Hudu, Fudu (Tahiti); Vutu (Fiji); Utu (Rarotonga); Hutum (Amboina); Dod-da (Andaman Islands). A handsome glabrous tree, with dark, glossy, entire, wedge-shaped, oblong, obtuse, coriaceous leaves, and conspicuous flowers having 4 white petals and a dense tuft or brush of crimson-tipped stamens; style very long and slender; fruit in the form of a 4-sided pyramid, about 3 inches across the middle, consisting when dry of a hard, smooth case containing solid fibrous matter and 1 seed. This species is widely spread in the Pacific, but does not occur in the Hawaiian Islands. It is found in the Malay Archipelago, the Andaman Islands, and Ceylon. The fruits are buoyant, and, as the tree grows down to the very edge of the sea, they often fall into the water and are carried by currents and cast upon other shores. In Samoa I have seen seeds left in depressions on a newly formed reef sending forth vigorous sprouts and shoots.. The futu and the goat’s foot convolvulus were there the pioneer settlers on the new territory. In Guam this tree is very abundant. In places on the east shore between Pago and Talof6f6 one can scarcely walk without stepping on the fallen fruit or crushing the young plants. The natives use the fruit when dry as floats for their nets, and the fresh fruit for stupefying fish.¢ The use of the seeds of this plant asa fish intoxicant is widely spread in Polynesia and the East Indies. REFERENCES: Barringtonia speciosa Forst. Char. Gen. 76. t. 38. 1776. Bartramia. See Mosses. Barubatones (Visayan). See Ayllinga monocephala. Baseng (Philippines). See Zinziber zingiber. Basengbaseng (Philippines). See Sida rhombifolia. Basil. See Ocimum canum and O. sanctum. Basil, sweet. See Ocimum basilicum. Basora prieta (Porto Rico). See Waltheria americana. Basote (Porto Rico). See Chenopodium ambrosioides. Bastard currant. See Hhretia microphylla. Baston-de-San-José (Guam). See Tuaetsia terminalis. Batao (Philippines). See Dolichos lablab. Batobatonis (Tagilog). See Huphorbia hirta. Batunes (Guam). See Mesosphaerum capitatum. Bauhinia sp. Family Caesalpiniaceae. Loca NAmMEs.—Flor de mariposa (Guam). A shrub or small tree with beautiful, large, variegated, red-and-yellow flowers, somewhat like those of Bauhinia variegata. Introduced into Guam and cultivated by a few natives in their gardens as an ornamental plant. @See p. 81. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE XXXVIII. FRUIT OF BARRINGTONIA SPECIOSA, A FISH INTOXICANT. NATURAL SIZE. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 197 A second species growing on the hillside above San Ramon on the left-hand side of the road leading to Sinahana is of very recent introduction. It has large ill- smelling flowers of pale sulphur-yellow which resemble the figure of Bauhinia blancoi in Blanco’s Flora de Filipinas. Baumea mariscoides Gaudich. Same as Cladiwm gaudichaudii. Bayabas (Philippines). See Psidiwm guajava. Bayag cambing (Tagilog). See Guilandina crista. Bayog or Bayogo (Guam; Philippines). The seeds of Lens phaseoloides. Bayog cabayo (Philippines). See Dioscorea sativa. Bead tree, Syrian. See Melia azedarach. Beak rush. See Rynchospora corymbosa. Bean family. See Fabaceae. Beans: Chinese asparagus. See Vigna sinensis. Coral. See Adenanthera pavonina. Egyptian kidney. See Dolichos lablab. Goa. See Botor tetragonoloba. Horse. See Canavali ensiforme. Horse-eye. See Stizolobium pruriens and S. giganteum. Hyacinth. See Dolichos lablab. Lima. See Gardens. Match-box. See Lens phaseoloides. Molucca. See Guilandina crista. Ox-eye. See Stizolobium pruriens and S. giganteum. Queensland. See Lens phaseoloides. Sea. See Stizolobium pruriens, S. giganteum, Lens phaseoloides, and Guilandina crista. Seaside. See Canavali obtusifolium and Vigna lutea. Snuffbox. See Lens phaseoloides. Sword. See Canavali ensiforme. Turnip. See Cacara erosa. Yam. See Cacara erosa. Beardgrass, awned. See Andropogon aciculatus. Beefwood (Australia). See Casuarina equisetifolia. Beet. See Gardens. Behuko halom-tano (Guam). See Calamus sp. Bejuco (Spanish). General name for climbing or twining plant. In the Philippines and in Guam it is specially applied to species of climbing palms (Calamus). Bejuco cimarron (Spanish). See Calamus sp. Bejuco de vaca (Porto Rico). See Jpomoea pes-caprae. Bell pepper. See Capsicum annuum grossum. Belvisia spicata. See under Ferns. Ben oil. See Moringa moringa. Benincasa cerifera. Wax GOURD. Family Cucurbitaceae. Locat NAMEs.—Kondot, Condor (Guam); Kondol (Philippines); Calabaza blanca (Spanish); Ash pumpkin (Ueylon). A gourd with oblong, white, waxy fruit, growing on a vine, like a muskmelon; 198 | USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. hairy, with heart-shaped lobed leaves and yellow flowers, the male flowers with long stalks, the female almost stalkless. Cultivated in the gardens of Guam for the fruit, which is cooked as a vegetable and also as a “‘dulce.”’ REFERENCES: Benincasa cerifera Savi, Bibl. Ital. 9: 158.1818 (ex Ind. Kew.). Benne. See Sesamum orientale. Berbena (Guam). See Heliotropium indicum. Berengena (Spanish). See Solanum melongena. Berenghenas (Guam). See Solanwm melongena. Bergamot. See Citrus aurantium bergamia. Bermuda grass. See Capriola dactylon. Beta vulgaris (the common beet). See Gardens. Betel leaf. See Piper betle. Betelnut. See Areca cathecu. Betel pepper. See Piper betle. Biancaea sappan. SAPPAN. LocaL NAmEs.—Sibukao, Sibucao (Guam and Philippines); Palo del Brazil (Spanish). A thorny shrub or small tree with racemes of showy yellow flowers. Leaves abruptly bipinnate; pinnze 20 to 24; spines on rachis of leaves at base of pinnee and stipulary spines at base of petioles; leaflets 20 to 30, small oblong, very oblique; stamens woolly; pods short, broad (7.5 to 10 cm. long by 4 cm. broad), oblique, woody, with recurved beak at the upper angle, 3 or 4 seeded. This species was introduced into Guam at least a century ago. It grows readily on the island, and boundary hedges composed of it have spread into thickets in many places. Its heartwood yields a fine red dye, which is extensively used in India, and it is exported from Ceylon. The bark and the root are also used for dyeing.. The wood is an astringent and contains tannic and gallic acids. It is used medicinally in India. In Guam the natives make little use of it, as it requires considerable labor to separate the heart from the rest of the wood. It could be grown with success on the island, as it spreads there of its own accord and requires little or no attention. Owing to the ease with which it grows and its thick habit of growth, it is used for defining the boundaries of land. The wood takes a fine polish and does not warp nor erack. In preparing the wood for dyeing it is cut into chips, which are pounded and boiled for several hours in water. It yields a red color, which is intensified by alkalies. For dyeing cotton tannin and alum are used as mordants, for wool a mixture of alum and cream of tartar. In India it is combined with indigo to produce a purple dye and with turmeric and sulphate of iron to producearich maroon. Blasdale, Some Chinese vegetable food materials, U. S. Dept. Agr., Off. Exp. Sta., Bull. No. 68, 1899. 206 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Caguios (Philippines). See Cajan cajan. Cahel (Mexico, Philippines). See Citrus aurantium and C. aurantium sinensis. Cahet, Kahet (Guam). See Citrus aurantium sinensis. Cahuas (Mexico). See Capsicum annuum. Cajan cajan. PIGEON PEA. Family Fabaceae. Locat NAMEs.—-Lenteha fransesa (Guam); Cadios, Kad-yos, Cadius, Caguios (Philippines); Dhal, Dhol (India); Gandul (Porto Rico). An erect shrub with 3-foliolate leaves on slender gray silky branchlets; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, entire, subcoriaceous, thinly silky above, densely so beneath; stip- ules minute, lanceolate; flowers yellow, or the standard veined with red, growing in sparsely flowered racemes, often forming a terminal panicle; pod 5 to 7.5 cm. long, finely downy, tipped with the lower half of the style. This plant grows spontaneously in the Sudan, and is cultivated in India, Mada- gascar, New South Wales, Jamaica, Malabar, Brazil, and other warm countries. The seeds are nutritious and are eaten either green or dry, like peas. The plant will live several years, and in good soil begins bearing the first year. It was introduced into Guam in 1772 by the French ship Castries, whence its local name, which signi- fies ‘‘ French lentil.’’ It is planted at the beginning of the rainy season. REFERENCES: Cajan cajan (L.) Millsp. Field Col. Mus. Bot. Ser. 2: 53. 1900. Cytisus cajan L. Sp. Pl. 2: 739. 1753. Cajanus indicus Spreng. Syst. 3: 248. 1826. Cajanus indicus Spreng. See Cajan cajan. Cajel, Kahel (Philippines) or Kahet (Guam). See Citrus aurantium and C. auran- lium sinensis. Calabash tree. See Crescentia alata. Calabaza amarilla (Spanish). See Cucurbita maxima. Calabaza blanca (Spanish). See Benincasa cerifera. Calabaza vinatera (Spanish). See Lagenaria lagenaria. Caladium colocasia. Taro. PLATE XXVI. Family Araceae. LocaL NAMEs.—Suni, Sune (Guam); Songe (Madagascar, Réunion); Gabi, Gave, Dagmai (Philippines); Talas, Taloes (Sunda); Talo, Taro, Kalo (Polynesia) ; Tao (Marquesas); Chaua (Carolines); Yautia (Porto Rico); Quequeste (Mex- ico); Otd (Panama); Eddo, Tania, Coco ( British West Indies); Tadala, Gahala (Singapore); Kachti (India, Bengal); Culcas, Kolkus, Qolkas (Egypt); Egyp- tian Arum (Italy); To-no-imo, Aka-imo, Midsu-imo (Japan). A succulent plant with edible, starchy, tuberous rootstock, cultivated in nearly all tropical countries of the world. Leaves large, very stoutly peltately petioled, ovate- cordate or hastate, with a triangular basal sinus; spathe stoutly peduncled, persistent, mouth constricted, limb long, narrow, lanceolate; spadix shorter than the spathe, stipitate, terminal appendage variable, cylindric or subulate, or lacking; male and female inflorescences distant, male above the female with interposed flat neuters, male of densely packed cubical anthers or groups of anthers, with immersed cells opening by terminal slits; female of crowded, globose, 1-celled ovaries; stigma pulvinate; ovules many, orthotropous; berries obconic or oblong; seeds oblong, furrowed, endo- sperm copious, embryo axile. Several varieties of taro are cultivated in Guam, some of which were growing on the island before its discovery. The petioles are stout, 90 to 120 cm. long, green or violet; peduncles solitary or clustered and connate, much shorter than the petioles; spathe 20 to 45 cm. long, caudate-acuminate, erect, pale yellow; female inflorescence DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 207 as long as that of the neutral staminodes, male inflorescence longer. Like the sweet potato, ginger, and many other plants propagated by cuttings or suckers for the sake of their roots, the taro seldom flowers. In one variety growing in wet places many suckers are sent out from the base of the stem, and the leaves and petioles are more or less purple; in another variety, growing in the ciénaga, or swamps, the petioles are green; in a third they are red- dish. The favorite variety, planted in newly cleared land and on hillsides, has a purplish area at the junction of the petiole with the blade. It is called ‘‘suni Visaya.”’ The natives recognize at least eight varieties of suni. The large-leafed, coarser, cau- lescent plants called ‘‘piga’’ are varieties of Alocasia, a genus which is distinguished from Caladium in having the terminal appendage of the spadix marked with reticulate furrows, and having few and basal ovules, while those of Caladium are many and parietal. Suni was one of the principal food staples of the aboriginal inhabitants of Guam. Not only are the farinaceous tuberous rootstocks eaten, but also the young, tender leaves, which, when cooked, taste somewhat like asparagus. All parts, but especially the leaves, are extremely acrid, owing to the presence of sharp needle-like crystals of oxalate of calcium, called raphides (see Pls. XI, XII, and XIII), and to destroy this quality both leaves and rootstock must be thoroughly cooked.@ When the crop of taro is gathered the tops of the rootstocks are cut off and replanted at once. They quickly take root and mature in about a year. Taro is cooked in various ways in Guam, but'is never made into poi (fermented paste) as in Hawaii. Land taro, together with bananas and plantains, is the first thing to be planted in newly cleared ground. The climate of Guam seems to be admirably suited to its cultivation. Taro is a food staple in all island groups in the Pacific and “in many other parts of the tropical world. In Samoa many savory dishes are pre- pared with both the rootstock and the young leaves of taro combined with the rich, creamy juice expressed from grated kernels of ripe coconuts, as well as with other ingredients. The roots are characterized by a high percentage of carbohydrates, of which starch is the most important, and by a low percentage of fat, protein, and crude fiber. They have the consistency of a sweet potato, and a microscopical examination shows that the starch of which they are principally composed is in the form of very small grains. The crude protein of an albuminoid nature is in somewhat greater propor- tion than that found in the potato. Though offering no especial advantage over other farinaceous roots, taro is a very good substitute for them, and Europeans living in the Tropics soon acquire a taste for it, though at first it strikes them as insipid. In Hawaii taro prepared in the form of poi is very popular with the white residents. Taro is imported into the United States from Canton and the Hawaiian Islands, and is sold in large quantities in the Chinese markets of San Francisco. It is successfully grown in southern California, but it there requires an abundant artificial supply of water. The Florida Experiment Station has also succeeded in growing it, and reports satisiactory results.? In tropical countries where potatoes can not be grown and where the cultivation of yams is attended with care and labor, taro in its various forms is a great blessing to the inhabitants. It grows almost spontaneously both in swamps and on dry land, and it yields an abundance of wholesome, nutritious food, which, with the occasional addition of meat, legumes, or other nitrogenous foods to supply protein, is quite sufficient to sustain life. It is interesting to note that the Guam name of this plant reappears in Madagascar 4 For full aecount see p. 69, above. 5See Blasdale, Chinese vegetable food materials, Bull. No. 68, U.S. Dept. Agr., Off. Exper. Stations, pp. 13 to 15, 1899. Also, Florida Exper. Station Report, 1896, p- 9 208 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. in the form of ‘‘songe,’’ while its Philippine name is applied in Fiji, Samoa, and Rarotonga to the allied genus Alocasia. REFERENCES: Caladium colocasia (L.). Arum colocasia L. Sp. Pl. 2: 965. 1753. Colocasia antiquorum Schott in Schott & Endl. Meletem. 1: 18. 1832. The genus Caladium established by Ventenat, Description des plantes nouvelles et peu connues, cultivées dans le jardin de J. M. Cels, t. 30. 1800, and Roemer, Archiy ftir die Botanik, 2:347. 1799-1801, is adopted from the Caladium of Rumph, Herbarium .Amboinense, 5:313-318. 1747. The only species mentioned in common by the two authors is Caladium esculentum, which should therefore be considered as the type of the genus; and since this species is congeneric with, or, indeed, is sometimes considered merely a variety of Caladium colocasia, Caladium is restored as the correct name of the genus. The combination Caladium colocasia, cited in the Index Kewensis as having been published in Robert Wight’s Icones for a different species, I find not to have been published there, and it is therefore a valid name in its present use. The name Colocasia, on the other hand, even though Caladium was not to be applied to this genus, would be an untenable name, for it was proposed by Necker in 1790 for a genus the identity of which does not appear to have been definitely established, and again by Link in 1795 for still a different group. Either of these proposed uses would invalidate the application of the name as published by Schott in 1832.—W. F. W. Caladium esculentum. See Caladium colocasia. Calamasa (Guam). Same as Kalamasa. Calambit (Philippines). See Guilandina crista. Calamismis (Philippines). See Botor tetragonoloba. Calamus sp. RatTrTan. Family Phoenicaceae. Locat NAMEs.—Behuko halom-tano (Guam); Bejuco cimarron (Spanish). An indigenous climbing palm growing in Guam, of little economic value. An attempt was made to introduce the chair rattans, but it was unsuccessful. Calophyllum inophyllum. Pato Marta. Family Clusiaceae. . LocaL NAmMEs.—Daog or Daok (Guam); Dangkalan, Dinkalin, Bitaog, Bitanhol, Tamauian (Philippines); Palo Maria, Palo de Santa Maria (Spanish); Tamanu (Rarotonga, Tahiti); Fetau (Samoa); Dilo (Fiji); Kamanu or Kamani (Hawai); Foraha (Madagascar); Domba (Ceylon); Alexandrian Laurel (India). A tree usually growing near the shore. Leaves opposite, shining, coriaceous, with innumerable parallel veins at right angles to the midrib, oblong or obovate-oblong, obtuse or emarginate; flowers polygamous, in axillary or terminal racemes, pure white, fragrant; sepals 4; petals 4, rarely 6 to 8, like the inner sepals; stamens numer- ous, filaments in 4 bundles; ovary globose, stipitate; style much exceeding the stamens; stigma peltate, lobed; fruit 2.5 em. in diameter, globose, smooth, yellow, pulpy. This tree is widely spread throughout Polynesia and occurs on the tropical shores of Asia, Africa, and Australia. It is often planted near habitations and is valued for its wood, for an aromatic gum which exudes from incisions made in its trunk and limbs, and for a medicinal oil obtained from its nuts. Seeds of this species were among those collected by Doctor Guppy in the Solomon Islands in the drift of the beach, having probably been carried there by ocean currents. When the leaves are put in water an oil rises to the surface. This is used in some parts of India as a remedy for sore eyes. In southern Polynesia and India the dark green fragrant oil expressed from the nuts, called dilo oil or domba oil, is used asa lamp oil and is an external remedy for bruises and rheumatic pains. The resin DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 209 yielded by the trunk is one of the tacamahac gums of commerce; it is agreeably aro- matic, and is used as a scent by the Tahitians. It is of a yellowish-green color and is soluble in alcohol. Its wood is hard, strong, and cross-grained, and very hard to split. In Guam it is used for the solid wheels of the carts drawn by bullocks and carabao. It is durable in water, but is so rigid that it can not be bent. In Samoa it is much used for build- ing large canoes. Its strong crooked branches furnish excellent knees for boats, and are used also for stem and stern posts. REFERENCES: Calophyllum inophyllum L. Sp. Pl. 1: 518. 1753. Caltrops. See Tribulus cistoides. Calysaccion obovale. See Ochrocarpus obovalis. Camachile or Kamachiles (Guam). See Pithecolobium dulce. Camaluson (Philippines). See Botor tetragonoloba. Camantigui (Philippines). See Impatiens balsamina. Camatis (Philippines). See Lycopersicon lycopersicum. Cambustera (Cuba). See Quamoclit quamoclit. Camomile, false. See Chrysanthemum indicum. Camote (Spanish) or Kamute (Guam). See Ipomoea batatas. Camoting cahoi (Tagalog). See Manihot manihot. Camphire. See Lawsonia inermis. Cana (Spanish) . See Bambos and Trichoon roxburghii. Cana espinas, Cana macho. See Bambos blumeana. Cana de azucar. See Saccharum officinarum. Cana dulce. See Saccharum officinarum. Caniafistula (Spanish). See Cassia fistula. Cana hembra (Spanish). See Bambos sp. Cania-pistola (Philippines). See Cassia fistula. Cananga odorata. See Canangium odoratum. Canangium odoratum. JLANGILANG. YLANGYLANG. Family Anonaceae. Locat NAMES.—Alangilang (Guam, Philippines); Moso’oi (Samoa); Moto-oi (Rarotonga). A tree bearing a profusion of greenish yellow fragrant flowers, with long, fringe- like petals, from which the perfume ‘‘ilangilang’’ is made. Leaves alternate, simple, _ entire, ovate-oblong, finely acuminate, puberulous beneath; sepals 3; petals 6, in _ two series, narrowly linear; stamens many, linear, borne at the base of the ovary, the connective produced into a lanceolate, acute process; ovaries many; style oblong; ripe carpels about 12, ovoid or obovoid, black, 6 to 12-seeded. Bark of tree smooth, ashy; trunk straight normally, but in Guam often twisted out of shape by hurricanes. Its wood is soft and white, and not very durable, but in Samoa the natives make small canoes of it, and the Malayans hollow out the trunks into drums or tomtoms. In Guam straight trunks of sufficient size for canoes are never found. This tree is found in Java, the Philippines, and in many islands of the Pacific. Itis widely cultivated in the Tropics. Its introduction into Guam is comparatively recent; but the fruit-eating pigeons are spreading it gradually over the island. The natives sometimes use its flowers to perfume coconut oil. In Samoa it is very highly esteemed. Its fringe-like flowers are there strung into wreaths and garlands by the natives, together with the drupes of Pandanus and the scarlet fruit of Capsicum. 9773—05——14 210 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Ilangilang trees may be readily propagated either by cuttings or seeds. These should be planted in orchards or groves 8 meters apart. They thrive well on most tropical islands and countries with warm, moist climates. About the third year the flowers appear. They bloom continuously, so that flowers and fruit may be always found on the same tree. From the flowers a pleasantly scented volatile oil is derived, known in commerce as the oil of ilangilang. In the Philippines and the East Indies this is sometimes adulterated with an oil extracted from the flowers of Michelia champaca. Ilangilang oil is obtained by steam distillation. In this process steam is generated in a small boiler and passed into a closed vessel containing the flowers. The mixed water and oil vapor as it leaves this vessel is condensed, and the oil separated from the water by decantation. In the Philippines German distillers have obtained it in the ratio of about 25 grams from 5 kilograms of flowers (0.5 per cent). It finds a ready market in Paris, Nice, and Grasse, and is used also by perfumers in London, Leipzig, Berlin, and Frankfort. The best quality of oil is perfectly clear and very fragrant. The second quality is yellowish and turbid. A perfume is also derived from the blossoms by the method known as enfleurage, as with jasmines and other fragrant flowers. By this process the fragrant oil is absorbed by refined fats, butter, or oil spread over trays, on the surface of which the flowers are sprinkled. These are changed at frequent intervals and the fat ‘‘ worked ’”’ so as to present a fresh surface each time to the new flowers laid upon it. Finally it is scraped off the tray, melted, strained, and poured into jars in the form of a pomade. When oil is used in this process layers of cotton are steeped in it, spread upon trays, and the flowers sprinkled over the surface, after which the oil is pressed out. Care should be taken to use fresh oil. Coconut oil is Hable to become rancid very soon. The method used by the natives to extract the perfume is very simple. The flowers are put into coconut oil and allowed to remain there for a short time, after which they are removed and replaced by fresh ones. The process is hastened by heating the oil. To avoid excessive heat the vessel used for the process is partly filled with water and the oil poured upon it. This prevents the temperature rising above that of boiling water, and the lower specific gravity of the oil keeps it separate from the water. The ‘‘ Macassar oil’’ of commerce is coconut oil, in which Iangilang blossoms have been digested together with those of Michelia champaca.4@ Tlangilang oil is becoming an important article of export from the Philippines. From the commercial monthly summary, published by the Bureau of Insular Affairs (May, 1904), it appears that the amount exported is steadily increasing. For the eleven months ending May, 1902, its value was $67,178; 1903, $90,289; 1904, $96,472. REFERENCES: Canangium odoratum (Lam. ). Uvaria odorata Lam. Encye. 1: 595. 1783. Cananga odorata Hook. f. & Thom. Fl. Ind. 1: 130. 1855. Cananga was proposed for a different genus by Aublet in 1775, and can not there- fore be used as a valid name for the above genus. Baillon recognized this fact, and proposed Canangium, without, however, giving the species; but since there is no other name available it is adopted here. Canarium indicum. JAVA ALMOND. Family Balsameaceae. LocaL NAMES.—Brea blanca (Guam, Philippines); Pili (Philippines). A large tree yielding an aromatic resin known in commerce as Manila elemi. Leaves alternate, odd pinnate; leaflets 7 to 9, ovate or oblong elliptical, acuminate, glabrous; flowers in terminal puberulous panicles. Drupe ellipsoidal, subtrigonous, @Spons’ Encyclopedia, vol. 2, p. 1422, 1882. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. A Wl b with a hard, bony stone, which is trigonous or three-lobed, terminating at each end in a sharp point. The stone or nut is called ‘‘pili,’’ or almond, in the Philippines. This tree has been sparingly introduced into Guam. In his Islas Marianas ( Manila, 1887) Don Francisco Olive y Garcia gives a catalogue of the trees growing on the island and mentions a single specimen of brea. This, however, is important, since it shows that the climate and soil of Guam are suitable for its propagation. REFERENCES: Canarium indicum Stickman, Herb. Amb. 1754; Amoen. Acad. 4:143. 1759. Canarium commune L. Mant. 1:127. 1767. Canavali ensiforme. SworD BEAN. SABRE BEAN. Family Fabaceae. Locan NAmMEs.—Akankan (Guam); Palang-palang (Philippines); Horsebean (Jamaica); Jack bean (Brit. W. Indies). A twining creeper; leaves pinnately trifoliolate, leaflets cordate-ovate, ovate-oblong, or ovate, rather acute; flowers in axiliary racemes, the peduncles and racemes each 7.5 to 15cm. long; corolla purplish or white, papilionaceous, more than twice as long as the calyx; calyx deep, the limb 2-lipped, the upper lip projecting, entire or emarginate, the lower shortly 3-toothed; pod 15 to 25 ecm. long, linear-oblong, flattish, with a distinct rib on each valve near the upper suture, 8 to 12 seeded; seeds white, ovoid-oblong, subcompressed. Common in thickets and hedges everywhere in the Tropics. In Guam the racemes of purple flowers are conspicuous by the roadsides. The vernacular name Akankan signifies ‘‘molar teeth,’’ from the appearance of the seeds. In some countries it is cultivated for the sake of its long esculent pods, the white-flowered and white-seeded varieties being considered the best for this purpose. It is a perennial. Though the pods are coarse in appearance, when sliced and boiled they are tender and scarcely inferior to French beans.¢ The mature beans roasted and ground have been used in Texas as a substitute for coffee. They are indigestible unless deprived of their outer skin. Experiments have proved these beans to be unsuitable for stock food. ? REFERENCES: Canavali ensiforme (L.) DC. Prod. 2: 404. 1825, as Canavalia ensiformis. Dolichos ensiformis L. Sp. Pl. 2: 725. 1753. Canavali obtusifolium. SEASIDE BEAN. Locat NAMES.—Akankan-tasi (Guam); Palang-palang (Philippines); Mata de la Playa (Porto Rico); Mata de Costa (Cuba). A glabrous perennial creeper; leaves pinnately trifoliolate, leaflets thicker than those of the preceding species, obovate, obtuse, or sometimes emarginate; racemes few- flowered, usually overtopping the leaves; flowers in axillary racemes, corolla pur- plish; pod oblong, few-seeded, 10 to 12.5 cm. long; seeds usually chestnut-colored, opaque, ovoid, subcompressed. A strand plant widely distributed on tropical shores. In Guam, as in most places, it is associated with the goat’s-foot convolvulus (Ipomoea pes-caprae). It is useful as a binder of loose sand. REFERENCES: Canavali obtusifolium (Lam.) DC. Prod. 2: 404. 1825, as Canavalia ensiformis. Dolichos obtusifolius Lam. Eneye. 2: 295. 1786. Canavalia. See Canavali. Cancidn (Guam). A young coconut having a sweetish, edible rind. Candlenut. See Alewrites moluccana. 4 Firminger, Man. Gardening for Bengal, ed. 4, p. 156. >Lloyd and Moore. Feeding for beef. Mississippi Bull., No, 39, p. 166, Aug., 1896. WALD) USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Canna indica. Canna. INDIAN SHOT. Family Cannaceae. Locat NAmMEs.—Mafigo halom-tano (Guam); Fana-manu (Samoa); Aliipoe (Hawaii); Cafia de cuentas, Coyol (Mexico): Blumenrohr (German); Balisier de l’ Inde (French). A well-known plant cultivated all over the world for ornamental purposes and growing without cultivation in most tropical countries. Stem erect, about 90 to 120 cm. high; leaves large, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, clasping the stem; flowers red; sepals 3, imbricate; petals 3, narrow, subequal, with recurved tips; staminodes 3, longer than the petals; ovary 3-celled, the cells with many ovules; style linear, flat, growing together below with the staminodial whorl, free above; stigma apical, often decurrent on one side; capsule warty; seeds round, black, very hard. In India the seed are sometimes used for shot and are made into necklaces and other ornaments: They yield a purple dye, but it is not permanent. An allied species, Canna edulis, is cultivated in the West Indies for the sake of the starch derived from its fleshy rhizomes. In Colombia starch is obtained from Canna indica, but it is not so good as that of Canna edulis. REFERENCES: Canna indica, L. Sp. Pl. 1:1. 1753. Cannon-ball tree. See Xylocarpus granatum. Capa de la reina (Guam). The blue pea or ‘‘queen’s cloak.’? See Clitoria ternatea. Capayo (Philippines). See Carica papaya. Caper. See Capparis mariana. Capili (Philippines). See Alewrites moluccana. Capoc (Philippines). See Ceiba pentandra; the silk-cotton tree. Capparidaceae. CAPER FAMILY. This family is represented in Guam by Cleome viscosa and Capparis mariana. Capparis mariana. MARIANNE CAPER. Family Capparidaceae. LocaL NAMES.—Aleaparro (Spanish, Guam); Alcaparro de Marianas (Philip- pines). A shrub growing near the sea, with large, white, fragrant flowers, and large edible seed capsules. Trunk and limbs rough, covered with small protuberances, but not thorny; leaves alternate, subreniform, obtuse, emarginate, smooth, soft, and rather fleshy; petioles short; flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves, long-pedicelled; sta- mens numerous; fruit elongate, 6-ribbed; seeds many, embedded in pulp. This plant is abundant on the island. The natives make very good pickles of the unripe capsules. It has been introduced into the Philippines, where it is known as the ‘‘caper of the Marianne Islands.’’ The flowers are sometimes pink. It appears from the archives at Agana that some of the early governors of Guam exported the fruit in considerable quantities, employing the natives to gather it. REFERENCES: Capparis mariana Jacq. Hort. Schoenbr. 1: 57. t. 109. 1797. Capparis spinosa mariana K. Schu. Engler’s Jahrb. 9: 201. 1887. Capriola dactylon. BERMUDA GRASS. Family Poaceae. Local NamMEs.—Grama (Guam, Cuba); Manfenfe (Hawaii); Mati (Rarotonga) ; Doorba-grass, Doob-grass (Bengal); Bahama grass ( West Indies). A grass with prostrate stems, widely creeping and forming matted tufts with short ascending branches. Leaves short, subulate, glaucous; ligule hairy; spikelets minute, DESORIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 213 1-flowered, 1 or 2-seriate, in 3 to 6 digitate slender unilateral spikes, not jointed at the base; grain laterally compressed. This plant is distributed throughout all warm countries. In India it is an impor- tant forage plant and is much used for lawns. On account of its usefulness and beauty the Hindoos have celebrated it in their writings, and the native Hawaiians hold it in great esteem. It thrives where scarcely any other grass will grow, even in poor soil shaded by trees. It is useful in binding down the sand near the sea, and on the low sandy soil of Agana, the capital of Guam, it forms beautiful soft turf. When once established in cultivated fields it is hard to eradicate. In India the young leaves are eaten by the natives and a cooling drink is made of the roots. It is readily propagated by cuttings. When required for lawns a sufficient quantity can easily be collected from the roadside and waste places. The ground is dug and leveled and the rootstocks cut into small pieces set out at intervals of about 30 centi- meters. The plat should be watered until the grass has established itself. ‘“4 more expeditious and very successful plan of laying down a lawn is to pull up a quantity of grass by the roots, chop it tolerably fine, mix it well in a compost of mud of about the consistency of mortar, and spread it out thinly over the piece of ground where the lawn is required. In a few days the grass will spring up with great regularity over the plat.’’¢ In establishing a pasture the grass should be planted at intervals of 50 centimeters in rows one meter apart. REFERENCES: Capriola dactylon (.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2: 764. 1891. Panicum dactylon L. Sp. Pl. 1:58. 1753. Cynodon dactylon Pers. Syn. 1:85. 1805. Capsicum annuum. RED PEPPER. CAYENNE PEPPER. Family Solanaceae. Loca NaAMEs.—Doni (Guam); Chile (Philippines); Cahtias, Chile (Mexico); Aji (Spanish America). A plant of tropical American origin, but escaped from cultivation in many tropical countries of the Old World, where it was once supposed to be indigenous. Stem branching, glabrous or nearly so; leaves ovate or subelliptical, entire, acuminate; flowers white or greenish white, solitary, or sometimes in twos or threes; corolla rotate, usually 5-lobed; stamens 5, rarely 6 or 7, with bluish anthers dehiscing longitudinally; ovary originally 2 or 3-celled; fruita juiceless berry or pod, extremely variable in form and size, many-seeded, and with more or less pungency about the seeds and pericarp. Many varieties occur in cultivation.” Among the forms usually assigned to this species are Capsicum annuum grossum, the bell pepper, and Capsicum annuum cerasiforme, the cherry pepper. ¢ REFERENCES: Capsicum annuum L. Sp. Pl. 1: 188. 1753. Capsicum annuum cerasiforme. CHERRY PEPPER. CAYENNE PEPPER. A low, shrubby plant; leaves of medium size, ovate or oblong, acuminate; calyx seated on base of fruit; corolla large, spreading; fruit spherical, somewhat heart- shaped, or slightly elongated; flesh firm, very pungent. Of recent introduction on the island. REFERENCES: , Capsicum annuum cerasiforme (Mill.) H. C. Irish, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 9: 92. 1898. Capsicum cerasiforme Mill. Gard. Dict. no. 5. 1768. @ Bull. Bot. Dept. Jamaica, 1896, p. 30. 6See Irish, Rey. genus Capsicum, Ninth Ann. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard., p. 53, 1898. ¢See Tracy, W. W., Jr. A list of American varieties of peppers, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau Pl. Industry, Bull. No. 6, 1902. ; 914 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Capsicum annuum grossum. BELL PEPPER. Loca NAMEs.—Doni (Guam); Chile ancho (Mexico); Chile de Castilla (Philip- pines). This plant has long been cultivated in Guam. Its flesh is not pungent, and the natives frequently prepare it for the table by stuffing it with minced meat and then cooking it. It grows here almost like a shrub to the height of 90 em., and bears prolifically. Fruit oblong or truncate, about 10 cm. long by 4 cm. in diameter, often lobed and usually with a basal depression. Cultivated in every garden on the island. REFERENCES: Capsicum annuum grossum (L.) Sendt. Mart. Fl. Bras. 10: 147. 1846. Capsicum grossum L. Mant. 1:47. 1767. Capsicum baccatum. Same as Capsicum frutescens baccatum; see under Capsicum Frutescens. Capsicum frutescens. SPUR PEPPER. CAYENNE PEPPER. LocaL NAMEs.—Doni (Guam); Aji (Spanish). A shrubby perennial, 90 to 180 cm. high, with prominently angled or somewhat channeled stem and branches; leaves broadly ovate, acuminate; peduncles slender, often in pairs, usually longer than the fruit; calyx cup-shaped, embracing the base of the fruit; fruit red, obtuse or oblong-acuminate, very acrid. "It is possible that the original form from which this plant has developed through cultivation is that known as Capsicum minimum Roxb., to which, according to Engler, the allied varieties revert when left to themselves. The bird pepper ( Capsicum frutescens baccatum) has round or ovate fruit about 6 mm. in diameter. In the Philippines it is called ‘‘ chileng bundok.”’ REFERENCES: Capsicum frutescens L. Sp. Pl. 1: 189. 1753. Capsicum grossum. Same as Capsicum annuum grossum. Captlao (Philippines). See Herpetica alata. Carambola. See Averrhoa carambola. Carapa moluccensis. Same as Xy/ocarpus granatum. Cardiospermum halicacabum. BALLOON VINE. Family Sapindaceae. Loca NAmMES.—Farolitos, Bombillas (Spanish). A climbing herb, with wiry stem and branches, and alternate biternate leaves; leaf- lets coarsely dentate; flowers irregular, polygamo-dioecious, in axillary racemes, white, very small; lowest pair of pedicels developed into spiral tendrils; sepals 4, concave, the two outer ones small; petals 4, in pairs, the 2 greater lateral ones usually adhering to the sepals; stamens 8, excentric; ovary 3-celled; style short, trifid; ovules solitary; fruit an inflated, broadly pear-shaped capsule. This plant is widely distributed throughout the Tropics. Its root given in decoc- tion is said to be aperient. On the Malabar coast the leaves are administered in pulmonary complaints. In the Moluccas the leaves are cooked as a vegetable. It was collected by Gaudichaud on the island of Rota. REFERENCES: Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Sp. Pl. 1: 366. 1753. Carex densiflora. SEDGE. Family Cyperaceae. A sedge with numerous dense, lanceolate spikelets, arranged in a branching, bracted spike; spikelets androgynous, staminate above, pistillate below; scales tipped with a bristle, the female nearly round, the male ovyate-lanceolate, bristles rough; ovary inclosed in an oblong, compressed, striate perigynium, contracted at the top, with a small bidentate opening through which protrudes the \2-cleft style; perigyn- DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 915 ium rough-edged, longer than the scaly bract; culm (stem) 3-sided, the sides chan- neled (triquetrous), smooth, shorter than the rough-edged broad leaves. This species was described by Presl from specimens collected by Haenke in Guam. REFERENCES: Carex densiflora Pres}, Rel. Haenk. 3: 204. 1828. Carex fuirenoides. SEDGE. A sedge with androgynous spikelets; male flowers with 3 stamens, female flow- ers with 3 styles; panicles spike-like, axillary and terminal, solitary, with long peduncles, clusters numerous; spikelets oblong-cylindrical, pistillate below, stami- nate above; scales many-nerved, male ovate-oblong, mucronate-subaristate, dark- hyaline, female scales ovate-subrotund, with rounded apex, aristulate, veined, smooth, dark-hyaline; perigynia obovate-oblong, with attenuated beaks, slightly curved, ribbed, dark-brown, smooth, twice the length of the scale; beak rough on the upper margin, bidentate at the orifice. Immature achene obovate-oblong, tri- gonal, terminated by the persistent thickish base of the style. -This species was described by Gaudichaud from specimens collected in Guam. REFERENCES: Carex fuirenoides Gaudich. Bot. Freye. Voy. 412. 1826. Carica papaya. : Papaw. Family Caricaceae. LocaL NAMEs.—Papaya (Spanish); Lechoso (Mexico); Papai, Maneo, Mamerio (Brazil); Mamon (Paraguay); Papaya, Kapayo, Capayo (Philippines); Esi tane (male), Esi fafine (female) (Samoa). A tree suggesting a palm in its habit of growth, bearing a crown of large palmately- lobed, long-stalked leaves on a slender, straight, fleshy trunk, which is normally unbranched. It is usually dioecious, the staminate (male) and the pistillate (female) flowers being borne on separate trees, the former funnel-shaped having 10 anthers inserted on the throat of the corolla; the latter larger, 5-petaled, with one pistil bearing a 5-rayed stigma. Occasionally trees are found with hermaphrodite flow- ers. All parts of the plant abound in milky juice, or latex, which has remarkable pepsin-like digestive properties. The melon-shaped fruit grows from the axils of the lower leaves, the normal fruit from the female flowers being sessile, while that from the hermaphrodite flowers is borne on long pedicels. The milky juice from the unripe fruit when rubbed on meat has the property of making it tender. By experiment it has been found that this juice is more efficacious than pepsin in dissolving albumen and muscular fibre. From the hali-ripe fruits a proteolytic ferment has been derived which differs from pepsin in that its action on proteids goes on in neutral or alkaline solutions as well as in acid solutions. From the seeds of the papaw a glucoside called caricin has been obtained; from the leaves an alkaloid called carpaine, the physiological action of which is similar to that of digitalis, a heart depressant. In commerce there are a number of prepara- tions claiming to be the ferment of the papaw, sold under the name of papain, papayotin, caroid, papoid, ete. On examination of several of these substances they were found by Mr. F. B. Kilmer to be merely the dried and powdered latex of the papaw, bearing the same relation to the true separated ferment as the dried mucous membrane of the stomach might bear to purified pepsin. A series of experiments was carried on by Mr. Kilmer demonstrating beyond a doubt the digestive properties of the true papaw ferments. ¢ Papaws are very easily grown. They spring up spontaneously in open places and clearings in the forest, especially where the undergrowth has been burned, from seeds dropped by birds. The tree grows rapidly, the leaves falling off as the trunk shoots «See Kilmer, The Story of the Papaw, American Journal of Pharmacy, vol. 73, pp. 272, 336, and 383, 1901. 216 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. upward leaving the trunk marked regularly with scars. The leaf-stems are hol- low, and in Guam are often used as trumpets by the natives, some of whom are skillful in sounding military bugle calls upon them. The root is turnip-shaped, the lower part extending deep into the earth seeking moisture and giving stability to the tree. The wood is soft, white, and, spongy, and decays rapidly. It is useless. The trunk of a tree can be cut through by a single stroke of a machete. Before ripening the fruits are green. On reaching maturity they become yellow and squash- like. They may be eaten either with salt or sugar. To a novice they are inferior in flavor toa musk melon. They vary in size and shape. Those growing in Guam are small and inferior to the varieties cultivated in countries where they are used as a food-staple. They contain a great number of dark-brown seeds, which turn black in drying and have a mustard-like pungent flavor. The fruit developes so rapidly that buds of flowers and ripe fruits are often seen on a tree at the same time. The papaw is a native of tropical America, but it has become established through- out the entire tropical world. In Guam it appears spontaneously in waste places. Little attention is given to it by the natives. Though they eat it if other kinds of fruit be scarce, they do not appear to esteem it as an article of food. REFERENCES: Carica papaya L. Sp. Pl. 2: 1036. 1753. Caricature plant. See Graptophyllum pictum. Carinta herbacea. GROUNDBERRY. Family Rubiaceae. LocaL NAMEs.—Bejuco guara (Cuba); Naunau, Matamata-Aitu (Samoa); Kapu- kapu (Rarotonga); Karinta kali (Malay Archipelago). A small, slender, creeping, perennial herb, bearing red, fleshy berries, somewhat like those of the partridge berry (Mitchella repens). Leaves long-petioled, more or less pubescent, orbicular, deeply cordate, stipules interpetiolar, ovate, obtuse; flowers small, white, growing in 1 to 6-flowered peduncled umbels; bracts linear, lanceolate; calyx tube oboyoid, segments 5 to 7, slender, herbaceous, persistent; corolla salyer-shaped, glabrous, throat hairy, lobes 4 to 7, valvate in bud; stamens 4 to 7, inserted on the corolla tube, included; stigma 2-fid; ovary 2-celled, the cells 1-ovuled; ovules erect; berry a fleshy drupe, with 2 plano-convex pyrenes; seeds plano-convex, not grooved ventrally. This plant is widely distributed in the Tropics. It is common in the woods of Samoa, Fiji, and other islands of the Pacific, in the Andaman Islands, Malay Archi- pelago, Ceylon, South China, and in tropical America. It is said to possess medicinal properties similar to those of the allied Evea ipecacuanha® of New Granada and Brazil, but of inferior quality. ? . REFERENCES: Carinta herbacea (Jacq.). Psychotria herbacea Jacq. Enum. Pl. Carib. 16. 1760. Geophila reniformis Don, Prod. Fl. Nep. 136. 1825. Geophila was first proposed in 1803 for a genus of Liliaceae and is therefore not available for the rubiaceous genus so named by Don. Carinta is an adaptation of the Malayan name of this plant, Karinta kali. Carmona heterophylla Cay. Same as Ehretia microphylla. Carrizo (Spanish). See Trichoon roxburghit. @ Evea ipecacuanha (Brot.) Callicocca ipecacuanha Brot. Trans. Linn. Soc. 6: 137. t. 11. 1802. Uragoga ipecacuanha ( Brot.) Baill. Hist. Pl. 7: 281. 1880. 6 Watt, Dictionary of the Economic Products of India, vol. 3, p. 488, 1890. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. Oy Caryophyllus malaccensis. MALAY APPLE. \, Family Myrtaceae. ; LocaL NAMEs.—Macupa, Makupa (Philippines and Guam); Kavika (Fiji); Nonu-fi’afi’a (Samoa); Ahia (Tahiti); Ohia (Hawaii). A tree of medium size, bearing a profusion of white, purple, or red flowers, with tufts of stamens of the same color as the corolla. These are followed by an abun- dance of fruit having a fragrant, apple-like odor and a delicate flavor. Leaves large, glossy, ovate, elliptic or obovate-oblong, attenuate at each end; inflorescence cen- tripetal with solitary axillary flowers, or in short racemes (leafless branches), or centrifugal in dense terminal cymes; calyx globose or more or less elongate, pro- duced beyond the ovary, with 4 or rarely 5 rounded lobes; petals 4, rarely 5; stamens many; ovary 2-celled, rarely 3-celled, with several ovules in each cell; style filiform, stigma small; fruit nearly round, crowned by the scar of the calyx lobes; seed usu- ally. 1. This tree occurs on nearly all the larger islands of the tropical Pacific and in the Malay Archipelago. It has been introduced into Guam comparatively recently and is by no means common. In Hawaii, Samoa, and Fiji it is very highly esteemed by the natives, more forits beauty than forits fruit. The ancient Hawaiians made their idols of its wood, and the tree figures in the myths of the Fijians. The etymological identity of the Fijian, Samoan, Tahitian, and Hawaiian names of this tree is interest- ing, indicating, as it does, an acquaintance with it before the separation of the various divisions of the Polynesians or its introduction from one group of islands to the others, together with its name. REFERENCES: Caryophyllus malaccensis (1. ). Eugenia malaccensis L. Sp. Pl. 1: 470. 1753. Jambosa malaccensis DC. Prod. 3: 286. 1828. The genus Caryophyllus was published by Linnzeus in 1753 with a single species, C. aromaticus, which has since been referred to Jambos Adanson, or Jambosa, as written by many authors. Adanson’s name, however, is of later date, and must therefore be displaced by the Linnzean name of the genus. Casay (Philippines). See Adenanthera pavonina. Cascabeles (Spanish). See Crotalaria quinquefolia. Cashew. See Anacardium occidentale. Casoy (Philippines). See Anacardium occidentale. Cassava. See Manihot manihot. Cassia alata. Same as Herpetica alata. Cassia angustissima Lam. Same as Cassia mimosoides. ‘Cassia esculenta Roxb. Same as Cassia sophera. Cassia fistula. PUDDING-PIPE TREE. Family Caesalpiniaceae. Loca NAMEs.—Canafistula (Guam, Philippines, Mexico) ; Cafiapistola (Philip- pines); Golden shower (Hawaii). A tree with smooth, ashy-gray bark, bearing long, pendent, lax racemes of golden- yellow flowers, followed by very long, woody, cylindrical pods. Leaves large, even- pinnate, the leaflets in 4 to 8 pairs, ovate-acuminate, 5 to 15 cm. long; calyx tube very short; sepals 5, obtuse; petals 5, veined, imbricated, obovate, shortly clawed, nearly equal; stamens 10; pod black or dark brown, 30 to 60 cm. long, containing one-seeded compartments, marked with three longitudinal shining furrows, two of them close together and the third opposite them, marking the sutures; seed reddish brown, glossy, flattish, ovate, embedded in a blackish-brown sweet pulp; odor 218 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. resembling that of prunes. When the wind blows the pendulous pods strike together and make a rattling noise. This tree is said to be a native of upper Egypt and India, whence it has been introduced into nearly all tropical countries. It has been growing in Guam at least a century, but, like the tamarind, does not reproduce itself here spontaneously. The wood is hard and heavy, but the natives do not utilize it. It is found growing in many places on the sites of abandoned ranches. In Honolulu it is one of the principal shade trees and is highly prized for the beauty of its flowers. The pulp is a valuable laxative, and is much used in medicine. It is apt to become sour if long exposed to the air, or moldy if kept in a damp place. It is extracted from the pods by bruising them and then boiling them in water, after which the decoction is evaporated. It may be obtained from fresh pods by opening them at the sutures and removing the pulp with a spatula. The pulp has a sweet, mucilaginous taste. It contains sugar, gum, a substance analogous to tannin, a color- ing matter soluble in ether, traces of a principle resembling gluten, and a little water. It may be advantageously given in small doses in cases of habitual costiveness (4 to 8 gm.), and in doses of oné or two ounces (30 to 60 gm.) it acts as a purgative. @ REFERENCES: Cassia fistula L. Sp. Pl. 1: 377. 1753. Cassia mimosoides. TEA SENNA. Loca NAMES.—Kobo-cha, Nemu-cha, Ichinen-cha (Japan). A low diffuse perennial, with slender, shrubby, finely downy branches. Leaves resembling those of the sensitive plant, 2.5 to 7.5 cm. long, with a solitary sessile gland on the rachis below the leaflets; leaflets 60 to 100, linear, rigidly coriaceous, 3 to 3.6 mm. long, obliquely mucronate, with the midrib close to the upper border; stipules large, linear-subulate, persistent; flowers yellow, 1 or 2 in the axils of the leaves on short pedicels; sepals lanceolate-acuminate, bristly; corolla little exserted; stamens 10, alternately longer and shorter; pod strap-shaped, flat, dehis- cent, 3.5 to 5 em. long by 3.5 mm. broad, nearly straight, glabrescent or finely downy; septa more or less oblique. In Japan, where it grows both wild and in cultivation, the young stem and leaves are cut and dried asa substitute for tea. . REFERENCES: Cassia mimosoides L. Sp. Pl. 1: 379. 1753. Cassia occidentalis. CoFFEE SENNA. NEGRO COFFEE. LocaL NAMES.—Mumutun sable (Guam); Balatong aso (Philippines); Frijo- lillo (Panama); Hierba hedionda (Cuba); Hedionda (Porto Rico); Bantamare (Senegal); Herbe puante (French). A glabrous, ill-smelling weed, 60 to 90 em. high, with abruptly pinnate leaves, hay- ing a single large ovate gland just above the base of the petiole. Leaflets 4 to 6 pairs, without glands between them, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, rounded at the base, acute, 2.5 to 7.5 em. long, glabrous on both sides, or finely pubescent; flowers yellow, pedicelled; racemes short, closely crowded, axillary; stamens 10, the upper 3 imper- fect; calyx lobes oblong, obtuse, glabrous; pod linear, glabrous, 10 to 12.5 em. long by 2.5 to 7.5 em. broad, somewhat curved, its margins thickened. This plant is of wide distribution in the Tropics, and in the warmer temperate regions of the globe. It was introduced into Guam more than a century ago, and is common in abandoned clearings, in waste places, and along the beach. The seeds, sometimes called ‘‘ negro coffee,’’ are used in some parts of the world as a substitute for coffee and are said to be a febrifuge. In Senegambia an infusion of the roasted seeds having an agreeable flavor not unlike coffee is used by the natives. This plant has been used asa remedy for stomach troubles, nervous asthma, and «United States Dispensatory, p. 341, 1899. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 219 typhoid fever. The root is especially active, and the leaves are used medicinally in many countries, especially in Dahomey, Africa, where they are one of the most important drugs used in the hospitals in the treatment of certain fevers.¢ They are purgative and antiherpetic. Large quantities are received annually at Bordeaux and Marseille. In 1897 nearly 100 tons of the seed was imported into Europe. In 1898 the value of the export from Senegal amounted to 1,000 francs. REFERENCES: Cassia occidentalis L. Sp. Pl. 1: 377. 1753. Cassia sensitiva Roxb. Same as Cassia mimosoides. Cassia sophera. EDIBLE SENNA. Loca NAMEs.—Amot-tumaga, Amot-tomaga (Guam). A plant resembling Cassia occidentalis, but of a more shrubby habit, and with more -numerous, smaller, narrower leaflets and shorter, broader, more turgid pods. Leaf with asingle large gland placed just above the base of the petiole; leaflets 6 to 12 pairs, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, without glands between them; flowers yellow, racemes terminal or axillary, few-flowered; stamens 10, the upper 3 imperfect; pods glabrous, many-seeded, linear, turgid; suture keeled; seeds horizontal, with cellular partitions. The leaves are variable in shape and size. A common variety in Guam has the leaves smaller and more obtuse than the typical form. The single gland on the petiole and the size and shape of the leaves will serve to distinguish this species from the others on the island. Widely spread in the Tropics. In India the leaves are eaten by natives in their curries. An infusion of the bark has been given as a remedy for diabetes; and the bruised leaves and bark of the root, powdered and mixed with honey, are applied externally in ringworm and ulcers. As in the case of C. occidentalis, the smell of the plant is disagreeable. REFERENCES: Cassia sophera L. Sp. Pl. 1: 879. 1753. Cassia tora. Low SENNA. LocaL NAMEs.—Mumutun adamelon, Mumutun palaoan (Guam). An annual glabrous undershrub, with even pinnate leaves. Leaflets 2 to 4 pairs, a gland on the rachis between the lowest pair, and sometimes between the next pair, but never between the uppermost; stipules linear-subulate, at length deciduous; leaf- lets thin, obovate, obtuse; flowers yellow, small, in pairs or in short axillary few- flowered racemes; calyx lobes oblong, obtuse; stamens 10, the anthers of the upper 3 imperfect; pod linear, very slender, strongly curved, 15 to 2.5 em. long by 6 mm. wide, membranous, the sutures very broad, the seeds flattened in the same direction as the pod. Of world-wide distribution in the Tropics. In Guam it has been a common weed for more than a century. The leaves are mucilaginous and ill smelling. They are said to be aperient. In india they are fried in castor oil and applied to ulcers. The root, rubbed with lime juice, is a remedy for ringworm. REFERENCES: Cassia tora L. Sp. Pl. 1: 376. 1753. Cassytha filiformis. Wire VINE. DoDDER LAUREL. Family Lauraceae. Loca naMEs.—Maydgas (Guam); Devil’s guts (Australia). A leafless, wiry, twining parasitic plant with the habit of Cuscuta, very common in thickets, adhering to branches of other plants by means of small protuberances or @Wildeman, Les Plantes Tropicales de Grande Culture, p. 72-73 (Brussels, 1902). 220 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. suckers. Flowers small, white, remote, in small spikes; perianth with 3 inner equal obovate lobes and 3 outer minute ones; fertile stamens 9, the 3 inner ones with 2 glands at the base, the filaments of the 3 outer ones petal-like, of the 6 others filiform; fruit round, one-seeded, inclosed by the perianth and crowned by its lobes; ovary free, style short, stigma depressed. REFERENCES: Cassytha filiformis L. Sp. Pl. 1: 35. 1753. Casta (Philippines). See Jatropha curcas. Castor-bean. See Ricinus communis. Casuarina equisetifolia. . POLYNESIAN TRONWOOD. PLATE XLII. Family Casuarinaceae. LocaL NAMES.—Gago (Guam); Agoho (Philippines); Toa (Samoa, Rarotonga); Aito (Tahiti); Swamp oak, She-oak, Beef-wood (Australia). A leafless tree with drooping branches, somewhat like a pine in general appear- ance. Branches 6 to 8-angled or terete, jointed like the stems of an Equisetum, with 6 to 8 sheath teeth at the joints. The genus to which the plant belongs, though formerly classed with the conifers, is now recognized as the only known genus of a distinct family. The flowers are-unisexual, the staminate in cylindrical terminal spikes and the pistillate in dense heads borne in the axils and ripening into a cone, which is corky and buoyant and incloses winged seeds (see p. 75). The wood is heavy, strong, and very hard, of a red color when fresh, but turning ‘a dark brown with age. It is excellent for fuel. In Samoa the natives make spears and war clubs of it. In Guam it is scarcely at all utilized, as it is hard to work. In the Hawaiian Islands it has been planted along the sea beach and grows rapidly and readily. It loves sandy soil, and will grow in brackish localities. The natives of Samoa prize it so highly that they often plant it near their dwellings. Therea large tree is seldom seen, and the young trees are straight and spindling. At Waikiki, near Honolulu, there is a beautiful avenue of it, planted within comparatively recent time. There the trees grow straight. In Guam it is abundant along sandy beaches, especially on the east shore of the island. It also grows on the high ‘‘sabanas,”’ where it is usually the only tree, but it never grows within the forest. All the Guam trees have twisted and gnarled trunks, from the effect of hurricanes. The species is of wide tropical distribution. It is indigenous in Australia, on the Malayan Islands, and on the east side of the Bay of Bengal, and occurs on many islands of the Pacific, extending eastward to the Marquesas and northward to the Mariannes. It is cultivated in many warm countries, including the Hawaiian Islands, southern Florida, California, and Uruguay. REFERENCES: Casuarina equisetifolia Stickman, Herb. Amb. 1754; Amoen. Acad. 4: 148. 1759. Caste (Guam). See Anacardium occidentale. Cathartocarpus fistula Pers. Sameas Cassia fistula. Cator (Philippines). See Jatropha curcas. Caturai (Guam, Philippines). See Agati grandiflora. Cauayang tinic (Philippines). See Bambos blumeana Caudolejeunia. See under Hepatice. Caulerpa. See under Algz. Cayam (Cebu). See Bocoa edulis. Cayenne pepper. See Capsicum annuum cerasiforme and C. frutescens. — Ceanothus asiaticus. Same as Colubrina asiatica. Cebolla (Spanish). See Alliwm cepa. Cebolla halom-tano (Guam). An orchid, Lwisia teretifolia. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol, IX. PLATE XLI. CASUARINA EQUISETIFOLIA. MALE INFLORESCENCE, FEMALE INFLORESCENCE, AND FRuit. SLIGHTLY REDUCED. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE XLII. CEIBA PENTANDRA, THE KAPOK TREE. LEAF AND OPENED POD, SHOWING COTTON-LIKE FLOSS. NATURAL SIZE. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 271. Ceboya (Philippines). See Allium cepa and Gardens. Ceiba casearia. Same as Ceiba pentandra. Ceiba pentandra. Kapok. PLATE XLIl. Family Bombacaceae. LocaL NAMES.—Algodon de Manila (Spanish); Atgodon de Manila (Guam); Doldol, Capoc, Kapok, Bubui (Philippines); Kapok (Java); Imbul, Pulun- imbul (Ceylon); Ceiba (Cuba, Central America); Silk-cotton tree (Brit. W. Indies). A tall tree with a straight trunk, prickly when young, with whorls of horizontal branches, palmately compound, deciduous leaves, and mallow-like flowers appearing before the leaves, followed by pods containing silky floss. Leaflets 5 to 8, lanceolate, cuspidate, entire or serrulate toward the point, glaucous beneath; petioles as long as or longer than the leaflets; stipules small, deciduous; petals 5, united at the base; stamens in 5 bundles; filaments joined at the base, each bearing 2 versatile anfrac- tuose anthers; style crowned with a 5 or 6-cleft stigma; capsule cucumber-shaped, woody when mature, 5-celled, 5-valved; cells many-seeded; seeds embedded in the flossy down. ~ The color of the flowers of this species varies. In Guam they are white, yellowish within; in the West Indies there is a variety with rose-colored flowers. There is some difference between trees growing in the East Indies and in the West Indies, and some botanists have regarded them as distinct species. The trunks of the young trees of both are armed with stout, sharp protuberances; but in the West Indian tree they are often swollen or ventricose in shape, while those of the East Indies are straight and tapering. No difference, however, can be discovered in herbarium specimens great enough to warrant their being separated./¢ A common tree in Guam, growing near ranches and along the roadside, sometimes used for marking the boundary between adjacent farms. In Java the trees are grown along the roadsides for telephone poles. The wood is soft and white and is - not utilized on the island. The silky floss can not be spun. In Guam it is used for stuffing cushions and pillows. It is brittle, elastic, and very inflammable. In India it is used in the manufacture of fireworks. In commerce it is known as ‘‘kapok,”’ and was first brought to notice by the Dutch, who drew their supply from Java. It is now used in upholstery, and has the virtue of not becoming matted. REFERENCES: Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Fruct. 2: 244. ¢. 733. f. 1.1791. Bombax pentandrum L. Sp. Pl. 1: 511. 1753. Eriodendron anfractuosum DC. Prod. 1: 479. 1824. Cenchrus lappaceus. Same as Centotheca lappacea. Cenizo (Spanish). See Chenopodium album. Centella asiatica. INDIAN PENNYWORT. Family Apiaceae. LocaL NAMES.—Yahon-yahon (Philippines); Tono (Samoa); Yerba de clayo (Porto Rico); Ovate-leaved marsh pennywort (United States). A perennial herb closely allied to Hydrocotyle, with prostrate stems, rooting and sending up tufts of long-petioled leaves at the nodes, together with 1 to 3 long-rayed umbellets of small white flowers, the true umbel sessile. Leaves not peltate, ovate, rather thick, rounded at apex, broadly cordate at base, repand-dentate; pedicels much shorter than the leaves; umbellets capitate, 2 to 4-flowered, subtended by 2 ovate bracts; flowers pink, nearly sessile; fruit prominently ribbed and reticulated. A plant growing in wet shady places, widely spread in warm countries. In India “4¥For the synonymy of this species see Notes on Ceiba, by James Britten and Edmund G. Baker, Journal of Botany, April, 1896. Q22 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. the leaves, which are bitter, are toasted and given in infusion to children in bowel complaints and fevers, and they are applied as a remedy for bruises to check inflammation. On the Malabar coast the plant is one of the remedies for leprosy, for which it is said to be an excellent specific.¢ In southern Africa and in India it is used as an alterative to purify the blood. It is said to be of value in syphilitic and scrofulous affections. REFERENCES: Centella asiatica (L.) Urban in Mart. Fl. Bras. 111: 287. 1879. Hydrocotyle asiatica L. Sp. Pl. 1: 284. 1753. Centotheca lappacea. BurGRAss. Family Poaceae. A tall perennial grass, with broadly lanceolate tessellately nerved leaves and a branched woody rootstock. Spikelets | or 2-flowered, secund on the long branches of a lax subsimple panicle, not jointed on the very short pedicels; rachilla jointed at the base of and between the flowering glumes; glumes 5, the empty pair oblong- ovate, keeled, 3 to 5-nerved, persistent; flowering glumes oblong, acute, dorsally rounded, 7-nerved, naked or the upper bearing above the middle soft, erect, at length deflexed, tuberculate-based spines; palea shorter than the glume, its keels ciliolate; lodicules none; stamens 2 or 3, anthers short; styles free; grain ovoid, acute, terete, free. The leaves of this grass are 10 to 25 cm. long by about 3 cm. broad, many- nerved, glabrous or sparsely hairy, midrib oblique, sheath glabrous or hairy, ligule short, lacerate; panicle 20 to 25 cm. long and broad, branches smooth; spikelets 3.5 to 6 mm. long, green; rachilla scaberulous; paleze often decurrent on the rachilla below the glume. The upper palea is rather firm, very sharply 2-keeled, and even at the time of flowering bow-shaped and bent outward. The species is of wide tropical distribution. It grows near the beach and in damp upland regions. It is an excellent fodder grass. It is common in central India and southward to Malacca, in the Andaman Islands and Ceylon, China, tropical Africa, and the Philippines. In the Pacific it has been collected in Samoa, Admiralty Islands, and the Caroline group. REFERENCES: Centotheca lappacea (L.) Desvy. Nouv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 2: 189. 1810. Cenchrus lappaceus L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 2: 1488. 1763. Ceratopteris gaudichaudii. Same as Ceratopteris thalictroides. Ceratopteris thalictroides. WATER FERN. LocaLt NAMEs.—Umug sensonyan (Guam); Midsu warabi (Japan). An aquatic fern with divided fronds, eaten in Guam asa salad and in Japan as a pot herb. The divisions of the fertile fronds are linear and much narrower than those of the sterile ones. REFERENCES: ‘ Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brogn. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1821: 186, pl. [1]. 1821. Acrostichum thalictroides L. Sp. Pl. 2: 1070. 1753. Cestrum nocturnum. NIGHT-BLOOMING CESTRUM. Family Solanaceae. LocaL NAMES.—Dama de noche (Guam and Philippines); Galan de noche (Cuba). A glabrous shrub with greenish yellow tubular flowers which are very fragrant at night. Leaves alternate, entire, ovate or ovate-oblong, with a rather blunt point; racemes cymose, peduncled, exceeding the petiole; inferior pedicels often as long as the calyx; calyx 5-dentate, about one-third as long as the corolla-tube; teeth ovate, roundish, or deltoid; corolla-tube clavate, gradually tapering, glabrous; lobes ovate. «Drury, Useful Plants, India, p. 257. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 223 blunt; stamens 5, included, inserted above the middle of the corolla-tube; filaments longer than the anthers, puberulous below, entire, or bearing a tooth above the base; berry ovoid-oblong. The odor of the flowers is very penetrating. At a distance it resembles that of valerian, but at close range it is rank and overpowering, whence the name Cestrwm foetidissimum applied to this species by Jacquin. This plant is of West Indian origin; it is widely cultivated in the Tropics. It was introduced into Guam many years ago from the Philippines. A large bush of it grows on each side of the door of the church at Agafia, the odor from which at night is diffused over the greater part, of the city.. REFERENCES: Cestrum nocturnum L. Sp. Pl. 1: 191. 1753. Cestrum pallidum. INKBERRY. LocaL NAMES.—Tintan-China, i. e., ‘‘ Chinese-ink berry’? (Guam). A glabrous shrub 1.5 to 2.5 meters high. Branches terete; leaves alternate, ellip- tical-oblong or oblong-ovate, blunt-pointed, petiolate, green above, paler beneath, glabrous, 5 to 10 em. long by 3.5 cm. broad; racemes cymose, with rather long peduncles, axillary and terminal; flowers nearly sessile, small, about 12 mm. long; corolla tubular, clavate, the lobes very short, rounded, recurved; stamens 5 or 6, included, alternating with the corolla lobes, inserted near the throat, filaments usually about as. long as the anthers; pistil 1, style long and slender, slightly exserted, stigma capitate; berry ovoid, fleshy, about the size of a poke berry, filled with purple juice, few-seeded; calyx campanulate, 5-toothed, the teeth short and rounded, ciliolate. T am not quite certain as to the identity of this plant. It corresponds very closely with the description given by Grisebach of Cestrum pallidum Lam.@ In Guam the flowers are white. They are day-blooming and have a slight fragrance of C. noctwr- num. In De Candolle’s Prodromus it is stated that the berries are poisonous, but this is probably a mistake, since they are an important article of food for the pigeons and other fruit-eating birds of Guam, by means of which the plant has been spread all over the island. It is of comparatively recent introduction. None of the early collectors mention it. The berries of the allied Cestrum lanatum of Mexico yield a black dye. REFERENCES: Cestrum pallidum Lam. Encye. 1: 688. 1783. Ceylon moss. See Gracilaria confervoides under Algex. Cha. The name in Guam for tea. Cha cimarron (Philippines). See Ehretia microphylla. Chaca (Guam), Nephrolepis acuta. See under ‘Ferns. Chaetochloa glauca aurea. GOLDEN FOXTAIL. Family Poaceae. A pale-green, erect, annual grass, having a simple, dense, cylindrical, spike-like panicle. Spikelets articulated on very short pedicels, 1 or 2 flowered, ovate; glumes awnless; first empty glume short; flowering glume and palea obtuse, finally hard and shining or tranversely wrinkled; numerous involucral bristles under each spikelet. A cosmopolitan grass with flat leaves scabrous on the edges and often ciliate with a few long hairs, common, in waste places and in the borders of cultivation; good for fodder. Collected in Guam by Lesson. REFERENCES: Chaetochloa glauca aurea (Hochst. ). Setaria aurea Hochst. A. Br. Flora. 24: 276. 1841. Setaria glauca aurea K. Sch. in K. Sch. & Laut., Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. in der Stidsee 180. 1901. + os @Grisebach, Flora of the British West Indies, p. 443, 1864. 224 . USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Chagua (Guam). General name for ‘‘plant’’ in the vernacular of the island. Chaguan humdtag (Guam). A sedge, Cyperus rotundus. Chaguan lemae (Guam). A sedge, Kyllinga monocephala; so called from the fancied resemblance of its heads to miniature breadfruits (lemae). Chaguan-tais. See Halodule uninervis. Chara (Guam). Sea purslane, Sesuvium portulacastrum. Chara fibrosa. See Algz. Charcoal. The principal trees which furnish wood for making charcoal are the lemoncito ( Triphasia trifoliata) , the mangrove ( Rhizophora mucronata), the adban ( Hugenia sp. ), and an unidentified tree abundant on Orote Peninsula called ‘“‘laldihag.”’ Chavica betle. Same as Piper betle. Chenopodiaceae. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. This family is represented in Guam by the two following species: Chenopodium album. LAMBS-QUARTERS. Family Chenopodiaceae. | LocaL NAMES.—Cenizo (Spanish); Quelites (Mexico); Kiletes (Guam). An erect herbaceous weed, with rhombic-ovate or lanceolate, dentate, sinuate, or lobed leaves; flowers small, green, sessile; spikes terminal or axillary, often panicled; calyx segments usually inclosing the utricle, strongly keeled in fruit; seed horizontal, black, shining, firmly attached to the pericarp; embryo a complete ring. Spread over the world in temperate and tropical regions, in Guam growing in waste places. The young shoots are cooked like spinach. REFERENCES: Chenopodium album L. Sp. Pl. 1: 219. 1753. Chenopodium ambrosioides. MEXICAN 'TEA. Family Chenopodiaceae. LocaL NAMES.—Apasotes, Alapasotes, Pasotes (Guam, Philippines); Basote (Porto Rico); Epazote, Yepazotl (Mexico); Ambrosine, Thé du Mexique (France). An erect puberulous, aromatic plant. Stem angled; leaves alternate, short- petioled, oblong or lanceolate, obtuse, sinuately toothed, the upper ones entire; flowers minute, in slender axillary clusters and terminal simple or panicled spikes; sepals inclosing the utricle; seed horizontal, smooth, shining, the margin obtuse. A species probably of Mexican origin, now widely spread over the warmer regions of the world. In Mexico a kind of tea is made of it. In France it is cultivated and is known as ‘‘ thé du Mexique.’’ In Guam it is found in many gardens together with manzanilla ( Chrysanthemum indicum), hierba de Santa Maria ( Artemisia vulgaris) , anis ( Foeniculum foeniculum), and hierba buena ( Mentha arvensis). REFERENCES: Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Sp. Pl. 1: 219. 1753. Cherry pepper. See Capsicum annuum cerasiforme. Chestnut, Polynesian. See Bocou edulis. Chichitun (Guam). Local name for Achyranthes aspera. Chico (Guam, Philippines). Local name for the sapodilla (Sapota zapotilla). Chile or Sile (Philippines). See Capsicum annuum and C. frutescens. China dulce (Porto Rico). See Citrus aurantium sinensis. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 225 China-berry tree. See Melia azedarach. Chinese-ink berry. See Cestrwm pallidum. Chocolate, chocolate bean or nut, chocolate tree. See Theobroma cacao. Chopag (Guam). One of the principal timber trees of the island, Ochrocarpus obovalis. Chosg6 or Chosgti (Guam). A small-sized euphorbiaceous tree, Glochidion marianum, yielding very strong wood which is used by the natives of Guam for making cart shafts. Chotda (Guam). Vernacular name for banana plant or green banana; the ripe fruit is called ‘‘aga.’’ Chrysanthemum indicum. INDIAN CHRYSANTHEMUM. FALSE CAMOMILE. Family Asteraceae. Loca NaMEs.—Manzanilla (Guam, Philippines); Rosa de Japon (Philippines) ; Gul-daoonde, Gul daudi (Hindustan). This well-known cultivated plant is used medicinally by the natives of Guam, who, like the Filipinos, erroneously apply to it the Spanish name for camomile. It isa perennial composite with alternate, divided leaves and blooms during the cold season. Involucre hemispherical, composed of imbricated scales which are membranous at the edges; receptacle naked; pappus none. It was described by Padre Blanco in the first edition of his Flora de Filipinas (p. 631) under the name of matricaria chamomilla. The flowers in the form of an infusion are used as a remedy for intermittent fevers, and are valued by women as a remedy for hysteria and monthly irregularities. REFERENCES: Chrysanthemum indicum L. Sp. Pl. 2: 889. 