A User’s Guide to CERC’s
Field Research Facility
by
W. A. Birkemeier, A. E. DeWall,
C. S. Gorbics, and H. C. Miller
MISCELLANEOUS REPORT NO. 81-
Approved for public release;
distribution unlimited.
U.S. ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS
COASTAL ENGINEERING
RESEARCH CENTER
ae oe Kingman Building
203 Fort Belvoir, Va. 22060
| OSs
Reprint or republication of any of this material
shall give appropriate credit to the U.S. Army Coastal
Engineering Research Center.
Limited free distribution within the United States
of single copies of this publication has been made by
this Center. Additional copies are available from:
Nattonal Technical Information Service
ATTN: Operations Division
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, Virginia 22161
Contents of this report are not to be used for
advertising, publication, or promotional purposes.
Citation of trade names does not constitute an official
endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial
products.
The findings in this report are not to be construed
as an official Department of the Army position unless
so designated by other authorized documents.
UNCLASSLFLED
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Data Entered)
READ INSTRUCTIONS
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE BEFORE COMPLETING FORM
1. REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER
MR 81-7
4. TITLE (and Subtitle) 5. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED
Miscellaneous report
6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER
8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(S)
A USER'S GUIDE TO CERC'S FLELD
RESEARCH FACILITY
7. AUTHOR(S)
WeA. Birkemeier, AE. DeWall,
Ce-Se Gorbics, and HeC.e Miller
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, TASK
AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Department of the Army
Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERRE-FR)
Kingman Building, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060
11, CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS
Department of the Army
Coastal Engineering Research Center
Kingman Building, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060
14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS(if different from Controlling Office)
A31537
12. REPORT DATE
October 1981
13. NUMBER OF PAGES
118
15. SECURITY CLASS. (of this report)
UNCLASSIFIED
DECL ASSIFICATION/ DOWNGRADING
SCHEDULE
15a.
16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this Report)
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the abstract entered in Block 20, if different from Report)
- SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse side if necessary and identify by block number)
Duck, North Carolina
Field Research Facility-—CERC
User's guide
ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse side if necesaary and identify by block number)
The Coastal Engineering Research Center's (CERC) Field Research Facility
(FRF) at Duck, North Carolina, is a 56l-meter-long (1,841 feet) pier and
laboratory dedicated to basic and applied coastal research. This report,
which describes the facility, the instrumentation and data being collected,
and the local area, is designed to be used as a tool in planning experiments
to be conducted at the facility. (Use of the FRF by outside researchers is
encouraged. )
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29
2. Surveying Control.
ae Local Control. There is extensive monumentation on both the sound and
ocean sides of the FRF site (Fig. 10). Large-scale versions of Figure 10 with
complete monumentation are available from the FRF. The primary oceanside mon-
uments are along a base line located landward of the laboratory and perpendic-—
ular to the pier centerline. U.S. Army Engineer District, Wilmington (SAW),
has established a series of concrete monuments along this base line at 45./2-
and 152.4-meter (150 and 500 feet) intervals. Other monuments at varying
intervals have been established in support of CERC beach and bathymetric sur-
veyse Many of the monuments along the base-line have permanent pipe monuments
(front and back) to define profile azimuths perpendicular to the base line.
Table 4 provides a summary of the base line monumentation according to dis-
tance along the base line and distance from the pier centerline. All these
have been surveyed to third-order accuracy. Documentation on each monument is
available.
One concrete monument and two series of profile lines have been estab-—-
lished on the sound side to monitor sound changes. Further details about
these lines are given in Section VI.
A series of very stable monuments, which will eventually be tied into
first-order control, has been established by the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in support of the tide. gaging program.
Information about these monuments is available at FRF.
Because of the profusion of monuments at the FRF, users are requested to
use established monuments if possible. Temporary monuments, stakes, pipes,
etce, must be clearly labeled as to owner and must be removed on completion of
study. To ensure that valuable monuments are not removed or lost during
extended studies, the monuments should be documented as to location, markings,
date of installation, etc., using form DA 1959 (copy in App. C); a copy of the
form is then given to the FRF Chief. Special care should be taken to minimize
pedestrian effects on the dune and beach.
be Island Control. The CERC monuments indicated in Table 4 are part of
the series of 62 profile lines shown in Figure 11. Each line has three monu-
ments: a brass disk on a concrete post and two pipes (front and rear) to
define the profile azimuth. Additionally, third-order vertical control has
also been established on each of the five fishing piers. Complete documenta-
tion for the profile lines may be obtained from the FRF Chief. All the lines
are on private property, so written permission to survey must be obtained in
advance from the owners. Data collected at these lines under CERC's Beach
Evaluation Program (BEP) from May 1974 to January 1977 are discussed in
Section V and summarized in Section VIII.
3. Bathymetric Surveying.
The accuracy of the bathymetric surveys depends on the survey methods
used. The current procedure consists of dividing the survey lines into beach
and nearshore zones.
The area from the beach to the 9-meter (30 feet) contour is surveyed using
the innovative three-legged vehicle, the Coastal Research Amphibious Bugyy
(CRAB), shown in Figure 12. Designed and constructed by the Wilmington
30
— E 2,956,000
E 2,957,000
E 2,959,000
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| £2,960,000
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4 900,000
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899, 182,07 N
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N 898,000
£ 2,956,000
£ 2,957,000
£ 2,958,000
£ 2,959,000 +
£ 2,960,000
Figure 10. Map of FRF site showing location of primary survey monuments.
Large-scale copies with more complete documentation are available.
31
Table 4. FRF base-line monumentation.
25 14,195 -12,500 1s 55
30 CERC 3 10,476.91" -8,781.93" 13.41 Gill
40 CERC 4 TAME 1S -5 468.75 15.85 Cl
50 CERC 5 4,663.73 -2,968.75 14.79 c1°
60 CERC 6 3.418073 -1,718.75 W496 D
61 SAW 33+90.05 3,390.05 -1,695.07 14.45 G
62 SAW 33+00 3,300.00 -1,605.02 AS6 1S Pl
64 SAW 31+50 3,150.00 -1,455.02 1252 Pl
66 SAW 30+00 3,000.00 -1,305.02 14.70 Pl
67 SAW 28+50 2,850.00 -1,155.02 12.36 Pl
70 CERC 7 2,788.73 -1,093.75 258) Cl
73 SAW 27+00 2,700.00 -1,005.02 13.14 Pl
76 SAW 25+50 2,550.00 -855.02 12.00 Pl
78 SAW 25+00 2,500.00 -305.02 1263S) C
80 CERC 8 2,476.23 -781.25 12573 Cl
85 SAW 24+00 2,400.00 -705.02 12.24 Pl
90 CERC 9 2,319.98 -625.00 oil Cl
95 SAW 22+50 2,250.00 -555.02 13.26 Pl
100 CERC 10 2,241.86 -546.88 IS6 BM Cl
110 CERC 11 2,202.80 -507.82 14.99 Gil
120 CERC 12 Do MESo 1/3 -468.75 12.50 Cl
130 CERC 13 2,124.66 -429.58 13.04 Cl
135 SAW 21+00 2,100.00 -405.02 16.14 Pl
140 CERC 14 2,085.60 -390.62 13.45 Cl
150 CERC 15 2,007.48 -312.50 12.88 Cl
151 SAW 20+00 2,000.00 -305.02 13.10 G
155 SAW 19+50 1,950.00 -255.02 13.80 Pl
160 CERC 16 1,851.23 -156.25 14.18 Cl
161 SAW 18+00 1,800.00 -105.02 15.76 Pl
162 B 1,769.98 -75.00 16.05 P2
163 1,725.00 -30.02 Wo 0d
164 CERC 68 1,704.98 -10.0 NP
165 SAW 16+94.98 1,694.98 ¢ 17.56 D
32
Table 4. FRF base-line monumentation.-——-Continued
Profile
Noe
CERC 69 1,684.98 10.0
SAW 16+50 1,650.00 44.98
C 1,619.98 75.00
1571400 119.98
CERC 17 1,538.73 156.25
SAW 15+00 1,500.00 194.98
D 1,375.00 319.98
SAW 13+50 1,350.00 344.98
E 1,295.00 399.98
SAW 12+00 1,200.00 494.98
SAW 10+50 1,050.00 644.98
SAW 10+00 1,000.00 694.98
CERC 18 913.73 781.25
SAW 9+00 900.00 794.93
SAW 7+50 750.00 944.98
SAW 6+00 600.00 1,094.98
SAW 5+00 500.00 1,194.98
SAW 4+50 450.00 1,244.98
SAW 3+00 300.00 1,394.98
SAW 1+50 150.00 1,544.98
SAW 0+00 0.00 1,694.98
CERC 19 -336.27 DOs V5
CERC 20 -2,836.27 Be S3ie25
F -5,805 7,500
CERC 22 -10,884 12,579
IDistances given along the base line are relative to a monument on the
south property line (positive to the north).
2Pier coordinate system: positive distance seaward and to the south.
3Monument types: C, concrete; Cl, concrete with front and rear pipes;
D, monument destroyed; NP, north pier edge; Pl, capped pipe with front
and rear pipes; P2, pipe with front pipe only; SP, south pier edge.
*Monument not on base line; distance approximate.
SMonument buried.
33
Allaontic
Ocean
Atlantic
36°05" + 36°05'
Ga) [ea avalon Fie
ao Ocean
32
33
38)
£9) [65 Nags Head Pier] set09
@
Gi) [ee senna Fier]
a1)*
(42) 67 Outer Bonks Pier
Scole in Nouticol Miles
(So SS Cs Se a
' 1) ' 2 3. 4 5
Scole in Kilometers
2 4 6 10
a-—Denoles Sand Sample
Location
Appros Profile Location
75°40!
Figure ll. CERC profile line locations (pre-1980 desiynations).
34
Figure 12. Coastal Research Amphibious Buggy (CRAB).
District for nearshore surveying, the CRAB provides a stable platform in wave
heights up to 1.8 meters (6 feet). Top speed is 3 kilometers (2 miles) per
houre Position and elevation are determined by taryeting a prism mounted on
the CRAB with an electronic survey system which also produces computer compat-
ible data.
Surveying of the beach from the base line to the water line is done using
the same system but using a person holding a prism at each survey point.
Pre-1981 surveys used more conventional surveying procedures. Generally,
a sea sled or fathometer was used for the nearshore (out to 700 meters) and a
fathometer for the offshore (out to 3,000 meters).
35
IV. ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS
This section summarizes available environmental data and information use-
ful for planning studies at the FRF.
1. General Weather.
The FRF has a favorable marine climate with mild winters and warm temper-
ate summers. The nearest weather stations with long periods of record are
Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, and Norfolk, Virginia. Table 5 provides a NOAA
summary of the normal, mean, and extreme meteorological data for each of these
stations. More detailed information including monthly summaries and three-
hourly measurements can be obtained from:
Environmental Data and Information Service
The National Climatic Center
Federal Building
Asheville, NC 28801
Figure 13 is a plot of monthly wind roses compiled from 1,853 observations
at Sea Crest, North Carolina, 5 kilometers (3 miles) south of the FRF (see
Fig. 1), using a hand-held Dwyer wind meter, from January 1972 to December
1978. Note the predominant winds from the northeast and southwest with the
highest percentage of strong winds from the north and northeast. Wind distri-
bution varies considerably from month to month.
2. Wavese
ae Oceane Thompson (1977) summarized the wave climate for the area using
measurements collected by a wave gage on Jennette's Fishing Pier (Fig. 11)
from December 1968 to January 1975. This data set has been updated to include
measurements to December 1979.
Figure 14 shows the seasonal variation in mean and standard deviation of
the monthly wave height and period. Peak waves occur in October and February.
Joint monthly distributions of significant wave height and period distribu-
tions are given in Appendix D. Table 6 is a summary of the distribution for
the entire period, indicating the mean average wave height is 0.88 meter (2.9
feet) and the mean period is 8.9 seconds. Higher waves have been measured in
the deeper water at the FRF. Figure 15 shows wave action during an October
1980 storm when the significant wave height reached 3.8 meters (12.5 feet).
Measurements have also been made of breaking waves. Average monthly values
for 7 years of observations at Sea Crest are shown in Figure 16.
The only historic wave direction information available is taken from LEO
observationse Wave roses are shown in Figure 17. Predominant wave directions
are shore normal (90°) and just right of shore normal (90° to 95°). Waves
tend to approach the shore from the right in summer and from the left in the
winter.
be Sound. Because of the limited fetch across Currituck Sound, waves on
the sound shore are usually an irregular chop of less than 15 centimeters (0-5
foot). The average fetch is 7.3 kilometers (4.4 miles); the longest fetch is
8.9 kilometers (5.3 miles). The sound is extremely shallow and gently sloping
(less than 1 percent). The deepest areas, which average only 2./ meters (9
feet) in depth, are on the western shore. Wave heights and setup during
extreme events have not been documented.
36
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FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL
ANNUAL AVERAGE
mAY JUNE JULY AUGUST
PERCENTAGE SCALE
10 20 30 40 50
0.0 4.0 8.0 15 22mph
DATA BASED ON OBSERVATIONS
COLLECTED DURING THE PERIOD
1 JULY 1972 TO 28’ DEC 1978
(VALUE IN CENTER IS PERCENT CALM)
SEF TEMBER OCTOUCR NOVEMULR OFCEMELR
Figure 13. Wind roses at Sea Crest, North Carolina.
Standard Deviation
Period (s)
Standard Deviation
5
Annual Mean
= 4
E =
= aS ad ace
f= _—
{on +=
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a2 wo
iN A 2
as Monthly Mean
Jon. Mar. May July Sept. Nov.
