Horses, Dogs, Birds, Cattle

Accidents and ,?1ilments

First Mid

PUBLISHED BY

Ellimaa Sons and C^ Slough. England

(ALL RmHTS RESERVED)

TUFTS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

First Aid.

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PREFACE.

THE information contained in the following pages is
offered as likely to be of assistance in the treatment
of such Animals as are indicated by the Title Page, in some
instances probably ensuring a complete cure, or at all events
a reduction of diseases and alleviation of injuries. Such
treatment will be more effectual, through the proper mode
of application of Elliman's Embrocation being known, and
in these pages it is rendered clearer than is possible in a
paper of Directions wrapped round a bottle.

It will be apparent that Elliman's Embrocation is not
recommended as the sole and exclusive treatment necessary
in every case. The decision as to what cases require the
services of a Veterinary Surgeon must be left to the
discretion of the Owner of the Animal..

The one aim of the Book is to treat of Ailments where
Elliman's Embrocation can be usefully employed, and to
offer other information which may be of service.

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PARIS EXPOSIT[ON, 1900- SILVER MFDAL.

THE USES OF -^''^ Highest Award given

to any Veterinary Product.

Elliman's
Embrocation

FOR

HORSES, DOGS, BIRDS, CATTLE.

THIRD EDITION, 1902.

Part I.— HORSES 6-85 180-182

Part II.— DOGS 87-120 183-184

Part III— BIRDS 123-138 185

Part IV— CATTLE 141-179 186-187

FIRST EDITION, 1899, was 20,000 copies.
SECOND EDITION, 1899, was 100,000 copies.
THIRD EDITION, 1902, numbers 100,000 copies.

PUBLISHED BY

Elliman, Sons & Co., slough, England.

All Rights Reserved.]

LIST or ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

SOUND HORSE 6

UNSOUND HORSE - - - - 12

POINTS OF THE HORSE - 16

SKELETON do. - - „ . . ig

WEIGHT UPON ONE LE(i - - 14

HORSES AT PLOUGH ....... ^ . 21

COLTS THROUGH GATES -------- 21

SPRAIN OF THE BACK 33

SPRAIN OF THE KNEE 25

FORE QUARTERS AND BACK QUARTERS - - - . 35

NORMAL HOCK ; SPAVINED HOCK .-. = -- 49

SPLINTS 46-47

SIDE-BONE 50

RING-BONE - - - 52

BONES OF FORE LEG 23

BONES OF KNEE - - 24

BACK VIEW OF METACARPAL BONES 26

POSTERIOR VIEW OF PHALANGES - 27

AGES BY THE TEETH -------- 71-77

GROOMING - - 82

DOG PUZZLE 116

KENNEL DRESSING FOR HOUNDS, etc. ' - - - - - 120

LI5T OP ILLU5TKATION5— Co;,^/n"ed

PAGE

SHOULDER, GOOD - - - - 40

SHOULDER. SHORT AND STRAIGHT 40

RUMP (GOOSE) 40

RUMP (STRAIGHT) - 40

STANDING WELL - 41

STANDS UNDER - 41

KNEE ARCHED 41

CALF LEGGED - - - 41

STANDING FAIR 41

STANDING CLOSE 41

STANDING WIDE - - 41

SPLAY FOOTED - - - - 42

PIN TOED • - - - 42

KNOCK KNEED ... 42

OX KNEED - - - - - 42

STRAIGHT JOINTED - ^ - - - - 42

PASTERNS (SHORT) 42

PASTERNS (LONG) 42

STANDING WELL 43

HOCK TOO BACK - - 43

HOCK TOO MUCH UNDER - - 43

STANDING WELL - - 43

COW HOCKED - - - 43

PIN TOED 43

HOCK TOO BENT - 44

HOCK rOO STRAIGHT 44

"WHAT DOES THIS SPELL?" - 189

PART I.

H0R5E5.

SPRAINS IN GENERAL.

SOME structures of the horse are elastic, whilst others of
them are almost incapable of being strained. The
majority of the ligaments and the tendons are not elastic ;
they are of a definite and fixed length, and, if made to stretch
beyond their length, some of their fibres become ruptured and
they give way in part ; this is one reason of sprain. All the
time the power is exerted in the direction it was intended to take,
the strength of a tendon is incalculable and marvellous. When
a horse leaps over a fence, as he lands there is a second of time
when all the weight of both himself and his rider has to be
borne on one leg.

During this time there is probably something like a ton
weight on two of the principal ligaments and the tendons,
allowing of course for the impetus and drop on the far side of
the jump.

This may be repeated many times in a day without injury,
but let the horse hesitate, or land with a twist, or on a stump
that gives a turn to his leg, and the most disastrous strain
may result.

The explanation is this — the tendon, or ligament, which by
its office resembles a tendon, is composed of hundreds of distinct

HORSES.

'\ i- ^

HORSES. 15

fibrils : these are welded together on the principle of a bundle of
sticks, which can bear a greater strain than a solid piece of wood
can of the same weight. The ends where tendons and ligaments
are attached to bones spread out, fan-like, and thus obtain a
wider " insertion," as it is called. A twist or semi-circular
movement, when the structure is already " taut," results in
a stretching of some fibres or an injury less severe than actual
rupture, but still a sprain or strain.

There is every degree of sprain, from a slight over-extension
to absolute division and complete breakdown ; but the principle
is everywhere the same, and this is what we wish to make clear.

There is a class of sprains which to any but surgeons seems
quite inexplicable. Such strains are not the result of a drop
jump, or a twist, or of a treading upon a stone, nor are they
caused by concussion or by any of those means usually classed
as accidents, but they are due to muscular fatigue.

Take an example from the hunter, or the draught-horse
fetching sand from the sea-shore. One may be going steadily
through deep, soft ground, and the other walking through
equally soft but even looser sand. A sprain occurs low down
on the leg, and why ? The muscles, owing to fatigue, have
failed to contract, and the tendons (which are only the pulleys
acted on by muscles) are allowed to remain on the stretch too
long.

Tendons and ligaments, like every other part of the body,
derive their nutriment from blood and their sensation from
nerves. When a sprain occurs the nerves are stretched or torn,
hence the great pain which is caused in severe cases. If the
blood vessels are broken, an escape into the substance of the
injured member causes rapid enlargement. If only stretched,
these vessels are excited and an increased amount of blood is
sent to the part ;

INFLAMMATION IS SET UP;

the part appears swollen and feels hot. Pain is evinced
on pressure ; suffering follows upon exertion.

i6

HORSES.

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HORSES

POINTS OF THE HORSE,

I. — Muzzle.

2. — Chingroove,

3. — Forehead.

4. — Jaw, lower.

5.— Poll.

6. --Crest.

7. — Windpipe.

8.— Shoulder blade.

9. — Point of shoulder.
10. — Breast.
II. — Fore-arm.
12. — Knee.
13. — Cannon bone.
14. — Back tendons.
15— Fetlock.
16. — Pastern.
17. — Hoof.
18.— Heel.
19. — Withers
20. — Back.

21. — Back Ribs.

22. — Girths.

23. — Loins.

24. — Croup.

25.— The Hip.

26.— The Flank.

27.— The Sheath.

28.— Root of Dock.

29. — Hip joint, or round bone

30. — Stifle joint.

31.— Second thigh or gaskin.

32. — The Quarters.

33. — The Hock.

34. — Curb place.

35. — Cannon bone.

36. — Back tendons.

37. — Coronet.

38.— Heel.

39. — Spavin, position of.

i8 HORSES.

HEAT, PAIN, AND SWELLING

are the chief indications of sprain. These symptoms vary in
intensity according to the situation of the structure affected
and the extent of the mischief.

By cultivating the habit of feeling the horse's legs in health
the hand will know directly it comes across a sprain without
causing the sufferer to wince under pressure. A sprain having
occurred, the process adopted by nature to cure it is by bringing
to the part a largely increased supply of blood, from the
elements of which new material is selected to repair the breach.
To understand how Elliman's acts, it is necessary to consider
the structure of the skin, through whose agency every external
remedy must operate.

The outer layer is insensitive, and consists of piled-up
layers or thin scales which from time to time peel off. Under
this are other layers of true skin, and among them there exists
a network of blood vessels and nerves. It is through the latter
that Elliman's exercises its far-reaching effect. The nerves of
the skin terminate in a form resembling numerous minute cauli-
flowers. These all communicate with the larger trunks which
govern the seat of inflammation. When injured the small vessels
are paralysed more or less, their calibre not being regulated, on
account of injury sustained by the nerves which accompany
them, and which in health compress or relax to admit less or
more blood. In sprain there is an engorgement of the parts
affected.

ELLIMAN^S,

by acting on the peripheral nerves (the cauliflower-like
extremities), restores them to their proper functions and so acts
upon the blood supply; the injured part is no longer flooded
with blood of which it can make no use; the source of
inflammation is controlled ; the blood already in the part is put
to work, and recuperative action begins at once.

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20 HORSES.

The absorbents are thus roused to activity, whilst the broken-
down tissue is dissolved and carried away.

In the next place the Embrocation draws to the surface the
inflammation, which in a joint or tendon would continue to do
irreparable mischief. Nor does its action end here; it causes an
effusion under the skin, and so produces a temporary bandage to
support the injured part. This has been proved by skinning
the leg of a horse which met with a fatal accident while it was
in the convalescent stage from a sprain. It was found that a
delicate cushion was formed, composed of swollen layers of
connective tissue ; it was just hard enough to give support, and
just soft enough to make a comfortable bed for the injured
structure to rest upon.

SPRAINED SHOULDER.

This injury is generally the result of turning the animal
suddenly. Colts sometimes sprain the shoulder at grass when
galloping about and making sharp and sudden turns. Hunters
are the most liable to it, but harness horses get shoulder sprains
in turning on uneven ground which they cannot see. Young
farm horses, when first put to plough, are frequent subjects
of shoulder lameness until they become accustomed to inequali-
ties of ridge and furrow. Bruised shoulder is often mistaken
for sprain, and may be caused by the horse knocking against a
door or gate post when it is startled, or when several horses are
squeezing through an opening at the same time.

Tpeatment. — Ascertain the nature and extent of the trouble
as far as possible by manipulating the parts, lifting the limb,
i.e., press all round with the knuckle, move the leg backwards
and forwards, and observe the position in which the animal
most readily flinches. With shoulder troubles it is always a
beneficial plan to begin with a good fomentation of hot water
twice or three times daily ; this eases pain and prepares the way
for the EUiman's. Shoulder lamenesses differ from those lower
down in either limbs, inasmuch as the muscles are nearly always
affected, while there are no muscles below the knee and hock.

HORSES.

SPRAINED
SHOULDER

V

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fouNc Farm Hor&es when First put To ploucm

Copyright.

GATES SHOULD BE SET WIDE OPE.N
BEFORE COtTS ARE ALLOWED TO RUSH THROUGH

HORSES.

HOT WATER.

A word here about hot water. This is often used too hot,
which may cause bad blemishes, not to mention the unnecessary
suffering given to animals by such use. Whenever hot water is
referred to in this book, it is intended to mean just as hot as a
man can comfortably bear his elhoiv in; the hand of those
engaged in manual labour being usually much less sensitive
than the skin of the horse. After fomenting for half an hour
rub in Elliman's with both hands, changing the attitude of
the horse from time to time, flexing and extending the limb
by turns. An extra piece of rug or flannel may be stitched
inside the rug covering the lame shoulder. On subsequent days
the Elliman's may be diluted with an equal amount of soft
water, and the treatment continued until the horse is well. If
there is no improvement it will be due to some other cause than
sprain, and a veterinary surgeon should be consulted, as there
may be disease of the shoulder. Navicular disease in the foot
is a complaint which is often mistaken for shoulder lameness.

Prevention. — The chief causes of injury have been enumer-
ated and the reader will see that some of them are preventable. If
horses must be led in and out of the stable with winker-bridles
on, they should be led slowly and given plenty of space to turn
in. Gates should be set wide-open before colts are allowed to
rush through them. Special care should be exercised with
nervous horses, and, whether riding or driving, sudden twists
and turns should be avoided.

ELBOW LAMENESS.

This part of the horse is seldom a cause of lameness. Some-
times the inflammation of "capped" elbow is so great from
improper treatment, that lameness results. {See Capped Elbow,
page 39-)

HORSES.

23

Bones of the Forearm, Knee, Cannon, Pasterns
AND Foot.

Semicircular fossa formed by the radius and ulna for the

elbow joint.
Body of the ulna.
Olecranon process.
Articulating surface.
Body of the radius.

Surface articulating with the condyle of the humerus.
Tubercle to which the coraco-radialis muscle is attached.
Articulatory surfaces corresponding to the upper row of

knee-bones.
Os Pisiforme ,

— cuneiforme.

— lunare. I Bones of the knee.

— unciforme. 1

— magnum. /
Metacarpas or cannon bone,
External small metacarpal bone.

Tubercle to which the tendon of the muscle (extensor

metacarpi magnus) is attached.
Joint uniting with the os suffraginis.
Os suffraginis. .,
External sesamoid bone.
Os coronae.
Os pedis.
22. Wings of pedal bone.
Os navicular.

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24

HORSES.

INJURIES TO THE KNEE.

The double row of small knee-bones, with the large ones
above and below, all go to make up the joint. In the

Fore View of The
Carpal Bones, com-
monly CALLED THE
Knee.

2. Lower extremity of

radius.

3. Ulna, lower extremity

of.

4. Os pisiforme.

5. — cuneiforme.

6. — lunare.

7. — scaphoides.

8. — unciforme.

9. — magnum.

10. Large metacarpal bone

11. Small metacarpal bone.

large number of bones its safety consists; these are not a
cause of danger, but serve to distribute concussion, and so it
comes about that the most complicated joint in the body is

HORSES.

'^5

least often the seat of lameness, save for one particular cause,
as follows: —

SPRAIN OF THE KNEE,

It is difficult indeed to define which of the numerous liga-
ments is affected when this joint suffers, but if we can ascertain

The dotted lines show the direc-
tion in which the sprained tendons
and ligaments bulge and alter the
shape of the knee.

on which side the greatest amount of tenderness exists we are able
to apply a remedy with more certainty, and need not cover so much
ground. Of one thing we may be sure, no matter what struc-
tures are involved, and that is this, that Elliman's is the remedy.
Knee lameness generally results from a fall, but sometimes a
growth into or upon the joint may cause it. The lameness is
more likely to be caused by a fall than by a high splint creeping
up from below. Such a thing however may occur. The other
cause of knee lameness is from within. {See Rheumatism, page 54.)
Between the knee and foot, occur the largest number of sprains
and other injuries demanding the use of Elliman's. The
powerful binding ligaments on the knee, and the tendons passing

26

HORSES.

to the side and back of knee or leg, and the corresponding
structures in the hind limb, that is, of course below the hock, are
frequent subjects of sprain. Those passing towards the front of
the limb are the extensors, and are seldom sprained in comparison
with the back tendons — as the ligaments, as well as tendons, are
commonly called. The two back tendons are called pevfovans
and perforates, because at the back of the fetlock one opens and

The centre block shows Back View of the Large and Small Metacarpal Bones.

2. Metacarpus magnus.

3. The surfaces above articulate with the lower carpal bones.

4. 4. External and internal small metacarpal bones.

5. 5. Condyloid surfaces articulating with corresponding ones on the upper

extremity of the os suffraginis.

6. Eminence articulating with a corresponding depression on the upper

extremity of the os suffraginis.

the other passes through it. The perforatus tendon, which is
the posterior one, is joined two or three inches below and behind
the knee-joint by a very powerful ligament known as the check-
ligament — the presence of this Hgament explains the fact why
a horse can go to sleep standing. The suspensory ligament is
a little lower down. The fetlock, like the knee, is bound down
with ligamentous bands of great strength ; these are seldom the
seat of sprain, but the sheaths of the tendons which pass over
the fetlock joint are often in need of treatment.

HORSES.

27

Below the fetlock are the continuations of the tendons and
the ligaments which have their origin at or above the knee.
They descend to the bone of the foot, and are inserted into the

Posterior View of Phalanges

A. Os sufifraginis.

1. I. Surfaces articulating with the lower extremity of the large metacarpal bone.

2. Groove.

3. Rough surface for the implantation of ligaments.

4. 4. Inferior extremity articulating with

B. Os coronae.

5. 5. Superior articulatory surfaces.

6. 6. Inferior articulatory surfaces.

C. Os pedis.

7. 7. Articulatory surfaces.

8. 8. Coronal process.

9. 9. Scutiform processes.

10. 10. Retrossal processes.

11. Surface articulating with a corresponding one on the navicular bone. (12.)

D. Os naviculare.

12. Surface articulating with the os coronae.

13. Surface over which the flexor pedi- perforans tendon glides.

14. 14. Points attached to the pedal bone by ligaments.

roughened eminences which give this form of attachment so
much strength, but, as pointed out in Sprains in General
(page 13), the spreading makes a twist or sudden turn, the most
likely cause of sprain.

28 HORSES.

In reading the directions fop treatment that follow,
it should be borne in mind that, in case of

A VERY SEVERE SPRAIN WITH MUCH HEAT,

it is advisable to commence by letting a stream of
cold water play on the limb for ten minutes three or
more times a day, until the inflammatory symptoms
have subsided. A cold-water bandage may be used,
and this should be changed as may be necessary.
When the inflammation is reduced, the Embrocation
should be rubbed in with the hand for ten minutes
three times a day, and the limb bound with a cold-
water bandage. The cold-water bandage will cause
the Embrocation to act as a very slight blister, which
will reduce the thickening or enlargement; after a
day or two, when a slight scurf is raised, substitute
a dry bandage for the wet one.

In case of a severe sprain where the horse shows
a disposition to walk on the toe of the lame limb, a
high-heeled shoe may be put on so as to remove all
tension from the ligaments and tendons.

SPRAIN OF THE BACK TENDONS,

This is one of the commonest of the causes of lameness in
horses, and is most frequent in hunters, though common enough
to all classes. The concussion of landing over a jump puts the
strain. on, which gives rise to injury of these tendons. Race-
horses also break down in the back tendons, even though racing
on the flat, but in their case it is from fatigue of muscle in the
majority of instances. The same may be said of the hack
and the harness horse ; horses are always liable to make an
unlucky stumble, or, treading upon a stone, they put an unequal
and severe strain on these structures. It is important to examine
the injury as soon as possible after the accident to ascertain its
extent, before effusion of fluid and swelling deceive the eye

HORSES. 29

and hand. In a severe strain, some say it is a good plan to
give a dose of physic to keep down inflammation, and reduce
the tendency to extreme swelling. The limb should be bathed
with warm water fas directed on page 22). Elliman's should
be rubbed in for a quarter of an hour, and then the part padded
with cotton wool, and lastly bandaged with ordinary woollen
material, but not too tightly.

There is much art in this matter of bandaging, especially in
the case of lameness. Judicious pressure will help the Elliman's
in its work of absorbing inflammatory products, but a too tight
application will prevent the return of the blood in the veins, and
aggravate the condition which it was intended to cure.

Prevention. — Not much can be done to anticipate such
accidents as the above, but some race-horses and hunters are
provided with what are called "plasters," which consist of
chamois leather sewn to the shape of the leg between the knee
and fetlock. If a weak point is to be fortified it should be
rubbed at intervals with the Elliman's so as to give it support.
As much rest as possible should be allow^ed after an accident
of this kind.

SPRAIN OF THE CHECK LIGAMENT.

This is an even more disastrous accident than sprung back-
tendons, and some time must elapse before the animal can return
to work.

Causes. — The same as those mentioned in connection with
back tendons (see page 28).

Treatment. — Before the advantages of Elliman's were fully
know^n, it was the custom to fire .deeply and then to turn out the
horse to grass for a whole year or more. Now^ no such cruel
method is necessary, and recovery may be expected by repeated
applications of Elliman's, the number and frequency of them
being left to the judgment of the owner, who will be guided
by the forming of the scurf and the declining of the swelling.
The support of cotton wool and bandages is here also
recommended.

30

HORSES.

SPRAIN OF THE SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT.

Severe sprain of this ligament makes a horse's fetlock come
near to the ground, or as low as the heel. It is always a very

f^.

.^

Copyright.

Rupture of Flexor Tendons

Rupture of Suspensory Ligament

grave condition, and the best treatment is, in very severe
cases, a charge of shot. However bad that may be, provided

HORSES.

31

the fetlock does not descend to the ground, there is hope of
recovery and of a return to steady work, but for racing or other
fast paces the prospects are poor indeed.

Treatment. — Lift the Hmb off the ground, fill the hollow of
the heel with wadding, bandage, and send for a veterinary
surgeon. If the sprain happens to a valuable brood mare it may
be worth while to attempt treatment. Often only one of the
branches of the suspensory is injured, and then careful manage-
ment will result in restoration to usefulness if not in an absolute
cure. As we remarked in Sprains in General there is every
degree of this misfortune. A long application of the Elliman's
is necessary, and the injured member may be cased up in wool
and bandages, and then remain covered for three days before
again applying the Elliman's. If the skin seems tender, half
strength may be used on the subsequent occasions. It is, how-
ever, necessary to keep up the action of the 'Elliman's for the
support it gives (see page 20). As recovery takes place the
intervals should be longer between the applications of the
Embrocation, but its bracing effect must not be suddenly with-
drawn.

SPRAINED FETLOOC

Under this term a variety of tendons and ligaments may be
included. The size of the bones at the fetlock occasions the
necessity of the other structures lying on the surface or very near
it. This is much in their favour when strained and needing
assistance, a remark which has already been applied to the knee
(see page 24).

Treatment. — Foment with warm water (see page 22), and
apply Elliman's for several minutes. Fill the heel with cotton
wool, and bandage upwards, from the hoof. Remove and repeat
daily.

32 HORSES.

SPRAINED PASTERN*

When the small ligaments and tendons passing down over
the front of this part are strained it is too often assumed that
a ringbone is forming, but compression under the finger should
be the test of this. The application of Elliman's may be
reckoned on with certainty to effect a complete cure of any sprain
to which these structures are liable. Frequent rubbings and a
few days' rest are all that is necessary.

SPRAIN OF THE BACK.

This is caused in a variety of ways. The hunter gets it in
taking off from sticky ground, and the hack from the weight of
his rider, rolling about or sitting back, and neglecting to ease
the horse by changing his own position.

The draught horse's back is sprained in backing, or by
stopping a load going down hill without skid-pan or break.

There are two distinct sets of muscles concerned in strains
of the loins — those which lie upon the top of the spinal wings
and cover the bones, and those under the column of bones and
against which the kidneys are embedded in fat. It will be
readily understood how a remedy such as Elliman's applied to
the surface, will affect those muscles on the top, but, as a matter
of experience, it is found that a sprain of the psoae or loin
muscles underneath is almost as quickly acted upon. We have
already explained on page i8, par. 3, how deep-seated structures
are affected by the Elliman's. A person may suffer a pain in the
back which is well known to arise from kidney disturbance, yet
the rubbing in of Elliman's is found to diminish or altogether
banish the pain in a short time.

Prevention of sprains to the loins is to be looked for in the
better balancing of two-wheeled carts by reducing weight, and
the proper adjustment of the load and of the breeching.

SPRAIN

OF THE

BACK

'THE DRAUGHT HORSt
WHEN STOPPING
A LOAD GOING DOWN HILL

Copyright.

34 HORSES.

SPRAIN OF THE ROUND BONE»

There is, unfortanately, a great deal of confusion as to the
meaning of this expression ; some refer by it to the hip, others
to the haunch, and others to the stifle. Sprains to either of these
parts may be caused by drop jumps, falls, stumbles, and twists
in backing and turning. Some of them occur in the stable, by
coming round in a stall too narrow, or through slipping upon the
gratings, or through a false step in a drain.

Treatment consists in a thorough daily rubbing in of the
Elliman's, and the use of a loose box in which to secure gentle
exercise to prevent stiffness and loss of movement. A cooling
diet should be given in bad cases, and the support of slings
may be advisable for the first few days.

SPRAINED STIFLE JOINT,

This is generally the result of luxation or dislocation of
the patella, which corresponds to the knee-pan of the
human subject. It often occurs to overgrown colts on hilly
pastures. The direction taken is always outwards, consequently
it is the inner ligament that is stretched beyond its natural
length.

Tpeatment. — The whole joint is involved in this accident,
and the Elliman's should be well rubbed in daily, or until the
fullest effect is produced, as it is essential that a large swelling
should be created under the skin to act as a cushion and prevent
the recurrence of the trouble (see the way in which Elliman's
acts, page 20). When recovered, the animal should be put on
a level pasture until the weakened ligament has quite regained
its strength, allowing as much time as possible.

SPRAINED HOCK,

If one joint in the body is of more importance than another,
it is the hock. Like the knee it has a double row of small

HORSES.

35

RINCBON

TKOROUCH
PIN

WiNU ,
CALLS

CROCKED

HEELS

36 HORSES.

bones, but comparatively there is less movement between them.
They are united by a number of small ligaments, and these are
liable to suffer sprain in jumping, galloping, or drawing in
harness. What is called a " sprung " hock is a very serious
matter, and all thought of working the horse must be abandoned
for a long time. It is an injury in which many of the smaller
ligaments are affected, and inflammation of the covering of the
bones is also present.

A sprung hock is a case for a veterinary surgeon. The
hock is subject to minor strains in which only one or two
ligaments are involved, and here EUiman's is the remedy.
Additional heat and tenderness may be discovered on one side
of the joint, perhaps, and a few good rubbings with the
EUiman's, and rest, may be all that is required. Below the
hock all the parts correspond to the front leg already described.
The treatment is the same.

OTHER INJURIES TO JOINTS, TENDONS,
LIGAMENTS, &c*

Besides the frequent lamenesses brought about by strains,
there are many injuries from blows, which call for remark as
being amenable to treatment by EUiman's. External violence
causes inflammation, not by undue elongation of the parts
affected, as described in speaking of sprains, but by sudden
compression. If the force of the blow is sufficient, death of the
part follows, as in the treads which heavy horses inflict upon one
another, and upon themselves, in turning in harness. Nature
sets about getting rid of the dead tissue, and, in surgical
language, " sloughs " it. Dressing with EUiman's will here be
useful. Injuries less serious also result in inflammation {see
page 58). Kicks and blows on the knee, hock, fetlock, stifle,
the pastern, shin, back, tendons, and about the head and body,
are best treated by fomentation, followed by rubbing with

HORSES. 37

Elliman's when the skin is not broken, but when the skin is
broken, after the fomentation the Embrocation should be dabbed
on with a piece of clean sponge.

BROKEN KNEES.

The skin of the knee is seldom broken by any other means
than by a fall. The small bones are occasionally broken and
the knee breaks open at the back. A more frequent difficulty
is the rupture of the casing (capsular ligament) which encloses
the joint oil, this may occur at the time of the fall or
subsequently, when the swelling bursts some portion of it
rendered weak. The open wound is in a condition to invite
the invasion of injurious organisms (bacteria). Attention is
particularly invited to the above explanation in order that
the reader may understand the scientific reason for using
Elliman's.

