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university of
ILLINOIS LIBRARY
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NAT. HIST. SURV.

Digitized by the Internet Archive,

in 2016 ■ ^

https://archive.org/details/vegetationofchic00full_0

Natural History Suivay

Library CEO. D. FULLER

U rri voTsttr of Ch icag;o

The

Vegetation of the Chicago

Region

An outline of some of the principal plant
associations together with lists of
their principal species

COMPILED BY

GEO. D. FULLER

Department of Botany^ The University of Chicago

CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
1917

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THE VEGETATION OF THE CHICAGO REGION

In this outline no attempt is made to treat exhaustively either the
plant associations or the list of species composing them. Only the
clearly defined associations easily accessible from the city of Chicago are
included, more particular attention being given to those peculiar to
this region. The names of weeds or ruderal plants are not included in
the lists. For more detailed studies of these plant associations see
Cowles, The plant societies of Chicago and vicinity. Geographic
Soc. of Chicago, Bull. 2. 1901, and for the plants of the vernal flora see
Cowles and Coulter, A flora for high schools, pp. 144. ill. New York:
Amer. Book Co., 1915.

I. THE SAND DUNE AND UPLAND ASSOCIATIONS

The following paragraphs outline the well-marked succession of
plant associations upon the sand dunes of the Lake Michigan shores
near Chicago and include several of the more typical associations of the
forested morainic uplands. Following the outline is a list of many of
the characteristic plants of these associations, the name of each species
being preceded by a number or by numbers corresponding to those of
the association or associations in which it chiefly occurs. For details
regarding the vegetation of the sand dunes see Cowles, Bot. Gaz.
27:955. 1899. For evaporation and soil moisture conditions see
Fuller, Bot. Gaz. 58:193-234. 1914.

1. The beach association. — The vegetation of the beach is scanty,
consisting principally of xerophytic annuals together with a few peren-
nial herbs and shrubs.

2. The fore-dune associations. — This region of embryonic dunes
is characterized by the sand reed grasses and such shrubs as the willow
and the sand cherry together with the herbaceous plants of the beach.
Well-developed fore-dunes may be seen at Lake Bluff, 111., Miller and
Dune Park, Ind., and Sawyer, Mich.

3. The cottonwood association. — This is notably the area of actively
moving dunes with sparse vegetation. The rate of evaporation is very
high, but the water content of the soil remains very constant at a short

3

distance below the surface. The herbaceous and shrub vegetation of
the previous associations persists with few additions. The dominant
and almost the only tree species {Populus deltoides) gives its name to
the association, but is occasionally replaced by the closely allied Populus
balsamifera. The germination and development of these trees are
dependent upon such moist areas as pannes and the margins of ponds.
(See Fuller, Trans. 111. Acad. Sci. 5:137-143. 1912.)

The cottonwood owes its successful establishment and permanence
upon the moving dunes to its great powers of vegetative activity which
is seen in the production of adventitious roots from the buried trunk
and branches and also in the development of adventitious shoots from
its uncovered roots.

4. The pine dune association. — Soon after the fixation of the dunes
there develops an association succeeding the cottonwood and charac-
terized by evergreens. Among the dominant plants are species of pine,
juniper, and arbor vitae, together with an undergrowth in which the
heath family is well represented in species of Arctostaphylos, Pyrola,
GauUheria, etc. The herbaceous and shrub vegetation becomes much
more abundant and is composed of species quite different from those in
the former association. Humus formation proceeds, but the water con-
tent of the soil is less than in the previous association on account of the
greater demands made upon it by the increasing amount of vegetation.
The evaporating power of the air is, however, much less, and hence per-
mits the development of seedlings of oak and other trees which dominate
the succeeding association. The pine association is short-lived, but the
undergrowth finally shows very decidedly mesophytic forms, especially
upon the north face of slopes. This association was formerly well
developed over much of the area between Buffington and Gary, Ind.,
where a few remnants are still to be seen. It occurs between Miller and
Dune Park, Ind., and in a modified form at Lake Bluff, 111., and Sawyer,
Mich.

5. The black oak dune association. — This forest association consists
of a somewhat open and often almost pure stand of Quercus velutina with
an undergrowth of rather xerophytic herbs and shrubs. The evergreen
forms of the previous association disappear and are replaced by such
shrubs as species of Vaccinium, Rhus, Prunus, Sassafras, Viburnum,
etc., while noticeable among the herbs are species of Solidago, Asclepias,
Opuntia, Smilacina, etc. Soil moisture and evaporation conditions
differ but little from those of the previous association, and the increase
of humus in the soil is very slow. The association apparently persists
for a much longer time than any of its predecessors, and is seen exten-

4

sively developed near Miller, Ind., but is common throughout the entire
dune region of Indiana and southern Michigan.

6. The mesophytic oak forest association. — Upon the sand dunes
this gradually develops from the preceding by the coming in of other
and more mesophytic tree species, notably such oaks as Q. alba and
Q. rubra. It usually begins in sheltered depressions where the under-
growth is often very completely mesophytic before a marked change has
taken place in the tree vegetation.

Upon morainic uplands this association differs but little from that
found upon the dunes except for the presence of the hickories and the
frequent occurrence of the bur oak, Q. macrocarpa. Depressions in clay
upland within this forest are often characterized by the presence of the
swamp white oak, Q. bicolor, or by the pin oak, Q. palustris. Corylus
americana and Cornus paniculata are often the most abundant shrubs
of the oak uplands.

Oak forests of this type are to be seen upon the sand dunes at Bridg-
man and Sawyer, Mich., and in less perfect development at Dune Park
and Furnessville, Ind. The uplands at Smith, Ind., at Glencoe, Lake
Bluff, Palos Park, New Lenox, and Starved Rock Park, 111., show develop-
ments of oak-hickory forest of the same general type but with certain
minor differences of detail.

7. The climax mesophytic forest. — This occurs, not only upon the
sand dunes and the morainic uplands, but also upon all soils throughout
the northeastern United States and the adjacent parts of Canada. It
is dominated in this region by the beech and sugar maple, which often
form more than 80 per cent of the tree growth. The hemlock is absent
from the uplands of the Chicago region, but is seen upon the adjacent
sand dunes of Michigan and in many other localities to the east and
north. Perhaps the most conspicuous difference between this associa-
tion as it occurs upon a clay upland and the corresponding forest upon
adjacent sand dunes is the greater richness of the fern flora in the former
locality.

