-fey V Library Arnold Arboretum Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from BHL-SIL-FEDLINK https://archive.org/details/vegetablesystemohill_1 ? • ,v - ■'■ ■ ■■ r^-v f^■ ;,/^'-''j.i' >'f * -y'J Kti ■ ^t' '1:r'yyJL ■ V '•r 1 ■■::‘m(f‘' ■■ ::: i:r i .,- f ■ ^.. ••'r^'.y.vl ■.y:>'.'.'.if/5i;. .•-* . 'j' pr. ;■.': -"if.-'. //-\ ' ’ ./■ •THE VEGETABLE SYSTEM: O R, The INTERNAL STRUCTURE, AND The LIFE of P L A N T S; Their Parts and Nourishment Explained; THEIR CLASSES, ORDERS, GENERA, and SPECIES Afcertained and Defcribed, In a METHOD altogether NEW: COMPREHENDING An artificial INDEX, AND A NATURAL SYSTEM. With FIGURES of all the PLANTS; Defigned and Engraved by the AUTHOR. The Whole from Nature only. BY JOHN HILL, M. D. VOL. IV. j/ ^ Containing the Whole Class of Associates or Capitate PLANTS. ^LONDON: Printed at the EXPENCE of the AUTHOR, And Sold by R. Baldwin, in Pater-Nofler-Rovv. MDCCLXII. \ - - / J ;. (Tl .•:1:s I V •)■' ‘' ; .'.’ ■/> .,i; -or ' ' ■ I; . ■ ' ' i ; • ^n.'« ■> • • t' . •: Jl'r: '’jj'iirl^O ■a iiv •’ • :. ■ T V ,. ■• 'l . •. ■ V • !' ' ■ * - . ■,' . M,. I •■ . ■ ’ • o,,^V The vegetable SYSTEM. H E R B S, With many Flowers allembled in a Common Cup. SERIES THE Second. Thofe which have the Chives distinct. CLASS I. Associates. Character of the Class. Plants with many Tubular Florets affembled together in one Common Cup ; and with the Chives diftind. IN the Plants of this Clafs one common Cup contains a great num- ber of Florets, conftituting what is called the Flower ; and in each Floret there are five long Chives, growdng upon fliort threads. Thus far the affociates agree with the whole firfl feries, the Radiates, Florets, and femiflorets : and with the two firfl of thofe clafles they agree alfo in fome refpC(fl in the conflrudion of the Florets. Thefe, like thofe which conflitute the fecond clafs, and thofe which form the Difk in the firll, are made of a fingle piece, tubular at the bafe, fwelling in the body, and cut into five feginents at the rim ; but in the Florets of the Affociates, the tubular bafe is long, and the fegments are alfo long, flender and thrown forward ; whereas in the others, of both kinds, they are fliort, broad and turned back. Tins difference will be obvious on comparing the fecond figure in the annexed plate i. with the firid figure of plate 14, Vol. II. B The The vegetable SYSTEM. 7’f[K great and elVcntlal didlndlon is not in the body of the Floret but In the Chives. Thefe in all the Plants of the firll feries, whether radi- ate, naked, or ligulated, unite together at their ftdes, and form a regular tube, as at fig, 4. PI. 14.. before mentioned ; whereas in the adbeiates they hand didiiuft: ; tho’ they rife parallel with one another : they are alto- gether loofe at their points, and are free of each other In every other part ; being only held together in a columnar or tubular form, refembling that wherein the others grow, by a membrane which furrounds them at the bottom ; as reprefented at fig, 5. in the annexed plate, i. This will be bed; underdood, in a general way, by comparing the above cited figures of the two clafiical plates : and it is the more necef- 1 ary to be dillindtly known, becaufe the abfolute feparation of the Capi- tate or Aflbciate from the Radiate, naked, and ligulate Plants, depends upon it ; and former authors, even the mod exaA of them, have fuppofed the Chives in thefe Plants alfo to cohere, the Adbeiates have therefore been ranged with thofe other Genera, in one clafs ; and inexplicable dif- ficulties have followed. As the larged Flowers among the afibciate kind fhew the parts mod didindt, I have chofen for explaining the general drudture, thofe of the Chardoon the feveral views and fedions of which, are the fubjeds of the eight fird figures of the annexed plate. A compleat Floret of the Chardoon growing to the feed, and furnidi- ed with its dyle as well as filaments, is reprefented at plate i. fig. x. a is the Seed, from the fummit of which the Floret rifes : b is the down of that feed, naturally covering the tubular Bafe of the Floret : c is the upper part of the bafe of the Floret : d is the fwelling body of the Flo- ret in which are contained the Chives, growing on their fhort threads : e are the five fegmentsof the Floret : f dxews the five Chives : and g the long dyle of the Floret, which they furround. At fig. 2. is reprefented the Floret alone, feparated from the feed and its down without, and cleared of the Chives and dyle from within. At fig 3. is given a Floret cut open to fihew the origin and difpo- fition of the Chives and their threads. The dyle is removed in this and the fucceeding figures except 6. as it would didurb the view. Here a is the tubular bafe of the Floret ; b its fwelling body, within which are diewn the five didinft Chives c, and their fupporting threads d \ e e are tlie fegments of the Floret. At fig. 4. is reprefented the body of the Floret, dlfmcumbered of its tubular bale ; cut open, and a little enlarged ; as it would appear if viewed The vegetable SYSTEM. 3 viewed with a common reading glafs. Here the abfolutely feparate edges of the Chives are fhewn, a and the thin membrane by which keeps them together at the bottom. Fig. 5. ihews the Chives, with their threads, feparated from the bo- dy of the Floret, where their points c, gape more, as being at liberty from the preflure of the Floret, and their bafes are kept together by the membrane b. Fig. 6. fhews the Chives and ftyle taken together out of the body of the Floret, a is the pale bafe of the ftyle, which runs thro’ the whole Floret. At fig. 7. are reprefented two veiws of the body of the Chives cut open thro’ the bafe ; and fpread flat, to fhew their natural loofe and free flate, and the couife of the membrane which holds them together at the bottom. ^ is a view of the infide, and b of the outfide, on which part the membrane is placed. Fig. 8. reprefents one filament alone, with a portion of the mem- brane behind it. The Character of the clafs being thus underftood, we may proceed to its fubdivifions. O F The Subdivisions of this CLASS. The Clafs of AfTociates comprehends the Thistles, Blue- bottles and Knapweeds; and all that are ufually called pitatey or headed Plants. These amount to a very confiderable number; and the knowledge of them has been accounted difficult, becaufe they have been arranged under a very fliort detail of Genera : this makes the fpecies extremely numerous under each genus; and in iht Centaureay in particular, ac- cording to the mofl; received method they are no lefs than Jijty. Nature has not allowed indeed to the Afibciates thofe plain and obvious marks of diftindlion which we find among the Radiatedy tu- bulatedy and ligulated kinds ; in which fome have the Cup entircy fomc Jimplcy others double', and only a certain number tiled-, for in thefe Plants, all have the Cup til’d : But there are other marks, perhaps as evi- dent when pointed out ; certainly as diftindt as thofe; whereby the num- 4 The vegetable SYSTEM. bers which compofe this hitherto perplexed clafs, may be reduced to method, under the greater divifions firfl of ‘Tribes and Orders ; and then to certain Genera : knowing thefe, all the difficulties will vaniffi : for whofoever will examine the objecfls with due care, will find, in th’s, as in all other inftances, that thefe deplor’d perplexities have their foun- dation in art only ; not in Nature. C- L A S S I. The Aflbciates may be diftindtly arranged under two general Tribes. TRIBE I. Thofe which have the Scales of the Cup formed by a degradation of the Leaves. TRIBE II. . Thofe which have the Scales of the Cup, original, and altogether di- ftindt. ASSOCIATES. TRIBE I. With DEGRADATING SCALES. ORDER I. In which the degradating Leaves form Scales 07ilyy as in Safi-flower. Plate 1. Fig. g. ORDER II. In which the lower range of degradating Leaves becomes Jihnyy as in Blefi'ed Thiftle. Plate I. Fig. 10. ORDER III. In which the upper Range of degradating Leaves becomes nie?nhranaceous, as in Carline Thiftle. Plate I. Fig. II. ASSOCIATES. TRIBE II. With Original and distinct Scales. The Aftbeiates of this Tribe which are very numerous, admit an in- termediate diftindtion, into three feparate Families, according to the Nature of their Scales; before we defeend to the Subdivifion into Or- ders. TRIBE TAeSi>t/ij (^yl’/fTTf’t^ en^i/^er/'. 1 TVif ■ ., ^/r/!ysr ift/h//e . i i* 7/ mM f/r^n/ya/7 \ T/,^C/u'r {rr T//l^ n/^e/A • , Trtfieii. 7a/?f//r) /. //'//// rnj^nn/^ffr/rf’f/ (2r/n'{/a y7t/yf/f . . Tamih a. ort'^mr/ /y' Au/re/ t/ra/eij . *ye/^T/Mr/f. B/orJ}f,i//p /T^^yiv /^y^/ y7. / . 'f^/r /l/’a//. tJ^A^/et?.n6lu/-^. /ui/i/tityry-t/ Wa^//t7fi^ , Fa7/U?VJ.^ " ‘'f'^B/urne Pn/mn^fe^. v/iy. //%^y i. ■ p- L ' i > • .^4 V A* *-^ - r ' ‘ li; . ; • -V' ■■ ■7,i* -, #■' The vegetable SYjSTEM.' 5 TRIBE ir. FAMILY THE First. With arm'd Scales each Scale terminating in a robuR hard Thorn : as in Cotton Thiftle. FAMILY THE Second. Plate I. Fig. 12. With /WrV Scales ; each terminating in a weak foft and pointlefs hair, as in Gentle Thiftle. Plate I. Fig 13. FAMILY THE Third. With naked Scales j each Scale terminating fimply without Thorn or hair, as in Sweet Sultan. Plate I. Fig. 14. ASSOCIATES. Tribe 11. Family I. With original and armed Scales. ORDER 1. With the Scales. » Arm’d only at the extremity or point j as in Spear ThiRle. Plate I. Fig. 15. ORDER II. Arm’d both at the point and along the Tides ; as in Lady’s Thiftle. Plate I. Fig. i6« ORDER III. Ramofe or divided into arm’d branches ; as in Solllitial Thiftle. Plate I. Fig. 17. ASSOCIATES. Tribe II. Family II. With original and hair'd Scales. ORDER I. With the Scales. Simple, and only terminated by a Tingle hair ; as in SoTt Thillle. Plate I. Fig. iS. ORDER II. Eyelafh’d, or edg’d all round with hairs, as in Blue-bottle. Plate I. Fig. ig. VoL. III. C ORDER 6 The vegetable SYSTEM. ORDER IIL Serrated, or notched, and hairy on the edges, as in Whitehead. < ■ Plate I. P'ig. 20^ O R D E R IV. Pinnatifid, or cut deep like a winged Leaf, and hair’d ; as Seflile Centaury. Plate I. Fig. 21. ORDER V. Feathery, or divided into plumofe hairy parts ; as in Phrygian Knap- weed. Plate I. Fig. 22. O R D E R VI. Palmated, or divided like a hand, and hairy; as Roman Matfellon. Plate 1. Fig. 23. ASSOCIATES. Tribe II. Family III. With Original and Naked Scales. ORDER I. With the Scales. Simple; or naked and altogether undivided as in Chardoon. Plate I. Fig. 24. ORDER II. Indented, or cut into teeth along the edges, as in Rhapontic. Plate I. Fig. 25. ORDER III. Winged, or cut into deep divifions, like winged Leaves, as in Woollweed. Plate I. Fig. 26. ORDER IV. Finger’d, or cut into deep divifions at the Bafe, like Fingers ; as in Harp’d Bullweed. Plate I. Fig. 26. O R D E R V. Ragged, or fubdivided into a multitude of loofe Segments, as in Ragged Saw-wort. Plate I. Fig. 27. HERBS The vegetable SYSTEM. 