sk VN Sey REE

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
| BULLETIN No. 410

OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY
Contribution from Office of Farm Management, W. J. Spillman, Chief

Washington, D. C. PROFESSIONAL PAPER November 11, 1916

-VALUE TO FARM FAMILIES OF FOOD,
FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE

By

W. C. FUNK, Scientific Assistant

CONTENTS

Facts Brought Out

Sources of Data

Regions Studied The Size of the House
The Farmer’s Income Household Labor

The Farmer’s Living

Food). 3.6 «'« ©

WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1916

Monograph

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

BULLETIN No. 410

OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY
Contribution from Office of Farm Management
W. J. Spillman, Chief

Washington, D. C. PROFESSIONAL PAPER November 11, 1916

VALUE TO FARM FAMILIES OF FOOD, FUEL, AND
USE OF HOUSE.

By Ww. CG. FUNK, Scientific Assistant.

CONTENTS.

Page. , Page.
HACtSDrourhG OUG. <2 - os cccice ca yess ceeupeclien Mi Ol some ee ee ean Sao Seer cap ects s a0e 29
SOULCESIORGStA a om Secor ee eae tnseees 2 | Use of house on the farm....................... 31
VOPIONSSHMGIed jas Asses <n oste. soe ses 5 8) The sizesom thethuuse. 2.2.55. 2h..425525.4:3...2.° 132
LAG farmers INCOME: 2 dic.<c<.0 sees neon cccsecn 4 | Household labor...........2...2.2---seceseatec 33
Whovarmenstiving. =. 7.2. eee Tas ele, 4 | Value of board on the farm.................... 3 4
HOOGE? tastes c2 saecisc REL ee oc ewe he 7

The aim of this bulletin is to determine the value of those things
which the farm furnishes to the farm family without money cost,
namely, the use of a
house, food, and fuel.
To this end data were
secured from nearly
1,000 families, repre-
senting widely sepa-
rated sections in 14
States. Figures were
gathered covering the
value of all food, fuel,
and shelter, itemized
to show what part
was bought and what
part was furnished by
the farm. Data also were collected bearing on the value of house-
hold labor on the farm.

FACTS BROUGHT OUT.

Fic. 1.—Map of United States, showing locations of areas studied.

Following is a brief summary of the more significant averages
established by this inquiry. The figures given are based on reports
from 950 families, averaging 4.8 persons per family.

53685°—Bull. 410—16—1

2 BULLETIN 410, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Annual value of food, fuel, and use of house— 5 5 G1

- , Furnished by farm.. $424 (66 per cent).
Averago"per tarally, $612 ought Ia SNe Ny 218 (34 per cent). F %

Annual value of food—
Animal products. 58 per cent

Groceries........ 25 per cent| From farm.. 58 per cent.

Average per iamily, $448. Vegetables. ..... 11 per cent{ Bought... -.- 42 per cent.
ETUMte ss oes 6 per cent

Annual value of fuel—

From farm.. 54 per cent.

Wood (9.4 cords).. $36.30
Bought. .... 46 per cent.

Average per family, v2 feat (2.6 tons).... 17.85

Oil (55 gallons)... 6.33
Annual value of use of house—
Average per family, $132.

Annual value of housework—
Furnished by family.. $217 (95 per cent).

rerag 22
Average per family, $ Sis Che 11 (S pen cent),

It was found that the average annual value of meats (other than
poultry) consumed per family was $107.25; of poultry products,
$55.40; and of dairy products, $98.36. (The quantity of dairy prod-
ucts consumed was equivalent to 2,640 quarts of milk.)

Meats constitute the most important group of foods. As it
increases relative to the other groups the total value of food con-
sumed per family increases. Those families having a relatively
ereater consumption of either groceries, vegetables, or dairy products
use relatively less meats, and their total consumption of food is less
in value.

Families living on their own farms reported higher consumption of
food and a larger proportion of food derived directly from the farm
than did those living on rented farms.

The average quantity of fruit canned annually per family was 122
quarts; of vegetables, 32 quarts.

The cost of board (as of hired hands) in food, fuel, and housework
was shown to be $129 per year. Thirty-one per cent of this repre-
sents cash outlay.

SOURCES OF DATA.

The data presented in this bulletin were collected during the
summers of 1913 and 1914. The results of the 1913 study have been
published in Farmers’ Bulletin 635, What the Farm Contributes
Directly to the Farmer’s Living. In that study records were taken
from 483 farm families distributed over 10 areas in as many States.
Four additional areas were visited during the summer of 1914. A
greater number of families per area were visited in this study than in
that of 1913, thus permitting more detailed analysis of the data. The
data from all areas are included in the tables only where the number
of records were sufficient to do justice to the study.

Sp. gk Ge |

VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE, 3

A study of this kind is merely indicative in nature; no two families
are alike in their tastes or financial ability to purchase what is most
desired. Weather and other conditions limit the quantity and
quality of products furnished by the farm for family use. The
average of a large number of families is thus the best measure of the
consumption per person or per family of food and fuel and the pro-
portion of these furnished by the farm.

The data were obtained by the survey method, the enumerators
being experienced men trained in that particular line of work. Few
families keep an account of expenditures for household purposes or a
record of products taken from the farm for house use; but careful
questioning enables the enumerator to secure fairly accurate data.

REGIONS STUDIED.

Data were collected in 10 different are as in the year 1913. The three
cotton-growing areas visited were in Gaston County, N. C.; Troup
and Meriwether Counties; Ga.; and McLennan County, Tex. The
types of agriculture in the North Carolina and Georgia areas were
fairly similar, cotton and corn being the main crops. In the Texas
area, however, a definite rotation of corn, oats, and cotton is fol-
lowed. Farming is here done more extensively. The annual rain-
fall is considerably less than in the other two cotton-growing areas
visited. Cloud County and Montgomery County, both important
corn-growing districts, were selected for the work in the States of
Kansas and lowa, respectively. The chief crops grown in the
Kansas area are corn, wheat, and alfalfa, though some farmers raise
only corn and alfalfa. A series of dry years has discouraged the
growing of all but a few vegetables. In the Iowa area the agriculture
is more diversified, considerable oats and wheat being grown. Hog
raising is an important industry in both these sections. The Jefferson
County, Wis., area is wholly a dairy section. The money crops
raised are oats and barley. Considerable pure-bred Holstein and
Guernsey live stock is raised here. General farming is the prevailing
type in Champaign County, Ohio, and in Bucks County, Pa. Corn,
oats, wheat, and hay are the principal crops, with small dairies on
many of the farms. In Otsego County, N. Y., and Lamoille County,
Vt., dairying is the chief enterprise. The growing seasons here are
appreciably shorter than in any of the other areas.

In 1914 more specialized sections in New Jersey, Maine, North
Dakota, and California were visited. The New Jersey area in
Gloucester County was distinctly market gardening or trucking.
Much of the produce was hauled by the farmer to Philadelphia, a
distance of about 10 miles, affording a good opportunity to buy house-
held supplies. Vegetables and fruits were raised in great variety.

4 BULLETIN 410, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

The Maine areas in Androscoggin and Oxford Counties were dairy
and fruit regions. Apples and dairy products were the important
farm sales. Considerable sweet corn was also grown for canning
purposes. In North Dakota, Cass County was visited. Grain grow-
ing is the chief industry there. The farms are large and the distance
to market relatively great. Practically no fruit is raised, and the
variety of vegetables grown for home use is small. The region
studied in Santa Clara County, Cal., is an irrigated fruit area. The
farms are small and most of the area is devoted to fruit. The most
generally grown fruits are prunes, apricots, and peaches. On many
of the small farms all the land is devoted to fruit trees, no land being
set aside even for the family garden. A garden to be successful has
to be irrigated at frequent intervals, which is not always convenient
with their present equipment, since the orchards are generally irrigated
only once or twice a year.

THE FARMER’S INCOME.

The income received by the average farmer is not great. Studies
which have been carried on in different States would indicate that
the average labor income! of farmers falls considerably below $600
a year.” It must be remembered, however, that the average Ameri-
can farmer who is operating his own farm has nearly $5,000* of his
own money invested in his farm business. In addition to his labor
income he has the interest on this capital, while a large proportion
of his needs are met directly by the farm.

THE FARMER’S LIVING.

In this discussion only those items of the farmer’s living expenses
have been included which may be wholly or partly furnished by the
farm. An attempt is here made to determine the income the average
farmer derives from this source. Upon the size of this direct income
depends, to a large extent, the amount of cash the farmer has for
clothing, recreation, education, incidental expenses, and saving.

The total average value of the three items of food, fuel, and use of
house for the 950 farm families studied in this investigation (Table I)
is $642, and 66 per cent, or $424, of this is furnished by the farm.
The area in which the value of these items was the greatest was in
Cass County, N. Dak., where the total was $948 per family, 61 per
cent of which was furnished by the farm. The average family in

1 Labor income: The amount that the farm operator has left for his labor after the farm expenses and
5 per cent interest on the average capital invested are deducted from the farm receipts. It represents what
he earned as a result of his year’s labor after the earnings of his capital have been deducted. It does not
include the value of the use of the house or the fuel and food products furnished directly by the farm for
pred etree of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry Circulars 75 and i32, Bulletins 41 and 117.

N. Y. Cornell Bul. 295. Mo. Agri. Exp. Sta. Bul. 121.
3 U.S. Census, 1910, Equity per farm.

VALUR OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE. 5

this region was large, being 6.2 persons.' In Gaston County, N. C.,
the total was only $504, 85 per cent of which was furnished by the
farm. The average number of persons to a family here was only 4.5.
Table I gives these values for all areas visited, with the number of
families visited in each section and the average acreage of the farms
operated by these families.

TaBLE I.—Average annual value of food, fuel,4 and use of a dwelling for 950 farm families.

Average per farm.

NT
Location of regions in which study was Rae as See: Pecks a
made (county and State). fapailing | aaa shelier | Food and
: : ¥- | Acreage. | 50°! fuel | Total.
furnished bought
by the Bee
farm.
(Obie (0) 0 Uae ee 148 4.5 112 $355 $244 $599
AMON IOM Vibe ce one ame ies ee chee 49 4.8 130 349 177 526
WO ERORN Voto ee eee 55 4.0 118 431 210 641
IS UICKS AE ete Setarcid Stale okta'e cfoce Meneckis eos cine 43 5.2 77 383 225 608
Gloucester Ni Uisc: eee: eee one Jacke 126 4.7 69 445 345 790
Gaston NG seh ohio it 35). Sis Gets doe 55 4.5 86 428 76 504
MOU GAS or picts ciecaac 2 sistas Seles meimisiais 50 5.4 102 520 110 630
Melsennanylexs << 25 oS eee tes 44 5.3 133 363 254 617
Champaiens O10: 22-2 ete cnc nec ese ee 44 4.1 175 451 156 607
VORETSON WiIS2S oc eth eer en an ceeeke tect 46 4.2 86 375 173 548
Montgomery, Iowa...........---------.--- 51 4.4 161 485 183 668
Clouds ikKans)2 2. ait oe force 5222 ck 46 4.5 152 426 178 604
ase NDR 58.4 cnt tone 109 6.2 453 578 370 948
Santa Clara: Calin. 05s cicige Josssie xstetts-c 84 4.9 45 341 357 698
ANT amnilies 22226 son baee ok. ee 950 4.8 136 424 218 642

@ Fuel includes oil used for both cooking and lighting.

Wherever the income upon which any family depends fails to
maintain a fair standard of living, the elements of subsistence which
are the last to be sacrificed are those which are most vital to health and
happiness—food, fuel, and shelter. For the farm families visited the
farm supplied nearly two-thirds of these items, and, if necessity
demanded, the proportion could be made considerably greater.

Table IT shows the value of the food, fuel, and house rent furnished
by the farm. The average value of these items per family is $423.58,
or $89.71 per person. Sixty-two per cent of this is food, 7 per cent
fuel, and 31 per cent house rent. .

a In comparing the families on the different farms it will be found that they differ in number and age of
persons. They must be reduced to a common basis to be comparable. Students of dietetics reduce all
members of the family to the requirements of one adult man, assuming women and children of different
ages to have certain definite relative capacity ofconsumption. In thisstudy only two divisions were made—
children of 12 years of age and under were counted as one-half an adult, and all persons over 12 years of age
asadults. Farm labor and domestic help when boarded were counted as members of the family. In the

discussion throughout the whole bulletin, wherever reference is made to size of family, it is in terms of
adult equivalent.

6 BULLETIN 410, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

TABLE II.—Average annual value of food, fuel, and use of a dwelling furnished by the
home farm (960 families).

Food. Fuel. House rent. Total.
Location of regions in which
study was made (county
and State). Per Per Per Per Per Per Per Per
family. | person. | family. | person. | family. | person. | family. | person.

Oxford, Me.............-.--. $200.20] $44.49] $43.42] $9.65 | $111.00] $24.63 | $354.62] $78.77
Lamoille, Vt-................ 192.43] 40.10] 63.40] 13.21] 93.00| 19.38] 348.83] 72.69
Otsego, N. Y............00 02 189.60} 47.40] 53.80] 13.45] 188.00] 47.00| 431.40] 107.85
Bucks, Pa...........2.2.... 201.69 | 38.80] 17.91] 3.44] 163.00] 31.34] 382.60] 13.58
Gloucester, N.J.............. 266.16 | 356.63| 15.04! 3.20| 164.00| 34.84] 445.20] 94.67
Gaston, N-C.............0... 330.65 | 73.471 41.87| 9.30] 56.00] 12.45] 428.52| 95,22
Troup, Ga-.............s.s 376.03 | 69.65| 51.60| 9.56| 92.00] 17.04] 519.63| 96.25
McLennan, Tex.............. 75.62] 52.00) 4.13 78} $3.00] 15.66| 362.75| 68.44
Champaign, Ohio......... "| 248'98] 60.57] 30.50] 7.44] 172.00] 42.00] 450.78] 110.01
Jefferson, Wis.............-.. 209.44] 47.60] 35.80] 814] 130.00] 29.54 | 375.24] 85.28
Montgomery, lowa........... 297.281 70.80] 30.20| 7.20] 158.00] 37.62] 485.48| 115.62
Cloud, Kans................. 292.48] 65.00) 17.97| 4.00] 116.00] 25.80| 426.45] 94.80
Cass, N. Dak.-........2.0.2.- 384.58 | 62.03] 18.04| 2.91| 175.00| 28.21] 577.62] 93.15
Santa Clara, Cal.............. 175.62 | 35.84| 16.51} 3.371 149.00| 30.40| 341.13] 69.61
Average, all families... 260.00] 54.60| 31.44 | 6

The distribution of the products bought is indicated in Table IIT.
Food constitutes 86 per cent of the total and fuel 14 per cent. The
item fuel includes coal, wood, and oil, oil being used for both fuel
and lighting purposes. The big item of the products bought is food.
The fact that the quantity bought per person varies from $16 to $66
in the different areas would seem to indicate that a material saving
could be made in this group of products bought. In the New Jersey
area, where the average value of food bought per person is relatively
high, this quantity varies from $24 to $120 in a group of families of
the same size, showing that a material saving could be made should
necessity demand it. The fuel bought is not such a variable quan-
tity within the same area.

TABLE II1.—A verage annual value of the food and fuel bought (950 families).

Food. Coal. Wood. Oil. | Total.

County and State. wm Pa LS
Per Per Per Per Per | Per Per Per Per Per
family. | person. | family. | person. | family. person. | family.| person. | family. | person.