Treatment. — It is essential that the wound should be cleared
of grit or other foreign matter. At this stage germs are too
often introduced by using ditch or other dirty water. An
efficient disinfectant should be employed, for this purpose some
Elliman's may be mixed, in the proportion of a wine glass to a
quart of water. The knee should be bent while bathing it, as
grit is thus best dislodged. Poultices were much used formerly,
but the most advanced veterinary surgeons are in favour of
antiseptic treatment throughout, depending on Elliman's to draw
out the inflammation by repeated applications on or around the
part. Any swelling that follows will then be under the skin, and
act as a support to the capsular ligament, and diminish the
chances of rupture and escape of joint oil. There is, too, a
scientific reason for applying the Elliman's to the wound itself ;
not in the undiluted state, but added to five or six times its
volume of soft water. Elliman's has been proved to be a
germicide or destroyer of injurious organisms.

When the skin is not cut, but bruised, the hair shaved

38 HORSES.

off, with oozing of blood, wash the wound clean, sop it with
Embrocation ; repeat twice daily.

When the skin is cut wash the wound clean, sop it with
a mixture of one part of Embrocation to two parts of water to
the bottom of the wound.

The edges of the wound should be brought together as
nearly as possible by means of a light soft bandage, this dressing
should not be interfered with for three or four days if the case
progresses favorably, but if the leg swells and shows signs of
inflammation, examine the wound, and if suppurating, wash
lightly, and dress with a dilute mixture of the Embrocation
(one part of Embrocation to ten parts of water).

The gap in a broken knee has to be filled up by the process
known as granulation, and this process is accelerated by the
occasional touching over of the surface with the diluted EUiman's.
When the space is filled up with healthy-looking red granules
the EUiman's should be discontinued and the wound allowed to
dry without any bandage or covering.

CONTUSED FETLOCK,

When a horse falls and breaks his knees he frequently also
skins the front of the fetlock joint, bruising the tissues beneath
at the same time. The treatment for this is exactly the same
as for broken knee (see above).

TIMBER LEAR

Under this name is known the enlargement of the bursae or
secreting membrane which is found on the point of the fetlock,
which also gets cut when a horse falls (see contused fetlock above).
If taken in hand early EUiman's will make a speedy cure. This
enlargement always arises from a bruise. In hunters it is often
caused by striking the top rail of a fence, and hence its name.

HORSES. 39

Impatient horses sometimes strike the manger and bring about
the enlargement in that way. The amount of Elhman's used is
not so important as the friction or massage employed in bringing
about a healthy action in the secretion while dispersing the
abnormal fluid.

CAPPED ELBOW,

This very unsightly injury may be caused by the heel
of the shoe when lying down. Horses which have a habit
of scraping away their bedding may also bring about this
disfigurement, by pressure of the elbow on the hard floor.

Treatment. —No remedy is better than Elliman's, if the
case be taken in time.

The swelling at first is composed entirely of fluid, and the
Elliman's will greatly excite its absorption. It should be
employed with plenty of friction and kneading with the fingers.
A pad should be used to prevent recurrence of the injury.

Prevention. — A liberal supply of beddirig.

CAPPED HOCK,

The cause of capped hock is the same as capped elbow
and timber leap, namely, an engorgement of the oil sac or
bursae, which nature provides to prevent friction.

All these swellings become permanently hardened and im-
movable (without a surgical operation), unless promptly taken in
hand while in the soft or fluid state.

Treatment. — What has been said about the elbow applies
equally to the hock.

40

HORSES.

Good Shoulder

Straight and Short Shoulder

Goose Rump

Straight Rumi

HORSES.

41

h

Standing Weli

Stands Undi

Arched Knee Cai.f Legged

Standing Fair

Standing Close

Standing Wide

42

HORSES.

Si'LAY Footed

Pin Toed

Knock Kneed

Short Pasterns

Ox Kneed

Straight Jointed

Long Pasterns

HORSES.

43

Standing Well

Hock Too Back Hock Too Mlxii Under

Standing Well

Cow Hocked

Pin Toed

44

HORSES.

CURB.

Is a sprain of the annular ligament, or of the sheath of the
tendon, or of both, causing an enlargement at the back and lower
part of the hock, from three to four inches below the point (see
illustration, page 12).

Young horses and cow-hocked horses (see illustration, page
43) are most liable to throw curb, it is caused by sudden or
violent motion such as taking a great leap, or a severe gallop
through deep ground.

Tpeatment. — A dose of physic is in most cases desirable.
The inflammation should be reduced by hot fomentations, or
by repeated application of a cold evaporating lotion of equal
parts of spirit and vinegar ; this having been accomplished, the
hair should be clipped off and the part well rubbed crosswise
with Elliman's every day until it becomes too sore for it to be
continued, a thick scurf will rise, and when that comes fairly off,
the Elliman's should, if necessary, be again applied as before.
A high-heeled shoe will take off strain and thus help to recovery.

Hock Too Bent

Hock Too Straight

HORSES.

45

WIND GALLS.

Joint oil or synovia — previously referred to in connection
with broken knees, — capped elbow and hock, — is an oil provided
at all points where friction might arise, and is to the animal
what machine oil is to the engine. The bursae or oil sacs
which, in health, exude sufficient for the purpose of making
the parts work smoothly, become irritated under stress of work
or unhealthy conditions and fill up the joint with a fluid
w^hich is not true synovia.

This is the state of the bursae just above the fetlocks in a
horse which is commonly called " stale."

These enlargements were supposed to contain air ; hence
the name. They are found chiefly about the fetlock joints, the
back tendons, the knees and the hocks.

Treatment. — When they are not consolidated by time a
cure may be looked for by the well rubbing in of Elliman's and
by proper bandaging. If a rest can be obtained it would be
advisable. Such enlargements are not often the cause of
lameness. In bandaging, two or three folds should be made
round them, and each drawn a little tighter than the last.
Perseverance in the treatment will so strengthen the part that
the galls will disappear. Very severe work may start them again.

SPLINTS

cause lameness when first forming. They are induced by
concussion, by blows, and by hereditary predisposition.

They may be very large and of little consequence, or so
small that only an expert can find them, and yet they may
make a horse useless for a time. -

To discover the seat of lameness the limb should be lifted up,
and carefully pressed with the fingers from just below the knee
to the end of the splint-bone above the fetlock.

The horse will generally flinch when pressed on the spot.

THE NATURE OF A SPLINT.

The reader should understand that all bones are covered with
a membrane or skin called periosteum. The bones grow, and

46

HORSES.

maintain themselves when adult, by the nourishment conveyed
to them by this covering membrane, which is thickly interspersed
with blood vessels.

When this periosteum is injured, either by concussion or
external violence, inflammation is set up. Inflammation where

Fig. I.— Splint Attaching Internal Small Metacarpal Bone.
, Internal small metacarpal bone.

2. External small metacarpal.

3. Large metacarpal bone

Bony growth constituting a large splint, and attaching the small
to the large metacarpal bone.

the cannon and splint bones join is the commencement of what
is called a splint. The blood vessels bring too much bony
material to the spot and leave a deposit there.

HORSES.

47

Treatment. — Elliman's should be well rubbed on and around
the part every day until it is too sore for the treatment to be
continued, when it must be left alone until the scurf raised is
removed and the soreness has subsided, when the rubbing as
before may be repeated if necessary.

Fig. 2. — Enormous Splint, attaching both Small Metacarpals to the Large.

1. Large metacarpal bones.

2. 3. Mass of exostosis connecting the three metacarpal bones together.

If it has been allowed to become hardened, it will take time
to excite absorption, but this can be done with perseverance.

Prevention. — Careful usage and not putting horses to hard
work too young.

48 HORSES.

SPAVIN-

A tendency to spavin is undoubtedly hereditary, but the
exciting or actual cause is some strain put upon the covering
membrane of the small bones of the hock {see Nature of
A Splint, page 45).

Inflammation is set up, a bony deposit takes place between
the bones, their sphere of motion is restricted, and lameness, more
or less, results.

Tpeatment. — What has been said of splint applies with even
greater force to spavin. Elliman's should be well rubbed on
and around the part every day until it is too sore to be
continued, when it must be left alone until the scurf raised
is removed and the soreness has subsided, when the rubbing
as before may be repeated if necessary.

BOG SPAVIN.

This term is given to an enlargement of the hock, caused by
strain.

Treatment. — Elliman's should be well rubbed on and around
the part every day until it is too sore to be continued, when
it must be left alone until the scurf raised is removed and the
soreness has subsided, when the rubbing as before may be
repeated if necessary.

BLOOD SPAVIN.

There is a large vein which passes over the spavin place. It
is very close to the surface and becomes distended or varicose.
This is what is, or was formerly, called blood spavin.
Treatment. — The same as for bog spavin (see above).

HORSES.

49

Antero-internal viE\r of Exostosis

CONSTITUTING SPAVIN.

1. Os scaphoides.

2. Os cuneiforme parvum.

3. Morbid growth of bone, constituting the disease

known as bone spavin.

4 Large metatarsal or cannon bone.

Internal View of Tarsal Bones.
2 Inferior extremity of the tibia.

a. Internal malleolus.

b. External mallaolus.

3. Os calsis.

4 and 5. Surfaces of articulation on the astraga-
lus, which, together with corresponding
ones on the tibia, form the great hinge
joint of the skeleton.

b. Tubercle on the astragalus for the
attachment of ligaments.

6. Os scaphoides.

7. — cuneiforme magnum.

8. — cuneiforme parvum.

9. Large metatarsal bone.

10 Internal small metatarsal bone.

HORSES.

THOROUGHPIN

Is a distension of the hock through which the fluid bulges
between the os calcis. This shows first on one side and then
on the other, when the hock is pressed by the finger and
thumb.

Treatment. — Elliman's should be well rubbed on and around
the part every day until it is too sore to be continued, when it
must be left alone until the scurf raised is removed, and the sore-
ness has subsided, when the rubbing as before may be repeated
if necessary.

SIDE-BONES*

The term side-bone is given to a conversion of the lateral
cartilages into bone, which, instead of being flexible under the
pressure, is found to be hard and unyielding.

The cause is concussion on hard ground, and it is most
common to heavy horses.

It is largely hereditary.

Ossification of the Lateral Cartilages.

I. Pedal bone.

The lateral cartilages ossified.

Treatment. — When the first sign of lameness appears,
it may be arrested by the use of Elliman's, applied as for

Thoroughpin.

HORSES. 51

CORNS.

Corns in horses are bruises situated in the angle between
the bar and the quarter and generally on the inner side of the
fore foot, brought on from concussion and pressure of the heel
of the shoe on the part. The fault may be from the farrier
making the shoe too short, or from not having spread enough
for the quarter to rest upon, but we think the fault is more
often with the owner in allowing the shoe to remain on too
long in which case the crust grows over the outside of the shoe
and the bearing is thrown on the part susceptible of bruises.

In severe cases when there is much extravasation of
blood, great tenderness, suppuration or inclination to suppura-
tion, the foot should be well soaked in hot water and poulticed
for a few days with linseed meal poultice, but in slight cases
having the corn lightly pared out and taking off all pressure
will be sufficient to enable the horse to work with little
discomfort. A leather sole will protect the sore and exposed
part from injury. Have the horse shod with a fairly long shoe
set broad and have the shoe seated, a seated shoe is one with
the upper surface beaten out rather more than half the distance
across it, such beating out does not extend to the heels, it takes
off all the pressure from the sole, and the whole is thrown upon
the crust.

HAIR.

Mange and such like diseases cause a falling off of hair
so does severe blistering, but they do not kill or destroy the
bulbs or roots of the hair, and the cause being removed the
hair will grow again.

Loss of hair is unsightly, there are many things which
are said to promote growth of hair, but we think none better
than EUiman's lightly sponged every other day over the part
devoid of hair.

If from accident or from the use of caustics or other
cause the roots or bulbs have been removed, or destroyed, hair
will not again grow on the part.

52

HORSES.

RING-BONE.

Ring-bone is not a conversion of cartilage into bone, like
side-bone ; it is a growth of bone on bone caused by concussion

Case of Ring-bone and Side-bone

OCCURRING IN A HEAVY DrAY HoRSE.

1. Os suffraginis.

2. Os coronse.

3. O5 pedis.

4. Complete union by ossific matter between

the OS pedis and os coronas, but still
incomplete in the joint above.

5 Complete union of the three bones.

and subsequent inflammation of the covering membrane
(periosteum).

HORSES. 53

Treatment. — EUiman's should be well rubbed on and around
the part every day until too sore to be continued, when it must
be left alone until the scurf raised is removed, and the soreness
has subsided, when the rubbing as before may be repeated if
necessary.

There is no known preventive of this disease, but, as it is
well known to descend from parent to offspring, those subject
to it should not be bred from, however suitable they may be in
other respects

SADDLE AND HARNESS GALLS.

The cause is obvious. Saddlery and harness should be more
frequently overhauled. Some skins are, however, so prone to
gall that no one is to blame. The galls inflicted by saddlery
and harness differ so much in intensity that the same treatment
is not applicable to all. The least lump or swelling should be
dispersed without delay by gentle friction with EUiman's.
Neglected, it may run on to an abscess.

ABSCESS.

The EUiman's will still be the best remedy, because its
application will save time by assisting nature to bring the
matter to a point. This treatment applies to all abscesses, no
matter from what cause. When the finger is able to detect a
thin place, the matter is said to " point," and the time has
arrived to lance it and let out the contents.

A pledget of tow dipped in the EUiman's should then be
inserted into the wound for one night, or it may refill ; upon a
few inches around the orifice the skin should receive a daily
application, to prevent the formation of more matter. No
further treatment will be required if the wound is kept
clean.

54 HORSES.

SITFASTS.

Cause. — Pressure long continued or momentarily severe.
The injury is of such a nature that repair is impossible (See
Treads, page 58). A portion of skin, and possibly some
deeper structure, is killed and has to be separated from the
living substance.

Treatment.— Readers with medical knowledge will be the
first to understand how the use of Elliman's will facilitate the
separation of the sitfast. To excite activity in the immediate
neighbourhood is to help nature to detach the dead portion.

As the edges curl up, a little Elliman's may be painted
under them with a fine brush. When the sitfast comes away
the rest may be left to nature.

FISTULOUS WITHERS,

Instead of a gall, an abscess or a sitfast forms as the result
of saddle pressure, and the damage is sometimes deep seated.
The fibrous tissues beneath the skin or upon the backbone are
so injured that a fistula is established, in which case a veterinary
surgeon should be em^ployed. By early use of Elliman's many
a fistulous wound is prevented, and the importance of attention
to saddle galls cannot be too much insisted on.

RHEUMATISM,

The causes of rheumatism in horses are thought to be the
same as in man. That damp and ill-drained stables cause
rheumatism is easily enough proved by the statistics of the great
omnibus and other studs, whose horses suffer from the disease
in some situations and not in others, although they have the
same rations and similar work.

Symptoms. — Cramp and lameness are the two prominent
ones, but the distinguishing feature is the suddenness of the

HORSES. 55

attack, no other cause but rheumatism being assignable for
the extraordinary manner in which the pain leaves one joint or
limb and attacks another. There is often swelling and tenderness
to guide one, but these symptoms are not invariably present.

Treatment. — In Elliman's we have an excellent remedy.
For an affected joint the Elliman's should be poured into the
palm of each hand and applied with a gentle friction and chafing
movement for ten minutes at a time, repeating the operation
twice or three times a day until the joint is cured. If the
weather is cold, a little of the Elliman's may, after rubbing, be
applied on a flannel bandage, the embrocation being very lightly
sprinkled upon the flannel ; care being taken that the stable is
kept at moderate temperature. Gentle exercise is recommended
to prevent the joint oil from thickening, and precaution taken
that no chill is contracted.

Very bad cases should have internal treatment as well. Two-
drachm doses of salicyla,te of soda in a gill or quarter pint of
water, night and morning ; or potassium bicarbonate two-drachm
doses night and morning, with the food, or in the drinking
water.

. CRAMP,
when not rheumatic in its origin, is caused by an unequal
distribution of nerve force or interrupted circulation of the blood.
The symptoms are loss of power. The animal tries to use his
muscles as a man does when his leg or arm has "gone to sleep."

Treatment. — If the horse has remained on one side and got
cramp in that way, the first thing to do is to roll him over on to
the other. If cramp arises from the plugging of a large blood
vessel, the symptoms can be alleviated by the Elliman's, but in
any other case it is an absolute specific. A large surface should
be included when rubbing for this affection. All the muscles of
the limb in the horse unable to rise through cramp of the lumbar
muscles (that is along the whole length of the back from the
withers to the tail) should be well rubbed with the Elliman's.

Prevention. — Horses known to be the subjects of cramp
should have extra beddinsf and a loose box.

56 HORSES.

CUTS,

Simple wounds in which there is no reason to suspect the
presence of grit, or foreign matter of any other kind, are best
treated by dabbing the part with Elliman's, diluted with an
equal quantity of water.

A clean incised wound may require some mechanical means
of keeping the edges together. Any serious wound should
have the services of a veterinary surgeon, but, failing to obtain
professional assistance, the edges may be brought together by
stout pins filed on three sides to make them penetrate the tough
skin of the horse. Around these, tow or thread may be wound
in the form of a figure 8.

A wound sufficiently large to require sutures or pins will not
be likely to heal by adhesion, and it is well to dilute the
Elliman's as recommended at pages 37 and 38 for "Broken
Knees," so as to keep out germs while the slower process of
granulation fills up the wound and unites the skin by a scar.

TORN AND LACERATED WOUNDS.

These can never heal by the simple process of adhesion ;
they must be repaired in another way. A veterinary surgeon
should be employed.

A light dressing of Elliman's will be good treatment until
skilled aid can be obtained. It has already been stated that the
Elliman's is a germicide, and prevents the invasion of microbes.
If assistance is unobtainable, then the directions given in
connection wdth incised wounds {see above) should be carried out
as far as possible, bringing the edges of the skin as nearly
together as may be, but avoiding any strain on the soft parts.
Allowance should be made for the swelling that will be sure to
follow. Stitches too tight will tear out. In hot countries, where
flies abound, the wound should be covered lightly, and shade
secured, A dark stable is preferable, inasmuch as flies will not

stay in it.

PUNCTURED WOUNDS*

A small punctured wound is more to be feared than a large
incised one. Although it will often heal by first intention, it is

HORSES.

57

never safe to let it. All may appear to be well, and months
afterwards a swelling come up at or near the spot, an abscess
{see page 53) form, or worse still, a fistula. (See Fistula, 54)
The nail or other object which caused the puncture was probably
rusty or dirty, and conveyed some deleterious matter.

Treatment. — Enlarge the orifice. Get drainage. Dip some
tow or a strand of rope in Elliman's, and push it into the wound
as far as it will go. Leave it in till next day. Renew it two or
three times until a healthy discharge takes place. The colour
should be pale yellow, and the consistence about that of cream.
No fear of results need be entertained after this treatment, and
the wound may be allowed to heal up.

CHAPS AND CRACKS.

The heels are subject to chaps and cracks in winter, as the
result of chills, from their being allowed to remain wet, and
from the irritating effects of mud. The dust of summer is also
known to have the same effect, especially of certain soils.

Treat me nt. — Cleanse thoroughly with warm water and yellow,
not soft soap, and wipe dry. Dust the wound with equal parts
of dried alum and oxide of zinc. Rub in the Elliman's round
the coronet and in front of the pastern. The application of
Elliman's acts as a derivative, in this case, diverting blood from
the inflamed part.

MALLENDERS AND SALLENDERS.

Whenever a scurfiness, followed by a crack, appears behind
the knee, it is called a mallender. A similar condition in front
of the hock is known as a sallender. These two diseases bear a
relation to cracked heels. Where the skin is required to bend
frequently, as in these places, a special provision is made to
prevent friction. Under the skin are found little glands whose
office it is to secrete an unctuous material resembling vaseline.
These glands fulfil their function in all ordinary times, but are
liable to become blocked up by irritating dust, or inflamed by
frost and snow.

58 HORSES.

Treatment. — In general the treatment is the same as for
cracked heels {see page 57), but often a little strong mercurial
ointment rubbed upon them is an effectual remedy.

TREADS

are injuries to the parts immediately above the hoof, and
are caused by placing one foot on the other or else by the tread
of another horse. They most frequently happen to heavy horses,
working in pairs, and the accident occurs in turning.

The calkin of the shoe being generally responsible, the injury
is so severe that the part is literally killed on the spot. A piece
of dead tissue has to detach itself, or rather, we should say, be
cast off, before healing can take place. {See Sitfasts, 54).

Tpeatment. — The broken down part being removed, the
Embrocation should be dabbed on the place every night and
morning.

OVER-REACHES*

Young horses and others, when overpaced, are liable to strike
the heel of the front foot with the toe of the hind foot. The
injury created is almost invariably just between hair and hoof,
an offensive discharge is soon set up, and the horse is likely to
be lame next day until the soreness works off by re-opening the
wound and giving vent to the discharge.

Treatment. — Elliman's should be dabbed on and allowed
to soak in.

Prevention. — Pay attention to the shoeing.

BRUSHING.

The habit of brushing is either due to malformation,
particularly to turned out toes, or else to fatigue. It also
happens through shoeing too "full" on the inside, or a clench
may work up and do the mischief. Sufficient importance is not
always attached to this minor accident until a permanent
enlargement makes it impossible for the animal to travel without
brushing.

Treatment. — Dab the part with Elliman's, rub it in round
the joint, put on a dry bandage, commencing at the foot.

HORSES. 59

Prevention. — Feather-edged shoes, and frequent examination
of them to see that there is no overlapping, and that the clenches
are kept down. A so-called "knocked-up" shoe is best. Short
journeys only should be taken by young horses, and they should
be bandaged at home as long as the tendency to brush remains.

SPEEDY CUXriNG.

Defective action is the common cause, and, as the name
implies, it occurs only in the fast paces.

The lower and inside border of the knee is the part struck by
the shoe of the opposite foot, or in some horses by the hoof itself.

Treatment. — Dab on Elliman's and rub it all round, to draw
away the swelling and prevent a lump from forming.

Prevention. — In the case of young animals, they sometimes
grow out of it with careful drivers; but there is, practically, no
means of prevention except by wearing a boot or protective
substance.

A speedy-cutter is so dangerous an animal that it is well to
find him a job at his ow^n pace. Some speedy-cutters may be
made to do useful work, but at a fast pace they are always
liable to come down.

THORNS AND OTHER FOREIGN BODIES*

When a thorn, splinter, or other substance pierces the skin
it is not always observed at the time, but lameness and swelling
of a tendon or other structure often takes place next day.

In the case of hunters, in particular, the attendant should
keep the possibility of thorns specially in mind: their presence
is often mistaken for sprain. The greater tenderness over some
small spot should excite suspicion, and cause a search to be made.

Treatment. — Close cHp the affected part, or even go to the
extent of shaving it, in order to find the foreign body. Enlarge
the opening with a lancet and extract the offender. Apply the
Elliman's to the wound as well as all round it, and, if it is not
distinctly relieved next day, put on poultices to induce the
remainder of the thorn to come out. If all is got out at the
first attempt it will need no other treatment than the Elliman's.

6o HORSES.

MUD FEVER,

This disease is of the nature of erythema, and should be
treated with internal remedies as well as applications to the skin.

Cooling doses of Epsom salts should be given, say J lb. in a
mash at night for two or three nights; and, for a lotion, i fluid
ounce of Goulard's extract, mixed in a pint of linseed oil, should
be used.

Prevention. — On returning to the stable, wash off the dirt,
wipe dry, and let the legs be rubbed with a little Embrocation

GREASE,

Coarse, hairy-legged horses are very liable to this disease of
the skin of the heels and lower part of the back of the legs.

Constitutional remedies, as well as outside agents, need to be
employed.

Sulphates of zinc and of copper dissolved in water make a
very good lotion, half an ounce of either sulphate of zinc, or
sulphate of copper, dissolved in a pint of water, may be applied
with a sponge once or twice a day. Small doses, one or two
drachms of the sulphate of copper, given in the form of a ball for
several nights, will be perfectly safe and beneficial.

Prevention. — Keep the legs as dry as possible and never wash
them. Brush out the mud when dry. Give an occasional
diuretic ball.

DISEASES OF THE FEET,

Contracted Feet. — Many a horse is reduced in value by
contracted feet. They may not cause him to go lame, but
experience proves that he is more likely to do so than a horse
with a large open foot.

Treatment. — A foot can be made to grow larger, even in an
old horse, if the band round the top is stimulated from time to
time with the Elliman's.

The foot grows from the coronary band just as the human
nail does from the quick, and anything that stimulates the
coronary band causes an increased growth. Rub on the
EUiman's three times a week.

HORSES. 6i

WEAK CORONETS*

Colts that have been starved or stunted by intestinal worms
may grow up with weak, thin coronets, which seem almost to
show the edge of the horn instead of a full round ring.

Treatment. — Rub the Elliman's all round the coronets
twice or three times a week.

The enlargement which Elliman's can bring about in the
horse's foot, may be ascertained by measuring the impress of the
foot before the treatment and after the horn has grown down.

Prevention consists in liberal feeding and plenty of exercise
when quite young.

SAND CRACK.

This is due to the imperfect secretion of horn. In a sound
foot there is a perfect blending of gelatinous and hard material,
but where the gelatinous is wanting, sand-crack is liable to
follow. A common cause is due to the farrier rasping the wall
of the foot after shoeing, thus removing the gelatinous layers, and
so producing evaporation and dryness which eventually cracks.

On the inside of the fore foot and at the toe of the hind, is
where it most often occurs.

Tpeatment.— Remove the shoe and cut an inversed J\ where
the crack touches the sole or ground surface. At the top of the
crack, that is to say, immediately below the coronet, make a
true V with a firing iron, the crack running down through the
centre or bisecting the /\.

This mechanical arrangement distributes the concussion over
the sound parts while resting the injured. The Elliman's
should be rubbed into the coronet all the way round, so as to
promote a sound growth of fresh horn. The crack will grow
out, unless the coronary band has been severed by a wound.
Then a mark of union will be left, but the animal may become
sound in going and remain so.

FEVER IN THE FEET (Laminitis)*

Acute and chronic inflammation of the sensitive laminae
renders many horses unsound.

62 HORSES.

Causes. — These are several and not always discoverable.
The acute form comes on in horses too well fed and
insufficiently exercised, and then suddenly called upon to do
fast work.

As it is often mistaken for injury to the back it may be well
to briefly describe the symptoms common to both forms., only it
will be understood by the reader that in the acute attack the
symptoms are much more pronounced.