Figure 14. Seasonal variation in mean significant wave height and
mean peak spectral period (from the CERC wave gage at
Nags Head, North Carolina).
36
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Figure 15.
Figure
Storm waves breaking along the FRF, 25 October 1980.
Period (s)
5
4
E [BOs Sy ee Sars Que
= ie as
ce = ®
a 0.5 ag
le |
6 (ee ae ee ee 0
Jan. Mer. May July Sept. Nov.
16.
Seasonal variation in visually observed mean breaking wave
height and mean period from Sea Crest, North Carolina (July
1972 to December 1978, 1,855 observations).
40
Calm 1.5% Calm 1.4%
937 Obsns. 918 Obsns.
Overall Period Summer Winter
JULY 1972 - DECEMBER 1978 APRIL TO SEPTEMBER OCTOBER TO MARCH
WAVE DIRECTION
(Relative to Shore Parallel) WAVE HEIGHT (ft)
CODE ANGLE (deg.) CODE = ANGLE (deg.) 0-2 2-4 4-6 6-8 >8
| G=<55 7 90 <8 < 95
55= 0 <70 8 95 <@ <100
3 70 =@ <80 9 100<@ <110 0 10 20 30 40
4 80 <0 <85 10 = NO <@ =125 PERCENT
5 85 =@ <90 TT 125 <@
6 @ =90
Figure 17. Distribution of breaking wave directions at Sea Crest, North
Carolina.
3. Currents.
Visual observations of longshore currents have been made at Sea Crest (see
Fig. 1) since 1972 by timing the movement of floating foam in the surf zone.
A sample year of data (1973) is plotted in Figure 18. Although reversals are
common, the mean current from July 1972 to December 1978 was to the north.
This is in contrast to the predicted direction of longshore transport, based
on the visual wave data, which was predominantly to the south (see Sec.
IV,5).- Other currents which affect the area are rip currents, low salinity
water masses, and Gulf Stream eddies.
Rip currents are frequently found at varying locations including under the
pier. The low-salinity water masses, believed to originate in the Chesapeake
Bay, are huge slugs of lower salinity water which move southward along the
shore at an estimated velocity of about 0.23 meter (0.7/5 foot) per second.
The edge is clearly discernible by both water color and turbulence. Two views
of the phenomena are shown in Figure 19. Warm, clear water masses presumably
resulting from Gulf Stream eddies have also been observed. These masses
sometimes have a foam-line edge and can contain tropical fish.
4l
"C/61 SBUTTOIeD YAAON {3S919 POS Je JUSTAND sAOYssuoT °g{ aan3ty
“AGN akaley dLeletss “ONY Je SSI ABW “Yd wSiisil — tsizls| ‘NUP
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ve i
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42
Figure 19. Two views of southward-moving edge of fresh-
water masse Photos taken from a point south
of Carolla, North Carolina.
43
45 Storms.
The area is affected by both extratropical (northeasters) and tropical
(hurricanes) cyclonese Bosserman and Dolan (1968), who examined the intensity
and frequency of extraptropical storms affecting North Carolina, classified
857 storms according to the 10 tracks shown in Figure 20; note that seven of
the tracks pass the FRF site. The most damaging storms follow the three
widest arrows (2, 3, and 4). The severest situation occurs when the movement
of a track 2 storm is slowed by a blocking high-pressure system to the north.
This occurred during the Great East Coast Storm of March 1962 and. resulted in
strong northeasterly winds of long duration over a long fetch.
Figure 20. Storm tracks affecting the east coast
(from Basserman and Dolan, 1968).
Storm occurrence prediction is somewhat difficult since cyclogenesis
(storm formation) frequently occurs offshore of Cape Hatteras. Bosserman and
Dolan (1968) found that about 19 percent of all storms affecting the Outer
Banks develop in this manner. They also hindcasted wave heights for each
storm studied. Storm frequencies (all tracks) by wave height and month are
summarized in Table 7 and are shown in Figure 2l.
Between 1901 and 1926, 31 hurricanes at full strength made either landfall
along coastal North Carolina or passed close enough to affect the area (Baker,
1978). The frequency of occurrence of these hurricanes varies considerably
(Fig. 22). The area between Cape Hatteras and Cape Lookout has the highest
hurricane occurrence while the area around the FRF has the lowest with a
hurricane reaching the area once every 42 years. Tracks of historic hurri-
canes passing within 50 nautical miles (90 kilometers) of the FRF are shown in
Figure 23 (Ho and Tracey, 1975).
44
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Figure 21. Monthly storm frequency and hindcasted wave height, based on a
total of 857 storms (adapted from Basserman and Dolan, 1968).
46
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48
Miller (1980) examined the duration of storms using measurements from the
CERC Nags Head wave gagee He defined a storm as an event which caused the
measured wave height to exceed a critical height equal to the sum of the
annual mean significant wave height (0.88 meter) and one standard deviation
(0.49 meter). This definition was used to compute Figure 24 which indicates
35 percent of all storms were of 1-day duration or longer while only 1 percent
exceeded 6.8 days.
9
7 Nags Head, NC
S Le) fez)
Storm Duration (d)
ow
(0)
0.01 Oo! 05 1 2 #5 10 20 30 405060 70 80 90 95 99 99.8 99.99
Probability
Figure 24. Storm duration probability based on wave data recorded
by the CERC gage at Nags Head, North Carolina.
5- Sediment Transport.
The net longshore transport direction along the northern Outer Banks has
been reported as toward both the north (Langfelder, Stafford, and Amein, 1968)
and the south (Goldsmith, Sturm, and Thomas, 1977). Jarrett (1978) determined
a net southerly transport along the beaches north of Oregon Inlet.
Although a detailed sediment budget has not been prepared for the FRF
area, the longshore sediment transport rates can be estimated based on the
visual observations of wave height and direction given in Section IV,2.
Average monthly and annual predicted transport rates based on the method
recommended in the Shore Protection Manual (SPM) (U.S. Army, Corps of Engi-
neers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, 19/77) are given in Table 8. Note
that the values use a dimensionless proportionality constant, k, equal to
onee Generally accepted values of this constant are given at the end of the
table. Annual and seasonal variations in net transport, based on the propor-
tionality constant, are shown in Figure 25.
49
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Tide Height (ft MSL)
—
Using a proportionality value of O./7 (Komar and Inman, 19/0), the esti-
mated gross transport at Sea Crest is 1,583,400 cubic meters (2,071,000 cubic
yards) per yeare The predicted net transport is to the south with a north-to-
south transport ratio of 0.43. The annual net transport to the south at Sea
Crest is estimated at 625,000 cubic meters (822,000 cubic yards) per year.
6. Tides and Sea Level Rise.
Ocean tides are semidiurnal with a spring range of 1l.lo meters (3.8 feet)
and a mean range of 0.9/7 meter (3.2 feet). Water levels in Currituck Sound
are wind-dominated: high during periods of southwest winds, low during north-
east winds. Mean water level in the sound is about 0.27 meter (0.9 foot)
above MSL. Normal wind-induced setup is about 0.6 meter (2 feet) and setdown
is -0.2 meter (-0./7 foot).
Ho and Tracey (1975) investigated the frequency and magnitude of storm
tides for the northern North Carolina coaste Their results for W0> 0s,
100-, and 500-year return period storms are shown in Figure 26. Note that at
the Wright Monument, 23 kilometers south of the FRF, the expected 100-year
surge height is 2.7/7 meters. Tide frequencies for several classes of storms
are shown in Figure 2/7.
= i
=) ry —
fo} on = :
os SS co B Sea
Qo u ri >
rs) ° o E ct
°o Om °o f= 0)
(=) o+ =) I ss
Oa = is > oO 5S
Qe oo > is} Lo 4 ©
wes we ee es eee eee ee eee oe
0 3.0
| | (359)
I 7.8 Wizz. eae) | e
i (2.38) jy (2:35) sip (2.29) 2.0
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|
1.0
|
|
|
1
|
I
Distance From NC.-S.C. Border (n mi.)
100 150 200 250 300
Figure 26. Coastal storm surge frequencies north of Cape Lookout, North
Carolina. Numbers in parentheses are values in meters (from
Ho and Tracy, 1975).
52
Tide Height (m)
12
FF —
2 a
_ 10 =
a &
= 2
wo 8 Cty
D mo}
= Ee
6
4
5 10 50 100 500
Return Period (yr)
Figure 27. Tide frequencies at Wright Monument, North Carolina,
for the following classes of storms: (a) landfalliny,
(b) alongshore, (c) inland, (d) exiting hurricanes and
tropical storms, (e) winter storms, (f) all storms
(from Ho and Tracey, 1975).
Hicks (1981) examined the recent rate of sea level rise for a number
of east, gulf, and west coast beachese For the closest station to the FRF,
Hampton Roads, Virginia (near the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay), Hicks calcu-
lated a rate of sea level rise equal to 0.4411 centimeter (0.0144 foot) per
year based on the period 1928 to 1978.
7. Surface Water Temperatures.
Table 9 yives monthly mean surface water temperatures at Virginia Beach
based on observations between 1960 and 1966 (Department of Commerce, 1968).
Table 9. Monthly mean surface water temperatures. !
January
February August
March September
April October
May November
June December
1Annual mean = 14.4 °C. GsSkec
3}
Ve BEACHES AND GEOLOGY
The FRF, located along a barrier spit forming the eastern edge of the
Coastal Plain, is the northernmost part of a complex series of barrier islands
which extend south to Cape Lookoute Though there are currently four inlets
along this stretch (Oregon, Hatteras, Ocracoke, Drum), the area is dynamic and
includes many relic inlets (Fig. 28).
1. Origin.
The origin of this series of barrier islands is both complex and slightly
controversial. Judge (1980) provides a summary of the following significant
theories. De Beaumont (1845) suggested that the. islands formed by bar build-
ing. Gilbert (1885) theorized that longshore drift and spit building were the
primary cause of formation. Hoyt (1967) postulated that rising sea levels (or
land submergence) could flood the flats behind the dunes and form a long sub-
aerial ridge. Hoyt and Henry (1971) noted that the capes coincided with
historic river deltas which were isolated by rising sea levels. Using strati-
graphic interpretation of core samples, Pierce and Colquhoun (1970, 1971)
found that 39 percent of the original 200-kilometer coast was primarily dune
and that the islands formed by shoreline submergence. Field and Duane (1976)
postulated that the barriers formed on the Continental Shelf during low sea
levels and moved shoreward under the influence of sea level rise. Riggs
(1978) postulated that the islands were formed by submergence and had been
modified by coastal processes (waves, tides, and currents) to form their
present shape and alinement.
The general consensus is that the barrier islands are comprised of recent
(Holocene) sediments overlying Pleistocene deposits.
2. Shoreline Changes.
Historically, the ocean shoreline at the FRF has been relatively stable.
This was documented by Wahls (1973), who found a mean annual accretion rate
of 0.91 meter (3 feet) per year for the period 1955 to 1971. More recently,
Dolan's (1979) analysis of shoreline changes north and south of the FRF showed
long-term stability from 1940 to 1975 (Fig. 29), and overall erosion from 1977
to 1979. These results are based on shoreline measurements from photos at 50-
meter (164 feet) intervals over the 28-kilometer (45 miles) reache Average
rates of change are computed based on the rates of change for each set of suc-
cessive photos. The following sets of photos were used in the analysis:
1940 to 1975 1977 to 1979
21 October 1940 2 February 1977
29 March 1955 ll November 1977
3 May 1962 16 May 1978
5 September 1975 2 December 1978
20 September 1979
Three rates were averaged to compute the 1940 to 1975 rates; four rates were
averaged to obtain the 1977 to 1979 rates. The air photo analysis procedure
is described in Dolan, et al. (1979). Errors can be significant, and average
rates of change less than 1.0 meter (3.3 feet) per year over 40 years are
difficult to measure.
54
(OLD) CURRITUCK (1585-1731)
(NEW) CURRITUCK (1713-1828)
MUSKETO (1585 - 1671)
CARTHYS (1585- 7, 1798- I811)
also known as Caffeys
:
ROANOKE (1585 - 1811)
OREGON (1585-1770-1846)
=i
CHICKINOKE
NEW (1708-1922, 1932-1945)
LOGGERHEAD
©
y
oe
CAPE INLET (1585-1657-?)
HATTERAS (1846)
(OLD) HATTERAS (1585-1755)
OCRACOKE (1585)
f HE TIEGRO NT
W
AY NEW
f NORMANS
4 OLD DRUM
WA, DRUM
v
a
as Le
ne
4 °
/ CEDAR INLET
ha f= BARDEN (THE DRAIN)
¥,
Figure 28. Present and historic inlets from the Virginia-
North Carolina border to Cape Lookout (adapted
from UeS. Congress, 1935, and Dunbar, 1958).
32)
(f1/yr) (ft/yr)
=50) -40)-30) =20) 0) 10) 0 of}
o MSL -MLW ne
2 0.75
Ce (op)
= 1.00 ¢
S) °
S S
i= 52)(0) Cc
o o
@ a
= 2.00=
) Number of Samples 3.00
Winter Spring Summer Fall
Figure 47. Mean grain size averaged by season and profile position.
30
25 Winter
Spring
Summer
20 Fall
Pct Acid-—Soluble
a
Profile 1 4 1220]23
(0) (10) (20) (30) (40) (50) (60)
North Distance from Profile Line 41 (km) South
Figure 48. Carbonate percentage in foreshore samples by season.
73
Foreshore slope was determined at the same time each sample set was taken.
