Class__> a > | Mgr es) yy iy) ve f Dey tke ag Ne i Meow TU a Gl ery Leon NM Ms J i ae. 1 re ph. a ot 4 He Au AGRICULTURAL SERIES N92 15 AGRICULTURAL SERIES N9 15 UNITED STATES RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION UNITED STATES RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION | Messages from FROM UTAH’S GOVERNOR Since the day the pioneers first turned the water upon the parched soil of the Salt Lake Valley, agriculture has been recognized as one of the chief industries of Utah. The development of the agri- cultural possibilities has been a source of wonder to those who have made a study of rural life in the United States. But the opportunities are not all gone. Although vast strides have been taken, the agricultural development of Utah is scarcely be- yond infancy. We have the climate, we have the soil and we are making the most of our water supply. In various parts of the State lands in various stages of cultivation may be obtained at reasonable figures. Then there are thousands of acres in the outlying section which are yet awaiting the arrival of the pioneer. As to educational facilities, I believe I am cor- rect in saying that Utah stands in the front rank. We are proud of our public school system. We welcome to our State loyal and liberty-loving men and women, especially the hardy pioneer. Governor FROM UTAH’S INDUSTRIAL COMMISSIONER Agriculture in Utah flourishes under a great va- riety of conditions. Separated by only a few miles are stockmen whose stock grazes upon open ranges and farmers whose fertile acres are under cultiva- tion as intensive as the richer portions of the corn belt. Between these extremes there are all stages of pioneering and of development. Most of those engaged in agricultural pursuits live under conditions which make possible a high Dp. APR State Officials Aa V4\4 development of social and community life. Conse- quently, exceptional educational facilities and an unusual amount of co-operative effort are found throughout the State. High schools are within reach of practically the entire population. The Agricultural College, ranking with the best in the country, is waiting for those who desire more training. Co-operative associations for buying, marketing, threshing, irrigation, etc., bring to the individual the advantage of united effort. The age of drudgery on the farm is past in Utah. The Utah farm of today is equipped with every modern convenience. Upon the larger farms plow- ing is done by gas or steam; grain is harvested by the combined harvester and hauled to market by auto trucks; and the light automobile is extensively used for convenience and pleasure. The housewife of the urban farm does her cooking, washing, sew- ing, etc., by electricity, thus making her work a pleasure. The further agricultural development of the State will show the same diversity as the present. The range of opportunites should make Utah very attractive to any who wish to change to a locality with a better climate or different conditions. The greatest need of Utah today is people. Our popu- lation is entirely too small for the great undeveloped resources that are here. The people of Utah wel- come homeseekers and have always extended the hand of comradeship to newcomers. We are always glad to do everything possible to inform the people concerning our State and are not only willing, but anxious, to co-operate with the United States Rail- road Administration in the development of this advantageous section. CELE Chairman, Industrial Commission of we of Utah t2 1920 By DR. E. G. PETERSON President of Utah Agricultural College ONE HUNDRED per cent increase in the population, production and prosperity of the western mountain states is not beyond the reach of possibility within the next two or three decades. Such a prediction is based mainly upon the immediate accessibility, under Government pat- ronage, of vast supplies of irrigation water not yet impounded, the extensive area of good land not yet under the plow, the unexploited, but extensive, under- ground waters available by pumping from practicable depths, and the doubling of the duty of our present supply of water, which is entirely practicable through- out the West. This increase in duty is dependent as much upon more scientific distributing systems, in- volving unifying channels in many cases, as upon the application of the water to the crops. In Utah and Idaho the present estimated irrigated area is 3,250,000 acres and in these two states alone there is estimated to be 5,750,000 acres which can yet be added to the irrigated area. This means prac- tically a doubling of the intensively cropped area, with a resultant increase in wealth which will trans- form these states. Dry-farming likewise admits of very great increase throughout the West if properly and scientifically developed. In dry-farming, extraor- dinary care is necessary to prevent the attempt to cultivate areas of too limited rainfall or of imperfect soil storage possibilities. Properly selected areas yield very satisfactory returns and admit of good earn- ings if the business is wisely organized and admin- istered. In the older sections of the West the canals are continually being moved higher up, resulting in the fuller utilization of large areas. Drainage of water- logged lands is assuming immense proportions. For instance, there is at present under way in eight coun- ties in Utah the redemption of 125,000 acres of land by tile drainage. Sevier and Millard counties have each organized their fourth drainage district. The drainable land of the West is usually the choicest land, very fertile and well located with respect to market. The range area of the West is continually decreas- ing; its carrying capacity, however, need not decrease proportionately. The methods of reseeding of grasses, rotation system of grazing, and bedding-out herd- ing with sheep, practiced by the Forest Service insure maximum use of all available plant food. Some stock raisers still do not understand the work of the Forest Service and complain at its restrictions, but the majority of range users appreciate the benefits derived from regulation. Many outside of Forest Reserves would like their districts included in reserves. A greater yield per acre is the problem confronting the grain growers. A yield of 16.6 bushels per acre for winter wheat throughout parts of the West, which is mainly dry-farm grain, and 24.7 bushels per acre for spring wheat, most of which is irrigated, is the report obtained from threshing machine records col- lected under authority of the U. S. Food Administra- tion in 1918. The yield for dry-farms is good, but the additional yield under irrigation does not pay for UTAH— THE BEEHIVE STATE the cost of the water. In more than half the counties of the State, work is being done to standardize the wheat crop. Variety tests are used to select varieties best adapted to the locality, while pure seed of varie- ties adopted is obtained by field selection and from seed plots. Swedish Select oats have proved their superiority over other oats grown in this area through variety tests and are now almost universally accepted as the standard variety. Corn for silage is fast becoming an important crop. The supply of seed adaptable to our many localities of short seasons is inadequate. Some of these localities are solving the problem by local seed.selection. Sugar beets planted this year will greatly exceed previous acreages. .The. average yield of 12!/4 tons per acre in Utah, in 1918, surpassed the yield of any other state and exceeded the average yield for the United States by 2'/4 tons. The growing of sugar beets has raised the plans of farming in every section where they have been introduced. Farmers recognize beets as an important and staple crop. A new incen- tive to beet culture has recently been added through the use of beet top silage. The pit silos used are inexpensive; the big item is the labor required to put the tops in the silo at the same time the beet crop is being harvested. Results from feeding this silage to cattle and sheep in combination with protein Se feeds indicate that a far greater value is obtained out of the tops by this method of preserving than is obtained by pasturing off as has been commonly practiced. Among other crops, potatoes are receiv- ing considerable attention in the matter of seed selec- tion. The returns from canning crops are making them profitable in favorable localities. In the fruit sections young orchards are being set out. Demands for trees exceed the supplies of the nurseries. Crop pests are being brought under control by cultural methods and the use of poison. The saving of crops and range grass through the proper use of strychnine in killing rodents will amount to many thousands of dollars. Grasshoppers have been killed with arsenic. Confidence in this control method has been established and the people no longer fear total loss of crops from grasshoppers. The range cattle of the West have been improved by the greater use of pure-bred bulls. In many sec- tions the forestry officials and range users, through their grazing associations, co-operate in upholding this practice. There remains yet, however, consider- able need for improving the quality of Western range cattle. Fattening cattle for market is becoming an established industry in several sections and could profitably be extended to other localities. Feeding first centers around sugar factories because of more —___——— =] Vast Wheat Fields Lie under the Shadow of the Towering Wasatch Range 4 Woes De economical gains connected with feeding beet pulp and syrup. Range sheep will no doubt decrease in the West, but this loss may be made up in part by sheep on the farm. During 1918 farm flocks were increased in Utah alone by 13,000 head. Lamb feed- ing for the fat market is furnishing a good local market for many feeder lambs and is netting profit to the careful feeder. Dairying in established dairy sections is improving in grade of stock and in dairy equipment. Outside of these sections dairying is giving way to other branches of live stock which are more profitable. Better stock and simple but sanitary equipment should make dairying profitable in the West, which imports many million dollars worth of dairy products annually. The high price of hogs for the past two years has greatly increased their numbers and has made it profit- able to raise them where pasture could be included in their ration. A new feature connected with the hog industry is that of co-operative marketing, which has RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION === beginning has been made, which points towards