Oxford) Mes..225-2-- $226. 76 | $50.39 | $6.39] $1.42] $

2.98 | $0.66 | $7.65 | $1.70 |$243.78 | $54.17
Lamoille, Vt........ 169.17 | 35. 24 1.01 scl 2. 00 42 4,61 96 | 176. 7' 36. 83
Otsego, N. Y......-.- 186.71 | 46.68] 16.00 4.00 1.00 25 5.79 1.45 | 209.50 52.38
Bucks) Poses onocss 190.32 | 36.60] 26.90 5.17 1.09 21 6.37 1,21 | 224. 68 43.19
Gloucester, N. J.....} 299.06 | 63.63 | 30.69 6. 53 5. 87 1. 25 9.31 1.98 | 344. 93 73.39
Gaston, Na@. 2.5... (128i Os 85 |e. eles eas 1.71 +38 3. 10 69 | 76.09 16. 92
Troup;:Gas oascee— VO RED RA RY) ees oe BSR eee sed eocenec: 5.18 96 | 109. 60 20. 28
McLennan, Tex..... 213.47 | 40.30) 17.35 3.27 | 15.17 2. 86 7.58 1.43 | 253. 57 47. 86
Champaign, Ohio...} 124.98 | 30.50] 23.70 5. 78 2. 00 -49 4.88 1.19 | 155. 56 37. 96
Jefferson, Wis....-.- 143.25 | 32.56 | 20.70 4.10 3. 00 68 5. 78 1.31 | 172.73 39, 25
Montgomery, Iowa..| 146.43 | 34.87 | 29.57 FOE cemnnijoia] a nremainie 6. 92 1.65 | 182.92 43. 56
Cloud, Kans.......- 157.41 | 34.97] 12.70 2. 82 33 07 7.21 1.60 | 177.65 39. 46
Cass, Ne Daksceracc 279.00} 45.00} 62.00] 10.00] 20.71 3.34 7.94 1. 28 | 369. 65 59. 62
Santa Clara, Cal..... 322.08 } 65.73 2. 84 -58 | 26.07 5.32 6.32 1.29 | 357.31 72. 92

Average, all
families... .. 188.17 | 39.40

VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE,

~J

FOOD.

Of the items furnished by the farm included in Table I, food con-
stitutes 62 per cent, and of the items bought it constitutes 86 per
cent. It is, therefore, the most important item in this discussion,

-and considerable space is devoted to it.

Table IV shows the value of food consumed per family and per
person and the amount bought and furnished by the farm. The aver-
age value of the food used per family was $447.92, and $94 per person,
41.6 per cent of which was bought and 58.4 furnished by the farm. It
is interesting to note that the percentage furnished by the farm varies
in different sections from 35 per cent to 82 per cent. The California
area was low with 35 per cent, but we find that individual families

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4 PRODUCTS BOUGHT PRODUCTS FURNI6GHEO BY THE FARM

Fia. 2.—Average annual value of food used per family, showing relative amounts bought and furnished
by the farm.

within this one area vary from 10 to 65 per cent, showing that some
families could probably depend more on the farm for family table
supplies, but also that the average for families with the highest per
cent furnished is less than the average for all families in some other
sections, and that apparently it is more profitable in this region to
buy certain farm products than to raise them. Figure 2 shows graph-
ically the average annual value of food used per family.

In arriving at the value of the food furnished by the farm average
farm prices were taken. The farmer’s estimate as to what the product
would sell for on the farm when in season was checked with the local
grocers’ estimate, and in this manner fair average values were charged
for the fruits, vegetables, and other farm products used in the house.

§ BULLETIN 410, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

TaBLE IV.—Average annual value of the food of 950 farm families.

Food consumed per family. Per cent of food

msumed.
Number ae H Be otal
County and State. cee SS is ae Sl Licnmpaee
es. : A
Furnished Furnished) person.
Bought. by farm. Total. | Bought. by farm.

Oxford’) M@22-- S2ece8 eee eases 148 | $198.55 | $224.87 | $423.42 53. 2 46.8 $94, 88
Lamoille, Vilisosen aisecee ae seas 49 169.17 192. 43 361. 60 46.8 53.2 75. 34
Otsego, Na Yor. ct5.<Seeaeaee 55 186. 71 189. 60 376. 31 49.6 50. 4 94.08
‘BueckS+; Bae anocsecexteesatseiSone 43 190. 32 201. 69 392. OL 48.6 51.4 75. 40
Gloucester N.J...............- 126 297.41 264. 94 562. 35 52.9 47.1 120. 26
Gaston, Ne Gite. ssece227 asec 55 71, 28 330. 65 401. 93 ey Pay 82.3 89. 32
by o}b§ opt Cr: Wes ee ee ee ee 50 104. 43 376. 03 480. 46 21.7 78.3 88. 97
McLennan, Tex. ...-.:.:-.-..% 44 213. 47 275. 62 489. 09 43.6 56.4 92. 30
Champaign, Ohios.22.--522----- 44 124.98 248. 28 373. 26 33.5 66.5 91.07
JONersons;WuS 3: cssc2e 5 see oe] 51 143. 25 209. 44 352. 69 40. 6 59. 4 80.16
Montgomery, lowa...........-. 46| 146.43 | 297.28| 443.71 33.0 67.0 105. 67
Gloud), Keans® 22. 2335-552 5.-0 os 46 157. 41 292. 48 449. 89 35.0 65. 0 99. 97
Cassy Ne Dake sa sae ee | 109 279. 28 384.95 664. 23 42.0 58.0 107. 03
Santa Clara, Cal................ 84 323. 51 176. 40 499. 91 64.7 35.3 101. 57
All families............... 950 | 186. 16 | 261.7 447.92 | 41.6 58.4 94.00

CLASSES OF FOOD.

The different items of food used fall naturally into certain groups.
In order to facilitate the discussion, the different articles of food
have been divided into four classes, namely, groceries, animal products,
fruits, and vegetables.

Groceries do not include all articles bought, but only those most
generally bought, such as coffee, flour, sugar, bread, sirups, soda, ete.
In this class are also included lemons, oranges, bananas, and raisins.
The farmer naturally associates these with grocery items,,and on
most farms they really do not take the place of other fruits.

Animal products include all meats, eggs, butter, milk, cream, lard,
cheese, and honey.

Fruits include all fruits, fresh, dried, and canned, except those
listed under groceries.

Vegetables include all vegetables, fresh, dried, and canned.

Table V shows the relative importance of the different classes of
‘foods for the different areas, animal products being easily the most
important in value with 57.8 per cent of the total, followed by gro-
ceries with 24.8 per cent, vegetables 11 per cent, and fruits 6.4 per
cent.

The last three classes may be termed the farm products group.
They include those items of food which are distinctly farm products.
They constitute approximately 75 per cent of the total value of the
food consumed. Instead of 75 per cent of the food consumed being
furnished by the farm, however, we find only 58 per cent of it is
furnished (see Table IV), showing that nearly one-fourth of the farm
products consumed by farm families are bought rather than taken
from the home farm. It is not intended to imply by this statement
that all should be raised. The most important articles bought in
this group are meat and butter. The meat bill could, no doubt, be

VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE, 9

reduced with proper household management; but butter making on
the farm can not wisely be encouraged when the milk and cream
may be sold. Where only a few cows are kept for the family supply
of milk and butter, butter making on the farm may not be out of
place, for it is easier to market a few pounds of butter every week
than a few quarts of milk every day.

TaBLe V.—Distribution of value of food used annually (959 families).

|
| Per cent of total value of food in each class.

County and State. le E
yrocer- | Animal - Jegeta-
| ies. products. Fruit. bles.
OSfOrO NMG S.2 cejastccniseactis sas joee stealer a's'aseaeadaasae cman | 25.9 56.9 7.2 10.0
GAIT OEIG web aciare cee aa nc meee soe act aa aiatd crore raraserd <revele o/aternie wiepa | 31.0 52.7 5.8 10.5
OTSEPO RNY acc cen tcc ceet eae ceoseise pete ie namclnds cmemsveeanacere | Diet. 55. 5 6.0 10.8
IBIS Mar Rae eetere een ae cate me aso 5 Sasininiet ajniomeSaSseqs cas 27.1 56. 4 6.5 10.0
GTOUIGESH CI Niet ere erate aileron diattlas ae nca\s osteo ac ware nies | 24.9 57.0 5.0 12.8
Gaston, N. "Cc Riots Sate pwals chem See tence Beltre’ cia Sos chee s5,. ahisie sess | 21.0 55. 0 8.7 16.3
Troup, Midee Sioe eaten oe, Spee SEE ean en ee eee 21.1 56.6 5.1 17.2
McLennan, Tex................ BP SE IE poe, he se | 24, 2 60. 6 3.7 11.5
“SJE 0) cr 0) 1 Co ae i Se es A | 95.5 60.7 6.3 7.5
WONETSOU WSS: Soe ec acioeccnscctsesicchmcemses 26.0 56.0 8.0 10.0
Montgomery, lowa 22.0 61.0 6.0 11.0
Cloud, Kans. 22.9 58. 8 7.0 als}
Cass, N . Dak.. aye 22.3 63.6 | 6.6 7.5
Santa Clara, Ce Miumaaereet she berate an i we eo eae Pap) 58. 6 7.9 8.3
——
Arverage, alilfamiliegs Sec sic ham siciccs sess seiixis ones iarsia'a 24.8 57. 8 | 6.4 11.0

GROCERIES.

This class of foods constitutes about 25 per cent of the total food
used. The most important items of food in this group, in quantities
consumed, are sugar and flour. The quantity of sugar and flour
bought depends upon the individual tastes of the families. Those
doing much canning naturally use the most sugar. In some sections
broad is bought and thus less flour consumed. In some sections
sugar is bought by the dollar or half dollar’s worth, in others in 5 and 10
pound lots, and in still others it is common practice to buy in 25 or
100 pound bags. Trading is most generally done in small quantities.
Occasionally a family will buy certain of its grocery items from mail-
order houses.

The practice of trading farm products for groceries is becoming
less prevalent. The common products used for trading are butter
and eggs. Less butter is being made on the farm than heretofore,
~ and eggs often find a better market than the grocery, so that it is a
very common occurrence in many communities for farmers to pay
cash for all their groceries.

In some communities it is still common practice with farmers to
take corn and wheat to the mill to be ground into meal and flour for
family use. In some southern sections this is still the usual procedure,
and undoubtedly is to the financial advantage of the farmer. It
seems, however, to be gradually losing favor.

53685°—Bull 410—16——2

10 BULLETIN 410, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

It is interesting to note here the average distance the farmer has
to go to buy his groceries. The average distance to town for the
farmers visited in New Jersey was 1.9 miles; in Maine, 2.4 miles; in
North Dakota, 4.5 miles; and in California. 3 miles

ANIMAL PRODUCTS.

This group of food items constitutes 57.8 per cent of the total
value of food consumed by the families visited. In none of the
sections visited does this group furnish less than 50 per cent of the
total food used, and in the North Dakota area it amounted to 63.6
per cent of the total. There is a variation of less than 10 per cent
in the different areas for this group, indicating that this class of food
is the most nearly indispensable. It is interesting to note, however,
that the percentage furnished by the farm for this group varies from
46.1 to 97.3 per cent, the average for all sections being 76.6, as is
shown in Table VI. The farm unquestionably should furnish the
major part of the food products for this group.

TaBLeE VI.—Proportion of value of groceries, animal products, fruits, and vegetables
bought and furnished by farm (950 families).

Groceries. Animal products. | Fruits. Vegetables,
Location of regions in which

study was made (county Fur- Fur- Fur- Fur-

and State). Bought. as Bought. aie Bought. anil Bought. gah

farm. farm. farm. farm.
Per cent.|Per cent. |Per cent. |Per cent. | Per cent. Per cent. | Per cent. |Per cent.
Ostord. Mot. % csc. 2 ecceese ae 100) Oiocseeccne 42.2 57. 22.4 77.6 15.7 84.3
amoilie; Vitoss.2:.2 eee = 92.8 7.2 27.6 72.4 23. 6 76. 4 16.3 83. 7
OTSOZO) ING Y cose ain ntmaeee es 96. 0 4.0 36. 6 63. 4 25. 1 74.9 12.3 87.7
Bucks (Pat Aa nnes aceeemeeaes 97.8 2.2 33. 2 66.8 25. 2 74.8 15. 4 $4.6
Gloucester, Neds. -<.-22 <n 100. 0,)'sc a teseee 44.6 55. 4 35.4 64.6 5.3 94.7
Gaston; Ni. C.t2:... 22225202. 76.0 24.0 2.7 97.3 2.0 98.0 3.9 95.1
Troup, Gian! shi cenoceeusens 89.7 10.3 5.7 94.3 10.9 89.1 1.0 99.0
McLennan, Tex.:.--.22-..-.. 98. 7 1.3 14.2 85. 8 98.9 1.1 66. 1 33.9
Champaign, Ohio............ 97.0 3.0 8.4 91.6 38. 2 61.8 16. 2 83.8
Jenersons WS: 2. ssscesee oa 98. 7 1.3 21.2 78.8 26. 8 73. 2 6.3 93.7
Montgomery, Iowa..........- 98. 4 1.6 4.3 95. 7 44.5 55, 5 27.0 73.0
Cloud, ‘Kans: .<...5.2..02s..-- 99. 2 8 10.9 89.1 38. 6 61.4 27.6 72.4
Cass, N. Daltis) secceeecscce |» 10080) ec sce 2. 21.8 78. 2 84. 2 15.8 4.5 95. 5
Santa Clara, Cal...........-.- | 96.1 3.9 53.9 46.1 38. 2 61.8 70.9 29.1
Average, allfamilies...] 95.7 4.3 23. 4 76.6 | 36.7 | 63.3 20.6 79.4

‘ |

In Table VII this group is divided into three divisions, namely,
meat products, dairy products, and poultry products, giving the
average value of the amount consumed annually per person and
per family. The table shows that the dairy products used, which
include cream, milk, butter, and cheese, run slightly less in value
than the meat products, which include beef, pork, mutton, lard,
and fish. The poultry products consumed amount to about one-
half as much as either of the other two groups. Practically none
of the poultry products is bought and only 14 per cent of the dairy
products; but one-third of the meat consumed is bought.

VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE, II

TABLE VII.—Average annual value of meat products, poultry products, and dairy products
5 consumed (950 families).

Meat products. Dairy products. | Poultry products.

County and State.
Per Per Per Per Per Per

person. | family. | person. | family. | person. | family.

Oxford Mein as.550-sceee- ie. cie-s crater a So's iain ticles $22.94 | $103.23 | $21.50 | $96.75 $9. 24 $41. 58
yam OME Vive teas eae t ena tee shcs ete cecseles } 11.88 57. 02 21.18 | 101.66 6.39 30. 67
OUSOZ ONIN Yc ce eer teers eens -ncaccc.ssceseeatne 18. 38 73. 52 20.18 80. 72 13. 33 53. 32
IBTICKS EAs ee ets ticccks ieee omter 23.61 | 122.77 11.37 59. 12 7. 64 39. 73
Gloncesters'N: Jes) aces see ee oats sae ecioee eee 40.32 | 197.57 16. 29 79. 82 12. 20 59. 78
GastonsN. Cio. seb. ae Ae ee ee ree See 14. 85 66. 82 25.30 | 113.85 8.37 37. 66
IDEOUD NG Beet cme aoe ee as eek owt spac ot see oon 17. 27 93. 26 23.28 } 125.71 9. 44 50. 98
Moiennan: Terie ene tees o-oo eco 21.61 | 114.53 23.83 | 126.30 10. 37 54. 96
Chamipaion Olio. see eee seseas esac asceecec 20. 79 85. 25 20. 98 86. 02 14.95 61.30
NOLL OrSOMMAWiSie Sno ccoe = ee eeine aes ncibence 18. 68 78. 46 15. 05 63. 21 10. 55 44.31
Montromeny, LOWat 2:2 2ss-.acscmeee ses ec acescce 21. 87 95, 23 24.13 | 106.17 17. 56 77. 26
ClOUGS Kans eica ena en aioe cecnm ae ance essence a 21.00 94. 50 22.83 | 102.74 14.34 64.53
Cass, 1 LB gal a a ek Te ee OR 27.76 | 172.11 24.75 | 153.45 15. 53 96. 29
manta Clara, Cals 28. co. o.nclmeeende sctdeiee ose 29.83 | 146.17 16. 63 81.49 12. 90 63. 21

Average, all families .. .\... s2coec. cies cee en 22.20 | 107.25 20. 52 98. 36 11.63 55. 40

MEAT.