The evaporating power of the air in the lower strata of the forest
is very low when compared with that of other associations, and at the
same time the soil moisture remains constantly well above the wilting
coefficient.

This forest is to be seen upon the sand dunes at Sawyer, Mich., and
upon the uplands at Three Oaks, Mich., Smith and Otis, Ind.

8. Sandy swamp associations. — From the nature of the recent
geologic history of the region a series of old lagoons has been included
in the dune area, and these now exist either as small shallow lakes or

5

ponds or as sandy swamps in various stages of development. No
attempt will be made to analyze the various stages in the plant succes-
sion from the open water to the forest, but some of the most character-
istic plants of the later stages are included in the list. The plants of
the open water and earlier swamp stages may be found listed under
aquatic associations. The earliest shrubs are commonly the willows
and they appear to be succeeded by a forest in which the poplars, pines,
red maple, and sour gum are important members. Such transitional
associations from the swamp to the dune find their best expression at
Miller and Dune Park, Ind.

Dune and Upland Plants* — Trees and Shrubs

(7)
(4)

(4*)

(7*)

(4)

(4*)

(4)

(4)
(3, 4)

(2, 3, 4)
(2, 3, 4)
(3, 4, 5)

(8)
(8)
(3)

(3*)

(5)
(8, 7)

(6)
(6)

(6*)

(6)

(6)

(7*)

(6*)

(6*)

(6)

(5, 6)
(6*, 7)
(5*, 6)
(6, 7)
(6, 7, 8)

Taxus canadensis Marsh,, American yew.

Pinus Strohus L., white pine.

“ Banksiana Lamb., Jack pine.

Tsuga canadensis Carr., hemlock.

Thuja occidentalis L,, Arbor vitae.

Juniper us communis L., common juniper.

“ virginiana L., red cedar,

“ horizontalis Moench., prostrate juniper.

Salix longifolia Muhl., long-leaved willow.

“ syrticola Fernald, glandular willow.

“ glaucophylla Bebb, glaucous willow.

“ humilis Marsh., prairie willow,

Populus tremuloides Michx., American aspen.

“ grandidentata Michx., large-toothed aspen.

" balsamifera L., balsam poplar.

“ deltoides Marsh., cottonwood.

Myrica asplenifolia L., sweet fern.

Juglans cinerea L., butternut.

Cary a ovata (Mill) K. Koch., shag-bark hickory {ti).

“ cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch., bitter-nut hickory («)•

Corylus americana Walt., hazelnut («)•

Ostrya virginiana K. Koch., hop-hornbeam {u).

Car pinus caroliniana Walt., water-beech or blue beech («).

Fagus grandifolia Ehrh., beech.

Quercus alba L., white oak.

“ macrocar pa Michx., bur oak («)•

“ imbricaria Michx., shingle oak (w).

“ Muhlenbergii Engelm., chestnut oak.

“ rubra L., red oak.

“ velutina Lam., black oak.

Ulmus ftilva Michx., slippery elm.

“ americana L., American elm.

* The numerals preceding the names indicate the association or associations, outlined in the fore-
going paragraphs, in which the plant is usually found. Dominant or very abundant species are
indicated by an asterisk (*), while species commonly found upon the uplands only are indicated by (j<)
following the common name.

6

(5)
(7)
(7)

(5*, 6)

(7)

(6)
(6, 7)
(4, 5)
(4, S)
(4, 5)

(5)

(8)
(5)
(5)
(7)

(2*, 3)
(5)
(4, S)
(4, 5)
(5,6)
(3, 4, 5, 6)
(4, 5)

(7)
(3, 4, 5)

(7*)

(8)

(5)
(4, 5)
(4, 5)
(4, 5)
(4, 5)

(4, 5, 6, 7)
(6, 7)
(4, 6, 7)
(6, 7)
(4, 8)
(7)

(6)

(7)

(8)
(4*)

(5)

(5)

(5)
(5*)

(6)
(5)
(7)
(7)

CcUis occidcntalis pjmila Muhl., dwarf hackberry.
Liriodcndron Tull pif era L., tulip tree.

Asimina triloba Dunal., American papaw.

Sassafras varii folium (Salisb.) Ktze., sassafras.

Benzoin acstivale (L.) Nees., spice-bush.

Ribes Cynosbati L., prickly gooseberry (w).

Hamamelis virginiana L., witch-hazel.

Rosa acicularis Lindl., wild rose.

“ blanda Ait., wild rose.

“ humilis Marsh., wild rose.

Amelanchier canadensis Medic., service-berry or shad-bush.
Pyriis arbutifolia L., chokeberry.

Primus pennsylvanica L., pin cherry.

“ virginiana L., chokecherry.

“ serotina Ehrh., wild black cherry {u).

“ pumila L., sand cherry.

Ptelea trifoliata L., hop-tree.

Rhus typhina L., staghorn sumach.

“ copallina L., dwarf sumach.

“ glabra L., smooth sumach.

“ Toxicodendron L., poison-ivy.

“ canadensis Marsh., aromatic sumach.

Evonymus obovatus Nutt., strawberry bush.

Celastrus scandens L., climbing bittersweet.

Acer saccharum Marsh., sugar maple.

" rubriim L., red maple.

Ceanothus americanus L., New Jersey tea.

Vitis vulpina L., wild grape.

“ cordifolia Michx., wild grape.

“ aestivalis Michx., summer grape.

" bicolor Le Conte, summer grape.

Psedera quinquefolia (L.), Greene, Virginia creeper.

Dirca palustris L., leather wood.

Tilia americana L., basswood or American linden.

Cornus jiorida L., flowering dogwood.

“ stolonifera Michx., red-osier dogwood.

“ circinata L’Her., round-leaved dogwood.

“ paniculata L’Her., panicled dogwood.

“ alternifolia L., alternate-leaved dogwood {u).

Nyssa sylvatica Marsh., sour gum.

Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi (L.) Spreng., bearberry.
Gaylussacia baccata C. Koch., huckleberry.

Vaccinium pennsylvanicum Lamb., blueberry.

“ vacillans Kalm., late blueberry.

Diervilla Lonicera Mill., bush honeysuckle.

Lonicera canadensis Marsh., American fly hoiieysuckle (w)-
Viburnum acerifolium L., maple-leaved haw.