1753. Chrysodium aureum. Same as Acrostichum aureum. See under Ferns. Chrysopogon aciculatus Trin. Same as Andropogon aciculatus. Chupa (Guam). The vernacular name for tobacco. Chuti or Chiute (Guam). A shrub or small tree, having white gamopetalous flowers, referred by Gaudichaud to the Apocynaceae. Not identified. Cidra (Spanish). The Citron. See Citrus medica. The name is also sometimes incorrectly applied to large, thick-skinned, citron-like shaddocks (Citrus decumana). . Cinamomo (Guam, Philippines). The henna bush, Lawsonia inermis. Citron. See Citrus medica. Citronella oil. See Andropogon nardus. Citrullus citrullus. See Gardens. Citrus. ORANGES. Crrrons. Lemons. Limes. The existing classification of the fruits belonging to the genus Citrus is far from satisfactory. So many intergrading varieties of oranges, citrons, lemons, limes, pome- los, shaddocks, and their allies occur that it is difficult to delimit them and impossible to determine their origin. Thus the lemon, lime, and citron are by some authors con- sidered distinct species and by others subspecies or varieties of the same species (Citrus medica L.). They are very different from one another and grow perfectly true to seed; so that, if they are simply varieties of the same species, they have probably developed under widely different conditions and in regions remote from one another. The cultivated forms of the true citron closely resemble the shaddock in their thick rind, while the acid lime, which is spherical in shape and smooth- skinned more nearly approaches the orange, differing radically from the lemon which resembles the typical citron in its oblong shape and in having a nipple at the 9773—05——15 226 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. apex of the fruit. The acid lime (a fruit very distinct from the sweet lime, C. limetta W. & A.) has been referred by Engler to Citrus hystrix DC., while Roxburgh @ classifies it together with the sour lemons of India under the general name Citrus acida. Whatever may be the correct botanical names of the forms of this genus, it is cer- tain that the following fruits grow on the island of Guam: 1. The wild orange, with saponaceous leaves and fruit, identical with the indig- enous ‘‘ moli’’ of Samoa and Fiji. See Citrus aurantium saponacea. 2. The cultivated sweet orange. See Citrus aurantium sinensis. 3. The fragrant bergamot, which grows spontaneously on the island. See Citrus bergamia. 4. The tangerine orange, sparingly cultivated. See Citrus nobilis. 5. The citron, the thick rind of which is preserved by the natives. See Citrus medica. 6. The lemon, of oval shape, and terminating in a nipple, called ‘‘limon real’’ by the natives of Guam. See Citrus medica limon. 7. The acid lime, small, spherical, with a thin, smooth skin, called ‘‘limon”’ by the natives of Guam. See Citrus hystrix acida. 8. The shaddock, which often grows to a great size. See Citrus decumana. For the citrus-like shrub called ‘‘lemoncito’’ see Triphasia trifoliata. Citrus aurantium saponacea Safford, subsp. noy. SoAP ORANGE. Family Rutaceae. Locat NAmes.—Kdéhel, Kahet (Guam); Kahél, Cahél, Cajel (Philippines); Naranjo agrio, Naranjo cimarron (Spanish); Moli, Moli-vao (Samoa); Moli, Moli-kurukuru (Fiji). The wild orange of Guam is identical with the ‘‘ moli”’ of Fiji and Samoa, and, as in those island groups, it is apparently indigenous or of prehistoric introduction. It is not edible. The saponaceous fruit is used by the natives of Guam not only for washing the hair, as in several other Pacific islands, but also as a substitute for soap in washing clothing. The macerated leaves also form a lather with water. They are fragrant, and may be used, as in Fiji, for washing the hair. Seemann ? desig- nates this orange as Citrus vulgaris Risso, and says that it is called the ‘‘ bitter or Seville orange’”’ by the white settlers. It can not, however, be identical with the cultivated variety known under this name, which is identified with Citrus bigaradia Duhamel, and called by Engler © the subspecies amara of Citrus aurantium L. That recognized form, the pomeranze of the Germans, is the source of orange marma- lade and of the fragrant Neroli oil, so extensively used in perfumery. In noting the distribution of the subspecies amara Engler does not mention the islands of the Pacific Ocean; and in Schumann and Lauterbach @ the species is not mentioned, though the authors are careful to note other plants occurring in the Marianne Islands, and they could not fail to know of the occurrence of an indigenous orange identical with that recorded by Seemann from Fiji and by Reinecke from Samoa. ¢ The petioles of this wild orange are usually broadly winged and the leaves are aromatic. The fruit has very much the appearance of the cultivated sweet orange. @ Flora Indiea, vol. 3, p. 391, 1832 © Flora Vitiensis, p. 32, 1865 to 1873. ¢ Nat. Pflanzenfamilien Teil 3, abt. 4, p. 198, 1896. d Flora der deutschen Schutzgebiete in der Siidsee, 1901. i € Citrus vulgaris Risso. Miichtige Biiume im Busch der Berge, Frichte mit fester, gelber Schale, die nach dem abfallen austrocknen und steinhart werden. Der Baum scheint auf den Inseln, wie auch auf Viti heimisch da er auf allen Inseln bis hoch in die Berge hinauisteigt. Der ausgepresste Fruchtsaft, sowie die macerirte Blitter, schiiumen beim Reiben und werden als Koptwaschwasser, sowie besonders zum Auswaschen des Kalkes aus den Haaren, von den Eingeborenen viel benutzt. (F. Reinecke, Die Flora der Samoa-Inseln, Engler’s Jahrb., vol. 25, pp. 642-3, 1898. ) DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. DG It is of a light yellow color when ripe, and the skin hardens and becomes shell-like on drying. ; In Guam it is acommon sight to see scores of women and girls standing waist deep in the river with an oblong shallow wooden tray (batea) before them either afloat or resting on arock. On this tray the linen is spread, rubbed with orange pulp, and vigorously scrubbed with a corncob. Often the entire surface of the river where the current is sluggish is covered with decaying oranges. In Samoa the name for the wild orange, ‘‘moli,’’ has been applied to soap, and the introduced sweet oranges are distinguished as ‘‘moli-’aina,”’ or ‘‘edible moli.”’ Citrus aurantium sinensis. SWEET ORANGE. LocaL NaMEs.—Cihet, Kdhet (Guam); Cahél, Kahél, Dalandan (Philippines) ; Cajél (Mexico); Moli-’aina (Samoa); Moli in Tahiti (Fiji); China dulce (Porto Rico); Naranjo chino, Naranjo dulce (Spanish); Naranghi (Hindustan). An introduced fruit tree. Young shoots and leaves glabrous; spines axillary, soli- tary; leaves alternate, 1-foliolate, coriaceous, persistent, leaflet elliptic or ovate, acute, obtuse, or acuminate; petiole often broadly winged, especially in young shoots; flowers white, sweet scented; ovary many-celled; style simple, stout decidu- ous; stigma capitate; ovules 4 to 8 in each cell; stamens 20 to 60, inserted round a large disk, filaments variously connate; fruit globose, pulp sweet, yellow, or some- times red. Nearly all the orange trees in Guam are seedlings. The fruit usually supplied to visiting ships, grown in the vicinity of Agat and Sumay, is inferior. Good varie- ties are produced in Mataguak, Yigo, and Finaguayog, in the northern portion of the island, and in Yona, on the highland near the east coast. They are apparently free from disease and insect pests. Navel oranges were imported by the writer from Cal- ifornia, and were left by him in a thriving condition. The climate and the calcare- ous soil of the island seem to be very favorable for all varieties of citrus fruits. Oranges are easily propagated by cuttings or by layers, but the most satisfactory method is by budding. For this purpose seedlings of lemons or bitter oranges, which grow spontaneously-on the island and are free from disease, may be used for stocks. They should be about a year old. February and March appear to be the best months for this purpose in countries with a climate like that of Guam.¢ Two crops of oranges are usually produced each year. The blossoms of the first crop appear in February, and the fruit is fully ripe the first part of November. The tree again flow- ers at the beginning of the rainy season, in midsummer, and the fruit is ripe in March and April. Systematic orange culture has never been attempted on the island, but nearly every native has a tree ortwo on hisranch. There is nowa ready market for all the good oranges that are grown. More extensive cultivation of this fruit would surely be profitable and would require little care and labor. REFERENCES: Citrus aurantium sinensis L. Sp. Pl. 2: 783. 1753. Citrus sinensis Pers. Syn. 2:74. 1807. Citrus bergamia. BERGAMOT. Loca NAMES.—Limon china (Guam). In Guam this variety grows to the size of an apple tree. Its fruit is somewhat smaller than that of the sweet orange, and has a smooth, pale yellow rind and acidu- lous pulp. The entire plant, leaves, rind, and pulp have the agreeable aroma of citronella. The leaves have winged petioles and are oblong in form; acute or obtuse. The flowers are white, very fragrant, and are smaller than those of the sweet orange. The rind of the fruit is the source of the oil known in commerce as bergamot, which is so much used in the manufacture of perfumery. It is obtained by mechan- # Journal of the Agro-Hort. Society, vol. 14, p. 199, quoted in Firminger’s Manual of Gardening for Bengal and Upper India, p. 231, 1890, 228 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. ical means with an instrument called the écuelle @ piques. This is formed like a saucer, the bottom of which is covered with sharp projections and is deepened at its center into a tube, so that it has the shape of a funnel with its tube closed at the end. The peel is held in the hand and rubbed over the pins, by which the oil vessels of the entire surface are punctured; the liberated oil collects in the tube, and is emptied from time to time into another vessel, where it may be easily separated from the liquid accompanying it.4@ In Guam the natives use the fruit only as a hair wash. It does not produce a lather like the bitter orange, but cleanses the hair, which is afterwards washed thor- oughly with water, and imparts to it a pleasant fragrance. The tree has spread all over the island and is common along the roadsides and at the edge of the woods. REFERENCES: Citrus bergamia Wight & Arn. Prod. 98. 1834. Citrus aurantium bergamia Duham. Arb. ed. nov. 7: 98. t. 26. f. 3. 1819. Citrus decumana. - SHADDOCKE. Locat NAMEs.—Lalanha, Lalafigha (Guam); Moli tonga (Samoa); Lucban, Lulsa (Philippines); Pompelmoes (Dutch); Pomplemousse (French) ; Pum- melo (Brit. India). The shaddock may possibly be a variety of the orange ® instead of a distinct species. It grows to the size of a tree. Young shoots pubescent; leaflets large, ovate-oblong, frequently emarginate and pubescent beneath; petiole broadly winged; flowers large, white; fruit large, pale yellow, globose or pyriform; rind thick; pulp pale, yellow-pink or red, usually sweet, sometimes acid, the vesicles distinct, easily sepa- rable from one another. In Guam several varieties of shaddocks are to be found, varving in size and shape and in the color of the pulp. The natives make little or no use of them. They are eaten by Europeans, but their flavor is not especially good. Some of the varieties have a very thick skin like that of the citron, and are called ‘‘ cidra,’’ or ‘‘setla”’ by the natives. One variety has pink pulp. They are all inferior to the thin- skinned forms sold in our markets as ‘‘ grape-fruit’’ and ‘‘pomelos,’”’ which do not occur in Guam. This fruit owes its common English name to Captain Shaddock, who introduced it into the West Indies from China. REFERENCES: Citrus decumana (L.) Murr. Syst. ed. 13. 580. 1774. Citrus aurantium grandis L. Sp. Pl. 2: 738. 17538. Citrus aurantium decumana L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 2: 1101. 1763. Citrus hystrix acida. Lime. Loca NAMEs.—Limon (Guam); Dalayap (Philippines); Tipolo (Samoa); Lima (Ceylon); Lemon Nipis (Malayan). A shrub or small tree with elliptic-oblong or oval leaflet, petiole winged, many times shorter than the leaflet; flowers white, fragrant, often 4-petaled; fruit usually small, globose or ovoid, yellow, with pale, sour pulp. Considered by Hooker ¢ to be a variety of Citrus medica, and by Engler@ to be a subspecies of C. hystrix. In Guam the fruit is small and always globose, never having the terminal nipple characteristic of the lemons on the island. The lime is especially well adapted for hedges. It grows readily either from seed or from cuttings. It sends up stout vertical shoots from the roots and forms ‘dense thickets if left undisturbed. It produces continuously in Guam, the bushes bearing both flowers.and fruit at the same time The fruit is the principal source of the well- known lime juice of commerce. In Guam it is very common. The natives use it @See Spons’ Encyclopzedia, p. 1457, 1882. + Bonavia, Cultivated Oranges and Lemons, p. 223, 1890. ¢Flora, British India, vol. i, p. 515, 1872. @ Engler und Prantl, Die Nattirlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Theil 3, Abt. 4, p. 200, 1897.. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 229 for flavoring some of their dishes, squeezing a little of the juice on beef and venison, and sometimes scraping off the outer rind and preserving the fruit in sirup. The fruit is well suited to pickling. A pleasant drink is made of it with sugar and water, and a bit of the fresh aromatic peeling, squeezed so as to expel the oil, is a fine addi- tion to an American ‘‘cocktail.’’ Lime juice is considered a valuable refrigerant, tonic, and antiscorbutic. REFERENCES: Citrus hystrix acida (Roxb.) Engler in Engler & Prantl. Nat. PAanzeniant 3 4: 200. 1896. Citrus acida Roxb. Fl. Ind. 3: 390. 1832. Citrus medica. CIrron. LocaL NAMEs.—Setlas (Guam); Cidro (Spanish); Citronnier (French); Moli- _ 7ovi’ovia, Moli-apatupatu (Samoa). A shrub or small tree flowering and fruiting almost continuously throughout the year; young shoots glabrous, purplish; leaflet glabrous, oblong; petiole winged or not, short; flowers sometimes unisexual, numerous, petals sometimes pinkish; fruit large, oblong or obovoid, terminal nipple obtuse; rind usually warty, thick, tender, aromatic; pulp scanty, subacid. The fruit of this plant, called ‘‘setlas’’ by the Chamorros in imitation of the Span- ish ‘‘cidra,’’ is not much used on the island. Sometimes, however, the rind is pre- served in sirup, when it has the taste of the ordinary citron of commerce. In preparing it the outer surface is first scraped and the inner pulpy core removed. This species takes its botanical name from ancient Media, where it was described as abundant three centuries before the Christian era. Perfumes are yielded both by the flowers and by the rind of the fruit, the former, resembling neroli, by distillation, and the latter, known as cedrat, both by distillation and by expression after the manner of bergamot. REFERENCES: Citrus medica L. Sp. Pl. 2: 782. 1753. Citrus medica limon. LEMON. Loca. NAMES.—Limon real (Guam). A small tree with glabrous young branches; leaflet ovate, petiole margined or winged; flowers white tinged with reddish, fragrant; fruit medium-sized, ovoid with nipple at the end; pulp abundant, acid. This fruit is valuable for its acid juice and for the oil obtained from its rind, known as the ‘‘essence of lemon.’’ The latter may be obtained by scraping and pressing or by distillation. The former, together with lime juice, is the source of citric acid. Lemon oil is of a pale yellow color, fragrant, and aromatic. It is used for flavoring and in the manufacture of perfumery, especially of eau de Cologne. In Guam lemons are abundant and of excellent quality. They grow almost spon- taneously, sending up shoots from the roots, and forming excellent, dense hedges. Tf left to themselves they grow into impenetrable thickets. They flower and bear continuously throughout the year, great quantities of them falling to the ground and going to waste. They are not used much by the natives except for lemonade and for seasoning meats. Thefresh peel, like that of limes, is squeezed into ‘‘ cocktails”’ for the sake of the aromatic flavor of the oil. Like the citron the rind is sometimes scraped and the fruit preserved in syrup. REFERENCES: Citrus limon (L.) Risso, Ann. Mus. Par. 20: 201, 1813, as Citrus limonum. Citrus medica limon L. Sp. Pl. 2: 782. 1753. Citrus nobilis. TANGERINE. Loca NamEs.—Kahel na dikiki (Guam). A moderate-sized tree introduced recently into Guam. It has small fruit of a red- dish-orange color, spherical in shape and flattened on the top. The skin is very thin 230 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. and is easily separated from the pulp. The pulp is reddish and of a peculiar odor which is shared by the rind and leaf. The leaves are small and usually pointed. Several trees are now growing in the garden of Don José Herrero in San Ramon, near the southern edge of Agafia. The fruit, though not equal to the best tangerines of our markets, has a good flavor. REFERENCES: Citrus nobilis Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 2: 466. 1790. Citrus vulgaris Seeman. See Citrus aurantium. Cladium gaudichaudii. TWIG-RUSH. Family Cyperaceae. A leafy sedge with compressed two-edged culms; leaves (equitant) straddling, in two vertical ranks, linear, sword-shaped, rigid; peduncles bearing many spikelets, growing from the axils of the upper leaves in threes or more; panicle much branched; spikelets solitary, one-flowered; glumes few, disposed nearly in two vertical ranks, keeled, boat-shaped; hypogynous bristles or scales wanting; stamens 3, exserted; style 3-cleft, conically thickened at the base, silky-hirsute; achene sessile, bony,. obovate-elliptical, obscurely 3-angled, beaked with the persistent silky-hirsute base of the style. This species was described by Gaudichaud from a specimen collected by him in in the Marianne Islands in 1819. He says that it closely resembles in habit ‘ Vin- centia angustifolia,’ of Hawaii, and the structure of the spike scarcely differs from that of Gahnia. REFERENCES: Cladium gaudichaudii. Baumea mariscoides Gaudich. Bot. Freye. Voy. 417. 1826. Cladium mariscoides Villar in Blanco, Fl. Philipp. ed. 3. 4: Nov. App. 309. 1880. The genus Baumea has been merged by Hooker into that of Cladium on account of the affinities of certain Australian species with that genus. Hillebrand, writing on the Hawaiian species, thinks that Baumea and Vincentia might well be joined, but that both ought to stand apart from Cladium. The treatment here followed, however, is that of Hooker and other recent authors, but the transfer of Bawmea mariscoides to Cladium necessitates a change in the specific name in order not to con- flict with the name of another plant, Cladiwm mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr. Cladium mariscoides F. Villar. Same as Cladium gaudichaudii. Claoxylon marianum. CLAOXYLON. Family Euphorbiaceae. LocaL NAMEs.—Panao (Guam). A handsome tree having loose axillary racemes of small dicecious flowers, followed by 3-coecous capsules. Branches rather stout, terete, smooth, densely leafy; leaves alternate, petioles firm, glabrous, 2 to 3 times shorter than the blade (3 to 5.5 em. ); blade membranous, opaque, olivaceous, scaberrulous, when young sparingly ap- pressed-pubescent and dark violet, oblong-elliptical, shortly cuspidate-acuminate or somewhat obtuse, with the base acute or subobtuse (8 to 16 cm. long, 43 to 9 em. broad), margin distantly and obtusely denticulate, secondary nerves 7 to 10 on each side of the midrib, transverse veins broadly reticulate, the smaller ones not conspicu- ous; inflorescence sparingly appressed-pubescent, of a waxy texture, bluish-green; racemes of moderate length, with fascicles growing from axils of bracts; male flowers with about 25 stamens, filaments distinct, anthers rather broad, 2-celled, erect, adnate to the top of the filament; pistillode absent; perianth divisions normally 3, valvate in bud; female flowers with perianth divisions petal-like; ovary 3-celled, styles 3, free at the base, not bifid, lacerately stigmatose. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 931 This tree was first described from specimens collected by Gaudichaud in Guam. It closely resembles the manono, or anei, of Tahiti (Claoxylon taitense). REFERENCES: Claoxylon marianum Muell. Arg. in DC. Prod. 157: 783. 1866. Clavellina (Porto Rico). See Poinciana pulcherrima. Cleome viscosa. SPIDER-FLOWER. Family Capparidaceae. LocaL NAMES.—Mongos paloma (Guam). A common weed with clammy stems, 3 to 5-foliolate leaves, and yellow 4-petaled flowers. widely spread in the Tropics. Stems covered with simple viscid-glandular hairs; leaflets ovate or obovate, equaling or shorter than the petioles, upper ones usually subsessile; flowers racemed, long-pediceled; sepals 4; petals imbricate in the bud, reflexed; stamens 12 to 20, sessile on disk; ovary sessile with a short gynophore; style short or wanting; capsule glandular-pubescent, 5 to 8.5 cm. long, striate, nar- rowed to the tip, the two valves separating from the seed-bearing placentas; seeds small, granular. The seeds are sold in the bazaars of India, where they are used by the natives in their curries. They are also used medicinally, powdered and mixed with sugar, to expel intestinal worms, and externally as a rubefacient in the form of a poultice, bruised with vinegar, lime juice, or hot water, for the same purposes as a mustard plaster. The whole plant has a sharp taste not unlike mustard and in some parts of India is known as ‘‘ wild mustard.’”’ It is sometimes eaten boiled with red peppers and salt. in Guam the natives call it ‘‘ pigeon pea,’’ from its resemblance to Phaseolus mungo. It was first collected on the island by Lesson, botanist of the Astrolabe, in 1828. REFERENCES: Cleome viscosa L. Sp. Pl. 2: 672. 1753. Clerodendrum inerme. SEASIDE CLERODENDRON. Family Verbenaceae. ah Locat NAMES.—Lodugao (Guam); Baliskug (Visayan); Aloalo-tai:(Samoa). A branching, often rambling, evergeen shrub, common near the coast, bearing clusters of white, tubular, honeysuckle-like flowers with exserted stamens. Leaves opposite, rarely ternate, obovate or elliptic, subobtuse, entire, glabrate; cymes axil- lary with small linear bracts; calyx campanulate, minutely 5-toothed, in fruit some- what enlarged, subtruncate, closely embracing the base of the drupe; corolla white, tube long and slender, limb 5-fid, lobes oblong; stamens 4, anthers long-exserted, filaments usually reddish; ovary imperfectly 4-celled, 4-ovuled; drupe separating into 4 woody nutlets; seeds oblong. This plant is widely spread in the Western Pacific, the Malay Archipelago, the - Andaman Islands, India, Ceylon, and tropical Australia. Its Samoan name signifies ‘“seaside Premna.’’ The wood, the root, and the leaves are bitter, and are used by the natives of Guam, the Philippines, and Samoa as a remedy for intermittent fevers. The leaves, made into poultices, applied to swellings, prevent suppuration. A second species or variety of Clerodendrum is found in Guam with narrower leaves, possibly Clerodendrum nereifolium Wall. The leaves of this plant are pre- ferred by the natives to the above as a febrifuge. REFERENCES: Clerodendrum inerme Gaertn. Fruct. 1: 271. 1788. Climbing plants. GROWING WITHOUT CULTIVATION: Abrus abrus.—Kolalis halom-tano, coral-pea vine, common in thickets. Argyreia tiliaefolia.—Aldlag (plant), Abubo (flower), twining among bushes, a lavender-flowered morning-glory. 232 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Climbing plants—Continued. Cacara erosa.—Hikama, the yam bean, a leguminous plant having an edible tuber. Calamus sp.—Behuko halom-tano, a climbing palm, like the rattan of commerce, but not utilized. Canavali ensiforme.—Akankan, sword-bean, a forest climber. Cassytha filiformis.—Mayagas, a wiry leafless parasite, common in thickets. Clitoria ternatea.—Bukike, Capa de la reina, the blue pea. Cyclophorus adnascens.—A climbing fern with small, simple, entire fronds. Davallia solida.—Pugua machena, a fern with finely divided glossy fronds, climb- ing on tree trunks. Dioscorea spinosa.—Gado, a wild yam, armed with wiry branching thorns, form- “ing impenetrable thickets. Dischidia puberula.—An asclepiad, growing on forest trees. Guilandina crista.—Pakao, Ufias de gato, a rambling leguminous shrub, profusely branching, armed with recurved thorns. Humata heterophylla.—A fern with simple fronds, the sterile entire, linear- lanceolate, the fertile pinnately lobed. Ipomoea spp.—Several species abundant, twining in thickets. Lens phaseoloides.—Gagé (plant), bayog (seed), a giant climbing leguminous plant, common in forest. Lygodium scandens.—Alambrillo, a delicate fern with wiry stems, common in marshes, twining about reeds and Acrostichum aureum. Sheree uae peltata.—A morning-glory with peltate leaves, twining among under- growth. Phymatodes phymatodes.—A climbing fern with large, leathery, lobed fronds, growing on tree trunks, walls, and tiled roofs. Quamoclit quamoclit.—Cabello del angel, scarlet-flowered cypress vine; escaped from cultivation, but well established on the island. Stizolobium giganteum.—Sea-bean, a leguminous climber with papilionaceous flowers and brown pods. PLANTED IN GARDENS: Antigonon leptopus.—Cadena de amor, an ornamental plant with rose-colored flowers growing in racemes. Botor tetragonoloba.—Seguidillas, a leguminous plant with edible pods, which appear to be adorned with four longitudinal frills. Cucurbita spp.—Kalamasas, gourds and squashes. Dioscorea spp.—Dago, Nika, edible yams. Dolichos spp.—Edible Fabaceae. Lagenaria lagenaria.—Tagoa, the bottle gourd. Momordica charantia.—Balsamina, the balsam pear. Piper betle.—Pupulo, the betel pepper, leaves chewed with Areca nut and lime by the natives. Telosma odoratissima.—Mil leguas, a very fragrant asclepiad. Clitoria ternatea. BLUE PEA. Family Fabaceae. LocaL NAMES.—Bukike (Guam); Calocanting (Philippines); Capa de la Reina (Spanish); Bejuco de Conchitas (Porto Rico). A twining leguminous plant with pinnate leaves and large showy deep-blue flow- ers. Stems slender, downy; petioles short, leaflets 5 to 7, ovate or oblong, obtuse, subcoriaceous; stipules minute, linear; flowers solitary, bracteoles large, roundish; calyx tubular, 5-fid, lobes lanceolate, half as long as the tube; standard of the corolla bright blue, with orange center; pod linear, pubescent, 6 to 10-seeded. A plant widely distributed throughout the Tropics, common in the hedgerows of both the East and West Indies. It has established itself in Guam and is found near the sites of abandoned ranches. ‘ It bears transplanting, flowers profusely, and is one ot the most showy plants of the garden. The seeds were first taken to England from the island of Ternate, one of the Moluccas, from which its specific name is taken. The powdered ripe seeds act as an aperient and the root as a powerful cathartic. REFERENCES: Clitoria ternatea L. Sp. L. 2: 753. 1753. Club-rushes. General name for species of Fimbristylis. + Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE XLIII. COcOS NUCIFERA, THE COCONUT. INFLORESCENCE, SHOWING UNOPENED, HORN- LIKE SPATHE AND BRANCHING SPADIX. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE XLIV. FEMALE FLOWER AND MALE FLOWERS OF THE COCONUT PALM (COCOS NUCIFERA). NATURAL SIZE. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. Ways) Clusiaceae. BALSAM-TREE FAMILY. Representatives of this family growing in Guam are Ochrocarpus obovalis and Calo- phyllum inophyllum. Coconut palm. See Cocos nucifera. Cocos nucifera. Coconut. PLATES XLIII, XLIv. Family Phoenicaceae. LocaL NamEs.—Niyog (Guam); Niog (Philippines); Nior, Nyor, Kalapa (Malay Archipelago); Niu (Polynesia); Coco (Spanish); Kokospalme (German). A pinnate-leaved palm with a straight or curved trunk marked with ring-like leaf scars, which are not prominent, and rising from an inclined swollen base. Inflo- rescence a branching spadix, inclosed at first in a cylindrical sheath or spathe (PI. XLII) which splits longitudinally; branches of the inflorescence not subtended by additional spathes; flowers monoecious, the branches of the spadix bearing through- out the greater part of their length numerous small male flowers and near their base usually a single female flower much larger than the male (Pl. XLIV); male flowers 3-petaled and 3-sepaled, with 6 stamens united at the base, and a rudimentary pistil or small central point; female flowers 6-petaled, usually accompanied by two adja- cent male flowers; ovary 3-celled, but usually 2 of the cells becoming abortive; fruit more or less triangular, consisting of a hard endocarp (shell) perforated by three foramina, inclosing an endosperm (the kernel or ‘‘meat’’), which is rich in oil and is covered by a thin, brown, closely adhering testa. The endosperm when young is of the consistency of the albumen of a soft-boiled egg and surrounds an opalescent fluid composed principally of water and sugar. As it grows older it becomes firmer and finally assumes a hard and almost horny consistency, the inclosed water thickening and becoming gradually absorbed. Outside of the shell there is a thick, fibrous meso- carp (husk), which yields the ‘‘ coir’’ of commerce, the surface of which is covered with a smooth, thin, hard, tough epicarp. In germinating, the inner end of the embryo, an extension of the cotyledon, is developed into a special absorbing organ (the ‘‘apple’’). From the outer end of the embryo, situated below one of the openings at the apex of the shell, grow the plu- mule and the roots. The specialized cotyledon at first attacks and proceeds to digest the part of the kernel adjacent to the embryo. It continues to grow until it fills the entire cavity of the nut, the kernel of which becomes soft. The roots push forth and enter the soil before the kernel is totally absorbed, and finally the union between the young plant and the cotyledon is broken and it begins an independent existence. The function performed by the husk is protective. It is of low specific gravity and keeps the nut afloat if it falls into the sea, so that the nut may be transported from shore to shore by ocean currents.4 ; As shown by Cook, the coconut is, in all probability, of American origin,® but it became widely distributed throughout the warmer regions of the Pacific, the Malay Archipelago, and the East Indies in prehistoric times.¢ It is of very wide distribu- tion in the Tropics. It flourishes best near the seashore and requires plenty of sun- shine and free circulation of air. Dense plantations of coconuts have been growing for centuries in the same spots on the coast of Guam (PI. I), while groves planted in the interior sooner or later exhaust the soil and become spindling and unproductive. These seaside groves yield abundantly; and while good results are obtained from plantations in the interior, yet the soil will not continue to produce there indefinitely a@See Winton, anatomy of the fruit of the Cocos nucifera, Am. Journ. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 12,-p. 265, 1901. . 5 Cook, origin and distribution of the Cocoa palm, Contr. Nat. Herb., vol. 7,p. 257, 1901. ¢Another interesting example of the wide dissemination of a plant belonging to an American genus is that of Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, all save one of whose congeners are indigenous to the Andes, but which occurs in the Hawaiian Islands, Pitcairn, Rarotonga, the Bonin Islands, and the Liu-kiu group, near Formosa. 234 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. unless artificially manured, and in such places renewals of oid groves are unprofita- ble unless there is plenty of vacant space and the planter is prepared to devote several years to improvement of the soil. 4 The first accurate description of the coconut was published by Dampier, from observations made by him in Guam in 1686. At the time of the discovery of the island, Magellan noted the occurrence of ‘‘ cocchi,’’ the oil of which, together with that of ‘‘ giongioli,’”’ was used by the natives to anoint their bodies and their hair. (Pigafetta’s Narrative.) Dampier compared the coconut palm with the ‘‘ cabbage tree’’ (probably Roystonea oleracea) in its general appearance. He speaks of the large groves growing on the west coast of the island, and gives the following quaint description, which is marvelous for its accuracy: The Nut or Fruit grows at the head of the Tree, among the Branches and Clusters, 10 to12in aCluster. The Branch to which they grow is about the bigness of a Man’s Arm, and as long, running small towards the end. It is of a yellow colour, full of Knots and very tough. The Nut is generally bigger than a Man’s Head. The outer Rind is nearly two Inches thick, before you come to the Shell; the Shell it self is black, thick, and very hard. The Kernel in some Nuts is very thick, sticking to the inside of the Shell clear round, leaving a hollow in the middle of it, which contains about a Pint, more or less, according to the bigness of the Nut, for some are much bigger than others. This Cavity is full of sweet, delicate, wholesome and refreshing Water. While the Nut is growing, all the inside is full of this Water, without any Kernel at all; but as the Nut grows towards its Maturity, the Kernel begins to gather and settle round on the inside of the Shell, and is soft like Cream; and as the Nut ripens, it increaseth in substance and becomes hard. The ripe Kernel is sweet enough, but very hard to digest, therefore seldom eaten, unless by strangers, who know not the effects of it; but while it is young and soft like Pap, some Men will eat it, scraping it out with a Spoon, after they have drunk the Water that was within it. I like the Water best when the Nut is almost ripe, forit is then sweetest and briskest. When the Nuts are ripe and gathered, the outside Rind becomes of a brown rusty colour; so that one would think that they were dead and dry; yet they will sprout out like Onions, after they have been hanging in the Sun 3 or 4 Months, or thrown about in a House or Ship, and if planted afterwards in the Earth, they will grow up toa Tree. Before they thus sprout out, there isa small spungy round knob grows in the inside, which we call an Apple. This at first is no bigger than the top of ones finger, but increaseth daily, sucking up the Water till it is grown so big as to fill up the Cavity of the Coco-nut, and then it begins to sprout forth. By this time the Nut that was hard, begins to grow oily and soft, thereby giving passage to the Sprout that springs from the Apple, which Nature hath so contrived, that it points to the hole in the Shell, (of which there are three, till it grows ripe, just where it’s fastened by its stalk to the Tree; but one of these holes remains open, even when it is ripe) through which it creeps and spreads forth its Branches [leaves]. You may let these teeming Nuts sprout out a foot and a half or two foot high before you plant them, for they will grow a great while like an Onion out of their own Substance. Aiter describing at length the products obtainable from the sap, the kernel of the nut, the fiber of the husk, and the shell, Dampier concludes: I have been the longer on this subject, to give the Reader a particular Account of the use and profit of a Vegetable, which is possibly of all others the most generally serviceable to the conveniencies, as well as to the necessities of humane Life. Yet this Tree, that is of such great use, and esteemed so much in the East-Indies, is scarce regarded in the West-Indies, for want of the knowledge of the benefit which it may produce. And ’tis partly for the sake of my Country-men, in our American Planta- tions, that I have spoken so largely of it. For the hot Climates there are a very proper soil for it; and indeed it is so hardy, both in raising it, and when grown, that it will thrive as well in dry sandy ground as in rich land. I have found them grow- ing very well in low sandy Islands (on the West of Sumatra) that are over-flowed with the Sea ev ery Spring- -tide; and though the Nuts there are not very big, yet this is no loss, for the Kernel is thick and sw eet; and the Milk, or Water, in the inside is more pleasant and sweet than of the Nuts that grow in "rich ground, which are commonly large indeed, but not very sweet. These at Guam grow in dry ground, are of middle size, and I think the sweetest that I did ever taste. 2 @See Lyon, The cocoanut, ete., Bureau of Agr. [Philippines], Bull. No. 8, 1903. b Dampier, A New Voy age Round the World, ed. 6, pp. 291-296, 1717. COCOS NUCIFERA. O35 Tn the vernacular of the island a different name is applied to the coconut for every stage of its development: Niyog, etymologically identical with its name throughout Polynesia, is its general designation. Dadig, « young coconut the size of a betel nut. Aplog, a young coconut in which water -has begun to form. eaniey ® coconut full of water fit for drinking, called by the Spaniards ‘‘coco- mudo. \M4s6n, a coconut not quite ripe. Gafo, a coconut perfectly ripe. Pontan, a coconut which has fallen to the ground. Nagao, a coconut in which the water has become entirely absorbed. J BIEUe) or ee a coconut which has sprouted (pronounced very much like ““highway’’). Gancion. ence of which the young nut has a sweet edible rind. From experiments conducted by Kirkwood and Gies@ it was found that the fresh meat contains 35 to 40 per cent of oil, 10 per cent of carbohydrate, only 3 per cent of proteid, 1 per cent of inorganic matter, and nearly 50 per cent of water. The chief constituent of the ‘‘milk’’ of the central cavity, aside from water (of which there is 95 per cent), 1s sugar. The meat of the ripe coconut, though agreeable to the taste, is seldom eaten by the Pacific islanders. It is fed to domestic animals of all kinds, even to cats and dogs, and is very fattening. In Guam it is rasped or grated and fed to chickens, but they do not lay so wel] when living upon a coconut diet as when fed with corn. From the grated meat a rich custard, or ‘‘cream,”’ is expressed, which is extensively used throughout Polynesia as an ingredient for native dishes. One of the most savory of these, in which it is cooked with tender young leaves of Caladium colocasia, is in Samoa called ‘‘palu-sami.’? This cream contains much oil, as well as carbohydrate and proteid, and is consequently very nourishing as well as pleasant to the taste. In Guam the natives combine it with rice in various forms, and sometimes prepare it like a simple custard. It makes an excellent broth when boiled with a fowl or with other meat, and in the early days of long voyages nuts were carried to sea and used by the sailors for making rice-milk, a dish which they had learned from the natives to prepare. ? The water contained in the central cavity, though ‘‘ sweetest and briskest’’ when the nut is almost ripe, as described by Dampier, is at that stage unwholesome, and can be drunk only sparingly, as it is strongly diuretic and is apt to produce an irrita- tion of the bladder and urethra. The milk of young nuts, on the contrary, is harm- less. Onsome islands it is the only beverage of the natives. From personal experience the writer can testify to its refreshing, grateful properties, and to a continued use of it throughout his stay in the island without disagreeable consequences of any kind. On the other hand, a number of cases came under his observation of the evil effects of drinking the milk of ripe coconuts. Immoderate use of the fruit is said to cause rheumatic and other diseases.¢ This applies, in all probability, to the ripe nut, which the writer has never seen used as a food staple. The soft pulp of the young nuts, which furnish the natives with drink, is very delicate and is eaten like blane- mange, with sugar and cream. The principal way of preparing the meat of the ripe nut for food is to grate it and combine it with sugar for sweetmeats and with custard for making cakes and other kinds of pastry. Another use to which the natives of Guam apply the meat of the coconut is the fattening of the ‘‘robber crab”’ (Birgus latro), which they keep in captivity until fit for the table. It has often been asserted that this singular animal climbs trees in quest of coconuts, detaches them with his claws, «Chemical Studies of the Cocoanut, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, vol. 29, pp. 321 ff., 1902. > Dampier, A New Voyage Round the World, p. 294. ¢ Gies, Nutritive value and uses of the cocoanut, Journ. N. Y. Bot.Gard., vol. 3, p. 169, 1892. 236 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. | letting them drop to the ground, and then proceeds to tear off the husk and open them. On making inquiries among the natives, I was unable to find anyone who had seen an ‘‘ayuyu”’ climb a tree, but was told that the animal feeds upon nuts which have already fallen. It can not open a nut unassisted, but if an opening has been started it will succeed in getting at the kernel. Crab hunters carry coconuts to the sites frequented by the ‘‘ayuyu,”’ and, after having made an incipient opening in each nut, leave it as bait. A crab soon discovers it, and is caught while engaged in opening it. The primitive way of making coconut oil is to rasp the fresh or dry kernel into a pulp, macerate it in a little water, place it in bags, and subject it to pressure. The expressed juice is cooked and the clear oil which collects on the surface is skimmed off. The kernel may be boiled before it is rasped or grated. In Guam the rasp used consists of a flat iron blade set in a wooden footstool. The best oil is prepared from fresh kernels and is used in cooking. It is at first odorless, and with a slight flavor which is agreeable to the taste. It soon turns rancid, however, and in this condition is unfit for food. Coconut oil is perfumed by macerating in it the blossoms of the ilangilang (Canangium odoratum) or other fragrant flowers or substances. In the South Seas the natives, though preferring fresh and perfumed oil for anointing the head and body, do not hesitate to make use of rancid oil for these purposes. In Samoa certain kinds of tapa, or bark cloth, are always treated with oil before they are suitable for wearing as clothing, so that to those who have cruised among the islands of the Pacific the smell of rancid coconut oil always brings to the mind visions of brown-skinned natives and thatch-roofed huts nestling beneath groves of coconut palms. . The natives of Guam still use coconut oil for anointing the hair; but with the custom of wearing clothes that of anointing the body has died out, and the oil is used only for massaging the body in case of sickness. Though the use of petroleum is now general on the island, coconut oil is still sometimes used for illuminating. Until recently certain people paid their taxes partly in oil, which was used for light- ing the tribunal. Nearly every house on the island has its little shrine, where before the patron saint a lamp of coconut oil is always kept burning. This lamp consists of an ordinary drinking glass half filled with water, upon which the oil is poured. A wick projecting from a float is fed by the oil, and the water keeps the glass cool. / Inmany of the Pacific islands the shell and the fiber of the husk play an impor- | i \ tant part in the daily economy of the inhabitants. In Samoa coconut shells are the only water vessels of the natives, and are used as vessels for oil. The open eye serves as an orifice, and a small grommet is passed through the other two eyes by which the nut is suspended. To remove the kernel, the natives, after having poured out the water through the open eye, immerse the nut in the sea, where the kernel soon putrefies and is eaten up by marine animals. It is then thoroughly cleansed and the outside is frequently polished. Both in Samoa and Hawaii the shells are made into cups, in which kava is served. These are often highly polished and become lined with a beautiful pearly enamel from the deposit gradually made by the kava. In many islands the natives also make spoons, dishes, beads, and finger rings of coco- nut shell, and use broken shells for keeping up the fires in their houses by night. In Guam the shells are not much used, joints of bamboo taking their place as water vessels. No use is made of the fiber in Guam, while in Samoa it is used universally to lash together the framework of native houses and the parts of canoes. At every council in Samoa the chiefs may be seen sitting in a large circle, each one engaged in braiding sinnet of coconut fiber; and it is only necessary to refer to a dictionary of the Samoan language to realize how important a part is played by ‘‘afa,”’ as the sin- net is called, in the economy of the natives. Thus we have the word used to signify « An infusion of the roots of the kava pepper (Piper methysticum). COCOS NUCIFERA. a ““to be fit only for plaiting sinnet,’”’ as applied to a rainy day; ‘‘to be neither too old nor too young,”’ as applied to coconuts fit for making sinnet; ‘‘afa-afai,’’ a verb signifying ‘‘to wind sinnet around the handle of a weapon to preventit from slipping;”’ ‘‘afa-pala,’’ ‘“‘sinnet stained black by steeping it in the black mud of a swamp;”’ ‘Cafata ai,’’ ‘‘a large roll of sinnet.’’% In every native house of Samoa there are large rolls of sinnet, and these are used in part as currency in paying a housebuilder, a canoe maker, or a tatooer for his work. Together with their fine mats they may be said to constitute the capital of the Samoans. In Guam in place of coconut sinnet the natives use the leaves of the ‘‘aggag’’ (Pandanus tectorius) for lashing together the framework of their houses, fences, and the like. TODDY. The custom of making a fermented drink from the sap of the coconut palm, of which the Polynesians are ignorant, was introduced into Guam by the Filipinos brought by the Spaniards to assist in reducing the natives. Before the arrival of the Spaniards the aborigines had no intoxicating drink. The spathe of the young inflorescence is wrapped with strips of the green leaf to prevent its bursting and allowing the branches of the spadix to spread. The tip of the flower cluster is then sliced off with a sharp knife and gently curved, so that the sap may bleed into the joint of bamboo hung to receive it. This sap is collected at regular intervals, usually every morning and evening, and poured into a large bamboo, all of the septa but the lowest of which have been removed. The sap flows most freely at night. When the flow of sap becomes reduced owing to the healing of the wound, another thin slice is cut off the tip, and the flow of the sap begins afresh. Toddy, or “‘tuba,”’ as this liquid is called in Guam, is very much like cider in taste and con- sistency. At first it is sweet and may be converted into sirup or sugar by boiling, but it soon begins to ferment and acquires a sharp taste, somewhat like hard cider, which is very agreeable if the receptacle has been kept thoroughly clean and free from insects. The natives, however, are apt to be careless and do not cleanse the bamboos each time they are emptied, so that the tuba is apt to have an offensive odor and flavor from putrefying organic matter. Care is taken in gathering the tuba not to spill it on the leaves and flower clusters of the tree, as this invites the attacks of insects. In some countries it is customary to coat the inner surface of the receptacles with. whitewash of lime to prevent fermentation if the tuba is intended for sugar making. If tuba is desired for drinking purposes, the bamboo receptacles should be scalded out daily. The natives of Guam use fermenting tuba for yeast in making bread. This is made from imported wheat flour, and is snowy white and light. If the fermentation goes on unchecked the tuba is converted into vinegar, which is of an excellent quality. Under the usual conditions after having fermented four hours, tuba contains sufficient alcohol to be intoxicating. AGUARDIENTE. From the fermented liquid a kind of rum is distilled, called ‘‘aguayente’’ (aguar- diente) by the natives of Guam and. ‘‘arak’’ in the East Indies. The distilling of aguayente was the only industry in Guam up to the time of the American occupation. It has been prohibited by an official order on account of its evil effects upon our men. By double distillation almost pure alcohol was obtained. Good aguayente compares very favorably with Mexican mescal, and tuba is far more agreeable to the taste of the uninitiated than pulque, the fermented sap of Agave. Aguayente was seldom drunk to excess by the natives of Guam, but according to Padre Blanco its immoder- ate use by the Filipinos caused great harm, resulting in sleeplessness, loss of appetite, premature old age, extraordinary obesity, and diseases resembling dropsy and scurvy 4 Pratt, Grammar and Dictionary of the Samoan Language, ed. 3, p. 65, 1893. 238 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Some of those who are addicted to it lose their intellectual faculties, are seized with trembling, or become stupid, absent-minded, or even insane.@ Sucar.—In making sugar the fresh tuba is poured into kettles, beneath which a fire is kept burning, dried fronds, husks, and shells of coconuts being used for fuel, as well as mangrove and other hard woods. The sap soon turns brown and becomes thicker and thicker, until it assumes a semiviscid consistency, forming what is in the East Indies known as “‘jaggery’’—a kind of coarse, moist, brown sugar. If the jag- gery is allowed to drain in baskets the more fluid part will drain into pans placed to receive it, in the form of sirup or molasses. The remaining sugar is dried and the lumps broken up. In this form, combined with grated coconut meat, it can be made into sweetmeats. Coconut sugar is not made so extensively in Guam at the present time as formerly, before copra was in such great demand; but there are natives who still make it rather than buy imported sugar from the stores, and many families use the sirup (‘‘almibar de tuba dulce’’) in their daily economy. LEAVES. | _/ The roofs in the majority of houses in Guam (PI. xx) are thatched with coconut leaves (higae). These are split down the midrib, the two halves placed together end for end, and the leaflets braided diagonally. Long mats are woven (pupung) to cover the ridge of the roof, and secured in place by wooden pins passing through them below the ridgepole and projecting on each side. The higae are thoroughly dried before being lashed to the roof timbers. The pupung are put on green. Coconut thatch is not so durable as that of the nipa palm; a roof of coconut leaves lasting but four years, while one of nipa will last from ten to twelve. Neti thatch lasts even longer.” In Samoa the sides of the houses are inclosed by coarse Venetian blinds made of coconut-leaf mats, which may be triced up or lowered at will. In Guam the walls of the houses are stationary and are sometimes composed of woven reeds (saguale) of Trichoon roxburghii (Pl. XX), which are also used for ceilings and partitions. Coconut leaves are not sufficiently durable for this purpose. Baskets made of them are only serviceable when fresh, becoming dry and brittle in a few | days. The whole leaves are used to keep the thatch from blowing in windy weather, by tying the tips together and allowing the heavy petioles to hang suspended over | the ridge. In Samoa, though the houses of the natives are thatched with wild sugar cane, coconut leaves are always used for the side mats. The ribs of the leaflets are slender, strong, and somewhat elastic. They are fre- quently tied in bunches and used as brooms for sweeping about the fireplaces and ovens, and in Samoa are used as forks in eating. Indeed, in those islands the word ‘*tua-niu’’ (coconut leaflet rib) is applied to forks in general, and is also used for wire and as the name of certain pinnate ferns which have a slender stiff midrib. Skewers, knitting needles, and toothpicks are also made of tua-niu, and in the early days the oily kernels of the nuts of Alewrites moluccana were strung on them, like pieces of meat on a brochette, and served the Samoans and other Polynesians as can- dles. On many of the Pacific islands tua-niu, neatly smoothed and pointed, were made into combs both for use and for ornament. Throughout Polynesia dry coconut leaves are used as torches. It is a common occurrence when a boat is attempting a landing by night for the natives on shore to indicate the passage through the reef by holding up a burning coconut leaf; and on making a trip over a stony or difficult path after dark the traveler is preceded by a guide with a supply of these leaves, one after another of which he lights, as may be necessary. The natives of Guam often use these improvised torches for burning wasps’ nests, with which the thickets of the island are infested. @Blanco, Flora de Filipinas. Gran Edicion, vol. 3, p. 122, 1879. >See Nypa fruticans and Xipheagrostis floridula, COCOS NUCIFERA. 239 ROOT, CABBAGE, ETC. In some countries the root is occasionally used instead of Areca nut by betel chewers, but in Guam, where the betel-palm grows spontaneously, there is never a dearth of nuts. The terminal bud, or ‘‘cabbage,”’ like that of many other palms, is edible; but as the removal of the bud kills the tree, the natives of Guam indulge themselves in eating it only on occasions of festivity, when they prepare it as a kind of cabbage or raw salad. They either select for this purpose a tree which is comparatively sterile or one which too closely crowds a neighbor. The flowers of the coconut are frequented by several insectivorous birds, especially by “‘égige”’ (Myzomela rubratra), a pretty little red and black honey eater, with a slender, curved beak and a cleft, brush-tipped tongue. When the tree dies its crown is a favorite nesting place for the Guam starling, Aplonis kittlitzi, a bird with glossy black plumage, called ‘‘sali’’ by the natives. This bird also frequents the flowering spathes in quest of insects. WooD. In many islands of Polynesia the strong elastic trunks of old coconut palms are used to bridge streams. For this purpose usually sterile trees are used. In com- merce the wood is known under the name of ‘‘porcupine wood.”’ It is hard, hand- some, and durable, and is used for many purposes, for furniture, cabinetwork, walking sticks, and especially for veneering.¢ In Guam the wood is used only for burning in limekilns. ; COPRA. From a commercial point of view the coconut is the most important product of Polynesia. Its dried meat, calied ‘‘copra’’ or ‘‘ coprac,’’ is the only article of export from Guam. From this island the greater part goes to Japan. A hundred trees may be expected under favorable conditions to yield from 25 to 30 quintals per year. For every ounce of it there is a ready market, and traders vie with one another to secure their crops from the natives by advancing them goods or money beforehand. The current price is 4 pesos per quintal (102 English pounds). The nuts when fully ripe are split open and allowed to dry for a short while. Then the kernel is cut out and dried in the sun either on mats or on raised platforms. It is easily transported on the backs of animals or in carts and shipped in bulk by the traders. There are two regular harvests of copra per year, the principal one of which is in April, May, or June. If cocoanut oil were manufactured by the natives, great difficulty would attend its transportation, as the only receptacles on the island are bamboo joints and ‘‘tinajas,’’ or earthenware jars, from Japan and China. There is not a cooper on the island, and the leakiness of barrels containing oil is proverbial. Another reason for transporting the product of the nut in the form of copra is the economic value of the refuse remaining after the oil is extracted. For a description of the methods followed in Samoa in cultivating the coconut on an extensive scale and of preparing copra by means of drying apparatus, so that it remains perfectly white, assumes a hard, brittle consistency, and is free from ran- cidity, the reader is referred to Doctor Reinecke’s work on Samoa,? extracts from which have been published in the Journal d’ Agriculture Tropicale in 1903 and 1904. PRODUCTS. Copra is used extensively in France, Germany, Spain, and England, chiefly in soap making, but also in the manufacture of certain food products resembling butter. This ‘‘cocoa butter,’”’ or ‘‘ cocoaline,’’ should not be confounded with the ‘‘cocoa @See Shortt, Monograph on the Cocoanut Palm, 1888, 5See list of works. 240 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. butter’? made from cacao (Theobroma cacao), the source of chocolate, which is also an important commercial product.¢ The process of manufacture of coconut butter has been kept secret. The main difficulties to overcome were the tendency to ran- cidity of the fat and its liquid consistency. The credit for carrying on experiments which finally led to success is due to the firm of Rocca, Tassy & de Roux, of Mar- seille, who have also erected a plant in Hamburg. Magnan Fréres have more recently succeeded in making a satisfactory butter by independent experiments, and some German houses are now doing the same thing. “The effort to extract an edible grease from an oil produced upon so vast a scale and formerly available only for the manufacture of soap gave promise of valuable returns if successful; and that this promise was not delusive may be judged from the circumstance that the factory of Rocca, Tassy & de Roux, which produced 25 tons of butter per month in 1900, now (1902) turns out 600 tons permonth. * * * The butter is not at all a by-product of the manipulation of the oil, as in the factory of Messrs. Rocca, Tassy & de Roux, 7,200 tons of butter are obtained from 8,000 tons of oil per annum in a year of maximum results. The butter is styled ‘vegetaline’ and ‘cocoaline,’ the greater demand being for the former. The first named melts at 26° C. and the latter at 31° C., being by that fact better suited for warm climates. * * * The activity of the manufacturers in trying to establish their private marks and in advertising their product as one of pure copra oil proves that the main object is to serve the constantly increasing public demand for comestible vegetable greases.’’ 2 In the United States the principal manufacturers of food products from coconut oil are the India Refining Company, of Philadelphia. They havea process by which the rancidity of the oil is eliminated, so that it.is sweet, neutral, and adapted for fam- ily use and for manufacturing purposes by bakers, confectioners, and perfumers. One brand, called ‘‘kokoreka,’’ consists of the stearin of the coconut oil, having a melting point of about 27.3° C. This is used by manufacturing confectioners in combination with or in place of cacao butter. A lighter brand, called ‘‘ko-nut,’’ is used for baking and domestic purposes in place of butter and lard. It has a melting point of about 23° C. Specimens of these products, submitted to the Bureau of Chemistry of the Department of Agriculture for analysis, proved to be remarkably free from fatty acids, the ‘‘ko-nut’’ containing 0.13 per cent and ‘‘kokoreka,’’ the harder substance, only 0.04 percent. The material from which this company manu- factures its products is East Indian coconut oil. Though they are prepared to press oil from copra itself and have a perfectly equipped oil mill, it lies idle for want of material. There isno reason why America should not offer a market for all the copra produced in Guam, the Philippines, and Samoa. Ina letter from Albin Garrett, president of the India Refining Company, he says: When we consider results of the development of the coconut industry in the island of Ceylon, with an area of 25,000 square miles and a production of coconut products of 76,210,370 pounds in 1893, and risen to 206,035,384 pounds in 1903—a period of ten years, it would seem that, with American methods and enterprise intro- duced into the Philippines, with 41,000 square miles of territory in the island of Luzon alone and 116,000 in the group, with a very enormous coast line, which is what counts in coconut production, a great field is open there for development. As we believe this city is the largest market in the world for manila hemp and has the only plant for handling copra in this country, it would seem that the lines will open if the button could be properly touched. In consequence of tests made by Dr. Theodor Ternes, of the Royal Imperial Hospital of Vienna, an official report was made, stating that coconut butter meets all hygienic requirements; that it is superior to animal fat and butter; that it is a@See Listoe, Cocoa Butter in the Netherlands; and Skinner, Copra Products at Marseille; Advance Sheets of Consular Reports, October 15, 1902. > Official Report of U. S. Consul-General Robert P. Skinner, September 18, 1902. COCOS NUCIFERA. 241 easily digested and is particularly well adapted for the use of patients suffering from impaired digestion. @ The copra industry is becoming more important year by year. Thus far very little copra has found its way to the United States, but coconut oil is imported for various purposes, especially for soap making. The chief sources of coconut oil in this country are Ceylon and the Madras Presidency, India, especially the district of Cochin, where it is the principal product. Soap made from coconut oil is more soluble in salt water than that made from other oils or fats, and is consequently much used on seagoing vessels. One objectionable feature of soaps made from this oil is the disagreeable rancid odor which they usually leave on the skin after wash- ing with them. The most serious difficulty encountered by soap makers is the elim- ination of fatty acids contained in it. To remove these the oil is heated with lye, an emulsion is made, and the oil extracted from the mixture by means of a separator and receiver.” Coconut oil alone is not usually employed in soap making, but is added to other oils for the purpose of producing quickly solidifying soaps containing a large proportion of water. ¢ FIBER. Coir, or the fiber of the husk of the coconut, is another product of commercial importance. It is imported into England and America in the form of coir yarn, coir fiber, coir rope, and bristle fiber, and is used principally in manufacturing matting and brushes.? In Guam no effort is made to utilize it, and hundreds of tons go to waste each year. Fiber suitable for cordage must be taken from husks or nuts not yet thoroughly ripe, but the coarser, harder fiber of ripe nuts could be used for brushes. In Samoa, where the fiber plays so important a part in the economy of | the natives, a particular variety (’ena, or niu afa) occurs having long nuts with fiber especially adapted for making sinnet (afa). This variety is rare, and is highly valued by the natives.“ The sources of the best coir of commerce are the Laccadive | Islands and the neighboring district of Cochin, on the Malabar coast of British India. This coir is known commercially as Cochin or Madras coir. The primitive way of preparing the fiber is to soak the husks thoroughly in salt water, beat them with heavy wooden mallets, rub them between the hands, and remove the coir by hand. | It is then twisted by hand into two-stranded yarns.f This process has been replaced in many districts by improved methods, in which the fiber is extracted from the a husk, either wet or dry, by means of machines. The husks are crushed in a mill, con- | sisting of two adjustable fluted iron rollers. The pressure here exerted flattens them _ and prepares them for the ‘‘breaking down,”’ or extraction of the fiber, performed. in an “extractor”? composed essentially of a drum or cylinder whose periphery is coated with steel teeth that catch in the fiber and tear it from the husk. The machine is covered with a wooden case to prevent the fiber being scattered. It is then ‘‘willowed”’ or cleaned, graded, and baled for shipment.9 PRODUCTION. Nearly every family of Guam has its coconut plantation. The best sites are the lowlands, especially the sandy beaches of the west shore. The principal coconut aKew Bulletin, No. 46, p. 235, 1890. >See Andés, Vegetable Fats and Oils, trans., pp. 203 and 244, fig. 76, 1897. ¢See Richardson and Watts, Chemical Technology, ed. 2, vol. 1, pt. 3, p. 683, 1863. @See monthly circulars of Ide & Christie, fiber, esparto, and general produce brokers, 72 Mark lane, London, E. C., in which prices are quoted together with statistics regarding importations, ete. é€See Powell, Thomas, On various Samoan plants and their vernacular names, See- mann’s Journal of Botany, vol. 6, p. 282, 1868. J Watt, Economic Products of India, vol. 2, pp. 428-429, 1889, gSpon’s Encyclopedia, vol. 1, p. 940, 1882, 9773—05——16 249 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. planters on the island are the Western Commercial Company, having its plantation in the district of Upe, in the northern part of the island (10,000 to 12,000 trees); Don Vicente Herrero, in Orunao, Retiyan, and Lalo (7,000 to 8,000 trees); the Japanese Oyama, in Hilaain (6,000 to 7,000 trees); Don Luis Torres, alias Cortez, in Gokiiga and Lupog (5,000 to 6,000 trees), and Don José Duefias Evarista, in Sinagés6 (6,000 to 7,000 trees). There are also good plantations in the district of Yofia and in the vicinity of Agat. Though coconuts do not thrive in swampy places as a rule, yet there are good plantations near San Antonio, across the river from Agafia, and near Punta Piti, where the trees grow on hummocks almost on a level with the water’s surface when the rivers are unobstructed. Coconuts are fond of sunshine and ocean breezes; but it is evident that they can not stand exposure to repeated hurricanes, from the fact that on the fine stretches of sandy beach along the east or windward coast of the southern portion of the island not a coconut tree is found, while near by, in more sheltered sites of Pago and the valleys of [lig and Talof6f6, fine groves are met with. Great damage to the coconuts of the island is caused by baguios, or hurricanes. Both ripe and green fruits are whipped off and the leaves are destroyed. It is from the axils of the petioles of the old leaves that the young flower clusters issue; and when the leaves are killed these become aborted and it takes at least two years for the tree to recover. During the year which followed the hurricane of 1900 not a single ton of copra was exported from Guam.4@ All enterprising natives on the island are now planting coconut trees, as there is a ready sale for all the copra that can be produced. Clearings are made in the forest, the undergrowth removed, and the tree trunks gradually gotten rid of with the aid of fire. (Pl. XXIII.) This requires hard work, and few white men coming to the island are either able or willing to clear land for themselves. Land taroand bananas may then be planted until the stumps are removed, after which coconuts are planted in regular rows. As the natives have plantations of their own they naturally prefer to work for themselves rather than for another; so that it is almost impossible to obtain laborers on the island. Moreover, the natives will not part with a coconut grove in good bearing condition or a thriving young plantation at any price. A fairly good yield for a coconut palm is 25 to 30 pounds of copra a year, though there are many trees on the island which produce double this amount. In the process of clearing, taro, yams, and bananas are often planted in the new ground. The nuts selected for seed are taken neither from very young nor very old trees, but from trees at least 15 years old. Many of the natives pay no attention to seed selec- tion, but plant sprouting nuts indiscriminately; others, however, realize the advan- tage which results from planting seed taken from trees yielding the greatest amount of copra. The tendency is to plant large nuts; but these may have been produced by young trees or trees bearing few nuts and yielding less copra than trees bearing nuts of smaller size. Nuts selected for seed should be lowered to the ground, not thrown down or dropped. Nursery planting is not practiced in Guam. The ripe nuts are simply collected in piles in the shade of trees or in the corners of inclo- sures and left to sprout, without further care. When the sprouts are about 60 em. high they are ready for permanent planting. If the roots have in the meantime penetrated the ground and are broken off in removing the nuts, they should be neatly cut off with a sharp knife, so as not to leave ragged ends. It is the practice in Guam to plant coconuts in rows 5 to 6 meters apart, but this is too close. From 7 to 10 meters is a good distance. Holes about 60 cm. deep are first dug, and they are sometimes arranged so that the holes in one row will be opposite the intervals of the next. On some plantations coffee, cacao, or bananas are planted between the rows, but this custom is not recommended. The evil effects of crowd- “See official report of Governor Seaton Schroeder to the Secretary of the Navy, 1901. COCOS NUCIFERA. 243 ing are shown on the plantation of Dofia Rufina Quitugua, in the district of Matd- guag, while the benefits resulting from plenty of room and of cultivation of the ground are shown in that of Manuel Matanane, in the district of Yigo, where origi- nally rows of cacao were planted alternately with those of coconuts. The cacao did not thrive and was removed, but the coconuts grew with remarkable rapidity. The natives say that the trees are too far apart, but the fact that many of them began to bear when 3 years old, while in other good localities they do not bear until 4, 5, or 6 years old, speaks for itself. On the mesa, or table-land, coconut trees fre- quently are 8 to 10 years, or even 15 years, old before they begin to bear. In Yigo and Santa Rosa they begin to bear usually when 5 or 6 years old, and in Yona when 7 or 8 years. A coconut palm is in its best bearing condition from the age of 10 years on. It will continue to bear until 80 years old. Catch crops may be planted between the rows while the trees are young. These are far less exhausting than the weeds which would otherwise cover the ground, and the soil is benefited by the cul- tivation, especially if nitrogen-storing leguminous crops are grown. The common practice in Guam is to keep off the weeds from anarea about 6 feet in radius about the trees by means of a thrust-hoe (fusifio or fozifio), and throughout the rest of the plantation to cut the undergrowth from time to time with a machete. Attention is called by Lyon/@ to the excellent methods of coconut cultivation practiced by the German colonists in German East Africa and in the South Pacific islands and by the French in Congo and Madagascar, who practice modern orchard methods. Mr. Lyon recommends planting coconuts at distances of not less than 9 meters, and, in good soils, preferably 9.5 meters. The former distance will allow for 123 and the latter for 111 trees to the hectare. He recommends annual plowing of the planta- tion and the cultivation of green manures and crops to keep up the fertility of the land. In Guam plowing is impracticable in many localities, owing to the thinness of the soil covering the coral substratum; and the prevailing system of keeping the plantations clear of weeds by means of the thrust hoe, by which the roots can not possibly be injured, seems to bea good one. Manuring is never practiced in Guam, and it is to this fact that the absence of the beetles which, in their larval stage, are so injurious to coconuts in other countries, should be attributed. The boundaries between plantations on the island of Guam are usually indicated by lines of coconut trees, either single or double. It is the common practice to cut notches in the trunks to facilitate climbing. This practice is condemned by many writers, but in Guam the trees do not appear to be injured thereby. Sometimes a hole is cut near the base of the trunk to serve as a water reservoir. This seems to cause decay and should not be permitted. Asa rule the natives do not plant coco- nut trees near their dwellings for fear of accidents during hurricanes. Every family selects one or two trees for a supply of toddy, and many of them keep small groves to furnish thatch for their houses, which must be renewed at intervals of about three years. The extraction of tuba does not injure the trees in any way, but the cutting of leaves causes injuries from which it takes years to recover. The inflorescence which forms in the axils of old leaves becomes aborted when these leaves are cut off. Young plantations are frequently injured by the deer with which the island abounds, and care must be taken to prevent cattle from entering them. To keep out the deer the natives simply inclose a field with a ribbon of pariti bark (P. tiliacewm), through which they say the deer will not pass. Coconut trees are free from disease in Guam, and very little harm is done to them by insects. REFERENCES: Cocos nucifera L. Sp. Pl. 2: 1188. 1753. Codiaeum variegatum. See Phyllaurea variegata. “Lyon, The cocoanut, etc. Bureau of Agr. [Philippines], Bull. No. 8; 1903. 944 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Coelococcus amicarum. CAROLINE IVORY-NUT PALM. PLATE XLv. Family Phoenicaceae. LocaL NAMEsS.—Och (Ponape); Palma de Marfil (Spanish); Steinnuss-palme (German). A pinnate-leaved palm introduced into Guam from the Caroline Islands. The nuts are of an ivory-like texture and are exported from the Carolines to Germany for button making. The spheroid fruit, about 7 centimeters long and 8 centimeters in diameter, has a reddish brown, glossy, scaly shell. (Pl. XLVI.) The surface of the seed is glossy, black, and thickly striped, but not furrowed. The allied species of the Solomon Islands ( C. solomonensis) has a straw-colored shell, and that of C. vitiensis of Fiji, which is not used in the arts, is yellow. The inflorescence of this genus has | not yet been described. In some of the Solomon Islands the natives prepare sago from the pith of the species growing there. It is said to keep well and not to be injured by salt water, so that it is a valuable food staple to take with them on their canoe voyages. REFERENCES: Coelococcus amicarum (Wendl. ). Sagus amicarum Wendl. Bot. Zeit. 36: 115. 1878. Coelococcus carolinensis Ding]. Bot. Centralbl. 32: 349. 1887. Coenogonium. See Lichenes. Coffea arabica. _ CoFFEE. PLATE XXX. Family Rubiaceae. Loca NAMEs.—Kafe (Guam); Kahaua (Mindanao, Lolo, Philippines). A shrub with glossy green leaves, fragrant, white, jasmine-like flowers and red berries, like small cherries, which contain two seeds, commonly called coffee. The leaves are opposite, rarely in threes, about 15 em. long by 6.5 cm. broad, with wavy edges, and a long narrow point; flowers of short duration, with the fragrance of a tuberose, in dense clusters at the bases of the leaves; calyx tube short, limb 5-parted, persistent; corolla tubular, limb salver-shaped, 5-parted; stamens 5, fixed around the top of the tube and protruding beyond it; ovary 2-celled; style filiform, smooth, 2-cleft; ovules 1 in each cell, peltately attached to the septum of the cell; seeds plano-convex, grooved ventrally. In Guam coffee is one of the commonest plants, growing about most of the dwell- ing houses as lilac bushes grow in America, and nearly every family has its cultivated patch The climate and soil of the island seem well adapted to it, and it produces fruit abundantly from the level of the sea to the tops of some of the highest hills. Plants are obtained by planting seed at a depth of about 4 em. in beds, or by taking up seed- ling plants from under cultivated trees, where the seeds readily germinate without attention. They are easily transplanted, differing in this respect from the seed- lings of cacao, which are often killed in transplanting. Seeds fresh from the pulp should be planted in the sementeras (nurseries) about 8 cm. apart, in rows. In preparing the ground it is thoroughly pulverized and dry-brush is burned over it shortly after the weeds begin to sprout. This saves a great deal of subsequent weed- ing. Little watering is necessary in Guam. In transplanting crowding is avoided. The plants are set out in straight rows at a distance of from 1.5 to 2.5 m. apart. On hillsides they may be closer, about 1.5 by 1.5m. Coffee trees planted too close together lose the use of their lower branches, which become interlaced and shade one another, so that only the top branches continue to grow and bear fruit. If the coffee is planted in newly cleared land the brush is either left to decay between the rows or burned. In places where the soil is shallow above the coral rock, holes are made and filled with good earth brought from the forest. The best time for trans- @See Sadebeck, Die Kulturgewiichse, etc., pp. 16 to 19, figs. 10, A, B, C, 1899; Guppy, Solomon Islands, p. 82, 1887; Warburg, Berichte der Deutsch. Bot. Gesell., 1896, p. 133. PLATE XLV. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. Contr. COELOCOCCUS AMICARUM, THE CAROLINE ISLAND IvoRY NuT PALM. Contr. Nat, Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE XLVI. THE IvorY NuT (COELOCOCCUS AMICARUM). SLIGHTLY REDUCED. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 945 planting is at the beginning of the rainy season. In moving them the roots should not be exposed to the sun. The plants are shaded at first by sections of coconut leaves stuck in the ground ina slanting direction. If rains are not sufficiently frequent after planting, the plants are watered every evening. In Guam it is not usual to plant shade trees to protect coffee. Sometimes the young plants are shaded by alternating rows of bananas, which easily take root and grow quickly. These are cut down when the plants are well established, as the mature coffee plant is a sun lover and becomes spindling in the shade. Catch crops of taro or maize may also be planted for the at two years. As with other plants, the weeds must be kept down. They are allowed to lie on the ground and rot, so as to enrich it. Weeding is accomplished by the fosifio, or thrust-hoe, an expert weeder being able to cover an area 1.5 m. long and the width of his hoe at every thrust. In order that the trees may not grow too tall for convenience in gathering the berries, they are topped after reaching a suitable height. This causes them to spread out their branches and offers a smaller target for the heavy winds which sometimes prevail. The plants are kept free from shoots or suckers sprouting out from their stems, which are removed when young. In Guam coffee seems to be remarkably free from disease. The berries are some- times eaten by rats, which infest the island; but these animals are not so injurious to coffee as they are to cacao, of which they are immoderately fond. As soon as the berries are ripe they are gathered. In Guam the whole family turns out to pick berries, and there is more or less jollification, as on the occasion of a picnic. The removing of the flesh from the seed or pulping is accomplished by hand, and the sticky, mucilaginous material surrounding the seeds is removed by washing, after which the coffee is spread out on mats to dry inthe sun. In this condition it is covered with a thin membrane or hull, which can be removed at will by pounding in large wooden mortars with wooden pestles. The coffee should be thoroughly dry before attempting to take off this hull. The chaff is gotten rid of by winnowing, which consists in pouring the seed from one receptacle to another in a current of wind. Enough coffee is not produced in Guam for exportation; indeed, there is scarcely enough for the use of the natives, all of whom are coffee drinkers. The product is of excellent quality. In preparing it the beans are roasted, as with us, and ground on a stone ‘‘metate’’ with a cylindrical ‘‘mano,”’ like a tapering rolling-pin of stone. REFERENCES: Coffea arabica L. Sp. Pl. 1: 172. 1753. Coffea liberica. LIBERIAN COFFEE. A few plants of Liberian coffee were afrouiiced quite recently into Guam from the Honolulu botanical garden. When I left the island several of them were in a thriv- ing condition on a ranch near Sinahafia. REFERENCES: Coffea liberica Hiern, Trans. Linn. Soe. II. 1:171. t. 24. 1876. Coffee, negro. See Cassia occidentalis. Coffee senna. See Cassia occidentalis. Cogon (Philippines). See under Xipheagrostis floridula. Coix lacryma-jobi. JOB’S TEARS. Family Poaceae. Loca Names.—Lagrinas de San Pedro (Spanish); Alimodias (Philippines); Tomugi, Judsu-dama (Japan); Maniumiu, Samasama (Samoa); Acayacoyotl (Mexico); Camandula (Porto Rico). This grass, which furnishes the seeds known as ‘“‘Job’s tears,’ is common in Guam. The seeds are very hard, smooth, glossy, and of a gray color. They are ne For a history cf coffee and its culture see Nicholls, Tropical Agriculture, jos ul ‘. 946 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. strung into rosaries and, according to Padre Blanco,“ yield a nutritious flour, which is fed to convalescents. In Japan they are pounded in a mortar and cleaned and used as meal and mochi. An infusion of the parched and ground grains, called “‘kosen’’ by the Japanese, is used instead of tea. ? REFERENCES: Coix lacryma-jobi L. Sp. Pl. 2: 972. 1753. Colales or Kulalis (Guam). See Adenanthera pavonina. Colales (Kulalis) halom-tano (Guam). See Abrus abrus. Col6 or Kolo (Philippines). See Artocarpus communis. Colocasia antiquorum. See Caladium colocasia. Colubrina asiatica. Family Rhamnaceae. Loca NAMES.—Gas6s6 (Guam); Kabatiti, Uatitik (Philippines); Fisda (Samoa); Vuso leyu (Fiji: ‘‘much-foam’’); Tutu (Tahiti). A glabrous shrub with alternate leaves and axillary clustersof small greenish flow- ers haying & fleshy disk in the calyx tube, suggesting the genus Euonymus or Cean- othus. Leaves 5 cm. long by 2.5 em. wide, ovate, subacuminate, crenate-serrate, glabrous, membranous, 3-nerved at the base, the midrib pinnately branched; flowers growing in very short axillary cymes; calyx 5-parted, tube hemispherical; petals 5, clawed, springing from the margin of the disk, hooded; stamens 5; disk fleshy, filling the calyx tube; ovary sunk in the disk and confluent with it, 3-celled, the cells 1-seeded, tardily dehiscent. This plant is widely spread in Polynesia and is found in India, Ceylon, Java, Bor- neo, New Guinea, Australia, and southwest Africa. In Samoa and inFiji the leaves are used for washing. They form a lather in water like soap. The vernacular name in Fiji signifies ‘‘much lather’’ or ‘‘big foam.’’ The special use to which it is devoted in Samoa is the cleansing and bleaching of the white shaggy mats which the natives make of the fiber of an urticaceous plant, Cypholophus macrocephalus. The natives of Guam do not make use of it except for medicine, nor is it included by Watt in his list of the useful plants of India. REFERENCES: Colubrina asiatica (L.) Brongn. Ann. Sec. Nat. I. 10: 369. 1827. Ceanothus asiaticus L. Sp. Pl. 1: 196. 1753. Combretaceae. MyYRoBALAN FAMILY. This family is represented in Guam by the Malabar almond ( Terminalia catappa) and the red-flowered mangrove (Lumnitzera littorea). Commelinaceae. To this family belong Commelina benghalensis and Commelina nudiflora, creeping plants with small 3-petaled blue flowers from spathe-like bracts, and Zygomenes cris- tata, with scorpioid cymes of blue flowers inclosed in large falcate, imbricating bracts. Commelina benghalensis. DrEWFLOWER. DAYFLOWER. Family Commelinaceae. LocaL NAMEs.—Anagilide azul (Spanish); Aligbafigon (Philippines). A pubescent plant with stems 60 to 90 cm. long, dichotomously branched from the base upward, creeping and rooting below; leaves short-petioled, 2.5 to 7.5 cm. by 1 to 3.5 em., ovate or oblong, obtuse, pubescent or villous on both surfaces, unequal at base, cordate, rounded, or cuneate, the veins subparallel, 7 to 11 pairs; inflores- cence inclosed in a spathe; spathes 1 to 3 together, short-peduncled, funnel-shaped or top-shaped, auricled on one side, pubescent or hirsute; upper cyme branched, 2 or 3- shone lower 1 or 2-flowered or without flowers; sepals 3, small, oblong, a miere) ae Filipinas, 689. 1837 > Agriculture Society of J apan, Useful Plants of i apan, p. 5. 1895. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 247 pubescent; petals 3, two large, orbicular or transversely oblong, clawed, the third smaller, subsessile; stamens 3, hypogynous, filaments slender, naked; anthers oblong, one larger than the others; staminodes 2 or 3, like the stamens, but with deformed cruciform anthers; ovary 3-celled, 2 cells 2-ovuled, one 1-ovuled; capsule 6 mm. long, hidden in the spathe by the decurving of the pedicel after flowering, pyriform, membranous, 5-seeded; seeds oblong, closely pitted. Common, growing among grass; flowers bright blue, emerging from the spathe one by one. Widely spread in tropical Asia and Africa. Called in the Philippines by the Spanish name ‘‘anagdlide azul.”’ REFERENCES: Commelina benghalensis L. Sp. Pl. 1:41. 1753. Commelina nudiflora. DEWFLOWER. DAYFLOWER. Loca NAMES.—Anagilide azul (Spanish); Aligbafigon (Philippines). Similar to the preceding, but with the flower spathes ovate or ovate-lanceolate and acute; branches prostrate or subscandent, rooting at the rather distant nodes, tips ascending; leaves 3.5 to 7.5 by 1 to 1.5 cem.; sessile, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, glabrous or puberulous, ciliate, sheath 1 to 2.5 cm. long, loose, glabrous; spathes glabrous or pubescent, base cordate, lobes rounded; cymes 1 to few-flowered, shortly pedicelled; flowers 1 to 1.5 em. broad; two larger petals orbicular or cordate, third petal smaller subsessile; ovary 3-celled; capsule 6 mm. long, broadly oblong, acuminate, coriaceous, 5-seeded; seeds oblong-cylindric, tubercled and reticulate brown. A low weed growing in damp. places among the grass; good forage; flowers of a bright cobalt blue. REFERENCES: Commelina nudiflora L. Sp. Pl. 1: 41. 1753. Compositae. See Asteraceae. Condol or Condor (Guam). Local name for the wax gourd, Benincasa cerifera. Condol (Philippines). Name applied to several kinds of squash (Cucurbita). Conferva. See under Algz. Convolvulaceae. MOoRNING-GLORY FAMILY. Among the Convolvulaceae growing on the island of Guam are the indigenous “alalag”’ (Argyreia tiliaefolia) , the lavender-colored flowers of which, called ‘‘ abubo,”’ are strung into necklaces by children; Ipomoea choisiana, a trailing plant with deeply cordate, denticulate leavesand purple flowers, growing on the strand and reappearing in the upper sabanas; Ipomoea pes-caprae, the ‘‘goat’s-foot convolvulus,”’ a plant with purple flowers and fleshy leaves notched at the apex growing on sandy beaches; Ipomoea mariannensis, with purple flowers; the ‘‘fofgu,’? with blue flowers, which turn purple in drying (Ipomoea congesta and Pharbitis hederacea), and the white- flowered Operculina peltata. Among the introduced species are several varieties of the sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) from Hawaii and from tropical America, and the common cypress vine (Quamoclit quamoclit), called by the natives ‘“Cangel’s hair”’ (cabello del angel), which has escaped from cultivation and grows in open places. Convolvulus batatas L: Same as [pomoea batatas. Convolvulus coeruleus Spreng. Same as Pharbitis hederacea. Convolvulus congestus Spreng. Same as [pomoea congesta. Convolvulus denticulatus Desr. Same as [Ipomoea choisiana. Convolvulus hederaceus L. Same as Pharbitis hederacea. Convolvulus mariannensis Gaud. Same as Jpomoea mariannensis. 248 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Convolvulus nil L. Same as Pharbitis hederacea. Convolvulus maritimus Desr. Same as Ipomoea pes-caprae. Convolvulus peltatus L. Same as Operculina peltata. Convolvulus pes-caprae L. Same as [pomoea pes-caprae. Convolvulus tiliaefolius Desr. Same as Argyreia tiliaefolia. Convolvulus trilobatus Gaud. Same as Ipomoea congesta and Ipomoea mariannensis. Coquillo (Panama). See Jatropha curcas. Coraceae. See under Lichenes. Coral plant. See Jatropha multifida. Coral tree, East Indian. ‘See Erythrina indica. Coral-bead vine. See Abrus abrus. Coral-bean tree. See Adenanthera pavonina. Coralillo (Cuba). See Antigonon leptopus. Corallopsis. See under Algz. Corazon (Porto Rico). See Annona reticulata. Corchorus. BROOMWEED. Family Tiliaceae. LocaL NAMES.—Masigsig lahe (Guam). Corchorus tomentosus, a plant of Japanese origin, was included in Gaudichaud’s list of Guam plants, but the name probably refers to Triumfetta tomentosa, or-some allied species of that genus. Corchorus differs from Triumfetta in having its fruit in the form of a 2 to 5-celled capsule, the fruit of Triumfetta being indehiscent and spiny. Flowers 1 to 3 together, small, yellow, opposite the leaves; sepals 5, distinct; petals 5, distinct; stamens numerous, distinct; ovary 2 to 5-celled, with numerous ovules; capsule loculicidal, 2 to 5-valved, with numerous seeds. C. acutangulus, having the capsule elongated, glabrous, strongly 3-winged and 6-angled, leaves ovate, rounded at base, acute, serrate, the 2 lowest teeth often prolonged into filiform tails, is a wide- spread tropical weed, found in the Solomon Islands and, possibly, in Guam. C. tor- resianus, collected by Gaudichaud on Rota, the island next to Guam, is not further known, and may proye to be identical with some other species. Cordia subcordata. Kou. Family Boraginaceae. LocaLt NAmMEs.—Banalo (Philippines); Kou (Hawaiian Islands); Tou (Tahiti, Rarotonga, Marquesas); Nawanawa (Fiji); Tauanave (Samoa); Ikoik (Carolines). A tree growing near the coast with large ovate leaves and orange or reddish funnel-shaped flowers. Leaves alternate, petioled, 7.5 to 15 em. long, obscurely 3-nerved, base rounded or subcordate, glabrous; flowers in short terminal and lateral few-flowered corymbs, nearly glabrous, polygamous; hermaphrodite corymbs fewer- flowered than the male; calyx 12.5 mm. long, 3 to 6-parted, the teeth short, triangu- lar, villous within; corolla tube 1.5 cm. long, 5 to 7-lobed, one lobe external, the lobes 15 mm. long, rounded; stamens usually 6; anthers shortly exserted; ovary 4-celled, glabrous; style terminal, long, 2-parted, its branches again 2-parted, linear- spathulate; cells l-ovuled; fruit an ellipsoid, acute, usually 1-seeded drupe, 2.5 em. long; seed coarsely muricate, subspinose. Not common in Guam, several trees growing near the village of Agat. In Hawaii it is called ‘‘kou,’’ etymologically the same as ‘‘tou’”’ of Tahiti. The wood is rather soft, but durable. It is much prized by the natives of Hawaii, who make of it cups and poi calabashes, showing wavy bands of light and dark color when polished. The DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 249 species ranges from the East Indies, Zanzibar, and Madagascar across the Pacific to Hawaii. Doctor Hillebrand thinks that its distribution throughout Polynesia has been due to human agency. @ REFERENCES: Cordia subcordata Lam. Illustr. 1: 421. no. 1899. 1791. Cordyline hyacinthoides. Bow-sTRING HEMP. Family Liliaceae. LocaL NAMES.—Tigre (Guam, Philippines) A stemless plant with succulent, thick, fibrous, sword-shaped leaves, having a sheathing base and a straight spine at the apex. It takes its local name from the variegated coloration of the leaves. Flowers inconspicuous, greenish-white, disposed in the form of a raceme rising from the center. The leaves yield an excellent, soft, silky, elastic fiber, from which in ancient times - the Hindus made their bowstrings. In Guam the plant is cultivated for ornament, many of the natives having it growing in their gardens and in pots, but not other- wise utilized. In Manila a double line of it borders the walk approaching the palace. | REFERENCES: Cordyline hyacinthoides (1. ) Aloe hyacinthoides L. Sp. Pl. 1: 321. 1753. Aloe hyacinthoides zeylanica L. Sp. Pl. 1: 321. 1753. Aletris hyacinthoides zeylanica L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1: 456. 1762. Sanseviera zeylanica Willd. Sp. Pl. 2: 159. 1799. The earliest post-Linnzan use of the name Cordyline was by Adanson, Fam. PI. 2: 54, 543. 1763, who gives Royen as the authority for the name, but apparently does not use it in the same sense in which it was employed by that author. Royen included in his genus Cordyline two species of the Linnzean genus Yucca and a third cited by Linnzeus under the latter’s Asparagus draco, while the specific references given by Adanson, ‘‘Katukapel, H. M. 11: ¢. 42, Aloe Comm. H. 2. t. 20, 26, Pluk. t. 256. f. 5., and Lin. Sp. 321. No. 4.,”’ are associable by citation with the species named by Linnzeus Aloe hyacinthoides, or with one of its subspecies. The modern use of the name, however, appears to be in the sense in which it was mentioned by Jussieu, Gen. Pl. 41.1789, and does not include any of the species included in it by either Royen or Adanson. ‘‘Cordyline”’ is accordingly here used as the name of the genus for which it was first properly published after 1753.—W. F. Wiaur. Cordyline terminalis Kunth. See Taetsia terminalis. | Corkwood. See Pariti tiliaceum. Cormigorus mariannensis. ToRCHWOOD. Family Rubiaceae. Loca NAMES.—Gdusili (Guam). A small tree growing in rocky places, and especially abundant on the Peninsula of Orote and the island of Apapa, bearing a profusion of white trumpet-shaped flowers, appearing from a distance somewhat like morning-glories, but 4-parted. The wood ignites easily and is used for torches. REFERENCES: Cormigonus mariannense (Brongn. ) Bikkia mariannensis Brongn. Bull. Soe. Bot. Fr. 18: 42. 1866. The name Cormigonus Raf. 1820 is several years earlier than Bikkia. Coromandel gooseberry. See Averrhoa carambola. Cotorrera (Porto Rico). See Heliotropum indicum. Cotorrera de la playa (Porto Rico). See Heliotropwm curassavicum. Cotton. See Gossypium arboreum and G. barbadense. 4¥Flora, Hawaiian Islands, p. 321, 1888. 250 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Cotton-tree, silk. See Ceiba pentandra. Cowhage or Cowitch plant. See Stizolobiwm pruriens. Cowpea, twining (United States). See Vigna sinensis. Crab’s-eye seeds (West Indies). See Abrus abrus. Cracca mariana. GOAT’ S-RUE. Family Fabaceae. ; An undershrub. Stem erect, terete, villous; leaves pinnate, with 4 pairs of leaflets, sessile; leaflets oblong, smooth above, silky-silvery beneath; stipules lanceolate, elongate, hairy; axillary flowers close together, subsessile, the terminal ones sub- racemose; pods narrow, upright, velvety-hairy, 10 to 12-seeded. Type specimen from Marianne Islands, its leaflets nearly 5 cm. long by 8 to 12 mm. wide. Flowers - not observed. REFERENCES: Cracca mariana (DC.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 1: 175. 1891. Tephrosia mariana DC. Prod. 2: 253. 1825. Crape myrtle. See Lagerstroemia indica. Crescentia alata. CROssLEAF. CALABASH TREE. Family Bignoniaceae. Loca NamES.—Hikara (Guam); Jicara (Spanish, Mexico); Hojacruz (Manila); Xicali (Aztec). A small tree with many wide-spreading branches and trifoliolate leaves with winged petiole, bearing gourd-like fruit upon the trunk and larger limbs. Branches angled, without thorns; leaves growing in threes from the axil, the middle one peti- olate, 3-foliate, the lateral ones simple, smaller, sessile; petiole of the 3-foliolate leaf broadly winged, forming together with the 3 leaflets a cross-shaped leaf; leaflets linear-lanceolate or cuneate with crenate apex, membranous, sometimes 4 or 5 from end of petiole, but these probably abnormal; bark thin, greenish; flowers develop- ing from buds on the trunk and the older limbs and branches, the tree therefore “*cauliflorous,’’@ as in the case of Theobroma cacao and Averrhoa carambola. Flowers large, fleshy, purplish, usually solitary, with a very short pedicel; calyx 2-parted, deciduous; corolla campanulate, open-mouthed, tube curved, with a fold in the throat; limb unequally 5-parted; stamens 4, didymous; ovary 1-celled, stigma 2- lamellate; fruit globose, hard, indehiscent, many-seeded, in Guam about 10 em. in diameter. This species, first described from Acapulco, Mexico, has been introduced into the Philippines and Guam. It was described by Padre Blanco as Crescentia trifolia. “They call it ‘cross-leaf’ (hoja de cruz),’’ he says, ‘‘ because the three leaflets with the winged petiole form a cross.’”’ Its spreading branches form good perches for fowls, and in building a rancho a site is often selected near one of these trees, so that it may serve for this purpose. The fruit is too small to serve as calabashes, and it is not used in Guam. REFERENCES: Crescentia alata H. B. K.‘Noy. Gen. & Sp. 3: 158. 1818. Crescentia trifolia Blanco. Same as Crescentia alata. @Cauliflorie, d. h. Bliithenbildung am alten Holze in den immerfeuchten trop- ischen Wiildern nicht selten. Sie kommt dadurch zu Stande, dass ruhende axillare Knospen sich nach mehreren bis vielen Jahren weiter entwickeln und die Rinde durchbrechend, ihre Blithen frei entfalten. (Schimper, Pflanzen-geographie auf physiologischer Grundlage, p. 360, 1898.) > Blanco, Flora de Filipinas, 489-490, 1837. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. O51 Crinum asiaticum. ANTIDOTE LILY. Family Amaryllidaceae. Local NAMES.—Piga-palayi (Guam); Bakong (Philippines); Lautalatalo, Lau- tamatama (Samoa). A lily-like plant with large white flowers and linear-lanceolate leaves, growing in sandy places near the sea. Bulb large, narrowed into a neck which is clothed with old leaf sheaths; leaves 90 to 150 cm. long and 12.5 to 20 cm. wide, shortly acumi- nate, flat, narrowed into the sheathing base; flower scapes rising from the axils of the old leaves, 45 to 90 cm. long, compressed; bracts 2, spathiform, papery; bracte- oles filiform; flowers growing in umbels of 10 to 50, fragrant at night; pedicels short; perianth tube 7.5 to 10 cm. long, cylindric, slender, the segments linear, recurved; filaments slender; anthers reddish; fruit subglobose, beaked by fleshy base of perianth, usually 1-seeded, rarely 2-seeded. A widely spread strand plant. The large spongy, tuber-like seed of this species was collected in the drift on the strand of one of the Solomon Islands by Doctor Guppy, having evidently been carried there by ocean currents. The bulb is bruised and the expressed juice used as an emetic. In some countries the bulb is chewed as an antidote for wounds of poisoned arrows and poisonous rep- tiles, and also as a remedy for sickness caused by eating poisonous fish. @ REFERENCES: Crinum asiaticum L. Sp. Pl. 1: 292. 1753. Crossleaf. See Crescentia alata. Crotalaria quinquefolia. RatrLeBox. RatTrLEPop. Family Fabaceae. LocaL NAMES.—Cascabeles (Guam, Spanish). An erect annual plant with 3-foliate or 5-foliate leaves, yellow flowers, and inflated -many-seeded pods. Leaflets subsessile, 2.5 to 3.5 cm. long, oblong-linear, tapering to base, obtuse, thin, glabrous; flowers in very lax terminal racemes, bracts small, lanceolate, acuminate; calyx glabrous, segments narrowly triangular, acute; petals about twice the length of the calyx; pod oblong, glabrous, distinctly stalked, 30 to 40-seeded. A common weed in Guam. Widely distributed in the Tropics. REFERENCES: Crotalaria quinquefolia L. Sp. Pl. 2: 716. 1753. Croton, variegated. See Phyllawrea variegata. Cruciferae. See Brassicaceae. Cuacuacohan (Philippines). See Abutilon indicum. Cucumber. See Gardens. Cucumis melo. Muskmelon. See Gardens. Cucumis sativus. See Gardens. Cucurbita cerifera. Same as Benincasa cerifera. Cucurbita lagenaria L. Same as Lagenaria lagenaria. Cucurbita maxima, C. pepo. Squashes and pumpkins. See under Gardens. Cucurbitaceae. GOURD FAMILY. Among the representatives of this family growing in Guam are Momordica charan- tia, Citrullus citrullus, Cucumis melo, C. sativus, Lagenaria lagenaria, Cucurbita maxima, C. pepo, and Benincasa cerifera. Culasi or Kulasi (Philippines). See Lumnitzera littorea. 4See Winkler, Real Lexikon, vol. 1, p. 425, 1840. 959 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Cundeamar (Porto Rico). See Momordica charantia. Curcas purgans Medic. Same as Jatropha curcas. Curcuma longa. TURMERIC PLANT. Family Zinziberaceae. Locan namEs.—Marigo (Guam); Arigo (Samoa) ; Thango (Fiji); Olena (Hawaii); Dilao (Philippines); Ukon, Ky6-6 (Japan); Azafran (Spanish); Yuquillo (Porto Rico). A ginger-like, monocotyledonous plant, with long-petioled oblong leaves, rising from a fascicle of tuber-like roots, which differ in form, some being globose, others long and narrow. The ripe tubers yield the turmeric of commerce. Rootstocks perennial, stems annual; flowers in compound spikes with concave bracts; calyx tubular, 3-toothed; tube of corolla dilated above, with 5 of its lobes equal, middle one of inner row enlarged to a spreading lip; filament petaloid, 3-lobed at top, with a 2-spurred anther on the middle lobe; ovary 3-celled, many-ovuled; style filiform; stigma 2-lipped, the lips ciliate; capsule globose, membranous, finally 3-valved. Flower spikes crowned by a coma of enlarged pink bracts; flower bracts pale green, ovate; flowers pale yellow; leafy tuft 1.2 to 1.5 meters high. This plant is widely spread in Polynesia. It grows wild in Guam, but is little used by the natives. In Fiji, Samoa, and other groups the natives used it to paint their bodies, and in Samoa it is used to paint siapo or bark cloth. In Japan its roots are collected in autumn and a yellow dye (turmeric) prepared from them, They are also used medicinally. REFERENCES: Curcuma longa L. Sp. Pl. 1: 2. 1753. Custard-apple. See the species of Annona. Custard-apple family. See Annonaceae. Cyanopus pubescens. Same as Vernonia villosa. Cyanotis cristata. See Zygomenes cristata. Cyathea mariana Gaudich. Same as Alsophila haenkei. See under Ferns. Cycadaceae. CycaD FAMILY. The only representative of this family in Guam is Cycas circinalis. For the method of fecundation of the Cycads see p. 71. Cycas circinalis. East Inpian Cycas. PLATES VII, XIV. Family Cycadaceae. Locat NAMES.—Fadan, Fadang (Guam); Federico (Spanish); Bitogo, Pitogo, Patubo, (Philippines); Madu (Ceylon). A low palm-like tree, with cylindrical trunk and a crown of glossy, fern-like, stiff, thick, pinnate leaves, bearing nuts which in their crude state are poisonous, but after having been macerated in water and cooked are used for food. Trunk clothed with the compacted woody bases of petioles, usually simple but often branching when the head has been cut off, or several new trunks springing up from the stump of an old one which has been cut down, sometimes the trunk bifurcated; besides the true leaves, modified leaves in the form of simple, short, sessile, subulate, wooily pro- phylla; true leaves 1.5 to 2.5 meters long, long-petioled; pinnules alternate, 25 to 30 em. long and quite narrow, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, subfaleate, midrib stout beneath, bright green, glabrous; petiole with short, deflexed spines near the base; inflorescence dioecious; the male inflorescence growing in the form of erect, woolly cones consisting of scales bearing globose pollen sacs on their under surface, the cone shortly peduncled and tipped with an upcurved spine; female inflorescence in the center of the crown of leaves, consisting of a tuft of spreading, buff, woolly, pinnately- notched leaves (carpophylls), in the notches of whose margins the naked or uncoy- ered ovules are placed; carpophylls about 30 cm. long; ovules 3 to 5 pairs, borne eke sue al HK Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE XLVII. CYCLOPHORUS ADNASCENS, AN EPIPHYTAL FERN. NATURAL SIZE. DESCRIPTIVE. CATALOGUE. Dine above the middle; seeds about the size of an English walnut, testa thinly fleshy, crustaceous within; endosperm copious, fleshy and farinaceous; embryo small, axile. The cyeads belong to a group of plants wonderfully interesting on account of the position they occupy intermediate between the flowering plants and cryptogams. An account of their remarkable mode of fecundation has already been given. 4 Both the fruit and the starchy pith of the trunks of many Cycadaceae are utilized for food. In Japan and in the Moluccas sago is obtained from the pith of Cycas revoluta and from that of Cycas circinalis; plants of the genus Encephalartos yield the ‘“‘caffre-bread’’ of Africa; Dioon edule produces the ‘‘cabeza de chamal’’ of Mexico; in Central America, Florida, and the West Indies a kind of arrowroot is prepared from species of Zamia, and in Australia the nuts of Cycas media and of several species of Macrozamia are eaten after having been pounded, macerated for several days in water, and roasted. A gum resembling tragacanth exudes from wounds in Cycas circinalis and other Cycadaceae. In Guam the seeds of Cycas circinalis, called ‘‘fadang”’ or ‘‘fadan’’ in the vernacu- lar of the island, and ‘“‘bitogo”’ or ‘‘federico”’ by the Filipinos and Spaniards, were an important food staple of the aboriginal inhabitants. As in other members of the family the trunk contains sago, but in Guam this has never been utilized. As pre- pared now by the natives, the endocarp of the seed is either grated or broken into small pieces and soaked for several days in water, which must be changed from time to time. When fresh the seeds are so poisonous that the water in which they are steeped is fatal to chickens if drunk by them. The poisonous principle contained in the seeds has not yet been ascertained. After having been thoroughly soaked the fadang is dried in the sun and put aside for use. In preparing it for food the natives grind it on a stone slab (metate) with a cylindrical stone rolling-pin (mano), mix it with water, make it into a thin cake, and bake it on a slab or griddle, like a tortilla of maize. If eaten continuously for any length of time it is injurious. The natives now resort to it only when maize is scarce, or in times of famine following hurricanes, when almost all other fruits are destroyed. In the old letter books at Agafia I find copies of reports of several Spanish governors to the captain-general of the Philip- pines, in which they complain of the unwholesomeness of this food and the injurious effects it has upon the natives. As far as my personal experience goes it is palatable and not injurious if eaten occasionally and in small quantities, although it is inferior to maize in every respect. Starch is sometimes made of the seed, but this is not very white and has a disagreeable odor. It is good for paste, however, and is avoided by insects. These seeds are used as food in the southern islands of the Philippine group, and the bracts and fruit are an excellent vulnerary. Cycas circinalis is abundant in the woods of Guam, especially in rocky places. On the shores of Orote Peninsula, at the entrance to the bay of San Luis de Apra, the beautiful fern-like crests of this plant are distinctly visible to those on board ships entering the harbor and lend a peculiar charm to the landscape. Though usually only 1.2 to 1.5 meters high, the trunks reach the height of three meters in certain localities. On the promontory of As Kiroga, near Talof6f6, the growth of Cycas trees, with their cylindrical scarred trunks and luxuriant fronds, strongly recall ideal pictures of the vegetation of the Carboniferous age, in which the Cycadaceae formed so important a part. REFERENCES: Cycas circinalis L. Sp. Pl. 2: 1188. 1753. Cyclophorus adnascens. CREEPING FERN. PLATE XLVII. Family Polypodiaceae. A creeping fern, with small, simple fronds, usually found growing on the trunks of trees. Rhizome firm, but slender, the scales linear, deciduous; fronds dimorphous, . @ Page 71. Din USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. the sterile ones elliptical or spathulate, blunt, the fertile ones longer and narrower; texture coriaceous; upper surface naked, lower thinly coated with whitish tomentum in the sterile but more densely in the fertile part beneath; veins hidden; sori small, bright reddish brown, immersed, occupying the whole of the contracted upper part of the frond. This species is spread throughout the islands of the Pacific Ocean. It is also found in India, Ceylon, and the Mascaren Isles. REFERENCES: Cyclophorus adnascens (Sw.) Desy. Berl. Mag. v. 300 (ex Luerssen). Polypodium adnascens Sw. Syn. Fil. 25, 222. tab. 2. f. 2. 1806. Cymbidium triste Willd. Same as Luisia teretifolia. Cynodon dactylon Pers. Same as Capriola dactylon. / Cyperaceae. SEDGES. The following members of this family are known from Guam: Carex densiflora, Carex fuirenoides, Cladium gaudichaudu, Cyperus difformis, Cyperus pennatus, Cyperus rotundus, Eleocharis capitata, Eleocharis plantaginoidea, Fimbristylis complanata, Fim- bristylis diphylla, Fimbristylis globulosa, Fimbristylis miliacea, Fimbristylis puberula, Fimbristylis spathacea, Fuirena umbellata, Kyllinga monocephala, Kyllinga monocephala subtriceps, Rynchospora corymbosa. Cyperus difformis. Family Cyperaceae. A glabrous annual sedge often growing in rice fields; stem 10 to 50 em. high, acutely 3-angled at the top; leaves usually somewhat shorter than the stem; spikes arranged in umbelled heads, the umbel either simple, compound, or reduced to one head, the rays up to 5 em. long, sometimes longer; bracts 5 to 25 cm. long, lowest often sub- erect (umbel lateral); spikes globose, 8 to 12 mm. in diameter; spikelets very small, linear-oblong, most densely crowded; glumes close-packed, concave, very obtuse, straw-colored, sides more or less red; stamens 1, rarely 2; anther small, oblong; nut subsessile, subequally trigonous, pale brown; style shorter than the nut; stigmas 3, linear, short. REFERENCES: Cyperus difformis L. Cent. Pl. 2: 6.1756; Amoen. Acad. 4: 302. 1759. Cyperus hexastachyos. Same as Cyperus rotundus. ro fhpA Cyperus pennatus. A sedge collected in Guam by Gaudichaud, with compound umbels of cylin- drical sessile spikes. Stems 60 to 90 cm. high; leaves longer than stem. REFERENCES: Cyperus pennatus Lam. Ill. 1: 144. 1791. Mariscus albescens Gaudich. Bot. Freyc. Voy. 415. 1826. Cyperus rotundus. NUTGRASS. LocaL NAMEs.—Chaguan Humdtag (Guam); Mootha, Mutha (India); Hama- sage (Japan). A sedge growing in sandy places, with aromatic tuberous rootstock, having the odor and taste of camphor. Very common in Guam, often growing in the yards of Agafia with grasses and near the shore. It is a most troublesome weed in garden patches. In Japan its roots are collected in the winter, dried, and used for medi- cine. REFERENCES: Cyperus rotundus L. Sp. Pl. 1: 45.1753. Cypress vine. See Quamoclit quamoclit. Cytisus cajan. Same as Cajan cajan. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 255 Dabdap (Philippines, Malay Archipelago). See Hrythrina indica. Dactyloctenium aegyptiacum. GOOSE GRASS. Family Poaceae. Locat NAMEs.—Salai maya (Philippines). An annual grass spread throughout the warmer regions of the globe. Leaves distichous, flat, acute, ciliate; sheaths compressed; spikes digitate; spikelets at right angles to the rachis of the spikes; glumes rigid, cuspidate, glabrous, the lower- most ovate, the second broadly ovate, obliquely cuspidately awned as are the follow- ing, the cusps recurved; paleze very broad, bifid, the keels hispid; grain globose, very rough, the pericarp evanescent. Common in Guam, growing in damp sandy places. A coarse-looking grass rising above the general level of the ‘‘grama’’ (Capriola dactylon), with which it is asso- ciated, together with EHleusine indica. In the Philippines the vernacular name signi- fies ‘‘sparrow’s nest.”’ REFERENCES: Dactyloctenium aegyptiacum (L.) Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 2: 1029. 1809. Cynosurus aegyptius L. Sp. Pl. 1: 72. 1753. Dadangsi or Dadanse (Guam).- Vernacular name signifying ‘“‘bur’’ or something which sticks to something else; applied to Triumfetta rhomboidea, T. pilosa, and Urena sinuata, all of which have prickly fruit with hooked spines. Dadig (Guam). Vernacular name for a small coconut of the size of a betel nut. Dafau, Dafao (Guam). See Boerhaavia diffusa. Daffodil, seaside. See Pancratium littorale. Dagmai (Philippines). See Caladium colocasia. Dago (Guam). Vernacular name for one class of yams. See Dioscorea, D. alata, D. glabra, and_D. sativa. Dalandan (Philippines). See Citrus aurantium sinensis. Dalayap (Philippines). See Citrus hystrix acida. Dalima (Philippines). See Punica granatuin. Dalinga or Dalingag (Philippines). See Dioscorea fasciculata. Dalisay (Philippines). See Terminalia catappa. Daltonia. See Neckera, under Mosses. Dama de noche (Spanish). See Cestrum nocturnum. Dampalit (Philippines). See Seswviwm portulacastrum. Dangkalan, Dinkalin (Philippines). See Calophyllum inophyllum. Dao (Philippines). See Zinziber zerumbet. Daog or Daok (Guam). Vernacular name for Calophyllum inophyllum. Daphne. To this genus Freycinet referred a plant used by the natives for making a sort of noose to aid them in climbing trees, called ‘‘gapit atayake.”’ Date palm. See Phoenix dactylifera. Date palm, wild. See Phoenix sylvestris. Datura fastuosa. THORNAPPLE. Family Solanaceae. A rank tropical plant growing in waste places, very much like the common D. stra- monum, but with larger flowers and pods not regularly dehiscent. Its leaves are ovate, entire or deeply toothed, and smooth; corolla purple or white,’ limb shortly 5 or 6-toothed. : 256 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Common about Agafia, both the white-flowered and purple-flowered varieties. The leaves and seeds are sedative and narcotic. In India the seeds are often used as a poison. REFERENCES: Datura fastuosa L. Syst. ed. 2. 932. 1759. _ Davallia heterophylla. See Humata heterophylla. Davallia solida. GLOssy FERN. PLATE II. Family Polypodiaceae. : LocaL NAMES.—Pugua machena (Guam). A graceful fern, with glossy, divided fronds, climbing the trunks of forest trees and growing upon their limbs, associated with Polypodium phymatodes, Cyclophorus adnascens, and Nephrolepis spp. Rhizome stout, densely clothed with fibers; stipe slender, strong, erect; fronds deltoid, tripinnatifid; apex with a moderately broad undivided center; segments ovate-rhomboidal, deeply toothed, narrow and sharper in fertile frond; veins uniform; texture coriaceous; sori nearly or quite marginal; indusium semicylindrical. This species is widely spread throughout Polynesia, the Philippines, and the Malay Peninsula. It has also been collected in Java. REFERENCES: Davallia solida Sw. on Fil. 132, 375. 1806. Trichomanes solidum Forst. f. Prod. n. 475. 1786. Dayflower. See Commelina. Delonix regia. FLAME TREE. Family Caesalpiniaceae. - Loca NAmMES.—Arbol del fuego (Philippines, Guam); Flamboyant; Peacock flower. A rapid-growing tree with broad top and wide-spreading branches. Leaves grace- fully bipinnate, 30 to 60 cm. long with 10 to 20 pairs of pinne, each pinna with numerous small oval leaflets; flowers large, in large racemes, bright scarlet, the upper petal striped with yellow; calyx-segments valvate; petals 5, clawed, obovate; stamens 10, free, exserted; pod flat, strap-like, 15 to 60 cm. long. This handsome ornamental tree is a native of Madagascar. It has become widely spread, and is now found in all tropical countries. It yields a yellowish or reddish brown mucilaginous gum containing oxalate of lime. It is not yet well established in Guam. REFERENCES: Delonix regia ( Boj.) Raf. Fl. Tellur. 2: 92. 1836. Poinciana regia Boj. in Hook. Bot. Mag. 56: t. 2884. 1829. Desmodium australe. Same as Meibomia uwmbellata. Desmodium gangeticum. Same as Meibomia gangetica. Desmodium triflorum. Same as Meihomia triflora. Desmodium umbellatum. Same as Meibomia uwmbellata. Detergents, or plants used for cleaning. Citrus aurantium saponacea (fruit used for washing clothes and for the hair). Citrus bergamia (fruit used for washing the hair). Colubrina asiatica (leaves used in Samoa and Fiji). ios Lens phaseoloides (crushed stems saponaceous, used for washing). Devil’s guts. See Cassytha jiliformis. Dewflower. See Commelina. Dianella ensifolia. Family Liliaceae. A plant with leafy stem and cymose panicles of small flowers. Leaves rigid, distichous, linear-lanceolate, the bases equitant or overlapping, the sheaths acutely DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 257 angled; flowers nodding; pedicels short, slender, rigid, jointed at the top, panicle 1 to 2 feet long, cuneiform; bracts spathaceous; flowers odorless; perianth white, greenish, or bluish, the segments 6 to 8 mm. long, the 3 inner reflexed; anthers linear, 2-porous; filaments much thickened at the top; anthers basifixed between the lobes, reflexed; ovary 3-celled; style filiform, stigma minute; berry blue; seeds few, testa black, shining. A plant widely spread in tropical Asia, Madagascar, Australia, and Polynesia. Collected in Guam by Haenke. REFERENCES: Dianella ensifolia (L.) DC. in Red. Lil. t. 7. 1802. Dracaena ensifolia L. Mant. 1: 63. 1767. Dianella nemorosa Lam. Encye. 2: 276. 1786. Dianella nemorosa. Same as Dianella ensifolia. Dictyonema. See under Lichenes. Dilang usa (Philippines). See Hlephantopus spicatus. Dilao (Philippines). See Curcuma longa. Dimeria chloridiformis. Family Poaceae. A grass growing in damp places. Spikelets 1-flowered, almost sessile, inserted singly in the alternate notches of slender unilateral spikes, which are either solitary or more frequently 2 or 3 together on a terminal peduncle; rachis not articulate; fre- quently a tuft of short hairs under each spikelet; glumes 4, 2 outer empty ones keeled, linear, rigid, not awned; the third empty, smaller, thin, hyaline, terminal glume with a slender awn twisted at the base and bent back at or below the middle; styles distinct; grain free, narrow, inclosed in the outer glumes. A slender branch- ing annual with narrow ciliate leaves. Collected in Guam by Haenke.@ REFERENCES: Dimeria chloridiformis (Gaudich.) K. Sch. & Laut. Fl. Deutsch. py hutzeed in der Stidsee 165. 1901. Andropogon chloridiformis Gaudich. Bot. Freye. Voy. 412. 1826. Dimeria pilosissima Trin. Mem. Acad. Petersb. VI. 2: 336. 1833. Dimeria pilosissima. Same as Dimeria chloridiformis. Dioscorea. YAMS. LocaL NAMES.—Nika, Dago, Gado (Guam); To1ig6, Ubi, Tugui (Philippines); Alu (Hindustan); Kelengu (Malayan). Yams formed one of the principal staples of food of the aborigines of Guam. They were among the provisions supplied to the early navigators visiting the group, many of whom designated them as ‘‘batatas,’’ which has led some writers to the supposi- tion that sweet potatoes were growing on the island before the discovery. Sweet potatoes, however, have no vernacular name in Guam. They are called ‘‘kamutes,”’ a corruption of ‘‘camote,’’ the name under which they are known to the Mexicans and the Spanish Americans of the Pacific coast of America. The natives divide the yams into two classes, which they call ‘‘nika”’ and ‘‘dago,’’ respectively, the former having orbicular, acuminate, deeply cordate leaves, and the latter sagittate leaves. The leaves are sometimes quite variable, however, on the same plant, and much con- fusion exists in the classification of the various species and varieties, ? so that it is impossible to determine the species with any degree of accuracy. Gaudichaud, the botanist of Freycinet’s expedition, counted seven kinds of ‘‘dago’’ and four of ‘‘nika.”’ He referred the dago to Dioscorea alata, for the varieties of which the native names are such as ‘‘manila yam, bat yam, lizard yam, devil yam (not edible),”’ etc. The varieties of nika bear a general resemblance to D. aculeata L. @Presl, Reliquiae Haenkeana, fasc. 4, p. 235, t. 38, 1830. 5See Hooker, Flora Brit. Ind., vol. 6, pp. 288, 296, 1894. 9773—05—17 258 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. One thing is certain, the spiny wild yam called ‘‘ gado”’ or “‘nika cimarron,”’ which forms dense thickets in the forests of Guam and furnishes the natives with food in the periods of famine which follow hurricanes, is not the Dioscorea aculeata of Lin- naeus, as was supposed by Gaudichaud. D. aculeata L. is very probably the species described under that name by Seemann, a plant cultivated by the Fijians, in the description of which Seemann does not mention branching sharp spiny processes about the base of the stem, such as characterize the spiny yam of this island and which are features of the Dioscorea aculeata of Roxburgh.¢ According to Hooker, Roxburgh’s Dioscorea aculeata is identical with D. spinosa Roxb.,® the description of which corresponds to our gado. The typical nika of Guam resembles D. aculeata L., and corresponds very closely with D. fasciculata lutescens, as described by Padre Blanco.¢ Some of the varieties seem identical with D. papuana Warb. In the list of yams given by Schumann and Lauterbach as occurring in the Bismark Archipelago and Kaiser Wilhelmsland, on the coast of New Guinea, are Dioscorea glabra Roxb.; D. papuana Warb., perhaps the most extensively cultivated species; D. pentaphylla L., growing on the edge of the forests; D. sativa L., which ‘‘ produces great tubers,’’ growing in the woods, occurring also, according to Finsch, in Ponape, Kuschai, and Ualan, of the Caroline Group; and D. alata, which is cultivated.@ According to Hooker, a part of Linnzeus’ description of Dioscorea sativa ¢ applies to D. spinosa Roxb., to which should also be referred D. aculeata Roxb., D. tiliaefolia Kunth, and D. lanata Balf. Linnzeus’ true D. sativa is a glabrous piant, the stem terete, bulbiferous, the leaves broadly ovate-cordate, acuminate, cuspidate; and to it should be referred D. bulbifera R. Br.’ D. glabrais quite glabrous, with very variable, long-petioled, opposite, caudate-acuminate leaves, the youngest acute at the base, the older truncate or deeply cordate, the lobes sometimes 2.5 cm. long, incurved and overlapping, orbicular, ovate-oblong, or hastate, strongly 7 to 9-nerved, and reticulate, subglaucous beneath. In the face of so many conflicting authorities it is hard to decide as to the species or recognized varieties cultivated in Guam. A thorough study of the yams of this island is especially desirable, since most of the varieties were cultivated by the natives before the discovery.9 The species of Dioscorea can not be understood from herbarium specimens alone. The food-yielding varieties must be studied in the localities where they are cultivated, and should be represented in herbaria by photographs of the growing plants, together with their tubers, and, if possible, by typical tubers of each variety preserved in formalin orsome other liquid. It is only in this way that specimens from Polynesia, India, the Malay Archipelago, Africa, Australia, and America can be compared. Plants belonging to the genus Dioscorea are herbaceous perennials with fleshy tuberous roots and twining stems, which, as a rule, die down each year, allowing the plant to rest through the dry season. Leaves having several longitudinal veins, either entire, lobed, or digitately 3 to 5 foliolate, the petiole often angular and twisted at the base. Flowers small or minute, panicled, racemose, or spicate, rarely bisexual, the perianth superior, 6-cleft. Male flowers with the perianth tubular or urn-shaped, its lobes shortly spreading. Stamens inserted at the base of the perianth or on its lobes, 3 or 6, or 3 perfect stamens and 3 staminodes, the filaments incurved or recurved, the anthers small, globose, oblong or didymous, or with the cells on @Flora Indica, vol. 3, p. 800, 1832. ®bEx Wallich, Catalogue, No. 5703, A, B, C, D, E, F. ¢Flora de Filipinas, ed. gran, vol. 4, p. 260, 1880. @Schumann und Lauterbach, Flora deutschen Schutzgebiete, pp. 223-224, 1901. €Species Plantarum, ed. 1, vol. 2, p. 1033, 1753. /Prodromus Flora Nove Hollandie, p. 294, 1810. gOne of the first Jesuit missionaries to visit the island was killed by a native in consequence of a misunderstanding over some ‘‘nika”’ roots which the native failed to deliver as he had promised. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE XLVIII. THE WING-STEMMED YAM (DIOSCOREA ALATA). LEAVES AND IMMATURE TUBER. NATURAL SIZE. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 259 branches of the filament, an imperfect pistil (pistillode) present or lacking. Female flowers with a perianth like that of the male, but smaller, imperfect stamens, or staminodes, 3 or 6, or lacking. Ovary 3-angled or 3-ribbed, 3-celled; styles 3, very short, the stigmas entire or 2-parted, recurved; ovules 2, superposed in each cell, pendulous. Fruit a berry or 3-valved capsule. Dioscorea aculeata. GUINEA YAM. PRICKLY YAM. Loca NAmEs.—Nika (Guam); Balidcag (Philippines) ; Kattu keldngu (Malabar); Hoei-trobong (Java); Kummara-baddu (Teloogoo). Stem aculeate, terete; leaves alternate, cordate, acuminate, 7 to 9-nerved, transverse veins subsimple; male spikes panicled. 4 This brief description corresponds with some of the varieties of the ‘‘nika”’ culti- vated in Guam. Seemann attributes to it the yam called by the Fijians ‘‘kawai,”’ which is in common cultivation on most of the islands of the group, and which differs from the wild spiny yam called ‘‘tivoli”’ (D. nwmmularia? ) in having alternate instead of opposite leaves, and lacking the wiry spines about the base of the stem. Hooker identifies with it Rheede’s ‘‘kdttu keléngu.”” To this species ‘also was assigned by Warburg the common cultivated yam of the Papuans, which he after- wards found to differ from Linneus’ description in having simple male inflorescences and sessile flowers; also in the broad, relatively not deep sinus of the base of the leaf, and which he afterwards described as Dioscorea papuana.? Warburg further remarks that the species D. aculeata is so insufficiently and badly described, that perhaps a series of species is included within it. ¢ REFERENCES: Dioscorea aculeata L. Sp. Pl. 2: 1033. 1753. Dioscorea aculeata Roxb. (not L.). Same as Dioscorea spinosa Roxb. Dioscorea alata. WHITE YAM. SQUARE-STEMMED YAM. PLATE XLVIII. Loca namES.—Dago (Guam); Ubi, Ube (Philippines, Java, Malay Archipelago); Uvi (Fiji, New Zealand); Ovi, Oviala (Madagascar); Ufi (Samoa); Uhi (Tahiti) ; Ui-parai (Rarotonga); Heei-prataen (Java); Hoei-lie lien (Sunda); Kap (Caroline Islands); Name (Panama). A cultivated yam having a 4-angled or 4-winged climbing stem without prickles. Roots very large; stem stout, often tuberiferous; leaves mostly opposite, varying from orbicular and deeply cordate to hastately ovate, 5 to 7-nerved; male flowers in. slender fascicled spikes, very much as in D. sativa; female flowers in much stiffer spikes; sepals narrowly oblong or lanceolate, subvalvate; capsule broader than long, 25 to 37 mm. in diameter, very broadly obcordate, coriaceous; carpels rounded; seeds orbicular, broadly winged all round. The natives of Guam distinguish a number of varieties all of which are known as “‘dago,’’ with roots of different sizes and shapes, varying in color from white to pur- ple and differing in time of maturity. Yams are left in the ground fora short while after the vine has turned yellow and died down. The tops of the tubers are then cut off with the vines attached and buried in the ground, piling the earth up around the base of the vine. After several weeks another yam is produced which contains a number of eyesor buds. This is cut up into pieces each having an eye from which the new plant grows. Yams are usually planted in small hillocks arranged in a large cir- cle, sometimes with a tree or high pole at the center. In each hill a slender pole is thrust and inclined toward the center of the circle, the poles forming the shape of an Indian tent, or all are inclined against the central tree. The ground is kept free “Flora Vitiensis, p. 308, 1865-73. 5O. Warburg, Beitrige zur kenntniss der papuanischen Flora, Engler’s Botanische Jahrbucher, Bd. 13, pp. 273-274. 1891. ¢See Dioscorea papuana below. 260 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. from weeds and is hilled up from time to time around the base of the plants. In about eight or nine months the yams are ready for digging. They are dug and stored by the natives, who pick them over from time to time, taking out any that show signs of decay, so that the rest may not be affected by them. In the meantime the heads are forming new eyes and the ground is prepared forthe newcrop. As the cultivation of yams requires more labor and attention on the part of the natives than that of taro, they are not so extensively planted as the latter. They are very nutritious; more so, itis claimed, than the common potato. They are eaten either baked or boiled, and in many of the Pacific islands are combined with the rich creamy juice expressed from the meat of the coconut to form dumplings of various kinds. In the days when whaling vessels visited Guam in great numbers great quantities of yams and sweet potatoes were supplied to them in exchange for codfish, salt meat, sugar, flour, and textile fabrics. REFERENCES: Dioscorea alata L. Sp. Pl. 2: 1033. 1753. Dioscorea bulbifera P. Br. (not L.). Same as Dioscorea sativa. Dioscorea fasciculata. KIDNEY YAM. LocaLt NAMES.—Nika? (Guam); Soosni-aloo (Beng.); Bolét, Borot, Togui, Tugui, Dalinga or Dalingag (Philippines). Tubers pendulous; stems annual, twining, round; prickles stipulary; leaves alter- nate, round, cordate, 5-nerved. Cultivated to a considerable extent in the vicinity of Calcutta, not only for food, but to make starch from the roots. Root consisting of many tubers, about the size and shape of a pullet’s egg, connected by slender filaments to the base of the stems, covered with a pretty smooth, light- colored, thin integument; internally they are white; stems several, about as thick as a pack thread, twining, round, smooth, except here and there a small prickle, and always two at the insertion of each leaf; these I call the stipules. Leaves alternate, long-petioled, round-cordate, entire, pointed, from 3 to 7-nerved, venose, slightly villous. J have not met with the flowers of either sex.? To this species is assigned, in the last edition of the Flora de Filipinas, Padre Blan- co’s earlier D. tugui, called ‘‘togui’’ by the Filipinos, which in the first edition he describes as follows: ¢ Male. Root with many tubers; stem climbing, somewhat angled, hairy and prickly; leaves alternate, broadly cordate, abruptly acuminate, concave, somewhat hairy beneath, and with 7 prominent nerves; petioles very long, minutely and sparsely prickly; flowers in axillary spikes; 2-bracteolate, unisexual; perianth 6-cleft, in 2 series, the 3 inner divisions narrower; the 3 outer ones fleshy and hairy without; corolla absent; stamens 6, of equal length; pistillode prominently 3-lobed. In some plants 3 bifid styles are seen; fruit not observed. These plants, which are cultivated, are climbers, on which account the Indians place stakes so that they may climb upon them. Their root, which is the part most valued in them, forms many tubers, some of which reach 5 in. or more in thickness. This root is not poisonous, nor needs any anterior preparation to be eaten boiled or fried in olive oil or lard. The flavor is very good, and on that account it is more esteemed than the sweet potato. Blooms in May and June. REFERENCES: Dioscorea fasciculata Roxb. Fl. Ind. 3: 801. 1832. Dioscorea fasciculata lutescens. YELLOW YAM. LocaL NAMES.—Nika (Guam); Toguing polo (Philippines). This variety has the root as in the preceding species, only it differs in the color, which inclines to yellow. Stem with a greater number of prickles; leaves mostly heart-shaped, the new ones approaching the shape of a kidney, full of wool, espe- cially beneath; petioles very long and with 2 prickles at the base. Used like the preceding, but the root not so savory; found everywhere. 4 «Nicholls, Tropical Agriculture, p. 284, 1897. 6 Roxburgh, Flora Indica, vol. 3, p. 801, 1832. ¢ Flora de Filipinas, p. 800, 1837. @ Blanco, Flora de Filipinas, ed. 1, p. 801, 1837. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 261 One variety of nika cultivated in Guam very closely corresponds with this descrip- tion. The species is very close to D. papuana of Warburg. Hooker@ was unable to identify any of the Indian yams examined by him with D. fasciculata Roxb. REFERENCES: Dioscorea fasciculata lutescens Fernandez- Villar, Blanco Fl. Philipp. 4: Nov. App. 280. 1880. Dioscorea glabra. CHINESE YAM. LocaL NAMEs.—Dago (Guam). Quite glabrous. Stems stout, somewhat flattened; leaves opposite, long-petioled, extremely variable, 7.5 to 20 em. long by 2.5 to 11 cm. broad, caudate-acuminate, orbicular, ovate-oblong, or hastate, strongly 7 to 9-nerved and reticulate, the youngest acute at the base, the older truncate or deeply cordate, the lobes sometimes 2.5 cm. long, incurved and overlapping, subglaucous beneath; margins not thickened or carti- laginous; petiole 2.5 to 8 em. long; male spikes 2.5 cm. long, rarely longer, spreading; flowers scattered, rather large, globosely 8-lobed, often coarsely dotted; sepals ovate- oblong, petals cuneately obovate; pistillode minute; capsule 3.7 cm. in diameter, very variable in shape, subquadrate, broadly obcuneate or obcordate, retuse at the tip and base, valves very thin; seeds irregularly orbicular. i A plant occurring in the Bismarck Archipelago and Kaiser Wilhelmsland, near the coast of New Guinea, the Philippine Islands, and the Malay Peninsula. It is probable that some of the varieties of the dago of Guam should be referred to this species. REFERENCES: Dioscorea glabra Roxb. Fl. Ind. 3: 804. 1832. Dioscorea papuana. PAPUAN YAM. Loca NaAMEs.—Nika ? (Guam). The following is a translation of Warburg’s description and discussion of this species: Stems climbing, terete, finely ferruginous-villous, sparsely prickly, the prickles commonly erect, small; leaves long-petioled (the petiole angled, pubescent), broadly cordate, with the sinus at the base deep and very broad, the apex shortly acuminate, above smooth, below lighter-colored, sparsely whitish-hairy, 7 to 11-costate, with the basal costae commonly bifid or trifid; male racemes simple, axillary, many-flowered, as long as the leaf or longer, the peduncle pubescent, the bracts small, acutely ovate, hairy; flowers solitary, subsessile, campanulate, hairy without, the lobes 6, subequal, obtusely ovate, longer than tube; stamens 6, glabrous, shorter than the divisions of the perianth, the filaments attached to the base of the divisions, the anthers all fertile, introrse; rudiment of the style (pistillode) smooth, short, irregularly sub- pyramidal. The petioles are 5 to 6 em. long, the leaves themselves 7 to 8 cm. long and 9 to 10 cm. broad. The prickles differ very much in length. They are sometimes trian- gular and sometimes slender; at the base of the leaf there are prickles almost twice as long, somewhat curved. The male inflorescences vary between 10 and 40 cm., but are never branched; the bracts are 1.5 mm., the perianth nearly 3 mm. long, the style scarcely perceptible. This hitherto overlooked species stands very near to D. aculeata L., but differs above all in the simple male inflorescences and the sessile blossoms; also, the broad, relatively not deep sinus of the base of the leaf is noteworthy. The plant grows wild on Little Key. Lalso found sterile branches evidently of the same species in Ceram-Laut and Hatzfeldhafen. This is probably the species of yam which is chiefly cultivated there by the natives, and which, together with Colocasia antiquorum [ Caladium colocasia], even to the pres- ent day represents the most important cultivated plant of Papuasia. As I held the above plant to be D. aculeata, I unfortunately did not take care to procure for myself female flowers and fruit; nor do I remember to have seen the plant in bloom, as the yam planting of the year had just begun; it is of great importance, in the future, to Flora Brit. Ind., vol. 6, p. 296, 1894. 262 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. take note of it. In connection with this it is remarked that the D. aculeata L. is described so insufficiently and badly that perhaps a series of ,species is included within it.@ REFERENCES: Dioscorea papuana Warb. Engler’s Bot. Jahrb. 13: 273. 1891. Dioscorea sativa. RoUND-STEMMED YAM. NEGRO YAM. COMMON YAM. Loca NAMES.—Dago (Guam); Bayog cabayo, Baong, Balidcag (Philippines); Hoi (Tahiti, Hawaii); Oi (Rarotonga); Pua-hoi (Marquesas); Hoei-oepas (Sunda); Kaile (Fiji). Closely allied to D. alata, but with round instead of 4-winged stems. Quite gla- brous; stem sometimes prickly below, bulbiferous, slender, green or purple; tubers large, variable in form, white or yellowish within, soon decaying when taken from the ground; leaves opposite or alternate, very variable in size, sometimes attaining 35 cm. in length and breadth, membranous, dark green, usually very deeply cordate, “but sometimes with only a shallow, broad sinus, acuminate, cuspidate, or caudate, 7 to 9-costate; male spikes slender, panicled, almost capillary, 2.5 to 10 em. long; flowers crowded or scattered, very variable in size, green or purplish; sepals narrow, linear or linear-lanceolate, 2.5 to 6 mm. long, fleshy; petals rather narrower; fila- ments much shorter than the perianth; anthers minute, didymous; pistillode 3-lobed; female spikes axillary, solitary, or fascicled, 10 to 25 cm. long, pendulous; flowers 3 to6mm. long; sepalsasinthe male; capsule quadrately oblong, 16 to 25 mm. by 8 to 13 mm. long, membranous; seeds with a broad basal wing. _ This species is regarded by Hooker and by Bentham as the true D. sativa of Linneeus. The capsule is rather broader upward, the top truncate or abruptly acute, the base truncate or subcordate. REFERENCES: Dioscorea sativa L. Sp. Pl. 2: 1033. 1753. Dioscorea spinosa. Spiny yaAM. WILD YAM. PLATE XLIx. Loca NAMES.—Gado, Nika cimarron (Guam); Tungd Tongd (Philippines) ; Mou-aloo (Calcutta). Tubers very large; base of stem beset with long woody, rigid fibers, bearing lateral spines 12 mm. long;” glabrous or tomentose; stem round, very spinous at the base; leaves orbicular-cordate or reniform-cordate, 20 cm. long and broad; acuminate or cuspidate, 5 to 7-nerved, rather membranous, basal lobes rounded; male flowers in simple or nearly simple axillary spikes, 15 to 45 em. long, distant or in distant clusters; flowers 3 mm. in diameter, often in very dense cymules, sessile or shortly pediceled; bracteoles very broad; perianth lobes remote from the large oblong pistillode; sepals broadly oblong or orbicular; stamens 6, all having anthers; anthers large; female raceme rather short; capsule broader than long, 2.5 em. in diameter, broadly obcordate. To this species should be referred D. aculeata of Roxburgh (not L.). Linnzeus’s species of that name is Rheede’s ‘‘kittu keléngu,’’ which has panicled male spikes. In Fiji a thorny yam, called ‘‘tivoli’’ by the natives, grows in the woods, which Seemann considers to be D. nummularia Lam.¢ This plant differs from D. aculeata, according to Seemann, in having opposite instead of alternate leaves. The base of its stem is spiny; leaves ovate or oval, scarious-mucronate, with the base subcordate or rather rotundate, 5-nerved, glaucescent below; spikes axillary; wings of the cap- sule hemispherical. Hooker does not recognize D. nwmmularia among the Indian yams. The gado, or spiny yam, is very abundant in Guam. Its vernacular name is iden- tical with the Malayan ‘‘gadong’’, applied to D. hirsuta. It isthe only species growing «Warburg, Beitriige zur Kenntniss der papuanischen Flora, Engler’s Botanische Jahrbucher, Bd. 13, pp. 273, 274, 1891. bSee p. 68. ¢Encyc., vol 3, p. 231, 1789. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE XLIX. THE SPINY YAM (DIOSCOREA SPINOSA). LEAVES AND FLOWER SPIKE. NATURAL SIZE. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 263 wild, forming dense matted thickets, under which the deer often make paths impas- sable toman. Like the Bengal wild yam described by Roxburgh (mou-aloo), its roots are white, and are dug up in the woods during the cool season, for it is not cultivated; and as the wild yam of Bengal resembles in habit the cultivated species, [oscorea fasciculata Roxb., so does the gado, or nika cimarron of Guam resemble the culti- vated nika. In December the leaves turn yellow, then brown, and then fall off, at which time the tubers are ready for digging. These weigh about 2 pounds, and are in shape like a sweet potato, but have little fibers growing from them. They are more solid and sweeter than cultivated yams. As considerable work is necessary to dig the wild yam, the Guam people do not eat it when there is enough of other food. The Caroline Islanders, however, who until recently have been living on the island of Guam, and who are in no sense an agricultural people, resorted to the forest habitually for it, and often brought it to the houses of the Chamorros to exchange for other things. After the severe hurri- canes, which sweep the island from time to time, the natives are obliged to resort to the woods for food, and are fortunate to find a good reserve of gado, fadang nuts (Cycas circinalis), Caladium, and Alocasia. Yams form an important food staple in November, after the breadfruit has gone and before the sweet potatoes are ready for digging. REFERENCES: Dioscorea spinosa Roxb.; Wall. Cat. n. 5103. 1828 (ex Index Kew.), without ‘description. This name appears to be untenable for the above species, but in the present state of our knowledge of the genus it is impossible to give the correct name. Dioscoreaceae. YAM FAMILY. This family is represented only by the genus Dioscorea (which see). Diplazium nitidum. Sameas Asplenium nitidum. See Ferns. _ Dischidia bengalensis. Same as Dischidia puberula. Dischidia puberula. _ Family Asclepiadaceae. A herbaceous plant climbing over the trees of the forest. Leaves ovate, acute, short-petioled, opposite, thick, fleshy, glaucous; flowers very small, growing in axillary umbels; calyx 5-parted; corolla urceolate, 5-parted, the divisions obtuse, pilose; stamens 5, connate, anthers with a membranous tip, pollen masses 1 in each cell, compressed, pendulous coronal processes adnate to stamens, erect, bifid above; flowers on a short peduncle in twos or threes; divisions of staminal crown subreni- form at apex. This species was described from specimens collected in Guam by Gaudichaud in 1819. REFERENCES: Dischidia puberula Decne. in DC. Prod. 8: 631. 1844. Distreptus spicatus. Same as Elephantopus spicatus. Dodder laurel. See Cassytha filiformis. Dodonaea viscosa. SWITCH-SORREL. Family Sapindaceae. LocaL Names.—Lampuaye (Guam); Alipata (Philippines) ; Lala-vao, Torio-vao (Samoa); Apiri (Tahiti); Aalii (Hawaii); Ake (Rarotunga). A shrub or small tree, with numerous erect, twiggy branches, the bark longitudi- nally cracked and striate, young parts scurfy-puberulous. Leaves simpie, nearly ses- sile, 5 to 9 cm. long, linear-lanceolate, very tapering at base, subacute or obtuse, entire, the margin often slightly revolute, glabrous, more or less viscid, with a shining resinous exudation; flowers small, polygamous or dicecious, on long, slender pedicels, 264 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. nodding, in lax axillary panicles shorter than the leaves; sepals 5, distinct, ovate, acute, glabrous; petals lacking; stamens generally 8, filaments very short, inserted outside disk; anthers oblong-linear, very large; disk very small; ovary pilose, 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell; style very long, conspicuous; fruit a trigonous winged capsule over 12 mm. long, the angles with a broad, membranous, veined, rounded wing, glabrous, viscid with resin, orange-brown; seed black. A seacoast plant of wide tropical distribution, growing in rocky places and in open waste ground in patches. Flowers yellowish. The leaves have a sour-bitter taste and are said to have febrifugal properties. The plant is good for hedges. The wood ignites readily and is used for fuel. REFERENCES: Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. Enum. Pl. Carib. 19. 1760. Dogbane family. See Apocynaceae. Dogdog (Guam). See Artocarpus communis. Dog’s-foot bur-weed. See Urena sinuata. Dolichos bulbosus. Same as Cacara erosa. Dolichos catjang. Same as Vigna sinensis. Dolichos ensiformis. Same as Canavali ensiforme. Dolichos giganteus. See Stizolobwum giganteun. Dolichos lablab. HYACINTH BEAN, Family Fabaceae. Loca NAMES.—Batao (Philippines); Frijoles caballeros (Porto Rico); Sim (India); Pien-tau (China). A twining plant cultivated in Guam for the sake of its pods, which are eaten green. Leaves pinnately trifoliolate; leaflets broadly ovate, as broad as long, entire, acute; stipules lanceolate; flowers in axillary racemes; calyx tube campanulate, teeth short, deltoid; bracteoles oblong, sometimes as long as the calyx; corolla commonly purple, but in some varieties white or red, with a narrow, beaked keel, which is not spirally twisted; pedicels short; stamens diadelphous; ovary nearly sessile, many-ovuled; legume flat, broad, curved, tipped with the hooked persistent base of the style; seeds longitudinally oval, usually dark brown or white with a conspicuous white hilum, not usually eaten when ripe. The green pods are dressed and cooked after the manner of French string beans. The red-flowered variety is much esteemed by the natives of India. The stems and ripe seeds are eaten with relish by cattle. In Guam, where so much forage is gathered for cattle, this plant would be useful to alternate with corn and would at the same time be valuable as a nitrogen storer. It grows commonly by the native houses, running along the garden fences in company with Botor tetragonoloba. REFERENCES: Dolichos lablab L. Sp. Pl. 2: 725. 1753. Dolichos sinensis. Same as Vigna sinensis. Dolichos tetragonolobus. See Botor tetragonoloba. Doni(Guam). General name forred pepper. See Capsicum annuum and C. frutescens. Dracaena terminalis. See 7wetsia terminalis. Dugdug (Guam). See Artocarpus communis. Dranu (Fiji). See Alocasia indica. Dryopteris. See under Ferns. Dye plants. Acacia farnesiana.—A decoction of the pods with salts of iron yields a black dye, used in Mexico for ink. Averrhoa carambola.—Unripe fruits astringent, used as an acid in dyeing, prob- ably as a mordant. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 265 Dye plants—Continued. Bixa orellana.—Pulp surrounding seeds reddish orange; prepared for market it is called arnatto or annatto; used for coloring cheese and butter, and sometimes for dyeing silk, but it is not permanent. In Guam the natives put it in soup and with rice. Biancaea sappan.—Bark, wood, and roots yield yellow and red dye; red inten- sified by alkalies; pods with protosulphate of iron yield a black dye. Sometimes used by natives of Guam for dyeing, but supplanted by introduced aniline dyes. Casuarina equisetifolia.—Bark yields a dye, reddish alone, blue-black with salts of iron; in some countries used to dye fishing nets. Curcuma longa.—Old rhizomes may be used tor dyeing yellow without mordants; color deepened to reddish orange by alkalies, with carbonate of soda bright yel- low, with indigo green; color not lasting. Indigofera anil and Indigofera tinctoria.—Abundant on island in abandoned fields, but not utilized. Intsia bijuga.—Fresh wood yields a brown dye; not utilized. Lawsonia alba.—The ‘‘henna’’ of the Egyptians. Leaves yield a red stain for nails and hair. Not used in Guam. Morinda citrifolia.— Wood, small roots, and root bark. Ochrocarpus obovalis.—Heartwood of tree yields a red dye. Pithecolobium dulce.—Bark yields a yellow dye. Rhizophora mucronata.—Bark yields a brown dye. Tamarindus indica.—Leaves yield a red dye; flowers and fruit acid, acting as a mordant. Terminalia catappa.—Bark and leaves yield a black dye with salts of iron; in some parts of India used to blacken teeth and make ink. Thespesia populnea.—Bark and wood yield a red coloring matter; capsules and flowers a yellow dye; little used. Dyeweed. See Helipta alba. Earthnut. See Arachis hypogaea. Echinochloa colona. JUNGLE RICE. Family Poaceae. An annual grass, often growing as a weed in cultivated places, closely allied to the common barnyard or cockspur grass (Echinochloa crus-galli). Stem erect or decum- bent, rather slender, leaves flat, narrowly linear, smooth or scaberulous; spikelets ~ in 3 rows, globose or ovoid, acute, crowded on the under surface of the racemed spikes; raceme contracted; spikes 5 to 12, distant, suberect or appressed, 2.5 to 3.5 cm. long, usually distant, rachis pilose; glumes and lower palea hispid on the nerves, pointed; fertile flower barely pointed. The typical form of this grass differs from E. crus-galli, but there is a gradual tran- sition from one to the other. It is widely distributed throughout the warmer regions of the world. It is found in the United States in Virginia, Florida, Texas, and southern California. It was first collected in Guam by Gaudichaud. The type locality is East Indian. The cultivated form yields a grain which forms a food staple in many parts of northern India. A paste, or mush, is made of it, called ‘‘ bit”’ or “phat,’? and eaten with milk. This preparation constitutes the chief food of the natives of some districts.” It is an excellent fodder grass, both before and after it has flowered, the abundant grain adding to its nutritive value. REFERENCES: Echinochloa colona (.) Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 209. 1838. Panicum colonum L. Syst. ed. 10. 870. 1759. Echinus sp. Family Euphorbiaceae. Locant NAMEs.—Al6m, Alim (Guam). A tree growing in marshy or damp places, with linden-like leaves. Flowers small, monoecious, apetalous, greenish, the males clustered, the female solitary in the ~ bracts; male flower with globose or ovoid calyx, 3 to 5-parted; stamens 20 or more, 4Watt, Economic Products of India, vol. 6, pt. 1, pp. 7, 8, 1892. 266 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. crowded on a central receptacle; anther cells globose, attached by a connective; pistillode minute or wanting; female flowers with 2 to 4-celled ovary; styles free or growing together below; ovules 1 in each cell; fruit a capsule. Leaves lobed like those of a Vitis or of an Acer. The wood of this tree is soft and is used in Guam for making shoe lasts. The vernacular name is applied in the Philippines to another species of Mallotus. The present species is possibly E. tiliaefolius ( Mallotus tiliaefolius (Lam.) Muell. Arg. ), which extends from southern Asia to the Fiji Islands. In Guam it is used medicinally. Eclipta alba. DYEWEED. Family Asteraceae. LocaL NAMES.—Tinta-tinta (Philippines). A branching annual composite with inconspicuous white flowers, usually pros- trate or creeping, sometimes ascending or erect, 1 foot long or more, sprinkled with closely appressed short, stiff hairs; leaves shortly petiolate, from nearly ovate to oblong-lanceolate or almost linear, 2.5 to 5 cm. long, coarsely toothed or nearly entire; peduncles in the upper axils solitary or two together, very variable in length, bearing a single flower head about 6 mm. in diameter; involucre of about 2 rows of ovate, obtuse, herbaceous bracts; scales of chaffy receptacle narrowly linear; ray florets female, small, shortly ligulate, narrow, white; disk florets hermaphro- dite, usually fertile, tubular, 4-toothed; achenes of the disk with thick, almost corky margins, the pappus either quite abortive or reduced to a border of 4 minute obtuse teeth, conspicuous chiefly at the time of flowering. This plant is widely spread in the Tropics. In India a bluish-black dye is obtained from the juice of its leaves, and in some places it is used for tattooing. In Ceylon it is employed as an alterative medicine by the natives. It was first col- lected in Guam by Chamisso (1817) and afterwards by Lesson, the botanist accom- panying Dumont D’ Urville in the Astrolabe. It is found growing in wet places. REFERENCES: Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. Pl. Jav. Rar. 528. 