Figure 49 shows the strong positive correlation coefficient (r = 0.88) between
the average mean grain size and the average foreshore slope for each of the 15
profile lines; Figure 50 shows the decrease in average foreshore slope from
north to south.
Mean Grain Size (@)
arn Way ose EC Sites: ella ie O 0.9 0.8
0.14
0.12
0.10
Foreshore Slope
0.08
0.06
0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60
Mean Grain Size (mm)
Figure 49. Average foreshore slope versus average mean grain size.
0.14
x 0.12
a
o
n
c- 5)
SqOno
x=
wn
@
5
uw
0.08
0.06
Profile 1 41220] 23 26 4
(0) (10) (20) (30) (40) (50) (60)
Distance from Profile Line 1 (km)
Figure 50. Alonyshore variation in average foreshore slope.
74
The north-to-south decrease in mean grain size confirms earlier findings
by Swift, et al. (1971) and Shideler (1973). A downdrift decrease in sand
size has been noted at other localities along the east coast (e-g-, Ramsey and
Galvin, 1977). The coarse sand along the northern section of the study area
is characterized by a bimodal-size distribution. The northward-coarsening
trend does not continue northward of the study area (Goldsmith, Sturm, and
Thomas, 1977), but appears to be localized between Caffey's Inlet and the
vicinity of Duck. Swift, et al. (1971) attributed this coarse anomaly to a
local source of gravel which is excavated from the former Albemarle River
channel.
be Nearshore Sedimentse In August 1979 scuba divers collected a set of
35 short-core sediment samples on three shore-normal transects--along the pier
centerline and along parallel lines 75 meters both north and south of the pier
centerline. The results of the settling tube (RSA) analysis of these samples
are plotted as box plots in Figure 51. Each sample is plotted relative to its
distance (in meters) from the FRF base line, along the shore-normal transect.
Values of the 10th, 16th, 25th, 50th (median), 75th, 84th, and 90th percent-
iles of the cumulative size distribution are also plotted for each sample.
Sample depths, as determined by lead-line soundings and corrected to MSL
elevations, are plotted for each transect. The statistics are summarized in
Table ll.
According to Folk's (1965) classification, the bottom material is gener-
ally moderately well sorted, medium to fine sand. Median grain size ranges
from 0.28 to 0.12 millimeter (1.85 to 3.11 phi) with sorting values ranging
between 0.7/4 and 0.40 millimeter (0.44 and 1.31 phi) (Table 11). A zone of
sandy silt is encountered at 13- to 15-meter (45 to 49 feet) depths. No
gravel was directly observed, although one sample (Table 11, transect 1,13)
taken 43 meters (140 feet) directly seaward of the pier end did contain a
secondary mode in the 1-4- to 1.0-millimeter (-0.5 to O phi) size fraction
(very coarse sand).
The bottom was generally observed to be rippled, except in the surf zone
where ripples were wiped out by surging breakers. Ripples were generally
shore parallel with wavelengths ranging from 4 to 12 centimeters (1.5 to 5
inches) and heights from 1 to 4 centimeters (0.4 to 1.5 inches). At a 2.9-
meter water depth megaripples were observed to be the primary bed form with
smaller ripples superimposed. Megaripple wavelength was 2 meters (6.5 feet);
height was 15 centimeters (6 inches).
ce Subbottom Sediments. Field (1973) summarized the results of a
subbottom geophysical survey conducted at the site in 1972-73. His analysis
of four nearshore vibracores and five drill holes (Figs. 52 and 53) showed
that the beach is underlain by more than 15 meters of sand at the shoreline,
thinning to about 1.5 meters at the 12-meter contour. Sediments vary from
coarse sand with gravel layers to dense, poorly graded (well-sorted), fine
sand. Alternating silts, clays, and silty sands are common below this sand
prism. Geophysical records show a nearly horizontal reflector (layer) at -12
meters MSL nearshore that appears to intersect the bottom and become exposed
at about -14 meters MSL. The depth of this major reflector was found to cor-
relate with the change from sand with gravel layers to silts and clays noted
in the core logs (Fig. 53). The surface samples and visual observations
discussed above confirm an outcrop of the silt layer at -13 to -15 meters
MSLe Detailed core logs and geophysical records are on file at CERC.
75
75(m) North of Pier 0.5
=
a
3 Sample No.
g O23
5 =
5 E
r 0.125
0.0625
G
=
o
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2.0
Pier Centerline 1.0
= 0.5
= €
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w 0.25
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= 75 (m) South of Pier BMInpeeeentite 05
6
a O;Z5e ze
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E
a
ros)
OE COQ ove oo. So Sav o Ss oo Sec So) ©. 2S
Oo eo Se © © ©. Se 8F& © © S& o's 2 OS' 2a ES
SD OSPR ON GD O *QO Se Ry OD QQ DI Sy CS Oi Ge Ghee SE @
ey a Pe ON INR oS) Br m +
Distance (m)
Figure 51. Size distributions of sediment cores collected alony three
transects near the FRF, 7 to 9 August 1979.
76
Table ll. FRF offshore sand samples, 7 to 9 August 1979.
Sa STS l|
Sample | MSL depth Mean grain Median grain | Std. dev. } Distance from
No. size size base line
(m) (phi) | (mm) | (phi) (m)
TRANSECT I (pier centerline) i
1 2.86 | 0.14 0.51 3,341
2 2-55 | 0.17 0.59 2,610
3 2.95 | 0.13 0.56 2,085
4 SaaS |} oe SaSS 1,838
5 2.62 | 0.16 0.64 550
6 2.18 | 0.22 0.63 410
7 2.16 | 0.22 0.70 350
8 2.39 | 0.19 0.48 250
9 1.89 | 0.27| 0.66 210
10 2.87 | 0.14 0.54 1,366
11 2.67 | 0.16 0.83 1,063
13 2-74 | 0.15 1.31 640
TRANSECT II (75 meters north of centerline)
3.0) 0.44
3.08 0.70
2.96 0.62
2.75 0.58
2.85 0.51
2o19 0.55
2oUil 0.57
2.61 0.46
15917, 0.61
2.37 0.64
2.24 0.63
2.01 0.91
TRANSECT III (75 meters south of centerline)
OG US Sos |) Wail 0.62 2,090
OSS 293 OS 0.76 1,750
0.13 | 2.98 | 0.13 0.58 1,675
0.14; 2.94 | 0.13 0.64 1,370
0-14} 2.86 | 0.14 0.47 1,088
0.14 2.87 0.14 0.50 743
0-16} 2-70 | 0.15 0.54 491
0.18 2.45 0.18 0.51 379
0.21 2.29 | 0.20 0.55 343
0.23 | 2.13 |} 0.23 0.59 275
0.18 2041 0.19 0.61 Poyil
IToo fine for RSA.
77
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78
Elevation (ft)
+20
OWT DH4
Sto. -6 +00 on Sta 0400, 800' RI. &
Elevation 7 m9 Elevation 12.5 (MSL)
-/Elevation 10.7(M ° DHS Ree,
I eae at ara0 on & Sto. 0400, 800 LI t Sta ese &
+10 Elevation 8.6 (MSL) Elevation 11.6 (MSL) eisancutes of Hole
=0.0 (MSL) vce vCci
Sto.244+20 on & Sto. 32+30 on &
Elevation Top of Hole Elevation on Top of Hole
=0.0 (MSL) = 0.0 (MSL)
- 20
- 30
- 40
-50
Seeeaaeeten amas
Weaceees sas
SS
Seeaaaee: we!
PS SOS SS Sst
- 60
Symbols
iL} Silty Sona Well Graded Sana
th Gravel
Poorly Graded Sond with Peat
ea eee)
7 [ZZ] Sondy Suits ono Cioys Y 018 Surtoce
c 9 Cloy
Cloyey Sond
FZ Silty For Cioy
Eg Sulty Cloys and Cloy
- 80
Figure 53. Summary of drill hole and vibracore logs.
79
Elevation (m)
VI. ECOLOGY OF THE FRF SITE
The mid-1600 settlement of the Outer Banks drastically changed the vege-
tation and topography of the regione Forests were diminished for fuel and
building, and grass and shrubs were uprooted by grazing livestock which con-
tinued into the beginning of the 1900's. Once vegetation was disrupted the
sandy soils became susceptible to movement by wind and storm tides. The
blowouts and sand dunes seen today are results of these forces.
In 1935 the Works Progress Administration and the Civilian Conservation
Corps began stabilizing the foredune from the Virginia border to approximately
the middle of Ocracoke Islands Some of these foredunes now exceed 8 meters in
height. The ocean beach, foredunes, arborescent (tree- and shrub-dominated)
and sound-side marsh zones are the most characteristic features of the Outer
Banks profile (Levy, 1976). The most variable zone is between the foredune
and the arborescent zonee This is particularly evident at the FRF site.
1. Vegetation.
Levy (1976) conducted a complete vegetation study of the FRF site. A
vegetation map of 11 different communities in the area is shown in Figure 54.
Permanent plots were located in each of the designated communities. The
results of the study showed the flora to be composed of about 178 species and
132 genera representing 58 families (App. E). Six of the plant communities
correlate with the communities generally common to the Outer Banks: fore-
dunes, wetlands, oceanside shrub, sound-side shrub, low dune grass, and bare
sand. The remaining five communities are relatively unique to this site:
sound-side disturbed, planted American beachgrass (Ammophtla breviligulata),
planted bitter panicum (Pantewn amorulum), sandgrass-buttonweed (Triplasis
purpurea-Ditodia teres), and spurge-sandgrass (Euphorbia polygonifolta-
Triplasts purpurea).
In September 1978, CERC reestablished approximately two-thirds of the
previous plots, which could be located, and added more. Plant species were
collected and identified, and the vegetation was mapped for comparison with
aerial photos at scales of 1:2000 to 1:34000. Optimum scales for identifying
vegetative species, associations, communities, and zones were also determined
in the comparison.
ae Dune Vegetation. In April 1972, before CERC obtained the FRF site,
the U.S. Navy sprigged the area with American beachgrass.e In 1973 and 1974,
North Carolina State University conducted experiments on propagation, han-
dling, processing, and planting of bitter panicum, American beachgrass, and
sea oats (Untola paniculata) in the northern part of the site about 300 meters
inland. By the fall of 1974, bitter panicum was the most successfully estab-
lished. Fertilizer applications were necessary to retain the vigor of the
planted stands. The results of this study were reported by Seneca, Woodhouse,
and Broome (1976). Although the actual plantings are no longer clearly delin-
eated, the general area is still identifiable from the air (see Fig. 4).
be Marsh Vegetation. Experimental marsh plantings were established
between April and September 1973 on the sound-side shore of the site to
80
uesdQ 3TIUeTIY
se
nan
\
\W
a
punos yon3taan)
isturbed
Ss
d
Wetlands
Sand
Spurge-sandgra
buttonweed a Sound—side
|_|
53
Low dune grass
Sound-side shrub
Planted bitter
[=| Sandgrass
Oceanside shrub
Planted American
Q
=
iI
cS
72)
H
o
rw)
[=
oe
oO
uv
cl
7)
(=)
(a)
o
(8)
oO
Ee
EF] Foredune
panicum
beachgrass
1976)
Vegetation map of the FRF (Levy,
Figure 54.
81
stabilize the eroding shore (Fig. 55): a nursery area to the south and an
unplanted control area to the north. Four species were planted: smooth
cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora), black needlerush (Junus roemerianus),
narrow- and broad-leaved cattails (Typha spp-), and common reed (Phragmites
australis). Plant density and dry weight for the marsh were determined in
June and October 1979. The results of this experiment show that the optimum
planting time is April, May, and June. CERC, in conjunction with the Soil
Conservation Service (SCS), has planted 10 species of freshwater marsh plants
on the sound side to determine their erosion control potential, and 11 acces-
sions of saltmeadow cordgrass (Spartina patens) in the dunes to determine
those most suited for dune stabilization in the Outer Banks area.
Figure 55. Experimental marsh in Currituck Sound before
planting (April 1973).
Profile lines in the marsh were surveyed in 1973, 1978, and 1979. Between
September 1973 and September 1978, the 1- to 1.5-meter bank eroded at a rate
of about 1.5 meters per yeare Between 1978 and 1979, 1.06 cubic meters per
meter of sediment began to accrue in the planting area, while the unplanted
area eroded -1.68 cubic meters per meter. The marsh is now well established
Cisteg 50) 6 Many new species, mostly freshwater species, have invaded the
marsh as the salinity is negligible, varying between 1 and 5 parts per thou-
sand. Sediments in the sound are composed of medium sand.
2. Fauna Studies.
Matta (1977) conducted an intensive seasonal study of the FRF ocean and
sound beach faunae On the ocean beach, 23 species of macrofauna in 5 phyla
and 19 families were collected (see Appe E); all but four of these species
were polychaetes or crustaceanse Several types of meiofauna were also quan-
titated but were not identified to the species level. On the sound beach 23
species of macrofauna in 4 phyla and 23 families were collected (see App. E),
with the phylum Arthropoda dominating the macrofauna, the phylum Annellida the
most numerous.
82
Figure 56. Experimental marsh in September 1975.
The land fauna were surveyed over a period of a year from August 1975 to
September 1976 (Gorbics and Hurme, 1978). Identification was made on the
basis of tracks, scats, visual observation, and trapping. Thirteen different
species were documented; however, the study was not intensive enough to pro-
vide a complete fauna list.