Sambucus racemosa L., red-berried elder.

“ canadensis L., common elder.

7

(5)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)

(7)

(8)

(6)
(6, 7)

(3)
(3)
(8)
(4*)
(S)
(5)
(5,6)
(2*, 3)
(2*, 3)
(2, 3, 4)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(7)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(6, 7)
(7)
(7)
(5)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(5)

(8)
(8)
(8)
(7)
(7)
(7)

(6)
(4, 5)
(4, S)

Dune and Upland Plants — Herbaceous

P ter is aquilina L., common brake.

Adiantum pedatum L., maidenhair fern.

Asplenium acrostichoides Sw., golden spleenwort (w).

“ angustifolium Michx., narrow-leaved spleenwort (w).
Polyslichum acrostichoides Schott., Christmas fern.

Aspidium marginale Sw., marginal shield fern.

“ spinulosum Sw., spinulose shield fern.

“ noveboracense (L) Sw., New York fern (m).

“ Goldianum Hook., Goldie’s fern (m).

“ Thelypteris Sw., swamp shield fern.

Osmunda Claytoniana L., interrupted fern {ii).

Botrychium virginianiim Sw., rattlesnake fern.

Equisetum arvense L., common horsetail.

“ hyemale L., scouring-rush.

“ variegatum Schleich., variegated horsetail.

Andropogon scoparius Michx., blue stem grass.

Panicum virgatum L., switch grass.

“ dichotomum L., panic grass.

" spp., panic grass.

Calamovilfa longifolia Hack., sand reed-grass.

Ammophila arenaria Link., Marram grass.

Elymus canadensis L., rye-grass.

Koeleria cristata Pers.

Sphenopholis ohtusata Scribn.

Stipa spartea Trin., porcupine grass.

Aristida tuberculosa Nutt., triple-awned grass.

Festuca octo flora Walt.

Hystrix patula Moench., bottle-brush grass (m).

Carex Muhlenbergii Schkuhr., Muhlenberg’s sedge.

“ pennsylvanica Lam., Pennsylvania “

“ umbellata Schkuhr., sedge.

“ eburnea Boott., sedge.

“ laxiflora Lam., sedge.

“ plantaginea Lam., broad-leaved sedge {u).

Cy perils Schweinitzii Torr.

“ flliculmis Vahl.

Luzula campestris (L) DC., wood rush.

Arisaema triphyllum Schott., Indian turnip.

Tradescantia virginiana L., spiderwort.

J uncus halticus littoralis Willd., sand- rush.

Tofleldia glutinosa Pers., false asphodel.

Lilium philadelphicum L., wild orange lily.

Allium tricoccum Ait., wild leek (w).

Erythronium americanum Ker., yellow adder’s tongue («)•

“ albidum Nutt., white adder’s tongue or dog’s-tooth violet {u).
Maianthemum canadense Desf., wild lily-of-the-valley.

Smilacina stellata (L.) Desf., false Solomon’s seal.

“ racemosa (L.) Desf., false Solomon’s seal.

8

(7)
(5,6)

(6)

(6)

(6)

(6)

(7*)

(8)
(7)

(7)

(8)
(6, 7)

(6)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(5)
(5)
(2, 3)
(2, 3)
(3, 5)
(7)
(5)

(5)

(6)
(7)
(6)
(6)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(5)

(5)

(6)
(6)

(5)
(7)
(7)

(6, 7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)

(l*, 2, 3)
(5*)

(6)
(7)

Uviilaria grandiflora Sm., bellwort.

Polygonatimi commulalum Dietr., Solomon’s seal.

‘‘ bijlorum (Walt.) Ell., Solomon’s seal.
Trillium reciirvatum Beck., wake robin {u).

“ sessile L., wake robin (u).

“ declinatum (Gray) Gleason, white trillium («).

“ grandijlorum Salisb., great white trillium.
Aletris farinosa L., colic root.

Smilax herbacea L., carrion flower.

“ hispida Muhl,, cat-brier.

Hypoxis hirsula Coville, star-grass.

Cypripediiim parviflorim, yellow lady’s slipper.

Orchis spectabilis L., showy orchis {ti).

Pika pumila (L.) Gray, clearweed (w).

Parietaria pennsylvanica Muhl., pellitory.

Laportea canadensis Gaud., wood nettle.

Comandra timbellala Nutt., bastard toadflax.

Polygonella articulata Meisn.

Cycloloma alriplicifolium Coult., winged pigweed.
Corispermiim hyssopifolium L., bugseed.

Salsola Kali tenuifolia L., Russian thistle.

Phytolacca decandra L., poke weed.

Rtimex Acetosella L., field sorrel.

Arenaria stricta Michx., sandwort.

“ lateriflora L., lateral-flowered sandwort.
Asarum canadense L., wild ginger {u).

Silene stellata (L.) Ait., starry campion (w)-
Claytonia virginica L., spring beauty {u).

Thalictrum dioicum L., early meadow rue {ii).
Anemonella thalictroides (L.) Spach., rue anemone {u).
Hepatica acutiloba DC., hepatica.

“ triloba Chaix., hepatica.

Anemone cylindrica Gray, anemone.

“ canadensis L., anemone.

“ quinquefolia L., wood anemone (w).

“ virginiana L., anemone.

Aquilegia canadensis L., columbine.

Actaea alba Mill., white baneberry.

Isopyrum biternatum (Raf.) T. & G., false rue anemone.
Podophyllum peltatuni ^., May apple.

Caulophyllum thalictroides Michx., blue cohosh.
Sanguinaria canadensis L., bloodroot.

Stylophorum diphyllum Nutt., celandine poppy.

Dicentra Cucullaria Bernh., Dutchman’s breeches.

“ canadc7isis Walp., squirrel’s corn.

Cakile edentula Hook., sea rocket.

Arabis lyrata, rock cress.

Dentaria laciniata Muhl., toothwort {u).

Mitella diphylla L., miterwort.

9

(6)

(6)

(6)

(1.2)
(8)
(6)
(8)
(8)
(6)
(6)

(5,6)

(5*)

(4)

(5)
(5)

(5)
(i, 2*)

(6)
(6)

(2.3)
(6)
(6)

(6, 7)

(5)
(5)
(i, 2, 3)
. (5)

(7)

(7)

(4, 5)

(8)
(5)
(5)

(5*)

(5)

(6, 7)
(6, 7)

(6, 7)

(6)
(6)

(5)

(2, 5)
(2, 5)

(7)

(5, 6)

(7)
(6, 7)

(7)

(6)

Fragaria vesca L., wood strawberry (u).