7 HERBS. With many Flowers aflembled in a Common Cup, SERIES II. With the Chives distinct. CLASS IV. ASSOCIATES. TRIBE I. With Degradating Scales. O R D 'E R I. With the Cup compofed entirely of Scales formed of De^ gradating Leaves. GENUS I. DISTAFF-THISTLE. P H O N U S.^ Character of the Genus. The Leaves of the Plant form the Scales of the Cup ; de-. # This is the proper AtraiStylis of the antients : but cuftom has now given that name, in compliance with the dictates of Linnaeus, to the Carline. I have therefore given this, and the others of this kind, Gefner’s Phonus^ which yet remains diftindtive. generating 8 The vegetable SYSTEM. generating gradually as they rife along it. r. Tliofe at the Bafe are perfc6l, pinnatilid,* green Leaves; 2. The ferics above thefe are dry and Tcaly, but are ftill pinnatihd ; retaining their form, only pointed and edg- ed, with perfect Thorns ; 3. The inner feries depoht wholly their leafy form, and nature ; beeoming iimple, undivided Scales, arm’d only with a crimfon thorn at the Point. Plate 2. 0 a b c. I. COTTONY DISTAFF THISTLE. Plate 2. Charaiter of the Species. Carthamus lanatiis. The d'ops of the Branches, are covered with a Cottony matter. Plate 2. a b. Til IS is an Annual, native of France and Italy, an upright, and not unhandfome Plant, of two foot high. The Leaves are of a yellowifli green, but they have high red ribs: the flowers are large and of a bright yellow. The whole Plant abounds with a blood-coloured Juice, which runs out, wherever it is cut or broken. 2. D W A R F DISTAFF 1' H I S T L E. Plate 3. Fig. 2. Charafler of the Species. Carthamus Mitiffimus. The Radical Leaves are lanc’d and dented; thefe on the Stalk are pinnatihd, and edged with flight and weak Thorns. Fig. 2. a b c. This is a Perennial, native of the South of France : alow, and very fingular Plant, flov/ering in July and Augufl. The Root creeps under the furface, and pufhes up in diflant fpots little clufters of dark green Leaves edged with weak Thorns. The Stalk is but two or three inches high, the Leaves are of a deep green, and the Flower of a very bright blue. (rt'/K'/'fC ( inirdclff' ( y y-':- ) .4 V. V ^ * 1 ■■• - T .• I V fi f The vegetable SYSTEM. 9: 3. SHRUBBY DISTAFF THISTLE. Plate 3. Fig. 3. Character the of Species. Carthamus arborefcens. The Stem is woody, and the Leaves are of the form of a flaming fvvord. Fig. 3. « h. This is a native of Spain, a woody Plant of five foot high, and flowers in June. The Leaves are of a bluhh green, the Stalk is brown toward the Bafe, but the young (hoots are tender. The Flowers are large and of a perfedt gold yellow. It lives thro’ com- mon winters in the open air with us, but perilhes in hard feafons, unlefs flaellered. ^.ELEGANT DISTAFF THISTLE. Plate 3. Fig. 4. Chara£lcr of the Species. Carthamus Carduncellos. 1 he Leaves are deeply pinnatifid, and arm’d with hard Thorns. Fig. 4. a. This is a Perennial, native of Spain and Italy, and flowers in Augufl: ; a very elegant and fingular Plant. It is not more than fix inches high. The Leaves are cut in a beautiful manner, and arm’d at all the divifions w'ith brown Thorns. The Flower is large and of a deep (hining blue. VcL. III. D G E N U wS to The vegetable SYSTEM.' GENUS ir. SAFF-FLOWER. C A R T H A M U S. Charai5ier of the Genus. The Leaves of the Plant form the Scales of the Cup whicli continue leafy even to the innermoft Range. I. O y A L-L E A V E D SAFF-FLOWER. Plate 4. Fig. Character of the Species. Carthamus Tin£foiius.. The Leaves are oval and undivided, but arm’d with Thorns- along the Edge. Fig. I. a b. This is a native of the Fail: ; an Annual of two foot high, flower- ing in Auguft. The Stalk is of a deep green, often tinged with brown. The Leaves are of a paler, but not very elegant, green ; and the thorns along their edge are whitifh. The Flowers are large ; and of a Rrong yellow, approaching to orange colour ^ fo beautiful that they emulate the colour of Saffron ; and have been named thence Baflard Saffron. The colour is lading, and the Flowers are ufed in vafl: quantities in dying. 2. AZURE SAFF-FLOWER. Plate 4. Fig. 2. Character of the Species. Carthamus Cceruleus*. The Leaves arc lanced, and cut in deeply at the edges. Fig. 2. a h. This is a Perennial, native of Spain and Italy, a weed' among their corn, as troublefome as the Thirties to our farmers. The Stalk is limple, and two foot high. The Leaves are of a picafant green j and the Flower is of a very delicate blue, fo.mewhat paler than our great Bluebottle, but m.ucH more delicate, and brighter. It blows in Au- gulL ORDER r m ■ ■ ‘ ■' -c^ -■ '; ; ■■■'I y't V *; .JV iy '-:-J‘'' ::.... r' ^'V ^ vi:0- ?i;? -^iW'. '►•?’'>i^5^ ;■ ‘; •-..'bvW • ■>iiTXoib'.. h U- a : ■. • -V .' ■ ■’ ’• , ' . ‘ - ■' , r •‘1 . ' -■ ■" •' -; i. • , , ■‘f|- *. 4'-- %'. ly J. n’'"' -W-V nVf'- •>>' ,;;>,;.*[ . ; .-. '-.-r " ! • >. •t . % ■iir ’*. ■' ’V' !--• i ■'■• ■• I,:, .5.’^ -V] i ^ I ■ .' i r ^at^: ^.h •'•.'■• • . 4 1 ^c» • i V • - ■ jyt:.J •* ♦' j^:r>| ,-4'ii'Y^ f'' .4th,,(t3j;.rTyi' ti. -I' &}>r'l^- ' ■i.T •’’ -'r. '*-- ^v. ;-fjf • 'vlt ’f; ! ta. cV 'v'i' i ^.''p ,‘ts .••ji t;! rfUH ■ . * •"•* <*'■;■: vi ’■ >, » «>,r)-.''--: ' ■ y'ihl7^ /./I - vJT •■»• :l : j J.‘ :. ."‘j •» '•4’;cAi >K j'fl 6/1/j 4. ..'•'/•r-.ti ■';■ ■ ;■ ’ - * 7*'*. ' r' ■ ■ . ' '* • '• ''V ’ • „■ ' • .•■ "' A. . * . , *' The vegetable SYSTEM IX ORDER II. With the Cup compofed of Scales form’d of degradating Leaves j and with the outer Range of the Scales hlmy. GENUS L ELESSED THISTLE. C N I C U S. Chara£ler of the Genus* The Cup is oval, and has a leafy Circlet at the Bafe. The inner Ranges of Scales terminate in hard and branched Thorns. Plate 0 ab. I. S P R E A D I N G BLESSED THISTLE. Plate 5. Fig. i. Carduus Benedictus^ Character of the Species. Cnicus Benedidtus. The Leaves are irregularly finuated ; the Stalk divides in- to many fpreading Branches. Fig. 1. a 1. This is an Annual, native of the Eaft', and of the warmer parts of Europe; the iil'ands of the Archipelago are not more over-run with it than the plough’d lands of Spain-. It is two foot high. The Stalk divides into a number of long Branches, which fpread our wide ; the Leaves are of a flrong green with fome cad of ycllowini ; and the Flowers are of a pale yellow. The whole Plant has a ifrong, but not difagreeable, feent. It flowers in Augud. i,. V 12 The vegetable SYSTEM. 2. VARIOUS LEAV’t) BLESSED THISTLE. Plate 5. Fig. 2. Charadter of the Species. Cnicus Oleraceus. The lower Leaves are deeply cut and jagged, the upper ones are undivided, and fland hollow. . Fig. 2. a b. This is a Perennial, native of Germany, and other parts of Eu- rope, but not of England. It flowers in June. The Stalk is near a yard high. The Leaves are of a flrong but fomewhat brownifli green. The Flowers are of a pale, but not difagreeable yellow. ‘ - GENUS II. EGG-THISTLE. C R E P U L A. Charadter of the Genus. The Cup is egg-fhaped, and has a leafy Circlet at the Bafe ; the inner ranges of Scales terminate in foft and hmple fpines. Plate 6. o a b c. I. SHARP EG G-T H I S T L E. Plate 6. Fig. 1. Charadler of the Species. ' Cnicus Spinofiffimtts. The Leaves are deep cut in an irregular pinnatihd man- ner ; and are arm’d with numerous flrong Thorns ; the Flowers Band clofe among the Leaves. Ilg. I. ah, Tn IS (7)f7fytrh>/ ./A/,f7/r '/if//' //I The vegetable SYSTEM. 13 7'his is a Biennial, native of Germany and SwifTerland, and flowers in Auguft. The Stalk is fimple, and about a foot high ; pale and hard. The Leaves are of a faint, but not unpleShng green. The flowers are whitifli, with a dafh of yellow ; as are alfo the Scales of the Cup, and the Circlet, at its Bale. Let none wonder that I have feparated the three plants of this plate from the two of the preceding, under a new Genus : the dif- tindtion in theCups is great and obvious ; and to the want of fuch fe- parate arrangements is to be attributed the confufion hitherto com- plained of in the Thiftle Clafs. 2. UNARMED EGG-THISTLE. Plate 6. Fig. 2. CharaAer of the Species. Cnicus Centauroiies. The Leaves are doublj- pinnatifid, and they are deflitiite of Thorns. Fig. 2. a b. This is a Perennial; native of the Pyrenrean mountains, a Plant of four foot high, with elegantly divided Leaves, and large flowers. The Stalk is pale, and not much branched : the Leaves are of a faint green on the upper fide, and whltifh underneath. The Flowers are crimfon ; and they blow in Augufl:. 3. SIBERIAN EGG-THISTLE. Plate 6. Fig. 3. Charafler of the Species Cnicus Cernuus. The Flowers droop ; the Leaves are lanc’d and hearted at the Bafe, curl’d at the Edge, and prickly. Fig. 3. a b c. This is a Biennial, native of Siberia ; a Plant of a foot and an half high, flowering in Auguft. The Stalk is brownilh : the I.,eaves are of a fine green : the Flowers droop a little, and are of a delicate crimfon. The Cups are a little jagged towards the top, but the Thorns are foft and Ample. This is the Plant, which in the order of nature connects the pre- lent and preceding Genus. ORDER III. With the Cup form’d of degradating Leaves ; tho inner Range of which are hard, dry, aud fcaly. VoL. III. E GEN U s 1+ The vegetable SYSTEM, GENUS I. C A R L I N E THIS 1 L E. CARLIN A. Clviraclcr of the Genus. The inner row of Scales in the Cup fpread, and fhine ; and emulate the rays of radiated Flowers. Piate r. o a b. 1. HUMBLE CARLINE THISTLE. Piate 7. Fig. i. Charafler of the Species. Carlina acaulos. The Stalk is fo fhort, that the Flower feems to reft upon the ground. Fig. I. a. This is a Perennial, native of Italy, Germany, and other Parts of Europe : a low butfpecioivs Plant, flowering in July. The Leaves lie fpread upon the ground, and are naturally of a deep green ; but tinged and blotted as it were with red and white, and blue, and other colours. The Flower refts in the center of the tuft having a Stalk too fliort for fight. It is very confpicuous ; the inner range of Scales, which have the appearance of Rays, being pearly white. 