The animal that appeared to be in health at bedding-up
time is found next morning to be unable to move or get across
the stall, he leans back so as to put all the weight he can on his
heels, at the same time getting his hind feet as far under him
as possible. Although these may share the attack, they never
suffer so much as the front ones, which at all times support
more of the animal's w^eight.

He may be "blowing," but it is wdth pain and not from
any chest disease.

His face is anxious, his appetite gone. He stands as if his
spine were all in one piece.

Treatment. — Envelop the feet with poultices of w^arm bran
and linseed of equal proportions. Some say, give a dose of
physic. That such treatment is quicker in its effect is undoubted,
but there is an apparently well-founded belief that chest or
bow^el complaint is more likely to follow.

With abatement of the early or worst symptoms and
with discontinuance of the poultices, the Elliman's can be
substituted with great advantage. An application around the
coronet daily will draw out the inflammation and tend to prevent
those subsequent changes of structure within the foot, which
end in a "dropped" sole, and indicates " Chronic Laminitis."

A turn out on marshy land is to be recommended.

Special shoeing is desirable, and the best farrier should be
sought.

THRUSH
is a disease of the frog, brought about by standing in wet
and dirty stables. It is sometimes hereditary.

HORSES. (53

Bad shoeing has also something to do with it. The heel
being always lifted off the ground, the frog gets no fair share
of pressure, and wasting is the result. The discharge from the
cleft of the frog is very offensive.

Treatment. — Pare away all the dead horn and wash out all
evil-smelling matter. Mix one part of salt with four or five
parts of tar, and pour into the decayed part, particularly into
the cleft.

A pledget of tow dipped into the compound and pressed
into the cleft and left there, is good treatment.

In severe cases of long standing, get four drachms of
finely powdered Sulphate of Copper, and mix it with four
ounces of Stockholm Tar; have the thrush cleaned with warm
water and soap, and when dry, having stirred the Ointment,
introduce some into the cleft of the frog and press it in with a
piece of soft tow. Dress the frog every or every other day.

SORE THROAT*

There are many causes of sore throat.

Chills, influenza, bad drains, sea voyages, irritant foods and
drugs, accidental swallowing of things the ''wrong way/'
strangles, &c.

Symptoms of sore throat: — Shivering and staring coat,
quidding the food, poking out the nose, nodding the head
continously, cough, restlessness, loss of appetite.

Treatment. — Clothe the body, bandage the legs, apply the
EUiman's with a sponge, and then well rub it in with the hand,
and lastly put on a hood ; repeat daily.

The rest of the treatment must be guided by the special
cause, if determinable. The horse owner will be doing right in
applying EUiman's at first, but the aid of a veterinary surgeon
may be necessary in severe cases, both for local and general
treatment.

64 HORSES.

ROARING.

Causes. — Influenza, sore throat, cough, neglected cold,
hereditary predisposition. The various degrees of this affection
are described as: — whistling, thick wind, and roaring, but the
causes are very much the same, only that thick wind is more
frequently the sequel of bronchitis.

It is not too much to say for EUiman's, that roaring may
be prevented by its timely use.

Trainers of racing stock attach the greatest importance to
the least sign of catarrh, as evidenced by sore throat or cough.

Tpeatment. — The same as for sore throat. A tube introduced
into the windpipe may be necessary.

COUGH.

A noise made in the effort to expel some foreign
matter, or some secreted matter in the air passages, causing
irritation.

If the irritation exists in the fauces or the larynx, the
throat from Ear to Ear should be well rubbed every day with
EUiman's and the rubbing should be continued down the wind
pipe, until the parts become sore — the horse should be fed on
green meat if it can be obtained, if it cannot, then upon crushed
oats, bran, and a little chaff scalded together; pour boiling
water upon the food, then cover over for a time and give a fair
feed of the mixture when cool four times a day, carrots should
be given, but little, if any dry food. The legs should be kept
warm with woollen bandages, the horse should be well clothed,
and kept in a ivell aired loose box, draught should be avoided.

Small doses of Digitalis, tartar emetic, and nitrate of
potash made into a ball with tar and one given every night
have often produced a very beneficial effect. The proportions
should be f drachm Digitalis — i drachm Tartar Emetic — 2
drachms Nitrate of Potash. Linseed tea should be given as
a drink.

HORSES. 65

CHRONIC COUGH

May proceed from worms ; there is much sympathy between the
bowels and lungs, in such case the treatment at page 77 is
recommended ; it may proceed from distended stomach pressing
upon lungs that have become enlarged from loss of con-
tractile power — in such a case judicious feeding would greatly
help, all food should be damped, he should be given a little at a
time though oftener than he would be usually fed — his drinking
water should always be within reach.

COMMON COLD,

A horse affected with cold has almost always a sore throat,
more or less, besides which the glands of the throat and those
under the jaw are swollen, tender and disordered, even if there
is no apparent enlargement to the eye.

The importance of early treatment has been already alluded
to in connection with roaring.

Treatment. — Clothe the body well, but give fresh air,
avoiding draught. Apply the Elliman's vigorously to the throat
and under the jaw, as previously directed. By this means the
effusion is diverted from the delicate membrane of the air passage
to the loose tissue under the skin, and nature is able to absorb it.

Steaming the head by means of scalded bran in a nose-bag
is helpful. Care should be taken not to make it too hot, or, as
a horse's muzzle is easily injured, it will have additional trouble
in eating.

The food should be moistened, and all dusty or damaged
hay avoided when the horse has recovered.

CONGESTION OF THE LUNGS.

There is a great distinction between congestion and
inflammation of the lungs of horses, not made in regard to man.

Congestion is engorgement, and the cause, as a rule, over-
exertion when out of condition. It is therefore most frequent
among hunters at the beginning of the season and after a big
burst across country.

66 HORSES.

A horseman should recognise the early signs, and first
turn his hunter's head to the wind and then to the nearest
way home.

Treatment. — At the first signs of blowing and distress,
with dilated nostrils and heaving flanks, it is well to give a
rapidly diffusible stimulant. A gill of brandy at the nearest
inn, or a draught of ammonia (aromatic spirit), an ounce in
half-a-pint of cold water, at the first chemist's at which it is
obtainable, should be administered.

As taking a distressed horse home may prove fatal, it is
well to put him up as soon as a suitable place can be found.

While a messenger is despatched for a veterinary surgeon the
attendants should apply the EUiman's to the throat and
both sides of the chest, rubbing it into the ribs for ten or
fifteen minutes.

EUiman's in the palms of the hands should be employed in
vigorously rubbing the legs until they respond by becoming
warm. It is desirable to clothe the horse well, not forgetting
the hood, but his head must not be poked into a corner where
the air of the stable is bad ; and failing a large, loose and well
ventilated box, he should be tied up facing an open door, fresh
air being essential to his recovery.

INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS.
This is not sudden engorgement, as in the congestion above
described, but of slower development. All the lung substance
may be involved, or one side only.

Professional assistance should be obtained and, while
waiting, the EUiman's may be rubbed into the sides of the chest
and legs as recommended in congestion. Warm clothing, a good
bed, and pure air are necessary, and careful dieting on soft food,

BRONCHITIS.

The amateur has usually less difficulty in diagnosing this
form of chest affection than the others, as the horse makes a
noise in breathing and coughs in a way that shows pain in the
act. The causes are the same as inflammation of the lungs and
common cold.

HORSES. 67

Treatment. — Rub in the Elliman's from the throat to the

breast all the way down the windpipe, and again behind the

elbows along the ribs. If professional aid cannot be summoned,

the following medicine may be tried, a dose being given every

four hours.

Paregoric Elixir ----- i ounce.

Sweet Spirit of Nitre - - - - i ounce.

Glycerine ------ 2 ounces.

Linseed oil ------ 4 ounces ; mix for

one draught.

This will be found a good remedy in any of the diseases of the

chest, but we always advise calling in the services of a veterinary

surgeon in all serious cases, and in giving advice upon others we

do not in any way seek to supplant professional skill.

PLEURISY.

Cause. — Exposure, sudden changes, as from the warm stable
to standing at a draughty street corner. Farmer's horses get it
while standing after sweating at ploughing (while the men
go under shelter to dinner).

Shivering, grunting with pain on being turned round, rapid
breathing, and a dry hacking cough are the common symptoms.

Treatment. — The outside of the pleura being near the chest
wall is the part most often affected, and Elliman's promptly
applied is almost a specific. It draws out the inflammation
before it has time to form bands of lymph, which afterwards
have the effect of fixing the membrane to the sides of the
chest for life. A veterinary surgeon should be called in.

COLIC AND INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS*

Colic, gripes, or fret, as the disease is variously called in
different districts, is caused by- indigestion, unsuitable food,
exhaustion, and drinking cold water on a full stomach, and,
occasionally, on an empty one. It is also hereditary.

There are two sorts of colic, one known as spasmodic and the
other distinguished as flatulent. In the former the bowel is
constricted at places, and great pain is the result. It is a spasm
of the muscular layer of the gut. Flatulent colic is slower, as a
rale, in coming on. With the increase of gas in the bowels the

68 HORSES.

pain increases and the animal is much distended, the sides
feeling like a drum. There is always danger in colic, and
professional assistance should be called in.

Treatment. — While waiting for a veterinary surgeon rub
Elliman's into the belly, all over it from the last rib to the
hip. Avoid the teats of a mare and the sheath of a gelding.
A good colic draught is the following : —

Sal Volatile ------ i ounce.

Spirit of Nitre - - - - - i ounce.

Powdered Capsicums - - - - i drachm.

Turpentine ------ 2 ounces.

Linseed oil ------ J pint.

Mix and give in a pint of gruel.

Ppevention. — With the exception of a few hereditary cases
colic is practically preventable. Mismanagement is responsible.
Bad food, irregular meals, and working the horse when in an
exhausted state, are causes of colic.

INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS.

No more dangerous illness can attack the horse than this;
and as the symptoms so nearly resemble those of colic at first,
we repeat our advice to seek the services of a competent
veterinary surgeon in every doubtful case. Only the expert
can distinguish between inflammation of the bowels itself
(enteritis) and inflammation of the investing membrane of the
abdomen (peritonitis).

The causes are obscure, but supposed to be very much the
same as those which induce colic {see page 67).

Treatment. — Wring out a sheet in hot water, rub the
Elliman's all over the belly, and lose no time in covering it
with the sheet and afterwards with woollen blankets or other
clothing to keep in the heat. At once duplicate the sheet and
blankets, so as to be ready to clap them on immediately when
changing them to prevent the great risk of a chill from evapora-
tion while the sheet is off.

HORSES. 69

If hot packing or fomentation, or, we may add, poulticing,
cannot be done well, it had better not be done at all. Better
trust to the Embrocation entirely than poultice or foment
indifferently. For internal medicine, opium or its preparations
are and have been in great repute from time out of mind. Two
scruples of powdered opium in a little warm water should be
given every six hours. Aperients should not be given, but time
allowed for the natural action of the bowels to be restored when
the inflammation has abated.

ACCIDENTAL (Traumatic) PERITONITIS,

Inflammation of the investing membrane above referred to
may follow on castration or external injury.

Treatment in such case consists in applying the Elliman's
all over the belly, and the administration of opium in balls or as
a tincture (laudanum).

CONGESTION OF THE LIVER.

Horses habitually fed on corn and never turned out to grass
are subject to liver disorders. Influenza is among the most
frequent causes of congestion of that organ. Errors of diet and-
bad air contribute their quota as well. Impaired appetite and
yellow membranes of the eye and mouth are pretty sure signs.

Treatment. — Con\plete change of diet, a dose of aloes, and
daily appHcation of the Elliman's to the right side, beginning at
the last rib and going backwards for two hands' breadth.
Blisters are not desirable, but a continuance of the Elliman's
will so act upon the superficial nerves as to react on those nerves
which direct the functions of the liver.

CHILLED LOINS.

Clipped horses exposed to the wind are apt to get a chill
across the loins. It is made manifest by such stiffness next day
that the victim gets up with difficulty and turns with a groan.

ElHman's is the proper remedy for this condition. Its
operation will be helped by first bathing the affected parts with
warm water {see Fomentation, 22). The great muscles of the

70 HORSES.

back are subject to deposition of effete material, which produces
a sudden form of paralysis known as azoturia. It comes on
very soon after a horse has started on a journey. The treatment
consists in giving a bold dose of physic and rubbing in the
Elliman's over the loins daily.

HARD UDDERS AND GARGET.

Many a good colt might be saved by a little Elliman's being
rubbed into the mare's udder. Especially is this the case with
fillies allowed to breed at three years old.

The bag is hard and tender, and the colt punches it to make
the milk flow. The impatient young mother either kicks the foal,
or else refuses it the chance to suck.

Treatment. — Tie up the mare, hold up a fore-leg, and with
the Elliman's at half strength knead the udder with both hands
for several minutes, three times a day, milking out as much as
possible with finger and thumb, and, after wiping dry, hold
up the colt to suck.

The relief is so soon felt that, after the first performance,
the most irritable filly will usually submit to the operation.

Prevention. — Examine the udder when the foal is expected
and the *' wax candles "are showing, and feel the state of the
bag. If it is hard and tender, soften it with diluted Elliman's
and endeavour to get out a little milk. If hand milking has to
be done, to prevent garget, a disease in the udder, then the colt
should have a dose of castor oil, which would not otherwise be
necessary, as the first milk contains a natural aperient.

GARGET.

A neglected case of hard udder will run on to abscess or
garget.

Treatment. — Take away the foal and find a foster-mother.
Poultice the udder if the mare will submit to it. If not, the
abscess may be induced to point by freely using the Elliman's.
When ripe it should be lanced ; a V.S. will know where to expect
a blood vessel, and will not wound it. (See Abscess, page 53.)

HORSES.

71

THE TEETH.

THREE- YEAR- OLD MOUTH.

B. Anterior maxillary bone.

1. I. Central permanent nippers, quite full-grown.

2. 2. Milk teeth worn down.

3- 3- Corner milk teeth, still shewing central mark.

4. 4- Tushes concealed within the jaw.

72

HORSES.

MOUTH OF THE COLT AT FOUR-AND-A-HALF YEARS,

2. 2

3- 3

4- 4

Anterior maxillary bone.

1. Central nippers, considerably worn down.

2. The next pair fully developed, with their edges slightly worn.

3. Corner permanent nippers, in a state of growth, with the edges of the cavity
sharp, and the mark very plain.

The tushes shewing themselves through the gum, but not full-grown (not seen
in the mare).

HORSES.

73

UPPER NIPPERS AND TUSHES AT FIVE YEARS OLD.

1. I. Central nippers, with the mark still unobliterated.

2. 2. Next nippers with the mark still plainer.

3 3. Corner nippers with the edges very slightly worn.

4. 4. Tushes, well developed, and still shewing the groove on the outside plainly
(only seen in geldings).

74

HORSES.

LOWER NIPPERS AND TUSHES AT FIVE YEARS OLD,

1. I. Central nippers with their marks almost entirely worn out.

2. 2. Next nippers, showing marks partially worn.

3. 3. Corner nippers, with the mark plainly seen, but the edges partially worn.

4. 4. Tushes, with the grooves inside almost obliterated (only seen in geldings).

HORSES,

75

THE LOWER NIPPERS AND TUSHES OF A SIX- YEAR-OLD

HORSE.

Tlie lower jaw.

1. The central nippers, with the marks worn out.

2. The next nippers, with the marks disappearing.

3. The corner nippers, showing the marks plainly enough, but with the edges

considerably worn.

4- The tushes standing up three quarters of an inch, with their points only slightly
blunted (only seen in geldings).

HORSES.

UPPER NIPPERS IN THE EIGHT- YE A.R-OLD HORSE.

A. Anterior maxillary bone.

1. I. Central nippers, worn to a plain surface.

2. 2. Next pair still showing a slight remnant of the cavity,

3. 3. Corner nippers, showing the mark plainly enough.

4. 4. Tushes, more worn down than in the lower jaw of the six-year-old mouth

(only seen in geldings).

HORSES. 77

LOWER NIPPERS AND LEFT TUSH OF A VERY OLD HORSE,
THE RIGHT TUSH HAVING FALLEN OUT.

WORMS IN HORSES.

Those from which horses mostly suffer are the long white
worm [lnhricus teres)^ and the . small darker- coloured worm
{ascaris), often called needle worm. The former are from six
to ten inches long, and inhabit the small intestines, and when
they exist in any quantity they materially interfere with the
condition of the horse, as they feed on the nutritive part
of the food, or mucus of the intestines. The best treatment
appears to be to give, according to the size of the horse, from
one to two drachms of tartar emetic, mixed in a little damp food,
every day for six days, an hour before the horse is fed, then to
mash him for a day, and, having so done, to give a dose of physic,
say five drachms Barbadoes aloes.

The smaller worm (ascaris) inhabits the larger intestines, the
coecum and rectum, where they are often found in large quan-

78 HORSES.

titles. They are a great annoyance from causing much irrita-
tion about the fundament. A dose of physic will bring away
a great number. If they exist in the rectum, an injection of
linseed oil, or of an ounce of aloes dissolved in warm water, is
the most effectual remedy.

CARE OF HORSES.

That proper care and hygienic conditions conduce to the
welfare and longevity of horses is proved by the carefully pre-
served statistics of the army horses, and also of the great studs
kept by omnibus and other trading companies who employ large
numbers of animals.

Stables should be lofty and well ventilated but free from
draught. Ventilation properly carried out ought to ensure
these conditions. Bad air, as that on shipboard, irritates the
mucous membranes and produces catarrh. Because chills were
first recognised as a cause of catarrh, the disease was properly
named "cold" or a cold. The vitiated atmosphere of a town
stable of the old type is, however, a much more frequent source
of catarrh than exposure to inclement weather. Young horses
coming up to London in the pink of health are just the ones to
be affected by the foul air, and many losses are sustained by
owners of animals which fail to become acclimatised.

Horses at work are estimated to consume about 16,000 cubic
feet of air per hour. The amount of cubic space in a stable is
not, however, an absolute measure of its air capacity, as in two
stables of exactly the same size, the exhausted air may pass out
rapidly in one and pure air be as freely drawn in, while in the
other the arrangements may be such as to prevent free circula-
tion. The heavier gases are the slower to diffuse themselves,
but ammonia, which is such a light gas and so large a product
of the horse stable, quickly vitiates the atmosphere unless the
ventilation is on sound principles.

DRAINAGE OF NO LESS IMPORTANCE.

No drain inside a stable should be covered. The master
can then see at a glance if the gutters have been cleansed,
and no stale dung and urine can accumulate without the

HORSES. 79

attendants knowledge. The presence of fresh droppings or of
recently passed urine is no detriment to the health of man or
beast, but the decomposition that follows in blocked-up pipes or
under iron plates not thoroughly washed every day is most
injurious.

WATER.

The amount of water required by a horse differs greatly
according to his work, his food, and the temperature of the air.
An average allowance, according to the best army observers, is
six gallons per day. The allowance on board ship is only five
but it is found quite sufficient when there is no exercise taken.

When to water. Before hygiene was understood it was the
almost universal custom to withhold water from a horse when
he came in hot or was on a journey. It was thought to produce
colic, and in some instances would do so, when very cold
water was given in reckless quantity to a horse suffering
with thirst. Again we would refer to the cavalry and other
army horses as examples of good management, and say that,
since horses have been watered before feeding, the number of
gripe cases has diminished by more than half. The physio-
logical explanation is, that the water passes in two or three
minutes into the large bowels, and is absorbed into the
circulation before the food given a few minutes later has the
opportunity of becoming saturated and afterwards swelling
up or fermenting. Water given on the top of a hastily
swallowed feed of corn is liable to check digestion, and to
swell up the corn to such an extent as to cause rupture of the
organ. Soft water is preferable for many reasons, not the least
of which is the tendency of hard^water to produce gripes, and to
form calculus or stone in the bowels and bladder. The supply
of soft water is, unfortunately, seldom pure. On farms the pond
receives the surface drainage of any land higher up than itself
or from the yard itself, and the water becomes the colour of
coffee. It must, however, be said that such discoloured water
is often preferred by horses, and particularly by cattle, and the
proofs of its bad effects are wanting.

8o HORSES.

FORAGK

It is not perhaps generally known that, until the present
century, barley was the grain on which horses were usually fed.
It is still sometimes given to them, but the superiority of oats is
unquestionable. Until the advent of the chaff-cutter, corn was
given whole or, at best, bruised. Whole oats given without chaff
are apt to pass through the body without being acted on by the
digestion, and the system of adding chaff to the feed has the
effect of making the animal grind his food better. He cannot
swallow a lump of dry hay or chaff; it has to be insalivated first.

Digestion in the horse cannot be complete without some
amount of distension. Although a single-stomached animal,
and that a small one, he must have bulk ; nutrition is not
everything. All the elements may be found in neat corn to
sustain him, but he will thrive better on a less quantity with
some long stuff added. The quantity of oats necessary for the
maintenance of a horse in health, will depend largely upon the
nature of his work. Race horses are induced to eat all the good
oats they can, but the conditions of training do not apply to
general feeding. Ten to twelve pounds is a fair allowance for
a saddle horse or hackney, 12 to 14 for a cart horse, and, if beans
or peas are given, a corresponding amount of oats should be
deducted. The army ration is 10 lbs. The Government weight
required for oats is 36 lbs. per bushel.

Hay. — Horses doing fast work are given a large proportion
of corn and but little hay ; hence the racer eats the least hay,
and the farm and heavy draught animal the most. For the light
breeds about 12 lbs. a day is enough, including that which is
cut up into chaff. Double that quantity is not too much for a
waggon horse.

Maize. — This corn is largely used as being cheap and sus-
taining, but it has nothing like the feed value of a corresponding
weight of oats. Too much maize is productive of colic and
conduces to swollen legs.

HORSES 8i

Beans and Peas. — These highly stimulating foods are only
proper for horses called upon for very severe work, and no large
quantity should at any time be given — i to 2 lbs. per day.

Wheat. — As a horse food, wheat is not suitable. It is a
cause of indigestion and generally believed to bring on fever in
the feet.

Straw. — The straw of wheat, oats, and barley may be given
to horses in moderate quantity without injury, as chaff, or in
place of hay.

Bran Mashes. — If a dry diet is given, with no green meat,
it is necessary to let horses have a bran, or bran and linseed mash,
at least once a week ; but horses differ very much in respect to
the effects of dry feeding ; some get dangerously constipated
without frequent mashing, whilst others of excitable temperament
need peas and other things to hold them together.

TIMES OF FEEDING.

The horse's stomach being small in proportion to his size, it.
is desirable that he should be fed often, say every four hours,
or three times a day, and the bulk of his hay should be given
at night.

GROOMING.

Horses undoubtedly thrive best when well groomed. A
good strapping every morning brings the blood to the surface
and promotes circulation generally.

MANAGEMENT OF THE FEET.

As the horse's feet should be picked out every morning
when the stable is "mucked out," there is no excuse for
loose shoes going unnoticed. The wear differs much, but as

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HORSES. 83

a general rule the shoes should not be kept on more than three
weeks, because the foot of a healthy animal will have grown so
much by that time as to overlap the shoe, break away from the
clenches, or press upon the bars and lay the foundation of corns.
If not worn thin they may be put in the fire and replaced
when altered to fit.

STOPPING THE FEET,

The custom of stopping with cow-dung or other softening
material is not generally a desirable one. Water is all that a
healthy foot requires.

BEDDING*

Of all bedding, nothing looks so comfortable and cheerful
as good long wheat straw. Oat and barley straw are more
quickly broken up and saturated by the urine. With some
horses it is necessary to use other bedding, as they will eat all
the straw within their reach and so bring on digestive ailments
and broken wind.

Pine shavings, peat moss, sawdust and ferns are used for
bedding, but gross feeders will often devour ferns and a few
will even eat moss litter.

MEDICINES TO KEEP IN STORE,

Where the services of a Veterinary Surgeon cannot be
obtained, it would be advisable to keep the following preparations
in store.

PHYSIC MASS.

Barbadoes Aloes _ . _ » . g parts.

Olive Oil ------- I part.

Treacle 3 parts.

The Aloes should be broken into small pieces and melted
with the oil in a hot water bath, then the Treacle added and
the Mass stirred until cool.

Continued next

84

HORSES.

Dose from six to nine drachms. The horse should be well
mashed before having the physic and the mashes continued
during the purgation.

DIURETIC MASS»

Resin finely powdered, Nitrate of Pottassa, Yellow Soap, in
equal parts well beaten together. Dose i ounce to i^ ounces.

TONIC MASS.

Sulphate Copper ----- 2 ounces.

Ginger Powder ----- 2 ounces.

Linseed Powder ----- 6 ounces.

Treacle ------- 6 ounces.

Well beaten together. Dose i ounce to ij ounces.

CORDIAL MASS.

Caraway Powder, Gentian Powder, Ginger Powder. Of
each equal parts with Treacle sufficient to form a Mass. Dose
from I ounce to i^ ounces.

FEVER BALL.

Tartar Emetic ^ drachm.

Camphor - | drachm.

Nitrate Potash 2 drachms.

Palm Oil sufficient to form a Ball. One may be given twice

a day.

COLIC DRAUGHT.

Sal Volatile ---...- i ounce.

Sweet Spirits of Nitre - - . - i ounce.

Powdered Capsicums . . - - i drachm.

Spirits of Turpentine . - - - 2 ounces.

Linseed Oil ------ J pint.

FEVER DRAUGHT.

Sweet Spirits Nitre _ . - - 2 ounces.

Nitrate. Potassa ----- 2 drachms.

Camphor ------ J drachm.

Tartar Emetic ----- J drachm.

Water ------- J pint.

One may be given every night.

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PART II.

D0G5.

ASTHMA,

Cause not known.

Treatment. — Only palliative remedies can be given. Inhala-
tion of steam often proves beneficial ; a teaspoonful of liquid
tar may be added to the boiling water.

ABSCESS.

Under the name of abscess there are two distinct kinds of
swellings containing matter.

The causes are much the same, namely : blows, bites, stings
and thorns.

The most frequent are the class called serous, and the situa-
tion of them is about the head and neck. These are the parts
where dogs grapple with one another either in earnest, or in
those mimic battles in which pups specially delight to engage.

The symptoms of abscess are sudden swelling, great ten-
derness and stiffness ; often the ear-flap is affected : it is filled
with fluid and stands up, though it may belong to a lop-eared
animal.

Treatment. — In the majority of cases, the matter can be
entirely dispersed by using Elliman's. It should be rubbed in
night and morning with a good deal of massage.

If too late for dispersal, it will be necessary to run a seton
through it. A large and sharp needle threaded with unbleached
tape and saturated with Elliman's should be passed from the

DOGS.

highest point to the lowest and pulled backwards and forwards
at least once a day.

This treatment prevents the re-formation of abscess, causes
a healthy discharge, and leaves no blemish.

