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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BULLETIN No. 878 |
Contribution from the Bureau of Plant Industry x WM. A- TAYLOR, Chief
Washington, D.C. PROFESSIONAL PAPER November 9, 1920
VARIETAL EXPERIMENTS WITH SPRING WHEAT ON THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS
By
J. ALLEN CLARK, Agronomist in Charge, JOHN H. MARTIN, Assistant Agronomist, and RALPH W. SMITH, Scientific Assist- ant, Western Wheat Investigations, Office of : Cereal Investigations |
CONTENTS
Page Page Scope of the Investigations ..... 1 | Varietal Experiments. . ...... 11 Sources of Experimental Data .... 2 | Northern Half of the Great Plains Area. 11 Baneties 6: S635. 3 Bo oe te ae 2 | Results of Field Experiments. . ... 13 Strains of Common and Durum Wheat 2 | Milling and Baking Experiments ... 41 Key to Groups of Spring Wheat .. 3 | Summary of Results . . 9... ... 46
Commen Wheat . 2. 2. 3 2 2 ee 3 | Publications on Cereals in the Great
Durum Wheat. . ..<© .-«.. 8 PlaimsvAreai.: 24 oh. ei 6 eee ote 48
‘
WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1920
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Contribution from the Bureau of Plant Industry WM. A. TAYLOR, Chief
Washington, D. C. PROFESSIONAL PAPER November 9, 1920
VARIETAL EXPERIMENTS WITH SPRING WHEAT ON THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS.
By J. ALLEN CLARK, Agronomist in Charge, Joun H. Martin, Assistant Agrono- mist, and Raupu W. Sirsa, Scientific Assistant, Western Wheat Investigations, Office
i of Cereal Investigations. CONTENTS. Page. Page Seope of the investigations.............-..-.-- EGeVarietalexperimentse ss. ese. yc oe 11 Sources of experimental data....-...-.-.------ 2 | Northern half of the Great Plains area.....-.-- 11 WORDED ans See Se aire es ae oe ae ren 2 | Results of field experiments............-...... 13 Strains of common and durum wheat....-. 2 | Milling and baking experiments.............-- Al Key to groups of spring wheat..........-.. 3 leSummary, of results*....2.-22-2-...0 =: te 46 Common wheat....----...----------------- 3 | Publications on cerealsin the Great Plainsarea. 48 DTM WMCAbS=cmnasn eae eae cs see 8
SCOPE OF THE INVESTIGATIONS.
‘ The purpose of this bulletin is to present the results obtained to date! from varietal experiments with spring wheat at 11 field stations in the northern half of the Great Plains area. What the principal varieties are, how and when they came to be, and how to tell them apart are stated. The particular section or district for which certain varieties are recommended is given also, and the yields, agronomic factors, and milling values of the varieties are discussed.
In this northern Great Plains area severe losses have occurred recently, due to drought, blight, rust, and scab. Land values, how- ever, have risen in about the same proportion as in other sections, and with the increased cost of production and higher prices obtained for
4 wheat the growing of poorly adapted varieties has become much more unprofitable than formerly. This has increased the demand for information on comparative yields of varieties and their resistance to disease.
1 A list of publications showing the results of earlier experiments is given at the end of this bulletin. 184125°—20—Bull. 878-1
2 BULLETIN 878, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
SOURCES OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA.?
The experimental data have been obtained from three sources: Experiments conducted cooperatively by the Bureau of Plant Indus- try and the State agricultural experiment stations, experiments
conducted independently by the Bureau of Plant Industry, and experiments conducted independently by the State agricultural ~
experiment stations.
The data from the following stations were obtained in cooperation with the State agricultural experiment stations: Williston and Dickin- son, N. Dak.; Havre and Moccasin, Mont.; Highmore and Newell, S. Dak.; and Sheridan and Archer, Wyo. At Newell, S. Dak., the station is operated by the Office of Western Irrigation Agriculture, and at Mandan, ’N. Dak., Akron, Colo., and Sheridan, Wyo., the sta- tions are conducted by the Office of Dry-Land Agriculture, the Office of Cereal Investigations cooperating in the experiments with cereals. At North Platte, Nebr., the data were obtained independently by the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station.
VARIETIES.
Hundreds of varieties of wheat of foreign and domestic origin have been obtained by the United States Department of Agriculture. In preliminary nursery experiments most of these, however, have not proved adapted to this semiarid section. Those which have shown promise have been grown in plat experiments. The results of these experiments obtained in recent years are presented in this bulletin. The origin of the varieties is stated and, for convenience in presenting the experimental results, the varieties usually have been arranged in closely related. groups.
STRAINS OF COMMON AND DURUM WHEAT.
All of the varieties of spring wheat which have shown promise in the northern Great Plains area belong to two main divisions or spe- cies—common wheat (Triticum vulgare) and durum wheat (Triticum durum). As shown by the key, common wheat can be distinguished from durum wheat by the more slender spikes, by the shorter awns or absence of awns, by the looser spikes, by the spike being flattened parallel to the face of the spikelets, and by the smaller kernels.
The origins of the principal varieties of both common and durum wheats are briefly given. Differences or similarities of closely related strains also are indicated. Heads of important commercial varieties
of common and durum wheat are shown in Plate I, and grains of ~
several of these varieties are shown in Plate II.
2 The men who have been in charge of the cereal experiments at the various stations since 1913 are as follows: North Dakota.—Williston, F. R. Babcock; Dickinson, J. A. Clark and R. W. Smith; Mandan, J. C. Brinsmade, jr. Montana.—Havre, G. W. Morgan; Moccasin, N. C. Donaldson and P. V. Cardon. South Dakota.—Highmore, J. D. Morrison and E. S. McFadden; Newell, S. C. Salmon, J. H. Martin, and A. D. Ellison. Wyoming.—Sheridan, L. D. Willey; Archer, J. W. Jones, V. H. Florell, and A. L. Nelson. Nebraska.—North Platte, L. L. Zook. Colorado.—Akron, C. H. Clark, G. A. McMurdo, and F. A. Coffman.
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SPRING WHEAT ON THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS. 3 KEY TO GROUPS OF SPRING WHEAT.
Below is given a key to the groups of spring wheat discussed in this bulletin. |
DESCRIPTIVE KEY TO GROUPS OF COMMON AND DURUM WHEAT.
ks Spikes usually slender, awnless or awns less than 3 inches long; spikelets widely separated, scarcely overlapping, flattened parallel to the face of the spikelets; kernels small to midsized, soft to hard........ Common wheat. Spike awnless. Glumes glabrous, white.
iKornelsimedee 2 einen nr gece eaten tes fe Group. Glumes pubescent, white. Kernelsirediss sti ce a. ese Sula eer Fe Bluestem group. Spike awned. Glumes glabrous, white. IKernelsmedniae. 2 ciated saacne ao e es oo neston, OTOUD. Glumes glabrous, brown. Kernel sired sins 1 sutain see an aah NI oe Ladoga group. Spikes usually stout, all awned, awns 4 to 8 inches long; spikelets crowded, much overlapping, flattened at right angles to the face of the spikelets; Kernels mudsized toslarge. shards .a. pit dee eee aes ooo Durum wheat. Spike awned.
Glumes glabrous, white or yellowish. Awns white or yellowish.
| Kernels white (amber), large........-- Kubanka group. | Kernels red, midsized...........--- Red Durum group. | Awns black.
: Kernels white (amber), very large......-. Peliss group.
COMMON WHEAT.
Common wheat has been grown longer than durum wheat on the northern Great Plains and makes up the larger percentage of the
4: spring-wheat acreage. Most of the varieties of common wheat grown there have red kernels, which are usually hard and of high milling quality. Varieties of the Fife group are the most extensively grown.
THE FIFE GROUP.
The wheats included in the Fife group are similar in appearance, and most of them are closely related. The heads are awnless and rather slender to medium stout. In general, they vary in length from 3 to 34or 4inches. The glumes are white and glabrous, and the ker- nels are small to medium in size, red in color, and hard. The princi- pal varieties are described in the following paragraphs, the most
4 important being listed first.
Marquis.—The Marquis is the leading variety included in the Fife group. It has been grown in the United States only since about 1913, but during the past seven years it has been introduced into most of the spring-wheat producing sections. In the northern Great Plains area it is grown on a greater acreage than all other spring wheats combined. The value of any other variety is now dependent upon how it compares with Marquis wheat. For this reason the Marquis variety is used in this bulletin as a standard of comparison.
4 BULLETIN 878, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
The Marquis is a selection from a hybrid produced by crossing a hard red wheat from Calcutta, India, and the well-known Red Fife. This cross was made by Dr. A. P. Saunders about 1892. The Marquis was selected and named by Dr. C. E. Saunders, Dominion Cerealist, and was first grown as a pure line at Ottawa, Canada, in 1904. It resembles the Red Fife except that the culms, spikes, glumes, and ker-
nels are somewhat shorter, the glumes are more persistent, and the plant matures _
earlier.
Red Fife.—The original Red Fife wheat is supposed to have come from Russia by way of Germany and Scotland. About 75 years ago a Mr. David Fife, of Otonabee, Ontario, Canada, received a small sample of wheat from a friend in Glasgow, Scotland. The friend had obtained the sample from a shipload of wheat from Germany, but supposedly of Russian origin. Mr. Fife sowed the wheat in the spring, but it proved to be a winter wheat. However, a plant of spring wheat developed in the plat, and this was saved and increased. This wheat became widely grown in Canada and known as Red Fife. It has been grown in the United States since the early development of the northern Great Plains area, but in this country has been known more generally as Fife, Scotch Fife, Canadian Fife, and Saskatchewan Fife. From these have arisen strains developed by farmers and experiment stations, which made up a large part of the spring wheat of America until replaced by the Marquis variety. Of the two lots of Red Fife wheat listed in this bulletin, C. I. No. 3329 was obtained from the Brandon Experiment Farm, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada, while C. I. No. 3694 rep- resents commercial stocks grown in North Dakota.
Power.—The stock known as Power (Power Fife) was started about 1885 by Mr. James Holes, of Fargo, N. Dak., from a single plant of Red Fife wheat found growing in an oat field. Some of this seed was obtained by Mr. J. B. Power, of Power, N. Dak., who increased it and distributed it in large quantities; hence the name.
Seed from Mr. Power was called No. 66 by the North Dakota Agricultural Experi- ment Station and distributed quite widely through North Dakota in the nineties as ‘Station No. 66.’’ In 1892 selections were made from it at the North Dakota station at Fargo, and in recent years one of these selections (N. Dak. No. 313; C. I. No. 3697) has been grown in preference to the original stock. This strain appears to be very similar to the Red Fife (C. I. No. 3329) from Canada.
Glyndon.—The Glyndon strain of Red Fife dates at least from 1891, when it was first grown as No. 811 at the Glyndon Experiment Farm in western Minnesota. In the burning of the Glyndon station buildings all record of its origin was lost. Without doubt, however, it was one of the many samples of Red Fife wheat obtained from Minnesota farmers in 1888 and 1889. The Glyndon differs from the Power and Red Fife wheats in being slightly taller and in having longer and more tapering spikes and longer kernels.
In 1892 a selection of this Glyndon No. 811 was made and later given Minnesota station number 163 (C. I. No. 2873). It was grown and distributed by the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station for many years as ‘‘Minnesota No. 163,”’ but by 1914 was named Glyndon.
Rysting.—Rysting (Rysting Fife) was developed about 1892 by Mr. Jens Rysting, of Buxton, N. Dak. Mr. Rysting had been selecting this wheat for several years and claimed that it was earlier than ordinary Red Fife. The Rysting and the Glyndon varieties are nearly alike. .
Early Red Fife-—Early Red Fife is an early-ripening selection of the original Red Fife wheat made by Dr. C. E. Saunders at the Central Experiment Farm, Ottawa, Canada.
Kitchener.—Kitchener wheat is a result of a selection from a field of the Marquis variety made by Mr. Seager Wheeler of Rosthern, Saskatchewan, Canada, who first distributed it in 1916. It differs from Marquis wheat in being somewhat later and taller and in having purple straw and a clavate spike.
*
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}
Bul. 878, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.
Fic. |.—HEADS OF COMMON WHEATS. A, Marquis; B, Power Fife; C, Haynes Bluestem; D, Preston. About halfnatural size.
FIG. 2.—HEADS OF DURUM WHEATS. A, Kubanka; B, Arnautka; C, D-5; D, Peliss. About half natural size.
Bul. 878, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE ll.
KERNELS OF WHEAT VARIETIES.
A, Marquis; B, Red Fife; C, Haynes Bluestem; D, Preston; E, Arnautka; F, D-5. Magnified about five diameters.
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SPRING WHEAT ON THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS. 5
Ruby.—Ruby wheat was originated by Dr. C. E. Saunders, of the Central Experi- ment Farm, Ottawa, Canada, from a cross between Downy Riga and Red Fife and was first distributed in 1917. It is earlier and differs somewhat in appearance from the Marquis variety.
Ghirka Spring.—The Ghirka Spring wheat (C. I. No. 1517) came from Grodno Province in Russian Poland and was obtained by the United States Department of Agriculture in 1900. It differs from the true Red Fife in having long, tapering spikes, purple straw, and a midsized, semihard, pale-red kernel.
THE BLUESTEM GROUP.
The varieties of the Bluestem group of hard red spring wheats are all very similar in appearance. They also are very closely related in origin. The Bluestem wheats of the South Atlantic and Eastern States and the Pacific Bluestem of the Pacific Northwest belong to very different groups and should not be confused with these hard red spring Bluestems.
The wheats here discussed are of medium height and rather more vigorous in growth than the Fife wheats. The heads are beardless, with pubescent white glumes and are rather broader than those of the Fifes. The kernels are hard, red, plump, and of medium size. The chaff is more loose and open than in the Fife wheats, and the kernels shatter easily if the crop becomes overripe.
The word Bluestem is used commonly as a name for the whole group and also as a name for the variety on any given farm. This is correct In most cases, as there are no really distinct varieties in this group. However, the pure lines being grown are called by varietal names, such as Dakota, Haynes, etc.
Haynes.—The well-known Haynes strain originated with Mr. L. H. Haynes, of Fargo, N. Dak., about 1882, when he started with an ordinary lot of Bluestem wheat. During 8 or 10 years he carefully selected his wheat for good plants, good heads, and good kernels, and distributed seed widely from 1892 to 1895. The Minnesota Agricul- tural Experiment Station obtained the wheat, calling it Minnesota No. 51 (C. I. No. 3021), from which was developed a pure line which was designated as Minnesota No. 169 (C. I. Nos. 2874 and 3020) and distributed widely.
Dakota.—The pure-line Dakota variety originated at the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station about 1898. It was selected from the original Haynes, which probably was not a pure line. It was first called by its number, North Dakota No. 316, later by the name Select Bluestem, and finally was named Dakota.
Crossbred.—This Bluestem strain was produced from a cross between two plants of Bluestem wheat made by Prof. W. M. Hays at the North Dakota Agricultural Experi- ment Station in 1893.
Marvel.—The name Marvel was applied to Bluestem wheat distributed by the John A. Salzer Seed Co., of La Crosse, Wis.
THE PRESTON GROUP.
The Preston group is made up of bearded common wheats with glabrous white glumes. The kernels are red, of medium size and plumpness, and are hard or fairly hard. The Preston wheats differ from the Fife wheats most noticeably in being bearded.
6 BULLETIN 878, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Varieties of this group of wheat usually are called ‘Bearded Fife” and ‘‘ Velvet Chaff.”” The name Preston is preferable, because most of the bearded hard red spring wheat grown probably is of the Preston variety, and none of the varieties has hairy chaff.
Przston.—The Preston variety was selected from a cross between Ladoga, a Siberian wheat, and Red Fife made by the late Dr. William Saunders, of Ottawa, Canada, in 1888. Itisa bearded spring common wheat with glabrous white chaff and midsized red and fairly hard kernels. It can be distinguished from other members of the Preston group by the much shorter beaks on the outer glumes. These beaks are only one-sixteenth to three-sixteenths of an inch long.
The Preston wheat has been grown at Indian Head, Saskatchewan, Canada, since 1893. It was first grown by the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station in 1895 and called Minnesota No. 188. It was widely distributed under this number instead of under the name Preston. About 10 years later a similar wheat came on the market under various names, such as ‘‘Bearded Fife.”’ ‘‘Red Fife,’’ and ‘‘ Velvet Chaff.’’ Apparently these were alJ the same wheat and were identical with Preston. Thename “Velvet Chaff” is especially misleading, because all these wheats have smooth or glabrous chaff, while some very different wheats with pubescent or hairy chaff are called Velvet Chaff. The names ‘‘Bearded Fife” and ‘‘Red Fife” are also misleading, as the variety is not really a Fife wheat. The name ‘‘Velvet Chaff” was originally used for Cereal Investigations Nos. 3081 and 4153, ‘‘Bearded Fife” for Cereal Investi- tions No. 3087, and ‘‘Red Fife” for Cereal Investigations No. 3698, all coming from
commercial fields in Minnesota or the Dakotas. Only Cereal Investigations No. 2958, coming from the Central Experiment Farm, Ottawa, Canada, is known to be the true Preston.
Converse.—The name Converse is here given to a commercial variety of spring wheat grown in Wyoming under the name “‘Red Russian,’’ which name is used for three other wheat varieties in the United States, soa new name has now been chosen for this variety. The original sample was obtained by a representative of the Department of Agriculture from Converse County, Wyo.; hence the name. It differs from Preston in being taller and earlier and in having longer beaks and soft instead of hard kernels.
Erivan.—The Erivan variety was introduced by the United States Department of Agriculture in 1903 from the dry mountainous district of the Erivan Government in Transcaucasian Russia, near the border of Persia. It differs from the Preston variety in having shorter, weaker straw, in earlier maturity, in the longer beaks on the outer glumes, and in the somewhat softer kernels.
Fretes.—The Fretes variety was obtained in Algeria, but it is almost certainly of Russian origin. Itis quite similar to Erivan except that the kernels are larger.
