A User’s Guide to CERC’s Field Research Facility by W. A. Birkemeier, A. E. DeWall, C. S. Gorbics, and H. C. Miller MISCELLANEOUS REPORT NO. 81- Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. U.S. ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER ae oe Kingman Building 203 Fort Belvoir, Va. 22060 | OSs Reprint or republication of any of this material shall give appropriate credit to the U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center. Limited free distribution within the United States of single copies of this publication has been made by this Center. Additional copies are available from: Nattonal Technical Information Service ATTN: Operations Division 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, Virginia 22161 Contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products. The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents. UNCLASSLFLED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Data Entered) READ INSTRUCTIONS REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE BEFORE COMPLETING FORM 1. REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER MR 81-7 4. TITLE (and Subtitle) 5. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED Miscellaneous report 6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER 8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(S) A USER'S GUIDE TO CERC'S FLELD RESEARCH FACILITY 7. AUTHOR(S) WeA. Birkemeier, AE. DeWall, Ce-Se Gorbics, and HeC.e Miller 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, TASK AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS Department of the Army Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERRE-FR) Kingman Building, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060 11, CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS Department of the Army Coastal Engineering Research Center Kingman Building, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060 14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS(if different from Controlling Office) A31537 12. REPORT DATE October 1981 13. NUMBER OF PAGES 118 15. SECURITY CLASS. (of this report) UNCLASSIFIED DECL ASSIFICATION/ DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 15a. 16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this Report) Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the abstract entered in Block 20, if different from Report) - SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse side if necessary and identify by block number) Duck, North Carolina Field Research Facility-—CERC User's guide ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse side if necesaary and identify by block number) The Coastal Engineering Research Center's (CERC) Field Research Facility (FRF) at Duck, North Carolina, is a 56l-meter-long (1,841 feet) pier and laboratory dedicated to basic and applied coastal research. This report, which describes the facility, the instrumentation and data being collected, and the local area, is designed to be used as a tool in planning experiments to be conducted at the facility. 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Surveying Control. ae Local Control. There is extensive monumentation on both the sound and ocean sides of the FRF site (Fig. 10). Large-scale versions of Figure 10 with complete monumentation are available from the FRF. The primary oceanside mon- uments are along a base line located landward of the laboratory and perpendic-— ular to the pier centerline. U.S. Army Engineer District, Wilmington (SAW), has established a series of concrete monuments along this base line at 45./2- and 152.4-meter (150 and 500 feet) intervals. Other monuments at varying intervals have been established in support of CERC beach and bathymetric sur- veyse Many of the monuments along the base-line have permanent pipe monuments (front and back) to define profile azimuths perpendicular to the base line. Table 4 provides a summary of the base line monumentation according to dis- tance along the base line and distance from the pier centerline. All these have been surveyed to third-order accuracy. Documentation on each monument is available. One concrete monument and two series of profile lines have been estab-—- lished on the sound side to monitor sound changes. Further details about these lines are given in Section VI. A series of very stable monuments, which will eventually be tied into first-order control, has been established by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in support of the tide. gaging program. Information about these monuments is available at FRF. Because of the profusion of monuments at the FRF, users are requested to use established monuments if possible. Temporary monuments, stakes, pipes, etce, must be clearly labeled as to owner and must be removed on completion of study. To ensure that valuable monuments are not removed or lost during extended studies, the monuments should be documented as to location, markings, date of installation, etc., using form DA 1959 (copy in App. C); a copy of the form is then given to the FRF Chief. Special care should be taken to minimize pedestrian effects on the dune and beach. be Island Control. The CERC monuments indicated in Table 4 are part of the series of 62 profile lines shown in Figure 11. Each line has three monu- ments: a brass disk on a concrete post and two pipes (front and rear) to define the profile azimuth. Additionally, third-order vertical control has also been established on each of the five fishing piers. Complete documenta- tion for the profile lines may be obtained from the FRF Chief. All the lines are on private property, so written permission to survey must be obtained in advance from the owners. Data collected at these lines under CERC's Beach Evaluation Program (BEP) from May 1974 to January 1977 are discussed in Section V and summarized in Section VIII. 3. Bathymetric Surveying. The accuracy of the bathymetric surveys depends on the survey methods used. The current procedure consists of dividing the survey lines into beach and nearshore zones. The area from the beach to the 9-meter (30 feet) contour is surveyed using the innovative three-legged vehicle, the Coastal Research Amphibious Bugyy (CRAB), shown in Figure 12. Designed and constructed by the Wilmington 30 — E 2,956,000 E 2,957,000 E 2,959,000 2,958, 104.06 E poe 902)368.04N 43 noo | £2,960,000 2,955,985.01 € 902,209.05 N 902,000 902,000 r— ¢ Pier and Access Road (N69°58'56"E) 901,000 ——— 901,000 4 900,000 900,000 pay 2,959, 248.84 E 899, 182,07 N 899,000 2,956,709.32€ 696,992.60 [8-8 — 2 — os — os — 2 — 40 0 40 80 120 160 200 m § 898 000 N 898,000 £ 2,956,000 £ 2,957,000 £ 2,958,000 £ 2,959,000 + £ 2,960,000 Figure 10. Map of FRF site showing location of primary survey monuments. Large-scale copies with more complete documentation are available. 31 Table 4. FRF base-line monumentation. 25 14,195 -12,500 1s 55 30 CERC 3 10,476.91" -8,781.93" 13.41 Gill 40 CERC 4 TAME 1S -5 468.75 15.85 Cl 50 CERC 5 4,663.73 -2,968.75 14.79 c1° 60 CERC 6 3.418073 -1,718.75 W496 D 61 SAW 33+90.05 3,390.05 -1,695.07 14.45 G 62 SAW 33+00 3,300.00 -1,605.02 AS6 1S Pl 64 SAW 31+50 3,150.00 -1,455.02 1252 Pl 66 SAW 30+00 3,000.00 -1,305.02 14.70 Pl 67 SAW 28+50 2,850.00 -1,155.02 12.36 Pl 70 CERC 7 2,788.73 -1,093.75 258) Cl 73 SAW 27+00 2,700.00 -1,005.02 13.14 Pl 76 SAW 25+50 2,550.00 -855.02 12.00 Pl 78 SAW 25+00 2,500.00 -305.02 1263S) C 80 CERC 8 2,476.23 -781.25 12573 Cl 85 SAW 24+00 2,400.00 -705.02 12.24 Pl 90 CERC 9 2,319.98 -625.00 oil Cl 95 SAW 22+50 2,250.00 -555.02 13.26 Pl 100 CERC 10 2,241.86 -546.88 IS6 BM Cl 110 CERC 11 2,202.80 -507.82 14.99 Gil 120 CERC 12 Do MESo 1/3 -468.75 12.50 Cl 130 CERC 13 2,124.66 -429.58 13.04 Cl 135 SAW 21+00 2,100.00 -405.02 16.14 Pl 140 CERC 14 2,085.60 -390.62 13.45 Cl 150 CERC 15 2,007.48 -312.50 12.88 Cl 151 SAW 20+00 2,000.00 -305.02 13.10 G 155 SAW 19+50 1,950.00 -255.02 13.80 Pl 160 CERC 16 1,851.23 -156.25 14.18 Cl 161 SAW 18+00 1,800.00 -105.02 15.76 Pl 162 B 1,769.98 -75.00 16.05 P2 163 1,725.00 -30.02 Wo 0d 164 CERC 68 1,704.98 -10.0 NP 165 SAW 16+94.98 1,694.98 ¢ 17.56 D 32 Table 4. FRF base-line monumentation.-——-Continued Profile Noe CERC 69 1,684.98 10.0 SAW 16+50 1,650.00 44.98 C 1,619.98 75.00 1571400 119.98 CERC 17 1,538.73 156.25 SAW 15+00 1,500.00 194.98 D 1,375.00 319.98 SAW 13+50 1,350.00 344.98 E 1,295.00 399.98 SAW 12+00 1,200.00 494.98 SAW 10+50 1,050.00 644.98 SAW 10+00 1,000.00 694.98 CERC 18 913.73 781.25 SAW 9+00 900.00 794.93 SAW 7+50 750.00 944.98 SAW 6+00 600.00 1,094.98 SAW 5+00 500.00 1,194.98 SAW 4+50 450.00 1,244.98 SAW 3+00 300.00 1,394.98 SAW 1+50 150.00 1,544.98 SAW 0+00 0.00 1,694.98 CERC 19 -336.27 DOs V5 CERC 20 -2,836.27 Be S3ie25 F -5,805 7,500 CERC 22 -10,884 12,579 IDistances given along the base line are relative to a monument on the south property line (positive to the north). 2Pier coordinate system: positive distance seaward and to the south. 3Monument types: C, concrete; Cl, concrete with front and rear pipes; D, monument destroyed; NP, north pier edge; Pl, capped pipe with front and rear pipes; P2, pipe with front pipe only; SP, south pier edge. *Monument not on base line; distance approximate. SMonument buried. 33 Allaontic Ocean Atlantic 36°05" + 36°05' Ga) [ea avalon Fie ao Ocean 32 33 38) £9) [65 Nags Head Pier] set09 @ Gi) [ee senna Fier] a1)* (42) 67 Outer Bonks Pier Scole in Nouticol Miles (So SS Cs Se a ' 1) ' 2 3. 4 5 Scole in Kilometers 2 4 6 10 a-—Denoles Sand Sample Location Appros Profile Location 75°40! Figure ll. CERC profile line locations (pre-1980 desiynations). 34 Figure 12. Coastal Research Amphibious Buggy (CRAB). District for nearshore surveying, the CRAB provides a stable platform in wave heights up to 1.8 meters (6 feet). Top speed is 3 kilometers (2 miles) per houre Position and elevation are determined by taryeting a prism mounted on the CRAB with an electronic survey system which also produces computer compat- ible data. Surveying of the beach from the base line to the water line is done using the same system but using a person holding a prism at each survey point. Pre-1981 surveys used more conventional surveying procedures. Generally, a sea sled or fathometer was used for the nearshore (out to 700 meters) and a fathometer for the offshore (out to 3,000 meters). 35 IV. ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS This section summarizes available environmental data and information use- ful for planning studies at the FRF. 1. General Weather. The FRF has a favorable marine climate with mild winters and warm temper- ate summers. The nearest weather stations with long periods of record are Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, and Norfolk, Virginia. Table 5 provides a NOAA summary of the normal, mean, and extreme meteorological data for each of these stations. More detailed information including monthly summaries and three- hourly measurements can be obtained from: Environmental Data and Information Service The National Climatic Center Federal Building Asheville, NC 28801 Figure 13 is a plot of monthly wind roses compiled from 1,853 observations at Sea Crest, North Carolina, 5 kilometers (3 miles) south of the FRF (see Fig. 1), using a hand-held Dwyer wind meter, from January 1972 to December 1978. Note the predominant winds from the northeast and southwest with the highest percentage of strong winds from the north and northeast. Wind distri- bution varies considerably from month to month. 2. Wavese ae Oceane Thompson (1977) summarized the wave climate for the area using measurements collected by a wave gage on Jennette's Fishing Pier (Fig. 11) from December 1968 to January 1975. This data set has been updated to include measurements to December 1979. Figure 14 shows the seasonal variation in mean and standard deviation of the monthly wave height and period. Peak waves occur in October and February. Joint monthly distributions of significant wave height and period distribu- tions are given in Appendix D. Table 6 is a summary of the distribution for the entire period, indicating the mean average wave height is 0.88 meter (2.9 feet) and the mean period is 8.9 seconds. Higher waves have been measured in the deeper water at the FRF. Figure 15 shows wave action during an October 1980 storm when the significant wave height reached 3.8 meters (12.5 feet). Measurements have also been made of breaking waves. Average monthly values for 7 years of observations at Sea Crest are shown in Figure 16. The only historic wave direction information available is taken from LEO observationse Wave roses are shown in Figure 17. Predominant wave directions are shore normal (90°) and just right of shore normal (90° to 95°). Waves tend to approach the shore from the right in summer and from the left in the winter. be Sound. Because of the limited fetch across Currituck Sound, waves on the sound shore are usually an irregular chop of less than 15 centimeters (0-5 foot). The average fetch is 7.3 kilometers (4.4 miles); the longest fetch is 8.9 kilometers (5.3 miles). The sound is extremely shallow and gently sloping (less than 1 percent). The deepest areas, which average only 2./ meters (9 feet) in depth, are on the western shore. 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Wind roses at Sea Crest, North Carolina. Standard Deviation Period (s) Standard Deviation 5 Annual Mean = 4 E = = aS ad ace f= _— {on += ae ‘ | Ap a2 wo iN A 2 as Monthly Mean Jon. Mar. May July Sept. Nov. Figure 14. 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($939) Golere¢ £594 LAST YASS st 2 EEE PU oe set rt wy ee ee wD *eUTTOIeD YIAON ‘peoy s8eN TOF SOTASTIeIS VAeM Jo ATeWWNS °9 eTIPL 39 Figure 15. Figure Storm waves breaking along the FRF, 25 October 1980. Period (s) 5 4 E [BOs Sy ee Sars Que = ie as ce = ® a 0.5 ag le | 6 (ee ae ee ee 0 Jan. Mer. May July Sept. Nov. 16. Seasonal variation in visually observed mean breaking wave height and mean period from Sea Crest, North Carolina (July 1972 to December 1978, 1,855 observations). 40 Calm 1.5% Calm 1.4% 937 Obsns. 918 Obsns. Overall Period Summer Winter JULY 1972 - DECEMBER 1978 APRIL TO SEPTEMBER OCTOBER TO MARCH WAVE DIRECTION (Relative to Shore Parallel) WAVE HEIGHT (ft) CODE ANGLE (deg.) CODE = ANGLE (deg.) 0-2 2-4 4-6 6-8 >8 | G=<55 7 90 <8 < 95 55= 0 <70 8 95 <@ <100 3 70 =@ <80 9 100<@ <110 0 10 20 30 40 4 80 <0 <85 10 = NO <@ =125 PERCENT 5 85 =@ <90 TT 125 <@ 6 @ =90 Figure 17. Distribution of breaking wave directions at Sea Crest, North Carolina. 3. Currents. Visual observations of longshore currents have been made at Sea Crest (see Fig. 1) since 1972 by timing the movement of floating foam in the surf zone. A sample year of data (1973) is plotted in Figure 18. Although reversals are common, the mean current from July 1972 to December 1978 was to the north. This is in contrast to the predicted direction of longshore transport, based on the visual wave data, which was predominantly to the south (see Sec. IV,5).- Other currents which affect the area are rip currents, low salinity water masses, and Gulf Stream eddies. Rip currents are frequently found at varying locations including under the pier. The low-salinity water masses, believed to originate in the Chesapeake Bay, are huge slugs of lower salinity water which move southward along the shore at an estimated velocity of about 0.23 meter (0.7/5 foot) per second. The edge is clearly discernible by both water color and turbulence. Two views of the phenomena are shown in Figure 19. Warm, clear water masses presumably resulting from Gulf Stream eddies have also been observed. These masses sometimes have a foam-line edge and can contain tropical fish. 4l "C/61 SBUTTOIeD YAAON {3S919 POS Je JUSTAND sAOYssuoT °g{ aan3ty “AGN akaley dLeletss “ONY Je SSI ABW “Yd wSiisil — tsizls| ‘NUP NC UE ve i i HLYON HLNOS Sif Ale 42 Figure 19. Two views of southward-moving edge of fresh- water masse Photos taken from a point south of Carolla, North Carolina. 