devel- opment of co-operative live stock shipping associations. Farm poultry is generally neglected in the West, but there is no question that a little investment in equipment and labor would return big dividends. The time is coming soon when the mountain states will not only supply their own requirements, which amount to several millions of dollars per year, but will become an important national center for the distribution of poultry and poultry products. Ideal conditions of climate, native feeds, and freedom from disease, insure a great increase in the poultry industry in the near future. In the national rebuilding which is to follow the war, which in the West, untouched physically as it was by the great conflict, means new building, the intermountain states will do a large share toward supplying homes for the many thousands who have been awakened by the calamities of the last four years Utah Rak Home i in the Escalante Valley been fostered by the farm bureau organizations. Shipping days were appointed, fat hogs were brought in from ten or twenty farms to make a carload, which was sent to market. The proceeds minus actual expenses were turned over to the owners of the hogs. A gain was always realized over the prices of the local buyers. Often this difference was several cents per pound. Under this method of marketing, the hog raiser knows he gets all there is in the hogs and is encouraged to continue in the business. Under the old method of selling to the country buyer there is always the suspicion that the buyer makes as much as the producer. That this suspicion is not entirely groundless is evidenced by the statement in the monthly crop report for September 1918, that for the years 1913 to 1918 the farmer received thirty- eight per cent of the retail price of his hogs. A good and will not be content again to live the closed-in lives which the congested centers impose. The lands of the great West will call many thousands of these, soldiers and civilians alike, and will insure to the hardy and superior among them opportunities which will lead to competence. And the West will offer to them a citizenship which is coming to be recognized as outstanding in the cleanness and vigor of its democ- racy and in its downright Americanism. Pertinent Facts on Utah : HE prime wealth of Utah is her marvelously rich soil, washed down, through countless centuries, in large measure, from mountains of limestone, which impart to the soil the necessary chemical reaction for the best growth of plants. UTAH—THE BEEHIVE STATE me Baty One o “a ie 2 ce f Utah’s Heavyweights Magic is the word which describes the productivity of the 22,000,000 acres of land capable of cultivation within the State. The greatest crop grown, and a crop basic to pros- perity, is alfalfa, or lucern, as it is sometimes called. Wherever alfalfa grows in abundance prosperity reigns, because this great forage makes possible an animal industry and consequent diversified and _ per- manently prosperous agriculture not possible without alfalfa. In the yields per acre of alfalfa over the last forty-five years, Utah, with its three neighboring states, has led all other states in the Union. In the production of barley, the great fattener for cattle and hogs, the yield in Utah for 1912 and 1913 was 45 and 38.5 bushels per acre respectively. Utah is increasing in corn production year by year, and ranks with recognized corn states in yield per acre —34 bushels. In wheat Utah is up with leading wheat states. In potato production Utah led by ten bushels per acre her nearest rival, which was Idaho, Utah producing the enormous average of 180 bushels per acre. In sugar-beet production she likewise leads, Such figures prove, beyond all else, the wonderful fertility of Utah soil, whose richness has not been appreciably diminished by a half century of cultiva- tion and whose millions of virgin acres are yet stored with their original great wealth. Such rich soil presumes in the not distant future that more intensive cultivation will be practiced than at present prevails. This intensive cultivation will be along the lines of fruit production, for which already the State is famous, potato and beet production, and more particularly in dairying and in beef and hog raising. These lines of production are the greatest revenue producers in agriculture. Live-Stock Farming Utah is most excellently adapted to farming, which includes the raising of hogs, cattle and sheep. Added to the natural advantages which the State possesses in its abundant yields of alfalfa and barley, Utah has a bounteous range, which, in conjunction with the farm forage and grains, provides an oppor- tunity for the production of the finest quality of beef, pork and mutton at low cost. Utah is becoming more and more, as her wonderful resources in this connec- tion are established, a live-stock State. Over $30,000,- 000 is already invested in live stock in Utah, and with proper correlation of the excellent ranges of the State, with farm fattening of animals, this investment may undoubtedly be doubled within the next decade. There is a world shortage of meat. The farm fat- tening of stock has, therefore, become a very profit- able industry, due to the high price of meat and the constant demand for more to feed the hungry millions. Dairying Dairying is the most profitable of the larger branches of agriculture. It affords at the same time an oppor- tunity for diversified farming, home building and permanent soil fertility, which makes it a prime busi- ness of state to develop this world-old art and science. Utah’s record in alfalfa and corn and barley produc- tion makes her a model dairy State. The unexcelled climatic conditions of the State make disease a com- Utah’s Dairy Herds Contain Many Splendid Specimens RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION RSS SE i parative rarity among animals. With comparatively little effort the dairy cow may be kept healthy, a con- dition hard of attainment in the low humid areas. Silos by the hundreds are being built in the State, the silage affording a succulent winter feed for cows and other stock, which, in combination with alfalfa as a succulent summer and dry winter feed, gives absolutely a perfect ration for cattle. Silos will be- come as common on Utah farms as granaries, because silage will be used not only in dairying, but as feed for horses and sheep. Utah has become noted as a dairy State. In the next few years she will double or treble her output of cheese, butter, and condensed milk products. Dairying should go hand in hand with sugar beet raising, potato raising, hog raising and fruit culture. Thus is insured constant soil fertility, constant high income for the useful labor of the boys and men of the family. Poultry Poultry raising in Utah is in its infancy. The State produces annually approximately $1,000,000 in poul- try products. It is estimated that more than $1,000,- 000 worth of poultry products are annually shipped into the State. Yet Utah is probably the most per- fectly adapted poultry-raising State in the Union. This is the often stated opinion of the leading experts of such great poultry states as California, Oregon and Iowa. The climate, at once ideal for egg production and for the health of the flock, cannot be excelled. The dry mountain slopes afford a perfect bedding ground. The natural feeds are all here, and the mar- ket always has and always will pay highly for eggs and the other products of poultry farming. The market within the State is such that Utah can more than double her output before she need ship outside the State. The profits are high in poultry farming, and the industry is such that women often find the keenest pleasure in such pursuits. The Crops Under Irrigation Orcharding is one of the fundamental agricultural successes of Utah. A high, dry air, a rich, well-drained soil, and a perfect summer season, which brings to the fruit color, texture and size unattainable in the humid areas, Utah easily produces as perfect a peach, apple, cherry and grape as the world knows. Her fruit brings in all competitions the highest awards. The smaller bush fruits thrive exceptionally well in Utah, the State supplying the main markets of the inter-mountain country in this regard. Sugar beets, potatoes, celery and onions from Utah lead in quality and general excellent uniformity. a — Many of the eastern valleys in the Uintah Basin, in Carbon and Emery counties, and in Salt Lake, Weber, Davis, San Pete and Sevier counties, have a soil most excellently adapted to the growing of these crops. The champion potato grower of the United States for 1913 was a Utah boy, who matured over 700 bushels of potatoes per acre on such soil as is represented by many thousands of acres in the counties named above. Dry-Farming in Utah The possible dry-farming area of the State com- prises all that area not under irrigation and receiving more than ten inches of rainfall per year. Any area which receives more than ten inches, and whose soil is of sufficient uniformity—and there are millions of such acres in Utah—capable of being stored with sufficient precipitation, may be dry-farmed success- fully. Dry-farming has been practiced in Utah for over half a century, Utah being the pioneer in dry- farming as in irrigation, yet dry-farming today is devel- oping as never before. It is probable that 1,000,000 acres are now dry-farmed in Utah. The main crop is wheat, which yields from twenty to twenty-five bushels per acre on the average. Many sections more than double this yield. Barley, oats, rye and alfalfa (espe- cially for seed) are also successful dry-farm crops. Pota- toes and other fodder crops have also been found to do UTAH_THE BEEHIVE STATE Senos RAS ees SLSR = TIERS well under certain conditions. In many places dry- farm homesteads can be taken up from the Federal Government or purchased from the State at from $2.50 to $5.00 per acre. Vast bodies of underground water have been found within the last few years to underline many of the larger areas of {Utah at from twenty to sixty feet. This is now being profitably pumped to the surface to supplement dry-farming, and even to irrigate extensively. The demonstration of the practicability of pumping this water to the sur- face is one of the epoch-making events in the agricul- tural history of Utah and the West. Undoubtedly thousands of farms will be made luxurious homes because of this latest step in the onward march to conquer the desert. Social Life in Utah Utah is proud of her great history—one of excep- tional achievement against great odds—and she is proud of her present position in the sisterhood of states. Yet she is looking