Kota.—The Kota variety was obtained in Russia by Prof. H. L. Bolley, of the North Dakota Agricultural College, in 1903. It was introduced either asa separate lot, later designated as R. B. R. 3, or as a mixture in asample of durum wheat. Itrecently was separated from Monad durum wheat, found to be resistant to black stem rust, and named Kota by Waldronand Clark.* It differsfrom the Preston wheat in having weaker straw and longer beaks and a more elevated shoulder on the outer glumes.
Pioneer.—The Pioneer variety was originated from a cross between Riga and Preston,
made by Dr. C. E. Saunders, in 1903, at the Central Experiment Farm, Ottawa, Canada. It differs from the Preston wheat chiefly in being earlier.
3 Waldron, L. R., and Clark, J. A. Kota, a rust-resisting variety of common spring wheat. Jn Jour. _
Amer. Soc. Agron., v. 11, no. 5, pp. 187-195. 1919.
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- SPRING WHEAT ON THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS. vl
THE LADOGA GROUP.
The varieties. of wheat here included in the Ladoga group have bearded spikes, glabrous brown glumes, andred kernels. The varieties are not all closely related.
Ladoga.—The Ladoga variety was obtained in 1888 from Ladoga, Siberia, by the Canadian Government, which distributed seed in quantity through the spring-wheat sections of Canada. This is probably the origin of the wheat grown in Montana and Wyoming, usually as mixtures, under the name of ‘‘Spring Turkey,’’ as the two varieties are quite similar in appearance. The name ‘‘Spring Turkey ”’ is incor- rect and misleading, so is not here used. The Ladoga variety listed in this bulletin is the commercial wheat obtained from southeast Wyoming, under the name of “Spring Turkey.”’
Laramie.—The Laramie variety is a pure-line selection of Ladoga made by J. W. Jones, of the United States Department of Agriculture, at the Cheyenne Experiment Farm, Archer, Wyo.,in 1914. The wheat was named for Laramie County, Wyo.
Huron.—The Huron variety is a selection from a hybrid between the Ladoga and the White Fife wheats made about 1890, at Ottawa, Canada. It is very similar to the true Ladoga.
Norka.—The Norka variety originated from a pure-line selection of common wheat separated from a plat of Kubanka durum wheat in 1908 by W. G. Shelley, a repre- sentative of the United States Department of Agriculture at Akron, Colo. It is very similar to the Laramie variety, but has a harder kernel. The name is the reverse spelling of Akron.
Changli.—The Changli variety was introduced from Changli, China, by the United States Department of Agriculture. It differs from the Ladoga and Huron varieties in being much earlier and in having softer kernels.
Manchuria.—The Manchuria variety was received from Manchuria in 1904. It also is earlier and has softer kernels than the Ladoga, but is taller than Changli wheat.
MISCELLANEOUS COMMON WHEATS.
The following varieties of common wheat can not be included in any of the preceding groups and are here listed as miscellaneous varieties. The varieties belong to several different types of wheat.
Prelude.—The Prelude variety originated from a cross made by Dr. C. EK. Saunders at the Central Experiment Farm, Ottawa, Canada, in 1903, between a hybrid wheat named Fraser and a very early wheat from India called Gehun. It was first distrib- utedin 1914. Itisavery early wheat withshortstraw. Itisawned and has pubescent © yellowish glumes and red, small, hard kernels. It shatters badly when fully ripe; hence, it should always be cut while it is still somewhat green.
Galgalos—The Galgalos variety is awnless, with pubescent brown glumes, and white, midsized, soft kernels. It came from the Erivan Government in the Trans- caucasus district of Russia, between the Black and Caspian Seas. There it is grown as a dry-land spring wheat, and it has been so grown here except in certain sections of the Pacific coast area, where it is grown successfully as a winter wheat. Because it is a soft white wheat it is not desirable for growing in the hard spring-wheat district.
Regenerated Defiance.—The Regenerated Defiance variety originated from a selection of Defiance wheat made at the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station and distrib- uted about 1910. It is awnless, with glabrous white glumes and white, small, hard kernels. It has proved best adapted for growing under irrigation.
Humpback.—The Humpback variety originated from field selections made by J. P. Berglund, a farmer living near Kensington, Minn. The original head was prob- ably the result of a natural field hybrid. Two strains were developed. ‘The first, dis-
8 BULLETIN 878, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
tributed about 1905, was awned, with pubescent white glumes and a red, midsized, humped, semihard kernel. The second strain, distributed a few years later, has glabrous glumes, but otherwise is not greatly different from the first. In this bulle- tin the second strain is called Humpback IT.
DURUM WHEAT.
Durum wheat can be distinguished from common wheat chiefly by the flattening of the spike at right angles to the face of the spikelets, instead of parallel, asincommon wheat. The spikes usually also are shorter and denser and the awns longer. All durum wheat varieties have awns, except a few awnless strains developed through breeding.
THE KUBANKA GROUP.
Most of the important commercial varieties of durum wheat grown in the United States are included in the Kubanka group. This group has yellowish awns, glabrous, yellowish glumes, and large white or amber kernels.
Kubanka.—The Kubanka is the best known variety of durum wheat in this country. The principal introduction of this variety was made by Mr. M. A. Carleton, cerealist of the United States Department of Agriculture, in 1900, from the Uralsk Government in Russia. That importation (C. I. No. 1440; S. P. I. No. 5639 +) has become widely grown, especially in western North Dakota and in South Dakota. Many pure-line selections have been made from it. Several are reported in this bulletin. Selection Nos. 8 (C. I. No. 4063) and 98 (C. I. No. 6519) were made at the Dickinson Substation, Dickinson, N. Dak., and Selection Nos. 712 and 715 were made at the Belle Fourche Experiment Farm, Newell, S. Dak.
Several other introductions of the variety have been made. Yields for two of these (C. I. Nos. 1354 and 1516) are here reported. They were both obtained from the Samara Government, Russia. Other introductions of similar wheat were made under other names. Those that are reported in this bulletin are Beloturka, Gharnovka, and Pererodka, all very similar to the Kubanka.
The Beloturka variety was obtained at the Paris Exposition, but undoubtedly is of Russian origin. The name, in Russian, means White Turkish.
The Gharnovka variety was obtained in three lots from Taganrog, Province of the Don Cossacks, Russia. These lots were Gharnovka, C. I. Nos. 1443 and 1447, and Yellow Gharnovka, C. I. No. 1444.
The Pererodka variety came from the Province of Orenburg, Russia.
Acme.—The Acme variety originated from a pure-line selection of Kubanka, (C. I. No. 1516) made by Mr. Manley Champlin, in cooperative experiments at the High- more Substation, Highmore, S. Dak., in 1909. This high-yielding selection was first known as No. 7 and by 1914 had been increased for sowing in plats. By 1916 it was grown commercially, and in the rust epidemic of that year it was discovered to be resistant to stem rust. As it differs from the true Kubanka it has been given the name Acme.
Arnautka.—Arnautka is probably the most widely grown durum variety in this country. The first importation of this variety was made by the United States Department of Agriculture in 1864. After being grown occasionally for a few years it was discontinued. The basis of the present commercial stock is thought to have been brought from Russia by early immigrants. Its distribution by the United States Department of Agriculture dates from 1900, when ‘seed (C. I. No. 1494) was
4 Accession number of the office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction.
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SPRING WHEAT ON THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS. 9
obtained from Mr. T. N. Oium, of Lisbon, N. Dak. A pure-line selection (C. I. No. 4064) from this mass variety has been grown at most agricultural experiment stations and distributed somewhat. A commercial lot of seed (C. I. No. 1493), origi- nally called ‘‘Wild Goose,’’ obtained in North Dakota in 1901, has been grown also. This is identical with Arnautka. The Arnautka variety differs from the Kubanka chiefly in having a longer, narrower, laxer, and more tapering and more nodding spike. The variety is known in some sections under the names of local growers. One such strain, Pierson, was distributed by George H. Pierson, of Glaremont, S. Dak., in 1914, and is recorded in this bulletin under that name.
Mindum.—The Mindum variety is the result of a selection made at the Minnesota, Agricultural Experiment Station from a variety called Hedgerow, which was probably only a local name for Arnautka. This variety is very similar to the Arnautka, but is more resistant to stem rust.
Monad.—The Monad variety was obtained from Russia by Prof. H. L. Bolley, of the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, in 1903, while making a study of the flax industry. of Europe for the United States Department of Agriculture. The variety was distributed by Prof. Bolley as D-1 (Durum No. 1), but was later named Monad after it was found to be a high-yielding variety and resistant to stem
- rust in experiments at the Dickinson Substation, Dickinson, N. Dak. It is very
similar to the Acme variety except that it has a somewhat stronger straw.
Marouani.—The Marouani variety was introduced by the Department of Agriculture from Algeria. It differs from the Arnautka and Kubanka wheats in being earlier, taller, and having longer beaks on the outer glumes.
Buford.—The Buford variety is the result of a pure-line selection made by Mr. F. R. Babcock in cooperative experiments at the Williston Substation, Williston, N. Dak... in 1909, from a variety known as Taganrog (C. I. No. 1570). The spikes of this variety are about intermediate in length and density between those of the Kubanka and Arnautka varieties.
THE RED DURUM GROUP.
Several varieties of durum wheat have red kernels, while most white or amber kerneled varieties of durum wheat contain slight mixtures of red kernels. Some selections of red-kerneled strains have been made and increased. Very few of these, however, have been grown in the experiments covered by this bulletin, and only one red-kerneled variety (D-5) is commercially grown. As this variety is not named, the group is here designated by the name of
the subclass, Red Durum, in which the grain of this variety is graded
under the United States official grain standards.
D-5 (Durum No. 5).—The D-5 variety was obtained from Russia by Prof. H. L. Bolley. This wheat was distributed by Prof. Bolley in 1911, and because of its rust resistance it has gained popularity and is now quite widely grown in the durum- wheat section. On the farms this wheat is often wrongly called ‘‘D-—Fife’’ and also is known as Ladd Durum and Red Durum. The kernels of the D-5 variety are red, midsized, blunt at the brush end, and very tapering at the germ end. The glumes are white rather than yellowish, as in the varieties of the Kubanka group.
THE PELISS GROUP. The Peliss group of durum wheat is distinguisned from the Kubanka group by black awns and very large kernels.
Peliss.—The Peliss variety was introduced by the Department of Agriculture from Oran, Algeria, where it was developed by a man named Pelissier. It was first called
184125°—20—Bull. 878 2
10 BULLETIN 878. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Pelissier, but the name is usually mispronounced and the shorter and simpler form, Peliss, is here substituted for it. It differs from varieties of the Kubanka group in having white glumes, black’awns, and very large kernels, which are somewhat curved.
Saragolla.—The Saragolla variety was introduced from Italy in 1902. It originally was a mixture of several types of durum wheat. The principal type has black awns but differs from the Peliss variety in having yellowish rather than white glumes.
ps MISCELLANEOUS DURUM WHEATS.
The following varieties of durum wheat can not be included in any
of the preceding groups and are here listed as miscellaneous varieties:
Golden Ball.—The Golden Ball variety was introduced by the United States Department of Agriculture from South Africain 1918. It has black awns, pubescent white glumes, and amber kernels.
Kahla.—The Kahla variety is of Algerian origin. It has black awns and glumes and amber kernels. It is grown commercially in parts of Montana, Wyoming, and the Dakotas under several names, such as Purple Durum, Black Durum, Black Emmett, and Sloat.
Velvet Don.—The Velvet Don was introduced from the Territory of the Don, Russia, in 1900. This variety has black awns, pubescent white glumes, and usually amber kernels. This introduction originally contained a considerable mixture of red- kerneled durum wheat and has sometimes been described as having red kernels.
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Fig. 1—Diagram showing the location of 11 field stations in the northern half of the Great Plains area and the average yields, in percentage of the Marquis variety, of the leading commercial varieties at each station during the period of years indicated: 1, Average of only three years (Power, Preston, and Haynes at Havre and Power at Highmore); 2, average of only four years (Preston and Haynes at Moccasin, Pres- ton at Williston and North Platte); 3, average of only six years (Power at Dickinson, Haynes at High- more and Archer, and Preston at Akron); 4,average of only two years (Power and Haynes at North Platte); 5, yields of Glyndon Fife, C. I. No. 2873, substituted for Power Fife at Akron; 6, average of only five years (Haynes at Akron),
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SPRING WHEAT ON THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS. jak
VARIETAL EXPERIMENTS.
This bulletin contains the results of the varietal experiments con- ducted on field plats at 11 experiment stations in the northern half of the Great Plains area. These investigations were conducted in order to determine the variety or varieties best adapted for growing in this semiarid section. The available material usually was grown in nursery experiments for a preliminary period and only the best varieties continued in the plat experiments. These varieties already have been discussed. The results obtained are given in Tables III to XXI and the principal data, comparing leading commercial varieties, in graphic form in figure 1. The experiment stations are widely separated and are so located that they represent fairly the larger part of the section considered.
NORTHERN HALF OF THE GREAT PLAINS AREA.
The section covered by this bulletin includes that portion of the Great Plains area extending from the Canadian boundary southward to the southern boundary of Nebraska, including portions of six States—North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, Nebraska, and Colorado.
The elevation of this section varies from about 1,500 feet in the eastern portion to about 6,000 feet in the western portion, most of it lying between altitudes of 2,000 and 4,000 feet.
The climate is semiarid, the average annual precipitation varying from about 14 to 20 inches. In general, the rainfall decreases as the elevation increases to the westward across the area. The length of the frost-free period also decreases to the westward with the increase in altitude and to the northward with the increase of latitude. It varies from about 135 days in the southern portion at the lower elevations to about 90 days in the northern portion and at the highest elevations. Owing to rather high summer temperatures and fairly constant wind movement, a considerable loss of soil moisture occurs through evaporation. This increases to the southward.
In general, the soil type of this area varies from clay loam to sandy loam, with a gumbo clay soil at Newell, S. Dak.
The locations of the 11 stations, together with their altitudes above sea level, are shown in Table I. The table also gives the normal or average annual precipitation at each station and the period of years during which records are available. Finally, the prevailing soil type at each of the various stations is shown.
The annual precipitation at any one station varies more from year to year than does the average annual precipitation at different sta- tions. That portion of the yearly rainfall oecurrig during the erowing period for wheat (Apr. 1 to July 31) also varies widely from year to year, but, fortunately, it averages from half to two-thirds of
12 BULLETIN 878, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
the total for the year throughout this section. As the amount of this seasonal rainfall has more influence on crop yields than has the amount of the annual precipitation, the wide variations in the former make wheat growing more or less hazardous. This hazard is in- creased by the possibility of hot winds, hail, rust, and scab, all of which occur occasionally in this area. The partial or complete failure of the spring-wheat crop in recent years in parts of this sec- tion, due to drought or plant diseases, has increased the demand for varieties whose earliness or resistance enables them to escape these ill effects.
TaBLe |.—Altitude, normal or average precipitation, and soil type at 11 stations in the northern half of the Great Plains area.
Precipitation.
or of
|
Location of station. Altitude. | Normal | Length Type of soil. | | average. | record.
Feet. Inches. Years. | Williston, N. Dak.........---:-| 1, 875 15. 07 40 | Fine sandy loam. Dickinsens. We Dak: 2s = =e 2, 453 15. 64 27 | Fine sandy loam to clay loam. Mandan WN. Dak. = oe 1, 750 17. 41 a 44 | Light sandy black loam. Havte, Mont eee te eee 2,500 13. 67 38 | Dark medium clay loam. = Moccasm: Mont. <= 2-2 ee 4,228 16. 45 b 23 | Dark elay loam, gravelly subsoil. ushmores ss. Dake oe 1, 890 16. 75 26 | Glacial clay loam. Newell: 5. Waka" 85 22 2, 900 14.31 12 | Clay (gumbo) with shale subsoil. Sheridan WyOse. = os. 3, 800 14.72 23 | Dark clay loam. Archer: Wy0. 22-.=2 25 2iaos ese 6,027 13. 60 c a | Medium sandy loam with some gravel. North Platte, Nebr. -..--.-.--- | 3, 000 18. 8 rel Loess. Akron, CoO 2.) 62-2. 4 17. 97 Sandy loam.
ron Ss
| a Observations made at Bismarck, N. Dak., during part of the period.
6 Observations made at Utica, Mont.., during part of the period. c Observations made at Cheyenne, Wyo.
Table II gives the annual and average precipitation at each of the
11 stations in the seven years from 1913 to 1919,° the period for 3»
which yields and other data are given in later tables.
TaBLe I1.—Precipitation at 11 stations in the northern half of the Great Plains area in the 7-year period from 1913 to 1919, inclusive.
| | Precipitation (inches).¢
Location of station. : 1913 1914 | 1915 1916 1917 | 1918 | 1919 | Average. | i | | Williston, N. Dak.. 15. 27 18. 47 14.79 18. 22 8. 63 13.84] 13.42 14. 66 Dickinson, N. Dak.. 11.93 2.741 19.7| 18.21 9. 3 12.36 8.35 14. 66 Mandan, No Dak oS eee ee ee | 15.07! 10.31 13. 37 13.48 feces Havto, Mont. 9 4 ee oe We ae | 19,24 11. 86 8.55 7 661 - ose Moceasin, Mont.....- 14. 96 15.67| 20.68| - 19.87 16. 87 16.38 | 9. 90 16. 33 Highmore, S. Dak....| 12. 46 17.52 | 23.35) 22.02 14. 80 19. 46 21.32 18.70 Newell. S. Dak....._- | 42.53 11.70} 21.02 13. 40 13.32| « 18.31 14. 25 14. 93 Sheridan, Wy0......- Meee) Meck 2 ust he ed a 2 ae |= 300: 835) 3.20226 RAGA oe ee Archer, Wyo......__- 15. 88 11.77 18.32] 12.38| 14.96 18. 87 12. 33 | 14. 83 North Plaite, Nebr...) 15.57] 16.59| 3485] 15:26) 1803| 15.94 28.56) 20.40 Mien Golo 2.22) 16.55 15.58 | 25.00 | 13. 74 17. 50 | 22. 28 15.52 18. 02
a Precipitation figures obtained from the Biophysical Laboratory of the Bureau of Plant Industry, where available, otherwise from the records of the United States Weather Bureau.