43 45 Storms. The area is affected by both extratropical (northeasters) and tropical (hurricanes) cyclonese Bosserman and Dolan (1968), who examined the intensity and frequency of extraptropical storms affecting North Carolina, classified 857 storms according to the 10 tracks shown in Figure 20; note that seven of the tracks pass the FRF site. The most damaging storms follow the three widest arrows (2, 3, and 4). The severest situation occurs when the movement of a track 2 storm is slowed by a blocking high-pressure system to the north. This occurred during the Great East Coast Storm of March 1962 and. resulted in strong northeasterly winds of long duration over a long fetch. Figure 20. Storm tracks affecting the east coast (from Basserman and Dolan, 1968). Storm occurrence prediction is somewhat difficult since cyclogenesis (storm formation) frequently occurs offshore of Cape Hatteras. Bosserman and Dolan (1968) found that about 19 percent of all storms affecting the Outer Banks develop in this manner. They also hindcasted wave heights for each storm studied. Storm frequencies (all tracks) by wave height and month are summarized in Table 7 and are shown in Figure 2l. Between 1901 and 1926, 31 hurricanes at full strength made either landfall along coastal North Carolina or passed close enough to affect the area (Baker, 1978). The frequency of occurrence of these hurricanes varies considerably (Fig. 22). The area between Cape Hatteras and Cape Lookout has the highest hurricane occurrence while the area around the FRF has the lowest with a hurricane reaching the area once every 42 years. Tracks of historic hurri- canes passing within 50 nautical miles (90 kilometers) of the FRF are shown in Figure 23 (Ho and Tracey, 1975). 44 °(8961 “UeTod pue uewreSssog) /961 023 Zy6] ‘(SesSseTO TTe) swz0jJs jo Azeuung */ eTqey Geter Teac yoo llmOne [esol micecmllecenlumeo Za Oi LOI, Gs], S24, G9] GE | Gal we [ys = - - S ZI x4 a || -¢ 4 S I € € 4 @ | & - = = = 1 € 6 9€ t | < S 8 9 S € ” z € 1 = = = 2 2 z 6 4 i | ¢ € z z L > I € z I - ee eae rete os | eG oT O€ t | 9 S z E > 9 € Tee ae - - Sepsis tees i 3 € 21-6 S S 1 © ges 4 € t T € = 1 € 6 €Z Sy g | 3 9 l 5 ml <¢ S z I 1 I 2 = I 1 € ST 4€ @ |e » S € € 9 € 9 z - I = = - 1 z oT ne @ |e € 8 De |e @ € 1 € z z z = = = = z It Le Gel S Ll L g 5 € z z - I 2 - Go =e 9 oT ce te 9 S 9 € S 4 € € € = = = = 1 z ST 6€ 2 || @ S 9 9 € 5 € € S z I 2 1 1 z € I 92 Ten ez € € 1 z > € i € I z = - 2 1 € 8 82 Te eee, z € S z 9 | @ € = 1 I = - - I € ZI 8y 6 | 8 9 L 6 z z z , " = I | oc = ° = 5 11 Ze Teg leer 9 + S 9 2,|| -< 5 z z 1 = | « = = z 6 6€ Calet S 9 z S 2-9 € € € 1 = 2 = I 9 ZI Ie oy z L D € S S z z =i) 3 = 1 1 I 9 €1 zy t |e 7 6 9 9 9 S > z 1 = - - - - € 91 Be i | @ g S 6 S S z I I z = 1 1 1 1 € 6 92 Cpa = | oz > € 9 z 1 € t =| os = = - z S 02 6Z So|-¢ 9 1 L 9 z € =| 8 T = S 81 04 Clete z 9 8 9 5 € i € z z 9 41 3 Tes feat 9 9 S ” € S a | 2 1 1 € L %€ al & I € 9 9 € I E z 1 I G e |) 1 € z € » ° Z 1 (Ww) JYsTey sAeM 6761-876 OS6T-6761 | IS6T-CS6T ZS5T-1S61 €S6i1-cS6T HS6T-€S6T SS61-7S61 9S6I-SS6t LS6T-9S6T 8S6T-LS61 6S61-SS6T 0961T-6S6T 1961-096T C961-196T £961-C961 7961-€96T S961-7961 996T-S96t L£961-996T 45 14 13 |.6-2.4m ce wm Ey o& Ae ok [(e) = & cL oO Cc 5 & ox (eb) ia 15 Sa © icp) 3 3.4 -4.3m 2 —=== 0 = July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Figure 21. Monthly storm frequency and hindcasted wave height, based on a total of 857 storms (adapted from Basserman and Dolan, 1968). 46 “(SZ61 Sexe WoTZ pajdepe) euTTOAeD YIION JOZ SoTAsTJeIS auHOTAAN] °7Z + aansty (Y3HOIH YO HoWSZL) S3NVIIYYNH 1V3Y9-HO (Y3HOIH YO HaWeL) SINVITYUNH WIV-H (W3HOIH YO HdWOb) S3NOTIAI WITdOdL TV-9L ne LYOdHLNOS HiNOs NOLONIWTIA 2, NOLONIWTIA NOLONIWTIM eo © NOLONTHSYA NOLONIHSYM © HINOWA Td @ HINOWAId 9303S Buyusofpe 03uUp Spuazxa 403385 Asepunog 4103225 @ @ALID 4138V2113 @AL1D H139VZ173 @ALID HL38VZ173 rd oyujO4 gr mee em ee Juybsyn epUHalA H at *aUTTISPOD ayy JO 10}00S e UT y H Jt » WIL 9 HY NO aeek euo Aue Uy Andd0 TTA suedFAIny *sz0309s Aq 0/61-9881 PoTszed aya *saoqoas fq 0/61-9881 ‘38802 e013 ao ‘aueodfainy ‘auo,T2KAD Teotdo13 1oj a8eieay °seueiin3z30 auoToho BUTTOIeD YIION s3yQ BuTYoReI eB yey (adequacied) A3TTTQeqoad ay yeotdoiq usamjzeq sieak jo Jaqunx seuoToh. Teofzdo1z jo IequUNN 47 SAKE at | TN, if Major hurricanes passing within 50 nautical miles of FRF (adapted | goo) | cn} we Ocs July 190) N © ee = pyel 349s Figure 23. from Ho and Tracey, 19/75). 48 Miller (1980) examined the duration of storms using measurements from the CERC Nags Head wave gagee He defined a storm as an event which caused the measured wave height to exceed a critical height equal to the sum of the annual mean significant wave height (0.88 meter) and one standard deviation (0.49 meter). This definition was used to compute Figure 24 which indicates 35 percent of all storms were of 1-day duration or longer while only 1 percent exceeded 6.8 days. 9 7 Nags Head, NC S Le) fez) Storm Duration (d) ow (0) 0.01 Oo! 05 1 2 #5 10 20 30 405060 70 80 90 95 99 99.8 99.99 Probability Figure 24. Storm duration probability based on wave data recorded by the CERC gage at Nags Head, North Carolina. 5- Sediment Transport. The net longshore transport direction along the northern Outer Banks has been reported as toward both the north (Langfelder, Stafford, and Amein, 1968) and the south (Goldsmith, Sturm, and Thomas, 1977). Jarrett (1978) determined a net southerly transport along the beaches north of Oregon Inlet. Although a detailed sediment budget has not been prepared for the FRF area, the longshore sediment transport rates can be estimated based on the visual observations of wave height and direction given in Section IV,2. Average monthly and annual predicted transport rates based on the method recommended in the Shore Protection Manual (SPM) (U.S. Army, Corps of Engi- neers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, 19/77) are given in Table 8. Note that the values use a dimensionless proportionality constant, k, equal to onee Generally accepted values of this constant are given at the end of the table. Annual and seasonal variations in net transport, based on the propor- tionality constant, are shown in Figure 25. 49 "net "2196%2 *tenne *onoe2et °S29l6 °eease °neof °ogt °st et °est "£2o892 “K2eLON “SLIGSL “MSeth!? “SELOst mszeto® OreEnt “MSeddt Pdi HEEe “O@gene *2ouSHS eLEaSt “Lenac2 “nee%et “onese 'Asitte "Sssg22 “MOSds2 "20ef95 “odn0dg CYvWOM)LL°O (8¥0)5E°0 SCAHISLAVYS ONY NYWNI)S2°O Juv SANIVA Q31¢909¥ °SNOTAVINdWOD NE Q39SN 00°F 4O LNVLSNOD ALTIVNOTLHOdOUdeON °€on6g9e °700890T er.edut °st4ote "noletn °ptendt °202 ®9st *ecs "tos °2st °aQ} *tth 969} OF °¢ 9} °g220E “LLIEE COOLTE P4489 °6069 Sotestt °09Lle "E90Mts P4kSes sntats *c0202% *ennect “niaoot (SQA N39) $SO89 3WAIDA wine (SQA NI) LAN BWNTOA WIN (SQA NM) LHITe OL JWNTOA INE (SGA AI) 4937 OL 9HNTOA »1NG 0000tx Ssoed ANOTIM O39S83nRI QOOOOTR(SH1)19N LHOTIM AISsaHHI CANHLNOW JO WNS) LHOdSNVHs WAOL SNOLIVAu3Sa80 40 S38KNN (saA M2) SSOu¥9 3HNIOA AINE (SQA M3) L3N 3HNTOA Ine (sad N32 sHOTey O4 IRNTOA HIN (saA 9) 4437 04 aunI0A 41IN@ "GLL25 *893Se@ 54909 "26619 *9S20n “ofone 0509S °e0R2S PHTaTts *olsn9 LLASE "250En °S2599 *t068S “nOed£ °£9085 “ozges “Ssnte °98GL2 *HL00£ °6096f °g99T2 O000%x g50u9 LHOTaM O3SuIRWI “Stace “orsag “@Ot2E “SEOSt "06h "2tnS “2241S °G@S90h OMT 909M “GbOTS OOOOTK(SAIIL9N LHOT|aN G3SuInWt "not °G6e *Lot "pnt "69 °set "6A °90t °Sht °\St "06 Cid/SAled4) ADHINA SSOWD NVIW "86 °ant 22 "6S ot “42 "02 "th 2) ay °9n Cla/S@telg) AQYaNT 13N NV3n a Ot 6 r) Z 9 S A £ 2 t SHLNOW easees2t Or 2a/t #2 Golu3d NOTivAuaSEO 46289 VAS Ol0eg wOusd Viva *suOTJeAABSGO OWT uo peseq *euT[TOIe) YAON 63SeID BVg Je Jiodsuei, eAOYSBZUOT peqeutzse jo ArewwNS 18-2 LIE. 50 (.01 X ,PA) jiodsup1, asoysbuo7 S(O = 21) EAeherostige) WialeKon| ‘4Ss019) Peg Je suOTIJeATAaSGO |AeM TeNSTA UO peseq ‘SaWT sNnszeA ATodsuer} Jou TeTIUsqOg °¢Z sANsTy "29g “AON "490 ydag = ‘bny Ayne aune Aow dy “DIN "qa4 ‘upe OOv- ane OO¢- DJDQ bulssip sayouag 00¢d- 00¢- 100 |- 00 I- ¢ 0) 00 | a 002 002 O0¢ O00v OO¢ 00S ae 009 00S Ww) }10dSubdsy a10ysbu07 € WeOllinx Syl Tide Height (ft MSL) — Using a proportionality value of O./7 (Komar and Inman, 19/0), the esti- mated gross transport at Sea Crest is 1,583,400 cubic meters (2,071,000 cubic yards) per yeare The predicted net transport is to the south with a north-to- south transport ratio of 0.43. The annual net transport to the south at Sea Crest is estimated at 625,000 cubic meters (822,000 cubic yards) per year. 6. Tides and Sea Level Rise. Ocean tides are semidiurnal with a spring range of 1l.lo meters (3.8 feet) and a mean range of 0.9/7 meter (3.2 feet). Water levels in Currituck Sound are wind-dominated: high during periods of southwest winds, low during north- east winds. Mean water level in the sound is about 0.27 meter (0.9 foot) above MSL. Normal wind-induced setup is about 0.6 meter (2 feet) and setdown is -0.2 meter (-0./7 foot). Ho and Tracey (1975) investigated the frequency and magnitude of storm tides for the northern North Carolina coaste Their results for W0> 0s, 100-, and 500-year return period storms are shown in Figure 26. Note that at the Wright Monument, 23 kilometers south of the FRF, the expected 100-year surge height is 2.7/7 meters. Tide frequencies for several classes of storms are shown in Figure 2/7. = i =) ry — fo} on = : os SS co B Sea Qo u ri > rs) ° o E ct °o Om °o f= 0) (=) o+ =) I ss Oa = is > oO 5S Qe oo > is} Lo 4 © wes we ee es eee eee ee eee oe 0 3.0 | | (359) I 7.8 Wizz. eae) | e i (2.38) jy (2:35) sip (2.29) 2.0 I 10-yr I | 5 (1.77) (68) (1.71) (1.65) | 1.0 | | | 1 | I Distance From NC.-S.C. Border (n mi.) 100 150 200 250 300 Figure 26. Coastal storm surge frequencies north of Cape Lookout, North Carolina. Numbers in parentheses are values in meters (from Ho and Tracy, 1975). 52 Tide Height (m) 12 FF — 2 a _ 10 = a & = 2 wo 8 Cty D mo} = Ee 6 4 5 10 50 100 500 Return Period (yr) Figure 27. Tide frequencies at Wright Monument, North Carolina, for the following classes of storms: (a) landfalliny, (b) alongshore, (c) inland, (d) exiting hurricanes and tropical storms, (e) winter storms, (f) all storms (from Ho and Tracey, 1975). Hicks (1981) examined the recent rate of sea level rise for a number of east, gulf, and west coast beachese For the closest station to the FRF, Hampton Roads, Virginia (near the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay), Hicks calcu- lated a rate of sea level rise equal to 0.4411 centimeter (0.0144 foot) per year based on the period 1928 to 1978. 7. Surface Water Temperatures. Table 9 yives monthly mean surface water temperatures at Virginia Beach based on observations between 1960 and 1966 (Department of Commerce, 1968). Table 9. Monthly mean surface water temperatures. ! January February August March September April October May November June December 1Annual mean = 14.4 °C. GsSkec 3} Ve BEACHES AND GEOLOGY The FRF, located along a barrier spit forming the eastern edge of the Coastal Plain, is the northernmost part of a complex series of barrier islands which extend south to Cape Lookoute Though there are currently four inlets along this stretch (Oregon, Hatteras, Ocracoke, Drum), the area is dynamic and includes many relic inlets (Fig. 28). 1. Origin. The origin of this series of barrier islands is both complex and slightly controversial. Judge (1980) provides a summary of the following significant theories. De Beaumont (1845) suggested that the. islands formed by bar build- ing. Gilbert (1885) theorized that longshore drift and spit building were the primary cause of formation. Hoyt (1967) postulated that rising sea levels (or land submergence) could flood the flats behind the dunes and form a long sub- aerial ridge. Hoyt and Henry (1971) noted that the capes coincided with historic river deltas which were isolated by rising sea levels. Using strati- graphic interpretation of core samples, Pierce and Colquhoun (1970, 1971) found that 39 percent of the original 200-kilometer coast was primarily dune and that the islands formed by shoreline submergence. Field and Duane (1976) postulated that the barriers formed on the Continental Shelf during low sea levels and moved shoreward under the influence of sea level rise. Riggs (1978) postulated that the islands were formed by submergence and had been modified by coastal processes (waves, tides, and currents) to form their present shape and alinement. The general consensus is that the barrier islands are comprised of recent (Holocene) sediments overlying Pleistocene deposits. 2. Shoreline Changes. Historically, the ocean shoreline at the FRF has been relatively stable. This was documented by Wahls (1973), who found a mean annual accretion rate of 0.91 meter (3 feet) per year for the period 1955 to 1971. More recently, Dolan's (1979) analysis of shoreline changes north and south of the FRF showed long-term stability from 1940 to 1975 (Fig. 29), and overall erosion from 1977 to 1979. These results are based on shoreline measurements from photos at 50- meter (164 feet) intervals over the 28-kilometer (45 miles) reache Average rates of change are computed based on the rates of change for each set of suc- cessive photos. The following sets of photos were used in the analysis: 1940 to 1975 1977 to 1979 21 October 1940 2 February 1977 29 March 1955 ll November 1977 3 May 1962 16 May 1978 5 September 1975 2 December 1978 20 September 1979 Three rates were averaged to compute the 1940 to 1975 rates; four rates were averaged to obtain the 1977 to 1979 rates. The air photo analysis procedure is described in Dolan, et al. (1979). Errors can be significant, and average rates of change less than 1.0 meter (3.3 feet) per year over 40 years are difficult to measure. 54 (OLD) CURRITUCK (1585-1731) (NEW) CURRITUCK (1713-1828) MUSKETO (1585 - 1671) CARTHYS (1585- 7, 1798- I811) also known as Caffeys : ROANOKE (1585 - 1811) OREGON (1585-1770-1846) =i CHICKINOKE NEW (1708-1922, 1932-1945) LOGGERHEAD © y oe CAPE INLET (1585-1657-?) HATTERAS (1846) (OLD) HATTERAS (1585-1755) OCRACOKE (1585) f HE TIEGRO NT W AY NEW f NORMANS 4 OLD DRUM WA, DRUM v a as Le ne 4 ° / CEDAR INLET ha f= BARDEN (THE DRAIN) ¥, Figure 28. Present and historic inlets from the Virginia- North Carolina border to Cape Lookout (adapted from UeS. Congress, 1935, and Dunbar, 1958). 32) (f1/yr) (ft/yr) =50) -40)-30) =20) 0) 10) 0 of} o MSL -MLW ne 2 0.75 Ce (op) = 1.00 ¢ S) ° S S i= 52)(0) Cc o o @ a = 2.00= ) Number of Samples 3.00 Winter Spring Summer Fall Figure 47. Mean grain size averaged by season and profile position. 30 25 Winter Spring Summer 20 Fall Pct Acid-—Soluble a Profile 1 4 1220]23 (0) (10) (20) (30) (40) (50) (60) North Distance from Profile Line 41 (km) South Figure 48. Carbonate percentage in foreshore samples by season. 73 Foreshore slope was determined at the same time each sample set was taken. Figure 49 shows the strong positive correlation coefficient (r = 0.88) between the average mean grain size and the average foreshore slope for each of the 15 profile lines; Figure 50 shows the decrease in average foreshore slope from north to south. Mean Grain Size (@) arn Way ose EC Sites: ella ie O 0.9 0.8 0.14 0.12 0.10 Foreshore Slope 0.08 0.06 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 Mean Grain Size (mm) Figure 49. Average foreshore slope versus average mean grain size. 0.14 x 0.12 a o n c- 5) SqOno x= wn @ 5 uw 0.08 0.06 Profile 1 41220] 23 26 4 (0) (10) (20) (30) (40) (50) (60) Distance from Profile Line 1 (km) Figure 50. Alonyshore variation in average foreshore slope. 