with greatest faith to the future. Ogden and Salt Lake City have both become important commercial, industrial and railroad centers. The small towns of Utah are developing rapidly, the lands are filling up rapidly with men and women of all nationalities and creeds. The State is building a rural civilization on very high grounds. The lingering In a Utah Home Garden 8 em PE ST NI ES SS ES RT NE ET TSS ET EIT TG AT ATS Us = S. RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION ea ET SY REE I LE IE IL ETE SE TD partisanship of a decade ago has disappeared, and Utah today, because of her abundant and relatively cheap lands, offers the greatest opportunity in the nation to the prospective home builder. State College Aids the Farmer and Housewife The Utah Agricultural College, at Logan, and the United States Department of Agriculture, operating through the Extension Division of the College, are of direct service to the farmers and housewives of the State. County farm advisers or demonstrators are employed, by co-operative agreement with the coun- ties, to visit the farmers on their land and carry to them the latest truths in the science and art of agri- culture. They are, so to speak, the hired men for all the farmers, and not only aid directly, but bring to the aid of each farmer who needs it, the advice of the College and the United States Department of Agri- culture. Women skilled in domestic science and art perform a like service for the housewives of the State. At the central office, at Logan, the Extension Division of the College employs experts in animal husbandry, in dairying, in irrigation and drainage, in dry-farming, in seed selection and general crops, and in home economics, who spend their entire time in visiting the farmers of the State who may need help in selecting land, buying cattle, building barns, test- ing cows, installing modern irrigation or drainage systems, in selecting seed or arranging a cropping system, testing soil, planning co-operative enterprises; or housewives who may need aid in planning a home, planning a kitchen, in economizing in dress or food, in selecting labor-saving devices, in home canning of fruits and vegetables, and in guarding the health and well-being of the children or other members of the family. Any community or group of farmers or housewives who need the instruction of these specialists may ob- tain it by writing to the Extension Division, Utah Agricultural College, Logan. How to Secure Land in Utah Land may be acquired in Utah in one of three ways: (1) From private owners. (2) From the United States. (3) From the State of Utah. The State Board of Land Commissioners announce the following: “Land can be had in either of these three ways. Land and water rights can be bought at various prices, depending on location, soil, kind of crops raised, water rights, etc. “Homestead and desert entries may be filed at the United States Land Office in Salt Lake City, on any non-mineral, unappropriated surveyed lands, and in 9 some localities 820 acres may be taken without actual residence, provided cultivation by; dry-farming meth ods is accomplished. “Homesteads have been entered in the former Uintah Indian Reservation, and the remainder is being sold by the Government through the United States Land Office at Vernal, Utah. “Mineral entries and locations are made under United States mining laws and the laws of Utah. “For further information in regard to homesteads, etc., write to the above named offices. As to the United States Strawberry Valley Reclamation Project, inquire of the engineer in charge at Provo, Utah. “The State of Utah has land for sale in various parts of the State, part of which may not be desirable; this refers to land without water rights, being princi- pally school sections, of which there are four in each surveyed township, 2, 16, 82 and 36. These lands are sold at not less than $2.50 per acre, and no residence or cultivation is required. Lands not taken at public sales are thereafter open for application to purchase at private sale. “The minimum price at which the State sells lan | outside of the State reservoir projects and Carey Act projects, is now $2.50 per acre, ten per cent with application and balance in ten equal annual payments, with five per cent interest on deferred amounts, or State will accept full payments at any time. “The State does not recommend any tract of land (the purchaser must satisfy himself as to its character) except under State reservoir projects. The State is not now receiving applications to select Government lands, except for Carey Act projects. “The State will sell lands under State reservoir projects of its own at a reasonable figure, and the water rights at cost, plus five per cent for the purpose of building up the State and benefiting settlers.” Carey Act Projects Under the Carey Act projects, of which there are several in the State, a citizen of the United States, or one having declared intention, buys the land at 50 cents per acre from the State, and buys water right from the Carey Act Company. Price may be paid in full or in installments. Proof of reclamation and settle- ment must be made. Private Projects There are many privately owned and develope: projects in the State which have large acreages for sale. A statement of the character of soil and other conditions on these projects may be obtained from the Extension Division of the Utah Agricultural Col- lege at Logan. HE valley of the Great Salt Lake includes all of the territory occupying the eastern shores of this inland sea. Here lies what may be termed the principal demonstration of Utah’s agricultural possibilities since this valley is, for the most part, given over to intensive farming and the production of high-grade fruits. Historically this section stands alone among the developed portions of the Great West, since, on the location now occupied by one of Salt Lake City’s great mercantile establishments, the pioneers of 1847 turned the waters of City Creek upon the valley’s thirsty soil and established the first irrigation opera- tions of the Anglo-Saxon race upon this continent. From this small beginning have developed the great irrigation enterprises that are gradually conquering the desert wastes of Western America and bringing our millions of arid acres into full fruition. Stretching north from Utah’s capital city lie hun- dreds of acres devoted to the production of every class of fruits and vegetables, with here and there fields given over to choice cereals which yield record crops in their several types of production. If it is desired to study the agricultural possibilities of Utah, the opportunity is offered within a few miles’ journey from the state’s metropolis, for the Salt Lake Valley is an exemplifica- tion of the conditions which exist in all the valleys of Utah located at the same average altitude. From this section is supplied all of the truck garden products consumed by Utah’s two principal cities, Salt Lake and Ogden. There is also produced a con- siderable surplus which finds its way to other inter- mountain communities, while certain specialties, of which celery is one, are shipped to points as far east as the Mississippi Valley and west to Pacific Coast cities. In referring to celery it is pertinent to state that Utah excels in the quality of this product and every crate not needed for home consumption finds ready market in other states at the highest prices. In fact complaint has been made that Utah’s own mar- kets frequently suffer a shortage in celery from the exce > demand of markets both east and west. Along the line of celery cultivation there are still ities in the Salt Lake Valley and other Wherever lands are fitted for the production of celery, and a proper system of cultiva- tion has been followed, the producer has received what might be termed fabulous acreage returns and, up to the present time there has always been a mar- ket shortage in this Utah specialty. Anannual reve- nue of $1,000 per acre has been frequently recorded. Located at accessible points between Salt Lake and Ogden, with several important plants at both these cities, inneries capable of handling the large sur- s and vegetables that is not consumed in i the locality. By means ot : broad opportu yns of Utah. secti } are C plus of iruit the daily market routine of excellent transportation over both steam and electric railroads, and by the best system of highways in the State, the grower is brought into close contact with these canning plants and the combination of produc- tion, transportation and preservation has added greatly to the prosperity of the valley. There are many acres of Salt Lake Valley land, at present unused or given over to products of low value, that could be rendered much more productive if planted to vineyards. These are the slopes upon the lower foothills which have been declared by Dr. Gleason, one of Utah’s most practical orchardists and the originator of the ‘Stark Early Elberta Peach,” to be specially adapted for the production of grapes. SSS rN US. This expert places the possibilities of the valley in grape-growing at thousands of acres and, in discussing the conditions surrounding the successful operation of the present fruit juice plant, located in the center of the valley at Kaysville, says: “The fruit juice industry in the Salt Lake Valley, while young, is meeting with successful results. The only handicap to a broad development of this indus- try is the scarcity of grapes. For this there is no ex- cuse, as there are thousands of acres, occupying the slopes of the valley’s foothills, which are specially adapted to the growing of grapes equal in quality to any produced in America. The land is available for a full development of this important industry, while both climate and soil are specially adapted to the pro- duction of a high quality of fruit.” From this statement by so well informed an ex- pert, it is evident that the hillsides of Salt Lake Val- ley may be profitably transformed from their present condition of meagre production into the vineyard sec- tion of the State. This will throw open a new road of endeavor to be traveled by the present resident or future homeseeker in the valley. Another of the valley’s specialties is the production of seeds. It is well known that seeds grown in the higher altitudes are productive of hardier and more healthy plants, no matter where they are planted. Following this idea, seed testing grounds were estab- lished twelve years ago by the Porter-Walton Com- pany in a specially selected location about the center RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION of the valley. This was the first