Geiim virginianiim L., avens.

Agrimonia spp., agrimony.

Polentilla Anserina L., goose-grass.

“ fruticosa L., shrubby cinquefoil.

“ canadensis L., Canada cinquefoil {u).

Spiraea latifolia Borkh., meadow-sweet.

“ tomentosa L., steeple bush.

Desmodium canadensis DC., tick-trefoil (w).

“ spp., tick-trefoil.

Baptisia leucantha T. &. G., false indigo.

Lupinus perennis L., lupine.

Petalostemum piirpureum Rydb., prairie clover.

Tephrosia virginiana Pers., hoary pea.

Lespedeza capitata Mich., bush-clover.

“ violacea Pers., bush-clover.

Lathyrus maritimus Bigel., beach-pea.

“ venosus Muhl., vetchling (w).

“ ochroleucus Hook., cream-colored vetchling (m).

Strophostyles helvola Britton, beach-bean.

Oxalis violacea L., violet wood sorrel {u).

“ stricta L., yellow wood sorrel {u).

Geranium maculatum L., wild geranium.

“ carolinianum L., wild geranium.

Poly gala polygama Walt., milkwort.

Euphorbia polygonijolia L., seaside spurge.

“ corollata L., flowering spurge.

Impatiens hiflora Walt., jewelweed.

“ pallida Nutt., jewelweed or touch-me-not {u).

Hypericum Kalmianum L., Kalm’s St. John’s-wort.

“ prolificum L., shrubby St. John’s- wort.

Hudsonia tomentosa Nutt.

Helianthemum canadense Michx., frost weed.

Viola pedata L., bird-foot violet.

“ sagittata Ait., arrow-leaved violet.

“ canadensis L., Canada violet.

“ cucullata Ait., blue violet (w).

“ rostrata Pursh, long-spurred violet.

“ palmata L., palmate blue violet {u).

“ cons per sa Reich., dog violet (w).

Opuntia Rafinesquii Engelm., prickly pear.

Oenothera biennis L., common evening primrose.

“ rhombipetala Nutt., evening primrose.

Circaea lutetiana L., enchanter’s nightshade.

Aralia nudicaulis L., wild sarsaparilla,.

Panax quinquefolium L., ginseng.

“ trifolium L., dwarf ginseng.

Erigenia bulbosa Nutt., har .inger of spring (w).

Taenidia integerrima Drude, yellow pimpernel {u).

10

(7)

(7)

(5, 6, 7)
(4)
(4, 6)

(4)

(5)
(4, 5)

(8)
(8)
(8)

(6)
is)

(2, 3, S)

(7)

(5)

(5,6)

(4, 5, 6)

(6, 7)
(5*)

(6)

(7)
(6)
(6)

(4, S)
(4*, 5)

(5)
(4, 5)

(6)
(3, 5)
(3, 5)

(5)

(6)
(5)

(8)
(8)

(5)

(6)
(8)
(7)
(6)

(2, 3)
(7)
(6, 7)

(6, 7)

(6, 7)
(6)
(4, 5)
(4)

Sanicitla marilandica L,, sanicle.

Cryptotaenia canadensis DC., honewort.

Monotropa uniflora L., Indian pipe.

Chimaphila umbellata Nutt., prince’s pine.

Pyrola elliptica Nutt., shin leaf.

“ secunda L., shin leaf.

Epigaea repens L., May flower; trailing arbutus.

Gaultheria procmnhens L., aromatic wintergreen.

Sabbatia angularis Pursh.

Gentiana crinita Froel., fringed gentian.

“ Andrewsii Griseb., closed gentian.

Apocynum androsaemifolium L., dogbane (w).

Asclepias tuberosa L., butterfly weed.

“ syriaca L., common milkweed.

“ phytolaccoides Pursh, poke milkweed.

Acerates viridiflora Ell., green milkweed.

Cuscuta Gronovii Willd., dodder.

Phlox pilosa L., hairy phlox.

“ divaricata L., blue phlox.

“ bifida Beck., cleft phlox.

Polemonium reptans L., Jacob’s ladder (w).

Hydrophyllum appendiculatum Mich., waterleaf.

Mertensia virginica Link., bluebells or Virginian cowslip («)-
Myosotis virginica BSP., small white forget-me-not.
Lithospermum canescens Lehm., puccoon.

“ Gmelini Hitchc., puccoon.

Monarda fistulosa L., wild bergamot.

“ punctata L., horse-mint
Hedeoma pulegioides Pers., American pennyroyal.

Phy salts lanceolata Michx., ground-cherry.

“ virginiana Mill., ground-cherry.

Linaria canadensis Dumont., toadflax.

Collinsia verna Nutt., blue-eyed Mary (w).

Gerardia pedicularia L., false foxglove.

“ purpurea L., purple gerardia.

Castilleja coccinea Spreng., painted-cup.

Pedicularis canadensis L., lousewort.

Melampyrum linear e Lam., cow wheat.

Utricularia cornuta Michx., small bladderwort..

Epifagus virginiana Wallr., beech-drops.

Conopholis americana Wallr., cancer-root.

Orobanche fasciculata Nutt., yellow cancer-root..

Galium Aparine L., bed-straw, cleavers.

“ circaezans Michx., wild liquorice.

“ concinnum T. & G., shining bedstraw.

Mitchella repens L., partridge berry.

Houstonia caerulea L., bluets (m).

Campanula rotundifolia L., bluebell.

Linnaea borealis americana Rehder., twin-flower.

II

(6)

(7)

(5)

(s)

(4, 5)
(4, 5)

(8)

(7)

(6)
(6)
(5)

(2*, 3*)
(5)
(2, 3)
(5*)
(6, 7)
(5)
(i)

(8)
(5)
(5)
(4)

(4)
(8)

(i, 2, 3, 4)
(I, 2, 3, 4)
(i, 2, 3)
(4, 5)
(5, 6)
(6, 7)
(7)

(5)

Triosleum perfoliatnm L., horse gentian.

Eupalorium urlicacfolmm Reichard, white thoroughwort.

Lialris cylindracea Michx., blazing-star.