For further information concerning ecological studies at the FRF, contact:
U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center
ATTN: Chief, Coastal Ecology Branch
Kingman Building
Fort Belvoir, VA 22060
VIIe OTHER AVAILABLE DATA
for the FRF,
This section provides lists of some of the data available
beach survey
including aerial photography (Table 12), LEO data (Table 13),
data (Table 14), and ecological data (Table 15). Refer to Table 3 for
information about available data from sensors located on the FRF pier.
83
Table 12. Duck aerial photography.
Date Format Scale Source Project
Oct. 1940 B& W9" x 9" 1:24,000 USGS Barrier Reefs,
N.C. coast (F9885)
Mar. 1955 B& W 9" x 9 1:20,000 NOAA 55W
Dec. 1958 te i OR se 1:20,000 ASCS AOL
Mar. 1962 BA A OF sz GO 1:5,000 USGS MATS 62-1
May 1962 By & WOR 83 1:20,000 USGS MATS 62-1/MI1SS-77
June 1963 B&W) Ds ix! 9: 1:5,000 NOAA 62 W
Aug. 1971 | B & W 9" x 9" 1:12,000 CERC
|} Nove 1971 i Vy OY se 9% 1:12,000 CERC VI33TRTSO13-UNC
Nov. 1972 BS TY OP se OF 1:12,000 CERC VT33TRTSO90-AGMU
Jan. 1973 B & W 9" x 9" 1:130,000 NASA 73-013C
Feb. 1973 Collor SURG mx 1:12,000 CERC
Sept. 1973] B & W 9" x 9" CERC
Feb. 1977 | Color/ Varies CERC | Quarterly
color IR 9" x 9"
July, VOLT Colon. Sin x 9m 1:6,000/ CERC | Quarterly
1:12,000
Auge 1977 (Goleye Oi gs Oe 1:6,000 CERC | Quarterly
Novis 1977) Color Smmexn 9s Varies CERC | Quarterly
Feb. 1978 Collormo maxim om Varies CERC |} Quarterly
May 1978 B& W9" x 9" 1:2,000/ CERC | Quarterly
1:6,000/
1:12,000
Sept. 1978] Color/
color IR 9" x 9" | Varies CERC | Duck-X flight
Sept 1.973)PBy GW Ome Ole 1:12,000 CERC Duck-X flight
Oct. 1978 | B & W9" x 9" 1:12,000 | cERC | Quarterly
Dec. 15978 BrceiWe Suit Oi 1:12,000 CERC Quarterly
Apr. 1979 | B & W/ 1:6,000/ CERC | Quarterly
color IR 9” x 9" 1:12,000
Sept. 1979] B & W/ 1:6,000/ CERC | Quarterly
Color PIR Oman x oi 1:12,000
Oct. 1979 Be. WY OP es Oe 1:12,000 CERC | Quarterly
Oct. 1979 | B & W/ 1:6,000/ CERC | SEAP
Color LRT Oi exe Sie 1:12,000
Jan. 1980 | B & W/ *1:6,000/ CERC | Quarterly
Color LR on x. Om 1:12,000
Mar. 1980 Color 9" x 9” 1:12,000 SAW Poststorm
Apre 1980 | B & W/ 1:6,000/ CERC | Quarterly
color 9" x 9" 1:12,000
July 1980 | &§’ & W9" x 9" 1:6,000/ CERC | Quarterly
1:12,000
Oct. 1980 Bo WBA ss Ge 1:12,000 CERC Quarterly
May WD Colon axe Os 1:12,000 CERC Quarterly |
84
Table 13. Summary of visual Littoral Environment Observations (LEO).
Year No. per month
Avalon pier (see Fig. 11)
62
61
56
62
31
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86
Table 15. Ecological data for FRF.
1. Sound-side marsh and con- Sept. 1973, Sept. 1978, ] See Section VI,1,b
trol area profile lines May 1979, Oct. 1979, for preliminary
Apre 1980, July 1980, results
Sept. 1980, May 1981-
July 1981, Nov. 1981
Lines are labeled
"CS" in Figure 10
Currituck sound profiles
(nine profile lines located
every 51.8 meters (170 feet)
along sound shore)
June 1979, May 1980
Available at CERC
Coastal Ecology
Branch
Plant study
(Levy, 1976)
Herbarium specimens (col-
lection of plant species)
Available at CERC
Coastal Ecology
Branch
Beach fauna reference
collection
Fauna study
(Matta, 1977)
87
LITERATURE CITED
BAKER, S., “Storms, People and Property in Coastal North Carolina,” University
of North Carolina Sea Grant Publication No. UNC-SG-78-15, Chapel Hill, N.C.,
Auge 1978.
BEACH EROSION BOARD, “Beach Erosion at Kitty Hawk, Nags Head, and Oregon
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90
BIBLIOGRAPHY
This bibliography contains more than 360 references discussing the Outer
Banks of North Carolina, loosely defined as the area between Virginia Beach,
Virginia, and Shackleford Banks, North Carolinae Although Virginia Beach is
not a barrier island, it has been included because of its close proximity to
the FRF and because of the wealth of coastal research conducted there. The
references are divided into the following 10 broad topics:
Atlases
Beach Processes
Bibliographies
Ecology
Geology
Hydraulics
Inlets
Miscellaneous
Sediments
Shoreline Changes
Because some of these topics overlap (e.z., Beach Processes and Shoreline
Changes) and citations are not cross referenced, the references under all
pertinent topics should be checked.
91
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ATLASES
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a eed
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GODFREY, P.J-, “Climate Plant Response and Development of
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GOLDSMITH, V., “Introduction to the Geography of Currituck
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GOLDSMITH, V., “Shelf Geomorphology Adjacent to Currituck
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the Inner Virginia Continental Shelf: A Proposed Stand-
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SMITH, D.D., “Geomorphic and Sedimentologic Studies on the
Outer Banks of North Carolina,” Proceedings, Conference
on National Coastal and Shallow Water Research, National
Science Foundation, 1962, pp. 459-461.
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°
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* Southeastern
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Barrier Islands of the
the Barrier Islands
Natural Resources
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HYDRAULICS
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BREHMER,
Beach,
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1971.
M.L.,
Virginia,”
of Marine
BROOKS, D.A-, “Sea Level Fluctuation Off the Carolina
Coast and Their Relation to Atmospheric Forcing,” Report
77-6, Center for Marine Studies, North Carolina State
University, Raleigh, NeC., 1977.
CHEN, C.,
Indicators
Carolina,”
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of Water Masses Off Cape Hatteras, North
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DOLAN, Re, and BOSSERMAN, Ke, “Mid-Atlantic Coast Extra-
tropical Storms (1942-70)," U.S. National Park Service
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1971.
GALVIN, C.J.-, and SAVAGE, ReP-, “Longshore Currents at
Nags Head, North Carolina,” Bulletin No. II, U.S. Army,
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Washington, D.C., 1966, pp. 11-29.
GOLDSMITH, Ve, “Wave Climate Models and Shoreline Wave
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Carolina,” Coantal Procernen and Reaulting Form of
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Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Va., June
1977, pp. 10-11.
GOLDSMITH, V., et ale, “Wave Climate Model of the Mid-
Atlantic Shelf and Shoreline (Virginian Sea): Model
Development, Shelf Geomorphology, and Preliminary
Results,” SRAMSOE 38, Virginia Institute of Marine
Science, Gloucester Point, Va., 1974.
GUTMAN, A.L., “Delineation of A Wave Climate for Dam Neck,
Virginia Beach, Virginia,” SRAMSOE 125, Virginia Insti-
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99
GUTMAN, A-L., “Delineation of A Wave Climate for Virginia
Beach, Virginia,” Coastal Processes and Resulting Forms
of Sediment Accumulation, Currituck Spit, Virginia-North
Carolina, V. Goldsmith, ed., SRAMSOE 143, Virginia
Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Va., June
1977, ppe 12-1--12-22.
HANSEN, D.Ve,
and the Grand Banks,”
graphic Abstracts, Vol.
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“Gulf Stream Meanders Between Cape Hatteras
Deep-Sea Research and Oceano-
17, Noe 3, June 1970, pp. 495-
HARRISON, We, BREHMER, M.L.e, and STONE, ReBe, “Nearshore
Tidal and Non-Tidal Currents, Virginia Beach, Virginia,”
TM-5, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering
Research Center, Washington, DeC., Apre 1964.
HAYDEN, B.P.,
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HO, F.P., and TRACEY, R.J., “Storm Tide Frequency Analysis
for the Coast of North Carolina, North of Cape Lookout,”
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office
of Hydrology, Silver Spring, Md., Nov. 1975.
HOLLIDAY, B.W., “Observations on the Hydraulic Regime of
the Ridge Swale Topography of the Inner Virginia Shelf,”
Unpublished Thesis, Old Dominion University, Norfolk,
Va., 1971.
“Analog Modeling to Determine the Fresh Water
Availability On the Outer Banks of North Carolina,”
Report 64, Water Resources Research Institute, North
Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C., 1972.
KRIZ, G.J.,
MORRIS, W.D., “Coastal Wave Measurements During Passage of
Tropical Storm Amy,” TM 74060, Langley Research Center,
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Hampton,
Va., Apre 1977.
MYERS, VeAs, and OVERLAND, Jee, “Storm Thde Frequone tern
for Cape Fear River,” Journal of the Waterway, Port,
Coastal, and Ocean Division, Vol. 103, Noe WW4, Nov.
1977, ppe 519-535.
MYSAK, L.A., and HAMON, B.V., “Low-Frequency Sea Level
Behavior and Continental Shelf Waves off North Caro-
lina,” Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 74, Mare
1969, ppe 1397-1405.
NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION, “Tide
Level--Frequency Analysis for Ocean Shore of Bogue
Banks, North Carolina,” National Weather Service,
Wilmington, N-C., 1972.
NORCROSS, J.J», MASSMAN, W.H., and JOSEPH, E.B.-, “Data on
Coastal Currents off Chesapeake Bay,” Special Scientific
Report 31, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Glou-
cester Point, Va, 1962.
OAKS, R-Q., Jre, amd COCH, N-K., “Pleistocene Sea Levels,
Southeastern Virginia,” Setence, Vol. 140, 1963, pp.
979-983.
O'CONNOR, M-P., and RIGGS, S.R.e, “Mid-Wisconsin to Recent
Sea Level Fluctuation and Time Stratigraphy of the
Northern Outer Banks of North Carolina,” Ahsatracts,
Geological Society of America, Vol. 6, Noe 7, 1974a.
SINGER, Je, and KNOWLES, C.-, “Hydrology and Circulation
Patterns in the Vicinity of Oregon Inlet and Roanoke
Island, North Carolina,” SG 75-15, North Carolina State
University, Raleigh, N.C., 1975.
THOMPSON, EeFe, “Wave Climate at Selected Locations Along
U.S. Coasts," TR 77-1, U.S. Army, Corps of Enginrers,
Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va.,
Jane 1977.
THOMPSON, E.F., “Energy Spectra in Shallow U.S. Coastal
Waters, TP 80-2, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal
Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Feb.
1980.
U.S. NAVAL WEATHER SERVICE COMMAND, “Summary of Synoptic
Meteorological Observations: North American Coastal
Marine Areas,” Washington, D.Ce, May 1975.
WELCH, C.S., “Tides and Nearshore Currents Near Cape Henry
and Along Currituck Spit,” Coastal Proceeses and Result-
ing Forms of Sediment Accumulation, Currituck Spit, Vir-
ginta-North Carolina, V. Goldsmith, ed., SRAMSOE 143,
Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point,
Va.-, June 1977, pp- 14-1--14-7.
WHITE, WeAe, “Drainage Asymmetry and the Carolina Capes,”
Bulletin, Geological Society of America, Vol. 77, 1966,
pp. 223-240.
INLETS
BAKER, Se, "The Citizen's Guide to North Carolina's
Shifting Inlets,” UNC-SG-77-08, North Carolina State
Universtiy, Raleigh, NeC., 1977.
BEACH EROSION BOARD, “Ocracoke Inlet, North Carolina,”
H.Doce 408, 86th Cong-, 2d sess., U.S. Army, Corps of
Engineers, Washington, D.C., 1960.
BLANKINSHIP, Pe, “A Flow Study of Drum Inlet, North Caro-
lina,” Report 76-4, Center for Marine and Coastal Stud-
ies, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C.,
1976.
BUNCH, J.W., “Fluorescent Tracer Study at a Tidal Inlet,
Rudee Inlet, Virginia,” M.S. Thesis, Old Dominion Col-
lege, Vae, 1969. ¥
COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER, “Ocracoke Island,
North Carolina,” H.Doc. 109, 89th Conge, 2d sesse, U.S.
Army, Corps of Engineers, Washington, D.C., 1965.
DOLAN, Re, and GLASSEN, R-, “Oregon Inlet, North Carolina-
-A History of Coastal Change,” Southeastern Geographer,
Vol. 13, No. 1, 1973, pp- 41-53.
FISHER, JeJe, “Goomorphic Expression of Former Inlets
Along the Outer Banks of North Carolina,” M.S. Thesis,
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C., 1962.
FISHER, JeJe, "“Relict Inlet Features of the Currituck
Inlets," Coantal Proeennea and Rkeaulting Forma of Sed-
iment Aeeumilation, Currituck Spit, Virginta-North
Carolina, V. Goldsmith, ed., SRAMSOE 143, Virginta
Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Vae, June
1977, pp. 4-1--4-12.
HARRISON, We, KRUMBEIN, W.C., and WILSON, W.S., “Sedimen-
tation at an Inlet Entrance, Rudee Inlet, Virginia
Beach, Virginia,” TM-8, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers,
Coastal Engineering Research Center, Washington, D.C.,
1964.