74 The north-to-south decrease in mean grain size confirms earlier findings by Swift, et al. (1971) and Shideler (1973). A downdrift decrease in sand size has been noted at other localities along the east coast (e-g-, Ramsey and Galvin, 1977). The coarse sand along the northern section of the study area is characterized by a bimodal-size distribution. The northward-coarsening trend does not continue northward of the study area (Goldsmith, Sturm, and Thomas, 1977), but appears to be localized between Caffey's Inlet and the vicinity of Duck. Swift, et al. (1971) attributed this coarse anomaly to a local source of gravel which is excavated from the former Albemarle River channel. be Nearshore Sedimentse In August 1979 scuba divers collected a set of 35 short-core sediment samples on three shore-normal transects--along the pier centerline and along parallel lines 75 meters both north and south of the pier centerline. The results of the settling tube (RSA) analysis of these samples are plotted as box plots in Figure 51. Each sample is plotted relative to its distance (in meters) from the FRF base line, along the shore-normal transect. Values of the 10th, 16th, 25th, 50th (median), 75th, 84th, and 90th percent- iles of the cumulative size distribution are also plotted for each sample. Sample depths, as determined by lead-line soundings and corrected to MSL elevations, are plotted for each transect. The statistics are summarized in Table ll. According to Folk's (1965) classification, the bottom material is gener- ally moderately well sorted, medium to fine sand. Median grain size ranges from 0.28 to 0.12 millimeter (1.85 to 3.11 phi) with sorting values ranging between 0.7/4 and 0.40 millimeter (0.44 and 1.31 phi) (Table 11). A zone of sandy silt is encountered at 13- to 15-meter (45 to 49 feet) depths. No gravel was directly observed, although one sample (Table 11, transect 1,13) taken 43 meters (140 feet) directly seaward of the pier end did contain a secondary mode in the 1-4- to 1.0-millimeter (-0.5 to O phi) size fraction (very coarse sand). The bottom was generally observed to be rippled, except in the surf zone where ripples were wiped out by surging breakers. Ripples were generally shore parallel with wavelengths ranging from 4 to 12 centimeters (1.5 to 5 inches) and heights from 1 to 4 centimeters (0.4 to 1.5 inches). At a 2.9- meter water depth megaripples were observed to be the primary bed form with smaller ripples superimposed. Megaripple wavelength was 2 meters (6.5 feet); height was 15 centimeters (6 inches). ce Subbottom Sediments. Field (1973) summarized the results of a subbottom geophysical survey conducted at the site in 1972-73. His analysis of four nearshore vibracores and five drill holes (Figs. 52 and 53) showed that the beach is underlain by more than 15 meters of sand at the shoreline, thinning to about 1.5 meters at the 12-meter contour. Sediments vary from coarse sand with gravel layers to dense, poorly graded (well-sorted), fine sand. Alternating silts, clays, and silty sands are common below this sand prism. Geophysical records show a nearly horizontal reflector (layer) at -12 meters MSL nearshore that appears to intersect the bottom and become exposed at about -14 meters MSL. The depth of this major reflector was found to cor- relate with the change from sand with gravel layers to silts and clays noted in the core logs (Fig. 53). The surface samples and visual observations discussed above confirm an outcrop of the silt layer at -13 to -15 meters MSLe Detailed core logs and geophysical records are on file at CERC. 75 75(m) North of Pier 0.5 = a 3 Sample No. g O23 5 = 5 E r 0.125 0.0625 G = o fo) 2.0 Pier Centerline 1.0 = 0.5 = € E & w 0.25 ‘i 0.125 0.0625 E 3 fox) = 75 (m) South of Pier BMInpeeeentite 05 6 a O;Z5e ze E € 5 € 2 — 0.125 0.0625 E a ros) OE COQ ove oo. So Sav o Ss oo Sec So) ©. 2S Oo eo Se © © ©. Se 8F& © © S& o's 2 OS' 2a ES SD OSPR ON GD O *QO Se Ry OD QQ DI Sy CS Oi Ge Ghee SE @ ey a Pe ON INR oS) Br m + Distance (m) Figure 51. Size distributions of sediment cores collected alony three transects near the FRF, 7 to 9 August 1979. 76 Table ll. FRF offshore sand samples, 7 to 9 August 1979. Sa STS l| Sample | MSL depth Mean grain Median grain | Std. dev. } Distance from No. size size base line (m) (phi) | (mm) | (phi) (m) TRANSECT I (pier centerline) i 1 2.86 | 0.14 0.51 3,341 2 2-55 | 0.17 0.59 2,610 3 2.95 | 0.13 0.56 2,085 4 SaaS |} oe SaSS 1,838 5 2.62 | 0.16 0.64 550 6 2.18 | 0.22 0.63 410 7 2.16 | 0.22 0.70 350 8 2.39 | 0.19 0.48 250 9 1.89 | 0.27| 0.66 210 10 2.87 | 0.14 0.54 1,366 11 2.67 | 0.16 0.83 1,063 13 2-74 | 0.15 1.31 640 TRANSECT II (75 meters north of centerline) 3.0) 0.44 3.08 0.70 2.96 0.62 2.75 0.58 2.85 0.51 2o19 0.55 2oUil 0.57 2.61 0.46 15917, 0.61 2.37 0.64 2.24 0.63 2.01 0.91 TRANSECT III (75 meters south of centerline) OG US Sos |) Wail 0.62 2,090 OSS 293 OS 0.76 1,750 0.13 | 2.98 | 0.13 0.58 1,675 0.14; 2.94 | 0.13 0.64 1,370 0-14} 2.86 | 0.14 0.47 1,088 0.14 2.87 0.14 0.50 743 0-16} 2-70 | 0.15 0.54 491 0.18 2.45 0.18 0.51 379 0.21 2.29 | 0.20 0.55 343 0.23 | 2.13 |} 0.23 0.59 275 0.18 2041 0.19 0.61 Poyil IToo fine for RSA. 77 82- *SaIOOPIGTA pue SaTOY TTTAp Jo uotze.07 °7cG aanSty (44) TSW aAogo uolyoAay U01J0907 8109DIGIA — JA ®@ YO1}0I07 a}OH 11110 — HO® @n3931 T-)A 92- e2- wv ‘\ \ & 00% 0O€ 002 00! O OO! — —— a ——— os $994 U! 9095 8 Np =H Nj (=) a a = Se i €-9A ile ® Golnkt > ald > ead pee [— SS KUNG = (OPS 5 @ Oo ss no 1-HQ 78 Elevation (ft) +20 OWT DH4 Sto. -6 +00 on Sta 0400, 800' RI. & Elevation 7 m9 Elevation 12.5 (MSL) -/Elevation 10.7(M ° DHS Ree, I eae at ara0 on & Sto. 0400, 800 LI t Sta ese & +10 Elevation 8.6 (MSL) Elevation 11.6 (MSL) eisancutes of Hole =0.0 (MSL) vce vCci Sto.244+20 on & Sto. 32+30 on & Elevation Top of Hole Elevation on Top of Hole =0.0 (MSL) = 0.0 (MSL) - 20 - 30 - 40 -50 Seeeaaeeten amas Weaceees sas SS Seeaaaee: we! PS SOS SS Sst - 60 Symbols iL} Silty Sona Well Graded Sana th Gravel Poorly Graded Sond with Peat ea eee) 7 [ZZ] Sondy Suits ono Cioys Y 018 Surtoce c 9 Cloy Cloyey Sond FZ Silty For Cioy Eg Sulty Cloys and Cloy - 80 Figure 53. Summary of drill hole and vibracore logs. 79 Elevation (m) VI. ECOLOGY OF THE FRF SITE The mid-1600 settlement of the Outer Banks drastically changed the vege- tation and topography of the regione Forests were diminished for fuel and building, and grass and shrubs were uprooted by grazing livestock which con- tinued into the beginning of the 1900's. Once vegetation was disrupted the sandy soils became susceptible to movement by wind and storm tides. The blowouts and sand dunes seen today are results of these forces. In 1935 the Works Progress Administration and the Civilian Conservation Corps began stabilizing the foredune from the Virginia border to approximately the middle of Ocracoke Islands Some of these foredunes now exceed 8 meters in height. The ocean beach, foredunes, arborescent (tree- and shrub-dominated) and sound-side marsh zones are the most characteristic features of the Outer Banks profile (Levy, 1976). The most variable zone is between the foredune and the arborescent zonee This is particularly evident at the FRF site. 1. Vegetation. Levy (1976) conducted a complete vegetation study of the FRF site. A vegetation map of 11 different communities in the area is shown in Figure 54. Permanent plots were located in each of the designated communities. The results of the study showed the flora to be composed of about 178 species and 132 genera representing 58 families (App. E). Six of the plant communities correlate with the communities generally common to the Outer Banks: fore- dunes, wetlands, oceanside shrub, sound-side shrub, low dune grass, and bare sand. The remaining five communities are relatively unique to this site: sound-side disturbed, planted American beachgrass (Ammophtla breviligulata), planted bitter panicum (Pantewn amorulum), sandgrass-buttonweed (Triplasis purpurea-Ditodia teres), and spurge-sandgrass (Euphorbia polygonifolta- Triplasts purpurea). In September 1978, CERC reestablished approximately two-thirds of the previous plots, which could be located, and added more. Plant species were collected and identified, and the vegetation was mapped for comparison with aerial photos at scales of 1:2000 to 1:34000. Optimum scales for identifying vegetative species, associations, communities, and zones were also determined in the comparison. ae Dune Vegetation. In April 1972, before CERC obtained the FRF site, the U.S. Navy sprigged the area with American beachgrass.e In 1973 and 1974, North Carolina State University conducted experiments on propagation, han- dling, processing, and planting of bitter panicum, American beachgrass, and sea oats (Untola paniculata) in the northern part of the site about 300 meters inland. By the fall of 1974, bitter panicum was the most successfully estab- lished. Fertilizer applications were necessary to retain the vigor of the planted stands. The results of this study were reported by Seneca, Woodhouse, and Broome (1976). Although the actual plantings are no longer clearly delin- eated, the general area is still identifiable from the air (see Fig. 4). be Marsh Vegetation. Experimental marsh plantings were established between April and September 1973 on the sound-side shore of the site to 80 uesdQ 3TIUeTIY se nan \ \W a punos yon3taan) isturbed Ss d Wetlands Sand Spurge-sandgra buttonweed a Sound—side |_| 53 Low dune grass Sound-side shrub Planted bitter [=| Sandgrass Oceanside shrub Planted American Q = iI cS 72) H o rw) [= oe oO uv cl 7) (=) (a) o (8) oO Ee EF] Foredune panicum beachgrass 1976) Vegetation map of the FRF (Levy, Figure 54. 81 stabilize the eroding shore (Fig. 55): a nursery area to the south and an unplanted control area to the north. Four species were planted: smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora), black needlerush (Junus roemerianus), narrow- and broad-leaved cattails (Typha spp-), and common reed (Phragmites australis). Plant density and dry weight for the marsh were determined in June and October 1979. The results of this experiment show that the optimum planting time is April, May, and June. CERC, in conjunction with the Soil Conservation Service (SCS), has planted 10 species of freshwater marsh plants on the sound side to determine their erosion control potential, and 11 acces- sions of saltmeadow cordgrass (Spartina patens) in the dunes to determine those most suited for dune stabilization in the Outer Banks area. Figure 55. Experimental marsh in Currituck Sound before planting (April 1973). Profile lines in the marsh were surveyed in 1973, 1978, and 1979. Between September 1973 and September 1978, the 1- to 1.5-meter bank eroded at a rate of about 1.5 meters per yeare Between 1978 and 1979, 1.06 cubic meters per meter of sediment began to accrue in the planting area, while the unplanted area eroded -1.68 cubic meters per meter. The marsh is now well established Cisteg 50) 6 Many new species, mostly freshwater species, have invaded the marsh as the salinity is negligible, varying between 1 and 5 parts per thou- sand. Sediments in the sound are composed of medium sand. 2. Fauna Studies. Matta (1977) conducted an intensive seasonal study of the FRF ocean and sound beach faunae On the ocean beach, 23 species of macrofauna in 5 phyla and 19 families were collected (see Appe E); all but four of these species were polychaetes or crustaceanse Several types of meiofauna were also quan- titated but were not identified to the species level. On the sound beach 23 species of macrofauna in 4 phyla and 23 families were collected (see App. E), with the phylum Arthropoda dominating the macrofauna, the phylum Annellida the most numerous. 82 Figure 56. Experimental marsh in September 1975. The land fauna were surveyed over a period of a year from August 1975 to September 1976 (Gorbics and Hurme, 1978). Identification was made on the basis of tracks, scats, visual observation, and trapping. Thirteen different species were documented; however, the study was not intensive enough to pro- vide a complete fauna list. For further information concerning ecological studies at the FRF, contact: U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center ATTN: Chief, Coastal Ecology Branch Kingman Building Fort Belvoir, VA 22060 VIIe OTHER AVAILABLE DATA for the FRF, This section provides lists of some of the data available beach survey including aerial photography (Table 12), LEO data (Table 13), data (Table 14), and ecological data (Table 15). Refer to Table 3 for information about available data from sensors located on the FRF pier. 83 Table 12. Duck aerial photography. Date Format Scale Source Project Oct. 1940 B& W9" x 9" 1:24,000 USGS Barrier Reefs, N.C. coast (F9885) Mar. 1955 B& W 9" x 9 1:20,000 NOAA 55W Dec. 1958 te i OR se 1:20,000 ASCS AOL Mar. 1962 BA A OF sz GO 1:5,000 USGS MATS 62-1 May 1962 By & WOR 83 1:20,000 USGS MATS 62-1/MI1SS-77 June 1963 B&W) Ds ix! 9: 1:5,000 NOAA 62 W Aug. 1971 | B & W 9" x 9" 1:12,000 CERC |} Nove 1971 i Vy OY se 9% 1:12,000 CERC VI33TRTSO13-UNC Nov. 1972 BS TY OP se OF 1:12,000 CERC VT33TRTSO90-AGMU Jan. 1973 B & W 9" x 9" 1:130,000 NASA 73-013C Feb. 1973 Collor SURG mx 1:12,000 CERC Sept. 1973] B & W 9" x 9" CERC Feb. 1977 | Color/ Varies CERC | Quarterly color IR 9" x 9" July, VOLT Colon. Sin x 9m 1:6,000/ CERC | Quarterly 1:12,000 Auge 1977 (Goleye Oi gs Oe 1:6,000 CERC | Quarterly Novis 1977) Color Smmexn 9s Varies CERC | Quarterly Feb. 1978 Collormo maxim om Varies CERC |} Quarterly May 1978 B& W9" x 9" 1:2,000/ CERC | Quarterly 1:6,000/ 1:12,000 Sept. 1978] Color/ color IR 9" x 9" | Varies CERC | Duck-X flight Sept 1.973)PBy GW Ome Ole 1:12,000 CERC Duck-X flight Oct. 1978 | B & W9" x 9" 1:12,000 | cERC | Quarterly Dec. 15978 BrceiWe Suit Oi 1:12,000 CERC Quarterly Apr. 1979 | B & W/ 1:6,000/ CERC | Quarterly color IR 9” x 9" 1:12,000 Sept. 1979] B & W/ 1:6,000/ CERC | Quarterly Color PIR Oman x oi 1:12,000 Oct. 1979 Be. WY OP es Oe 1:12,000 CERC | Quarterly Oct. 1979 | B & W/ 1:6,000/ CERC | SEAP Color LRT Oi exe Sie 1:12,000 Jan. 1980 | B & W/ *1:6,000/ CERC | Quarterly Color LR on x. Om 1:12,000 Mar. 1980 Color 9" x 9” 1:12,000 SAW Poststorm Apre 1980 | B & W/ 1:6,000/ CERC | Quarterly color 9" x 9" 1:12,000 July 1980 | &§’ & W9" x 9" 1:6,000/ CERC | Quarterly 1:12,000 Oct. 1980 Bo WBA ss Ge 1:12,000 CERC Quarterly May WD Colon axe Os 1:12,000 CERC Quarterly | 84 Table 13. Summary of visual Littoral Environment Observations (LEO). Year No. per month Avalon pier (see Fig. 11) 62 61 56 62 31 85 suayxe2 otdwes pues ‘7 fATuo Q7-y seTTjoad LL Ri z LL 9L 9L 9L z 91° 9L 9L OL 9L z 9L 9L Coes 9L Cea 9L Comel 9L 6 “1 OL Cal 9 @ 9L Cael 9L (BoA 9L Coal OL Col 9L Camel 9L Camel 9L Cael OL Gaasil 9L Cal 9L Gas 9L Cal 9L Coal 9L Capi at GG uer euer euer °00q *AON *AON qdas °sny °3ny °sny °3ny Aqnge oune Ae Aey Ae AGW AeW Kew Sey ACW Aew AeW AeW KEW Ary AeW ARN AeW Ae AU ARN Ba VK4 TI S ST O€ T Le US OT c NOTNON OD i NANNANNNANNANANNN NANNTMUNANNANANNANNANAAA a na a nan anana ie oe ee ee a N NN ey Ce Biles Bile Bi oe Bi ce BO cee Bi ce Bee Doe Be Be Ee ee Eo | “OL SEN OL 9L 9L OL 9L 9L OL 9L 92 9L OL 9L 9L 9L CVE SL Sl cl cL GL SL SL SL SL SL SL SL SL SL Giz SL SL eidy eady eidy eidy eidy eady eidy eady eidy sidy eidy eady IEW °qed euer *AON *AON 300 eqdas *adas *qdes °qdas eqdas eqdas eqdas eqdas eqdas eqdas eqdas eqdas *qdas *qdas *qdas *qdas yo sAvains ATtep ‘tT T Of 62 82 Le 9¢ Sc vie €¢ GG 1é IT 9 IT OT S 97 OT 8c 1K6 9¢ 4 vK6 €? (a6 164 0c 61 8T LT oT ST val tI cl SseqTtjoad [Te jo skaaans 80T ine |Get ceSmaT TZ LOT Cal GZ °3dag OT aL 90T | Cael CL cades 6 69 COT Caml ¢L cades g 89 OT Caml GL *3ades £ 19 | €01 Camel CL sades 9 99 ZOT | Ge al GL cades ¢ 69 I0T Chal GL cadas 4 "9 Oot @ i GL cadag ¢ €9 66 Canal GL c3des 7 z9 86 Conall GL c3das [| 19 16 Gi cZ °3ny TE 09 96 Caaecal GL *eny OF 6S 66 CT GL °3NV 67% iS €6 GL °8nVv TT LS 26 z GZ ATL 4 9S 16 cZ Atnr Zz SS 06 