industry of its kind in the Rocky Mountain region and has met with a full measure of success, as it has developed a great area devoted to trial grounds, seed farms and nurs- eries, the products of which go out to every section of the Western States. Paralleling the success in vegetable seed production and the growing of nursery stock, Salt Lake Valley possesses one of the largest plants in the west de- voted to the production of flowers and potted plants. This is the plant of the Miller Floral Company which has constructed at Farmington, known as “Utah’s Rose City,” the largest group of green- houses in the West. From this plant, costing upward of $150,000, there are shipped annually, to every por- tion of the country, thousands of potted plants and tons of cut flowers, all the product of this garden spot of Utah. With the development of present plans, an area of valuable bench land, lying along the eastern edge of the Salt Lake Valley and between Salt Lake and Og- den, will be brought under irrigation by the construc- tion of a retaining dam, and accompanying diver- sion and distribution systems, in the Weber Canyon east of Ogden. By this means the waters of the Weber River will be carried to a tract of more than thirty-five thousand acres, every one of which is [magnificently located and possesses productive possibilities equaling the already developed sections of the lower valley. Here will be established hundreds of farms devoted eS: | hea A Floral Greenhouse in the Salt Lake Rolley=teereese in the Western States DN eee UTAH—THE BEEHIVE STATE EEE Utah Peaches Thrive in to intensive production which will provide profit-pro- ducing homes for a large number of energetic farmers. From these brief statements it is evident that the Salt Lake Valley, even though it was the first of Utah’s areas to be settled and developed, still offers oppor- tunities to the homeseeker and presents many decided and alluring advantages. Tooele Valley Stretching south and west from the shores of Great Salt Lake, separated from the Salt Lake Valley by the Oquirrh range of mountains, is another vast valley that is taking its place in the development of Utah. In the Tooele Valley thousands of acres have al- ready been developed and are producing excellent crops by means of the dry-farming system. At various points in the valley, where water for irri- gation is available, large acreages of temperate zone fruits have been planted and are now producing ex- cellent results. The principal towns of the valley are Tooele and Grantsville, both of which are surrounded by large areas of well tilled and highly productive land de- voted to fruits, cereals, vegetables and forage crops. Further out in various sections of the valley the dry farmer has pioneered his way to success until the val- ley is everywhere dotted with productive sections. The soil is a sandy loam uniform with depth, con- taining a high percentage of phosphorus and an abun- dance of limestone; records in the valley for eight years show an average annual precipitation of 13.75 inches. A number of fall wheats, Gold Coin, Kofod, Red Chaff, Lofthouse and Turkey, have produced yields of be- tween twenty-seven’ and twenty-eight bushels per acre without irrigation. There still remains a large area of undeveloped land which will ultimately be brought under the plow and yield its share to the productiveness of the State. Tooele Valley adjoins vast cattle and sheep ranges, and, in addition, the Wasatch National Forest is open to a limited number of sheep and cattle, provided a grazing fee be paid. Among applicants for these government privileges, the small near-by stock grower is given preference. Tomatoes Are One of Utah’s Income Producers 12 WAN Experimental Farm and Live Stock Station of the Utah Agricultural College ORTHEASTERN Utah, comprising the coun- ties of Weber, Cache, Rich and part of Box Elder, has the greatest area of highly devel- oped land in Utah, being located so favorably to the great watersheds and from the further fact that the annual precipitation averages nearly twenty inches. There are at present under cultivation in this section 182,188 acres of lands, of which 98.458 acres are under irrigation and the balance in the dry-farm area Each year sees more acreage placed under the pre- sent and, as well, newly constructed irrigation systems. With the aid of the very able officials and instructors of the Utah Agricultural College, the farmers in this section are becoming more proficient in the economical use of water, which in the past has been to some extent wasted, as well as being a detriment to the lands and in some sections, where the waterhog has been allowed to operate without interference, the lands have be- come waterlogged and in several sections it is now necessary to apply the drainage system, which is being done with marked success, many acres being reclaimed and placed under cultivation. This section of Utah is served by the waters from Bear, High Creek, Logan, Blacksmith Fork, Ogden and Weber rivers, all these streams originate in the watersheds of the Wasatch Range of mountains and on their way to the Great Salt Lake, into which Dead Sea they empty. The pioneers of this section diverted their waters into systems of canals and later- als, for the thirsty lands with greatest of results; however, there is still room for greater development in these systems and from more economical use of this Nature’s gift. 13 During the past three years considerable advance has been made in the development of underground water, the accomplishment js, however, a mere be- ginning in comparison with what is to follow. In sections now covered by gravity canals, underground water in abundance may be had for the irrigation of the lower areas, thus releasing the gravity waters for extended use on bench lands far removed from possible irrigation by pumping. In bringing about this later condition, the progress will of necessity be slow, since it involves ofttimes the combined interest of an entire community, and many times all the inter- ests along a whole drainage area. In this class of de- velopment public sentiment must first be molded in = on a Utah’s Sugar Beet Factories Furnish Finishing Fodder for Thousands of Beef Cattle SE Tc “UTAH THE ‘BEEHIVE Es favor of the organization necessary, then careful veys must be made to determine existing rights how best to satisfy them in establishing the system. Very favorable results obtain in the dry-farm areas of this section, due to the high average annual pre- cipitation; the yield of nearly seventeen bushels of grain per acre is common, with careful preparation of the soil, deep plowing and proper cultivation of the growing crops during the dry period there leaves no question as to the results. Meeting Nature half way, in this class of farming, brings the happy return f ‘Reap what you sow.’ The principal crops of this section of Utah are sugar beets, wheat, hay, peas, potatoes, peaches and apples as well as heavy returns from dairying and live stock raising. Being so favorably located as to markets and with excellent transportation facilities, the producer is able to secure quick returns from his labors. There are seven sugar factories located in the north- eastern part of Utah, manufacturing approximately one hundred and twenty-five million pounds of sugar yearly, these factories are so favorably located in the beet raising districts as to permit the beet grower to secure beet pulp at low cost, resulting in cheap feed for his dairy stock. sur- and new With seventeen flour mills located at Ogden, Utah, and north, having capacity of nearly three thousand barrels of flour per day makes it an easy market and puts the finished Utah products of grain in the run- ning. There are also many grain elevators being constructed for the handling of grain promptly during harvest time when the roads are in good condition. There is also a great demand on the Pacific coast for the dry-farm hard wheat produced in Utah for blend- ing purposes with the soft irrigated wheat from the Pacific Northwest. This always results in good prices obtained for the wheat from Utah. Cache Valley is the greatest dairying section of the State, regardless of the high price of feed. The dairymen have made a special study of the feed question, demonstrated by the building of several hundred silos, the erection of many sanitary barns, the forming of cow testing associations for the pur- pose of eliminating the low- producing cow, the impor- tation of many pure-bred bulls and cars of high-class dairy cows indicates that efforts are being made to improve the class of live stock and a greater produc- tion of dairy products. The average price received per pound butter fat for the past year was seventy- two cents. There are four condensed milk factories located in the valley, and the electric interurban operating through the valley runs a five-car train i a Wee Beack Grekard 14 eS RATLR OAD handling the fluid milk only to these factories, this being a great inducement to the dairymen as no wagon haul of any great distance is necessary. These four milk factories manufactured during the past year over six hundred and fifty thou- sand cases of condensed milk valued at approxi- mately four million dollars. This figure does not represent the total value of dairy products of this valley as a great amount of butter and cheese is made as well as the skimmed milk being fed to the hogs for pork production. The brands of milk produced by the factories are the Sego Lily and Bordens, known in nearly every market in the United States, and during the war several hundred carloads of these brands were exported by the government. Two large meat packing plants, located at Salt Lake City and Ogden, make for-good market prices for killer stock as well. These two big’cities demand a great amount of fresh veal which is always to be had in this section. With the aid of the various farm bureaus, whose agents are always alert in assisting the grower not only in the cheap production of marketable stock but as well in co-operative shipping and marketing, results in very favorable returns to the growers in this section. The Elberta peaches from Box Elder and Weber counties are shipped to all markets, Chicago and moe Utah’s Corn Field ADMINISTRATION west, there being over six hundred carloads produced each year. Equal with the Elberta peach is the famous Utah Jonathan apples as well as many other varieties grown in the northeastern section of this State. The educational institutions are of the very best in any locality, there being located in Cache Valley the Utah Agricultural College, The Brigham Young College and the