2. CRIMSON CARLINE THISTLE. Plate 7. Fig. 2. CharaPiCr of the Species. Carlina lanata. The Leaves are covered with a Cottony Down. Fig. 2. a. This is an Annual, common on the wafte grounds of Italy, and the South of France ; and flowers in July. The Stalk is Ample, and a foot and a half high, whitifli and downy. It is ufually forked at the top ; one Flower crowning the natural fummit, and two others rifing on flioots, one from each fide of the Arfl:. The Leaves are white, and the Flowers are of a delicate crimfon. 3. CLUSTERY CARLINE THISTLE. Plate 7. Fig. 3. Charafter of the Species. Carlina vulgaris. The Stalk breaks into feveral fhort and compad divifions at the top, and the Flowers Band clofe upon the heads of thefe, without other Footflalks. Fig. 3. a h. This 1 The vegetable SYSTEM. 15 This Is an Annual, native of Italy and Spain; and flowers inAu- gufl. It rifes to two foot in heighth ; the Stalk is yellowifli; the Leaves are o^ a yellowifl'i green, and the Flowers are yellow. BRANCHY CAR LINE THISTLE. Plate 8. Fig. 4. Wild Carline Thistle. Charaflcr of the Species. Carlina Ccr\ mboi'a The Stalk dividesat the head into many foreading Branches, and the Flowers have Footflalks. Plate 4. n h. This is an Annual, natlveof our dry upland paftures, and flowers in July. ’Tis two foot high. The Leaves are of a faint green, edg’d with (harp brown thorns : the Flowers are yellow, the Colour is not fine, but they are very lafting. f. SIDE FLOWERING CARLINE THISTLE. Plate 8. Fig. 5. Charader of the Species. Carlina Racemofa. The Flowers are few, and grow clofe in the bofoms of the Leaves up the Sides of the Stalk. Fig. 5, a. This is an Annual, native of the dry wafle grounds in Spain ; and flowers in Auguft. The Stalk is Ample, yellowilli, and a about a foot high : the Leaves are of a yellowilh green, and have large, but not flirong, thorns, along their Edge ; the Flowers are yellow. 6. WHITE CARLINE THISTLE. Plate 8. Fig. 6. Charafter of the Species. Carlina Pyreanica. The Leaves run down the Stalk in prickly welts. The Flowers Band clofe upon the fummit. Fig. 6. a b. This is a Biennial, native of the Pyrenaean mountains, on the fide of Spain ; and flowers in Auguft. The Stalk is white welted, very prickly, and a little more than a foot in heighth : the Leaves are cut deep in the winged manner, and are of a whitifh green ; the Flowers ftand in a compact rifing head at the top of the Stalk, and are of a glofly white. TRIBE II. With original and diflindl Scales. FA- lb The vegetable SYSTEM. FAMILY THE First. The Scales being arm’d, or terminated by a hard thorn. ORDER I. Arm'd only at the Point. GENUS I. MAY THISTLE. POLYCAN TH A. CharaAerof the Genus. The Cups are cylindric, and their Scales are linear. Plate g. e a h 1. DOWNY MAY THISTLE. Plate 9. Fig. I. Charaiter of the Species. Carduus Acanthoidcs. The Cups are covered with a hairy down, and droop a little. Fig. I. a. This is an Annual, native of our ditch-banks, and wafte ground by roads; but not very common j a plant of two foot high, flowering in the beginning of May, and foon after fading. The Leaves are hairy, and of a faint whitifli green : the Flowers are of a bright crimfon. 2. MARSHY MAY THISTLE. Plate 9. Fig. 2. Marsh Thistle. Chara^erof the Species. Carduus Paluftris. The Cups are naked and ere61:, and the Leaves are pin- natifid. Fig. 2 a b. This is a Biennial, native of our wet grounds, and flowers at the latter end of May; a tall and fpecious Plant. The Stalk is purplifh, and is fix foot high : the Leaves aie of a deep brownifla green; the Flowers are of a full crimfon. 3. CURL’D MAY THISTLE. Plate 9. Fig. 3. Character of the Species. Carduus Crifpus. The Flowers are clullered, and the Cups are naked, and the Leaves are waved. Fig. 3. a. h. This is an Annual, native of our ditch-banks, and flowers in May. The Stalk is four Foot high : the Leaves are of a dufky green, and the flowers pale crimfon. GENUS Oe fieri/' ( 'Lii reirf^er //a t/ 0/i/, ii/e Fish - this tib V U^'l.Vy Irt'neric ('/harurle/'. £2^rrt/A/e ^ The vegetable SYSTEM. ^7 GENUS II. FISH-THISTLE. A C A R N A. Chara£ler of the Genus. The Cups are elliptick ; their Scales are broad, and ter- minated by fhort and flight Thorns. Plate \o. a 9 b. I. DOUBLE-THORNED FISH-THISTLE. Plate lo. Fig. i. Carduus Acarna. Character of the Species. This is a Biennial, native of Spain, and flowers in Auguft. Tis a Tobuft, upright Plant of four Foot high. The Stalk is brownifh, the Leaves are of a faint green, and the Flowers are crimfon. Some confound this with the Cafabon Thiftle, Plate 14. both hav- ing been called Acarna, by earlier Writers ; this has caufed the error ; The Plants are abundantly diftinguiihed by their natural charaders. 2. MARBLED FISH-THISTLE; Plate 10. Fig._2. Carduus Leucographus, CharacSterof the Species. The Leaves are pinnatifid, the Flowers Hand Engly on long foot-ftalks, and droop. Fig. 2. a h. This is a Biennial, native of Italy, and flowers in Augull. TIfe Plant is near a Yard high. The Leaves are of a deep green, beauti- VOL. III. F fully The vegetable SYSTEM. i8 fully ftreaked and fpotted with white, like veins in the Egyptian mar- ble ; the Thorns are numerous and robuft ; the Flowers are crimibn. 3. CLUSTERY FISH-THISTLE. Plate 10. Fig. 2. Chara£ler of the Species. Cardiius Onopyxos Authorum. The Leaves are doubly pinnatifid, and the Flowers ftaiid erecl and cluflered. This is an Annual, native of Germany, a Plant of two Foot and a half high, and flowers late in September. The Stalk is pale, the Leaves are of a flrong green, and armed with very fliarp though fliort fpines ; the Flowers are of a bright crimfon. It is the mofl: leafy of all Thiflles. GENUS III. BANK-THISTLE. A S C A L E A. Character of the Genus. The Cups ai'e bloated : their Scales are long, {lender, and bend back. Plate II. a 0 l>. I. DROOPING BANK-THISTLE. Plate II. Fig. I. Chara£ter of the Species. Carduus Nutans. The Leaves are deep cut, and the Flowers ftand drooping. Fig. \. a b. Th I s is a Biennial, native of our damp wafte grounds, and flowers in 'Auguft. The Plant is five Foot high. The Leaves are of a fine deep green, and the Flowers are crimfon. lathe evening they have a mufley The vegetable SYSTEM. 19 mnfky fcent, not unlike that of the Sweet Sultan, but lighter and more delicate. They have it moil; in ground that has lead; wet. This Autumn 1761, I faw a quantity of it in a wade ground near Sir Roger Hill’s park at Denham, that perfumed the air to fome diflance. 2. SPEARY BANK-THISTLE. Plate II. Fig. 2. Character cf the Species. Carduus Lanceatus. The Leaves are divided and fub-divided into long fpeary points with very firm Thorns. The Flowers ftand erect. Fig. 2. a b. This is the commoned; of all our Thidles, a tall, forbidding Plant, armed with flrong Thorns, and covered at the top with crim- fon Flowers. It is an Annual of dx Foot high. The Stalk is pale, the Leaves are of a faint and dull green ; the Flowers are of a bright crimfon. It covers our dry banks and wafte grounds all the latter part of Summer. GENUS IV. COTTON-THISTLE. ONOPORDUM. Chara£ter of the Genus. The Cup is egg-fiiaped, and the Points of its Scales ftand outwards. Plate 12. 0 a b. 1. BROAD- 20 The vegetable SYSTEM. 1. BROAD-LEA VED C O T T O N - T H I S T L E. Plate 12. Fig. i. ■Charafler of the Species. ^ Onopordum Acanthium. The Leaves are lanced, waved and dented ; the Scales of the Cups are ragged at the Bafe. Fig. l. a b. This is a Biennial, native of our clayey ditch banks, and flowers in July. The whole Plant is white and cottony, except that the Flowers are crimfon. Its broad radical Leaves cover the ground for a great fpace in Spring; in June the Stem rifes, which grows to four Foot high, and is finely edged and welted ; the Thorns are yel- lowifli and hard. 2. NARROW-LEA VED C O T T ON- T H ISTLE. Plate 12. Fig. 2. Chara£ter of the Species. Onopordum Illyricum. The Leaves are linear, pinnatifid, and deep cut along the Segments. The Spines of the Cup fpread wide afunder. Fig. 2. a b. This is a very elegant Thiftle, a Biennial, native of Italy and Spain ; a Plant of three Foot high, very upright and very thorny. It flowers in Augufl. The Leaves are white .and downy ; the Flowers are of a fine crimfon. 3. GREAT-HEADED COTTON-THISTLE. Plate 12. Fig. 3. Character of the Species. The Leaves are lanced and pinnatifid ; Cup are fliort. Onopordum Arab'icum. the Spines of the Fig. 3. a b. T H i-s is a Biennial, native of Spain and Portugal, and of the South of France ; a very handfome Thiftle, flowering in July and Auguft. .<>j’tT. '*^’* m:« -. ' if- 1 ■ - >-’ .•* f5 1''^ ' /,4i< ■■V.r .-- ..V k^'w ■>• ; ■f , V ■(■•- 'f^ V i .i . ■•* ;x .''v '• ' -V ,V •> y/ .? i. The vegetable SYSTEM. 2t AuguH-. It grows to a great height ; the Leaves are cottony i the Cup is tinged with brown, and the Flowers are of a very ftrong and fine crimfon. GENUS V. FAIR THISTLE. P T E R N I X. Character of the Genus. The Cup is oblong; its Scales fland loofe, and their Points harden into flattifli Thorns. Plate 0 a b. I. ONE-FLOWERED FAIR TFIISTLE. Plate 13. Fig. i. Gharader of the Species, Carduus Mollis. The Leaves are linear and pinnatifid ; the Stalk fup- ports only a fingle Flower. Fig I. a b. This is an Annual, native of the Pyrenaean Mountains, and. flowers in July and Auguft. The Stalk is weak; it leans and bends, and fcarce rifes to more than a Foot high. The Leaves are of a good, but not flrong green ; the Flower is of a very delicate crim- fon, and there is a redifh brown often diffufed over the Cup, which gives fome beauty. 