6 The normal or average precipitation at each station in the longest period for which records are available is shown in Table I,
be * periment station or some other agency or independently. At the
SPRING WHEAT ON THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS. 13
RESULTS OF FIELD EXPERIMENTS.
The results of varietal experiments with spring wheat at 11 different experiment stations are presented here. At ten of these stations the experiments have been conducted by the Office of Cereal Investigations, either cooperatively with the State agricultural ex-
remaining station the data have been obtained independently by the State agricultural experiment station. The source of the data is stated in connection with each station.
The experimental conditions, such as crop sequence, size of plat, width of alleys, and number of replications, vary somewhat at differ- ent stations. The results obtained at one station, therefore, are not necessarily comparable with those obtained at any other station. In many cases, however, they probably are directly comparable. The results from different varieties at the same station were nearly always obtained under similar conditions and may be compared directly. Any known exceptions to this fact are stated in the text. Tn all cases the crops were grown with only the natural rainfall and under conditions approximating good farm practice for the district.
While comparative yields have been the most important results ob-
tained, other factors have been studied. Complete agronomic notes have been recorded on the varieties at most stations. Samples of most of the varieties also have been milled and the flour baked in the milling and baking laboratory of the Bureau of Markets of the Department of Agriculture. In addition to yield, therefore, data on the following important factors are summarized: Days from emer- gence to maturity, height of plant, percentage.of stem-rust infection, weight per bushel, percentage of crude protein, yield of flour, and volume of loaf. YIELD PER ACRE.
The yields from the spring-wheat varieties under experiment since 1912 are shown for each station. Varieties that have been grown for only one or two years are included in the station tables but are omitted in the summary table on yields.
The annual and average yields obtained from spring-wheat varieties srown in plats at each of the 11 stations in the 7-year period * from 1913 to 1919, inclusive, are shown in Tables III to XIII, together with the average yields obtained in the years previous to 1913. The probable errors for each variety grown in replicated plats also are shown. Where more than one plat was grown the number of plats of each variety is stated at the top of the column for each year. Finally, in the last column, the difference between the average yield of each variety in the years grown and that of the Marquis variety in
6 At four of the stations cereal experiments were not conducted for the entire period.
14 BULLETIN 878, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ~
the same period is stated, the latter being grown at all stations each year. The probable error of this difference also is given. In some cases the probable error of the difference is quite large, often indi- cating that the differences are not significant.7
RESULTS AT WILLISTON, N. DAK.
The Williston Substation of the North Dakota Agricultural Experi- ment Station is located near Williston, N. Dak., on a fine sandy loam soil in the valley of the Missouri River at an altitude of 1,875 feet. The normal annual rainfall is 15.07 inches. The experiments at Williston have been conducted cooperatively by the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station and the Office of Cereal Investiga- tions. They were started in 1908 and discontinued at the close of the 1918 crop season. The yields of spring-wheat varieties are shown in Table III.
The average acre yield of eight varieties grown during the 5-year period from 1908 to 1912, inclusive, shows the Kubanka durum wheat (C. I. No. 1440) to be the highest yielding variety at Williston, with an average yield of 24.5 bushels per acre. This yield is only slightly larger than that of the best variety of common wheat, Power Fife (C. I. No. 3697), which yielded only half a bushel less. Three strains of Bluestem wheat averaged 1.3, 2, and 3.1 bushels less than the Kubanka variety.
The Marquis wheat was saeledled: in the experiments in 1913. Since that year it has increased rapidly as a commercial variety and since 1916 has been the principal commercial variety grown in the Williston section.
In the 6-year period from 1913 to 1918, inclusive, durum varieties have continued to outyield common varieties, including the Marquis wheat. In this period the Marquis has yielded at the rate of 30.2 bushels per acre, while the Buford durum wheat, developed at the Williston Substation, produced the highest viet averaging 34.4 bushels. The average difference of 4.3 bushels in favor of the Buford variety is significantly larger. The Kubanka (C. I. No. 1440) ranked second in yield, averaging 32.3 bushels. Power Fife also outyielded the Marquis in the 6-year period, with an average yield of 31.3 bushels per acre. In shorter periods all other durum wheats grown, as well as four common varieties, outyielded the Marquis variety. Of the common wheats, however, none have yields significantly larger than that of the Marquis. In the two years, 1917 and 1918, the three rust-resistant durum wheats, Acme, Monad, and D-5, were among the highest yielding varieties. Of these, the Monad produced the highest average yield.
7 The relatively large size of the probable error in some cases may prove misleading. It should not, how- ever, ifit is bornein mind that the large size of this probable error is due partly to widely varying seasonal
conditions in this section from year to year, causing the yields of all varieties to be very high some years and very low in other years.
SPRING WHEAT ON THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS. 15
Taste III.— Yields of 27 varieties and strains of spring wheat grown at the Williston (N. Dak.) Substation, during the 6-year period from 1913 to 1918, inclusive, with average yields in the 5-year period from 1908 to 1912, inclusive, and the average differences from the Marquis variety for the years grown.
[Data obtained in cooperation with the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station.]
Yield per acre (bushels).
Average. Class, group, and C.1. | Aver- arend ©) eee | 13 | ora | 915 | 916 | a917 | 1918 (2 Aas to | plat). (2 plats).|(2 plats).|(2 plats).|(2 plats).| plats). ee ae 1912. 1918 from *| Marquis COMMON. Fife IMaTguiSsesssacos <2 S641 pee a 29. 0\52.5+6. 7/40. 6-40. 2/35. 040. 8/18. 545. 2/5.5+0. 7} 30.2).......... Ghirka Spring..... 1517} 6 29.3 22. 2)40. 443. 9/42. 7+1. 1/37. 740. 3)19. 345. 1}........]..... —2.7+2.3 Ghirka Spring No. 4} 4413}......|.....-- 47.1+3. 1/46. 141. 1/40. 2+0. 7)20.5+5.5)7.6+1.3)..... +1.941.2 Giynd one sss -cee 2873] 21.5 28. 2/49. 242. 1/44. 140. 6/29. 0+0. 8)/20.34+3.7/5.74+0 | 29.4;— .841.0 TRY | Dal ey ee aie 3694 23.3 28. 7/47. 94-2. 4/43. 9+0. 4/30. 5+0. 8/18. 3+2.5/6.3+0.3) 29.3)/— .9+0.9 IPOWOES eases 3697) 24.0 28. 7/51. 3-43. 2/45. 10. 3/31. 8+1. 0/23.6+8.5|7.5+1.4| 31.3}/4+1.2+1.0 Bluestem: IDAKOLIRos. eee ha 3083) 23.2} 30. 7/47. 5-40. 7/44. 641. 0/28. 5+0. 4)20.6+2. 8'7.5+0. 4) 29.9,— .341.4 FIA YNES |< ssc e ees os 2874, 21.4 30.042.54+0 |42.9+0. 2/28.4+0. 8/19. 9+0. 2/7.5+0. 7; 28.5)—1.7+1.7 1B Xa eer ean 3021] 22.5 295246534: O84 45s be leo lease ene leas sae ce ls oanee eee — .442.3 Preston: ; IPIONCERYasa2 soos AD DAA 25'S oe, a8 Scere 42, 9+-0. 2136. 7+-1. 4/17. 0-44. 8/4.1-+0.5}..... + .34+0.8 IETESLONE Saas eee SOS Rey ease cet Meee ee Sos 42. 1+2. 0/35. 0O+0. 3/23. 0+2.5/5.5-+0. 7]..-.. +1.5+40.7 IDO eee eee an 3698| @ 24.3) 25.0/46.34-1. 1/43. 4-1. 7135. 0O4-0.3]......2--)....----]----- —1.9+1.6 Ladoga GROM ss ae eee S305 | Sees lee ees HONDA 448922 Ob eee. [eonetas ae eee asec +1.7+1.6 IManehuriaies...5--- DIN AV ee 1971465010) 427 Osalo9. 0-nls Oleeesco cea Seeeceeelsooae —2.1+42.7 Miscellaneous: Galoalosee; seseess- 2398 | ass DA (eal Sete See PS Nera Pt toe Ma Lert rene hat [Oe Mea eal eae ee Ebumpbaek=~ 3: 2-2: 3690 e210 |e SOLO IE Re a ee | apt gs Be shee | Bea le eed | Melee tae iPrelude@==3.5- aos. ASO We iiee.| Weare Se peas 30. 440. 5]29. 5+1.3/14.5+46. 0/4. 740. 6}....- —5.1+1.3 Regenerated Defi- BECO See es PCOS ata a ea ots a MGT EO). BIB ROLES Til soos Gaaed lacconese Heose —1.0+6.8 World Beater......| 3700|...... DTAOIBSAS OFA a Sk Pel each eal ae al eo aera lesa —7.9+4.9 DURUM Kubanka: ACM Fey nee Liste MSG 53) RI ia et ai Ue een ae 122. 0O+-1. 7|7. 740. 3)..-..- +2.9+0.5 IArnauikaes = hs SAGR)) PAR BYE VAC ROME RAIS ETL BBY GC EU) Bil coaaoeeclicenacesdleecac +1.9+1.8 Ht) Oe ete ee AQGA ee ten | Pe eete 5 150. 0-42. 1/45. 741. 4/37. 240. 7/21. 1+0. 2|/6.6+0.1)..... +1.7+0.8 LBT ONO ek e 35. 054. 6+2. 4/49. 4+0. 5/37. 2+0. 7 23.5+0.4'6.9+0.1) 34.4/+4.3+0.9 Kmubankay ==) 1440] 24.5 33. 0153. 843. 2/47. 341. 1/36. O40. 6/18. 340. 815. 340.3} 32.3/+2.1+40.8 Kubanka No. 8....} 4063}......].....-. 45. 0O+0. 7/45. 91. 6/37. 2+0. 1\/19. 741. 4/6. O40. 6}. .-.- + .3+1.3 Monad<.*se<<2=—*; SIDS Sere af ea Spek Rea ll Pepe ree ge O5e Gate Olas On 7eee +4,7+2.0 Red Durum: | Daher an ee eee S02 |Peenat ete oe | Reto Sear tome omits etter w= ee Roe 818. 440. 2). ...- +4,0+0.9
a Probableerror +0.7. & Average for only 4 years, 1909 to 1912. c Average for only 3 years, 1910 to 1912.
RESULTS AT DICKINSON, N. DAK.
The Dickinson Substation of the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station is located on the border of the Heart River valley, near Dickinson, N. Dak., on a soil varying from sandy loam to clay loam. The elevation is 2,453 feet, and the average annual precipita- tion has been 15.64 inches in a 27-year period. The varietal experi- ments conducted cooperatively by the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station and the Office of Cereal Investigations were started in 1907. The yields obtained are shown in Table LV.
BULLETIN 878, U. 8. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
16
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SPRING WHEAT ON THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS. Ly
The acre yields for the five years, 1907 to 1911, inclusive, for four varieties grown in that period show that the Kubanka (C. I. No. 1440) averaged 22.4 bushels, outyielding two commercial strains of common wheat, Rysting Fife and Crossbred Bluestem, by 2.1 bushels and 3.4 bushels, respectively. During those years the Ghirka Spring variety (C. I. No. 1517) showed unusual promise as a drought- resistant common wheat, outyielding even the Kubanka by 0.2 bushel. The Marquis variety has been grown in 1913 and since. In the 7- year period, from 1913 to 1919, inclusive, durum varieties generally yielded more and other common varieties less than the Marquis.
In the full 7-year period, the Marquis has averaged 17 bushels per acre. Monad durum wheat has produced the highest yield, averaging 23.1 bushels, followed by Kubanka No. 8 (C. I. No. 4063) with an average yleld of 22.1 bushels, and Kubanka (C. I. No. 1440) with a yield of 20.6 bushels. These yields are all significantly larger than that of the Marquis variety. During the same period the commercial common wheats, Haynes Bluestem and Preston, produced yields significantly lower than the Marquis, averaging 12.9 and 14.6 bushels, respectively. The other common wheats yielded less than the Mar- quis by 1.9 to 3.5 bushels.
In shorter periods the Ghirka Spring and four pure-line selections from it consistently yielded less than the Marquis and were discon- tinued in 1919. Among the rust-resistant varieties, the D—5 yielded on the average slightly less than the Monad in the four years the former was grown and about the same as Acme during the three years the Acme was grown, but 2.7 bushels more than Mindum in a 2-year period. Two selections from Kubanka (C. I. No. 1440), Nos. 58 and 98, also selected for rust resistance, have yielded fairly well during the last two years. Kota, a rust-resistant common wheat in the Preston group, produced the highest yield of all wheats in 1919.
RESULTS AT MANDAN, N. DAK.
The Northern Great Plains Field Station of the Office of Dry-Land Agriculture of the United States Department of Agriculture, at Mandan, N. Dak., is located near the Missouri River on upland black sandy loam soil at an altitude of 1,750 feet. The normal annual precipitation is 17.41 inches.* The varietal experiments with wheat, conducted cooperatively between the Office of Dry-Land Agriculture and the Office of Cereal Investigations, were started in 1916. The yields obtained during the past four years are presented in Table V.
Of the six varieties grown for four years the Marquis ranks first, with an average acre vield of 17.1 bushels. The durum varieties,
8 Records taken at Bismarck, 6 miles distant, during part of the period.
184125°—20—Bull. 878 3
18 BULLETIN 878, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Kubanka No. 8 and Arnautka, have averaged 16.7 bushels each, a yield slightly but not significantly less than that of the Marquis. Of the commercial common wheats the Haynes Bluestem yielded 12.5 bushels, a significant difference of 4.6 bushels less than the Marquis. The Power and Preston varieties also yielded less than Marquis by 0.8 and 1.2 bushels, respectively. The Acme was grown only in 1919 and outyielded all other varieties that year, partly, at least, because of its rust resistance.
TaBLe V.— Yields of seven varieties of spring wheat grown at the Northern Great Plains
Field Station, Mandan, N. Dak., during the 4-year period from 1916 to 1919, inclusive, compared with the Marquis variety for the years grown.
|Experiments conducted in cooperation with the office of Dry-Land Agriculture.]
| Yield per acre (bushels).
: C.I Average. Class, group, and variety. | yo : 1916 1917 1918 1919 j (5 plats). | (5 plats). (5 plats). | (5 plats). 1916 | Difference | to from 1919. | Marquis. COMMON. | | Fife: | | MATS. Oo ee ee | 3641 | 13.840.5 | 12.541.0|] 27.441.0] 14.6+40.6 Tee ee ene POWerer Pes eee oe 3697 9,140.1 | 16.440.7 | 26.141.4 | 14.440.6 WER) SD SELL Bluestem iymeSs a ee te eee | 2874 7.240.2} 11.340.9 | 18.841.4] 12.8+40.7 WS) ae GELS Preston: IBrestonle aes eee ae / 3081} 10.740.3; 15.240.8} 21.941.1 | 15.9+0.2 1559S SaaS DURUM | Kubanka | INCING. ere eee bee oo pic 28AS nee ce Fee ee rea ee 17. 2320:8) he oe +2.640.8 PATNMAUtKAa eee ee | A064 | 12.540.7 | 15.040.3 | 27.341.2]| 12.040.8 16.7} — .4+0.8 Kubanka No. 8.......- | 4063 15.340.2 | 13.840.9 25.5+1.0 12.0+0.4 16.7 — .44+0.9
RESULTS AT HAVRE, MONT.
The Fort Assiniboine Field Station of the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station at Havre, Mont., is located on a medium clay- loam soil at an altitude of 2,500 feet and has a normal annual pre- cipitation of 13.67 inches. Experiments with cereal varieties have been conducted at Havre for the four years, 1916 to 1919, inclusive, the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station and the Office of Cereal Investigations cooperating. The yields are shown in Table VI.
In the 4-year period the Marquis wheat has yielded at the rate of 14.6 bushels per acre. In general, durum wheat has produced larger
yields than Marquis. Of the durum wheats, the Peliss has been the
highest yielding variety, outyielding both Kubanka and Arnautka. It has produced an average yield of 3 bushels per acre more than Marquis. Of the common wheats, the Galgalos, a white wheat, has outyielded Marquis by 2.8 bushels. In a 3-year period, 1917 to 1919, the Power has outyielded Marquis by 0.8 bushel. All other common wheats have yielded less than Marquis, the yields of Prelude, Pioneer, and Haynes being significantly lower. :
2 2 ‘ = £ +
SPRING WHEAT ON THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS. 19
Taste VI.— Yields of 11 varieties of spring wheat grown at the Fort Assiniboine Field Station, Havre, Mont., during the 4-year period from 1916 to 1919, inclusive, compared with the Marquis variety for the years grown.
[Data obtained in cooperation with the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station.]
Yield per acre (bushels).
CI | Average. Class, group, and variety. | yo. 1916 1917 1918 1919 (2 plats). | (8plats). | (8plats). | (3 plats). 1916 | Difference to from 1919. Marquis. COMMON. | |
Fife: | |
IManciiS seer eee 3641 | 33.340 10.340.2 |] 11.3+0.2 3.5+0.7 TAY Ge lere eee eres
IROWEI tease eee t= SOO 7b ean ee eee. 10.7+40.3 | 12.2+0.3 AG ONAN eee e +0. 8+0.2 Bluestem |
Lay CS eee ee eer Wei 28 (AM [ieee ne teas 8.9+0.2}- 9.6+0.2 PALA OA oe —1.5+0.1 Preston
IPIOMNCCE ce en eee eee AS DAW ee wees pene ek Ia eter 10.040 2A Ss OiSel eee sete —1.0+0.3
PRESTON on one eee 30816 |B saeee 8.9+0. 2 7.2+0.2 Spee EMSS) lesegs5 S35 —1.9+0.9 Miscellaneous:
Galcalose seine ee. 2398 | 40.6+0.5 ; 13.840.2] 11.7+0 3.440. 1 Wf4s |b 1-2. 82-1e3
Prelud Gees see 4323 | a 26.6 25.0 2.9+0.3 1.4+0.3 9.0 | —5.6+0.9
DURUM.