1848. Verbesina alba L. Sp. Pl. 2: 902. 1753. Eclipta erecta L. Mant. 2: 286. 1771. Eclipta erecta. See Eclipta alba. Eclipta prostrata. Same as Eclipta alba. Eddoes. See Caladium colocasia. Edible senna. See Cassia sophera. Eggplant. See Solanum melongena. Egyptian privet. See Lawsonia inermis. Ehretia buxifolia. Sameas Ehretia microphylla. Ehretia microphylla. BasTARD CURRANT. Family Boraginaceae. LocaL NaMres.—Cha cimarron, Alafigitfigit (Philippines). A bush 90 to 120 em. high, branches very numerous, slender, divaricate, the bark reddish brown, cracked; leaves small, 6 to 25 mm. long, very numerous, sessile, fas- ciculate on suppressed branchlets, obovate-cuneate, acute at base, truncate with a few obtuse crenatures at apex, otherwise entire, slightly rough above with short bristly hairs (with a white spot round each when dry), shining and polished, paler beneath with conspicuous venation; flowers solitary or two together, on very short pubescent pedicels, axillary; calyx hairy, 5-parted, segments oblong-spathulate, acute, leafy; corolla campanulate-rotate, 6 to 9 mm. in diameter, lobes 5, ovate, subacute, spreading or recurved; stamens 5, erect, exserted, inserted on corolla tube; ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell; styles 2, longer than stamens, undivided; drupe small, 6 mm. long, globose, apiculate, shining, scarlet, pyrene 4-celled. Flowers white. Collected in Guam by Luis Née, 1792. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 967 Tn India the root is used as a remedy for syphilis. The Mohammedans regard it as an antidote to vegetable poisons. In Leyte and other Visayan Provinces of the Philippines the natives drink an infusion of the leaves and call the plant ‘‘ wild tea’’ (cha cimarron). REFERENCES: Ehretia microphylla Lam. Tabl. Eneye. 1: 425. 1791. Cordia retusa Vahl, Symb. 2: 42. 1791. Ehretia buxifolia Roxb. Pl. Corom. 1: 42. t. 57. 1795. Elatostema pedunculatum. STRAWBERRY-NETTLE. Family Urticaceae. An herbaceous plant or undershrub growing on rocks or trunks of dead trees. Leaves of two forms differing greatly in size, alternate, arranged in two rows, a large leaf on one side with a small leaf on the opposite side; the large leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, oblique, feather-veined, acuminate, acute at the base, entire or obscurely sinuate-serrate at the tip; the small leaves bract-like, subsessile, lanceo- late; stipules axillary; male flowers in cymes, with peduncles 1 to 2 cm. long; female flowers sessile, crowded in heads; heads white at first, growing to the size of a small strawberry, and turning red on ripening.@ First collected on the island of Guam by Gaudichaud. REFERENCES: Elatostema pedunculatum Forst. Char. Gen. 105. t. 53. 1776. Procris pedunculata (Forst.) Wedd. in DC. Prod. 16!: 191. 1869. This is Forster’s first species and the one he figured, and should therefore be taken as the type of the genus. Procris was proposed as a name for this genus in 1789. Elder, wild. See Premna gaudichaudii. Elemi, Manila. See Canariwm indicum. Eleocharis atropurpurea Presl. Same as Eleocharis capitata. Elocharis capitata. SPIKE-RUSH. Family Cyperaceae. An annual sedge with fibrous roots, growing in moist places. Culms densely tufted, nearly terete, almost filiform; leaves reduced to sheaths; upper sheath trun- cate, 1 toothed; spikelet solitary, ovoid, much thicker than the culm, many-flowered, not subtended by an involucre; scales concave, spirally imbricated all around, broadly ovate, obtuse, firm, brown with a greenish midvein, narrowly scarious- margined, persistent; stamens mostly 2; style 2-cleft; bristles 5 to 8, slender, down- wardly hispid, as long as the achene; achene obovate, jet black, smooth, shining, nearly | mm. long; base of style persistent on summit of achene, forming a tubercle; tubercle depressed, apiculate, constricted at the base, very much shorter than the achene. Collected by Haenke in Guam. REFERENCES: Eleocharis capitata (L.) R. Br. Prod. 225. 1810. Scirpus capitatus L. Sp. Pl. 1: 48. 1753. Eleocharis plantaginoidea. SPIKE-RUSH. Loca NAMEs.—Uchaga lahe (Guam); Boru-pun (Ceylon); Harefo (Madagascar). A glabrous, leafless sedge. Stems simple, erect, without nodes; sheaths few, cylin- drical, truncate or with a small unilateral subapical tooth, barren leaf-like stems often present; inflorescence a single terminal spikelet; glumes imbricated on all sides, obtuse; lowest ‘‘bract’’? (not always empty) not longer than the spikelet; lowest flower nut-bearing, perfect; many succeeding glumes, usually nut-bearing, 4Engler, Nat. Pflanzenfamilien, Teil 3, Abt. 1, p. 109, fig. 79, 1894. 268 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. upper tabescent; hypogynous bristles 5 to 8, rarely fewer; stamens 1 to 3, anterior; anthers linear-oblong, not crested; style linear, as long as nut, 2 or 3-fid; style base dilated, constricted, or apparently articulated on nut, but usually persistent. Nut obovoid, plano-convex (when style is bifid), or trigonous (when style is trifid). The stem is robust, terete, transversely septate when dry, spikelet dark straw- colored, hardly wider than stem, elongated, many-flowered. Plant stoloniferous, stolons long, 4 mm. in diameter; stems 30 to 90 cm. high, slender; sheaths mem- branous, soon torn. In Ceylon sleeping mats are made of the culms of this species, specimens of which are preserved in the Kew Museum. In Madagascar the natives braid them into mats, baskets, and hats. @ REFERENCES: Eleocharis plantaginoidea (Rottb.). Scirpus plantaginoides Rottb. Desc. et Ic. Pl. 45. t.15. f.2. 1778. Scirpus plantagineus Retz. Obs. 5: 14. 1789. Eleocharis plantaginea R. Br. Prod. 224. 1810. Elephantopus scaber. BLUE ELEPHANT’S-FOOT. Family Asteraceae. LocaL NAMEs.—Lengua de vaca (Porto Rico); Erva da Collegio (Brazil). A stiff hairy herb, 30 to 90 em. high, with wrinkled, crenate, cuneate radical leaves. Stem dichotomously branching; cauline leaves lanceolate, floral ones broadly cordate, acuminate, canescent; heads very numerous, sessile, closely packed, form- ing a large flat-topped terminal inflorescence nearly 2.5 em. wide, and surrounded at the base with 3 large, stiff, broadly ovate, conduplicate, leafy bracts; involucral bracts 8, in two rows, linear, acuminate, the outer ones half as long as the inner and scarious, flowers exserted; corolla tube long, very slender, lobes widely spread- ing; style very much exserted, tapering, pubescent, its branches recurved; achene truncate, nearly glabrous. Widely distributed in the Tropics. Introduced into Guam. Flowers bright pale violet; a small amplexicaul acute leaf at each bifurcation of the scabrous flowering stem. Used as a remedy for asthenic fever. REFERENCES: Elephantopus scaber L. Sp. Pl. 2: 814. 1753. Elephantopus spicatus. WHITE ELEPHANT’S-FOOT. Loca, NAMES.—Dilang usa, Habal (Philippines). A branched, rigid, perennial herb of American origin, but now widely spread in the Tropics. Glomerules 2 or 3-bracteate, in interrupted, spreading, compound spikes; flowers white; heads few-flowered, discoid, 1 to 3 ina glomerule; pappus 1-serial, unequal, with several of the stouter bristles bent upward and downward below the summit. The inferior leaves are spathulate-oblong, variable in breadth, subentire or crenate; superior leaves lanceolate; heads long-linear, 3 or 4-flowered. A common, troublesome weed, growing usually by roadsides and in waste places. Collected in Guam by Chamisso. REFERENCES: Elephantopus spicatus Aubl. Pl. Gui. 2: 808. 1775. Eleusine aegyptiaca. Same as Dactyloctenium aegyptiacum. Eleusine indica. YARD GRASS. Family Pocaeae. Loca NAMES.—Umog (Guam); Pata de gallina (Cuba). A tufted grass with flat leaves and digitate spikes at the summit of the culm. Spikelets several-flowered, sessile, closely imbricated in two rows on one side of the @ Baron, Economic plants of Madagascar, Kew Bull., vol. 45, p. 211, 1890. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 269 rachis, which is not extended beyond them; flowers perfect or the upper staminate; scales compressed, minutely keeled, scabrous on the keel, the 2 lower empty, the others subtending flowers or the upper empty; stamens 3; styles distinct; stigmas plumose; grain loosely inclosed in the scale and palet. Common in Guam, growing in sandy places, associated with Dactyloctenium aegyp- tiacum and Capriola dactylon. A grass distributed widely in the tropical and temper- ate regions of the world. Common in North America. REFERENCES: Eleusine indica Gaertn. Fruct. 1: 8. 1788. Enredadera (Spanish). A general name for climbers. See Climbing plants. Entada pursaetha. Same as Lens phaseoloides. Entada scandens. See Lens phaseoloides. Enteromorpha. See Algz. Eperua decandra. Same as Intsia byuga. Epidendrum fasciola. Same as Taeniophyllum fasciola. Epidendrum triste. Same as Luisia teretifolia. Epiphytal plants: Cyclophorus adnascens.—A climbing fern, with small simple, linear-lanceolate fronds. Davallia solida.—A climbing fern, with glossy green divided fronds. Dischidia puberula.—An asclepiad, with small fleshy leaves. Humata heterophylla.—A creeping fern. Luisia teretifolia.—An orchid with inconspicuous flowers. Lycopodium phlegmaria.—Growing in graceful pendent tassels. Neottopteris nidus.—The bird’s-nest fern. Nephrolepis acuta.—A fern with long, slender, simply pinnate fronds. Ophiodermis pendulum.—Hanging like ribbons from the branches. Piper sp.?.—A pepper called ‘‘ podpod”’ by the natives, mentioned by Gaudichaud. Phymatodes phymatodes.—A climbing fern, with leathery, ]obed fronds, like an oak leaf. Taeniophyllum fasciola.—An orchid. Vittaria elongata.—Ribbon fern growing in grass-like tufts. Eragrostis. A genus of grasses distinguished by having the inflorescence in compound or decompound panicles, spikelets 4 to 10-flowered; glumes imbricated in two ranks, the upper reflexed, with the edges turned back; stamens 2 or 3; styles 2, with feathery stigmas; seeds loose, 2-horned, not furrowed. Three species have been collected in Guam: Eragrostis pilosa, E. tenella, and E. plumosa, the last regarded by Hooker as a variety of the preceding species.¢ See under Grasses. Eranthemum sp. See under Acanthacez. Erianthus floridulus. Same as Xipheagrostis floridulus. Eriodendron anfractuosum. Same as Ceiba pentandra. Erythrina indica. East INDIAN CORAL TREE. Family F abaceae. LocaL NAMES.—Gabgab, Gapgap, or Gaogao (Guam); Dapdap (Philippines, Malay Archipelago); Gatae, Ngatae (Rarotonga, Samoa); Pifion (Cuba). A moderate-sized, quick-growing tree with straight trunk, which is usually armed with prickles when young, pinnately trifoliolate leaves and dense racemes of large scarlet blossoms; leaflets membranous, glabrous, the end one round-cuspidate, trun- cate, or broadly rhomboidal at the base; calyx oblique, spathaceous, minutely 5-toothed at the very tip, finally split to the base down the back; petals very unequal, “See Flora Brit. Ind. vol. 7, pp. 315, 323, 1897, where these species are described. D() USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. standard much exserted and exceeding the keel and wings; wings and keel subequal, not more than half as long as the calyx; upper stamen free down nearly to the base, anthers uniform; ovary stalked, many-ovuled; style incurved, beardless; stigma capitate; pod linear, contracted at intervals. In Guam the light soft wood of this tree is used for making troughs. Stakes thrust into the ground readily take root, so that the natives use them for making inclosures about their gardens. In Samoa the natives often use the wood for the outriggers of their canoes, and, when dead and dry, for keeping fire in their houses, as it will smolder a long time without going out. In India an ointment is made by boiling the leaves with ripe coconut, which is applied to venereal buboes and pains in the joints. The leaves are fed to cattle, and, when young and tender, are eaten in curry. In Samoa and in other islands of the Pacific the natives reckon the change of sea- sons by the flowering of this tree. REFERENCES: Erythrina indica Lam. Enecye. 2: 391. 1786. Escoba (Central America). See Sida rhombifolia. Escobang-haba (Philippines). See Sida rhombifolia and S. acuta. Escobilla (Guam). See Sida rhombifolia and S. acuta. Escobilla papagu (Guam). See Sida glomerata. Esi (Samoa). See Carica papaya. Esi fafine (Samoa). The female papaya. Esi tune (Samoa). The male papaya. Eugenia spp.? To this genus were referred two plants collected by Gaudichaud in Guam: A tree called by the natives ‘‘aaban,’’ or ‘‘aabang,’’ with fine-grained hard wood, yielding logs 30 cm. in diameter and 4.5 m. long; and ‘‘agatilon,’’ or ‘‘agatelang,”’ the wood of which is strong and is used in the construction of houses and ranchos. Neither of these trees has been identified. / Eugenia malaccensis. Same as Caryophyllus malaccensis. é 4) RIN Eulalia. See under Xiphagrostis. Euphorbia atoto. SPURGE. Family Euphorbiaceae. LocaL NAMEs.—Atoto (Tahiti). A dwarf shrub of wide tropical distribution, in the Pacific extending eastward to Tahiti and northward to the Marianne Islands. Stem shrubby, usually prostrate or decumbent, stout, much-branched, glabrous and shining, thickened at nodes; leaves opposite, shortly petiolate, 18 to 25 mm. long, oval or oblong-oval, obtuse at both ends, entire, glabrous, the upper ones not imbricating; flower heads axillary or in small terminal cymes, stalked; flowers moncecious, small, numerous, without a peri- anth, many male and one female arranged ina common perianth-like involucre, with glands at the mouth, these with very narrow appendages; male flower, stamen 1, pediceled; female flower, ovary pediceled, 3-celled with one ovule in each cell; styles 3; capsule glabrous, of 3 nutlets separating from a central axis, and each split- ting both ventrally and dorsally; capsule glabrous; seed smooth. Usually growing near the shore. REFERENCES: Euphorbia atoto Forst. f. Prod. 36. 1786. Euphorbia gaudichaudii. GAUDICHAUD’S SPURGE. The entire plant (under the lens) crisply velvety; stem erect, usually simple; leaves petiolate, subcordate at the base, linear-lanceolate or linear, rather acute, sharply DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. Dil: denticulate; stipules small, reddish, linear; cymes in the uppermost axils and ter- minal, subsessile, corymbose-capitate, dense; involucre sparsely hairy without, densely hairy within; lobes triangular-lanceolate; glands substipitate, orbiculate, with a white obovate-oblong appendage much wider than themselves; style bifid, young capsule hairy. Type specimen, collected in Guam by Gaudichaud, in the herbarium of De Candolle. Stem 30 em. high; leaves 18 mm. long, 8 to 10 mm. wide; branches of the cymes provided with linear leaves. The plant is rarely Emaoutt It is closely allied to Euphorbia sinensis (Euphorbia serrulata Reinw. not Thuill.), but its involucre is smaller than in that species. REFERENCES: Euphorbia gaudichaudii Boiss. Cent. Euph. 7. 1860. Euphorbia hirta. ASTHMA HERB. LocaL NAMEs.—Golondrina (Guam); Bataboronie (Philippines). An annual hispid weed with acute leaves, minute flowers, and small round fruit. Stem 15 to 30 em. high, decumbent, ascending or erect, cylindrical, rather stout, with more or less copious spreading, crisped, bristly hair; leaves opposite, 18 to 37 mm. long, on very short petioles, lanceolate-oblong, very unequal-sided, acute or subacute, serrate, sparingly hairy on both surfaces, pale glaucous, sometimes pinkish, with promi- nent veins beneath; stipules pectinate, soon falling; flower heads minute, numerous, shortly stalked, crowded in small rounded pedunculate axillary cymes; involucre very small, glands obscure or absent; capsule minute, adpressed-hairy, the lobes keeled; seeds ovoid-trigonous, transversely wrinkled, bright light brown. Common in cultivated ground and in waste places. Flowers greenish, blooming ' constantly. A plant widely spread in the Tropics. It has been used asa remedy for bronchitis and asthma, and in Australia it is known as ‘‘ Queensland asthma herb.’’ REFERENCES: Euphorbia hirta L. Sp. Pl. 1: 454. 1753. Euphorbia pilulifera L. Sp. Pl. 1: 454. 1753. Euphorbia hirta has place priority. Euphorbia pilulifera. Same as Huphorbia hirta. Euphorbiaceae. SPURGE FAMILY. This family is represented in Guam by the genera Glochidion, Phyllanthus, Echinus, Acalypha, Ricinus, Aleurites, Jatropha, Manihot, Phyllaurea, Excoecaria, and Euphorbia. Excoecaria agallocha. BLINDING TREE. MILKY MANGROVE. Family Euphorbiaceae. Locat NAMES.—Buta-buta, Alipata (Philippines); Siak (Visayan); Sinu-gaga (Fiji); River poisonous tree, Blind-your-eyes (Australia). An evergreen tree with glossy, oblong leaves, spikes of small green flowers and acrid, milky sap, growing in mangrove swamps or near the seabeach. Flowers usu- ally monoecious, the female flowers, few in number, growing at the base of the spikes; both sexes without disk or petals; calyx 3-parted; male flowers without rudimentary ovary; stamens 2 or 3, anthers free; female flowers with 3-celled ovary; style undi- vided; floral bracts densely imbricated. When the tree is cut or bruised the milky juice flows copiously from the wound and soon hardens like rubber. It is so acrid that it will blister the skin and is almost blinding if it gets into the eyes. The smoke of the burning wood is also very irritat- ing; in Fiji it is thought to be a remedy for leprosy. The wood is white, soft, and spongy. In India fishing floats are sometimes made from the roots. REFERENCES: Excoecaria agallocha Stickman, Herb. Amb. 1754; Amoen. Acad. 4: 122. 1759. Excoecaria cammettia. Same as Lxcoecaria agallocha. 972 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Fabaceae. BEAN FAMILY. Among the species growing in Guam included in this family of leguminous plants ~ are the following: Abrus abrus.—Kolales halom-tano, coral-bead vine. Aeschynomene indica.—Indian joint-vetch. Agati grandiflora. —Kattrai. Arachis hypogaea.—Kakaguate, peanut. Bocoa edulis.—Polynesian chestnut, recently introduced. Botor tetragonoloba.—Seguidillas. Cacara erosa.—Hicamas, turnip bean. Cajan cajan.—Pigeon pea. Canavali ensiforme.—Akankan, sword-bean. Canavali obtusifolium.—A kankan-tasi, seaside bean. Clitoria ternatea.—Capa de la reina, blue pea. Cracca mariana.—Marianne goat’s-rue. Crotalaria quinquefolia.—Cascabeles, rattle-box. Dolichos lablab.—Hyacinth bean. Erythrina indica.—Gabgab, coral tree. Indigofera anil.—Afiilis, indigo. Indigofera tinctoria.—Afiilis, indigo. Meibomia gangetica.—Atis-aniti. Meibomia triflora.—Agsom. Meibomia umbellata.—Palaga hilitai. Phaseolus lunatus inamoenus.—Habas, lima bean. Phaseolus mungo.—Morniggos, gram. Sophora tomentosa.—Sea-coast laburnum. Stizolobium pruriens.—Cowhage. Stizolobium giganteum.—Ox-eye or horse-eye sea-bean. Vigna lutea.—Yellow-flowered seaside bean. Vigna sinensis.—Chinese asparagus bean, twining cowpea. Fabronia. See Bartramia under Mosses. Faca or Faka (Guam). A leguminous tree, not identified, with large bipinnate leaves; wood used in the construction of small boats. Fadan or Fadang (Guam). See Cycas circinalis. Fae, Fai, Faai, or Farai (Guam). See Oryza sativa. Fago (Guam). See Ochrosia mariannensis. Fa’i (Samoa). See Musa paradisiaca. Fairy lily (United States). See Atamosco rosea. Fala (Samoa). See Pandanus tectorius. False camomile. See Chrysanthemum indicum. False elder. See Premna gaudichaudii and P. mariannarum. False sandalwood. See Ximenia americana. Fala (Samoa). See Nothopanax fruticosum. Fan-flower. See Lobelia koenigit. Fangu (Samoa). See Lagenaria lagenaria. Fanog (Guam). A tree growing in Guam mentioned by Governor Olive in his report to the captain- general of the Philippines. Not identified. Farolitos (Spanish). See Cardiospermum halicacabum. Fau (Samoa). See Pariti tiliaceum; in Hawaii called ‘‘hau.”’ Fau-songa (Samoa). See Pipturus argenteus. Fau-uta (Samoa). See Mussaenda frondosa. Federico (Spanish). See Cycas circinalis, DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 273 Fence and hedge plants. The following are the most common plants used in Guam for inclosing garden patches. Large fields and plantations are seldom inclosed, but are defined by rows of coconuts, or by lines of physic nut bushes (Jatropha curcas) or textile screw-pines (Pandanus tectorius). A prickly pear (Opuntia) and an Agave have been intro- duced, but they have not established themselves. On the other hand, the orange berry (Triphasia trifoliata), sappan wood (Biancaea sappan), and the lead tree (Leu- caena glauca) hayein places spread into thickets. Lawsonia alba, the Egyptian privet, or henna, a favorite hedge plant in some countries, grows well in Guam, but the natives do not use it for hedges. See under Gardens. Acacia farnesiana.—Aromo; used occasionally. Agati grandiflora.—Sometimes used; large flowers and long legumes edible; in Guam called ‘‘katurai.”’ (Pl. VI.) Bambusa sp.—Piao; if placed in the ground green, the stems root at the nodes. Biancaea sappan.—Sibukao; often used. Citrus hystrix acida.—The lime (called ‘‘limon’’); often used, forms dense hedges; always full of fruit. Citrus medica limon. —The lemon (called ‘‘limon real’’); fine for hedges; always full of fruit. Erythrina indica.—The coral tree (called ‘‘gabgab’’); green stakes root readily; flowers bright red. Jatropha curcas.—Physic nut (called in Guam ‘‘tubatuba’’); very often used; green branches root readily. (Pl. LV.) Leucaena glauca. —The acacia-like lead bush, or lead tree (called in Guam ‘‘tan- gantangan’’); one of the commonest hedge plants; cattle will not eat it. Pithecolobium dulce.—Kamachiles; pods eaten by cattle, bark used for tanning. Triphasia trifoliata.—Orange berry ‘(in Guam calléed ‘‘lemoncito”’ ); forms dense, thorny hedges. Fennel. See Moeniculum foeniculum. -~ Ferns. Among the true fonag, or Filicales, the Ceratopteridaceae are represented by the widely spread aquatic Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brogn., the fronds of which in Japan are eaten as a pot herb; the Schizaeaceae by the climbing marsh fern Lygodium scan- dens Swartz, called also alambrillo, or wire fern, which reappears on the undrained, treeless, savanna lands, and Lygodiwm circinatum (Burm. ) Swartz, the stems of which are braided by the Filipinos into hats; the Gleicheniaceae by Glleichenia dichotoma (Hook.), (Pl. L) (see in place); and the Cyatheaceae, or tree-ferns, by Alsophila haenkei Presl, which grows along the banks of streams in the forests. In the family Polypodiaceae the Acrosticheae are represented by the great simply pinnate marsh fern Acrostichum aureum L. (‘‘lagigayao’’) (Pl. IV) and by Belvisia spicata (L.) Mirbel, a species with simple fronds, on the contracted apex of which the spores are borne; the Vittarieae by the simple-fronded, plantain-like Antrophyuwm plantagineum Kaulf., and by Vittaria elongata Swartz, which grows like tufts of grass on the limbs and trunks of trees; the Polypodieae by the climbing Phymatodes phymatodes (L. ) Maxon (PI. LXIII), called ‘‘ kahlau”’ or ‘‘ kahlao,’’ with fronds like huge lobed oak leaves, Cyclophorus adnascens (Sw.) Desv. (Pl. XLVI), also climbing, but with small linear-lanceolate or linear fronds, and Microsorium irioides (Lam.) Fée., a terrestrial species with large broadly linear or sword-shaped fronds dotted with sori on the back; the Pterideae by Pteris marginata Bory, Pteris quadriaurita Retz., and Pteris biaurita L.; tne Asplenieae by Blechnum orientale L., Asplenium falcatum Lam., A. laserpitiifolium Lam., A. monanthemum L., A. nitidum Sw., and the great epiphytal ‘‘ bird’s-nest fern,”’ Neottopteris nidus (L.) J. Sm., in Guam called ‘‘galak’’ or ‘‘galag,’’ the sword-like simple fronds of which are called ‘‘ sables’’ by the Filipinos; the Dryopterideae by Dryopteris dissecta (Forst.) Kuntze, and D. parasitica (L.) Kuntze; and the Davallieae by Odontosoria retusa (Cav.) J. Sm. and Schizoloma ensifolium (Sw.) J. Sm., which grow on the savannas, the epiphytal Nephrolepis acuta (Sw.) Presl and the closely allied N. hirsutula (Sw.) Presl, the long, narrow, simply pinnate fronds of which 9773—05——18 274 ‘USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. hang in graceful tufts from the limbs of forest trees, the curious climbing Humata heterophylla (Sm.) J. Sm. (Pl. LIII), with simple sterile fronds and prettily lobed and crenated fertile ones, and the glossy, divided Davailia solida Swartz (known as pugua machena) (Pl. III), which also climbs the trunks of forest trees and perches upon the limbs, associated with the species of Nephrolepis and with Phymatodes phymatodes (L.) Maxon. - No Hymenophyllaceae have been observed in the Marianne Islands. Fern allies. The Ophioglossales are represented in Guam by Ophioderma pendula (L.) Presl, an epiphytal species which hangs from the limbs of forest trees like broad green ribbons, by the natives called ‘‘leston.’’ The only representative of the Marattiales recorded from the island is Angiopteris evecta Hoffm. (Pl. XX XIII), which grows in the woods in damp places, usually on the margins of streams. The Lycopodiales are represented by the epiphytal Lycopodium phlegmaria and the terrestrial LZ. cernuum. No Selaginella has been collected nor have any Equisetales or Salviniales been found on the island. Fetau (Samoa). See Calophyllum inophyllum. Fever-nut. See Guilandina crista. Fiafiatuli (Samoa). See Portulaca quadrifida. Fianiti (Guam). A climbing plant with slender, pliable stems, used for lashing together the frame- work of houses; not identified. Fiber plants. Among the fiber-yielding plants growing in Guam are the following; those marked with an asterisk (*) are the most important: Abutilon indicum.—Stem yields a fiber suitable for cordage; not utilized in Guain. Agave vivipara?.—Called by the natives ‘‘lirio de palo”’ or ‘‘tree-lily;’’ leaf fiber used to wrap cigars and for thread. *Ananas ananas.—The pineapple; leaf fiber, twisted by hand, used for fine fish- ing nets. Annona spp.—Custard-apples; bark of young twigs tough, resembling that of the allied ‘‘papaw’’ of North America ( Asimina triloba); fiber utilized in the West Indies, but not in Guam. The strips of bark of Annona reticulata, which grows wild on the island, are used for temporary lashings. *Artocarpus communis.—The breadfruit; bark tough and leathery; inner bark utilized in several islands of Polynesia, and probably by the aborigines of Guam, for making bark cloth. Areca cathecu.—Betel-nut palm; in some countries the flower sheath used for caps and dishes and the leaf sheath for cups and bags; in Ceylon strong.and durable water vessels made of it; not utilized for these purposes in Guam. - Bambusa spp.—The shoots yield a fiber of which the Chinese make paper; in sey- eral countries matting is made of the split stems; not utilized in Guam for fiber. * Boehmeria tenacissima.—The rhea plant, called ‘‘amahadyan”’ by the natives of Guam; grows wild in rocky places; not utilized by the natives for fiber. Ceiba pentandra.—Kapok tree; the flossy down surrounding the seeds used for stuffing pillows and cushions. *Cocos nucifera.—The fiber of the husk, called ‘‘coir’’ in commerce, so much used for sennit and cordage by the Samoans and other Pacific Islanders, is little used in Guam, enormous quantities which could be utilized going to waste each year. Erythrina indica. —Called ‘‘gabgab’’ by the natives; bark yields a fiber suitable for cordage; not utilized in Guam. Gossypium spp.—Cotton was introduced about 1866 by the Sociedad Agricola de la Concepcion, and laborers were brought from Japan to cultivate it, but the proj- ect proved a failure. It is now found in places by the wayside growing as a weed. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. DHS) Fiber plants—Continued. Lygodium scandens. —Called ‘‘alambrillo’’ (Spanish for ‘‘ wire’’) by the natives; in some countries the glossy, wiry stipe is split and woven into hats, mats, etc.; not utilized in Guam. Musa paradisiaca and Musa sapientum.—Bananas and plantains yield a fiber which has been used in making cordage and textiles. Im Guam the natives when in need of a string frequently peel off a strip from the stalk or petiole of the leaf of a banana plant, which is very strong and pliable. The Caroline Islanders weave fine strips from the petiole into the mats which the women wear for aprons. *Musa textilis.—A baci, or ‘‘manila hemp;”’ introduced into Guam about 1866 by the Sociedad Agricola de la Concepcion; clumps of it still growing at the upper end of the Ciénega, but the natives have never learned how to extract the fiber. *Nypa fruticans. _—A stemless palm with giant pinnate leaves growing on the edge of brackish water; introduced into Guam as thatching material. In some countries excellent mats are mace of the leaves. * Pandanus tectorius.—The ‘‘aggag’’ of the natives; hats, bags, and mats of very fine quality are made of its leaves, out of which the aborigines also made the triangular sails for their wonderful ‘‘ flying praos.’’ Only one sex of this plant grows on the island. The leaves are glaucous and are very tough. Branches readily take root wherever they may happen to be placed. "The leaves stripped of the spiny median keel are used for lashing together the framework of houses, taking the place of the coconut sennit so much used by the Polynesians. * Pariti tillaceum.—The chief source of cordage in the island. Saguerus pinnatus.—Cabo-negro palm; yields a strong black fiber; not utilized in Guam, where it is of recent introduction. Sida rhombifolia.—Called ‘‘escobilla”’ by the natives; yields.a fiber suitable for ~ cordage, but utilized by the natives of Guam only for brooms for sweeping their houses. Taetsia terminalis.—Leaves yield a fiber; stripped into shreds they are used as fringe-like skirts by the Samoans; in Guam, where the plant was introduced about a century ago, the plant is not utilized. The natives call it ‘‘ Baston de San José,”’ or St. Joseph’s wand. Thespesia populnea.—Called ‘‘kilulu’’ by the natives; yields a bast-fiber. Trichoon roxburghii.—A marsh reed called ‘‘karriso’’ by the natives, growing in the Ciénega and in other wet places; woven into mats by the natives for cones partitions, and sides of houses, and often covered with a coat of lime or mud. Ficus sp. BANYAN. PLATE VIII. Family Moraceae. Loca NAmMES.—Nunu (Guam); Nonok, Lonok, Baliti( Philippines); Aoa (Samoa; Rarotonga; Tahiti); Aio (Caroline Islands). Among the species of Ficus indigenous to Guam isa giant banyan, belonging to the section Urostigma and allied to Ficus indica, Ficus benghalensis, and Ficus religiosa. Like its allies, the Guam species usually begins its life as an epiphyte from seeds dropped by birds on the limbs of other trees. It sends down snake-like, aerial roots, which embrace the host and ultimately strangle it. After entering the ground the roots enlarge into what looks like a compound trunk. The branches also send down roots, at first thread-like and swinging, but at last entering the ground and becoming thick supporting props, so that a single tree often resembles a dense grove. These trees were considered by the ancient Chamorros sacred to the aniti, or spir- its of the departed, and they are still regarded with superstitious dread by the natives. It is interesting to note that the Tahitians and Samoans have the same superstitious awe of the allied aoa trees of their islands, which in ancient times were sacred to the aitu, or wood spirits. Even at the present time few natives of Guam will linger near a nunu tree after dark. The latex of the nunu is astringent, and is used for stopping the flow of blood. The wood is useless. Ficus spp. WILD FIGs. Two other species of Ficus are called ‘‘hoda,’’ or ‘‘hodda,’’ and ‘‘tagete,’’ or “takete.’’ The hodda has prop-like branching aerial roots, growing from near the base 276 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. of the trunk into the ground, and berries, like small red crab apples in appearance, but fibrous within, like the fruit of a rose. These berries are much relished by the starling-like sali. The tagete, or taguete, as it is written by the Spaniards, is some- what like the nunu, but its large aerial roots grow exclusively from the trunk. The wood of both is used for fuel. Ficus carica. Fia. LocaL NAMEs.—Higo (Spanish). The edible fig grows in Guam, but for some reason it does not thrive well and is not abundant. It sheds its leaves in the cold season. It is interesting to note that in Bengal, where the climate resembles that of Guam, its culture has not met with success. REFERENCES: Ficus carica L. Sp. Pl. 2: 1059. 1753. Fig. See Ficus carica. Filices. See Ferns. Fimbristylis. A genus of Cyperaceae, usually known as ‘‘club-rushes.’’ Leaves all toward the base of the stem, narrowly linear or filiform, rarely reduced to sheaths; inflorescence terminal, umbelled or capitate, bracteate, the bracts long or short; spikelets terete, angular, or compressed, many-flowered; glumes imbricated all around the rachilla, or the lower distichous, very rarely all distichous, glabrous, very rarely pubescent, deciduous, lower | to 3, and sometimes the upper empty; flowers bisexual without bristles; stamens 1 to 3; filaments flat; anthers linear, obtuse, acute or tipped with a subulate process; nut obovoid, biconvex or trigonous, very rarely cylindric; style long, flattened or slender, deciduous with its dilated base, leaving no scar on the nut; stigmas 2 in the biconvex nuts, 3 in the trigonous, usually filiform and elon- gate. This genusembraces many tropical species. The following have been collected on the island of Guam. Fimbristylis affinis. Same as Fimbristylis diphylla. Fimbristylis complanata. A sedge growing in low moist places to a height of 2 or 3 feet, with a leafy stem and a decompound effuse umbel of compressed spikelets. Rootstock small, hard, creeping, leafy, wiry; stem flattened, 2-edged, deeply furrowed and ribbed, quite smooth; leaves very many, crowded round the base of the stem, and shorter than it, erect, flat, linear, coriaceous, tip obliquely narrowed, obtuse or subacute, margins scaberulous, sheath coriaceous; branches of umbel bearing many small, shortly pedi- celled, brown spikelets; bracts one-half as long as the umbel, one leaf-like, erect, the rest subulate; spikelets oblong or ovoid-oblong, few-flowered, lower glumes more or less distichous, lowest narrower, subulate or cuspidate, empty, rachilla short, wings deciduous; glumes oblong, obtuse, mucronate, sides appressed together; stamens 3, anthers very long, obtuse; nut stipitate, 3-gonous, minutely warted, pale; style twice as long as nut, slender, glabrous, base conical, stigmas usually 3, long. A plant widely distributed throughout the warmer regions of the globe. REFERENCES: Fimbristylis complanata (Retz.) Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 292. 1827. Scirpus complanatus Retz. Obs. 5: 14. 1789. Isolepis complanata Roem. & Schult. Syst. 2: 119. 1817, Fimbristylis diphylla. Collected by Haenke, Gaudichaud, and Lesson. Stigmas 2; spikelets umbelled or capitate, glabrous; glumes mucronate; leaves many. REFERENCES: Fimbristylis diphylla (Retz.) Vahl, Enum. 2: 289. 1806. Scirpus diphyllus Retz. Obs. 5: 15. 1789. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. PT Fimbristylis globulosa. A perennial having 3 stigmas, the spikelets terete or polygonal (not 2-sided), the leaves either lacking or very minute. REFERENCES: Fimbristylis globulosa (Retz.) Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 231. 1837. Scirpus globulosus Retz. 6:19. 1791. Fimbristylis glomerata. Same as Fimbristylis spathacea. Fimbristylis littoralis. Same as Fimbristylis miliacea. Fimbristylis marianna. Same as Mimbristylis diphylla. Fimbristylis miliacea. An annual with 3 stigmas, the spikelets terete or polygonal (not 2-sided), the style glabrous. REFERENCES: Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl, Enum. 2: 287. 1806. Scirpus miliaceus L. Syst. ed. 10. 868. 1759. Fimbristylis puberula. Collected by Gaudichaud. REFERENCES: Fimbristylis puberula (Michx.) Vahl, Enum. 2: 289. 1806. Scirpus puberulus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 31. 1803. Fimbristylis spathacea. Collected by Haenke. Stigmas 2; similar to F. diphylla, but the glumes with a rounded hyaline tip. REFERENCES: Fimbristylis spathacea Roth, Noy. Pl. Sp. 24. 1821. Fimbristylis torresiana. Same as Fimbristylis globulosa. Fimbristylis wightiana. Same as Fimbristylis spathacea. Fish poison. See Barringtonia speciosa. Fiso (Samoa). See Xiphagrostis floridulus. Fisoa (Samoa). See Colubrina asiatica. Flamboyant. See Delonix regia. Flame tree. See Delonix regia. Fleurya interrupta. Same as Schychowskya interrupta. Fleurya ruderalis. See Schychowskya ruderalis. Flor de Mariposa (Guam.) Same as Bauhinia. Flower-fence. See Poinciana pulcherrima. Foeniculum foeniculum. FENNEL. Family Apiaceae. S LocaL NAMES.—Anis hinoho (Guam); Anis hinojo, Haras (Philippines). An aromatic herb often planted in gardens of the natives. Leaves 3 or 4-pinnate, finely dissected; leaflets divided into linear segments. Bracts wanting; petals yellow, emarginate; fruit oblong or ellipsoid, not laterally compressed; carpels half-terete, ridges prominent, subequal; carpophore 2-parted. Seed somewhat dorsally com- . pressed, inner face slightly concave. A widely distributed plant, cultivated in India, the Philippines, and many other tropical and temperate countries. The anise-like seeds havea sweet taste. They yield by distillation an aromatic volatile oil resembling oil of anise. REFERENCES: Foeniculum foeniculum (L.) Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 837. 1880-83. Anethum foeniculum L. Sp. Pl. 1: 263. 1753. Foenculum vulgare Gaertn. Fruct. 1: 105. t. 23. f. &. 1788. oot —_ a 2 ’ F f {4 ; : fo Meta ny tLe OS VU LPF! Vr Lage, | Sa ee 218) USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. i U- Foeniculum vulgare. Same as Foeniculum foeniculum. Fofgu (Guam). See Pharbitis hederacea, Ipomoea mariannensis, and I. congesta. Fomes. See under Fungi. Forage plants. See page 150. Four-o’clock. See Mirabilis jalapa. _Foxtail, golden. See Chaetochloa glauca aurea. Frijoles caballeros (Porto Rico). See Dolichos lablab. Frijolillo (Panama.) See Cassia occidentalis. Frullania. See Hepatice. Fuefue-tai (Samoa). See Ipomoea pes-caprae. Fuirena umbellata. SEDGE. Family Cyperaceae. A sedge, growing in damp places, belonging to the tribe Scirpeae, with dark-brown, dense clusters of sessile spikelets and leafy triangular stems, which are glabrous except at the tomentose inflorescence. Plant perennial; rootstock hard, stoloniferous or shortly creeping with filiform root fibers; stolons hardening into rhizomes, clothed with ovate-lanceolate striate scales; stem 30 to 120 cm. tall, stout or slender, ribbed; leaves variable, 15 to 30 cm. long, up to 14 mm. broad, linear-lanceolate, obtusely acuminate, 3 to 5-veined, glabrous or ciliate toward the base, margins smooth or nearly so, sheaths long, closed, mouth with a ciliolate brown ligule; spikelets 5 to 8 mm. long, ovoid or oblong, sessile, crowded in simple or compound, axillary, peduncled and terminal, sometimes subpanicled clusters 12 to 25 mm. in diameter, dark brown, the peduncle tomentose or villous, rachilla slender; bracts under the clusters short, cuspidate; glumes closely imbricated, at length deciduous, 3 mm. long, membranous, broadly obovoid, retuse or 2-lobed, glabrous or puberulous and ciliate, keel stout, of 3 veins meeting in a stout scabrid cusp half as long as the glume; scales obovate-quadrate, upper margin thickened, cuspidate; stamens 3, anthers rather stout, apiculate; nut 1.5 to 2mm. long, stipitate, trapezoidal, trigonous, long-beaked, the angles acute, obscurely 3-ribbed dorsally, smooth, pale; style as long as the nut. A plant of wide distribution in moist tropical regious. Growing in Guam in swampy places and on the borders of rice fields. Collected here by Haenke and Lesson. REFERENCES: Fuirena umbellata Rottb. Desc. et Ic. Pl. 70. t. 19. f. 3. 1773. Fungi. Very little is known of the Fungi of Guam. Among the few species collected by Gaudichaud on the island are Awricularia auricula-judae (L.) Schrét, belonging to the Auriculariaceae; Fomes scabrosus (Pers.) Fr., Polyporus kamphoeveneri Fr. (P. mariannus Pers.), Polystictus sanguineus (L.) Mey., P. xanthopus Fr. (P. saccatus Pers. ), belonging to the Polyporaceae; and Schizophyllum alneum (L.) Schrot., belong- ing to the Agaricaceae. From the results of observations on other islands it is certain that a collector of Fungi would have a fine field in the Marianne Islands. Fungi abound everywhere, on the ground, on decaying wood, on tree trunks, on the leaves of water plants, grasses, and forest trees, and upon rotting fruit. Some of them are like great solid masses of gingerbread, others are as delicate as coral, and others appear as microscopic rusts, molds, or mildew. One of the most common is brightly luminous in the dark. Futu (Samoa, Tonga). See Barringtonia speciosa. DESORIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 279 Gabgab, Gapgap, or Gaogao (Guam). Vernacular name for a tree, Erythrina indica, and for Tacca pinnatifida, the Poly- nesian arrowroot. Gabi (Philippines). See Caladium colocasia. Gado (Guam). See Dioscorea spinosa. Gafau (Guam). See Melastoma marianum. Gafo (Guam). Local name for a fully ripe coconut. Gadyé or Gayé (Guam). See Lens phaseoloides. Gafus (Guam). See Medinilla rosea. Gago (Guam). See Casuarina equisetifolia. Galag or Galak (Guam). The bird’s-nest fern, Neottopteris nidus. Gallito (Panama.) See Poinciana pulcherrima. Gamot sa buni (Philippines). See Herpetica alata. Ganda (Philippines). See Alliwm sativum. Gandul (Porto Rico). See Cajan cajan. Gaogao (Guam). See Gabgab. Gaogao uchan (Guam). A species of Phyllanthus. Gardens. Settlers in tropical islands are apt to be disappointed in their first attempts at hor- _ticulture. Many take with them a supply of seeds of vegetables and fruits which grow in temperate regions, and plant them only to find that the seed fail to germi- nate, or that the plants, though apparently thriving, fail to produce fruit. The causes of disappointment in many cases are the loss of vitality of the seeds and not planting at the proper time of the year. There are, however, certain plants which require a cool temperature and can not possibly be propagated in a tropical climate at the level of the sea. Thus it is useless to expect Irish potatoes or cauli- flower to grow, and apples, pears, plums, and quinces are out of the question. All tomatoes, introduced eggplants, and beans should be planted toward the end of the rainy season or at the beginning of the dry season, say November or December. Introduced watermelons, muskmelons, pumpkins, and squashes should be planted after the dry season has set in, and watered if necessary. The red peppers, Legu- minosae growing naturally in the Tropics, bananas, plantains, and the perennial eggplant found in the island of Guam may be planted in the rainy season, which is also the time for transplanting cacao, coffee, orange, and other trees, for setting out hedges, and planting maize on the uplands. During the summer months the rainfall is sometimes so excessive that the surface of the land remains inundated for a day or two, so that such plants as squashes, melons, tomatoes, and lima beans are killed outright. Provisions should be made for drainage. During the rainy months the atmosphere is frequently saturated with moisture and all organic substances, including living succulent plants, are subject to decay. Tomatoes planted by the writer at the beginning of the rainy season grew well at first, but the fruit rotted while still green, and melons planted at the same time were attacked by some fungus disease and failed to reach maturity. Certain plants appear to thrive best if planted first in boxes raised from the earth and protected from insects. Beets, collards, and lettuce should be planted in this way, and set out in the garden when they have four or six leaves. Tobacco is invariably planted first in sementeras (seed beds), then transferred to larger beds, shaded with muslin or branches, where the individual plants have room to grow, and finally set out in the fields. Plants with a taproot, like radishes and beets, must be 280 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. transplanted while very small. To prepare the ground for a garden it is cleared of brush and weeds. When new weeds begin to spring up the dry brush is spread over the surface and burned, which kills the young seedlings and at the same time enriches the ground with the ashes. The only implement used by the natives, a scuffle or thrust hoe, called ‘‘fusifo,”’ or ‘‘fozino,’’ is well adapted for clearing the ground and keeping it free from weeds. It consists of a broad transverse blade provided with a socket into which a long handle is fitted. The iron part is T-shaped, with the socket in the stem of the T and with one arm of the letter longer than the other. In Guam it is usually made by the village blacksmith from a musket barrel—an almost literal example of beating ‘“swords into plowshares and spears into pruning hooks’’—a practice which was undoubtedly carried out among primitive people in more than one region of the world. All the natives—men, women, and children—are skilled in the use of this tool. Many plants will grow in almost pure sand; others require the ground to be enriched. For manure cow dung is best. The soil is also benefited by turning under weeds, by planting velvet beans and oth»r nitrogen-gleaning leguminous plants, which may either be fed to cattle or turned under as green manure. An occasional crop of peanuts is recommended, which may be utilized either as forage for animals or as food for man. Wood ashes are always available, and are recom- mended for the sake of the potash they contain. Nitrate of soda, ifit can be obtained, makes an excellent fertilizer; but care must. be taken not to apply it too strong; half an ounce to a gallon of water is recommended for potted plants and one ounce per gallon for garden patches. Hedges are the most economical inclosures. They may be made of lemoncito, lime, lemon, physic nut, or lead tree. The lemon, lime, and lemoncito grow densely, sending up sprouts from their roots. They have the advantage of yielding fruit, but they need to be trimmed and held in check. The physic nut and Leucaena take root readily when freshly cut stakes are thrust into the ground. Both are poisonous and are immune from attacks of animals. Henna is also recommended. It grows readily from cuttings; but the odor of its flowers, though delightful from a distance, is too rank at close range to be agreeable. For surrounding large garden patches remote from dwellings sappan wood and lemoncito are recommended. Among the animal pests which infest gardens are white ants, mole crickets, and in some localities land crabs, which are herbivorous. The field adjacent to the palace at Agafia is riddled with their burrows. Insects are held in check by the use of scalding water. Crabs are often caught by the natives in traps of bamboo placed at the entrance to their burrows. In the climate of Guam seeds are apt to die if left unprotected for any length of time. Ordinary garden seeds should be thoroughly dried before storing and should be kept in glass jars or tin cans sealed with paraffin or soldered. The same precautions should be taken in the transportation of seeds. Corn, onion seed, and seed of lettuce sent from the United States to Manila in paper wrappers were found to be quite dead after having been kept for a few months; and the failure of the seed of lettuce, onions, and of several other yegetables brought by us to Guam may have been owing to carelessness in packing. On the other hand, certain seeds must be kept fresh, as they lose their vitality in drying. This is true of the mango, avocado, mangosteen, and many other tropical fruits, the seeds of which are usually packed for transporta- tion in moist charcoal, to prevent drying and the attacks of fungus. ¢ The vegetables available for cultivation in Guam and their proper treatment are shown in the following list: Artichokes.—Not successfully grown in Guam. When planted they grow coarse and weedy. «See Duvel, The Vitality and germination of seeds, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau Plant Industry Bull. No. 58. 1904. GARDENS. 281 Asparagus.—Can not be cultivated in Guam. Asa substitute the young shoots of Chenopodium album and of Amaranthus viridis are eaten. Beans.—Lima beans will grow, but they do not thrive well. Introduced varieties should be planted at the beginning of the dry season. The purple- flowered Dolichos lablab grows in nearly every garden, together with an interest- ing bean called ‘‘seguidillas”’ ( Botor tetragonoloba), the pods of which are winged with four longitudinal frills and are eaten when green. They are tender and succulent and are free from stringiness. Another bean, Vigna sinensis, which furnishes long, succulent pods, is found growing in nearly every garden. The pods are quite tender when young and are cooked like string beans. The mature seeds are edible, but are inferior to those of the common phaseolus, or French bean, which is also sometimes cultivated on the island. The yam-bean, Cacara erosa, a plant of Mexican origin, is cultivated chiefly for the sake of its sweetish, turnip-like roots, which may be eaten either raw, made into salad, cooked as a vegetable, or grated and made into puddings. For list of bean species see Beans. Beets.—The climate of Guam is too moist and warm to be favorable to beet culture. They can, however, be grown. Itis recommended to plant the seed in pans and transplant them into beds when the plants have four leaves. They should be planted at the beginning of the cold season. There are several distinct types. One, with the root of a whitish color and cylindrical form, is called ‘‘acelga.’’ Another, of a deep red color and turnip-shaped, or fusiform, is called ‘‘ remo- lacha.’’ The tops may be eaten as a pot herb. Cabbage.—Can not be cultivated. Asa substitute several kinds of mustard are now grown from seed from Japan brought to Guam by the little schooners of the Japanese commercial company which has established a store at Agafia. All attempts to grow cauliflower have proven failures. (Georgia collards are recom- mended. Tender seedlings of crucifers are subject to the attacks of termites and other insects. Attempts should be made to grow them in pans supported on benches with their legs standing in water. When they have four or six leaves they can be transplanted. Carrots.—Attempts to cultivate carrots have failed. Celery.—Will not grow. Chick peas.—Grow well. Cress.—There is aspecies of Nasturtium or Cardamine which grows spontane- ously. It has the taste of the common water cress and makes an excellent salad. Peppergrass (Lepidium sativum) may be cultivated. The seed should be sown at the end of the rainy season in shallow pans filled with good light soil. Cucumbers.—A variety of Cucumis sativus grows spontaneously in waste places. The natives usually eat it cooked. Attempts to grow plants from American seed have proved failures. They germinate, but soon sicken and die. Introduced seed should be planted at the beginning of the dry season. Eggplant.—This is one of the most important garden vegetables of Guam. The fruit is large, of a dark purple color, and of excellent quality. The plants grow vigorously and with little care, almost like the common Datura. It is usually prepared for the table by stuffing it with chopped meat and roasting it. It is called by its Spanish name ‘‘berenhena.’’ Garlic.—Grown with difficulty and only in small quantities. Grams or ‘‘ Monggos.’’—Grow well. They form the principal pulse-crop of the natives. Grapes.—Only a few vines grow on the island. It would be well to introduce varieties from the low regions of Peru and Mexico. Ground Cherry.—Physalis angulata grows spontaneously; the fruit is eaten uncooked as a salad or in the form of sweet preserves. Horse-radish.—Will not grow. Lentils. Do not thrive. Lettuce.—Grown with great difficulty. Seed subject to the attacks of insects. Should be sown in pans and transplanted when four leaves have developed. See Lactuca sativa. Melons.—A melon of quality inferior to our own grows spontaneously on the island. Seeds of canteloupes or muskmelons brought from the United States germinated, but the fruit did not reach maturity. To insure the best results they should be planted late in the dry season and watered. Mustard.— Brassica juncea, or Indian mustard, is cultivated in Guam and has escaped in many places. The young leaves are used for ‘‘golae,’’ or greens, and take the place of spinach and cabbage. They are also good for salad. Large- leaved varieties from Japanese seed are grown by some of the natives. The leaves are not amplexicaul, the lower ones are stalked and often lyrate or pinna- 282 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. tifid, the margin often hispid when young, upper leaves nearly sessile, linear- lanceolate; flowers bright yellow, small; pods slender, 1 or 2 inches long, beak about one-third the length of the pod. This plant is largely cultivated in trop- ical countries and takes the place of black mustard. In Bengal the seed is of commercial importance as a source of oil used for food. Mustard should be planted at the beginning of the dry season (November). Okra. —Grows fairly well in Guam. It should be planted at the beginning of the rainy season. The green mucilaginous pods are used in soups and are also cut into slices and fried. Onions.—The onions grown by the natives are small and rank. Attempts to introduce varieties grown in the United States have not been successful. Seed kept for any length of time should be thoroughly dried and protected from moisture in air-tight jars. It will not retain its vitality long; seeds brought to Guam from San Francisco and kept for three months were found to be quite dead. Onions should be obtained from visiting ships and planted for seed at the end of the rainy season. When the seed matures it should be gathered, dried, and stored in bottles sealed with paraffin, to be planted the following October, November, or December. If trouble is experienced when planting the seed in the garden, sow it in seed pans and transplant. The introduction of Bermuda onions is recommended. Parsley.—The natives of Guam esteem parsley very highly and often have a few plants growing in pots, like flowers, pinching off a few leaves from time to time as they may be needed. It does not succeed well when sown in the garden. It should be planted in seed pans, sheltered from the sun and heavy rains, and planted out in a shaded bed when about 3 inches high. The transplanting should take place immediately after a good rain, and the plants should be watered frequently until they are well established. : Parsnips.—Will not grow. Peas (guisantes).—Grow with difficulty; seldom mature. They should be planted at the beginning of the dry season. Peanuts (kakhuates.).—Common in gardens; grow well and need little care. Pepper, black.—Will grow, but is not cultivated by the natives; grew in my gar- den by the side of the betel pepper, which it closely resembles. Pepper, red.—Several kinds cultivated in the gardens; called by the vernacular name ‘‘doni.’’ The favorite variety, a large ‘‘bell-pepper,”’ often stuffed with meat and roasted; a smaller variety with pungent pods used for seasoning. All of them flourish and grow with little care; sometimes found in waste places. Potatoes, Irish.—Will not grow. Potatoes, sweet.—Several varieties are cultivated. Theygrow well. The natives seldom eat them, but sell them to passing ships, contenting themselves with yams and taro. Pumpkins and squashes (calamasa, kalamasa, kalabasa).—Several kinds of Cucurbita are grown, including varieties of C. maxima and C. pepo. Benincasa cerifera, often called the ‘‘ wax gourd,’’ and known in Guam as “‘kondot,’’ is one of the principal cucurbitaceous plants. All should be planted after the begin- ning of the dry season and watered if necessary. Radishes.—Grow pretty well; best varieties from Japanese seed; some of them erow quite large. Rhubarb.— Will not grow on the island. Sesame. —Grows well. Spinach.—Does not grow on the island; but its place is taken in a measure by Chenopodium album, which is eaten as golae or greens. A species of Amaranthus is also eaten in the same way. The tender young leaves of taro are also cooked like spinach. Sweet corn.—-Can not be cultivated. Taro.—Grown extensively in marshy places, on dry hillsides, and on newly- cleared land. See Caladium colocasia and Alocasia macrorrhiza. Tomatoes.—Two varieties of small size grow with little or no cultivation. Seed from the United States planted in my garden grew well, but the fruit decayed before it reached maturity and was attacked by the larva of some lepidopterous insect. Tomatoes should be planted at the beginning of the dry season. Turnips.—Do not grow on the island. Velvet beans.—May be grown to renovate the soil. They should be fed green — to cattle. Watermelons.—These should be planted at the end of the rainy season. Too much moisture is apt to make the fruit decay before ripening, and the vines may be killed outright by a heavy rain which floods the surface of the garden. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE L. GLEICHENIA DICHOTOMA, A FERN GROWING ON THE SAVANNAS. NATURAL SIZE. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 283 Yams (Dioscorea spp.).—Several varieties are cultivated by the natives; one species grows wild. They are planted in April, the soil having been previously dug deeply. The crop will be ready about December. The maturity of the tubers is indicated by the turning yellow of the leaves. Yams are left in the ground, to be dug as required for use. They will not keep like sweet potatoes, and are therefore not suitable for taking on long voyages. For methods of propagation see under Dioscorea alata. Yam-beans. Grow readily. Garlic. See Gardens. Gasds6 (Guam). See Colubrina asiatica. Gatae or Neatae (Rarotonga, Samoa). See Hrythrina indica. Gauay (Philippines). See Lycopodium cernuwm. Gdanayganay (Philippines). See Agati grandiflora. Gdusali (Guam). See Cormigonus mariannensis. Gavo (Philippines). See Caladium colocasia. Gayé, Gadyé, or Gayi (Guam). See Lens phaseoloides. Gégé (Guam). See Ambulia indica and A. fragrans. Geophila reniformis. See Carinta herbacea. Gingelly, Gingelly oil. See Sesamum orientale; in Guam called ‘“‘ajénjoli’’ or ‘‘ahénholi.”’ Ginger. See Zinziber zingiber. Ginger, wild. Zinziber zerwmbet. Gingili. See Sesamum orientale. Gleichenia dichotoma. SAVANNA FERN. PLATE L. Loca NAMEs.—Mana (Guam); Asaua (Samoa). A fern growing on the sabanas, or upland, grassy regions. In some islands of Malanesia the wiry stipes are split and braided into baskets and into armbancs or other ornaments. In places where the sabanas have been burned over the stiff, erect stipes project a few inches above the surface, and often cause wounds in the feet of the natives, even when the latter are protected by leather sandals. REFERENCES: Gleichenia dichotoma Hook. Sp. Fil. 1: 12. 1846. Globe amaranth. See Gomphrena globosa. Glochidion marianum. CHosao. Family Euphorbiaceae. LocaL NAMES.—Chosg6, Chosgu (Guam). - A smooth evergreen shrubby plant with alternate, oblong-elliptic, entire, shortly petioled leaves arranged in two rows, closely veined beneath and shortly pointed at each end. Flowers small in axillary clusters, shortly pedicelled, apetalous, without disk scales or glands; calyx of both sexes of 2 large and 3 minute sepals, that of the female flower larger than that of the male; male flower without pistillode; anthers 3, growing together in an oblong sessile column; female flower with 5-celled, globose, smooth ovary; styles growing together in an elongated, subcylindrical column, grad- ually narrowing from the base to the apex, 3 or 4 times as long as the ovary, the apex shortly 5-toothed; capsule depressed globular, finally 5-lobed. This species has also been collected in Samoa and in the Aru Islands.@ Its wood is fine-grained and very strong, and-is used by the natives for cart shafts. The type specimen of this species is from the island of Guam, where it was col- lected in 1819 by Gaudichaud. It was described by Miller of Aargau, first in Lin- «Warburg, Beitrige sur Kenntniss der Papuanische Flora, Engler’s Bot. Jahrb., vol. 13, p. 355, 1890-91. 284 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. naea “ard afterwards in Flora,® where he placed the genus under Phyllanthus and changed the name of the plant to Phyllanthus gaudichaudii, so as not to confuse it with P. marianus, ¢ a valid species. ; I follow Hooker in recognizing the validity of the genus Glochidion.@ REFERENCES: Glochidion marianum Muell. Arg. Linnaea 32: 65. 1863 Glossogyne tenuifolia. SPANISH NEEDLES. Family Asteraceae. A perennial, glabrous composite closely resembling Bidens, but having pistillate ray flowers instead of sterile ones. Stock tufted, sometimes almost woody, with erect dichotomousstems, 15 to 30 em. high and often almost leafless, or sometimes elongated decumbent, and leafy at the base; leaves alternate, chiefly radical, or nearly so, the lowest sometimes cuneate and 3-lobed, all the others pinnately divided into 5 or 7 stiff linear segments, either entire or 2 or 3-lobed; flower heads small, on long slen- der terminal peduncles; involucre campanulate, not 2 lines long, the bracts few, in about 2 rows, narrow and nearly equal; receptacle chaffy; ray florets pistillate, small, yellow, spreading, ligulate, fertile, or sometimes wanting; disk florets tubular, her- maphrodite, 4 or 5 toothed; anthers obtuse at the base; style branches ending in subulate points; achenes linear, flattened, striate, with 3 or more ribs on each face, crowned by 2 erect or slightly diverging awns. This plant is common along the roadsides. A preparation made from the root of the very closely allied Glossogyne pinnatifida is used in India as an application for scorpion stings. REFERENCES: Glossogyne tenuifolia (Labill.) Cass. Dict. Sc. Nat. 51: 475. 1827. Bidens tenuifolia Labill. Sert. Austr. Caled. 44. t. 45. 1824. Glueweed. See Boerhaavia diffusa. Goat’s-foot convolvulus. See [pomoea pes-caprae. Goatweed. See Ageratwm conyzoides. Goat’s-rue. See Cracca mariana. Gogo (Guam). See Lens phaseoloides. Gogong bakai (Visaya). See Lens phaseoloides. Golae (Guam). The vernacular name for greens or leafy esculents (Spanish ‘‘verdura’’). See Pot herbs. Golden shower (Hawaii). See Cassia fistula. Golondrina (Guam). See Euphorbia hirta. Gomphrena globosa. GLOBE AMARANTH. Family Amaranthaceae. LocaL NAMES.—Amor seco (Spanish). In general cultivation; occasionally found in waste places, escaped from cultivation. REFERENCES: Gomphrena globosa L. Sp. Pl. 1: 224. 1753. Gomuto palm. See Saguerus pinnatus. -Goodeniaceae. GOODENIA FAMILY. The only representative of this family in Guam is Lobelia koenigit. Goosefoot, white. See Chenopodium album. Goose grass. See Dactylocteniuwm aegyptiacum. Be ¢ Linnzea, vol. 32, p. 17, 1863. @Vol. 32, p. 6 6 3 865. @ Flora of British India, vol. 5, p. 306, 1890. 18 bVol. 48, p. 379, 1 ? 19, DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 285 Gossypium arboreum. TREE COTTON. Family Malvaceae. LocaL NAmMEs.—Atgodon (Guam); Algodonero (Spanish); Bulak 1iga Visaya (Philippines). A shrub or low tree with purple pilose branches and palmately lobed leaves. Leaves with a nectar gland near the base of the midrib on the lower surface; lobes 5 to 7, linear-oblong, mucronate, contracted at the base; stipules sword-shaped; flowers purple, rarely white; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, jointed; bracteoles cordate, ovate, acute; sepals 5, leafy; petals 5, spreading; staminal tube as in Hibis- cus, anther-bearing throughout its whole length; ovary 5-celled; style clavate, 5-grooved at the apex, with 5 stigmas; ovules many in each cell; capsule about 2.5 cm. long, oblong-pointed; seeds free, covered with white wool overlying a dense green down. An introduced plant sometimes planted near houses, but never cultivated for its cotton. REFERENCES: Gossypium arboreum L. Sp. Pl. 2: 693. 1753. Gossypium barbadense. SEA-ISLAND COTTON. Locat nAMEs.—Atgodon (Guam); Algodon (Spanish); Bulak Pernambuco or Fernambuco (Philippines); Vavai (Tahiti). A shrub or tall herb, the herbaceous portions of which are nearly smooth and are sprinkled with black dots, the branches purplish; leaves usually 1-glandular (see illustration of gland, Pl. X), cordate, deeply 3 to 5-lobed; lobes oblong-lanceolate, acuminate; bracteoles very large, deeply gashed; petals spreading, convolute, yellow, with a crimson spot; capsule oval, acuminate; seeds black, covered with easily sep- arable white or brownish wool. This introduced plant is the species which furnishes the American varieties known as Bourbon, New Orleans, and Sea-island cotton. The natives of Guam are ignorant of spinning and weaving. They utilize cotton only for stuffing pillows and cushions. In 1866 an agricultural company called ‘‘La Sociedad Agricola de la Concepcion’’ 4 attempted the cultivation of cotton, together with that of abaka (Musa textilis), sugar, and rice. Though these products grew well, the company failed for lack of labor. REFERENCES: Gossypium barbadense L. Sp. Pl. 2: 693. 1753. Gourd, bottle. See Lagenaria lagenaria. Gourd, wax. See Benincasa cerifera. Gourd-tree. See Crescentia alata. Gracilaria. See Algz. Graciola. See Bacopa monniera. Gram, green. See Phaseolus mungo. Grama. See Capriola dactylon. Gramineae. See Grasses. Granada. See Punica granatum. Granatum littoreum. Same as Xylocarpus granatum. Grape. See Gardens. Graptophyllum hortense. Same as Graptophyllum pictum. Graptophyllum pictum. CARICATURE PLANT. Family Acanthaceae. Loca NAmEs.—San Francisco (Guam); Balasbas, Sarasa, Lovas (Philippines). a See p. 40. 286 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. A yariegated-leaved shrub quite common in gardens and often planted in rows near the houses, so as to receive the drippings from the thatched roofs. Leaves glabrous, petioled, opposite, ovate-lanceolate or broadly elliptic, narrowed at both ends, entire, usually variegated with white irregular patches, which frequently resemble a profile of the human face; flowers crimson, pedicelled, clustered in terminal thyrses, with very small, narrow, curved bracts and bracteoles, calyx small, sub-5-partite; segments equal, linear-lanceolate, corolla tube curved; limb 2-lipped, upper lip shortly 2-fid, lower 3-lobed; stamens 2, with 2 minute staminodes; anthers oblong, 2-celled; cells parallel, without points; ovary with 4 ovules; style filiform, scarcely bifid; capsule oblong, hard, contracted into a long stalk; seeds usually 2, orbicular or subquadrate, flat, lacunose-rugose. : This plant is probably a native of Java, but has been spread widely and is found in gardens in nearly all tropical countries. There are varieties having the leaves of a dark-claret color and other with green leaves. In some parts of India the natives use the leaves as soap. REFERENCES: Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff. Notul. 4: 189. 1854. Justicia picta L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1: 21. 1762. Graptophyllum hortense Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 3: 102. 1882. Grasses. Andropogon aciculatus.—Awned beardgrass. A species widely spread in the Tropics; good pasture, but disagreeable on account of its adherent spikelets and awns. Andropogon nardus.—Lemon grass. A fragrant, lemon-scented grass, planted by the natives near their houses; said to have been introduced into the island fyom the Carolines. Bambos blumeana.—Thorny bamboo. A handsome species, with hard, durable stalks, which resist the attacks of insects; used by the natives for making inclos- ures, and in the construction of their houses and ranchos; also as water vessels and receptacles for cocoanut sap. Bambos sp.—An unarmed bamboo, called by Gaudichaud B. arundinacea, possi- bly a species of Schizostachyum; inferior to the preceding in strength and dura- bility; subject to the attacks of insects. Capriola dactylon.—The well-known Bermuda grass, common in the lawns about the houses of the natives; grows well and without care in sandy soil. Centotheca lappacea.—A broad-leaved robust grass, known as bur grass, grow- ing near the sea and in damp upland regions; good fodder for cattle; found also in Samoa, the Caroline Islands, Philippines, Andaman Islands, and the Kast Indies. Chaetochloa glauca aurea.—Golden foxtail. A grass with its inflorescence in spike-like clusters. Coix lachryma-jobi.—Job’s tears. Seeds hard, stony; sometimes strung into necklaces or rosaries. Dactyloctenium aegyptiacum.—Goose grass. Growing in yards and _ waste places; a coarse grass with creeping habit of growth; naturalized in the United States. Dimeria chloridiformis.—A grass with ciliate leaves growing in damp places. Echinochloa colona.—Jungle rice. A grass allied to our barnyard grass (E. crus- galli), but with awnless scales. Eleusine indica.—Yard grass; a tufted grass with flat leaves and digitate spikes at the summit of the culm; common in yards; naturalized in the United States. In Guam called ‘‘umog.”’ Eragrostis pilosa.—A grass with erect, tufted, slender-branched culms; common in yards and damp places; naturalized from Europe in the United States; eaten by buffaloes and cattle. Eragrostis plumosa.—A slender annual grass common in sandy soils and often found in yards of natives; eaten by buffaloes and cattle. Eragrostis tenella.—An annual grass with stiff, rather brittle, flowering stems, and capillary branches bearing minute spikelets, which are often tinged, when mature, with red; often found in cultivated fields; eaten by cattle; possibly identical with the preceding. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 287 Grasses—Continued. Isachne minutula.—A small grass allied to the Panicums, with its inflorescence an open pyramidal panicle with slender branches; spikelets small, obtuse, con- tinuous with the pedicel, articulate above the 2 sterile glumes, 2- flowered. Ischaemum digitatum polystachyum.—A grass growing in damp places with inflorescence of 3 to several digitate spikes; branches and pedicels shortly and rigidly ciliate on the external angle. Ischaemum chordatum.—A grass with spreading culms 60 to 120 cm. high, with sessile lanceolate leaves and with 3 to 6 subdigitate spikes. Oryza sativa.—Rice. Introduced before the “discovery of this island by Euro- eans. Panicum gaudichaudii.—An erect grass growing in tufts with undivided culms, flat leaves, and a fascicle of spikes. Panicum distachyum.—A decumbent or creeping grass with the stems rooting at lower nodes; eaten by cattle. Paspalum scrobiculatum.—Kodo millet. An erect or ascending annual grass, bearing a grain which, after special treatment, is eaten by the poor in India. Trichoon roxburghii. "The common reed. Abundant in the swamps. Saccharum officinarum.—Sugar cane. Introduced into the island and cultivated before the discovery. Stenotaphrum subulatum.—Shore grass. Padre Ignacio de Mercado; Declaracion de los Arboles y Plantas que estan en esta Tierra, p. 50, in Blanco’s Flora de Filipinas. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. ols Mallotus. See Echinus sp. Malungegai (Philippines). See Moringa moringa. Malva (Guam). See Abutilon indicum. Malva blanca (Cuba). See Waltheria americana. Malvabisco (Porto Rico). See Waltheria americana. Malvaceae. MALLow FAMILY. This family is represented in Guam by the following genera: Abelmoschus, Abu- tilon, Gossypium, Hibiscus, Pariti, Sida, Thespesia, and Urena. Mamaka (Guam). See Polygonum sp. Mamaon (Guam). See under Piper betle. Mampalam (Mindanao). See Mangifera indica. Mana (Guam). See Gleichenia dichotoma. Mana (Philippines). See Jatropha multifida. Mandioka or Mandiuka (Guam). See Manihot manihot. Manga (Tagalog). See Mangifera indica. Mangeso (Samoa). See Schychowskya interrupta. Mangega (Guam). See Mangifera indica. Mangifera indica. Manao. PLATE XXVIII. Family Anacardiaceae. LocaL NAMEs.—Marigga (Guam); Manga (Tagalog); Mampalam (Mindanao). The mango tree is not well established in Guam. There are few trees on the island, but these produce fruit of the finest quality. Guam mangoes are large, sweet, fleshy, juicy, and almost entirely free from the fiber and the flavor which so often characterize the fruit. The trees grow to great size and appear to be thrifty; but nearly all on the island have been blown down by baguios, or hurricanes, and con-- tinue to grow, as it were, resting on their elbows. The cause for this, I think, is the shallowness of the soil, the hard coral rock not allowing the: roots to penetrate to any great depth. Those which remain standing are in low, protected places, where the soil is comparatively deep. The natives value the fruit more highly than any other food product of the island. Indeed, the presence of a mango tree on a rancho enhances its value. During some seasons no fruit is produced. The natives fre- quently cut gashes in the trunk and build fires beneath the limbs, thinking that the tree will be induced thereby to produce a good crop. Frequently one portion of the tree will bloom or send out fresh foliage, which is reddish and tender when new, while the rest of the tree remains dormant, and it often happens that the fruit is perfectly ripe on certain limbs, while on others it is still green. The trees are prop- agated by seed, and the fruit of the seedlings appears, in Guam, to be identical with that of the parent tree. The seeds must be planted when quite fresh. The young plants are tender, and are killed in transplanting if the root be injured. Grafting and inarching is not practiced, though it could be done with good advantage from limbs of mature trees producing especially fine fruit,“ and it could be carried on with espe- cial facility with the prostrated trees, which still continue to grow vigorously and bear fine fruit. The tree is in Guam entirely free from disease or injurious parasites. In view of the excellent quality of its fruit and the danger of bringing diseases and parasitic insects with specimens from abroad, importation of living mango plants should be forbidden. The failure to produce crops each year is probably owing to the fact that the dry season in Guam is not sufficiently marked to cause the trees to «Grafting should not be performed during the rainy season nor in the midst of the hottest part of the year. Inarching of the herbaceous parts is most successful. See Baltet, L’art de greffer, p. 297, 1892. 316 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. bear, or it may be that pollination is prevented by rains. In Burma the earth around the tree is removed each year and the roots left exposed for a space of two or three weeks, so as to create a dry season artificially. This is done in November. In December the roots are supplied with manure and covered with new earth. During the month of April, when the fruit is swelling, copious drenchings of the soil around the stem with water or liquid manure is of great advantage. When con- tinued wet weather prevails during the time of flowering, the flowers are apt to drop off without setting fruit. REFERENCES: Mangifera indica L. Sp. Pl. 1: 200. 