2. MANY-FLOWERED FAIR THISTLE. Plate 13. Fig. 2. Charadler of the Species, Carduus Defloratus. The Leaves are lanced and ferrated, the Flowers are up- right while in their bloom ; but when they fade they- Fig. 2. a b. This is a Biennial, a Plant of two Foot high, native of the high grounds in Germany, and flowers late in Autumn. The Leaves- VoL. HI. G are 22 The vegetable SYSTEM. arc of a fine green. The Stalk is often brown ; the Flowers are of a very delicate crimfon. . The Thirties hitherto defcribed have all welted Stalks: There follow many which have them naked. The One-flowered Fair Thirtle naturally leads to thefe, for the w’eltings of its Stalk are flight and inconfiderable. GENUS VL PIN-THISTLE. I X I N E. Ckarader of the Genus. The Cups are cylindric, and their Scales are broad, but terminate in fine Spines, like the Points of the fmallefi: Pins. PI. 14. 0 a b. I. WAY-SIDE PIN-THISTLE. Plate 14. Fig. i. Common-way Thistle Character of the Species. Carduus Arvenfis. The Leaves are linear, waved, and deeply pinnatifid. This is a Perennial, a weed very hateful to our farmers, common among corn, as well as on warte grounds by way-fides ; and flowers in Augurt. Its creeping root renders it difficult to be dertroyed, and its light downy Seeds fpread it almort univerfally. It grows to a yard high j leafy, and full of thorns. The Leaves are of a good green. The Stalk is often redifli, and there ufually is a ruddy tindl upon the Cups. The Flowers arc crimfon. 2. THISTLE- •fm The vegetable SYSTEM. 23 2. -TH R E E-THORNED PIN-THISTLE, Plate 14. Fig. 2. Character of the Species. Carduus Cafabonas. The Leaves are lanced and waved, and the Thorns ftand in Threes. Fig. 2. a. This is a Perennial, native of Spain ; a lingular and very hand- fome Plant, flowering in Auguft. The Leaves are of a yellowifli green on the upper tide, and white underneath. Their Spines are yellow : the Stalk rifes to five Foot in height, and its Flowers are of a pale orange colour. 3. LANCED PIN-THISTLE. Plete 4. Fig. 3. Charadter of the Species. Carduus Tuberofus. The Leaves are lanced and Ilightly pinnatifid. Fig. 3. a. — This is a Perennial, native of France and Germany, a low weak Plant, flowering in July and Auguft. The Leaves of a deep unpleaflng green : the Stalk is tender, and two Foot high. The Flowers are of a pale but pleafing crimfon. GENUS VII. BRISTLY THISTLE. T E T R A L I X. Charader of the Genus. The Cups are cylindric with a bloated bafe, the Spines of their Scales refemble briftles rather than thorns. PI. 15. 0 ah. I. L A N C E D 24 The vegetable SYSTEM. 1. LANCED BRISTLY THISTLE. Plate 15. Fig. i. Charader of the Genus. Carduus Flavcfcens. The Leaves are lanced, dented, and feflile. Fig. 1. ah This is a Biennial, native of Spain, and flowers in July. The Stalk is brown, and two Foot high ; the Leaves are of a flrong but yellowifli green : the Flowers are of a pale ftraw colour : often abfolutely white. 2. AMPLEXICAUL BRISTLY THISTLE. Plate 15. Fig. 2. Charadcr of the Species. Carduus Tartaricus. The Leaves are ferrated and embrace the Stalk : the Cup has a Circlet of three Leaves at its bafe. Fig. a h. This is a Perennial, native of Ruflia, and flowers in September. The Stalk is three Foot high ; the Leaves are of a flrong, but not pleafing green ; and have a very little downy matter underneath : the Flowers are fnow wdiite. The Thorns both of the Leaves and Cup are Arm, but not very acute. 3. WOOLLY HEADED BRISTLY THISTLE,. Plate 15. Fig. 3. Woolly-headed Thistle. Character of the Species. Carduus Eriophorus. The Leaves are doubly pinnatifid, with raifed fegments and the Cups have a downy matter about their fcales. Fig. 3. <7^.. This is a Biennial, native of our high grounds, and flowers in Augufl. It is an eredl, robufl, and very handfome Plant. The Stalk is. The vegetable SYSTEM. 25 IS ot a brownifh red the Leaves are not of a very drong, but an extremely delicate green. The Flowers are of a bright crimfon. It has lefs the air of a native Plant of our country, than mofl: others, and is far from being univerfal among us. By what I have feen, it is found only in the midland counties, Northamptonfliire, and the three or four adjacent. ORDER II. With the Scales of the Cup, armed both at the point and along the fide with thorns. GENUS II. MILK THISTLE. MARIANA. Chara£ter of the Genus. The Scales of the Cup have hde fpines continued all their length. PI. i6. 0 a Of this Genus we know only one Species. I. MARBLED MILK THISTLE, Milk Thistle. Charailcr of the Species. Carduus Mari’anus. The Leaves embrace the Stalk, and are lightly pinnatifid. Fig. I. a This is a Biennial, native of our wafte grounds, a tall and /lately Plant, flowering in Augu/l. Only its being common, makes us over- look its extreme beauty : In my garden at Bayfwater, where every thing has its proper place, and where this Plant /lands out of the VoL. III. H way -2.6 The VEGETABLE SYSTEM. way of duft and accidents, m-any perfons have flopped to look at it with wonder ; and have thought, as all others would have thought if it had been brought from abroad, that it was one of the firfl in beauty of the Exotics. The Leaves are of a deep green, veined and blotched with a pure milk white, in the manner of the finefl marbles. They are of a vaft fize ; the Stalk in the midft is as thick as a child’s arm ; the Flowers which crown it in vaft multitudes, are very large, and of a fine ftrong crimfon. Their Cups are green, and formed with an uncommon greatnefs and elegance, very far exceeding all other Thiftles. ’Tis faid the Seeds of this Plant will cure Cancers ; and great names authorize the account : but I have tried, and found them ineffectual. This is not a place for difquifitions on the virtues of Plants, we are concerned here only with their forms ; in the fucceeding natural method their qualities are to be examined ; but matters of great im- portance ftiould not be pafted over here : and ’tis next to recom- mending a ufeful medicine,- to caution againft a dependance on fuch as will deceive. GENUS 11. STAR THISTLE. I. C A‘ L C I T R A P A. The Scales of the Cup have fide fpines only near their bafe. VARIOUS LEAVED STAR THISTLE. Plate 17: Fig. i. Star Thistle. 'Character of the Species. Centaurca Calcitrapa^ The lower Leaves are pinnatifid, and the upper only ferrated. Fig. \. a Im This is an Annual, native of our wafte grounds and way-fides, and The vegetable SYSTEM. -’-7 and flowers in Augufl:. It is not found in all parts of the kingdom, but of late has fpread itfelf vaftly in the neighbourhood of London : the road fldes near Tyburn, and at Brooke-Green by Hammer- fmith, are in many fpots quite covered with it. The lower Leaves are of a pale green, thofe higher up are often brownifh j the Stalk is hard and white ; not more than two Foot high, but wonderfully Ipread into branches ; thefe are covered for many weeks with the hard yellowifh Starry Cups, feeming as Flow- ers before the crimfon Flowers appear. I had this year, 1761, two varieties of this Plant at Bayfwater ; one with the Flowers fnow white ; the other with a broad and almoll harped leaf. Rauwolf collected fuch a Plant as this j and Bobart was almofl: led to think it a new Species j but it rofe certainly with me from Seeds of the common kind. Next year will fliew whether its Seeds produce plants ; for I entertain fome fufpicion that it might be a mongrel; the Farina of the Mariana, next to it, impregnating fome feeds. 2. LANCED STAR THISTLE. Plate 17. Fig. 2. Chara£ler of the Species. Centaurea Cakitrapoicles. The Leaves are lanced, and ferrated, and Ilightly embrace the Stalk. Fig. 2. a b. This is a Biennial, native of Spain, and flowers in July. The Stalk is firm, but not hard and woody as in the Englifli kind : the Leaves are of a deep green ; and the Flowers of a ftrong crimfon. The Spines or ftarry matter of the Cup are of a deep brown, not whitifli as in ours. ORDER 28 The vegetable SYSTEM. ORDER III. With the Scales of the Cup ramofe, or divided into Branches. GENUS I. SOLSTITIAL THISTLE, SOLSTITIARIA. Charatfler of the Genus. The Scales of the Cup have Spines edged all their length, with other Spines like Branches. Plate i8. sab. I. HARPED CharatSler of the Species. solstitial thistle. Plate 1 8. Fig. i. Centaurea Solftitialis. Tlic Leaves are pinnatifid with a large Lobe at the extremity. Fig. 1. a b. This is an Annual, native of England, and moft other parts of Europe ; a Plant of two Foot and a half high, flowering at the end of June. The Leaves are of a whitifh green, and they run down the Stalk in a very elegant manner. The Flowers are of a fine yel- low, and the whole Plant has a very handfome afpedt. In France it is fo common as to be an offenfive weed among the Corn j ftarving the Crop, and wounding the hands and legs of the Reapers. With us it is fcarce : It has been found in Gloucefterfhire and Su/rex4 2. CLUS- (T(Virrtc( l?(jrnt'fp/' ■' ’’ >■' ♦ V . . ; '* ■'*’ The vegetable SYSTEM. 29 2. CLUSTERY SOLSTITIAL THISTLE. Plate 18. Fig. 2. Character of the Species. Centaurea Melitenfis. The Leaves are lanced and waved, the Flowers fland in compadl clufters. Fig. 2. a b. This is a native of the Greek Iflands ; an Annual of two Foot high, flowering in July. The Stalk is pale j the Leaves alfo are of a pale blueifli green, and the Flowers are yellow. A T certain Seafons, the Leaves and tops of the Stalks under the cluflers of Flowers are covered with a vifcous fubftance, which entangles Flies j but this is nor conftant : It- is principally toward the time of flowering. F A M I L Y ir. With Original and haired Scales. ORDER L With the Scales of the Cup fimple, and only terminated- by a fingle Hair* GENUS I.. SOFT THISTLE. • CROCODILIUM. Chara£ter of the Genus. The Scales of the Cup are terminated by Ihort and fome«- what firm Hairs. VoL. III. I I. TWO- The vegetable SYSTEM. I. TWO-COLOURED SOFT THISTLE. Plate 19. Fig. i. Character of the Species. Centaurea Muricata. The lower Leaves are doubly pinnatifid ; the uppermoft are fimply waved. The Footftalks of the Flowers are long and naked. Fig. ab. This is an Annual, native of Spain, a very beautiful and lingular Plant, flowering in Augufl. The Stalk is tender and whitilh ; the Leaves are of a very delicate whitilh green : the Flowers are large, and have two colours, which is unufual in the Plants of this kind, the outer Florets being crimfon, and the inner yellow, with a mixture of white. 