Kubanka:
PATE ANI cee ene a ANG A alle 12.3+0.3 | 10.8+0.3 Aa ON 2a see +1.1+0.7
Ken ankavee eee 1440 | 33.04+4.2]} 10.7+0.6 | 12.0+0.2 5.2+0.8 15.2 | + .6+0.3
Pererodkal<. 2... TB IKO) Ah Sey OSE BT |e es tsa Fl a a a ied |e ee rl (RO ee Ba ay FO ep ares Peliss:
Peliss..... Rae aes tees 1584 | 41.0+0.8 | 11.9+0.1] 10.8+0.3 6.6+0.5 17.6 | +3.0+1.3
a One plat only. RESULTS AT MOCCASIN, MONT.
The Judith Basin Substation of the Montana Agricultural Experi- ment Station, Moccasin, Mont., is located on a dark clay-loam soil with a gravelly subsoil. It is of an altitude of 4,228 feet, and the average annual precipitation in 23 years was 16.45 inches.
Cereal experiments cooperative between the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station and the Office of Cereal Investigations have been conducted at Moccasin since 1908. Yields are shown in Table VII.
The average acre yields in the four years from 1908 to 1911 for eight varieties grown in that period show that durum varieties out- yielded all common varieties, with the exception of Galgalos, a white wheat. This variety outyielded all others, with an average of 24.4 bushels per acre. For the 7-year period from 1913 to 1919 im which Marquis has been grown, it has yielded at the rate of 24.2 bushels per acre. Durum varieties have not consistently outyielded it. In 1913, 1915, and 1916 the Marquis outyielded ail varieties of durum wheat. The Peliss variety of durum wheat has been the highest yielding variety during the entire period, yielding 0.7 bushel more than Marquis. During the same period the Kubanka (C. I. No 1440) yielded only 0.2 bushel more than Marquis.
BULLETIN 878, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
20
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SPRING WHEAT ON THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS. meal
Among the common wheats the Fretes has been the only variety which has outyielded Marquis. The difference of 0.6 bushel is not significant, however, and as the variety has a tendency to lodge, it can not be recommended for commercial growing. The Galgalos variety was discarded after 1915 because of its weak straw and its soft white kernel. The Power Fife has an average yield of 21.6 bushels, or a sig- nificant difference of 2.6 bushels per acre less than Marquis, in the seven years. The average yield of Rysting Fife has been nearly iden- tical with that of Power Fife. Ail other common wheats grown in shorter periods of years have on the average yielded less than Marquis.
During the three years from 1917 to 1919 the Monad durum wheat has outyielded Marquis by a significant difference of 2.5 bushels per acre, but its yields have not been greater than those of Peliss in the same period. Other durum wheats which are being continued in the experiment have yielded somewhat more than the Marquis variety in the periods grown.
RESULTS AT HIGHMORE, S. DAK.
The Highmore Substation of the South Dakota Agricultural Ex- periment Station is located near Highmore, S. Dak., on a glacial clay- loam soil at an altitude of 1,890 feet. The average annual rainfall has been 16.75 inches during the last 26 years. The cereal experi- ments have been conducted by the South Dakota Agricultural Ex- periment Station in cooperation with the Office of Cereal Investiga- tions since 1902. The more recent yields obtained are shown in Table VIII.
From 1905 to 1912 nine varieties of wheat were grown continu- ously. In that 8-year period three strains of Kubanka durum wheat significantly outyielded all varieties of common wheat. Among the common wheats the Haynes (C. I. No. 2874) produced the highest average yield. During the 7-year period from 1913 to 1919, inclusive, the Marquis has been the highest yielding common wheat, producing an average of 15.5 bushels per acre. During the same period the Kubanka durum (C. I. No. 1440) has yielded at the rate of 15.8 bushels or only 0.3 bushel per acre more and the Preston (C. I. No. 3081) 14.1 bushels or 1.4 bushels less than the Marquis. The Marquis. has significantly outyielded the Haynes variety, exceeding it in yield in each of the seven years. It also has outyielded all other varieties of common wheat and all but five of the durum varieties. In the 6-year period from 1914 to 1919, inclusive, the Acme has been the highest yielding wheat. During that period it significantly out- yielded Marquis by 6.2 bushels per acre. Because of these excellent yields and the discovery of its rust resistance in 1916, the Acme has been increased and distributed commercially in many sections of South Dakota. About 5,000 acres were grown in 1919. In the three
22
BULLETIN 878, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
years from 1917 to 1919, inclusive, it has exceeded the average yield
of Monad by 0.3 and that of D-5 by 0.1 bushel.
Other durum wheats
which are not so resistant to stem rust have not yielded as well as these three varieties.
TasiE VIII.— Yields of 42 varieties and strains of spring wheat grown at the High- more (S. Dak.) Substation during the 7-year period from 1913 to 1919, inclusive, with average yields in the 8-year period from 1905 to 1912, inclusive, and the average differ- ences from the Marquis variety for the years grown.
[Data obtained in cooperation with the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station.]
Class, group, and Aver- variety. age Car 1903 No. = to 1912 COMMON. Fife: WIGHRCHINSS Ses couecooacn 3641)... 2 Gani Kenic ses en ion lay alate ab Givi ong a he see ASB as oce ROWER Rec eee 2989} 10.5 DOR aos a2 eee 3025| eee ID YoY! eee aan RAM Goosse Bluestem: DAKO LAS eee 3083) 12.7 ELA yNeS Bae eee ee 1505) 21252 DOs eee 2874) 12.9 Preston: IST ae Sega es 23 1) eee Aigraiee ue Re ef BONSIEAReee 1D) OR Gee eee B269|easeee RiONeCer ee: Satee es ASDA Ene = IBLESTOME serie sae cre 3081; 12.6 DOSS re re Castes Q95Sigese se Ladoga: Manchunia: 2222250. 2492 | Ee eee Miscellaneous: eee MS Se eats are ROG assoc BUS Cais Nae eee BU scosss TEAR SUROKO Kegs Ses aes pene oe ASD eee “Wisconsin Wonder 52) eae DURUM. Kubanka: INGINSE SE Rare ek hears HSA eae WIG era. Sales eee 3310 Arnaut koe eee eee OAT. Seer DO Reais soe 4064 IBUfOrd es see eee eee 295 |peenee Lenora Boe. Mowe eos 1354| 17.5 DOSS ote eee 1440) 15.9 DONE eet ca omen 1516) 17.8 DOG Nee pees 2094) 22. cae ID Oat a ee DAG eee es WOs ee ee eee 3303 iene Kubanka No. 8.....-. AQG3|\ Seema. Midis see 5290 /see es Monadiec seguir ime tar BBO ssa se IPIiCTSONs. eee eee ANG3|\ Sie eus White Turkish....... 3290 | Sas Red Durum: Po eA ape Neri ENS a LE BO27| sees Gharnovka selection. .| 1444)...... Miscellaneous: Golden Ball.......... 6227 ECW ale Wana ea he ees Se eel 6252 |\Reeeee ON irre ee aS GO4G Reveee
Yield per acre (bushels).
1914 | 1915
es a
Sy ea
Average. 1916 1917 1918 . (2 plats).|(2 plats).|(2 plats). 1919 1913 ese to fa 1919 rom ‘| Marquis 6.440. 6/11. 441. 2/20. 9-+-0. 4) 10.3) 15.5)..........- MQ OSA SOE MSE OF laces ee ere sll see EP AL Se hae se Oe EOS eiaeagcisclissoacidncasiie cheweens oe SA geri cal eee eg RDNA | — 5.9+0.5 hE UTS RRA eae elle Cae 0 | Ea | Re Cd —11.0+3.0 5.0+0 |10.8+0: 3)16.7+3.5) 2. 2)_.... — 3.641.2 Tsien: Ua ch Se ees eI ee | —1274-0:9 af She RRO TS 2 en gS Bee eral ese | erence — 8.1+1.2 1.740 9.7+0 |18.441.4) IL.1)..... — 6.4414 TSI fe, RS al its he crate or te — 7, 7+5.6 Se Son See SS | RE eae OASIS 0 cae ie —13.3+46. 7 Pele tea Wem encral Menage et eee —18.7+5.0 6.740: 7| 7.541. 0/18. 344.9] 10.3)... - — 2.6+0.9 7.0+0. 5) 9.7+0.9/20.0+0.7| 7.8) 14.1/— 1.4+0.6 nate a are ee Fe Sk pee Ee Be ee eh — .24+2.9 PETS: PISA ES oe Slee ee cs eine eager —13. 8+6.5 Riese re setae (Wet ntanaens | paar cn Ocal geal ect Manto! — 4.9+0.9 9.5+40.5) 6.40. 5/12. 14-2. 4) 14.8)_.__- — 2.942.3. MR ee ee ip ees eae aa REA URES Res PASS | eerek | ese eee 22.031. SIL2 V1. TIS. 4 Al 75s. 2 + 6.2+2.0 1750220) 5/12: 13-0) W357 1. 8) W255 | S22 2e + 1,542.4 Eager aaa etl oy re ceed Se — 9.9 Teds Os Weds S20 116s (eed oe 2eol eee — 3.2+2.0 aus He ONIN =| Hoe Oa aces ee a 11.1)....-J/+ 1.8 PSE Caper Ane eee as Ibe Se — 1.3440 12. 2+0. 4/15. 2+1. 7/12.9-+0. 3) 15.5] 15.8]+ .341.9 LAR CEM | en lee ig es ge cee | OH Pe rig eager ral | Ape rney are RY Lege Seales eile ee Be —11.2 Soe eee (Epes Ae cee cence |e atacte Siete all eerie rere eevee —10.4 A Wee AEE CE Re tl es ge Pe ee |e — 5.0 TOY SEO, HUBVRSEIS As A see Seip escllasice — 5,446.7 $e ea tll ee eA ere ees Ce Mlexe ncles 15% ud ee 17, 321. 2/14. 63. 2) 15.8)... --|-— 17352 10.0+0. 7} 1.340. 1)21.341.7| 3.9}....- — 1,242.3 a hae eh mtesal| Ce ort areas cll Ry ks Stee Seep URES See | nea — 8441.8 Lilet parton 19. 3-21. 2/12. 54-2. 1) 16.4].....|-- 1.944. 1 10. 0+0. 7} 1.140. 3]20.0+1.4)....-])..... — 142.5 Bs PITAL SNe AR Oe lh era eas 14 seta pee ie, Sara cites ca ea abe LOs0| Sessa 2 OL Com dey oe ean 7. ble. te\— 408446
45
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SPRING WHEAT ON THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS. 23
RESULTS AT NEWELL, S. DAK.
The Belle Fourche Experiment Farm of the Office of Western Irrigation Agriculture is located at an altitude of 2,900 feet on the Belle Fourche Reclamation Project, near the town of Newell, 25 miles northeast of the Black Hills. The soil is a heavy clay or gumbo, classed as Pierre clay, with a shale subsoil. The average annual rain- fall for the past 12 years is 14.31 inches. Cereal experiments have been conducted since 1908 in cooperation with the Office of Western Irrigation Agriculture and since 1912 under cooperative agreement | with the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. The ex- periments reported here were conducted wholly under dry-land farm- ing methods. The climate is not materially influenced by the prox-
imity of the Black Hills, so that drought, hot winds, and severe winter
temperature are important factors in Uniting crop production. The more important yields are shown in Table IX.
Five varieties of durum wheat and five varieties of common wheat were grown during the 5-year period from 1908 to 1912, inclusive. The durum varieties were consistently the better yielders, Kubanka (C. I. No. 1440) leading with an average yield of 10.7 noel per acre. During the seven years from 1913 to 1919, durum varieties have con- tinued to outyield common varieties, imeladine even the Marquis, which has yielded at the rate of 18.3 bushels per acre. The Kubanka (C. I..No. 1516) has produced the highest average acre yield, 22.6 bushels, outyielding Marquis by a significant difference of 4.3 bushels. All other durum varieties also have outyielded Marquis, and ten of them by differences that are significant. Of the common wheats, Changli, a soft Chinese wheat, outyielded Marquis by 0.2 bushel in a 5-year period, but was discarded because of poor milling quality. The Kitchener has outyielded Marquis during the two years, 1918 and 1919, and the Laramie and Norka outyielded Marquis in 1919. All other common wheats have been outyielded by Marquis. Of the rust-resistant durum wheats grown during the past three years the Acme has outyielded Monad and D-5 by 0.3 and 0.8 bushel, respec- tively. In ‘the same period Kubanka selection No. 712 has out- yielded Acme by 0.4 bushel.
TMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
ETIN 878, U. S. DEP
B
24
a aadiie * | “
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25
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SPRING WHEAT ON THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS.
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26 BULLETIN 878, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. RESULTS AT SHERIDAN, WYO.
The Sheridan Field Station is located in northern Wyoming at an altitude of 3,800 feet on dark clay-loam soil. The average annual precipitation during the past 23 years was 14.72 inches. The cereal experiments were started in 1917 and have been conducted in coop- eration with the Office of Dry-Land Agriculture. Owing to an extreme drought in the season of 1919 the spring-wheat crop was an almost complete failure. The annual and average yields of the spring-wheat varieties are shown in Table X.
The experiments have been conducted only three years, in one of which there was crop failure, so that definite conclusions can not be drawn from the present results. There is very little difference be- tween the average yields of the common and durum wheats. The Marquis variety has produced an average yield of 12.6 bushels per acre. The Peliss, with 13.1 bushels per acre, has the highest average yield of the durum varieties and is the only one that has outyielded Marquis. Three varieties of common wheat have outyielded Mar- quis, but none of them by a significant quantity.
TaBLE X.— Yields of 12 varieties of spring wheat grown at the Sheridan ( Wyo.) Field
Station during the 3-year period from 1917 to 1919, incluswe, compared with the Mar- quis variety for the years grown.
[Data obtained in cooperation with the Office of Dry-Land Agriculture. ]
Yield per acre (bushels).
Class, group, and variety. |C.1I. No. Average.
1917 (3 plats). |1918 (8 plats). | ¢g ae a 1919. |from Marquis.
COMMON. Fife: (Marq Uismioceesccce dens cease 3641 j 6.7+1.8 31.141.1 0 IDA eo poasba GoGeS Gininkays pre seesss eines 1517 9.341.6 29.6+3.0 ol 13.0 +0. 4+0.9 Givmdonketete eee 2873 7.3+3.0 26.1+2.0 al TH) aif cS RG Wels cee oa eee 3697 19.040.8 30.341.3 at 13.5 =O at) Bluestem: Fa yinesrc: esse ee see oem 2874 7.0+4.4 27.541.2 0 11.5 See Preston: IPTONCER eee 4324 10.7+1.8 29.742.5 2 13.5 + 941.2 IPRCSTOME Eee eee ee eee 3081 9.341.6 23.641.3 1 11.9 —1.6+2.4 Miscellaneous: Preludes sn essa eee ees 4323 12. 34-2. 2 22.6+ .9 0 11.6 —1.0+3.0 DURUM Kubanka: : AVA eee a neroeeeroiete teraz 4064. 10.0+1.6 20.4+1.0 0 10.1 —2.543.3 Kubankaesseceeseeneeee 1440 8.642.4 27.5+3.7 a7 ipa — .54+1.2 KubankarNowsesscosceae- 4063 8.742.2 25.1+1.8 1 11.3 —1.9+1.6 Peliss: TOL ISS ps ose Sera vep eatage 1584 12.7+2.0 26.6+42.3 -l oom + .5+2.0
RESULTS AT ARCHER, WYO.
The Cheyenne Field Station at Archer, Wyo., is located on a fairly sandy loam containing some gravel. The altitude is almost exactly 6,000 feet above sea level. The normal rainfall is only 13.60 inches.
serra
% :
J a
€,
SPRING WHEAT ON THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS. Bel
Taste XI.— Yields of 47 varieties and strains of spring wheat grown at the Cheyenne Field Station, Archer, Wyo., during the 7-year period from 19138 to 1919, inclusive, compared with the Marquis variety for the years grown.
[Data obtained in cooperation with the Wyoming State Board of Farm Commissioners.]
Yield per acre (bushels).