common and high schools which are provided with the highest class of instructors. With the favorable transportation facilities at hand the farmers’ children need not want for proper school- ing, as they can go to and from school each day as well as rendering aid to the farm each morning and evening. At Ogden, Utah, the hub of railroads in Utah, are located the Union Pacific, Southern Pacific, Oregon Short Line, and the Denver & Rio Grande steam roads, also the Bamberger Electric and the Utah-Idaho Central, the latter two being interurbans with many branches, serving the outlying territory with fre- quent passenger and freight service. Two of these lines serve the northeastern part of Utah, resulting in splendid transportation facilities. Climatic conditions are unsurpassed in any section, there being four distinct seasons with no bad winds nor oppressive heat, neither intolerable cold nor con- tinually cloudy sky. s Are Among Her Leading Assets Herd of ‘White Faces” on Utah's Range HAT portion of agricultural Utah between Brigham City, Utah, and Malad, Idaho, lies entirely within Box Elder County and embraces an area of approximately 450 square miles. This territory, served by the Bear and Malad rivers, is one of the most favored of Utah’s agricultural sec- tions, for here the soil is rich, and there is just enough moisture and ample irrigation supply, while the cli- mate is dry and healthful. The temperatures are not severe at any season, moderate conditions in this re- spect being the rule and not the exception. Here, the variety of crops runs the gamut of agricultural pro- duction, including most varieties of fruits, grains, vegetables, flowers and trees. The soil is a deep sedi- mentary sandy loam, containing all of the elements for the most successful production of crops. The high mountains which surround Utah’s north- ern valleys, protect them from sudden and extreme changes of weather, so that tornadoes, cyclones and blizzards are unknown. The climate of northern Utah, during the whole year, cannot be excelled. The winters are mild and healthful. Solomon voiced its spring time when he said, ‘‘For lo, the winter is past, the rains are over and gone. The flowers appear on the earth, the time of the singing of birds is here, and the voice of the turtle dove is heard in the land.”” The summers are usually cool and the night air is always cool and refreshing, and the autumn is not to be excelled on the globe, beautiful days and nights, free from moisture and the evenings are delightful for out-of-door amusements. This season of the year one sees thousands of stacks of hay and grain, cattle and sheep feeding on a “‘thou- sand hills’’ and barns, cellars and granaries bursting from overfulness. The principal towns after leaving Brigham City are Corinne, Tremonton and Garland. At Garland is located the Garland Sugar Factory, which has a pro- duction capacity of 1,200 tons of beets per day. Tremonton is considered the geometrical center of the Bear River Valley and operates extensive canning factories, tile and brick plants and cider and vinegar factories, etc. There is no virgin land, subject to irri- gation, available in this section, but good farms may be purchased from large and small holders; while dry- farm and grazing lands may be acquired in larger tracts by purchase. Fruits in this section are raised in large quantities and of unexcelled flavor and size. Brigham City began to ship cherries by the carload in 1905 and has had an increasing market since. Brigham City and the Bear River Valley’s peaches, pears, plums, grapes, apples and prunes are among the best. The average grain yields under irrigation are gener- ous too, a yield per acre of 75 bushels of oats, 50 bushels of barley, 60 bushels of wheat, 250 bushels of potatoes, 18 tons of sugar beets and 6 tons of alfalfa hay being not unusual. Mr. John Holmgren, in the year 1904, harvested 1,500 tons of sugar beets from sixty acres, an average of 25 tons to the acre, three acres yielding 38 tons to the acre, ten acres, 35 tons to the acre. This is the largest crop of commercial sugar beets ever before recorded. In the year 1918, Mr. Holmgren harvested 1,800 tons from 100 acres of land. He received $10 per ton, or $18,000 from his 100 acres. Mr. Tom Lynch, who came to Tremonton in 1904, harvested in one year 1,000 bushels of brewing barley and 1,235 bushels of oats from a twenty-six-acre field. ~~ OS I A LD OD SE AIMS SE NEI EI NITE BE I ES ETRE SECT EES OFC ELSE IEP TT Wises. RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION SS BT PA I TIRE 2S PLS Bear River and Cache Valley in Utah equal, if they do not excel, any other spot on the globe, for the size, yield and quality of sugar beets. Grazing and Wheat Lands In traveling westward from the irrigated portion of Bear River Valley in Box Elder County, a person will pass through some splendid grazing and wheat lands, and ideal places for stock ranches. This section em- braces Blue Creek Valley, Hansel Valley, Curlew Valley, Park Valley and Grouse Creek Valley. Large cattle and sheep ranches, wheat fields, small irrigated tracts, springs and creeks greet the traveler all along the way. Much of this land can be purchased in large and small tracts for from $5.00 per acre upwards. New Drainage Tract Eleven miles southwest of Brigham and eleven miles south of Corinne is located the new North Bay drain- age and irrigation project of 20,000 acres. This tract of land fronts on the Bear River to the north and extends to an arm of the Great Salt Lake, running from the North Bay in the direction of Willard. At the present time this land is virtually pasture land, and has been for the past twelve years over- flowed by the fresh waters of Bear River and Box Elder Creek, during the winter and spring seasons. Formerly this land was, also, overflowed by salt water from the Great Salt Lake, at intervals of six or seven years, following protracted high winds from the southwest. The latter overflow resulted in the killing of the grasses growing thereon, and the deposit of more or less salt. Since the construction of the Lucin Cut-off, and the filling in of the grade, excepting a short interval of some hundreds of feet, this land has not been sub- merged from the lake proper. It is a well-known fact that what is now known as North Bay of the lake, or the Bear River Arm, has of recent years been trans- Utah’ s Northern Valleys Are Dotted ith Apple Orchards formed into a fresh-water lake. This result has been accomplished by the inflow of the flood waters of Bear River, which constitute a major portion of the supply of Great Salt Lake—the outlet for this fresh-water arm being the opening in the Lucin Cut-off embank- ment. The freshness of this water is indicated by the fact that it freezes over in winter, that fish live in it, and by the report of the analysis of samples of the water obtained and analyzed by R. W. Thatcher, Chief of the Division of Agricultural Chemistry, Uni- versity of Minnesota. The soil is a river silt, the majority of which is classified as a clay loam, with several large areas of sandy clay loam. Professor Thatcher reports 30 per cent of lime carbonate in the form of small shells, etc., which, besides constituting an important element of plant fertility, constitutes a relatively coarse aggre- gate, which results in the maintenance of proper tilth conditions following wetting or irrigation. The soil depths, as shown by many borings, indicate uniform condition of soil to a depth of sixteen feet. The following improvements will form the basis for changing this tract of land from pasture and utilizing it for general farming and successful intensive culture: First: The construction of a substantial dike which will effectively as ent overflow from the Bear River, Box Elder Creek and the possibility of the rise of the lake level which might overflow the lower areas. Second: The installation of a complete and effective tile drainage system, based on the experience in the Bear River and Cache valleys on similar lands. Third: The construction and installation of an irrigation pee providing for the lifting of the irriga-- tion supplies from the Bear River during low-water stage, and also a pumping plant for lifting the drain- age run-off into the lake, the total pumping head of which will be approximately fifteen feet as compared with eighty feet under many other projects. oer and Wieadious Nestle Among Utah’s Foothills I bP. di. ©. Foe moqaywy sedate 538k TNS eee sii puv7 pog 6 ouUM GA = uapAry ° A [vu19 4 syoOIIIITM ay a») Puy, . Nal “Ad YSOW o zjsspby'3wW ! 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Das Most at » o 4 9 gt Se eZ Q sera mao Re nosalaiy qodyo0yo Uysae + *ovd y | uosiuuney ee. 6 > BNL POO AY ral Ot (o f9,07 en SUIPIoba s A eyjasoy SSD sthosy |! me La TROW AL Ss = ellfastuey Py vy alPeg tH S i) < S uvmky PLOT v Ay = PBs 7 fe] qo Muees y = 5) ayD7 puvgroqy tueuysooH (, "4 Vv /yesvMY yw Y/ ° eae ‘vaR log SDDAA"} v AYDT YS, We ee a ADT Y id = Ss panbj)py* = NA Rf Veuy sy \"s 89]/ v es 3 = VEEL, 113099 ysouny 90 | Plemmeny. © 10338) Mn, => yams pan3ig 0103} ae yurqung 5, “’’ javfoy ung Torimse, Omoprayy 7, ayn t] Asamgy 4aiag © l9Bjvy eg V N onzes oy oe) ey a BOLO “49 vodang & eS > 739, nvawig “, Wos}z10~y se se F&F SPT Se LUG poy © 8 aispansva Baq13038 , oy s o eS Sot Cpa &o, ayjaasunig LL eS atid PP NL?’ ~o (} : yur s 2 a & Re) O NRL a (5) SOUSIM TT 0 "SIW 4moy, YS 20, 1035043 wypeind 1 1 % \ fs Yo, 8 pusuyi = = Wieandg UTAH THE -EEEHIVE @S TATE Fourth: The construction of suitable farm roads, and the providing of culinary waters, either through filtration of the Bear River water or piping such a supply from Box Elder Canyon. The cost of these improvements will be approxi- mately $55 per acre, with an annual maintenance charge of from $2.50 to $3.00 per acre, making the total cost of the land and improvements range from $70 to $90 per acre, depending upon the choice of location. Arrangements are being perfected whereby pur- chasers may be given from ten to twenty years to make the payments on these lands, with reasonable rates of interest. A community center will be established providing all of the comforts and convenience of a modern agri- cultural town. As an indication of what can be accomplished by the improvements briefly mentioned above, a brief resume of the results obtained under similar condi- tions, both in the State of Utah and elsewhere, follows: Professor Thatcher’s reports of water and _ soils analyses made in 1914, are emphatic in the statement that these lands will produce paying crops immediately following the installation of tile drainage and irriga- tion by the waters of the Bear River and North Bay. That the salt has been practically eliminated by fre- quent overflows of fresh water, and that the waters of the bay are and will be suitable for irrigation. Lower portions of Cache Valley were diked and drained in 1916 under identical conditions with those Hh prevailing here. These lands are devoted to general farming and intensive cultivation, and transfers of improved lands have been made on the basis of $300 per acre, following demonstrated results. The section just across the river from this tract, which has been tile-drained within the last four years, is now one of the best beet-producing sections in the valley or state. The very successful results obtained by the diking and draining the Sacramento River Lowlands, with land prices ranging from $300 to $500 per acre, are an indication of what can be accomplished here. Going farther away, reference may be made to the common practice of diking and draining the lands formerly submerged by the Zuider Zee in Holland. The Holland Government is now proceeding with the construction of an immense dike, which will be 100 feet high in the deepest portion, for the further utiliza- tion of the lands now under water, and covered by the balance of the Zuider Zee. It is estimated that this dike will cost $50,000,000, and that the construction will take fifteen years. There are excellent school facilities now provided in the city of Brigham, with its first-class districts and High School, and the County Board of Education provides transportation for school children within a radius of twenty miles of Brigham. The principle of co-operation is to prevail as far as possible in the management of the project. On this basis, all land and water rights will be sold at prices rang- ing from $14 to $35 per acre on long term payments. DAG uN Utah's Guin Fields Are W onderful Producers * A Prosperous Corner of the Utah Valley HE territory between Salt Lake and Payson, a distance of sixty-seven miles, embraces, rough- ly, Salt Lake and Utah counties and contains 3,190 square miles, or 2,041,792 acres. Utah County ranking sixteenth and Salt Lake twenty-fourth as to relative size in area and Salt Lake County first and Utah County second as to population of counties in the State. Character of Land This territory lies at an elevation exceeding four thousand feet above sea level and consists of broad, elevated plateaus, cut by narrow stream valleys and lies entirely within the Great Basin region. Climate and Soil The normal annual precipitation ranges from five to ten inches. Irrigation is practiced throughout both counties. The climate is known as continental climate and is not subject to wide extremes throughout the day or year. The temperature averages forty-nine degrees for the year. The coldest month is January, with a mean temperature of twenty-seven, and the hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 71.2. Health reports of the Government show an average leath rate of 10.8 per thousand, while the average leath rate for the whole country is more than fifteen oer thousand. The soils have been formed by the action of a pre- istoric lake, which formerly covered the whole of vhich is now known as the Great Basin. The wash- ings from the mountains were carried down into the ‘ke by the rivers and distributed over the lake bot- 1s to form the soils of the present day. Their er layers, to a depth of forty and fifty feet, are the surface soils. The high fertile plateau soils and sub-soils are also of remarkable depth and fertility. almost as as Present Development This territory has under cultivation over 300,000 acres of farm land; the assessed value of which is over $20,000,000. The most important industry is agriculture—the soil and climate allow for great variation of crops, and any temperate climate product can be grown. The irrigation system is well developed, so that there is very little land that cannot be well watered. Besides the rivers and creeks coming from the mountains and giving life to the farms directly under their course, three large projects have been launched recently which irrigate approximately 200,000 acres. The Strawberry Project covers about 75,000 acres of land in the southern end of Utah County. The water of the Strawberry River has been diverted from its river bed into a large artificial lake, formed by a dam across the narrows of the original course. 250,000 acre-feet of water is stored in this lake. A four-mile tunnel through a mountain brings the water from the lake into Diamond Fork, from where it is brought to the mouth of Spanish Fork Canyon. From here a high-line canal carries the water to the various laterals of the irrigation system. The Strawberry Project is one of the largest irrigation projects under- taken by the Federal Government, and is adding millions of wealth to this community. The Provo Reservoir Company furnishes water for the irrigation of the northern portion of this territory. Its chief supply of water is obtained from artificial lakes at the headwaters of the Provo River. SEES SoS PET Sa core -THE BEEHIVE orate Another important irrigation project is that of pumping water out of Utah Lake by electric pumps and sending it to land which is too high to be reached by ordinary irrigation canals. Through the efforts of the County Agriculturist and County Horticulturist much has been accom- plished by organizing the farmers into local farm bureaus. These organizations have increased the pur-- chase of pure-bred live stock, encouraged the building of silos, made co-operative purchases of seed oats, seed potatoes, fruit containers, etc., saving the farmers hundreds of dollars. This territory has no peer in the West in fruit raising. At the State Fair during the past five years more prizes have been awarded Utah County than all other counties combined. Peaches constitute the principal fruit crop; the average crop being over 500 carloads. Apples 250 carloads and approximately 150 cars of smaller fruits. The production of alfalfa hay and sugar beets is very heavy in Salt Lake County. The average pro- duction of these commodities in this territory is 2! tons of hay per acre and twelve tons of sugar beets per acre. The dairying industry has had a remarkable growth in the past few years. The market for dairy products has kept pace with the increased feed costs. The progress of the dairying industry is indicated by the importation of pure-bred animals, the erection of sanitary barns and the improved quality of dairy products. The live-stock industry is an important one in this territory; it being peculiarly adapted to raising live stock of various classes. An abundance of nutritious feed is available on the mountain sides and plateaus during the summer and the winters may be spent in the lower valleys and basins. It is estimated that this territory has thirty-five head of live stock per square mile and 7.6 head per capita. Agricultural Possibilities The leading field crops, in the order of their impor- tance as judged by value, are hay, wheat, oats, pota- toes and _ barley: The average yield per acre of the principal crops is as follows: Hay 2% tons, corn 23 bushels, oats 39 bushels, wheat 22 bushels, barley 33 bushels, and potatoes 169 bushels The orchards yield from $250 to $600 per acre in good fruit seasons. This territory, with its ideal climate and scenic beauty, offers special inducement to the homeseeker. Nestled in the midst of that section where the Ua 3 RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION Wasatch Range of the Rocky Mountains reaches the climax of its grandeur, it appeals strongly to people who love nature. Here is situated Utah’s most famous mountain, Mt. Timpanogos, with its magnificent and majestic summit towering above the eternal glacier. In the center of the valley, glistening in the rays of the sun like a gem, lies Utah Lake, the largest fresh water lake in Utah and the second in size west of the Mississippi River, covering an area of about 100 square miles, appealing strongly to the pleasure-seeker, with ideal bathing, good fishing and hunting. Withal Salt Lake and Utah counties, blessed with many natural advantages, which insure future devel- opment, may well be called the Land of Opportunity. Juab County and Nephi Valley To the south of the Utah Valley, and occupying the eastern section of Juab County, lies the Valley of Ne- phi, which may properly be termed the birth place of the dry-farming idea in Utah. Here, ona great mesa, known as the Levan ridge, were carried on the first successful experiments in this method of cultivation, and from this beginning the idea has spread over many counties of the State. Locally the dry-farm system has been the means of developing a vast area of land which is being constantly increased. In the vicinity of Nephi, the county seat and prin- cipal city, are located 30,000 acres of irrigated land, mostly devoted to the production of alfalfa, although there is a considerable acreage that is producing an exceptionally high quality of fruit. Nephi Valley is specially noted for the size and quality of its peaches, while its apples and other types of temperate zone fruits are of the highest grade. The fruit orchards are gradually making inroads on the older alfalfa fields, while, by causing the supply of irrigation water to perform its full duty, the cultivated acreage is being materially increased. Plans are now under consideration for the bringing of an increased supply of irrigation water to the valley which will greatly advance its production. Several smaller valleys west of Nephi are supplied with moderate amounts of water from wells and springs, and there irrigation has done its service, while in other valleys the dry-farm system is successfully followed. In the western end of the county dry-farm- ing has taken a firm hold and added thousands of acres to Juab County’s producing area. Referring to Juab County soils an expert of the Department of Agriculture says: “Possessing a high water-holding capacity and be- ing, like most Utah soils, exceptionally deep and fer- tile, the soils of east Juab County, which are quite typical of all of the soils in the county, are properly adapted to dry-farming. “We might say that the soils of ‘made’ for dry-farming. Being of a clay nature they are truly ‘heavy’ but, de spite that fact, they are comparatively easy to handle; they are very rich and, because of the small soil particles, with their high water-holding capacity, conservation of moisture is not a difficult task.” Stock raising is one of Juab County’s leading in- dustries, her mountains being capable of sustaining thousands of head, which condition is being