GL eunr Z 9G 68 GL cady gz €S L8 Zz GL °AEW TE (AS 98 GL °2EW 6T ts cg GL cAPW ST 0s "8 GL °ARN E 6% €8 Cael GL °494 8T LY 78 @ 2% GL °98d LT 94 1g Comal CL °994 OT SY 08 Coal CL °924 ST oy 6L Goal GL °994 41 €% BL @ 1 SL *99d €T (a) LL Coal GL *494 21 Iv 9L Coal CL °994 TI 04 cL Canal CZ *994 OT 6€ o/ fe eee St GL *99d 6 ge €Ll - aT GL °994 8 LE Ge aT CL *49a L 9€ Aqaaem ao ATyYIuor SeTeoOTpUT AUeTE, GT | GE gee YD Gear | GL °99a ¢ Cael GL °G2d 4 Goel SL °994d € Caml GL °9ed 2 Camel S/S OSER I Come SZ curr TE GOA GL curr OF Cail CL “URL 62 @ 1 SL curr Ez Cant Sih baie 1X6 Gl GL cURL gz Cecil cL cuer CZ Gl GL curr HZ Gl GL curr €Z Caml C/E ECG, Call GL cueLr iz Ciel cL cuer QZ G cL suer 9 of cuer LT yf °2980 € 7L °AON 4 7£ 9220 L #1 *ades 0€ yl cides €Z pL cides 9] yl °1des 6 z yl cides € 2 s3ny OT 2 *3ny 6T 0 yi °3ny ZI hy seny 9 yl AINE T H/ eunr € z ol ABW L Se Ge €€ ce T€ Of 62 8c Lé 9¢ 4 vxG 4 (a6 1e4 0c 61 8T LT 9T ST val €1 cl Il aT Gs °3Tq UL umoys saotd pue SOUTT eTTyoid oy 10j3) sajep BuTtTdwes pues pue Asaans s{Tyoad yoeeg “vy 9TqGeI, 86 Table 15. Ecological data for FRF. 1. Sound-side marsh and con- Sept. 1973, Sept. 1978, ] See Section VI,1,b trol area profile lines May 1979, Oct. 1979, for preliminary Apre 1980, July 1980, results Sept. 1980, May 1981- July 1981, Nov. 1981 Lines are labeled "CS" in Figure 10 Currituck sound profiles (nine profile lines located every 51.8 meters (170 feet) along sound shore) June 1979, May 1980 Available at CERC Coastal Ecology Branch Plant study (Levy, 1976) Herbarium specimens (col- lection of plant species) Available at CERC Coastal Ecology Branch Beach fauna reference collection Fauna study (Matta, 1977) 87 LITERATURE CITED BAKER, S., “Storms, People and Property in Coastal North Carolina,” University of North Carolina Sea Grant Publication No. UNC-SG-78-15, Chapel Hill, N.C., Auge 1978. BEACH EROSION BOARD, “Beach Erosion at Kitty Hawk, Nags Head, and Oregon Inlet, North Carolina," H.eDoc.e 155, 74th Cong., Ist sess., UeS. Army, Corps of Engineers, Washington, D.C., 1935. BIRKEMEIER, WeA., “Beach Profile Changes Near the CERC Field Research Facility on the Outer Banks of North Carolina, Duck to Cape Hatteras," Assateague Shore & Shelf Field Trip Guide, unpublished, Apr. 1979a. BIRKEMELER, WeAe, “The Effects of the 19 December 1977 Coastal Storm on Beaches in North Carolina and New Jersey," Shore and Beach, Jan. 1979, ppe 7-15 (also Reprint 79-2, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engi- neering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Vae, NTIS AOQ70O 554). BOSSERMAN, Ke, and DOLAN, R., “The Extratropical Storms Along the Outer Banks of North Carolina,” Technical Report 68-4, National Park Service, 1968. DE BEAUMONT, E., “Septieme lecon.," Lecons de Geologte Practtque, P. Bertrand, ede, Paris, France, 1845, ppe 221-252. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, "Surface Water Temperature and Density: Atlantic Coast, North and South America,” Publication 31-1, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Rockville, Md., 1968. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, “Commercial Diving Operations,” Federal Regtster, Occupa- tional Safety and Health Administration, Vole 42, No. 141, part III, July 1977, pp. 37649-37674. DeWALL, AeE., and CHRISTENSON, J.A., “Guidelines for Predicting Maximum Near- shore Sand Level Changes on Unobstructed Beaches,” U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., unpublished, Dec. 1979. DOLAN, ReAe, “Report on Shoreline Dynamics at the CERC Field Research Facil- ity,” U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Vae, unpublished, Dec. 1979. DOLAN, ReAe, et ale, “Shoreline Erosion Rates Along the Middle Atlantic Coast of the United States," Geology, Vole 7, Dece 1979, pp.e 602-606. DUNBAR, GeSe, “Historical Geography of the North Carolina Outer Banks,” Series 3, Coastal Studies Institute, Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, gi, IWES¥iq FIELD, MeE., “Report on Analysis of Offshore Seismic and Core Logs from the Proposed CERC Field Research Facility,” U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Vae, unpublished, Mar. 1973. FIELD, MeE.-, and DUANE, D.B., “Post-Pleistocene History of the United States Inner Continental Shelf Significance to Barrier Islands," Bulletin of the Geologteal Soectety of Amertea, Vol. 87, Noe 5, May 1976, pp. 691-702. 88 FOLK, ReLe, Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks, Hemphill's, Austin, Tex., 1965. GILBERT, G.K., “The Topographic Features of Lake Shores,’ U.S. Geologic Survey, 1885, pp. 69-123. 5th Annual Report, GOLDSMITH, V., STURM, S.C., and THOMAS, G.R., “Beach Erosion and Accretion at Virginia Beach, Virginia, and Vicinity,” MR 77-12, U.S. Army, Corps of Engi- neers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Vae, Dec. 19/7. GORBICS, C.S., and HURME, AeKe, “Land Fauna Survey of the CERC Field Research Facility, Duck, North Carolina,” U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Reserch Center, Fort Belvoir, Vae, unpublished, Aug. 1978. HEADLAND, JeRe, and DeWALL, A.E., “Sand Size Trends Along the Northern Outer Banks of North Carolina," Assateague Shore and Shelf Field Trip Guide, unpublished, Apr. 19/79. HICKS, S.De, “Long Period Sea Level Variations for the United States Through 1978," Shore and Beach, Apre 1981, ppe 26-29. HO, FePe, and TRACEY, RoJ., “Storm Tide Frequency Analysis for the Coast of North Carolina, North of Cape Lookout,” NWS HYDRO-27, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Rockville, Md., 1975. HOYT, JeH., “Barrier Island Formation," Bulletin of the Geological Soctety of Amertea, Vol. 78, 1967, pp. 1125-1136. HOYT, J.-H», and HENRY, V.Je, “Origin of Capes and Shoals Along the Southeast- ern Coast of the United States," Bulletin of the Geological Soctety of Amertea, Noe U.82, Jan. 1971, ppe 59-66. JARRETT, JeT.e, “Coastal Processes at Oregon Inlet, North Carolina,” Proceed- tngs of the 16th Conference on Coastal Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers, 1978. JUDGE, C.W., “Geology and Physiography of the Field Research Facility at Duck, North Carolina,” U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Vae, unpublished, Feb. 1980. KOMAR, P.D., and INMAN, D.Le, “Longshore Sand Transport on Beaches," Journal of Geophysteal Research, Vole 75, Noe 30, Octe 1970, ppe 5914-5927. LANGFELDER, Je, STAFFORD, De, and AMEIN, M-, “A Reconnaissance of Coastal Erosion in North Carolina,” Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C., 1968. LESTER, Me-E-, “Aerial Investigation of Longshore Bars Along the Outer Banks of North Carolina,” U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Enyineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., unpublished, 1980. LEVY, GoF.o, “Vegetative Study at the Duck Field Research Facility, Duck, North Carolina,” MR 76-6, U.eS.e Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va-, Apr. 1976. MATTA, JeT.-, “Beach Fauna Study of the CERC Field Research Facility, Duck, North Carolina,” MR 77-6, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineeriny Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va-e, Apr. 19/77. 89 MATTIE, MeGe, and HARRIS, De-L-, “A System for Using Radar to Record Wave Direction,” TR 79-1, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Vae, Sept. 1979. MILLER, HeCe, “Storm Duration Defined and Applied,” U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., unpublished, 1980. MILLER, HeC., “Instrumentation at CERC's Field Research Facility, Duck, North Carolina,” MR 80-8, U.-S.e Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Vae, Oct. 1980. PIERCE, JeWe, and COLQUHOUN, D.J-, “Holocene Evolution of a Portion of the North Carolina Coast," Bulletin of the Geological Society of America , Vol. 81, 1970, pp. 3697-3714. PIERCE, JeWe, and COLQUHOUN, D.J., “Configuration of the Holocene Primary Bar- rier Chain, Outer Banks, NeC.," Southeastern Geology, Vol.e I1, Noe 4, 1971, RAMSEY, M-D.-, and GALVIN, C.Je, Jre, “Size Analysis of Sand Samples from Southern New Jersey Beaches," MR 7/-3, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va.e, Mare 19/77. RIGGS, S.Re, “Shoreline Erosion and Accretion: A Process-Response Classi- fication of Estuarine Environments of North Carolina," Poster Series No. 04-6-158-44054, University of North Carolina Sea Grant program and the North Carolina Coastal Resources Commission, 1978. SENECA, Ee-D., WOODHOUSE, W.eW.e, Jre, and BROOME, S.W.e, “Dune Stabilization with Pantecum amarum Along the North Carolina Coast,” MR 76-3, U.S. army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Vae, Febe 1976. SHIDELER, GeLe, “Textural Trend Analysis of Coastal Barrier Sediments Along the Middle Atlantic Bight, North Carolina,” Sedimentary Geology, Vol. 9, IQS pps L95=220). SWIFT, De.Je-Pe, et ale, "“Textural Differentiation on the Shoreface During Erosional Retreat of an Unconsolidated Coast, Cape Henry to Cape Hatteras, Western North Atlantic Shelf," Sedimentology, Vole 16, 1971, pp. 221-250. THOMPSON, EeFe, “Wave Climate at Selected Locations Along U.S. Coasts,” TR //-1, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va.e, Jan. 1977. U.S. ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER, Shore Proteetton Manual, 3d ede, Vols. I, II, and III, Stock No. 008-022-00113-1, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.eC., 1977, 1,262 pp. WAHLS, HeE-, "A Survey of NeC. Beach Erosion by Air Photo Methods,” Report 73-1, Center for Marine Coastal Studies, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C., 1973. 90 BIBLIOGRAPHY This bibliography contains more than 360 references discussing the Outer Banks of North Carolina, loosely defined as the area between Virginia Beach, Virginia, and Shackleford Banks, North Carolinae Although Virginia Beach is not a barrier island, it has been included because of its close proximity to the FRF and because of the wealth of coastal research conducted there. The references are divided into the following 10 broad topics: Atlases Beach Processes Bibliographies Ecology Geology Hydraulics Inlets Miscellaneous Sediments Shoreline Changes Because some of these topics overlap (e.z., Beach Processes and Shoreline Changes) and citations are not cross referenced, the references under all pertinent topics should be checked. 91 BIBLIOGRAPHY ATLASES CUMMING, W.P., “North Carolina in Maps,” State Department of Archives and History, Raleigh, N.C., 1966. DOLAN, R-, et al., “1973 Buxton Beach Nourishment Project: An Annotated Photographic Atlas,” National Park Service, Febe, 1974. GOLDSMITH, V., SUTTON, C.H-, and DAVIS, J.S., “Bathymetry of the Virginian Sea, Part 1-Chesapeake Bight (Cape Henlopen to Cape Hatteras, Continental Shelf and Upper “Slope),” SRAMSOE 39, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Va-, 1973. MARSHALL, Ne, “Hydrography of North Carolina Marine Waters," Survey of Marine Fisheries of North Carolina, H.F. Taylor, ede, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C., 1951, pp. 1-76. NEWTON, J.G., PILKEY, 0.H., and BLANTON, J.0., “An Ocean- ographic Atlas of the Carolina Continental Margin,” Duke University Marine Laboratory, Beaufort, NeC., 19/1. ROELOFS, E-W., and BUMPUS, D.F., “The Hydrography of Pam- lico Sound," Bulletin, Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, Vol. 3. Noe 3, 1953, ppe 181-205. BEACH BEACH EROSION BOARD, “Beach Erosion at Kitty Hawk, Nags Head, and Oregon Inlet, North Carolina,” H.Doc. 155, 74th Conge, Ist sesse, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Washington, D.-C., 1935. BEACH EROSION BOARD, "North Carolina Shoreline Beach Erosion Study,” HeDoce 763, 80th Cong., 2d sess., U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Washington, D.C., 1948. BEACH EROSION BOARD, “Cooperative Beach Erosion Control Study of Virginia Beach, Virginia,” U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Washington, D.C., June 1952. BIRKEMEIER, WeAe, “The Effects of the 19 December 1977 Coastal Storm on Beaches in North Carolina and New Jer- sey,” Shore and Beach, Vol. 47, Noe 1, Jan. 1979, pp. 7- 15 (also Reprint 79-2, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., NTIS AO70 554). BIRKEMEIER, WeA., "The Outer Banks of North Carolina (Duck to Cape Hatteras): A Guide to the Field Trip,” Sixth Assateague Shelf and Shore Meeting, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va.e, unpublished, Apre 1979. BOON, J.D-, “Quantitative Analysis of Beach Sand Movement, Virginia Beach, Virginia,” Sedimentology, Vol. 13, Oct. 1969, pp. 85-103. BOSSERMAN, Ke, and DOLAN, R., “The Frequency and Magnitude of Extratropical Storms Along the Outer Banks of North Carolina,” TR 68-4, National Park Service, 1968. BOYD, H.eW., “Beach Erosion and Environmental Processes on Pea Island, Cape Hatteras National Seashore, North Caro- lina,” M.S. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NeC., 1971. BUNCH, J.W.e, “Fluorescent Tracer Study at a Tidal Inlet, Rudee Inlet, Virginia,” M.S. Thesis, Old Dominion Uni- versity, Norfolk, Va., 1969. BUNCH, J.W., “Beach Nourishment at Virginia Beach, Vir- ginia,” Proceedinge, 12th Conference on Coastal Engineering, Vol. 2, 1970, pp. 967-973. BUSS, BAe, and RODOLFO, K.S., “Suspended Sediments in Continental Shelf Waters off Cape Hatteras, North Caro- lina,” Shelf Sediment Traneport; Process and Pattern: Stroudsburg, Penneylvania, D-J-P. Swift, D.B. Duane, and O.H. Pilkey, eds., Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Strouds— berg, Paes, 1972, pp. 263-279. CLIFTON, H.E., HUNTER, R.E., and PHILLIPS, R.L-, “Deposi- tional Structures and Processes in the Non-Barred High Energy Near Shore,” Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, Vol. 41, Noe 3, Sept- 1971, pp. 651-670. a eed SCHWARTZ, FeJ., and CHESTNUT, A.F., “Hydrographic Atlas of North Carolina Estuarine and Sound Waters,” UNC-SG-73- 12, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C., 1973. SUTTON, C.H., GOLDSMITH, V., and SALLENGER, A.N., “Detailed Bathymetry of Selected Areas of the Inner Continental Shelf of the Virginian Sea, South Eastern Virginia, Virginia Beach and Wachapreague, Virginia,” SRAMSOE 69, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Vae, 1976. WAHLS, HeE-, “A Survey of North Carolina Beach Erosion by Air Photo Methods,” Report 73-1, Center for Marine and Coastal Studies, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C., 1973. WILLIAMS, A-Be, et ale, “A Hydrographic Atlas of Larger North Carolina Sounds,” Data Report 20, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C., Oct. 1967. WOODS, WeJe, “Hydrographic Studies in Pamlico Sound,” Report 5, Water Resources Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C., 1967. PROCESSES COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER, “Beaufort Island to Bogue Island, North Carolina,” HeDoce 479, 89th Cong., 2d sess., U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Washington, D.C., 1966. COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER, “Outer Banks Between Ocracoke Inlet and Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina,” H.Doc. 509, 89th Conge, 2d sesse, UeSe Army, Corps of Engineers, Washington, DeC., 1966. COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER, “Beach Erosion Con- trol and Hurricane Protection at Virginia Beach Vir- ginia: Coastal Processes Evaluation,” U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Fort Belvoir, Vae, Auge 1980. CUNNINGHAM, R-eC., Jre, “An Investigation of Littoral Transport Between Virginia Beach and Sandbridge, Vir- ginia,” M.eS. Thesis, Institute of Oceanography, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Va., 1974. DOLAN, Re, “Seasonal Variations in Beach Profiles Along the Outer Banks of North Carolina,” Shore and Beach, Vol. 33, Noe 2, Apre 1965, pp. 22-26. DOLAN, Re, “Sand Waves-Cape Hatteras, North Carolina,” Shore and Beach, Vol. 38, Noe 1, Jan. 1970, ppe 23-25. DOLAN, Re, “Beach Erosion and Beach Nourishment, Cape Hatteras, North Carolina,” Natural Resource Report 4, National Park Service, 1972. DOLAN, R.