If the inside of the flap of the ear is involved it is no use to
apply the Elliman's as a preventive, but the skin on the hair-
less portion should be ripped up from end to end and a pledget
of tow dipped in the Elliman's must be squeezed into the
wound. *

If this is not done it fills up again in a single night.

The other sort of abscess is what is commonly called a boil,
in human flesh, and contains pus or thick matter, instead of the
Gtraw-coloured thin fluid found in serous abscesses.

The formation is slower and even more painful. Dispersal
is not very hopeful unless the first appearance of swelling
and tenderness is detected. The employment of the Elliman's
is here recommended to bring the abscess to a head, or as the
surgeons say, make it "point." When a thin place can be dis-
tinctly felt it is time to lance it. There should be no hesita-
tion, a bold stab hurts less than a nervously given one and will
let all the matter out at once.

The discharge is to be encouraged by warm fomentation,
not hotter than one can bear the elbow in, and should be followed
by a dressing with Elliman's inside the new made wound. A
healthy action is thus set up and early and complete recovery
may be looked for.

BRUISES,

Dogs of every breed are extremely liable to bruises caused
either in their sport, or in the service of their masters, and, it
must be added, by the wilful brutality of persons who dislike
them.

Treatment. — As soon as the injury is discovered, bathe with
warm water and apply the Elliman's. Repeat next day and
in all probability it will be cured.

DOGS. 89

BITES,

These are in the nature of punctured wounds, and in other
animals should be enlarged, but with dogs it is seldom necessary.
The application of Elliman's to the wound, and a good rubbing
all round about the place, will, with very few exceptions, result
in a speedy cure. If it does not do so, an abscess may be looked
for. {See Abscess, page 87.)

Dogs of the bull type sometimes inflict much more serious
injuries, and a lacerated wound is the consequence. (See Cuts
AND WOUNDS, page 99). In connection with bites we feel it
incumbent upon us to take the opportunity of saying a few
words on

RABIES,

not that we have any remedy to offer, but because erroneous
statements are made in the daily press on this very important
subject.

Rabies does not arise spontaneously.

It must be communicated by the bite of, or inoculation by,
another animal who is himself affected with the disease at the
time.

No treatment is of the least use.

The danger to human life makes it the duty of every dog
owner to destroy an animal that has been bitten by a rabid dog.

A dog that has bitten a human being, or another dog, should
not be immediately destroyed.

He should be put in a place of security, and kept under
observation for nine to fifteen days.

If rabid at the time of inflecting the injury, he will be dead
before the expiration of the quarantine above prescribed.

BLADDER,

The dog's bladder is occasionally the seat of inflammation.

Causes. — Kicks, blows, falls, the presence of stone, and the
administration of improper drugs or the use of unsuitable
liniments.

90 DOGS.

Treatment. — A dose of castor-oil, a smart rubbing of
EUiman's over the loins. Two to eight drops of tinct. of
belladonna in milk every two hours. Diet to consist principally
of milk and light puddings. In severe cases the catheter has to
be passed. Keep the dog away from draughts and place him in
blankets.

BLOOD DISEASES.

Dogs are not very liable to blood poisoning although anthrax
is possible. The scavenging propensity of generations of dogs
innumerable, seems to have given the race a certain amount of
immunity. Obscure diseases without definite symptoms should
not be treated by the amateur but by a veterinary surgeon.

Anaemia, op Poverty of the Blood, is a condition which
the intelligent amateur can easily recognise by the extreme pallor
of the visible membranes of the eye and mouth.

Causes. — Insufficient food, digestive failure, and bad ventila-
tion, with inadequate play-ground in the case of pups, and with
bitches, exhaustion from suckling too many pups or for too long
a time.

Stud dogs may be so much used as to bring about the same
condition.

Treatment. — A mild aperient to carry off fermented ingesta.
Good nourishing food at regular intervals. Parrish's food
in teaspoonful doses, morning and night, after food. Beef
tea, broth, and nourishing liquids. Gentle exercise increased
daily. Dry, well-drained bed. For medicine, give from
one to six grains of saccharated carbonate of iron, night
and morning, as a powder on the tongue, or in the food if the
dog will take it. The general tone of the wasted muscles may
be improved by plenty of brushing and finally by hand rubbing
with a little EUiman's, which will act on the superficial nerves
and increase their nourishment.

BROKEN BONES.

Dogs are oftener the subjects of these accidents than any
other domestic animals.

DOGS. 91

The causes are not far to seek. In many a man's out-door
pursuits, the dog has a share. His courage makes him run into
all sorts of danger, and his pluck gets him crushed beneath a
foot or a wheel, within sight of those who most care for him.

Simple fractures will usually reunite except in very old
dogs, and restoration to soundness may be looked for.

Compound fractures with wound or open joint, do not offer
much prospect of recovery, and a merciful death is the best
treatment.

All that is necessary to set a broken bone successfully is, to
bring the ends together and so secure them in apposition that
they shall not be disturbed until nature has thrown out some
plastic material which later on will turn into bone.

A padding of soft stuff" should be placed next the skin, -and
the splint be made as light as possible, consistent with strength.

Stiff brown paper is strong enough for some tiny terriers
and fancy dogs, while the massive St. Bernards will require
gutta percha and wooden splints of stout substance. In the
case of a broken leg, the bandaging should commence from
the foot and be rolled on, upwards. Without this precaution
the foot swells and the splint may have to be removed at a
critical time in the repairing process. A veterinary surgeon
should be employed in case of fracture.

The time to apply Elliman's is when the splint is removed
and a callus remains. The lameness is prolonged by the
presence of this superfluous material; and Elliman's will assist
nature to remove it in half the usual time, and give renewed
strength and vigour to the wasted muscles that have been
thrown out of use. The EUliman's should be employed in
small quantities, and with plenty of gentle but sustained friction
with the hand.

BOWELS.

Inflammation of the bowels is frequently fatal in dogs.

Causes.— Chills, neglected colic, impaction, lodgment of
bones and foreign bodies, and sometimes it comes as a sequel
of distemper.

92 DOGS.

Treatment. — Calomel and opium are old-fashioned remedies
and have been found of most value.

One grain of calomel to two of opium for a medium-sized
dog is a safe dose, and afterwards quarter-grains of opium
without the calomel.

The benefit of massage in such cases is not so generally
known as it should be ; and we take the opportunity of reminding
dog owners that kneading, squeezing, and rubbing — in a word,
massage — may be employed with great success with small animals.

The effect of Elliman's in drawing out inflammation is
well-known to masters of hounds.

The dog is to be placed on his back and the Elliman's gently
rubbed into the whole of the abdomen.

CONSTIPATION.

Watch-dogs and others so unfortunate as to get but little
exercise are troubled with constipation. It sometimes arises
from too much phosphatic matter in the food.

Large bones only should be given to dogs ; they afford
amusement, but game, poultry, and chop bones, are broken up
and swallowed, the soft parts digested, the mineral portion
forming a sort of plug in the back bowel (rectum).

Treatment. — Purges are not suitable. The disease only
recurs the sooner. If sufficient exercise cannot be given, then it
is the duty of those who own watch-dogs or indoor pets to see
that they have laxative food, such as cooked greens cut up fine
with meat or other food, or else some coarse oatmeal porridge,
with greasy matter or biscuits containing beet-root.

The medical part of the treatment may necessitate the use of
a purge, but it is to prevention that we endeavour to direct our
readers' attention. No dog should be kept on the chain all day
long ; and if exercise cannot be given, a substitute may be found
in the shape of laxative food. An enema of soap and water is an
effectual remedy, and often gives immediate relief in cases of
plugging as above referred to. Massage with the Embrocation
should be employed.

DOGS.

93

BRAIN DISEASES*

Except for that most terrible of all affections of the brain,
rabies (see page 89), the dog is not very liable to brain troubles
after puppyhood.

Fits connected with teething, and water on the brain are
congenital.

Treatment. — Aperients, laxative food, afterwards tonics, and
repeated applications of the EUiman's at the back of the poll.

In severe cases a seton (see page 87, line 22) may be put in
and be daily dressed with EUiman's until a discharge is set
up and relief obtained, but we advise that a veterinary surgeon
should be called in.

INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN,
Causes. — External injuries and hereditary scrofula.
Blows and falls on the head account for most of the former,
but no small number of them arise from the use of dangerous
caustics in the treatment of canker of the ear. These agents
penetrate the inner ear and spread inflammation to the membranes
covering the brain.

Treatment. — Pour into the ears a warm mixture of belladonna
and glycerine, apply the EUiman's to the back of the poll, and
give aperients.

BRONCHITIS,

Causes. — Cold and exposure ; over-feeding and old age.

That produced from the first two named causes is of the
acute kind and more amendable to treatment than the chronic,
which is the result of degenerative changes from pressure on the
heart and lungs.

Treatment. — Rub in the EUiman's from the throat to the
breast and again behind the elbows as far as the ribs, extend the
rubbing in a backward direction and repeat next day.

DOGS.

For internal medicine give a mixture of chlorodyne, lemon
juice, and glycerine in the proportion of one to three drops of
the first, and ten of the second in a drachm of the last. This
may be given twice or three times a day.

Prevention.^ — Sporting dogs should not be put up into a dog-
cart while wet, but made to follow a little way, the pace being
suited to tired animals. They soon get dry on the road and
may be better for some wisping as well. It is not getting ivctj
it is getting dry, that does the mischief.

The chronic subject must have less food, and in small bulk,
never being allowed to fill himself to repletion.

BRONCHOCELE OR GOITRE.

A disfigurement in the neck caused by enlargement of the
glands.

Treatment. — Recent cases are curable by rubbing in
Elliman's daily until soreness is produced. Chronic ones, in
addition to the external treatment, are absorbed by a course of
iodide of potassium, which should not be employed without the
advice of a veterinary surgeon.

BURNS AND SCALDS.

Treatment. — To the injured parts freely apply a mixture of
lime water and linseed oil.

CANCER.

Malignant growths of this kind are not frequent in dogs,
and before passing a death sentence the owner should have a
professional opinion.

The tumours along the belly of bitches are usually simple,
and in the formative stage are capable of being dispersed by the
use of the E^Uiman's, but they rarely attract attention in time,

DOGS. 95

CATARACT.

Dogs are subject to many injuries and diseases of the eye.

Among the chief causes are the effects of distemper and the
pursuit of sport in thick hedgerows.

Cataract may arise from any injury or from old age.

A course of iodides in some cases has proved beneficial, but a
veterinary surgeon should be consulted.

CATARRH OR COLD.

Just in proportion as dogs are pampered and kept from the
effects of exposure to the weather, do they become unable to bear
weather changes. Hence we find the lady's lap-dog the frequent
subject of catarrh, and the poor watch-dog, kennelled out-doors,
the least often affected. {See Care of Dogs, page 117.)

The causes then may be said to be sudden and great changes
of temperature, getting wet, &c. {See Bronchitis, page 93.)

Treatment. — A warm, dry bed. Nourishing food. A good
rubbing with Elliman's under the throat and along the chest
walls until the animal is in a glow of warmth.

If the matter from the nose dries about the nostrils, it may be
sponged off, and the parts anointed with a little vaseline.

Not much in the way of medicine is desirable in common
cold. The thing to do is to keep the dog under suitable
hygienic conditions and he will get well, unless the disease has
been mistaken, and distemper is invading his system. {See
Distemper, page 103.)

If the eyes are much affected a lotion of boracic acid will be
helpful, or a weak, tepid solution of tea.

CHOKING.

There is seldom time to obtain professional help when this
accident occurs ; therefore, every dog owner should learn what
to do,

DOGS.

' Open the mouth widely and see if the obstruction is within
reach of a pair of forceps or sugar tongs.

If out of reach and not to be seen, it should be given a
direction downwards. The gullet of the dog will bear a good
deal of distention, and compression from outside will often afford
just the additional force required to get the obstruction down.

If manipulation fails a probang must be improvised.

A piece of cane or a pliable stick with a sponge firmly tied
to the end will answer very well. This is to be pushed down
the throat by one effort and without hesitation.

Nothing more is necessary but a rub of Elliman's on the
outside, against the parts recently put on the stretch.

Give soft food only for a day or two, and for a greedy dog let
it be cut up small.

CHOREA, OR ST. VITUS' DANCE.

The disease known by this name is one of the most dreaded
by kennel-men.

The cause is obscure. All that is known is that it follows on
distemper, is an interrupted current of nerve force, and the victim
cannot keep still, but twitches, or even bobs up and down, in
bad cases.

Treatment. — Strychnine, in the form of Easton's syrup, in
teaspoonful doses twice daily after food, and stimulation on the
outside.

Rub in Elliman's from the back of the poll to the end of the
spine ; it should be applied daily, unless the skin is so sensitive
as to become sore, and in that case it may either be used less
often, or diluted with water to half strength. We recommend
the latter.

DOGS. 97

CLAWS,

Inflammation of and scabbiness arouiid the claws and feet is
not confined to the sporting dog, all breeds are liable.

Causes. — These are not always to be ascertained. One, and
that a frequent one, is the presence of parasites of a similar
nature to mange. In dogs confined indoors and upon carpeted
floors, this disease would seem to be the result of disuse, and a
dressing or two of the Emibrocation has been found to renew
the secretion of nail and render the skin healthy. The parasitic
form can be cured by using mange dressing. {See Mange,
page io8.)

CLAWS OVERGROWN.

These sometimes result from idleness, but not always.
Some defect of conformation may prevent the nail from getting
its share of wear, and from this the wild animals are not free.
All the carnivora are liable to deformed and in-grown nails.

Treatment.— Shorten the nails little by little at difl'erent
times, or the quick will be cut, prove very painful, and bleed a
good deal.

Dew claws in this condition should be removed.

COLIC

Puppies are more disposed to colic than adult dogs and may
be heard to cry out in evident pain.

Cause. — Indigestion appears to be the almost invariable one.

The presence of a foreign body produces similar pain but
does not pass off again so quickly.

Treatment. — Massage with the Elliman's is the remedy and
very soon has the desired eff"ect.

A stimulant may be given, such as a little ginger and
peppermint, or hot spirits, but the movements produced by
massage and stimulation from the EUiman's suffices in almost

gS DOGS.

every instance to diffuse the nerve force, which, concentrated in
one portion of the bowel, constitutes spasmodic coUc.

Colic from impaction and flatulence requires other treatment.
{See Constipation, page 92. j

COUGH.

There are so many causes for cough that one remedy
cannot be named that is suitable for all, except for outward
application, and that remedy is Elliman's Embrocation.

Cough is a symptom of disease rather than a distinct disease.
The irritation which makes an animal cough may be far
from the place (larynx) where the tickling sensation is felt, but
a counter-irritation over this region generally gives relief.
Mustard and other remedies, good in themselves, have the great
objection that they cannot be repeated if strong enough to have
any real value. Elliman's, while active in drawing out
inflammation, does not leave the skin in a condition to take on
erysipelas.

A good internal medicine for coughs is that given at page 94,
or syrup of squills in ten to fifteen drop doses in water. {See
Bronchitis, page 93.)

CRAMP.

This term is applied to several diseases of dogs and in some
districts means colic, and in others rheumatism.

Cramp, as we mean it, is contraction of muscles and temporary
loss of power over the voluntary movements.

Causes. — Cold and exposure are the most common. Water
dogs being the most frequent victims.

Treatment. — Elliman's is an absolute cure for it. Nothing
but a brisk rubbing with it is necessary.

RHEUMATISM.

Dogs more than any other domesticated animals suffer from
this painful disease. When afl"ecting the muscles of the chest

DOGS.

99

and fore-arm it is well known as " kennel lameness" or "chest
founder." At another time it resembles lumbago in the human
subject, while a limb or the whole body may be so affected as to
render the do^? unable to move.

■p^^^f^^-^,

mi '

Causes. — Cold, wet, exposure to draughts ; and dietetic
errors in the case of lap-dogs.

Where there is a high temperature the dog should have-
salicylic acid given him in doses of from, ten to fifteen grains.
Several such doses may be given every four hours, after which
w^e may depend on the EUiman's to complete the cure. It
should be well rubbed into the parts affected. The dog should
be given a warm, comfortable kennel indoors.

CUTS AND WOUNDS.

A variety of accidents happen to dogs. There are clean cut
or incised wounds, or dogs may be lacerated, contused, punctured,
torn, &c., &c.

Treatment. — This of course depends largely upon the nature
of the injury. There are a few simple rules to be borne in
mind by those who cannot employ a veterinary surgeon.

Keep clean. Bring the edges together. Prevent the dog
from tearing off appliances.

DOGS.

The simple wound that is brought together with stitches
will probably heal without trouble, but in the event of a red,
thin, and therefore unhealthy discharge, a little Elliman's may
be introduced into the wound, which will help to promote
healthy action.

Lacerated wounds may be caused by the bites of other
animals, or by dogs getting hung up in wire fences and
machinery, and in various other ways. Such wounds should be
cleansed of all impurities with a simple disinfectant, or for this
purpose some Elliman's mixed in the proportion of a wine glass
to a quart of water. The lips of the wound are to be brought
together as near as possible, and no torn skin or lacerated
muscle should be cut away.

Never excise any skin until quite sure that it is injurious
to the progress of the wound. This cannot be ascertained at the
time of the accident.

A light dressing of the Elliman's may be necessary if the
wound seems to make no progress. Healthy granulation is
what is wanted in wounds of this class, and the Elliman's will
bring it about.

Contused wounds are such as result from a heavy blow that
at the same time ruptures the tissues. The actual breach may
not be large, but the crushing effect is prejudicial to recovery.

In the majority of cases, it is well to use the Elliman's freely
all round the neighbourhood of the orifice, to disperse the
congealed blood and induce circulation in the parts, before local
death or sloughing takes place. In some instances this is
inevitable from the first.

The Elliman's will still be a suitable remedy, because it brings
power to the surrounding sound tissues to cast off the slough.

Disease germs cannot, by its use, get to a wound to poison it.

Although the Embrocation contains no poison, it is not
desirable that dogs should lick it, as the tongue may get sore
with too frequent attention, such as dogs will bestow on a
wound. (See Methods of Restraint, page 114.) Punctured
wounds (see Bites, page 89) are not specially dangerous to dogs.

DOGS. loi

If suspected to contain injurious matter, a pledget of tow dipped
in Elliman's should be pushed into them.

Torn wounds are about the only ones that leave serious
blemishes on dogs. They may take the shape of a tongue, and
shrivel back instead of uniting with the opposite edge.

DEAFNESS*

Causes. — Some are born deaf, others become so from
canker and other diseases of the external ear.

White dogs are more liable to deafness than others. The
reason is not known.

Treatment. — The only measures occasionally rewarded with
success are the dressing of the inner ear with warm almond oil
for several nights, syringing out with warm water, drying inside,
and finishing off with a rub of Elliman's at the base of the ear.

EAR, CANKER OR

All dogs are liable to this offensive and painful malady, but
water dogs and poodles more so perhaps than other breeds.

Causes. — It is distinctly hereditary in its tendency to develop
in some families. Going into the water and following in the
dust of a carriage will produce it; also accumulations of wax
and dirt, insects, &c.

Treatment. — Soften the contents of the ear with warm oil
for two or three nights in succession.

Clean out the debris with cotton wool on the end of a bone
penholder. Make a lotion of sulphate of zinc, boracic acid, and
glycerine. The proportions may be as follows: — Of the first
I drachm, the second ^ a drachm, the third ^ an ounce, to which
water should be added to the amount of four fluid ounces.

Warm the lotion and pour in every night.

Divert the inflammation by applying the Elliman's to the
base of the ear, but do not pour any inside. It should not be
used oftener than once a week.

DOGS.

EARS, SWELLED FLAPS OR

(5^^ Abscesses, page 87.)

DIARRHCEA,

Causes. — Improper food, chills; sometimes it is a symptom
of distemper.

Treatment. — A dose of castor oil, followed by a mixture of
bismuth and chalk containing five grains of the former to
twenty of the latter, or chlorodyne in ten to thirty drop doses
in twice the amount of water, three times daily.

Prevention. — Avoidance of stale food, such as the contents
of the "stock pot," and of the flesh of animals that have died.

DIPHTHERIA,

A condition resembling the fatal malady known under the
above name is liable to attack dogs in foul and unhealthy
surroundings, but it is not actually diphtheria.

Treatment. — Apply on a sponge tied to a stick (see Choking
page 95) a gargle composed of ten grains of chlorate of potash to
four ounces of water several times a day.

Rub the Elliman's on the outside of the throat daily.

Prevention. — Isolate the infected animal and thoroughly
disinfect the place. A good dry bed and plenty of fresh air
are essential.

DISLOCATIONS.

Cause. — The hip and shoulder joints are occasionally put out
of place by sudden twists and turns.

Treatment. — Reduction should be entrusted to a veterinary
surgeon.

DOGS. ^ 103

DISTEMPER.

Cause. — The cause of distemper is a moot point. It
appears to be infectious sometimes and not at others. No doubt
it will be found to be due to some specific organism. There is
not much hope of a successful remedy being found until a
cultivated virus can be obtained with which to produce a
modified form which will give protection.

With the earliest symptom, when it cannot be distinguished
from an ordinary cold, a dose of castor oil and syrup of buck-
thorn appears to do good, and as a remedy has stood the test
of time.

It may be that the infective matter is taken into the stomach ;
and, if this is so, the clearing out of the contents of the
alimentary canal is rational treatment.

Distemper, when developed, attacks the respiratory apparatus
at one time and the alimentary canal at another, while a third
and even worse form is that in which the spinal cord is affected.

Treatment. — Palliation of the symptoms is about all that
can be secured ; good nursing, nutritious food, and plenty of
fresh air are necessary.

The chest symptoms may be alleviated by rubbing in
EUiman's.

The spinal form has, in many cases, derived great benefit
from daily applications of the EUiman's all along its course.

Vaccination with calf vaccine is believed to be useful. Some
veterinary surgeons look upon distemper as canine smallpox,
and vaccinate as a preventive.

DROPSY.

The form of dropsy from which dogs suffer is abdominal
generally.

Causes. — Obstruction of the portal circulation — that is, of
the liver. Worms, tumours, and degeneration of the liver
substance as the result of long-continued bad feeding. Lead
and other poisons have been known to induce it.

I04 DOGS.

Treatment. — In the case of young dogs remedial measures
offer a fair chance of success, but in old dogs a cure is
seldom affected.

Two to five grains of calomel may be given at intervals of
a week, and followed up by a decoction of broom, which can be
obtained of any chemist.

As an external application EUiman's acts as a stimulant.
The right side from the last rib to the hip, should be rubbed
daily. The influence on the nerves of the skin is carried to
those of the liver, and excellent results in many instances are
recorded.

ECZEMA*

Under the names of surfeit, red mange, and blotch, this
skin trouble is referred to by dog owners.

Cause. — Disordered blood is the cause, and injudicious
feeding brings it about.

Treatment. — First give an aperient dose, and follow it up
with salines. A soda and rhubarb mixture, or a drachm of
Epsom salts dissolved in six ounces of water ; a sixth part should
be given daily.

External remedies can only be palliative, and the simpler
the better. One part of glycerine to eight of water will do as
well as any remedy.

Prevention. — Avoid over-stimulating foods, and completely
change the diet. In this connection it may be remarked that
whatever the food has been it should be changed. Raw meat
will sometimes cure it when the dog has had a diet too ex-
clusively farinaceous, but the reverse is most often the change
needed.

EYE, DISEASES OR

Dogs are very subject to diseases of the eye.
Causes. — External violence, distemper, and other con-
stitutional disturbance.

DOGS. 105

Treatment. — Upon the particular cause depend the remedies
to be selected. There is no panacea for diseases of the eye.
No one lotion or ointment is a specific. A veterinary surgeon
should be consulted in any but trifling injuries to this most
important organ.

For simple inflammation of the conjunctiva or outer covering
of the globe, foment with warm milk and afterwards use a
lotion of sulphate of zinc, two grains to an ounce of water.

FISTULA*

Causes. — Habitual constipation and chronic indigestion.

The seat of fistula in dogs is in or near the anus. • It is very
painful, and calls for the skill of the veterinary surgeon.

The pipe or sinus has to be slit open and prevented from
re-forming by some caustic agent or mechanical impediment, as
a seton.

Prevention consists in dieting a dog subject to constipation
and giving suitable aperients when necessary. It is very cruel
to neglect this.

FITS.

None of the domestic animals are so liable to fits as the
dog.

Causes. — Teething, constipation, distemper, worms, and
other diseases affecting the nervous system.

Treatment. — Keep the bowels open. Let the exercise be
regular but not excessive. Apply EUiman's to the back of the
poll, and in cases of long standing dress a seton with it and pass
it through the skin.

Doses of from five to fifteen grains of bromide of potassium
are beneficial in some cases, but the main thing is to attend to
the bowels and the counter-irritant at the back of the neck as
above.

io6 DOGS.

HUSK*

This most troublesome disease is to be caught at any time
at the dogs' home or any infirmary where many dogs are kept,
and is a reason why they should be treated at home.

Cause. — Infection.

Treatment. — Compound ipecacuanha powder in doses of
from five to ten grains twice a day.

Attention to the general health and a few doses of worm
medicine are also helpful. In pure country air the victims of
this disease sometimes recover when all remedies have failed in
London.

INDIGESTION-

A very large proportion of pet dogs suffer from the mistaken
kindness of their friends. Too much food, too often offered
them, the wrong kind, irregular meals, and sugar. Worms are
also a frequent cause.

Treatment. — An aperient dose and change of diet.

Prevention. — This can almost always be accomplished,
except where servants and children insist on feeding a pet
animal, and it is important to make them understand the bad
consequences which follow from such indulgence.

When caused by worms, the enemy must be expelled {see
Worms, page 113).

JAUNDICE,

Cause. — Some obstruction of the liver.

Treatment. — One to three grains of calomel fortwo mornings.
Rub the sides of the belly with Elliman's and give exercise
if the dog is able to walk. Fresh air and a milk diet.

DOGS. T07

KENNEL LAMENESS OR CHEST FOUNDER^

The disease recognised by this name is rheumatism of the
muscles attaching the fore legs to the chest.
For treatment (see Rheumatism, page 98).

KIDNEY DISEASES*

These are not very frequent in dogs, and when they do occur
they are generally the result of violence over the loins or
improper medicines.

Treatment for inflammatory attacks consists of good nursing,
a milk and farinaceous diet, and the application of the Elliman's
over the resfions of the loins.

■'&'

LAMENESS.

There are many causes for lameness in dogs, and every effort
should be made to ascertain what structures are involv^ed.

Treatment. — All ordinary cases of lameness yield to
Elliman's, and when they do not a veterinary surgeon will be
needed {see Rheumatism, page 98).

LARYNX.

Inflammation of this most sensitive part of the throat arises
from several causes [see Bronxhitis and Catarrh, pages
93-95)- I^^ other cases it is brought on by incessant barking
and straining on the collar. Elliman's is the remedy, nothing
better can be suggested.