1753. Mangle. The Spanish name for mangroves in general. Mangle hembra (Spanish). See Rhizophora mucronata. Mangle macho (Spanish). See Bruguiera gymnorhiza. Mango. See Mungifera indica. Mango (Guam). See Curcuma longa. Maigo halom-tano (Guam). ‘“Wild turmeric,’’ the local name for Canna indica. Mangosteen, wild. See Sandoricum indicum. Mangrove. See Bruguiera gymnorhiza and Rhizophora mucronata. Mangrove, Milky (Australia). See Excoecaria agallocha. Mangrove, red-flowered. See Lumnitzera littorea and L. pedicellata. Manha (Guam). The vernacular name for an unripe coconut which is full of water, in Spanish called ‘‘coco mudo.”’ Mani (Panama). See Arachis hypogaea. Manienie (Hawaii). See Capriola dactylon. Manihot manihot. Cassava. PLATE XXVI. Family Euphorbiaceae. LocaL NAMEs.—Mandiuka, Mendiuka, Mandioka, Mendioka, Yuka (Guam); Camoting cahvi, Kamoting kahvi (Tagalog); Yuca (Spanish); Huacamotl (Mexico). This plant, which is of tropical American origin, is cultivated by many of the natives of Guam, but it is not of much importance in the economy of their daily life. It grows as a shrub, with knotty stems containing pith, palmately divided, long- petioled leaves without glands, and fleshy tuberous roots(P]. XX VI, p. 145). In Guam it is not known to flower.. It is very easily propagated by cuttings made of the thicker branches, which take root readily and grow with little care. There are two principal varieties recognized, which though not having distinct specific characters are very different in the properties of the root. The first, called ‘‘ sweet cassava,” may be used as a vegetable without special treatment; the second, called ‘‘ bitter cassava,’’ contains an abundance of prussic acid, which renders the juice very poison- ous, but which is fortunately volatile and is rendered harmless by heat.. The roots are gathered at maturity and must be immediately utilized, as they will not keep like sweet potatoes. As the climate of Guam seems well adapted to the cultivation of this plant, and as it is very productive, it would well repay more extensive cultivation. The roots yield meal, starch, and cassava, or tapioca. The meal or harina (called ‘‘ farinha’”’ in Brazil) is made by peeling and grating the root, expressing the juice, drying the pulp, removing the fibrous matter by sifting, and dissipating any vestiges of prussic acid by heating. In preparing meal from sweet cassava the root is peeled, sliced or CASSAVA. Ble grated, dried in the sun, and ground into powder. In this state it may be used for thickening soups, making gruel, and as an ingredient in puddings. Starch is made from cassava very much in the same way as from potatoes. The roots are rasped or grated to a fine pulp, mixed with water in a tub or vat and run through strainers to separate the solid particles from the milky liquid. This liquid is allowed to stand for some time and the starch settles at the bottom. The water is then drawn off without disturbing the sediment. Fresh water is poured* upon this sediment and after vigorous stirring it is passed through a finer sieve, allowed once more to settle and the clear liquid drawn off. The starch is then spread out in thin layers and dried in the sun. Cassava will yield nearly double the percentage of starch obtained from an equal weight of potatoes,“ and in a country like Guam, where potatoes will not grow and the climate and soil are well adapted for cassava, its culture can not fail to be profitable. It is now cultivated in Florida and other Southern States and factories have been established for the manufacture of cassava starch. The starch produced has been sold to cotton factories for sizing. For laundry purposes the starch is said to be better than that made from corn or pota- toes, ‘‘giving a smoother surface and a finer gloss than can be obtained by the use of either.’’ 5 Tapioca is made by washing and peeling the roots, grating them to a fine pulp and expressing the milky juice. This is collected into a flat-bottomed tub or vat and allowed to stand for eight hours. A considerable quantity of very fine starch will be deposited. The clear liquid is carefully drawn off and the starch is spread upon wicker frames and dried for two or three hours in the sun. It is then placed upon sheets of tin or in flat iron pans and well stirred with an iron rod to prevent scorch- ing. The starch grains swell up and burst and become agglutinated together into small, irregular, transparent, jelly-like lumps, which harden on cooling, and which form the tapioca of commerce, one of the most important exports from Brazil. The roots of sweet cassava are much relished by cattle, horses, hogs, and poul- try. In a country like Guam, where animals are always kept confined and where food must be gathered for the majority of them, it would be profitable to raise cassava for forage. The greater part of the cassava grown in our Southern States is fed to animals, which are said to thrive on it much better than when confined to dry feed. It is less watery than potatoes, yams, sweet potatoes, or turnips, while its yield is much greater. The roots must be fed in afresh condition, but they will keep for a long time if left undisturbed in the ground; so that during the periods of famine which inva- riably follow hurricanes in Guam, when nearly all vegetation and all crops are blasted and destroyed, they would be especially valuable. In the farmers’ bulletin already referred to ¢ cassava roots are specially recommended as food for milch cows and for fattening stock. It does not affect the flavor of the milk or butter and imparts a richer color to both. In feeding to cattle the roots are cut or broken into small pieces to prevent choking, but this is not necessary when feeding to horses or hogs. It is the custom of some farmers to crush the roots with a mallet before feeding, and as the fresh roots are crisp and brittle, this can be easily done. Others put them ina box and chop them with a spade. In feeding to hogs the animals are sometimes turned into the field and allowed to gather the crop for themselves. This, however, is wasteful. It is a good plan to turn hogs into a field where cassava has been grown and gathered, as many broken roots will be found remaining. Cassava is very fatten- ing. It is too carbonaceous to be fed exclusively to animals, and with it there should be some nitrogenous food to form bone and muscle. This is also the case “See Wiley, The Manufacture of Starch from Potatoes and Cassava, U. S. Dept. of Agr., Div. of Chemistry, Bull. No. 58, p. 44, 1900. oTracy, Cassava, U. S. Dept. of Agr., Farmers’ Bull. No. 167, p. 31, 1903. ¢Tracy, Idem., p. 24. 318 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. with poultry. Hens fed on cassava roots are said to become fat and not to lay well. It is not advisable to feed it to growing chickens or laying hens, but it is an excellent and inexpensive food for fattening chickens for the table.¢ The roots are so succulent and tender that they can be eaten readily without further preparation than chopping them up, and they are apparently relished as much by poultry as by cattle and hogs. ® REFERENCES: Manihot manihot (L.) Karst. Deutsch. F]. 588. 1880-83. Jatropha manihot L. Sp. Pl. 2: 1007. 1753. Manihot utilissima Pohl, Pl. Bras. Ic. 1: 32. ¢. 24. 1827. Manila hemp. See Musa textilis. Manila tamarind (India). See Pithecolobiwum dulce. Maniuniu (Samoa). See Coix lachryma-jobi. Mankit (Philippines). See Meibomia gangetica. Mantofa (Samoa). See Urena sinuata. Manzanas (Guam). Spanish name for apple, applied in Guam to the introduced jujube tree, Zizyphus jujuba. Manzanilla. A name applied in Guam and the Philippines to Chrysanthemum indicum, the flowers of which are used medicinally like those of Camomile. Manzanitas (Philippines). See Zizyphus jujuba. Mapola (Guam). The local name for Hibiscus mutabilis. Mapunao (Guam). A small tree used for fuel and for fence stakes. Maranon (Panama). See Anacardium occidentale. Maranta arundinacea. ARROWROOT. PLATE XXy. Family Marantaceae. Locat nameEs.—Arort, Aruru, Sagu (Guam); Araré, Arardo, Ararti (Philip- pines); Sagti cimarron (Mexico). An introduced plant of American origin, the tuberous rhizomes of which (Plate XXV, p. 145) are the source of the well-known arrowroot of commerce. Herbace- ous, branched; leaves alternate, ovate-oblong, pointed, puberulous, with a cylin- drical knob between the blade and the sheathing petiole; inflorescence loose, spread- ing; bracts in two vertical ranks; flowers small; calyx of 3 sepals; corolla white, tube obliquely tubular, equaling the calyx, club-shaped, about twice as long as the lobes; petal-like staminodes arranged so that the two exterior form an upper lip and the two interior form a lower lip, those of the upper lip exserted, exceeding the lateral staminodes, another free from the petaloid filament; ovary l-ovuled by abortion; style incurved; stigma 3-angular; capsule membranaceous; seed ovoid-oblong, tubercled; embryo curved. : This plant is propagated from the tubers, very much after the manner of potatoes. They are planted just before the rainy season sets in, and the rhizomes are dug in the dry season. The smaller ones and the pointed tips of the larger ones, at the extremities of which the eyes are situated, are reserved for planting. ¢ To prepare the fecula or arrowroot from the rhizomes they are washed clean, put into a wooden mortar and pounded to a pulp. The pulp is then put into a large vessel of water, which will become turbid and milky, a portion of the pulp remain- ing suspended as a fibrous mass. This fibrous portion is rinsed and put once more «Tracy, Cassava, U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers’ Bull. No. 58, p. 29, 1903. +See also Morong, Mandioca, Bull. Pharmacy, vol. 5, p. 260, 1891. ¢ Firminger, Manual of gardening for Bengal, p. 125, 1890. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 319 into the mortar and pounded, after which it is put back into the vat or tub as before, left awhile, lifted out, rinsed, and thrown away. The milky liquid is then strained through a coarse cloth, to remove the finer solid particles of the root, and the strained liquid allowed to stand until the starch has settled. The water is then poured off gently without disturbing the sediment, and clean water is poured upon it. Itis then well stirred up and strained through a fine cloth, allowed to stand until the starch is deposited and then the water is gently drained off as before. The sediment, which is the pure arrowroot of commerce, is then spread out on sheets of clean paper, or on banana leaves and dried in the sun. 4 REFERENCES: Maranta arundinacea L. Sp. Pl. 1: 2. 1753. Marattiales. See Fern-allies. Maravilla (Guam). See Mirabilis jalapa. — Maravilla (Porto Rico). See Hibiscus mutabilis. Marianne Betel pepper. De Candolle calls the Guam betel pepper, Piper betle variety marianum. See Piper betle. | Marianne Caper. See Capparis mariana. Marianne jasmine. See Jasminum marianum. Marianne maile. See Gynopogon torresianus. Marianne morning-glory. See [pomoea mariannensis. Marianne tree-fern. See Alsophila haenkei, under Ferns. Marianne yellow-wood. See Ochrosia mariannensis. Marimbo (Porto Rico). See Lagenaria lagenaria. Mariposa, flor de (Guam). See Bauhinia sp. Mariscus albescens (Gaud). See Cyperus pennatus. Marunggai (Guam). See Moringa moringa. Marrubio-boton (Porto Rico). See Mesosphaerum capitatum. Marvel-of-Peru. See Mirabilis jalapa. Masi (Samoa). Fermented bread fruit. See Artocarpus communis. Masigsig (Guam). See Stemmodontia biflora. Masigsig hembra (Guam). See Triumfetta procumbens. Masigsig lahe (Guam). See Triumfetta procumbens, and T. tomentosa. Masoa (Samoa). See Tacca pinnatifida. Mas6n (Guam). A coconut not quite ripe. Mastophora. See under Alge. Mata de la Playa (Porto Rico). See Canavali obtusifoliwm. Mata-pavo (Spanish). See Boerhaavia diffusa. Matamata-aitu (Samoa). See Carinta herbacea. Matamata-Moso (Samoa). See Abrus abrus. Matbas (Guam). Local name for Abutilon indicum; derived from “ malva.”’ Matricaria chamomilla Blanco. Same as Chrysanthemum indicum. Mautofu (Samoa). See Urena sinuata and Sida rhombifolia. Applied also to other similar species of Sida. Mautofu-tai (Samoa). See Triumfetta procumbens. 4See Firminger, op. cit., p. 126. 320 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Mayagas (Guam). See Cassytha filiformis. Medicago sativa. ALFALFA. Attempts have been made to introduce alfalfa into Guam, but they have been unsuccessful. See Forage plants, p. 151. Medicinal plants. Anacardium occidentalis.—An acrid oil is obtained from the pericarp or shell of the cashew nut. It is used in India as a remedy in the aneesthetic variety of lep- rosy, and as a blister in the treatment of warts, corns, and ulcers. By macerating the shell in alcohol an oil is obtained which is a very good remedy for the crack- ing of the skin of the sole of the foot. The kernels of the nut yield a fixed oil. For other uses see name. Arachis hypogaea.—Peanut oil is used as a substitute for olive oil in the prepara- tion of ointments and plasters. Artemisia vulgaris.—Infusion of leaves used in treating ulcers. Calophyllum inophyllum.—Fresh seed yield a green oil used externally for rheu- matism and for lamps. A resin exudes from the fruit and branches, used in India in treating sore eyes. Cassia fistula.—Pulp of the fruit is used as a purgative. Cassia occidentalis and Cassia sophera.—Paste made of fresh leaves used as a remedy for wounds and ulcers. Ointment made of bruised leaves, sulphur, and ripe seeds a remedy for ringworm and itch. Cassia tora.—Leaves used as an aperient and externally for ringworm and itch. Seeds roasted and made into a decoction resembling coffee. Chrysanthemum indicum.—Flowers used for fevers and female complaints. Clerodendron inerme.—The bitter*leaves used in intermittent fevers. Clitoria ternatea.—Roots and seeds are cathartic. Ficus spp.—Juice of banyan trees astringent, used to check the flow of blood. Guilandina crista.—Powdered seeds used in intermittent fevers and as a tonic. Herpetica alata.—Leaves used as a remedy for ringworm and for other skin diseases. Jatropha curcas.—Seeds purgative. The juice is applied to foul ulcers. Lawsonia inermis.—An ointment made of the leaves is used for wounds, bruises, and ulcers. Mangifera indica.—Gum of trunk and branches mixed with lime juice or oil used in cutaneous diseases. Melia azedarach.—Poultices of leaves and bark used in leprosy and scrofulous ulcers. Paste of flowers used to destroy lice and for eruptions of the scalp. Ricinus communis.—Purgative. Tamarindus indica.—Tamarinds are used as a remedy and preventive of scurvy. The pulp mixed with water is given to children as a laxative. Medinilla rosea. MEDINILLA. Family Melastomataceae. LocaL NAMEs.—Gafus (Guam). A smooth shrubby plant with round branches, entire 3-nerved leaves growing in whorls of three or four, and axillary cymes of rose-colored, 4-petaled flowers. Leaves obovate-oblong, the 2 lateral nerves near the margin; peduncles of the umbel- like flower-clusters bearing at their tips 6 to 8 flowers; pedicels articulate at the base; calyx ventricose-ovate, adnate to the ovary, its limb free, tubular, truncate, entire, persistent; the 4 petals inserted at the margin of the epigynous disk, dolabriform- ovate, widely spreading, equal; stamens 8, inserted in the same way; filaments fili- form; anthers linear-subulate, subarcuate, bilocular, opening by a terminal pore, bilobate at the base and shortly spurred at the produced connective, the alternate ones (opposite the petals) longer, and more slender; style terete, erect, somewhat curved at theapex; stigma simple, obtuse; berry ovate-globose, rose-colored, crowned by the limb of the calyx, 4-celled, cells with many seeds; seeds falcate-ellipsoid, smooth; raphe not excurrent. This plant was collected by Gaudichaud in Guam and referred to in the narrative of the Freycinet expedition as Melastoma medinillana. It was afterwards made the DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. a7 type of a new genus dedicated to Don José de Medinilla y Pineda,“ who was gov- ernor of the Marianne Islands at the time of Freycinet’s visit. Somewhat diagram- matic figures of the plant, flower, and fruit are given in plate 106 of the atlas of the Botany. The species is recorded by Hooker in his Flora of British India as occurring in Malacca, and is recognized by Naudin in his eee of the Melastomaceae. ? REFERENCES: Medinilla rosea Gaudich. Bot. Freyc. Voy. 484. ¢. 106. 1826. Melastoma medinillana is merely mentioned by Gaudichaud in the text and not properly published. The specific part of the name is therefore not recognized as having place priority. Meibomia gangetica. TICK-TREFOIL. Family Fabaceae. Loca NAMrES.—Atis-aniti (Guam); Mankit (Philippines); Salpani (Bengal). A suberect weed, 90 to 120 cm. high; stems woody, slightly angular, upwardly clothed with short gray down; leaves 1-foliolate, the leaflet oblong, entire, glabres- cent on the upper surface, thinly clothed beneath with appressed hairs, membranous or subcoriaceous, 7.5 to 15 em. long and one-third to one-half as broad, rounded at the base, narrowed gradually upward to an acute point; stipules distinct; petiole 12 to 24 mm. long; flowers small, in long ascending, lateral and terminal racemes, purple or yellowish white; calyx less than 2.5mm. long, campanulate, finely downy,, the teeth lanceolate; corolla 3 to 3.5 mm. long; standard broad, wings adhering to the keel; upper stamen free, the other 9 stamens united; pod subsessile, compressed, 6 to 8-jointed, 12 to 18 mm. long, glabrescent or clothed with minute hooked hairs. Common on the island of Guam; probably introduced. The vernacular name, sig- nifying ‘‘deyil’s sweet-sop,’’ is probably given it on account of the similarity of its leaves to those of the ‘‘atis’’ (Annona squamosa), This shrub is one of the most highly prized of the medicinal plants of India. It is one of the ten roots (dasha mula) ofthe Hindu Materia Medica. It is regarded as a febrifuge and anticatarrhal. It is of very wide tropical distribution. REFERENCES: Meibomia gangetica (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 1: 196. 1891. Hedysarum gangeticum L. Sp: Pl. 2: 746. 1753. Desmodium gangeticum DC. Prod. 2: 327. 1825 Meibomia trifiora. CREEPING TICK-TREFOIL. LocaLt NAMES.—Agsom, Avson (Guam); Pakpak lafigao (Philippines). A small, much-branched, slender creeping or trailing plant, often not more than 5 cm. long, with trifoliolate leaves and small pink flowers arranged 2 or 3 together opposite the leaves. Stems clothed with fine spreading hairs; leaves small, with lanceolate stipules; petiole 3 to 6 mm. long; leaflets obovate, 3 to 12 mm. long, trun- cate or emarginate, with a few appressed hairs below; calyx pubescent, teeth very long, inclosing the corolla; pod sessile, 8 to12 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, 3 to 6-jointed, the upper suture straight, the lower slightly indented. A plant widely distributed in the Tropics. It is good for forage, taking the place of clover and alfalfa, and will grow in all kinds of soil and situations. The leaves are sometimes made into poultices and applied to abscesses and wounds. In Guam it grows in waste places and in abandoned fields, often forming a fine thick turf. Sometimes improperly called ‘‘agsom,’’ which see. REFERENCES: Meibomia triflora (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 1: 197. 1891. Hedysarum triflorum lL. Sp. Pl. 2: 749. 1753. Desmodium triflorum DC. Prod. 2: 334. 1825. «a ‘* Hommage de reconnoissance 1 D. José AG Medinilla y Pineda, gouverneur des iles Mariannes, qui nous a prodigué les soins et les secours les plus empressés.’ (Gaudichaud, Freyc. Voy. Bot., pp. 484-485, 1826. ) b Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, vol. 15, p. 286, 1849, 9773—05——21 322 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Meibomia umbellata. BUsH TICK-TREFOIL. Loca NamMEs.—Palaga hilitai (Guam); Lala (Samoa). A shrub | to 2 meters high growing on the seabeach, with densely downy young branches, 3-foliolate leaves, and axillary umbels of whitish papilionaceous flowers. Branches terete; petioles 2.5 cm. or less long, slightly furrowed; leaflets subcoria- ceous with raised costate veins, green and glabrous above, thinly gray-canescent or nearly glabrescent beneath, end leaflet larger than side ones, roundish, or broad- oblong, 5 to 7.5 cm. long; umbels 6 to 12-flowered; pedicels short, unequal; calyx 4 mm. long, densely silky, 4-parted, 2-bracted; bracts minute, deciduous; standard of corolla obovate, keel blunt; stamens monadelphous; pod jointed, 3.5 to 5 em. long, the joints 3 to 5, thick, glabrescent or silky, indented at both sutures. ; A strand shrub of wide tropical distribution. Common near the beach in Guam. Samoa, Fiji, and the Malay Archipelago. In Samoa it is used for perches for pet fruit pigeons. The Guam name means “‘ lizard’s bush.”’ REFERENCES: Meibomia wmbellata Kuntze, Rey. Gen. 1: 197. 1891. Hedysarum-umbellatum 1. Sp. Pl. 2: 747. 1753. Desmodium umbellatum DC. Prod. 2: 325. 1825. Melastoma denticulata. Same as Welastoma mariannum. Melastoma marianum. MELASTOMA. Family Melastomataceae. LocaL NAMES.—Gafau (Guam). A low, hairy shrub growing on the coast, described by Charles Naudin in his monograph of the Melastomataceae from specimens collected near Agana by Hombron and Le Guillou. It is injurious tochickens. Where it grows they can not be raised. It is erect and branching with flowers comparatively small for this genus, short stamens usually corresponding in number with the petals; branches rust-colored, with appressed stiff hairs and scurfy scales at last falling off; leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, acute, almost entire, 5-nerved with a marginal nerve on each side, the blade on both surfaces covered with small stiff appressed sharp hairs; flowers at the apex of the branches, subcorymbose, 5-merous; anthers obtuse, the connective of all with a simply articulate filament. This plant at first glance resembles MW. denticulatum; it is different, however, on account of the structure of the connective of the anthers and some other characters. The stem sometimes almost simple, more frequently branching, those examined by Naudin a half meter long; leaves 4 to 7 cm. in length; calyx covered with chaffy hairs, with 5 ovate lobes almost equal in length to the tube, with minute teeth between the divisions; petals broadly ovate, somewhat notched at the apex, about 12 mm. long and broad; anthers very short for this genus, oblong-ovoid, obtuse; the connective of the larger ones beneath the cells short, not very much curved, not manifestly thickened nor bilobed at the insertion of the filament; that of the smaller ones scarcely perceptible; fruit a berry, 5-celled and of nearly the size of a pea.@ REFERENCES: Melastoma marianum Naud. Ann. Se. Nat. III. 18: 276. 1849. Melastoma medinillana Gaudich. Same as Medinilla rosea. Melastomataceae. MELASTOMA FAMILY. This family is represented in Guam by Melastoma marianum and Medinilla rosea. Melia azedarach. PRIDE oF INDIA. CHINABERRY. Family Meliaceae. LocaL NAMES.—Paraiso (Guam; Mexico; Philippines); Jacinto (Panama) ; Arbol de Paraiso (Spanish); Persian Lilac (India); Syrian Bead Tree (Mediterra- nean ). «Charles Naudin, Monograph of the Melastomataceae, Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3., vol. . 13, p. 276, 1849. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 323 A small tree bearing clusters of small lavender-colored, honey-scented flowers with purple staminal tubes. Trunk short; leaves bipinnate, occasionally tripinnate, leaflets 3 to 12 on the ultimate divisions, opposite or alternate, ovate or lanceolate, serrate or entire, acuminate, base more or less oblique; flowers usually 5-merous; calyx deeply lobed, lobes lanceolate-oblong; petals puberulent; anthers nearly equaling the linear-lanceolate teeth of the purple staminal tube; ovary 5-celled; fruit an indehiscent drupe with 5 or fewer cells and seeds. The inner bark, especially that of the root, is used as a remedy for intestinal worms. It is also cathartic and emetic, and has been used as a remedy for cholera morbus and other intestinal troubles. It must be used fresh. A decoction of the bark is said to be narcotic and causes a dilation of the pupil of the eye, but its effects soon pass away. The wood is bitter and resists the attacks of white ants. There are several varieties of it, one of which is of a reddish color and another white. In China and Japan it is used for cabinetwork, but that grown in the West Indies does not appear to be highly esteemed and is used only for fuel. Owing to its graceful foliage and its pretty clusters of pale Javender blossoms with their violet staminal tubes the tree is a favorite in most tropical countries, and the flowers are much used for making funeral wreaths. It is probably a native of the Himalayas, where it is found growing wild at a height of 2,000 to 3,000 feet, but it has now found its way all over the warmer regions of the globe. A variety grown in the southern United States is known as the ‘‘umbrella tree’’? from the dome-like crown and drooping branches. The berries are poisonous. A decoction prepared from them is sprinkled on plants to protect them from the attacks of insects. The seeds are strung into necklaces and rosaries, and in some countries are supposed to act as a charm against disease when worn or when hung above the door of a house during epidemics. Though introduced into Guam more than a century ago the tree has not spread itself spontaneously over the*island as in the case of other introduced plants with edible berries: | Mr. Oudenampsen, who has made a careful study of the properties of this plant has arrived at the following conclusions: @ The bark of Melia azedarach contains a substance which is stupefying to fishes. This substance is soluble in water, but loses its qualities when boiled. The bark con- tains a resin which is saponified with difficulty; phytostearin or vegetable fat; azeda- rachic acid; a tannin which yields a green precipitate with perchloride of iron; saponin, from which the plant derives its narcotic properties, and a bitter substance. Notwithstanding the evidence furnished by various authors, Mr. Oudenampsen doubts the efficacy of the bark of this plant as an anthelmintic. ? REFERENCES: Meha azedarach L. Sp. Pl. 1: 384. 1753. Meliaceae. MAHOGANY FAMILY. This family is represented in Guam by the introduced Melia azedarach, Sandoricum indicum, and the indigenous seaside tree Xylocarpus granatum. Melindres (Guam; Philippines). The local name for the crape myrtle, Lagerstroemia indica. Melon. See Cucumis melo, under Gardens. Mendioka, Mendiuka (Guam). See Manihot manihot. Mentha arvensis. CHINESE MINT. Family Menthaceae. LocaLt NAmMEs.—Yerba buena (Guam); Hierba buena (Spanish). An herb with a pleasant scent and flavor very much like our common mint. Hairy #Oudenampsen, Bydrage tot de Kennis van Melia Azedarach L., 1892. bSee Wildeman, Melia Azedarach, Revue des Cultures Coloniales, vol. 13, p. 75, 1903. 324 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. or smooth; leaves shortly petioled or sessile, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, serrate; flowers in axillary capitate whorls; bracts acute, shorter than the flowers; calyx hairy, teeth triangular or lanceolate; corolla hairy without and within, subequally 4-lobed; stamens 4; stigma bifid, style branches short. Cultivated in Guam, often grown in pots. It is used for making mint juleps. REFERENCES: Mentha arvensis L. Sp. Pl. 2: 577. 1753. Menthaceae. MINT FAMILY. This family is represented in Guam by the genera Coleus, Mentha, Mesosphaerum, and Ocimum. The author of the name Menthaceae, which is here published for the first time, is Prof. Lester F. Ward, who has presented the following statement regarding it: ‘“Permit me to propose the name Menthaceae for the mint family as the most suit- able substitute for the name Labiatae, given it by Bernard Jussieu in Hort. Trianon, 1759, and used by most botanists since that date, but which has not the proper ter- mination and is not formed from the name of any genus of the family. Being based on Mentha, the most typical genus of the family, it has better claims, except in the matter of priority, than Lamiaceae (Lindley, 1836), Nepetaceae (Horaninow, 1843), or Salviaceae (Drude, 1879).”’ Mesosphaerum capitatum. Family Menthaceae. Loca NAMES.—Batunes (Guam); Marrubio-boton (Porto Rico); San Diego cim- arron (Cuba). A stout glabrescent weed growing to a height of 1.5 to 2 meters; leaves petioled, ovate-oblong, pointed, unequally and coarsely serrate; floral leaves oblong-linear, at length reflexed, shorter than the head; flowers sessile, capitate; heads globose, axil- lary, shorter than their peduncles; calyx equally 5-toothed, teeth awl-shaped, bristle-tipped, erect at length one-third as long as the tube; corolla 2-lipped, inferior lobe deflexed; stamens 4, deflexed; leaves 5 to 13 cm. long, peduncles 2.5 to 5 em. long; heads in fruit 20 to 25 mm. in diameter; nutlets devoid of a concave margin. A weed of American origin, widely spread through the Tropics. REFERENCES: Mesosphaerum capitatum (Jaeq.) Kuntze, Rey. Gen. 2: 525. 1891. Hyptis capitata Jacq. Coll. 1: 102. 1786. Mesosphaerum pectinatum. LocaL NAMES.—Alhucema (Cuba). Slender, wand-like, puberulous or glabrescent; leaves petioled, ovate, unequally crenate-serrate (or serrate), hoary-pubescent beneath or glabrescent; floral leaves bristle-like; flowers in one-sided, contracted, short, arched, recurved cymes; cymes racemose or paniculate; calyx shortly pedicellate, 10-striate, subequal; tuhe shortly campanulate, densely villous at the truncate throat; teeth bristle-like, shorter than the tube, suberect. A tropical weed; collected in Guam by Lesson and Gaudichaud. REFERENCES: Mesosphaerum pectinatum (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2: 525. 1891. Nepeta pectinata L. Syst. ed. 10. 1099. 1759. Hyptis pectinata Poit. Ann. Mus. Par. 7: 474. t. 30. 1806. Mexican creeper. See Antigonon leptopus. Mexican tea. See Chenopodium ambrosioides. Mignonette tree (British West Indies). See Lawsonia. inermis. Mil-leguas (Guam, Philippines). See Telosm«a odoratissima. Milkweed, Curacao. See Asclepias curassavica. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. oD Milkweed family. See Asclepiadaceae. Milky mangrove (Australia). See Hxcoecaria agallocha. Millet, Kodo. See Paspalum scrobiculatum. Milo (Samoa, Hawail). See Thespesia populnea. Mimosa scandens L. Same as Lens phaseoloides. Mimosaceae. Mimosa FAMILY. This family is represented in Guam by Acacia farnesiana, Adenanthera pavonina, Lens phaseoloides, Leucaena glauca, and Pithecolobium dulce. Mint, Chinese. See Mentha arvensis. Mirabilis jalapa. Four-o’cLock. MARvVEL-or-PERU Family Nyctaginaceae. LocaL Names.-—Maravilla (Guam); Trompetilla, Don Diego de Noche (Mexico) ; Buenas tardes (Panama); Wunderblume (German); Belle de Nuit (French). A glabrescent herbaceous plant bearing showy trumpet-shaped flowers of various colors. Leaves ovate or subcordate; flowers apetalous, the perianth consisting of a 5-lobed corolla-like calyx encircled by a 5-lobed involuere; stamens 5; ovary 1-celled, ovule solitary, style simple. The flowers expand in the afternoon and wither the following morning. In Guam they are often seen in the gardens of the natives; crimson, scarlet, white, yellow, and variegated. Some of them are very fragrant, and some are odorless. In Japan the powdered seeds are used as a cosmetic. REFERENCES: Mirabilis jalapa L. Sp. Pl. 1: 177. 1753. Miscanthus floridulus. Same as Viphagrostis floridula. Miscanthus japonicus Anders. See under Xiphagrostis floridula. Mitracarpum hirtum. Family Rubiaceae. A herbaceous annual introduced from prone America. Stem simple or few- branched, hairy at the summit; leaves oblong or lanceolate, subsessile or shortly petioled, opposite, connected by stipules divided into bristles; flower whorls and heads many-flowered; calyx limb 4-parted, persistent, 2 of its segments rigid, subulate-lanceolate, longer than the capsule, the other 2 shorter; flowers small; corolla funnel-shaped, with 4 lobes; stamens 4, inserted on the margin of the tube; ovary 2-celled, adherent to the calyx tube, capsule membranaceous or leathery, circumcissile. @ To this species should be referred Mitracarpum torresianum Cham. & Schlecht., collected in Guam by Chamisso in 1818.2 REFERENCES: Mitracarpum hirtum (L.) DC. Prod. 4: 572. 1830. Spermacoce hirta L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1: 148. 1762. Mitracarpum torresianum Cham. & Schlecht. Same as Mitracarpum hirtum. Moli (Samoa). See Citrus awrantium saponacea. Moli-tai (Samoa). See Vimenia americana. Momordica charantia. BALSAM-PEAR. Family Cucurbitaceae. Loca NAMES.—Balsamina, Amargosa (Spanish); Ampalia (Philippines) ; Cunde- amar (Cuba, Porto Rico). A climbing gourd-like vine with palmately 5-lobed leaves and warty, yellow, Schumann, in Engler und Prantl, Die Nattirlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Teil 4, Abt. 4, pp. 142, 146, fig. 46 U., 1891. b**Vegimus in insula Guajan en insulis Marianis.’? Linneea, vol. 3, p. 360. 1828. 326 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. oblong fruit containing seeds surrounded by a red aril. Stems more or less hairy; lobes of leaves sinuate-toothed, more or less hairy on the under side when young; peduncles slender with a kidney-shaped bracteole, which in the male ones is aboye the middle and in the female near the base; flowers of medium size, pale yellow; fruits bursting open when ripe, showing the red aril. Cultivated in Guam, running along fences, etc. The fruit is bitter, but not unwholesome. In India it is eaten in curries. Before cooking it must be steeped in salt water. The plant is used as an external remedy in leprosy and malignant ulcers. REFERENCES: Momordica charantia L. Sp. Pl. 2: 1009. 1753. Monggo (Philippines). See Phaseolus mungo. Monggos (Guam). See Phaseolus mungo. Monggos paloma ((auam). Local name for Cleome viscosa. Monkey-pod (Honolulu). See Pithecolobium saman. Monkey-pod, sweet. See Pithecolobiuim dulce. Moraceae. MULBERRY FAMILY. This family is represented in‘Guam by the genera Artocarpus and Ficus. Morinda citrifolia. InpIAN Mubperry.@ PLatTE XVI." Family Rubiaceae. Loca NamEs.—Ladda, Lada (Guam); Nino (Philippines); Nona (Malay Archi- pelago); Nina (Southern India); Nono (Rarotonga, Tahiti); Nonu (Samoa); Noni (Hawaii); Urati (Solomon Islands); Kura (Fiji). A small tree widely spread over the Pacific, the Malay Archipelago, southern India, and the west coast of Africa; in India yielding the 4l dye of commerce, for which purpose it is there cultivated. Branchlets 4-angled; leaves large, glossy, ovate, attenuate at each end, short-petioled, with broad, membranous stipules, con- nate below into a loose sheath inclosing the peduncle; peduncles solitary, opposite the leaves, rarely binate, or ternate at the ends of the branches; flowers 5-merous, growing in globose heads, white, the calyx tube short; corolla tube 12 mm. or less long, lobes glabrous, fusiform in bud, throat pubescent; fruit of many drupes coales- cent into a fleshy globose or ovoid head, inclosing many cartilaginous or bony 1-seeded pyrenes. The seeds of this species are especially interesting, owing to their possession of a distinct air chamber or vesicle, which renders them buoyant and capable of being transported to great distances by ocean currents.” Not only have they been found in the débris cast up at the high-water mark along tropical shores, but experiments have been made which demonstrate the great length of time they will float in salt water. ¢ In Guam the tree is used for dyeing, though, owing to the trouble of preparing it, the dye is not now so. extensively used as before the introduction of coal-tar dyes into the island.. Both a red and a yellow color are obtainable, the bark of the root being the source of the best red dye, the root itself yielding a yellow dye. The fruit is eaten in many of the Pacific islands, but it is insipid and very full of seeds. In India it is gathered green and forms an ingredient in the curries of the natives. REFERENCES: Morinda ue 1D, Ee: TEE abe iyo ihre a W att, henna Prodee ts of ae vol. 5; p. 261, 189i: bSee Schimper, Die indo-malay ische Strandflora, p- 165, pl. vii, fig. 26, b and ¢, 1891. €Guppy, The dispersal of plants, etc., Trans. of the Victoria Institute, 1890. a Soing ai et euu Ohi re i pr meen y ik oma eke PLATE LVIII. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. NATURAL SIZE MORINGA MORINGA, THE HORSE-RADISH TREE. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. B21 Moringa moringa. Horsk-RADISH TREE. PLATE LYIII. Family Moringaceae. Locat NAmEs.—Marunggai (Guam); Malufiggai, Balunggai, Balonggai, Arongay, Arungay (Philippines); Murungai, Murunga (Tamil); Murinna (Malayan); Palo jermga (Cuba). A small tree with corky bark, soft wood, and pungent root haying the taste of horse-radish. Leaves pinnately compound, usually tripinnate; petiole slender, sheathing at the base; pinnae 4 to 6 pairs; leaflets 6 to 9 pairs, opposite, pale beneath, caducous as well as the pinnules, glandular at the base; petiolules slender; glands linear, hairy; panicles axillary, spreading; bracts linear; flowers white, honey- scented, irregular, bisexual, pediceled, 2.5 em. in diameter; calyx cup-shaped, 5-cleft; segments unequal, petaloid, linear-lanceolate, reflexed; petals 5, unequal, narrowly spathulate, upper smaller, lateral ascending, anterior larger; stamens inserted on the edge of the disk, declinate, 5 perfect opposite the petals, alternating with 5 which are reduced to antherless filaments; ovary stipitate, 1-celled; style slen- der, tubular; stigma perforated; ovules numerous, in 2 series on 3 parietal placentas; pod long, slender, pendulous, 9-ribbed; seeds 3-angled, winged at the angles. The seeds of this tree yield the ‘‘ben”’ oi] of commerce, which is highly valued as a lubricant by watchmakers. The young leaves, young pods, and flowers are used as food in West Bengal; they are antiscorbutic; the root is used in place of horse-radish, and medicinally as a rubefacient and counterirritant, like a mustard plaster. The leaves and young branches are much relished by cattle and horses. In Nicaragua they are cut for forage. Plants are easily raised from seed and are of rapid growth. The unripe seed-pods are used in India for curries. When cut into pieces and cooked like asparagus or string-beans they form a savory dish, but they are too fibrous to be a popular vegeta- ble. In Bengal and upper India the seeds are planted in June and July, at the beginning of the rainy season. @ REFERENCES: Moringa moringa (L.) Millsp. Field. Col. Mus. Bot. Ser. 1: 490. 1902. Guilandina moringa L. Sp. Pl. 1: 3881. 1753. Moringa pterygosperma Gaert. Same as Moringa moringa. Morning-glory. See Ipomoea, Argyreia, Pharbitis, and Operculina. Moso’oi (Samoa). See Canangium odoratum. Mosses. The following mosses are recorded from the island of Guam, all of them collected by Gaudichaud and determined by Schwaegrichen and Walker-Arnott. They were first sent by Gaudichaud to Sehwaegrichen, but many of the specimens were incom- plete or without fruit, so that they could not be identified with absolute certainty. Afterwards they were carefully examined by Walker-Arnott, who published a paper on the ‘‘ Disposition méthodique des espéces de Mousses,’’ 2 in which were included with a few changes the mosses of Schwaegrichen’s list. Bartramia uncinata Schwaeg. Freyc. Voy. Bot. 227. Hypnum cupressiforme Schwaeg. Freyc. Voy. Bot. 229. Hypnum delicatulum Schwaeg. Freyc. Voy. Bot. 229. Hypnum recurvans Schwaeg. Freye. Voy. Bot. 229. Hypnum scaturiginum Schwaeg. Freyc. Voy. Bot. 228. Macromitrion urceolatum Schwaeg. Freyc. Voy. Bot. 224. Neckera undulata Schwaeg. Freyc. Voy. Bot. 228. Octoblepharum albidum Schwaeg. ex Walker-Arnott, p. 14. Freye. Voy. Bot. 226. Syrrhopodon rigescens Schwaeg. Freyc. Voy. Bot. 226. #¥Firminger, Manual of Gardening for Bengal, ed. 4, p. 140, 1890. 6 Mem. de la Soc. d’ Hist. Nat. de Paris, 1825, p. 249. 328 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Mostaza. See Brassica juncea. Mucuna gigantea. Sameas Stizolobium giganteum. Mucuna pruriens. Sameas Stizolobium pruriens. Mudu-murunga (Ceylon). See Sophoru tomentosa. Mugwort. See Artemisia vulgaris. Mulberry, Indian. See Morinda citrifolia. Mumutun (Guam). A general name in the island vernacular for rank-growing weeds. Cassia tora is called mumutun palaoan (female weed) or mumutun adainelon. Thename mumutun chiva (goat weed) is applied to a low, small-flowered composite; mumutun lahe (male weed) to an ill-smeiling hispid, blue-flowered labiate, with cordate leaves; and mumutun sable (sword weed) to Cassia occidentalis. Mung (India). See Phaseolus nungo. Mungego (Philippines). See Phaseolus mungo. Musa paradisiaca. PLANTAIN. BANANA. PLATE XXII. Family Musaceae. Locat NamMEs.—Chotda (Guam, for the plant and green fruit); Aga (Guam, for the ripe fruit); Platano (Spanish); Saguing, Pisang (Philippines); Fa’l (Samoa). Bananas were growing in Guam before the discovery of the island by Magellan. Pigafetta describes them in his narrative as ‘‘ figs a palm long.’ Usually the numer- ous varieties are grouped under two heads. Those of smaller size, which are sweet and which may be eaten raw, are called bananas and have often been considered a distinct species, Musa sapientum; the larger ones, which are less sweet and more starchy, and which must be cooked befere they are fit to eat, are called plantains, and are considered by some to constitute the species Musa paradisiaca. At least eleven varieties are recognized in Guam, some of which were undoubtedly introduced after the discovery. Schumann, in his monograph, regards M. sapientum as a subspecies of M. paradisiaca. » Among the varieties noticed by Gaudichaud were chotdan © patgon, a small banana of fine flavor; chotdan lago (‘foreign banana’’); chotdan tonduke, a giant plantain, probably introduced from the Philippines, where it bears the name of ‘‘tondok,”’ having few fruits on a raceme, but these of great size, and having also a strong fiber which is used for cordage and for weaving into fabrics; and three forms of aga, as the ripe fruit is called: Aga Sumay (a variety cultivated first in the village of that name), aga mahalang, and aga langui. In the last edition of Blanco’s Flora Filipina the large plantain called tondok is called Musa corniculata magna. Its fruit is often more than a foot long and when cooked has a fine apple-like flavor. Bananas are easily propagated by suckers, which spring up from the base of the old plant when the fruit begins to ripen. When two or three bananas at the top of the bunch turn yellow the bunch should be cut off and hung up by a string in the house, when the rest will gradually ripen. Only one bunch is borne bya plant; but as suckers spring up from the underground rootstalk, the life of the banana may be said to be continuous. In Guam bananas grow almost spontaneously. In Plate XNXIT is shown a plantation of them along the road leading from Agana to the port. The fruit may be prepared for exportation either by cutting it into strips or slices and drying it, or by making it into flour. In the first case ripe bananas are used. @Primo Viaggio intorno, 1800. b Monograph Musaceae, p. 20, 1900. ¢The letter appended to the generic term chotda, takes the place of the ligature na in the language of Guam. In the same way the termination ry is used in Philip- pine dialects in place of the ligature w,a. See p. Li. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 329 They are peeled and sliced either longitudinally or transversely and dried first in the oven and then in the sun. They are then packed in boxes or wrapped in dry leaves for exportation. In this form they are quite sweet and sugary and have a delightful flavor. In Tahiti and the neighboring islands belonging to France bananas preserved in this way are called ‘‘piéré.”’ Banana flour.—This is made from unripe bananas, which are first put into scalding water so as to facilitate peeling, sliced, dried in vacuum or in the sun, powdered and sifted. In British Guiana it is called by the natives ‘‘conquintay.’’ It has a fra- grant odor, acquired in drying, somewhat resembling fresh hay or tea. The fruit is gathered green, before its starch is converted into sugar. The flavor of the meal is enhanced by quick drying. Steel knives must not be used in slicing the fruit, since they discolor the meal. Knives with silver or nickel blades are preferable. The flour may be used in a measure asa substitute for arrowroot. Samples fit for expor- tation contain about 15 per cent of water. The flour is packed in boxes or barrels lined with paper. It is of a yellow color and has an agreeable sweetish taste. It combines readily with water, milk, or broth. It can not be made into bread, but is a fine ingredient for biscuits or cakes. @ In a country like Guam, where hurricanes, followed by scarcity of food, are liable to occur at any time, it would be of the greatest advantage to the natives to keep on hand a supply of banana flour, as well as of dried breadfruit and fadang meal.? REFERENCES: Musa paradisiaca L. Sp. Pl. 2: 1043. 1753. Musa sapientum L. See under Musa paradisiaca. Musa textilis. ABACA. LocaLt NAMEs.—Abaka (Guam, Philippines). This plant has been introduced into Guam, and attempts were made to cultivate it on the island by several governors and by the Sociedad Agricola de la Concepcion, in 1867, during the administration of Don Francisco Moscoso y Lara. It grows well; a fine patch of it may still be seen on the border of the ‘‘Ciénaga,’’ near Matan-hanom, the source of the Agafia River; but the preparation of its fiber required too much ~ work on the part of the natives. They have other plants suitable for cordage, which require little trouble to prepare them jor their uses; and the cultivation of this species, though quite possible in Guam, has never been an industry of the island. Unlike the allied banana and plantain, the fruits of Musa textilis are fertile. The plant may be propagated from the seed, but it is usually propagated from suckers, as in the case of the banana and plantain. When the plants are cut down at maturity they are replaced by suckers which spring up from the root, so that the plantation is constantly renewing itself. When the flower bud makes its appearance the plant is ready for the harvest. The stalk is cut close to the ground. The fiber is contained in the long leaf sheaths which surround the stem. These are split into strips two or three inches wide. The inner portion of the middle parts, which are thicker than the marginal, is pulpy and comparatively useless, so that only the outer portion is used. The fiber should be extracted while the strips are still fresh, since they become quickly discolored if left in the sun, and the quality of the fiber is injured if they are allowed to ferment. In the Philippines the fiber is extracted by drawing the prepared strips of the leaf-sheath between the edge of a large knife or machete and a block of hard wood. This is usually done under a tree or a thatch-covered shed. Two posts are set upright in the ground, to which a horizontal pole is lashed with rattans (in Guam Pandanus leaves or cords of Hibiscus bark would answer). “Neish, Leuscher’s method of preparing banana flour, Journ. Jamaica Agr. Soc., Noy., 1903, p. 440. See also species and principal varieties of Musa, Kew Bull. Misc. Inf., 1894, p. 228 to 314. b See Artocarpus convmunis and Cycas circinalis. 330 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. On the upper face of this pole a strong knife with a wooden handle is firmly attached by means of a pivot. The handle is attached by a spring to the roof above or the branch of a tree, and by a line or rattan toa treadle below, which can be worked by the foot of the operator. The spring above holds the edge of the knife against the pole or a block with a uniform pressure, while the strip is drawn between it and the pole or block. By means of the treadle the pressure is released. The fineness and whiteness of the fiber is enhanced by drawing the strips several times. This is accompanied by considerable waste, which is in part compensated for by an increase in value of the fiber. REFERENCES: Musa textilis Née, Anal. Cienc. Nat. 4: 123. 1801. Mussaenda frondosa. Family Rubiaceae. LocaL NAMES.—Agboy (Philippines); ’Uto’uto, Aloalo-sina, Fau-uta (Samoa); Bovu (Fiji). A handsome shrub, with yellow flowers, having one of the divisions of the calyx expanded into. a white, leaf-like, petioled appendage. Leaves oblong or ovate- acuminate, opposite or in whorls of three; stipules solitary or in pairs between the petioles; flowers in terminal cymes; bracts and bracteoles deciduous; calyx-tube oblong or turbinate; calyx-teeth 5, deciduous almost immediately after flowering, one modified into a large, white, petioled leaf; corolla tubular, funnel-shaped above, tube silky, throat hairy; lobes 5, broadly ovate, acute or acuminate; stamens 5 on the throat of the corolla, filaments short, anthers linear;.ovary 2-celled; style filiform; stigmas 2, linear; ovules numerous on peltate fleshy placentas; berry obovoid, glab- rous, fleshy, with a broad areole on the top; seeds minute, testa pitted. This plant is of wide tropical distribution, being found in Polynesia, Melanesia, the Malay Archipelago, and India. In Bombay the white leaf-like segment of the calyx is eaten as a vegetable. The white leaves are given in milk as a remedy for jaundice in India, and the root is used as a remedy for leprosy. REFERENCES: Mussaenda frondosa LL. Sp. Pl. 1: 177. 1753. Mustard (Indian). See Brassica juncea. Mutha (India). See Cyperus rotundus. Myrobalan family. See Combretaceae. Nagao (Guam). The vernacular name for a ripe coconut in which the water has become absorbed. Naju (Panama). See Abelinoschus esculentus. Name (Panama). See Dioscorea alata. Namulenga (Samoa). See Vitex trifolia. Nafia (Guam). See Lumunitzera littorea and L. pedicellata. Nafia (Guam). See Lummnitzera pedicellata. Nanago (Guam). See Gynopogon torresianus. Nanaso (Guam). See Lobelia koenigii. Nangka (Guam). The Phillipine name for the Jak-fruit (Artocarpus integrifolia); ii Guam applied to the edible seed of the fertile breadfruit, Artocarpus communis, or ‘“*dugdug.”’ Naranjo (Spanish). See Citrus aurantium, and its variety sinensis. Nardo (Guam). Name applied in the island to Atamosco rosea. « See Gilmore, Commercial fibers of Philippines, Bur. Agr. | Philippines], Farmers’ Bull. No. 4, pp. 11-12, 1903. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. onl: Naunau (Samoa). See Carinta herbacea. Neckera. See Mosses. Negro coffee. See Cassia occidentalis. Nephrodium dissectum. Same as Dryopteris dissecta. See Ferns. Nephrodium parasiticum. Same as Dryopteris parasitica. See Ferns. Nephrolepis. See Ferns. Nerium oleander. The well-known oleander, an introduced plant cultivated by the natives for the sake of its flowers and called in Guam ‘‘adelfa’’ or ‘‘rosa laurel.” REFERENCES: Nerium oleander L. Sp. Pl. 1: 209. 1753. Nervilia aragoana. W ATER-ROOT. Family Orchidaceae. LocaL NAMES.—Sevafhagon or Sedyafhagon, Maisaulu, ‘‘ single head,’’ (Guam). An orchid closely allied to Pogonia, collected by Gaudichaud in Guam and named by him for Arago, the draftsman of Freycinet’s expedition. Leaves subrotund- cordate, repand, of uniform color, many-nerved, smooth, plicate when young, with deep basal sinus and acute apex, usually solitary, sometimes in pairs, rising from a spheroid tuber about 12 mm. or more in diameter; flowers arranged in form of a raceme on an erect leafless scape 17 to 30 cm. high, greenish, shortly pedicelled, at first erect, afterwards nodding; perigonium half-open, persistent, divisions lanceolate- linear, acuminate, subequal; median lobe of the three-lobed lip broader than the lateral, obtusely crenulate, slightly villous within; stigma broader and lower than in Pogonia, column elongated. The natives of Guam frequently chew the firm, fleshy, juicy tuber as they walk through the woods, to quench their thirst, especially in the northern part of the island, where there are no springs nor streams. This species is figured in the Botany of the Uranie. A detailed description is given by Blume in Flora Javee, Orchidaceae, p- 180, tab. 56, under the name of Pogonia nervilia. Nervilia ovata Gaudich. is a species collected by Gaudichaud on the adjacent island of Rota, or Luta. REFERENCES: Nervilia aragoana Gaudich. Bot. Freye. Voy. 422. t. 35. 1826. Nervilia ovata. See under Nervilia aragoana. Nete or Neti (Guam). See Xiphagrostis floridula: also under Grasses. Nettle family. See Urticaceae. Negatae (Samoa). See Erythrina indica. Nickernut. See Guilandina crista. Nicotiana tabacum. ; ToBacco. Family Solanaceae. Locat NAMEs.—Chupa (Guam); Tabaco (Spanish). ‘Tobacco was introduced into Guam by the Jesuit missionaries very shortly after their arrival. The natives soon became very fond of it, learning to smoke the leaves in the term of cigars, and some of them chewing it either alone or in combination with their areca nut and betel pepper. So popular was its use that the wages of the natives working for the missionaries and for the government were paid in tobacco leaves, as the archives at Agafia will show. Though it is cultivated in a variety of situations, on the lowlands, on the coral plat- form or mesa, and in alluvial valleys, yet the natives recognize that the best results are obtained from tobacco planted on recently cleared land. The regions known as Santa Rosa, Yigo, Yofia, Matiguag, Finagudyog, and Maga are all celebrated for their BO USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. fine tobacco crops. Both the soil and the climate of the island seem well adapted to its culture. After a spot of land has been cleared for a ‘‘semillero,’’ or seed bed, the brush is allowed to dry, and when the weeds have sprung up it is spread over the surface and burned, thus destroying weeds and injurious insects and larvee, and enriching the eround with the ashes. The seed is planted during the months of August and Sep- tember in small beds. It is sown over the surface of the finely pulverized ground and raked in. They soon sprout and in Guam require little watering. The beds are carefully weeded and the seedlings are ready for transplanting in a few weeks, gen- erally in October and November. They are then planted in nurseries, in parallel rows, near their ultimate destination, and are usually shaded with canopies of muslin or interlacing branches or cocoanut leaves. This gives the roots a chance to grow without too great crowding, as would be the case if they were left to develop in the seed beds. Finally, in the months of December, January, or February, they are planted in the field, the time selected for this purpose being after a good rain. Care is taken not to injure the roots of the young plants in transplanting. They must be watered at intervals, if the rain is not sufficient and must be protected from the sun by segments of cocoanut leaves set in the ground at an angle and the ends of the leaflets tied together so as to form a sort of cone. The natives take great care to keep their fields free from weeds and go over the plants daily to destroy the larva of a sphinx moth which feeds upon them. About one month after planting in the field the flower buds make their appearance and are immediately pinched off, leaving only a few of the finest plants to flower in order to secure seed for the next season. Tobacco isso prolific that the seed from one plant is sufficient to plant a field of considerable size. Suckers or side branches are removed as fast as they appear, as the nourishment must go to developing large leaves. When the leaves are sufficiently mature the whole plant is cut off near the base, and the leaves are allowed to dry on the stem. The plants are tied in bundlesand taken under cover. For cutting a dry day is selected, and the plants are allowed to wither before being taken under cover. In drying two or three plants are hung together, the bunches being far enough apart so as to leave space for free circulation of the air. When the midribs are perfectly dry the process is finished. After undergoing a slight fermentation the tobacco is made up either in the form of loosely rolled cigars wrapped with pineapple or agave fiber, or in bundles (‘‘ palillos’’) of ten leaves each. The use of tobacco is general among the natives, both male and female, of the lower classes, but very few ladies of the-better class make use of it, and these appear ashamed if seen smoking. So necessary is it to most of the people that they appear to suffer as much from its lack as from a dearth of food. Asa rule they prefer their own tobacco to imported kinds; but when their supply gives out they will use what they can obtain from the storekeepers. On such occasions they will bring eggs or chickens to give in exchange, when they refuse to sell these for money. REFERENCES: Nicotiana tabacum L. Sp. Pl. 1: 180. 1753. Nigas (Guam). See Pemphis acidula. Night-blooming cestrum. See Cestrum nocturnum. Nika (Guam). See Dioscorea, D. aculeata, D. fasciculata, D. fasciculata lutescens, and D. papuana. Nika cimarron (Guam). See Dioscorea spinosa. Nimo (Guam). Local name of a tree mentioned in a list compiled by Governor Olive y Garcia. Not identified. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 300 Ninayag (Guam). Local name of a tree mentioned in a list sent by Governor Pablo Perez to the cap- tain-general of the Philippines. He described it as having soft wood and growing near the beach. It is sometimes used for furniture. Not identified. Nino (Philippines). See Morinda citrifoha. Niog (Philippines). See Cocos nucifera. Nipa (Guam, Philippines). See Nypa fruticans. Nipay (Philippines). See Stizolobium giganteum and S. pruriens. Niphobolus adnascens Kaulf. Same as Cyclophorus adnascens. Nito (Philippines). See Lygodium scandens. Niu (Samoa, Hawaii). See Cocos nucifera. Niyog (Guam). See Cocos nucifera. Nolon (Guam). Name of a tree not identified, included by Governor Olive in a list sent by him to the captain-general of the Philippines. Nona (Malay Archipelago). See Morinda citrifolia. Nonag or Nonak (Guam). See Hernandia peltata. Noni (Hawaii). See Morinda citrifolia. Nono (Rarotonga, Tahiti). See Morinda citrifolia. Nonok (Philippines). See Ficus sp. Nonu (Samoa). See Morinda citrifolia. Nonu-fi’afi’a (Samoa). See Caryophyllus malaccensis. Nostoc. See Algz. Nuna (Southern India). See Morinda citrifolia. Nunu (Guam). A large banyan tree. See Ficus sp. Nothopanax cochleatum. SAUCER-LEAF, SHELL-LEAF. Family Araliaceae. Loca NAamgEs.—Platitos (Guam, Philippines); Rauparoro (Ternate); Daun papeda (Java). An introduced ornamental shrub, growing in many of the gardens of Guam, with saucer-like or shell-like concave leaves, which are petioled, simple, round-cordate, and spinulose-ciliate and dentate. Flowers small, growing in dense paniculate umbels; calyx-tube obconical, with adherent ovary, the limb minutely 5-toothed, persistent; petals 5, valvate; stamens 5, alternating with the petals; ovary 2-celled; styles 2; fruit 2-seeded. This plant is a native of the Malay Archipelago. In Java it is much planted about dwellings and in the villages. It has been introduced into South America. The leaves serve as dishes, alsoas greens. Together with the root, according to Rumphius, they are mixed with parsley and act as a diuretic. REFERENCES: Nothopanax cochleatum (Lam.) Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1': 766. 1855. Aralia cochleata Lam. Encye. 1: 224. 1783. Panax cochleatum DC. Prod. 4: 253. 18380. Nothopanax fruticosum. CUT-LEAVED PANAX. Local NAMES.—Paptia (Guam, Philippines); Daun papeda papoea (Java); Tane- tane (Samoa); Danidani (Fiji). | An introduced ornamental shrub with tripinnate leaves. Leaflets lanceolate, bristly- «@ Miquel, Flora Indiz Bataviee, vol. 1, p. 766, 1855. 334 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. serrate or incised, often irregular in shape; flowers small, in panicled umbels; pedicels jointed close under the flowers; panicles 7.5 to 15 cm.; bracts minute, deciduous; styles 2 (rarely 3), persistent on the laterally compressed fruit, recurved. Widely spread in India, the Malay Archipelago, and the islands of the Pacific. Cultivated in villages and planted near houses. In Jaya it is used in the place of celery and parsley and as food. The root has an agreeable and strongly aromatic smell, tastes like parsley, and is used as a diuretic. In Fiji the bark is scraped off and is used medicinally by the natives. @ REFERENCES: Nothopanax fruticosum (.) Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 11: 765. 1855. Panax fruticosum L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 2: 1513. 1763. Nupe (Guam). A climbing plant, not identified, the stems of which are used for lashing together the framework of houses and sheds. When required for use they are rendered flexible by heating. After the lashing is wrapped they contract and become rigid and hard, so that they can not be unbent but must be cut if it is desired to remove them. They are durable if kept dry. Another plant with a more slender stem, used in the same way, is called ‘‘ fianiti.”’ Nutgrass. See Cyperus rotundus. Nyctaginaceae. FoUR-0’ CLOCK FAMILY. This family is represented in Guam by Mirabilis jalapa and Boerhaavia diffusa. Nypa fruticans. - NIpaA PALM. Family Phoenicaceae. Locat NAMEs.—Nipa (Guam, Philippines); Parran (Ponape); Ballang (Sulu Archipelago). An interesting, stemless, unarmed palm with pinnate leaves often growing to a length of 20 feet. Flowers moncecious, axillary, inclosed in a spathe; fruit a one- seeded drupe growing in clusters as large as a man’s head. This plant was introduced into Guam from the Philippines for the sake of its leaves, which make excellent thatch. It has established itself at the mouth of nearly every stream in the island where the water becomes brackish, its graceful giant leaves rising from the water’s edge forming a striking feature of the landscape. The plant is of interest to the geologist from the fact that fossil nuts of an allied species are found in England in the tertiary formations at the mouth of the Thames, where they once floated about and embedded themselves in the mud as they now do in Guam and the Philippines. For thatching, the leaflets are stripped from the rachis and formed into a thick fringe (tagon) on areed. After having been thoroughly dried the thatch is secured to the framework of the roof by lashings of pandanus leaves split up the middle and deprived of their stiff keel. Two men work at a time on each reed, beginning at the eaves and working toward the ridge, which is covered with a sort of braided matting secured in place by pins passing under the ridge-pole and projecting on each side. The nipa is far superior to and more durable than cocoanut thatch, and is used for the better houses of the island. Preparations are made for thatching very much as for a corn-husking with us. The housewile begins saving up dulces and other good things months before- hand. The nipa leaves are collected, made into fringe, and allowed to dry. Pandanus leaves are collected and cured and stripped of their spiny-keeled midrib. When all is ready relatives and neighbors are invited to assist, a pig or a bullock is killed, and the work goes on amid feasting, tuba drinking, and © Seemann, Flora Vitiensis, p. 115, 1865-1873. a 2 Pep *F a meta Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE LIX. OCHROCARPUS OBOVALIS, AN IMPORTANT HARD-WOOD TREE. NATURAL SIZE. € DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. BBD) laughter, with occasional pauses during which Areca nuts, fresh betel leaves, and lime are passed around on a tray, and the host dispenses cigars, made by the ladies of his family, of tobacco leaves in the form of a cylindrical bundle kept together by a wrapping of pineapple fiber or thread. In the Philippines toddy or ‘‘tuba”’ is made of the sap of the nipa, obtained as in the cocoanut from the flowering spadix. This is not done in Guam, where coconuts are much more abundant. Padre Blanco mentions nipa as a remedy for the bites of centipedes and a cure for ulcers. The kernel is edible, but very hard and only eaten — occasionally in Guam as an experiment. REFERENCES: Nypa fruticans Wurmb, Verh. Batav. Gen. 1: 350. 1779. Ochra. See Abelmoschus esculentus. Ochrocarpos obovalis. CHoPpaG. PLATE LIX. Family Clusiaceae. Loca NamMEs.—Chopag (Guam). A medium-sized tree with leaves resembling those of Calophyllum and Clusia. Branches rigid, warty, with light-colored bark; leaves opposite, short-petioled, nar- rowed to the base, obovate or oblong-obovate, broadly rounded at apex, entire, smooth, coriaceous, 10 to 18 cm. long by 6 to 8 em. wide, finely pinnate-veined and delicately reticulate, with broad, prominent midrib; petioles stout, grooved, scarcely 13 mm. long; flowers fragrant, polygamous, lateral, single or clustered; peduncles single-flowered with a few short bracts at the base; calyx closed in the bud, splitting into two persistent sepals, which are 12 mm. long, broadly ovate and pointed; petals 6, white, oblong, about 13 mm. long; stamens numerous, filaments slender, united at base; anthers elongated, fertile only in male flowers; female flowers with sterile stamens, a single pistil, and peltate, subsessile stigma; fruit large, hard, and of an oblong shape. The wood is hard, heavy, fine-grained, and durable. It is very highly prized by the natives of Guam, who use it for posts and beams in the construction of their houses. Sometimes the trunks yield logs 5 meters long and 30 cm. in diameter. As the tree grows old red heart-wood is developed which at length takes up a great part of the trunk. From this a dye somewhat like that obtained from sappan-wood is obtained, but at the present time, when imported dyes are easily obtainable, the natives do not go to the trouble to prepare it for use. The tree usually grows in rocky places near the shore. It is especially abundant on the Peninsula of Orote and also on Apapa Island. Vast quantities have been cut down. for the use of vessels touching at the island, but as it multiplies rapidly from the seed it has not become rare. In the Index Kewensis Calysaccion obovale of Miquel is given as a synonym for Ochrocarpos ovalifolius (Chois. ) T. Anders. The Guam species corresponds accurately with Miquel’s description, but not with that of O. ovalifolius, the leaves of which are “oval, obtuse at each end, or subcordate at the base,’’ while those of our species narrow gradually to the base. This tree was mentioned under its vernacular name by Gaudichaud in the botany of the Freycinet expedition, but he did not know to what genus to refer it, calling it in one place a species of Rauwolfia andin another Plumiera. He described the wood correctly, but evidently did not see the flowers nor leaves. He probably confused it with Ochrosia mariannensis, a tree with glossy coriaceous leaves belonging to the Apocynaceae. REFERENCES: Ochrocarpos obovalis (Miq.) Safford. Calysaccion obovale Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 1: 500. 1860. 336 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Ochrosia mariannensis. MARIANNE YELLOW-WO9D. Family Apocynaceae. Loca NAMES.—Fago?, Largiti? (Guam). A forest tree of medium size, with glossy coriaceous leaves and milky sap, resem- bling Cerbera. Leaves in whorls of three, oblong, narrowing to the base, obtuse at the apex, very smooth, venose beneath; calyx 5-parted, lobes elliptical, very obtuse, smooth; corolla salver-shaped, 4 lines long, smooth without, pubescent within, 5- lobed, the tube without scales at the constricted throat, the lobes turning toward the right; stamens 5, inserted at the middle of the tube, included, the lanceolate anthers longer than the filaments; disk wanting; ovaries 2, appressed; ovules small, 2 to 6 in each carpel; drupes 2 (or 1 by abortion), with woody endocarp; seeds 2, large and compressed, with thin testa, separated by the thin placenta; embryo straight, with plane cotyledons and a superior radicle. This species was referred by Gaudichaud, who first collected it in Guam, to the genus Rauwolfia. The branches are cylindrical and smooth; leaves 7 to 10 cm. long, 16 to 20 mm. wide, approximate to the apex of the branches, gradually narrowing to the petiole, the lateral veins almost at right angles to the midrib. (De Candolle Prod. 8: 357). Ochrosia commutata described by K. Schumann from New Guinea is possibly identical with this species. The wood is fine-grained and of a yellow color. It is sometimes used in Guam for making furniture. It does not soon decay and it resists the attacks of insects, but it isnot strong. It takesa fine polish and has the advantage of lightness, but the natives seem to prefer the ‘‘ifil’’ to it. On being wounded a thick milky juice exudes from the branches and green fruits, which coagulates and resembles rubber. REFERENCES: i Ochrosia mariannensis A. DC. in DC. Prod. 8: 357. 1844. Ocimum basilicum. SWEET BASIL. Family Menthaceae. Loca NAMEs.—Albahaca (Spanish); Atbahakat (Guam). A cultivated aromatic plant, herbaceous, erect, glabrous or pubescent; leaves petiolate, ovate or oblong, narrowed at the base, toothed or entire; petioles ciliate; bracts petiolate; flowers in simple raceme; calyces longer than pedicels, ovoid or campanulate, deflexed in fruit, upper tooth broadest, decurrent, 2 lower ovate- lanceolate, awned, longer than the rounded upper; corolla white, pink, or purplish, 8 to 12 mm. long; tube short, upper lip subequally 4-fid, lower entire; stamens 4, exserted, declinate. This plant is found growing in many of the native gardens. It has a pleasant odor and is used medicinally and for culinary purposes as a seasoning. In India it is used in perfumery and the small black seeds, which become mucilaginous when steeped in water, are used by native doctors in the treatment of gonorrhea. REFERENCES: Ocimum basilicum L. Sp. Pl. 2: 597. 173. Ocimum canum. Harry BASIL. Loca, NAMES.—Albahaca (Spanish); Atbahakat (Guam). This plant closely resembles the preceding, but is smaller in all its parts; corolla white, smaller than that of preceding, half as long as filaments, which are hairy at the knee; nutlets jet black; flowers nearly sessile; bracts ovate, awned, not so large as the nearly smooth calyx, ciliate; leaves pubescent, narrowly ovate. This plant is used by the natives like the preceding. It was first collected in Guam by Gaudichaud. REFERENCES: Ocimum canum Sims, Bot. Mag. 51: t. 2452. 1824. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 337 Ocimum sanctum. SACRED BASIL. LocaL NAMEs.—Albahaca morada (Spanish); Tulsf (India). Somewhat similar to the preceding, but with very small corolla, which scarcely exceeds the calyx in length. Plant hairy, often purplish; leaves oblong, obtuse or acute, entire or slightly serrate, floral ovate-lanceolate or cordate; racemes very slender; calyx short, 2 lower teeth very long-awned, longer than the broadly oblong upper, lateral broadly ovate, shorter than the lower; flowers pale purple, fruiting calyx 4 mm. long, on a slender pedicel, broadly campanulate, membranous; nutlets nearly globose, slightly compressed, nearly smooth, pale red-brown. Sometimes found in waste places in Guam, where it was first collected by Gaudi- chaud. In India it is grown in gardens and near pagodas. The juice of the leaves is there used by the native doctors in catarrh and bronchial affections. The seeds are mucilaginous when steeped in water, and are used as a remedy for disorders of the genito-urinary system. This plant is held sacred by the Hindus. REFERENCES: Ocimum sanctum L. Mant. 1: 85. 1767. ‘ Octoblepharum. See Mosses. Odontosoria. See under ferns. Oil-yielding plants. ‘ Aleurites moluccana.—Recently introduced and not yet well established. Anacardium occidentale.—The seeds vield the light-colored acajou oil, which has a pleasant flavor and is used for food. Arachis hypogaea.—Introduced from Mexico; cultivated. Barringtonia speciosa.—On expression the seeds yield a lamp oil. Calophyllum inophyllum.—The source of the dark-green fragrant dilo or domba oil of commerce. Ceiba pentandra.—An introduced tree of American origin. The seeds yield oil somewhat like that of cotton seed. Cocos nucifera.—Oil used in the island for illuminating and cooking, and for anointing the hair and body. Guilandina crista.—The seeds yield bonduc-nut oil, used medicinally and for burning. Jatropha curcas.—Seeds yield curcas oil or tive. Moringa moringa.—The source of ben-oil. Ricinus communis.—The source of castor oil, common in waste places. Sesamum indicum.—Seeds yield sesame oil. Terminalia catappa.—Seeds yield myrobalan oil, or catappa oil, an excellent food oil, which does not easily turn rancid. Xylocarpus granatum.—Seeds yield on expression a semisolid fat called carapa oil, used for burning and as a hair oil. ‘ ) ‘oleum infernale,”’ used as a purga- Ojo de venado (Spanish). See Stizolobiwm giganteum. Okra. See Abelmoschus esculentus. Olacaceae. XIMENIA FAMILY. The only representative of this family in Guam is Ximenia americana. Old Maid. See Lochnera rosea. Oldenlandia paniculata. Family Rubiaceae. ; An annual glabrous plant of the madder family allied to Houstonia, with panicled cymes of minute white salver-shaped 4-parted flowers, followed by capsules borne on slender pedicels. Branches erect or ascending, succulent; leaves bright green, soft, elliptic-ovate or oblong, acute, narrowed into the short or long petiole; stipules truncate, with median points or bristles; cymes in the upper axils, short, 3 to 8-flow- ered; calyx teeth short, broadly triangular, very small in fruit; corolla tube short, lobes 4, valvate; ovary 2-celled; style filiform; stigmas 2, linear; ovules numerous; 9773—05——22 338 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. capsules variable, turbinate-didymous or hemispheric, terete or 4-ribbed, membra- nous; crown usually exceeding the calyx teeth, loculicidal at the top, many-seeded; seeds subglobose, testa deeply coarsely pitted. A yariable plant often having the habit of chickweed. Growing in waste places on the island of Guam. Widely spread throughout the Pacific islands, the Philip- pines, China, and the East Indies. The allied Oldenlandia umbellata L., which grows in India, both wild and cultivated, is the source of the chaya root, which with alum yields a beautiful red dye. REFERENCES: Oldenlandia paniculata L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 2: 1667. 1763. Oleaceae. The OLIVE FAMILY. This family is represented in Guam by Jasminum marianum and the cultivated Jasminum officinale and J. sambac. Oleander. See Neriwm oleander. Olena (Hawaii). See Curcuma longa. Onion. See Alliwm cepa and Gardens. Operculina peltata. SHIELD-LEAVED MORNING-GLORY. Family Convolvulaceae. LocaLt NAMES.