-, and FERM, Je, “Swash Processes and Beach Char- acteristics,” Professional Geographer, Vol. 18, 1966, pp- 210-213. DOLAN, R.-, and FERM, JeC., “Crescentic Landforms Along the Atlantic Coast of the United States,” Sctence, Vol. 159, 1968, pp. 627-629. DOLAN, R., FERM, JeCe, and McARTHUR, D.S., “Measurements of Beach Process Variables, Outer Banks, North Caro- lina," TR 64, Coastal Studies Institute, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, La-, 1969. DOLAN, R., and, GODFREY, P., “Effects of Hurricane Ginger On the Barrier Islands of North Carolina,” Bulletin, Geological Society of America, Vol. 84, Now 4, 1973, pp» 1329-1333. EVERTS, C.H., “Exploration for High Energy Marine Placer Sites, Field and Flume Tests North Carolina Project,” W1S-SG-72-210, Marine Research Laboratory, Wisconsin University, Madison, Wis., Mare 1972. EVERTS, C.eH-, “Beach Changes Over the Period of a Tidal Cycle," Abstracts, Geological Society of America, Vol. 8, No. 6, Sept. 1976. 92. FAIRCHILD, JeCe, “Longshore Transport of Suspended Sedi- ment,” Reprint 14-73, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Vae, July 1973. FAIRCHILD, J.C., “Suspended Sediment in the Littoral Zone at Ventnor, New Jersey, and Nags Head, North Carolina,” TP 77-5, U.eS. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engi- neering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va-, May 1977. Beach Nourishment Park Service University FISHER, Study, Grant, of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va., Apre Je, et ule, “Cape Hatteras Post Pumping Report,” National Department of Environmental Sciences, 1975. FRISCH, AeA-, “Temporal Occurrence of Beach Erosion and Accretion in Southeast Virginia Beaches,” Coastal Processes and Resultina Forme of Sediment Accumulation, Currituck Spit, Virainta-North Carolina, V. Goldsmith, ede, SRAMSOF 143, Virginla Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Va., June 1977, pp. 221-1--221-5. GODFREY, P.eJ., and GODFREY, MeMe, “The Role of Overwash and Inlet Dynamics in the Formation of Salt Marshes on North Carolina farrier Islands," Ecology of Halophytee, ReJe Reimold and Wel. Queen, edse, Academic Press, New York, 1974, ppe 407-427. GOLDSMITH, V., STURM, S.C., and THOMAS, G.R., “Beach Trends in the Southeastern Virginia Coastal Compart- ment,” Coartal Processes and Reaulting Forma of Sediment Accumulation, Currituck Spit, Virginta-North Carolina, V. Goldsmith, ede, SRAMSOE 143, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Va-, June 1977, ppe 21-1--21-30. GOLDSMITH, V., STURM, S.C., and THOMAS, G.R., “Beach Eroston and Accretion at Virginfa Beach, Virginia, and Vicinity,” MR 77-12, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va-, Dec. 1977. GOLDSMITH, Ve, et ale, “Beach Response in the Vicinity of a Shoreface Ridge System: False Cape, Virginia,” Coastal Processes and Resulting Forme of Sediment Accumulation, Currituck Spit, Virginia-North Carolina, V. Goldsmith, ede, SRAMSOE 143, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Va., June 1977, pp. 23 = —23—1i le GUTMAN, A-eL.e, “Aeoiian Grading of Sand Across Two Barrier Island Transects, Currituck Spit, Virginia-North Caro- lina,” Coastal Processes and Resulting Forme of Sediment Accumulation, Currituck Spit, Virginia-North Carolina, V. Goldsmith, ed., SRAMSOE 143, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Vae, June 1977, pp. 35-1--35-16. HARRISON, We, and ALAMO, ReMe, “Dynamic Properties of Immersed Sand at Virginia Beach, Virginia,” TM-9, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Washington, D.C., Dec. 1964. HARRISON, We, and WAGNER, K-eA-, “Beach Changes at Virginia Beach, Virginia,” MP 6-64, U.S. Army, Corps of Engi- neers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Washington, D.C., Nov. 1964. HARRISON, W., and KRUMBEIN, WeCe, “Interactions of the Beach-Ocean Atmosphere System at Virginia Beach, Vir- ginia,” TM-7, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Washington, DeCe, Dec. 1964. HARRISON, W., BULLOCK, P.eA., and PORE, N.eA., “Forecasting Storm-Induced Beach Changes Along Virginta'ts Ocean Coaut,” UeS.e Army, Corpn of Engtneern, Coantal ng tneers {ny Research Center, Washington, DeCe, Dece 1971. HAZLETT, DeCe, “Beach Eroston Control at Cape Matteras, North Caroltna," ullatin, Geologieal Soetuty of Amertca, Vol. 49, 1938. on the Thesis, HOSIER, P.E«, “The Effects of Oceanic Overwash Vegetation of Core and Shackleford Banks,” Ph.D. Duke University, Durham, N-C., 1973. 93) KLUMP, LANGF ELDER, LEITH, LUDWICK, LUDWICK, LUDWICK, J.C., Mc DONALD, MCHONE, JeFe, Jre, MILLER, NASH, KNOWLES, C.E., et ale, “A Preliminary Study of Storm- Induced Beach Erosion for North Carolina,” Report 73-5, Center for Marine and Coastal Studies, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NeCe, 1973. Ve, and SMITH, Je, “The Beach and Shoreface Dynam- ics,” Ecological Determinants of Coastal’ Area Manage- ment, Vole 2, R. Alden, et ale, edse, UNC-SG-76-05, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C., 1976, pp. 1-13. LeJs, STAFFORD, D.Be, und AMELN, Me, “Coastal Erosion in North Carolina,” Journal of the Waterways and Harbors Division, Vole 96, May 1970, pp.e 531-545. C.Je, “Environmental Aspects of Beach Processes, Sediment, and Erosion in the Coastal Region of North Carolina,” Final Report, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Washington,’ D.C., 1971. : Coastal Processes at Coastal Processes and Accumulation, Currituck “Introduction to Virginia Beach, Virginia,” Resulting Forme of Sediment Spit, Virginta-North Carolina, V. Goldsmith, ed., SRAMSOE 143, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Va., June 1977, ppe 5-1--5-10. JeCe, JeCe, “Coastal Currents and an Associated Sand Stream Off Virginia Beach, Virginia,” Journal of Geo- phystcal Research, Vole 83, Noe C5, May 1978, ppe 2365- 2372. et al., “Beach Processes at Virginia Beach and Their Response to a Beach Erosion Control Device," TR 18, Institute of Oceanography, Old Dominion Univer- sity, Norfolk, Va-., July 1974. MACHEMEHL, JebLe, “Artificial Beach Saves Hatteras Motels,” Shore and Beach, Vole 41, Noe 1, Jane 1973, ppe 11-13. T.J-, and STURGEON, MeA., “Sand By-Passing at a Virginia Tidal Inlet," Journal of Waterways and Harbors Divtsion, Vole 82, Noe WW3, May 1956, ppe 976-1--976-14. “Morphological Time Series from a Submarine Sand Ridge on the South Virginia Coast,” M.S. Thesis, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Vae, 1972. GeHe, Features on Army, Corps Center, Fort and BERG, DeW., “An ERTS-1 Study of Coastal the North Carolina Coast,” MR 76-2, U.S. of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Belvoir, Vae, Jane 19766 E-, “Beach and Sand Dune Hatteras National Seashore: A Erosion Control at Cape Five Year Review (1956- 1961)," U.S. National Park Service, Cape Hatteras National Seashore, Manteo, NeC.e, 1962. PIERCE, JeWe, “Sediment Budget Along a Barrier Island Chain,” 16. Sedimentary Geology, Vole 3, Noe 1, 1969, pp. 5- PIERCE, JeW., “Tidal Inlets and Washover Fans," Journal of Geology, Vol. 78, 1970, pp. 230-234. RICHARDSON, W.S., “Forecasting Storm-Related Beach Erosion Intensity Along the Oceanic Coastline of Virginia,” Coastal Processes and Resulting Forme of Sediment Accun- ulation, Currituck Spit, Virginta-North Carolina, V. Goldsmith, ed., SRAMSOE 143, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Va-e, June 1977, pp. PIM PSN RIEDL, Re, and McMAHAN, E-Ae, “High Energy Beaches,” Coastal Ecological Systems of the United States, Vol. 1, HeT. Odum, BeJ.» Copeland, and E.sAe McMahan, edse, The Conservation Foundation, Washington, D.Ce, 1974, pp. 180-251. ROSEN, PeS., “The Morphology and Processes of the Virginia Chesapeake Bay Shoreline,” Phew. Thesis, Virginia Insti- tute of Marine Scflence, Gloucester Point, Vae, 1976. SALLENGER, Aelle, “Beach Cusps,"” Coastal Processes and Resulting Forme of Sediment Accumulation, Currituck Sptt, Virginia-North Carolina, V. Goldsmith, ed., SRAMSOE 143, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Glou- cester Point, Vae, June 1977, pp. 24-1--24-15. SAUMSIEGLE, WeJe, “Stability and Local Effects of an Offshore Sand Storage Mound, Dam Neck Site, Virginia Inner Continental Shelf," Coastal Processes and Resulting Forms of Sediment Accumulation, Currituck Spit, Virginia-North Carolina, V. Goldsmith, ed., SRAMSOE 143, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester, Point, Vae, June 1977, pp. 18-1--18-21. SCHWARTZ, ReKe, “Nature and Genesis of Some Storm Washover Deposits,” TM-61, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Vae, Dece. 1975. SHIDELER, GeLe, “Evaluation of a Conceptual Model for the Transverse Sediment Transport System of Coastal Barrier Chain, Middle Atlantic Bight," Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, Vole 43, 1973, ppe 748-764. SLOWEY, A-He, “The Effect of Wind on Beach Erosion on the Outer Banks at Pea Island, North Carolina,” MeS. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NeC., 1971. SMITH, DeDe, and DOLAN, ReG-, “1960 Erosional Development of Beach Cusps Along the Outer Banks of North Carolina,” Bulletin, Geological Society of America, Vole 71, Noe 12, Pte 2, 1979. SNOW, BeCe, “Effects of Hurricanes on North Carolina Beaches," Shore and Beach, Vole 23, Noe 2, Apre 1955, ppe 14-17. SONU, CeJe, “Dynamtc Behavior of Subsaertal Beach Sediment on the Outer Banks, North Carolina," Traneactione, American Geophysical Union, Vol. 49, Noe 1, 19686 SONU, CeJe, “Bimodal Composition and Cyclic Characteris- tics of Beach Sediment in Continuously Changing Pro- files,” Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, Vol. 42, 1972, ppe 852-857. SONU, CeJe, and JAMES, WeRe, "A Markov Model for Beach Profile Changes," Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 78, 1973, pp. 1462-1471. SONU, CeJe, and VanBEEK, JeLe, on the Outer Banks, North Carolina, Vol. 79, Noe 4, 1971, ppe 416-425. “Systematic Beach Changes " Journal of Geology, SONU, CeJe, McCLOY, JeM.e, and McARTHUR, D.Se, “Longshore Currents and Nearshore Topographies,” TR 51, Coastal Studies Institute, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Lae, 1967. SPEARS, JeR-, “Sand Waves at Henlopen and Hatteras,” Sertbner's Magazine, Vol. 8, 1890, pp. 507-509. STRATTON, AeCe, “Beach Erosion Control in the Cape Hat- teras National Seashore Recreational Area,” Shore and Beach, Vol. 25, 1957, pp. 4-8. THOMAS, G.R., GOLDSMITH, V., and STURM, S.C., “Beach Slope and Grain Size Changes: Currituck County, North Caro- lina,” Coastal Processes and Resulting Forme of Sediment Accumulation, Currituck Spit, Virginia-North Carolina, Ve. Goldsmith, ed., SRAMSOE 143, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Vae, June 1977, ppe 32=1-—32=7'6 TRAVIS, ReWe, “Interactions of Plant Communities and Oceanic Overwash on the Manipulated Barrier Islands of Cape Hatteras National Seashore, North Carolina,” Ph.D. Thesis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C., 1976. 94 TUCK, DeR.-, Jre, “Major Environmental Variables Affecting Grain Size Distribution in the Shoaling-Wave Zone Under Storm Conditions at Virginia Beach, Virginia,” M.S. Thesis, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Vae, 1969. U.S. ARMY, Banks of North Carolina,” 1, Jan. 1962, pp. 5-6. CORPS OF ENGINEERS, “The Storm and the Outer Shore and Beach, Vol. 30, Noe U.S. ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, “Hurricane Protection and Beach Erosion Study, Virginia Beach, Virginia,” Washing- ton, DeC., Mar 1968. UeSe ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, “Coastal Flooding, Norfolk, Virginia,” Washington, DeC., 1970. U.S. ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, "Virginia Beach, Virginia, Feasibility Report for Beach Erosion Control and Hurri- cane Protection,” Vols. 1 and 2, Washington, D.C., Sept. 1970. U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, NORFOLK, “Beach Erosion Control Survey, Virginia Beach, Virginia,” Norfolk, Va., Feb 1961. U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, NORFOLK, “Feasibility Report for Beach Erosion Control and llurricane Protection, Vir- Hinta Keach, Virginta,” Norfolk, Vae, 1971. U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, NORFOLK, “Beach Maintenance, Virginia Beach, Virginia,” Interim Report of an Ad Hoc Committee for Study of Long Range Requirements, Norfolk, Va., 1972. U.S.e ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, NORFOLK, “Environmental Statement, Virginia Beach, Virginia: Beach Erosion Control and Hurricane Protection,” Norfolk, Vae, 1972. U.S. ARMY, ENGINEER DISTRICT, WILMINGTON, “Outer Banks Between Virginia State Line and Hatteras Inlet, North Carolina,” Interim Survey Report of Hurricane Protec- tion, Wilmington, N.C., 1965. 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HYDRAULICS AMEIN, M., and AIRAN, D., “Mathematical Modeling of Circu- lation and Hurricane Surge in Pamlico Sound, North Caro- lina," UNC-SG-76-12, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NeC., 1976. “The Circulation of Water on the Conti- from Chesapeake Bay to Cape Hatteras,” The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, BOICOURT, W.C., nental Shelf PheD.e, Thesis, Md-, 1973. BOICOURT, WeC., amd HACKER, P.We, “Circulation on the United States, Cape May to Cape Hatteras,” Memotres Soctete Royale des Sciences de Liege, 1976, pp. 187-200. “Nearshore Bottom Currents Off Virginia Special Scientific Report 18, Virginia Science, Gloucester Point, Va., BREHMER, Beach, Institute 1971. M.L., Virginia,” of Marine BROOKS, D.A-, “Sea Level Fluctuation Off the Carolina Coast and Their Relation to Atmospheric Forcing,” Report 77-6, Center for Marine Studies, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NeC., 1977. CHEN, C., Indicators Carolina,” 1970, pp. and HILLMAN, N.S., “Shell-Bearing Pteropods as of Water Masses Off Cape Hatteras, North Bulletin of Marine Science, Vol. 20, No. 2, 350-367. DOLAN, Re, and BOSSERMAN, Ke, “Mid-Atlantic Coast Extra- tropical Storms (1942-70)," U.S. National Park Service Report, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va., 1971. GALVIN, C.J.-, and SAVAGE, ReP-, “Longshore Currents at Nags Head, North Carolina,” Bulletin No. II, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Washington, D.C., 1966, pp. 11-29. GOLDSMITH, Ve, “Wave Climate Models and Shoreline Wave Energy Distributions: Currituck Spit, Virginia-North Carolina,” Coantal Procernen and Reaulting Form of Sediment Aeoumilatton, Currituck Splt, Virainta-North Carolina, V. Goldsmith, ed., SRAMSUE 143, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Va., June 1977, pp. 10-11. GOLDSMITH, V., et ale, “Wave Climate Model of the Mid- Atlantic Shelf and Shoreline (Virginian Sea): Model Development, Shelf Geomorphology, and Preliminary Results,” SRAMSOE 38, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Va., 1974. GUTMAN, A.L., “Delineation of A Wave Climate for Dam Neck, Virginia Beach, Virginia,” SRAMSOE 125, Virginia Insti- tute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Va., 1976. 