2. GOLDEN SOFT THISTLE. Plate 19. Fig. 2. Character of the Species. Centaurea Peregrina. The Leaves are lanced and waved near the Bafe, and they have long naked Footftalks. Fig. 2. a b. This is a Biennial, native of Spain and Italy, alow Plant, but Angular and beautiful, flowering in Auguft. The Stalk is whitilh, and fcarce more than a Foot high : the Leaves are of a pale whitilh green, foft and downy j the Flower is very noble in itsfize, and alto- gether yellow. 3. ROBUST SOFT THISTLE. Plate 19. Fig. 3. Chara£tcr of the Species. Centaurea Crocodilium. The Leaves are long and pinnatifid, with a broad harpy end. This is a Biennial, native of the Eafl, a tall and firm Plant full of llrong SOTT THISTLE trcnenc C/>arar/pr . V 'W'. , , r .V < >,• t*; ^ ' '. ■ ^ V * f /■ -V* ; ' •■-V' .1 The vegetable SYSTExM. 31 ftrong Branches, and flowers in Auguft. The Stalk is brown ; the LeavciS are of a ftrong deep green, the Flowers are very large and crimfon. GENUS II. GENTLE THISTLE. C I R S I U M. Charafter of the Genus. The Scales of the Cup end in long Hairs. weak and ftrait Plate 19. 0 a b. I. INDENTED GENTLE THISTLE. Plate 20. Fig. i. Chara£lcr of the Species. Gentle Thistle. ^ Carduus Difleftus. The Leaves are indented, with weak thorny points. Fig. \.a b. This is a Perennial, native of our clayey grounds, and flowers early in Auguft. The Stalk rifes to a yard in height. The Leaves are foft and pale. The Flowers are large and of a good crimfon. The hairs of the Scales are alfo ufually brown, and fometimes redifli. It is not common with us ; but at Buddon Wood in Leicefterfliire there is a great deal of it. 2. PINNATIFID GENTLE THISTLE. Plate 20. Fig, 2. Character of the Species. Carduus Cyanoides. The Leaves are pinnatifid, and their Segments fimple and undivided. Fig. 2. a b. This is a Perennial, native of Siberia, and flowers in September. The Thr vegetable system. The Stalk is two Foot high. The Leaves are of a very dark green on the upper fide, and white and downy underneath. The Flowers are of a ftrong crimfon. 3. WAVY GENTLE THISTLE. Plate 20. Fig. 3. Character of the Species. Carduus Monfpefllilanus. The Leaves are lanced, and undivided, but waved and edged. This is a native of France and Germany j a Perennial, flowering in July and Auguft. The Leaves are of a deep but blueifli green ; the Stalk is two Foot high; the Flowers are of a deep crimfon. • 4. SUPERB GENTLE THISTLE. Plate 21. Fig. i. Character of the Species. Carduus Ahiffimus The Leaves are pinnatifid, and their Segments waved and indented. Fig. 2. a b. This is a Perennial, native of Carolina, and flowers late in Au- tumn. The Plant is twelve Foot high j the Stalk is robufl, and branchy, and the Leaves of a pleafant but not ftrong green. The Flowers are large, and of a pale but beautiful crimfon. The Cups are covered irregularly with a light cottony down. 5. ONE-FLOWERED GENTLE THISTLE. Plate 21. Fig. 2. Charader of the Species. Carduus Virginianus. T'he Leaves are lanced and prickly, the Stalk fupports only one Flower. Fig. 2. a b. T H I s is a Perennial, native of Virginia, a low and weak Plant, flowering in September. The Leaves are of a flrong green. The • Stalk ‘'/y. ‘JO. s. The vegetable SYSTEM. 33 Stalk, is a Foot and a half high and redhh ; the Flower is of a ftrong and elegant crimfon. 6. VARIOUS LEAVED GENTLE TfllSTLE. Character of the Species. Plate 21. Fig. 3. CarJuus Heterophyllus. The Leaves are lanced, and fome are deeply cut, others undivided. Fig. 3. a b. T H I s is a Perennial, native of France and Switzerland, a low Plant, flowering in Auguft. The Leaves are of a pleafant green on the upper fide, and downy underneath. The Stalk is pale ; the Flowers arc of a very bright and beautiful crimfon. There are rarely more than two upon a Stalk, and often one of them im- perfedt. 7. AMPLEXICAUL GENTLE THISTLE. Plate 22. Fig. i. Chara£fer of the Species. Carduus Helenoides. The Leaves are deeply dented and embrace the Stalk ; the Scales of the Cup diverge. Fig. I. a b. This is a native of Siberia, and many other of the northern parts of Europe, but I have not feen it in England. It is a Perennial, tall Plant, flowering in Auguft. The Leaves are of a deep green on the upper fide ; and white and downy underneath. The Stalk is rib’d and green ; the Flowers are of a ftrong crimfon. There are but few on the Plant, ufually only two on a Footftalk. VoL. IIL K 8, RED- The vegetable SYSTEM. •34 8. RED-STALKED GENTLE THISTLE. Plate 22. Fig. 2. CharaiEler of the Species. Carduus Serratuloides, The Leaves are lanced and hard at the edge ; the Foot- flalk fupports only one Flower ; the Scales of the Cup fland clofe. Fig. 1. a b. This is a Perennial, native of Switzerland, and other of the nor- thern parts of Europe; and flowers in Auguft. It grows to two Foot and a half high. The Stalk is crimfon ; the Leaves are of a very fine bright green on the upper fide, and whitifh underneath : they grow to the Stalk by a broad bafe, but do not embrace it : the Flowers are very large and crimfon, and only one crowns each Footftalk. 9. YELLOW GENTLE THISTLE. Plate 22. Fig. 3. Charaffer of the Species. Carduus Flavefcens. The Leaves are lanced and indented, the Flowers are numerous on each Footftalk. P'ig. 3. a b. This is a very Angular and elegant Plant, a Biennial, native of Spain, and flowers in Augufl:. The Stem is two Foot and half high : the Leaves are of a fine frefii green, and the Flowers are of a whitifii yellow. 10. FEW-LEAVED GENTLE THISTLE. Plate 23. Fig. 1. Charafler of the Species. Centaurea Nudicaulis. The Stalk is almoft naked, and fupports only one Flower. Fig. i. a b. This is a Biennial, native of Spain, and flowers in September; a low and little Plant. The radical Leaves are of a faint green, and un- ’r^ /I , S^/v//^ . i^trr/ ^/rnf//’ 6/Atrt//e . The vegetable SYSTEM. 35 undivided ; the others very pale and waved or dented. The Stalk is alfo pale, and the Flower is of a bright crimfon. II. DWARF GENTLE THISTLE. Plate 23. Fig. 2. Charader of the Species. Centaurea Pumilio. The Flower reftsupon the ground, the Leaves are ilightly - piniiatifid. Fig. 2. a b. This is a Biennial, native of Savoy, and flowers in Auguft and September. The Leaves are pale and downy 3 the Flower is of a ftrong crimfon. It refts upon the ground almoft without a Stalk. 12. THICK-WELTED GENTLE THISTLE. Plate 23. Fig. 3. Charader of the Species. Centaurea Verutum. The Leaves are lanced, hmple and undivided ; the Stalk is beautifully welted with thick Films from their Bafe. Fig. 3. a h. This is a Biennial, native of Germany, and flowers in September. The Stalk is firm and brown ; the Leaves are of a ftrong but not very pleafant green. The Flowers are crimfon. 13. HARD-EDGED GENTLE THISTLE. Plate 23. Fig. 4, Charader of the Species. Centaurea Galadites. The Leaves are waved and hard, and almofl: prickly at their edges ; the Stalk is lightly welted. Fig. 4. a b. This is an Annual, native of Germany, and flowers in Auguft. The Stalk is pale } the Leaves are of a frefh green, marbled with white, and the Flowers are crimfon. 14. BRANCHY 36 The VEGETABLE SYSTEM. 14. BRANCHY GENTLE THISTLE. Plate 24. Fig. i. Chara£ter of the Species. Centaurea Cichoracea. The Leaves are fawed, and the Points of their indentings very hard ; the Stalk divides into many Branches. Fig. i. a b. This is a Biennial, native of Spain, and flowers in July. The Stalk is firm, and tinged with brown ; the Leaves are of a fine frefli green the Flowers are of a firong crimfon. 15. SMALL-SCALED GENTLE THISTLE. Plate 24. Fig. 2. Character of the Species. Centaurea Salamantica. The Scales of the Cup are minute and compadb, and their Hairs bend back j the Leaves are pinnatifid and dented. Fig. 2. a b. T I! I s is a Biennial, native of Spain, Sicily, and the fouth of France, and flowers in Auguft. The Leaves are downy, foft and whitifli. The Stalk .is rib’d, and two Foot high; the Flowers are of a de-r licate crimfon ; which has a beautiful effedt with the whitenefs of the Plant. 16. BROAD-CUT GENTLE THISTLE. Plate 24. Fig. 3. Chara£ler of the Species. Crillum Hallerianum. The radical Leaves are cut in the winged Manner, with a few broad Segments ; the Scales of the Cup are long, and their Hairs curl back. Fig. 3. a b. This is a Biennial, native of Switzerland, a tall and flately Plant, flowering //r,V f/z/ur// .trrf/ '* /yf/z/Z .^//tf.i/Zr brr>tiz The vegetable SYSTEM. 37 flowering in July. The Leaves are of a very deep green on the up- perfidc, and white and woolly underneath ; the Stalk is feven Foot high, and redilh ; the Flowers are crimfon : the Hairs of the Cup curl backwards. This is the Frontier Plant between the prefent and fucceeding Genus ; partaking almofl: equally of the Charadters of Gentle Thiflle and of Burdock. Its general Form and Habit are truly of the Gentle Thiflle kind j but its Cups approach fo nearly to the Burdock, that if the Hairs where they curl were only bent firmly down, they would be Burdock Heads. The Gentle Thiflle and Burdock are evidently diflindl Genera in Nature ; but this is an intermediate Plant, properly of neither Genus, but partaking of both; and in the Scale of Nature leading gently down from one to the other ; filling the imagined Gap be- tween them. The preceding Species begins, this compleats the gradation. GENUS II. BURDOCK, B ARD AN A. €hara£ier of the Genus, The Scales of the Cup are terminated by firm Hairs, which bend back at their Points, and form a kind of Hooks. PI. 25. 0 a b. 1. ROUND-HEADED BURDOCK. Plate 25. Fig. i. Common Burdock. Character of the Species. Lappa Vulgaris. The Cups are round and even at the Bafe. Fig. i. a b. ■ This is a Biennial, native of our way-fides, and flowers in Augufl. VoL. Iir. L The The VEGETx^BLE SYSTEM. 38 The Leaves arc of a ftrong green ; the Stalk is two Foot high; the Cups are round and green ; the Flowers are of a bright crimfon. 2. OVAL-HEADED BURDOCK. Plate 25. Fig. 2. WOOLLV-HEADED BuRDOCK. Character of the Species. Lappa ArtSlium. The Cups are oval, and dented in at the Bafe. Fig. 2. a b. This is a Biennial, common by our way-fides, and flowers in Augufl:. The Leaves are vaft, and of a flrong green ; the Stalk is tinged with red, and the Flowers are crimfon. The Cups are red, but covered with a white downy matter : The Plant is a Yard high, and vaftly branched. 