JARRETT, JeTe, “Coastal Processes at Oregon Inlet, North
Carolina,” Proceedings, 16th Coastal Engineering Con-
ference, American Society of Civil Engineering, 1978.
KLUMP, Ve, and SMITH, J-, “Inlets,” Ecological Determ-
tnants of Coastal Area Management, Vol. 2, R. Alden,
et al., eds., UNC-SG-76-05, University of North
Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C., 1976.
KNOWLES, C.E-, and SINGER, JeJe, “Exchange Through A
Barrier Island Inlet: Additional Evidence of Upwelling
Off the Northeast Coast of North Carolina,” Journal of
Phystcal Oceanography, Vol. 7, No. 1, 1977, pp. 146-152.
LANGFELDER, J.-T.-, et ale, “A Historical Review of Some of
North Carolina's Coastal Inlets,” Report 74-1, Center
for Marine and Coastal Studies, North Carolina State
University, Raleigh, N.C., 1974.
MILLS, C.S., Jre, “Reopening Drum Inlet,” Military Engti-
neer, Vol. 65, June 1973, pp. 175-176.
PIERCE, JeW., “Tidal Inlets and Washover Fans,” Jourmal of
Geology, Vol. 78, 1970, pp. 230-234.
PRICE, Je, “A Description of Ocracoke Inlet,” North Caro-
lina Hiatortcal Research, Vole 3, Noe 4, 1926, pp. 624-
633.
TILLEY, WeS., “Planning for North Carolina's Coastal
Inlets: An Analysis of the Present Process and Recom=
mendattons tor the Future,” Report 73-4, Center tor
Marine and Coastal Studies, North Carolina State
University, Rulefyh, NeC., 1973.
U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DLSTRLCT, WILMINGTON, “Ocracoke Inlet,
North Carolina, Interim Survey Report of Hurricane Pro-
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LITERATURE
DOLAN, Re, and McCLOY, J., “Selected Bibliography on Beach
Features and Related Nearshore Processes; Beach Process
Studies,” TR 23, Pt. A, Coastal Studies Institute, Loui-
siana State University, Baton Rouge, La-, 1964.
GOLDSMITH, Ve, “Literature Survey of Previous Work Vir-
winta Beach Coastal Compartment, Southeastern Virginia,”
Spectul Scelentifice Report 72, Virginta Institute of
Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Vas, 1975.
RIGGS, S.R.-, and O'CONNOR, M.P.-, “Geological Bibliography
of North Carolina's Coastal Plain, Coastal Zone and
Continental Shelf," UNC-SG-75-13, North Carolina State
University, Raleigh, NeC., 1975.
RUHLE, JeLe, “Geoloytce Literature of the Coastal Plain of
Virginta, 1783-1962," Information Ctreular 9, Virginia
Divisyfon of Mineral Resources, Charlottesville, Va,
1965, pp. 1-95.
100
MISCELLANEOUS
BAKER, S., “Aerial Photography for Planning and Develop-
ment in Eastern North Carolina, a Handbook and Direc
tory,” UNC-SG-76-03, North Carolina State University,
Raleigh, NeC., 1976.
BAKER, S-, “Storms, People and Property in Coastal North
Carolina,” UNC-SG-78-15, University of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill, N.C., Aug. 1978.
a Coastal
Dec. 1974,
to Pass
No. 10,
“How North Carolina Came
Vol. 8,
BERG, D.R.,
Zone Act,” MTS Journal,
ppe 9-14.
“Tools and Techniques for Coastal
Area Management," Ecological Determinants of Coastal
Area Management, R. Alden, et al-, eds., UNC-SG-76-05,
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C., Vol. 2,
CARRAWAY, C.E., et al.,
1976, ppe 161-378.
DOLAN, Rs», GODFREY, P.J-, and ODUM, W., “Man's Impact On
the Barrier Islands of North Carolina," American
Scientist, Vol. 61, Noe 2, 1973, ppe 152-162.
GAMMISCH, R., “Shipwrecks Along Currituck Spit and the
Coastal Processes and Resulting Forma of
Currituck Spit, Virginia-North
ed., SRAMSOK 143, Virginia
Gloucester Point, Va.e, June
Outer Banks,”
Sediment Accumulation,
Carolina, V. Goldsmith,
Institute of Marine Science,
OED psi ——9—5\6
HENNIGAR, H.F., "A Brief History of Currituck Spit (1600-
1945)," Coastal Processes and Resulting Forme of Sedi-
ment Accumulation, Currituck Spit, Virginta-North Caro-
KLUMP, V., and SMITH, J., “Barricr Island Values and Man's
Impact,” Ecological Determinants of Coastal Area Manage-
ment, Vole 2, R. Alden, et al., eds., UNC-SG-76-05, Uni-
versity of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C., 1976.
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE, “Environmental Assessment: Cape
Hatteras Shoreline Erosion Policy Statement,” Service
Center, Department of the Interior, Denver, Colo., 1974.
NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY, “Information for Buyers
and Owners of Coastal Property in North Carolina,”
Raleigh, NeC., 1974.
O'CONNOR, M-P., and RIGGS,
Banks,” Report Magazine,
Greenville, N.C., Vol. 7, No.
Sa 4
East
1,
“The Changing Outer
Carolina University,
1974, pp. 8-10.
PILKEY, O.He, “A Shoreline Conservationist's Guide to
Bogue Banks, North (irolina, or a Plea for Help,” Marine
Laboratories, Duke University, Beaufort, N.-(-. 1973-6
PILKEY, O.H., Jr, PILKEY, O-H., Sr-, and NEAL, W.J., From
Currituck to Calabash, North Carolina, Science and
Technology Research Center, Research Trianle Park,
N-C., 1978.
PILKEY, O-H., Jr-, PILKEY, O.l., Sr-, and TURNER, R., How
to Live with an Teland: A Handhook ta Boque Ranks, North
Carolina, Department of Natural and Kconomf{e kesources,
Raleigh, NeC., 1975.
STICK, D., Graveyard of the Atlantic, University of North
Carolina Press, Chay: ! Hill, NeCe, 1952.
STICK, D.,
of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, N.C.,
The Outer Banks of North Carolina, University
1958.
lina, V.- Goldsmith, ed., SRAMSOE 143, Virginia Institute h
of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Va-e, June 1977, STRATTON, A.C., “Reclaiming the North Carolina fanks,”
pps 3=l—-3=2)l. Shore and Reach, Vol. 11, Noe 1, 1943, pp. 25-27.
SEDIMENTS :
CLEARY, WeJ., and CONOLLY, J.-R., “Petrology and Origin of GRAM, ReL.-, and PICKETT, T.E., “The Modern Sediments of
Deep-Sea Sands: Hatteras Abyssal Plain,” Marine Geology, Pamlico Sound, North Carolina,” Southeastern Geology,
Vol. 17, 1974, pp. 263-279. Vol. 11, 1969, pp. 53-83.
GUSUER, HoSoy Crete, Sie GEEweS OE Sadtinonts ma eine GUY, S.C., “Heavy Mineral Analysis of North Carolina Beach
Sounds of North Carolina,” Dissertation, University of ro F : : 5
Sand, Dissertation, University of North Carolina,
North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C., 1974. Chapel Hill, N.C., 1964.
DOWLING, J.-J., mhe} East Coast Onshore-Of fshore Experi- HANTIFTONSEE Re BOCCOmmSedimentelko Gemehcmcapelmnaccercss
Ment, Pt. 2, Seismic Refraction Measurements on the Sedi on F A :
“ ediment Plume,” Jourmal of the Elisha Mitchell Scten-
Continental Shelf Between Cape Hatteras and Cape Fear, ae ata Viole Ein Mone. MOM
Bulletin, Seismological Soctety of America, Vol. 58, Y 5 BD Saget 5
No. 3, 1968, pp. 821-834. ed aes z
HARRIS, W.eHe, “Stratification of Fresh and Salt Water on
DUANE, D.B-, “Petrology and Recent Bottom Sediments of the Barrier Islands as a Result of Differences in Sediment
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HARRISON, W., KRUMBEIN, W.eC., and WILSON, W.S., “Sedimen-
DUANE, D.B., “Significance of Skewness in Recent Sedi- tation at an Inlet Entrance--Rudee Inlet-Virginia Beach,
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of Sedimentary Petrology, Vole 34, 1964, pp. 864-874. Engineering Research Center, Washington, D.C., Dec.
1964.
FARRELL, K., “A Preliminary Investigation on the Origin of HEADLAND, J.R., and DeWALL, A.E., “Sand Size Trends. Along
the 'Treacherous Red Sands,' Currituck Spit, North Caro-
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Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Va-, June 1977.
FIELD, M-E-, et ale, “Upper Quaternary Peat Deposits on
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1979, pp. 618-628.
GILES, R-T-, and PILKEY, D.-H., “Atlantic Beach and Dune
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Sedimentary Petrology, Vol. 35, Noe 4, Dec. 1965, pp.
900-910.
GOLDSMITH, V., “A Review of Grain Size and Mineralogy
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Resulting Forme of Sediment Accumulation, Currituck
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of Marine
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101
the Northern Outer Banks of North Carolina,” U.S. Army,
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SABET, M-A., “Textural Trend Analysis 9! Coastal Barrier
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F «Be io
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102
ments of Historical Shoreline Changes Along the Coast
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Forms of Sediment Accumulation, Currituck Spit, Virginia
-North Carolina, V+ Goldsmith, ed-, SRAMSOE 143, Vir-
ginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point,
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APPENDIX A
EXAMPLE OF LIABILITY RELEASE
Safety and Liability Statement
Ike, » representing
(printed name) (agency/organization)
have been briefed on the safety aspects of
my work at the Field Research Facility, Duck, North Carolina. I have also
read and understand the safety regulations concerning work on and around the
pier.
I agree to hold the Government harmless against any claims, demands, or lia-
bilities arising out of the use or operation of the facility during the
following term of the experiment or study: to °
(date) (date)
(signature)
(date)
CERC FORM 134
1 August 1978
103
APPENDIX B
DIVE PLAN
Nongovernment Diving Operations Plan
Field Research Facility
Duck, North Carolina
le Description of Mission:
de
to
De
de
Ce
transit
Diving operations are scheduled to be conducted from
at the Field Research Facility (FRF), Duck, North Carolina.
The diving operation is being conducted by personnel from
(organization)
Briefly describe purpose of operation.
Describe in detail proposed underwater worke
Describe location of operation (if available include any coordinates,
angles, etc.) in relation to the pier.
104
f. If equipment is to be left in place, provide a diagram on a separate
page of the general layout including distances, instrumentation, handlines,
pipes, buoys, etce
ge Total expected bottom time for each diver for entire operation is
hourse
he Maximum expected depth is feet.
2. Description of Diving Apparatus/Equipment to be Used.
ae Open-circuit scuba, SAS, other (describe).
be Wet suit, unisuit.
ce Tanks.
(1) Single - double.
(2) Steel - aluminum.
(3) Number being brought to FRF .
de Diving craft or platform.
Ci) Geautes
(a) Make 5
(b) Length 5
(c) Outboard hp :
(d) Number of personnel (including divers) to accompany Crevee 6
@) lf craft is “not being used, briefly deseribe
(a) Means by which divers will enter and exit the water.
(b) Approximate distance from entry and exit point(s) to dive
location.
3. Safety Requirements.
ae Diving.
(1) A standard diving flag will be displayed when diving operations
are underway.
(2) All dives will be no-decompression dives.
105
(3) The minimum number of personnel on a scuba dive team will
include: a diver, a buddy diver or standby diver (if diver is line tended)
and a tender/timekeeper.
(4) Divers will maintain either visual or physical contact when
submerged.
(5) A buoyancy compensator will be worn by each diver.
(6) Dives will not be made when steady currents exceed 1 knot.
(7) All dives will be accomplished in accordance with OSHA Commercial
Diving Regulation, Part 1910, Subpart T.
be One diver in each dive team will be designated as the “senior diver”
with the following responsibilities:
(1) Maintain a first aid kit.
(2) Notify the FRF Chief when diving operations are underway and when
they are secured.
(3) Insure that emergency support and facilities are available prior
to commencement of dive.
(4) Give an operations briefing to all divers prior to the start of
operations.
(5) Conduct a pre-dive check on divers prior to entering the water.
ce Diving craft.
(1) Breaking waves 4 feet or higher will preclude launching of craft
through the surf zone.
(2) Normal safe boating practices will be followed.
4. Personnel.
Position Name Certification (type and date)
divers only
Onsite supervisor
(if other than senior
diver)
Senior diver
Divers
Support personnel
Place an asterisk (*) beside any personnel who are first aid and/or CPR
qualified.
106
If for any reason the dive plan, as approved, is altered in mission,
depth, personnel or equipment, the FRF Group Diving Coordinator shall be con-
tacted in order that he may review any revision prior to actual operations.
SUBMITTED BY:
name (please print) date
ADDRESS:
PHONE NO:
RECOMMENDED FOR APPROVAL:
FRF Group Diving Coordinator date
APPROVED:
Chief, Field Research Facility date
107
APPENDIX C
BENCH—MARK DOCUMENTATION FORM
ae |
LOCALITY STAMPING ON MARK AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS) ‘ELEVATION
LATITUDE LONGITUDE DATUM
(NORTHING)(EASTING)
(EASTING)(NORTHING) GRIO AND ZONE
ESTABLISHED BY (AGENCY)
ee
(NORTHING)(EASTING)
(EASTING)(NORTHING) (FT)|GRIO AND ZONE
(mt)
TO OBTAIN GRID AZIMUTH, ADD
TO OBTAIN GRID AZ. (ADD)(SUB.)