99 GUTMAN, A-L., “Delineation of A Wave Climate for Virginia Beach, Virginia,” Coastal Processes and Resulting Forms of Sediment Accumulation, Currituck Spit, Virginia-North Carolina, V. Goldsmith, ed., SRAMSOE 143, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Va., June 1977, ppe 12-1--12-22. HANSEN, D.Ve, and the Grand Banks,” graphic Abstracts, Vol. 5ll. “Gulf Stream Meanders Between Cape Hatteras Deep-Sea Research and Oceano- 17, Noe 3, June 1970, pp. 495- HARRISON, We, BREHMER, M.L.e, and STONE, ReBe, “Nearshore Tidal and Non-Tidal Currents, Virginia Beach, Virginia,” TM-5, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Washington, DeC., Apre 1964. HAYDEN, B.P., Carolina: Recent Secular Variations,” Setence, Vol. Dec. 1975, ppe 981-983. “Storm Wave Climates at Cape Hatteras, North 190, HO, F.P., and TRACEY, R.J., “Storm Tide Frequency Analysis for the Coast of North Carolina, North of Cape Lookout,” National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Hydrology, Silver Spring, Md., Nov. 1975. HOLLIDAY, B.W., “Observations on the Hydraulic Regime of the Ridge Swale Topography of the Inner Virginia Shelf,” Unpublished Thesis, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Va., 1971. “Analog Modeling to Determine the Fresh Water Availability On the Outer Banks of North Carolina,” Report 64, Water Resources Research Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C., 1972. KRIZ, G.J., MORRIS, W.D., “Coastal Wave Measurements During Passage of Tropical Storm Amy,” TM 74060, Langley Research Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Hampton, Va., Apre 1977. MYERS, VeAs, and OVERLAND, Jee, “Storm Thde Frequone tern for Cape Fear River,” Journal of the Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Division, Vol. 103, Noe WW4, Nov. 1977, ppe 519-535. MYSAK, L.A., and HAMON, B.V., “Low-Frequency Sea Level Behavior and Continental Shelf Waves off North Caro- lina,” Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 74, Mare 1969, ppe 1397-1405. NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION, “Tide Level--Frequency Analysis for Ocean Shore of Bogue Banks, North Carolina,” National Weather Service, Wilmington, N-C., 1972. NORCROSS, J.J», MASSMAN, W.H., and JOSEPH, E.B.-, “Data on Coastal Currents off Chesapeake Bay,” Special Scientific Report 31, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Glou- cester Point, Va, 1962. OAKS, R-Q., Jre, amd COCH, N-K., “Pleistocene Sea Levels, Southeastern Virginia,” Setence, Vol. 140, 1963, pp. 979-983. O'CONNOR, M-P., and RIGGS, S.R.e, “Mid-Wisconsin to Recent Sea Level Fluctuation and Time Stratigraphy of the Northern Outer Banks of North Carolina,” Ahsatracts, Geological Society of America, Vol. 6, Noe 7, 1974a. SINGER, Je, and KNOWLES, C.-, “Hydrology and Circulation Patterns in the Vicinity of Oregon Inlet and Roanoke Island, North Carolina,” SG 75-15, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C., 1975. THOMPSON, EeFe, “Wave Climate at Selected Locations Along U.S. Coasts," TR 77-1, U.S. Army, Corps of Enginrers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Jane 1977. THOMPSON, E.F., “Energy Spectra in Shallow U.S. Coastal Waters, TP 80-2, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Feb. 1980. U.S. NAVAL WEATHER SERVICE COMMAND, “Summary of Synoptic Meteorological Observations: North American Coastal Marine Areas,” Washington, D.Ce, May 1975. WELCH, C.S., “Tides and Nearshore Currents Near Cape Henry and Along Currituck Spit,” Coastal Proceeses and Result- ing Forms of Sediment Accumulation, Currituck Spit, Vir- ginta-North Carolina, V. Goldsmith, ed., SRAMSOE 143, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Va.-, June 1977, pp- 14-1--14-7. WHITE, WeAe, “Drainage Asymmetry and the Carolina Capes,” Bulletin, Geological Society of America, Vol. 77, 1966, pp. 223-240. INLETS BAKER, Se, "The Citizen's Guide to North Carolina's Shifting Inlets,” UNC-SG-77-08, North Carolina State Universtiy, Raleigh, NeC., 1977. BEACH EROSION BOARD, “Ocracoke Inlet, North Carolina,” H.Doce 408, 86th Cong-, 2d sess., U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Washington, D.C., 1960. BLANKINSHIP, Pe, “A Flow Study of Drum Inlet, North Caro- lina,” Report 76-4, Center for Marine and Coastal Stud- ies, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C., 1976. BUNCH, J.W., “Fluorescent Tracer Study at a Tidal Inlet, Rudee Inlet, Virginia,” M.S. Thesis, Old Dominion Col- lege, Vae, 1969. ¥ COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER, “Ocracoke Island, North Carolina,” H.Doc. 109, 89th Conge, 2d sesse, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Washington, D.C., 1965. DOLAN, Re, and GLASSEN, R-, “Oregon Inlet, North Carolina- -A History of Coastal Change,” Southeastern Geographer, Vol. 13, No. 1, 1973, pp- 41-53. FISHER, JeJe, “Goomorphic Expression of Former Inlets Along the Outer Banks of North Carolina,” M.S. Thesis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C., 1962. FISHER, JeJe, "“Relict Inlet Features of the Currituck Inlets," Coantal Proeennea and Rkeaulting Forma of Sed- iment Aeeumilation, Currituck Spit, Virginta-North Carolina, V. Goldsmith, ed., SRAMSOE 143, Virginta Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Vae, June 1977, pp. 4-1--4-12. HARRISON, We, KRUMBEIN, W.C., and WILSON, W.S., “Sedimen- tation at an Inlet Entrance, Rudee Inlet, Virginia Beach, Virginia,” TM-8, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Washington, D.C., 1964. JARRETT, JeTe, “Coastal Processes at Oregon Inlet, North Carolina,” Proceedings, 16th Coastal Engineering Con- ference, American Society of Civil Engineering, 1978. KLUMP, Ve, and SMITH, J-, “Inlets,” Ecological Determ- tnants of Coastal Area Management, Vol. 2, R. Alden, et al., eds., UNC-SG-76-05, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C., 1976. KNOWLES, C.E-, and SINGER, JeJe, “Exchange Through A Barrier Island Inlet: Additional Evidence of Upwelling Off the Northeast Coast of North Carolina,” Journal of Phystcal Oceanography, Vol. 7, No. 1, 1977, pp. 146-152. LANGFELDER, J.-T.-, et ale, “A Historical Review of Some of North Carolina's Coastal Inlets,” Report 74-1, Center for Marine and Coastal Studies, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C., 1974. MILLS, C.S., Jre, “Reopening Drum Inlet,” Military Engti- neer, Vol. 65, June 1973, pp. 175-176. PIERCE, JeW., “Tidal Inlets and Washover Fans,” Jourmal of Geology, Vol. 78, 1970, pp. 230-234. PRICE, Je, “A Description of Ocracoke Inlet,” North Caro- lina Hiatortcal Research, Vole 3, Noe 4, 1926, pp. 624- 633. TILLEY, WeS., “Planning for North Carolina's Coastal Inlets: An Analysis of the Present Process and Recom= mendattons tor the Future,” Report 73-4, Center tor Marine and Coastal Studies, North Carolina State University, Rulefyh, NeC., 1973. U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DLSTRLCT, WILMINGTON, “Ocracoke Inlet, North Carolina, Interim Survey Report of Hurricane Pro- tection,” Wilmington, NeC., 1964. WELCH, W.L.-, “Opening of Hatteras Inlet, North Carolina,” Essex. Inst. Bulletin, Vol. 17, 1886, ppe 1-13--37-42. LITERATURE DOLAN, Re, and McCLOY, J., “Selected Bibliography on Beach Features and Related Nearshore Processes; Beach Process Studies,” TR 23, Pt. A, Coastal Studies Institute, Loui- siana State University, Baton Rouge, La-, 1964. GOLDSMITH, Ve, “Literature Survey of Previous Work Vir- winta Beach Coastal Compartment, Southeastern Virginia,” Spectul Scelentifice Report 72, Virginta Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Vas, 1975. RIGGS, S.R.-, and O'CONNOR, M.P.-, “Geological Bibliography of North Carolina's Coastal Plain, Coastal Zone and Continental Shelf," UNC-SG-75-13, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NeC., 1975. RUHLE, JeLe, “Geoloytce Literature of the Coastal Plain of Virginta, 1783-1962," Information Ctreular 9, Virginia Divisyfon of Mineral Resources, Charlottesville, Va, 1965, pp. 1-95. 100 MISCELLANEOUS BAKER, S., “Aerial Photography for Planning and Develop- ment in Eastern North Carolina, a Handbook and Direc tory,” UNC-SG-76-03, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NeC., 1976. BAKER, S-, “Storms, People and Property in Coastal North Carolina,” UNC-SG-78-15, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C., Aug. 1978. a Coastal Dec. 1974, to Pass No. 10, “How North Carolina Came Vol. 8, BERG, D.R., Zone Act,” MTS Journal, ppe 9-14. “Tools and Techniques for Coastal Area Management," Ecological Determinants of Coastal Area Management, R. Alden, et al-, eds., UNC-SG-76-05, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C., Vol. 2, CARRAWAY, C.E., et al., 1976, ppe 161-378. DOLAN, Rs», GODFREY, P.J-, and ODUM, W., “Man's Impact On the Barrier Islands of North Carolina," American Scientist, Vol. 61, Noe 2, 1973, ppe 152-162. GAMMISCH, R., “Shipwrecks Along Currituck Spit and the Coastal Processes and Resulting Forma of Currituck Spit, Virginia-North ed., SRAMSOK 143, Virginia Gloucester Point, Va.e, June Outer Banks,” Sediment Accumulation, Carolina, V. Goldsmith, Institute of Marine Science, OED psi ——9—5\6 HENNIGAR, H.F., "A Brief History of Currituck Spit (1600- 1945)," Coastal Processes and Resulting Forme of Sedi- ment Accumulation, Currituck Spit, Virginta-North Caro- KLUMP, V., and SMITH, J., “Barricr Island Values and Man's Impact,” Ecological Determinants of Coastal Area Manage- ment, Vole 2, R. Alden, et al., eds., UNC-SG-76-05, Uni- versity of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C., 1976. NATIONAL PARK SERVICE, “Environmental Assessment: Cape Hatteras Shoreline Erosion Policy Statement,” Service Center, Department of the Interior, Denver, Colo., 1974. NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY, “Information for Buyers and Owners of Coastal Property in North Carolina,” Raleigh, NeC., 1974. O'CONNOR, M-P., and RIGGS, Banks,” Report Magazine, Greenville, N.C., Vol. 7, No. Sa 4 East 1, “The Changing Outer Carolina University, 1974, pp. 8-10. PILKEY, O.He, “A Shoreline Conservationist's Guide to Bogue Banks, North (irolina, or a Plea for Help,” Marine Laboratories, Duke University, Beaufort, N.-(-. 1973-6 PILKEY, O.H., Jr, PILKEY, O-H., Sr-, and NEAL, W.J., From Currituck to Calabash, North Carolina, Science and Technology Research Center, Research Trianle Park, N-C., 1978. PILKEY, O-H., Jr-, PILKEY, O.l., Sr-, and TURNER, R., How to Live with an Teland: A Handhook ta Boque Ranks, North Carolina, Department of Natural and Kconomf{e kesources, Raleigh, NeC., 1975. STICK, D., Graveyard of the Atlantic, University of North Carolina Press, Chay: ! Hill, NeCe, 1952. STICK, D., of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, N.C., The Outer Banks of North Carolina, University 1958. lina, V.- Goldsmith, ed., SRAMSOE 143, Virginia Institute h of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Va-e, June 1977, STRATTON, A.C., “Reclaiming the North Carolina fanks,” pps 3=l—-3=2)l. Shore and Reach, Vol. 11, Noe 1, 1943, pp. 25-27. SEDIMENTS : CLEARY, WeJ., and CONOLLY, J.-R., “Petrology and Origin of GRAM, ReL.-, and PICKETT, T.E., “The Modern Sediments of Deep-Sea Sands: Hatteras Abyssal Plain,” Marine Geology, Pamlico Sound, North Carolina,” Southeastern Geology, Vol. 17, 1974, pp. 263-279. Vol. 11, 1969, pp. 53-83. GUSUER, HoSoy Crete, Sie GEEweS OE Sadtinonts ma eine GUY, S.C., “Heavy Mineral Analysis of North Carolina Beach Sounds of North Carolina,” Dissertation, University of ro F : : 5 Sand, Dissertation, University of North Carolina, North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C., 1974. Chapel Hill, N.C., 1964. DOWLING, J.-J., mhe} East Coast Onshore-Of fshore Experi- HANTIFTONSEE Re BOCCOmmSedimentelko Gemehcmcapelmnaccercss Ment, Pt. 2, Seismic Refraction Measurements on the Sedi on F A : “ ediment Plume,” Jourmal of the Elisha Mitchell Scten- Continental Shelf Between Cape Hatteras and Cape Fear, ae ata Viole Ein Mone. MOM Bulletin, Seismological Soctety of America, Vol. 58, Y 5 BD Saget 5 No. 3, 1968, pp. 821-834. ed aes z HARRIS, W.eHe, “Stratification of Fresh and Salt Water on DUANE, D.B-, “Petrology and Recent Bottom Sediments of the Barrier Islands as a Result of Differences in Sediment Western Pamlico Sound Region,” unpublished Ph.D. Disser- Permeability,” Water Resources Research, Vol. 3, No. 1, tation, University of Kansas, Lawrence Kan., 1962. 1967, pp. 89-97. HARRISON, W., KRUMBEIN, W.eC., and WILSON, W.S., “Sedimen- DUANE, D.B., “Significance of Skewness in Recent Sedi- tation at an Inlet Entrance--Rudee Inlet-Virginia Beach, ments, Western Pamlico Sound, North (arolina,” Journal Virginia,” TM-8, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal of Sedimentary Petrology, Vole 34, 1964, pp. 864-874. Engineering Research Center, Washington, D.C., Dec. 1964. FARRELL, K., “A Preliminary Investigation on the Origin of HEADLAND, J.R., and DeWALL, A.E., “Sand Size Trends. Along the 'Treacherous Red Sands,' Currituck Spit, North Caro- lina,” Coastal Processes and Resulting Forme of Sediment Accumulation, Currituck Spit, Virginta-North Carolina, V. Goldsmith, ed.-, SRAMSOE 143, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Va-, June 1977. FIELD, M-E-, et ale, “Upper Quaternary Peat Deposits on the Atlantic Inner Shelf of the United States,” Aulle- tin, Geological Soctety of America, Pt. 1, Vol. 90, July 1979, pp. 618-628. GILES, R-T-, and PILKEY, D.-H., “Atlantic Beach and Dune Sediments of the Southern United States," Jourmal of Sedimentary Petrology, Vol. 35, Noe 4, Dec. 1965, pp. 900-910. GOLDSMITH, V., “A Review of Grain Size and Mineralogy Data from the Literature,“ Coastal Processes and Resulting Forme of Sediment Accumulation, Currituck Spit, Virginta-North Carolina, SRAMSOE 143, Virginia Institute Gloucester Point, Va-, June 1977. V. Goldsmith, of Marine ede, Science, 101 the Northern Outer Banks of North Carolina,” U.S. Army, Corps ot Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Washington, D.C., unpublished, 1979. MEISBURGER, EeP., “(romorpholoyxy and Sediments of the Chesapeake Bay Entrance,” TM-38, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Washington, D.C., June 1972. MEISBURGER, E.P., “Sand Resources on the Inner Continental Shelf of the Cape Fear Region, North Carolina,” MR 77- ll, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va-, Nov. 1977. PELS, R-J-, “Sediments of Albemarle Sound, North Caro- lina,” unpublished M.S. Thesis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C., 1967. SABET, M-A., “Textural Trend Analysis 9! Coastal Barrier Sediments Along the Middle Atlantic Bight, North Carolina--Some Comments,” 1973, pp» 311-312. Sedimentary Geology, Vol. 10, SHIDELER, G.eL-, “Textural Trend Analysis of Coastal Bar- rier Sediments Along the Middle Atlantic Bight, North Carolina," Sedimentary Geology, Vol. 9, 1973, pp. 195- 220. SHIDELER, GeL.-, “Textural Trend Analysis of Coastal Bar- rier Sediments Along the Middle Atlantic Bight, North Carolina--Reply.” Sedimentary Geology, Vol. 10, 1973, pp- 313-316. SONU, C.Je, “Bimodal Composition and Cyclic Character- in Continuously Changing Pro- 1972, istics of Beach Sediment files,” Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, Vol. 42, pp. 852-857. SHIDELER, G.