3. OBLONG-HEADED BURDOCK. Plate 25. Fig. 3. Character of the Species. Lappa Minor. The Heads are oblong, and fmalleft at the Ends. Fig. 3. <7. This is a Biennial, native of our dry wafle grounds, and flowers in Augafl. The Leaves are of a dark green ; the Stalks are red, and the Flowers are fmall and of a pale crimfon. Linnx^us makes thefe three only varieties of one Species, and he adds the preceding Gentle Thiflle to the fame Genus ; but Na- ture contrad’dls this decifion. Thefe are diftindt ; and that is not of the Genus; but the connedting Plant. The fecond Species is the Bardana, eminent againft the Gout and Rheumatifm. The inner Bark of the Root contains its principal Virtue. ORDER ' .V ¥■ ' ■ TV : f.’> . ‘51; . . . wU- 4 ,7 39 The vegetable SYSTE.\T. ORDER II. With tlic Scales of the Cup eyc-lafhed, or edged all round with Hairs. GENUS I. BLUE-BOTTLE. C Y A N U S. Charadcr of the Genus, The Scales of the Cup are egg-fhaped, and edged with lEort firm Hairs. Plate 26. 0 ab. I. WELTED BLUE- BOTTLE. Plate 26. Fig. i. Great Blue-Bottle. CharaG^/nnn/i^ (/ ^ een^ir -A •\-C MV_, ^v- t ■ ..a- ... • ,■ - . .fes ^• ’ : ‘fi . 1: 'M f- .n- f. E t Gaierir ('/Hi7’(n'/rr //'rr/i / - /r< 'tutr/) -/i>e/y) The vegetable SYSTEM. 43 flowering in September. The Leaves are of a dulTcy green ; tlie Stalk is two Foot and a half high, and has fcarce any Branches. The Flowers are of a dull yellow. GENUS IV. K N A P W E E‘D. J A C E A. CharacSter of the Genus. The Scales of the Cup are oblong, and have long weak Hairs towards their top. Plate 29. a a I. LANCED KNAPWEED. Plate 29. Fig. i. Common Knapweed. Character of the Species. Centaurea Nigra. The Leaves are feflile, lanced, and irregularly dented. Fig. i.a This is a Perennial, common in our dry paftures, and flowers in July. The Leaves are of a flrong green; they are very uncertainly divided at the edge, fome deeply and fome not at all on the fame Plant. The Stalk is two Foot and a half high, of a duflcy colour and firm fubftance. The Flowers are crimfon, and the tips of the Scales of their Cups are of a deep dufky purple. 2. LEAFY-HEADED KNAPWEED. Plate 29. Fig. 2. Character of the Species. Centaurea Pullata. The Cup is furrounded with a leafy Circlet at its Bafe. Fig. 2. a. — This is an Annual, native of Spain and of the South of France, a very diminutive Plant, flowering in Augufl:.' The Leaves are of a dufky and unpleafant green. The Stalk feldom rifes to more than two or 44- The vegetable SYSTEM. or three Inches high ; the Flower is white j the Hairs of the Cup arc black. 3. SERRATED LEAVED KNAPWEED. Plate 29. Fig. 3. Charafler of the Species. Centaurea Scflillflora. The Leaves are lanced and iLarply ferrated, and they have Footflalks. Fig. 3. ab. Thi« is a Biennial, native of France, and alfo of Sicily, and flowers in Auguft. The Leaves are of a very ftrong green ; the Stalk is'purplifli. The Flowers are crimfon, and the Tops and Hairs of the Cups are of the fame colour, but duller. ORDER III. With the Scales of the Cup ferrated, and haired at the point and Tides. GENUS I. WHITEHEAD. S T iE B E. Chara£kr of the Genus. The Cups are oval, and the Hairs upon the Scales are foft. Plate 30. 0 a b, I. PINNATIFID WHITEHEAD. Plate 30. Fig. i. Character of the Species. Centaurea Paniculata. The Leaves are pinnatifid with a few plain lanced Segments. Fig. \. a b. This is an Annual, native of France and Germany, and com- mon to many other parts of the world ; a Plant of two Foot and a half (rr/uw' C 7Mir(irfrr ''^//trn'// y ^// A iTr/ir^r^/ . The vegetable SYSTEM. 45 high, flowering in Auguft. The Leaves are of a pale but delicate green : the Flowers are of a very fine crimfoii ; the Cups are vvhitifli, but not glofly. 2. RAGGED WHITEHEAD. Plate 30. Fig. 2. Chara£ler of the Species. Ccntaurea DlfTeda. The Leaves are broad, lanced, and cut fo deeply and ir- regularly, that they look ragged at the edge. Fig. 2. a h. Th I s is a Biennial, native of Germany, and flowers in July. The Leaves are of a perfectly fine and bright green ; the Stalk is firm and tinged with brown ; the Cups are of a whitifli green, and the Flowers of a very ftrong crimfon. 3. THORNY WHITEHEAD. Plate 30. Fig. 3. Chara/! -/rrrfA. — ■'ff/n-ff ' * /f^ern ’/’/y ' /'/ft no t O'/'/ ft 47 The vegetable SYSTEM. G E N U S II. H A R S H - W E E D. S A G M E N. Charader of the Genus. Tile Scales of the Cup have their points, and the tops of all the indentings crowned with lono- ftiff and almoil o o prickly Flairs. Plate 32. 0 a b. I. VARIOUS LEAVED HARSH-WEE D. Flare 32. Fig. i. Characler of the Species. Centaurea Sibirica. The radical Leaves are fome of them lanced and dmple, and others pinnatifid ; thofe on the Stalk are all fimple and lanced. Fij. I. a b. This is a Perennial, native of Siberia, a weak and low Plant, flowering laej in Angufl; but very conlpicuous for its large and glow- ing Flower, which has more the afpedtofone raifed by garden culture, than a native of the bleak mountains of Siberia. The Leaves are of a whitifh green and woolly ; the Stalk is a Foot high, but weak ; the Flower is of a glowing crimfon. LANCED HARSH - WEED. Character of the Species. The Leaves are lanced Plate 32. Fig. 2. and waved, edges. Cen^aurea Sempervireiis. and dented at the Fig. 2. a b. This is a Perennial, native of Italy, Spain, and Portugal, and flowers in July. The Leaves are of a very ftrong and deep green, and of a firm fubflance ; the Stalk is two Foot and a half high, full of Leaves, and very much branched ; the Flowers are numerous, and of The vegetable SYSTEM. 48 of a bright and fine crinifon. This appears to have been an herb of facred eftimation among the old Romans, and to have made a very material part of the furniture and ornament of their altars. 4. DOUBLY PINNATIFID HARSH-WEE D. Plate 32. Fig. 3. Great Knapweed. Characlcr of the Species. Ccntaurea Scabiofa. The Leaves are doubly pinnatihd, and their Segments fliarp-pointed. Fig. 3. ab. This is a Biennial, native of our dry paftures, a very handfome Plant, flowering in July. The Leaves are of a flrong green ; the Stalk is two Foot high, and very much branched. The Flowers arc crimfon. ORDER IV. With the Scales of the Cup pinnatifid, or cut deep in the manner of a pinnatifid Leaf, with Hairs at the points. GENUS [. W I R E - W E E D. C I S T R U M. ■Charadler of the Genus. The Hairs of the Cup are {lender, and tough like Wires. Plate 33. 0 a h. I. WAVY WIRE-WEED. Plate 33. Fig. i. Characler of the Species. Centaurea Ifnardi. The Leaves are deeply waved, and have a broad indented end. This Ge/nric C/ftfracfrr '//e/^cZ The vegetable SYSTEM. 49 Fig. \. a I, This is a Perennial, native of Spain and Portugal, and flowers in July. The Leaves are of a dufliy green ; the Stalk is two Foot high, but weak and hairy ; the Flowers are of a delicate crimfon, and the Hairs of the Cup, v/hich are very confpicuous, are of a yellowifh brown. 2. WELTED WIRE- WE ED. Plate 33. Fig. 2. Character of the Species. Centaurea Napifolia. The Leaves aie harped and decurrent, fo that the Stalk is welted. Fig. 2. a b- This is a Biennial, native of Crete, and flowers in June; a fingular but unhandfome Plant, remarkable for a ftiff and aukward difpolition of its Branches. The Leaves are of a frefli and fine green. The Stalk divides into many branches, and the Flowers are of a high and fine crimfon. 3. HARSH WIRE-WEED. Plate 33. Fig. 3. CharacTter of the Species. Centaurea Afpera. The Leaves are fimplc, lanced, and deeply dented. Fig. 3. a b’ This is a Biennial, native of Italy and the South of France, and flowers early in Autumn. The Leaves are of a deep unpleafant green, covered with harfli brown hairs. The Stalk is a Foot and a half high, weak and branchy ; and the Flowers are crimfon. ORDER V. With the Scales of the Cup feathery ; or divided into a number of plumofe hairy Parts. VoL. III. O GENUS 50 The vegetable SYSTEM. GENUS I. PLUME WORT. H E R A C L E A. Character of the Genus. The Scales of the Cup are elliptic, and convex on the Surface. Plate 34. 0 a b. 1. RED STALKED PLUMEWORT. Plate 34. ‘Fig. i. Chara£ter of the Species. Centaurea Phrygia. The Leaves are lanced, indented and felTile. Fig. I. 0 a h. This is a Perennial, native of Italy, Germany, and Switzerland, a Plant of two Foot and a halfhigh, crowned with Flowers in Aug jft. The Leaves are of a whitilh green, foft to the touch, and downy ; the Stalk is woody, rib’d and red. It is very troublefome to the Reapers among their corn, and has been a hated Plant for that caufe fio.n very early time. The Flowers are large, and of a good crim- fon. Their Cups, from the quantity of feathery Hairs, make a very fingular appearance. 2. JAGGED PLUMEWORT. Plate 34. Fig. 2. Charafler of the Species. Centaurea Capillata. The Leaves are irregularly cut into many obtufe fegments. Fig. 2. a b> This is a Biennial, native of Siberia, and flowers in July. The Plant is two Foot high, and very eredl and firm. The Leaves are of a faint green ; the Stalk is coarfe, tough, and rib’d. The Flowers are crimfon ; and the Hairs of their Cups are black. ORDER (rr/tr/ i'r {'6 n /-ar/^rr f/l/r/JkM:/ (T’/u 'umrri’ry7& . \ ■ 1 "i '•t r; r , i; { ‘^-,• >A..‘ ■ • 'A- ■. Hi, \ ■ • ■ ■ . a' . . . "'v-l- m: ■' ' • ’ rh'd - - ' ' ‘ - ' ’ ' ■ K- V - m ' ; 'j‘ ■' k .\ - -s. ':>. , The vegetable SYSTExM. 51 ORDER VI. With the Scales of the Cup terminated by palmated or fingered Hairs. GENUS I.* PALM-WEED. P Y C N O C O M U S. The Scales of the Cup are egg-fhaped, and their fingered Hairs rife only trom the point. Plate 35. 0 a h. 1. LANCED PALM -WEED. Plate 35. Fig. i. Character of the Species. Centaurea Sonchifolia. The Leaves are lanced; and cut deeply but fimply at the edge. Fig. a L This is an Annual, native of the Levant Iflands, and of Sicily, a tall and not unhandfome Plant, flowering in Auguft. The Stalk is ered: but tender, welted and green. The Leaves are of a very bright green. The Flowers of a deep crimfon. 