LUNGS.

Inflammation of the lungs is best treated by rubbing the
Elliman's into the sides of the chest and giving the mixture
prescribed for coughs (see Bronchitis, page 93). A veterinary
surgeon should be called in.

io8 DOGS

PLEURISY.

This is inflammation of the lining membrane of the chest and
frequently exists together with disease of the lung substance.

Treatment. — The same as for inflammation of the lungs {see
page 107, par. 5). A veterinary surgeon should be called in.

MANGE.

Cause. — The mange mite or acarus. It is easily conveyed
from one dog to another, and from mats and furniture.

Treatment. — Sulphur is a specific for true mange, but the
disease is often confounded with eczema {see Eczema, page 104).
Apply an ointment containing one part of sulphur to four
parts of lard and repeat every two or three days. A little
flowers of sulphur in the food is also desirable.

FOLLICULAR MANGK

This is the kind that does not spread rapidly all over a dog,
but is of slow development and is usually confined to the back,
extending from the poll to the root of the tail.

Cause. — A parasite known as demodex follicidornm. Its
habits are such that it is not easily got at and destroyed.

Treatment. — Wash the parts with soft soap and hot water,
and apply creosote one part, liquor of potass one part, olive oil
twelve parts. Repeat twice weekly.

MOUTH CANKER.

Causes. — Indigestion from injudicious feeding. Old age,
broken teeth.

Treatment. — The canine dentist is required in such cases.
He can extract all the offending members and scale the others.
The mouth being rid of these, a few stomachic doses (as soda
and rhubarb) are all that is required beyond judicious dieting.

DOGS. 109

PARALYSIS.

Dogs are not infrequent subjects of paralysis.

Causes. — Distemper, blows and injuries to the back, clots
in the blood vessels. Constipation from eating bones. [See
Constipation, page 92.)

Treatment. — Open the bowels by clysters and other
aperients, and stimulate the spine with Elliman's.

Dogs have a disposition to recover from paralysis, and the
owner should not despair until he has tried remedies for at least
a year. Complete recovery has taken place after longer periods
than that.

PARASITES.

The external parasites are prolific, and cause much trouble
in some seasons. Two varieties have been already referred to.
{See Mange, page 108.)

LICK

These are larger than their relations found on man, moreover
they cannot live on him. There are two varieties distinguished
by helminthologists, but for our purposes we need not consider
them apart.

Treatment. — Lice are very tenacious of life, and a good
washing is not enough. The immature ones will not be drowned
although the adults may be disposed of, and for this reason,
whatever dressing is decided on, it should be applied twice or
three times to ensure the death of the nits. A mixture of
lime and sulphur is effectual. White precipitate is sometimes
used, but is dangerous, and not more effectual than simpler
remedies. Sulphur ointment will ensure the death of all lice,
but is unpleasant in its application to house dogs.

DOGS.

FLEAS*

Dog fleas are not the same as those afflicting mankind.
Their destruction is simple enough, but they breed again so
quickly in the autumn months, that it is well to sprinkle them
with insect powder, which can be obtained of any chemist.

If a bath is imperative, as it often is, in the case of long-
haired animals, then the best way to prepare it is to infuse a
quarter of a pound of quassia chips in the w^ater before
commencing to wash the dog with a plentiful lather of soft soap ;
or give the dog a warm bath containing a tablespoonful of creolin,
in which case no soap should be used and the dog should
dry itself. Another remedy is two ounces sulphurated potash
in two gallons of water. Mix the potash in a little water to
dissolve, and then add it to two gallons of water.

RINGWORM.

A vegetable parasite causes this disease of the skin.

Treatment. — Mercurial ointments will destroy the parasite,
but the difficulty is to get at it, or the parts affected may be
treated with an application of tr. of iodine. The dog should
be isolated and the kennel disinfected.

TICKS*

In the neighbourhood of sheep and deer-parks, dogs often
suffer terribly from ticks.

Treatment. — Look carefully for them and pick off with
fingers or fine forceps. Mange lotion has been said to kill them,
but the writer has kept them in turpentine and anthelmintics
without apparent injury to their health.

Harvest bugs sometimes attack thin-skinned dogs, and the
remedy is the sulphur lotion or ointment recommended for
mange {see Mange, page io8.)

PILES*

Pet dogs, getting insufficient exercise and no relaxing food
{see Constipation, page 92), are liable to piles.

DOGS. Ill

Treatment. — Compound gall ointment applied to the parts
daily. In very severe cases surgical treatment may be necessary.

Prevention. — Dogs need not suffer in this way. They should
be properly fed and exercised so as not to strain and enlarge
the blood vessels, and in the case of an unusually constipated
subject, he should have a little milk of sulphur in his daily food.

RICKETS.

A deficiency of mineral in the bones.

Causes. — Defective nutrition, unsuitable or insufficient food,
or breeding from diseased or feeble old parents.

Treatment. — Nourishing and easily digested food, compound
syrup of the phosphates, lime water with the drinking water
or food, daily rubbing of the weak joints and limbs generally,
with Elliman's. Where the bones are incapable of supporting
the weight, splints and bandages are necessary.

SPRAINS.

Having regard to the marvellous activity of the dog, the
sudden twists and turns that he makes, and the great courage
he displays in attacking enemies, it is remarkable that he does
not more often suffer from sprains. The sporting dog and the
terrier or house dog do not always escape the accidents so
common to horse and man, and bad sprains occur calling for
treatment from all humane owners.

The loins of racing dogs, as the whippets and those of the
greyhound and others used for coursing, are not infrequently
put to such severe strain that injuries to the muscles and
tendinous attachments follow. The thigh muscles and those of
the shoulder and breast are most often the seat of sprain.

Our friend the dog does not give us the same trouble in
diagnosing his lameness as some less sensitive and less sensible
animals; he looks for sympathy, and often holds out the injured
member, or cries when the part is touched. When lifted by his
forelegs a sprain anywhere in front will be soon detected by his
behaviour.

112 DOGS.

If any doubt exists, the owner need only feel over the
suspected parts, and the exact seat of the trouble will be made
manifest by the dog.

Treatment. — Bathe with warm water and rub in the Embro-
cation, repeating the operation at least once a day. Dogs are
particularly susceptible to the remedy, and it never fails if
judiciously employed.

If there is a rheumatic tendency in the animal, it should
have no meat for a few days, but a diet should be given
consisting chiefly of milk and farinaceous foods. Cooked
greens chopped up with a little gravy will succeed in many
cases where the dog would otherwise refuse to eat any food
that is not "meaty " or to his taste.

THORNS*

Sporting dogs in particular are liable to get thorns in the
feet and legs: even the lady's pet, taking his constitutional,

DOGS. 113

may get one when hedge-trimming is the order of the day.
Pins, needles, bearded oats and grass seeds insinuate themselves
between the toes, and have been known tJ work up the leg and
come out at all sorts of places.

Treatment. — Find the foreign body before the part has time
to fester. The hair being clipped round the suspected spot will
facilitate the search. A pair of fine forceps or tweezers may
serve for seizing the offending body and withdrawing it.

Foment with warm water, and dab the wound with Elliman's
{see Cuts and Wounds, page 99).

UDDER TUMOURS.

Causes. — Taking away the pups all at once, or any neglect
that leaves curdled milk in the glands, blows, chills, &c.

Treatment. — In the early stage nothing more is needed
than a few rubbings with Elliman's, but where there is
consolidation of the tumour there is no remedy but the knife,
and this should of course be left to the veterinary surgeon.

Prevention. — Remove pups one or two at a time, and see
that a bitch is milked out with the finger and thumb if she
gives milk out of season, as some virgin bitches will do.

WORMS.

Internal parasites play a very important part in the lives
of the majority of dogs. On the highest authority we are
assured that something like 70% of dogs have tapeworm in
England, and this proportion is exceeded on the Continent.

The principal worms which we need notice are of two kinds,
the round and the flat. The ascarides and other round worms
are most frequent in puppyhood.

The flat or tapeworm class are to be found in adults,
principally.

114 DOGS.

The life-history of ascarides is not clearly made out. Pups
a few days old have been known to have them in a well-
developed state.

Tapeworms pass an intermediate life in some other animal.
There are a number of distinct species, but it will suffice to say
that one dog cannot give tapeworm direct to another, and all
the known varieties have an intermediate bearer.

Causes. — Eating uncooked food, and water or matter
containing ova.

The viscera of hares and rabbits contain an intermediate
form of tapeworm. In the dog, the imperfect parasite is
hatched and fixes itself to the intestine, developing into a worm
of many segments in a short time. Each of these segments is
capable of producing 30,000 eggs. Another tapeworm passes
its intermediate life in the body of the dog louse, so that the
bearer in biting himself swallows the cyst which contains the
head of a new worm and this again fastens on to the dog's
bowel and develops as described above.

Tpeatment. — For round worms santonine is the chief remedy.
Ground glass, buchu leaves infused in hot water, and a variety
of drugs unnecessary to name.

For tapeworm areca-nut still holds its place as the best
anthelmintic. It should be bought in the form of nuts, and
grated with a nutmeg-grater to ensure its freshness, and be
mixed with milk.

Dogs should be prepared by at least twelve hours' fasting;
twenty hours would be better. The medicine should be given
in the morning and the effect carefully noted.

Dose. — Of santonine ^ to five grains, of areca-nut two
grains, to every pound weight of the dog.

A dose of castor oil afterwards is good treatment.

METHODS OF RESTRAINT.

The majority of persons who keep dogs seldom or never give
a dose of medicine to them, and it is often difficult to do so.

DOGS. 113

When medicine can be conveyed in food or drink, it is of course
the easiest plan of administering it.

The dog should not see the prepared food, neither should the
first morsel contain it. The suspicious pet should taste the
appetising morsel and find it all right, and take the medicament
in a subsequent one. Dogs soon leam to count, and the
programme should be varied each time.

Giving fluid medicines is the most difficult ; and having
decided on the drug to be given, the pharmaceutical chemist
should be consulted as to its most concentrated form. The
tabloid has taken the place of the nauseous tincture, infusion,
and decoction in human practice ; and the amateur does well to
avail himself of these aids.

If a liquid is the only agent in which the medicament can
be conveyed the dog should be held up and his cheek pursed
out to make a funnel for the fluid to run into. The teeth
should not be forced open. The nose may be slightly pinched,
but it is only a question of firmness and a little time, before the
dog swallows it.

Powders are the most convenient form in which to administer
medicines. Place the left hand over the patient's face, press
the finger and thumb on the lips and squeeze them against the
teeth. The dog opens his mouth when he feels this gentle
pressure, and the operator has only to throw the powder on the
tongue.

Pills are difficult only to the timid person who does not push
his finger far enough up the animal's mouth, so as to get the
bolus beyond recall. There is no danger of being bitten, if the
upper lips are held over the edges of the top teeth.

Giving a clyster or enema. If the patient is not alarmed by
rough and clumsy hands he will submit to this operation readily.

The tail should be firmly grasped with the left hand, the
instrumxcnt (previously oiled) introduced slowly, not forcing the
sphincter muscles but tiring them until they yield. The india-
rubber ball syringe (Higginson's) is the best for the purpose, as
it leaves one hand free.

ii6

DOGS.

Not alone for the purposes of giving medicine do we require
to exercise methods of restraint. In any sort of operation
where chloroform is not employed, we need a safe muzzle. A
regulation one is quite useless for the purpose. A stout length
of tape answers best, folded across the dog's face and again
under his jaw, it can then be brought behind his neck and tied
at the back.

Puzzles. — When a broken leg has been set or any contrivance
placed upon a dog he will generally try to bite it off.

The "cradle" familiar to horsemen answers but indifferently
with dogs ; and for any but the very largest and strongest, a
good puzzle can be made out of millboard or oilcloth.

Dog Puzzf^E

The inner circle must equal that of the dog's neck, and the
illustration shows how it is put on and afterwards secured in its
place.

Poisonous lotions, &c. may have to be used, and this
contrivance has been found safe and effectual.

DOGS. 117

WASHING*

When it is necessary to wash dogs to rid them of vermin,
care should be exercised in not making the water too hot.

The face and head should be wetted first, as fleas and other
parasites seek refuge about the ears and eyes, some escaping if
the usual practice is adopted of beginning in the middle of the
back.

CHLOROFORM.

As a method of restraint total anaesthesia is of course the
most complete. It cannot be too much impressed upon
amateurs, however, that only a qualified man should be allowed
to administer an anaesthetic.

CARE OF DOGS.

Feeding. — To keep dogs in health regular feeding is desirable,
and a fresh supply of clean water daily.

Being by nature carnivorous, the dog prefers animal food,
and will eat very little else if he can get enough of that. It
has been found that dogs in a state of domestication become
more frequently diseased when the diet is composed too largely
of meat. When the systeni of feeding on raw offal was
discovered to be wrong, the public was for a time misled by
enthusiasts into the opposite error, and gave their pets and
sporting dogs alike nothing but biscuits. Ships' biscuits, full
of weevils, were thought good enough for dogs until biscuit-
makers catered specially for our canine friends. These can
now be had from a number of respectable firms with or without
a reasonable proportion of meat fibre in them.

ii8 DOGS.

INIr. Hugh Dalziel says: "Hard and fast rules in feeding are
dangerous — age, individual constitution, existing state of health
and condition, have all to be carefully considered."

Over feeding, as will be seen in the pages of this work, is a
frequent source of disease, and under feeding brings in its train
bad consequences. As a broad rule, it may be laid down that
indoor pets and other dogs not taking much exercise should
have very little meat. All dogs should have their principal
meal in the middle of the day, watch-dogs not excepted. If
breakfast is given it should be very light, just a little sop or a
biscuit. If no breakfast is to be the rule, then a similar light
supper may be allowed, but a dog to be kept well should not
have more than two meals a day, one of which should be only a
bait while the other should be a thoroughly substantial one.
Where only one dog is kept, house scraps answer every purpose,
provided they are not stale and that the "stock pot" is not
given to the dog when it becomes too bad for use.

Oatmeal, rice, and other meals well cooked, make dogs fat
and thriving, but hunting dogs require some flesh food in
addition.

"Milk for babes" and milk for pups. Puppies should be
round and plump if they are to do well, and nothing to achieve
this is equal to milk and farinaceous foods. They do not, as a
rule, take distemper so badly when brought up on an exclusively
milk diet. There is one important thing to be borne in mind
however, and that is the tendency in dogs to round worms. It
has not been proved that their eggs are carried in milk, but
experience proves that when milk is boiled pups are not nearly
so liable to these pests. Little feeding, and often, is the rule to
apply to very young animals, increasing the intervals as they
grow older and take more substantial food.

BEDDING.

The indoor pet will see to it himself that he has the softest
chair and the best place in any room, but the kennelled dog

DOGS. 119

should have a good dry bed Hfted above the ground if only by
four bricks. Pine shavings are preferable to any other stuff to
lie upon, as they are objectionable to fleas and other parasites
(see External Parasites, page 109.) Straw, hay, ferns, and dried
leaves may be also used, but moss litter gets into the coat, the
water, the food, and everything else, besides which it harbours
ringworm.

KENNEL,

The kennel in winter has above all things to be kept dry,
but in warm weather the opportunity should be taken to clean
out with disinfecting fluid so that no corners for fleas are left
undisturbed. The sunny side of the premises in the winter is
the place for the dog, and the shady one in summer. This is
too often forgotten, and tied-up dogs suffer discomfort and
disease as a consequence.

GROOMING,

Dogs of every breed are benefited by good grooming. It
brings the blood to the surface and promotes the healthy action
of the skin. A wisp of straw or a dandy brush may be used,
or the " hound glove," which is a. convenient contrivance for the
purpose. Mats of dead hair in the long-coated varieties are
very unsightly, and may be picked out by pulling asunder, not
dragging outwards, as the latter process is painful and not so
effectual.

EXERCISE,

It is now generally known that no dog can be truly
healthy without exercise. Not only is this forgotten, but
•sometimes the house dog is not turned out night and morning
to empty his bladder. He suffers pain if well trained, and
becomes a great nuisance if not. If he knows when to expect
his run he will learn to behave in a becoming manner. Good
mothers teach their pups, and the latter should not be taken
away too soon, except for necessary reasons, such as exhaustion
of the dam.

120

DOGS.

KENNEL DRESSING

For hounds and for other dogs. For cleansing and promoting
a healthy action of the skin and for the destruction of vermin : —

Sweet Oil 'i pint

Elliman's Embrocation - - - - 4 ounces
Sufficient Flowers of Sulphur

to be gradually stirred in until the mixture becomes of the
consistency of thick cream.

The Dressing to be rubbed in with a soft brush ; it may be
repeated on the second or third day.

PURGATIVE MIXTURE FOR DOGS.

Castor Oil 3 parts.

Syrup of Buckthorn .... 2 parts.
Syrup of Poppies i part.

Dose one to two table-spoonfuls, according to the size of the dog.

rjipjjy^^:^*^"

Here You Have It!

REJOTfTNC.!

PART III

BIRDS.

DISEASES OF BIRDS.

Nearly all the diseases of poultry and cage-birds are the
result either of confinement, uncleanliness, damp quarters, or
of mismanagement.

ABNORMAL GROWTHS.

The Dorking breed of fowls and some cage-birds are prone
to growths as a result of chronic inflammation of a low order.
Acute lameness is not at first a symptom, or a cure would be
easily eff"ected by the use of Elliman's, which has the property
of dispersing or causing the absorption of "matter in the wrong
place." Owners do not recognise the early signs as a rule.

BUMBLE FOOT.

An enlargement of the foot and eventually anchylosis of the
joint. This is seen even in wild birds in severe winters, the
lark, the thrush, and some of the finches falling victims to it.

124

BIRDS.

All breeds of fowls are liable to it, but more especially the
Dorking, as the number of toes is attended with uncertainty,
and it may be presumed that in many cases it is congenital
deformity.

Treatment.— Bold measures are the best. The bird will
certainly get worse if left alone, and failure to cure it leaves us
in no worse position. Catch up the afflicted one and, having
bathed the foot in warm water, endeavour by continued
forceful movements to bring back the ordinary flexion and
extension of the joint. Rub in Elliman's briskly with a piece
of flannel, and repeat next day and until cured or abandoned as
hopeless.

APOPLEXY.

Rupture of a blood vessel in the brain, or inside the
skull.

Causes. — Over-feeding, close confinement, the use of spices
and other artificial stimulants given to produce eggs in abnormal
quantity.

Tpeatment. — -There is no opportunity of treating those
already affected, as they fall from the perch and die immediately,
without showing any previous illness.

Prevention. — Review the whole management of the stock,
especially with regard to food.

Give a dose of castor oil, about a teaspoonful to each bird,
let there be a day of fasting and have a thorough cleaning out
of the houses and runs.

Discontinue prepared spices and advertised foods, and use
only the simplest food, as a little sop in the morning, and
whole oats at night; give them no maize or buckwheat at all
for some time.

The morning meal should be a very light one and the fowls
will then get more exercise in search of the food most desirable,
i c, insects, worms, &c. If confined in a close run the medical
treatment must be relied on and feeding as directed.

BIRDS. 125

BALDNESS.

Poultrymen always mean loss of feathers about the head by
this term. {See Diseases of the Comb, page 128.)

BLACK ROT.

This term is applied to a congested condition of the comb
which goes on to actual death or " rot," as poultrymen
call it.

Causes. — Over-development of the comb in certain breeds,
as those of the Spanish type, close confinement, and absence of
natural food as grubs, insects, vegetable matter, &c., &c.

Treatment. — Place a red-hot bar of iron in the drinking
water as often as it requires replenishing. If the first symptoms
are observed, a little dilute-Elliman's (one part to ten of water),
may be rubbed into the base of the comb, and vaseline applied
to the edges. Liberty is the cure as well as prevention.

BROKEN LIMBS.

Domestic fowls as well as caged birds are subject to
broken limbs, the result as a rule of their getting hung up in
fences or wire cages, and in the case of farm-yard fovv^ls through
their being trodden upon by animals or injured by undisciplined
dogs.

The commonest seat of fracture is below the hock, by which
we mean the great joint between the foot and the thigh. Many
a good bird is sacrificed under the impression that nothing
curative can be done.

Treatment. — Secure the bird at once and prevent further
injury through fright and struggling. This particularly applies
to small cage-birds, whose limbs will unite as well as those of
fowls if properly attended to.

126 BIRDS.

Let an assistant hold the wings behind the birds and grasp
the thigh well above the seat of fracture, do not use wooden
splints ; there are many things to hand that are better.

Small birds' legs can be set with such light materials as folds
of tissue paper enclosed by a covering of starch, paste, glue, or
even gum. The chief thing is to get the broken ends in apposition
and to hold the sufferer until the support is dry or properly set.
Lightness is essential with small birds. A layer of cotton wool
with a slight strip of plaster is sometimes employed.

The legs of fowls may be set in gutta percha, which should
be moulded to the limb while hot, and become sufhciently stiff
when cold to give the necessary support. Card-board or brown
paper, softened in hot water, can be used in the same way, and
a thin light bandage placed over all, with glue, gum, or starch.

Broken Thigh. — Fracture in this position does not offer
the same facility for mechanical supports, but what has been
said of fracture lower down, applies to all others, namely, getting
the ends in apposition and keeping them there.

Broken Wing. — ^The setting of a broken wing is a com-
paratively simple matter. All that is necessary is to tie the ends
of some of the Aving feathers, place the injured member in a
natural position, and stick the ends of the feathers to those on
the flank by means of pitch or glue. The patient should be
confined in a small space. When the wing can be released, the
enlargement which will be readily seen, may be stimulated by a
little EUiman's (one part to five of water). This will clear up
the callus, and restore the member to usefulness much sooner.

CANKER*

By canker is meant a sore which leaves an ulcer indisposed
to heal up, but rather to spread, and eventually to kill the
subject of it.

These sores come- up as pustules about the head, neck, and
inside the mouth.

Causes. — Damp, dark, dirty and unwholesome surroundings,
and the presence of decaying vegetable and animal matter.

BIRDS. 127

Treatment. — Cleanse with warm water and a disinfectant
and touch the ragged ulcers with Elliman's undiluted. Repeat
daily. Change the diet, give all the insectivorous food
obtainable.

Prevention. — Healthy surroundings, plenty of fresh air, and
a run sufficiently large. To the keeper of half-a-dozen fowls in
a London back yard the latter advice is of no use ; all he can do
is to change his stock as often as possible and use plenty of
disinfectants, leaving his yard without any fowls during the
time of year when eggs are cheapest.

CATARRH OR COMMON COLD.

Running from the eyes and nose and a generally bleary
appearance denote this disease, and a draughty or foul
atmosphere gives it special virulence in the townman's back
yard flock.

Any sort of exposure, especially wet floors and uncleaned
houses, are among the other causes.

Treatment. — Good nursing. A dry loft free from draught,
soft nutritious food, as oatmeal mixed with milk, powdered
biscuits made into a soft paste, milk puddings, &c., &c.

Where sore throat is a marked symptom, as exhibited by
craning the neck forward, an application of the Elliman's to the
throat will be useful in drawing out inflammation and enabling
the bird to swallow with greater ease.

CHOLERA.

Chicken cholera, as it is commonly called, is not at all
frequent in this country and as there is no remedy when it has
once attacked birds, we may confine our remarks to its prevention.

Inoculation by a modified virus is said to confer immunity.
Cleanliness and disinfection are the true preventives, as it is
due to a specific bacillus which cannot live in the presence of
a true disinfectant.

128 BIRDS.

COMB, DISEASES OR

The colour and condition of the comb are indicators of the
bird's health. Every one recognises the increasingly bright
comb as revealing the fact that a pullet will soon lay, but the
general health is also to be judged by this appendage. Any
sort of injury is reflected in the comb immediately, it is the first
part in which the circulation is seen to fail. A dark red or
purplish tint in cock or hen should call the owner's attention to
something being wrong.

White Comb.— A scaly eruption, which quickly spreads
over the adjoining parts, involving the whole head in time.

Cause. — Insanitary surroundings.

Treatment. — Dress the comb twice, at intervals of a week,
with the EUiman's. Remove the birds into a fresh and healthy
place and give grubs, insects, worms and fresh vegetable food.

CONSTIPATION.

A rare condition in fowls, but occasionally met with in cage-
birds that are exclusively fed on dry seed.

Causes. — These are purely dietetic and a more laxative
regime is needful.

Treatment. — A dose of castor oil or chopped greens and
olive oil for cage-birds, and sardine oil in the case of fowls.
Cage-birds should have a little sulphur m.ixed with bread sop
for a few days, this simple treatment being usually successful.
Oatmeal gruel cooked with salad oil will generally have the
desired effect.

CONSUMPTION OR TUBERCULOSIS.

This dread disease carries off" more poultry than all the other
ailments of birds put together. Man, animals and birds are all
liable to it.

BIRDS 129

Cause. — A specific organism which gains access to the body,
principally by the alimentary canal.

Treatment. — None. It is quite incurable.

Prevention. — Here is our hope. We can prevent it, if the
necessary precautions be taken. Assuming that the infection is
taken with the food it will be apparent that wherever an
infected fowl's droppings are left, there will be the bacillus ready
to be taken into the crop of another bird.

What is the general practice of feeding? Does not the
poultry-woman feed close to home ? Does she not call the flock
on to the ground most saturated with the droppings? In this
way one or two infected birds spread the disease. The elaborate
precautions recommended by experts may not in every case be
practicable, but it is within the power of every one to adopt the
common-sense measure of feeding as far from the home as
possible. In flocks known to be affected, the writer has seen the
most marked reduction in the mortality from this precaution
alone, while owners possessed of many acres have got rid of the
disease by having portable houses and destroying all the old
fittings about the homestead, keeping no fowls at all there for
one whole winter. Better let the sparrows have the pickings
about the barton than retain tuberculosis on the premises.

CRAMP.

Cause. — Chickens, by which we include the young of fowls,
turkeys, ducks, guinea-fowls and game birds, are subject to
cramp which causes the loss of a goodly number every year, as
they are left to perish by their mothers whan unable to follow,
or, when having strayed from the coop, they cannot return.
Wet or frosted grass is the most frequent cause of cramp, and
it follows that very early- and very late-hatched birds are the
victims.

Treatment. — Fortunately we have in Elliman's a perfectly
satisfactory remedy. The victim of cramp should be taken
indoors and gently rubbed with the Elliman's over the limbs

130 BIRDS.

and feet, when he will soon respond to its effects and often be
well again in a short time.

Prevention. — Do not let chickens out until the dew is off the
grass, or the sun high enough to keep up their temperature.

RHEUMATISM.

In damp situations, and especially among elderly show birds,
this disease makes itself felt severely at times.

Treatment. — -Remove the birds to a dry place, and rub in
Elliman's to the swollen and painful joints.