made splendid use of by some of the State’s leading stockmen. This county has also been noted for its production of metals, the Tintic District being among the best known in the inter-mountain country. Juab County were Dry Farming Has Been Successful in Utah 23 Green River Supplies Water to Vast Areas of Eastern Utah HIS district comprises a number of agricul- tural sections separated from each other by large areas of rolling grazing lands covered with grass, sagebrush and other native shrubs. One of the most conspicuous of these grazing areas is the San Rafael, in the southwestern portion of this eastern Utah district. Here are millions of acres that for decades have afforded desirable winter grazing to the stockman. The principal agricultural areas of eastern Utah are discussed in their respective groups. Moab District This district receives its irrigation waters from the Grand River, which has an abundant supply, and this is the last district that can make any economic use of the waters of this river. After leaving this district the Grand enters canyon stretches, joins the Green to form the Colorado River and their waters are not available for use anywhere else in the State. Some eleven thousand acres of farm lands are irrigated in the Moab district; the soil of good depth, shading from a clay loam to a sandy loam type. It is indeed most productive. Good crops of wheat, corn, barley, alfalfa, potatoes, fruit and garden vege- tables are being successfully grown under irrigation. Stock raising is the leading industry of the district. The headquarters of the La Salle National Forest is at Moab. This forest area is to the east and south where some 20,000 cattle and 40,000 head of sheep are grazed in summer and the hay grown in the Moab district insures winter feed for all that the forest area and the contiguous summer range can well support. Here is a farming district well located for general farming and stock raising, where developed land, as well as sagebrush land, can still be obtained at rea- sonable prices, on most desirable terms. The chief trading center is Moab, a thriving inland town. It is connected by auto stage line with the railroad at Thompsons, thirty-eight miles distant. It is also on the government-state post road running from Thompsons to Monticello and Blanding in southeastern Utah. Moab is the county seat of Grand County. Moab has an excellent high school and commodious church buildings. Green River District This agricultural district is located on the Green River in eastern Utah and on a main line of railroad. Here is a well-located agricutural region with a most productive soil at an elevation of but little more than four thousand feet, where all kinds of deciduous fruits, vegetables, grain and alfalfa can be grown. Green River carries a greater volume of water than any other Utah stream. This district has the last chance to make use of the waters of this stream, as below this district it slips through a range of hills and, with the Grand, forms the Colorado River ninety miles below Green River, the trading center of the district. While there are at the present between 4,000 and 5,000 acres irrigated and developed, competent engi- neers have stated that, by proper placing of a substan- tial dam across the river, some thirty miles above the town of Green River, water can be raised to such a level it can be carried by gravity canals to irrigate at least 250,000 acres of land. The U.S. Reclamation Service has this important project under consideration. Green River, the trading center of this district, has advantages for the live stock feeder, who can here get his grain and hay with abundance of good water to “finish”” for market. A municipal power plant fur- nishes electricity for light, power and heat at mini- mum rates. Railway employes at this division point WIS BSie RALLROAD “ADMINIS FRATION insure a substantial pay roll that is an important asset to the town. Developments now under way demonstrate this district to be one the seeker of a good farm home, with most favorable environment, may well consider and investigate. The Price River Region This district is most interestingly situated in moun- tain environment and also close to one of Utah's greatest coal fields—Carbon County and west part of Emery County—where several million tons a year are mined. This gives an ‘‘at home’ market for meat, dairy, poultry and vegetable products. Here is a region with a fertile soil of good depth but of very fine texture. Because of its tight, small particle texture, one needs to work in humus-vegetable matter or manure—lighten it, loosen it up. Then it responds with high yields of grain, alfalfa, sugar beets and most any crop the settler desires to grow. This soil, to give these satisfactory yields, needs judicious irrigation, frequent rotation of crops and thorough cultivation. Alfalfa seed has become a dependable crop. This gives bees a field of operation for the producing of high quality honey which is also a staple product of this region. High plateaus, bluffs to the northwest, north and northeast, temper the rigor of winter. Here is an acreage of reasonably priced land, with ample water for irrigation; national forest areas and ranges, where thousands of cattle and sheep find pas- ture, and good well-established communities which bid the settler, who comes to help them develop their agricultural resources, a hearty welcome and extend a cordial spirit of co-operation. The settler finds in this region soil, water and climate are such, he can make that choice of crops his own personal desires may direct. A county agricultural agent is on the ground to render such assistance as the newcomer may desire to secure, to get the right start in a region where the settler desires to and should succeed. There are other small districts with agricultural lands of a few hundred or a few thousand acres in eastern Utah that present opportunities for settlers in general farming and live stock raising. Southeastern District This portion of Utah is but little known outside the State. Here are valley settlements that have been established for fifty years. These colonies of settlers came to river valleys where irrigation farming could be practiced. Therefore one can here find well-estab- lished prosperous farms. In the extreme southeast are the San Juan farms where dry-farming methods, faithfully precticed, enable settlers to grow crops with the rainfall that comes to this region. In the San Pete and upper Sevier valleys in San Pete and Sevier counties are found some of the very best watered districts of the State. The rich deep clay and sandy loam soils of these valleys give depend- able crops of grain, forage, alfalfa, potatoes and other vegetables. A large tonnage of sugar beets is also grown for near-by sugar factories. A branch line of railroad traverses these two valleys connecting with the main line at Thistle. Eighty per cent of the farm lands are under cultiva- tion and cropped with profit. In recent years sheep, beef cattle, dairy cows and hogs are utilizing all forage and hay crops grown. Finished, instead of feeder, stock now is produced. Settlers, fortunate enough to secure farms in either of these valleys, come into a developed district with good roads, telephones, free rural delivery, and with established schools and churches. aA “Young Orchard in Eastern Uta h 25 SS SS A a UTAH —THEMBEEHIV ES LAGE SR SB SR a Mt. Pleasant, Spring City, Ephraim, Manti, Gun- nison, Salina, Glenwood, Richfield, Elsinore, Monroe and Marysvale are commercial centers, well distri- buted over these valley districts. Cheese factories and creameries have developed an important dairy industry. Cattle and Sheep Centers of Southern Utah South of Marysvale, the present terminus of the railroad, extends an area of grazing lands comprising many million acres covering a number of counties. It is not one level plain, but is rolling and broken into plateau mesas, low mountain ridges, where are located several national forest areas and, again, unbroken grazing areas miles in extent. Portions of these areas are used by sheepmen, while other areas afford desirable grazing for beef cattle. This makes the live stock industry most important in southern Utah. There are a number of fertile irrigated valleys along the numerous streams found in this extensive area. These valleys vary in extent from a few thousand to many thousand arces, available for crop farming. Here can be grown grain, forage, root and fruit crops for local consumption. Stockmen furnish a market for all hay and other feed crops which these valleys produce. Therefore these valleys offer opportunities for settlement with a good ‘‘at home’’ market for feed crops grown. Among the desirable trade centers are Junction, Circleville, Loa, Panguitch, Escalante, Cannonville, Glendale, Orderville, Mt. Carmel, Johnson and Kanab. San Juan District The San Juan district lies in the extreme southeast part of the State. It is often spoken of as a region of surprises. In the western part of the district are some awe-inspiring wonders and scenic spots—yawn- ing canyons, natural bridges, prehistoric ruins, the Organ Rocks, etc. Here are also mesas of wide ex- panse with sagebrush of unusual size, an indication of most fertile soil. The district comprises more than five million acres and has more undeveloped land than any other single district in the intermountain region. More than three million acres of land in this district is unappropriated. The La Salle Mountains form a most important watershed, the source of irrigation streams and the storehouse of important commercial minerals. Here is afforded most valuable mountain pasture land for live stock. Under the direction of specialists of the Utah Agricultural College, important dry farming work is being done. The commercial centers of this district are Bluff, Blandin, and Monticello. These are connected with each other by a good state and district auto road that runs north through Moab to Thompsons on the railroad. Here is a virgin land awaiting the settler who will develop a home in a region where fuel is cheap, timber near at hand and the climate all that could be desired. Here, as elsewhere in Utah, alfalfa is the basic crop under irrigation and winter wheat under dry-farming conditions. Present distance from the railroad renders good land comparatively cheap. Truly has Dr. E. G. Peterson, President of the Agricultural College at Logan, said: ‘‘The San Juan district of Utah is Nature’s playground and_ the stockman’s paradise.”” This district’s greatest need is general and live stock farmers. Eastern Utah Produces Immense Crops of Garden Truck | 4 Among the