Average. Class, SrOnw, and < He 2 5 varety i prs rena a, Lele etalon aor aae aego18 Glia: ae (2 plats).|(4 plats).|(4 plats).|(4 plats). plats). ae foronice from 1919. Marquis. COMMON. Fife: Marquis... 2...2225: 3641) 9.0) 8.440. 1/20.9+0.3) 5.4+0. 4/16. 6-0. 7/36. 9-41. 6]1.3+0.2) 14.1).......... Cole Hybrid Leer 4062) 8. 5/10. 4 TSS SS ES Fe a2 Vi Ue +0.1+0.8 Ghirka Spring..._.} 1517) 9. 2/10.0+0. 5/13. 241.0} 5.6+0. 4/16. 2+1. 4/28. 3+0.3/1.0+0. 2} 11.9|—2.241.2 Clyndoniasiie => 2873) 5.8] 9.6 12.541. 0) 5.7+0. 4/15. 140. 6|30.4+1.3) .6+0. 2} 11. 4/—2.7+1.0 WOWCRM fas sceece 3697) 4.7] 7.3 12.341. 1) 5.7+0.5/16. 341. 1/31. 941. 8]/1.140.5) 11.3)/—2.8+0.9 TRS RDO a eee S 3022) 8.3] 8.1 11.740. 5) 5.6+0.4/16. 3+1. 1/32.0+1.4}) .6+0.1) 11. 8)/—2.3+0.9 Kitchener: ......-- ASO SES Bilis RES Sah 2h US Ned ae a AS ye See og WO Oe 36. 744. 2/2. 8+0.6)..... + .7+40.7 RUUD yee serio peo GOAT Se ee arco ya ieee a IE She ACEI e ave ee ue 26.3 HSE 02 | are —5.3+4.5 Bluestem: Crossbred==-ss-5-- 3695! 1.3) 3.1 OMA OND [yest ene oe ate Sie eal te a eis pay Seared far —8.3+1.4 AYMCS ee Serene 2874) 4.4! 9.040. 1/11.7+0. 3) 5.0+-0.4)_.-....-. 15. 5+0. 8] .8+0. 2). .._- —5.942.4 i) One ee 3021] 2.6] 5.3 HAC Zeltser Lea Was tN De an | Lees arene LM ate ya ea —6.6+1.5 Matvelects <5 Sia | 38082) 3.4! 6.5 ERO ES OYA oe ora Hl eimai Sap Bre ae lee ete aaa 2 | ire ae —5. 841.6 Preston: Converse@s sess AJA) 8. 3/10. 2 19.0+0. 8) 5.9+0. 2}17.5+0. 6/32. 8+1.0)2.4+0. 2} 13.7/— .4+0.6 IDIBhYZhOl 6 wae aoe 2397) 9.4) 9.5 22.040. 8] 7.5+0. 2}17. 940. 7/43. 742. 4/5. 240.5] 16.5/+2.4+0.6 IPTEStOM see Rete aad 3081] 4.7) 8.1 14,8+1.4| 2.1+0. 4/14. 0+0. 3/31. 741. 4/2. 8+0. 6] 11. 2|—2.9+0.7 IDOE Sa 3698] 6.7] 9.8 So ts OG | esate thee coe gS eye nn Se ees Paci 8 —2.2+41.4 Doses tees ALS Sas hele pore ee LE Se2=E ORM IGSS EO |E eias aeee|| eoae eraey ee —1.0+1.0 PIONGEn. ==) ese AS Al eee sia | eicente tres Alles Sent 7.740. 6/18. 2+0. 8/28. 9+0.9]1. 840.4). ...- — .941.7 adoga: WadoOgaeyseeee 4154| 8.7) 8.5 iG) Fete) et Fe aed ORY Na MeO | Dr eer me Ie gee KINDS — .6+0.4 INOV KAR Sis oe 4377) 7.2) 9.3 19.3+1.1] 7.2+0. 4/20. 8+0. 5/37. 8+1. 2/4. 2+0.5) 15.1/+1.0+0.6 SEN UITO Were eee PAE | eyes | earners | Sipe, Jeo 6. 6+1. 0/16. 0+ 0. 6/36. 342. 5)2.2+0.1]..._. + .2+0.4 VATAMICse =e nee eee G23 ENE | ee pe ee eee. A ry MTS REE Se | eee ee ae 36. 341. 5]. 740. 1)..-.-. — .140.4 Miscellaneous Galealost ss) 2 2 2398) 7.$]10.3+-0. 4/21.2+1.8] 6.1+0. 4/18. 1+1. 3/40. 2+1. 3/3. 9+0.3] 15.4)+1.3+0. 4 Regenerated Defi- INCOR aces Baga 3703] 7.7) 9.3 OF SOLA Ea: Se Ra See ae eo | ep es eels [pee Raa —4.0+3.0 Prelude 2542-225. RO BN EN eM Sucre Se a rar a 5. O+0. 2)12. 4+0. 4122.24+2.1)1.640.1]_.... —A4, 842.4 DURUM. Kubanka J \( Chan sya aparece a ae By SA eas eed | ee RAE OE TN ol ail Ree a VE 165232160 |312 342 edo eae +2.0+1.6 oe Se eee 1493] 7. 2|12.3 23.8+0. 7) 6.1+0.3/18.5+0. 3]34.341.1/5.3+0. 8} 15.4/+1.3+40.7 SABES eee 4064| 6. 4/10. 7+0. 6/23.642.8' 6. 94-0. 5/18. 9+0. 5!32.3+0.9/4.3+0. 2! 14.7\/+ .6+0.9 Belobarks leas ets 1520] 7. 7/11.9 28.9+0.3) 5.140. 5]17. 040. 3/38. 5+0. 9/4. 0+0. 5) 16. 2);+2.1+40.8 Keuibamkarss 1354] 7. 7/12.8 Neat 2 (5 | ages cme fea en ee WS nny 2 ee (Fe +1.4+1.2 WOR SA are 1440) 7,5)12.5 25.6+0.8) 5.8+0. 2/20. 9+1. 2/32.9+1.9/5.3+0.5} 15.8)+1.7+1.0 WW OF Ss tsa 1516) 7. 1)/13.0 27.6+1.1) 6.5+0. 3/20. 041. 6/35. 140. 4/5.6+0.5} 16. 4/+2.3+1.0 Kubanka No. 8. CUO OSRY fis hard TSS pet 9h ene es A 6.4+0. 5/20. 8+0. 6/36.5+0. 5/4. 8+0.4)..... +2.0+0.9 Gharnovka.._-...- 1447| 7.5)12.3 PLS MA LO Ed Ui hen lL ala Pa eal ane ee te +1. 841.4 Maroudaniiss += =o = 1593] 7. 9)11.5+0. 8/21.5+1.3) 7.6+0. 6/18. 241. 2/33.6+0. 6/5.2+0. 1) 15.1)+1.0+0.7 MOM AG ins 5 339) eateael pee te Oe het eRe Bey. ae a 17.4+1. 0/34. 141. 3/6. 3+0. 8]. —... +1.0+1.6 Pererodka......... 1350} 8. 3}12.8 26.040. 8) 5.440. 5/18. 941. 2/36.541.1).......- ..---[+1.840.7 Yellow Gharnovka} 1444] 7,8/11.5 D5 ORE AER eel SEN |(e sae cara emeds poe ede eee eos +2.341.4 BitOnd ese aes ESS SADR a Se eg a SL alr el RAY pre nckaee A UN Sae a [Neh ee Fees eieee | erene Mindum.......... 206 eee es a eet AO en Pe Gare eee erp ah, a ee Sen ae we AL QELS sac llboacosaaee Red Durum DAF. So a aaa ee BBO le eye eee | Seats may ete 16. 1+0. 7/33. 842. 8/4.5+0.6}..... — .241.3 Peliss IRENISS tee ose 1584] 8. 7/11.6+0.3/22.64+2.0! 5.9+0.5/18. 0-0. 6/34.3+41.9/6.341. 0} 15.3)/+1.2+0.5 Saragollass=s2.: 2228) 6.7|10.3 ee eee ee ESS TT | See Sie aes hel Pe Pee Se ay ol bm ees IR) [rs co ee al Wes at — .9+i.1 Miscellaneous: Bledune ssn ks. = 1471) 7.3)11.8 Ud eS, SUA pee eS Bae od ef em ee [ree RSENS —2.1+2.3 Kana peease sh 3024| 7.5|10.5+0. 4)22. 8+4. 0! Lives Aarne tae ee aes tere bos ee ee SS ee |-+ .8+0.9 Velvet Don....... 1445) 8.6)10.8 DAS AIST NG legs siren oe [jah aes event aya ar aS ee me RTA ee +1.8+0.9 Golden Ball....... 6297 eeeae eee eee ea ea se [Dee ar Gesaih ere TE SL 1a wee ea Eaten len() | bee a | cee crave
The rainfall records are mostly from Fort D. A. Russell at Cheyenne, 9 miles distant, where conditions probably are slightly more favorable
28 BULLETIN 878, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
than at Archer. The conditions of high altitude and northern lati- tude allow only a short growing season, and this combined with the low rainfall makes crop growing somewhat difficult. The experiments were started in 1913 and are conducted by the Office of Cereai Inves- tigations In cooperation with the Wyoming State Board of Farm Commissioners. In 1919 a change in the State law made the director of the Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station the chairman of this board. The annual and average yields of the spring-wheat varieties are given in Table XI.
During the 7-year period from 1913 to 1919, inclusive, durum wheat generally has outyielded common wheat, including the Mar- quis variety. The latter has yielded at the rate of 14.1 bushels per acre. It has outyielded the Power and Preston varieties and most of the Bluestem strains by significant quantities. It has been out- yielded, however, by five varieties of common wheat. The Erivan and Galgalos have exceeded it in yield by the significant differences of 2.4 and 1.3 bushels per acre, respectively. These wheats have weak straw and for that reason have not been distributed commer- cially. The Norka variety has also outyielded Marquis by 1 bushel, Kitchener has outyielded it by 0.7 bushel, and Huron by 0.2 bushel per acre. These differences, however, are not significant. All of the durum wheats continued in the experiments except D-5 have outyielded Marquis. During the 7-year period the highest-yielding durum wheat was Kubanka (C. I. No. 1516), averaging 16.4 bushels per acre, followed closely in yield by Beloturka and Kubanka (C. I. No. 1440). The Peliss variety also has yielded fairly well, averaging 15.3 bushels per acre. In the 3-year period from 1917 to 1919, inclusive, the Acme has given about the best results, outyielding the other rust-resistant durum varieties, Monad and D-5, by 1 and 2.2 bushels, respectively.
RESULTS AT NORTH PLATTE, NEBR.
The North Platte substation of the Nebraska Agricultural Experi- ment Station is located in the valley of the South Platte River, just above the junction of the North and South Forks, near the town of North Platte. It lies at an altitude of 3,000 feet and is located on a porous clay-loam soil known as loess. The normal annual precipi- tation is 18.83 inches. Varietal experiments with spring wheat have been conducted at the North Platte substation by the Nebraska station for a number of years. Since 1915 Mr. L. L. Zook, of the Cffice of Dry-Land Agriculture, has had supervision of the experi- ments. The results since 1913 which are reported here have been furnished by Mr. Zook through the courtesy of the Nebraska Agri- cultural Experiment Station. The yields are shown in Table XII.
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SPRING WHEAT ON THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS. 29
Taste XII.— Yields of 25 varieties and strains of spring wheat grown at the North Platte (Nebr.) Substation during the 7-year period from 1913 to 1919, inclusive, compared with the Marquis variety for the years grown.
[Data used by courtesy of the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station.]
Yield per acre (bushels).
CI Average. Class, group, and variety. N a 1913 | 1914 | 1915 | 1916 191 1919 ron : 1913 | Difference to from 1919 | Marquis. COMMON. Fife: Mar qudshee ete eens ote 3641 6.8 4,3 | 20.2 | 18.3 SSN NOE GpIb ale fae ek ee oe Ghinkay Sp rie sys ie eee ee IU Fis" Ws ON ee he aa 16.3 9.5 Cay Oey eee —1.5+0.7 GliymGonee wate ee ae a ocean DAS Uay: | eee wel eee Nell esse USCA eg Set | Spree a ree evs ayeomy ns | ates ey mmr rapes GIG CHET CI eee Sia eae ae A'S (Sh eres ca | fee ree tier | Fes, ta | Rais UIE aera ps grad 8s (Geto ey PY Ne aa eR a HOWE T ee oe ee Pao }9) Pf pes Mis al car as ON SEE wey bal ees sts | momen all Sasi —6.4+0.9 Bluestem: | JB hyaa (eo Se ae ee eae ec ac ee ms DSTAS etsy ops ero eT ee LOZSG eds Oat Seana |Poteare a epee —7.5+0.4 Preston: Jelbhaayo one JDL noo aodnsceebaes GO4OIS exes ee ie eal ea eon tus Oo Qe issacuc —2.941.7 TOMO erent sae aN he ABD ASS eee tert ey erene|| Ueno NOS A BA TOO ti Gy es es —2.14+1.4 P2REST OME eee PU Ny sik ea e330 ar Uh) bee al ea ean a 15.8 OF /ia LOS Sia lheaaeeplin feeerernes —2.141.3 Preston (Scotch Fife). ....... LIE BO I BO QOPI, © Wa Boos se sleoekecleessas —3. 741.7 Red Spring (Potter).-........ BO EE OR ORG IG Oa TBR Ze T OEZE Ne oSae —2.541.4 Ladoga: GAT AIIM Rei ce, eine Bone CB SPE Ya yesh cat mel late al e eR | PDP Hee TSO Rey eee eas siete at Miscellaneous: HD) Ef aI CO een he ape rat eae ete Bes OTe hanes ea il Wate si iN ea ea Mere Bina I ee ee —7.144.0 Gall a OS eA rae ea nase ss eh me oe IU Maa PAS AGH PAU shi | genie ee | pete ce al He ota i a a —9. 846.5 IPTOIUG OE eet ea eee AS 2 OU eee alae Spee: 2; 21.8 9.0) 10.8 }...... +2.642.6 Wihitemmalisade: ole 5.222) 2. 4798 | 8.3) 4.1 | 20.2 | 18.7 | 13.4] 10.2 | 14.6 | 12.8] + .9+0.4 DURUM Kubanka: BANGTIN CW aticee reenter yes we SCV ES IN ea eee Ra RPE GaN aad Ceca ee Te oa TARA eee ok eas [Picasa Ban ere NEMO Kae een ere Fel es es AGA eestor ee UG NOG | Bech | ZS s soe — .2+0.5 (Ghar Ovary pees eh |p eee GEN, BO, AED | SOO Os Sabo O54) loses clesaeue + .840.5 Kubanka. Sas a RS ar 1440 Uo® Qala eZ On lsaanlet sao 8.9 | 15.8 | 12.4 + .6+40.5 Qu oe maAUKey ING, Soe Seneca sees AOS resect | enesnieny ss erie ee 19.0 6. 2 CO) inl teal a al hel exes eee —1.1+0.5 Kubanka selection No. 1.....|....-.- Lot Ae BeO) We TOL A SE SO eee clog goer — .7+40.5 Miscellaneous: SEC SS Soy. ee late So | eam 9.8 DOM OND SA Pleat ON OU eee loaooos + .3+0.6 NanacOll awe see gen ints Pie esprit tela Seale Oud PTE N MESO) |More aul Qe AS ace Face | ce — .7+0.9 A/a) bye Bs Xo va yeast gat erat Wee analy ict sy ae SO ne Aen OI hotest een hal ati i ava le oka alee el AT + .9+1.0
In the 7-vear period from 1913 to 1919, inclusive, Marquis wheat has yielded at the rate of 11.8 bushels per acre. During the same period a white wheat known as Palisade has outyielded it by 0.9 and Kubanka durum wheat by 0.6 bushel, respectively. In shorter periods four other durum wheats and Prelude common wheat have outyielded the Marquis, but none of them by a difference that is significant. *The earliness of the Prelude variety has given it an advantage over other varieties in two of the four years during which it has been grown. The late-maturing varieties, such as Haynes Bluestem, are usually at a greater disadvantage in this section than farther north, as they generally are damaged or destroyed by hot winds, summer droughts, or rust. The Humpback II variety, which is grown commercially in the vicinity, has not yielded as well as the Marquis in the two years 1918 and 1919. All varieties of spring wheat have produced low yields at North Platte, as this district is much better adapted to growing hard winter wheat.
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32 BULLETIN 878, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
RESULTS AT AKRON, COLO.
The Akron Field Station of the Office of Dry-Land Agriculture at Akron, Colo., lies at an altitude of 4,560 feet on a sandy loam soil. The average annual precipitation for the past 16 years was 17.97 inches. Experiments with spring wheat have been conducted here since 1908 in cooperation with the Office of Dry-Land Agriculture The yields are shown in Table XIII.
During the 5-year period from 1908 to 1912, inclusive, most of the durum varieties considerably outyielded all common varieties except Galgalos. The Beloturka durum was the highest yielding variety, averaging 21.2 bushels per acre. During the 7-year period from 1913 to 1919, inclusive, the Marquis compared favorably with the durum wheats, yielding 12.6 bushels per acre and outyielding even Belo- turka and Kubanka (C. I. No. 1440). Other durum wheats, how- ever, proved better yielders in this later period. Peliss was the lead- ing variety, yielding at the rate of 14.8 bushels per acre, or a signifi- cant difference of 2.2 bushels more than Marquis. Of the other durum wheats the Arnautka has yielded best. Several common wheats also have outyielded the Marquis, among them Galgalos and Erivan during the full period, and Prelude and Pioneer during the five years from 1915 to 1919, inclusive. The Prelude outyielded it by the greatest difference, averaging 2 bushels per acre more, although the Marquis outyielded it in three out of the five years. Not all of these differences are significant. In a long period of years, however, the Prelude might be the best common variety to grow.
SUMMARY OY YIELDS.
In order to compare the yields of varieties at all of the 11 stations, the average yields of each variety have been expressed in percentages of the yield of the Marquis variety during the same years at each station. These are given in Table XIV. A diagram showing the location of the 11 field stations and the average yields of the leading commercial varieties, in percentage of yields of the Marquis variety, at each station is shown in figure 1. The Marquis has been included in all of the experiments, and its yields here given include 66 station years. Other varieties have been grown during only a part of these years. The number of years that each variety has been grown at, each station is indicated.
A study of Table XIV shows that, in general, the Marquis is the highest yielding variety of common spring wheat grown in experi- ments at 11 field stations in the northern half of the Great Plains area. It has been outyielded by only a few other varieties at some of the stations. The Power Fife has produced higher yields than Marquis at Williston, N. Dak., Havre, Mont., and Sheridan, Wyo. The Preston has yielded more than Marquis only at Williston, N. Dak. The yields of Haynes Bluestem are only 41 to 94.4 per cent
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SPRING WHEAT ON THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS. ao
of the yields of Marquis. Galgalos has yielded well in the western portion of the Great Plains area, outyielding Marquis at Havre, Mont., Archer, Wyo., and Akron, Colo., but it is a white wheat. Pioneer has outyielded Marquis at Williston, N. Dak., Sheridan, Wyo., and Akron, Colo. The yields of Prelude have been relatively low at all stations except North Platte, Nebr., and Akron, Colo., where owing to the early maturity of this variety it has been able to evade summer drought in some seasons. Kitchener and Ruby in a limited number of experiments show promise of being superior to Marquis in yield.
TaBLE XIV.—Average yields of 34 varieties and strains of spring wheat grown at 11° experiment stations in the northern half of the Great Plains area during three or more station years in the 7-year period from 1913 to 1919, inclusive, expressed in percentages of the yield of the Marquis variety at the same stations in the same years.
Yield per acre compared to Marquis (per cent).