CROP-BOUND,

Causes. — Over- feeding on hard and indigestible food with
insufficient grit; the swallowing of a feather or stiff chaff,
foreign bodies, &c.

Treatment. — In order to quickly neutralise the decomposition
which follows on inability to dispose of the contents of the crop,
it is well to drench the bird with a solution of hyposulphite of
soda in the proportion of half-an-ounce to half-a-pint of warm
water. Next proceed to massage with a small amount of
Elliman's on the fingers. The stimulus derived from the
Elliman's will often, assisted by the manipulation of the crop,
enable the contents to be moved on, and no further treatment
but "short commons" be needed.

Failing to move on the impediment, an operation is sometimes
performed. The crop is cut open and the contents mechanically
removed, the inside is washed out with a disinfectant and the
parts brought together again with stitches. If the edges are
indisposed to unite, a light touch with Elliman's is calculated to
bring about healthy granulation.

CROP, DROPSY OF.

Another form of enlarged and incapacitated condition of the
crop is due to dropsy, "slack" or "soft crop," as it is named.

BIRDS. 131

Cause. — About this there is some difference of opinion, but
as to the actual condition there can be no doubt. There is a
weakness which causes inabiUty to contract upon the food and
to perform the usual function.

Treatment. — Internal remedies have effect in building up
the debilitated constitution and the best are of the carminative
order, as cayenne pepper, alum, and sulphate of iron. Ten
grains of the first two, and three grains of the latter, should be
made into twelve pills, one being given four times daily. The
dose may be increased to two pills if necessary.

Externally we have in Elliman's an admirable remedy, as it
imparts tone and vigour direct to the affected parts.

CUTS.

Wounds in birds heal easily enough if they will only let
them alone ; the worst consequences are merely emphysema, or
elastic distension of the body from air accumulated in cavities,
indicating a good deal in human surgery but of no account in
bird doctoring. The surgical wounds made in caponing give
no trouble except for this admission of air, and the remedy is
simple enough, consisting as it does of pricking the bladder and
allowing the air to escape. If by chance a wound becomes
poisoned, all that is necessary is to dress it with Elliman's, when
it will take on healthy action.

DEBILITY.

Cage-birds and domestic fowls occasionally suffer from
weakness, or wasting, without any apparent or assignable cause.
There is one, doubtless, but we cannot always find it out during
the lifetime of the bird, and post-mortem results are only use-
ful as serving to prevent further losses from the same cause.

Pallor of the comb, or the membranes of the mouth or white
of the eye, indicate an insufficient quantity of red blood. This
may be to a large extent supplied by giving iron in some form

132 BIRDS.

or other, but the cause should be sought : it is of no use feeding
with tonics if worms are devouring the digested food before it
can enter the animal's blood. Want of light or fresh air in the
case of town-kept birds is frequently the reason of the debility,
and the treatment is obvious.

DIARRHCEA AND DYSENTERY,

There is a scientific distinction between these conditions, but
it need not concern us here ; for all practical purposes dysentery
is diarrhoea long continued.

Causes. — Chiefly dietetic errors, as feeding too much on
potatoes, cooked foods, sour stuff from the kitchen, or excess of
green food after long confinement. Worms also set up an
irritable condition which nature seeks to relieve by profuse
evacuations.

Treatment. — Clear the bowels with a dose of castor oil, (no
matter the purging), then give pills of opium, chalk, and
cayenne pepper. Another good combination is to be found
in bismuth, powdered catechu, and alum or tannic acid. The
latter appears to suit turkeys and pheasant-chicks better than
any other.

The food should be astringent, as rice, boiled eggs mixed
with bread and milk, or puddings.

DIPHTHERIA (so called).

A disease of fowls in which a false membrane forms in the
throat. As a pinch of salt often appears to cure this, it cannot
be true diphtheria, although microscopic examination would lead
us to suppose so.

ECZEMA,

An eruption which is often the cause of birds pulling out
their feathers. It is not very common among fowls, but parrots
are frequently disfigured by its effect.

BIRDS.

133

Cause. — Indigestion arising from unsuitable food. Eating
meat or picking bones nearly always constitutes the reason of
eczema with parrots.

Treatment. — A few grains of bicarbonate of potash in the
drinking water, and the application of flour to the skin.

EGG-BOUND,

Cause. — Food of too fattening a nature and insufficient
exercise. Fowls kept in confinement, and cage-birds, are the
most frequent subjects.

Treatment. — Hot vapour bath to the parts. A wide-mouthed
bottle or earthenware jar with some scalded bran in it, will
answer the purpose if the hen is held over it to feel the effects
of the vapour. Canaries and other small birds can be held over
an egg-cup thus filled. A very spare diet and a dose of olive
oil are also recommended.

EGG PASSAGE, INFLAMMATION OR

Through the breaking of an egg in its passage, serious
inflammation sometimes occurs. In small birds very little beyond
the steam-bath above mentioned can be advised, but with fowls
it is possible to use a syringe, and so by careful manipulation we
may remove the broken shell and thus pass the soft parts.

EYES, INFLAMMATION OR

When not associated with roup or other infectious diseases,
inflamed eyes are generally the result of fights and injuries
received in other ways.

Treatment. — Bathe with warm milk or a very weak lotion
of sulphate of zinc (two grains to the ounce of water).

134 BIRDS.

FLEAS.

Fleas are a great detriment to poultry and other birds,
making them restless and dissatisfied, and generally hindering
progress.

Treatment. — Catch up each bird and, holding it upside down,
dust in between the feathers a quantity of Persian powder,
which can be purchased in bulk of any chemist. For fowls
confined in a close run, a dust bath may be made with a pound
or two of flower of sulphur mixed with slacked lime.

Prevention.— Cleanliness. — When fowls have been pur-
chased from a suspected source it is a good plan to give them a
bath of quassia; to prepare it, boil ^ lb. of quassia chips in three
or four quarts of water for a quarter of an hour.

GAPES.

This disease, so destructive to chicks of poultry and to
game birds, is caused by a parasite (sclevostoma syngamiis)
which specially affects low-lying land. If a dead chick is
opened, its wind-pipe will be found to contain a bundle of
these worms, which during life caused it to gasp or "gape."

Treatment. — Remove to new and high ground, feed
generously, and give tonics, as saccharated carbonate of iron,
in the food.

In advanced cases the only effectual remedy is to catch
up the birds, draw out the tongue, and, dipping a large
darning needle into the Elliman's, then touch the worms with
the point. This kills many, and the cough that follows will
cause more to be ejected. The writer on one occasion saved
a very large number of young pheasants by this means.

Prevention. — Put the coops on fresh ground every year
and dress the soil in autumn with salt.

BIRDS. 135

GOUT,

Cause. — Over-feeding and insufficient exercise. Heavy
breeds are the most frequent subjects.

Treatment. — To give immediate relief use Elliman's, but,
for permanent cure, let there be exercise and less stimulating
food.

INDIGESTION,

Causes. — Heavy meals in the morning, as maize, which
should be reserved for long winter nights when birds are on
the perch fourteen hours or more. Damaged forage, which some
persons seem to think is specially desirable for fowls, when
a sale of it can be effected in no other way. Another most
fruitful source of indigestion and that which afflicts the
back-yard fowl is the want of sufficient grit, without which
digestion cannot be performed. Suitable grit is not everywhere
obtainable, but it may be made by baking oyster-shells, which
can be easily crushed and so supply all the necessary material
for digestion, and for the formation of eg^ shells.

LEG WEAKNESS,

Cause. — Too much forcing. The attempt to bring birds
of six months to the weight of those nearly twice their age
can only be done in a few cases. The weight of the body
is too great for the under-standings.

Treatment. — Strengthen the limbs by applying the
Elliman's and supply the system with the bone-forming
elements in the shape of syrup of phosphates.

Prevention. — Give lime water and powdered shells with the
food from the first month or six weeks.

136 BIRDS.

LICE.

Several varieties infest fowls, and certain cage-birds are
liable to these most troublesome parasites.

Treatment. — Tliere is but one effectual preparation that
we know of, and that is rather troublesome to make. The
following are the directions : —

Spirit of tar i fluid ounce.

Hellebore powder - - - - J do.
Flowers of sulphur - - - - f lb.

Mix the two powders intimately, and place on paper.
Take a pestle and mortar and pour into it the spirit of tar,
add the powder and mix until it becomes crumbly, then add
more powder until the whole is thoroughly incorporated.
The mixture will be slightly damp, and to ensure there
being no lumps, it should be passed through a sieve. The
birds must be held up by the feet and the powder dusted
into them two or three times at intervals of as many days.

LIVER DISEASES-

Except for the invasion of tubercle {see Tuberculosis,
page 128) the liver is rarely diseased in birds treated on rational
principles. The symptoms are offensive evacuations and
mopiness.

Treatment. — Short commons, no drugs: plenty of
exercise.

LUSH, OON, OR SOFT EGG.

Cause. — In nearly every case this is caused by the
absence of sufficient calcareous matter, which can be supplied
by baked oyster shells, broken up. Cage-birds are so well
catered for by dealers, that the most suitable materials

BIRDS. 137

can be bought for a penny, and it is pure neglect that causes
them to lay shelless eggs, except in a few cases of debility where
the power of assimilation is lost.

PARALYSIS.

Leg weakness, referred to at page 135, is not the same
thing. It is a derangement of the nervous system or a pressure
on the spinal cord.

ROUR

This disease has been called glanders, from its malignancy
in some seasons. Coming on with the appearance of a
common cold, it soon develops into a nasal gleet, and the
whole of the respiratory membranes of the head are
involved. The nostrils become glued together and the
eyes closed.

Treatment. — Change of food, a dose or two of castor-oil
and rubbing the legs with the EUiman's.

PIR

A horny tumour on the tip of the tongue.

Cause. — Stoppage of the nostrils and breathing through the
mouth.

Treatment. — Scrape it off and dress with powdered alum.
See to the general health, as pip is but a symptom and not a
disease in itself.

POISONING.

Many valuable fowls are lost by carelessness in throwing out
poisoned bails that have been used or intended for rats and
mice. Vermin-killers of the dry kind sold in packets, contain

138 BIRDS.

either strychnine or arsenic and, Hke phosphor paste, take
effect so quickly that nothing can be done as a rule to save the
victim.

Prevention. — Burn all poisons not kept in proper receptacles
and labelled.

Treatment. — Good nursing. Separate the sick from the
flock and give tonic medicines, as iron and quinine made into
pills and pushed down the throat.

WORMS.

Domestic fowls, as well as cage, and wild-birds, serve as
hosts to a large number of parasites. We have not space to
enumerate them, but as to the important business of getting rid
of them, we may remark that there are two chief classes, the
round and the flat, and that the former can be generally expelled
by santonine, and the latter by areca-nut, and oil of male
fern.

The majority of birds will eat a sop containing the two
first-named drugs, but the latter must be given in pill form.

Where a flock wastes and no apparent cause can be found,
a careful post-mortem examination should be made, as the
presence of parasites may be the solution.

PART IV

CATTLE.

ABSCESS.

Cattle are subject to two forms of abscess, the one containing
a straw-coloured fluid called serum, and the other manifesting
the nature of a boil, the matter in which is thick (pus).

Cause. — Blows and other forms of violence, thorns,
gores, &c.

Treatment. — Foment with warm water and rub in
Elliman's Embrocation every day. If this is done when the
swelling first appears, dispersal of the contents may be
expected.

When matter is formed, the proper treatment is to induce
"pointing" by fomentation, and by continued use of the
Elliman's until a soft place can be felt. At this point a lancet
should be boldly plunged in and the contents squeezed out.
Dip a little tow in the Elliman's ^and push it into the wound.
This will work a change in a short time, leaving a perfectly
healthy wound free from infective matter. Nothing more need
be done unless in very hot weather, when the parts should be
smeared with tar to keep off flies. Some abscesses refuse to
point, when it is necessary to introduce a seton dressed with
Elliman's. The needle should be inserted at the highest point
and brought out at the lowest to ensure drainage.

142 CATTLE.

ABORTION*

The serious losses incurred by this disease every year have
received the most careful attention from the government, and ex-
periments performed in this country and on the continent leave
little doubt that it is infectious and due to a specific microbe.

Treatment. — None is known, but there are still some
believers in charms.

Prevention.. — Remove the first cow that aborts. Thoroughly
disinfect the stable and dress the " shape " of the remainder of
the herd with a solutioft of permanganate of potash daily. The
place in which a cow has aborted should be disinfected and kept
vacant for a month.

ANGLE BERRIES*

These unsightly growths should be removed before they cause
annoyance and loss of condition. They come in all sorts of
places, and according to their situation should be the treatment
adopted. The cause is not known.

Those growing around the eyes and upon the teats need
carefully ligaturing with strong thread or plaited silk made for
the purpose. The large ones which are often dependent from
the belly, and between the legs may be twisted off. There is no
haemorrhage, and healthy action will follow on real danger, by
a dressing with Elliman's.

Strong caustics are unnecessary and dangerous. Cows in
calf should not be interfered with.

ACTINOMYCOSIS*

The popular term of "wooden tongue" is applied to other
enlargements, and we are compelled to adopt the long appel-
lation above, to indicate a very serious disease of cattle.

Cause. — This is now definitely known to be due to a vege-
table fungus taken with the food.

Treatment. — Iodide of potassium in half-ounce doses daily
is an excellent remedy, effecting a complete cure in most cases.
Where the swollen tongue is attended with much inflammation a

CATTLE.

143

good rubbing of Elliman's under the jaw affords relief to the
urgent symptoms while the iodide is allowed to take effect.

AMAUROSIS, OR GLASS EYE*

Cause. — Pressure on the deep-seated origin of the optic
nerves. Blows and falls may account for this condition, and it
may not be permanent, though it is generally so.

Treatment.— Brisk purgatives, and Elliman's appHed to the
back of the head for a month at intervals of a few days.

ANTHRAX,

Cause. — The Anthrax bacillus.

Treatment. — None may be attempted, as the law requires
notice to be given to the police.

Prevention. — Burning of all carcases, and thorough disin-
fection of buildings, and destruction of bedding.

ANTHRAX, SYMPTOMATIC.

The above is the scientific name fjiven to what is known in

different parts of the country as

QUARTER ILL, BLACK LEG, POOK, BLOD STRUCK,

&c*, &c.

It differs from anthrax in the fact that the specific bacillus
has not been found after death, but is equally fatal.

Prevention. — A very general belief is entertained in the
efficacy of setons, despite the ridicule cast upon the practice
of using them by scientists who liave nothing better to offer
in their place. (See Setons, page 170.)

APHTHA.

Thrush in the mouth or aphtha is a mild form of inflamma-
tion in the lining membrane of the mouth, bringing up a crop
of little bladders, which break and leave the mouth sore.

144 CATTLE.

Cause. — Irritating food, as hay with many thistles in it.

Treatment. — Give a dose of salts, and wash out the mouth
with a solution of alum.

APOPLEXY,

A condition in which there is pressure of blood on the brain,
or actual rupture of a vessel. A similar condition of the lungs
is called pulmonary apoplexy, and the comatose state of cows
that drop after calving, is known as parturient apoplexy. {See
Milk Fever, page 167.)

Tpeatment. — Bleed from the jugular vein and apply ice
to the poll. An aperient should be given and a low diet
prescribed.

ASTHMA,

Cause. — Inflammation of the muscular coat of the bronchial
tubes, resulting in structural changes.

Treatment. — There is no cure, only palliative remedies can
be given. These consist of tar balls, with which may be mixed
some nitre and digitalis in small doses. Inhalation of steam
often proves beneficial ; a teaspoonful of liquid tar may be
added in the boiling water.

ATROPHY.

Wasting of muscles has been traced to a variety of causes, as
blocking of blood vessels, parasites, &c.

Treatment. — Worm medicines {See Worms, page 171) and
the daily application of Elliman's with friction to the parts affected.

BED SORES,

Causes. — Continued illness, when the animal is not able to
get up, and struggles on the ground {see Milk Fever, page 167).
Bad bedding and uneven floors.

Treatment. — Wash the sores clean and apply a mixture of
flour and burnt alum in the proportion of five of the former
to one of the latter. Avoid sawdust, shavings, or moss-litter
while the sores continue.

CATTLE. 145

BALDNESS*

Causes. — Parasites, which excite itcliing and provoke
rubbing ; debihty of the skin.

Treatment. — If due to the latter, Elliman's will cure it, by
promoting the circulation of blood in the skin. Generous
feeding and tonics may also be given.

BLADDER, DISEASES OR

These call for the skill of the veterinary surgeon. They
are in some cases caused by getting a chill over the loins, and
if so Elliman's will effect a cure in a few applications.

BLAIN.

An eruption of the skin which often affects the mouth
inside and outside ; in some cases a large vesicular swelling forms
in the upper part of the base of the tongue, which it may be
necessary to lance.

Cause. — This is not very clear, but is said to be provoked by
removal to rich pasture. Many cases coming under the author's
notice appear to have been acquired on the road by eating
coarse roadside grasses covered with summer dust.

Treatment. — A mouth wash of alum in water and an
aperient saline dose.

BLOODY URINE.

Blood in the urine must not be confounded with red water
[sec Red Water, page 169).

Cause. — It may be due to stone in the kidney, in the canal,
or other part of the urinary apparatus, or from a violent blow
over the loins.

Treatment. — Cooling diet, smalLdoses of linseed oil, and the
external application of Elliman's to .the loins.

BLOODY FLUX.

Cause.— Continued or neglected diarrhoea, irritating and
innutritions food, as outsides of hay ricks, &c.
Treatment. — {See Diarrhcea, page 155.)

146 CATTLE.

BONES, FRACTURE OR

Broken bones should always receive the attention of the
veterinary surgeon, unless it is decided to kill the beast at once
and before there is any rise of temperature to render the flesh
unfit for food.

Where professional aid cannot be obtained an attempt may
be made to set a broken limb if the fracture is a simple one.

The broken ends are to be brought into apposition and
packed with a soft covering that will not afterwards chafe the
skin. Tow answers this purpose as well as anything, but any
soft old clothing will do. Upon the top of this some firm
material must be used. Strips of wood, leather, tin, or other
stiff stuff is then bandaged over and kept on by glue, starch, or
tarred cord. The limb should be bandaged from the foot
upwards, no portion being free from gentle pressure, or trouble-
some swelling will take place below the injury.

Slings do not answer for cattle as they do for horses, and as
a rule the former soon learn to get up and down without hurting
themselves.

When a bone is broken there is bleeding from the parts and
nature forms a clot or provisional union. Changes take place
which convert it into soft grisly material and lastly into bone,
but there is always more bony matter produced than is actually
required for union, and the projecting ossific matter getting in
the way of the tendons is the reason of so much lameness being
left after a firm reunion has been made. It is here that
EUiman's comes in. Its action is such that the superfluous
material is absorbed, and the weakened muscles which have
wasted by disuse are restored to their proper functions.

BRAIN, DISEASES OF.

7"hese are obscure and call for professional skill, but it is
always a safe plan to give an aperient while waiting for advice.
{See Staggers, page 170.)

CATTLE.

147

BRONCHITIS.

Causes. — Hardships and exposure, or the coddHng of cattle
and subsequent sudden changes from the heated stable to the
chill winds of spring. The presence of small parasites (filaria
hronchialis ) .

Treatment. — A vigorous application of the Elliman's from
the top of the throat to the brisket and behind the elbows. For
internal medicine give drachm doses of emetic-tartar night and
morning and plenty of linseed mashes. The sick box should
not be too warm, pure air is of importance. This is a dangerous
and insidious disease, and we advise that a veterinary surgeon
be at once consulted.

BRONCHO-PNEUMONIA.

When the lung substance, as well as the bronchial tubes, is
affected the above name is given to the disease.

Treatment is practically the same, only that the Ellim.an's
should cover more of the chest walls, extending their whole
length.

CALCULI, STONES.

Cattle are liable to the formation of stones in various organs,
but it is not easy to diagnose their presence in life, save in those
cases which occur in the prepuce of the bull and in the udder of
the cow.

Causes. — A diet containing too much saline material, and
hereditary predisposition.

Treatment. — The kind referred to in the bull accumulates
about the tuft of hair, they are ""small but easily aggregate and
irritation follows, unless the hair is cut off and the gritty matter
picked away with the finger nails, and the parts anointed with
some simple ointment. Those obstructing the teats cannot be
removed from the body without an operation which would
result in a lost quarter, but they may be pushed back with a
flexible probe or a milk-syphon, when they will often fall into a
position where they will remain without causing inconvenience.

148 CATTLE.

CANCER.

The term is often misapplied to tumours of a benign or
non-dangerous character. A veterinary surgeon should be
consulted as to the nature of the growth, as it may not be
necessary to destroy the animal, whilst, on the other hand, keeping
it may be a source of loss, and bring a dairy into disrepute.

CARBUNCLE.

A malignant boil in which a large amount of tissue is
destroyed.

Treatment. — Only a very bold amateur will attempt the
elimination of a carbuncle, as it often needs cutting out with all
the corruption or dead flesh upon it which constitutes the bulk
of its substance.

Elliman's is the best of all dressings both before and after
operation, as it brings health and vigour to the adjacent
parts and helps nature to cast off the slough.

CATARRH, OR COMMON COLD.

Causes. — Sudden changes of temperature and impure air, as
that in auction byres and aboard ship.

Tpeatment. — Good nursing is of importance, as common
colds have a knack of becoming malignant if neglected. Plenty
of linseed gruel and Elliman's applied to the throat, holding
the animal's head over a pail of boiling water to which a
tablespoonful of turpentine has been added, gives relief.

CATARRH, MALIGNANT.

Causes. — Neglected cold, infection (authorities are not agreed
as to the latter).

Treatment. — Stimulants and tonics, steaming the head and
liberal diet, drenching with gruel and beer, if no food is taken.

CATTLE, 149

CHINE FELON.

A rheumatic affection of the loins. (See Rheumatism,
page 152.)

Elliman's is the cure for it.

CHOKING.

The symptoms are easily recognised by those in attendance
on cattle.

Treatment. — Drench with a little linseed-oil and feel for any
enlargement on the outside. Sometimes this can be seen and
felt and the obstruction made to move on, with judicious
manipulation in an upward direction. Failure to move it,
from whatever cause, resort must be had to the probang or
choke-rope. A little more oil should prepare the way, and as
soon as the instrument comes in contact with the obstruction it
should be pushed down without stopping, if it can be induced to
move at all.

The treatment afterwards is to rub the skin with Elliman's
as near to the part lately strained by the obstruction, as possible. '
Inflammation will be thus prevented or relieved.

Prevention consists in having a good root-cutter and using
it: and not giving apples unless crushed or put through the
cutter, like mangles and swedes.

^^CLUE BOUND/'

Fardal bound, fog-sickness and staggers are names which
all indicate the same condition -of obstruction in the digestive
canal.

Causes. — Too much dry food, eating woody innutritions stuff.
Stalled cattle having much cotton cake and chaff, and no
exercise, are prone to it in the winter months.

Treatment. — A violent purge should not be given, but the
contents softened throughout by repeated doses of linseed-oil or
oil alternated with treacle.

i^o CATTLE.

COLIC,

Causes. — Indigestion, long fasting and over-feeding, copious
draughts of cold water when over-heated by travelling.

Treatment. — For simple colic, where there is no great
flatulence or distension of the belly, stimulants and cordials are
the remedies employed. An ounce of ground ginger in a quart
of old ale is a favourite remedy with drovers, who generally get
some experience in this disease and have to wait for hours on the
road. Chlorodyne in i oz. doses in water is useful. The belly
should be rubbed all over with the Embrocation, as it causes that
distribution of nerve force which, concentrated in one portion of
the bowel, constitutes the true colic.

Flatulent colic requires the same treatment as Hoven or
Dew-blown. (See page 154.)

COMA

is a state of drowsiness or torpidity of the brain.

Causes. — Indigestion, pressure from morbid growths,
parasites, «&c.

Treatment. — A brisk purgative and comparative abstinence
from food in nearly all cases relieves, if it does not cure.
Where the cause is permanent it soon recurs, and the prudent
man will get ready for the butcher rather than attempt
prolonged treatment.

CONSTIPATION.

Causes.— In the majority of cases, dietetic errors. In some,
an absence of bile from liver disorder.

Treatment. — There is usually some amount of urgency when
it is discovered, and a dose of half-an-ounce of aloes and a pound
of Epsom-salts may not be too much for a full-grown bullock,
but to get the bowels into proper order again the treatment
should be rather directed to a change of food. Alternate doses
of linseed oil and treacle will be sufficient in many cases.

Prevention. — The droppings of all stalled animals should be
watched and those of costive habit served with bran, linseed oil

CATTLE. 151

or other laxative food, and if this is not sufficient, a pound or
two of treacle two or three times a week. The latter is very
fattening and worth the cost as a food.

COW POX,

A disease of a mild type accompanied by eruptions on the
teats and about the udder.

Cause. — While it is well known to be infectious it would
appear to arise spontaneously in some stalled animals which
have had no contact with others. Specific diseases are said by
the most advanced scientists never to arise de novo, although we
may be unable to trace the source of infection.

Treatment. — The attack is often so mild that nothing is
done in the way of treatment. The milk of cows so affected is
not considered fit for consumption, and most of the large dealers
attach a penalty to "their contracts in case of any being sent.

Some falling off m the quantity of milk makes it worth
while to take measures to restore the animals as soon as possible.
The sores should be bathed wnth warm water in which a little
boracic acid has been dissolved. If the sores are indisposed to
heal they may have a dressing of burnt alum after each milking,
and should the teat get blocked, the syphon should be passed
and the milk drawn off to prevent garget.

Prevention. — As soon as one cow is affected she should be
removed from the herd and given a mild dose of salts. The
same attendant who handled her should have nothing to do with
the milking cows, nor should the same pails or other implements
be used. The sheds may be washed down with some disin-
fectant.

CRAMP.

Cramp in cattle is generally the result of lying on hard
stone or cobble floors with insufficient bedding, and the cure is
in the hands of the attendant if he is allowed as much litter as is
required. Damp situations engender cramp, in a form which
cannot at first be distino:uished from rheumatism.

152 CATTLE.

The parts most affected are those in which the greatest
amount of fibrous tissue exists or else the tendinous portions of
muscle.

The great muscles of the back which make the sirloin when
on the table, are prone to be thus affected, ard beasts will
sometimes remain upon the ground for days or even weeks
" refusing " to get up as it is said, but the real fact of the matter
is that it hurts them too much to make the effort when called
upon to do so ; they have probably already tried, unobserved
and before anything was found to be the matter. The loin
muscles are essential to rising from the ground, and it is cruel
and useless worrying a bullock into getting up. This certainly
does in a few cases of irresolution have the effect desired, but,
taken as a rule, if a beast does not rise and follow the herd it is
not for want of will, but for want of power. The joints, tendons
of the leg, and attachment of muscles are subject to cramp of a
lasting character, but there is also a purely muscular cramp,
such as is not unknown to humian beings when bathing in cold
water. The latter is easily enough cured with an application of
Elliman's, but the more chronic form needs a daily rubbing over
the affected parts, which will usually be found hard and at the
same time tender. The remedy recommended here is a certain
cure if persevered with according to directions.