BACK AZIMUTH
TO THE GEODETIC AZ!MUTH
TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH
AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION
(GEODETIC)GRID)
(MAGNETIC)
° Fi
GEOD. DISTANCE
(METERS)
GRIO DISTANCE
(FEET) (METERS) (FEET)
OBJECT
SKETCH j
DA FORM | 959 A antes cue aI ana ES OY DESCRIPTION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTAL CONTROL STATION
ARE aso Wis Vast) For use of this form, see TM 5-237; the proponent
egency la U.S.Continental Army Command.
1 OCT 64
108
APPENDIX D
MONTHLY JOINT WAVE HEIGHT-PERIOD DISTRIBUTIONS
MAVE CLIMATOLOGY FOR N&GS HEAD» NORTH CAROLINA
OIS?RIHUTION CF SIGNIFICANT HEIGHT VS PERIOD SIN OB2SERVATIONS PER 1000 06S)
573 OBSERVATIONS SUMMARY POR JAN 72, 73, 75, 77, 78
PERTOO SIG, HEIGHT CFT)
(SECS)
Cum, ROW
024 yo2 203 Jou od 506 oe7 728 8a Fold 10911 Leeol2 {20f3 13 + TOT .* TOTe® AVG,#
G20 2 29 1066 0,00
1,0 © 1.9 $000 0.00
2.0 = 209 2 2 1000 $.50
3.0 2 3.9 2 7 5 2 to 998 2.94
#.5 9 909 10 2u 5 2 2 Uo 563 2.53
S20 > 509 19 33 37 a4 ? 120 949 3.22
6.0 = 6.9 19 2u 45 28 14 3 134 $18 3.53
720 @ 759 7 23 12 14 7 7 70 664 3,58
2,0 2 8? ? 54 To 21 23 21 2 199 sla 2.91
G60 o 92% us e3 0) {6 ane: 5 3 tst £15 2,90
16.0 210.9 2 24 26 1? 16 5 2 2 96 293 3.08
11.0 #11.9 202 0.00
$2.9 1209 2 26 40 31 17 10 7 3 138 202 3.32
13.0 913.9 65 0.00
$4.9 e149 2 cat 9 2 2 5 2 42 65 20675
15,0 =15.9 23 9.00
10.9 $0.9 2 19 2 23 23 1,58
TOA 14 246 279 204 143 55 30 9 2 3.10
Cex, TOTAL 1009 986 740 boy 257 108 Bin} 40 2
Sob. AWWEp5 NOS MO TSH VG) VGN Ghote MS Vliclasin NON COMM Oe NOle SO) O01) (OfsOOlF Orel!) TOjeGiOly O),001. 2ar18'5:
AVEQEGE STS, HEIGHT = 3.07 FT AVERAGE HAVE PERIOD = 38.485 SECS
GARTINGE €7 SiS, RETGHY = 2303 Fe SO VARIANCE OF WAVE PERTOO = &.i2 Sec SOs
STANOARO DEVIATION OF HEIGHT 2 1,43 FT STANDASC DEVIATION OF PERTCD 3 2,65 SEC#
/ CHSERVATIONS PER 1900 08S)
7
“5 725 Uy wn 2
Pextod SUG, SEIGHY (FY)
(3203)
SUM, RON
of 4o2 263 bas ad SSeS 4+7 7o5 59 910 LOett Giot2e y2eh3 $3 » FIV + TOT, Avu,®
@o) 2 of 100 0.90
§o0 © Vou 1000 0.69
220 2 2.9 2 BS Osi)
tuG # 34° 4 3 3 20 998 2,70
SoG 2 Use 2 3 & {" cat) 973 2057
Bae © Sole 2 19 33 23 22 10 2 {ia Yue 32/6)
God 2 bet $0 Pas) 13 23 14 {4 4 ous, $29 4.$0
7,0 © 7.9 12 a nn) 18 4 2 4 e) 7102 3,283
S15 4 857 By 62 a2 22 $5 $9 13 4 4 seray) Sey 4.26
7.9 4 949 2 Si5 23 1a 2 4 3 2 LGR9) 470 2,70
1909 210.9 4 36 Ae} 24 3 4 44 2 2 to? 354 3,33
sted) elle? 244 9,90
feo =12.9 4 28 22 14 6 14 14 14 117 244 3,86
12.0 15.9 127 0.50
4.9 v4.9 3o 22 é a 6 26 2 soi 127 3.92
$355 2915.9 26 0,00
1o.9 216.9 12 2 2 2 14 26 3.06
W7.d w1709 8 0.00
12.0 °18,9 8 0.00
19.9 21909 8 0.00
203s 42069 c) é 8 2.50
Bes) 0.90
OTe Ay | ase ANA | Het tt! a) rat 65 0 2 3643
Cus, TOTAL Yoo0 930 698 dad 323 2,2 9 147 77 12 2
Ce, tvG. 9.10*10,09 %.11 8.65 7,33 8.75 9,79 12.05 11.39 10.50 0.00 0.196 9.90 0,00 99.24
» MELGHTY FSi 4) FT AVERSGE HAVE PERIOO = %.2h SEC#
SIG, MEIGHY & 3095 FT 8G VESTA'CE OF wAVE PERIOD = 9.93 SEC S08
VOATIZON Ge RETSHT 5 94,98 FY STA WARD DEVIATION Or FOKIND 3 3,135 SEC?
RESULTE GaTaINED FOX {OZURSECCND OTCITAL RECORDS TAXEN WITH & STEP RES, AND CONT, WIRE
WAVE GaGE LOCATED aT JENNETTES PIER,
$ c45.45 ARE OMITTED,
109
WAYE CLIMATOLOGY FOR NaGS HEAD» NORTH CARCLINA
DISsSIBUTION GF SIGNIFICANT HEIGHT VS PERIOD (IN OBSERVATIONS PER 1000 08S)
evit
705 OBSERVATIONS SUMMARY FOK MAR 69, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78
PERIOD SIG, HEIGHT (FT)
(Sécs)
CUM, ROwW
Oet qae 2e3 Bod beS Seo 607 708 BF GolO LO9L1 Lte12 126813 13 © TOT,® TOT.® AVG,&
0.0 ¢ 09 1000 0.00
1.0 2 1.9 1600 0.00
2.0 ~ 209 1 1 1000 1.50
356% 3.9 { 13 6 1 24 2999 2,83
&.9 2 4.7 { 6 i 10 28 48677 2,355
DOR) 1 byo4) 1 10 3} 35 13 { { { 16s nO Sra)
220 © 6.2 13 16 24 13 i 4 3 67 2u8 3.74
7.0 ° 769 11 13 18 16 7 3 3 1? Toe 355}
2.0 ~ 8.9 3 71 Ss? a3 34 we) { 4 1 22u 565 2,94
9.6 © 9.9 So 50 23 ti 10 3 1 1 155 “541 2,83
$010 210.9 3 45 33 21 4 7 9 5 {30 365 2.89
11.9 e31.9 175 0.00
1200 P1209 { 24 17 17 18 7 9 3 3 99 {75 3.64
$500 o13.9 77 0,00
or ee { 16 9 4 3 4 7 3 4 52 Wi BoD
TSG) aN Sie? 24 0,00
$0.9 Sloe? 4 3 3 3 6 1 2) 24 4.86
17.0 01729 4 9.00
2.9 918.9 4 0,00
19.0 #19.9 4 0,00
23d 220.9 t 3 @ 4 2,17
21.6% 5.00
TCVeL 11 254 204 9209 122 et 37 20 13 $422
Cum. TOTAL 1600 989 735 UoT 233 i346 75 33 18
COE TAVIGIs 9.39% 9159 8,65 38,37 6,74 9,59 10,69 12,14 10,96 0,00 0,00 04660 0,60 0,00 7.05 '
AVERAGE S3S, FREIGHT 3 3,21 FT AVERAGE WAVE PERICO = 9,08 SECe .
VARTANCE OF GIG. mEIGHT 3 2.79 FT SQ VAxLANCE CF WAVE ZERIOD F 7,92 S8€C SQ4
STANcARD DEVIATION GF WEIGHT = {1,87 FT STANOARO DEVIATION OF PEKTOD 5 2,8) SECS
WAVE CLIMATGLOSY FOR NAGS HESO, NORTH CAROLINA
SLSTRISULTON GF SIGNIFICANT HEIGHT vS PEIICD CIN OBSERVATISNS PER 1090 088)
©S58 OSSERVATIONS SUA IA ARI GONE TRIPIRE 69h 7 072). V3 ent e7 Ss, ZO a7
PeRlOd SIG, HEIGHT (FY)
(3€CS)
CUM, R04
ot yo2 25 3a4 435 Sao So? 105 B29 FspO0 LO7EL Lyet2 tBof 3 {2 » TOT,t TOT.* AVG.?
JOO 2 oy 1090 0,00
$00 @ $,9 1000 0.00
€.0 2 2.9 3 2 S {$900 1.33
4.) ¢ 3.9 i Mt 2 23 995 2.10
S00! 250%) Be aay 88 40 973 2.85
350 © €.9 38 a3 15 11 5 2 93 953 2.70
0,5 = 5e9 3 es 32 12 14 5 3 gu 640 2,85
760" 729 2 2h tS 5 6 6 3 58 745 2,89
3.60 2 BY i) 123 63 1S it 2 3 5 2 2u3 688 2,22
939 2 9.9 3 58 a5 32 9 9 3 3 2 163 NUS 2,72
Be He 2 49 eu 15 S q 3 2 1o3 a cae
seb of .
$229 912.9 S 38 12 8 6 6 9 2 65 153 2193
t3.0 213.9 68 0.00
bio efGe9 32 ie 6 3 55 6B 2,44
eles) @lSie9 14 0,00
ae). Choy & Sit 2 12 Me 2,38
17.9 91739 2 0,00
35.0 21809 2 0.00
ue): eee) 2 0,00
2560 020,97 2 2 2 1250
Ag 0.00
To? si ‘
eS 33 a0? ary 128 68 ay 26 9 5 2.59
Cee TOTAL loo) S67) 558 i2i7@ 150 a2 40 14 5
vot, 4VG, 9.56% 9,09 8,53 8.30 8,35 $232 9.7% G17 10,7 0,00 0.400 0.00 0,00 0,00 8,36
AVEQAGE SIG, HEIGHT & 2.58 FT AVERAGE WAVE PERIOD & 8.9) SEC#
VALANCE OF SIS, HEIGHY = 2.03 FT SG VSRYTANCE OF wAYE PERTOD = 7,22 SEC 3Q%
STANDARD DEVIATION OF HEIGHT = 4,43 FT STANDARD DEVIATION OF PERIOD 2 2.69 SEC
RISULTS C3TAINED FFOM 102USSECOND DIGITAL RECCROS TAKEN WITH & STEP RES, AND CONT, WIRE
HAVE GaGE LOCaTZO AT JENNETTES PIER,
+ CALMS ARE OMITTED,
110
WAVE CLIMATOLOGY FOR NaGS HEAD,
DISTRIBUTICN OF SIGNIFICANT hel
539 OSSERVATIONS
NORTH CARGLINA
GHT VS PERTOD CIN OBSERVATIONS PER 1000 OBS)
SUMMARY FOR HAY 69, 71, 72, 73, 76, 77
PERIOO SIG, HEIGHT (FT)
(SECS)
=i je2 23 Jou ues 5~o a7 703 89 YofO 10741 tlol2 12913 13 + TOT.®
0,0 = oF
1,9 © 169 R
2.0 = 2.9 6 é
B10 © 36? 9 13 2 24
6.0 © Hed 6 1 i! 9 33
5.0» 509 6 17 17 7 2 us
6.0 © 609 7 11 @s 4 13 bt
7.0 © 769 6 37 33 9 7 2 2 , 6
8.0 © 8.9 25 497 126 63 17 6 2 30
9.0 © 909 6 48 39 33 i 7 145
2020 21009 4 19 it 9 19 7 2 2 72
11.0 o11.9
Leg e129 it 22 q 6 2 2 52
$3.¢ 913.9
ae 216.9 8 17 a 2 26
$300 21509 ‘
16,60 16.9 2 4
TOTAL Sa 376 ©6289 yua 89 22 ce é :
CUM oTs 0 942 504 275 {25 3
COL. ee oos3e 8.79 6,22 8,04 8,23 9,02 9,25 11,59 11,00 0,00 0.00 0400 0.00 0.00 855
AVERSGE STS, FELGNT 3 2,43 FT AVERLGE WAVE PERICD = 8eS6 SECS
VAR TANCE OF SIGs HEIGHT 3 1.61 FT SQ VAXTANCE OF RAVE PERIOD 3 4,65 SEC SOF
ST&xCaRO GEVIATION CF HEIGHT 3 1,27 FT STANDARD DEVIATION SF PENIOD 2 2,15 SECE
WAVE CLIMATOLOGY FOR NAGS HEAD, NORTH CAROLINA
DESTRISUTION OF SIGNIFICANT HEIGHT VS PERICO (IN QOSSERVATIONS PER 1000 93S)
346 O8SERVATIGNS SUMMARY FOR JUN 71, 72, 76, 77
PERIOD SIG, HEIGHT (FT)
(SECS)
ont 122 294 3e4 a5 Seo be7 793 69 GetO LOet1 Sfol2 {2943 13 4 TOT,*
$30 2 .?