North Dakota. Montana. |South Dakota.| Wyoming. | __ Class, Aaa and | |_| eee ae variety. C. I. |Willis-| Dick- | Man- Moc- | High-| ., Sheri- 2 ? No. | ton, |inson,| dan, Bare: casin, | more, Nee dan, picks Neue, sale: 6 7 7 ’ , ; years. | years. | years. | 7°#S-| years. | years. | Y°2"S:| years. | YOArs: | Years. 9 cor: COMMON. | Fife: Marquis.......- 3641 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Ghirka Spring..} 1517 | @92.3) ©75.4).......)....... a90.4) @66.2) c91 103.2} 984.4] ¢88.4) 93.6 Glyndon....... 2873 OTA le S44 eral ee = a@ 83.2) ¢46 a81.5) 88.9 SOUS sje | 82.5 Kitchener. ..... ASOOR Praesens cei alas te Sl Sete cose caeteallagee ct GAQOVA as re Qi 0354 pice wml egos (POweresse= 224 | 0697 104 684.7) 96.5) e109.5} 89.3] ¢ 70.2} 92.3) 107.1 80.1) @ 52.6) ¢ 31 Red Fife....... 3329) ese BOAO | Papeete eeictars cs | teters ciel Soak ay alist we (este oer rs rota ba eee One aacke 3694 Opes ered sh opecnters | morse | eparao ccelleroea eee | ais st sel cciet< late a aesesealee cee RUD Yass. eS 604.75 |soa3 san TPA Eee fee ei Se ee tee 10S eae eee UP APA eos aoes laa aoac Gy Sbinge se eee S022 e eeeeea- AO eee nts | pease te ROT Ancne se a 80.4|....... S350 | eee jneeeee Early Red TO eee EE ee Bo aebed Seceded Boacace Roa sass 2a See Sos Sass woe lbcioeenseleace nesses eee Bluestem: Crossbred ...... Sol4 eae eeee The SS eR ees| tances as) GOBCOnE ace. oom SScoe ae erase ne C35 al Beato nelececee Dakotas see ees 3083 £0) We Rc eee Sr bake ee (ae OSD, Qese socal oss Sat [Sse sets lewd | eee sere Haynes.......- 2874 94.4) 75.9] 73.1) € 82.2) ¢78.4) 059. ; 88.1) 91.3) 056.7) @ 44.8) a41 Preston Converse....... ANAT arent (raps) aoe yates aa caret aes soa owe ee Lesage OSL aoe ae 100 PVA DEATH Ei Rae aos (Ae ee [eens [ae ee al (eee CAC [eel ee eel I oa GSS ae 103. 2 Rioneer=s 6526. 4324 | ¢101.2) @94.3)....... d 86.5] @ 84.9] @ 84.2) a87 107.1) ©¢94 ¢ 78. 1/2109 Preston=222.—: -| 38081 | ¢ 106 85.9] 93 € 80.2} ¢90.2) 91 90.7} 87.3 79.4| ¢83.8| 083.6 Ladoga: PLUTON ees sae AOR CUB GPS sey Gilligan see ee te CiQbs4 |e aa C14 F(R aaseee COTES | Saar | ee Laramie........ G20 08 [Pat eee peace seat ee amon onienas scale 6 PAV ANG ieee ae €99.7|......- f 65.9 Manchuria. .... PAO ste COAST ees Gas pe enee olen amcien|leeeeoe: €99 O82 QO) erasers eerie eaters f71.6 Nionka 3) 2355—: SRY ICE AS Ree SS 26 OEE aaa See eee em eee (aes eene PO he Ape 10 Zell eee ad 91.2 Miscellaneous a Galgalos.......- FAX yo (peer en Sey er Ker ee AUOS2I GUSTIN Cis eee Sehr ale cor ie 109.2) 420.3) 109.5 Prelude... ..:: 4323 | ¢79.6| @86.8)....... 61.6) @ 83.6} @82.4) @ 84.1 92.1] ¢68.3] ¢120. 1/4116. 4 DURUM Kubanka: AGINO@ = 6 ee ces HISAR EMA SN en 22 | Hib deSles accel oa ccrce GASSNAKe nl 2655|maceeiee CATT 2 ace | Seton Arnautka...... HAGTE Ree alin fa a | eee nees Sea len me. Seok NCD eae 109525 aoe 108. 7 ID Osss-22¢ = 4064 |@ 105.6) 117.6] 97. 7|¢ 113.1] ¢ 102.8]. @80.4)@119.8} 80.2} 104.3) ¢98.5) 105.6 Beloturka...... AB 2OR aise Sl saes |i saes82 Cts ieee bees Ee RE CLS 5 11459) 2 sss 96.8 Bulord. ss LS f IAVE SG Oe il See sae ae ee eee FAVES) SF 123 58e =e FASS Nasea sce Sees Kubanka...... 1440} 106.9) 121.2)....... 104.1) 100.8) 102 | 6114. o} S6 112 105.1) 93.6 DOs sacse THESND” |. Wat eee eee ee) I | ere oo slow ee LLG ae ee ee €112.7 Kubanka No. 8.| 4063 | 2 101 130 OV GW socoore d 89.6} € 68. 2) d 107. 3" 89. 7) ¢ 113. 3) ¢91.6) 4 61.5 Marouani.....- TAGE ets 5 Scat Lee Se 1 Pn | Jeter Sal |e el fee bet [ew meee 1 Oars 2140.5 Mindum....... 206 he Seed BAI’ | pa eet ee kee [Eee HEOSTO NC Wodaa lee D808 silgsse- Ss \5s5 -- Monad = ea. SBR CIOS A IEE Oe see ee Est 20 pes Re 123716 =aeeeee CANOS sole ses € 87.7 Pierson........ GBR ae naeriSaa Meeeene Sastre seauace BOQ (GN S.3| Nae soe: | aes PeeesSee seeee Red Durum: IDE ce eee See 8%} ClweE 7 aoe S 4 baceace Cts SCM 4 er 2053 ease ae E97 G22 -253- € 86.2 Peliss: 2 PelisShe? 425i a UaseY lg Beer geal |S Le ae ees wre a 12025 |1 0250 |Pas Se seeee OSG) GBS RS Sece 117.5 Miscellaneous: Golden Ball....| 6227 |....... 7141. 2) ep eae Bn a eee Spey SUNG ee ao 5A RAS Seee f 423 [--+e02- |7101. 8 a SE ae Se 2 ee I SUE ied ee eee era 2 a@ Average for only five years. ¢ Average for only four years. e Average for only three years.
b Average for only six years. d@ Average for only two years. f Average for only one year.
34 BULLETIN 878, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
The better varieties of durum wheat have outyielded Marquis at all stations except Sheridan, Wyo., where the results are for only three years and are not conclusive. Of the varieties of durum wheat grown during the entire period of the experiments, Kubanka (C. I. No. 1440) has outyielded Marquis at eight of the ten stations at which it has been grown. It gave the poorest comparative yields at Akron, Colo., where it yielded only 93.6 per cent as much as Marquis, and the best comparative yields at Dickinson, N. Dak., where its yield was 121.2 per cent. Kubanka (C. I. No. 1516) has a higher, comparative yield than Kubanka (C. I. No. 1440) at three of the four ‘stations where both have been grown. In comparison with Marquis the percentage of yield of Kubanka No. 8 (C. I. No. 4063) is less than the yield of Kubanka (C. I. No. 1440) at all stations except Dickin- son, N. Dak., and Archer, Wyo. At Dickinson, N. Dak., the yields of Kubanka No. 8 (C. I. No. 4063) have been significantly higher than that of Kubanka (C. I. No. 1440), but less than the yields of Monad. Strains of Kubanka have produced higher average yields than Arnautka at most of the stations. Peliss has the highest average yields at Havre and Moccasin, Mont., Sheridan, Wyo., and Akron, Colo. From these results Peliss is considered to be more productive than Kubanka and Arnautka in the western portions of the Great Plains area. Of the rust-resistant varieties of durum wheat, Acme, Monad, and D-5, the Acme and Monad have higher comparative yields than D-5, the red durum, at nearly all stations where grown. and are also higher than most other durum varieties. At all sta- tions where it has been grown, D-5 has been outyielded by either Acme or Monad or by both of them.
DAYS FROM EMERGENCE TO MATURITY.
Notes on the dates of emergence and maturity of the varieties of wheat have been recorded each year at nearly all of the field stations. The ripening of wheat in the northern half of the Great Plains area occurs prematurely in most of the seasons, owing to drought, hot winds, or rust. In moderately unfavorable seasons the period from emergence to maturity is shorter and the difference in the time of maturity between early and late varieties is less than for the same varieties in a normal ripening season, such as usually occurs in the subhumid and humid areas. In very unfavorable seasons hot winds ripen, or rather ‘‘deaden,” all varieties of wheat at almost the same time, regardless of their relative normal periods of development. Thus, there is a wide variation in the time of maturity of the same variety of wheat in different seasons in the northern Great Plains.
The period from eraergence to maturity for Marquis wheat varied from 72 days at Mandan, N. Dak., in 1919, to 125 days at Moccasin, Mont., in 1915. At Dickinson, N. Dak., the period varied from 76
& 3
SPRING WHEAT ON THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS. 85
days in 1919 to 121 days in 1915. In general, the period from emergence to maturity is less in the northern than in the southern parts of the section, but the seasonal climatic differences, including precipitation, temperature, humidity, and wind, are the most impor- tant determining factors. The earlier the wheat is sown the longer will be the period from emergence to maturity. The average number of days from emergence to maturity of 38 varieties of spring wheat grown at 11 experiment stations in the northern half of the Great Plains area during three or more of the seven years from 1913 to 1919, inclusive, compared with Marquis wheat grown at the same station in the same years is shown in Table XV.
TaBLE XV.—Average time from emergence to maturity of 38 varieties of spring wheat grown at 11 experiment stations in the northern half of the Great Plains area during three or more of the seven years from 1913 to 1919, inclusive, compared with the Marquis variety for the same station years.
{ Average time from Average time from emergence to mMma- emergence tO ma- turity (days). turity (days). q Differ q Differ pecs group, and .| 3 | 8 Jencefrom Pee retcue, Ba! .| 3 | $4 | ence from y: 2| s | 8 | Marquis. y Zilog |S | Marquis: 3 BS S pa o Cs & o S & = =| q = a ra Oe eee eS acct es Sea (oes bel idealsizel aes hv aa ARS lena Mere ac) aire Ze eo cule sisnl Sores Blaha aa eas) © |S ayaa! Bel cea Ee ies Ce toy ee rls Aly ey ea eS | ee) COMMON. DURUM. Fife: Kubanka: Marquis....... SOLE DORE o eon Meena |e ee iNcGmet eee 5284 | 15 | 91.3 | 88.1 |_.--- OY GhirkaSpring.} 1517 | 42 | 96.9 | 96.5 |..... 0.4 iseniaee ee 3310 GaleS2a2e Starla cle | pees Glyndon.....- PB O74 est Ob 7. a eee 2.9 Arnautka...-.- OR OG || WERE) leass= aul Kitchener. ...- 4800} 3] 91. Oa Oni /al eae DOS ae 4064 | 46 | 97.8 | 94.4 |.---- 3.4 Rowen s5- os 3697.) 491 97.2 | 94.1 [LL 2_- Syl Beloturka..... 1520 [6 U7 (LOMO LOOM | eas 1.8 Red Fife... -.. 3329 7EAPUURI EN Od ee 4.9 Buford 2 =. 5295 9 | 94.8 | 92.7 ).-.-.. Dei: RUD Yae=ss see GOR | SAS 8228) | S7N7 | 4-9 | -- 8 Kubanka...-. 1440S SIE 9823) 9528 Boas 225 Rysting....... 302251526; 101598) 98SP as. 3.8 Woz 1516 | 17 | 96.6 |[ 93.9 |..--.- 7A,T Bluestem: Kubanka No. 8} 4063 | 32 | 96.6 | 93.3 |..--- BS" Crossbred....- 3314" |e =7- 1016 | 9522) |- = =-- 6.4 Marouani..-.-.-}] 1593 | 9 {100.2 | 96.8 |..--- 3.4 Hakota. x25: 3083 8; 98.4 | 94.8 ]..... 3.6 Mindum...... 5296 AT EG Isis Uf leaaec 3.8 Haynes.....-.-. 2874 | 47 | 98:2 | 93.6 |_..-. 4.6 Monad=2---. = 3320021 9G OFF 93e3n|hasa 2.7 Preston: | Pierson....--- 4163 6 | 90. C¥iGS} lleooae 2.0 Converse... .-- 4141 | 14 | 96.9 | 98.3 | 1.4 |..-.- IDL 29 6 ee eee 2397 | 17 | 92.8 | 97.3 | 4.5 |... - Red Durum Fretes.....::- 1596 7 {105.7 |107. 1 Lese3 ee a = Open Soe a 33223218) | O4e4: [29220 222s 2.4 Pioneer......- AOE SRY A OEY | Oy OA | Rey ae Preston.....-. 3081 | 50 | 94.3 | 93.5 |__-_- -8 || Peliss Ladoga: iRelisse-eere ee 1584 | 26 |102.1 | 99.6 |--.--- 2a5 EUTOnY se 4935 | 18 | 95.4 | 95.5 a ol ee Hharaimiee=-—slko230 |. 4 Olid | ONES jan. -- .4 || Miscellaneous: Manchuria. -.-.-.} 2492 | 16 | 93.6 | 95.3 | 1.7 |...-- Golden Ball...| 6227 | 41} 89. SAL eae ee 5.0 INORKAR =.= 4377 TA OiaG? || OALG esas 2.8 Miscellaneous: Prelude.....-.- 4323 | 36 | 85.4 | 95.4 {10.0 |... Galgalos.....- 2398 | 19 | 99.1 |100. aQh[Sasoe
The Prelude and Ruby varieties are the earliest which have been erown in these experiments, being 10 days and 4.9 days, respectively, earlier than Marquis wheat. Power Fife is 3.1 days later than Mar- quis on the average, although in certain instances in comparable experiments it has ripened on the same day. Haynes Bluestem has matured from 1 to 10 days later than Marquis, and during 47 station
36 BULLETIN 878, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
years has averaged 4.6 days later. The average difference in time of maturity between Preston and Marquis during 50 station years is only 0.8 day, showing the Preston variety to be less than one day later than Marquis. All varieties of durum wheat grown are later than Marquis, except the Algeria, which has been grown only at Highmore, S. Dak. Most varieties of durum wheat mature in about the same average period of two to four days later than Marquis under the same conditions. HEIGHT OF PLANT.
The height of the wheat plant is of economic importance because it determines the methods or ease of harvesting. The height of differ- ent varieties of wheat, as measured from the surface of the ground to the tip of the spike, has varied greatly in these experiments. The average height of Marquis wheat during 57 station years in this semi- arid section is 29.4 inches, but its stature has varied from 17 to 48 inches. The height of Marquis wheat at Dickinson, N. Dak., was 43 inches in 1915 but only 18 inches in 1919. The height of the wheat plant is determined by the amount of elongation of the internodes of the culm and is influenced by numerous soil and climatic factors. In the northern half of the Great Plains the height 1s affected chiefly by the climate, including the amount of soil moisture, which is the result of the annual precipitation. The height of the wheat plant is in- creased by high soil fertility, abundant moisture, humid atmosphere, moderately cool temperature, and other factors which favor vegeta- tive growth at the time of heading. In general, early varieties are shorter than late varieties. Late varieties, which are normally quite tall, are sometimes shorter than short early varieties in seasons having drought or hot winds at heading time. When the drought, tempera- tures, or hot winds are extreme, the heads of wheat may not be entirely exserted from the sheath.
The height of plant of 38 varieties of sprmg wheat grown at one or more of 11 stations in the northern half of the Great Plains area dur- ing three or more station years from 1913 to 1919 is shown in Table eV TE:
The Marquis variety is shorter than most of the common wheats and than all but one variety of durum wheat. The Galgalos and Huron varieties are both taller than the Marquis under favorable conditions, but they are easily affected by dry soil and atmosphere, so that their height is less than Marquis in many dry seasons. During 18 station years the Huron had an average height of 0.8 inch less than Marquis, while during 20 station years the Galgalos had an average height of 2.0 inches less than Marquis. During 44 station years Power Fife has averaged 0.1 inch shorter than Marquis. At Williston, N. Dak., however, where climatic conditions are favorable for Power Fife, it is from 2 to 4 inches taller than Marquis. In that district and a few
at
y, - ee. See) Baten Pate ve cr hen IGT: i ther, Wee yo be
x
SPRING WHEAT ON THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS. 37
others this difference is recognized by farmers to such an extent that they sow Marquis only on rich or moist soil, such as summer fallow or corn ground, and Power Fife on land continuously cropped to small grain. If they sow Marquis on land following other crops of small erain, it often is too short to be harvested with a binder and much greater loss results than if Power Fife were grown. The Erivan, Fretes, Prelude, and Algeria varieties are all earlier than Marquis and also somewhat shorter. Most of the commercial varieties of durum wheat are from 4 to 6 inches taller than Marquis in the northern Great Plains. The rust-resistant varieties, Acme, Monad, and D-5, are from 2 to 3 inches shorter than Kubanka and Arnautka.
TaBLE X VI.—Average height of plant of 38 varieties of spring wheat grown at one or more of the 11 experiment stations in the northern half of the Great Plains area during three or more station years in the 7-year period from 1913 to 1919, inclusive, compared with the Marquis variety for the same station years.