Table VIII shows the relative value of beef, pork, and poultry
furnished by the farm and the proportion of all meats bought and

MAINE

VERMONT WY appv

NEW YORK KG ZZ,
PENNSYLVANIA [e777 ZZ Lai
NEW JERSEY “<i ZZ LZ
NORTH CAROLINA HA LZ

GEORGIA CG Gy

TEXAS Yj, ZZ Z
OHIO Zi ZZ ZT)
WISCONSIN HWW LZ
IOWA YO ZZ Z
KANSAS ZT ZZ ZZ
NORTH DAKOTA [e777 \ (MZ

CALIFORNIA ea ZZ,

B PRODUCTS BOUGHT PRODUCTS FURNIGHED BY THE FARM

Fic. 3.—Value of average annual consumption per person of meat products, dairy products, and poultry
products, showing relative amounts bought and furnished by the farm.

furnished by the farm. It will be noted that of the meat furnished
by the farm, pork is easily the most important, constituting 60.8
per cent of the total, poultry being next with 29.2 per cent, and beef
being 10 per cent. The relative quantity of pork used is highest in

a Ib BULLETIN 410, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

the South and lowest in the North. The farmers in the South also
get more of their meat directly from the farm than those of the North.
Poultry is included in Table VIII as a meat, but in Table VII it is
included under poultry products. Of the meat that is bought, two-
thirds is beef and the rest is pork and fish.

TaBLE VIII.—Relative value of different kinds of meats furnished by farm and proportion
of meats furnished by farm and bought (950 families).

Per cent of value of meats Per cent of value
furnished by farm. of all meats.

Location of regions in which study was made
(county and State).

Fur-
Pork. Beef. | Poultry. | Bought. |nished by
farm.

Oxfords Mein os oo receeecmbasmcelidsas sae mene eee 50.6 11.1 38. 3 35.1 64.9
Danibilles Vic 4. hee dS ee hae 51.9 21.1 27.0 33. 8 66. 2
OfSer0 ING Niece tates = so aan oes peccricnteten's 47.5 17.9 34.6 43.6 56.4
BUGS SPB o-ct a. toamcar moore eee eee eee. 63.9 18. 8 17.3 40. 2 59.8
Gloticesters Nd EL jac os oe ae ee ee eee 69. 4 5.0 25.6 41.2 58. 8
Gaston Nis Ce cnet eee eee 81.4 1.2 17.4 6.3 93.7
Droup; Ga. «iowa mcesWinecs'swe eb erceecmen ss asm some 71.9 5.4 22.7 9.2 90. 8
McLennan, Tex....- Sele Se oa ieee ed eee ee a eer (PA ER emo 24.4 24.6 75.4
Champaign; Ohio) .2- 2 on soos ieee no ecceeescs sn 69.1 5.4 25.5 13.7 86.3
Jettercon; Wisvccce. secs vckgot es ke ee 70.0 8.7 Did 20.9 79.1
Montgomery, LOWa #< ccccc2-gande eee ess ene eens 59. 4 11.4 29, 2 15.7 84.3
Cloud: ans: <o2scn- oe ence aes cee eee ce 50.8 ipa! 32.1 15.1 84.9
Caso; IN. Dak. 2 ascicsslome nas tistaatlse ite eee RE ees soa 56.6 13.3 30.1 37.1 62.9
Santa Clara; \Calo.c- secon ces coma es Sere ee 33.9 3.1 63.0 24. 0 76.0

Average, all farms. <2: 52+ <sccccecccntenesene 60.8 | 10.0 29. 2 25.8 74.2

DAIRY PRODUCTS.

The dairy products group, including cream, milk, butter, and
cheese, amounts to $98 as an average annual consumption per family
for all families visited. As stated before, 14 per cent of these products
are bought and 86 per cent are furnished by the farm. Considerable
butter is bought, but very little milk and cream.

Table [X shows the quantity of dairy products consumed, expressed
in terms of quarts of milk. It is assumed that on the average 8
quarts of milk make 1 quart of cream and 10 quarts of milk make
1 pound of butter. Reducing the items to quarts of milk, it will be
seen that the average annual consumption per person for all families
visited is 550 quarts. The consumption per person varied in different
areas from 434 to 746 quarts. More cream and butter were used
in those areas where butter was made on thefarm. The farm supplied
473 of the 550 quarts. The average number of persons per family
for the families visited is 4.8, making the average number of quarts
of milk furnished by the farm for home consumption 2,270 per year.
In the southern areas it is assumed that the milk churned for home
consumption of butter will furnish enough buttermilk for the family,
and thus the equivalent of milk for the butter will cover that for
buttermilk.

VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE, 13

TaBLeE 1X.—Dairy products consumed per person in equivalent quarts of whole milk
(950 families).

[Data assume 8 quarts of milk make 1 quart of cream and 10 quarts of milk make 1 pound of butter.]

: Total fur-
County and State. Cream. Milk. | Butter. ie ait pee Een
; eo" | by farm.
Oxford jp Mer 2% sires aes ees oee Sites 123 126 299 548 142 406
EM OMLOMVitiss << ccense eae as. - <b -< sete 178 188 294 660 153 507
OR SON ide GaaineS 1, en ae anes ul 204 377 592 241 351
PAIGE Piet wldisisie momce eee fase eo ee cesleseesoswse 130 201 331 97 234
Gloucester; Nidic. 2 see cseeeen noe wc wncn aces 5 184 245 434 92 342
GastoneiNiGs: 2 sacaeos eee ee esineaeae | tate eetactae 133 406 539 4 535
PRTOUP GS erie o sain siieeeigtedecns as <creelds occ eeadioes 30 520 000} |e awe 550
Meolbennany Tex... ccseeecn see tic trina = Jeon se nperes 43 442 485 1 484
(Chamonien Onin ess ase keen. 72 258 298 628 21 607
VOMErSOMsWilScsiiccice oma sletnactiemesictres s0|\ss6 se shies 152 310 462 132 330
Montgomery, lowa.................------- 17 252 370 639 7 632
ClOUDRRANS =. <.cacenoooes ena oeee es <= 40 251 350 641 21 620
Gass NSDAK vicoscacecscmecesnacencnnens- 136 212 398 746 39 707
Dante Clara iCalccs cs cess ese coset eae | eekens ee 210 228 | 438 | 119 319
Average, all farms................... 42 | 170 338 | 550 | 77 | 473
| | | |
FRUITS.

The value of fruit consumed constitutes 6.4 per cent of the total.
Sixty-three per cent of this is furnished by the farm. Fruits include
a class of food products which can be raised much more cheaply than
bought. In the North Dakota area, for instance, only one-sixth of
the fruit used is raised on the farm, and yet the value of the fruit
consumed in this area is relatively as great as in the other sections,
owing to the higher price paid per unit quantity of fruit.

VEGETABLES.

Table V shows that 11 per cent of the value of the food consumed
represents vegetables, 79.4 per cent of which are furnished by the
farm, That the farmer can easily raise most of his vegetables is
shown by the fact that he raises a greater proportion of this group
than of any other group. In raising his own vegetables he eliminates
the cost of transportation and the commission of the middleman,
which are included in the prices he pays for purchased vegetables.
In five of the areas visited over 90 per cent of the vegetables used
are supplied by the farm, in the Georgia area only 1 per cent being
bought. In some sections certain vegetables will not thrive, owing
to peculiar soil or climatic conditions. This accounts for some of
the vegetables bought.

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DIETARY SYSTEMS ON FOOD COST.

There is a considerable variation in the cost of food for families of
the same size. This difference may be due either to the fact that
the members of the family are larger consumers or that they con-
sume more of the higher-priced foods. In this connection, it is
interesting to note the effect that the high or low consumption of
one class of food products has on the quantity of other food con-
sumed and on the total consumption and also on the relative value
of food bought and furnished by the farm.

14 BULLETIN 410, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

In Table X the families have been divided according to the relative
value of meat consumed. In both areas studied the relative value
of groceries, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products decreases as the
value of meat increases. The value of the total consumption of food
increases with the increase of the consumption of meat, the size of
family remaining nearly constant. The high meat-consuming fami-
lies also buy much more of their food, which is due to the fact that
they buy much more of their meat and use less groceries, which class
includes the non-farm-furnished foods.

TABLE X.—Relation of the relative quantity of meat consumed to that of other classes of
food and the total consumption of food.

NEW JERSEY.

Average percentage of total consumption.

Total

ities Hae DC | ——— Se eee oe
eat, per cent) berof| age i sump-
of total. fami-| size Gros Meat |Poultry| Dairy Fur tion

Fruits. | ,Y°8* | prod- | prod- | prod- a Bought.| per

lies. | family. ;
ceries. tables. : rz J

ucts. ucts. ucts. | farm. person,
25 and less....| 31 4.4 28. 5 6.7 15.1 20. 7 12.8 16.2 53 47 | $99.63
Z6iLO'30-- enon. 54 4.7 25.7 5.2 13.1 31.0 10.4 14.5 48 52} 127.30
36 and over...| 41 4.9 21.9 4.1 11.0 43.6 8.5 10.8 42 58 | 125.30

MAINE.

20 and less....} 60 4.6 27.7 8.5 11.2 16.9 10.7 | 25. 0 52 48 | $86.39
21 T0129. --- = 59 4.5 25.9 71 9.5 24.8 9.4 | 23.3 46 54 97.42
30 and over...| 29 4.0 23.1 5.1 8.5 36.5 8.7) 181 37 63 | 108.97

The families have been divided into three classes, according to the
value of vegetables consumed, as shown in Table XI. The value of
meat and dairy products tends to decrease as the value of vegetables
consumed increases, indicating that vegetables tend to replace some
meat and dairy products in the farmer’s diet. The value of the total
consumption and the relative value of food bought decrease as the
value of vegetables used increases.

TaBLE XI.—Relation of the relative quantity of vegetables consumed to that of other classes
of food and the total consumption of food.
NEW JERSEY.

|

Average percentage of total consumption. Total
Vegetables, a on | : conte
Pe peony of |fami-| size Gro- Vece- | Meat |Poultry| Dairy Hist tion
ht lies. | family. Genics Fruits. Pan poe prod- | prod- | prod- He Bought.) per
7 ‘| ucts. ucts. ucts. pec person.
10 and less... . 42 4.6 23.9 4.9 8.9 37.0 11.3 13.9 42 58 | $133. 87
Ti tows 22 2. 36 4.5 26.1 4.6 12.3 34.1 9.3 13. 6 48 62] 118.73
14 and over... 48 4.9 25. 0 5.7 17.0 29.5 9.6 13.1 48 52 | 109.97
MAINE.
8 and less..... 62 4.0 25. 6 6.6 7.4 26. 2 10.3 23. 7 44 56 | $104. 36
Ot 10sec cce 37 4.7 25.5 6.6 9.7 25. 2 9.7 23. 2 46 54 94. 24
10 and over...| 49 4.8 26.7 8.6 13.3 20.7 9.1 21.4 61 49 85. 38

VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE. 15

In Table XII the division has been made by the value of dairy
products consumed. Increase in dairy products used is accom-
panied by an appreciable decrease in the use of meat products, but
no consistent variation in the other classes of foods. Dairy products
are distinctly farm products, and the relative value of food furnished
by the farm increases with the increase in value of dairy products
used. There is no consistent variation in the value of total consump-
tion of food.

TaBLe XII.—Relation of the relative A hei of dairy products consumed to that of other
classes of food and the total consumption of food.

NEW JERSEY.

Average percentage of total consumption.

N Total
. Num-} Aver- con-
ucts, per cent | Pero] age we | Fur- sump-
of] I otal fami-| size Gro: , Veve. | Meat |Poultry| Dairy | yihed tion
Spica lies. | family. cane Fruits Fables prod- | prod- | prod- b Bought.| per
; ucts. ucts. ucts. farm person,
10 and less.... 41 4.6 25.1 4.9 2.7 38. 10. 2 8.6 41 59 | $123.54
1b ixeyp yee 51 4.6 24.4 5.1 13.1 34.1 10.0 13.2 49 51 117.74
16 and over... 33 4.9 25.4 5.2 12.5 26.6 10. 2 20.1 52 48 118. 85
MAINE.
19 and less....| 53 4.4 27.0 7.6 10.7 27 10.5 | 3. 2 45 55 | $98.19
20! GO}2D i. os.2.--ate 50 4.5 26.3 6.6 10.0 24.2 10. 2 22. 4 47 53 92. 56
26 and over... 45 4.6 24.3 7.3 9.0 20. 8.3 | 49 51 93. 64

An increase in the proportion of groceries used is accompanied by
a decrease in the proportion of meat and poultry products. (Table
XIII.) The less expensive grocery items seem to replace a large pro-
portion of the more expensive meats. The value of the total con-
sumption here again varies inversely with the relative proportion of
groceries used.

Meats constituting such a large proportion of the total food value,
their variation necessarily affects the total value of food consumed
more than that of any other group. Only about one-third of the
meat (not including poultry) used in these two areas is furnished by
the farm, so that the variation in meat used also very appreciably
affects the relative value of total food bought and furnished by the
farm. The data indicate that the expenditure for meats and the
value of the total consumption of food may be materially reduced by
the increase in the use of vegetables, poultry products, and dairy
products, the groups of foods which are largely furnished directly by
the farm.

16 BULLETIN 410, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

TABLE XIII.—Relation of the relative quantity of groceries consumed to that of other
classes of food and the total conswmption of food.

NEW JERSEY.

Average percentage o1 total consumption.

Total
Nums-|) A‘ver-; |= a ee CO
Groceries, per | berof| ase , inne sump-
cent of total. |iami-| si_e Gee ; Ve Meat |Poultry| Dairy | jised tion
lies. | family. oping Fruits. tables prod- | prod- | prod- * Bought.| per
7 ucts. ucts. ucts. rly person
20 and less...- 32 4.7 17.9 4.8 12.5 40.9 11.2 12.7 49 51 | $133. 44
ZO was eee 55 4.8 24.9 5.2 13.2 32.5 9.7 14.5 49 51 122. 60
29 and over...| 39 4.5 32.5 5.2 12.3 27. 2 9.8 13.0 42 58] 105.59
MAINE.
24and Jess....] 56 4.2 7.3 9.4 25.8 11.2 25.1 50 50 | $110. 84
20) TOS: ease 59 4.8 27.3 7.4 10. 2 24.4 9.2 21.3 47 53 89. 56
31 and over... 33 4.2 34.1 6.6 10.4 19.9 (Et 21.1 40 60 80. 84

SIZE OF FAMILY AND FOOD PER PERSON.