-L., “Evaluation of Textural Parameters of Beach-Dune Environmental Discriminators Along the Outer SWIFT, DeJePe, et ale, “Hydraulic Fractionation of Heavy Mineral Suites on an Unconsolidated Retreating Coast,” Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, Vole 41, Noe 3, Sept. 1971, pp. 683-690. SWIFT, DeJ»P., et ale, “Textural Differentiation on the Shore Face During Erosional Retreat of an Unconsolidated Coast, Cape Henry to Cape Hatteras, Western North Atlan- tic Shelf," Sedimentology, Vol. 16, 1971, pp. 221-250. WENTWORTH, C.Ke, “Sand and Gravel Resources of the Coastal Banks Barrier, North Carolina," Geology, Vol. 15, Noe 4, Plain of Virginia,” Bulletin 32, State Commission of Apre 1974, pp. 201-222. Conservation and Development, Richmond, Va., 1930. SHORELINE CHANGES ATHEARN, W.C., and RONNE, F.C-, “Shoreline Changes at Cape LANGFELDER, Je, STAFFORD, D., and AMEIN, Me, “A Recon- Hatteras, An Aerial Photographic Study of a 1/-Year naissance of Coastal Erosion in North Carolina,” North Period,” Naval Research Reviews, Vol. 6, Office of Naval Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C., 1968. Research, Washington, DeCe, 1963, ppe 17-24. F «Be io BELLIS, V., et ale, “Estuarine Shoreline Erosion in the SHAN Wobop Gay Goren, Huctegeapnie Boehnseigiee HOS t Beach Erosion Surveys in North Carolina,” TM-36, U.S. Albemarle-Pamlico Region of North Carolina,” UNC-SG-75- Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research 29, Vole IV, Noe 67, North Carolina State University, Conte Duliseh ine toneDaG Oct. 1971 Raleigh, N.C., 1975. , Betas A , COBB, C., Recent Changes in the North Carolina Coast, STIREWALT, G.L», and INGRAM, R.L., “Aerial Photographic with Special Reference to Hatteras Island, Scetence, Vole 17, 1903 Study of Shoreline Erosion and Deposition, Pamlico wo ’ % Sound, North Carolina,” UNC-SG-74-09, University of DOLAN, Re, “Beach Changes on the Outer Banks of North North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N-C., 1974. Carolina,” TR 48, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, La-, 1966. SUTTON, C.H., and GOLDSMITH, V-, “Regional Trends in DOLAN, Re, and VINCENT, Le, “Shoreline Changes Along the Historical Shoreline Changes: New Jersey to Cape Hat- Outer Banks of North Carolina,” TR 70-5, National Park teras, North Carolina” WE-SE Conference, Geological Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, Society of America, Washington, D.C., 1976. DeC., 1970. DOLAN, Re, and VINCENT, Le, “Analysis of Shoreline Changes, SUSUR, Coltby LENA}, Molliag. Cit JWAT, Rollo, | Msasuze= Cape Hatteras, North Carolina,” Modern Geology, Vol. 3, No. 3, 1972, ppe 143-149. DOLAN, Re, HAYDEN, Be, and FELDER, W., “Shoreline Peri- odicities and Edge Waves,” Jourmal of Geology, Vol. 87, 1979, pp. 175-185. DOLAN, R-, et ale, “Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Shoreline Variations Along the United States Atlantic Coast," TR 19, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Vae, 1978. DOLAN, Re, et ale, “Shoreline Erosion Rates Along the Middle Atlantic Coast of the United States," Geology, Vol. 7, Dec. 1979, pp. 602-606. EL-ASHRY, M.T., and WANLESS, HeR-, “Photo Interpretation of Shoreline Changes Between Capes Hatteras and Fear (North Carolina),” Marine Geology, Vole 6, 1968, pp. 347-379. 102 ments of Historical Shoreline Changes Along the Coast of the Virginian Sea,” Coastal Processes and Resulting Forms of Sediment Accumulation, Currituck Spit, Virginia -North Carolina, V+ Goldsmith, ed-, SRAMSOE 143, Vir- ginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Va., June 1977, pp- 20-1--20-9. VALLIANOS, Le, and JARRETT, JeTe, “Shore Erosion Study, Cape Lookout Lighthouse,” U.S- Army Engineer District, Wilmington, N-C., 1978. VINCENT, Le, “Quantification of Shoreline Meandering,” TR 7, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, .Va., 1973. WAHLS, HeE-, “A Survey of North Carolina Beach Erosion by Air Photo Methods,” Report 73-1, Center for Marine Coastal Studies, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NeC., 1973. APPENDIX A EXAMPLE OF LIABILITY RELEASE Safety and Liability Statement Ike, » representing (printed name) (agency/organization) have been briefed on the safety aspects of my work at the Field Research Facility, Duck, North Carolina. I have also read and understand the safety regulations concerning work on and around the pier. I agree to hold the Government harmless against any claims, demands, or lia- bilities arising out of the use or operation of the facility during the following term of the experiment or study: to ° (date) (date) (signature) (date) CERC FORM 134 1 August 1978 103 APPENDIX B DIVE PLAN Nongovernment Diving Operations Plan Field Research Facility Duck, North Carolina le Description of Mission: de to De de Ce transit Diving operations are scheduled to be conducted from at the Field Research Facility (FRF), Duck, North Carolina. The diving operation is being conducted by personnel from (organization) Briefly describe purpose of operation. Describe in detail proposed underwater worke Describe location of operation (if available include any coordinates, angles, etc.) in relation to the pier. 104 f. If equipment is to be left in place, provide a diagram on a separate page of the general layout including distances, instrumentation, handlines, pipes, buoys, etce ge Total expected bottom time for each diver for entire operation is hourse he Maximum expected depth is feet. 2. Description of Diving Apparatus/Equipment to be Used. ae Open-circuit scuba, SAS, other (describe). be Wet suit, unisuit. ce Tanks. (1) Single - double. (2) Steel - aluminum. (3) Number being brought to FRF . de Diving craft or platform. Ci) Geautes (a) Make 5 (b) Length 5 (c) Outboard hp : (d) Number of personnel (including divers) to accompany Crevee 6 @) lf craft is “not being used, briefly deseribe (a) Means by which divers will enter and exit the water. (b) Approximate distance from entry and exit point(s) to dive location. 3. Safety Requirements. ae Diving. (1) A standard diving flag will be displayed when diving operations are underway. (2) All dives will be no-decompression dives. 105 (3) The minimum number of personnel on a scuba dive team will include: a diver, a buddy diver or standby diver (if diver is line tended) and a tender/timekeeper. (4) Divers will maintain either visual or physical contact when submerged. (5) A buoyancy compensator will be worn by each diver. (6) Dives will not be made when steady currents exceed 1 knot. (7) All dives will be accomplished in accordance with OSHA Commercial Diving Regulation, Part 1910, Subpart T. be One diver in each dive team will be designated as the “senior diver” with the following responsibilities: (1) Maintain a first aid kit. (2) Notify the FRF Chief when diving operations are underway and when they are secured. (3) Insure that emergency support and facilities are available prior to commencement of dive. (4) Give an operations briefing to all divers prior to the start of operations. (5) Conduct a pre-dive check on divers prior to entering the water. ce Diving craft. (1) Breaking waves 4 feet or higher will preclude launching of craft through the surf zone. (2) Normal safe boating practices will be followed. 4. Personnel. Position Name Certification (type and date) divers only Onsite supervisor (if other than senior diver) Senior diver Divers Support personnel Place an asterisk (*) beside any personnel who are first aid and/or CPR qualified. 106 If for any reason the dive plan, as approved, is altered in mission, depth, personnel or equipment, the FRF Group Diving Coordinator shall be con- tacted in order that he may review any revision prior to actual operations. SUBMITTED BY: name (please print) date ADDRESS: PHONE NO: RECOMMENDED FOR APPROVAL: FRF Group Diving Coordinator date APPROVED: Chief, Field Research Facility date 107 APPENDIX C BENCH—MARK DOCUMENTATION FORM ae | LOCALITY STAMPING ON MARK AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS) ‘ELEVATION LATITUDE LONGITUDE DATUM (NORTHING)(EASTING) (EASTING)(NORTHING) GRIO AND ZONE ESTABLISHED BY (AGENCY) ee (NORTHING)(EASTING) (EASTING)(NORTHING) (FT)|GRIO AND ZONE (mt) TO OBTAIN GRID AZIMUTH, ADD TO OBTAIN GRID AZ. (ADD)(SUB.) BACK AZIMUTH TO THE GEODETIC AZ!MUTH TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION (GEODETIC)GRID) (MAGNETIC) ° Fi GEOD. DISTANCE (METERS) GRIO DISTANCE (FEET) (METERS) (FEET) OBJECT SKETCH j DA FORM | 959 A antes cue aI ana ES OY DESCRIPTION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTAL CONTROL STATION ARE aso Wis Vast) For use of this form, see TM 5-237; the proponent egency la U.S.Continental Army Command. 1 OCT 64 108 APPENDIX D MONTHLY JOINT WAVE HEIGHT-PERIOD DISTRIBUTIONS MAVE CLIMATOLOGY FOR N&GS HEAD» NORTH CAROLINA OIS?RIHUTION CF SIGNIFICANT HEIGHT VS PERIOD SIN OB2SERVATIONS PER 1000 06S) 573 OBSERVATIONS SUMMARY POR JAN 72, 73, 75, 77, 78 PERTOO SIG, HEIGHT CFT) (SECS) Cum, ROW 024 yo2 203 Jou od 506 oe7 728 8a Fold 10911 Leeol2 {20f3 13 + TOT .* TOTe® AVG,# G20 2 29 1066 0,00 1,0 © 1.9 $000 0.00 2.0 = 209 2 2 1000 $.50 3.0 2 3.9 2 7 5 2 to 998 2.94 #.5 9 909 10 2u 5 2 2 Uo 563 2.53 S20 > 509 19 33 37 a4 ? 120 949 3.22 6.0 = 6.9 19 2u 45 28 14 3 134 $18 3.53 720 @ 759 7 23 12 14 7 7 70 664 3,58 2,0 2 8? ? 54 To 21 23 21 2 199 sla 2.91 G60 o 92% us e3 0) {6 ane: 5 3 tst £15 2,90 16.0 210.9 2 24 26 1? 16 5 2 2 96 293 3.08 11.0 #11.9 202 0.00 $2.9 1209 2 26 40 31 17 10 7 3 138 202 3.32 13.0 913.9 65 0.00 $4.9 e149 2 cat 9 2 2 5 2 42 65 20675 15,0 =15.9 23 9.00 10.9 $0.9 2 19 2 23 23 1,58 TOA 14 246 279 204 143 55 30 9 2 3.10 Cex, TOTAL 1009 986 740 boy 257 108 Bin} 40 2 Sob. AWWEp5 NOS MO TSH VG) VGN Ghote MS Vliclasin NON COMM Oe NOle SO) O01) (OfsOOlF Orel!) TOjeGiOly O),001. 2ar18'5: AVEQEGE STS, HEIGHT = 3.07 FT AVERAGE HAVE PERIOD = 38.485 SECS GARTINGE €7 SiS, RETGHY = 2303 Fe SO VARIANCE OF WAVE PERTOO = &.i2 Sec SOs STANOARO DEVIATION OF HEIGHT 2 1,43 FT STANDASC DEVIATION OF PERTCD 3 2,65 SEC# / CHSERVATIONS PER 1900 08S) 7 “5 725 Uy wn 2 Pextod SUG, SEIGHY (FY) (3203) SUM, RON of 4o2 263 bas ad SSeS 4+7 7o5 59 910 LOett Giot2e y2eh3 $3 » FIV + TOT, Avu,® @o) 2 of 100 0.90 §o0 © Vou 1000 0.69 220 2 2.9 2 BS Osi) tuG # 34° 4 3 3 20 998 2,70 SoG 2 Use 2 3 & {" cat) 973 2057 Bae © Sole 2 19 33 23 22 10 2 {ia Yue 32/6) God 2 bet $0 Pas) 13 23 14 {4 4 ous, $29 4.$0 7,0 © 7.9 12 a nn) 18 4 2 4 e) 7102 3,283 S15 4 857 By 62 a2 22 $5 $9 13 4 4 seray) Sey 4.26 7.9 4 949 2 Si5 23 1a 2 4 3 2 LGR9) 470 2,70 1909 210.9 4 36 Ae} 24 3 4 44 2 2 to? 354 3,33 sted) elle? 244 9,90 feo =12.9 4 28 22 14 6 14 14 14 117 244 3,86 12.0 15.9 127 0.50 4.9 v4.9 3o 22 é a 6 26 2 soi 127 3.92 $355 2915.9 26 0,00 1o.9 216.9 12 2 2 2 14 26 3.06 W7.d w1709 8 0.00 12.0 °18,9 8 0.00 19.9 21909 8 0.00 203s 42069 c) é 8 2.50 Bes) 0.90 OTe Ay | ase ANA | Het tt! a) rat 65 0 2 3643 Cus, TOTAL Yoo0 930 698 dad 323 2,2 9 147 77 12 2 Ce, tvG. 9.10*10,09 %.11 8.65 7,33 8.75 9,79 12.05 11.39 10.50 0.00 0.196 9.90 0,00 99.24 » MELGHTY FSi 4) FT AVERSGE HAVE PERIOO = %.2h SEC# SIG, MEIGHY & 3095 FT 8G VESTA'CE OF wAVE PERIOD = 9.93 SEC S08 VOATIZON Ge RETSHT 5 94,98 FY STA WARD DEVIATION Or FOKIND 3 3,135 SEC? RESULTE GaTaINED FOX {OZURSECCND OTCITAL RECORDS TAXEN WITH & STEP RES, AND CONT, WIRE WAVE GaGE LOCATED aT JENNETTES PIER, $ c45.45 ARE OMITTED, 109 WAYE CLIMATOLOGY FOR NaGS HEAD» NORTH CARCLINA DISsSIBUTION GF SIGNIFICANT HEIGHT VS PERIOD (IN OBSERVATIONS PER 1000 08S) evit 705 OBSERVATIONS SUMMARY FOK MAR 69, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78 PERIOD SIG, HEIGHT (FT) (Sécs) CUM, ROwW Oet qae 2e3 Bod beS Seo 607 708 BF GolO LO9L1 Lte12 126813 13 © TOT,® TOT.® AVG,& 0.0 ¢ 09 1000 0.00 1.0 2 1.9 1600 0.00 2.0 ~ 209 1 1 1000 1.50 356% 3.9 { 13 6 1 24 2999 2,83 &.9 2 4.7 { 6 i 10 28 48677 2,355 DOR) 1 byo4) 1 10 3} 35 13 { { { 16s nO Sra) 220 © 6.2 13 16 24 13 i 4 3 67 2u8 3.74 7.0 ° 769 11 13 18 16 7 3 3 1? Toe 355} 2.0 ~ 8.9 3 71 Ss? a3 34 we) { 4 1 22u 565 2,94 9.6 © 9.9 So 50 23 ti 10 3 1 1 155 “541 2,83 $010 210.9 3 45 33 21 4 7 9 5 {30 365 2.89 11.9 e31.9 175 0.00 1200 P1209 { 24 17 17 18 7 9 3 3 99 {75 3.64 $500 o13.9 77 0,00 or ee { 16 9 4 3 4 7 3 4 52 Wi BoD TSG) aN Sie? 24 0,00 $0.9 Sloe? 4 3 3 3 6 1 2) 24 4.86 17.0 01729 4 9.00 2.9 918.9 4 0,00 19.0 #19.9 4 0,00 23d 220.9 t 3 @ 4 2,17 21.6% 5.00 TCVeL 11 254 204 9209 122 et 37 20 13 $422 Cum. TOTAL 1600 989 735 UoT 233 i346 75 33 18 COE TAVIGIs 9.39% 9159 8,65 38,37 6,74 9,59 10,69 12,14 10,96 0,00 0,00 04660 0,60 0,00 7.05 ' AVERAGE S3S, FREIGHT 3 3,21 FT AVERAGE WAVE PERICO = 9,08 SECe . VARTANCE OF GIG. mEIGHT 3 2.79 FT SQ VAxLANCE CF WAVE ZERIOD F 7,92 S8€C SQ4 STANcARD DEVIATION GF WEIGHT = {1,87 FT STANOARO DEVIATION OF PEKTOD 5 2,8) SECS WAVE CLIMATGLOSY FOR NAGS HESO, NORTH CAROLINA SLSTRISULTON GF SIGNIFICANT HEIGHT vS PEIICD CIN OBSERVATISNS PER 1090 088) ©S58 OSSERVATIONS SUA IA ARI GONE TRIPIRE 69h 7 072). V3 ent e7 Ss, ZO a7 PeRlOd SIG, HEIGHT (FY) (3€CS) CUM, R04 ot yo2 25 3a4 435 Sao So? 105 B29 FspO0 LO7EL Lyet2 tBof 3 {2 » TOT,t TOT.* AVG.? JOO 2 oy 1090 0,00 $00 @ $,9 1000 0.00 €.0 2 2.9 3 2 S {$900 1.33 4.) ¢ 3.9 i Mt 2 23 995 2.10 S00! 250%) Be aay 88 40 973 2.85 350 © €.9 38 a3 15 11 5 2 93 953 2.70 0,5 = 5e9 3 es 32 12 14 5 3 gu 640 2,85 760" 729 2 2h tS 5 6 6 3 58 745 2,89 3.60 2 BY i) 123 63 1S it 2 3 5 2 2u3 688 2,22 939 2 9.9 3 58 a5 32 9 9 3 3 2 163 NUS 2,72 Be He 2 49 eu 15 S q 3 2 1o3 a cae seb of . $229 912.9 S 38 12 8 6 6 9 2 65 153 2193 t3.0 213.9 68 0.00 bio efGe9 32 ie 6 3 55 6B 2,44 eles) @lSie9 14 0,00 ae). Choy & Sit 2 12 Me 2,38 17.9 91739 2 0,00 35.0 21809 2 0.00 ue): eee) 2 0,00 2560 020,97 2 2 2 1250 Ag 0.00 To? si ‘ eS 33 a0? ary 128 68 ay 26 9 5 2.59 Cee TOTAL loo) S67) 558 i2i7@ 150 a2 40 14 5 vot, 4VG, 9.56% 9,09 8,53 8.30 8,35 $232 9.7% G17 10,7 0,00 0.400 0.00 0,00 0,00 8,36 AVEQAGE SIG, HEIGHT & 2.58 FT AVERAGE WAVE PERIOD & 8.9) SEC# VALANCE OF SIS, HEIGHY = 2.03 FT SG VSRYTANCE OF wAYE PERTOD = 7,22 SEC 3Q% STANDARD DEVIATION OF HEIGHT = 4,43 FT STANDARD DEVIATION OF PERIOD 2 2.69 SEC RISULTS C3TAINED FFOM 102USSECOND DIGITAL RECCROS TAKEN WITH & STEP RES, AND CONT, WIRE HAVE GaGE LOCaTZO AT JENNETTES PIER, + CALMS ARE OMITTED, 110 WAVE CLIMATOLOGY FOR NaGS HEAD, DISTRIBUTICN OF SIGNIFICANT hel 539 OSSERVATIONS NORTH CARGLINA GHT VS PERTOD CIN OBSERVATIONS PER 1000 OBS) SUMMARY FOR HAY 69, 71, 72, 73, 76, 77 PERIOO SIG, HEIGHT (FT) (SECS) =i je2 23 Jou ues 5~o a7 703 89 YofO 10741 tlol2 12913 13 + TOT.® 0,0 = oF 1,9 © 169 R 2.0 = 2.9 6 é B10 © 36? 9 13 2 24 6.0 © Hed 6 1 i! 9 33 5.0» 509 6 17 17 7 2 us 6.0 © 609 7 11 @s 4 13 bt 7.0 © 769 6 37 33 9 7 2 2 , 6 8.0 © 8.9 25 497 126 63 17 6 2 30 9.0 © 909 6 48 39 33 i 7 145 2020 21009 4 19 it 9 19 7 2 2 72 11.0 o11.9 Leg e129 it 22 q 6 2 2 52 $3.¢ 913.9 ae 216.9 8 17 a 2 26 $300 21509 ‘ 16,60 16.9 2 4 TOTAL Sa 376 ©6289 yua 89 22 ce é : CUM oTs 0 942 504 275 {25 3 COL. ee oos3e 8.79 6,22 8,04 8,23 9,02 9,25 11,59 11,00 0,00 0.00 0400 0.00 0.00 855 AVERSGE STS, FELGNT 3 2,43 FT AVERLGE WAVE PERICD = 8eS6 SECS VAR TANCE OF SIGs HEIGHT 3 1.61 FT SQ VAXTANCE OF RAVE PERIOD 3 4,65 SEC SOF ST&xCaRO GEVIATION CF HEIGHT 3 1,27 FT STANDARD DEVIATION SF PENIOD 2 2,15 SECE WAVE CLIMATOLOGY FOR NAGS HEAD, NORTH CAROLINA DESTRISUTION OF SIGNIFICANT HEIGHT VS PERICO (IN QOSSERVATIONS PER 1000 93S) 346 O8SERVATIGNS SUMMARY FOR JUN 71, 72, 76, 77 PERIOD SIG, HEIGHT (FT) (SECS) ont 122 294 3e4 a5 Seo be7 793 69 GetO LOet1 Sfol2 {2943 13 4 TOT,* $30 2 .? t.o 2 16% 2,0 © 209 3.0 2 3.? 6 5 40 2 409 3 20 9 22 SC © 5.9 i 29 14 55 Cas © 607 z \7 29 41 9 69 7.9 4 7d 9 63 26 6 3 106 f.0 = 5.9 Ph) 345 72 17 14 3 3 HOG S.0 2 G39 3 92 29 3 3 3 132 13.6 210.9 3 uy 14 3 3 66 1.0 =11.9 12,0 #12.9 11 6 3 20 13.0 713.9 12,0 ef6.9 3 i 14 12.0 215.9 $0.0 #1629 6 5 TOTAL 6) «603 ~= 224 69 x2 9 3 cm, TOTAL 1000 949 3y6 0112 43 i 3 cOL, AVG, 6,692 8,62 ¥,76 6,67 8,14 10.17 8,50 0,00 09,00 0,00 04600 0200 0500 0,00 S41 avEaiGe SIG, HEISHT = 1,99 FT AVEREGE WAVE PERTOD = 8e4u SEC# WARPENSE SF SIGs HEIGHT 2 232 FY SQ VLFIANCE CF NAVE PERICD 3 3,2 SEC Sos SVANSERO CEVIATION OF HEIGAT = 404 FY — STENULXD DEVIATION GF PERIOD + 1,81 SECS RESULTS O5TAINED FRGM :O2USSECOND DIGITAL RECOROS TAKEN #YYH & STEP RES, AND CONT, WIRE nAVE GaGe LOCATED AT JENNETTES PIER, 3 CALMS ARE OMITTED, 111 CuM, TOT, 4000 1000 1600 994 970 957 889 8e7 731 301 155 63 85 42 32 bo) 6 ROW AVG,® 0.00 0,00 1.50 2.19 3.22 3,19 2.56 2,42 2.235 2.63 3.32 0.09 2.18 0,00 2.09 0.00 2017 2,47 ROA AYG,S 0.200 0,00 0:00 3.50 2268 2,55 2.58 1.85 1,77 1.69 1.39 0.00 2.36 0.00 1.30 0.00 $1.50 1.95 WAVE CLIMATOLOGY FOR NaGS HEALD, NORTH CAROLINA DSSTRIEUTION GCF SIGNIFICANT HEIGHT VS PERTOD CIN OBSERVATIONS PZA 1000 08S) 112 O8SERVAYIONS SUMMARY FOR JUL 09 PERTOO SIG, HEIGHT (FT) (SEC3) Oe! 172 aa3 304 4a5 55 be7 748 39 Hoefd 194th Lyo12 1 0,0 6 9 1,0 © 1.9 260 © 209 9 320 = 309 9 b59 © 4,9 9 q 3.0 = 5.9 27 9 6.6 * 6.9 9 36 18 9 7Te0 & 709 18 27 9 27 £16 = 8.9 13 339 39 43 13 9:0 © 909 71 71 45 13 Su 2? 