Average height of Average height of plant (inches). plant (inches). d . | Diff = . |Diffe : : ifference : an rence Class, group, a| S = 2 |from Mar-|| Class, group, and eo be % & | from Mar- and variety. Sale oboe oe [ct quis: variety. Sad |e | quis: Oo 3 ot oO asi on os 5 2 3 =: S Ss < 28 = Bete s | 2a bu:| 2 4 if) 2 |sei3g)2 leis -|eehs | 2 POS | is beala |S Cul be eS bw So ee |S | Se ———| | a a ———— COMMON. DURUM. Fife: Kubanka: Marquis...... SOM alas = DA SLE A ape ate EO ACING Sa444-5 22 5284 | 16 | 29.0 | 26:9 } 2.1 |. -_- Ghirka Spring] 1517 | 42 | 32.0 | 31.0] 1.0 |--..:- IAIPC@RT AA 32. 3310 Us a aA 0) il Le oaD Glyndon..... 2873 | 43 | 30.5 | 30.0 SH aes Arnautka..... WAGS 20nle Sts 97 PA fals | e4 Geese ae Kitchenes - 4800 8 NSO GN PPE RBy |) ZAO ed aoe DOS: 4064 | 47 | 34.6 | 28.9 | 5.7 POwer= = 22: 3697 | 44} 2823.) 28.4 |__=_- 0.1 Beloturka...-.- TS PAN) 7d SOAP aye Ga Te Red Fife... _-. 3329 (BBs | Bee! Vill ee iBufterdss =a Gy DY ase | PTS |b (a7 eeeee ATV 6047 A) BPG Ae rai eee ae Kubanka. -. EFAQ AQ roses | 2O=G8| 4a20 | aes Rysting. -..-- BOZ2 er oweo loUsd [ok Onjso = Dos 52 Set DE SIP) RV al Pe 7 ee Bluestem: Kubanka No.8] 4063 | 31 | 35.3 | 29.6] 5.7 |.--.- Crossbred.-...| 3314 (OER Al ease Sl Bio ee Marouani....- 1593 O) | BPE PRGA Gee Dakotac.—-=- 3083 Roles Alon | ocean Mindum.....-.| 5296 Tye [ee diee oe fe oaye Ont Seca | cere Haynes. ....- Zot: 1250=| 30.9) 2836) | 2.3}. - Monad= i. <3.- BBYAN |e) BU RE! PREC TE | Seas Preston: IRFerson = ATGSu Ge ole Ove 295 on elec oat sees Converse... -- AV LE OEP | OG SY | lee See Brivan......- 230A red eA el 7) |e ee 2.4 || Red Durum Fretes 1596 P| PSR TEN BERT 1.0 = eas ae BB OR |) TES OBES Obi | PA Sia See Pioneer... -_.- 4324 | 34 | 29.5 | 28.9 | pe ee Preston.....- 3081 | 50 | 28.7 | 27.9 Saleen Peliss Ladoga Peliss*eeosseae PSA e225 5a 2956) | os On| So aee FRDEORES= =>. 4935 | 18 | 29:4 | 30.6 }-_.--- .8 Laramie... .- 6235 | 4 | 29.0} 28.5 SOM ieeoee Miscellaneous: Manchuria. DAG Fae fa otal 2- 4) 2.0) [aa Golden Ball.-.| 6227 | 4} 26.8} 24.5] 2.3 |..... Norka== =~ AMEE EO stoke ak ite saps. Miscellaneous Prelude. ..-. ASP | aos eee. Os} 2OL0 2.0 Galgalos-...-| 2398 | 20 | 26.8 } 28.8 |_.-.- 2.0
STEM-RUST INFECTION.
Stem rust (Puccinia graminis tritici) is very destructive to spring wheat in the northern half of the Great Plains area. Fortunately, however, this disease usually is limited to the eastern portion of this section. In 1916 and 1919 very serious epidemics occurred, which in extreme cases reduced the yield of wheat 75 to 100 per cent. Some damage from rust occurs at a few of the stations nearly every year.
38 BULLETIN 878, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
When rust occurs on the varieties grown at field stations the per- centage of infection usually is recorded, This is estimated by exam- ining the wheat plants and comparing them with the standard scale shown in figure 2. On this scale 100 per cent infection means that 37 per cent of the surface of the culms is covered by rust pustules. An infection of 10 per cent or more is sufficient to cause a noticeable re- duction in yield, while 100 per cent infection of black stem rust usually results in a total failure of the crop. The quality of the wheat also is injured by rust.
Data on stem-rust infection have been obtained at seven stations for one to five years, with a total of 20 station years for some varieties. Stem rust was recorded in 1914 at Highmore, S. Dak., and Akron, Colo.; in 1915, at Dickinson, N. Dak., Newell, S. Dak., Archer, Wyo., and Akron, Colo.; in 1916, at Williston, Dickinson, and Mandan, N. Dak., Highmore and Newell, S. Dak., and Archer, Wyo.; in 1917, at
A, 5 per cent. B,10 percent. C,25percent. OD, 40 per cent. E, 65 percent. F, 100 per cent. 2
Fic. 2,—Scale for estimating rust, illustrating six degrees of rustiness used in estimating the percentage of stem-rust infection. The shaded spots represent rust, and the figures represent approximately the rust percentages computed on the basis of the maximum of surfaces covered by rust as shown in the 100 per cent figure (F). Figure F in the diagram represents 37 per cent of actual rust-covered surface and is arbitrarily selected as 100 per cent. The other percentages are in terms of figure F.
Highmore, S. Dak.; in 1918, at Mandan, N. Dak., Highmore, S. Dak., and Archer, Wyo.; in 1919, at Mandan, N. D., Highmore, S. Dak., Archer, Wyo., and Akron, Colo. Stem rust has not occurred at Moc- casin, Mont., in the seven years from 1913 to 1919, or at Havre, Mont., or Sheridan, Wyo., during the periods of the experiments. Rust notes were not recorded on the varieties at North Platte, Nebr. The average percentages of stem-rust infection on 30 varieties of wheat in comparison with Marquis are shown in Table XVII.
Marquis wheat shows an average stem-rust infection of 17.7 per cent in 20 station years. All important commercial varieties of com- mon spring wheat show a higher percentage of rust infection than Marquis. A few early varieties of common wheat show less rust, but most of the later varieties of common wheat show a higher in- fection. Haynes Bluestem, a late-maturing variety, shows the highest percentage of infection, averaging 31.6 per cent in 19 station years. None of the varieties of common wheat shown here is really
eats teeta aeneeties ged!
4)
45,
ee
e2
¢
SPRING WHEAT ON THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS. 39
rust resistant, but early-maturing varieties have ripened before the rust has developed extensively and are sometimes rust escaping. In general, the early-maturing varieties of common wheat show a lower percentage of rust infection than late-maturing varieties. A few varieties of common wheat which show a small percentage of rust infection have been grown only at stations where the rust epidemics have been less severe.
TaBLeE XVII.—Average stem-rust infection of 30 varieties of spring wheat grown at seven experiment stations in the northern half of the Great Plains area during three or more years in which rust occurred in the 7-year period from 1913 to 1919, inclusive, compared with the Marquis variety for the same station years.
Stem-rust infection Stem-rust infection (per cent). (per cent). [.) fo) ‘i 8 . | Difference } 8 .| Differ- Class, group, aie keh $2 |from Mar- || Class, group, valle 3% lence from and variety. n a oS quis. and variety. p 4 » & | Marquis. Silceiehs Weesice SU 1S) aleccees fo.) im a n g © ° ie a i) 8 o ra | fe] de | leet 1 : Pa NEL kee il Feige | om <5) ou) = uw 4 a fone ~ H|S| 8 [eal S|] 2 Hje| & | eal 3 | 2 SE UAaae || Se Af | oO 4 Oy Ay I BSF) Pe S| COMMON. DURUM. Fife: Kubanka: Marquis....... SOAIG IO ZO MIE edie lee lin opal eer NOMO ee eo 5284 8 Pasa heal) OA 17.3 Ghirka Algeria....... 33 ORAS 6 aries ee 18.3 Spring...... WOU oul 23-9) lied Os 8s lee ces. Arnautka....| 1493 | 9] 7.9] 13.6 |..... 5.7 Glyndon...... 2873 |.13 | 21.4 |-16.3 } 5.1 |...... DO eee 40642) LG 120 2) 75) ees 5.3 Power.........| 3697 | 17 | 26.9] 19.9/7 |...... IBelotuTnkarse | U5 20M sy le Seie eto) tl eee 1.3 Rysting....... B02 2F lee SalesOs On| 20h 21 Osiclae ces Buford....... 5295 | 3 | 20 PRD he Bes 5 Bluestem: Kubanka....| 1440; 16 | 7.1 | 17.9 |..... 10.8 Haynes....... 2874 | 19 | 31.6 | 18.4 |13.2 |...... IDOE aes NG ONY OZ |) aes eeeos 11.1 Preston Kubanka Converse...... ANAT ial Solel 1 Oe ielaeed lisse ce INOS Se ee 4063 | 12 | 11.1 | 20.9 |..... 9.8 Erivan........ PROMS TEA SB Beak leogee 4.8 Marouani....| 1593 | 5 | 9.6] 12.6 ]..... 3.0 Pioneer....... ABDAL WAS) | hee 42 |) 2058) |e cc 3.4 Monad....... 3320} 8| 4 2259 | sae 18.9 Preston. ...... 3081 | 20 | 23.8 | 17.7 | 6.1 |...... Pierson....... GR CE ORGS OAS ele 2.5 Ladoga: Red Durum: Huron.......- AQZ by leedels2ouds | 22. eS. Oulcecece 1D oats EM ne BO227 | LO} | aeae onl maleom pees 18.8 Laramie....... 6255 | 3 | 13. VOLS: ici reie 6.3 || Peliss: Manchuria....| 2492} 51]10.4|)17 |..... 6.6 IPeliSSee eee. Tate a OSM IPAS Ieoabe 6.6 INjOMKae sae ce 4300. \ A | V4. UN feina | eee 3.0 || Miscellaneous: Miscellaneous: Golden Ball..| 6227 | 3] 7.0} 24.7 |..... Nerd Prelude....... 4323 | 14 | 12.4 | 19.6 |..... 7.2 Galgalos....... 25985 \n2t eed) L854 |e ces 10.7
Most varieties of durum wheat are more or less rust resistant, as compared with common wheats. AJl varieties shown in Table XVII are more resistant than Marquis. Three varieties, Acme, Monad, and D-5, are known to be especially rust resistant. During years of heavy rust infection these varieties have produced the highest yields. When grown under comparable conditions in these and other experiments, the D-5 variety shows the greatest resistance of all varieties to stem rust. Table XVII shows the Acme to have the lowest infection of stem rust, 2.1 per cent, which is 17.3 per cent less than Marquis during the same station years. The Monad shows an average stem-rust infection of 4 per cent, which is 18.9 per cent less than Marquis in the same station years, while the D-5 variety shows an infection of only 2.5 per cent, with a difference from
40 BULLETIN 878, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Marquis of 18.8 percent during the same station years. Although a high-yielding variety in seasons of rust epidemics, the D-5 wheat is only a fair yielder when rust is not a factor. Arnautka (C. I. No. 1493) shows a higher percentage of rust than Kubanka (C. I. No. 1440), the Arnautka having only 5.7 per cent less rust, while the Kubanka had 10.8 per cent less rust than Marquis. Two pure-line selections of these varieties, Arnautka (C. I. No. 4064) and Kubanka No. 8 (C. I. No. 4063), have each a higher percentage of rust infection than the original unselected varieties mentioned above. Kubanka (C. [. No. 1516), from which the Acme variety was selected, shows slightly less rust infection than Kubanka (C. I. No. 1440). In 1919, Golden Ball proved to be somewhat resistant. Owing to the limited data the rust infection of the Mindum variety of durum wheat is not shown in Table XVII, but this variety is known to be much more resistant than Arnautka. The Pierson and Buford have the highest percentage of infection of all durum varieties shown in Table XVII.
BUSHEL WEIGHT.
_ The bushel weight of all varieties of wheat at the 11 stations has been determined nearly every year by the use of a standard test kettle. The weights have varied according to seasonal conditions. In the northern half of the Great Plains area the frequency of drought, hot winds, rust, and scab has resulted in shrunken kernels having low bushel weights during most of the years.
The average bushel weight of 38 ‘varieties of spring wheat grown in the northern half of the Great Plains area is shown in Table XVIII.
The average bushel weights of spring wheats, as shown in Table XVIII, are practically all less than the standard weight of 60 pounds per bushel, and nearly all less than the weights for the No. 1 grade. In experiments covering 57 station years in the northern half of the Great Plains, the average bushel weight of Marquis has been 56.3 pounds. At Highmore, S. Dak., in 1916, the weight of Marquis was only 42 pounds, owing to the rust epidemic, but at Newell, S. Dak., in 1915, a very favorable season, Marquis had a bushel weight of 62.5 pounds.
None of the common spring varieties in the Fife and Bluestem groups had a higher bushel weight than Marquis, and Ruby was the only variety in these groups which had a weight equal to that of Marquis. Preston in 52 station years had an average weight of 57.4 pounds per bushel, or 1.4 pounds heavier than Marquis. The differ- ences in bushel weight in either class of wheat shown in Table XVIII are due almost exclusively to differences in plumpness. Nearly all of the common varieties which were heavier than Marquis were slightly earlier and awned and evidently more evasive of drought and disease.
’
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SPRING WHEAT ON THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS. 41
TaBLeE XVIII.—Average bushel weight of 38 varieties of spring wheat grown at 11 experiment stations in the northern half of the Great Plains area during three or more of the seven years from 1913 to 1919, inclusive, compared with the Marquis variety for the same station years.
Average bushel weight |Average bushel weight (Pounds). (pounds). | ‘il Z g : | Z 2 a 5. Differ- a =| Differ- Class, group, and. 5 | <3 | 2% |encefrom) Class, group,and & | g | 4 \encefrom variety. a| ° ® | Marquis.|| variety. gy} 2 3 | Marquis. S| §€ |S | , o| g | se | > s = | 3S os = 3 Ss . oO pie : S Go sS a | “E R 25 || Z - | Qs 142 13| 8 | 33/8 | 8 | 413| 8 /88\213 robs) = |s7 |S |= eae io] 8 |e@| 816 Cee hae hoe =| ay oe pe Ps m3 | | BEER COMMON. | DURUM Fife ; Kubanka Marquis........| 3641 | 57 | 56.3 |......)--..-|----- EM Ore i | 5284 | 16 | 59.8 | 56.2 | 3.6 |. Ghirka Spring -| 1517 | 41 | 55.1 |<56.0!...-. 0.9 Alceriass as | 3310 | 4 | 56.0 | 52.5 | 3.5 |. Glyndon....... 2873 | 42 | 54.9 | 56.5 |----- 1.6 Arnautka..... | ZRBC Gee Saeco las) | oe = Kitchener...... 7m as a Sy ay 2.0 Dae cne 4064 | 49 | 58.5 | 56.4] 2.1 ]__- BOWES. o) so. SOU mio be te 59-90) 50 stalen 2 Beloturka..._. 1520 | 16 | 59.6 | 56.8 | 2.8 |... Red Fife......- 3329 | 6 | 54.6 | 56.6 |--.-- 2.0 Bulord 2. =. 5295 | 11 | 60.4 | 58.0 | 2.4 | Lo ee eee GOAT 3 |-58.25 | 5S 2s es: 4) Kubanka.._.. | 1440 | 49 | 59.5 | 56.4 | 3.1 | Rysting........ 3022 | 24 | 55.0 | 56.9 |-.... 1.9 Ce: 1516 | 18 | 59.5 | 55.8 | 3.7 Bluestem: Kubanka No.8.| 4063 | 35 | 59.4 | 56.2 | 3.2 Crossbred....-. Salted | 250. 50ebal a: 5 3.5 | Marouani...-.| 1593 | 8 | 58.3 | 57.9 | .4 | DAKO GAR eae lag Saad RU SEG 2) Ly 20 ae 3.3 Mindum...... 52968 pO sD aa eOe One Ise \aiGGe gener 2874, 740 | 53-8 156-0) == 2. - 2.9 Monad@a0 se 3320 | 21 | 59.3 | 55.9 | 3.4 |- Preston : Pierson sess 41635 fe On tO4-3 pote Op cote Converse. .....- ALA et s5 of. b | 5052-) O29 |e = iD el See ee 2397 | 16 | 55.7 | 55.6 ibs pS ae 1 Red Durum retes= =] 3S. - 1596 |} 6 | 59.2 | 59.6 |...-. 2 1 es So aie 3322 | 18 | 59.9 | 56.7 | 3.2 (PIOHEGE <= - 5-22 4324 | 35 | 56.5 | 56.1 a ae IPECSCORS eee 3081 | 52 | 57-4) 56.0 | £4 |--_.- Peliss Ladoga IRehisse ae aes 1584 | 24 | 59.6 | 57.4 | 2.2 Huron= 52-22: 4935 | 17 | 55.2 | 56.6 |..... 1.4 Laramie..-.... 6235 | 4 | 56.2] 55.6] .6/-.... Miscellaneous: | Manchuria. .... 2492.| 17 | 55.6 | 55.8 |... -- 2 | Golden Ball...} 6235} 3 | 55.3 | 52.8 | 2.5 |.... INOEKa S22 552.5. 437 Va) 7a Cy A) i | Miscellaneous: Galgalos.....-- 239871 -19-1°58.0.} 56.9 | 1.1 7... 2 Prelude.......- 4323 | SAA bse OOs nite kt oaps same
Durum wheats are heavier than common spring wheats grown under the same conditions, and in addition to their greater specific gravity they also are less injured by drought and rust. Arnautka (C. I. No. 1493), Kubanka (C. I. No. 1516), and Acme show the highest bushel weights as compared with Marquis.
MILLING AND BAKING EXPERIMENTS.
The leading varieties of spring wheat grown at the 11 experiment stations in the northern half of the Great Plains area have been milled in an experimental mill and the flour baked into bread, to determine their value for flour and bread making. When possible, samples from all stations have been milled each year from 1915 to 1918, inclusive. In addition, samples grown at Dickinson, N. Dak., in 1913 and 1914, are included. The milling and baking experiments were conducted in cooperation with the Office of Grain Standardiza- tion from 1913 to 1917, inclusive. During these years the milling laboratory was operated at Fargo, N. Dak., in cooperation with the chemistry department of the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment
49 BULLETIN 878, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Station. Since 1918, the laboratory has been located at Washington, D. C., and the experiments have been conducted in cooperation with the division of milling investigations of the Bureau of Markets. The nitrogen determinations have been made since 1918 by the Bureau of Chemistry of the United States Department of Agriculture and by the research laboratory of the Bureau of Markets. Complete data regarding the flour and bread producing qualities of each lot of wheat have been obtained, but data on only three important factors are presented here. These are percentage of crude protein in the wheat, percentage of straight flour in the wheat, and loaf volume (in cubic centimeters) of bread baked from 340 grams of flour. The average results shown here are from varieties grown during three or more station years. The average data obtained from two samples is an indication of milling and bread-making value, but three or more samples should be milled and baked before definite conclusions are drawn. : CRUDE PROTEIN IN WHEAT.