The number of persons in the family bears a direct relation to the
value of food consumed per person. Table XIV shows that this
variation is not limited to the total consumption, but applies also to
the quantity bought and that furnished by the farm. The families
were divided into three groups, the first group consisting of families
of 2 and 3 persons, the second of families of 4 and 5 persons, and the
third of families of 6 persons and more. The value of total consump-
tion per person for the first group averages $114; for the second
group, $96; and for the third, $84. The values of supplies bought
per person for those groups in the same order average $49, $40, and
$35, and the values of food furnished by farm are $65, $56, and $49,
respectively. The relative value bought and furnished, however,
does not vary in the different groups; that is, the percentage of the
total consumption bought and furnished by the farm is about the
same for large families as for small families. The value of the con-
sumption of the different classes of food is also relatively the same,
indicating that there is more economical utilization of food products
in large families than in small families.

VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE. J

~I

TABLE XIV.—Relation of size of family to annual cost of food(950 families).

Families of 2 or 3 persons. |Families of 4or5persons.| cme hea Perso

4
: Average : Average 7f) Average
Hocationclregiansinwhich| & per person. g per person. g | _ per person.
study was made (county | = Ua ees ee
and State). 8 se eI >, I a
es Fo] tne) = a po!
S che S Sg 2 3g
. i] - ww . =
Sr) Slee Sela tee (ee (oe | al a
q ob as a | Et Fa = | q bo ao
= 5 13 3 3 6 |5 3 | 6 |s
A oa) & a ia) i) & vA [ea] a)
Omtords MOi. Joa. as 55 | $60] $52 | $112 65 | $49 | $43 | $92 28 | $46
amoilles View cucccececdece 18 0 54 94 15 38 40 78 16 1
OIserONNE Vines nets anes SBN 53! 58) 106) 92) 4a ay. O1 Saas
IBUCKS SERS. em ace os kno 9 44 48 92; 22 39 45 84 12 32
Gloucester, N. J..........-- 43 79 62} 141 | 54 | 63 62 125 29. 55
Gaston MING CO. seb sce ee=ee ~ ot 23 23 83 107 13 16 78 94 19 12
ALLO GBs acercee sok <.n:- 9 24 95) 119 18 23 76 99 23 17
McLennan, Tex..........--- 11 55 78 | 133 16 40 56 96 17 37
Champaign, Ohio.......... 22 39 69 | 108 16 28 9 87 6 24
Jefferson, Wis.............. 22| 45| 53] 98| 20] 27| 49| 7| 9{ 34
Montgomery, Iowa... ...--- 19 38 82} 120 19 33 62 95 8 33
Wioud MiKans! a= ac cece -5% 19 39 68 | 107 16 35 65 | 100 11 32
Gnas Ne Wak 200.55... 16| 58] 78] 136| 40] 53| 69] .122| 53] 40
Santa Clara, Cal............ 31 89 38 1277|""_ 28 70 | 39 109 25 52
All families. .........- 322 49 65 | 114 | 364 | 40 6, | 96 | 264 35 |

CONSUMPTION OF INDIVIDUAL FOOD ITEMS.

Table XV gives the average annual consumption per person and per
family, with the quantity furnished by the farm and quantity bought,
of practically all food items used by the families. It presents the
details on which the generalized data in the other tables are based.

_In the other tables quantities are represented by values, because the
difference in the common units for the various items makes value
the only common basis of comparison. Table XV, however, gives
the quantities in units which represent exactly the same volume in
all sections, making the data comparable one section with another. H
the reader is interested in the consumption of any particular article,
or group of articles, this table will give him the desired information.

53685°—Bull. 410—16—3

18 BULLETIN 410, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

Taste XV.—Average quantity per family and per person of the various articles 0 food
consumed, the average quantity furnished by the farm, and the quantity bought per
Samily (950 families).

‘

GROCERIES.
/
Coffee (pounds). Cocoa (pounds). Tea (pounds).
Per family. Per family. Per family.
State. Z 8 3 g 3 g
a 4 ra rs 4 ‘S a 3 Ke
As a : 2 = q : g Z G : o
Soa Wes (ane Ve edie P= el Mme oa fa Ps 5h are s | 3 es
5 i) S 5 | } rs) 5 | i) Ss Boe
& Q a a4 & ea) a om Ei —Q a / A
15.3 | 15.3 6.2 6.2 bs Fe] ree ae 13.3 13.3 2.7
21.4:| 21.4 . 54 5.4 i774 ee 9.8 9.8 2.2
24.8] 24.8 6.4 6.4 1 i ee 8.0 8.0 2.0
38.0} 38.0 8.3 8.3 1 a 1.6 |} 1.6 3
55.1 | 55.1 6.1 6.1 y a ee ee 10.8} 10.8 2.3.
31.9} 31.9 9 9 7 | ee ee 8 Beare Pees
31.5} 31.5 La ial Pe eee em 1.6 | 1.6 3
638.5] 53:5 32 3.2 PA [ae Seeger 2.37 247) .5
38.9 | 38.9 4.1 4.1 103-5 oe ee 3.3 | 3.3 5
44.0] 44.0 Gi2.| - Birr Waslee. tae 2:9 2.2 5
45.7 | 45.7 3.4] 3.4 eras me 4.2) + 4.2 1.0
39.2] 39.2 | 4.0] 4.0 ey Coe ee 4.5 4.5 1.0
58.9 | 58.9 | 6.2) 6.2) 10 [ou 14.9 | 14.9 2.4
41.6] 41.6 6.4 6.4 1.3 | asl eee 8.3 8.3 Ler
Sugar (pounds). Salt (pounds). Flour (pounds).
Vit sewteears(oeoue oe 372.0 | 372.0 |] 76.8 |....... 58.1} 58.1 12305) 2 ok 1,132.0 |1,132.0 230. 0
Mer ec |Seeee 437.0 | 437.0 | 97.9 ]....... 68,.2'|. 68.2.|° 15.31.22 932.0} 932.0 209. 0
CB asses ae 376.0 | 376.0} 94.0 |....... 64.0] 64.0] 16.0|........ 736.0 | 736.0| 184.0
Pr eect | bo sees 359.0 | 359.0 | 69.0 |.......| 86.3 86.3 16.6 | 36.7 696.3 733.0 141.0
x ed EOE RN 556.0 | 556.0 | 118.0 |....... 127.2 | 127.2 | 27.0 ).....2.. 699.0.| 690.0 146. 5.
IN Ges sooss aeeeeed 279.0 | 279.0] 62.0 |....... | 13.5] 13.5 3.0 | 408.3 | 999.7 |1, 408.0 313.0
Gascinte llores 313.0 | 313.0 | 57.6 |....... feQ7. a 271 by Osea ee 1,260.0 |1,260.0 | 232.0
Ut) yee ee eee 325.0 | 325.0} 61.3 |....... 7.0 7.0 7 el eae 1,092.0 |1,092.0 206. 0
Obi0 aoe se Soenees 377.0 | 377.0} 92.0 ]....... 20.5 20.5 5.0 7.6 746.5 754.0 184.0
WHS Seceooca | oeeeeae 321.0 | 321.0 (65d eens 13.2 3.2 B20) ioe 5850 1,012.0 /1,012.0 230. 0
TOW Wee oesec|sceoe 408.0 | 408.0] 96.5 }....... 15.2] 15.2 3.6 | 580.8 | 299.2] 880.0 208. 0.
Kans) cs oe.s |b hearer 369.0 | 369.0} 82.0 ]....... 16.6 | 16.6 3.7 29.8 | 964.2] 994.0 221.0
We Dake ces| ssc. cee 529.0 | 529.0'} 85.3 |.......).111.6 | 111-61 18:0))2 5.24... 1,318.0 |1,318.0 212.5
Of] Hee get, eee 324.0 | 324.0') 66,2 |....... $3.3'| 83:34 17.02.3222 382.0] 382.0 180.0
Cornmeal (pounds). Bread bought (pounds). Oatmeal (pounds).
{
69.7 87.6 | 87.6 65.8 65.8 13.6
62.4 67.8 | 67.8 45.9 45.9 10.3
26.8 76.8 | 176.8 35. 6 35. 6 8.9
55.6 56.4 | 556.4 | 107.0 21.8 21.8 4.2
18.8 70.0 | 570.0 33.0 33.0 7.0
384.8 4.5 4.5 7.6 7.6 a
729. 2 18.5] 18.5 17.4 17.4 3.2
392. 2 48.8] 48.8 35. 0 35.0 6.6
86.1 62.4 | 162.4 51.2 51.2 12.5
17.6 74.8 | 74.8 37.4 37.4 8.5
36.4 84.6] 84.6 292.7 | 292.7 69. 2
102.6 144.0 | 144.0 48.6 48.6 10.8
41.5 21.1 21.1 66. 3 66.3 10.7
36.3 197.0 | 197.0 68. 6 68. 6° 14.0

¢

VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE.

19

TaBLe XV.—Average quantity per family and per person of the various articles of food

consumed, the average eeeney furnished by the farm, and the

family (950 families)—Continued.

GROCERIES—Continued.

Currants (pounds).

Oranges (dozens).

as .
9.0] 29.0} 6.
PAY ee 1A lial 7A
8:8: |" 28.31 7.
£01|( 227.0) || "ia:
2.6} 22.6] . 4.
Ou) web: 08) te
27, Wee OLT :
dS dds 4 4] gy
29.6:1:22.6 1 -5.
25.5 | 25.5] 5.
B628)|) '8098) |S:
21.2) 21.2] 4.
93.61 23.6] 3:
aa 14.7 | 3.

Sirups (gallons).

12.2 4.3] 16.5
eae 13.8} 13.8
4.5 5.5} 10.0
BAERS 9.4 9.4
AMAR = 6.6 6.6
3.6 4.5 8.1
LE 8.4] 20.1
Peete 2 18.6 | 18.6
ee ae 3.7 3.7
2.1 4.5 6.6
ote nictars 5.5 5.5
Pi ee 5.4 5.4
esiemion 9.3 9.3
sees 3.9 3.9

Bananas (dozens).

Nii aye oe Be HEL Ce |e 30 a
iv cigs Wille, ree ge cams TO8Se|¢ 10"3;| 2:
INV see ec ee ote: Reo eer Oi) he
Ty sig fee ea CR eS, 7eealr =: ihe
TN es ena a a [Pe Ee 16.5] 16.5] 3.
INA Go oe eee | 1.8 1.8 é
(Ce Er eee Paes W257. 2.7 :
ities can ee a ea (sea et eo Orla socal, 7 ie
Onioiss= ees eee ke Noms esr basalts oti
DWHS Stee ee eal : | 4.4] 4.4 1.
OW ae ee os Se ee 6.3 6.3 i is
Kegrighs eee hye lon = nats EON wie ole Le
FONE Make erese es |) oaks 12) 4.) 1954 |)> 79:
Cl ae 4.1| 16.5| 20.6] 4.

MOABMOWOOH KCI DWO

£2) 016.5 155
--| 18.3 |) 18.3
o-| 18.4.) 18.4
sal! LOE9! 10:9
sah 820272) 2057
2S roo) 3.6
2. 4.9 4.9
aril deeds |) Ale 1
oe ae! Us A sb aa
Be PO 8.4
xt 12.7 | 12.7
Sof Las8h) 1408
ea ail ise

3 8.3

PRP RY

NOWOOMNRK ODMR HOE

A hp teal nati Gee raced ithe i aa ns

PROS NN,

quantity bought per

Other cereals (pounds). Graham flour (pounds). Rice (pounds).
— Per family. Per family. Per family.

State. > 2 ‘ —; :

ko} =I uo} a Lo] S

a & ra a 4 Fa a = z

a a ts © a a : a) 4 a : 7)

| be a a Ey a a | bo a =

5 a | 5 5 5 8 | 8 5 5 Be |. 5 is

faa) = AY is faa) a AY is —Q = AY

|e

Vilna tick eseelsceese | 29a 9.7 2.0.| 32.4] 32.4 (7 i a 14.0 14.0 2.9
IGS SRE Ee ae eee eee 18-33) 1853 4.10): 18.7 | 18.7 Ce J Fes ode 12.9} 12.9 2.9
Nee are article | sieicrarera 12.0 12.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 VOM eseces 12.0 12.0 3.0
12 et Seed Poeoeas 10.4} 10.4 7 0) Hae ee bee A |S | (ed ee L7%.| 17 3.4
Rie ease sae Se ee DES Sc 1 ihe i Meee RR id a [cea ee 28-7.|" 28.7 6.1
iS A EUR ie, Com Paya ear 1] Na ae IRE coe AN STs TS res TE regs 22.5| 22.5 5.0
Gane totes |S. ae 5.4 5.4 Te Oe some ee. acc see Roo e clos i = 29.3] 29.3 5.4
WROKS sae seat cee BEY/ 3.7 eile ea aeicte. alc Zepals ec eerectd| Metis crs.a| Sarees 35.0 | 35.0 6.6
ORIOS rote ena lae sec 17.2 17.2 EO OR 5 Sa eee Pie Ce oe ee baa 26.2} 26.2 6.4
SWhiseesaiss Se SSRIS ose 12.3 1223 Ee, (ere 2 teva 9 9 74) oe 14.5 14.5 3.3
Tae Pe cetoCe ana ConeanG Ces | deh) (is 3a | FO Ol Le | Dees (oe a 19.5 19.5 4.6
AUSH yes ots tassels 16.2 16.2 BHO Oke! eel ee ese | eee |e a leo 23.4) 23.4 5.2
Ie DE ee Ses Bree | 26:7.4" 26:7 AS le tes cece Bio 1G 260 | 2 490" |< coe 22-8 |!) 22:3 3.6
CEE 2 oe eee PTAA OG esc. | |. BBA BB ese 28. 48.5] 48.5 | 9.9

Lemons (dozens).

D228 SO" SEO Wes
eee 4.5] 4.5] 1.0
ee rs ee ee
Bite. Oe ee yee A
alee 13.2| 13.2] 2.8
i ee 1.4] “14 of
MEG, > Da) 2,9 4
a | 42] 42 <5
ee ab | 41] 41 1.0
beeeae Fs ae i
Bas ae | 5.1] 5.1] 1.2
= ae [eee BB og
hicaces 9.3| 93] 15
Ee Inara es Og

Buckwheat (pounds).

18.0] 13.5] 31.5] 6.5
"4.3 |51.7 | 136.0 | "34.0
Bsa 20.8] 20.8| 4.0
SST Sa Se Ree
REE Osa el oe a
cacucd) (Sime Sisal 2200
et oaeels Doel esol we 5

20

BULLETIN 410, U. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

TABLE XV.— Average quantity per family and per, person of the various articles of food
consumed, the average quantity furnished by the farm, and the quantity bought per
family (950 families)—Continued.

ANIMAL PRODUCTS.

State. :

rd

S

2B

A

3

is
Vitis 632 | 251.2
Me... 5p. 169.5
a pe aa eee 192.7
Pave: | 48.8
Nig 538. 2
NSO ss5.52: 545.5
Gace be = 695.0
Tex. _if:..-| 628.1
Ohio sw. -= 3. - 663.6
Wises 8 2..ske 590. 4
Towa....... 659.5
Kans.......| 546.8
N. Dak....| 889.6
Cals: .| 181.8

|
WaGl <2 oa ce ad
Me¥E ae. -= 3.6
NG Wea. Slee sen
PS bce 2cd eel acee eos
ne earn! Peeters
a © 9
Gals. ie $2 el ce 2:
Rex. oe sla a5-ee
Ohio. 2 5a|e2-2-<%
WSs ee | see
TOWau4 3.2 clezet fas
Kiagns 322 alin... okie
ING Te rrellie comer ot
Cslige sess 2| 522% .62
|

Vit ccees 82.0
M@s252- 25.22 108.6
ING Wow 22 115.9
Pies sees 94.0
ING ee 153.0
IN Oee ee on. 122.0
Gaicoetk: 144.0
TOxs- ss: 206.0
OniG= 2.2.2 169.0
Wisse: 3... 163.7
Towa....... 246.0
Kans... 194.0
N. Dak....} 284.0
ales. 2 101.0

Pork (pounds).