2. HARPED PALM - WEED. Plate 35. Fig. 2. Charadter of the Species. Centaurea Seridis. The Leaves are harped with a few fegments, and there is a circlet under the Flower. Fig. 2. a b. Th IS is a Biennial, native of Spain, a very beautiful Plant, flower- ing in Augufl: and September. The Leaves are of a pale green, and rough. The Stalk is weak, redilh, and about a Foot high. The Flowers Thr vegetable system 52 Flowers are of a palecrimfon, and their Cups are very beautiful, hav- ing a ruddy glow, and the Hairs eredt. 3. PINNATIFID PALM-WEED. Plate 35. Fig. 3. Charafter of the Species. Centaurca Romana. The Leaves are pinnatifid, with large indented fegments. Fig. 3. a b. This is an Annual, native of Italy, a large Plant a Yard in lieight, with many branches, flowering in July. The Leaves are of a fome- what blueilh green the Flowers are crimfon. Their Cups are of the fame green with the Leaves, but the Hairs of them are redifh. FAMILY III. With original and naked Scales. O R D E R I. With theScales of theCups fimple, or naked and undivided. GENUS I. ARTICHOKE. C Y N A R A. Charadter of the Genus. The Scales of the Cup are oval ; and have a thick flefhy Bafe. Plate 36. oak I. PRICKLY ARTICHOKE. Plate 36. Fig. 1. The Artichoke Thistle, Chara£ier of the Species. Cynara Humilis. The tops of the Leaves and points of the Scales in the Cup are hard and thorny. This The vegetable SYSTEM. 53 Fig i. a b. Tins is a Perennial, native of the coafts of Spain and Africa, a low but very confpicuous Plant, dowering in June. The Stalk is half a Yard high, of a whitifh green, rib’d, and fomewhat downy. The Leaves are of a pale green on the upperfide, aud downy underneath. The Cup is pale green, and the Flower is blue. 2. WITHERED ARTICflOKE. Plate 36. Fig. 2. The Chardoon. Character of the Species. Cynara Carduntuius. The tops of the Leaves and points of the Scales of the Cup are dry, withered, and membranaceous. Fig. 2. a b. This is a Perennial, native of the coaft of Africa and of Crete, and other of the Greek iflands, a Plant of high flature, flowering in Auguft. The Leaves are vafl: and of a greyifli green ; the Stalk is eight Foot high. The Flowers are blue : The Cup is bigger than a goofe-egg, and its Scales are fpotted with red. ’Tis to be doubted, whether this has not rifen firfl; from the feeds of the former, and the fucceeding from the feeds of this. Here the ftature is increafed, and the thorns fade ; this may arife from a rich foil wild j for we know how eafily it refults from culture. 3. FLESHY ARTICHOKE. Plate 36. Fig. 3. Common Artichoke. Chara£ler of the Species. Cynara Scoiymus. The tops of the Leaves are naked, and the Points of the Scales of the Cup are fplit. Fig. 3. a b. This is our Garden Artichoke, but it is a wild Plant in lefs per- fedlion in the fields of Sicily. It is a Perennial, a Yard in height, and flowers in Auguft. The Leaves are of a whitifh green: the Stalk is rib’d and ftrong j the Head is vafl and flefhy, and the Flowers are blue. VoL. III. P GENUS 54 The vegetable SYSTEM. GENUS II. SAW-WORT. SERRATULA. Character of the Genus. The Scales are oval, thin, and membranaceous throughout, I. VARIOUS LEAVED SAW-WORT. Plate 37. Fig. i. Common Saw-wort. Chara(£ter of the Species. Serratula Tindloria. d'he Leaves are fome Lmple, others harped with a vaft end, but all delicately ferrated on the edge. Fig. a b. This is a Perennial, native of our thickets and wafte grounds, and flowers in June ; a very elegant Plant. The Stalk is flender, upright, firm, and near a Yard high. The Leaves are of a very fine green ; the Flowers arecrimfon : the Cups alfo have a tindure of the fame colour. 2. LINEAR-LEAVED SAW-WORT. Plate 37. Fig. 2. Charader of the Species. Serratula Spicata The Leaves are linear, and the Flowers are placed in a long fimple fpike. Fig. 2. a b. This is a Perennial, native of North America, and flowers in July ; a tall, ftately, and very Angular Plant. The Leaves are of a dull green ; the Stalk is red, thick, and a Yard or more in height. The Flowers are crimfon. 3. G RASSY ^ .. SU w-H^on T (n'/ier(< ■ C 'danic^r ^'/ a no tu /mi'f/ cJa/i/ -H'ort ^//Od/- / f /nrra ^ya/r //o/)/l~. •N K The vegetable SYSTEM. 5^5 3. GRASSY SAW-WORT. Plate 37. Fig. 3. Character of the Species. Serratula Chamapeuce. The Leaves are grafly and ftand cluftered, and bend dovvru Fig. 1.. a b. This is a Biennial, native of Crete, a very fingular Plant, kill of Leaves, and flowering in Augufl. The Stalk is pale and woody \ the Leaves are of a foniewhat Wueifla green : the Flowers are crimfon: GENUS III. BEN. B E H E N. Character of the Genus. The Scales of the Cup are thin, dry, chaffy, and obtufe. Plate 38. 0 a b. ■ I. HARP-LEAVED BEN. Plate 38. Fig. i. Chara£ter of the Species. Centaurea Behen. The lower Leaves are harped, the upper ones embrace the Stalk. Fig. 1. a b. This is a Perennial, native of Mount Libanus, and other parts of Afia Minor, and flowers in June. The Leaves are of a ftrong brownifli green. The Stalk is ufually alfo brown, it grows to two Foot high, and is firm and high rib’d. The Flowers are yellow, and their Cupshav- ing fomething of the brownnefs of the Stalk, ferve as a happy foil to them. 2. LANCED BEN. Plate 38. Fig. 2. Character of the Species. Centaurea Jacea. The Leaves are lanced ; the lower ones are deeply indent- ed, the others plain. This-. 5^ Thr vegetable system F!g. 2, a b. Tins IS a Perennial, native of Germany, and moft of the nor- thern parts of Europe ; a Plant of two Foot or more in height, flower- ing in Auguft. The Leaves are of a flrong and dark green j the Stalks are tough and of a redifli brown ; the Flowers are crimfon. Chara£ier of the Species. 'The Leaves are I N N A T I F I D Plate 38. Fig. 3. BEN. Centaurea Albs. inear, and dented fo deep as to appear pinnatifid. Fig. 3. a h. This is a Biennial, native of Spain, and flowers In July. The Stalk is redifli, tough, branchy, and near a Yard high. The Leaves are of a pale whitifla green. The Flowers arc white, and the heads alfo are white and glofly. 4. WOODY BEN. Plate 38. Fig. 4. Chara£ler of the Species. Centaurea Fruticofa. The Stem is woody ; the Leaves are lanced and obtufe. Fig. 4. a h. This is a Perennial, native of Spain, and flowers in July. The Stem is brown, but the young Branches are pale; The Leaves are of a light glofly green. The Flowers arc pale crimfon. 5. SUBLINEAR BEN. Plate 39. Fig. I. Chara£ter of the Species. Serratula Salicifolia. The Leaves are feflile, long, and narrow, but they fwell a little in the middle. Fig. i. a b. This is a Biennial, native of Siberia, a handfome Plant, flower- ing in July and Auguft. The Stalk is two Foot high and pale : The Leaves are of a bright green on the upper fide, but white and downy underneath. The Flowers are of a pale, but not unelegant crimfon. 6. CL US- The vegetable SYSTEM, 6. CLUSTERY BEN. ST Chara£l:er of the Species. The Flowers ftand Plate 39. Fig. 2. Serratula Multiflora, - in thick Clufters, and the Leaves are lanced. Fig. 2. a b. This is a Perennial, native of Siberia, and flowers in July. The Stalk is redifli, and near a Yard high : The Leaves are of a ftrong green on the upperfide, and white underneath. The Flowers are fmall and crimfon. 7. DROOPING-LEAVED BEN. Plate 39. Fig. 3. Character of the Species. Serratula Noveboracenfis. The Leaves are lanced, ferrated, and hang drooping. Fig. 3. a /,• Th I s is a Perennial, native of North America, and flowers in Sep- tember. The' Stalk is green, rib’d, and fix Foot high. The Leaves are foft to the touch, and of a pale but pleafant green. The Flowers are crimfon. 8. WELTED BEN. Plate 39. Fig. 4. Gharader of the Species. Serratula Babylonica. The lower Leaves are harped, the upper ones are indented and decurrent. Fig. 4. a b. This is a Perennial, native of the Eaft, and flowers in June. The Stalk is pale j the Leaves are downy, and of a whitifh green. The : Flowers are crimfon. VOL.III.. 9. TOW-= 5S The vegetable SYSTEM 9. TOWERING BEN. Plate 40. Fig. i. Character of the Species. Serratula Prasalta, The Leaves are lanced and long, deeply cut like a Saw at the edges, and downy underneath ; they (land horizontally. Fig. \.a b c. This is a Perennial, native of North America, a Plant of five Foot high or more, flowering late in September. I'he Stalk is red; the Leaves are of a frefli and fine green, but white on the underfide : The Flowers are red. 10. BLUE-GREEN BEN. Plate 40. Fig. 2. Character of the Species. Serratula Glauca. The Leaves are oval, and the Flowers ftand in Clufters. Fig. 1. a b. This is a Perennial, native of Virginia and Carolina, a low Plant, flowering in Auguft. The Stalk is tender and two Foot high: The Leaves are of a fea-green colour, and edged with Hairs : The Flowers are crimfon. II. RAGGED BEN. Plate 40. Fig. 3. Chara£ter of the Species. Serratula Centauroidcs. The Leaves are ragged, pinnatihd with fharp Segments, and fmooth. Fig. 3. a b. This is a Perennial, native of Siberia, and flowers in July. The Stalk feldom rifes to more than a Foot in height, and has feveral branches. The Leaves are of a coarfe green : ' The Flowers are purple. 12 ROUGH- ■r ■ ■i ' ¥ ih * I ’'''■' M . "HI The vegetable SYSTEM. 59 12. ROUGH-EDGED BEN. Plate 40. Fig. 4. Characlerof the Species. Serratula Amara. The Leaves are lanced, and have a rugged Edge. Fig. 4. a. This alfois a native of Siberia, a Perennial of a Foot and half high. The Stalk is flender, but tough, and redifli. The Leaves are of a dufky green. The Flowers are of a bright crimfon. GENUS IV. CENTAURY. CENTAUREA. Charadter of the Genus. The Scales of the Cup are oblong, convex toward the bafe, dry, thin, and flatted toward the top • and thin along the edge. Plate 41. oah td. I. DELICATE CENTAURY. Plate 41. Fig. i. Charadler of the Species. Centaurea Crupina, The Leaves are winged and ferrated ; the Cups are oblong and {lender. Fig. 1. a b. This is an Annual, native of Italy and the South of France, a tall, ereft, and truly delicate Plant. The Stalk is pale ; the Leaves are of a dark but not unpleafant green, paler as they run higher up the Stalk, and more delicately divided. The Plant is a Yard high; the Flowers are of a delicate crimfon, and the Cups have a tinge alfo of the fame colour, Even the Seeds are beautiful, they refemble Shuttle- cocks. 