Each sample of wheat is analyzed for nitrogen. The percentage of crude protein is the percentage of nitrogen multiplied by the factor 5.7. The result is then computed to a standard basis of 13.5 per cent moisture in the wheat, as all samples vary somewhat in moisture content. The protein content of wheat is an indication of the strength of the flour and of the gluten content. The best wheats contain considerable protein, but as there are other important char- acters this should not be used alone in making comparisons. The average percentages of protein in 20 varieties of spring wheat, com- pared with Marquis wheat during the same station years, are shown in Table XIX.
Marquis wheat has an average protein content of 15.3 per cent. Most of the common spring wheats have about the same protein content as Marquis. Ghirka Spring and Galgalos are softer wheats and have distinctly less protem. Huron also has a low percentage of protein. The Prelude and Pioneer varieties are early-maturing hard red wheats having a high protem content. The Manchuria is a very soft wheat and is poor in all milling and baking factors ex- cept that it has a high average protein content.
The durum wheats in these experiments have about the same percentage of protein as Marquis. Monad is the only variety showing a distinctly greater protein content.
<j
SPRING WHEAT ON THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS. 43 TaBLE XIX.—Crude protein in 20 varieties of spring wheat grown at 11 experiment stations in the northern half of the Great Plains area during three or more of the six years from 1913 to 1918, wnclusive, compared with the Marquis variety for the same station years. ; Crude protein (per Crude protein (per * cent).1 cent).! . | g.. | Difference . | g_.. {Difference Class, group, and Sills 3 4 from Class, group, 5 kas 32 from variety. g eh ee ay Marquis. || and variety. g =| = @ | Marquis. 3 iS S om E B a ie g } } bs Set line Z2/(El oe |ee) 2. PAWS Ws iEee ec i B Fal oe 8 n pty 3 os Sy es) 3 n 5 sia qa] 2 6) . 3 @ | dm | 2 3 ~ ~ Oa | ee iS) 4 Oln|r js Oi ies) COMMON. | DURUM. Fife: Kubanka: Marquis...... BOAT EOGE | Lon) We cel mc eters cee NCMO= ses wasn | A OO) SI | One lesan s Ghirka Spring} 1517 | 30 | 14.2] 15.2 ]..... 1.0 Arnautka..} 4064 | 35 | 15.6] 15.3 Berens Glyndon..... Pssifay ||) Ady | ANG 74a Pe a 0 Buford. .... 5295 SONA a Sauda lee 0.3 Power....... 3697 | 30 | 15.3 | 15.1] 0.2 |...... Kubanka. .| 1440 | 33 | 15.1 | 15.3 |..... 2 Red Fife..... B29) Ana Srila ley eal eee ae Kubanka Bluestem No. 8..... 4063 | 24 | 14.9] 15.3 }..... 4 Haynes.....- PACS |) BY Wales) U55G) eGaae 0 Monad..... 3320) 5 | 15.4] 14,1 | 1.3 )..... Preston: IONCCT =. sas 4324 | 27 | 16.0) 15.3| .7]...... Red Durum: Preston...... ROS | BO ey A ES} ieee oil apy eis Sei SoO2 EI eAn alley sri ed ya | sey yeni | Ladoga: | "Auron....... 4985 | 4] 12.8 { 13.6 |..... -8 || Peliss: Manchuria. ..| 2492 Gy PA WBE) WP a llGneooo Peliss...... 1584 | 11 | 16.6 | 16.4.] .2]..... Miscellaneous: | Galgalos..... 2398) oul L705) L736 | heels 6 Prelude...... AS 23h 2 Sel el Ga 2m loronin soilinec cee
1 Crude protein equals nitrogen X 5.7 computed ‘to a basis of 13.5 per cent moisture in the wheat.
YIELD OF FLOUR.
Samples containing about 1,500 grams of wheat are ground in a series of small roller mills to determine the percentage of flour. The bran, shorts, and flour are separated by bolting. Only one grade, called straight flour, has been separated in the experimental milling. ® The flour obtained is weighed, and the percentage is determined from the quantity of wheat milled. The flour yield of a wheat sample depends largely on the plumpness of the kernel. Marquis wheat shrunken from rust has yielded as low as 56.4 per cent of flour, whereas under favorable growing conditions it has produced as high as 75.8 per cent of flour. There is a wide difference in the flour yleld of different varieties of wheat grown under the same condi- tions. This is sometimes due to the seasonal effect on the plumpness of kernel of certain varieties. A few varieties, however, produce significantly low or high average percentages of flour. The flour yields of 20 varieties of spring wheat grown at 11 experiment b stations in the northern half of the Great Plains area during three or more station years are shown in Table XX.
The average yield of flour obtained from 37 samples of Marquis wheat was 70.2 per cent. Ghirka Spring, Manchuria, and Galgalos produced distinctly lower percentages of flour than Marquis. They are all softer wheats. Preston and Haynes produced about the
44 —- BULLETIN 878, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
same percentage of flour as Marquis. Prelude was the only variety of common spring wheat which had a distinctly higher flour yield than Marquis, the difference being 2.6 per cent.
TasLeE XX.—Flour obtained from milling 20 varieties of spring wheat grown at 11 experiment stations in the northern half of the Great Plains area during three or more of the six years from 1913 to 1918, inclusive, compared with the Marquis variety for the same station years.
j 1 | | Yield of ime (per | Yield of fiour (per } cent) | cent). | i | | a fae Sa | § . | Difference Difference een | i) Gets GES Class, group, ae So ise =e irom Class, group, and | ise ee |_ from ig = = | ee | Marquis. Variety. <= g 7 S Marquis. S > | i a: | = = |=] 4 = | > | 218) 2 |ee| 8) | 2 |8| 2/33/21. S |a|> ja" 3/8 | 3 lal = \So\ecns Spe ae) Geese) Saas beormae Pega eS COMMON | | | DURUM. | | | ) Fife : | | | Kubanka: | | Marquis....- SGA [1374 70 21 ees eee ae Ame oo. | 5284] 5] 71.9/ 69.5] 241... Ghirka | | . Arnautka...- | 4064 | 35 | 70.7 | 70.1] .6j___- Spring pew | 31 | 65.8 | 70.0 |-___- 4.2}| Buford_-..__- | 5295 | 3] 74.8) 72.9] 19]: Glyndon 2873 | 26 | 69.6 | 70.7 |._.--/ 14] Kubanka. 1440 =i ba) ay fot fee Ue poe) jo ee Power. ....-} | 3697 | 28 | 70.7 | 70.0 | 0.7 |..---- a eae No.| i | Red Fife....] 3329) 4] 71.2; 70.2] 1.0 |...... {28 a ed 4063 | 261 71.5 69.4! 2.1)... Bluestem: } gaa =25255- | 3320] 5 /| 71.5 | 69.0) 2.5 |___. Haynes. ._.-| on74. | 33 |-70.1 | 70:3 |___-- 2 |i | | | Preston | Red Durum | Pioneer. . 4324 | 32 71.1 70.4 1.22535 | femas 0 OSS Seneeeeee eto | 33224 41:67:38 | fi 12s 3.9 Preston. --.- 3081 | 37 | 70.4 70.2 "(eee || | Ladoga: | Peliss Hanon. 4935 | 4) 68.6 68.0 Gps Peluso | 1584 | 12 | 70.6 | 70.4) 0 sas Manchuria..| 2492 | 5 | 67.8 70.9 |_....- 3.1 | | | ed Miscellaneous: | 1 | | Galgalos ....| 2398 | 3 | 67.6 | 70.4 |-_--- 2.8 || | Prelude....- | 4323 | 29 | 72.8) 70.2 26422222 | |
All strains of durum wheat yielded a higher percentage of flour than Marquis except the D-5 variety. This is the red-kerneled durum wheat graded as “Red Durum” which has been claimed to be of poor milling value. These experimental results, showing 3.9 per cent less flour than Marquis, are in accord with commercial findings. Monad and Acme wheats show the highest percentages of flour of any of the durum wheats, as compared with Marquis, being higher by 2.5 and 2.4 per cent, respectively.
VOLUME OF LOAF.
Bread has been baked from flour of each variety of wheat milled. The bakings are made in duplicate, using the same flour on two successive days. All varieties are treated alike from the first miming until the baking is completed, 340 grams of flour and equal quantities of all other ingredients except water being used for each variety. The volume of each loaf is measured and recorded in cubic centimeters. The average volume of the two loaves baked on successive days finally is recorded as the correct loaf volume for the sample. (Pl. IIT.)
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Bul. 878, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE III.
LOAVES OF BREAD FROM SIX VARIETIES OF WHEAT GROWN AT MOCCASIN, Mont., IN 1918.
The varieties, with the average loaf volumes, are as follows: A, Marquis, 2,160 c. c.; B, Haynes Bluestem, 2,070 c. c.; C, Preston, 2,050 c. c.; D, Kubanka, 1,730 c. c.; £, Peliss, 1,710 ¢. c.; and F, D-5, 1,510 c. ec.
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SPRING WHEAT ON THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS. A5
The loaf volume is a good measure of the expansion or strength of the dough, the quantity and quality of gluten, and the resulting texture and lightness of the bread. Flour of poor quality will not produce a light loaf of bread without making the texture too porous.
. The average volumes of loaves of bread baked from flour of 20
varieties of spring wheat grown at 11 experiment stations in the northern haif of the Great Plains area are shown in Table XXI.
TaBLeE XXI.—Average volume of loaves of bread made from 20 varieties of spring wheat grown at 11 experiment stations in the northern half of the Great Plains area during three or more of the six years from 1913 to 1918, inclusive, compared with the Marquis variety for the same station years.
Loaf volume (cubie Loaf volume (cubic centimeters). centimeters). o | o : a. Differ- [all ae he Differ- Class, group, : y $2 lencefrom|| Class, group, : so | $¥ |encefrom and variety. oe =| , & | Marquis. || and variety. Bele . S | Marquis. $ e em $ a) | SS ote ke eee ies Se |e aeo| 4\/8| ¢ |Se8/8/ & 2/8} = | #2 |S] 8 le Oler ear le oe ae I a | A Oe has ee nm | 4 1 | H } COMMON. | | DURUM. | Fife: | Kubanka: | Marquis....-- | Sed GVC)) AA See |= = ono 5) eoaoo/osea ENCITIG ec selo= 5284 | 3 | 1,843 | 2,473 | 630 |..... Ghirka Spring; 1517 | 31 | 2,139 | 2,351 ; 212 |..... Arnautka...; 4064 | 35 | 1,993 | 2,332 | 339 |.._.. Glyndon..... 2873 | 26 | 2,165 | 2,328 | 163 |... iBulords=.s5. | 5295 |} 3] 1,565 | 2,465 | 900 |__-__- Power......--| 3697 | 32 | 2,095 |-2,349 | 254 ]..... Kubanka....| 1440 | 33 | 2,033 | 2,328 | 295 |_._.. Red Fife..... 3329 | 4} 2,470 | 2,503 | 33 |....- Kubanka Bluestem: NOs So-ee. 4063 | 24 | 2,001 ; 2,318 | 317 |...-- Haynes.....- 2874 | 32 | 2,232 | 2,385 | 108 |_-..- Monad...... 3320 | 5 | 2,087 | 2,457 | 370 |...-- Preston Pioneer.....- 4324 | 32 | 2,335 | 2,339 Zbl | nea Red Durum Preston.....- 3081 | 37 | 2,207 | 2,342 | 135 )-..-- Or stiosiece 3322 | 4] 1,605 | 2,375 | 770 |..... Ladoga PLUTON = socks A930 15 4-1 25431" (22-502 | 70 |- 522. Peliss: Manchuria. ..| 2492 | 5 | 1,838 | 2,455 | 617 |..-.. Peliss.-...-.| 1584 | 12 | 1,852 | 2,219 | 367 |....- Miscellaneous: | Galgalos......| 2398 | 3} 2,100 | 2,057 |..... 43 | Prelude....-- 4323 | 20 | 2,298 | 2,324 OM araers
The average loaf volume of 37 samples of Marquis flour was 2,342 cubic centimeters, individual samples varying from 1,900 to 2,740 cubic centimeters. Flour from Marquis wheat produces loaves having a greater volume than those from any other variety of wheat except one. The Galgalos, a white wheat, has a slightly higher average loaf volume than Marquis. This result was obtained from only three samples of wheat grown under extremely dry conditions which were unfavorable to the quality of Marquis. As the Galgalos has a lower percentage of protein and a much lower percentage. of flour than Marquis, the difference found is not considered reliable. The early-maturing varieties Prelude and Pioneer, which have higher protein content and higher yields of flour than Marquis, also have loaf volumes nearly equal with it. The Manchuria has the smallest loaf volume of any of the common wheats, being 617 cubic centi- meters smaller than Marquis
46 BULLETIN 878, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
The durum varieties have smaller loaf volumes than the common hard red spring-wheat varieties. Buford and D-5 have the smallest loaf volumes of any of the durum wheats. The Kubanka strains, C. I. No. 1440 and C. I. No. 4063, have the highest average of all of the durum wheats.
SUMMARY OF RESULTS.
Following is asummary of the results from the 11 field stations in the northern half of the Great Plains area:
(1) The average annual precipitation at the various stations during the 7-year period from 1913 to 1919, inclusive, has been between 13 and 19 inches. Drought and diseases have occurred in several of the years, causing premature ripening, low yields, and poor quality of wheat.
(2) No less than 75 varieties and strains of spring wheat have been erown in plats and yields and other important agronomic data ob- tained, such as height of plant, time of. maturity, rust infection, and bushel weight. Samples of many of the varieties have been milled and bread baked from the flour.
(3) Two classes of wheat have been grown, common and durum. ~ Common wheat, as here represented by hard red spring varieties, is best for bread making. The durum wheats have generally out- yielded the common wheats and also have been more resistant to rust and drought. The better varieties of durum wheat yield a higher percentage of flour than common wheat, are equal or superior to common wheat in crude protein, but have a weak gluten as revealed in a lower volume of loaf.
(4) Of the common wheats the Marquis is the leading variety. Since 1913, when it was first introduced into the United States, it has become more widely grown than all other varieties of spring wheat. For this reason and because it has been grown at all of the 11 stations each year, it has been used in this bulletin as the standard of comparison. In general, it has been the highest yielding variety. It is short strawed, early maturing, which sometimes enables it to escape rust, although susceptible, and has the highest milling and bread-making value.
(5) Of the other commercial varieties of common wheat the Power Fife is better adapted than the Marquis in northwestern North Dakota and northeastern Montana, because of larger yields and greater height. Its milling value is only slightly inferior to Marquis wheat. The Haynes Bluestem has yielded less than the Marquis at all sta- tions, is later, has rusted severely, causing a low bushel weight, and is slightly inferior to the Fife varieties in milling value. The Preston yields less than the Marquis and rusts more, but matures nearly as early and has a greater bushel weight. In milling and baking value it is equal to the Haynes Bluestem. -
An
SPRING WHEAT ON THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS: . 47
(6) Few new varieties have in any way compared favorably with Marquis wheat. The early-maturing varieties Prelude and Pioneer escape summer drought in some seasons and are nearly equal to Marquis wheat in milling and baking value. In a limited number of experiments the Kitchener, Ruby, and Kota varieties show promise of being superior to the Marquis.
(7) Of the two widely grown commercial varieties of durum wheat, Arnautka and Kubanka, strains of the Kubanka have proved superior to Arnautka in yield, rust resistance, and milling and baking value.
(8) Other durum varieties in some respects have proved superior to Kubanka. The Peliss has been the highest yielding spring wheat in the western portion of the Great Plains area. The Acme and Monad are superior to all other durum wheats except D-—5 in rust resistance and are only slightly inferior to Kubanka in milling and baking value. They have also given higher yields, especially in rust seasons, than most other durum varieties. The D-5 variety is the most rust- resistant variety grown and has yielded only slightly less than Acme and Monad. Its milling and baking value, however, is the poorest of all varieties included in these experiments.
PUBLICATIONS ON CEREALS IN THE GREAT PLAINS AREA.
The results of earlier experiments with cereals in the northern half of the Great Plains area have appeared in the following pub- C lications:
Bascock, F. R. 1915. Cereal experiments at the Williston Substation. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 270, 36 p., 11 fig. , Martin, J. H., and Smirn, R. W. _ 1917. Grains for western North and South Dakota. U.S. Dept. Agr., Farmers’ Bul. 878, 21 p., 9 fig. Bat, C. R., and Cuark, J. A. 1915. Varieties of hard spring wheat. U.S. Dept. Agr., Farmers’ Bul. 680, ZO PE atio® 1916. Experiments with Marquis wheat. U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bul. 400, 40 p., 10 fig. 1916. Marquis wheat. U.S. Dept. Agr., Farmers’ Bul. 732, 7 p., 2 fig. 1918. Experiments with durum wheat. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 618, 64 p., 13 fig. CHAMPLIN, MANLEY. t 1914. Experiments with wheat, oats, and barley in South Dakota. U.S. Dept. AGT Stl 39) ol Day lene: CLARK, J. A. 1914. Cereal experiments at Dickinson, N. Dak. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 33, 44p., 1 pl., 7 fig. 1916. Improvement of Ghirka spring wheat in yield and quality. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 450, 19 p., 7 fig. Donapson, N. C.. 1916. Cereal experiments at the Judith Basin Substation, Moccasin, Mont. : U.S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 398, 41 p., 17 fig. 1916. Grains for the Montana dry lands. U.S. Dept. Agr., Farmers’ Bul. 749, 3 22 pe liehic. i JONES, J. W. 1916. Cereal experiments on the Cheyenne Experiment Farm, Archer, Wyo. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 430, 40 p., 12 fig. z McMurpo, G. A. 3 1916. Cereal experiments at the Akron Field Station, Akron, Colo. U.S. Dept. : Agr. Bul. 402, 34 p., 11 fig. :
ee ee Tee. eee
SALMON, CECIL. 1910. Dry-land grains for western North and South Dakota. U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Cir. 59, 24 p., 1 fig. : 1915. Cereal investigations on the Belle Fourche Experiment Farm. U. 8... d Dept. Agr. Bul. 297, 41 p., 12 fig.
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ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE i WASHINGTON, D.C. ; AT 15 CENTS PER COPY V 4