“ scariosa Willd., blazing-star.

Asler sericeus Vent.

“ linariifolius L., narrow-leaved aster.

“ azureus Lindl., blue aster.

“ cordijolius L., heart-leaved aster.

“ macrophyllus L., heart-leaved aster.

Erigeron piilchellus Michx., Robin’s plantain.

Solidago speciosa Nutt., goldenrod.

“ racemosa Gillmani Fernald, goldenrod.

“ nemoralis Ait., goldenrod.

“ rigida L., goldenrod.

“ hispida Muhl., rough goldenrod.

“ caesia L., goldenrod.

Antennaria plantaginifolia Richards, everlasting.

Xanthium canadense Mill., cockle-bur.

Rudbeckia hirta L., yellow daisy.

Helianthus divaricatus L., sunflower.

“ occidentalis Riddell, sunflower.

Coreopsis palmata Nutt., stiff tickseed.

“ lanceolata L., lance-leaved tickseed.

“ tripteris L., tall coreopsis.

Artemisia caudata Michx., wormwood.

“ canadensis Michx., wormwood.

Cirsium Pitcheri T. & G., sand- thistle.

Krigia virginica Willd., dwarf dandelion.

“ amplexicaulis Nutt., dwarf dandelion.

Prenantkes alba L., rattlesnake root.

Polymnia nvedalia L., leafcup.

Hieracium canadense Michx., Canada hawkweed.

II. THE PRAIRIE ASSOCIATIONS

Shallow lakes or marshes have apparently one of two destinies,
namely, either a forest or a prairie. East of Chicago the former succes-
sion is almost universal, but both are to be seen in this region. The
stages in plant succession are not always clearly in evidence upon the
prairie, but in the following list of species those of the low prairie (i),
usually comprising a Spartina and a Calamagrostis association, are
distinguished from those more characteristic of the Panicum and the Poa-
Andropogon associations of the higher prairie (2). Harvey has shown
(Trans. 111. Acad. Sci. 6:1913) the average evaporation in a prairie asso-
ciation to be about equal to that of the oak dune and the water content of
the soil to be decidedly low during the summer months. Comparatively
undisturbed prairie areas are to be seen at Chicago Lawn and Ashburn, 111.

12

(2) Andropogon scoparius Michx., blue-stem grass.

(2*) “ furcatus Muhl., blue-stem grass.

(1) Sorghaslnini nutans Nash., Indian grass.

(2*) Panicujn virgalum L., switch grass.

(2) Sporoholus heterolcpis Gray, drop-seed grass.

(2) Agrostis alba L., red top grass.

(i*) Calamagrostis canadensis Beauv., blue-joint grass.

(2) Koeleria cristata Pers.

(2) Danthonia spicata Beauv., wild oat grass.

(i*) Spartina Michauxiana Hitch., cord grass.

(2*) Poa compressa L., Canada blue grass.

(2) “ pratensis L., Kentucky blue grass.

(i*) Glyceria nervata Trin., fowl meadow grass.

(2) Festuca elatior L., meadow fescue grass.

(2) Bromus Kalmii Gray, wild chess.

(2) Hordeim jubatum L., squirrel-tail grass.

(2) Elymus canadensis L., wild rye.

(i*) Eleocharis palustris R. & S., spike rush.

(i) Cy perns strigosus L.

(i) Fimbristylis castanea Vahl.

(i) Scirpiis lineatus Michx.

(i) “ jiimatilis Gray, bulrush.

(i) Car ex scoparia Schkuhr.

(i) “ cristata Schwein.

(i) “ Sartwellii Dewey.

(i) “ stricta Lam.

(i) “ lanuginosa Michx.

(i) “ straminea Willd.

(i) Jiincus nodosus L., rush.

(i) “ Torreyi Coville, Torrey’s rush.

(1) “ acuminatus Michx., rush.

(2*) Allium cernuum Roth., wild onion.

(2) Lilium philadelphicum L., orange lily.

(2) “ canadense L., wild yellow lily.

(2) Camassia esculenta Robinson, wild hyacinth.

(1) Iris versicolor L., blue flag.

(2) Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill., blue-eyed grass.

(2) Comandra umbellata bastard toad-flax.

(2) Silene antirrhina L., sleepy catchfly.

(2) Heuchera hispida Pursh, alum root.

(2) Stellaria longifolia Muhl., long-leaved chickweed.

(2) Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch & Lall., meadow rue.

(2) Potentilla canadensis L., Canada cinquefoil.

(2) “ argentea L., silvery cinquefoil.

(2) “ arguta Pursh, rough cinquefoil.

(2) Fragaria virginiana Duchesne, wild strawberry.

(2) Amorpha fruticosa L., false indigo.

(2) “ canescens Pursh, lead-plant.

(2) Petalostemicm purpureum Rydb., purple prairie clover.

13

(2) Petalostemum candidum Michx., white prairie clover.

(1) Lathyrus palustris L,, marsh-pea.

(2) Desmodium illinoense Gray, tick-trefoil.

(i) Poly gala sangumea L., milkwort.

(i) Hypericum virgatum Lam., St. John’s-wort.

(i) “ mutilum L., St. John’s-wort.

(1) Viola papilionacea Pursh, violet.

(2) “ Ait., sagittate violet.

(i) “ pedatifida G. Don., prairie violet.

(i) Ly thrum alatum Pursh, winged loosestrife.

(1) Oenothera pralensis Robinson, sun-drops.

(2) Gaura biennis L.

(2) Zizia aurea Koch., golden Alexanders.

(2) Eryngium yuccifolium Michx., button snakeroot.

(i) Cicuta maculata L., water-hemlock.

(1) Oxypolis rigidior (L.) Coult. & Rose., cowbane.

(2) Dodecatheon Meadia L., shooting-star.

(2) Lithospermum canescens Lehm., puccoon.

(2) Satureja glabra Fernald, calamint.

(i) Steironema quadriflorum Hitch., loosestrife.

(1) “ lanceolatum Gray, loosestrife.

(2) Gentiana puberula Michx., gentian.

(2) “ flavida Gray, gentian.

(2) Apocynum cannabium L., Indian hemp.

(i) Asckpias incarnata L., swamp milkweed.

(1) “ Sullivantii Englem., Sullivant’s milkweed.

(2) “ verticillata L., verticillate milkweed.