Uintah Grain Fields HE Uintah Basin is located in Utah and com- prises more than five million acres of land. It covers the greater portion of Uintah and Duchesne counties. To the northare the Uintah Moun- tains with peaks rising more than 13,000 feet high. This forms a most effective barrier against the severity of northern winter winds. To the east and southeast are mountainous cliffs. On the west is the Wasatch Range of mountains. This great inland basin or valley is so surrounded by mountainous walls, one has to do vigorous climbing either to get in or go out. Character of Land, Soil and Climate The Uintah Basin is not one broad level expanse, but is undulating and rolling, with buttes, mesas (level bench lands) and river valleys. As one would expect, there is also a large variety of soils, ranging from the low, fairly heavy bottom land to the rich sagebrush-covered mountain loam type, found on mesas, hill and mountain sides. This makes it possible for a settler to obtain almost any sort of farm or ranch he may wish or desire. |The character of soil varies from clay to sandy loam with a good clay subsoil. The depth of soil will satisfy the most exacting settler. The altitude of the basin runs from 4,500 to 7,000 feet elevation. The average annual rainfall, covering a period of more than fifteen years, is nine inches. The average date of the first killing frost in the fall is October 4th. The mean maximum temperature is 62 degrees, while the mean minimum temperature is 33 degrees. Seldom does the winter temperature drop below zero, with a clear, dry air, bracing and invigorating. During the greater portion of the winter the thermometer registers ten to twenty degrees above 27 Zero. a good mantle of snow on the higher lands. For a few weeks in the spring there are windy days, but it is not troublesome the rest of the year. The summer days are not too hot and the summer nights are delightfully cool. Prof. L. M. Winsor, formerly in charge of irrigation investigations for the U.S. Department of Agriculture and State of Utah, has this to say of farming in the basin and irrigation development and _ possibilities: “Within the Uintah Basin are one million acres avail- able for cultivation and more than two million acres suitable for stock grazing. Already 245,000 acres of crop land has been put under irrigation and 200,000 additional acres are under project construction. Water for irrigation is abundant, as the canal systems are fed by several large mountain streams. Nowhere in Utah is there a greater abundance of irrigation water and nowhere in all the West can good farm land be put “under the ditch’’ at so small an expense. There are rich farming lands for ten times the present population.” Winter in the basin is comparatively still, with Present Development of the District There are now established good trading centers, well distributed over the basin. Vernal, Roosevelt, Myton, Watson, Duchesne and Jensen are among the leading ones. The latest statistical report of Utah shows that wheat, oats, corn, alfalfa, tame grasses, fruits, potatoes and other vegetables are being successfully grown by the present settlers. Flouring mills in the valley furnish good quality flour from the wheat grown locally. The finest quality honey is produced and climatic conditions are most favorable for bee culture. AL IE SII oT ESTP AOR RES UTAH THE BEEHIVE SLATE SES T The leading industry, however, is stock raising. There are no large bands of cattle any more, but small herds with registered sires have given the basin a good quality of beef animals. The National Forest areas within the district and a large area of grazing lands insure good pasture for live stock in the summer and the quantity of hay grown in the valleys assures a wealth of winter feed. Through co-operative ship- ping associations, the County Agent of Uintah County has encouraged the hog industry. These hogs when ready for market are taken by auto truck to Watson and loaded on cars and sent to market. Basin farmers are calling for a local packing plant to cure their meat products for local consumption and outside markets. The population of the basin average an annual consumption of $100,000 worth of packed meats, all shipped in at present. Sheep raising is the leading industry. There are over 300,000 sheep in the basin. Several creameries and a few cheese factories have been developed in this district. This gives a home market for butterfat and as a result a number of dairy cows have been brought in and small home dairy herds are established. Consolidated district schools, high schools in trading centers and several academies and private institu- tions of learning give good educational privileges to the youth of this district. Church societies with a commodious church buildings are found at trade centers. Almost unlimited power is found in the numerous mountain streams and electric light and power are obtained at a nominal cost for all trade centers. : Opportunities for the Homeseeker The Uintah Basin district has great natural wealth in its millions of dollars worth of hydrocarbons, its asphalt, onyx, gilsonite, its copper, lead, iron, anthra- cite as well as bituminous coal; thirty-eight per cent of Utah's entire forest area, where fire wood, posts, poles, building lumber can be obtained for many decades to come, are either within the basin or fringe on contiguous mountains. A wealth of grass that must be seen, to be fully realized, and many thousands of acres of rich farm lands awaiting settlers to develop it are here found. Land with a dependable water right to irrigate same, can be obtained for from $25 o $50 per acre. An auto stage line enters from the west running from Helper and Price to Myton and Duchesne. A narrow-gauge railroad comes to Watson on the east from which an auto stage line runs to Vernal. This district’s greatest need is homeseekers, for whom it has a wealth of land in most pleasing environment and to whom it will give a hearty welcome. Herd of Utah’ s eee. Wanniae satel Breds” 28 — The Sevier River Furnishes Irrigation for Thousands of Thirsty Acres HAT portion of the State known as South- western Utah is made up of a series of great valleys ranging in a northeast and southwest direction, bordered upon their eastern edge by the towering heights of the Wasatch Mountains and upon the west by the ragged peaks that mark the boundary line between Utah and Nevada. The principal of the valleys are the Pahvant, occu- pying the northern area of the section, the Escalante, at the south, with the Milford Valley, in the center, and at the lowest altitude. Paralleling these greater valleys are many of smaller area, such as the Beaver Valley, to the east of Milford, the Buckhorn, Parowan, Cedar and Kanarra valleys, east and abreast of the Escalante. In all these valleys development has been under way since the first settlement of the State. First of all came the settlement of those sections nearest the mountains, where the life-giving flow of the streams gave possibilities for soil development. Gradually these original settlements were added to as new water possibilities were developed until, with- in the last decade, modern methods in the prospecting for underground water, and the construction of re- tention and distributing systems for the handling of the flow of the various streams, have given an im- petus to rapid development. The most important water supply of this section is derived from the flow of the Sevier River which, rising to the east of the Wasatch range, flows northward, and with a great sweep turns to the west through a break in the range, and after reaching the Pahvant Valley turns to the south and finds its outlet in a vast sink or shallow basin known as the Sevier Lake. This river furnishes great supplies of water not only to these lands west of the mountains, but it has 29 already distributed a goodly portion of its flow to lands upon the eastern slope of the range. The Sevier is truly one of Utah’s greatest assets and, even with the system of retention and conservation already put in operation, there is still a vast amount of water for the retention of which no means have yet been es- tablished. Nevertheless, the Sevier has, within the last few years, added thousands of acres to the culti- vated lands of the great Pahvant Valley. Other water development has come from the waters of the Beaver River which, rising in the high range, flows through Beaver Valley, and thence westward into Milford Valley, where it turns northward and, after’ following the radius of the valley for about thirty miles the small remainder of this stream dis- tributes itself over a shallow lake bed and disappears. Other smaller streams do individual service to their respective sections, their waters being entirely taken up and distributed to lands directly adjacent to where the water courses emerge from the mountains. In different sections of this southwestern area late prospecting by means of drills, followed by the instal- lation of proper pumping plants, has proven the exis- tence of a vast underground supply which will ulti- mately provide water for large areas. Still more favored sections have discovered greater or less flows of artesian water which is doing its por- tion toward Utah’s development. Pahvant Valley This great valley possesses approximately an area seventy-five miles square bordered on the east by the Pahvant Mountains, a spur of the main Wasatch range. UTAH— THE VBEEHIVE STA TE Several of the communities in the Pahvant are among the oldest in the State. Fillmore, one of its largest towns and the county seat of Millard County, was the original capital of Utah. The settlements are located in two groups, one group lying at the eastern side of the valley and close under the mountains, while the second is located at the western side along the water-way of the Sevier River. These groups are gradually being brought together by the extension of development and consequent settling up of the inter- mediate spaces. At the western side of the valley is located one of the most extensively developed areas in the State. The water for this section is supplied from a great reten- tion dam located twenty-five miles higher on the Sevier’s course. Already this water is supplying irri- gation for more than a hundred thousand acres, much of which are already developed. co 7 - 7 ee | U : _ ® 7 _ ' a) : - ; - 7 ) =a ‘ ! 7 7 adn + 7 i on > Py a * > ‘ u °@ ' > : . a ~ a - - => - a oh 4 i > — 7 1 wt ma _ 7 ) Men i - 19 ia , 7 se =e | 7 < — aod —_s: + ‘ - ‘ vi . ’ yi ' = Cn ay 7 ws 7 = i 7 i= 7 - : a a i ; , 7 "1s a ow 7 : ¢ 7 . 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