RHEUMATISM*

It has already been said that cramp and rheumatism very
much resemble one another, but there is this difference, that—
while the former can be immediately cured — the latter will
require more time and a diligent use of the specific known as
Elliman's.

There is often much pain with rheumatism, especially when
affecting joints ; the animal " blows " and perhaps refuses his food.

The affected parts swell, and are hot, and extremely tender
when manipulated. There is, too, a peculiarity about rheumatic
lameness, namely, that its sudden disappearance from one limb

CATTLE. 153

or joint precedes its appearance in another. A hind leg may be
the seat of lameness one day and the fore leg the next, or
vice versa.

There is scarcely any part of a beast which can be said to
have immunity from an attack of rheumatism, but the loins,
hips, hocks, knees and pasterns are the most common seats of
this disease.

Fortunately we have in Elliman's Embrocation a perfect
remedy. There is no need to wait for the exact nature of the
complaint to declare itself, whether cramp, acute rheum-
atism or sprain, as either may be the cause of lameness and the
Embrocation is the thing to use. It excites the effused fluid
to absorption in the case of sprain, distributes the nervous
energy which for a time is concentrated in a muscle in a state of
cramp, and removes the rheumatic poison, neutralising that
as it does the sting of a wasp or bee.

In simple cases of recent rheumatic affection, a few applica-
tions will suffice to restore the animal to soundness, but with old
standing trouble the affected parts should be first bathed with
water to make the Embrocation more rapidly penetrate. The
rubbing should be long continued and repeated.

DEBILITY.

A poor or w^asted condition without any definite disease is
called by this name.

Causes. — Starvation and bad management, sour land, and
constitutional feebleness, worms, &c.

Treatment. — Nourishing food, good housing or well-drained
pasture, if in summer time, tonics consisting of iron, gentian
and cordial seeds, ground and mixed with linseed and bran
mashes. Stimulating the spine with Elliman's is often helpful.
If caused by worms see page 171.

DELIRIUM.
Causes. — Some disturbance of the function of the brain, as
in milk fever, milk madness, &c. {See page 167).

154 CATTLE.

Treatment. — This will depend on the special cause, but it is
a safe and good practice to bleed from the jugular vein while
waiting for professional assistance. Purgatives have the same
effect, but not in so short a time.

Prevention. — If such symptoms as a wild eye and general
excitement and intervals of severe depression are observed, an
aperient should be given. In this connection it may be remarked
that in almost every disease of an ox an aperient is a safe remedy.

DEW-BLOWN, HOVEN, FOG SICtCNESS, BLAST, &c.

Cause. — Fermentation of the contents of the paunch or rumen.

When animals have been yarded through the winter and are
keen for a bite of green food they will often fill themselves to
repletion without stopping to chew the cud, and gases are quickly
evolved which distend the belly to an enormous extent. Most
practical farmers take precautions against this, but now and
again stock will break out and get into clover and become blown
before they are discovered.

Treatment. — A pint of linseed oil, to which add two ozs. of
turpentine and two ozs. of sodium hyposulphite, followed in
half-an-hour by a similar dose if the flank does not go
down ; a gag may be placed in the animal's mouth to
allow the gases to regurgitate. In severe cases it is

necessary to puncture the rumen. Proper instruments are
made for the purpose, and a vet will plunge the point into the
left flank and through the side of the paunch without
hesitation. If assistance cannot be obtained the amateur will
bear in mind that the place to operate is midway between
the hip and the last rib. The direction given to the instrument
should be downwards and forward. A knife not less than
six inches long may be made to do duty, and a fresh cut
stick of alder from which the pith has been removed. This is
rough surgery, but it has saved many a valuable animal. A
probang introduced into the animal's rumen may answer.

Prevention. — Turn out only for an hour or two if there is
a flush of grass. Wait until the dew is off. See to your fences.

CATTLE. 155

DIARRHCEA.

Excessive fluidity of the bowels is more often a symptom
than a disease.

Causes. — These are very numerous. i\nything that does
not agree with a beast may set up diarrhoea; it is nature's way
of getting rid of offending material. In errors of diet the
cause may oftenest be sought. Tuberculosis often takes this
form, and wasting follows despite the best of treatment.

Treatment. — Change the food. Give flour-gruel, and for
medicine a mixture of powdered catechu and chalk, i oz. of each.

DISLOCATIONS.

These are matters for the veterinary surgeon. When
reduced, the best treatment is to apply Elliman's, as it strengthens
the strained ligaments and forms a pad inside (See Sprains,
page 170).

DOWNFALL OF THE UDDER, GARGET, MAMMITIS.

This troublesome complaint was thought to be caused by
chills and bad milking, and is now believed to be due to a
specific organism.

Treatment. — There is nothing so useful as Elliman's, which
should be applied with plenty of massage, imitating the move-
ments of the calf when sucking. Its effect upon the peripheral
nerves is conveyed to those which preside over the function of
lactation, and the supply is put in abeyance until the congested
state of the gland is relieved. After the first application it may
be used at half strength daily, or night and morning, in obstinate
cases. A bold aperient dose is also advised, as much as an
ounce of aloes and a pound of Epsom salts being given when
the symptoms first manifest themselves. The cow should be
isolated, and the place disinfected.

The teat of the affected quarter should be kept open by
using the syphon. Neglected cases may end in loss of a quarter

1^6 CATTLE.

or in sloughing of it. When the gland means to come away, a
line of darker colour than the rest is seen, and there the
separation will take place. The healthy parts adjacent should be
stimulated to cast off the dead tissue by applying the Elliman's
daily, and when the slough finally comes away nothing better
can be used for dressing the gaping wound, which only requires
to be kept healthy to completely heal up.

DROPSY.

Cause. — Interference with the portal circulation. Extreme
debility will sometimes bring it on. In any case a vet should
be consulted.

EYE, DISEASES OF.

Although the eyes of cattle are subject to as many diseases
as those of other animals the same degree of importance is not
attached to them.

COMMON INFLAMMATION, OR CONJUNCTIVITIS.

Watery tears followed by an accumulation of glutinous
matter are the principal symptoms.

Causes. — Catarrh, cold winds, draughts in the stable, the
irritation of flies, blows and scratches from brambles, &c. Foreign
substances, as hay-seeds and chaff.

Treatment. — \\^arm fomentations and the removal of
offending bodies. W^here much inflammation exists an infusion of
green tea is recommended. The opacity that follows may be
disposed of by a mild lotion consisting of three grains of sulphate
of zinc to each ounce of rain water.

PERIODIC OPHTHALMIA.

A recurrent inflammation which results in cataract.
Cause. — Supposed to be of a rheumatic origin; or bad
drainage, bad ventilation.

CATTLE. 157

Treatment. — The same as before prescribed for common
inflammation, but a spot about two inches from the angle of
the eye should be rubbed with Elliman's in order to counteract
the structural changes that are liable to follow. Exclude light.

EYELIDS, TORN.

If these are not treated the animal suffers considerable
needless pain and a long time elapses before union (or loss of
the part) ends the trouble.

Treatment. — Secure the patient by a rope round the horns
or poll, with bull dogs in the nose. Bring the wounded lid
together with separate stitches, leaving the blood to clot on the
sutures [See Wounds, page 172). The difficulty of restraining
animals while a delicate operation is performed on the eye has
hitherto deterred many from attempting it, but with the aid
of cocaine, the resistance is unimportant : no feeling remaining
in the lid if dressed with a 7 or 8 per cent, solution of the drug.
The stitches may be left in for a week. What has been said
of cocaine, of course applies to the removal of foreign substances.

FEET, DISEASES OR

Foul, Loo or Low. — These terms are applied rather indis-
criminately to different foot lamenesses. Whenever a bullock is
lame he should be examined and the cause ascertained, instead
of the mere expectation that he will " come right." Special
attention should be given to the space between the digits, and
foreign substances looked for. The heel should be felt all round
for any sign of heat or tenderness.

An abscess is apt to form in the heel, which is extremely
painful, causing loss of condition, and in a milch cow lessened
flow of milk.

Causes. — The origin of the abscess called foul or loo is not
very well understood, but the fact is noted that such foot-disease
is most common on low-lying marshv efrounds.

158 CATTLE.

Tpeatment. — Poulticing is generally recommended but is
not always practicable, while it is at all times very troublesome.
When carried out efficiently it is not nearly so effectual as
Elliman's, which in the early stage will disperse the inflammation
altogether, and if matter is already formed, will draw it to a
head instead of letting it under-run the hoof. It is also the
best application when the enlargement has broken. It keeps
out deleterious organisms and promotes healthy granulations.
{See Wounds, page 172.)

SORE FEET.

Causes. — These are brought about by two opposite causes,
namely too much exercise by taking long journeys on hard
roads, and too little by remaining tied up and getting no
healthy action or sound growth of the horn. The foot grows
to an excessive length in tied-up cows and with bulls which
have to be kept shut up, but it becomes of inferior quality and
soreness results.

Treatment. — Soak the feet in a strong solution of burnt
alum. Rub the coronets with Elliman's, as the latter will induce
a growth of stronger horn. When the foot has grown to an
excessive length it should be fairly rasped down.

Prevention. — More time on the road when journeys have to
be performed, and daily exercise for those animals which have
to be kept in. A few minutes' rest in the yard, or even being
out on the road, has a beneficial effect in hardening the feet
and upon the secretion of joint oil, and general health.

FEET, ULCERS OR

Besides foul or loo above mentioned, the heels of cattle are
liable to ulcers of an indolent character, from which an offensive
odour is evolved.

Cause. — Injuries from treading on stones and stubs in the
ground or other outward violence to the soft parts.

Treatment. — Wash clean and apply Elliman's with a feather
on the ragged surfaces daily. This will soon cause them to put
on a healthy appearance.

CATTLE. 150

FOUNDER,

When inflammation has been so neglected as to invade
the sensitive laminae, serious structural alteration takes place and
nothing can be done for it. As this term is sometimes applied
to the early inflammatory stage, it may be well to mention that
the Elliman's will draw out the inflammation if applied round
the coronary band.

FOMENTATION,

When warm bathing is advised it should be understood that
warm and not scalding hot water is intended. Inexperienced
persons are very apt to use w^ater much too hot and so cause
needless pain and loss of cuticle. The hand of a person engaged
in manual labour is hard and comparatively insensitive and is no
test as to the heat which the skin of an animal can bear. The
naked elbow should be placed in the hot water, or in the poultice
intended for application to a cow's heel.

FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE.

The local policeman is the person to apply to when this
disease appears.

GAD FLY^ sec Warbles, page 171.

GLOSS ANTHRAX,

Malignant sore throat in which the tongue and membranes
of the mouth participate. The swelling of the tongue makes the
animal unable to keep the mouth -shut, while ropes of saliva hang
out, and the poor creature is a truly pitiable sight.

Cause. — The anthrax bacillus is said to be the cause, but this
is not certain, as cases recover when the blisters on the tongue
and inside the mouth discharge freely.

Treatments — This should be intrusted to a veterinary
surgeon.

i6o CATTLE.

GLOSSITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE TONGUE.

The first symptoms of this disease are similar to that just
described, but it is quite within the capacity of the amateur to
treat it successfully.

Causes. — Prickly forage, frosted glass, splinters, and other
foreign bodies.

Treatment. — Begin with an aperient. Put two ounces of nitre
in each bucket of water, lance the most swollen parts of the
tongue, give iron and gentian powder in gruel, and if the
animal cannot swallow food supply it in the form of enema.

A diversion of the swelling may be brought about by a
vigorous application of Elliman's to the throat and immediately
under the jaw. In this way the tongue is reduced in size and
some of the most painful symptoms alleviated.

Hi^EMORRHAGE, OR EXCESSIVE BLEEDING*

Occasionally an animal bleeds to death by accident, but it is not
a frequent experience, even among veterinary surgeons, to meet
with cases of the kind. Every cattle-man should know the
simplest and best means of controlling a loss of blood which
threatens to become dangerous to the beast's life, or a source of
weakness and loss of time in fattening.

Bleeding to be of any serious extent must be from the
severance either of an artery or of a vein of some dimension,
and the rational mode of arresting it is to secure the vessel, or
plug the wound if unable to find it. If from the nature and
seat of injury it is impossible to use mechanical appliances, then
there are means which, acting through the medium of the
circulation, tend to arrest excessive flow of the vital fluid. Nature
herself intervenes in many instances to save the life of the
animal that is bleeding to death, by causing it to faint and fall
in a posture favourable to arrest of the stream and consistent with
renewal of the heart's action when time has permitted a
clot or natural plug to form. A familiar example of the latter

CATTLE. i6i

may be seen every lambing season, when, after castration, some
of the lambs lie down in a fainting condition and, presently
getting up again, reveal two long strings or cords hanging from
the scrotum ; these are plugs formed of blood, and are most
effectual in saving the life of the lamb.

Animals do not all behave in the same manner ; besides,
wounds and other injuries causing haemorrhage are of such
kinds that, without prompt interference, death would inevitably
result.

What then are the means at our disposal when an accident
happens and professional assistance cannot be summoned in
time ?

There is usually cold water to be had, and this is a most
powerful astringent when properly applied. Cold water should
be thrown over the loins, if bleeding breaks out after the
castrator has gone, dashing it against the belly and flank.
Cold effusions to the head have a like effect although the injury
may not be near it.

To stop the spurting blood from a severed artery when in
the field, appears a difficult matter without any appliances or
warning, but there are many things which may be utilised for
the purpose.

A pin run through the skin and some hair taken out of the
tail of a horse or cow will serve to make a figure-of-eight compress
over the part if the cut vessel cannot be seen, and itself secured,
by tying with a hair, or a bandage made of a strip off the lining
of one's coat or other garment. A scarf pin, a hair pin, a meat
skewer, or a thin stick cut from the hedge, may be utilised to
bring together the edges of a gaping wound from which it is
feared that an animal may bleed to death. If a stick has to be
used, a pocket-knife may be required to pierce the skin with, before
introducing it. Haemorrhage from a limb or any part which
can be bandaged is easily enough controlled, as pressure will
stop bleeding sufficiently until expert assistance can be obtained.
Besides the lining of coats and other garments before alluded
to, a stocking may be named as likely to prove a serviceable
bandage.

i62 CATTLE.

If a house can be reached there will be found other aids,
as cobwebs, vinegar, spirits, perhaps ice and other domestic
remedies.

Salt or any innocuous substance which assists in the forma-
tion of a clot arrests haemorrhage, and pressure immediately
above the seat of injury, in the case of a limb. A tourniquet
may be improvised out of a pocket handkerchief and a stick.

If a doctor or a chemist is near, the surgery will be found
to supply still more effectual agents, in the form of tincture of
iron, tannic and gallic acid. One of the most potent agents in
the arrest of bleeding is the hot-iron or actual cautery as it is
called. When all other means have failed the cautery has often
succeeded, but there is a natural repugnance on the part of
humane people to use this remedy as it is so suggestively
painful, not perhaps actually more so than other styptic agents.

Internal remedies are also given to stop bleeding both with-
out and within ; among them may be named common salt, which
thickens the blood very rapidly and in the hands of the expert
is given subcutaneously, or injected into the veins. Such
application is of course out of the question for use by the
amateur, who may succeed with a bold dose or tw^o in a small
quantity of water. Gallic acid, tincture of iron, and sugar of
lead, the two latter only in small doses, tend to arrest internal
bleeding as from lungs or intestines.

Alum may be recommended to the cattle-owner with great
confidence as a safe and commonly effectual styptic.

HEART, DISEASES OR

Although the centre pump responsible for the circulation
of the blood has so much less to do in cattle than in horses, it is
in cattle we expect to find heart troubles much more often than
in horses.

Causes. — Exposure to bleak winds on draughty moors as in
the famous cheese-making districts, and lodgments of foreign
bodies.

CATTLE. 163

Treatment. — Must be left to a veterinary who, as a rule, is
the person capable of ascertaining the nature of the disease by
the aid of his trained ear applied to the side.

Prevention. — Less sudden changes from the cow-house to the
open, and some sort of shelter from the wind. Nothing can be
done to prevent those forms of heart disease which arise from a
scrofulous constitution.

PALPITATION OF THE HEART

does not necessarily prove that the organ is diseased.

Causes. — Fright and indigestion are common causes, besides
which there are a number of diseases in which palpitation is but
a symptom.

Treatment. — An aperient dose follow^ed by cordial powders
and other aids to digestion.

Prevention. — Consists in studying the peculiarities of the
particular animal, and selecting a suitable diet while avoiding
all causes of excitement.

HOOSE, OR HUSK,

principally affects young stock, but mature animals are not
exempt.

Cause. — Worms in bronchial tubes. {See Bronxhitis,
page 147.)

Treatment. — The animals should be given daily doses of
spirits of turpentine w^th linseed oil, the dose to be regulated
according to the age of the animal. The fumes of burning
sulphur have been successfully employed in the treatment of
this disease, but a veterinary surgeon should be called to super-
intend the treatment. The animals should be sheltered and
liberally fed.

The practice of pouring drugs into the nostrils is cruel and
useless; only such portions as get swallowed can do any good.
It is quite an accident if any of the medicament goes down the
channel intended, as the effect is that of a crumb when it goes
the "wrong vv^ay."

i64 CATTLE.

Ppevention. — Housing at night, and not turning out until
the sun is well up and the dew off the ground. Salt the affected
land in autumn, and destroy, by fire, all carcases dead of the
disease.

JAUNDICE

is recognised by the yellowness of the skin and mucous
membranes.

Cause. — -All we know is that matters which should be
removed by the liver are allowed to remain in the blood.

Tpeatment. — Give the following drench. Aloes i ounce,
nitre 2 ounces, glauber salts f lb., in a quart of warm water.
After an interval of two nights the following may be given : —

Nitre -2 0z.

Bicarbonate of potash - - - - - 2 oz.

Gentian - - - - - - - 2 oz.

Glauber ------- | lb.

Mixed with a quart of warm ale or gruel.

This dose should be repeated twice or three times at intervals
of two or three days. The right side, from the last three ribs
to a hand's breadth behind them, should be stimulated with
EUiman's, the functions of the liver being often restored in this
way.

JOINT FELOR

This is an old name for rheumatism when affecting joints.
{See Rheumatism, page 152.)

LARYNGITIS, SORE THROAT.

Inflammation of the lining membrane of the larynx.

Cause. — Exposure to the east wind and sudden climatic
changes.

Treatment. — Repeated applications of EUiman's to the
outside, and good nursing. Sedatives are often prescribed, but
the EUimxan's w^ill do all that is required in assisting nature to
throw off the disease.

CATTLE. 165

LEAD POISONING.

Lead has gained access to the bodies of cattle in a variety
of ways.

The neighbourhoods of mines and pastures where mining
was formerly carried on are found to cause lead poisoning, from
the animals taking in oxidised lead with the grass or in the
fumes of smelting works.

Treatment. — If the cause is discovered sufficiently early,
remedial- measures will be successful. Purgation with salines,
as Epsom or glauber salts, and repeated administration of dilute
sulphuric acid, have the effect of arresting the action of the lead
already absorbed, while the swollen and painful joints can be
cured by Elliman's.

Prevention.— Test the water-supply for lead and reject it if
found contaminated. If the pastures are known to have had
poisoned animals there, change the stock frequently, and give
salts and acid as above.

LICE.

The presence of lice prevents animals from thriving, and
should receive immediate attention.

Cause.— Although necessarily coming by transmission
from other animals direct or indirect, and through the medium
of straw or other bedding, it is well known that lice thrive best
on cattle that are half starved or doing badly.

Treatment. — If the weather is warm", a wash of stavesacre
made by boiling half-a- pound of the drug in a gallon of water
will kill the parasites, but the dressing will have to be repeated,
as the nits are not killed. In winter, when washing them
might cause a chill, the affected beasts can be smeared with
linseed oil, which has the desired effect.

i66 CATTLE.

LIGHTNING.

We know of no remedy for lightning-struck animals, but
refer to the subject here, because many farmers do not
know that fire-insurance covers the loss. When a beast is
thought to have been struck, a veterinary surgeon should be
employed to make an examination and certify to the cause,
but the carcase may be kept above ground to enable the
insurance company to send an expert of their own, if they
choose.

LIVER DISEASES.

Besides jaundice (referred to on page 164) a congested state
of the liver is met with, more particularly in the case of stalled
and fatting bullocks.

Causes. — Want of exercise, close atmosphere, and over
stimulation of the liver with rich food.

Treatment. — Reduced rations, enforced exercise, saline
aperients in repeated small doses, Elliman's should be rubbed
in over the region of the liver.

Prevention. — Animals put up to fat should not receive too
generous diet at first, or until they have become accustomed to
the altered conditions of life. Occasional saline aperients should
be given.

LOCK-JAW, OR TETANUS.

Cause. — A specific bacillus gaining access through wounds
or abrasions.

Treatment. — No medical treatment appears to be at all
satisfactory, the tetanin serum not excepted. The largest
numbers of recoveries reported have been apparently spontaneous.
Turning the animal out to grass and leaving him alone is
seemingly the best treatment.

LUMBAGO.

This is a form of rheumatism, and requires no other
treatment than Elliman's. {See Rheumatism, page 152.)

CATTLE. 167

MANGE.

Cause. — A parasite similar to that causing the disease in dogs
and other animals.

Treatment. — Sulphur is a specific. The best means of
applying it is to mix it with some fatty matter of an
inexpensive kind, the proportion being only a matter of
convenience. One part to seven of cheap petroleum jelly is a
good working ointment. Repeat twice.

MILK FEVER,

There are many theories as to the cause of milk fever, but
the real cause is still unknown.

That it more often occurs in deep milkers and at the third
or subsequent birth, is a matter of common knowledge, and it is
less frequent in the "butcher breeds" or meat makers.

Treatment. — The most successful appears to be that in which
sedatives are employed. Doses of half-an-ounce of bromide of
potassium and half-ounces of chloral should be given at
intervals of two hours in two pounds of treacle, if the animal
is conscious; if not, half-ounce doses of chloral in half-pint of'
water must be given per rectum. The whole length of the
spine needs stimulating with Elliman's. Application of the
latter restores the functions of the spinal cord. The animal
should be turned night and morning to avoid bed sores, and
well supported in its brisket by means of sacks of straw.

Prevention. — It is believed by many persons that cows are
less liable to it for being kept on oat-straw and hay for six
weeks before calving. Occasional aperient doses should be given
prior to calving.

MILK MADNESS,

Delirium or frenzy following on sudden deprivation of the
calf, or chilling winds checking the secretion of milk.

Treatment. — Bleed from the jugular vein, give a dose of
bromide of potassium or chloral {see Milk Fever), and by
good nursing and suitable food endeavour to bring back the milk.

i68 CATTLE.

Prevention. — Calves should be taken away directly they are
dropped, unless it is intended that the cow shall bring them up.
Avoid exposing fresh-calved animals to inclement weather.

OBSTRUCTED TEATS.

This condition and its treatment are described under Down-
fall OF THE Udder. (Page 155.)

PALSY OR PARALYSIS*

Besides the paralysis of milk fever [see Milk Fever,
page 167) there are instances in which palsy comes on without
known cause. After death it is discovered that some splinter
or bone, or other substance, has been pressing on the brain.
In other cases debility alone accounts for partial paralysis.

Treatment. — Nourishing food, small doses of nux-vomica in
gruel. Daily stimulation of the spine with Elliman's.

PARTURIENT APOPLEXY, (See MILK FEVER p, \61.)

RABIES.

Cattle bitten by rabid dogs show much the same symptoms
as other animals, namely, biting the seat of the wound and an
unwonted disposition to destroy fences and mangers, &c., &c.

Cause. — It is now ascertained that rabies is never spon-
taneous, and can only be brought about by inoculation from
another animal already mad.

Treatment is out of the question and the only thing to guard
against is mistaking the mania of milk madness for hydrophobia,
as the symptoms greatly resemble one another. A veterinary
surgeon should of course be consulted, but on a station where
expert advice cannot be had, time will prove if it be rabies, as

CATTLE. 169

animals seldom live more than a week, and never exceed eight
days when affected with rabies, while the treatment recommended
for milk mania will have the opportunity to bring about a
change long before the expiry of that period.

RED WATER.

Cause. — Ill-drained land and sudden changes of pasture are
said to be the cause of red water.

Treatment. — First a bold aperient, as an ounce of aloes and
fib. of Epsom salts. The application of ElHman's over the
loins. Nourishing food, gruel, old ale or wine, in moderate
doses at regular intervals.

RINGWORM*

Cause. — A vegetable parasite.

Tpeatment. — The vitality of ringworm varies very much in
different seasons, but in the ordinary way sulphur ointment will
destroy it. In troublesome and persistent cases it may be
necessary to use mercurial ointment, or a preparation of spirit
of tar with sulphur and oil, rubbing it in two or three times.
Tr. of iodine, appUed to the affected part with a brush, may be
tried.

SCOUR, SKIT, WHITE SKIT*

A disease principally affecting calves.

Cause. — Indigestion. Too full a meal and too long intervals.
Cold skim milk and unsuitable substitutes, or a specific organism
in the milk.

Treatment. — Clear the digestive canal of its sour contents
with a dose of castor oil, give small quantities of milk, and give
them often. A decoction of oak bark made by boiling an ounce
of it in a quart of water for half an hour is as good an
astringent as any; one or two table-spoonfuls to be given for a
dose twice a day, or the medicine see page 179.

See that the calf-house is properly cleaned out and
disinfected. Many of those with stages are saturated with stale
discharges, and a specially unmanageable form of diarrhoea
results.

170 CATTLE.

SETONS.

A large and sharp needle, threaded with unbleached tape
and saturated with Elliman's, should be passed from the highest
point to the lowest and pulled backwards and forwards at
least once a day. The efficacy of setons consists in the
suppurative action they set up. No better dressing than
Elliman's can be employed. To be efficient it is necessary
that setons should be often turned and the dressing renewed.

STAGGERS, STOMACH STAGGERS.

Cause. — Indigestion resulting in disordered circulation in
the brain.

Treatment. — Bleeding from the jugular vein, an aperient
dose and carefully regulated diet.

SPRAINS IN CATTLE.

The rough handling to which cattle are sometimes subjected,
the movement of stock by road, rail, and steamship are all liable
to produce sprains, besides injuries which they inflict on
one another.

The chief sprains which call for attention are those of the
hip, stifle, hock, fetlock, and pastern.