(2) Acerates floridana Hitch., green milkweed.

(1) Convolvulus sepium L., hedge bindweed.

(2) Phlox glaberrima L., smooth phlox.

(2) “ pilosa L., hairy phlox.

(2) Cynoglossum officinale L., hound’s- tongue.

(2) Verbena stricta Vent., hoary vervain.

(2) Scutellaria parvula Michx., small skullcap.

(2) Physostegia virginiana Benth., dragon-head.

(1) Stachys palustris L., woundwort.

(2) Pycnanthemum virginianum L., mountain mint.

(2) “ flexuosum BSP., mountain mint.

(1) Lycopus americanus Muhl., water horehound.

(2) Chelone glabra L., snake’s-head.

(2) Veronica virginica L., Culver’s root.

(2) Gerardia purpurea L.

(2) “ tenuifolia Vahl.

(i) Pentstemon laevigatus Ait., beard-tongue.

(1) Mimulus ringens L., monkey flower.

(2) Galium boreale L., northern bedstraw.

(i) “ tinctorium L., bedstraw.

(1) Campanula aparinoides Pursh, marsh bellflower.

(2) Lobelia spicata Lam., wild lobelia.

14

(2) Vcrnonia fasciculata Michx., ironweed.

(2) “ allissvma Nutt., ironweed.

(2) Kuhnia eupatorioides L., false boneset.

(2) Liatris spicata Willd., blazing star.

(2) " cylindracea Michx., blazing star.

(2) “ scariosa Willd., button snakeroot.

(1) BoUotiia asteroides L’Her., aster-like Boltonia.

(2) SoUdago rigida L., rigid goldenrod.

(2) “ canadensis L., Canada goldenrod.

(2) " serotina Ait., late goldenrod.

(1) “ Riddellii Frank, goldenrod.

(2) “ graminifolia Salisb., grass-leaved goldenrod.

(2) Aster novae-angliae L., New England aster.

(2) “ 7mdtiflorus Ait., many-flowered aster.

(2*) “ vimineus Lam., many-flowered aster.

(2) “ paniciilatus Lam., panicled aster.

(2) “ ericoides L., frost- weed aster.

(2) Erigeron philadelphicns L., fleabane.

(2) “ ramosus BSP.

(2) Anteftnaria plantaginifolia Rich., plantain-leaved everlasting.
(2) Silphium lacmiatum L., compass-plant.

(2) “ Jacq., prairie-dock.

(2) “ integrijolium Michx., rosinweed.

(2) Partheyihim integrijolium L., feverfew.

(1) Rudheckia triloba L., thin-leaved cone-flower.

(2) “ hirta L., black-eyed-Susan.

(2) Heliopsis helianthoides Sweet, ox-eye.

(2) Lepachys pinnata T. & G., cone flower
(2) Helianthus strumosus L., sunflower.

(2) “ grosseserratus Martens, sunflower.

(2) “ scaherrimus Ell., sunflower.

(2) Cacalia tuberosa Nutt., Indian plantain.

(i) Senecio aureus L., golden ragwort.

(1) “ Balsamitae Muhl., golden ragwort.

(2) Cirsium virginianum (L.) Michx., thistle.

(1) “ altissimum (L.) Spreng., thistle.

(2) “ pumilum Spreng., pasture thistle.

(2) “ lanceolatum Hill., bull thistle.

(2) Krigia amplexicaulis Nutt., Virginia goatsbeard.

(2) Lactuca canadensis L., wild lettuce.

(2) “ ludoviciana Riddell, wild lettuce.

III. AQUATIC ASSOCIATIONS

These associations reach their best development in the shallow lakes
and ponds of the old lake plain and in the depressions in the sand dune
area. Others are found in connection with the development of the
stream system. The succession in these ponds, streams, and swamps

15

may lead to either a grassland or a forest. Only seed plants and ferns
are included in the following lists which are classified to indicate the
(i) submerged, (2) floating-leaved, and (3) emergent aquatics, the
(4) reed, and the (5) sedge swamp associations. Subsequent stages in
the successions are given under the prairie, peat bog, and flood plain
associations. Among the many localities in which aquatic vegetation
is to be found some of the best are at Miller, Long Lake, Pine, Wolf, and
Calumet lakes, Ind., Skokie Marsh and Fox Lake, 111.

Shrubs

(3) Salix amygdaloides Anders., peach-leaved willow.

(3) “ cordata Muhl., heart-leaved willow.

(3) “ glaucophylla Bebb, glaucous willow.

(3) “ longifolia Muhl., sand-bar willow.

(3) “ (iwco/or Muhl., glaucous willow.

(3) CephalantJms occidentalis L., buttonbush.

Herbaceous Plants

(5) Selaginella apus Spreng., marsh selaginella.

(3) Equisetum variegatum Schleich., variegated horsetail.

(3) Equisetum fluviatile L., swamp horsetail.

(4*) Typha latifolia L., common cat-tail.

(4*) “ angustifolia L., narrow-leafed cat-tail.

(3*) Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm., bur-reed.

(2*) Potaniogeton natans L., pond weed.

(2)

u

americanus C. & S., American pondweed.

(2)

u

amplifolius Tuckerm., broad-leaved pondweed.

(l")

crispus L., crisp pondweed.

(l)

u

lucens L., shining pondweed.

(C)

u

zosterifolius Schu., grass-leaved pondweed.

(I*)

u

pectinatus L., narrow-leaved pondweed.

(l)

a

Rohhinsii Oakes, Robbin’s pondweed.

(i) Zannichellia palustris L., horned pondweed.

(i*) Najas flexilis R. & S., naiad.

(4) Triglochin maritima L., arrow grass.

(3*) Sagittaria latifolia Willd., arrow-head.

(3) “ heterophylla Pursh, arrowweed.

(3) “ graminea Michx., narrow arrow-head.

(3) Alisma plantago-aquatica L., water plantain.

(i*) Elodea canadensis Michx., water-weed.

(i) Vallisneria spiralis L., tape grass.

(3> 5) Calaniagrostis canadensis Beauv., blue-joint grass.
(4*) Phragmites communis Trin., reed.

(5) Spartina Michauxiana Hitch., cord grass.

(3) Zizania aquatica L., wild rice.

(3) Eleocharis palustris R. & S., spike rush.

(3, 5) “ tenuis Schultes, spike rush.