Per family.

Beef (pounds).

Per family.

8 > 5
s x a 43 a
a : 2 a) a as 2
Z ‘a me 5 oa a a
5 =) 5 5 5 6 5
iss} Sa) a & foe) i) a
}
66.8 | 318.0 | 65.6 102.5 65.5 168.0 34.6
56.5 | 226.0 | 50.6] 226.2; 36.8; 263.0 59.0
99.3 | 292.0} 73.0 95.9} 150.1 | 246.0 61.5
86.2 | 575.0 | 110.5 120.3 | 255.7 376.0 72.3
151.8 | 690.0 | 146.4 35.4 | 406.6 442.0 93.9
5.5 | 551.0 | 122.4 9.0 32.0: 41.0 9.1
7.0 | 702.0 | 129.3 70.2 64.8 | 135.0 24.8
137.9 | 766.0 | 144.5 7........ 76.0 76.0 14.3
42.4 | 706.0 | 172.2 57.5 57.5 115.0 28.1
65.6 | 656.0 | 149.0 70.1 75.9 146.0 33.1
13.5 | 673.0 | 159.0 118.8 | 114.2 233.0 55.1
41.2 | 588.0 | 130.6 148.8 80.2 | 229.0 50.8
77.4 | 967.0 | 156.0 283.4 | 152.6 436.0 70.4
84.2 | 216.0] 44.1 14.1 | .454.9 469.0 95.7 |
|
Fish (pounds). Milk (quarts).
38.0} 38.0 7.8 | ~9110 eo. 23 911.0] 188.2
115.4 119.0 26.6 | 557.4 | 5.6 563.0 126.2
23.0 23.0 5.7 81550) 8-22 | 815.0] 203.7
57.0] 57.0| 11.0} 669.2 6.8 676.0 130.0
119.0 | 119.0 25.2 798.6 | 69.4) 868.0 184.4
3.0! 3.0 .2 | -600.0 |........ 600.0 | 133.4
6.0 6.0 1.2 16450 1 .2.<2- | 164.0 30.2
13.0 13.0} 2.5 224.6 4.6 | 229.0 43.2
2.0 2.0 «0 [L050 bs. . 25... 1,057.0 257.7
3.0| 3.0 .7| 633.7| 33.3 | 667.0] 152.0
6.0| 6.0| 1.3 1,066.0 }........ 1,066.0 | 252.0
50:1 8:0). LE 030.0 | c: 3. 1,130.0 251.2
47.0 47.0 7.6 |1, 297.9 13.1 {1,311.0 211.5
151.0 | 151.0 30.8 $52.4 174.6 {1,027.9 209.5

Eggs (dozens).

'

Lard bought (pounds).

90
ad
o

_
or
oo
Co

108: Ob cet 108.0} 22.3
G9.0 nrc 69.0} 15.4
5) See 6.0] 1.4

ee. 4; 3.0] 6
BIO Lecce se0p - 20Uh
i 9 (OR ar ae
BO |e secon. 22.0} 5.0
104.0} 1.0 | 105.0] 17.0

secees 34.8 | 34.8
See 81.6 | 81.6 1
oe knee 10.8 | 10.8
pees 20.3} 20.3
ee 33.4 | 33.4
anraraiete 2.2 2.2
eens 5.4 5.4
ase 38.2 | 38.2
nani 3.5 3.5
Pa Sere 3.0 3.0
=o% oils 27.9] 27.9
nate 24.8 | 24.8
adapts 48.0 | 48.0 }-

SHES

Poultry (pounds). ¢
Per family.
a r=
r= 3 2
g = é S
a 2) a a
Ee} 3 3S 5
& isa [=] my
es
8750-2 ae 87.0 18.0
94.0 1.0} 95.0 21.4
166.3 1.7 | 168.0 41.9
gb 1 ea 117.0 22-5
146.0) 222532 146.0 31.0
230! Fackes 233.0 51.7
39220) |<. Scie 5 382.0 70.4
PALER eee te 276.0 52.0
30150:| =. sae 301.0 73.5
VG6:0 we oes 176.0 40.0
296:0' |Z. = se 296.0 70.0
47720"|- ae 477.0 | 106.0
2205 0% 26.00% 226.0 36.4
187.1 1.9 | 189.0 38.5
Butter (pounds).
68.2 73.8 | 142.0} 29.
75.8 | 57.2 | 133.0), «29:
54.4 | 96.6 | 151.0 37.
60.3 | 43.7 | 104.0 20.
79.4 | 35.6] 115.0 24.
181.2 1.8 | 183.0 40.
29220 Woes ter 282.0 52.
234.0, | 234.0 44,
113.5}; 8.5] 122.0 29.
81.6 | 54.4] 136.0} 31.
152.9 3.1 | 156.0 37.
148.5 9.5 | 158.0 35.
224.8 | 22.2] 247.0 39.
st 40.3 | 112.0 22.

PROSOSOSRANSHUMH IWS

Saab os oy
NOTH OATH

sae

21
of food

person of the various articles o

Sf

HOUSE,

OF

+
wi

VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USI

TaBLE XV.—Avera

arm, and the quantity bought per

ge quantity furnished by the

ge quantity per family and per
family (950 families)—Continued.

consumed, the avera

ANIMAL PRODUCTS—Continued.

Cheese (pounds).

Honey (pounds).

Buttermilk (quarts).

Per family.

Per family.

Per family.

“‘uosi0d Jog

DAHNHENDONDOONORO

PMOINMADMONON He?

TOL | SREIs ostgsigs
MAMNMIAOMANDOMMO

“qysnog OetrMO MBoLSSOnes

st OD 69 OO nN ec Hriid

“poysmam yf oT Bs
AQKrHMr~OODODOON

‘mosied Jag | SON HAN UN (NOS
COMM WOHOMWOINODO +H

yejoy | At SAK btndaaan

Se) rt re

_ Le ——

SAHWONMDIODHANDOOO OD

Pe SONIA Elegie ogre Potts en ream veer oo
WWsnog TINO et OND HAN
\OHHARRAONOONM iA

*poystum yf PANDA SHON
ee

‘uosied 10g SERIE ee cane
Ut Toe Rhee oe
tk OOO Fe

"Te}0, Teigees) seo anton new a
TeIOL MO ASr es bn

ra he > 2 eres aad i Lert, oan
ie
tb be OED ee
“peystusin,[ sigh Poy Gregan uae
PATS cant enc InN Ma eos Mel ae hae
toe OO ee
MOANA Toe ste} eel Lumsiecaiginnislts
Cy SVEteyeh eet a ‘elipae aicaelpieln eee
to eee OL UMG en rit ys Raton: jase ys
sg Dec Cai Oaacat TO aC Ay Ji)
n IIH IO ieee SAAS

woe

PO -3 sod 54 3
PAZMAZOHORSNZS

FRUITS.

OrHON OC -Odm 19M (NWO +s -OtHoOoONn
See ee. <2. Tle) Bie Jese 9) a ie . . > . . . . : . . . .
a OSS is itt Hd i OM Ft ISO oO HAN
. re i. ’ Send . . me ee
, ; : : es
Pe 7 , Ate | eae er
a AOD ID 10d EHO 100 ze THAD 6 6 FOMoOIN+E
Otnadt +S SSA LAS 3 ‘Aosta fC CHoirdakt
3 OA et oom 3 aes 1: IHRE
g i SOEs 1 : a
AEs) TSE : ; 7 a
a POOCHN 1 HOON te: 2 MANAN 1s OnE NOOO
a ort . LA ; , ae 3 . oO ‘ — : . . . . fs H | Seat Wert ten, eens at ye
5 cae sf os Wi son Oo none E Ge ci fe) oe? Ans has i ih
a - Tae : Cenc! ra] vine
WDD HOOD OD te tet Ne o 1 SMH tt HON HOOR
SHURA 1S IGM ID IS (RS te gid sSididh
Nt te et it onl N +O ee es Not N
aw ts : = ies ect
MOOMOOMODOMOOH SNBOOWDOMNOOHOOR
fics am eee es aes autgney aoe MINNIE (J bv Mcal aio ie, Sa Warne Oacl ttosl es =
ese saae Re aera os eee
a ——— a
q DW HONIDINE~ MAINO HO 2 DINMOWDNONMAAMr OO
SHSBISAHaMAdwaSGHS SHO SKH SNA SAID HSNS
a ASSSSSIEES mae S BSSSLERASLRRIHK
a a ey a
VY —_ Rav) =
8 DAOAMOAHAONDO HD mw KOOP OwW NAHM OWOM
a SHSHtdttstisisrds ™ Sra HHSC Sxis
3 RASHES TIERS ADs B Pac Pets ECCS cals fame Sca
B r
2 : ———_—|
"OD HOA MO 1D NE oot NAMMOKNOCSO 1OAtoOW
Ker ehaaniies einen apie. Ji(! " “il||) casket atin oom tant ncnens Bot
MOSe IS! & SERSSSS IRRASAS
. rt HO ‘ Lon cr
AR HIDIDHOONMAONNA DOROHROOWDOOOCOHMO
HAAN “Aodd * ASHAAS SHA SH Sr
N OD rt OD rt cel onl
a ID HOD DWWONNOMOWO an OAHIDACMRAARBIOE
= Us as Rees tis Senses. (Ce dD ae ease ee aaa a Ce
z fs
fs)
Ss : a, a
2 OM 1 SCOSOANMDNAMOM OMOMH | IH RANCAAD
Caer acta ha ears Renecen Wea |, Sotetne eee ener airs Ren ewan
a oO fn) |
< Ay :
OHWINMHOS lOHwoOmwwr CAtHHOM 1RHORLD 10
PSE Se aE MMR AIL E RE SES. : RE Oa sa rear ota
NM ® . . sa ’
eee ee as MSN S Sais io ye
. Son) we . J
>
°
TP. SE PUPIL Geri eg TREE Gig cs i) Glogs dea) @, poutee ccs 6 LS
G Paakencnabysteitackeaitan hii ie onmaese eee adie Ol 0) te sR Ths i
x nipaitiy Iota arms ve aU ERD Meet ie pra hl eve ETA nate C rants
3 La epagcst ane Ma eS at Siesta sere ehatart
. . . . J ' ,
nM 2 tp WO Tye ERO? Sepa IhO iW we GA |
+2 D 6 of. SESE Be} $37 Ser8Ssb eis
PAZUAZZOHORQNZO PAZUMAZOHORSNZO

BULLETIN 410, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

22

Me per

of the various articles 0

hed by the farm, and the quantity boug

quantity per family and per person

a
Ss
3
ae
VR
Sa
Se
&2
oO
a
oo
$5.8
58's
228
a
ls
> se
“Es
o™=
f >
aes
HSS
a

FRUITS—Continued.

‘uosied Jaq
T®O.L
>
g qysnog
i
oO
a
“poystusn
‘uosiod 10g
s
nO}
5 ‘TROL
a :
| 4
a | 3 “qysnog
= | 8
a Ay
* poystun J
‘uosi0d 10,7
&
Ls
| "1RIOL
& | >
g | ‘
a | WYsNog
s he
SO} e
*poystuin
i
3
~
n

VEGETABLES.

Sweet potatoes (pounds). Beans (pecks).

Irish potatoes (bushels).

State.

PHARAOH HEMOOODNGODA

SBAAABABASHEM SHG

AD AD AD SHAD HAD HOD ONAN Ht tH
ET6- paler Oat sb) 6) ie

SBH CHR OHH ANG

SCNAHNADEADNWDNOAD
gees eaen Wimiasaactcs aaa
BSBA ARV SANG GS

1O + (MOOCOO :oinod

rr) SONS dst om

cmd 1 Qn soo . col

. rH NO

TN | UDDOROG 1ONHS

fag t SSeS egg tates Ba

if i idpdva dete

: £22.00 et

: =

iN ost (One (ONO

+ iS OMAN SSIS

ot ost OOI~ N NN -

. ’ Son]

: :

; tHOwOwoMmM iris
PALIN te te Aarne
PP :
sO crone
’ wm —8& hh

D2 AD OO AD Dt ND OO Bt Ht

AAHONANHMOKDAOOM
SHAN rHdtHrasss
SARBAS ANASSASR

WD AD DO CAD SA Qe et OHNO

WOW AKHOMMIMONO KR

Srp sddsssssoaat
HA CDA CD

PAOD OD NASD

Cabbage (heads).

ks).

Onions (pec

Peas (pecks).

WMOOAMSOSCAOMOCHHOS

Coed Pea a fe Ls ik oe ee ear

mSSsrni dds sistas
BABHASIS Rot

HOINMOHINN tH NORMS
seas as enisies 6 nea nals
Vegugs"g "ide "Rs

HOAMOMatanromoor
RrANSSHSBHSAKRIS
AnBBESs FEROS

ADHDOMHMOOOHONDH

a tal Jala Se NOM @y 6, Se 8 Far hals Se

AHOWM HHAMTEHONON
Booed frit COS CNN
4
.

MINAONW HMO Ho

PANS HA NOH HIDOND
ads Sehr rar oe me Sen Tan see
S one ‘oa ae or

NA MrEOCHANOr MOD

Pees Ose Terms 8 eet eee
G8 ee, ee ee: ew
oe 6 en 8 ek

VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE,

23

TasLe XV.—Average quantity per family and per person of the various articles of food
consumed, the average quantity furnished by the farm, and the quantity bought per
Jamily (950 familves)—Continued.

VEGETABLES—Continued.

Turnips (pecks).

Beets (pecks).

Cucumbers (pecks).