—Lagun (Guam); Wa bula (Fiji). A climbing plant with long, tough, woody stem, large dark-green leaves, and milky juice. Glabrous or the veins of the leaves hairy beneath; leaves broadly ovate, shortly acuminate, more or less peltate, or the upper ones cordate with a nar- row sinus, 15 to 25 cm. long; flowers large, usually white (they have also been described as purplish and sulphur-colored), in loose cymes on a common peduncle usually shorter than the petiole; sepals broad, obtuse, coriaceous, nearly equal, about 18 mm. long when in flower, larger when in fruit; corolla broadly campanu- late, at least 5 cm. long; anthers large. Common in Guam in rocky places along the coast, especially on Orote peninsula, and Apapa Island in the harbor of San Luis de Apla, spreading over bushes and covering the rocks with its dark-green foliage. The species is found in Tahiti, Fiji, Java, Amboina, and the islands on the east coast of tropical Africa. REFERENCES: Operculina peltata (L.) Hallier f. Engler’s Bot. Jahrb. 16: 549. 1892. Convolvulus peltatus L. Sp. Pl. 2:1194. 1753. Ipomoea peltata Choisy, Mem. Soc. Phys. Geney. 6: 452. 1833. Ophioglossales. See Fern-allies. Ophioglossum pendulum. Same as Ophioderma pendula. See Fern-allies. Opo, opu (Philippines). See Lagenaria lagenaria. Opoponax (Southern United States). See Acacia farnesiana. Opuntia sp. PRICKLY PEAR. Family Cactaceae. Loca NAMEs.—Lengua de vaca (Spanish, meaning ‘‘cow’s tongue”’ ). A plant probably introduced from Mexico. Flowers yellow; fruit sweetish; not common on the island. The natives do not care for the fruit. ‘ Oramai (Ponape). See Boehmeria tenacissima. Orange. See Citrus aurantium. Orange-berry. See Triphasia trifoliata. Orchidaceae. ORCHID FAMILy. The following species of orchids have thus far been collected in Guam: Nervilia aragoana Gaudich. ( Pogonia flabelliformis Lindl.) ; Luisia teretifolia Gaudich. (Epiden- drum triste Forst.); Taeniophyllum fasciolu (Forst.) Reichenb. (Vanilla fasciola RICE. 339 Spreng., Limodorum fasciola Sw.). On the neighboring island of Rota, Gaudichaud collected Nervilia ovata Gaudich. (Pogonia ovata Lind1.). Oryza sativa. Rice. Family Poaceae. Loca NAMEs.—Fai, Fae, Farai (Guam); Bai (Java); Paré, Pari (Sunda); Padi (Malay) ; Halai, Hala, Pala (Bouru); Fala (Ceram, Amblaw); Faha (Matabello) ; Fas (Mysol); Palai (Philippines); Paddy (British East Indies).¢ Rice was a food-staple of the natives before the discovery of Guam. It is among the products of the island mentioned by Magellan (1521), Legazpi (1565), Oliver van Noort (1600), and others. According to the accounts of the early navigators it was cultivated in many places on the island by the natives, who sold it to visiting ships in parcels weighing 70 to 80 pounds each. The Dutch complained that the natives were dishonest in their dealings, for not one parcel of rice bought from them was found which had not been increased in weight by the addition of stones and sand. The aborigines had three kinds of rice, red (agaga), coarse-grained (basto), and a fine fragrant variety, brought from the island of Rota, called by the Spanish settlers ““nalay aromitico.’’ According to Don Antonio Martinez, one of the principal rice- growers on the island, rice was formerly cultivated both in the flooded marshes and on dry land. Now it is cultivated only in the marshes. In addition to the three kinds already mentioned two Philippine varieties are now planted, called ‘‘palay blanco”’ (white paddy) and ‘‘malaquid.”’ It is interesting to note the identity of the Guam name for rice with names used throughout the Malay Archipelago, which is shared by the East Indian word ‘““naddy.’’ .Cooked rice is called ‘‘ puga,’’ or when preceded by the definite article, ““piga.’? This word is probably allied to ‘‘buas’’ of the sea-gypsies called Bajau,? a roaming tribe of fishermen met with in all parts of the Malay Archipelago. At present rice is cultivated in Guam very much as in the Philippines. The land is generally prepared during the month of August or September or in the early part of October, and at the same time the seedlings are grown and gotten ready for trans- planting. Transplanting takes place in October, November, or December and the grain matures about five months later. As the water supply comes from rain-fed streams the cultivation of rice is attended with considerable uncertainty. It is not unusual for droughts or blasting winds to cause the loss of the entire crop. As the time of the harvest approaches the prevailing winds are from the north, and they sometimes cause great damage to the rice fields which are exposed to them. Near Inalahan they are protected by the mountains to the northward. On the Inalahan vega the planting may be postponed even until January, so that the grain may form at the end of March, when the northerly winds have somewnat subsided. The fields are leveled by means of a scraper (rastra). It is unnecessary to puddle the soil, as it will retain the water without difficulty. The area to be cultivated is divided into small fields separated by banks about a half meter high, to confine the water. Where thé land slopes it is formed into terraces, arranged in such a manner as to govern the flow of water. The seed is soaked in water for twelve hours, after which it is taken out and left three or four days, when it begins to sprout. It is then planted in a semillero, or nursery, which is surrounded by a ditch of water to protect it from ants and other crawling insects. When the seedlings are about 6 or 8 inches high they are transplanted into the fields, or squares, prepared for them. The plants are set out «The vernacular names here given are applied to the unhusked rice. Throughout the Malay Archipelago and in India distinct names are applied to rice after it is husked and to cooked rice, just as in English we distinguish between maize, hominy, and pone. : 5See Wallace, Malay Archipelago, pp. 621 and 607, 1869. 340 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. ~ in groups of 3 or 5 in straight rows about a foot apart. Rice is never sown broadcast inGuam. About two kabanes of seed are required for each hectare of land. The weeding is done by hand. The weeds are buried in the mud. They soon decay and serve to enrich the soil. In Guam the fields are kept flooded until the grain is completely developed and well filled out. The water is then drawn off the fields. As there is no provision in Guam for storing water in reservoirs for irrigation or pumping it from wells, the season for rice growing depends upon the water supply from the streams. Asa rule there is but one rice harvest per year. The plants are not pulled up, but are cut with a sickle at a convenient height, leaving the stalks, which sometimes produce a second crop. The gathered crop is exposed to the sun only while the reaping is going on. It is carried to sheds the evening of the same day and placed under cover. Rice is thrashed either by treading it under foot or by beating the stalks over a pole or bamboo grating. The grain is separated from the straw very easily by the latter process, which, in Guam, is preferred to the former. It is then winnowed. It is kept in store in its unhuiled condition, small quantities being hulled as required in a large wooden mortar (pilon) made of a log with a cavity at the upper end holding from a half ganta to a ganta of grain. The pestle is also of wood, having an oblong thickening at each end and slender in the middle, so as to be easily grasped by the hand. Asa rule rice grown in Guam is inferior to that imported from other coun- tries. The best rice brought to the island comes from Japan, selling at 10 pesos ($5) a picul. American rice sells for 10 cents a pound. Rice was formerly brought to Guam from the Philippines and from Saigon, Cochin China, but importation from these sources has stopped. When the rice harvest of the island has been fairly good the unhulled paddy is sold at 6 pesos a kaban. In the time of Don Felipe de la Corte its usual price was 3 pesosa kaban. (See value of picul and kaban under ‘‘ Meas- ures,’”’ p. 139.) In time of scarcity Japanese and American rice is sold as high as 20 pesos a sack ($10) containing 1 picul. Unsuccessful attempts have been made to cultivate rice in the large marsh near Agafia, called ‘‘la Ciénaga,’’ and Don Felipe de la Corte tried to cultivate upland rice on the island, but failed.¢ The labor required to keep the rice fields free from weeds is so great and so exacting, and failures of the crop are so frequent, that rice culture is gradually being abandoned in Guam, except in sites especially favored. The natives are directing their attention more and more to maize, their principal food staple, and to cocoanut planting, the only commercial industry of the island. According to Don Antonio Martinez, the yield of rice per hectare of land is, in good years, as much as 100 kabanes. Laborers in rice fields are subject to sick- ness which they call ‘‘pasmon manergherg,”’ especially those working in drained fields. This is probably of a malarial nature (‘‘manengherig’”’ signifies cold). Land varies greatly in fertility. In some places the same field is cultivated for a number of years in succession; in others the soil soon becomes exhausted. In the latter case it is allowed to lie fallow for one or two years. Weeds grow up, and their leaves falling and decaying serve to enrich the fields anew. When the rice is ripe the fields are visited by doves and wild ducks, which cause considerable loss to the farmer. REFERENCES: Oryza sativa L. Sp. Pl. 1: 333. 1753. Otaheite apple. See Caryophyllus malaccensis. Oto (Panama). See Caladium colocasia. Otud or Otot (Guam). See Jcacorea sp. Oxalidaceae. OXALIS FAMILY. This family is represented in Guam by the common Oralis corniculata and Averrhoa carambola, a small tree with sensitive foliage, planted for the sake of its fruit. @See De la Corte, Memoria descr. é hist. de las islas Marianas, p. 60, 1875. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 341 Oxalis corniculata. W oopsoRREL. Family Oxalidaceae. LocaL NAMES.—Agsom, Apson (Guam); T’i (Samoa); Koki (Rarotonga); Vina- gera (Cuba); Vinagrillo (Porto Rico). A procumbent, herbaceous plant, usually pubescent with appressed hairs, freely branching from the base, often creeping. Leaves trifoliolate, leaflets obcordate, minutely reticulated; stipules united to base of petals; flowers yellow, growing in umbel-like cymes; peduncles 1 to 5-flowered but mcstly 2-flowered, pedicels pubes- cent, reflexed; sepals 5, pubescent; petals 5, emarginate; stamens 10, monadelphous at base, 5 longer and 5 shorter; ovary 5-celled; ovules several in each cavity; styles 5, separate, persistent, stigmas terminal; capsule oblong, appressed-pubescent; seeds compressed, transversely ridged. Common in waste places and fields on the island. The plant is antiscorbutic and is used in India as a remedy in dysentery. The Chamorro name signifies ‘‘sour’’ and is also applied to Meibomia triflora (see agsom). It was first collected in Guam by Freycinet, who recorded it as Ovalis repens. Widely distributed in the warmer regions of the earth. REFERENCES: Oxalis corniculata L. Sp. Pl. 1: 485. 1753. Ox-eye bean. See Stizolobiuim giganteum. Pacao or Pakao (Guam). See Guilandina crista. Pachyrhizus bulbosus. Same as Cacara erosa. Pachyrhizus jicamas. Same as Cacara erosa. Pacpac or Pakpak (Guam). A small tree mentioned by Governor Olive in his list, from which pikes and handles of garden implements are made; not identified. Paddy (British East Indies). See Oryza sativa. Padi (Malayan). See Oryza sativa. Pago (Guam). See Pariti tiliaceum. Pahong or Pahon (Guam). See Pandanus and P. dubius. Paingot (Guam). See Pandanus sp. Paipay (Guam). A tree included in the list of Don Felipe de la Corte, yielding timbers 4 meters long and 15 cm. in diameter, used for the framework of roofs of houses and handles for fusifos or thrust hoes. It is subject to the attacks of termites, and therefore not so extensively used in Guam as other woods which are immune; not identified. Pajon (Spanish). See Pandanus dubius. Pajuil (Porto Rico). See Anacardium occidentale. Pakpak langao (Philippines). See Meibomia triflora. Palaga-hilitai or Quelitai (Guam). See Meibomia wmbellata. Palai or Palay. The Philippine name for uncooked rice. See Oryza sativa. Palang-palang (Philippines). See Canavali ensiforme and C. obtusifoliun. Palilalia (Guam). See Schychowskya interrupta. Pal-lam or Pallang (Philippines). See Botor tetragonoloba. Palm, betel-nut. See Areca cathecu. Palm, black-fiber. See Saguerus pinnatus. Palm, coconut. See Cocus mucifera. Palm, date. See Phoenix dactylifera. Palm, gomutu. See Saguerus pinnatus. 342 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Palm, Ivory-nut. See Coelococcus amicarum. Palm-lily. See Tuetsia terminalis. Palm, Nipa. See Nypa fruticans. Palm, Rattan. A species of climbing Calamus, not identified, called ‘“‘behuko halom-tano’’ by the natives. 5 Palm, sago. See Coelococcus amicarum. Palm, screw. General name for the species of Pandanus. (More commonly known as screw- pines, but allied to the palms. ) Palm, sugar. See Saguerus pinnatus. Palma. This name is applied generically by many Spanish writers to the various species of Pandanus growing on the island. Palma brava (Guam). A small, graceful, pinnate-leaved palm with a strong, slender, elastic trunk, of which carrying sticks and shafts of carts are made. Introduced, but now widely spread on the island; not identified. Palma de Marfil (Spanish). See Coelococcus amicarum. Palmeae. See Arecaceae. Palo de jagueca (Porto Rico). See Thespesia populnea. Palo del Brazil. See Biancaea sappan. Palo Maria (Spanish). See Calophyllum inophyllum. Panabdolong (Philippines). See Lobelia koenigii. Panago or Banago (Guam). See Jasminum marianum. Panao (Guam). A tree mentioned by Governor Olive which furnishes boards for construction. Unidentified; referred by Gaudichaud to the genus Claoxylon. In the Philippines this name is applied to Dipterocarpus hispidus. Panax cochleatum. Same as Nothopanax cochleatum. Panax conchifolium Roxb. Same as Nothopanax cochleatum. Panax, cut-leaved. See Nothopanax fruticosum. Panax fruticosum. Same as Nothopanax fruticosum. Pancratium littorale. SPIDER LILY. Family Amaryllidaceae. Loca NAMEs.—Lirio (Guam); Ahos-ahos nga mapoti (Philippines); Seaside daffodil (English). A bulbous plant growing along the seashore and in moist sandy places, with umbels of fragrant white flowers. Perianth with a cylindrical tube and 6 linear segments; stamens 6, the filaments free above, but webbed and united into a funnel- shaped cup below; anthers narrow, versatile; ovary 3-celled with 2 ovules in each cell, bearing a long slender style and capitate stigma; leaves star-shaped. This plant is of comparatively recent introduction into Guam. It has spread rapidly and covers acres of coast near Agafia. The flowers burst into bloom at about half past 4 o’clock in the afternoon. REFERENCES: Pancratium littorale Jacq. Select. Stirp. Amer. 99. 1763. Hymenocallis littoralis Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. 1: 338. 1812. The genus Pancratium as established by Linnzeus in Species Plantarum 1: 290. 1753, and Genera Plantarum ed. 5. 141. 1754, was adopted from the Paneratium of DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 343 Dillenius, whose only species is included in the Linngean genus under the binomial name P. mexicanum. This species, although since referred to Hymenocallis, should be considered as the type of Pancratium and the latter name retained for the group to which its type species belongs. Pandan (Philippines). See Pandanus tectorius. Pandanaceae. . SCREWPINE FAMILY. LocaL NAMES (generic).—Palma (Spanish); Fala (Samoa); Hala, Lauhala (Hawaii); Ara, Rau-ara (Rarotonga); Pandan (Java); Vakoana, Hofa (Mada- gascar); PAéhong, Kafé Aggak (Guam); Pangdang (Philippines). Much confusion exists in the nomenclature of the Pandanaceae, owing to insuffi- cient material in herbaria. In this genus the male and the female flowers are borne on separate plants. The leaves are long and narrow, tough and leathery, and are armed along the keel of the midrib and on the edges with sharp recurved ~ prickles. They are arranged in triple spirai series toward the ends of the branches, forming dense tufts or crowns; it is from their resemblance to the leaves of the pine- apple that the name of the screw pine is derived. The trees are remarkable for their prop-like aerial roots, with large, cup-like spongioles on their tips. The male inflor- escence consists of a compound spadix, made up of a number of short catkin-like spikes, each of which bears an immense number of little naked flowers with indefi- nite stamens. The female inflorescence is .a globular or oblong head consisting of very numerous, closely packed ovaries, each containing a single ovule. The fruit consists of a number of wedge-shaped clusters of drupes, congregated into oval or cone-like heads. Y At least three species of Pandanus occur in Guam, the most important of which, the ‘‘aggak,’’ is represented by only one sex, and must be propagated by cuttings. It is probably Pandanus tectorius Parkinson (P. littoralis Jungh.); but it can not be identified with certainty, as there are many closely allied species. Pandanus dubius. KC NOB-FRUITED SCREWPINE. Locat NAMES.—Pahong, Pahon (Guam); Pajon (Spanish); Bangeédang bond6k (Philippines); Uom (New Lauenburg group). A tree growing to the height of 3 to 7 meters, with very broad, stiff, long, coarse leaves, which are crowded at the ends of the branches. The drupes composing the large head each terminate in a point at the apex, giving to the fruit’ the appearance of the head of an enormous Fijian war club, studded with many blunt projections. The leaves are not strong. They are normally stiff, but may be made more flexible by heat, and may be woven into coarse mats, but they are inferior in every way to those of the aggak. The kernels of the seeds are sometimes eaten by the natives as a relish, but they are not a food staple. Collected in Guam by Chamisso and by Gaudichaud, by the latter of whom it was named Hombronia edulis. This species occurs only east of the Moluccas. It has been collected on Mioko and Kerawara, of the New Lauenburg group, Bismarck Archipelago. ? REFERENCES: Pandanus dubius Spreng. Syst. 3: 897. 1826. Pandanus fragrans. FRAGRANT-FRUITED SCREWPINE. PLATE LX. LocaL NAMEs.—Kaf6, Kaftt, Kafok, Café, Cafti (Guam). A small tree, 3 to 7 meters high, with glossy, green leaves having no textile value. \ In open places the trunk is short and soon begins to branch dichotomously; in the forest it sometimes grows vertically 4 meters before branching. (Pl. VIII.) Numer- ous straight aerial roots grow from the trunk up to a distance of 90 to 120 em. from the base, extending obliquely downward to the ground, serving as sustaining props. (Pl. XXIII.) These roots as well as the trunk and limbs are whitish or ash-colored, “Lindley & Moore, Treasury of Botany, vol. 2, p. 840, 1899. ’Warburg, Beitriige, Engler’s Bot. Jahrb., vol. 18, p. 257, 1890. 344 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. and when old are covered with short, sharp protuberances, like stout spines; leaves crowded at the ends of the branches, green, not glaucous, 90 to 150 cm. long, about 7.5 em. broad at the base, prickly on the margins and along the keeled midrib, coriaceous, coarse, not very pliable nor strong; drupes arranged in a solid round or oval head, somewhat resembling a pineapple about the size of a man’s head, numer- ous, top-shaped, blunt at the apex, angular, 3.5 to 7.5 cm. long and 2.5 to 3 em. broad at the end, each composed of seyeral carpels, of which one is central and the others grouped around it; the top divided by shallow grooves into as many parts as there are carpels; fruit fragrant when ripe, often bursting open when falling to the ground; sides of drupes yellow or orange. The ripe fruit is much eaten by flying foxes (Pteropus keraudreni) and rats (Mus decumanus), which abound on the island, but it is not a food staple of the natives. The kernel of the seed is almond-like in shape, of the consistency of beechnuts, and the flavor of otto of roses. It is occasionally eaten by the natives as a relish, but is too small to repay one for the trouble of picking it out. The trunks are often used for building temporary ranches or farm dwellings; they are not very durable. Advantage is taken of the dichotomous branching of the limbs to make supports for platforms. Water troughs are made of straight trunks of specimens from the forest, but they soon decay. Along the roadsides and near dwellings trees of kaf6 are seen with their trunks notched in such a manner as to make a reservoir for the rain water which is caught by the leaves and drains down the trunk. . Often the presence of a good tree of this kind determines the place where a ranch shall be built. The limbs are also fine chicken roosts, not an unimportant matter in the domestic economy of the natives. In the forests the trunk sometimes rises to a height of 7 meters, straight and smooth, before branching. The heartwood of the old trees is hard and palm-like. It is made into walking sticks. REFERENCES: Pandanus fragrans Brongn. Ann. Sci. Nat. VI. 1: 274. t. 15. f. 10. 1875. Pandanus tectorius. TEXTILE SCREWPINE. PLATE VII. LocaL NamEes.—Aggag, Aggak, Akgak (Guam); Pandan, Sabotan (Philippines) ; Fala, Lau-fala (Samoa); Hala, Lau-hala (Hawaii). A small tree with a trunk, which usually begins to branch very low, the branches often bending -downward nearly to the ground; leayes long, sword-shaped, armed with spines on the margin and keel, differing in color and texture from those of the other species on the island, being glaucous and of great textile strength. Only one sex occurs on the island, so that it must be propagated by cuttings. These take root readily; indeed, a branch lying on the surface will often send out roots which pene- trate the ground. The natives frequently plant this species in hedges, which serve the double purpose of defining their boundaries and of furnishing material for cord-) age and for mats, hats, and bags. Dried leaves stripped of the rigid, spiny keel, are used either in their simple form or twisted together as lashings for the framework of buildings and for securing thatch to the roof. For making mats, hats, and bags the leaves are steeped in hot water, scraped and split into strips of various widths according to the fineness of the fabric desired, dried in the sun, and thoroughly cleaned. Mats are braided with the strips crossing diagonally, as in the mats of the eastern Polynesians, not woven with warp and woof as are the mats of many of the Micronesians. Some of the hats and small bags are very fine. In the early days the natives of Guam made their sails of aggak leaves. The plant was undoubtedly introduced into the island in pre- historic times. In India, where Pandanus tectorius is cultivated, male trees are very common, but female trees are of very rare occurrence.4@ aie “Solms-Laubach, Monographia Pandanacearum, Linnvea, vol. 42, p. 38, 1878. PLATE LX. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PANDANUS FRAGRANS, A SCREW PINE, GROWING IN THE JUNGLE, ISLAND OF GUAM. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 345 I am not sure of the identity of the Guam plant. Its glaucous leaves exceed in strength the Samoan and Hawaiian screwpines referred to this species. There is also considerable difference between the Samoan ‘‘fala’’? and the Hawaiian ‘‘hala,’’ both in the texture of the leaves and the color of the drupes. REFERENCES: Pandanus tectorius Parkinson, Journ. Voy. to the South .Sea in H. M. §. Endeavor, 46. 1773. Keura odorifera Forsk. Fl]. Agypt. Arab. 172. 1775. Pandanus odoratissimus L. f. Suppl. 424. 1781. Pandanus fascicularis Lam. Encye. 1: 372. 1783. ‘\ Pandanus sp. LocaL NAMES.—Paitigot (Guam). A species of Pandanus grows in Guam in cuitivation, the tender young leaves of which are used by the natives asa pot herb, and as a flavoring for various dishes. They taste very much like artichokes. Pangas (Philippines). See Zinziber zingiber. Pangdang (Philippines). See Pandanus. Pangi (Philippines). See Pangium edule. Pangium edule. : Family Flacourtiaceae. Locat NAmMEs.—Raudl, Rauwél (Guam, Yap); Pangi (Malayan, Philippines); Boenger (Sumatra); Ani (Amboina). A large tree, introduced into Guam from the island of Yap, bearing large, round, pulpy, edible fruit with numerous large seeds. Leaves large, alternate, entire or inclining to be 3-lobed, long-petioled, cordate or round-ovate, acuminate, smooth above, hairy below along the veins; flowers of different sexes; calyx roundish, dividing into 2 or 3 unequal segments; petals 5 or 6, each bearing a scale on the inner surface at the base; male flowers with an indefinite number of stamens, having leaf- like filaments and oval anthers; female fiowers with 5 or 6 staminodes alternating with the petals; ovary elongate-ovoid, 1-celled, with 2 to 4 placentas, each bearing an indefinite number of seeds; stigma sessile; fruit a large, rounded or oval capsule, which does not split open, with a moderately hard, brown rind; seeds numerous, large, embedded in a mass of pulp, transverse, egg-shaped or 3-cornered, with a hard shell, covered with conspicuous branching veins, and a long and large hilum. They grow readily when planted fresh; cotyledons very large, leaf-like. The sweetish yellow pulp has an onion-like flavor. The seeds contain prussic acid and are poisonous if eaten fresh. They are edible after the poisonous principle has been removed by continued steeping in water. In the Malay Archipelago they form an important food staple of the natives. The crushed seeds are antiseptic and are used to preserve fish; the bark is used for stupefying fish. The wood is hard.¢ REFERENCES: Pangium edule Reinw. Syll. Ratisb. 2: 12. 1828 (ex Ind. Kew.). Panicum colonum. Saine as Mchinochloa colona. Panicum distachyum. Family Poaceae. A grass with branched straggling stems, creeping below, slender, quite glabrous or panicle sparsely hairy. Leaves linearor lanceolate, with rounded base, flat; margins of sheath sometimes ciliate, mouth hairy; spikes rarely more than 4, erect, at length spreading; rachis slender, smooth; spikelets solitary, subsessile in 1 or 2 rows, ellip- soid, glabrous, variable in size, pale green. “Warburg, Flacourtiaceze, in Engler und Prantl Nat. Pflanzen familien, Teil 3, Abt. 6a, p. 23, 1895. 346 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. This grass is eaten by cattle. It was first collected in Guam by Chamisso. REFERENCES: Panicum distachyum L. Mant. 1: 185. 1767. Panicum gaudichaudii. Family Poaceae. LocaLt NamMrEs.—Umog, Uuma (Guam). A grass with digitate spikes. Smooth; culms growing in tufts, upright, undivided; leaves flat; spikes 12 to 16, fasciculate, crowded, ascending; spikelets solitary, biseri- ate, hispidulo-scabrous. This species was described from a plant collected on the island of Guam by Gaudichaud. REFERENCES: Panicum gaudichaudii Kunth, Rey. Gram. 2: 385. t. 106. 1830. Digitaria stricta Gaudich. Bot. Freye. Voy. 409. 1826, not Roth, 1821. Panoche (Guam). See under Saccharum officinarum. Papau or Papao (Guam). . Caulescent aroids (Alocasia spp.) with cordate leaves growing along the borders of streams on the island of Guam. The natives distinguish two varieties, papau dpaka or ‘‘ white papau,’’ and papau pinto. Their stems, which are very acrid, grow to a height of 1 to 2 meters. In early times they were eaten by the natives during the periods of famine which followed hurricanes. Papaw. See Carica papaya. Papaya (Spanish, Philippines). See Carica papaya. Paptia (Guam, Philippines). See Nothopanax fruticosum. Paraiso (Spanish, Guam). See Melia azedarach. Parasites. Among the parasitic plants are Cassytha filiformis, a leafless, wiry plant growing in thickets, and adhering to the branches by root-like tubercles by which they derive their nourishment; and a species of Balanophora, a low, fleshy, leafless, red plant growing on the roots of other plants, common in thickets, especially on the hill above San Ramon. Pariti tiliaceum. CorkWwoop. PLATE LXI. Loca NAaMEs.—Pago (Guam); Balibago (Philippines); Baro, Varo (Madagascar) ; Fau (Samoa, Tahiti, Fiji); Au (Rarotonga); Hau (Hawaii); Mahagua, Mahoe (W. Indies); Emajagua (Porto Rico); Mahagua, Masagua, Masahua (Mexico); Majagua (Panama); Kalau, Kala-hau (Ponape); Gili-fau (Mortlocks); Kal (Yap). A common seacoast tree with spreading branches, yellow flowers with dark centers, and bark which yields a fiber valuable for cordage. Leaves on long petioles, orbic- ular-cordate, shortly acuminate,’entire or crenulate, white or hoary underneath with a close, short tomentum, nearly glabrous above, 7 to 13 cm. in diameter; midrib with an elongated vaginate nectar gland near its base on the lower surface; stipules large, broadly oblong, deciduous; flowers on short peduncles in the upper axils or at the ends of the branches; involuere campanulate, divided to about the middle into 10 to 12 lobes, about half the length of the calyx; calyx 5-lobed, nearly 2.5 em. long, with lanceolate 1-nerved lobes; staminal column bearing numerous filaments on the outside below the summit; ovary 5-celled, with 3 or more ovules in each cell; style branches 5, spreading, with terminal capitate stigmas; capsule membranous or - coriaceous; seeds nearly globular, with granular surface. In Guam this species is abundant. The natives make cordage of its inner bark, nearly every family being provided with rope-making appliances. The ropes are ‘used for halters and lines for tethering cattle and carabaos, for harness, and for cables for ferrying the bamboo balsas, or rafts, across the mouths of the rivers on the PLATE LXI. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. ae L THE ONLY SOURCE OF CORDAGE ON THE ISLAND. I PARITI TILIACEUM NATURAL SIZE. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 8347 east coast of the island. The strength and durability of the ropes are much increased by tarring. If they are not thus treated and are left uncared for they are soon ruined by attacks of insects. The Caroline Islanders split the inner bark into narrow strips, which they soak and scrape, and weave into breechcloths or aprons worn by the women. In Tahiti also mats are made of it. The wood is light, durable, and flexible, so that it can be readily bent into any required shape. This renders it suitable for frames of boats, and the lightness of the wood fits it for outriggers of / canoes. In Samoa most of the outriggers are of fau wood. REFERENCES: Pariti tiliaceum (L.) A. St. Hil. Fl. Bras. Mer. 1: 256. 1825. Hibiscus tiliaceus L. Sp. Pl. 2: 694. 1753. Paritium tiliaceum. Same as Pariti tiliacewm. Parmentiera alata Miers. Same as Crescentia alata. Parra (Spanish). See Vitis. Parsley. See Petroselinum petroselinum. Pasotes (Guam, Philippines). See Chenopodium ambrosioides. Paspalum cartilagineum. Same as Paspalum scrobiculatum. Paspalum scrobiculatum. Kopo MILLET. Family Poaceae. An erect annual grass, millet-like; leafy, gla \rous, rarely hairy; leaves acuminate; ligule short, membranous; peduncle rather ; -nder; spikes 2 to 8, 8 mm. long, alternate, erect or spreading, rachis 2 to 2.5 mm. broad, margins ciliate or serrulate; spikelets in 2, rarely in 3 or 4 rows, imbricate, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, sometimes geminate on a common pedicel. This grass was first collected in Guam by Haenke. It often grows on the savan- nas associated with Gileichenia dichotoma. It is widely distributed in the warmer regions of the world, and in India is cultivated for food. The grain, however, can not be considered wholesome. Unless special precautions are taken it is apt to act as a narcotic poison, producing delirium and vomiting. Although every part of the grain is poisonous, the husk and testa are especially so, the natives separating the light from the heavy grain by means of water. It is acommon article of food with all the poor people of India. They prepare it by macerating it for three or four hours in a watery solution of cow dung, throwing away the scum and chaff which rise to the surface, and spreading out the good grain in the sun to dry. Boiling does not entirely destroy the poison.@ Cattle and carabaos eat the grass when it is young, but they should not be allowed to feed on it when it is ripening. REFERENCES: Paspalum scrobiculatum L. Mant. 1: 29. 1767. . Pasotes (Guam, Philippines). Name of Mexican origin for Chenopodium ambro- sioides. Patani (Philippines). See Phaseolus lunatus. Pau-dedo (Guam). A shrub with opposite leaves and with flowers having a disgusting fetid odor, growing in terminal and axillary umbels. Not identified. Pea, pigeon. See Cajan cajan. Peacock-flower (India, Ceylon). See Poinciana pulcherrima and Delonix regia. Peanut. See Arachis hypogaea. Pega-pollo (Spanish). See Boerhaavia diffusa. «Watt, Economic Products of India, vol. 6, pt. 1, p. 113, 1892. j J em 348 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Pellionia divaricata. Family Urticaceae. A plant collected by Gaudichaud in the Marianne Islands but never described aaequately, possibly identical with Pellionia nigrescens Warburg.“ The plants of this genus are succulent herbs with leaves distichously subopposite, often in unequal pairs, one large, the other minute, unequal-sided, 3-veined; stipules persistent; flowers monoecious, in axillary, long-peduncled, contracted, dichotomously branched cymes; male flowers, sepals 4 or 5, obtuse, imbricate, dorsally spurred below the tip; stamens 5, filaments inflexed in bud; pistillode conic; female flowers sessile in axil- lary heads; sepals 4 or 5, subequal; staminodes inflexed; ovary oval, shorter than the sepals; stigma sessile, penicillate, ovule erect; achene embraced by the sepals, compressed, tubercled, endosperm very scanty, cotyledons rounded, radicle conic. REFERENCES: Pellionia divaricata Gaudich. Bot. Freye. Voy. 494. 1826. Polychroa Lour., 1790, is sometimes cited as a synonym of Pellionia, but there appears to be too much doubt of its identity to warrant its substitution for a well- established name. Pemphis acidula. Family Lythraceae. Local NAMEs.—Nigas (Guam), Bantigui (Philippines). A shrub or small tree growing or che strand, with numerous ascending branches densely clothed with gray pubescen«:, small, crowded, sessile leaves, and small pink or white flowers. Leaves opposite, oblong, entire, thick, fleshy; flowers axillary, solitary, peduncles with two bracts at their base; calyx tube campanulate, with 12 or more ribs; teeth 6, short, with 6 shorter accessory teeth; petals 6, inserted at the top of the calyx tube, nearly as long as it, wrinkled, white or rose; stamens 12, inserted in two series toward the middle of the calyx tube; ovary free, at the bottom of the calyx tube, 3-celled at the base; style long; stigma capitate; ovules many, ascending, placentas 5, subbasal; capsule coriaceous, obovoid or nearly globose, included in the calyx tube or exserted nearly half its length, circumscissile somewhat irregularly, ultimately 1-celled; seeds very many, long cuneate-obovoid, angular, smooth, stand- ing out in all directions from what appears to bea free central placenta. Branchlets, young leaves, and inflorescence with short gray hairs.?> In Guam the wood is used for fuel, for fence stakes, and sometimes for walking sticks. REFERENCES: j Pemphis acidula Forst. Char. Gen. 68. t. 34. 1776. Pengua (Guam). A tree with many branches, given in the list of Don Felipe de la Corte. The wood is durable in salt water and yields planks for building purposes. A resin-like reddish gum exudes from the tree, which may be used for gluing together parts of furniture. Not identified. Pennywort, Indian or Marsh. See Centella asiatica. Peperomia mariannensis. PEPEROMIA. Family Piperaceae. A smooth, erect, succulent, aromatic herb with minute flowers growing in slender, catkin-like spikes. Leaves petioled, elliptical-ovate, membranous, glabrous on both sides or ciliolate toward the apex, subpelucid, with pelucid dots, 5-nerved, the mid- dle nerve reaching to the apex, the lateral ones to the middle, the nervules con- verging toward the margin of the apex; petiole smooth; flowers hermaphrodite; spikes dense-flowered, slender, terminal, equaling the leaf, peduncle smooth, equal- « Beitrige, Engler’s Bot. Jahrb., vol. 13, p. 291, 1890-91. > Clarke, in Hooker’s Flora British India, vol. 2, p. 573, 1879. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 349 ing the petiole; bracts round, peltate, subsessile at the center, perianth lacking; stamens 2, short; ovary compressed-ovate, stigma obliquely inserted, brush-like; ovule 1, erect; fruit minute, indehiscent; seed with membranous testa. Type species in the Berlin herbarium, collected by Gaudichaud in Guam. Grows on the banks of streams. REFERENCES: Peperomia mariannensis C. DC. in DC. Prod. 16': 442. 1869. Pepitio (Tahiti). See Abrus abrus. Pepper. General name for the species of Piper. Pepper, beil. See Capsicum annwum grossum. Pepper, betel. Piper betle. Pepper, black. See Piper nigrum. Pepper, Cayenne. General name for the species of Capsicum. Pepper, cherry. See Capsicum annuum cerasiforme. Pepper, Guam. See Piper guahamense. Pepper, Indian wild. See Vitex trifolia. Pepper, red. See Capsicum annuum and other species. Pepper, spur. See Capsicwin frutescens. Peppermint, Chinese. See Mentha arvensis. Pergularia odoratissima. Same as Telosma odoratissima. Periwinkle, Madagascar. See Lochnera rosea. Peronia (Porto Rico). See Abrus abrus. Petroselinum petroselinum. PARSLEY. Family Apiaceae. Parsley is cultivated by the natives. It does not grow very well. The natives often have one or two plants growing in a pot, taking off a leaf or two when required for seasoning certain dishes. REFERENCES: Petroselinum petroselinum (L.) Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 831. 1880-83. Apium petroselinum L. Sp. Pl. 1: 264. 1753. Pharbitis congesta. Same as Ipomoea congesta. Pharbitis hederacea. Ivy-LEAVED MORNING-GLORY. Loca NAMES.—Fofgu (Guam). A twining plant with azure blue or pink flowers. Stems twining, slender hirsute with deflexed hairs; leaves 5 to 12.5 em. long, usually broader than long, cordate at the base, palmately 3-lobed, the lobes deep, acute, middle one the largest, slightly hairy on both sides, especially on the veins beneath, petiole a little shorter than the blade; flowers large, on short stout peduncles, either solitary or in threes; bracts linear, persistent; peduncle usually shorter than the petiole; sepals equal in length, 18 mm. long, linear, dilated below, acute, hairy; corolla tubular, funnel-shaped, limb 5 cm. in diameter; ovary 3-celled; capsule 12 mm. long, surrounded by the much longer enlarged sepals, globose, 3-valved; seeds usually 6, 6 mm. long, ovoid-triangular, glabrous, dull black. The seeds are strongly purgative and in India are used as a drug under the name of kaladana.” The plant is probably of American origin. REFERENCES: Pharbitis hederacea (L.) Choisy, Mem. Soc. Phys. Genev. 6: 440. 1833. Convolvulus hederaceus L. Sp. Pl. 1: 154. 1753. Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. Coll. 1: 124. 1786. @Trimen, Handbook Flora of Ceylon, vol. 3, pp. 212, 213, 1895. 350 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Pharbitis insularis Choisy. Same as Jpomoea congesta. Pharbitis nil. Same as Pharbitis hederacea. Phaseolus lunatus inamoenus. . LIMA BEAN. Family Fabaceae. Locant NAmMEs.—Habas (Spanish); Patani (Philippines). Lima beans will growin Guam, but our common varieties do not appear to flourish here. They should be planted toward the end of the rainy season. In India fresh seed is imported annually from America. REFERENCES: Phaseolus lunatus inamoenus (L.). Phaseolus inamoenus L. Sp. Pl. 2: 724. 1753. Phaseolus macrocarpus Moench, Meth. 1: 155. 1794. Phaseolus mungo. GREEN GRAM. Locat NAMES.—Monggos (Guam); Munggo, Monggo, Balatong (Philippines); Mung (India). The most extensively cultivated leguminous plant in Guam. A low suberect annual, more or less densely clothed with loose deflexed hairs, leaves 3-foliolate, stipellate; leaflets membranous, entire, rarely faintly lobed; stipules ovate; flowers in axillary capitate racemes at the end of the peduncles; bracteoles ovate or lanceo- late; calyx campanulate; corolla yellow, much exserted; keel prolonged into a com- plete spiral; pedicels very short; pod 3.5 to 6 cm. long by 4 to.5 mm. in diameter, clothed with deciduous silky hairs, subeylindrical, slightly recurved; seeds small, green. In the agricultural statistics of one year I find that in the district of Agafia there were planted 131 chupas of monggos (102 pints), and 1,149 gantas (455.3 pecks) were gathered, making the yield more than seventyfold.¢@ This plant is widely distributed in the Tropics. It is extensively cultivated in many warm countries, especially in the Philippines and on the plains of India. The seeds are largely imported into San Francisco, Cal., by the Chinese. In Guam it is erown as a rotation crop after maize. It thrives best apparently on the highland during the rainy season. Cattle are very fond of the seeds, stems, and leaves. In India and in the Philippines the seeds are ground into flour and used as a substitute for soap for washing delicate fabrics. They are wholesome and nutritious and have a pleasant taste. They may be eaten as a porridge or parched. The green pods are sometimes eaten as a vegetable. An analysis of the seed has been made by W. C. Blasdale. ? REFERENCES: Phaseolus mungo L. Mant. 1: 101. 1767. Phoenix dactylifera. ; DATE. Family Phoenicaceae. I know of only one tree of this species in Guam. It grows in the garden of the rectory back of the church of Agana. As the species is dicecious, of course the tree bears no fruit. It is probable that the climate is too moist for the culture of dates, though the trees could be propagated without trouble. REFERENCES: Phoenix dactylifera L. Sp. Pl. 2: 1188. 1753. Phoenix sylvestris. WILD DATE. Several specimens of this palm obtained by me from Mr. David Haughs, of the “Olive y Garcia, Islas Marianas, App. no. 4, 1887. : _ > Blasdale, Some Chinese vegetable food materials, etc., U. S. Dept. Agr., Off. Exp. Sta., Bull. No. 68, p. 37, 1899. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. Bia) b Honolulu Botanical Gardens, were planted in Guam, and were thriving at the time of my departure from the island. REFERENCES: Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. Hort. Beng. 73. 1814 (ex Ind. Kew.); Fl. Ind. 3: 787. 1832. Elate sylvestris L. Sp. Pl. 2: 1189. 1753. Phragmites communis. Same as JTrichoon phragmites. See under Trichoon roxburghit. Phragmites karka Trin. Same as Trichoon roxburghii. Phragmites phragmites. See under Trichoon roxburghi. Phragmites roxburghii. Same as Trichoon roxburghi. Phyllanthus gaudichaudii. Same as Glochidion marianum. Phyllanthus marianus. PHYLLANTHUS. Family Euphorbiaceae. A shrub with leaves arranged in two vertical rows; branches compressed, wrinkled; leaves subsessile, ovate, unequal at the base, acute at the apex, membranous, promi- nently net-veined; flowers in axillary clusters, shortly pedicelled, very minute, numerous; glands of male flowers free; stamens 3, filaments united in a column; staminal column entire, anthers erect with vertical slits, free from one another; female flowers with three bifid styles; capsule of three crustaceous 2-valved cocci; seeds on the back coarsely, transversely undulate-ribbed. The type specimen of this species was collected on the island of Guam in 1819 by Gaudichaud and placed in the herbarium of De Candolle. The plant is used medici- nally by the natives of Guam. REFERENCES: Phyllanthus marianus Muell. Arg. Linneea 32: 17. 1863. Not to be confused with Phyllanthus (Glochidion) marianus Mull. Arg. Flora 48: 379, 1865, also from Guam, which was first described by Miller in Linnzea, 32: 65, as Glochidion marianum, a genus which is now recognized as distinct from Phyllanthus.@ Phyllanthus niruri. FLy-Roost. Locat NAMES.—Maigo-lalo, Maigu-lalo (Guam). An annual, herbaceous, glabrous weed of wide tropical distribution; stem angular, glabrous, 15 to 45 cm. high, often branched from the base, with slender leafy angu- lar branchlets above. Leaves variable, pale green, 6 to 18 mm. long, often imbri- cated in two rows, glaucous beneath, elliptic-obovate, oblong, or linear, the tip rounded, obtuse, or acute; petiole minute; stipules subulate; flowers very numerous, males solitary and in pairs, almost sessile; female twice as large; sepals of male orbic- ular, of female narrowly oboyate-oblong with broad white margins, spreading; disk of male of minute glands; anthers 3, sessile on a short column; disk of female annu- lar, lobed; styles minute, very short, free, 2-lobed; capsule minute, depressed- globose, smooth; seeds with equal parallel slender ribs and faint cross strie. This plant is very common in Guam, growing everywhere in waste places. The native name, signifying ‘‘sleeping flies,’’ or ‘‘fly-roost,’’ is probably applied to it from the appearance of the plant when the leaves closing together have the appear- ance of a number of two-winged insects clinging to the stem. The milky juice of this plant isa good remedy for offensive sores. The bruised bitter leaves are applied externally as a cure for the itch and for scabby sores of the scalp, and the fresh root isan excellent remedy for jaundice. ? REFERENCES: Phyllanthus niruri L. Sp. Pl. 2: 981. 1758. 4 Hooker, Flora British India, vol. 5, p. 306, 1890. 6 Watt, Economic Products of India, vol. 6, pt. 1, p. 222, 1892. 352 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Phyllanthus nivosus. Rosy-LEAVED PHYLLANTHUS. A shrub used extensively in the tropics as an ornamental hedge-plant, in its culti- vated form (variety roseopictus) having variegated green, white, and pink leaves. Leaves arranged in 2 lateral rows on small branchlets which have the appearance of pinnately compound leaves; flowers small, greenish, apetalous, discoid, hanging by their pedicels from the leaf-axils. A number of plants obtained from Mr. David Haughs, of the Honolulu Botanical Gardens, were introduced into Guam by the writer. They grew well and were left in a flourishing condition. In Honolulu beautiful hedges are made of this Phyllan- thus. They are easily kept in a good compact condition by clipping, and the light pinkish foliage offers a pleasing contrast with darker-leaved shrubs. REFERENCES: Phyllanthus nivosus Bull. Cat. 9. 1873; W. G. Smith, Flor. Mag. N.S. ¢#. 120. 1874. Phyllanthus urinaria. PHYLLANTHUS. A diffusely branched erect or decumbent herb (sometimes perennial), glabrous or nearly so, the stem and branches angled. Leaves variable in size, 4 to 16 mm. long, sessile, distichously imbricate (in 2 rows), lanceolate, oblong or linear-oblong, tip rounded or apiculate, stipules peltate; flowers very minute, male smaller than female, axillary, subsessile; sepals ciliolate; filaments very short, free; ovary densely granu- late; styles short, free, 2-fid; fruit echinate; seeds transversely furrowed. Collected in Guam by Gaudichaud. Its medicinal properties are the same as those of P. niruri. REFERENCES: Phyllanthus urinaria L. Sp. Pl. 2:°982. 1753. Phyllaurea variegata. VARIEGATED CROTON. Family Euphorbiaceae. Local NAMEs.—San Francisco, Buena Vista (Guam, Philippines); Saguilalé (Philippines). An ornamental plant with bright-colored leaves varying greatly in form and color- ing. Flowers moncecious, usually in racemes of one sex, rarely a female at the base of a male raceme; males small, clustered, females solitary; males with small petals and many stamens; females without petals, calyx 5-lobed, ovary 3-celled. Much planted by the natives in a line near their houses, so as to receive the drip- pings from the eaves. The commonest form is one having variegated green and yellow leaves. Other forms occur with red and orange coloring. REFERENCES: Phyllaurea variegata (L.). Croton variegatum L. Sp. Pl. 2: 1199. 1753. Phyllaurea codiaeum Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 2: 575. 1790. Codiaeum variegatum Blume, Bijdr. 606. 1825. Phymatodes phymatodes. OAK-LEAVED FERN. PLATE LXIII. Family Polypodiaceae. LocaL NAMEs.—Kahlau (Guam); Lau mangamanga (Samoa). A climbing fern, with pinnatifid or deeply lobed fronds resembling great oak leaves. Rhizome wide-creeping, woody, the scales dark brown, fibrillose; stipes firm, erect, glossy; fronds varying from simple oblong-lanceolate to pinnately lobed, often cut down to a broadly-winged rachis into numerous entire acuminate lanceolate-oblong lobes; texture coriaceous; both sides naked; no distinct main veins; areole fine, with copious free veinlets; sori large, more or less immersed, 1 or 2-serial or scattered. Common in the forests of Guam and growing on stone walls and the tiled roofs of Contr, Nat. Herb., Vol. IX, PLATE LXIl. PHYMATODES PHYMATODES, THE OAK-LEAF FERN. NATURAL SIZE. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 3538 houses. Spread throughout Polynesia, Formosa, Malaysia, North Australia, Ceylon, etc. REFERENCES: Phymatodes phymatodes (L.) Maxon. Polypodium phymatodes L. Mant. 306. 1771. Physalis angulata. GROUND-CHERRY. Family Solanaceae. LocaL NAMES.—Tomates de Brihuega (Spanish); Sisio, Asisio (Philippines). An annual glabrous weed, with angled stem. Leaves ovate, with cuneate base and long-acuminate teeth, or subentire; calyx 5-parted, inflated like a bladder around the included berry; calyx-lobes deltoid; bladder sharply 5-angular; corolla pale; stamens 5, anthers violet; stigma capitate; berry 2-celled, turning yellow when ripe and nearly filling the calyx. Widely spread in the warmer regions of the world. In Guam it grows in waste places. Fruit eaten occasionally by the natives. REFERENCES: Physalis angulata L. Sp. Pl. 1: 183. 17538. Physalis minima. GROUND-CHERRY. LocaLt NAMEs.—Tomate chaka, i. e., ‘‘Rat tomato’’ (Guam); Tomates de Bri- huega (Spanish); Sisio, Asisio (Philippines). Arm annual pubescent plant. Leaves ovate, sinuate, angular, or scarcely lobed; calyx inflated, enlarging after flowering, 5 or 10-ribbed; corolla yellow; berry 12 mm. in diameter. Abundant on cultivated land. Fruit eaten by the natives, form- ing a good salad, when raw, or made into a dulce. Chickens are fond of it. REFERENCES: Physalis minuma L. Sp. Pl. 1: 183. 1753. Physic-nut. See Jatropha curcas. Pia (Samoa). See Tuacca pinnatifida. Piao (Guam). General name for bamboo. Piao lahe, Piao tituka (Guam). See Bambos blumeana. Piao palaoan (Guam). See Bambos sp. Piga (Guam). General name for Alocasia spp., giant aroids with acrid starchy stems, eaten in times of famine. Piga-palayi (Guam). See Crinum asiaticum. Pigeon pea. See Caan cajan. Pigweed, green. See Amaranthus viridis. Pigweed, spiny. See Amaranthus spinosus. Piipii (Hawaii). See Andropogon aciculatus. Pili (Philippines). See Canariwm indicum. Pilikai (Hawaii). See Argyreia tiliaefolia. Pitta (Guam, Philippines, Spanish). See Ananas ananas. Pineapple. See Ananas ananas. Piod or Piut (Guam). See Ximenia americana. Piper betle. BETEL PEPPER. PLATE LXIII. Family Piperaceae. Loca NAMES.—Pupulo, Puptilu (Guam); Tambula (Sanscrit); Tambol (Per- sian); Tanbol (Arabic); Bulat-wel, Bulat woela (Ceylon); Buyo (Philip- pines); Kolu (Solomon Islands); Hurung, Huglong (Kaiser Wilhelmsland) ; Pan (Bengal). 9773—05——23 354 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. A perennial climbing plant with smooth bright green, ovate-cordate leaves, haying a pungent, aromatic taste. Leaves large, coriaceous, petioled, obliquely ovate-oblong or rounded ovate-cordate, entire, 5 to 9-nerved, often unequal at the base; flowers in solitary spikes, dicecious, with orbicular peltate bracts; male spikes 7.5 to 15 cm. long; female long-peduncled, in fruiting stout, 2.5 to 12.5 em. long, pendulous; fruit fleshy, often confluent into a cylindrical fleshy red mass. The leaves resemble those of Piper nigrum, but the fruit is more compact. This plant, like many other cultivated species, is variable. Piper siriboa and P. melamiri are forms which were described by Linnzeus as distinct species. Specimens collected in Guam by Haenke were described by Opiz as Piper marianum,® but were later called by C. De Candolle Piper betle mariannum.® In the Guam yariety the leaves have longer petioles than in the typical form; are smooth on both sides, mem- branous, rather stiff, with fine pelucid dots, 5-nerved, the central nerve sending forth on each side one nerve from above the base and another from the base, oppo- site to each other. ' In Guam it is very extensively cultivated. Cuttings take root readily. An old lady, who made a business of selling betel leaves, brought the writer several cuttings and planted them in his garden. She removed all the leaves but two or three, twined the lower part of the cutting into a hoop-like loop, and covered it with a few inches of soil upon which she laid a flat stone to retain the moisture, leaving the tip of the cutting projecting from beneath the stone. Following her directions I watered my cuttings daily for about a week. New leaves soon began to push forth, and in a short time I had fine vigorous plants climbing up my lemon and lime trees and running over my garden wall. The fresh green leaves (mamaon) are chewed by the natives wrapped about a fragment of Areca nut together with a pinch of quicklime. They are agreeably pungent and aromatic, the nut and leaves together tasting somewhat like nutmeg, and giving a spicy odor to the breath. In Guamthe betel takes the place of Piper methysticum, the roots of which, after having been chewed or grated, are made by the Polynesians into the infusion called ‘‘kaya’’ or ‘‘ava.’? The kava pepper does not grow in Guam. In islands where it does occur its leaves are occasionally used in place of those of the betel pepper for chewing. ; For the effects of betel chewing and the ceremony attending it see notes under Areca cathecu. It is interesting to observe the resemblance of ‘‘pupilu,” the Guam name of the betel pepper, to ‘‘pipul’’? and ‘‘pipulmul,’’ the names applied in India and Bengal to Piper longum. REFERENCES: Piper betle L. Sp. Pl. 1: 28. 1753. Piper guahamense. GUAM PEPPER. A plant resembling the kava pepper (Piper methysticum) of Polynesia. Dicecious; stems erect; leaves long-petioled, round or round-ovate, with the apex shortly protracted-acuminate, the point rather sharp, deeply cordate at the base, smooth above, yellowish-puberulous along the veins on the under surface, membranous, rather stiff, subcnaque, finely pelucid-dotted, 9 to 11-nerved; nerves rather promi- nent below, the middle one reaching to the apex, the two next nearly to the apex, the remaining ones finer; petiole sheathing for one-fourth of its length with linear wings attenuated toward the apex into the petiole; spikes of the female plant axil- lary, solitary, densely flowered, nearly equaling the leaves, the peduncle a little shorter than the petioles, sparsely puberulous, the rachis puberulous; bracts round- peltate, petiolate at the center; ovary ovate, glabrous; stigmas 3, rather fleshy, ses- «Presl, Reliquiae Haenkeanae, vol. 1, p. 159, 1825. 6De Candolie, Prodromus, vol. 16, pt. 1, p. 360, 1869. PLATE LXIll. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PIPER BETLE, THE BETEL PEPPER. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. aod sile; male plants with smooth petioles, leaves more membranous; spike (solitary?) dense-flowered, rachis puberulous; stamens 3. A common plant in Guam, growing in shady woods in moist situations and near the banks of streams. Its leaves have an aromatic taste much like those of the closely allied kava pepper. This species was described by C. De Candolle from a female plant collected in Guam by Chamisso, the type now in the herbarium of Berlin, and from a male plant, perhaps a distinct species, collected by Haenke in Mexico, also in the same her- barium. It was referred by Miquel to Macropiper methysticum and Macropiper latifolium.© REFERENCES: Piper guahamense C. DC. Prod. 16': 336. 1869. Piper marianum. See Piper betle. Piper nigrum. BLACK PEPPER. A few plants of black pepper given me by Mr. David Haughs, of the Hawaiian Botanical Garden at Honolulu, were planted by me in Guam. They seemed to be well established in my garden when I left. The climate is evidently adapted to the cultivation of this species. REFERENCES: Piper nigrum L. Sp. Pl. 1: 28. 1753. Piper potamogetonifolium. A dicecious plant with flower-spikes opposite the leaves. Leaves petioled, cordate- ovate, with acuminate apex and equal base, lobes approximate, coriaceous, smooth, glossy, net-veined; petiole sheathing, much shorter than the leaf, smooth; spike cylindrical, much shorter than the leaf, mucronate; peduncle smooth. An under- shrub collected by Haenke on the island of Guam. REFERENCES: Piper potamogetonifolium Opiz in Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1°: 156. 1828. Macropiper potamogetonifolium Miq. Syst. Pip. 221. 1843. Piper sp. Besides the above species, an epiphytal piper is mentioned by Gaudichaud, called ‘“pnodpod”’ in the vernacular of the island. This I have been unable to identify. Piperaceae. PEPPER FAMILY. This family is represented in Guam by Piper betle, P. guahamense, P. potamogetoni- folium and Peperomia mariannensis. _/ Pipturus argenteus. Stivery Prerurvs. ° Family Urticaceae. Loca NAMES.—Handaramai, Hinaramai (Philippines); Fau songa (Samoa); Kongangu, Queensland Grass-cloth Plant (Australia). A shrub or small tree, allied to the mamake of the Hawaiian Islands. Young branches covered with whitish wool or pubescence; leaves alternate, petioled, une- qual in size and length of petiole, 3-nerved, ovate or elliptical-lanceolate, rarely cor- date, acuminate or gradually attenuate and acute; petioles varying in length, longer and shorter ones alternating on the branches; old leaves glabrate and smooth on the upper face, crenulate or finely serrulate or nearly entire, unlike in color on the two faces; stipules axillary, deeply bifid; flowers small, growing in axillary clusters of two sexes; male perianth, 4 or 5-lobed, with 4 or 5 stamens and the woolly rudiment of a pistil; female ventricose, 4 or 5-toothed, with filiform stigma; ovule 1, erect; achene nut-like, closely invested by perianth. The inflorescence is arranged either in axillary clusters or in simple interrupted spikes sometimes leafy at the tip. 4 Miquel, Systema Piperacearum, p. 218, 1843-44. —— 356 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. From the fibrous inner bark of this species the Samoans make their red, shaggy, rug-like mats and their nets and fishing lines. The fiber is of fine texture and great strength, but difficult to prepare. In Australia it is known as the Queensland grass-cloth plant, or native mulberry. It was first collected on Guam by Gaudichaud. The fiber is not utilized on this island. From the allied mamake the eee ias made bark-cloth or ‘‘tapa.’’ The bark yields a brown oe REFERENCES: Pipturus argenteus (Forst.) Wedd. in DC. Prod. 161: 23519. 1869. Urtica argentea Forst. Prod. 65. 1786. Pipturus propinquus. Same as Pipturus argenteus. Pisang (Philippines). See Musa paradisiaca. Pisonia brunoniana. Same as Pisonia excelsa. Pisonia excelsa. Family Nyctaginaceae. LocaL NAMES.—Umumu, Umumo (Guam); Tak-an (Philippines); Buatea (Tahiti). A shrub or tree, glabrous or nearly so; leaves opposite or growing in whorls at the ends of the branches, more or less coriaceous, oblong or oval, obtuse or pointed at the tip, slightly cordate, usually attenuate at the base (15 to 20 cm. or more long by 4to6cm. wide). Flowers dicecious, growing in terminal or lateral clusters (10 to 15 cm. long); clusters in pairs or in fours on the extremities of the branches, sometimes covered with reddish hairs, or on nodules on the lower parts of the branches; peduncles smooth or pubescent, like the rest of the inflorescence, often elongated and with short ramifications or shortened and with longer ramifications. Perianth funnel-shaped, 5 to 6 mm. long, 5-toothed, the fruiting clusters larger than the flowering ones; fruiting perianth, 4 to 5 cm. long by 3 to 4 mm. wide, oblong, with 5 ribs either smooth or armed with tiny spines, attenuate at the base, claviform at the top, exuding a viscous juice; stamens 6 to 10, of unequal length, protruding; female flowers having a 1-celled ovary more or less elongated, with a single erect ovule; style often exserted with a 2-lobed stigma; stigma-lobes pectinate; style of male flowers when present often shorter than the stamens, its stigma lateral, oval, entire, spongy; fruit angular, inclosed in the persistent tube of the perianth, the angles frequently armed with prickly glands, which are sometimes scarcely perceptible. This species is quite variable and has been described under several names. It is widely distributed throughout the Pacific and in tropical Asia. “REFERENCES: Pisonia excelsa Blume, Bijdr. 735. 1826. Pisonia umbellifera Seem.; Nadeaud, Enum. Pl. Tahiti, 46. 1873. Pisonia mitis. Same as Pisonia excelsa. Pisonia umbellifera. Same as Pisonia excelsa. Pisum sativum. Peas (Spanish ‘ REFERENCES: Pisum sativum L. Sp. Pl. 2: 727. 1753. Pithecolobium dulce. GUAMACHIL. Family Mimosaceae. LocaL NAMEsS.—Kamachiles, Camachile (Guam, Philippines); Guamachil, Huamachil, Guamachi (Mexico); Manila Tamarind (India). A medium-sized tree introduced into Guam from Mexico, via the Philippines, bearing heads of small yellowish-green flowers followed by pods containing seeds embedded in a sweet, white, edible pulp oraril. Branches glabrous, pendulous; leaves abruptly bipinnate, composed of a single pair of pinnz, each of which has a single pair of alverjas’’) will not grow in Guam. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 300 leaflets; stipules spinose, the spines minute, pointing upward; leaflets approximate, oblique, very unequal-sided, ovate-oblong, rigidly subcoriaceous, obtuse, 12 mm. long; petiole shorter than the leaflets; flowers sessile in heads; heads dense, with short peduncles, on elongated branches; calyx 5-parted, funnel-shaped, gray-downy, very small; corolla funnel-shaped. the petals united below the middle; stamens mona- delphous, much exserted; style filiform; stigma minute, capitate; pod irregularly swollen and curled at the end, 10 to 12.5 cm. long by 12 mm. wide, 6 to 8-seeded, both sutures indented between the seeds, which are half embedded in the aril. In many tropical countries the pulp of the pod is eaten by the poorer classes, and the pods are good fodder for animals. The tree, which has now spread all over the island of Guam, was probably introduced for the sake of its bark, which contains 25 per cent of tannin.¢ In Mexico it is one of the principal sources of tan bark. Though widely cultivated in India, it is apparently not used in that country for tanning, as no mention is made of it asa tan bark in Watt’s Dictionary of the Economic Products of India. Its wood is used in India for making carts, paneling of doors, and packing boxes. In Guam it is used only for fuel. REFERENCES: Pithecolobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 3: 199. 1844. Mimosa dulcis Roxb. Pl. Corom. 1: 67. t. 99. 1795. Pithecolobium saman. RAIN TREE. LocaL NAMES.—Monkey-pod (Hawaiian Islands); Zamang (Venezuela). A handsome tree with spreading branches and bipinnate leaves. Pinnze 2 to 6 pairs; leaflets 2 to 7 pairs, obliquely ovate or obovate-oblong; corolla yellowish; stamens light crimson; flowers growing in globose clusters like crimson pompons. Its pods contain a sweetish pulp and are relished by cattle and horses. In Honolulu it is one of the favorite shade trees. A number of plants obtained from Mr. David Haughs were taken by me from Honolulu and planted in Guam. When I left the island they were in a thriving condition. REFERENCES: Pithecolobium saman (Jacq.) Benth. Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 3: 216. 1844. Mimosa saman Jacq. Fragm. 15. t. 9. 1800-1809 (ex Ind. Kew.). Inga saman Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 1024. 1805. Plantain. See Musa paradisiaca. Plantain-leaf Fern. See Antrophyum plantaginewm under Ferns. Platano (Spanish). See Musa paradisiaca. Platitos (Guam, Philippines). An ornamental shrub. See Nothopanax cochleatum. Plum, seaside. See Ximenia americana. Poaceae. See Grasses. Podpod (Guam). See Piper sp. Pogonia flabelliformis. Same as Nervilia aragoana. Pogonia nervilia. See Nervilia aragoana. Poinciana regia. See Delonix regia. Poinciana pulcherrima. FLOWER-FENCE. Family Caesalpiniaceae. LocaL NAmEs.—Caballero (Guam); Clavelina (Porto Rico); Gallito (Panama) ; Flor de Camaron, Chacalxochitl (Mexico); Peacock flower (India, Ceylon) ; Barbadoes Pride (West Indies). A shrub 2.5 to 3 meters high, often used as a hedge plant, with terminal racemes of showy orange and crimson flowers. Branches with a few scattered prickles; “See Reichel, Gerbstoffrinde aus Saipan, Tropenpflanzer, vol. 8, p. 687, 1904. 358 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. leaves abruptly bipinnate; leaflets sessile, close, membranous, oblique-oblong; sta- mens much exserted; petals broadly spreading, on long claws; pod thin, flat, smooth, 6 to 8-seeded. Universally cultivated in the Tropics; its native country not clearly known. In Guam it is common in gardens and growing along fences. It remains in bloom all the year. The leaves are said to be purgative and have been used as a substitute for senna. In the West Indies a decoction of the leaves and flowers is used as a remedy in fevers. The wood makes excellent charcoal. In India ink is made from the charred wood. REFERENCES: Poinciana pulcherrima L. Sp. Pl. 1: 880. 1753. Caesalpinia pulcherrima Swartz, Obs. 166. 1791. Poisonous plants. Among the plants containing poisonous principles may be mentioned the following: Abrus abrus.—Kolales halom-tano; seeds. Annona muricata.—Laguana; root a fish poison, leaves anthelmintic. Annona reticulata.—Anonas; leaves anthelmintic. Annona squamosa.—Atis; seeds, leaves, and unripe fruit kill insects. Areca cathecu.—Betel nut; active principle of nut anthelmintie. Asclepias curassavica.— Firminger, Manual of Gardening for Bengal, ed. 4, p. 151, 1890. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 361 long-petioled, broadly ovate, shortly acuminate, quite entire, smooth on both sides; veins of young leaves puberulent at their axils on upper face, woolly on lower sur- face; terminal panicles corymbose, many-flowered; calyx short, cupuliform, sub- bilabiate, upper lip obscurely bidentate or entire, the lower distinctly acutely bidentate; corolla subequally 4-fid, equaling the calyx tube; leaf 12.5 cm. long, petiole 3.5 cm. long; flowers small, calyx 2 nm. long, stamens 4, didynamous; limb of corolla reflexed, stamens and pistil slightly exserted; drupe small, surrounded below by the calyx. Type specimen collected by Gaudichaud in Guam. Leaves imperfect. The wood of the ahgao is hard and durable, but knotty and often crooked. It is much used in construction by the natives of Guam. It is very much like the molave, or molavin, of the Philippines ( Vitex geniculata), a large forest tree belong- ing to the same family. Like many other Verbenaceae the ahgao has medicinal properties. In Guam its bark steeped in water is used as a remedy for neuralgia. The tree grows in rocky places, and sometimes yields logs 4 meters long by 45 cm. in diameter. Its inflorescence somewhat resembles that of the elder. REFERENCES: Premna gaudichaudii Schau. in DC. Prod. 11: 631. 1847. Premna mariannarum. FALSE ELDER. A shrub or small tree. Leaves short-petioled, oval and subrotund, obtuse and very shortly acuminate or quite obtuse, rounded at base or somewhat cordate, entire, smooth on both sides, axils of the veins woolly on the lower surface, 5 cm. long; petioles 12 mm. long; flowers in small terminal, corymbose, panicles; calyx cupuli- form, bilabiate, the upper lip very shortly truncate, the lower rounded, entire; corolla subequally 5-cleft, bearded, equaling the calyx tube; stamens exserted; calyx 2 mm. long; Oran panicles, petioles of leaves, and veins on both sides sub- canescent. REFERENCES: Premna mariannarum Schau. in DC. Prod. 11: 632. 1847. Prickly pear. See Opuntia sp. Pride of India. See Melia azedarach. Procris candolleana. \’ up | Family Urticaceae. é 45-5 Collected by Gaudichaud in Guam. Not further known; it is possibly Pipturus argenteus. & es Procris divaricata. Same as Pellionia divaricata. Procris paniculata. Same as Schychowskya ruderalis. Procris pedunculata. Same as Elatostema pedunculatum. Procris torresiana Endl. Same as Elatostema pedunculatum. Psidium guajava. GuAVA. Family Myrtaceae. LocaL NAMEs.—Abas (Guam); Bayabas (Philippines); Guayava, Guayaba (Spanish). An introduced shrub or small tree, bearing the fruit from which the well-known guava jelly is made. Young branches pubescent; leaves short-petioled, opposite, entire, ovate or oblong, usually acuminate, glabrous or nearly so above, softly pubes- cent beneath, and withthe principal nerves prominent; flowers large, white, 1 to several on a common peduncle, which grows from the axils of the leaves; calyx undivided at first, separating into 4 or 5 lobes when in flower; petals 4 or 5, free; stamens many, forming a brush-like tuft; ovary 2 or more-celled with many ovules in each cell; fruit globose or pear-shaped, many seeded, seeds with hard testa. aSee Voyage of the Uranie, p. 500, 1826. Sore USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Indigenous to Mexico and other parts of tropical America, now spread throughout the warmer regions of the globe. In Guam, as in the Hawaiian Islands, it forms extensive thickets or patches of scrubby growth on abandoned fields and open places. It will not grow in the shade of the woods. The fruit is of good quality, but owing to scarcity of sugar on the island the natives do not utilize it much for making dulces. — The wood is sometimes used for making tool handles and for fuel. REFERENCES: Psidium guajava L. Sp. Pl. 1: 470. 1753. Psophocarpus tetragonolobus. Same as Botor tetragonoloba. Psychotria herbacea. Same as Carinta herbacea. Psychotria mariana. APLOGHATING. Family Rubiaceae. LocaL NAMEs.—Aploghating, Aplokhating (Guam). A glabrous shrub or small tree with compressed branchlets and peduncles; leaves ovate-oblong or obovate, rather obtuse, attenuate at the base, subcoriaceous, turning purplish on drying; stipules caducous; terminal cymes peduncled, shorter than the leaves, twice 3-divided; flowers sessile on the divisions of the inflorescence and ter- minating the branches; calyx with limb campanulate, truncate or obtusely dentate, or sometimes irregularly split; corolla short-campanulate, the bud obovate; berries red. Collected on the island of Guam by Haenke and described from type specimen in Haenke’s collection. The wood is durable and is used in the construction of houses. It is included in the list sent by Governor Olive y Garcia to the captain- general of the Philippines. REFERENCES: Psychotria mariana Bartl.; DC. Prod. 4: 522. 1830. Pteris. See Ferns. Pua (Banda). See Areca cathecu. Puw’a (Samoa). See Hernandia peltata. Puah (Amboina). See Areca cathecu. Puapua (Samoa). See Guettarda speciosa. Puavai (Samoa). See Jatropha curcas. Pudding-pipe tree. See Cassia fistula. Puga (Guam). See under Oryza sativa. Pugua (Guam). See Areca cathecu. Pugua machena (Guam). A climbing fern, Davallia solida. Pummelo. See Citrus decumana. Punica granatum. POMEGRANATE. Family Punicaceae. LocaL NAMEs.—Granada (Spanish); Dalima (Philippines). A shrub or small tree with oblong, obovate, or lanceolate entire leaves; cultivated in all warm countries for the sake of the refreshing pulp of its fruit. Flowers usually bright scarlet, with a leathery top-shaped calyx divided at the top into 5 or 7 valvate lobes; petals as many as the divisions of the calyx and alternating with them, or in double-flowered varieties numerous; stamens many, inserted around the mouth of the calyx; style long, bent, stigma capitate; fruit usually the size of an apple, globose, bearing the persistent calyx, many-celled, containing very many angular seeds, with coriaceous testa and watery outer coat containing a pelucid red juice of a pleasant acid flavor. A cooling sherbet is made from the juice which is greatly appreciated by those living in warm countries. The hard rind of the fruit is astringent and in some countries is used in tanning and in dyeing. The bark is used asa tan and dye for leather, and the astringent DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 363 root-bark as a specific for intestinal worms. The powdered rind is an excellent remedy in chronic diarrhea and dysentery. Cultivated in many of the gardens of the natives. REFERENCES: Punica granatum L. Sp. Pl. 1: 472. 1753. ; Puptlo, Pupulu (Guam). See Piper betle. Pursaetha scandens. Same as Lens phaseoloides. Purslane. See Portulaca olerucea and P. quadrifida. Purslane, sea or seaside. See Sesuviwm portulacastrum. Putat (Malay). See Barringtonia racemosa and B. speciosa. Puting (Guam). See Barringtonia speciosa. Pyrethrum indicum and P. sinense. Same as Chrysanthemum indicum. Pyrrhanthus littoreus. Same as Lumnitzera littorea. Quamoclit quamoclit. CYPRESS VINE. Family Convolvulaceae. Loca NaMEs.—Cabello del angel (Guam); Cambustera (Cuba). This pretty scarlet-flowered twining plant has escaped from cultivation and grows in many places on the island far from human habitations. It is also planted by the natives in their gardens and allowed to run along the fences of their inclosures. REFERENCES: Quamoclit quamoclit (L.) Britton in Britton & Brown, Ill. Fl. 3: 22. 1898. Ipomoea quamoclit L. Sp. Pl. 1: 159. 1758. Quelites, Quiletes (Mexico, Guam). Same as kelites, kiletes, kuletes. Quilulu (Guam). Same as kilulu; see Thespesia populnea. Raguar (Guam, Caroline Islands). See Alewrites moluccana. Rain tree. See Pithecolobium saman. Ramalina. See Lichenes. Ramie. See under Boehmeria tenacissima. Rattan. See Calamus sp. Rattlebox or Rattlepod. See Crotalaria. Raual or Rauwél (Yap, Caroline Islands). See Pangiwm edule. Rauwolfia. See Ochrosia mariannensis. Red-flowered Mangrove. See Lummnitzera littorea and L. pedicellata. Red pepper. See Capsicum annuum. Redwood, Red sandalwood (India). See Adenanthera pavonina. Reed. See Trichoon roxburghit. Reseda (Central America). See Lawsonia inermis. Resin. The principal resin-yielding tree on the island is the daog, or tacmahac tree (Calophyllum tnophyllum). See last name. Rhamnaceae. BucKTHORN FAMILY. This family is represented in Guam by the indigenous gasdés6 ( Colubrina asiatica) and the introduced jujube tree or manzanas (Zizyphus jujuba). Rhizoclonium. See under Alge. Rhizophora mucronata. FoUR-PETALED MANGROVE. PLATE LXIY. Family Rhizophoraceae. Loca NAmEs.—Mangle hembra (Guam); Tongo (Samoa); Dongo (Fiji); Bakao, Bakauan, Bakawan (Philippines). 