16

(5)
(3*)
(3*)
(4, 5)
(2)
(I*)
(5)
(5)
(5*)
(5)
(5)
(5)

(3)
(3, 5)

(4)
(2*)
(I*)
(2*)

(2)

(3*)

(3)

(5)
(5)
(5)

{3, 5)
(3)

(i, 3, 5)
(i, 3, 5)

(3, 5)

(I*)

(2*)

(2*)

(2*)

(2)
(i)
(i)
(5)

(3)
(i, 3)

(1)

(3)
(3)
(3, 5)
(3)

(2)
(5)

(3)
(5)

(3,5)

Elcocharis acicularis R. & S., spike rush.

Scirpus validtis Vkihk, great bulrush.

“ Jluviatilis Gray, river bulrush.

“ amcricantis Pers., triangular bulrush.

Dulichiiun arundinaceum Britton.

Carex lanuginosa Michx., woolly sedge.

“ jiliformis L., slender sedge.

“ aurca Nutt., golden sedge.

“ stricta Lam., narrow sedge.

“ spp., sedges.

Rynchospora capillacea Torr., beak rush.

Cladium mariscoides Torr., twig rush.

Symplocarpus foetidus Nutt., skunk cabbage.

Peltandra virginica Knuth., arrow arum.

Acorns calamus L., sweet flag.

Spirodcla polyrhiza Schleid., duckweed.

Lemna Irisulca L., duckweed.

“ minor L., duckweed.

Wolffia Columbiana Karst., smallest duckweed.

Pontederia cordata L., pickerel- weed.

Heteranthera dubia MacM., water star-grass.

J uncus iiodosus L., knotted rush.

“ canadensis Gay., Canada rush.

“ balticus Willd., Baltic rush.

Iris versicolor L., blue flag.

Saururus cernuus L., lizard’s tail.

Polygonum ajnphibium L., water smartweed.

“ Muhlenbergii Wats., water smartweed.

“ hydro piperoides Michx., water pepper.

Cerato phyllum demersum L., horn wort.

Nymphaea advena Ait., yellow pond lily.

Castalia tuberosa Greene, white water lily.

Brasenia Schreberi Gmel., water shield.

Nelumbo liitea Pers., American lotus or nelumbo.
Ranunculus aquatilis L., white water buttercup.

“ delphinifolius Torr., yellow water buttercup.

“ pennsylvanicus L., bristly buttercup.

Caltha palustris L., marsh marigold.

Radicula N asturtium-aqualica B. & R., water cress.

“ aquatica Rob., lake cress.

“ palustris Moench., marsh cress.

Cardamine hirsuta L., bitter cress.

Penthorum sedoides L., ditch stonecrop.

Potentilla palustris Scop., marsh cinquefoil.

Callitriche palustris L., water starwort.

Hypericum virginicum L., marsh St. John’s- wort.

“ canadense L., Canada St. John’s- wort.
Lythrum alatum Pursh, winged loosestrife.

Ludvigia palustris Ell:, water purslane.

17

(5) Epilobium molle Torr., willow-herb.

(i*) Myriophyllum spicatnm L., water milfoil.

(i*) “ heterophyllum Michx., water milfoil.

(3) Proserpinaca palustris L., mermaid- weed.

(3) Hippuris vulgaris L., mare’s tail.

(3, s) Sium ciculaefolium Schrank., water parsnip.

(3, 5) Cicuta bulbifera L., bulb-bearing water hemlock.

(5) “ maculata L., water hemlock.

(5) Lysimachia thyrsiflora L., tufted loosestrife.

(5) “ terrestris BSP., bulbous loosestrife.

(3) Menyanthcs trifoliata L., buckbean.

(5) Asclepias incarnata L., swamp milkweed.

(5) Verbena hastata L., blue vervain.

(5) Scutellaria galericulata L., marsh skullcap.

(5) Lycopus americanus Muhl., water horehound.

(5) “ virginicus L., bugle weed.

(5) Mentha arvensis canadensis L., Canada mint.

(3) Veronica Anagallis-aquatica L., water speedwell.

(i*) Utricularia vulgaris L., bladderwort.

(i) “ minor L., smaller bladderwort.

(i) Dianther a americana L., water willow.

(3) Plantago cor data Lam., river plantain.

(5) Galium asprellum Michx., marsh bedstraw.

(3> S) Campanula aparinoides Pursh., marsh bellflower.

(5) Eupatorium purpureum L., Joe-Pye weed.

(5) “ perfoliatum L., boneset or thorough wort.

(5) Solidago graminifolia Salisb., grass-leaved goldenrod.
(5) Cirsium muticum Michx., swamp thistle.

(s) Bidens trichosperma Britton, marsh stick- tight.

(5) “ frondosa L., beggar-tick.

IV. THE PEAT BOG ASSOCIATIONS

The associations in the peat bog series that are best developed are
(i) the sedge, (2) the xerophytic shrub, (3) the tamarack, and (4) the
pine-birch forest associations. No separate discussion of the stages in
the succession will be attempted but the association in which the follow-
ing species occur most abundantly will be indicated. These associations,
are seen at Mineral Springs and Mill Creek, Ind., and Fox Lake, 111.

Trees and Shrubs

(4*) Pinus Strobus L., white pine.

(4) Thuja occidentalis L., arbor vitae.

(3*) Larix laricina Koch., tamarack or American larch.

(1,2) Salix pedicellaris Pursh.

(i, 2) “ Candida Flugge, hoary willow.

(2) “ discolor Muhl., glaucous willow.

18

(4) Betula lutea Michx., yellow birch,

(4) “ pumila L., dwarf birch.

(2, 3) Alnus incana Moench., hoary alder.

(4) Ulmus amcricana L., American elm.

(3, 4) Rubus hispidus L., low swamp blackberry.

(3, 4) “ villflsus Ait., dewber^>^

(3, 4) “ trijlorus Richards, dwarf raspberry.

(3, 4) “ idaeus L., red raspberry.

(2*) Rosa Carolina L., swamp rose.

(4) Pyrus arbutifolia L., chokeberry.

(4) Amclanchier canadensis Medic., service-berry.

(2*) Rhus Vernix L,, poison-sumach.

(2, 3) Ilex verticillata Gray, northern-holly.

(2, 3) Nemopantkus mucronata Trek, mountain-holly.

(4*) Acer rubrum L., red maple.