9 gu 593 205 tal $4 16 10C9) 966 343 143 71 18 SUA BLS SSS S63! (8010) (27510) | O/C0) “O/ROI0 R010) (0),1010) OV stCl0) oO /at0}0 &E 2 BENIGHiPA a) © (clslOlts ural AVERAGE WAVE PERSTOD = 38.53 SEc* ANCE OF SIG, HEIGHT 3 1,04 FT SQ VaRTANCE CF WAVE FERTOD 3 2075 SEC 3Q% STANCASD CEVIATICN oF HEIGHT = 1,02 FY STANDARD DEVIATION OF PERIOD 4 1,65 SEC# ELVES CLI4ATCLOSY FSR NaGS HEAD, OLING DISTRAIGUTION GF SIGHIFICANT HEIGHT VS PERTOD CIN OBSERVATIONS PER 1000 083) 333 OB3ERVATIONS SUMMLRY FOR AUS 69, 72, 75, 77 PERIOD S15, HEIGHT CFT) 32c$) out 172 243 Zod 435 Sh ga7 7aS @v79 GalO $5et} Levt2 ¢ 0.0 9 «9 $.0 2 129 2.6 2 204 3.0 4 3.9 12 3 Many. CN Goo 6 {5 9 3 530 7 502 9 30 14 9 4 hid * 609 3 27 24 9 6 Ti0) (© 17/09 12 ba 21 $.0 © 6.9 Si 234 34 18 9 6 G.0 % 929 3 93 12 12 9 10.0 210:9 6 30 13 3 3 11.9 211.9 £2.49 =12.9 3 i) 12 3 3 {3.9 413.9 4.0 914.9 1S 33 6 3 15.9 915.9 10.0 71609 3 3 17.0 717.9 {3.0 714.9 17.0 =1969 2550 22009 3 ie Ole TOTAL 93 547 223 T2 33 13 9 CUM, TOTAL 1000 907 4360 132 60 27 9 COL, AVS, G,56% 8,64 6.15 7,75 7,77 8,17 10,50 0,00 0,00 9,90 0300 0200 1095 FT AVERAGE WAVE P&RT9D = 6.60 SECS Hite {elo FT SG VERITANCE OF WAVE PEXTOD 4 '§,03 SFC 5Q% HEIGHT = {1,08 FT SYANDARD DEVIATION OF PERTOO = 2,37 SECS RESULTS OSTAINED FROM 1{024*SECOND DIGITAL RECORDS TAKEN WITH A STEP RES, AND CONT, WIRE WAVE GACE LOCATZO AT JENNETTES PIER, 6 CALMS ARE OMITTED, 112 CuM, 2743 13 ¢ TOT.s TOT# 1000 1000 9 4000 9 VSL ‘1 952 36 Fo4 71 929 69 657 ue2 17? 205 295 5G 39 360 27 do 9 9 % 0200 0,00 8647 CUM, Qugs {3 2 TWOT,s NOT £900 1009 1900 1S yous 35 955 Te 952 59 8306 117 813 4o2 Cen 129 ay 60 182 102 36 102 65 57 bs 9 6 9 3 3 5) 3 3 0.00 9.99 5,64 ROW AVG 5% 0,00 0.00 1.50 1.50 3.00 {.75 2.00 2.39 1,87 2054 1.59 9,09 1.59 0,00 259 2,03 80" AW gt 2,00 0,00 0,00 1.70 2.77 3.13 2.353 1.58 1,44 1.97 1,95 0,00 2.35 0,00 1.64 9,00 2,00 0.00 9,09 0.00 3.50 0.00 2,00 WAVE CLIMATOLOGY FOR NaGS HEAD, NORTH CAROLINA DLSTRIBUTION GF SICNIFICANT HEIGHT VS PENIOD (IN OBSERVATIONS PER 1000 08s) 489 QUSERVAYICKS PERIOO ($2C3) Oat 1e2 203 0.0 © 09 1.0 = 12% 2.9 7 2.9 4 3.3 2 327 2 4 4.0 9 eG 4 5.0 © 5.9 14 25 bug 2 6.9 2 14 3s 7.0 > 20% 1s 10 t.0 2 3.9 10 eT 83 920 = 909 2 33 37 YU29 910069% 4 29 45 10.0 “11.9 1260 #1209 3) 35 35 13,0 -1309 $4,9 #14,.9 3 14 i) 27,0 915.9 15.9 »1$.9 r) 17,0 17.2 13.0 218.9 $949 “19.9 29.5 *20.9 2 21,6 4 TOTEL $5 227 305 CUM, TOTS, Sooo 995 738 COL, AVG, 11,03% 9,36 9,06 AVESAG > MELE 3 Bois EY Vas N S'S, HEISRY > ea? STAHOARO CEVIsYION CF KEIGHT 3 We GLIMATOLGSY FOR NAGS HEADs SeeTeiSUTioN CA are 526 OSSERVATIGNS Peatoo (IES) ool je? 2243 05) 2 aW 0) 2 109 2.9 9 2.9 2 3.d 9 309 5 tt S39 ¢ 2.9 13 340 27 329 9 ai O55 9 609 4 15 19 755 9 759 24 30 G.5 « 8.9 13 56 b2 $1.9 4 9.9 es a4 £040 71009 4 Ni 22 Tl.o ef169 12.0 #1259 2 13 15 13,0 13.9 Yevq #149 9 43 15,0 "15.9 $200 716.9 ) 2 1730 917.9 14.9 =18.9 $9.9 ©1949 204) 720.9 24,9 % TOTAL 29 GQ 271 CUE TOMA tege 578 JO7, C3, AvG. B,83s 6,99 6.54 AVERAGE SVG, Ketant me 3d FT VARYANCE OF SIG. nEIGHT = 209 STENODARO DEVIATION 28 HEIGHT = OSTAINED F204 yo2u"SeECO £ GaGe LOcuyso AT JENNE AME OMITTED. SUMMARY FOR SEP 69, 71, 72, 74, 75 SIG, HEIGHT (FT) Bol WeS Seb 46°F Fo8 879 YofO LOetd Lo}2 12933 13 + TOT,* Uy 4 12 43 2 2 3} 20 13 6 63 2s 12 6 5 109 13 19 12 2 67 31 24 1a & 2 2 235 22 16 4 6 3 129 14 19 14 16 2 4 1u5 {4 as 6 6 4 4 137 2 4 37 2 ) 2 2 4 174 127 59 43 14 12 4 434 250 Hart 74 34 16 4 BatS 9,27 8574 F240 10.50 10635 6450 0:00 0699 Go00 9,00 7,309 BVERAGE WAVE PERTOD 3 9.44 SEC* 5 FT sa VARIANCE GE WAVE PZRIOD # 7231 SEC SQ# {eos FT, STANCAKD DEVIATION OF PEXIOD = 2,70 SEC% NORTH CAROLINA RYT YS PEXTGD {TN QUSERVATIONS PER $900 683) SUMMARY POR GOT 69, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76 SIG, HeSHY (FT) 344 ues 596 $7 7°38 699 FJolO (Cost Lt1st2 $2243 13 6 TOT,? 2 2 17 ti e 4 30 45 a 1 4 2 106 28 17 tt 6 4 2 {od 22 7 9 2 4 3 {o3 39 39 26 M1 4 2 272 21 15 tt 7 ry 2 129 13 17 7 4 2 66 26 22 6 4 9 6 1o3 6 4 2 34 7 2 2 4 245 125 95 aj 32 13 ey Sa 1 ihe 1387 al 5¢ 19 6 8.22) 8.90 Caso) B92 9956 10.93 8,50 0,00 9300 0.00 0,00) 846 AVERAGE WAVE FERTOD = 8.65 SEC3 8 FT SO VERTANCE OF WAVE PERIOD 6058 SEC SQ¥ 1.73 FY STANDARD DEVIATION OF PERIOD 3 2,58 SEC# ND OIGITAL RECCROS TAKEN WITH & STEP PES, AND CONT, WIRE TAHEODEeATIER Tg 113 CUM, TOT.? 1000 1000 1000 IVb God VS5 B65 493 OGT ROw AVG,® 0.90 0,00 1.50 2.30 3.33 3.67 $279 3,41 3,19 3.50 3.d7 0200 Galea 0,00 2198 0.00 {75 0,00 0,00 0.00 4,00 0.00 3,46 WAVE CLIMATOLOGY FOR NAGS HEADs NORTH CAROLINA DISTRIBUTION GF SIGNIFICANT HEIGHT VS PERIOD CIN OBSERVATIONS PER 1000 083) 431 OBSERVATIONS — SUMMARY FOR NOV 71, 72, 74, 75, 76 PERTOO SIG, HEIGHT (FT) (SECS) 0-4 1e2 203 you ued S06 oe7 708 B29 JelO L0$1 14°12 {2913 13 + TOT.¢ 0.0 © 0 1.0 2 169 2.0 @ 209 2 300 © 359 2 7 12 2 430 © 49 5) 19 5 9 5.0 © 50? 2 19 23 53 19 ? 5 Gna oO Boo 5 2 w2 23 32 9 2 2 7.0 2 709 2 9 ? 12 19 30 5 5 2.0 © 8.2 ? Si 35 21 9 9 5 9.9 2 9.9 39 35 19 7 7 5 19.0 2100? 5 2i au 35 9 1 3 2 Yleo “1109 $2.9 ~12.9 7 37 33 14 7 12 9 2 13.0 213.9 1459 714.9 14 19 2 5 2 12 le $320 #1509 15.0 160? 5 2 2 5 17.0 717.9 12,0 219.9 $9.0 219.9 26.9 ~2009 2 5 ; 24.0 7 TOTAL Gon osten vasi2ne enit ou 148 54 16 2 Cus, TOTAL NOOG DSB 0 PSE BOG. aS N90) 72 19 2 COL, AVG, {2,659 9.5) 8,54 8,23 7,03 8,83 10,57 9,07 9,50 0,00 0,99 0,00 AVERAGE SIG, HEIGHT = 3,28 FT AVERAGE WAVE PERTOD = 8.95 SEC* VARIANCE GF S¥Ss HEIGHT = 2.83 FT SO VARTANCE OF WAVE FEXICD % 4.23 SEC 308 STANDARD DEVIATION OF HEIGHT = 1,68 FT STANDARD CEVIATION OF PEXICD 3 3,04 SECs GS HEAD, NORTH CAROLINA CANT RELGRT WS PESTOD CIN OBSERVATIONS PER 1009 055 SUMMARY FOR CEC 68, 71, 72, 74, 76, 77 SIG, HEIGHT CFT) 2 23 37 123 {37 33 9.90 0,00 3,92 ort 172 223 3od 4ge5 546 éy7 7a8 899 FafO LO7d! 14412 $2513 13 + YOT,* 9.5 5 49 1,0» 1.7 Ae 2 2.9 3.9 2 3,2 2 2 9 2 $.0 2 4.9 8 M1 i 3 5.0 © 3.9 2 13 eu 30 ef s 8 210 2 669 2 13 e4 32 27 8 6 2 2 729 © 79 3 16 17 25 24 Ath 3 2 2.9 © 3.9 19 uo 60 24 27 ek 8 2 3 940 © 9.9 11 36 25 17 8 6 2 $5.0 913.9 3 2d 3o ai 3 6 3 11.0 11.9 12.0 #1269 6 54 24 19 6 3 3 13.0 913.9 $Ou5 w14.9 c 32 M1 6 8 5 2 15,5 91509 $9.90 219.9 2 13 9 5 2 6 17.0 217469 15,0 ©{8.9 1945 219.9 2560 72029 2 2449 # TOT al ss Z201 248 191 126 65 Be 44 3 3 CU“, TOTAL $005 Q46S 6b4 ayo an 113 52 24 6 3 CCu, 4G, 9,73410.42 8.88 98,39 7.99 8.98 9,540 8,94 7,50 3,50 0.00 0.00 AVERAGE SIG, HEISHY 3 2,99 FY AVERAGE wAVE PERIOD a Oe17 SECS Vi4ToNCE OF SIG, mHEIGHY & 2.50 FT SG VAXIANCE OF WAVE PERIOD & 6.92 SEC SQs STANOARD DEyIATION OF HEIGHT & 4,58 FY STANDARD DEVIATION OF PERIGD &® 2,99 SEC* RESULTS OBTAINED FROM 1024*SECOND DIGITAL RECORDS TAKEN WITH A STEP RES, AND CONT, WIRE WAVE GAaSE LOCATED AT SENNETTES PIER, * CALMS ARE OMITTED. 114 209 9,460 Fath CuM, TOT. 1000 1000 1000 993 974 937 639 O73 $65 ana 335 Cum, Tur, 1509 130 $c090 yo0o 936 953 ROW AVG, 0.00 0.00 1.50 2.10 3.00 3,34 4,28 4,39 2065 2,83 3.08 0.00 2.99 0.06 3.18 0,00 3.50 9.00 0.00 0.00 2.50 0,00 5.27 ROW AVG,# 9.60 2260 9,00 2,28 2.7? 3,50 3,69 3,58 Sud 2.5% 2079 0,00 2.39 0.00 2.55 0.00 3,02 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.50 0,00 3,04 APPENDIX E LISTS OF FLORA AND FAUNA AT THE FRF 115 Table E-1l. Family and species Family Aceraceae Acer rubrum L. Family Aizoaceae Mollugo verticillata L. Family Alismataceae Sagitarta graminea var. weatherbiana (Fernald) Bogin Family Amaranthaceae Alternanthera philoxeroides (Martins) Grisebach Family Anacardinaceae Rhus copallina L. R. radicans L. Family Apiaceae Centella astatica (L.) Urban Eryngiun aquaticun L. Hydrocotyle umbellata L. Lilaeopsisa carolinensie C. & R. Ptilimnium capillacewn (Michaux) Ref. Stum suave Walter Family Aquifoliaceae Ilex opaca Aiton I, vomitoria Aiton Family Asclepiadaceae Aecleptas lanceolata Walter Family Aspleniaceae Asplenium platyneuron (L.) Oakes Family Asteraceae Achillea millefoliun L. Ambrosta artemistifolia L. Aster tenutfoltus L. Baccharis halimifolia L. Bidens mitie (Michaux) Sherff | Carduus spinosissimus Walter | Crepts vestcaria ssp taraxifolia H (Thuillier) Thellung Eclipta alba (L.) Hasskar Erigeron canadensis var. canadensis L. E. candensis var. pustllus (Nuttall) Ahles Eupatoriun capillifolium var. captlltfoltwn (Lam.) Small E. serotinwn Michaux Gaillardia pulchella Foug. Gnaphaliwn obtustfolium L. Hieractum gronovit L. Heterotheca adenolepte (Fernald) Ahles H. gossypina (Michaux) Shinners Iva frutescens L. I. imbricata Walter Krigta virginica (L.) Willd. Lactuca canadensie L. Mikanta scandens (L.) Willd. Pluchea foetida (L.) D.C. P. purpurascens (Swartz) D.C. Pyrrhopappus carolinianue var. carolinianus (Walter) D.C. Solidago rugosa var. rugosa Miller S. sempervirens L. S. tenutfolta Pursh Xanthiwn etrwnarium var. { atrumarium L. Family Bignoniaceae ! Canpsie radicane (L.) Seemann i Family Brassicaceae ‘ Cakile edentula (Bigelow) Hooker | Leptdiun virginicun L. | | | | PRE Tellomist tes Maisie (bevy e Ooi. Common name Family and species Family Cactaceae Red maple Opuntia compressa (Salisbury) Macbride 0. drwmondii Graham Carpet weed Family Campanulaceae Lobelia elongata Small Specularta perfoliata (L.) A. D.C. Arrowhead Family Caprifoliaceae Lonicera japonica Thunberg L. sempervirens L. Alligator weed Z Family Chenopodiaceae Chenopodiwn ambrostotdee L. Winged sumac Poison ivy Family Cornaceae Cornus florida L. Family Convolvulaceae Eryngo Calyetegia sepiwn (L.) R. Brown Marsh ort Bsamen Family Cucurbitaceae Melothria pendula L. Water parsni EB v Family Cyperaceae Carex alata Torrey Cyperus dontatua Torrey American holly Z C. erythrorhtsoe Muhl. Yaupon Sd C. filteinue Vahl C. haspan L. Milkweed C. ovularte (Michaux) Torrey Cc. rivularie Kunth C, avnquiflorua (Torroy) Mattfold and Ebony spleenwort Kukenthal C. etrigosus L. C. surinamensts Rottboell Yarrow Eleocharis tuberculosa (Michx.) R. 4S. Ragweed Fimbristylis autwmalie (L.) R. §& S. Recon F. dichotoma (L.) Vahl Fuirena squarrosa Michaux Groundsel tree L 3 Setrpus americanus Persoon Beggar ticks thistle HOM) Family Ebenaceae Hawk's beard "tospyros virginiana L. Yerba-de-tago Se d amily Euphorbiaceae : i Horsewee Croton glandulogus var. septentrtonalie Horseweed Muell.-Arg. : C. punctatus Jacquin Dog fennel Euphorbia polygontfolta L. Thoroughwort Family Fabaceae Aptos americana Medicus Cassta fasetculata Michaux Blanket flower Rabbit tobacco Hawk weed ded ede! Centrosema virgintanun (L.) Bentham Desmodium paniculatum (L.) D.C. D. pauctflorum (Nuttall) D.C. Marshtelder D. strictwn (Pursh) D.C. Seaehorewelider Lespedeza capttata Michaux Dwarf dandelion Wild lettuce Climbing hempweed Marsh fleabane Salt marsh fleabane Family Fabaceae (concl'd.) L. cuneata (Dumont) G. Don L. strtata (Thunberg) H. & A. L. virginica (L.) Britton Strophostyles helvola (L.) E11. False dandelion Goldenrod Family Fagaceae Goldenrod Quercus virgintana Miller Goldenrod Family Gentianaceae Cocklebur Sabatia dodecandra var. dodecandra (L.) B.S.P. Trumpet vine Family Hamamelidaceae Liquidambar styraciflua L. Sea rocket Peppergrass Pamily Hypericaceae Hypericum genttanoidee (L.) B.S.P. 116 | Common name { Prickley pear Fragile prickley pear Marsh lobelia Venus’ looking glass Japanese honeysuckle Coral honeysuckle Mexican tea Dogwood Hedge bindweed Creeping cucumber Spike rush Sand rush Umbrella grass Chair maker's rush | ; Persimmon ‘Croton . Croton : Beach spurge i os Partridge pea Butterfly pea Beggar lice Beggar lice Beggar lice Bush clover | Japanese clover Wild bean ‘Live oak i Sea pink Sweet gum iSt. John's wort \ Table E-1l. FRF floristics list (Levy, 1976).--Continued Family and species Family Juncaceae Juncus coriaceus Mackenzie J. megacephalus M.A. Curtis J. roemertanus Scheele Family Juncaginaceae Triglochin atriata R. & P. Family Lamiaceae Monarda punctata L. Salvia lyrata L. Stachys nuttalliti Shuttlew Family Lauraceae Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng. Family Liliaceae Smilax bona-nox L. Yucca filamentosa L. Family Linaceae Family Loganiaceae Polypremm procumbens L. Family Lycopodiaceae Lycopodium appressum (Chapman) Lloyd and Underwood Family Lythraceae Lythrun lineare L. Family Malvaceae Hibtscus moscheutos L. Kosteletskya virginica (L.) Presl. Family Myricaceae Myrica certfera var. certfera L. M, pensylvantca Loisel Family Onagraceae Oenothera biennia L. 0. fruticosa L. 0. hwmifusa Nuttall Family Orchidaceae Sptranthes cernua (L.) Richard Family Pinaceae Pinus taeda L. Family Phytolacaceae Phytolaecca americana L. Family Plantaginaceae Plantago lanceolata L. Family Poaceae Andropogon elltottit Chapman A. vtrginicus L. Ammophila breviligulata Bromus secalinus L. i Cenchrus trtbuloidee L. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon Digitaria filiformie var. villosa Echinochloa waltert (Pursh) Heller Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertner Elymus virginicus L. Eragroetis elliottit Watson E. spectabilis (Pursh) Steudel Erianthus giganteue (Walter) Muhl, Festuea scturea Nuttall Linum virginianun var. medtum Planchon | Walter's barnyard grass | , Love grass :Beard grass Common name Family and species Family Poaceae (concl'd.) Rush Pantewn anarulun Hitchcock and Chase Rush P. amarum E11. Black rush P. dichotomiflorwn Michaux P. scopariwn Lam. P. vaginatwn Swartz Arrow grass P. virgatum L. Polypogon monspeltensia (L.) Desf. Sacctolepis striata (L.) Nash Horsemint Setaria gentculata (Lam.) Beauvois Sage Sorgun halepense (L.) Persoon Hedge nettle Spartina cynosurotdee (L.) Roth S. patene (Aiton) Muhl. Sphenopholis obtusata (Michaux) Scribner Red bay Triplasis purpurea (Walter) Chapman Trisetun pensylvanicun (L.) Beauvois ex R. & S. Greenbrier Untola paniculata L. Bear grass Zea mays L. Family Polygonaceae Flax Polygonun hydropiperotdes var. opelousanun| (Riddell ex Small) Stone P. pensylvanicum L. P. sagittatun L. Rumex acetosella L. R. verticillatus L. Club moss Family Pontederiaceae Pontederta cordata L. Loosestrife Family Primulaceae Samolue parviflorus Raf. Family Ranunculaceae Rose mallow Ranunculus sardous Crantz Sea shore mallow Family Rosaceae Amelanchier arborea var. laevis . (Wiegard) Ahles Prunus serotina var. serotina Ehrhart Rubus betultfoltus Small Wax myrtle Bayberry Evening primrose Sundrops Evening primrose Family Rubiaceae Diodia teres Walter D. vitrgintana L. Nodding ladies" tresses | ‘Family Rutaceae Zanthoxylum clava-heroulte L. Loblolly pine Family Salicaceae Salix nigra Marshall Bokewced |Family Scrophulariaceae Agalinte purpurea (L.) Pennel Plantadn Linarta canadenste (L.) Dumont Verbascun thapsus L. Family Solanaceae Physalis viscosa ssp maritima (M.A. Curtis) Waterfall Datura etramoniun L. Broom straw Broom sedge American beachgrass Brome grass Sandspurs Bermuda grass Family Urticaceae Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Swartz (Walter) Fernald : Crab grass | D. techaemon (Schreber) Schreber ex Muhl.! Crab grass Family Verbenaceae — D. sanguinalie (L.) Scopoli \crab grass Callicarpa americana L. Lippta nodtiflora (L.) Michaux Goose grass Wild rye grass Love grass | Family Vitaceae V. rotundtfolta Michaux Fescue Family Xyridaceae 117 Common name Bitter panicum Panic grass Fall ronieum Switch grass Rabbit foot grass Fox tail grass Johnson grass Giant cord grass Salt meadow grass Wedge grass Sand grass Sea oats Corn Knot weed Tear thumb Sheep sorrel Swamp dock Pickerelweed Water pimpernel Buttercup June berry Black cherry Blackberry Buttonweed Hercules’ club Black willow Gerardia Toad flax Mullein Ground cherry Jimson weed False nettle \French mulberry |Frogbit | ! Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planchon |Virginia creeper Vitis aestivalis var. aestivalis Michaux :Summer grape jMuscadine 1 L q pe cry eptoloma cognatum (Schultes) Chase Witch grass Xyrie jupicat Richard \Yellow-eyed grass] ea TAGLINE URNA Cr LO SOMA Bl chee. SOUND) AN cit a *ATUO AIsU_T TI eS oma (soanqrumy ) aeptuosodoqoiay AT we. 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