2. MUSKY 6o The vegetable SYSTEM. 2. MUSKY CENTAURY. Plate 41. Fig. 2. Sweet Sultan-. Character of the Species. Centaurea Mofchata. The Leaves are waved; the Cups are oval and fwoln. Fig. z.a b. This is an Annual, native of Perfia and fome Part of Tartary, a beautiful Plant, diftinguilhed by a perfumed fmell in the Flower, and for that reafon long fince received into the gardens of the Eaft, as well as of this part of the world. The Stalk is two Foot and a half high, firm, and divided into many branches: The Leaves are of a dark green, and the Flowers are crimfon in all degrees fading even into white. It flowers in Augufl:. The outer range of Florets are ufually large, the inner fmall; but it varies fo as to have all large, and in colour becomes yellow. 3. LIGHT DENTED CENTAURY. Plate 41. Fig. 3. Charadler of the Species. Centaurea Erucifolla. The Leaves are lanced, lightly dented, and woolly. Fig. 3. a b. This is a Perennial, native of Italy, and flowers in Augufl. The Leaves are whitifli and downy j the Stalk is two Foot high : The I-'lowers are crimfon. 4. PINNATIFID CENTAURY. Plate 42. Fig. I. Character of the Species. Centaurea Lippil. The Leaves are pinnatifid with flight broad obtufe Segments. Fig. i. a b. This is an Annual, native of Egypt, a Plant of two Foot, flower- ing in July and Augufl, The Stalk is tinged lightly with brown; the Leaves are of a flrong but fomewhat bluelfh green ; the Flowers are crimfon, and their Cups are ufually of an unflained green. 5. VA- y {enfnury The vegetable SYSTEM. 6i 5. VARIOUS LEAVED CENTAURY. Plate 42. Fig. 2. Chara£^er of the Species. Centaurea Alpina. The Leaves are lanced and toothed at the Bafe, the upper are pinnatifid with narrow undivided Segments, but a dented top. Fig. 1. a h c. This is a Biennal, native of Italy and Germany, and flowers in Auguft. The Stalk is flendcr, green, and half a Yard high. The Leaves are of a delicate but fomewhat yellovvifh-green. The FlowerS' are large and of a bright yellow. 6. WINGED CENTAURY. Plate 42. Fig. 3. Common Great Centary; Charafler of the Species. Centaurea Centaurea. The Leaves are winged and lerrated, with a ferrated Film along the Rib. Fig. 3. a b. This is a Perennial, native of Germany, the Alps, and Pyrenees, and flowers in Auguft : It has been long kept in our gardens, and cele- brated for its virtues more than it deferves. Be careful of an error : this is not the Centaury ufed as a ftomachick that is diflinguifhed by the name of LeJJ'ery and is altogether a different Plant. This has been confidered as an aftringent, and is fuch, but of flight efficacy; at leafl in England. It is a Yard high ; the Stalk is browniffi. The Leaves are of deep ftrong green ; the Flowers are red. 7. BRIGHT-HEADED CENTAURY. Plate 43. Fig. i. CharatSler of the Species. Centaurea Splendcns. The lower Leaves are doubly pinnatifid, the upper ones limply pinnatifid, but with indented Segments. Fig. I. a b.' This is a Biennial, native of Spain and Switzerland, and alfo of- VoL. III. R Siberia^. 62 The vegetable SYSTEM. Siberia, and flowers in July. The Stalk is pale-green, rough, with a few fliort hard Hairs, and more than two Foot high, with many Branches. The Leaves are of a pale but plealing green, and' the Flowers are crimfon : The Scales of the Cup have a bright fllvery glofs. 8. SIMPLE LEAVED CENTAURY. Plate 43. Fig. 2. CharaASler of the Species. Centaurea Glaftifolia. The Leaves are lanced, perfedlly undivided and decurrent. Fig. 2.a b. Th IS is a Perennial, native of Siberia, and particularly of the lower Hills, it flowers in Augufl:. The Stalk is firm, upright, welted, of a firong green, and near a Yard in height. The Leaves are of a flrong but coarfe green. The Flowers are of a delicate yellow. 9. PAINTED CENTAURY. Plate 43. Fig. 3. Character of the Species. Centaurea Conifera. The lower Leaves are lanced, the upper pinnatifid, and the Stalk is fimple. Fig. 3. a ^ r. This is a Perennial, an elegant but low Plant, common about Mont- pelier, and alfo in the dryefl: grounds of Spain flowering in Auguft. The Leaves are of a whitilh green and woolly. The Stalk feldom rifes to more than feven Inches high, often much lefs ; the Flower is crim- fon ; the Cup is large and white, only the Tips of all the Scales are tinged with crimfon. ORDER II. "With the Scales of the Cup naked, but notched orferrated along the edge. GENUS Aeac/a^ / r/iZn///// &S 63 The vegetable SYSTEM. G E N U S I. RHAPONTICK. RHAPONTICA. Character of the Genus. The Cup is elliptic, and its Scales are large. Of this Genus we know only one fpecies. Plate 44. a a j, EGG-LEAVED RHAPONTICK. Plate 44. Fig. i. Charaiter of the Species. Centaurea Rhapontica. The Leaves are egg-fhaped, indented, and placed on Foot- ftalks. Fig. ah c. Th IS is a Perennial, native of Switzerland and Italy, found princi- pally on the mountains, and flowering in July, or earlier. The Leaves are of a frefh green on the uppcrfide, but woolly underneath ; the Stalk is feldom more than a Foot high; the Flower is large and crimfon. This is not the Plant whofe Root is the Rhapontick of the fliops ; that is a true and genuine kind ofRhubarb. ORDER III. With the Scales of the Cup naked, but winged or cut into deep and fimple Divifions. GENUS I. WOO L-W E E D. E R I O P H A. Character of the Genu*. The Cup is egg-{haped, and its Scales are hard. Plate 44. » ah. Of this Genus alfo we know only one Species. I. WAVY 64 Thr vegetable system: I. WAVY wool-weed. Plate 44. Fig. 2. Charader of the Species. Centaurea Eriophora. The Leaves are oblong and waved, and thofe loweft down are dented. This is an Annual, native of Portugal, a very lingular and beautiful Plant, flowering in July. The Stalk is whitilh, welted, and more than half a Yard high j the Leaves are foft and of a whitilh green ; the Flowers are yellow ; and their Cups are white and woolly. ORDER IV. With the Scales of the Cup naked but fingered ; or cut into deep Divifions like Fingers of a hand. GENUS I. B U L L - W E E D. SPHiEROCEPHALA.. Chara£ter of the Genus. The Cup is oval, and its Scales ftand loofe. Of this Genus we only know one Species. Plate 45. a b.. I. ROUGH BULL-WEED. Plate 45. Fig. I. Chara£fer of the Species. Centaurea Sphaerocephala. The Leaves are dented, rough at the edge, and embrace the Stalk, Plate 45. ab. This is a Biennial, native of Africa, and frequent as our Thirties about Tangier, covering the burnt Sands with its crimfon Flowers all the months of June, July, and Auguft. The Stalk is weak, branched, and about a Foot high naturally, but the weight of the Flowers and its //"rf'/.* f/ Z/o/’/f //>/>/'// ? The vegetable SYSTEM. ^ts own tendernefs, make it ufually lie almoft on the ground. The Leaves are numerous and of a blueifh green: The Flowers are very large and beautiful, they fpread out every way fo as to form a kind of globular Head ; and their Colour is a ftrong fcarlet, but little tend- ing to crimfon. Sometimes they are abfolutely white, but it is when the Plant (is fickly. ORDER V. With the Scales of the Cup torn as it were into irregular Segments at the end. GENUS I. T O R N - W E E D. L A C I N A R I A. Charadlcr of the Genus. The Cups are elliptick, and their Scales are chaffy. Plate 1 6. sab. i.^SESSILE-HEADED TORN - WEED. Plate 46. Fig. i. Chara<£ler of the Species. Serratula Squarrofa. The Cups ftand in the Bofom of the Leaves without Foot- ftalks, and the Stalk is welted. Fig. i. a b. This is a Perennial, native 'of Virginia, a low but very lingular Plant, flowering in September. The Root is tuberous, the Stalk is thick, red, welted, and about a Foot and half high ; the Leaves are of a bright green, and a little downy. The Flowers are crimfon, and their Cups are^brown. In bad grounds the Flowers will be whitilh and their Cups finall, but this is accidental. VoL. IIL S 2. FOOT- 66 The vegetable SYSTEM. 2. FOOTSTALKED TORN-WEED. Plate 46. Fig. i. Charader of the Species. Serratula Scariofd, The Flowers have Footftalks, and the Stalk is plain. Fig. 2. a U This is a Perennial, native of Virginia, and flowers in September. The Stalk is of a browniih-red, and two Foot high j the Leaves are of a bright and glofly green ; the Flowers are crimfon j and their Cups are green tinged lightly with brown : They Rand on leafy Foot- llalks. The Root is tuberous as in the other. The END of the FOURTH VOLUME. INDEX X I N D E 1 ’ 0 THE FOUR T H V 0 L U M E. A Page. Page. A CANTHIUM, — 19 Centaurea, — — 59 X~\. Acarna, — — 17 Centaurea, — — - 29, 34, 40, 55, &c. Ardlium, — 37 Centaury, Great — — 59> 61 Artichoke, — 53 Chardoon, — ~ 53 Afealea, — 18 Cirfium, — — 31 Aflbeiates, their Charadlers, I Ciftrum, — - 4» Claffes, Tribes, &c. — 4 Cnicus, — 1 1 Colymbada, — — 42 B Corn Flower, — — 39 Cotton Thiftle, — 19 BANK THISTLE, — _ 18 Crepula, — 12 Bardana, — — 37 Creft-Wort, — ~ 42 Ben, — — 55 Cyanus, — 39 Behen, ■ - — .. 55 Crocodylium, 29 Blue Bottle, — 39 Cynara, — 53 Briftly Thiftle, — — 23 Bull- weed, — — 64 U Burdock, ■ “■ - 37 DISTAFF-THISTLE, — 7 C E CALCITRAPA, — — 26 EGG-THISTLE; — 12 Carduus, — — , See. Eriopha, — — 64 Carlina, — — H Carline Thiftle, — - — 14 F Carthamus, — — 9, 10 Carthamus, — — II FAIR-THISTLE; , — -r- 21 Centaury, — — 59 Filh-Thiftle, — — — 17 GEN- 1 N D G Page. GENTLE-THISTLE, 3* H HARSH-WEED, — Heraclea, — 1 i ‘0 ^ I JACEA, — Ixine, “* 1. w -1^ K KNAP-WEED, — — 43 L LACINARTA, Lappa, — ■” - 65 — -37 M MARIANA, *- May-Thiftle, — Milk-Thiftlc, 25 — 15 25 N ONOPORDUM, 19 P PALM-WEED, Phonus, Pii\-Thiftle, Plume- Wort, 51 — 7 — 22 — 50 / Polycantha, Page. — IS Pfora, — 41 Pternix, — ■" ■ 21 Pycnocomus, — 51 P RHAPONTICK, — — 63 Rhapontica, — 63 S SAFF-FLOWER, — 9 Sagmen, ' — 47 Saw-W ort, — 54 Scolymus — — 53 ScurfF-Wort, 41 Serratula, — — 54, &c. Soft Thiftle, — — 29 Solftitiaria, — — — 28 Solftitial Thiftle, “ — 28 Spaerocephala, • — ■ 64 Star-'l'hiflle, — — • 26 Stoebe, — 44 Sweet Sultan, — — eo T TETRALIX, — — 23 Tiftle, i5»i6, I7,&c. Tora-Weed, - ^5 W WHITE-HEAD, — 4+ Wire-Weed, — 4^ Wool-W£ed, — ^4 F N I S. ^v^-' ' ■■\n ';'-a<^ :> •■ .tj ■;<';■ ■•is..- • •*"• »fi.'r-i.- ® .f • ;-v ■ ■ ■■ v*^-.--' , 'V .jf-i :• ■ ^ ^ If .f** -7- v:, I . .a 'i :? 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