t.o 2 16%
2,0 © 209
3.0 2 3.? 6 5
40 2 409 3 20 9 22
SC © 5.9 i 29 14 55
Cas © 607 z \7 29 41 9 69
7.9 4 7d 9 63 26 6 3 106
f.0 = 5.9 Ph) 345 72 17 14 3 3 HOG
S.0 2 G39 3 92 29 3 3 3 132
13.6 210.9 3 uy 14 3 3 66
1.0 =11.9
12,0 #12.9 11 6 3 20
13.0 713.9
12,0 ef6.9 3 i 14
12.0 215.9
$0.0 #1629 6 5
TOTAL 6) «603 ~= 224 69 x2 9 3
cm, TOTAL 1000 949 3y6 0112 43 i 3
cOL, AVG, 6,692 8,62 ¥,76 6,67 8,14 10.17 8,50 0,00 09,00 0,00 04600 0200 0500 0,00 S41
avEaiGe SIG, HEISHT = 1,99 FT AVEREGE WAVE PERTOD = 8e4u SEC#
WARPENSE SF SIGs HEIGHT 2 232 FY SQ VLFIANCE CF NAVE PERICD 3 3,2 SEC Sos
SVANSERO CEVIATION OF HEIGAT = 404 FY — STENULXD DEVIATION GF PERIOD + 1,81 SECS
RESULTS O5TAINED FRGM :O2USSECOND DIGITAL RECOROS TAKEN #YYH & STEP RES, AND CONT, WIRE
nAVE GaGe LOCATED AT JENNETTES PIER,
3 CALMS ARE OMITTED,
111
CuM,
TOT,
4000
1000
1600
994
970
957
889
8e7
731
301
155
63
85
42
32
bo)
6
ROW
AVG,®
0.00
0,00
1.50
2.19
3.22
3,19
2.56
2,42
2.235
2.63
3.32
0.09
2.18
0,00
2.09
0.00
2017
2,47
ROA
AYG,S
0.200
0,00
0:00
3.50
2268
2,55
2.58
1.85
1,77
1.69
1.39
0.00
2.36
0.00
1.30
0.00
$1.50
1.95
WAVE CLIMATOLOGY FOR NaGS HEALD, NORTH CAROLINA
DSSTRIEUTION GCF SIGNIFICANT HEIGHT VS PERTOD CIN OBSERVATIONS PZA 1000 08S)
112 O8SERVAYIONS SUMMARY FOR JUL 09
PERTOO SIG, HEIGHT (FT)
(SEC3)
Oe! 172 aa3 304 4a5 55 be7 748 39 Hoefd 194th Lyo12 1
0,0 6 9
1,0 © 1.9
260 © 209 9
320 = 309 9
b59 © 4,9 9 q
3.0 = 5.9 27 9
6.6 * 6.9 9 36 18 9
7Te0 & 709 18 27 9 27
£16 = 8.9 13 339 39 43 13
9:0 © 909 71 71 45 13
Su
2?
9
gu 593 205 tal $4 16
10C9) 966 343 143 71 18
SUA BLS SSS S63! (8010) (27510) | O/C0) “O/ROI0 R010) (0),1010) OV stCl0) oO /at0}0
&E 2 BENIGHiPA a) © (clslOlts ural AVERAGE WAVE PERSTOD = 38.53 SEc*
ANCE OF SIG, HEIGHT 3 1,04 FT SQ VaRTANCE CF WAVE FERTOD 3 2075 SEC 3Q%
STANCASD CEVIATICN oF HEIGHT = 1,02 FY STANDARD DEVIATION OF PERIOD 4 1,65 SEC#
ELVES CLI4ATCLOSY FSR NaGS HEAD, OLING
DISTRAIGUTION GF SIGHIFICANT HEIGHT VS PERTOD CIN OBSERVATIONS PER 1000 083)
333 OB3ERVATIONS SUMMLRY FOR AUS 69, 72, 75, 77
PERIOD S15, HEIGHT CFT)
32c$)
out 172 243 Zod 435 Sh ga7 7aS @v79 GalO $5et} Levt2 ¢
0.0 9 «9
$.0 2 129
2.6 2 204
3.0 4 3.9 12 3
Many. CN Goo 6 {5 9 3
530 7 502 9 30 14 9 4
hid * 609 3 27 24 9 6
Ti0) (© 17/09 12 ba 21
$.0 © 6.9 Si 234 34 18 9 6
G.0 % 929 3 93 12 12 9
10.0 210:9 6 30 13 3 3
11.9 211.9
£2.49 =12.9 3 i) 12 3 3
{3.9 413.9
4.0 914.9 1S 33 6 3
15.9 915.9
10.0 71609 3 3
17.0 717.9
{3.0 714.9
17.0 =1969
2550 22009 3
ie Ole
TOTAL 93 547 223 T2 33 13 9
CUM, TOTAL 1000 907 4360 132 60 27 9
COL, AVS, G,56% 8,64 6.15 7,75 7,77 8,17 10,50 0,00 0,00 9,90 0300 0200
1095 FT AVERAGE WAVE P&RT9D = 6.60 SECS
Hite {elo FT SG VERITANCE OF WAVE PEXTOD 4 '§,03 SFC 5Q%
HEIGHT = {1,08 FT SYANDARD DEVIATION OF PERTOO = 2,37 SECS
RESULTS OSTAINED FROM 1{024*SECOND DIGITAL RECORDS TAKEN WITH A STEP RES, AND CONT, WIRE
WAVE GACE LOCATZO AT JENNETTES PIER,
6 CALMS ARE OMITTED,
112
CuM,
2743 13 ¢ TOT.s TOT#
1000
1000
9 4000
9 VSL
‘1 952
36 Fo4
71 929
69 657
ue2 17?
205 295
5G 39
360
27 do
9
9 %
0200 0,00 8647
CUM,
Qugs {3 2 TWOT,s NOT
£900
1009
1900
1S yous
35 955
Te 952
59 8306
117 813
4o2 Cen
129 ay
60 182
102
36 102
65
57 bs
9
6 9
3
3
5)
3 3
0.00 9.99 5,64
ROW
AVG 5%
0,00
0.00
1.50
1.50
3.00
{.75
2.00
2.39
1,87
2054
1.59
9,09
1.59
0,00
259
2,03
80"
AW gt
2,00
0,00
0,00
1.70
2.77
3.13
2.353
1.58
1,44
1.97
1,95
0,00
2.35
0,00
1.64
9,00
2,00
0.00
9,09
0.00
3.50
0.00
2,00
WAVE CLIMATOLOGY FOR NaGS HEAD,
NORTH CAROLINA
DLSTRIBUTION GF SICNIFICANT HEIGHT VS PENIOD (IN OBSERVATIONS PER 1000 08s)
489 QUSERVAYICKS
PERIOO
($2C3)
Oat 1e2 203
0.0 © 09
1.0 = 12%
2.9 7 2.9 4
3.3 2 327 2 4
4.0 9 eG 4
5.0 © 5.9 14 25
bug 2 6.9 2 14 3s
7.0 > 20% 1s 10
t.0 2 3.9 10 eT 83
920 = 909 2 33 37
YU29 910069% 4 29 45
10.0 “11.9
1260 #1209 3) 35 35
13,0 -1309
$4,9 #14,.9 3 14 i)
27,0 915.9
15.9 »1$.9 r)
17,0 17.2
13.0 218.9
$949 “19.9
29.5 *20.9 2
21,6 4
TOTEL $5 227 305
CUM, TOTS, Sooo 995 738
COL, AVG, 11,03% 9,36 9,06
AVESAG > MELE 3 Bois EY
Vas N S'S, HEISRY > ea?
STAHOARO CEVIsYION CF KEIGHT 3
We GLIMATOLGSY FOR NAGS HEADs
SeeTeiSUTioN CA are
526 OSSERVATIGNS
Peatoo
(IES)
ool je? 2243
05) 2 aW
0) 2 109
2.9 9 2.9 2
3.d 9 309 5 tt
S39 ¢ 2.9 13
340 27 329 9 ai
O55 9 609 4 15 19
755 9 759 24 30
G.5 « 8.9 13 56 b2
$1.9 4 9.9 es a4
£040 71009 4 Ni 22
Tl.o ef169
12.0 #1259 2 13 15
13,0 13.9
Yevq #149 9 43
15,0 "15.9
$200 716.9 ) 2
1730 917.9
14.9 =18.9
$9.9 ©1949
204) 720.9
24,9 %
TOTAL 29 GQ 271
CUE TOMA tege 578 JO7,
C3, AvG. B,83s 6,99 6.54
AVERAGE SVG, Ketant me 3d FT
VARYANCE OF SIG. nEIGHT = 209
STENODARO DEVIATION 28 HEIGHT =
OSTAINED F204 yo2u"SeECO
£ GaGe LOcuyso AT JENNE
AME OMITTED.
SUMMARY FOR SEP 69, 71, 72, 74, 75
SIG, HEIGHT (FT)
Bol WeS Seb 46°F Fo8 879 YofO LOetd Lo}2 12933 13 + TOT,*
Uy
4 12
43 2 2 3}
20 13 6 63
2s 12 6 5 109
13 19 12 2 67
31 24 1a & 2 2 235
22 16 4 6 3 129
14 19 14 16 2 4 1u5
{4 as 6 6 4 4 137
2 4 37
2 )
2 2 4
174 127 59 43 14 12 4
434 250 Hart 74 34 16 4
BatS 9,27 8574 F240 10.50 10635 6450 0:00 0699 Go00 9,00 7,309
BVERAGE WAVE PERTOD 3 9.44 SEC*
5 FT sa VARIANCE GE WAVE PZRIOD # 7231 SEC SQ#
{eos FT, STANCAKD DEVIATION OF PEXIOD = 2,70 SEC%
NORTH CAROLINA
RYT YS PEXTGD {TN QUSERVATIONS PER $900 683)
SUMMARY POR GOT 69, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76
SIG, HeSHY (FT)
344 ues 596 $7 7°38 699 FJolO (Cost Lt1st2 $2243 13 6 TOT,?
2
2 17
ti e 4 30
45 a 1 4 2 106
28 17 tt 6 4 2 {od
22 7 9 2 4 3 {o3
39 39 26 M1 4 2 272
21 15 tt 7 ry 2 129
13 17 7 4 2 66
26 22 6 4 9 6 1o3
6 4 2 34
7
2 2 4
245 125 95 aj 32 13 ey
Sa 1 ihe 1387 al 5¢ 19 6
8.22) 8.90 Caso) B92 9956 10.93 8,50 0,00 9300 0.00 0,00) 846
AVERAGE WAVE FERTOD = 8.65 SEC3
8 FT SO VERTANCE OF WAVE PERIOD 6058 SEC SQ¥
1.73 FY STANDARD DEVIATION OF PERIOD 3 2,58 SEC#
ND OIGITAL RECCROS TAKEN WITH & STEP PES, AND CONT, WIRE
TAHEODEeATIER Tg
113
CUM,
TOT.?
1000
1000
1000
IVb
God
VS5
B65
493
OGT
ROw
AVG,®
0.90
0,00
1.50
2.30
3.33
3.67
$279
3,41
3,19
3.50
3.d7
0200
Galea
0,00
2198
0.00
{75
0,00
0,00
0.00
4,00
0.00
3,46
WAVE CLIMATOLOGY FOR NAGS HEADs NORTH CAROLINA
DISTRIBUTION GF SIGNIFICANT HEIGHT VS PERIOD CIN OBSERVATIONS PER 1000 083)
431 OBSERVATIONS — SUMMARY FOR NOV 71, 72, 74, 75, 76
PERTOO SIG, HEIGHT (FT)
(SECS)
0-4 1e2 203 you ued S06 oe7 708 B29 JelO L0$1 14°12 {2913 13 + TOT.¢
0.0 © 0
1.0 2 169
2.0 @ 209 2
300 © 359 2 7 12 2
430 © 49 5) 19 5 9
5.0 © 50? 2 19 23 53 19 ? 5
Gna oO Boo 5 2 w2 23 32 9 2 2
7.0 2 709 2 9 ? 12 19 30 5 5
2.0 © 8.2 ? Si 35 21 9 9 5
9.9 2 9.9 39 35 19 7 7 5
19.0 2100? 5 2i au 35 9 1 3 2
Yleo “1109
$2.9 ~12.9 7 37 33 14 7 12 9 2
13.0 213.9
1459 714.9 14 19 2 5 2 12 le
$320 #1509
15.0 160? 5 2 2 5
17.0 717.9
12,0 219.9
$9.0 219.9
26.9 ~2009 2 5 ;
24.0 7
TOTAL Gon osten vasi2ne enit ou 148 54 16 2
Cus, TOTAL NOOG DSB 0 PSE BOG. aS N90) 72 19 2
COL, AVG, {2,659 9.5) 8,54 8,23 7,03 8,83 10,57 9,07 9,50 0,00 0,99 0,00
AVERAGE SIG, HEIGHT = 3,28 FT AVERAGE WAVE PERTOD = 8.95 SEC*
VARIANCE GF S¥Ss HEIGHT = 2.83 FT SO VARTANCE OF WAVE FEXICD % 4.23 SEC 308
STANDARD DEVIATION OF HEIGHT = 1,68 FT STANDARD CEVIATION OF PEXICD 3 3,04 SECs
GS HEAD, NORTH CAROLINA
CANT RELGRT WS PESTOD CIN OBSERVATIONS PER 1009 055
SUMMARY FOR CEC 68, 71, 72, 74, 76, 77
SIG, HEIGHT CFT)
2
23
37
123
{37
33
9.90 0,00 3,92
ort 172 223 3od 4ge5 546 éy7 7a8 899 FafO LO7d! 14412 $2513 13 + YOT,*
9.5 5 49
1,0» 1.7
Ae 2 2.9
3.9 2 3,2 2 2 9 2
$.0 2 4.9 8 M1 i 3
5.0 © 3.9 2 13 eu 30 ef s 8
210 2 669 2 13 e4 32 27 8 6 2 2
729 © 79 3 16 17 25 24 Ath 3 2
2.9 © 3.9 19 uo 60 24 27 ek 8 2 3
940 © 9.9 11 36 25 17 8 6 2
$5.0 913.9 3 2d 3o ai 3 6 3
11.0 11.9
12.0 #1269 6 54 24 19 6 3 3
13.0 913.9
$Ou5 w14.9 c 32 M1 6 8 5 2
15,5 91509
$9.90 219.9 2 13 9 5 2 6
17.0 217469
15,0 ©{8.9
1945 219.9
2560 72029 2
2449 #
TOT al ss Z201 248 191 126 65 Be 44 3 3
CU“, TOTAL $005 Q46S 6b4 ayo an 113 52 24 6 3
CCu, 4G, 9,73410.42 8.88 98,39 7.99 8.98 9,540 8,94 7,50 3,50 0.00 0.00
AVERAGE SIG, HEISHY 3 2,99 FY AVERAGE wAVE PERIOD a Oe17 SECS
Vi4ToNCE OF SIG, mHEIGHY & 2.50 FT SG VAXIANCE OF WAVE PERIOD & 6.92 SEC SQs
STANOARD DEyIATION OF HEIGHT & 4,58 FY STANDARD DEVIATION OF PERIGD &® 2,99 SEC*
RESULTS OBTAINED FROM 1024*SECOND DIGITAL RECORDS TAKEN WITH A STEP RES, AND CONT, WIRE
WAVE GAaSE LOCATED AT SENNETTES PIER,
* CALMS ARE OMITTED.