Per family. Per family. Per family.
State. z a . dj 5 a
cs} 8 be} S = cS}
a Fe z a is z = S z
E & | ¢ 5 E % | .)/e/8] 4 B.
is! + my =] ae] he =) i} rey
° ° o oS o o = i} ° o
a fea) & = & joa) is) a ie) Ss Ay
Wiis ecto 5.7 0.8 6.5 1.4 3.9 0.1 4.0 0.8 6.0 0.5 6.5 58}
1 CE Sg Sai 4.2 4 4.6 1.0 Oetilicasces 5.7 1.3 10.7 Lista e ate Os 2.4
ING Yes os ae 3.4 -6 4.0 1.0 -2 1 -3 ap 4.8 | ay 5.5 1.4
1 eee D2. |occcaee 5.2 1.0 DiOv |e nemose 5.5 | ak O07} ol a0 ay
INE et ce oso aeese 3.4 1.2 4.6 1.0 4.2 1.0 5.2 iia 2.0 -3 2c3 ao
1 PH Os ae ee BAO} ecooee 5.0 i ep LAC ese | 5.0 ue sy a ea 1.4 <3
Qa er ecseaec Lied 2 Lao: 3.2 PG! oacane 1.6 Fi a rae bot ee ar [ecto |e
DOX Ge eoeesneie 30.0 16.1 46.1 8.7 1.9 ‘rd Zod Ae. ee | cicSin ictal iceaneinic [Screeners
Obio-22440-65- BOE: |erciccu ms 36.5 8.9 2e0 | pases 2.6 5 sy an eee ee 3.7 a4
Wis) 2822/52 2 coe. L302 ee eR} =o | Eg) poe ee 1.8 4 Or 2Viwen eens 622 1.4
TOW APA eos seee 1.5 Hf 2.2 5 33 zat 3.4 8 2.1 a | 22 -5
Kans... cccsce a Be oo 1.8 4 7 ah a 2.7 .6 1.3 Ep | 1.4 3
1 3 DY: Soe Oeskd |eeense 3.1 .5 50) |e ceweee 5.0 8 10.5 ait 11.2 1.8
Calt eraccsscs- 2.2 6.1 8.3 a af 2 1.8 2.0 4 4.6 4.2 8.8 1.8
| }
Tomatoes (pecks). Sweet corn (dozens). Squash (pounds)
Vib cee cee = wiesine 0.6 2.2 2.8 0.6 11 4.6 5.7 172 eee Co ee eee 29.0 6.0
MG octet sccsees 10.6 a2 10.8 2.4 40.4 4 40.8 O52) 6010) |e ace 66.9 15.0
INGE Y csi soc cnee 9.4 -6 10.0 2.5 20. 4 2.8 23.2 5.8 26:10! decease 26.0 6.5
Paesdsos ee D0 4 cece 20.4 3.9 | 40.4 1.2] 41.6 SO! te ees Igoe eae Na eae Dal iy eg oe
ING Tse ose tes Atal omens 47.1 10.0 | 43.7 9 44.6 SO | ete ere | ee eee, Deen al ee
ING ses soo Vo O7 00 ones 27.0} 6.0] 46.3 ial eABr Sf LO; 4 olG cee ene ic Sel ek oe
(Ch a Ae eee ee 20.0 3.8 | 23.8 4.4 28.6 4.3 32.9 Gis Rie aet ee eles oad eae ee
OX Sec par | 12.1 14.8 2.8 7.9 17.5 25.4 PFS emcee | Sea ee ee | Ie 8 ee
Ohioeie:22. 24. 17.1 SOU ARON oe 4s | ele O) | 125 1 O70) het lous [eke at |e ee eae
WWilsecce2. sosuea 8.8 Ay MOo2) |e dads eOed ess NOON) | nay Gie. ce ek alle ac Paver
Towa.........-- 14.4 9 15.3 4.1 24.0 10.3 34.3 RL ee ck eee ee oe ee ed laminae
MGANIS# ee eae By 6.5 20. 2 4.5 4.1 Py i 6.8 IDE SS bos Geeta los ct as|eoecte s
INE Daikes 2 connec 17.6 4 18.0 2.9 2259" | ectccce 22.9 SBA DSi Oh) Seecee 18. SPe)
Cale seecse ssc 8.6 13:0 21.6 4.4 13.8 6.8 20.6 4.2 21.6 | 32.3 53.9 11.0
Carrots (pecks). Melons (number).
Vitiereae noe ecaae re OAS |e are 2.4 OS Dy| See callaceeeee| "esees anes
IE Goo ere raiayerllowtclete slell nia aiaiaie% |stats o.s.2| oo Selves oo oa |b cade kwmeSers|oo cawee
INE Yosece cee een ee nee ison cclecamonn ls ce meac|ansean (baste celkcdececlscescce
| Et nee ae eee Deiidl| Ssscte cies 3.7 Mit Geacisats|| hale ee | seers [aidene Se
SIN ete ics crs ees | ae crcl mee | eaters losers vars 126.6 Sed | oled. | 2820
INE Oe 22 on con saleseceea ssw a aetsael ooo oes iy fai) eae 67.5 15.0
Gene nem de occassions |serneee|ssa nons 10856" |Sa-5.5- 108.6 | 20.0
LG Xen aa a | cae ae | een eect (Sac aneiline con cclsceconclecaeces
ONIOEE Fasee nae ensctacelsc ees |tece cde eos mses lsiceates| socceme |p ceceSs|oeeeace
WAS Sere ean acces obese oeecceuceleccaeen Occ aosts|2sccccsldekecaccleccesee
WOW Senne ek ln ceiocmclacce sas 'scasacre| oa come 18.8 6.6 | 25.4 6.0
CATS eee cers cte |Miarenrsis (Baca. 2/8 | oles oetetel| Scan ice l2cUbiceneees 72.0 16.0
ING Dake as2hes Bedi erercrersiecs Real 4) 9.3 9.3 18.6 3.0
Cale eee set soc cne [Sseeee eee seae soos 6 aaefseck oo 14.1 74.1 88. 2 18.0

Tables XVI and XVII were prepared to bring to the attention of
the reader more forcibly the articles most frequently bought and
those most generally supplied by the farm in the different sections,
and to point out more graphically the regional variations in these

conditions.

24 BULLETIN 410, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

TaBLE XVI.—Percentage of articles of food bought (950 families).

Articles. . e
~
>la

Coffees actt 286 seSiieese 100 | 100
COC0dt Seneca oa. cece ss 100 | 100
fA: I Se 100 | 100
SUSE teeta oc secs osc5cncd 100 | 100
Dal fee we eee Seno see 100 | 100
MJ OUereeeceee eee ceaee 100 | 100
Cormimoedl ane a ee 100 | 100
Oatmeal eet ee ee 100 | 100
Other cereals..............-. 100 | 100
Graham flour...........-..- 100 | 100
TUICH nee ee eee | 100 | 100
Raisins--220. 7 eee 100 | 100
DITUPSe Scent chess eee 26 | 100
bOMONS! 652 tik sack ees 100 | 100
Oranpessa5-is5:.20 a scie aoe 100 | 100
Bananas eases) asses ee 100 | 100
Buckwheat...............-.- ASA ater

OPK ce eee ee 21 | 25
BOGE: soe ses ee ee oe ee 39 | 14

GFBDOS joss sss ssclceeccese 100 | 23
trae ee ee ee Ee | 100

Potatoes, Irish.............. 1 2
Potatoes, sweet... ........-.!....- | 100
IBOANS. aascccicssues si ae eet ot

Tomatoes

6 |
50)

48 100 |

9| 47|
5| 21
100 | 100

VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE.

TaBLE XVII.—Percentage of articles of food furnished by farm (950 families).

Articles. tb

43 o . a

See ee (PS
(Of (2). os Sa ane cal Pe a ss be letaee
WOCcod sete eiseter eee eee ool oa eel eee ercce [oe ereual
AL NS es Sar Ree i eek ee | ee Fe ed a Ce
BUPaRi cs os ccictts eae tence e sel ech beep nl leec ee AllLaclec
(SETS PGR OC HOS § SSC Sse meena fe ee ©) ieee me | Drees
HL QUIIe baie cromaiatedoe see neietis | cen -<|l'scr melee 5
Gomimesl 26.3 tases oe se eee cee 47
Opticals sso occa eee eel oses | oo. cn ees ieee
Othencereals. 2542 case ees os oe | ee i See ee
Grahannnours .ctosa-sseeal en = less a. ee ee nee:
IRICOE os brie cde ee Saeceeatae te oo. Verein ecate >
RGISINS 5-6 5 221'= io cdeiesisteses sl strech <ecs|ecees| ows
PINUPS see siento a= See TA Neisyss5| AB. lee stan
WHOMIONS S iosise.s sees cie ds saere ete te ce [eek ool aeniere |
Oranges? arse Seiten mace: ol cece |tesecl souks
BANANAS ees cca sss bos] ee |e tae GAs
Buckwheat :. <2.) 2.200220. fhe acme 62: |e=2<<
JPOP Kens etase seis ee eaes 7 75 | 66] 85
BOO fe ad salting adiemis ho ce bites = 61 86 39 32
Poulthyssses ese aes ae-can se 100 | 99} 99 | 100
isles bis ceese sae to Pete ct ae ih es eerie
Biuttormille 22s eh tee le elec esleersice
Cream 2-52-20 - ont ge-ns- 5 100 | 100 | 100 |-.....
MILK Se Sace ieee dat ecccesc 100 99 | 100 99
IBULLON eeree est ko eee es 48 | 57] 36] 58
Cheese scecato. se aa5- tees oc aileecn ye ee ee)
NP BSt eee ectscectnd= Se ae.) 100 7} 95} 100
PONG Ys sass see Se leone 47 | 22] 50
7X0) ) CE eer aoeriae seers sore 83 | 98 | 100} 76
IPOMCHOS Saintes ano nemai= cs sn |oe tons 1 pl esos 25
IPINMS 2233s 2 scenes ae. se Dy Pos ileenee 94
ROAIS: ce scccei sae sactanen se 8] 75] 69} 95
BOLTlOSa2'0is 50's mie'=eieiciein os on 30 | 82] 68] 92
@herriessss22s552. 5: fees ch eo ee. SOtlsa.- 88
GTADES ere snccemiece ae aeale aciae|t eee 77 | 61} 100
Bindappless.kcseerceseee soeal dates nae 2 <|ocaoc| Soc
IPTUNESi sce sige ke tla ss oa Sache aeke tl Esc ccllese oct
Potatoes, irish\y2-2- 22.22... 99} 98] 98] 93
ROLELOCS AS WC. 2. esse aber sles See ic dec
ISGATIS a Sita accesses teem eas 91] 76 | 97
[2S eae er eee ene 88] 99] 95] 92
@nionsoscc eect ees 11 6| 32 79
Cabbage...-..-..--.-----.-- 86] 71] 58] 94
{Maat OOHRS ARE ages said Serene 88 | 92] 84] 100
RRO LS hned eeiee a cnie da stesncrns 97 | 100} 85} 100
@ticumbers= 22. 5-- 4-2e--cs32 92 | 100} 88] 99
FROMALORS Sein< 6 2.3.55 Gs cjacis nic. 20} 98] 941 100
Sweet Cort... 5 ssecclene we 19} 99] 88] 97
Hquashse cs2o-n asec eas sas 100 | 100 | 100
Carrots. Gaiiesciswde 2e2 28s LOOM Eero 100 | 100
Melons:ers = teh ese cetera lees Elec acc lane's

BB. | Oo ser ers

e . [as] o

Z Z o a

|

ORE eee Ce
coat 86 | 67 | 24
Eel 44| 58 |.....
78 | 99| 99] 82
811) 99 || Bane se.
100 | 100 | 100 | 100
ne cael 100 | 100 | 100
FC) | a ae Bee Ee
92 | 100 | 100 | 98
69 | 99 | 100 | 100
16) lsc >
100 | 100 | 100 | 100
86 | 88} 90] 54
S3qeO4 | (Stile...
57) 99] 94]...--
50 |...-- 100 |.-...
97 | 100 | 100 |.-.-.
70 | 100} 70 |-.....
1) eee a ee
92 | 51005]... 2}...
96 | 99| 99] 38
95 | 100 | 98 1
98 | 94] 98] 31
93 | 99 | 100] 25
79 | 100 | 99] 62
87| 99] 99] 16
73 | 100 | 99] 65
8) | 100 | 100 | 90
86) O00 |eececleese2
100 | 100 | 84] 18
98] 99] 87] 31
96 | 100 | 100 |.....

25

6 A a ¥2)
ai S)&)/a1|Ale
O1iFilsSiNizils
|

laetelcuenulandet lost| <wens
1 feseee 66 + ene eee
fd eee OD isarc el oenivealatelens
es | e391) ae ee Sie ee
Bee | eae Soe eae aaa 29
Se ee (eee eee ee 20
94 90 98 93 92 61
50 48 51 65 65 3
100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 99
LOO Mas. 100 | 100 GO! lceece
100 95 | 100 | 100 99 83
93 60 98 94 91 64
Pi eed sera 84 20 13
100 98 | 100 | 100 | 100 99
3 30 66 Soe: 31
64] 74] 80] 66] 5] 67
0 ae 4 60) | zee 70
Ly oe OB! | cece = 53 | 100
90 23 29 GLa Riera 7
72| 92] 65] 67| 42| 26
83 91 85 91 47 72
100 | 95 91 Od Alera 13
Geen ol aisiees | Sat [male | eee 87
71 97 95 79 98 20
LO se oe cen Secee | meee |e
60 64 45 53 TL | Se OL
73| 68| 65| 67} 96| 44
89 85 56 ie 88 | 22
99 | 100 72 22 98 32
100 | 100 70 86 | 100 26
100 | 100 97 | 100 | 100 ll
109 | 100 96 97 94 52
95 96 | 94 68 98 40
93 81 70 60 | 100 67
Be et Pees Peet 100 40
A Ae a oa Pein LOO} eee
a eee 74 | 100 50 16

A general résumé of the average quantities of each article of food
consumed per person and per family for all the families visited is given
in Table XVIII. There is considerable difference between the diets
of the families in the Southern States and those in the Northern and

Western States.

The southern families, for instance, use large quan-

tities of buttermilk and sweet potatoes and relatively less of whole

milk and Irish potatoes.

This table, therefore, is divided into 2
groups, separating the averages of the families in the 3 Southern
and those in the 11 Northern and Western States.
relative importance of each item of food in the average family’s
annual total food consumption; the per cent bought and that fur-
nished by the farm is also shown for each article of food.

It shows the

26 BULLETIN 410, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

TasLe XVIII.— Average annual consumption of various articles of food (950 families).