364 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. A large shrub or moderate-sized tree growing on tidal muddy shores and salt- water estuaries, with a spreading head and aerial roots descending -into the mud from the stem and branches. Branchlets marked with close scars of fallen leaves and stipules; leaves opposite, entire, thick, with large interpetiolar, deciduous stipules inclosing the buds, oval, acute at both ends, usually with a strong brown point at the apex, glabrous, bright green, pale beneath and dotted with minute red spots, 11.5 to 12.5 em. long; petiole 12 to 75 mm. long, stout; stipules 5 em. long, glabrous, soon falling; flowers moderate-sized on short, very thick peduncles, usually 2 pairs together at the end of stout peduncles from axils of leaves of the same year, each flower supported by two hard, thick connate bracts; calyx segments 4, persistent, enlarged in fruit, pale yellow; petals 4, white, narrow, obtuse, curved, thick, indu- plicate, hairy within; stamens 8 (or 12), anthers nearly sessile, with numerous cells: ovary half-inferior, 2-celled, with two ovules in each cell; fruit ovate-conical, pendu- lous, slightly rough, dark brown, crowned by the reflexed limb of the calyx, — l-seeded by abortion; seeds germinating on the tree, the radicle elongating and perforating the apex of the fruit, attaining a length of 45 cm. or more before falling into the mud. The fruit of this species is not eatenin Guam. In some countries it is prepared: by boiling, and ashes are applied to neutralize the bitter taste, after which it is baked and eaten. The bark is used for tanning, and yields a chocolate-colored dye. The sap is used for preserving fish nets. The wood is excellent for fuel, especially for baking. On the Malay peninsula mangrove swamps are sometimes leased to woodcutters, who supply fuel to steamers and factories. The heartwood is of a dark red color, with dark rings of growth, and is durable, very hard, and heavy. It is, however, very brittle, and warps and cracks so easily as to unfit it for cabinet use. The sapwood is of a bright yellow color. The wood is durable in water and under- ground, and would be suitable for foundations of bridges and wharves. Mangrove swamps occur in Guam at the mouths of many streams, especially on the shores of the harbor of San Luis de Apra. The native name as given by Gaudi- chaud, ‘‘tonbog’’ or ‘‘tounboug,’’ is obsolete and only the Spanish name as given above is applied to it. It is interesting to note that the Visayan name of an allied species given by Padre Blanco, ‘‘tontog,’’ is practically identical with the vernacular name for this species, ‘‘tongo,’’ on the remote islands of Samoa, where in like man- ner we have ‘‘niu’’ for ‘‘niyog’”’ (coconut), and ‘‘ifilele’’ for ‘‘ifil’’ (Intsia byuga). This species is easily distinguished from Bruguiera gymnorhiza by its 4-parted flowers. REFERENCES: Rhizophora mucronata Lam.; Poir. Encyc. 6: 189. 1804. Rhizophoraceae. MANGROVE FAMILY. The true mangroves are represented by Bruguiera gymnorhiza and Rhizophora mucronata. Ribbon fern. See Vittaria elongata. Rice. See Oryza sativa. Ricinus communis. - CASTOR-BEAN. Family Euphorbiaceae. LocaL NAMEs.—Agaliya (Guam); Tafigantafigan, Lansina (Philippines); Lama- papalangi (Samoa). This well-known plant was introduced in early times. It has spread over the island and is now well established. The oil obtained from its seeds is used medici- nally as a purgative and is much milder in its action than the allied tubatubu (Jatro- pha curcas), which is very drastic. The best oil is expressed from decorticated seeds without the assistance of heat. In Indiaa lamp oil is made from a large-seeded variety by boiling or slightly roasting the seed, drying in the sun, removing the Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE LXIV. RHIZOPHORA MUCRONATA, THE FOUR-PETALED MANGROVE. NATURAL SIZE. : Re: DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 365 husks, pounding it in a mortar, and removing the oil by absorbing it with a cloth placed in the pulp and then squeezed into a pot, or by boiling the pulp in water and skimming off the oil. Oil prepared in this way is also used as a lubricant.¢ The seeds of commerce are sometimes confused with those of the physic nut, Jatropha curcas REFERENCES: Ricinus communis L. Sp. Pl. 2: 1007. 1753. Rima (Guam, Philippines). See Artocarpus communis. Ringworm bush. See Herpetica alata. Rosa de Francia (Philippines). See Asclepias curassavica. Rosa de Japon (Spanish). See Chrysanthemum indicum. Rosa laurel (Spanish). See Neriwm oleander. — Rosaceae. RosE FAMILY. With the exception of two introduced roses, Rosa damascena and R. indica, culti- vated in the gardens of the natives, this family is without representatives in Guam. It is interesting to note that the rose-aphis and the rose-beetle, which infest roses in so many countries, are thus far absent from Guam. The small Rosa indica is a con- stant bloomer. Plants raised by me from cuttings and kept in pots were seldom out of bloom. They were, however, scarcely at all fragrant. The other species, which grows to a height of 120 or 150 cm., having stout, rigid stems, is delightfully fragrant and belongs to the same division as our magnificent ‘‘ American Beauty.”’ Rose. See under Rosaceae. Rose-mallow, changeabie. See Hibiscus mutabilis. Rose-mallow, scarlet. See Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. Rosewood, Polynesian. A name sometimes applied to Thespesia populnea, a common strand tree in Guam. Rubber. Among the plants producing milky juice of the nature of rubber may be mentioned the breadfruit, Artocarpus communis, the fertile variety of which, called ‘‘ dugdug,”’ grows to an enormous size in the forests of Guam, and the fago ( Ochrosia mariannensis), a medium-sized tree belonging to the Apocynaceae, growing near the strand. The latex of the breadfruit soon hardens on coming in contact with the air. From pre- historic times it has been used by the natives for paying the seams of their canoes and for stopping leaks in water troughs. For other uses see under Artocarpus com- munis. Rubiaceae. MADDER FAMILY. Among the indigenous Rubiaceae are Morinda citrifolia, which yields an important dyestuff, Cormigonus mariannensis, a small tree with large white flowers, Psychotria mariana, and Carinta herbacea, a low, creeping forest plant, having white flowers and red berries. Coffee has been introduced and grows in perfection. Ruellia fragrans. Same as Ambulia fragrans. Ruppia maritima. SEA-GRASS. Family Potamogetonaceae. A plant growing in brackish water, like fine, fibrous grass. The stem is filiform, branched, submerged; leaves capillary, sheathing at the base; flowers 2 or several, near the tip of the axillary peduncles; minute, naked, bisexual; stamens 2, of 2 anther-cells, distinct; ovaries 4 (3 to 6) at length stalked on a large carpophore; embryo ovoid. REFERENCES: ruppia maritima L. Sp. Pl. 1:127. 1753. “See Hicks, Oil-producing seeds, Yearbook U. 8. Dept. Agr. 1895, p. 190. 366 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Rutaceae. RUE FAMILY. There are no indigenous Rutaceae. In addition to the various species of Citrus, the ‘‘lemoncito”’ ( Triphasia trifoliata) has been introduced, and in many places forms dense, impenetrable thickets. Rynchospora aurea. Same as Rynchospora corymbosa. Rynchospora corymbosa. BEAK RUSH. Family Cyperaceae. A sedge widely distributed in the Tropics, collected in Guam by Haenke in 1792 and Lesson in 1828. Common in moist places, especially on the borders of rice fields. It has a leafy 3-cornered stem 60 to 90 cm. high and very many clustered spikelets at the ends of the branches of large decompound umbels. REFERENCES: Rynchospora corymbosa (L.) Scirpus corymbosus L. Cent. Pl. 2: 7.1756 (ex Ind. Kew.); Amoen. Acad. 4: 303. 1756. Rynchospora aurea Vahl, Enum. Pl. 2: 229. 1806. Sabana vegetation. See Savannas. Saber bean. See Canavali ensiforme. ° Sables (Philippines). See Asplenium nidus under Ferns. Sabotan (Philippines). See Pandanus tectorius. Saccharum fioridulum. Same as Xiphagrostis floridula. Saccharum officinarum. SuGAR CANE. Family Poaceae. Loca NAMES.—Cafa dulce, Cafia de azucar (Spanish); Tupu, Tupo (Guam); Tubo, (Philippines); Tubu, Tibu mira (Malay Archipelago); Tébu (Java); Dovu (Fiji); Tolo (Samoa); To (Tahiti, Easter Island); Fari (Madagascar). Sugar cane was one of the food staples of the aborigines before the discovery of Guam. Its vernacular name is etymologically identical in many islands of the Malay Archipelago, the Philippines, and Polynesia; and the variety in Guam from which the natives make sugar, with short internodes and of a yellow color, is like that found by Captain Cook in Tahiti. Another variety, called ‘‘cafa morada’’ by the Spaniards, of a purple color, is also grown on the island, but it is too watery and not sweet enough for sugar-making. The variety ‘‘amarilla’”’ grows to the height of 7 or 8 feet; the ‘‘morada”’ grows much higher. The cultivation of sugar cane is not now carried on so extensively as formerly, as the manufacture of sugar demands no little labor, and requires the use of animals and machinery, and imported sugar can be bought of the traders at a comparatively low price. There are families, however, who retain the customs of their ancestors, holding it to be wrong to buy anything which they themselves can make. These not only make their sugar from cane or from the sap of the cocoanut, but evaporate sea water in iron kettles to get their salt, counting as nothing the labor of their fam- ilies or the value of the fuel consumed. The climate of Guam is well adapted to the cultivation of sugar cane, and in many low-lying situations, where it is not very wet, the soil seems well suited to it. Though the cost of a sugar mill is considerable, yet one mill would answer for the crops of many farms, and the natives could carry their cane to the mill just as with us the farmers carry their wheat or corn. The cane is propagated by cuttings, consisting of two or three joints of the upper part of the stem. ‘These are selected from vigorous, healthy plants. They are placed in the ground with only an inch or two of the cutting projecting above the surface. In about two weeks from planting the ‘‘eyes’”’ at each node will send forth shoots, and roots will grow from the nodes themselves. As the shoots develop, the parent SUGAR CANE. Bon stem decays and the young plants produce roots of their own. In Guam the plants mature in about nine months, when they are cut close to the ground and the leaves stripped off, spread over the surface of the field, and burned. Ratoons (retofios) spring up from the old stoles, or ‘‘stools,’? which yield more abun- dantly than the original plants. The operation is repeated, and a third crop, per- haps a little less liberal than the second, is gathered. After the third crop, when the cane shows evidence of deterioration, the old stalks are uprooted and burned and the land cleared. As sugar cane soon exhausts the soil, the land would become ‘‘cansado,”’ or barren, if measures were not taken to restore its fertility. It is there- fore allowed to lie fallow for several years. In some countries the planters grow indigo or other leguminous plants between the rows when the canes are first planted and turn them under while they are still green and succulent.” This process has a very beneficial effect. It could easily be practiced in Guam, where indigo grows spontaneously, together with a number of cassias and other nitrogen-gleaning legumi- nous plants. In Mauritius rotation of crops is practiced. In that island, after the land has produced cane for two seasons, it is planted in maize, arrowroot, mandioca, or peas, allowing a period of three years between the cane crops. In Guam monggos (Phaseolus mungo) may be used for this purpose. Cane does not thrive either on the elevated mesa or in situations where only pure sand is found. This is owing, in the former case, to the porosity of the coral which forms the subsoil, allowing the water to filter through immediately after each rain. Don Felipe de la Corte, who, during his administration as governor, tried earnestly to develop the resources of the island, hoped to succeed on the mesa with the ‘‘morada”’ variety, thinking that it might there ‘‘ prove less watery and sweeter, as in the case _ of the sweet potato and other plants grown there, as compared with the same plants grown on the lowlands.’’® He accordingly started a cane plantation on the mesa, on the finca (farm) belonging to the Colegio de San Juan de Letran; but his experi- ment proved a failure. Its site is now occupied by cornfields, and the foundations of the sugarhouse alone remain as a monument to the zeal of this good governor. After the cane has been gathered and stripped of its leaves it is carried to the mill (trapiche), in which it is crushed between rollers. The juice is then strained and lime is added to purify it. The lime neutralizes any acids resulting from fermenta- tion and combines with any carbonates present, forming an insoluble precipitate, which carries down with it the impurities in the juice. The juice is then boiled in kettles, as in the case of the sugar made of coconut sap, and the scum is removed as it rises to the surface. Only the crude, brown, moist sugar, called ‘‘panoche,’’ is made in Guam. The natives are very fond of it and use it in various ways to make sweetmeats. The sirup which drains from the panocha is used as molasses, or ‘“almibar,’’ and serves instead of sugar for preserving fruit. Notwithstanding the advantages which Guam offers as to soil and climate and the absence of enemies of sugar cane, it is not probable that the production of sugar on the island would be profitable from a commercial point of view. For, in order to compete with sugar produced in other parts of the world, its cultivation and manu- facture would have to be carried on on a large scale, and would necessitate the employment of labor which it is impossible to get on the island. REFERENCES: Saccharum officinarum L. Sp. Pl. 1: 54. 1753. Sadyiafi. See Sayiafi. Sagdasa (Philippines). See Lwmnitzera littorea. Sagasaga (Philippines). See Abrus abrus. @Spons’ Encyclopedia, vol. 2, p. 1865, 1882. bSee La Corte, Memoria descriptiva, p. 64, 1875. 368 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Sago. See Coelococcus amicarum and Cycas circinalis. Sagu (Guam). See Maranta arundinacea. Saguerus gamuto. Same as Saguerus pinnatus. Saguerus pinnatus. BLACK-FIBER PALM. Family Phoenicaceae. LocaL NAMES.—Cabo negro (Guam, Philippines); Gomuto (Malay Acces A large palm with unequally pinnatisect leaves and a stout trunk, which is clothed above with the fibrous sheaths of dead leaves. Segments of the leaves grouped in fascicles of 4 or 5, linear, sword-shaped, 2-lobed, or variously dentate at the apex, white or silvery beneath; mid-veins prominent; nerves parallel; margins recurved at the base, and one or both of them auricled, the lower auricle the longer; petiole plano-convex with spiny margin; sheaths short, reticulate-fibrous, the margin cre- nate; spadix large, with short, reflexed peduncle and elongated, slender, pendulous branches; spathes numerous, attached to the peduncle, deciduous; bracts and bract- lets broad; flowers brownish, fruit a yellowish brown 3-seeded drupe, of the size of a small apple, very acrid. The stem, when young, is entirely covered with sheaths of fallen leaves, and black horse-hair like fibers, sain issue in great abundance from their margins; but as the tree increases in age, these drop off, leaving a colum- nar stem or trunk. In the Malay Archipelago the thickest fibers are used by the natives as styles for writing on other palms. The finest fibers are known in Eastern commerce as ‘‘gomuto”’ or ‘‘ejoo”’ fiber, and are much used for making strong cord- age, particularly for cables and standing rigging of vessels, whence the name ‘“‘cabo negro,’’? applied to the tree in the Philippines. They are not pliable enough for running rigging or for fine cordage. They need no preparation but spinning or twisting. No ropes of vegetable fiber are so imperishable when subjected to repeated wetting as those made of cabo negro fiber. At the base of the leaves there is a woolly material used in calking ships and stuffing cushions. The saccharine sap of this palm in the Malay Archipelago is used for making toddy and sugar. This is obtained in great abundance by cutting the spadices of the flowers in the same way as those of the coconut palm are cut in Guam for the same purpose. (See Cocos nucifera). When fresh the sap is like sweet cider; by fermentation it becomes intoxicating, and is then distilled into a rum or brandy resembling the aguar- diente of Guam. The cabo negro has been introduced into Guam from the Philippines. It grows well, but it has been planted in only one or two spots on the island. At Aniguag, a village between Agana and Punta Piti, there is a fine specimen on the inland side of the road. REFERENCES: Saguerus pinnatus Wurmb, Verh. Batay. Gen. 1: 351. 1779. Arenga saccharifera Labill. Mem. Inst. Par. 4: 209 1801 (ex Ind. Kew.). Saguilala (Philippines). See Cordyline terminalis and Phyllaurea variegata. Saguing (Philippines). See Musa paradisiaca. Sagus amicarum. Same as Coelococcus amicarum. Sakate (Guam). General name applied to grasses and foreign plants. Salai maya (Philippines). ‘‘Sparrows-nest.”’ See Dactyloctenium aegyptiacum. Sambag, Sambagui, Sambalagui (Philippines). See Tamarindus indica. Sampagas (Phllippines). See Jasminum sambac. Sampagita (Guam). See Jasminum sumbac. Sampalok (Philippines). See Tamarindus indica. Sandalwood, false. See Ximenia americana. Sandalwood, red. See Adenanthera pavonina. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 369 Sand-binding plants. See Strand plants. Sandia (Spanish). See Citrullus citrullus under Gardens. Sandoricum indicum. Santor. WILD MANGOSTEEN. Family Meliaceae. LocaL NAMEs.—Santol (Guam, Philippines, Singapore); Santor (Malayan); Wild mangosteen (India); Thitto (Burma). An evergreen tree growing in the Philippines, the Malay Archipelago, and the East Indies. The young shoots and panicles are tawny-velvety; leaves trifoliolate; leaflets tawny-pubescent along veins on lower surface, elliptic, or ovate-orbicular, shortly acuminate or apiculate, base unequally obtuse; flowers clustered, subsessile in ample, much-branched axillary panicles, small, yellowish, sweet-scented; calyx 5-toothed, short, pubescent; petals 5, linear; stamens 10, combined into a tube; stigma divided into 5 lobes; fruit about the size of an orange, containing 5 one-seeded nuts. The fruit has a fleshy acid pulp. It may be eaten raw and makes very good dulces, but has a peculiar odor. In Manila it is sold on the streets and served at hotel tables. The root, bruised with vinegar and water, is said to be a good remedy in diarrhea and dysentery.@ This tree has been introduced into Guam from the Philippines, but has not yet become well established. A fine tree is growing on the ranch of Don José de Leon Guerrero, in the locality called Lalo. It isa native of Burma and has spread through southern India, the Philippines, and many other tropical countries. The wood when burned gives forth an aromatic odor. It is durable and is suitable for the construc- tion of houses and boats. The heartwood is red and close-grained, and takes a fine - polish. REFERENCES: Sandoricum indicum Cay. Diss. '7: 359. t. 202, 203. 1789. San Francisco (Guam, Philippines). Name applied to several ornamental foliage plants. See Phyllaurea variegata and Graptophyllum pictum. Sansevieria zeylanica. Same as Cordyline hyacinthoides. Santa Helena (Spanish). See Leucaena glauca. Santa Maria, Palo de (Spanish). See Calophyllum inophyllum. Santa Maria, Yerba de (Spanish, Guam, Philippines). See Artemisia vulgaris. Santa Rosa, hierba de (Mexico). See Antigonon leptopus. Santol (Guam, Philippines, Singapore). See Sandoricum indicum. Santor (Malayan). See Sandoricum indicum. Sapindaceae. SOAPBERRY FAMILY. The only representatives of this family in Guam known to me are the introduced balloon vine (Cardiospermum halicacabum) and Dodonaea viscosa, a plant widely spread in the Tropics. Sapodilla or Sapodilla plum. See Sapota zapotilla. Saponaceous plants. See Detergents. Sapota zapotilla. SAPODILLA. Family Sapotaceae. LocaLt NaAMES.—Chico (Guam); Chico, Zapote chico, Zapotillo chico (Philip- pines); Nispero (Spanish West Indies); Nis-berry, Nees-berry, Nase-berry (British West Indies); Brei-apfel (German); Sapotille (French). A handsome evergreen tree with milky juice bearing a fruit shaped like an apple, cultivated extensively in the Tropics. Leaves thick and glossy, clustered at the «Watt, Economic Products of India, vol. 6, Pt. 2, p. 458, 1893. 9773—05——24 HAO) USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. extremities of the branches, elliptic-oblong, acute; primary veins thick, petioles downy; flowers whitish, pedicellate in the axils; calyx segments 6, in 2 distinct series; corolla 6-lobed. The fruit is a little larger than an egg. It is covered by a rough brown skin and contains a yellowish pulp with 4 or 5 black seeds. It is not eaten until thoroughly ripe, when it is sugary and very sweet. - This species is allied to the star-apple of the West Indies (Chrysophyllum cainito). It was introduced into Guam about thirty years ago. The few trees now growing on the island appear to thrive, but they seldom bear fruit. A fine tree grows in San Ramon, near the southern boundary of Agaiia, opposite the house of Don José Herrero. In the markets of Manila the fruit is common. In the United States the cultivation of this tree is limited to southern Florida. The tree yields a latex, which is boiled down until it assumes the consistency of gutta-percha, to which it is allied. It is called chicle in Mexico, and is the basis of the chewing gum so widely used in the United States. REFERENCES: Sapota zapotilla (Jaeq.) Coville. Achras sapota L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1: 470. 1762. Not Achras zapota L. Sp. Pl. 2: 1190. 1753. Achras zapota zapotilla Jacq. Select. Stirp. Am. Hist. 57.1753. The genus Achras (L. Sp. Pl. 2: 1190. 1753; L. Gen. Pl. ed. 5. 497.1754) was based by Linneeus on Plumier’s genus Sapota, but only one of Plumier’s two species was enumerated by Linnzeus in 1753. This species, Achras zapota, being the only Achras in the first edition of Linnzeus’ Species Plantarum, is the type of that genus. An unfortunate confusion of names was introduced by Linnzeus in the second edition of his Species Plantarum, in 1762, when he changed the name of his Achras zapota of 1753 to Achras mammosa, transferring the former name, Achras zapota, to another species under a modified spelling Achras sapota. The nomenclatorial misunderstand- ings thus originated are easily and definitely dispelled by an application of the rule of priority and the principle of generic types. The name Achras zapota is restored to its original use, and since the second species, called Achras sapota, does not belong to the same genus as the first, a new generic name must be found. This nomenclatorial vacancy is filled by Sapota, published by Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 7. 1759, who includes both species, but his first and the type of the genus is the one described above. The specific name, sapota, is not tenable on account of the earlier Achras zapota of 1753, and as Miller did not propose a binomial name for the species, the subspecifie name zapotilla, proposed by Jacquin in 1763, is adopted.—Frederick V. Coville. Sapotilla plum. See Sapota zapotilla. In Guam and the Philippines it is called ‘“chico.” Sappan-wood. See Biancaea sappan. Sarasa (Philippines). See Graptophyllum pictum. Saromo (Philippines). See Achyranthes aspera. Saucer leaf. See Nothopanax cochleatum. Sauco (Spanish). See Premna gaudichaudii. Savanna plants. The upland regions devoid of forest growth are known in Guam as ‘‘sabanas”’ or ‘‘savannas.’’ The highest mountains of the island scarcely exceed 1,000 feet in height, and there is no distinctive vegetation on the high land. The soil consists chiefly of red clay, which is impervious to water and is incapable of drainage. Among the plants growing there are a number of strand plants and marsh plants which love the sun and will not grow in shaded localities. Most of the savannas are covered with a growth of sword-grass or ‘‘neti’’ (Xipheagrostis floridula), with a DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 371 sparse sprinkling of ironwood (Casuarina equisetifolia). Among the ferns are Gleiche- - nia dichotoma, Blechnum orientale, Odontosoria retusa, Pteris biaurita, Pteris marginata, and Lygodium scandens. The coarse labiate Mesosphaerum capitatum (‘batunes’’ ) ; Glossogyne tenuifolia, a composite like Bidens; and the yellow-flowered Stemmodontia biflora and S. canescens occur, the last with thickly canescent leaves. Among the shrubs are Lobelia koenigii and Pemphis acidula, and the grasses include Dimeria chloridiformis, a small variety of Echinochloa colonum, Panicum distachyum, and Cen- totheca lappacea. The little yellow-flowered Hypoxis aurea grows on the mountains back of Agafia, and on Santa Rosa are patches of Lycopodium cernuum. Sayafi or sayiafi. An urticaceous shrub or small tree resembling Boehmeria. Collected by Gaudi- chaud but not identified. Also written ‘‘i sedyiafi,’’ ‘‘i seyafi.”’ Scaevola koenigii. Same as Lobelia koenigii. Scaevola velutina. Same as Lobelia koenigii. Schizophyllum. See Fungi. Schychowskya interrupta. Family Urticaceae. Loca NAMEs.—Palilalia (Guam); Mangeso (Samoa); Salato-nithoro (Fiji). An annual nettle-like herb with deep green, long-petioled alternate leaves, which are 3-veined at the base, and clusters of small green unisexual flowers borne on long slender peduncles. Stem 60 to 120 cm. high, erect, flexuous, branched, furrowed; whole plant more or less covered with scattered stinging hairs; leaves 6 to 9 cm. _ long, broadly ovate, acuminate, coarsely crenate-serrate, membranous, base cuneate, rounded or cordate, 3 to 5-veined, lateral veins 3 to 5 pairs; petiole long, very slen- der; stipules connate in pairs; flowers in cymes or spikes which are very variable, 25 em. long, bearing rather distant pedicelled clusters of minute flowers; flower branches short, or long and very slender; male sepals 4, concave; pistiilode minute; female flower with pedicel decurved, swollen above; achene cordate, compressed, keeled on one side, the keel decurrent on the pedicel. Common in cultivated fields and waste places. A weed widely distributed throughout the East Indies, China, Abyssinia, and the Pacific islands. Easily distinguished from the following species by its acu- minate leaves and the hairs on the stem and leaves. Although this plant bears a bad reputation in Fiji, and in Samoa, where its common name signifies ‘‘stinging,’’ yet in Guam it is comparatively harmless. It bears a close resemblance to S. aestuans (Fleurya aestuans Gaudich.), which in Porto Rico is called ‘‘ picapica.”’ REFERENCES: Schychowskya interrupta (L.). Irtica interrupta L. Sp. Pl. 2: 985. 1753. Fleurya interrupta Gaudich. Bot. Freye. Voy. 497. 1826. The type species of Fleurya belongs to the earlier genus Urticastrum, and the name Fleurya must therefore be abandoned. Schychowskya ruderalis. An annual glabrous herb with leaves 3-veined at the base. Leaves alternate, obtuse, truncate, or subcordate at the base, ovate, scarcely acuminate, coarsely crenate-serrate or crenate, 2.5 to 10 cm. long; flowers unisexual, in androgynous clusters which are shorter or longer than the petiole; tufts loosely flowered, approxi- mate; pedicels not dilated; male flowers 3 to 5-sepaled; stamens 3 to 5, inflexed in bud; pistillode small; female flowers with 4-lobed or 4-parted perianth, posticous lobe largest; ovary oblique, decurved, style subulate, very short, ovule erect; achene half inclosed in the persistent perianth, obliquely ovate, compressed, gibbous, pericarp membranous, endosperm scanty, cotyledons broad, radicle short, straight. BO) USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Collected in Guam by Gaudichaud. This plant is also found in Java, Celebes, New Guinea, Kaiser Wilhelmsland and the Marshall Islands. REFERENCES: Schychowskya ruderalis (Forst.) Endl. Ann. Wien. Mus. 1:187. t. 13. 1836. Urtica ruderalis Forst. f. Prod. 66. 1786. Fleurya ruderalis Gaudich. Bot. Freye. Voy. 497. 1826. Scimitar pod. See Lens phaseoloides. Sciophila torresiana. Same as Elatostema pedunculatum. Scorpion weed. See Heliotropium indicum. Screwpine or screwpalm. General name for the species of Pandanus. Scrophulariaceae. FoXGLOVE FAMILY. This family is represented in Guam by three low, herbaceous, water-loving plants, the fragrant Ambulia gratioloides and A. fragrans, called ‘‘guegue’’ or ‘‘gégé”’ (pro- nounced ‘‘gaygay’’), and the fleshy creeping, blue-flowered water-hyssop, Bacopa monniera ( Herpestis monniera). Sea-beans. Those found in Guan are: Lens phaseoloides, the scimetar-pod bean called ‘‘gayé,’’ ‘‘l6duson,”’ or ‘‘bayog;’’ Stizolobium giganteum, the ox-eye bean of the Pacific; Canavali obtusifolium, a succulent, glabrous creeper growing on tbe strand; and Guilandina crista, the gray nicker-nut, or ‘‘ pakao’’ of the natives. See the scientific names. Sea-coast laburnum. See Sophora tomentosa. Sea daffodil. See Pancratium littorale. Sea-grass. See Ruppia maritima. Sea-island cotton. See Gossypium barbadense. Sea purslane. See Sesuvium portulacastrum. Seaside bean. See Canavali obtusifolium. Seaside plum. See Ximenia americana. Seaweeds. See Alge and Halophila ovalis, the latter a flowering plant collected in Guam and figured by Gaudichaud. j Seboyas (Guam). See Allium cepa and Gardens. Sedges. See Cyperaceae. Sedyiafi, Seyafi, or Sedyafo. Improper spelling of the name of an urticaceous plant, ‘‘Sayafi,’’ or ‘‘Sayiafi.” Sedyaihagon or Seyaihagon (Guam). See Nervilia aragoana. Seguidillas (Spanish). See Botor tetragonoloba. Senna. See Cassia. Sensitive joint vetch, Indian. See Aeschynomene indica. Sensitive plants. The only plant remarkable for its irritability is Averrhoa carambola, a tree belong- ing to the Oxalidaceae, called ‘‘ bilimbines’’ by the natives. Sesame. See Sesamum orientale. Sesamum indicum. Same as Sesamum orientale. Sesamum orientale. SESAME. BENNE. Family Pedaliaceae. Local NAMeEs.—Ajénjoli (Spanish); Ahdénholi (Guam); Lingd, Lo1igd, Larigis, Lengnga (Philippines); Gingili, Gingelly (E. Indies); Til (Bengal). An annual plant which has been introduced into Guam, and is cultivated in some DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 373 of the gardens of the natives for the sake of its oily seeds. The axillary tubular flowers have a 5-cleft calyx and a 5-parted corolla, the lowest lobe of which is pro- longed; stamens 4 (2 pairs of unequal length), with the rudiment of a fifth; capsule oblong, quadrangular, 2-valved, many-seeded. In Guam this plant is not of much economic importance. The seeds yield an abundance of fixed oil, which is clear and nearly tasteless, and may be used like olive oil. The best oil for food purposes is expressed from the cold seed.¢ The parched seeds are used in many countries to give a flavor to cakes, sweetmeats, and salads, and when parched and pounded they are made into a savory soup. One of the chief advantages of this plant consists in its quick return of produce. It does not thrive so well in moist tropical countries where the rainfall is continu- ous as in regions where the rainfall is regular and not excessive, or where the crop can be irrigated. It will not grow in localities incapable of drainage, but thrives in alluvial sandy soil. The seed is sown at the beginning of the rainy season. The plant blooms in two months and at the end of three or four months the seed is ripe. The plants are then cut or pulled up and piled in heaps until the leaves have shriveled and fallen off. They are then hung up to dry in the sun. The pods burst open and the seeds are allowed to fall on mats or cloths placed to catch them. The bunches are also beaten so as to cause the remaining seed to fall. The seeds may be hulled by gently pounding them in a wooden mortar with a wooden pestle. The hulls contain a yellow coloring matter. The kernels are white and tasteless. When parched they have a nutty flavor. A very good candy is made by melting sugar, as for peanut brittle, pouring it in shallow pans, and sprinkling over it sesame _seed. The heat of the melted sugar is sufficient to parch the seeds and to give them a rich aromatic flavor. In South Carolina, where sesame is cultivated by the negroes as a catch crop in cotton fields, candy of this kind is made by the confectioners. Three varieties are recognized, distinguished by the color of the seeds. Yellow and white sesame seeds are used in Japan for oil-making, while the black seeds are used for cooking, either whole or ground into a coarse powder. ? REFERENCES: Sesamum orientale L. Sp. Pl. 1: 634. 1753. Sesban or Sesbania grandiflora. See Agati grandiflora. Sesuvium portulacastrum. SEASIDE PURSLANE. Family Aizoaceae. Locat NaAmMEes.—Chara (Guam); Tarampulit, Karampalit, Dampalit, Bilangbi- lang (Philippines); Verdolaga de Costa (Cuba). A succulent, branching, prostrate, strand plant of wide tropical distribution, some- times forming mounds on the sandy beach. Leaves opposite, entire, nearly veinless; flowers axillary, without petals; calyx 5-parted, green outside, purplish or rose- colored within; stamens many; styles 3 to 5; capsule 3 to 5-celled, circumscissile through the middle, the upper part like a lid, falling away when ripe, and leaving the lower part attached to the plant; seeds black, shining, smooth. The entire plant is eaten cooked like spinach. It is rather salty. In some parts of India it is cultivated as a pot herb. REFERENCES: Sesuvium portulacastrum Stickman, Herb. Amb. 1754; Amoen. Acad. 4: 136. 1759. Setaria aurea Hochst. Same as Chaetochloa glauca aurea. Setaria glauca aurea K. Sch. Sameas Chaetochloa glauca aurea. “See Hicks, Oil-producing seeds, Yearbook U.S. Dept. Agr., 1895, p. 197. : Here Descriptive Cat. Agr. Prods. Japan, World’s Columbian Exposition, p. 52, 893. 374 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Setlas (Guam). See Citrus medica. Seyaihagon (Guam). See Nervilia arragoana. Shaddock. See Citrus decumana. Shell-leaf. See Nothopanax cochleatum. She-oak, Australian. See Casuarina equisetifolia. Shore grass. See Stenotaphrum subulatum. Siak (Visayan). See Excoecaria agallocha. Sibucao or Sibukao (Guam). See Biancaea sappan. Sicoi (Philippines). See Lagenaria lagenaria. Sida acuta. BrRooMWEED.- Family Malvaceae. Loca NamMES.—Escobilla (Spanish); Escobang-haba, Wawalisdn (Philippines); Malva de caballo (Cuba). A much-branched, semi-shrubby, perennial, its branches erect, smooth, or slightly rough with minute stellate hairs. Leaves 1.5 to 6.5 em. long, lanceolate-oblong, rounded at base, acute or obtuse, sharply serrate or crenate-serrate, glabrous, pale beneath, petioles 6 mm. long, thickened at top, slightly stellate-hairy; stipules linear- subulate, exceeding petioles, veined, ciliate; flowers yellow, 1.5 em. long, peduncle 6 to 12 mm. long, stellate-pubescent; calyx nearly glabrous, the segments very broadly triangular, acute or acuminate; petals twice as long as calyx; ripe carpels 5 to 11, rugose on the back, black, with 2 sharp erect beaks. Collected in Guam by Lesson. 5 Common in waste places. Thestems yield a good fiber. The natives make brooms, with which they sweep their houses, of the stems of this and allied species, gathering them afresh each morning. In the Philippines, according to Padre Blanco, poul- tices are made by boiling the leaves and are applied to ulcers and other sores. In India a tonic is made of the plant, which is said to be a good appetizer. REFERENCES: Sida acuta Burm. f. Fl. Ind. 147. 1768. Sida carpinifolia. Same as Sida acuta. Sida glomerata. This species is said by Gaudichaud to occur in Guam, where, according to his notes, the natives call it ‘‘escobilla papagu,’’ ‘“‘papagu’’ meaning ‘‘poil a gratter’’ (hair for scratching). It is given by Endlicher in his list of South Sea Island plants as occurring in Guam,” where it was collected by Lesson. According to Cavanilles’s description, the species has ovate-lanceolate, serrate, tomentose leaves, axillary 1- flowered very short pedicels, and five 2-beaked carpels. Calyx ciliate. REFERENCES: Sida glomerata Cay. Diss. 1:18. t. 2. f. 6. 1785. Sida indica. Same as Abutilon indicum. Sida maura. In Endlicher’s list of South Sea Island plants, cited above, this species, attributed to Link, is said to have been collected by Chamisso in the Marianne Islands. It is not further known. In Link’s Enumeratio plantarum horti regii botanici berolinensis, ? I find not S. maura but S. mauritiana, which has the leaves ‘‘ praesertim subtus incana. caps. longe birostres.’? No locality given. Leaves cordate, crenate, often angled. REFERENCES: Sida maura Endl. Fl. Sidseeinseln, Ann. Wien. Mus. 1: 182. 1836. «Uber die Flora der Siidseeinseln, p. 182, 1836. bVol. 2, p. 205, 1822. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. Bs) Sida rhombifolia. BROOMWEED. Loca NAmEs. —Escobilla (Guam, Panama); Escoba (Spanish Central America) ; Malva de cochino (Cuba); Mautofu (Samoa); Ilima (Hawaii); Burume (Tahiti); Silhigon, Escobang-habé, Bdseng-béseng (Philippines); Svet-berela (India); Kotikan-bévila (Ceylon). A half-shrubby weed growing by the roadsides and in open places, having yellow flowers which open at about half-past 10 o’clock in the morning and soon fade to a whitish color. Branches rough with stellate hairs; leaves 2.5 to 5 em. long, rhomboid- lanceolate, obtuse at the base, acute, entire below, dentate-serrate above, glabrous above, more or less densely stellate-hairy beneath, petioles 6 mm. long, stellate- hairy, stipules setaceous, longer than petioles; flowers 2 cm. long, peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, 1.5 to 4 em. long, stellate-hairy; calyx-segments broadly triangular, very acute or apiculate; ripe carpels 8 to 10, with or without beaks. This plant varies greatly with its environment, and it may be that forms described as distinct species may be nothing more than varieties caused by differences of light, moisture, soil, etc. It yields a good fiber, which in Australia is known as Queensland hemp. This is fine, strong, white, and lustrous, and is easily extracted. It is softer and finer than jute, but shorter. Experiments made with this fiber show that a cord 12.5 mm. in circumference will sustain a weight of 400 pounds. In Guam fresh plants are gath- ered each morning and made into bundies which serve as brooms. REFERENCES: Sida rhombifolia L. Sp. Pl. 2: 684. 1753. Siempre-viva (Spanish). Local name for Bryophyllum pinnatum, which grows in Guam as a common roadside weed. Silhigon (Philippines). See Sida rhombifolia. Silisili (Philippines). See Jasminum marianumn. Silk-cotton tree. See Ceiba pentandra. Silk leaf. See Tournefortia argentea. Sincamas (Philippines). See Cacara erosa. Single head. See Nervilia arragoana. Sisio (Philippines). See Physalis angulata and P. minima. Sitae (Philippines). See Vigna sinensis. Soap orange. See Citrus aurantium saponacea. Solanaceae. NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. This family is represented in Guam by the following species: Capsicum annuum.—Doni, Cayenne pepper. Capsicum frutescens.—Doni, spur pepper. Cestrum nocturnum.—Dama de noche, night-blooming Cestrum. Cestrum pallidum.—Tintan China, ‘‘Chinese inkberry.”’ Datura fastuosa, Purple-flowered thornapple. Lycopersicon lycopersicum.—Tomato. Nicotiana tabacum.—Chupa, tobacco. Physalis angulata.—Tomates de brihuega, ground-cherry. Physalis minima.—Tomates de brihuega, ground-cherry. Solanum melongena.—Berengenas, eggplant. Solanum melongena. EGGPLANT. Family Solanaceae. Loca NAMES.—Berefighenas (Guam); Berengena (Spanish); TAlong. (Philip- pines). The eggplant is one of the principal vegetables cultivated in Guam gardens. It thrives best in sandy soil. The fruit is large, oval in shape, and purple. A favorite method of cooking it is to stuff it with minced meat and bake it. REFERENCES: Solanum melongena L. Sp. Pl. 1: 186. 1753. 376 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Solanum tuberosum. Potato. IrisH PoraTo. The potato can not be successfully cultivated in Guam. REFERENCES: Solanum tuberosum L. Sp. Pl. 1: 184. 1753. Sophora tomentosa. SEACOAST LABURNUM. Family Fabaceae. Loca NAMEs.—Bafigil, Tambalisa, Kabaikdbai, Kduai, Ya bag (Philippines); Kau ni alewa, ‘‘Woman’s Tree’’ (Fiji); Mudu-murunga (Ceylon). A shrub or small tree growing on the strand with gray velvety branches, yellow flowers, and necklace-like pods with joints separated by narrow necks. Leaves odd- pinnate with 7 or 8 pairs of leaflets, which are shortly stalked and often alternate, 4 cm. long, broadly oval, obtuse and rounded at both ends, pubescent; flowers rather large, pedicels as long as the calyx, jointed near the top, rather closely arranged in stout, erect, stalked racemes about 15 cm. long; needle-like bracts deciduous; calyx somewhat inflated, velvety, segments very small; pod covered with velvety down, 5 to 15 em. long, long-stalked; seeds nearly globular, pale brown, 9.5 mm. in diameter. This plant is not common in Guam. It grows sparingly on the windward side of the island on the sandy beach between Pago and Taldf6f6. It is widely spread on tropical shores. The natives had no vernacular name for it and said that it had recently appeared on the island. All parts of the plant, but especially the bark of the root and the seeds, are bitter and yield a poisonous alkaloid called sophorine. In the Malay Archipelago the pul- verized seeds are used as a specific for dysentery and cholera and as an antidote after having eaten poisonous marine animals. Padre Blanco says that the seeds are purg- ing. Two of them are almost too drastic for a dose in tertian fever. They area common remedy among the natives of the Philippines for disorders of the stomach and were at one time a popular remedy for cholera morbus. REFERENCES: Sophora tomentosa L. Sp. Pl. 1: 373. 1753. Sorrel. See Ovalis corniculata. Soursop. See Annona muricata. Spanish needles. See Glossogyne tenuifolia. Spider-flower. See Cleome viscosa. Spider lily. See Pancratium littorale. Spiderwort. See Commelina nudiflora and Zygomenes capitata. Spike-rush, capitate. See Eleocharis capitata. Spike-rush, plantain-like. See Eleocharis plantaginoidea. Spur pepper. See Capsicum frutescens. Spurge. General name for the species of Euphorbia. Star-grass, golden. See Hypowvis aurea. Starch-yielding plants. Among the plants yielding starch are: Alocasia indica and A. macrorhiza.—Piga, acrid taro. Artocarpus communis.—Lemae and dugdug, breadfruit. Cacara erosa.—Hikamas, yam-bean. Caladium colocasia.—Suni, taro. Canna indica.—Mango halom-tano. Cycas circinalis.—Federico or fadang. Dioscorea spp.—Dago, nika, and gado, yams. Ipomoea batatas.—Kamute, sweet potatoes. Manihot manihot.—Mandiuka, cassava plant. Musa paradisiaca.—Chotda, bananas and plantains. Ne @ Flora de Filipinas, p. 529, 1837. rh FO as et ee. . fr seu pean 2 ms Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. : PLATE LXV. STEMMODONTIA CANESCENS, A STRAND PLANT. NATURAL SIZE. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 377 Starch-yielding plants—Continued. Oryza sativa.—Fa’i, or palai, rice. Tacca pinnatifida.—Gabgab, or gaogao, Polynesian arrowroot. Zea mays.—Maeis, maize or Indian corn. Stemmodontia biflora. RoUGH-LEAVED TICKSEED. Family Asteraceae. LocaL NAMES.—Masigsig (Guam); Ateate (Samoa). A yellow-flowered composite. Leaves opposite, rough, petioled, 3-nerved, ovate, acuminate, serrate; heads axillary or terminal, 1 to 3, peduncled; ray-flowers pistil- late, fertile, ligule spreading, entire; involucre bracts 2-seriate, oblong or ovate- lanceolate often recurved, equaling or exceeding the disk, achenes shortly cuneate, 3 or 4-angled, rough, the tip broad, truncate; disk flowers hermaphrodite, fertile, or the central sterile, tubular, limb elongate, 5-toothed; anther base entire or subsagit- tate; style-branches of hermaphrodite flowers with acute hairy tips. A plant widely spread on tropical shores of eastern Asia and on many Pacific islands. REFERENCES: Stemmodontia biflora (L.) Verbesina biflora L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 2: 1272. 1763. Wedelia biflora DC.; Wight, Contrib. 18. 1834. Stemmodontia canescens. Hoary TICKSEED. PLATE LXV. LocaL NamES.—Masigsig churige (Guam). 2 A yellow-flowered composite similar to the preceding, but hairy-canescent. Leaves ovate or elliptical-lanceolate, serrate, acuminate, hairy-canescent, panicles sub- corymbose, involucre with two series of hirsute acuminate scales, and achenes blunt. Common on the island of Guam. REFERENCES: Stemmodontia canescens (Gaudich). Verbesina canescens Gaudich. Bot. Freye. Voy. 463. 1826. Wedelia chamissonis Less. Linnaea 6: 161. 1831. Stenotaphrum subulatum. SHORE GRASS. Family Poaceae. Local NAMEs. —Las-dga. A broadly creeping strand-grass, rooting at the lower nodes with the broad rachis of the spike-like panicle notched or pitted to receive the spikelets; spikelets convex within, fitting into the alternating pits and flat on the outside; leaves many, lanceo- late-acuminate, spreading; axis of rachis with a chaff-like prolongation; spikelets 2-flowered, the first empty glume small. Described and figured by Trinius from a specimen collected on the island of Guam. Common along the beach and in damp places. Allied to Stenotaphrum secundatum Kuntze (S. americanum Schrank, S. glabrum Trin., and S. dimidiatum Trin.), which might be introduced with advantage into the island. The present species is valuable for lawns and for forage, and is a good sand binder. It is easily propagated by cut- tings and will grow inthe shade. It never becomes coarse or hard, but remains suc- culent. Cattle are very fond ofit. See Lawns and lawn making. REFERENCES: Stenotaphrum subulatum Trin. Mem. Acad. Petersb. VI. Se. Nat. 3: 190. 1835. Sterculiaceae. CACAO FAMILY. This family is represented by the indigenous ufa ( Heritiera littoralis), a tree grow- ing near the shore; the introduced cacao (Theobroma cacao), which is successfully cultivated in sheltered places; and Waltheria americana, a widely spread tropical weed. Kleinhovia hospita, a tree apparently indigenous on many islands of the Pacific, has not been observed in Guam, but may possibly occur in the forests of the northern part of the island. 878 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Stizolobium giganteum. SEA-BEAN. GREAT OX-EY] BEAN. Family Fabaceae. LocaL NAmeEs.—Akankan défigkulo (Guam); Nipay, Lipay (Philippines); Tu tai buaa (Tahiti); Faso-gasuga (Solomon Island); Kakatea (Rarotonga); Kaeéé (Hawaii); Ojo de venado (Spanish). A woody climber with slender glabrous branches, compound tendrils, and trifolio- late leaves with long petioles; leaflets subcoriaceous, glabrous, the terminal one oblong-cuspidate, 12 to 15 em. long by 8 em. broad, the lateral ones very oblique; flowers pale greenish yellow, 12 to 30 in long-peduncled, drooping, close racemes; pedicels 2.5 em. long; calyx-tube campanulate; two upper teeth connate, truncate; lowest longer than the middle ones; corolla 3.5 cm. long; standard reflexed, not more than half as long as the rostrate keel; keel not abruptly inflexed at the end; stamens diadelphous, the upper one free, the rest united; anthers dimorphous; pod broadly winged down both sutures, but not plaited on the faces, 8 to 15 em. by 5 em., flat on the faces, copiously clothed with abundant deciduous yellow-brown irritating bristles, 2 to 6-seeded; seeds large, orbicular, hard, bony, uniformly brown or with black lines, the raphe extending over three-fourths of the circumference. The seeds are sometimes used as watch charms; powdered, they are used as an aphrodisiac. This plant is widely spread in Polynesia, tropical Asia, and eastern Australia. It was first collected In Guam by Gaudichaud. Grows on the edge of the forests and in thickets along the roadside, sometimes climbing over high trees. REFERENCES: Stizolobium giganteum ( Willd.) Spreng. Syst. Ant. 4: Cur. Post. 281. 1827. Dolichos giganteus Willd. Sp. Pl. 2: 1041. 1801. Mucuna gigantea DC. Prod. 2:405. 1825. Stizolobium pruriens. CowHaGE. CowilTcH. LocaL NAMES.—Picapica (Spanish); Nipay (Philippines). The pods of this species are devoid of plaits or wings, but have a longitudinal rib along the whole length of each valve, and are densely covered with orange-brown, brittle, irritant hairs pointing backward and easily detached. They are 6 to 8 cm. long and about 1.5 cm. broad, linear, blunt and curved at both ends. They are 4 to 6-seeded with partitions between them; seed small (about 6 mm. in diameter) ovoid, compressed, brownish mottled with black, the hilum short, oblong, not half the length of the seed. The plant is a semiwoody twiner with large trifoliolate leaves and purplish papilionaceous flowers growing in slender racemes. Branches usually clothed with short white, deflexed hairs; leaflets on short thick, hairy stalks, rachis 8 to 13 cm. long, sparingly deflexed-hairy, stipules linear, setaceous-hairy; terminal leaflet smallest and rhomboid-oval, lateral ones very obliquely deltoid, all acute, mucronate, covered with silvery hair beneath. The hairs of the pod, known as cowhage in medicine, are mixed with honey or molasses and given as a vermifuge. The powdered seeds are used in India as an aphrodisiac, and the young green pods are cooked and eaten as a vegetable. REFERENCES: Stizolobium pruriens (Stickman) Medic. Vorles. Churpf. Phys. Ges. 2: 399. 1787. Dolichos pruriens Stickman, Herb. Amb. 1754; Amoen. Acad. 4: 132. 1759. Mucuna pruriens DC. Prod. 2: 405. 1825. Strand plants. The principal species growing on the shore of the island are the following: Barringtonia racemosa.—Langaisag. Barringtonia speciosa.—Puting. Bruguiera gymnorhiza.—Mangle macho. Canavali obtusifolium.—Seaside bean. Casuarina equisetifolia.—Sago. Cocos nucifera.—Niyog. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 319 Strand plants—Continued. Cormigonus mariannense.—Gidusili. Crinum asiaticum.—Piga-palayi. Heritiera littoralis.—Ufa. Hernandia peltata.—Nonag. Ipomoea pes-caprae.—Goats-foot convolvulus. Lobelia koenigii.—Nanaso. Lumnitzera purpurea.—Nana, or red-flowered mangrove. Ochrosia mariannensis.—Fago. Pancratium littorale.—Lirio. Pariti tiliaceum.—Pago. Pemphis acidula.—Nigas. Rhizophora mucronata.—Mangle hembra. Sesuvium portulacastrum.—Chara. Terminalia catappa.—Talisai. ° Thespesia populnea.—Kilulu. Tournefortia argentea.—Hunig. Stemmodontia biflora.—Masigsig. Stemmodontia canescens.—Masigsig. Ximenia americana.—Piod. Xylocarpus granatum.—Laldnyug. Strawberry-nettle. See Hlatostema pedunculatum. Sugar-apple. See Annona squamosa. Sugar cane. See Saccharum officinarum. Sulangga (Philippines). See Impatiens baisamina. Sumag or Sumak (Guam). A tree mentioned in the list of Don Felipe de la Corte, the wood of which is used for the framework of roofs of native houses. The wood is flexible and elastic and is not subject to the attacks of white ants. The leaves are said to have medicinal properties. Species not identified. Sumdg-lada or Sumaklada (Guam). A tree used in the construction of houses mentioned by Don Felipe; not identified. Sune, Suni (Guam). Vernacular name for taro (Caladium colocasia) ; also called by its Philippine name, **gabi.”’ Swamp-oak, Australian. See Casuarina equisetifolia. Swamp plants. Among the plants growing in marshy places and on the banks of streams are the following: Acrostichum aureum.—Lagiigayas. Alocasia indica and A. macrorhiza.—Baba, piga, papao. Alsophila haenkei.—A tree fern. Ambulia fragrans.—Gégé sensonyan. Ambulia indica.—Gégé. Bacopa monniera.— Water hyssop. Bambos sp.—Piao palaoan. Bambos blumeana.—Piao lahe, piao tituka. Caladium colocasia.—Suni (Guam), gabi (Philippines). Ceratopteris thalictroides.—Umug sensonyan. Echinus tiliifolius.— Alam. Lygodium scandens.—Alambrillo. Pariti tiliaceum.—Pago. Trichoon roxburghii.—Kaliso. Xipheagrostis floridula.—Nete. Sweet acacia. See Acacia farnesiana. Sweet potato. See Ipomoea batatas. Sweetsop. See Annona squamosa. Switch-sorrel. See Dodonaea viscosa. 380 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Sword bean. See Canavali ensiforme. Sword grass. See Viphagrostis floridulus. Synedrella nodiflora. Family Asteraceae. An introduced weed of tropical American origin with inconspicuous sessile axillary and terminal heads of flowers. Plant erect, dichotomously branched; stem and branches terete, glabrous; leaves ovate-lanceolate, short-petioled, serrate, scaberu- lous, 3-nerved; heads small; inner involucre of bracts linear-lanceolate, shining; ray flowers 1 or 2-seriate, fertile, ligule short, broad, 2 or 3-toothed; disk-flowers her- maphrodite, fertile, tubular, limb 4-toothed; achenes slender, black; spines 2 to 3 times as long, erect, very stout. Hitherto unknown from Guam; but of wide tropical distribution. Common near cultivation. REFERENCES: Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. Fruct. 2: 456. t. 777. 1791. Verbesina nodiflora L. Cent. Pl. 1: 28. 1755; Amoen. Acad. 4: 290. 1759. Syrrhopodon. See Mosses. Ta’amu (Samoa.) See Alocasia indica. Tabaco (Spanish). See Nicotiana tabacum. Tabayag (Philippines). See Lagenaria lagenaria. Tabing (Philippines). See Abutilon indicum. Tabunak (Philippines). See Trichoon roxburghii. Tacamahac. See Gums and resins, and Calophyllum inophyllum. Tacca pinnatifida. POLYNESIAN ARROWROOT. East INDIAN ARROWROOT. Family Taccaceae. LocaLt NAMES.—Gabgab, Gapgap, Gaogao (Guam); Pannirien (Ilocos); Gaogao (Philippines); Mamago (Bougainville Straits); Yabia (Fiji); Pia, Masoa (Samoa); Pia (Tahiti, Hawaii); Pombwat (Burma). An interesting, monocotyledonous plant having edible starchy tubers resembling young potatoes, which yield the Polynesian or Kast Indian arrowroot. It has 3- parted irregularly pinnatifid leayes which are all radical and an umbel of drooping greenish flowers with a leafy involucre and a number of very long filiform bracts resembling flower-pedicles. Scape leafless, tapering, longer than the petiole, striped with dark and light green; flowers 10 to 40, subglobose, fleshy, 1.5 cm. in diameter, 6-lobed in.two series, lobes greenish edged with purple; leaves of involucre lanceo- late, recurved, striped with purple; filiform bracts very numerous; stamens 6, at the base of the perianth lobes, filaments very short, base dilated or with an appendage on each side and dilated above into an inflexed hood with 2 ribs or horns on the inner surface; anthers sessile within the hood; ovary 1-celled; style short, included, stigmas 3, broad or petaloid and reflexed like an umbrella over the style; ovules many, on 3 parietal placentas; fruit the size of a pigeon’s egg, 6-ribbed, yellow. As with the yams, the tubers are mature when the plants die down. They are then dug up and are ready for conversion into starch or arrowroot. They are rasped or grated into a fine pulp which is put into a tub of water. This becomes milky and is strained through a coarse cloth or sieve to remove the coarser particles. On standing for some time the starch settles on the bottom and the clear liquid is care- fully poured off. The fresh root is very bitter, but by repeatedly pouring off the water and replacing it by fresh water the bitter principle is removed. When the starch is thoroughly washed it is dried in the sun after the manner of common arrowroot and cassava starch. In Ilocos and Zambales, of the Philippine group, where it is abundant, the natives prepare the starch by rasping the roots on a rough stone in water. The starch finds a ready sale in Manila, where it is mixed with DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 381 sugar and made into sweetmeats.¢ In Fiji the natives use graters of mushroom coral (Fungia). As formerly made by the Fijians the starch was frequently of a grayish color, owing to the fact that the tubers were not first peeled and the starch was not sufficiently washed. When it became an article of export from the Fiji Islands the natives were taught to prepare it more carefully. For their own use they did not dry it but buried it in the ground, wrapped in leaves, so that it might ferment after the manner of breadfruit.? In Samoa the fresh starch is always used for past- ing together the thin layers of beaten bark of the paper mulberry ( Broussonetia papyrifera) in making tapa, or ‘‘siapo,’’ as bark cloth is there called. In Guam it is used for starching clothes and for making sweetmeats called ‘‘ bufuelos.’’ The root itself is not used as a vegetable. ; As a food for invalids the arrowroot made from Tacca is said to be superior to all others. ‘‘It is invaluable when taken in cases of dysentery and diarrhea.’ ? From the petioles and flower scapes the natives of Tahiti get an excellent straw for braiding hats, which they prepare by splitting into narrow strips, curing, and drying. Hats made from this straw were purchased by the officers of the U. 8. 8. Mohican in 1886. They were white and glossy and of light weight. It is said that the late Queen Victoria had a bonnet made of this material. ? The plant is found growing wild in Guam and is also cultivated. It is widely spread in Polynesia, and is found in Australia, the German colonies in the Solomon Islands and Bismarck Archipelago, and in the East Indies. The natives of the island of Cheduba, on the coast of Burma, make arrowroot from it; but onthe neigh- boring mainland it is not utilized.¢ In the State of Travancore, near the southern point of India, the plant is cultivated and forms an important article of trade. The root here grows to a large size, and is much eaten by the natives, who mix with it agreeable acids to overcome its pungency.@ REFERENCES: Tacca pinnatifida Forst. Char. Gen. 70. ¢. 35. 1776. Taeniophyllum fasciola. ORCHID. Family Orchidaceae. LocaL NAmMEs.—Kamuke nanofe (Guam); Uramaore (Tahiti). A small stemless, epiphytal orchid, with the habit of Polyrrhiza, apparently leafless after the first growth; roots flattened, fasciculate, interlaced; leaves 2 or 3 or absent, linear, fleshy, veinless; peduncle radical, filiform; flowers very minute, spicate; sepals and petals nearly alike, together with lip connate in a 6-toothed perianth; lip boat- shaped, the margins free, fleshy, the base produced into a saccate spur; dorsal side of spur continuing the base of the column; column very short, broad, foot lacking; anther 2-celled, pollinia 4, in superposed pairs, pyriform, waxy, sessile on the gland; adventitious roots spreading, flexuose, elongate, and lying flat on the bark of the tree on which the plant grows, 20 cm. long and 2 to 3 mm. wide. Flowers green, soft, minute, not conspicuous. Collected in Guam by Gaudichaud and by him called Vanilla fasciola. This plant occurs also in the Society Islands and in Fiji.¢ In Endlicher’s Flora der Stdseeinseln it is called Limodorum fasciola.f REFERENCES: Taeniophyllum fasciola (Forst. f.) Reichenb. f. in Seem. FI. Vit. 296. 1868. Epidendrum fasciola Forst. {. Prod. 60. 1786. Vanilla fasciola Gaudich. Bot. Freye. Voy. 427. 1826. 4 Blanco, Flora de Filipinas, p. 262, 1837. 4Seemann, Flora Vitiensis, p. 101, 1865-1873. ¢ Williams, On the Farina of the Tacca pinnatifida, Pharmaceutical Journ. and Trans., vol. 6, p. 383, 1846-1847. 4 Drury, Useful Plants of India, p. 423, 1858. €Seemann, Flora Vitiensis, p. 296, 1865-1873. J Ann, des Wiener Museums, vol. 1, p. 163, 1836. 382 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Taetsia terminalis. PALM-LILY. Family Liliaceae. Locat namEs.—Bast6n de San José (Guam); Saguilala (Philippines); Ti (Samoa, Raratonga, Tahiti); Ting (Ponape); Ki (Hawaii); Qui, Masawe (Fiji). A plant with an erect stem bearing a cluster of simple leaves, often of a reddish color, rising from a large tuberous, saccharine root, and with terminal panicles of small flowers. Stem erect, 1.5 to 3 meters high, marked with leaf scars; leaves lanceolate, 30 to 60 cm. long, 8.5 to 10 cm. broad at the middle, contracting to a petiole of 5 to 7.5 cm. long, with many longitudinal nerves diverging from a short rib; flowers sessile on the alternating branches of the panicle, 3-bracted; perianth jointed with the short pedicel, split to the middle into 6 equal lobes; stamens 6, inserted at the throat; ovary 3-celled, ovules numerous; style filiform, stigmas 3-lobed or nearly entire; berry round, 4 to 6 mm. in diameter, often few-seeded; seeds obovoid, com- pressed, often curved; testa black, shining; embryo axile, curved. * This plant is widely distributed in the Pacific; but it did not find its way to Guam until after the discovery, and at present has no Chamorro name. Its Spanish name, signifying ‘‘St. Joseph’s staff,’’ has been applied to it evidently on account of its slender, straight stem and its graceful terminal tuft of leaves. It is now abundant on the sides of the road leading from Agafia to Pago. In Hawaii it is held in high esteem by the natives, who plant it around the tombs of their dead. The aboriginal Hawaiians made a fermented drink out of the fleshy, sweet roots. The modern Hawaiians distill from them a highly intoxicating liquor, somewhat like rum. In Samoa the natives make fringed skirts (titi) of the leaves, which they wear in fishing on the reef and in rainy weather. The leaves are also much used by the Polynesians \ for wrapping fish and other food before putting it into the native ovens to bake. The Ceres leaves are free from any pronounced taste. They are excellent for fodder for animals, and are often used in native feasts, together with leaves of bananas and plantains, as plates or trays upon which food is spread. In Guam the natives use it only as an ornamental plant. REFERENCES: Taetsia terminalis (L.) Asparagus terminalis L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1: 450. 1762. Dracaena terminalis L. Syst. ed. 12. 246. 1767. Cordyline terminalis Kunth, Abh. Acad. Berl. 30. 1820. The name Cordyline, as shown in the discussion under that name on an earlier page in this work, is an untenable name for this genus, and Taetsia, proposed by Medicus in 1786 and based on the species ferrea, is accordingly reinstated. Tagete or Taguete (Guam). Vernacular name for a species of Ficus allied to the banyan, but without aerial roots from the branches, common in the forests and growing to great size. Wood used only for fuel. Tagoa (Guam). See Lagenaria lagenaria. Tagum (Philippines). See Indigofera anil and JI. tinctoria. Takan (Philippines). See Pisonia excelsa. Takete (Guam). See Ficus spp. Talamtala (Porto Rico). See Herpetica alata. Talie (Samoa). See Zerminalia catappa. Talisai (Guam, Philippines). See Terminalia catappa. Talong (Philippines). See Solanwm melongena. Tamanu (Polynesia). See Calophyllum inophyllum. Tamarind. See Zamarindus indica. elevate ca aaa Baa ue b Lae ee AY arnt eit ais ex g Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE LXVI. TAMARINDUS INDICA, THE TAMARIND. FOLIAGE AND FRUIT. NATURAL SIZE. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 383 Tamarind, Manila. Name in India for Pithecolobium dulce. Tamarindo (Philippines). See Tamarindus indica. Tamarindus indica. TAMARIND. PLATE LXVI. Family Caesalpiniaceae. LocaL NAMES.—Kamalindo (Guam); Sampalok, Sambalagui, Sambag, Sam- bagui, Tamarindo (Philippines). An introduced tree with spreading branches and beautiful foliage, bearing pods containing seeds surrounded by an acid pulp of pleasant flavor. Leaves abruptly pinnate, with 20 to 40 glabrescent, close, obtuse, opposite, oblong leaflets; flowers few together, in copious lax racemes at the end of the branchlets; pedicels articulated at the base of the calyx; bracts boat-shaped, inclosing the buds, caducous; calyx tube top-shaped, the disk produced some distance above its base; teeth lanceolate, much imbricated, the lowest 2 connate; only the 3 upper petals developed, the 2 lateral ovate, the upper hooded, 12 mm. long, yellow striped with red, the 2 lower petals reduced to scales; stamens monadelphous, only 3 developed,.the others reduced to bristles at the top of the sheath; ovary many-ovuled, with a stalk adnate to the calyx tube; style filiform, stigma capitate; pod 5 to 15 cm. by 2.5 em. or more, 3 to 10-seeded, with a thin crustaceous epicarp and a thick pulpy mesocarp. The acid pulp makes a very pleasant, cooling drink when mixed with water and sweetened. In India it isa favorite ingredient of curries and chutneys, and the seeds are eaten by the natives, the outer skin being first removed by roasting or soaking, and the seed then boiled or fried. They are also made into a flour after being dried ‘and ground. The tender seedlings are eaten asa vegetable, and the leaves and flowers are also eaten. Nearly every part of this tree is utilized in India, and it plays an important part in the economy of the natives. The wood is highly prized, but is hard to work. It is used for mallets, rice pounders, wheels, etc. The leaves, flowers, and fruit are used as mordants in dyeing; and the fruit is a valuable laxative and antiscorbutic. 4 In Guam the trees grow well, but as they do not spread spontaneously they are found only near villages and houses where they have been planted, and on the sites of abandoned ranchos. REFERENCES: Tamarindus indica L. Sp. Pl. 1: 34. 1753. Tamauian (Philippines). See Calophyllum inophyllum. Tambalisa (Philippines). See Sophora tomentosa. Tambo (Philippines). See Trichoon roxburghii. Tamo (Philippines). See Zinziber zerumbet. Tanetane (Samoa). See Nothopanax fruticosum. Tanga-mimi (Samoa). See Ipomoea congesta. Tangantangan (Guam). See Leucaena glauca. Tangantangan (Philippines). See Ricinus communis. Tangerine orange. See Citrus nobilis. Tanglad (Philippines). See Andropogon nardus. - Tanning. Among the plants yielding tan stuffs are the following: Anacardium occidentale.—Kasée, the cashew tree. Bruguiera gymnorhiza.—Mangle "macho, the many-petaled mangrove. Ficus sp.—Nunu, the banyan; bark astringent. Heritiera littoralis. —Ufa; free from coloring matter. «Watt, Economic Products a; India, vol. 6, pt. 3, pp. 405-409, 1893, 384 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Tanning—Continued. Lens phaseoloides.—Gaye or bayog; a forest liana. Pithecolobium dulce.—Kamachiles; most extensively used of all. Psidium guajava.—Abas, the guava; leaves and bark. Punica granatum.—Granada; rind of fruit excellent. Rhizophora mucronata.—Mangle hembra, four-petaled mangrove; aerial roots crushed and soaked in water, good for curing fish nets. Terminalia catappa.—Talisai; bark and leaves. * Tapioca. See Manihot manihot. | Tapuranga (Philippines). See Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. Taro. See Caladium colocasia. Taro, acrid. See Alocasia indica and A. macrorrhiza. Taro, giant. See Alocasia indica and A. macrorrhiza. Tartago (Porto Rico). See Jatropha curcas. Tarumpalit (Philippines). See Sesuwviwm portulacastrum. Tauanave (Samoa). See Cordia subcordata. Tausunu (Samoa). See Tournefortia argentea. Tavatava (Philippines). See Jatropha curcas. Tea. An attempt was made to cultivate tea in Guam, but it was unsuccessful, the plants growing too high and rank. Tea, Mexican. See Chenopodium ambrosioides. Tea senna. See Cassia mimosoides. Telosma odoratissima. THOUSAND LEAGUES. Family Asclepiadaceae. Loca NAaMEs.—Mil-leguas (Guam, Philippines); Liane Tonquin (Mauritius); Malati tunkat (Java); Yé-lan-hiang (China). A twining shrub of East Indian origin, with very fragrant, aromatic, greenish flowers growing in umbel-like cymes. Leaves opposite, ovate-cordate, membranous; calyx 5-parted; corolla salver-shaped, tube pubescent within, swollen at the base; lobes oblong, overlapping at the right; stamens growing together so as to forma short fleshy column bearing a ring of scales called the staminal corona, scales mem- branous, growing to the back of the anthers, erect, double, the inner with a long point; pollen masses one in each cell; stigma capitate; fruit a pod having one suture, lanceolate, about 7.5 cm. long; pericarp thick, glabrous; seeds 8 mm. long, broadly ovate. This plant is a great favorite with the natives. They plant it in their gardens, propagating it by cuttings, which readily take root. I have never seen it form fruit on the island. It takes its local name from the great distance to which the aromatic odor of its flowers is carried. On going home I could always tell at a distance of two blocks whether or not there was a boquet of mil-leguas in my house. REFERENCES: Telosma odoratissima (Lour.) Coville. Cynanchum odoratissimum Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 1: 166. 1790. Pergularia odoratissima Sm. Ic. Pict. t. 16. 1790-93. None of the species currently referred to the genus Pergularia was contained in the original Pergularia of Linnzeus. That author described two species in the genus, one of which was subsequently made by Burmann the type of the Apocynaceous genus Vallaris, while the other also was removed from Pergularia by Robert Brown and, with Cynanchum extensum of Jacquin, erected into the genus Daemia. Pergu- laria can not therefore properly be used as the genus name for those plants to which DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 385 it has currently been applied, and the name Telosma (r7Aé, far, and 66/7), odor) is here proposed, the type species being 7. odoratissima as above cited.—Frederick V. Coville. Tephrosia mariana. Same as Cracca mariana. Terminalia catappa. INDIAN ALMOND. MALABAR ALMOND. Family Combretaceae. Loca NAMEs.—Talisai (Guam); Talisai, Dalisai (Philippines); Talie (Samoa); Kaorika, Kauarika (Karotonga); Tavola (Fiji); Kamani (Hawaii); Almendro (Spanish America); Badamier (French); Saori (Solomon Islands); Tipop, Tipapop (Ponape, Caroline Islands). A handsome deciduous tree with branches in horizontal whorls, large leaves, which usually turn searlet before falling, and an edible almond-like fruit. Leaves alternate, clustered toward the ends of the branches, short-petioled, obovate from a cordate but very narrow base, 15 to 20 cm. long, usually softly hairy when young, glabrous or hairy when adult, with 2 glandular depressions near the base of the midrib on the under side which are often obscure or wanting; petiole 6 to 19 mm. long; flowers small, spicate; spikes solitary, axillary, simple, gray or rusty tomen- tose, the upper flowers male, the lower hermaphrodite, the bracts minute at the base of each flower, soon deciduous; calyx tube produced above the ovary with a campanulate mouth, limb of 5 short valvate triangular lobes, deciduous; petals none; stamens 10 inserted on the calyx tube; epigynous disk within them densely hairy; ovary 1-celled, inferior; style long, simple; fruit 2.5 to 3.8 cm. long, ellipsoid, slightly compressed so as to show two ridges, finally glabrous. A very common tree in Guam, often growing near the shore, but also found inland. The kernels of the fruit are of a fine almond-like consistency and flavor. The crows (Corvus kubaryi) are very fond of them, and the natives eat them as delicacies either fresh or candied. The bark and leaves are astringent and contain tannin. In India they are mixed with iron salts to form a black pigment, with which the natives in certain localities color their teeth and make ink. This species is an excellent shade tree. It is of wide tropical distribution and is often planted for ornament and for the sake of its nuts. It has been introduced into Hawaii and the natives have applied to it the Polynesian name for Calophyllum inophyllum (kamanu, or kamani) owing to the appearance of its foliage, which from a distance looks somewhat like that of the latter species. It is easily propagated from the seed. The wood is hard and of a reddish color, the sapwood lighter colored than the heartwood. In Guam it is used for troughs, carts, and posts, and if ‘‘daog’’? wood ( Calophyllum inophyllum) can not be obtained it is used for making cart wheels, though it is inferior to that species in toughness and durability. The Fijians and Samoans make drums of the hollowed trunks. REFERENCES: Terminalia catappa L. Mant. 1: 128. 1767. Thatch plants. The principal materials used for thatching are the leaves of Cocos nucifera and fringes of sword grass or neti (Xipheagrostis floridula) and of the leaflets of the nipa palm (Nypa fruticans). See p. 148. ” Theobroma cacao. Cacao. CHOCOLATE TREE. PLATE LXVII. Family Sterculiaceae. Loca NAMES.—Cacao (Spanish); Kaékao (Guam). The seeds of this plant are the ‘‘chocolate beans”’ or ‘‘chocolate nuts’? of com- merce. It isa small tree with a bare stem which generally rises to a height of about 2 meters before branching, and reaches a height of 5 or 6 meters. Sometimes, however, ander good conditions of moisture, soil, and situation it grows higher. The tree is cauliflorous; that is, the flowers spring forth from the trunk and older branches. 9773—05 ——25 386 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Leaves large, undivided, smooth, broad, pointed, and of a thin texture; of a reddish color and hanging limp from the branches when young, but soon turning green and becoming firm; flowers produced from adventitious buds under the bark, usually at the ‘‘eyes,’”’ or points marked by the scars of fallen leaves, small, growing in clusters or solitary, usually only one of a cluster developing into fruit; calyx 5-parted, often of a pinkish color; petals 5, yellowish, concave at the base and having a strap-like appendage at the tip; stamens 10, united at the base into a cup, 5 without anthers and the other 5 alternating with them bearing 2 double-celled anthers each; style thread-like, terminating in a 5-cleft stigma; fruit somewhat like a cucumber in shape, 15 to 25 em. long, yellow or reddish, longitudinally ribbed, the rind thick and warty, leathery and tough, not splitting when ripe, 5-celled, and containing many seeds in a soft butter-like pulp of a pleasant sweetish-acid flavor; seeds compressed, some- what almond-shaped, with a thin, pale, reddish-brown, fragile skin or shell, cover- ing an oily, aromatic, bitter kernel, which consists mostly of the crumpled cotyledons. If taken from the pod the seed soon loses its vitality. It is consequently difficult to transport it to distant countries unless in a germinating condition or in ripe pods, which, if kept cool, will last ten days or perhaps two weeks. Cacao must be grown in sheltered situations. The best soil is that of valleys made by the decomposition of volcanic rocks and containing organic matter, as at Santa Rosa, Yigo, and Mataguag in the northern part of the island of Guam, and alluvial deposits along the banks of streams, as in the valleys of [lig and Tardféfo, on the east coast. Considerable depth is necessary, as the tree hasa long taproot. The trees will not bear exposure to the brisk trade winds, which are almost constantly blowing in Guam. Whole plantations are sometimes blasted by the baguios, or hurricanes, which visit the island. The seeds are planted fresh from the pods in sementeras, or nurseries. They are taken from the best and largest pods, which are picked from the best-bearing trees perfectly ripe and kept for a week or ten days. On opening the pod it is not unusual to find that the seeds have already begun to germinate. The best pods are those growing on the trunk, and from them the largest seed should be selected. They are placed in the ground about 1 inch below the surface, so that the point where each seed was attached to the placenta is lowermost, thus avoiding a crooked stem and taproot, which are very delicate and easily injured in transplanting. The rows are about 25 ecm. apart, with the seed set at intervals of about 10cm. They sprout in a few days and ina few weeks’ time they are ready for transplanting. The best time for transplanting is the beginning of the rainy season. Great care must then be taken, as a slight injury to the taproot will kill the plant. The plants given to the writer by Mr. David Haughs in Honolulu were grown from seed planted in pots. A yery good way to propagate them is to plant them in bamboo joints, which may be filled with good fine earth and sunk in the ground. When ready for transplanting the bamboo is split and the ball of earth surrounding the tender roots left intact. Sometimes the seeds are planted on the site chosen for the plantation, so that trans- planting will not be necessary. In this case the ground is cleared and straight rows 4 to 5 meters apart marked out by lines. The rows may be a little closer together than this in places where the cacao does not send out very long branches, and 6 meters apart where the soil is deep and rich, taking care to plant the seeds in one row opposite the middle of the intervai of the row next to it. The position of each hill is indicated by a stake, around which 3 or 4 seeds are planted about 20 cm. apart. All the seeds may grow, yet only the most thrifty one is allowed to remain, the rest being either pulled up and thrown away or carefully removed with a ball of earth attached to the roots and planted in the places where seeds have failed to sprout or set out in another field, as in the case of plants grown in sementeras. In clearing land for planting cacao a few trees are sometimes left for shade, except in moist valleys, where they are not necessary. Disgaen: oe ay ci eneneane ips ay sis en (Pinte ae Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE LXVII. THEOBROMA CACAO, THE CHOCOLATE PLANT. INFLORESCENCE. SLIGHTLY REDUCED. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 387 In Guam sappan wood (Biancaea sappan) grows readily, and soon forms hedges or thickets of a good height, which serve as excellent wind-breaks. The plantation must be kept free from weeds, especially while the plants are still young. Jn Guam the weeds are kept down with a thrust hoe, or fusifo.¢ Rows of taro or bananas are often planted between those of the cacao, and left while the plants are still young. The bananas not only produce fruit, but, growing readily and rapidly, they act as shade plants to the tender young cacao. As the cacao matures, these plants are removed. The custom of planting shade trees, called ‘‘madre-cacao,”’ is not so prevalent in Guam as in America;? but in exposed situations trees of gabgab (Erythrina indica), lemae, or breadfruit, and dugdug, or fertile breadfruit—all quick-growing trees—may be planted to shade the plants, care being taken to keep the lower boughs cut off, so as not to interfere with the growth of the cacao. In many parts of the island where the soil is thin, with a substratum of coral, or where the soil is poor, the cacao should be planted in holes 2 feet in depth and in diameter, filled with good rich soil. This method is called ‘‘ holing,’’ and is used in many tropical countries for other plants as well as for cacao. Dead weeds and the refuse from the pods after the seeds have been taken out form an excellent manure, and should be placed about the trees or buried near their roots. This practice, how- ever, should not be followed if any pods show evidence of disease. In such an event all infected pods should be carefully burned. Only one stem is allowed to grow until the tree has reached the height of a meter, aiter which three main branches are allowed to remain. The plant should be kept free from suckers, which sometimes sprout out even after the main branches have appeared. In about three years from planting the trees will flower, but it is best to remove the flowers from young trees, as it is injurious to them to bear fruit before tbe fourth or fifth year. In Guam the trees bear fruit almost continuously, but there are two principal crops each year. The fruit is then gathered in quantities, some of the best pods selected for seed, and the rest of the seeds are dried and stored or made at once into chocolate. No cacao is exported, except, perhaps, a little sent by natives to friends in Manila or given to people leaving the island, as is the custom in Guam. In gathering the pods the stalks should be cut halfway between the pod and the tree, care being taken not to tear the bark, as is often done if the pod be removed by twisting; for it is in the bark, at the base of the old peduncle that the adven- titious buds push forth which produce the crop of the following year. The beans are freed from pulp and gummy matter, dried in the sun, parched, and ground on stone slabs called ‘‘metates’’ with a cylindrical stone rolling-pin called a ‘‘mano,’’ just as maize is ground for making tortillas. The ground paste is formed into balls or lozenge-shaped disks, each large enough to make one cup of chocolate. Chocolate as made in Guam is thickened with flour or arrowroot. It is of fine flavor and is not adulterated in any way, except by the addition of sugar and flour. The natives scorn imported chocolate, saying that it tastes like medicine. The custom of chocolate drinking is universal among them. They drink it in the late afternoon, serving it quite hot, and offering it to visitors as a matter of etiquette, often accompanying it with sponge cake or poundcake, which they have been taught to make by foreigners, and which they call ‘‘kéke.’’ Cacao beans are sometimes kept in jars and allowed to ‘‘sweat’’ or undergo a sort of fermentation, which improves their flavor, but this custom is not universal. Many families, after having dried the beans in the sun, keep them until required for use, when they toast them as we do coffee, grind them on the family metate, and make them into chocolate. Chocolate made from the newly ground bean is especially rich and aromatic. «See Gardens. 5See Cook, Shade in Coffee Culture, U. 8S. Dept. Agr., Div. Botany, Bull. No. 25, p. 8, 1901. 388 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. The cacao plantations of Guam suffer greatly from the ravages of the brown, or Norway, rat (Mus decumanus), which overruns the island and is a great pest. These animals are immoderately fond of the beans, and sometimes destroy whole crops. The trees are comparatively short-lived, often beginning to die at the top when 10 years old, and are subject to the attack of boring insects. On this account and on account of the sensitiveness of the trees to hurricanes, which are not rare in Guam, cacao is not cultivated extensively, the natives preferring to devote their energies to clearing land for the longer-lived and hardier coconuts, which yield good and certain returns. In places where conditions of soil and moisture are favorable for cacao culture, it is recommended that belts of forest be left as a protection from wind. Where the forest has been destroyed, artificial wind-breaks may be formed by plant- ing trees and wild yams, which quickly form a solid matting of vegetation. If leguminous trees are planted they will undoubtedly be a benefit to the soil as storers of nitrogen. REFERENCES: Theobroma cacao L. Sp. Pl. 2: 782. 1753. Thespesia populnea. : Mito. Family Malvaceae. Loca NAMES.—Kilulu, Quilulu (Guam); Bulakan, Bubui gubat (Philippines); Mulo (Fiji); Milo (Tonga, Samoa, Tahiti, Hawaii); Miro (Rarotonga); Bonabeng (Yap); Pona, Pena, Pana (Ponape); Bengibeng (Gilbert Islands); Kaikaia (Bougainville Straits); Suriya-gas (Ceylon); Umbrella tree, Tulip tree (British India); Majagua de Florida (Cuba); Palo de jagueca (Porto Rico). A tree growing near the coast, with showy yellow flowers which change to a purplish-pink color on withering. Branches spreading; young twigs covered with peltate scales; leaves 7 to 12 cm. long, broadly ovate, entire, acute, or acuminate, cordate at base, palmately 7-veined, more or less covered on both sides with minute peltate scales, sometimes with a glandular pore beneath between the bases of the veins; petioles 2.5 to 7.5 cm. long, stipules subulate, deciduous; flowers axillary, soli- tary, campanulate, 5 to 7.5 cm. in diameter; peduncles 2.5 to 3.5 cm. long, bracteoles lacking or very early deciduous; calyx cup-shaped, truncate, the teeth obscurely marked; petals 5; stamens indefinite, filaments forming a tube; capsule about 2.5 cm. long, depressed globose, somewhat lobed, 4 or 5-celled, surrounded at the base by the persistent calyx, more or less covered with peltate scales, indehiscent or irregu- larly dehiscent; seeds woolly, large, compressed. As in many species of Hibiscus, the 5 styles are connate, or grow together; ovary 4 or 5-celled, with Ina ovules in each cell; stigma club-shaped. A favorite shade tree, growing wild and often planted about villages in Polynesia. The heartwood is hard, smooth, durabie, and of a dark-red color. The Hawaiians sometimes make poi calabashes of it, and it has been called ‘‘ Polynesian rosewood.”’ The bark is tough and fibrous, but for cordage is inferior to that of Pariti tiliaceum. It is one of the commonest trees of Guam. This tree is of very wide distribution. It ranges from tropical Asia, Africa, and Madagascar across the Pacific to Hawaii and Easter Island, and also occurs in tropical America and the West Indies. The identity of its name in islands so widely separated as Rarotonga and Hawaii is interesting. REFERENCES: Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland.; Correa, Ann. Mus. Par. 9: 290. t. 8. f. 2. 1807. Mibiscus populneus L. Sp. Pl. 2: 694. 1753. Malvaviscus populneus Geertn. Fruct. 2: 253. t. 135. f. 3. 1791. Thorea gaudichaudii. See Algz. Thornapple. See Datura fastuosa. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 389 Thorny bamboo. See Bambos blumeana. Thousand leagues. See Telosma odoratissima. Ti (Samoa). See Tuetsia terminalis. Tiaridium indicum. Same as Heliotropium indicum. Ticamas (Philippines). See Cacara erosa. Tickseed. See Stemmodontia. Tick-trefoil. General name for the species of Meibomia. Tick-trefoil, Creeping. See Meibomia triflora; also Agsom, a name improperly applied to this plant. Tick-trefoil, Ganges. See Meibomia gangetica. Tick-trefoil, umbelled or shrubby. See Meibomia wmbellata. Tigre (Guam, Philippines). See Cordyline hyacinthoides. Tiliaceae. LINDEN FAMILY. To this family belong the following Guam plants: Grewia guazumaefolia, aigilao; Triumfetta pilosa, masigsig lahe; Triwmfetta rhom- boidea, dadangse, or burweed; Triumfetta procumbens, masigsig hembra. Tintan China (Guam). “Chinese ink;’’ a name applied in Guam to a recently introduced Cestrum which has been spread all over the island, probably by the fruit-eating pigeons, which are very fond of its dark purple berries. It is very closely allied to, if not identical with, ‘the tropical American Cestrum pallidum. Tinta-tinta (Philippines). See Ecelipta alba. Tipolo (Philippines). See Artocarpus communis. Tipolo (Samoa). See Citrus hystrix acida. Toa (Samoa). See Casuarina equisetifolia. Tobacco. See Nicotiana tabacum. Toddy. The fermented sap of the coconut, in Guam called ‘‘tuba.’’ See Cocos nucifera. Toguing polo (Philippines). See Dioscorea fasciculata lutescens. To’ito’iave’a (Samoa). See Lobelia koenigii. Tolo (Samoa). See Saccharum officinarum. Tomate (Spanish). See Lycopersicon lycopersicum. Tomate chaka (Guam). See Physalis minima. Tomato. See Lycopersicon lycopersicum. Tongo (Philippines). A prickly yam. See Dioscorea spinosa: Tongo (Samoa). See Rhizophora mucronata. Tongo (Philippines). See Dioscorea and D. tiliaefolia. Torgo-vao (Samoa). See Dodonaea viscosa. Tono (Samoa). See Centella asiatica. Torchwood. See ormigonus 1 mariannensis. » ¢, 4 Devore | ay ued oe Pas te ins OG Name of a grass eaten is cattle, with long, narrow leaves and creeping rootstock. Tournefortia argentea. VELVETLEAF. PLATE LXVII. Family Boraginaceae. Loca NAMES.—Junig (Spanish); Hunig, Hunik (Guam); Tahenu (Tahiti); Tauhinu (Rarotonga); Tausunu (Samoa); Diave (Bongainville Straits); Karan (Ceylon). A small tree, 3 to 4 meters high, growing on the strand, with large silky-pubescent leaves and scorpioid branched cymes of small white flowers with black anthers. 390 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Trunk short, bark deeply furrowed, pale; branchlets thick, marked with scars of fallen leaves; twigs densely silky-pubescent; leaves closely placed at the end of branches, 10 to 20 em. long, oval or obovate-oval, much-tapering to base, rounded or obtuse at apex, fleshy, densely covered with close silky, white, appressed hair; petiole stout, short and obscure; flowers numerous, sessile, cymes peduncled, spread- ing, with long branches, silky; buds globose; sepals ovate-rotund, imbricate, densely silky-hairy; corolla rotate, over 6 mm. in diameter, lobes rotundate, spreading; anthers sessile, large, at throat of corolla; ovary glabrous; stigma subsessile, obscurely 2-lobed; fruit the size of a small pea, depressed-globose, minutely apiculate, smooth, brown; nutlets corky. The tree is of little economic value. Shoe lasts are sometimes made of the wood. It is widely distributed in the Malay archipelago, the Indian and Pacifie oceans. The Polynesian names, signifying ‘‘scorched leaf,’’ are applied to it on account of the shriveled appearance of the dead leaves. REFERENCES: Tournefortia argentea L. f. Suppl. 133. 1781. Tree-cotton. See Gossypium arborewm. Tree ferns. The only tree fern thus far known in Guam is Alsophila haenkei Presl, a species erowing on the banks of streams, first collected by Haenke in 1792, and afterwards by Gaudichaud, who called it Cyathea mariana.¢ Tree mignonette. See Lawsonia alba. Trefoil, tick. General name for the species of Meibomia. Tribulus cistoides. CALTROPS. Family Zygophylaceae A trailing strand plant with yellow flowers resembling those of Cistus. Branches procumbent or ascending; leaves silky, stipulate, abruptly pinnate; leaflets about 8 pairs, oblong, subequal; stipules falcate, acuminate; flowers solitary; sepals 5, caducous, acuminate, silky; petals 5, obovate; disk annular, 10-lobed; stamens 10, inserted on the base of the disk, 5 longer opposite the petals, 5 shorter with a little gland outside; filaments filiform, naked; ovary sessile, hirsute; style short, stigmas 5; cocci almost woody, tubercled and hairy, usually 2-horned, partitioned internally into several 1-seeded compartments. A widely spread strand plant, easily identified by its conspicuous yellow flowers and horned woody cocci. Not common in Guam, where, according to the natives, it is of recent introduction. A few plants observed on the sandy beach on the east shore of the island between Pago and Tal6f6io. REFERENCES: Tribulus cistoides L. Sp. Pl. 1: 387. 17*3. Trichoon roxburghiil. Rerep. MARSH REED. Family Poaceae. LocaL NAMEs.—Karriso (Guam): Cafia, Carrizo (Spanish); Tambo, Tabunak (Philippines); Yoshigo, Yoshi-dsuno (Japan); Nal, Nar, Karka (India); Nalagas (Ceylon); Lu, Tih, Wei (China). A tall perennial grass with stems 2 to 4 meters high, common in marshes and along the banks of streams. The inflorescence forms large spreading lax panicles, with the flowers enveloped with long silky hairs. The plant is gregarious, having creeping, stoloniferous rootstocks: stems stout, hollow, smooth, covered with the leaf sheaths; leaves close together, growing in 2 vertical ranks, sword-shaped, with- out ligule, but with a ridge of short hairs instead; panicle decompound, erect, more “Presl, Reliquiae Haenkeanae, vol. 1, p. 68, 1825. Gaudichaud, Freycinet’s Voyage, Botany, p. 365, 1826. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. PLATE LXVIII. TOURNEFORTIA ARGENTEA, VELVETLEAF, A CHARACTERISTIC STRAND SHRUB. NATURAL SIZE. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 391 spreading than in the typical Trichoon phragmites the common reed; branches of panicle filiform, pedicels capillary, quite smooth; spikelets when fully expanded- about 12 mm. broad across the glumes, 3 or more flowered, fan-shaped, the first flower often staminate, the others perfect; rachilla articulated between the flowering glumes, long-pilose, the two lower glumes empty; the third glume empty or sub- tending a staminate flower; flowering glumes glabrous, long-acuminate, much exceeding the short palets; stamens 3; styles 2, distinct, short; stigmas plumose; glumes spreading in fruit, exposing the long silky hairs of the rachilla; grain free, loosely inclosed in the glume and palet. This plantis quite variable, and it is possible that it is only a variety of Trichoon phragmites. Hooker could find no important differences between herbarium specimens of thetwo. In both forms dwarf or slender states occur, with slender leaves and greatly reduced panicles. The species is spread from Japan and India through Malaysia and the Philippines, and occurs in the Caroline Islands, Bismarck Archipelago, New Caledonia, and other islands of the Pacific, but not in Fiji, Samoa, nor Hawaii. iT In Guam the stems are split and woven into coarse matting for covering the sides of houses (Pl. XX), for partitions, and for ceilings, often covered with whitewash or mud, and servingas lathsfor plastering. It is from this species that the durma mats of Bengal are made. Padre Blanco first described it in the Philippines under the name Arundo tecta. In Japan the young shoots are eaten cooked like asparagus or bamboo sprouts. In China they are taken out of their sheaths and preserved by drying with a coating of salt on them, to be stored for cooking purposes.” This reed is said to have proved poisonous to cattle in India, but in Guam the young shoots are used as fodder and are not considered harmful. In China the banks, marshes, and shoals of the Yangtze River are covered with great beds of it, the people cutting down the reeds on the subsidence of the floods. They form the fuel for a large por- tion of the people in certain districts, who also use them for building hovels and making mats and hurdles, and eat the young shoots as food. ¢ REFERENCES: Trichoon roxburghit (Kunth). Arundo roxburghii Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 79. 1829. Phragmites roxburghu (Kunth) Steud. Nom. ed. 2. 2: 324. 1841. The earliest post-Linnzean use of the name Phragmites appears to be by Adanson in 1763, but for a different genus from that to which it has been applied by modern authors. Trinius proposed the name for the present genus in 1820, but it is ante- dated by Trichoon, published by Roth in 1798. The common reed, Trichoon phrag- mites (Arundo phragmites of Linneeus), is widely known under the name Phragmites communis Trin. Triphasia aurantiola Lour. Sameas Triphasia trifoliata. Triphasia trifoliata. ORANGE-BERRY. Family Rutaceae. Loca Names.—Lemoncito, Limon de China (Guam); Limoncitos ( Philippines; Lime myrtle (West Indies); Limeberry (East Indies). A glabrous, spiny shrub, with evergreen branches and leaves, small fragrant white flowers, and orange-red berries about the size of a cherry. Leaves alternate, sessile, 3-foliate; leaflets obtuse, thick and soft, crenulate, coriaceous, almost nerveless, the terminal one shortly petioled, 2 to 4 cm. long, ovate, with a cuneate base and rounded notched tip; lateral ones smaller, more rounded, oblique; flowers very shortly peduncled, axillary, solitary or in 3-flowered cymes; calyx 3-lobed; petals 3, free, imbricate, linear-oblong; stamens 6, inserted around a fleshy disk; ovary ovoid, 4 Hooker, Flora British India, vol. 7, pp. 304, 305, 1897. 6 See Useful Plants of Japan, Agricultural Society of Japan, p. 29, 1895. Smith, Materia medica, ete., of China, p. 171, 1871. 392 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. 3-celled, narrowed into a slender deciduous style; stigma obtuse or capitate and 3-lobed; ovules solitary in each cell; berry ovoid, 1 to 3-celled, 1 to 3-seeded, gland- dotted; seeds oblong, immersed in mucilage, testa coriaceous. This plant should not be confused with Citrus trifoliata of Japan. The fragrance of the flowers suggests that of the hyacinth. The fruit is bittersweet and has the flavor of Curacgao liqueur, or orange marmalade. It is agreeable if eaten in small quantities, but is mucilaginous and astringent, and one soon tires of it. The natives make very good dulces of it, which are said to be constipating if eaten in any quan- tity. In the East Indies a liqueur is made by soaking the berries in brandy for several years. Fruit pigeons (Ptilinopus roseicapillus and Phlegoenas xanthonura) are very fond of the berries. The plants send up shoots from the root very much after the manner of lemons and limes. They consequently make excellent hedges and have a tendency to spread. The spines are straight and rigid. Where hedges have been abandoned the lemoncito forms dense, impenetrable thickets. The wood is very hard and is difficult to cut, so that several hours may be necessary to open a path a few meters in length through such a thicket. Although the plant grows usually in the form of a shrub about a meter and a hali high, yet on the east side of the island there are thickets in which it assumes the form of trees 3 to 4 meters high. Tool handles are sometimes made of the wood, and it is excellent for fuel. The natives make fagots of the stems and branches, which are very convenient for the earth-covered cooking benches of the island. REFERENCES: Triphasia trifoliata (L.) DC. Prod. 1: 536. 1824. LTimonia trifoliata L. Mant. 2: 237.1771. Triumfetta fabreana Gaudich. Sameas Triumfetta procumbens. Triumfetta lappula Gaudich. Same as Triumfetta rhomboidea. Triumfetta pilosa. GREAT BURWEED. Family Tiliaceae. LocaL NAMES.—Masigsig lahe, Dadangsi, Dadanse (Guam). A herbaceous, hairy or bristly weed with yellow flowers in dense cymes. Lower leaves 3-lobed, stellate-hairy on both sides; upper leaves 9 or 10 cm. long by 6 cm. broad, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, unequally toothed; petiole 2 cm. long, villous; stipules subulate-aristate, shorter than the petiole; peduncles shorter than the petiole; flowers 2 cm. long; sepals 5, linear, apiculate; petals 5, oblong, spathulate, scarcely shorter than the sepals, ciliate at the base; stamens about 10; fruit globose, tomentose, covered with long, hooked spines, which are glabrous along the upper and hispid along the lower edge, about the size of a cherry (including the spines) ,-4-celled, 4 or 8-seeded. The bur-like fruits readily adhere to objects which come into contact with them. The vernacular name signifies ‘‘to stick,’’ or ‘‘anything which adheres.”’ REFERENCES: Triumfetta pilosa Roth, Noy. Pl. Sp. 223. 1821. Triumfetta procumbens. SEASIDE BURWEED. LocaL NAMES.—Masigsig hembra (Guam); Mautofu-tai (Samoa). A procumbent weed usually growing near the strand, with tomentose-woolly ascending branches and small yellow flowers. Leaves subrotund-cordate, subtri- lobed, obtusely serrate, tomentose-hairy; peduncles axillary, 3-fid; sepals 5, linear; petals 5, oblong, obtuse, attenuate at the base; stamens numerous; capsule echinate, 3 or 4-celled, 2-ovuled. This plant was collected in Guam by Gaudichaud and figured in the botany of Freycinet’s expedition as a new species, T. fabreana.“ It is also found in the Admir-: @Plate 102, p. 478, 1826. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 393 ralty, Marshall, and Solomon groups, in Fiji, Tahiti, and Samoa. The Samoan vernacular name signifies ‘‘seaside burweed,’’ in contradistinction to Urena lobata, which is simply called ‘‘ mautofu’’ or burweed. REFERENCES: Triumfetta procumbens Forst. f. Prod. 35. 1786. Triumfetta rhomboidea. SMALL BURWEED. LocaL NAMES.—Disdangsi, Didanse (Guam); Pegapega (Spanish). A pubescent or glabrous weed with small yellow flowers growing in dense cymes. Leaves ovate, rhomboid, or cordate, 3 to 7-nerved, apex acute or somewhat 3-lobed, serrate, variable in amount and quality of pubescence; flowers 6 mm. long; pedicels short; flower-buds oblong, club-shaped, apiculate; sepals oblong, apiculate; petals oblong, ciliate at the base; stamens 8 to 15; capsule the size of a small pea, whitish- tomentose between the spines; spines hooked, glabrous or ciliated. The species of this genus are so variable according to the various conditions of light and moisture and nature of the soil, that it is possible forms of the same species may be mistaken for distinct species. In making collections a series of plants should be gotten grow- ing in different situations. I have referred to this species the plant mentioned by Gaudichaud as Triumfetta lappula, as that species is West Indian and is not further recorded from the Pacific. The plant yields a soft, glossy fiber, and like the allied species is mucilaginous, but it is not utilized in Guam. REFERENCES: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. Enum. Pl. Carib. 22. 1760. Triumfetta tomentosa. WOOLLY BURWEED. LocaL NAMEs.—Masigsig lahe (?) (Guam). A widely spread tropical weed. It is possible that Gaudichaud referred to this species in giving in his list of Guam plants Corchorus tomentosus, which is a Japanese species. 7. tomentosa differs from other species of the genus in having the spines of its fruit not hooked. It is an erect, branched, perennial herb, with softly hairy stems, often found: near cultivated ground, with numerous small yellow flowers in clusters opposite the leaves. Leaves 7 to 12 cm. long, passing gradually into bracts in upper part of stem, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, slightly cordate at the base, acute, serrate, densely stellate-tomentose on both sides; petiole 1.2 to 5 em. long; stipules 6 mm. long, setaceous; flowers on slender pedicels, clusters forming interrupted, spi- cate, terminal panicles, buds linear-clavate; sepals 5, narrowly linear, apiculate, densely stellate-hairy; fruit globose, about 5 mm. in diameter, glabrous, covered with numerous straight, sharp spines equaling its diameter, and bristly for lower half. Flowers opening only in the afternoon.@ REFERENCES: Triumfetta tomentosa Boj. Hort. Maurit. 48. 1837; Bouton, Rapp. Ann. Maur. 19. 1842. Trompa de elefante (Philippines). See Heliotropium indicum. Tronkon setlas (Guam). See Citrus medica. Tuba (Guam). The vernacular name for toddy, made from the sap of the coconut. See Cocos NUCifera. Tuba (Philippines). See Jatropha curcas. Tubatuba (Guam). The physic nut. See Jatropha curcas. Tuberose. See Polianthes tuberosa. Tub6 (Philippines). See Saccharun officinarum. “Trimen, Handbook Flora of Ceylon, vol. 1, p. 179, 1893. 394 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Tugui, Togui (Philippines). A yam. See Dioscorea and D. fasciculata. Tugui-tuguian (Philippines). See Jpomoea mariannensis. Tulip tree, Indian. See Thespesia populnea. Tungé (Philippines). The spiny yam. See Dioscorea spinosa. Tupe (Samoa). See Lens phaseoloides. Tupo, Tupu (Guam). Sugarcane. See Saccharum officinarum. Tupun ayuyu (Guan). “*Robber-crab’s sugar cane,’’ a succulent plant with leaves having 3 longitudinal nerves, not identified; said to be eaten by the ayuyu. Tupun-neti (Guam). See Xiphagrostis floridula. Turmeric. See Curcuma longa. Turnip-bean. See Cacara erosa. Twig-rush. Cladium gaudichaudii. ee Ube, Ubi (Philippines, Java, Malay Archipelago). See Dioscorea, D. alata. Uchaga lahe (Guam). See Eleocharis plantaginoidea. Ufa (Guam). Vernacular name for [eritiera littoralis. Ufi (Samoa). See Dioscorea alata. ?Ulu (Samoa, Hawaii). See Artocarpus communis. ?Ulu-ma’a (Samoa). See Artocarpus communis, seeded variety. >Umala (Samoa). See Jpomoea batatas. Umbrella tree. See Thespesia populnea. Umog (Guam). A name applied to several grasses with digitate spikes, including Panicum gaudi- chaudu and the introduced Eleusine indica. Umog sensonyan, ‘‘swamp grass,’’ (Guam). See Ceratopteris thalictroides. Umumo, Umumu (Guam). A tree mentioned by Governor Olive in his report to the captain-general of the Philippines, from the trunks of which sugar troughs are sometimes made. Called “amumu’’ by Gaudichaud, who referred it to Pisonia mitis. Growing in Tinian on rocks. See Pisonia excelsa. Unas de gato (Spanish). ‘*Cats-claws;’’? a name applied in Guam to the nickernut ( Guilandina crista) on account of the sharp, recurved spines of the branches and leaves. Uom (New Lanenberg). See Pandanus dubius. Upo. (Philippines). See Lagenaria lagenaria. Urena sinuata. Doa’s-FOooT BURWEED. Family Malvaceae. LocaL NAmMEs.—Dadangsi, Dadanse (Guam); Cadillo pata-de-perro (Porto Rico); 3ondenkiva (Japan); Mautofa (Samoa). An erect branched hairy weed, growing to a height of about a meter, with pal- mately lobed downy leaves, smal] pink mallow-like flowers, and bur-like fruit. Stem and branches covered with spreading stellate hairs; leaves very variable, 4 to 8 cm. long, usually deeply palmately cut into 5 lobes, which are again lobed or pin- natifid, serrate, stellate, hairy on both sides, and having a gland beneath on the midvein near its base and sometimes similar glands on 2 lateral nerves; flowers clus- tered; bracteoles 5, adnate to the 5-cleft calyx, linear-oblong, nearly as long as the calyx; petals 5, united to the base of the tube formed by the stamens; anthers nearly sessile; ovary 5-celled, cells 1-ovuled; stigmatic branches 10; stigmas capi- tate; ripe carpels covered with pubescence and set with hooked bristles. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 395 This plant varies in the shape of its leaves and the amount of pubescence. It is closely allied to Urena lobata, the ‘‘mautofu’’ of the Samoans. The stem yields a good fiber, of which cordage is made in Japan, but this is not utilized in Guam. A common plant in open places; of wide tropical distribution. It blooms the latter part of October. REFERENCES: Urena sinuata L. Sp. Pl. 2: 692. 1753. Urticaceae. . NE?rrLE FAMILY. Among the indigenous urticaceous plants are the ‘‘amahayan,’’ Boehmeria tena- cissima, Which in cultivation produces the celebated rhea fiber; an allied plant with fulvous pubescence called ‘‘sayiafi’’ (not yet identified); Pipturus argenteus, the ‘“Queensland grass-cloth plant,’ called in Samoa ‘‘fau-so1iga;’’ Hlatostema peduncu- lata, a plant of the forest, which bears sessile red spherical fruit; the nettle-like Schychowskya interrupta, with coarsely toothed acuminate leaves; the glabrous Schy- chowskya ruderalis; and Pellionia divaricata. Urtica argentea Forst. Same as Pipturus argenteus. Urtica interrupta L. Same as Schychowskya interrupta. Urtica ruderalis Forst. Same as Schychowskya ruderalis. Urtica tenacissima Roxb. Same as Boehmeria tenacissima Uto (Fiji). See Artocarpus communis. Uto-sori (Fiji). See Artocarpus communis; seeded variety. >Uto’uto (Samoa). See Mussaenda. frondosa. Utud or Utug (Guam). See Jcacorea sp. Uuma or Ououma. A name referred by Gaudichaud to Panicum gaudichaudi; more correctly ‘‘umog.”’ Uvi (Fiji). See Dioscorea alata. Vallisneriaceae. TAPEGRASS FAMILY. The only representative of this family in Guam is Halophila ovalis. Vanilla fasciola Gaudich. Same as Taeniophyllum fasciola. Velvetleaf. See Tournefortia argentea. Verbenaceae. ; VERBENA FAMILY. This family is represented in Guam by the genera Clerodendron, Vitex, and Premna. Verbesina alba L. Same as Kclipta alba. Verbesina argentea. In the botany of the Voyage de Il’ Uranie, Gaudichaud mentions among the plants growing on the hills back of Agafia and Umata, in places where the vegetation was scant, a ‘‘ Verbesina with silver leaves.’’ This is included in Endlicher’s list of South Sea Island plants as ‘‘ Verbesina? argentea Gaudich. ad Freye. 464.—Guam archipelagi Mariannae (Gaudich.).’’@ The plant is not further known. In the locality referred to I have collected two species of yellow composites, both of which are allied to Verbesina, one of them, Stemmodontia canescens, with silvery canescent leaves. It is probable that this is the plant referred to by Gaudichaud as the ‘‘silvery-leaved Verbesina.”’ REFERENCES: Verbesina argentea Gaudich. Bot. Freye. Voy. 463. 1826. Verbesina biflora L. Same as Stemmodontia biflora. Verbesina canescens Gaudich. Same as Stemmodontia canescens. “Annalen des Wiener Museums, vol. 1, p. 169, 1836. 396 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Verbesina nodifiora L. Same as Synedrella nodiflora. Verdolaga (Spanish). Purslane. See Portulaca oleracea. Verdolaga de Costa (Spanish, Cuba). Sea purslane. See Sesuwviwm portulacastrum. Verdura (Spanish). The general name for greens or pot-herbs; in Guam called ‘‘golae.’’ Vernonia cinerea. GRAY IRONWEED. Family Asteraceae. A pubescent annual composite with small rayless heads of pinkish-violet flowers. Stem 15 to 60 cm. high, erect, stiff, cylindrical, grooved and ribbed, sometimes hoary- pubescent, slightly branched; leaves distant, the lowest 5 cm. long but gradually smaller upwards, broadly oval to linear-lanceolate, tapering to base, subobtuse, apiculate, coarsely and shallowly crenate-serrate, more or less hairy on both sides; petiole 6 to 18 mm. long; heads of flowers small on long stalks, in lax divaricate ter- minal corymbs; involucre bracts linear, mucronate, silky, flowers 20 to 25; achene not ribbed, hairy; pappus white, outer row very short. A common weed in waste places and on abandoned clearings, flowering all the year. Widely spread throughout the Tropics. It varies according to conditions of light, moisture, and character of soil. REFERENCES: Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. Linneea 4: 291. 1829. Conyza cinerea L. Sp. Pl. 2: 862. 1753. Vernonia parvifiora Reinw. Same as Vernonia cinerea. Vernonia villosa. WooLLy IRONWEED. A puberulous or woolly composite with rayless heads of flowers 8 mm. in dia- meter. Branches slender-cylindrical; leaves sessile or petioled, ovate, elliptic, or elliptic-lanceolate, subserrate; heads 20 to 30-flowered, scattered or binate or ternate; involucre bracts pubescent, lanceolate, mucronate; achenes 4 or 5-ribbed, glabrous, glandular; pappus white. This species was collected in Guam by Haenke and afterwards by Chamisso. It is widely distributed in the Tropics, occurring in southern Asia, the Philippines, and on several islands of Polynesia. REFERENCES: Vernonia villosa (Blume). Conyza chinensis Lam. Encye. 2: 83. 1786, not L. Sp. Pl. 2: 862. 1753. Centratherum chinense Less. Linneea 4: 320. 1829. Vernonia chinensis Less. Linnzea 6: 105, 674. 1831. Cyanthillium villosum Blume, Bijdr. 889. 1826. Via (Fiji Islands). See Alocasia indica. Vigna sinensis. CHINESE ASPARAGUS BEAN. Family Fabaceae. LocaL NAMEs.—Sitao (Philippines); Twining cowpea (United States). A twining variety of the well-known ‘‘ cowpea,’’ bearing long slender legumes which the natives eat as a vegetable. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, stipules large, attached above the base; leaflets membranous, ovate-rhomboidal, entire or slightly lobed, terminal leaflet 5 to 15 em. long, long-stalked; racemes axillary, few-flowered, long-peduncled; calyx campanulate; corolla much exserted; keel truncate; stamens diadelphous; anthers uniform; pod very long, many-seeded. Commonly cultivated in the gardens of Guam, trailing along the fences of inclos- ures. Flowers large, white or pale purple. REFERENCES: Vigna sinensis (Stickman) Endl.; Hassk. P]. Jay. Rar. 386. 1848. Dolichos sinensis Stickman, Herb. Amb. 1754; Amoen. Acad. 4: 132. 1759; L. Cent. Pl. 2: 28. 1756. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 397 Vigna lutea. SEASIDE BEAN. A trailing, yellow-flowered, perennial plant growing on sandy beaches. Leaves trifoliolate; stipules minute, lanceolate, attached by the base; leaflets obovate, obtuse, rather fleshy, entire, glabrous; racemes many-flowered, long-peduncled; pods short, few-seeded, resembling those of Phaseolus. It is possible that the allied Vigna luteola occurs in Guam, although I have not found it on the island. It differs from the preceding in having acute, membranous leaflets, the lower tooth of the calyx lanceolate, as long as the tube, and the pod recurved, containing 6 to 12 seeds. REFERENCES: Vigna lutea (Swartz) Gray, Bot. U. 8. Expl. Exped. 1: 452. 1854. Dolichos luteus Swartz, Fl. Ind. Oce. 3: 1246. 1806. Vinagrillo (Porto Rico). See Ovalis corniculata. Vinca rosea L. Same as Lochnera rosea. Vitex incisa Lam. Same as Vitex negundo. Vitex negundo. LAGUNDI. Family Verbenaceae. Loca NAMEs.—Lagundi (Guam, Philippines); Nika (Ceylon). A shrub or small tree, with palmately compound aromatic leaves and cymes of small lilac-blue flowers. Branchlets 4-cornered, finely pubescent; petioles slender, pubescent, 4 to 6.5 em. long; leaflets 3 or 5, the two lowest smaller and nearly sessile, the others long-stalked, 7.5 to 10 em. long, linear-lanceolate, acute and often unequal ‘at base, tapering to a very acute apex, nearly glabrous above (when mature), covered with a dense, white, fine pubescence beneath; flowers numerous on very short pu- bescent pedicels; cymes small, stalked, opposite, on erect branches of an erect, pyram- idal, terminal panicle; bracts caducous; calyx small, pubescent, segments 5, very short, triangular; corolla pubescent outside, tube hairy within, the 4 upper lobes short, triangular, lowest one large, rounded, forming lower lip; drupe under 6 mm. long, nearly globose, black. The leaves are aromatic when bruised. In India pillows are stuffed with them and are said to relieve headache. The leaves and root are used medicinally, and are said to be tonic. This species was collected by Lesson and Gaudichaud in Guam, and given in Endlicher’s Flora der Stidseeinseln as Vitex incisa Lam. Growing in low places and on the borders of streams. REFERENCES: Bas Vitex negundo L. Sp. Pl. 2: 638. 1753. Vitex paniculata Lam. Same as Vitex negundo. Vitex trifolia. WILD PEPPER. LocaL NAMES.—Lagundi (Guam); Rara (Rarotonga); Namulenga (Samoa); Hamago, Hamashikimi (Japan); Wild pepper (India). A shrub resembling Vitex negundo, but with lighter-colored flowers and leaves sometimes simple and sometimes 3-foliolate. Bark smooth, pale gray; lateral leaflets smaller than the terminal; leaflets sessile, tapering to base, obtuse, all entire, glab- rous above, very finely and closely white-pubescent beneath; petiole about 14 cm. long, pubescent, flowers on short pedicels; cymes paniculate, 1} cm. long, pubes- cent; bracts minute; calyx white-pubescent, enlarged in fruit, segments obscure; corolla pubescent outside, tube cylindrical funnel-shaped, 6 mm. long, mouth oblique, upper lip with 2 obtuse lobes, lower 3-lobed, the middle one much the longest; sta- mens 4, didymous, much exserted; ovary 2 or 4-celled; ovules 4; stigma bifid; drupe globose, about 6 mm. in diameter, the lower half or more closely invested by the enlarged calyx, slightly scurfy, purplish black, stone usually 1-celled by abortion. A shrub usually growing in swampy places near the coast, differing from the pre- ceding species in having obtuse leaflets. The leaves are pleasantly aromatic when 398 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. crushed. The species is of wide distribution, occurring in tropical Asia, the East Indies, the islands of eastern Africa, and Polynesia. Of the variety wnifoliata, which grows on the seacoast of Japan, the small, round, fragrant seeds are gathered and used medicinally. REFERENCES: Vitex trifolia L. Sp. Pl. 2: 638. 1753. Vitis. . GRAPE. Family Vitaceae. ; LocaL NAMEs.— Parra (Spanish). Grapes are cultivated by a few of the natives, but they are of inferior quality and thus far have not proved successful. Vittaria elongata. RIBBON FERN. Family Polypodiaceae. An epiphytal fern with grass-like fronds, having its sori in a continuous line in a furrow along the margin. REFERENCES: - Vittaria elongata Sw. Syn. Fil. 106. 1806. Vittaria ensiformis Llanos. Same as Vittaria elongata. Volkameria inermis L. Same as Clerodendron imerme. Waltheria americana. Marico. Family Sterculiaceae. LocaL NAMES.—Hialoa (Hawaii); Malva blanca (Cuba); Malvabisco, Basora prieta (Porto Rico); Matico, Hierba del Soldado (Trop. America). A perennial weed with a woody base, 30 to 60 em. high, densely tomentose or softly hairy in every part. Leaves ovate-oblong, 1.5 em. by 2 to 3 cm., on petioles 12 mm. long, obtuse, dentate, feather-veined; down stellate mixed with simple hairs; stipules narrow, deciduous; flowers small, sessile in close clusters along axillary peduncles 4 em. long; bracts linear; calyx 5-lobed, downy, lobes acute; petals little longer, unguiculate or clawed, orange-colored; stamens 5, opposite the petals, united at the base, with 2 parallel anther cells; ovary downy, sessile, of a single carpel with 2 erect ovules, style excentrical, with fringed stigma; capsule opening at the back into 2 valves; seeds usually solitary. A common weed of wide distribution in the Tropics and occuring on many Pacific islands. REFERENCES: Waltheria americana L. Sp. Pl. 2: 673. 1753. Waltheria indica L. Sp. Pl. 2: 678. 1753. Waltheria elliptica Cay. Diss. 6: 316. t. 171. f. 2. 1788. Waltheria elliptica Cav. Same as Waltheria americana. Waltheria indica L. Same as Waltheria americana. Walwalisdn (Philippines). See Sida carpinifolia. Water fern. See Ceratopteris thalictroides. Water hyssop. See Bacopa monniera. Watermelon. See Gardens. Water-root. See Nervilia arragoana. Wax-gourd. See Benincasa cerifera. Weather plant. See Abrus abrus. Wedelia biflora. Same as Stemmodontia biflora. Wedelia canescens. . Same as Stemmodontia canescens. Wedelia chamissonis Less. Same as Stemmodontia canescens. Baim st: ys PLATE LXIX. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. SPIKELETS AND PORTION OF LEAF BLADE ). XIPHAGROSTIS FLORIDULA (SWORD GRASS MAGNIFIED, SHOWING CUTTING TEETH. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 399 Weeds. See page 151. Weissia. See Mosses. Wild elder. See Premna gaudichaudir. Wild ginger. See Zinziber zeruinbet. Wild ipecac (Hawaii). See Asclepias curassavica. Wild mangosteen. See Sandoricum indicum. Wild olive (Jamaica). See Ximenia americana. Wild orange. See Citrus aurantium. Wild yam (Guam). See Dioscorea spinosa. Wire fern. See Lygodium scandens, under Ferns. Wire vine. See Cassytha filiformis. Witchleaf. See Bryophyllum pinnatum. Wollastonia biflora DC. Same as Stemmodontia biflora. Wollastonia canescens DC. Same as Stemmodontia canescens. Wollastonia scabriuscula DC. Same as Stemmodontia biflora. Woodsorrel. See Ovxalis corniculata. Wormwood. See Artemisia vulgaris. Ximenia americana. FALSE SANDALWOOD. Family Olacineae. LocaLt NamMEes.—PiYod, Piut (Guam); Moli-tai (Samoa); Somisomi, Tomi-tomi (Fiji); Jia manzanilla, Ciruelo cimarron (Cuba); Wild olive (Jamaica); Hog plum, Seaside plum (West Indies). A shrub or small tree bearing an edible, spherical, orange-colored drupe, flavored like a bitter almond and tasting somewhat likeacrabapple. Branches thorny, spread- ing, glabrous, covered with a red astringent bark, often ending in a spine; young shoots angular; leaves shortly petioled, alternate, simple, 2.56 cm. wide by 3 cm. long and upward, coriaceous, glabrous, ovate-oblong or roundish, emarginate, base rounded; flowers 2.5 to 7.6 em. long, usually hermaphrodite, sometimes polygamous, white, fragrant, in short racemes, which are axillary or on the ends of thickened contracted shoots; rachis terete, 4 to 6-flowered; bracts-minute; buds oblong, acute; calyx minute, 4 or 5-toothed; petals 4 or 5, oblong, hairy within, equal to the stamens in length; stamens twice the number of the petals, borne at the base of the ovary; anthers linear, 2-celled; ovary sessile, superior, ovoid-oblong, glabrous, surrounded at the base by the persistent, ultimately reflexed calyx; style as long as the stamens. Of wide distribution throughout the Tropics. In Guam the fruit is much relished by the fruit pigeons. The wood is hard and is sometimes used as a substitute for sandalwood. REFERENCES: Ximenia americana L. Sp. Pl. 2: 11938. 1753. Ximenia elliptica Forst. Same as Vimenia americana. Xiphagrostis floridula. SWORD GRASS. PLATE LXIX. Family Poaceae. Loca NameEs.—Nete, Neti, Tupun-neti (Guam); Ngasau, Vitavita (Fiji); Kakao (Rarotonga); Fiso (Samoa); Non kai (Kaiser Wilhelmsland ). A tall perennial grass with terminal feathery panicles, growing in damp places and also covering large tracts on the hills, called ‘‘sabanas.’? Leaves jong and flat, the edges armed with minute sharp teeth; spikelets in pairs on the joints of the rachis, one pedicelled, the other nearly sessile, awned, with a cluster of silky hairs rising from the base of both, giving to the panicleits feathery appearance; glumes 4. This grass resembles the ‘‘cogon’’ (Imperata arundinacea) of the Philippines, which covy- 400 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. ers abandoned clearings on many islands; but it is much taller and its 1-flowered spikelets are awned and are borne in a spreading panicle, while those of Imperata are not awned and are in a silvery cylindrical thyrsus with dark anthers and stigmas. The species is widely spread throughout the islands o; the Pacific. It has been confused by Hackel with the closely allied northern species Xipheagrostis japonica. Its identity was first established by Warburg.¢ Distribution: from Java through Malaysia to Polynesia and Formosa. In Guam this grass is sometimes used for thatching, and is more durable than either coconut or nipa thatch. see. -2-aseee enone 77 “Cavan, a measure 222 5.2252 Soeeeneee ee eee 139 | Cavendish, English navigator....--..---.-- 155 Cavern in the Tal6f6f6 Valley.....--.-.---- 62 Caverns im Clifis)- 2222s sce.cema see eee 44 Centipedes (saligao), habits...-..---.------ 94 Cereals cultivated in Guam .-.......------: 143 Ceremonial customs of aborigines....--.- 107, 108 Ceremonies and feasts of modern inhabit- ODtSeis aS eases oeere See ee eee Eee 130 Cervus mariannus, an introduced deer...-.-. 76 Chachao Mountain, height of ..........---- 51 Chaetodons, called abibang (sea-butterflies) 83 Chamisso; Adelbertivone: —-----=--eneeeeeee 28, 29 Chamorri, or nobles, regarded with dread. 104 Chamorro, language, ancient ..--.--------- 113 gTamMMarols. cies se sses ccc bee ee eee 158 INDEX. A407 Page. Page. Chamorro language, modern, modified by Coral sine eset popsobobadeesacabadeeresomeres 89 SST Saeco cis yi I oe Oa aes a eal US iCoral-eatineyamma a) Seen sepa eye ee 90 Chamorros, name applied to Marianne Is- Coral SH egw har pene a RSME Mamaia N aes aie 2 84 NaMGeTS ose nce anae es Suisse aealesiaee els HA COTA TESTS heey ae MM Lili iano ah ce 11, 47 Ghamnitinevior theydeads ees yes eseyeleicloa/ssial= 108 SENUCLUTS ees See BMPR Se mrneatl esa lar nz oka 49 Charadrius fulvus, a shore-bird.......--.--- 79 VES CLA TLO IIA Sea nape Meceyetssineyasielaams ara iape are 52 Cheilinus trilobatus, a fish, called gadu ...-.. 84 | Coralliferous limestone ................. 47,48, 51 (MEST AVIS RTs Oa LLY es SN 10 | Cordage made of [oyster ON DA ate a 148, 346 Chestnut, Polynesian, absent from Guam.. 154 | Coris aygula,a fish called tatanung.....-..- 89 Chiefs or nobles called chamorri....-...--.- LOL Co rm Cm aie) ee ss acer a era ala laya 144, 402 Childrentand parents! {s2s2!2--52)- 2222 106, 129, 130 AMbROMUCTLOMYs Sasa eet ae eee eee ae 24 Choco, a Chinaman, shipwrecked on the Corte, Felipe dela. See La Corte. TS ra By ee ge Ae WA | CONvUSIKUDATY TTA CYOW aaa seee ieee sete cece 79 Chocolate RESIS Sa he sree awe ewe noes. 127 ;} Cosmogony of the aboriginal inhabitants.. 110 OTIS HU GWA Gea eee Sie ae Pedi) OXON EO) Obs Hees ea teapacei Srey taa anye rales el paEh eee ah a a 285 Christian rites, establishment.............. 112 | Cotton fabrics, importation ...........---.- 137 Chrysarobin (Goa powder) -........---.---- 121| Cotton leaves; nectar glands\-25.---2-4-2-.- 67 Ciénaga (marsh) prepared for rice culture - BME) Cloybuayqbaler nanver nO ee Geen habe Mua 102 Cigars wrapped with fiber.........-...... 17651183) | Courtesy showm to) visitors... be 232 22 2 so eu lO3 Citizenship desired by natives.............. 136 | Coville, Frederick V .......... 10, 359, 370, 385, 400 GitrOT Sesser ume es ou Serene I a an PL lth 146,229 | Cowley, an English pirate..---.......----- 16, 155 Citrus ruts plenmii ls epee eee ce erent 146 | Cows and oxen used for steeds.........---. 77 Cleanings¥abamdoned) sees: ese. ye seus 2 HBA OPA Sten sees Leal ae pet ele ale Ne Rea Ae 90 Clesmeur,'Chevalier du, visit........--...-- 23 | Craven, Lieutenant Commander J. K.--.--. 4 (GInfiSRCAVETM Ses ele rs eee eee ee ae ATM Crayhisly (Ram Ulius)) ys see seas eet eat 90 WERGIRIUION SB Se SSR RRc ea aoa ee Steen a aae SN KOMeEhoOMvivhYyd ae Goo sAeseaneeeecdanasdoL Ades 110 Glia FON ee ete ste ee lat Me A eis PITTS RAT Qa ga AU eae a ae sR ea 0) Le ye Oe TS) « CMibon ping? Olas he See aoa o He AEenandeaedes 231i ROROZETS HVS Goo casey eps elem ly ke mesun ay HL ene 23 Clophingiotaboriciness sere cee ease 96 | Cruel treatment of natives...........-- 12,15, 105 Of modernumhabitantstesss see cee ne 123 | Crystals, needle, in taro leaves....-..------ 70 Choe (AU pate) i eee Bly |) Crpthuhyenererol olla eh ee ek OU ae 143 Croll cleyaroyy ani Gabe Gees. A Sue Us 50) |) Curlews} called Kalalange .-....2.22.252.2%- 80 (COON GLEY SS OTUTS) 5 ee ee A a Seal MCULEEMtSs OCEAN eam paniuareeainae eeu none ue ane ce 18, 45 Coconut, described by Dampier --......... 18,284 | Customs of aborigines: .3--./......--2--.- 104, 109 TET Teese taba saan are a asim Nl tea en a 240 | Customs of modern inhabitants --..-..----- 128 MIDEL (COM) aera neeee isan eels sti eaeae 2 DATE ON GOSKCUNCLTULLUSH aoe aioe sta referee ste pee ee arate 71, 252 SLOVESiOWMed by MObDIeS\s- ee acca -esicees 106 || Cycas nuts used:for food to2222.2-2-222222- 98, 145 CO ee ah ec 95, 127, 147,236 | Dampier, English navigator....... 17, 101, 190, 234 [PLO GUICUS Sema emicecis aca ace cere asses 239) DAN Ces OL ADOLIS TIMES ery ae vuk Ne Minna apaaie eum 107 sap made into toddy (tuba) .............. 99 | Dances of modern inhabitants ..........--- 130 SUG cure eee pO Ae a A ee UN 127 | Dardanus punctulatus, a hermit crab ...-..-- 90 Vi Chere erat aer ast aa edn Suc L251 5OM | Darwinvonmectar, olamdsys2ue se sener een 67 veLnacularsmames 42cm ccece esse eee IIS) TSB Seabeams|collected | Dyjasmeeaaseaereea ee 74 Coconiii-zeating i crabseeeen encore eee eee ee 236m Daten a lms mM tRO CIC EC Aa elise iene ia 61 OTT Ci eae aia ee aNd ay ayes IY BV OMVL A IDeeNOliisjorbaes| Tha maliderol Winn oe ia a ae 109 culture suggested as a commercial enter- Deer, destruction caused by.....-.---:---.- 152 TETAS CPt as erat apa rayne ale, ee els 35 TOMAROOROG ALON, sn AOA GHngeoonesacooseode 76 SUIDSHIGUTES te See site e sierra ets 2112189) | Delpinoloninectarieland sys salt 2s 225 seas 68 Comysemberomy1 slam diese eee sees 137 | Demigretta sacra, a heron..........---.----- 79 (oyna AGB ESAS Aaa Serra aM eeu oa ae ea Aue Bub) | ADYevaalovals} Oe eWIM HbA aGsmaaecooeisdoscecescsaass 109 COlCOM Ler ace a same. ms 28 eRe a An GE 94 | Denudation of mountain slopes ..-..-..---. 48 College endowed by Maria Anna of Austria. 21,127 | De Pagés, a French traveler ........--..--- 21, 156 CHOP TONS CEST eS A Bh et NUR AV 10) iD escriptionson Guam ye oases ee eee 156 Collocalia fuciphaga, the edible-nest swift .. 79 | Detergents, or plants used for cleansing... 256 Communal methods in labor.............-- LSD eval cHlleds Iajyiieer ele lere solemn aera 109 Communication, means ..:..........--. eens GY WA DYentablkceiranertsh any aber iia es uearel Sea ce pen A dae 109 Concubinage among aborigines............ LOD ED ewe yay St eT WET ey pana ne ayers Ne ana 10, 151 CONGUES HAD OPANIALG Sievers eee leeeny nies AUS yaya DN aay] op every RoR a ALTE a SA ION 8 le a 121 Convict labor, experiments...............-. 36 | Diodon hystrix, a porcupine-fish ....-....-.-- 83 COUMMUCES MUL EISII Or ae erst yer eye rare eats 38 | Dioscorea, confusion of species.-..-.-------- 64 (Carag iO oe ee is Pats oy cara Pp oy aR 4,10 alata, vernacular mames. 22303055 255.5-- 116, 153 Cook, O. F., on collecting botanical speci- spinosa, a yam with spines protecting TEU SO MLOPLEAl LEGS saaee oes see eens 61 DOL Op Reg a Ee Le a a Oa Ee 68 Cookin got Aborieimes=- 52.5 2.2 ee ke CSAS) NB YA DN OSCE ere tye ANN ti Oe AeA a OI a 92 MAO GSrMp ITE HOM See sees, Slee <)s aeeee 126 DISCOMeTIy Olin Gyan espa ae ey Nounclere ley alae 12 SPT eters hey or ae tar a tN IMR 2 187,239 | Diseases, freedom of aboriginal inhabitants. 95 408 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Page Page Diseases of modern inhabitants ........---- H19) ||| Mences 2 scsccee 2 ccc eee ce eee ee Pee eee 273 Dispersal of plants by ocean currents ------ 72; | WemMS: 220.22. cba sesenee see eee eee 273 Distillation of aguardiente forbidden -..--- 147 | Ferries across the mouths of rivers ......-- 449 Divorce among aborigines .....-...--.-..-- 105) |) Biber) coconuts eseee see eee eee eee eeEee 236, 241 IDOE ScocdosabgucnoasauuopaupEBeesensesacdas 77)\| Biber plants) 22255 -tcoc-ee ee eee eee 148, 274 Domestic animals -..--..------------------- 77 | Ficus, Guam species not identified......... 63 IDES ct ceGekssanoudsdcosussudcadaopeGeseese 8 | Highting «.22..s2552 35555. sade eee ROO eee 106 DOVICIO MB rete es acee cones eee ae anes 4 | Fijian islands resembling Guam ....-...... 47 Drag onyiliesmact shoe seee ee arise se asasees 94 | Fijian plant names..-.-- MEMBEER ATC csadacioc 170 Dress of modern inhabitants -.....---..---- 123 | File-fish, long-beaked .....-...........-.--- 85 Dritisseeds|andtruits)seessssase ee eeneeee ce 72.) Billalipietyi. ssc22 2.222 eee eee eee eee 130 Drinking water of Agafia polluted ..-....... 136 | Filipino rice planters in Guam.......-...-- 148 Mueks wales. Asse soecie es eee ceenace as 80,126 | Fire known to the aborigines.............-. 99 Dugdug, or fertile breadfruit..........---.- 190 vernacular words pertaining to.....-.---- 100 Dumont d’Urville, two visits of ....-.-. 3093251561; Hischer WoWwistAteesse ee one aes eee eee 139 Dune cas) on ustOe ae ase eee 10 | Fish called mandhag preserved by abo- Durian (fruit) absent from Guam..-.-.--..-. 61 Tigin eS. Hee) Sehises {Sass eee 99 Dutch avis atorssae esse sees enieeeeee eee 13))|| Bishtin toxicants \=ssseee 22 seeeeee eee eee 81, 196, 301 Dwellings of aborigines -............-.-.-.- 97, || Fishes; alphabetical lists 222225 -- 5-2 see eeeee 83 IMOGEMN Se sonis Hose maceen oem eeye one 123) |) ishing. decliness essa. eer e eee eee eeEee 126 IDVES asec eco eee eee eros 1198) 199;,203;:264 || Hishing, methods) 2-ss22---s4-0-- 2 ose eee 81, 100 Barthquakes ini Guameeesesscsesee sees 36,50,51 | Fishing nets of pineapple fiber ..---..-.--- 183 Kaster Island language =s2---2---e 42 sence 113 | Fistularia depressa, a trumpet fish......---. 83 Maton yn eslishypirater- eases essere eee eee 16 | Flammeo sammara, a squirrel fish ...-.----- 83 Economie conditions in Guam....-- 32500; S413) |) HCAS Ie Se ccere/sis a mello ee ae eee eee eee 93 Economic plants, indigenous and sponta- BUIeS: 22 ono heise = ein ace ee ee eee 92 MCOUS! focosm occu os ste Se See eee 142 | Floras of Pacific island groups-....-.--.---- 158 Economy, personal and domestic, of abo- Ploras; tropical? 2.25.2 2cm=e-e- eee eee 158, 159 TIPIN CS ussecece a tee eee ere cites 96 | Flores, José, Alealde of Umata...........-- 30 Modermunhabitantsaes-sserreaeeeaceseee 123-| Plorida Island, houses 2222222 seeee eee eee 97 Wdible-nestiswittic-sece-secceer es eee eee 79 | -Plounders\. ./:). cosceswa- se sende se eee eee 82, 88 WGI DLESOOUS FE = oe oleic oe cee oe ee oe ee 144, |) Hlour; importation 4-2-2 aes. ese ee eee 137 Education of natives discouraged.......--. 128) |), Plycatchers/ 3252 5-2-2222 seen season eee 79 Hducational statistics. 322-2 o2se.---acsosce" 138) |) Blying fish calledigahgals2=: 2s. 0s-eeeneeeee 84 Hels stresh-watera.5a--eeasc cee ee seer oes 85 | Flying fox, a fruit-eating bat .....-.....--- 76 not eaten by aborigines ................-- 98: | Rlyingiprao) sos eas steeees ee eeemese 100, 101, 102 SAliAWALer oes osele saison ee mece cess 83), Hood'staples 2 access nie ao eee eee ee 126 Hlegiesiofiaboripines = sssss-e-eeeeenoe eens. 108 | Food staples of aborigines. ..--....-.-..-...- 98 Hlemis Manilaseesae. cane oeseeeeeeeeee eens 210) || Horage\planits!s-- s-s-ee eee eee 150, 190, 317 Emballonura semicaudata, a bat .-...-.--.-- 76 || Foreignicommerce=ps.---s-eee Seno eee 137 IE MOL CYONUT A COI ZATO epee ane e ee ee eee 81 | Foreigners a source of trouble in Guam ... 36 ne lishipirates sso secs sae cecien eee eee 16 settling: in'Guam!ie2 222 a 5- eee eee 119 HWpidemMiCs sees zeta cane sees aee ae 36),39)122) ||) Horest vegetatlonieen. =e saecee se eee eee 55 Epinephelus hexagonatus, a spotted fish... .. 84 | Fossils... oo... 2s05 2 eee 148 Mpiphy.tes:>. S222. sth asee eee 55, 56, 65,269 | Free trade and protection...--.-..-------.- 32, 33 Equatorial current in Pacific -............- 13 with ships granted by Villalobos....-...- 36 Eschscholtz, Johann Friedrich ..........-- 28,29 | Fregata aquila, the frigate bird-.-...----.-- 80 Esplana, Spanish governor...........-:.--.- 16:18 |) Hresh=watenduck 2255 ss-e5 eee eee eeeeeee 80, 126 Etiquette observed by aborigines ....-..-- 103,104 | Fresh-water fish called pulan .----.-...- Moe 87 HVvans sent. Hran Ck ess nee eee 4 | Freshwater; SOUrC@ 222 2545- 22-2 ee eee eee 46,49 EVermann yD ebaltonWiasseeat ences eee 4-81 || Freycinet.expedition= +: -2=3225-5--- eee eee 29 Excalfactoria sinensis, an introduced quail. 78 | Frigate, or man-of-war, bird -.............. 80 Exports at present time ...................- 137 |) Wruit:- doves’: 222222222552. ses een eee 78 yxtrahoralin ectanieSi-oecs eee see eee 66 | Fruit-eating bat --------222-2---- =) -2- oe 76 Family organization of aborigines -....--.-- 106| |; Fruits of Guam e-s2-55-- ese eee eee 145 Ramin enOods <= 2s se eee eee 98 | Funeral ceremonies, aboriginal.--......--- 108 amin eon 849.22 sca. see e ae eee eee 36 moderm:. =; ss 2208 So eee SEE eee 130 Famines caused by hurricanes......-.--.-- 182 |) Boungl J2c2c3ic 22-2 See ee 63, 278 am dan ¢ OS ha 109, 110 Lauke rocks fo. 255352 See eee 51 Maw, TeSPeCti LOLs. cee seeee eee Cee eee 130 hawin makingy. =o sce ise See eee 213, 306 heather 20. id. ace cena cee eee eee 126 MES AZ) oc ascites eee ees 18, 95, 96, 97, 102 Legends; recitation < --9222-— esse seee eee 110 Le Gobien, Charles, history -.-:-22-.-22-52-- 157 Le Gobien’s erroneous statement as to igno- rance of fire...) 2d. eee 99 Lemons) ooss bcs ose ee eee 146, 229 Lens phaseoloides, seeds adapted for floating - 74 Leprosy sisce2 DeacSoses eee eee 119, 120 Lesson, botanical collector...-.......2--.-- 30 Leucaena glauca injurious to animals ...--- 151 Lewton,, Ws. Dh .2.52 5522s sass eee 4,10 Michens of Grameen 63, 309 Lignite » 2.2. cse2 ei. se eee eee eee 51 Lime from coralliferous limestone ......... 126 | Limekilns, cocoanut wood used..-.-.....-.- 239 Limosa lapponica bauert, a shore bird .....- 80 Literature:. .:\-../5552 Gch bs 3 bee ee eee eee 154 Litmus paper s-a2 32. 22ee cess e ree ee eee 294 ittoralispeciesySCed see ee see eee eee 7) | Liverworts (see Hepatic) <2) eee eee aeeeeae 292 ibizard fishes) (Svnodus)) 2-6. -- eee ee eeEeeee 82 |: uizards.2- 2 aoe eo ea oe 80 Loaisa expeditions = 222-2 2e2.45-2 eee eee 12; 155 Lobsters, spiny (Panulirus) ..-------------- 90 Longevity of aborigimes.--2- 24-22 sass eeee 95 ' Looms unknown in Guam.......-..-------- 100 Lumber imported from the United States.. 187 Dum bricoid! wormss=- eee sete -- eee eee 122 Luminan reefs: (6. bee.3e 546 Saco eee 48,49 Tn g-fishie.. 323 eeee ese eee 82, 86 pos) (Sinkvb oles) Peete see sss ae ee eee eee 52 utianus)(Suappers) eee see a sei eee 83, 86 Macassar oll 22): jester oss eee cee eee eee 210 Madagascar, Natives\sesse oo - eee isly/ name for tarolseesc:: tea: 2 oe ee eee , 154 Magellan’s voyage of discovery --.------ 11, 12, 154 WIR Ome soe asses tance beacnasanosoots tens - 111, 112 STL UULVIES fee pieiere eps raysle rete ated tatet a ahet oath 157 Mehithy OlOR yes aerate Nae eyes ee eee Menara 81 MC HIGMY.OSIS eee Pao eee elcte oie ee nS 121 NdOlswabSenCere eee ce eee ee ree eee eee ee eee 109 Iau yyxoforel (HME) oso bn oan eo et ecoceBooorees 124, 125 PeuaAnasy (See Viaranus))ss sso esses eee 80 Ikeno, Japanese botanist...............---- 72 Tlangilang oil, preparation -..-.....--...--- 210 Mine ho hn o wba eae seeps eee oe 51 Illegitimate children cared for.....-..-.--- 129 TUT eh Ken en eraaps tera eiereg sees eae reese ev ae eae Nope a 138 Mn a tim SOU See ae eee ae ee ane 296 INMMEERASE GESHAWODOIN A Boesoosodebooseonbosos 112 MTOR LAL NlOe Le teers sede ere eee eee 109, 131 Implements of agriculture........-.....---- 144 Ihmpontalonvo ini cC Cees esee rere ree te eee 143 Mm POLS a ee ees seta ae sa sethereis ain sane bia eal eets 187 Inalahan village, population of.......-.-.--- 137 Independence of Spanish American col- TUT OS SNe AGU Shee saps Mik Sanh ge sc ei el 30 India Refining Company of Philadelphia-. 240 imcestmotitoleratedizaeees sees cesses 104,105 lmdustrialisy Stem eas sseees sseeseneeeeeeee rs 131 Industries suggested by Villalobos .-.-.-.-- 34 Imndiustryz o£ the mativiesse sec seenae seer 40,183 atamMGiC1a ev eee soa ane, cpa mane eae eS 16 Imhapitants an Clen teeeess esse eee ee eaee 95-117 TOM ELMS ease hes ee ree aeateayia 117-133 Imhenitance awseessseeeetee see eee oe eae 106 IN SC Cts: NAMES aS- oaks ees eee tae 93 Imsectsion Guiamiyes oisine eee eee selene cee 90-94 Imbercourse of thelsexess ss asees- eee see eeee 105 Imiverteprabestam aries see seene esate ees 89, 90 IMVOCATONIOLMSPITILS =e ser eereeneeee eee eee 15, 111 Tpilewoode(imnitsia) ee enecc eee eee eee eee 297 Traya tribes of Philippines, religion......-. 110 Irisarri SoOvernor, Cruelty cesses eeee eee 105 Iron prized by the natives ...............-. 13,17 TPOMW.OOGE Es 2 cates. Ger ene IN Sy ees 220 Tsabelaisland shousessesecee eee eee eee 97 Islanders ames eee see eee seen eee ene 119 EVOL INU Ges asia ata re ee aN YS gO RE EN 244 | JACQUIn WDoOtAnISty wee seeat coer eee eae eeee 25 Jacquinotsbotanisteereees essere eee een eeeee 32 JASPOCIV ceeecce dean ceneereee ccs ace aes Bee 238 Japanese laborers in Guam.........--..-.-- 40 Jatropha curcas, oil from seeds of.:---.-.--- 147 VelhiessiruitsiUsedes sas seeee eee eee eae 184,193 Jesuits, the first colonists of Guam ......--- 14 annual TepOris' che a-ics-sacesce pean cee 157 ;eXpMISiOMy 22325252 so Sseeseeee ster eee 21 sears taushteaas-seeaeeeseee eee eee 22 ZO Loa ctas = re aisle c Cacintanein wa eee Ee ee 111 Jujubeumbroducedyas-secsesee eee ee eee 61 Ka bana Measure asso sess asec eee s sees ee 1389 Keailailam syibamniogees ses ccn eee eee ee eee 48, 49 Kalalang, name applied to curlews --.-.--- 80 Kg Oot sae a NS Ay See SS eee, ee rt 221 ARE a Viens RoR ANE mia RA pees Ae a 236 Kava unknown iniGuam): 22 s8ese2 02222 99 Rie aim Gay tn OU AS EN, en ee ae ence 10 Keb len Miyvan any Reese yee eae ee 69 Kadnapping ohmanivesy. sees ee eee 13, 103 INDEX. 411 Page. Page Manlevanracran tip lant ssceeeeesereceecseae 289 | Mexico ard Guam, traffic between..-....-- 3 WENEG So dscn ee RR BASE EBA S on ER EERE ABER ane 24,144 | Mexico formerseat of government of Guam. 13 Maize; preparation. 2. - == 2-2. see alee 127 | Migrations of Pacific islanders ......--....- 117 Maize, preservation recommended......-.. AO) (Minerals? aoa see isepes es sie ate isicinel sie a 51 Meikashnag Mountainecs: sesaeasocee su eeane AS84515) MPa Cle pies sit kar rs WMmele ea te eval ce et 2 14 Makdhnas (sorcerers) .........---- 15, 109,111,112 | Missionaries, cordial reception of .......-.-- 14 Riley, oes eee eae NaN alee ae 122 Ladle Mon RES 45.6 besa scoodeeoacadeaes 15, 196 Malaspina, Alessandro, life ...........-.--. 27 ZEB Bist SUMS RRs apace an Behar lee ari 15, 105 Malaspina, expedition senha. -seeeeee sees cise 25,156 | Missionaries, descriptions of natives -.----- 103 Malaspina’s narrative unpublished ........ 28) Modern inhabitanitsiaee esses eee eee 117 Malayan affinities of the aborigines of STATISTI ES SAi Ow nena see iL pee Ue riys tae es 137, 138 GE Sach ABS SBS ABSORB CH ae eee AEs 113,117 PLOMIN nip Main Coes ae eee eee 119 TD INCDEERISS Coes SAMOS Seo EHO SRE aH Sil eVOLe- Crickets se eee ee ere lee ene ee CEE eee eeeee 94 Malaysian Janguages...22..2..22..-...-2- AS yata Gil eMrolluslish setae ees a= Bey ERR ne ey Laie nee 90 Malvaceae, nectar glands .................- (Boe 4|| Miornveny, | GlEENO EN ooo oc Soca ddouadecoccancedcede 33 Mammalsionitherslandso2.-).4222 4.5.2 ee 76,77 Sentiawayetromvislan dikes =a 2se ss eeee eee 136 Mafidhag, small fishes preserved for food.. 87,88 LOPLOISe-SHeT NaN RUSE) So ae ees sets 106 AVES LO Copeman spc Snes ey s NS Ga 145,316 | Monoceros, fishes armed with spurs... -.- 85, 86, 88 Mangoes, fine quality .................... 14 5e31 5a Monroy aweadre qdeathy Ohm meee e setae elas 105 Mangosteen absent from Guam ........---- 610)) Monsoon, southwesterm2 225 ses oe. ce. 2. 18, 41 Mangrove-hopper (Periophthalmus).-.----- Sih. |] Wilorone), Merdoyig, \AMUDUI Ie See obeosobanaocone 4,42 Man eTOVEISWAMpS mass. 0 Nee 22 a ie 52 | Moral character of modern inhabitants-. 129, 130 ERUTLS CS DETSa)leees 22 ye ey eu ccnp 75 | Morals of aborigines...-.......---.- Dre 102, 104 INN ETROWES ean cSa tat Beene T See Re ene ees 202,363 | Morinda citrifolia, seeds adapted for floating 74 SIMA NC) <62)5 SABRE Se BESSA SRE SES ear 65 | Moringa moringa used for forage ....--.-..-- 151 Mannlareleminvasbalsams2s.5 2.022066 210 | Moscoso, Francisco, Spanish governor ....- 40 Mamila hemp) (abaké)..s2.-2222..-22-.-2- 5743291 PeNEOSCUICOS ese ee eerste areal 92, 93 Man-of-war, or frigate, bird................ 800 f Miosses) of Guam ynceeciee see see eesaeeein 327 Mamnstields CharlesiMi (22252225 eee 71d aaNs Kaye) ovs} coo ate Ser tails sy ee BU aN op yee Veta ne 91 Manuel Encarnacion, Fray ........---.-.-- S/O ||) MODE HUN OA So CooeboDsboseceseaoouodsedaue 48, 51 IVIFATYUIBES apres ee qs hae ye Se Gd ee 280n |p Mourninetornd ea diss eeeeseee pee eee eee 108 MITORIML AM CULAR eras peer ARIS OWL lence Si) Miueun a) (See; Stizol obi) eee ee een eiseeise 73 ManiavAmnms, Of Austridess-) 222202. 5. e127. 1379|, Mugitwargeensis va: mulletiss se cess see see 86 Marianne Islands, description and names... TA Mille ta orany Meas ey aati eNO) ose pie 84 OrISingoOMMamer ss ssn eee oe eee ene 2m Meura ena (SCa=CelS)) ees seer ase aeiece eels 82, 83 Marine animals used for food ....... __.... 90 | Mus decumanus, the brown rat .............- 76 TINY ERLE DLALES eee ee soe ae ee ene Son | MusieOmabor Sines eewereneseee een eee eese 108 Marion, murder by cannibals ...........-.. 23 | Mutiny on the Aquiles and ‘Constante....--- 31 Marriagecustoms) 222. 5.5-25c2--- 104, 105,128,129 | Myiagra freycineti, a fly-catcher ..........-. 79 Marshes cultivation: ....----20-)2-so0se- 34,140 | Myripristis murdjan, a squirrel-fish......... 87 SOU Speen eet se Saet ts ioe maa tees TEA Oye PNY Duy OSA ae as Sorat gee ie en Ctra Dry ee 107, 110, 111 WEL CLV OM ME see Sa shisee of crm mee mst eis 57,379 | Myzomela rubratra, a honey-eater ...-.------ 79 Martinez Don ANTONIO s-.ns2- ss. bec esc TOPPING COLIC Oeeiecrtt se Sierra ase aan epee 99, 146 IMASSAICTCLOlgMAULY.CSiacan- sey seeeee ee ones 16) Aly | NE SSENDL Te eIo a eon oasasosoneaaascoadodcouadas 13, 155 Mastophora lamourouxit, a sea weed.......- 52 | Natives, aboriginal. (See Aboriginal in- Mintapuae district, fine soils ecee seen. si 141 habitants. ) MSIbeTM Ale eSCen ta cays eee ee een asec 106 described by Woodes Rogers in 1710. ..-- 20 NIBH SE ce See Nel ance Cae ee eee te 98, 100, 183 GiseasessOf se) oes: VO CSS see Fd 119 Weipa, \\allliGni) Wee epee nso 5eeaneasaoe 10 THINGS WONEnROl) WaossessoooocosucooddeseS 12 mayer wAlinediGsss2 2. sci52 ssi Be arse en ei 4 Lam PU Age Ose eN ee ee ees aets as 113, 116 Measures used in Guam ......:5..-....----- 138 modernMarts) Obaceeewese cree terrae eee 124 IMedicinaleplanigm-s ess: ss chaser ne ea ee 320 OUTS UTI OT eee NI Ney a oleh eg ey a 117, 119 Medicinesofiaborigines’.....222---222---5-5 96 MEligT OM Leer y eeu seep ae SAT ee eee LOOMS Medina, Padre Luis de, work .........-.. 111,112 | Natural history of Guam, worksrelating to. 158 Medinilla, Spanish governor..........-.-.. 31 | Naval station, advantages of Guam ........ 11 Megapode, a mound-building bird......... 78 | Navidad, an ancient port of Mexico .....-- 13 IMGLATICSTATIS NAT tS ses) ier: aoe ae eae ele ata 116 | Navigation of aborigines ................--- 100 Merizo village, population ................- IST Nectanelands of plants, jase fe siassejseoa=ay 67 WNESE) OE (Grueieely Corll Sy ee ee TA Ne ctarieswextratlora lige aneessa ye ees cee 66 Metamorphosis of limestone ........-.....- 48 | Née, Luis, botanist of the Malaspina expe- Metates introduced from Mexico .........- 144 GURL O TAG SRS ce AA aS CLE LE ae ene re pats 25, 26 Meteorological station recommended by Née, plants collected ..............-.------- 27 WOCLOMADDE RE tsseces sedoc- 4 see acces 44 | Needle-crystals (raphides) in taro leaves. - - 69 METCOTOlOS Vaeaseuzaa te see sa alo sentences 4s ENIeCrO} Cee pisaneece sa a4 oo Sse Caeser ace 45 Mexican implements introduced ........- 22,144 | Nero, U.S. ship, trans-Pacific survey -.-.--- 44 Mexican plant-names). 22) 22-- cases 2-255. 1702 |fPNECUTOp tera tenes wae viscera weseeee eee 94 412 Page New Zealand language......-.....-.------- 113 INICK eT MULSH see acer cies eee rae ise eine 73, 74, 288 Nipa leaves used for thatch -......-..--.- 150, 334 Nipa palm, habitat.....- Se eee eee 72 INObleSsspositionveeese cea eec ee eee eee eee 104 INoddiesi(Sea-binds) pass seer ese ean emeeee eer 80 Nuestra Sefiora de Guadelupe (vessel) -...- 22 Nuestra Sefiora de la Incarnacion (vessel) - 22 INfwilikoyels OTe ION INE Sbab a detaadasoebeodesos 4 Numenius, migratory shore birds .......--- 80 Numeral system, adopted from the Spanish. 118 Numeral system of the aborigines......-.- 102,113 Ocean bottom near Guam........-.-..-..-.- 44 currents as a means of dispersing plants. 72 Ochrosia mariannensis, buoyant fruits. -.--- 75 Onl, oreo bt esoasedauooasesapoasasocuse anes 240 Onli bins} Has agaseoosesancasasHeenoquessco 147, 337 Ophicthus, snake-fish, or sea-eel .......---- 82 POLAtOLY.0 MalbOrlodme seems eles ayer er 110 Origin of natives of Guam....-.....-....--- 116 of modern inhabitants -.........------- 117, 138 Orkney Islands, West Indian seeds cast UPONWe sees sae eee cease eee ie aces 73 Ornaments of aborigines -..-.-.-.---...---- 96 Orotepbeninsullarecerese eee eee 47 geologicalistructurelofeeesesecsese eeeee 48 Orthopleraersiseecccescescoeceeeceec acces 94 Ostracions trunkeishP esses eee eee eee 84, 89 Oustaletvornithologistee-pseeeesee eee eee 158 Ovens ancient As ects < cies Se nasa satel 99 MOGERME epee a scence sleet 189 Owilstesce sts senses seit pecs see 79 Oxymonacanthus longirostris, a file-fish. -..-- 85 Paa, an ancient village of Guam...-.----.-.-- 14 Pacifieyearly mavigationis. 2 seen. eee e ee 12,13 Agana, the first European settlement in-. 24 COntourOh Oto Meee ese tee aaeeEe ee eeeee 45 GUTTENUS eae sess clseets rset epee cise 45 Pacificuslands, botamy=.-.------26-- =e 158 iPadinal (seaweeds) restr eeee are eae enet 52 Paganiisland) population esse -4-cen cree 138 IPAS ORBEA cas nace eine nies See ae eee. 47 Paintwmadeotsturmericieess= essen eee 252 mixed with breadfruit latex -..........-- 190 Palmer, Edward, Mexican plant names col- MECTEE Sate inte sees seiasieisie ss alaslasisielassisere 170 Pal ON Mari a iw.00 dls aja sete miei aieisiisisene= eiacieeie 97 PalomovReve J OSGepecesacn eee ee eeeeceee 4,10, 122 Panama Canal, importance to Guam....--- 50 Panam anp lan'G in BN CS see 170 Pandanus fruit not a food staple......----- 98 Pam d sMuisH Caves mse seas senneseaeeeeeeeee 124, 150 Pandanus seeds sometimes eaten...--.----- 98 Pandanus, species confused.......-----...- 64, 343 Panulirus, a spiny lobster.............-- Poe5 90 iPapaiweterm entss=. 4. asememeceisan eee 215 Paper mulberry absent from Guam ...-.- 117,189 ODI PAM Cees Aare see ie eee er ee 154 Papuans compared with Chamorros...--.--- 116 Paradise, aborigines’ idea .................- 109 IRANASICES seu Bl ee ee ee 122 IRATASitlCepleDILS yee ee ee ee ee 194, 219 Parental authority recognized by adults... 129 Parents and children, relations -...-- 106, 129, 130 Parexocoetus (flying-fishes).............--- 84 Pariti tiliaceum, extrafloral nectaries----.--- 67 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Page. Parrot-fishes (Gomphosus and Scarus) ..... 86 Paulana: Rivers... sococ2 ssc e ee eee eee 49 Peanuts: 252-20 seco cece eee ee eee eee 148, 151, 186 Penpheris otaitensis, atish--=- = eee eee eee 88 Peonage abolished by Americans ..... Bas 133 Perez; Atamasiows sees eeeee eee eee 10 Perez, Don Pablo, Spanish governor .....-- 36 Percis cephalopunctatus, a fish .......-...--- 87 Perfume ilangilan? esses ssee eee eee 210 jasmine... 2. 002.2 (ee 200 Periophthalmus koelreuteri, an air-breathing 1) A oe ee oe Saooc 82 Pests; animal 2229.22 (asiass eee eee Cee 152 Pests inigardensisc. ce cssenee ee ee eee eee 280 Phaéthon lepturus, the boatswain bird..-.--- 80 Phaseolus mongo, the green gram.-.-.- Shee 151, 350 Philippine languages compared with the Chamorro: so 22 5 o8 ser ae aes ee eee eee 115, 116 Philippine plant names ..2_--.25-.-2--.sece 170° Phlegoenas xanthonura, a fruit dove ....-..- 78 Physic mut Olas se eee eee ere 147 Physical characteristics of aborigines. ----- 95 Physical conditions of the island .........-. 41 Physical geography -.-...--.- Jo Besse 46, 52 Picul, a measure of weight.....-...--..._.- 139 Pigatetta oscscicie costes ee ee eee 12 Pigafetta’s description of canoes ...----.--. 100 PIPCONS. a sec 525 sSelcn eee eee eee eee 78 PigMen tS) =o .iciss 2 aisies.ccise eee ae eee 190 Pigs 22 behs cad cewieaeeie 5s aoe eae Oe Oe eee 77 Pillars; ancientistone 2ses--e ee eee ee ee eee 97 Pimentel, Spanish governor, trial of -.-.--- 19, 20 Pineapple fibers a. ena eee eee eee eee 124, 188 Piper betel leaves used as a narcotic ....---- 99 Piper methysticum absent from Guam....--- 99 Pirates; English sas. -2226 as): cee sheen ee eee 16 Pithsplamts'...< ./: secede ease ene 175, 310 Pithecolobium dulce for forage ........------ 151 for tam bark 22225 525.s.22.20 aoe eee 126 Piti, landing place of harbor-......-----2-- 50 Pittier Professor Hes. eee eee eee eee 159, 160 Placuna shells for window panes ..---..--- 123 Plantains and bananas...-........_.-...-- 63, 145 Plant Names s: .. sec se see ee eee eee 152, 154 Plant World, articles on Guam ...--.-.----- 167 Plants absent from Guam ........--.-<--2-- 56 introduced by the Jesuits ..........----.- 22 not well known ?scos40 ss. ees eee 62 of speciallinterest)-(/35-= ee seee eee e eee 61 origin indicated by vernacular names... 152 unidentified! iss eee nese ee cee eee eeeee 61 Platophrys pavo, a flounder .......--.------ 88 Ploteres (aquatic insects):--.---..--------- 94 Ploverscalled dulilie e222) sess e eee eee 80 Plow points made of musket barrels ....--- 143 Poetry, natives’ regard for...-2----22---e8 ~ 103 Poisoned: weapons. es) see sass ee eee eee 107 Poisons, fish. -.: ....2icc@ s2h-see ae ea eee 103 Poisonous nuts used for food........ ----- 98, 253 plants :...% 2. ..ch52 462-2 oe + =n eee 398 Poliolimnas cinereus, a rail ......-.--------- 79 Polistes, a WaSP=-2e0 2-2 -se- 2-2 -ce ee eee 91 Polydactylus sexfilas, a thread-fin fish. -...--. 83 Polygamy, UnusneReree sen eee eee 104 Polynesin epee ee ae BPE Be ec 113 botanical \works=- eo 26.2.5. eee eee eens 158 INDEX. 413 Page. Page. Polynesian languages and Chamorro .... 115,116 | Rhizophora, dispersal by currents .-...-.---- 72 Eompanoy (Caran gus) ee sce messes se se 887 | RICO ease cits elaine siclersteoe Ae wants arin iatera’e etd ais 339 Population Giminwtion = 22 essere sce eae 16 cultivated by aborigines ....-.... 3, 19, 100, 198 Or GUERIN S Sakae See eee estan kN ees oo 187, 138 IMP ONbA tO =e Me tye jaipeteveimiainsloieicie"= asa 137 of the German Mariannes..........-.---- 1388 OLGA ee eee EE ee olete isis aise ieisie/S Seale 153 BORG Upime=fishs ea. cr