114
209 9,460 Fath
CuM,
TOT.
1000
1000
1000
993
974
937
639
O73
$65
ana
335
Cum,
Tur,
1509
130
$c090
yo0o
936
953
ROW
AVG,
0.00
0.00
1.50
2.10
3.00
3,34
4,28
4,39
2065
2,83
3.08
0.00
2.99
0.06
3.18
0,00
3.50
9.00
0.00
0.00
2.50
0,00
5.27
ROW
AVG,#
9.60
2260
9,00
2,28
2.7?
3,50
3,69
3,58
Sud
2.5%
2079
0,00
2.39
0.00
2.55
0.00
3,02
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.50
0,00
3,04
APPENDIX E
LISTS OF FLORA AND FAUNA AT THE FRF
115
Table E-1l.
Family and species
Family Aceraceae
Acer rubrum L.
Family Aizoaceae
Mollugo verticillata L.
Family Alismataceae
Sagitarta graminea var. weatherbiana
(Fernald) Bogin
Family Amaranthaceae
Alternanthera philoxeroides
(Martins) Grisebach
Family Anacardinaceae
Rhus copallina L.
R. radicans L.
Family Apiaceae
Centella astatica (L.) Urban
Eryngiun aquaticun L.
Hydrocotyle umbellata L.
Lilaeopsisa carolinensie C. & R.
Ptilimnium capillacewn (Michaux) Ref.
Stum suave Walter
Family Aquifoliaceae
Ilex opaca Aiton
I, vomitoria Aiton
Family Asclepiadaceae
Aecleptas lanceolata Walter
Family Aspleniaceae
Asplenium platyneuron (L.) Oakes
Family Asteraceae
Achillea millefoliun L.
Ambrosta artemistifolia L.
Aster tenutfoltus L.
Baccharis halimifolia L.
Bidens mitie (Michaux) Sherff
| Carduus spinosissimus Walter
| Crepts vestcaria ssp taraxifolia
H (Thuillier) Thellung
Eclipta alba (L.) Hasskar
Erigeron canadensis var. canadensis L.
E. candensis var. pustllus (Nuttall)
Ahles
Eupatoriun capillifolium var.
captlltfoltwn (Lam.) Small
E. serotinwn Michaux
Gaillardia pulchella Foug.
Gnaphaliwn obtustfolium L.
Hieractum gronovit L.
Heterotheca adenolepte (Fernald)
Ahles
H. gossypina (Michaux) Shinners
Iva frutescens L.
I. imbricata Walter
Krigta virginica (L.) Willd.
Lactuca canadensie L.
Mikanta scandens (L.) Willd.
Pluchea foetida (L.) D.C.
P. purpurascens (Swartz) D.C.
Pyrrhopappus carolinianue var.
carolinianus (Walter) D.C.
Solidago rugosa var. rugosa Miller
S. sempervirens L.
S. tenutfolta Pursh
Xanthiwn etrwnarium var.
{ atrumarium L.
Family Bignoniaceae
! Canpsie radicane (L.) Seemann
i Family Brassicaceae
‘ Cakile edentula (Bigelow) Hooker
| Leptdiun virginicun L.
|
|
|
|
PRE Tellomist tes Maisie (bevy e Ooi.
Common name Family and species
Family Cactaceae
Red maple Opuntia compressa (Salisbury) Macbride
0. drwmondii Graham
Carpet weed Family Campanulaceae
Lobelia elongata Small
Specularta perfoliata (L.) A. D.C.
Arrowhead Family Caprifoliaceae
Lonicera japonica Thunberg
L. sempervirens L.
Alligator weed Z
Family Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodiwn ambrostotdee L.
Winged sumac
Poison ivy Family Cornaceae
Cornus florida L.
Family Convolvulaceae
Eryngo Calyetegia sepiwn (L.) R. Brown
Marsh ort
Bsamen Family Cucurbitaceae
Melothria pendula L.
Water parsni
EB v Family Cyperaceae
Carex alata Torrey
Cyperus dontatua Torrey
American holly Z
C. erythrorhtsoe Muhl.
Yaupon Sd
C. filteinue Vahl
C. haspan L.
Milkweed C. ovularte (Michaux) Torrey
Cc. rivularie Kunth
C, avnquiflorua (Torroy) Mattfold and
Ebony spleenwort Kukenthal
C. etrigosus L.
C. surinamensts Rottboell
Yarrow Eleocharis tuberculosa (Michx.) R. 4S.
Ragweed Fimbristylis autwmalie (L.) R. §& S.
Recon F. dichotoma (L.) Vahl
Fuirena squarrosa Michaux
Groundsel tree L 3
Setrpus americanus Persoon
Beggar ticks
thistle
HOM) Family Ebenaceae
Hawk's beard "tospyros virginiana L.
Yerba-de-tago Se
d amily Euphorbiaceae : i
Horsewee Croton glandulogus var. septentrtonalie
Horseweed Muell.-Arg. :
C. punctatus Jacquin
Dog fennel Euphorbia polygontfolta L.
Thoroughwort
Family Fabaceae
Aptos americana Medicus
Cassta fasetculata Michaux
Blanket flower
Rabbit tobacco
Hawk weed ded ede!
Centrosema virgintanun (L.) Bentham
Desmodium paniculatum (L.) D.C.
D. pauctflorum (Nuttall) D.C.
Marshtelder D. strictwn (Pursh) D.C.
Seaehorewelider Lespedeza capttata Michaux
Dwarf dandelion
Wild lettuce
Climbing hempweed
Marsh fleabane
Salt marsh fleabane
Family Fabaceae (concl'd.)
L. cuneata (Dumont) G. Don
L. strtata (Thunberg) H. & A.
L. virginica (L.) Britton
Strophostyles helvola (L.) E11.
False dandelion
Goldenrod Family Fagaceae
Goldenrod Quercus virgintana Miller
Goldenrod
Family Gentianaceae
Cocklebur Sabatia dodecandra var. dodecandra
(L.) B.S.P.
Trumpet vine Family Hamamelidaceae
Liquidambar styraciflua L.
Sea rocket
Peppergrass
Pamily Hypericaceae
Hypericum genttanoidee (L.) B.S.P.
116
| Common name
{
Prickley pear
Fragile prickley pear
Marsh lobelia
Venus’ looking glass
Japanese honeysuckle
Coral honeysuckle
Mexican tea
Dogwood
Hedge bindweed
Creeping cucumber
Spike rush
Sand rush
Umbrella grass
Chair maker's rush
|
; Persimmon
‘Croton
. Croton
: Beach spurge
i
os
Partridge pea
Butterfly pea
Beggar lice
Beggar lice
Beggar lice
Bush clover
|
Japanese clover
Wild bean
‘Live oak
i
Sea pink
Sweet gum
iSt. John's wort \
Table E-1l.
FRF floristics list (Levy, 1976).--Continued
Family and species
Family Juncaceae
Juncus coriaceus Mackenzie
J. megacephalus M.A. Curtis
J. roemertanus Scheele
Family Juncaginaceae
Triglochin atriata R. & P.
Family Lamiaceae
Monarda punctata L.
Salvia lyrata L.
Stachys nuttalliti Shuttlew
Family Lauraceae
Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng.
Family Liliaceae
Smilax bona-nox L.
Yucca filamentosa L.
Family Linaceae
Family Loganiaceae
Polypremm procumbens L.
Family Lycopodiaceae
Lycopodium appressum (Chapman) Lloyd and
Underwood
Family Lythraceae
Lythrun lineare L.
Family Malvaceae
Hibtscus moscheutos L.
Kosteletskya virginica (L.) Presl.
Family Myricaceae
Myrica certfera var. certfera L.
M, pensylvantca Loisel
Family Onagraceae
Oenothera biennia L.
0. fruticosa L.
0. hwmifusa Nuttall
Family Orchidaceae
Sptranthes cernua (L.) Richard
Family Pinaceae
Pinus taeda L.
Family Phytolacaceae
Phytolaecca americana L.
Family Plantaginaceae
Plantago lanceolata L.
Family Poaceae
Andropogon elltottit Chapman
A. vtrginicus L.
Ammophila breviligulata
Bromus secalinus L. i
Cenchrus trtbuloidee L.
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon
Digitaria filiformie var. villosa
Echinochloa waltert (Pursh) Heller
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertner
Elymus virginicus L.
Eragroetis elliottit Watson
E. spectabilis (Pursh) Steudel
Erianthus giganteue (Walter) Muhl,
Festuea scturea Nuttall
Linum virginianun var. medtum Planchon
| Walter's barnyard grass |
, Love grass
:Beard grass
Common name Family and species
Family Poaceae (concl'd.)
Rush Pantewn anarulun Hitchcock and Chase
Rush P. amarum E11.
Black rush P. dichotomiflorwn Michaux
P. scopariwn Lam.
P. vaginatwn Swartz
Arrow grass P. virgatum L.
Polypogon monspeltensia (L.) Desf.
Sacctolepis striata (L.) Nash
Horsemint Setaria gentculata (Lam.) Beauvois
Sage Sorgun halepense (L.) Persoon
Hedge nettle Spartina cynosurotdee (L.) Roth
S. patene (Aiton) Muhl.
Sphenopholis obtusata (Michaux) Scribner
Red bay Triplasis purpurea (Walter) Chapman
Trisetun pensylvanicun (L.) Beauvois
ex R. & S.
Greenbrier Untola paniculata L.
Bear grass Zea mays L.
Family Polygonaceae
Flax Polygonun hydropiperotdes var. opelousanun|
(Riddell ex Small) Stone
P. pensylvanicum L.
P. sagittatun L.
Rumex acetosella L.
R. verticillatus L.
Club moss Family Pontederiaceae
Pontederta cordata L.
Loosestrife Family Primulaceae
Samolue parviflorus Raf.
Family Ranunculaceae
Rose mallow
Ranunculus sardous Crantz
Sea shore mallow
Family Rosaceae
Amelanchier arborea var. laevis
. (Wiegard) Ahles
Prunus serotina var. serotina Ehrhart
Rubus betultfoltus Small
Wax myrtle
Bayberry
Evening primrose
Sundrops
Evening primrose Family Rubiaceae
Diodia teres Walter
D. vitrgintana L.
Nodding ladies" tresses |
‘Family Rutaceae
Zanthoxylum clava-heroulte L.
Loblolly pine
Family Salicaceae
Salix nigra Marshall
Bokewced |Family Scrophulariaceae
Agalinte purpurea (L.) Pennel
Plantadn Linarta canadenste (L.) Dumont
Verbascun thapsus L.
Family Solanaceae
Physalis viscosa ssp maritima
(M.A. Curtis) Waterfall
Datura etramoniun L.
Broom straw
Broom sedge
American beachgrass
Brome grass
Sandspurs
Bermuda grass Family Urticaceae
Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Swartz
(Walter) Fernald : Crab grass |
D. techaemon (Schreber) Schreber ex Muhl.! Crab grass Family Verbenaceae —
D. sanguinalie (L.) Scopoli \crab grass Callicarpa americana L.
Lippta nodtiflora (L.) Michaux
Goose grass
Wild rye grass
Love grass
| Family Vitaceae
V. rotundtfolta Michaux
Fescue Family Xyridaceae
117
Common name
Bitter panicum
Panic grass
Fall ronieum
Switch grass
Rabbit foot grass
Fox tail grass
Johnson grass
Giant cord grass
Salt meadow grass
Wedge grass
Sand grass
Sea oats
Corn
Knot weed
Tear thumb
Sheep sorrel
Swamp dock
Pickerelweed
Water pimpernel
Buttercup
June berry
Black cherry
Blackberry
Buttonweed
Hercules’ club
Black willow
Gerardia
Toad flax
Mullein
Ground cherry
Jimson weed
False nettle
\French mulberry
|Frogbit
|
!
Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planchon |Virginia creeper
Vitis aestivalis var. aestivalis Michaux
:Summer grape
jMuscadine
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