Average of 150 families visited in | Average of 800 families visited in 11

three Southern States. Northern and Western States.
| Quantitiescon- | Percentage of Quantities con- Percentage of
Articles and units. sumed. total. sumed. total.
Fur- Fur-
Per Per . Per Per :
person. | family. Bought. pe person. | family, |Bought. pene
Groceries: .
Bananas..........dozen.. 1.3 6.5 DU eer 3.0 13.8
Bread bought...pounds. . 4.5 23.9 LOO} (seems 41.6 194.8
Buckwheat.......-. GOseae | eee nese ns lesse area] sacs Sees |poosoeses 4.9 les |
COCORt seas erat et d0.22< a0! bare 100) |22c22e52% 1 LE 5.7
Cofléeccec-os22 ss do.... Tak 39.0 100 \oecoeshun 8.2 38.4
Corn meal......... do. 97.9 502.1 41 59 10.9 50.4
MOURA 2 oaeca tee do. 250.3 | 1,253.4 90 10 195.1 913.2
Craham flour...... GO a ncde cee | a oeeoee: | aateeseee (ope e 2.0 10.2
Lemons........-- dozen. . a) 246 LOOM Seeaccos 1.4 6.4
Oatmeal........ pounds. . 3.8 20.0 U1) Eee 15.4 69.7
Other cereals,..... G0:-5. 8 3.9 100} | iceene S52 5.2 23.8
OTaneess- -.22see dozen. . .6 3.3 100 eee 2.0 9.3
Raisins .-22--- ee pounds 3.2 16.7 1 (Ue Peers 5.4 24.8
IRIGOD Be) ot cack do.. 5:7 28.9 100: | -se<n28<5 4.6 21.8
Salt2a.s8ee-ceesee do. 4.4 22.5 100} |eeeceeee 12.5 60. 4
Sinps2-222e4oe- gallons 3.0 15.6 66 34 1.8 8.2
Sugar. sss cwss pounds 60.3 305.5 LOOT Seeeeeoce 86.8 402.5
eat a2eckecSeacee do ao 1.4 100)||Seecceces 1.5 7.4
Meat products:
Beefise5:o:<s0'saisieecas dz. 16.1 83.8 75 25 59.5 283.9 54 46
WISH ga. cO ace: doc... 1:5 7.6 100 eee eet 10.8 51.7 100) | eee:
Lard bought....... do. 2.9 15.3 100) | oacSeeea 5.5 26.2 100° |....2225%-
OLKses- eee oe do. 132-1 672.9 7 93 114.3 536.8 17 83
Poultry products:
(POULIEY =. stoma do.... 58.0 90658 Vosecccsee 100 45.4 D072 | secccewes 100
Lf eee dozen..| 30.8] 157.2 ]......... 100 33.6 | 156.8 1 99
Dairy products: t
Butter: <.coseass pounds. . 45.6 2osul dl geese eee 100 30.6 143.4 30 70
Buttermilk...... quarts..| 388.6 | 1,984.1 |......... 100 Niece ccoewe|Scccec oos|esesac ee sl eeeeeeee
Cheese........-- pounds. . 10 5.3 93 i 3.9 18.5 81 19
Greamie. 22 ese: GQUBTISS2|- cites laactinceesl lovee aces ls sas—e sae 6.6 32.6 2 98
Milky = aoe do... 68.9 331.1 1 99 196.9 917.5 3 97
Honey: oi%c008 201 pounds 1.8 9.3 23 77 1.3 6.0 59 41
Fruits: |
Apples..c<s<=-- bushels. - 1.8 8.7 41 59 3.0 13.7 28 72
Berries 03 .s<ss5- quarts. . 15.4 l2ad 43 57 10.6 48.4 36 64
Cherries.......---- CO amish |e ae ete |S os taiata | een tec eee 7.4 33.5 27 73
Grapes.s.2..<<2 pounds. . 5.7 Vg Eee 100 5.9 27.3 38 62
Peach@Sincecc ss ced: do... 90. 4 457.7 36 64 21.8 103.2 74 26
Pears sc sc.asece aes Go-cz. 15.3 73.3 67 11.2 54.7 45 55
Pineapples..... MOMS | ose oe oe oe See eee asl eee s hl 5.2 100: |23sc2es
PINS 2 oe nce pounds.. 1.0 St SW) Aree 100 5.4 26.8 46 54
Vegetables:
Beans :..2.--=2<5.- -Pecks.. 4.0 20.2 26 74 y Fit 12.4 28 72
Beats. vice een ene do 6 2.9 3 97 it! 3.5 12 88
Cabbage.......... heads 13.3 64.5 29 71 11.1 51.4 26 74
Carrots 22322 =-a DOCKS. | Fac hoe seca S| eecaeee ne lneee eee 2 30) |oaeacneee 100
Cucumbers.......- docs. Pal Big Peecansce 100 1:2 5.6 9 91
Melons......-..- number. . 11.7 LAY al Pee ee 100 6.5 30.6 33 67
Onions: Jocoe~ = ag 1 YA 8.3 13 87 1.2 5.8 43 57
POSS22 sccasoacedess a 1:5 7.8 38 62 Lz 5.4 20 80
Potatoes, Irish. 5 SEE : 2.0 10.2 21 79 To 83.5 14 86
Potatoes, sweet.pounds..} 195.6 994.7 34 66 22.0 103. 2 85 15
SQUSSN nese cc cc en DO va5.4 can aesns|semacee sal eeeaieaceleeesees ss 3.8 7. 12 88
Sweet corn....... dozen. . reel 35.0 28 2 5.5 26. 2 21 79
Tomatoes .......- pecks.. 4.4 21.9 33 67 3.7 21.3 18 82
"TUOIMIDS sine sien omc do.... 4.3 22.8 12 88 176 dak 16 84

RELATIVE CONSUMPTION OF FOOD BY FAMILIES ON OWNED AND RENTED FARMS.

For all areas where the number of tenants was sufficient to
warrant the division, the families were divided into two groups,
those living on their own farms and those renting farms. Table
XIX shows figures for these divisions, giving the average size of

VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE, PAE |

family, the average consumption of food per person, and the per-
centage of the food bought and furnished by the farm. There seems
to be a slight tendency for the owner families to be larger than the
tenant families, though it is not sufficiently marked to warrant fur-
ther mention of it, the average of the 601 owner families visited being
4.8 persons and that of the tenant families 4.7 persons.

The difference between the two groups in the consumption of food
per person is more pronounced. With the exception of the Maine
and Iowa areas, the owner families use more food per person than
the families renting farms. The average consumption per person of
all the families living on their own farms is $100.60 and that of the
tenant families is $90.57, a difference of $10 per person and $48 per
family. The reason for this difference is probably, in part, that the
owner families are as a class better off than the tenant families.

The tenants seem to buy a slightly greater proportion of their food
than do the owners. This fact does not hold true in all the areas,
but the average for the 11 areas studied shows that the owner fami-
lies buy 40 per cent of the food they use and the tenants about 43
per cent. This slight variation may not have any significance, but
it is probably true that for a series of years the fruit trees and gardens
on the average tenant farm do not receive the attention they do on
the farms operated by owners. The tenant’s first care is his rent,
and he may devote more time to his crops and live stock than to the
farm food products for family use.

TaBLE XIX.—Comparison of food used on ownea and on rented farms, showing part
bought and part furnished by the farm.

Percentage of total
ood—
Number | Average wena :
County and State. Tenure. offami-| sizeof | tion Be
lies. family. sit Fur-

IY * | Bought. |nished by

farm.
Owners......----- 139 4.5] $94.72 52.6 47.4
Oxford, Me...--.-.----+--++++-- 9 3.6| 97.87 62.2 37.8
45 4.0] 93.95 49.2 50.8
Otsego, N. Y 10 4.0] 93.24 49.8 50.2

9 : 22. 56 1 8.
Gloucester, N. J 32 58 ay 13 25 2 re
44 4.4] 93.80 16.3 83.7
Gaston, N.C it 4.9| 71.81 24.3 75.7
36 5.7| 89.82 20.6 79.4
Troup, Ga..---------+----+++++- 4 4.9 84.22! 25.2 74.8
21 5.7| 93.88 43.6 56. 4
McLennan, Tex 23 | 5.4] 83.70 43.7 56.3
: : 25 4. 92. 39 33.0 67.0
Champaign, Ohio 19 Doty cones 34.2 65.8
” 4, 102.71 32.2 67.8
Montgomery, Iowa 7 el is 35.4 64.6
P 29 4.4| 103.73 35.5 64.5
Cloud, Kans Steheelaielatahavehetedhajeesanere 17 4:7 92. 90 34,1 65.9
i 71 6.5 | 109.85 41.5 58.5
Cass, N. Dak 38 5.7 101.08 43.4 56. 6
Owners Soese a5. os. 65 4.9 103. 27 64.7 35.3
Santa Clara, Cal.............-..- Arenants Mew Sela 19 5.1] ~ 95.97 64.8 35.2
a, Owners: )... 2.2%. 601 4.8| 100.60| 40.1 59.9
Allfamilies..............- Tenants........... | 206 4.7| 90.57 42.9 57.1

28 BULLETIN 410, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
CANNING ON THE FARM.

Canning is an important means of preserving and storing fruits and
vegetables on the farm for future use. The average number of quart
cans “‘put up” per family for the farms visited (Table XX) was 122
of fruit and 32 of vegetables, making a total of 154 quart cans. The
most canning was done in the New Jersey area, the average family
here ‘‘ putting up” 172 quarts of fruit and 58 quarts of vegetables, or a
total of 230 quart cans.

Not many vegetables are canned on the farm. The most common
vegetable used for this purpose is the tomato. Canned peas and corn
used on the farm table are usually bought. This is probably due to
the fact that efficient canning methods for handling vegetables are not
known to many housekeepers.

The most common fruits used for home canning are peaches and
berries. Many farmers buy peaches for canning purposes, but
peaches are not generally bought for immediate use unless the price
happens to be unusually low. An increase in the variety and quan-
tity of home-grown fruit would greatly increase the consumption of
fresh fruit on the farm and encourage canning for winter consumption.

A knowledge of better methods of canning, insuring better keeping
qualities and greater ease of performing the work, would no doubt
increase canning on the farm to good advantage, particularly in the
case of vegetables. Housekeepers generally realize that it is cheaper
to can home-grown products than it is to buy them and also insures
better quality, but with the old method the many hours of extra labor
before a hot stove is a big discouraging factor.

TABLE XX.—Average number of quart cans ‘‘put up” on the farm.

Fruit. Vegetables. Total.

County and State. |

Per Per Per Per Per Ter
family. | person. | family. person. | family. | person.

Gloucester, NiJ2.-- ccs. 26a ee concen =e=5- 172 37 58 | 12 230 49
Oxford, M6... 20 --c--.--6-5522- 27-502 =* 62 14 21 | 5 83 19
Ones N. Dak: 2) c.s5.- 9.500525 5cnesaceabs 105 17 28 5 133 22
Santa Clara, Cal-.....<.-=-----.----------- 149 30 20 | 4 169 34

Average, all families..............--- 122 24 32 6 154 | 31

STORAGE OF FOOD ON THE FARM.

The farm is not only a source of food products, but it also serves
as an ample place of storage. It is not possible to have fresh vege-
tables and fruits on hand every day, as it is eggs and milk. In order,
then, to have vegetables and fruits from the farm at times other than
the short period during which they are in season, some means of
storage is necessary. Cellars, caves, pits, and basements in barns

VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE, 29

serve as storage places for vegetables and fruits. Probably as much
as 30 per cent of the vegetables furnished by the farm are stored for
later use by the farm family, and potatoes, the most important
vegetable, are stored for at least nine months of the year in sections
other than the South. Apples may easily be.stored for six months.

Sweet potatoes, cabbages, white beans, beets, and onions may be
stored for some time without any special preparation. Some vege-
tables and fruits are dried and kept in this form. Many families store
their fruits and vegetables and find it unnecessary to buy at any time
of the year.

About 30 per cent of the meat consumed by the farmers is meat
that is supplied by the farm and stored for a certain length of time.
This is made possible by the several available methods of curing.
The most common method of curmg meat is smoking. A special
room or building is needed for this process, but the fuel used is
generally wood of little value. There seems to be a tendency to do
less curing of meat on the farm, owing probably to efforts to elimi-
nate house labor.

-A scheme for having a farm supply of fresh meat during the sum-
mer months is practiced in certain communities. A ‘‘beef club”’ is
organized among a dozen or more farmers who trade beef. A mem-
ber will butcher a beef animal, and it will be distributed equally
among the members. The other members will take turns in sup-
plying an animal in other weeks. When a difference in quantity
occurs between members it is equalized at a fair rate per pound.
They may have a butcher who gets the hide and tallow for his work.
By this system the farmers can have fresh beef during the summer

at farm prices.
FUEL.

The farm serves as an important source of fuel for the average
farm family. Fifty-four per cent (Table XXI) of the fuel used by
the families visited was supplied by the farm. The average value
of the fuel used per family was $55.14. This, however, does not
include kerosene used by occasional families for cooking during the
summer.

The average consumption of coal was 2.6 tons per family. In
the North Dakota area the average family used 3.7 tons of hard coal
and 3.1 tons of soft coal. In addition to the wood and coal used,
as indicated in Table XXI, the average family in the Kansas area
used 12 loads of corncobs, and in the Iowa area 7.8 loads.

30 BULLETIN 410, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

TABLE XXI.—Average annual consumption of fuel and oil per family; percentage of fuel
bought and furnished by farm (950 families).

Coal. Wood. Total fuel. Oil.
Location of regions in which
aiuny was made (county Fur- :
and State). - | Tons. | Value. | Cords. | Value. | Value. Bought. ee an Value.
| farm
Per ct. | Per ct

Oxford; Mel. 2: 22. eisecean a 0.9 | $6.39 13.5 | $46.40 | $52.79 74 26 63.0 $7. 56
Mamoille; Wb cons aces -ses8 | mat 1.01 14.3 | 65.40] 66.41 4 96 39.0 4.61
Otsego; Ns VY S22 S.cnise esas | 2.5 | 16.00 12.3 | 54.80] 70.80 24 76 56.6 5.79
IBNICKS 5 EA snore eacee aces | 4.9 | 26.90 6.2 19.00 | 45.90 61 39 63.0 6.37
Glojicester, IN. J).2-2--'02-- 36 | 4.7 | 30.69 5.6 | 20.91] 51.60 70 30 92.0 9.20
Gaston’ Ns Cre cc25.2 eee eceles ceo ass eaee 14.0} 43.58] 43.58 4 96 22.0 3.10
EETOUD MG dees ceweeeiae tae Sosloedetecs|-oceeee= 17.8 |; (81.60) 51.160) |_. d.2232 100) 34.5 5.18
Molennan; Lex sccjc2- sce: 2.0:| 17:35 6.1 19.30 | 36.65 89 11] 55.4 7.58
Champaign, Ohio.........-.- 6.7.) 23.70 12.0} 32.50] 56.20 46 54 50.0 4.88
JOMOPSON;, WIS =ceccces clees 0 = 3.0 | 20.76 7.5 | 38.80] 59.50 40 60 46.7 5.78
Montgomery, Iowa......-..-. 3.9 | 29.57 4.8 | 22.40 |159.77 49 51 56.0 6.92
@lotid) | WANS. «2s... cone ccenn= 1.4 12.70 4.9 12.20 | 2 31.00 42 58 81.4 ial
Casss Ne Dake: 522-52 36.8 | 62.00 5.6 | 38.75 | 100.75 83 17 61.3 7.97
Santa Clara, Cal....... eee 3 2.84 7.4 | 42.58] 45.42 56 44 53.0 6.36

Average, all families...| 2.6 | 17.85 | 9.4| 36.30] 55.14 46 54| 55.3] 6.33

1 Includes $7.80 worth of cobs.
2 Includes $6.10 worth of cobs.
33.7 tons hard coal and 3.1 tons soft coal.

The consumption of wood per family and per person is shown
in Table XXII. The average quantity of wood used per family is
9.4 cords. The farm supplied, on an average, 8.2 cords and 1.2
cords were bought. The farm thus furnishes 87 per cent of the
wood used for the families visited. The farm wood lot, the orchard,
and scattered trees cn the farm furnish the wood for the wood stove.

TaBLeE XXII.—Annual consumption of wood per family and per person (950 families).

Consumption per family.

: Con-
Location of regions in which study was made (county and l sumption
State). | Fur- per
Total. | Bought. nished by) person.
farm.
Cords. Cords. Cords. Cords.

Oxford 7 MG 2s:o5s see en Foose eee sae aeaee teres Ome aaoisls Saree aie 13.5 0.9 12.6 3.0
picid Whi s cak une cade 6 6o isa at a Je eens ee 14.3 14 13.9 3.0
OUSEPOS ING Yo sce ciccrece Se suc erhewisie diss sayals wiagore seaiatanare om a iciatne eee oe 12.3 2 12.1 3.1
BUCKS; Par ec Se sO ae COS Ae a ee areata ns een ae 6.2 4 5.8 1.2
Gloucester, Niwiso20. cco soe ee cote ere see teas -eeee aneweeeee 5.6 1.4 4.2 1.2
Gastoniy iN: (C:s6 sec ace scase ae eee ee ee ems 14.0 -6 13.4 3:1
TTOUDs (GB) hin thie Nace wo we acess See ees gas oe ae eee ily Eig) Meares 17.8 3.3
Mcliennani: T Ox sc55,00 2 aoc ace ccmetea ys <tetneoe ese ete ewe seas 6.1 4.8 1.3 11
Champaign; Ohi0...$2-ccese. woot tac oat pe ee een eeers 12.0 =k 11.3 2.9
Jotfersaniy Wisi sa.) «.Socde es cee ee eee ea 7.5 6 6.9 ri
Moriteomery. lowes 622222222 Set tm apart sree inate eerie ie es 4°8 les ese ae 4.8 U4
Cloud Kans. a. f. 302 ies ee ee eee ce ee 4.9 ai 4.8 11
CASS Dales con tors el annama be tee ee eee aie 5.6 3.1 2.5 .9
Sante Clara, Calis. 2. 4516s g. renee teen een aren eae aso ee 7.4 3.9 3.5 1.5
Average, ‘all families. 222.55 2ct2 vedi dsd scone eddeene sa 9.4 1.2 8.2 | 2.0

VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE, aL

Kerosene oil is used both for lighting and cooking. Some gasoline
was used for cooking but very little for lighting purposes. Of the 127
families visited in New Jersey, 78 used kerosene or gasoline stoves for:
cooking, 9 used acetylene gas and 4 electricity for lighting. In the
Maine area 42 of the 148 families visited used kerosene stoves for
cooking and kerosene was used exclusively for lighting. In North
Dakota 54 of the 109 families used kerosene or gasoline for cooking,
and for lighting 2 used acetylene and 1 used electricity. In Cali-
fornia, of the 84 families interviewed, 30 used kerosene or gasoline
stoves for cooking, and for lighting 8 used electricity and 2 used
acetylene gas. We can thus see that nearly half of these farmers do
some cooking with kerosene and gasoline, but that practically all of
them use kerosene lamps for lighting.