The prominent symptom of lameness arrests the attention of
the stock-owner, and his interests will be served best by a
careful examination to discover the exact part afl'ected. This is
almost all he has to do if provided with a supply of Elliman's
Embrocation, since it is an absolute specific for all sprains and
like injuries wherever they may be situated. The patient
should, if possible, be given a box to himself, as all practical
cattlemen know how other beasts will '* put upon " a lame
member or one tliat is sick. If a severe sprain, it will be as
well to give a cooling dose of, say, a pound of Epsom salts to
keep down irritative fever. Then the Embrocation should be
well rubbed into the part affected for ten minutes a day,
continuing the application to the point of outside soreness. If

CATTLE. 171

the beast is not then quite cured, a day or two may be allowed
to intervene, when the Embrocation may again be used until no
symptom of lameness remains.

THRUSH IN THE MOUTH. (See APHTHA, page H3).

Cause. — Infection from the tubercle bacillus. Bacteriologists
are of opinion that it can only be conveyed by these germs and
that it is not hereditary, but many practical observers think
otherwise.

Treatment.— Is not likely to be attended by success, and it is
probable that before long new legislation will compel slaughter.

WARBLES*

Cause. — The gad-fly which punctures the skin in order to
lay its eggs.

Treatment. — A very little Elliman's is enough for this
parasite. It Has to be rubbed into the swelling, and in course
of time the parasite withers away and is absorbed, the skin
regaining its original condition and value, or a little blue
ointment (mercurial) applied to the warble wall kill the larvae.

WORMS.

Cattle are more often infested with w^orms than is usually
supposed. These exist in great variety and they occupy many
different parts of the unfortunate " host," as the bearer is called
in the language of the helminthologist. It would serve no
useful purpose here to describe them. Suffice it to say that those
with which we may hope to cape successfully are inhabitants of
the digestive canal or the bronchi {see Husk, page 163).

Tape-worms, round-worms, and the fluke-tribe cause many
losses.

Treatment. — Salt is one of those things whose value if-
generally under-estimated as a cure, and as a preventive. It
should be given to beasts suffering from worms, daily in the
food. Drenching with turpentine and linseed oil has often the

172

CATTLE.

effect of turning out both round worms and the tape varieties ;
and flukes in the Hver seem unable to thrive in an animal so
treated, although there can be no actual contact of the drug. It
may be that the blood circulating in the liver is so charged with
the vapour of turpentine that flukes are unable to live in the ducts
which they haunt {sec Husk, page 163). Ground areca-nut and
sulphate of iron are also good remedies, but the great bulk of
ingesta in a bullock makes it always more difficult to kill worms
than it is in animals whose intestinal canal can be practically
emptied by way of preparation for the drugs selected for
administration. Recent experiments go' to show that the new
drug lysol is a most valuable vermicide, especially in the case
of cattle ; its action is quicker and more reliable than the old
remedies. It is given in 2 to 4 drachm doses mixed with a pint
of water.

Prevention. — A liberal supply of rock salt, and the dressing
of infected land with salt in autumn ; as most of our animal
parasites pass an intermediate life in soft molluscs ; hence the
greater frequency of fluke and other worms on low-lying

pastures.

WOUNDS,

Serious wounds are often inflicted upon cattle by the horns of
their fellows, thus there is an increasing preference for the
hornless breeds ; these, being without weapons of offence, seem
also to lose that pugnacity which constitutes one of the reasons
that has led to the decadence of the once famous long-horns
of this country.

Rushing pell-mell through gates, and it must be added
through barbed wire fences, so much used by the small occupier
and dreaded by the huntsman, accounts for many ghastly
wounds in cattle.

While the treatment of wounds depends somewhat on their
extent and situation, there are certain general rules to be observed,
which are more or less applicable to all cases.

To render them aseptic is the surgeon's first care, and this
may be done by the cattle owner himself if he is in possession

CATTLE. 173

of a bottle of EUiman's Embrocation. It mixes freely with
water and should, for the above purpose, be diluted to the extent
of one half and applied with a soft sponge, when it forms a
suitable lotion or preliminary dressing as well as a styptic to
stop more or less bleeding. The next consideration is to get
the edges of a wound in apposition, in order that nature may
unite them in the most economical way. By this expression we
mean what the old school of surgeons still call first-intention, or
adhesive union. Many simple or incised wounds, as dis-
tinguished from torn, lacerated or punctured ones, will unite as
though stuck by glue, if promptly brought together and
rendered aseptic by the Embrocation properly diluted. Wounds
too large to unite without some mechanical means of retaining
the edges in apposition may be secured in a variety of ways.
{See HEMORRHAGE, page 160.)

Probably for the cattle-man we may most recommend the
plan of pins, and figure-of-eight bandaging. Suitable pins
may be purchased, or made, by filing stout pins on three
sides to make a bayonet-shaped end or point. These should be
boldly pushed through the sound skin, taking plenty of hold to
avoid their tearing out. Tow or a strand or two of untwisted
string can then be wound round in the form of the figure
of eight. This method is the least likely to allow the wound to
gape open, it has the recommendation of permitting the amateur
to renew his bandage without having to introduce fresh sutures,
the swelling can be relieved without withdrawal of the pins,
and the whole apparatus be rendered free from germs by the
application of the dilute Embrocation all over the dressings,
in the proportion before recommended.

Ragged or contused wounds tempt the amateur to cut off,
what appears to him superfluous skin or flesh, but the experienced
surgeon will save all the living material possible, only excising
the hopeless portion w^hen he is convinced that nature cannot
make use of it in repairing the breach.

The same directions as to bringing the edges of a wound
together apply to this class also, but it is even more important

174 CATTLE.

to use an antiseptic dressing, as we cannot expect contused
wounds to heal by simple adhesion, and the longer exposure to
atmospheric germs makes it the more desirable to keep the open
sore dressed with an efficient germicide such as Elliman's.

The discharge of a thin straw-coloured fluid is not a healthy
sign, and should such symptoms appear, a dressing of undiluted
Embrocation should be employed, pressing it within the wound
or plugging it with a piece of tow, and repeating the performance
until thick yellow matter denotes a healthy granulation going
on within.

Excessive swelling in the neighbourhood of a wound may
be an untoward sign and should be disposed of by counter
irritation, brought about by the undiluted Embrocation being
applied liberally for several inches around the actual wound.

Punctured wounds call for remark here as they are too often
regarded lightly, because they are small. A great gaping wound
is often less to be feared than one made by the point of a horn
or the prick of a nail. Such wounds have an unpleasant way of
apparently healing up while mischief is going on within. A
fistula may be forming such as causes poll evil in horses and is
known to most horsemen. A punctured wound should not be
allowed to heal up as it will, but be slightly enlarged to give vent
to the matter which usually forms. A plug of tow-end should
be dipped in neat Elliman's, and forcibly pushed up as far as it
will go; this will ensure a proper discharge and preclude the
possibility of a sinus or fistula being subsequently established.
It will come out in a few days by reason of the matter which is
formed. A blunt penholder or other homely probe will tell the
state of the wound if it is pushed up. A bright red drop of
blood on the probe indicates sound healing by granulation, while a
watery fluid with granules in it like those from a stale cow's udder,
shows a disposition to the formation of fistula. A neglected case
may still be saved by the plugging previously recommended.

YE\5^ POISONING.

Why cattle should occasionally yield to the temptation to
eat this poisonous plant is a mystery. They may live on a farm

CATTLE. 175

where it grows for years without touching it, and then suddenly
becoming possessed of the same idea, a number will eat thereof
and die.

Treatment. — Yew being a narcotic poison, the best treatment
is to immediately administer a rousing stimulant and to follow
it with a dose ot linseed oil, as the properties of the yew seem
to be somewhat masked by oil, and repeated doses help to clear
the canal before more of the plant is digested. Stimulants in
gruel at regular intervals offer the most hopeful plan of
treatment.

Prevention.— Have no yew trees. Cattle cannot well be
kept from eating them, as their presence on your lands or your
neighbours' is sure to be forgotten, or a new man is employed to
lop the overgrowth, and the branches fall into a field where
cattle are kept.

CARE OF CATTLE.

The first step in civilization v/as made by the herdsmen we
are told, and we may add that the methods pursued by man)
are still very primitive. Between coddling and carelessness
there is a happy mean.

The cattle of these islands are the best, and all nations come
to us to renew their blood-stock. The variations of temperature
though frequent, are seldom extreme, and this perhaps engenders
carelessness on our part in the housing of cattle not intended for
show, or belonging to such delicate breeds as those of the
Channel Islands.

Air. — Extreme changes of temperature do not so much
affect the breathing organs as does the quality of the atmo-
sphere inhaled.

The removal of a cow from a town-shed to the country, and
vice versa, is effected in one day and no thought, as a rule, is
exercised as to the change affecting her health until something
the matter is discovered. As regards air-space it is now pretty
generally accepted that 800 cubic feet of air is necessary to each
adult animal, but we may remark in this connection that the

176 CATTLE

amount of oxygen contained in the same space is by no means
comparable in London and on, say, the South Downs. If, as
expected, legislation is to regulate the air space, the authorities
should differentiate between town and country.

Water. — Rain water is preferable to any other if it can be
kept sweet. The water of many districts contains lime, and
the formation of stones and other troubles result. Again, in
other districts the streams are polluted by manufactories, or
there is lead in the soil over which the water-courses run, either
above or below ground. Well water is colder than the atmo-
sphere in summer, and therefore a source of colic and other
digestive troubles. Pond water receives all sorts of polluting
material, from the tramp's typhoid germs, to the red water from
the cow who will often pass it, if driven in when the owner wants
to see if she has the disease.

If farm buildings are properly provided with gutters, a vast
amount of rain water can be saved and will keep sweet in open
tanks. Animals frequently prefer the coffee-coloured water, into
which the yard drains pass more or less tribute, and they appear
to be none the worse until some disease breaks out which cannot
be traced. Then it is found that the germs of disease have been
accidentally introduced. A sheep with the first symptoms of
anthrax may drink from the pond, or fall in when dead from its
use. A bucket will be dipped into it after it has been used to
wash the hands of the man who has opened a pig that died from
swine fever. So many sources of possible contagion might be
pointed out, but we have said enough to show the danger.

The quantity of water which is estimated to be necessary for
a bullock, on board ship, is eight gallons per day but on land, the
temperature and other things have to be taken into consider-
ation. The milch cows which give five gallons of milk a day
must of course need more, and the fatting steer tied up and
getting scalded stuff and moist rations will need less.

Feeding. — The ox, being a ruminant, requires a large amount
of time in which to repose while he brings back the food he has
gathered and which is only partially prepared for digestion.

CATTLE. 177

Long stuff is a necessity ; it is no use to give the most
nourishing food unless there is also bulk, as the animal cannot
get his cud or digest without a certain amount of distension.

Frosted roots should not be given, neither whole ones, but
it is safer to give them whole than halved or not properly sliced
into such portions that they cannot be a cause of choking.

Drainage. — Surface drainage is the best. x\ll the refuse
can be seen and the dung removed from it before it has time to
undergo chemical changes. The liquid portion of the manure
is most valuable and should be received into a well outside,
provided w^ith a chain pump.

Warmth. — The colder the weather the greater expenditure
of food there will be in keeping up the animal heat, the tempera-
ture of a bullock being always the same, w^hether in winter or
summer. The apparent difference is only on the surface.
Animals kept in a cold draughty shed will require more food
to produce the same results than those do which are confined in
a warm stable. A knowledge of this fact induces many dairy-
men to go to the other extreme and keep the stable too hot by
overcrowding.

Shelter. — Pastures where there are no trees are, in summer,
very trying to cattle who can get no respite from the flies, nor a
comfortable situation in which to lie down and chew the cud.
Some sort of a rough shanty should be put up for their protection
from the summer's sun and winter's w^ind, unless they are got
in during the day when the weather is unsuitable.

Cattle have a marvellous, capacity for accommodating
themselves to circumstances and become able to bear all sorts
of neglect and ill-usage, but they do not give the same return,
and a good farmer will provide his cattle with all the comfort
he can.

Driving. — The morning is the best time for animals to
travel by road, and they should neither be heavy with a big

178 CATTLE.

feed, or so hungry as to waste time and strength in searching
the road sides for the rubbishy stuff that usually grows there,
Water is the chief requirement on the road, as the exertion is
unusual and extra water is wanted.

Gentle Handling. — Rough treatment does not pay, and
the boy or man found too fond of using a stick, ought to have
nothing to do with cattle. Many cows will give more milk to
a woman, and the reason is probably to be found in her more
gentle manner.

Drenching. — While horses should be dosed with small
quantities at a time, cattle take their medicine better in one or
two "swallows" or "go-downs." The horn or bottle should
be made to touch the roof of the mouth before any of the
contents are poured into it, as this gives warning of something
coming and the glottis closes over the windpipe. A bullock
will never be choked by a "drink" if this precaution is taken.

Putting the fingers into the nose is an objectionable way of
holding any but a vicious beast, and quite unnecessary. The
finger nails wound the tender membrane, and they make the
animal dread the next dose.

Milking. — This operation should be always performed at
the same hour morning and night, and the udder "stripped"
clean, or a diminished supply of milk will be the result and the
cow go altogether dry before her time.

^^

CATTLE. '79

MEDICINES TO KEEP IN STORE.

Where the services of a Veterinary Surgeon cannot be
obtained, it would be advisable to keep the following preparations

in store.

PURGATIVE DRENCH FOR CATTLE,

Sulphate Magnesia - - - - " i pound.
Gentian Powder ----- f o^nce.
Ginger Powder - - " " " jounce.

To be given in a quart of warm ale or gruel.

TONIC AND STOMACHIC DRENCH FOR CATTLE.

^ J - h ounce.

Gentian Powder - - - i ^^

^ J . - h ounce.

Ginger Powder - - " ^

To be given in a quart of warm ale or gruel.

FOR SCOURING IN CALVES.

^ J /-u 11 ... 2 ounces,

Prepared Chalk - - _ ^ ^^^^^

Catechu Powder - - - _ _ ^^^^^^

Ginger Powder - - - _ _ J ^^^^j^^

Opium Powder - - " ^

Water -■--■' ^

Dose one to two ounces night and morning.

i8o INDEX.

IINDEA.

PART I.
THE HORSE.

PAGE

Abscess ----- 53

Back, sprain of - - - 32

Back tendons, sprain of the -------- 28

Bedding -__-------- 83

Blood spavin --48

Bog spavin -----------48

Bowels, inflammation of the - 68

Broken knees - --37

Bronchitis --- --66

Brushing ------ 58

Capped elbow - - - - - -- - - - 39

hock - - - - 39

Care of Horses - - - 78

Chaps and cracks ---- 57

Check ligament, sprain of the ------- 29

Chilled loins ---------- 69

Colic ------------ 67

Common cold ---------- 65

Congestion of the liver --------- 69

lungs -------- 65-66

Contused fetlock ---------- 38

Corns - - - - - -•- - - - - " 51

Coronets, weak ----------61

Cough ------------ 64

Chronic - - - - - 65

Cramp -"55

Curb - - - 44

Cuts - 56

Cutting, speedy 59

INDEX. i8i

PAGE
Elbow, capped ----- 39

Elbow lameness ---- -22

Feet, diseases of -------- -60

,, fever in the ----------61

,, management of the 81

Fetlock, contused ----------38

sprained ----------31

Fistulous withers ----------54

Forage ------------80

Galls, saddle and harness --------53

Garget - - - - - . - 70

Grease - - - . . . 60

Hair ------------ 51

Hock, capped ----------39

sprained ----34

Horses, care of ---------- 7^

Inflammation of the bowels -- 68

lungs - -66

Injuries to joints, tendons, ligaments, &c. ----- 36
Knees, broken ---------- 37

Knee, sprain of the -- --25

Lacerated wounds ---------56

Lameness, elbow ---------- 11

Ligament, sprain of the check -------29

suspensory ------ 3°

Liver, congestion of - - - - ..---- 69

Loins, chilled .---------69

Lungs, congestion of the - 65-66

inflammation of the --------66

Mallenders and Sallenders -------- 57

Management of the feet -------- 81

Medicines to keep in store -------- 83-84

Mud fever ----------- 60

Over-reaches ---------- 5^

Pastern, sprained - - --.- - - - - - - 32

Peritonitis, accidental --------- 69

Pleurisy -----------67

Punctured wounds ---------56

Rheumatism -----------54

Ring-bone ----------- 5"^

Roaring ----------- 64

Round Bone, sprain of --------34

I82

INDEX.

Saddle and Harness galls

Sallenders and Mallenders

Sand crack - - -

Side-bones -

Sitfasts

Sore throat - - -

Spavin - - - .

,, blood

bog

Speedy cutting - . . . .

Splints ------

Sprains in general . - - -

Sprain of the back . . _ -

back tendons -

check ligament

fetlock

hock

knee _ _ .

pastern -

round bone

shoulder -

stifle joint

suspensory ligament
Suspensory ligament, sprain of the
Tendons, sprain of the back -
Thorns and other foreign bodies
Thoroughpin- - - . . -
Thrush -------

Timber leap -

Torn and lacerated wounds

Treads - - - -

Udders, hard
Weak coronets
Wind-galls -
Withers, fistulous
Worms in horses -
Wounds, torn and lacerated
Care of Horses —

Water -

Forage - - -

Management of the feet

Bedding -

PAGE
53
^1
6i

50
54
63
48

59
45
13
32

23

29
31
34
25
32
34
20

34
30

30
28
59
50
62
38
56
58
70
61
45
54
77
56

79
80

81
83

INDEX. 183

PART II.
DOGS.

PAGE
Asthma ..---.----- 87

Abscess -----------87

Bedding ----------- 118

Bites - ----- 89

Bladder ----------- 89

Blood diseases --- -90

Bones, broken - - - - - 90

Bowels, inflammation of the ------- 91-92

Brain, disease of the --------- 93

inflammation of the - - 93

Bronchitis -----------93

Bruises ------ 88

Burns and scalds --- --94

Cancer --- --94

Canker of the ear - - - loi

Canker, mouth , 108

Care of dogs - - - - - 117

Cataract -- 95

Catarrh or cold -.----.-- - 95

Chest founder or kennel lameness - 107

Chloroform - - -117

Choking - - - - - 95-96

Chorea or St. Vitus' dance -------- 96

Claws - - - - - 97

Claws overgrown --- 97

Cold or Catarrh - 95

Cohc - - - 97

Constipation ----------- g2

Cough ------------ gS

Cramp ----- - - 98

Cuts and wounds ----------99

Deafness ----- loi

Diarrhoea --- - 102

Diphtheria ----------- 102

Dislocations - 102

Distemper ----------- 103

Dropsy ------------ 103

Ear, canker of---------- ^01

„ swelled flaps of - - 102

i84 INDEX.

PAGE

Eczema ~- -- 104

Exercise ---119

Eye, diseases of the _-_ 104

Fistula -------- 105

Fits - --_..- 105

Fleas .--- -no

Goitre or Bronchocele -- 94

Grooming --- ng

Husk - - - 106

Indigestion - _-. 106

Inflammation of the brain -------- 93

of the bowels -------- 91-92

Jaundice ----------- 106

Kennel lameness or chest founder - 107

Kennel dressing of hounds and other dogs - - - - - 120

Kidney diseases ---------- 107

Lameness --- _-- 107

Larynx 107

Lice 109

Lungs, inflammation of the - 107

Mange ------------ 108

follicular - --------- 108

Mouth canker - 108

Paralysis - 109

Parasites - - - - 109

Piles ------ - no

Pluerisy ..-.------- 108

Purgative medicine --------- 120

Restraint, methods of - - - - - - - - - 114

Rheumatism ---------- 98

Rickets _-.-------- m

Ringworm - -- - - - - - - --no

Sprains -in

Thorns - - 112

Ticks ----- no

Tumours, udder - - 113

Udder tumours ------- - - 113

Washing - - - - - - - - - - -117

Worms - - - - - - 113

Care of Dogs —

Bedding 118

Kennel 119

Grooming 1x9

Exercise 119

INDEX 185

PART III.
BIRDS,

PAGE

Abnormal growths - - - 123

Apoplexy ----------- 124

Baldness ----------- 125

Black rot ----------- 125

Broken limbs ----------125

Bumble foot ---------- 123

Canker ----------- 126

Catarrh or common cold -------- 127

Cholera ----------- 127

Comb, diseases of the -- 12S

Constipation -- - ^^S

Consumption . - - - 128

Cramp ----------- 129

Crop-bound - - - - 130

Crop, dropsy of - - - - - ^3^

Cuts ------------ 131

Debility - - - 131

Diarrhoea ----------- 132

Diphtheria - - - ^32-

Eczema ----------- 132

Egg-bound ----------- i33

Egg passage, inflammation of i33

Eyes, inflammation of -------- - ^33

Fleas - - - - - - - 134

Gapes - ----- 134

Gout ------ 135

Indigestion ----------- ^35

Leg weakness ..-.-- = --- 135

Lice ... = . = - 136

Liver diseases ---------- 136

Lush, or soft egg --------- 136

Paralysis ----- i37

Pip ------------ 137

Poisoning ------ 137

Rheumatism ---------- 130

Roup ------- J37

Worms ------- - - - 138

[86 INDEX.

PART VI.

CATTLE.

PAGE

Abortion - - ^ - - 142

Abscess ----- 141

Actinomycosis ---------- 142

Amaurosis or glass eye -------- 143

Angle berries _ - - - 142

Anthrax H3

Aphtha ^43

Apoplexy - - i44

Asthma ^4

Atrophy - - ^44

Baldness - ^45

Bed sores - - - - i44

Bladder, diseases of ^45

Blain - - - - - - ^45

Bones, fracture of - ■ ' ^4^

Bronchitis ----------- ^47

Calculi, stones - - i47

Cancer - - - - - - 148

Carbuncle ----------- H^

Care of cattle --------- 175-178

Catarrh or common cold - - - - " - ' " -^4°

malignant - - - 148

Chine felon ---------- ^49

Choking ----------- 149

Clue bound- ---------- ^49

Colic ------------ ^50

Coma - - '50

Constipation ^^°

Cow pox ----------- 5

Cramp - - - 151

Cuts (see Wounds) - -^72

Debility ----------- i53

Delirium - - - ^^^

INDEX. 187

PAGE

Dew-blown, hoven, fog-sickness, blast, &c. . . . - 154

Diarrhoea --------""' ^55

Dislocations ---------- ^55

Downfall of the udder, garget, mammitis ----- ^55

Dropsy -----■''''' ^

Eye diseases ---------- ^5^

Eyelids, torn ---------- i57

Feet, diseases of the - - - •-""'" -^57

sore

Feet, ulcers of - - - - - - " " ' ' ' ^5

Fomentation -----'""'' ■^SQ

Foot and mouth disease -------- ^59

Founder -----■""""" ^^^

Gadfly (see Warbles) --------- 171

Garget ------ ^55

Gloss anthrax ----- ^59

Glossitis or inflammation of the tongue ----- 160

Hemorrhage ----- 160

Heart, diseases of -------- " ^°^

Hoose, or husk - - - " " -^"3

Hoven - - i54

Inflammation, common, of the eye ------ 156

of.the tongue - - 16°

Jaundice ----- ^^4

Laryngitis, sore throat - - - - - - - " ^^4

Lead poisoning ---------- 165

Lice ----- 1^5

Liver diseases ---------- 166

Lock-jaw or tetanus --------- 166

Lumbago ------ 166

Mange ----------- 167

Medicines to keep in store ------- 179

Milk fever ----- 1^7

,, madness - - - - " - - - " " " ^^7

Obstructed teats ---------- 168

Ophthalmia, periodic - - - - 156

Palpitation of the heart -------- 163

Palsy or paralysis --------- 108

Quarter ill, black leg, pook, blod struck - - - - - i43

Rabies - - - 168

Red water ----------- 169

INDEX.

PAGE

Rheumatism .-. 152

Ringworm ---- -- 169

Scour, skit, white skit - - 169

Setons -_.-------- 170

Sprains __-.-----.- 170

Staggers _._-------- i7o

Thrush in the mouth --------- 171

Tetanus or lock-jaw -166

Warbles ----- 171

Worms -.-•-------. 171

Wounds, punctured - - ) _ _ _ i7?-i7a

torn and lacerated ) 7-74

Yew poisoning ---------- 174

Care of Cattle i75 178

^^

J5*l!?^^i^^

WHAT DOES THIS SPELL?

p^^.

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i^r^i

;%-

^k

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4'

/

v.^

4

" f

m.

)Mu.

^^^" -^

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C'^w^Wl

WHAT DOES IT SPELL

5?;^ ^:6^ crijjj '^

NAMES OF ANIMALS IN PICTURE.

ELEPHANT, LION

NEWFOUNDLAND, ASS, MULE, ICHNEUMON. LEOPARD
SHEEP

EMU, MUSK-OX, BEAR, ROEBUCK

NYLGHAU, OSTRICH, IBEX, TORTOISE, APE, CAT, OX
FOX, OWL, RABBIT, HORSE, OTTiiR, RHINOCEROS

SNAKE

STORK, GOAT, OPOSSUM, DOG, SWAN, EAGLE

BITTERN, IBIS, RAVEN, DOVE, SNIPE, CAMEL

ELK, LAMB, TERRIER, TIGER, ANTELOPE

ANGORA, NIGHT-jAR, ICTIDES, MONKEY, AGOUTI, LEMUR, SQUIRREL

^

iiMmmt^

Emmmmtm

None genuine without the Trade Mark on the Label exactly in all details like the above Picture.

ELLIMAN'S ROYAL EMBROCATION: Bottles, Is., 2s., 2s. 6d., & .3s. 6d.; Jars,
10s. 6d. & 20s. Jars are economical ; Jars sold direct only for Cash.

The above Trade Mark has been legally registered in all
countries ; it consists of two Pictures — in the left hand is a lame
hunter, with a groom rubbing near foreleg, and holding a

bottle in his left hand ; a gentleman is standmg by with his left

. hand upon the horse's shoulder, a pail is placed against the

stable wall, and a dog is lying down behind his master. The right-hand picture has the hunter
cured, with owner mounted ; a gentleman is standing in front of horse looking at cured near
foreleg, three hounds are close by, in the background are trees, a gate, and a cottage. None
genuine without these details. Information as to infringements of our Trade Mark would
oblige. -Address ELLIMAN, SONS & CO., Slough, England.

CAUTION !

RLMW

miVEl^gAL

'"embrocation 'Vl^

Bottles, S'l'd., IS.

RHEUMATISM,
Sore Throat from Cold,
Cold at the Chest,
Neuralgia from Cold,
Tooth=Ache from Cold,
Sprains, Bruises,
Fresh Cuts and Surface Wounds,
Corns when painful.
Cramp, Stiffness and Soreness
of the Limbs after Cycling, 6tc.,
Are pains all relieved by a prompt and
free use of

ELLIMAN'S UNIVERSAL
EMBROCATION.

;d., 2S. 9d., 4S.

Prepared only by ELLIMAN, SONS & CO., Slough, Eng.