USE OF HOUSE ON THE FARM.

‘

The business of most farms demands almost constant attention
throughout the year and it is therefore to the advantage of the farmer
to make his home on the farm. A house is thus a necessary improve-
ment on a farm, and is often an important part of its real estate value.
Investigations made by the United States Department of Agriculture
indicate that in the eastern part of the United States the value of
the house is commonly 20 per cent or more of the value of the farm.
On the higher-priced corn-belt farms this percentage is more generally
from 5 to 10 per cent. Improvements to the house tend to enhance
the value of the farm. The interest on the investment in the house
and the cost of maintenance of it are paid for by the farm business,
and are not personal expenses to the farmer. He may be said to
have his house rent furnished free by the farm.

An attempt is made to arrive at a value of what the use of the house
is worth to the farmer. ‘The value of the house seems the only basis
upon which the rental value can be determined.

Table XXIII shows the average value of the farmhouse and its
rental value for the sections studied. The present value is the
farmer’s estimate of what his house is worth to-day. The average
value of the farmhouses for the 825 farmers giving estimates was
$1,322. This value, however, varies from $560 in the North Carolina
area to $1,880 in the New York area.

The rental value of the house is taken as 10 per cent of its present
value. ‘This is assumed to be a fair charge for interest, depreciation,
insurance, repairs, and taxes. The average annual rental value of the
houses for these farms is thus $132.

32 BULLETIN 410, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

TaBLE X XITI.—Average total value and annual rental value of farm dwellings.

Number | Average | Average Hyera e
County and State. offarm | sizeof | value of | Jie ae
houses. | family. | house. a
Se.

OXfOTA HM Ose cca: ccrciguicsttesmatt Sele face us Peas arte e ees ies 146 4.5 $1, 112 $111
WAIOIIG, Woes coal scctec enc caee ks aetna Gin eee 31 4.7 930 93
OUSCEG, ING Mocs Ss sas te ae tee set tse San see Ery eee eereemene aes 28 4.0 1, 880 188
Bucks * Par swonceiscicis nc sccrcicrene mate ama eases nncwreds Seeger eae ne 22 4.9 1,632 163
Gloucester DNS Ji <5 2.55% - -o5s 5 asech s fiecicm inn see sSote- ese 126 4.7 1,600 160
SASEON INS Coe = cosaeeeee ane I es A OR eS eT eee ae ee 51 4.5 560 56
IPROUp, GBs) ens.cdennic) chien ernemee Me eee Ee nae neared gested hese s 40 5.4 920 92
MeDennany exc. ooo. gee se ee ee ee ee ee eee 42 5.3 834 83
Champaign, ‘Ohi0. <.. 222-623 2. -ddeee ps sctis se eecet ec oeeeee eee 34 4.1 1,724 172
Tetiersan, Wis ofc22/.o0h aces cnccste sn eck gto ceet eeamaed 40 4.2] 1,297 130
Montgomery, Towa: -25<<i- sc ece+ tage oye Seek os oceeue bees eee 37 4.2 1,580 158
TOU IKCSTIS sos eee oee oe tee altar. ee ee ee 36 cows 1, 160 116
CassliN a DAK eter esceearet dane oop ee aeeee pe eee ee note 109 6. 2 1, 754 175
Santa Clara, Cal...... here heya a Pek poate ol aes cp Sea tel 83 4.9 | 1,528 153

Average, allhouses: =. 252.2 jee Sc seen Sosa eee = See noe 825 4.7 | 1,322 132

|

THE SIZE OF THE HOUSE.

Table XXIV points out some interesting facts. The tabulation
has been made by size of houses expressed in number of rooms. It
will be seen that in all States the average size of family on farms
having houses of from 8 to 9 rooms is markedly larger than on those
having houses of 7 rooms or less. There is no consistent relationship
between these two groups of families in the consumption of food or
fuel per person.

Families living in 8 and 9 room houses and those living in 10-room
houses show different relationships. Here the size of family is
practically constant, showing that the large houses are not needed
for the accommodation of more people. The quantity of food con-
sumed per person on these farms increases directly with the size of
house, and there is a tendency, though not very marked, for the
greater consumption of fuel in the larger houses.

These facts would indicate that farmers living in the largest houses,
and who also are the highest consumers of food and fuel, have better
farm incomes and probably live on the farms of most efficient size.

Studies conducted by the United States Department of Agriculture
indicate that on the farm the amount of money invested in the house
is in direct proportion to the income up to a certain point.

VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE. 33

TABLE XXIV.—Relation of size of house to size of farm, size of family, food consumption
per person, and value of house.

Average Consum

; I mileoas Persons Average
County and State. are Cae ee ooo per aoe oe value of
(acres). family. perscn. | house.

{2 and less#2 352.52. 32 38 3.7 | $152.52 $987
GloucestarsiNs Je... sseeee eee sae Band Orc veces wens 48 67 4.6 118. 41 1,591
l10 and over... 2. 46 92 5.4} 120.83 2) 237
ANG 1ESS SS saaie. 50 84 3.9 88. 28 2
OXIOLO MO esc eer esas cea rf BNO asta es onse 48 109 4.8 92. 30 1,091
10 and over......- 48 148 4.7 102. 80 1, 624
7 and Jesse ..c.c<<16 56 333 5.5 103. 51 998
@ass; No Dals. 225... $04--- 5-60 Siand Oss oo secu 27 458 6.9 101.70 2, 240
10 and over....... 26 706 6.9 118.70 2,900
jo and Jess....--.. 25 48 4.1 91. 24 738
Santa Claras/Cal..-..-225-.-.2..- 6:80G-7.2.225-22-0 33 39 5.3 98. 40 1,516
8 and over......-. 25 | 52 5.4 Mss 7t 2, 335

HOUSEHOLD LABOR.

The subject of household labor is included in this study, as it has
an important bearing on the business operations of the farm. Con-
ditions are generally such that the hired help have to board with
the farm family. The housewife often cares for the family garden,
does the laundry work for the household, and at times churns the
butter. In doing so, she is contributing to the success of the farm,
and is performing productive labor for that farm.

On the farms studied in this inquiry comparatively little help was
hired for doing housework, most of the work being done by the
farmer’s wife and other members of the family. More than three-
fourths of the families visited did not hire any labor for housework.
Table XXV shows the average value of the house labor per family
and per person for each section and the proportion of this hired. It
will be noticed that on an average 5 per cent of the labor was hired,
this per cent varying from 1 to 15.

The average value of the house labor for all families visited was
$228 per family and $49 per person. This value was determined by
securing the wife’s estimate of what she would have to pay a house-
keeper to do the work for her. These estimates were based on the
prevailing wages of domestic help in each region.

One of the serious difficulties confronting the farmer’s wife is the
labor problem. Domestic help is hard to get and often inefficient
when secured. Along with this problem goes that of boarding the
hired man. The average hired man demands more meat and a
greater variety of diet than the wife would go to the trouble of pre-
paring as a regular thing if the family alone were to be served. A
tenant house on the large farm, permitting the hiring of married help,
would tend to solve the house labor problem.

34 BULLETIN 410, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

TabLie XXV.— Value of household labor per family and per person; percentage of labor
hired (950 families).

Value of labor.

Percent-
age
County and State. oe ae of labor
family. | person. d.

Oxford, Mo? ss2c2 secon sticsaginees tee eons oo S een esa geaee ae]nae sae eee ee $238 $53 3
Lamoille, Vt.........-- Ea ees bee ais SA cna. Bete chence SACS ae ee 182 38 1
Otsegon Ne V2 se2 est acc odecedelahasetnct Salcnlesicsiaresetzare sain Jat cego eee 221 56 3
BUCKS, Paeas.n oe asso. ee eee decease Hence mae nace eee 214 41 1
Gloucester aN 10s} <c2s26 sss ta en cee en eee mee eee cee mate Soe ee 294 63 9
Gaston, N= Ceesocccn tec ae poe aetecute 2h ae ee eee + sone hoes e ee 152 34 5
ELOUDY GAees ocecses tects eeeceetpmerdcas memes bacG od aiewia ie eeeee ee eee oer 138 25 15
McLennan, Tex........... secant wsice tae cmee tester taone eee meee ees 217 41 7
ChampaipnsOWi0:222-6 5 =--a- sesso een eee Sees ee ese 197 49 3
J OTIOY SON, | WilSd.o6 oe a ace eect ae ee e aee ee 177 54 1
Montgomery, Iowa..........-.. OM scion bie dos Meee ene ee eeu erae Ree 270 64 3
Cloud Rants ists. si stccn ued sclienas Maa Je ee ae eee Ree 261 58 1
Cassy Ni WDalks ao Soot oe Se ee sce ce eee antes geen aate sek ee 334 54 7
Santa Clara; \ Calla: 22225 tomesiaivlew'sownewe ene e- ee Se ee ee ee 293 60 8
lA-verave;allifamilies30. $222 2252..g00t soo eee Ne ee 228 49 | 5

VALUE OF BOARD ON THE FARM.

A general indication of the value of board on the farm may be
gained from the data given on the previous pages, showing also what
proportion of this cost may be credited to the farm and what propor-
tion is paid out in cash. This should be of help in determining the
real wages of hired help boarded on the farm when given a definite
cash wage and board.

The main items entering into this cost are food, fuel, and house-
hold labor. All food consumed must be charged to board. Some of
the fuel is used for general heating purposes; therefore, total fuel cost
can not justly be included in board charges. Probably two-fifths of
the fuel consumed may be said to be used for the preparation of meals
or kitchen stove purposes. Household labor is included as a factor
in the cost of meals because it plays a very vital part in the prepara-
tion of meals and is too generally unappreciated when the matter of
boarding hired help is being considered. Two-thirds of the value of
household labor seems to be a fair proportion to charge to the cost of
board.

Table XXVI shows the cost of food, fuel, and house labor per
person chargeable to the cost of board. It will be noticed that food
constitutes nearly three-fourths of the cost of board, labor nearly
one-fourth, and fuel about 3 per cent. The total cost of board per
person varies from $9 to $13 per month. The variation in the cost
of board, of course is dependent largely on the cost of the food
consumed.

VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE, 35

TABLE XXVI.—Average annual value of food, fuel, and household labor per person
chargeable to the cost of board on the farm (950 families).

Average value per person. ees
Location of regions in which study was pereany
made (county and State). ca ae
Food. Fuel. dee Annual. | Monthly.| cash.
Oxford eM Ghee see eee ee on eserece ae $95 $5 $32 $132 $11.00 39
Lamoille, Vt-- 75 6 23 104 8. 67 34
Otsego, N. Y 94 7 34 135 1.25 35
Bucks, Pa 75 4 25 104 8. 67 35
Gloucester, N. 120 4 38 162 13. 50 40
Gaston Ni Oran: somes cece cob Sais Sess 89 4 20 113 9. 41 15
(RROUD RG Merce caamacincessesos careers Ate 89 4 15 108 9. 00 19
McWennsneyl Oxscaaecsech sae secs cenicn se 92 3 25 120 10. 00 36
Champaign, Ohio......... Se ae cope 91 5 29 125 10. 42 25
Jefferson, Wis skins: Gea an aaper erase 80 5 32 117 9.75 28
IMOntZOMERY, LOWS S <oo5 ce conn ceceenicp <e 106 6 38 150 12.50 24
Cloud; iKans-.2..-- 3. oe ceca aoee eee tok 100 3 35 138 11.50 26
Cass Ni DEK oo eiecten teisceeiee'soceh onc ese 107 6 32 145 12. 08 34
Santa Clara, Cal ee. a ceoecec eee 102 4 36 142 11. 83 49
Average, all families................ 94 5 30 | 129 | 10. 68 31

A very interesting fact brought out in Table XXVI is the propor-
tion of the cost of board actually paid out in cash. This percentage
varies from 15 to 49. The proportion is about one-third in the eastern
sections studied, about one-fourth in the corn-belt States areas, and
still less in the southern areas. This amount paid out is the fact which
most vitally interests the farmer.

Interesting facts are brought out in this connection relative to total
hired help boarded. For example, in New Jersey hired help averaged
0.6 person per family; in Maine, 0.4; in North Dakota, 1.1; and in
California 0.3. In other words, in New Jersey the average family
boarded 1 man for 7 months; in Maine, 1 man for 5 months; in North
Dakota, 1 man for 13 months: and in California 1 man for 4 months.

PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUL-
TURE RELATING TO FARM AND HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY.

AVAILABLE FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION BY THE DEPARTMENT.

Principles of Nutrition and Nutritive Value of Food. (Farmers’ Bulletin 142.)

Home Fruit Garden. (Farmers’ Bulletin 154.)

Canned Fruits, Preserves, and Jellies. (Farmers’ Bulletin 203.)

The Home Vegetable Garden. (Farmers’ Bulletin 255.)

Use of Fruit as Food. (Farmers’ Bulletin 293.)

Canning Vegetables in the Home. (Farmers’ Bulletin 359.)

Care of Food in the Home. (Farmers’ Bulletin 375.)

Economical Use of Meat inthe Home. (Farmers’ Bulletin 591.)

Canning Peaches on the Farm. (Farmers’ Bulletin 426.)

How a City Family Managed a Farm. (Farmers’ Bulletin 432.) .

A System of Tenant Farming and Its Results. (Farmers’ Bulletin 437.)

A Successful New York Farm. (Farmers’ Bulletin 454.)

Farm Bookkeeping. (Farmers’ Bulletin 511.)

Canning Tomatoes at Home and in Club Work. (Farmers’ Bulletin 521.)

Farm Butter Making. (Farmers’ Bulletin 541.)

A System of Farm Cost Accounting. (Farmers’ Bulletin 572.)

How to Use Farm Credit. (Farmers’ Bulletin 593.)

What the Farm Contributes Directly to the Farmer’s Living. (Farmers’ Bulletin 635.)

A Method of Analyzing the Farm Business. (Farmers’ Bulletin 661.)

Measuring and Marketing Woodlot Products. (Farmers’ Bulletin 715.)

The Farmer’s Income. (Farmers’ Bulletin 746.)

An Example of Successful Farm Management in Southern New York. (Department
Bulletin 32.)

Farm Management Practice of Chester County, Pennsylvania. (Department Bul-
letin 341.)

What is Farm Management. (Bureau of Plant Industry Bulletin 259.)

FOR SALE BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, GOVERNMENT PRINTING
OFFICE, WASHINGTON, D. C.

Farm-Management Survey of Three Representative Areas in Indiana, Illinois, and
Iowa. (Department Bulletin 41.) Price, 10 cents.
’ Farm Experience With the Tractor. (Department Bulletin 174.) Price, 5 cents.
Consumption of Firewood in the United States. (Forestry Circular 181.) Price,
5 cents.
36

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