(2, 3) Rhamnus alnifolia L’Her., swamp buckthorn.

(4) Tilia americana L,, basswood or American linden.
(3*) Chamaedaphne calyculata Moench., cassandra.

(3) Andromeda polifolia L., Andromeda.

(3, 4) Vaccinium corymbosum L., tall blueberry.

(i) “ macrocar pon Ait., cranberry.

(2, 3) Cornus stolotiifera Michx., red-osier dogwood.

(3) “ canadensis L., dwarf dogwood.

(4) Nyssa sylvatica Marsh., sour gum.

(4) Sambucus racemosa L., red-berried elder.

(4) Lonicera dioica L., swamp honeysuckle.

Herbaceous Plants

(3, 4) Osmunda regalis L., ro}^al fern.

(3, 4) “ Claytoniana L., interrupted fern.

(3, 4) “ cinnamomea L., cinnamon fern.

(3*, 4) Onoclea sensibilis L., sensitive fern.

(i*, 2) Aspidium Thelypteris Sw., swamp fern.

(3, 4) “ cristatum Sw., cristate shield fern.

(2*) Woodwardia virginica Sm., chain fern.

(i) Glyceria nervata Trin., manna grass.

(i) Zizania aquatica L., wild rice.

(i) Dulichium arundinaceum Britton.

(i*) Eleocharis rostellata Torr., spike-rush.

(i) “ palustris (L.) R. & S., spike-rush.

(i) Scirpus validus Vahl., great bulrush.

(i) “ cyperinus Kunth., wool grass.

(i) “ atrovirens Muhl., dark green bulrush.

(i) Cy perils strigosus L., straw-colored cyperus.

(i) “ erythrorhizos Muhl,

(i) “ Engelmanni Steud.

(i) Eriophorum virginicum L., cotton grass,

(i) Cladium mariscoides Torr., twig-rush.

19

(I)

(I)

(3)

(1. 3)

(I)

(l)

(l)

(l)

(1)

(3. 4)

(l, 2)

(3)

(2)
(l, 2)

(4)
(l, 3)

(1.3)
(l, 3)

(l)

(1)

(I)

(1)

(3)

(1)

(2)

(1)

(2)

(2)

(3)

(3)

(1)

(3. 4)

(2)

(2)
(l)
(I)

(4)

(I*, 2)

(4)
(3, 4)
(4)

(3)
(3)

(l)

(l)

(l)

(l)

Scleria triglomerala Michx., nut-rush.

Rynchospom glomerata (L.) Vahl., beak-rush.

Carex Irisperma Dewey, soft-leaved sedge.

“ stellulata Good, prickly sedge.

“ lenella Schkuhr., sedge.

“ crinita Lam., fringed sedge.

“ filiformis L., slender sedge.

“ Pseudo-Cy perns L., cyperus sedge.

J uncus tenuis Willd., slender rush.

Maianlhemum canadense Desf., wild lily-of-the- valley.
Iris versicolor L., blue flag.

Cypripedium parvijlorum Salisb., yellow lady’s slipper.

“ hirsutum Mill., showy lady’s slipper.

“ candidum Muhl., white lady’s slipper.

“ acaule Ait., stemless lady’s slipper.
Hahenaria hyperhorea (L.) R.Br., rein orchis.

“ clavellata Spreng., rein orchis.

“ ciliaris R.Br., fringed orchis.

“ blephariglottis Torr., white fringed orchis.

“ psycodes Sw., purple fringed orchis.
Calopogon pulchellus R.Br.

Spiranthes cernua (L.) Richards, ladies’ tresses.

Pilea pumila Gray, clear weed.

Boehmeria cylindrica Sw., false nettle.

Thalictrum dasycarpum F. & L., meadow rue.
Sarracenia purpurea L., pitcher-plant.

Drosera rotundifolia L., sundew.

“ longifolia L., sundew.

Saxifraga pennsylvanica L., swamp saxifrage.
Chrysosplenium americanum Schwein., golden saxifrage.
Parnassia caroliniana Michx., grass of Parnassus.
Coptis trifolia Salisb., goldthread.

Spiraea latifolia Borkh., meadow-sweet.

“ tomentosa L., hardback.

Viola lanceolata L., lance-leaved violet.

“ pollens Brainerd, sweet white violet.

Aralia nudicaulis L., wild sarsaparilla.

Decodon verticillatus Ell., water willow.

Trientalis americana Pursh, star-flower.

Galium trijlorum Michx., sweetscented bedstraw.
Mitchella repens L., partridge berry.

Myosotis laxa Lehm., forget-me-not.

Linnaea borealis L., twinflower.

Solidago patula Muhl., bog goldenrod.

“ neglecta T. & R., bog goldenrod.

Aster puniceus L., bog aster.

Bidens trichosperma Britton, tickseed.

20

V. THE ROCK RAVINE ASSOCIATIONS

Well-developed narrow rock ravines with nearly perpendicular sides
are so well shaded and the air currents are so reduced that the evaporat-
ing power of the air is reduced to a minimum. This permits the develop-
ment of associations of liverworts, mesophytic mosses, delicate ferns,
and extreme shade plants such as Impatiens and Pilea. Upon ledges
along the sides of the canyons and at the foot of the walls as soon as
sufficient soil accumulates a herbaceous and shrub vegetation similar
to the undergrowth of the climax mesophytic forest {q.v.) makes its
appearance. With the widening of the canyon and the accumulation
of talus the trees of the same forest appear, while as the floor of the
canyon widens the vegetation of the flood plain {q.v.) develops upon it.
The upper edges of the ravine have a vegetation similar to that of the
river bluff {q.v.).

In the following lists only the more characteristic species of some
small limestone canyons near Sag and Lemont, 111., and of the large
sandstone canyons of Starved Rock Park are included. No attempt will
be made to list the mosses or leafy liverworts, but the thallose liverworts
include: Riccia natans, Marchantia polymorpha^ Reboulia sp., Aneura
pinguis, Pellia epiphylla, Blasia pusilla, Scapania {nemorosa?), Cepha-
lozia sp., and Anthoceros laevis.

Trees and Shrubs

Taxus canadensis Marsh., American yew.

Asimina triloba Dunal., American papaw.

Hydrangea arhorescens L., wild hydrangea.

Ribes Cynosbati L., gooseberry.

Aruncus Sylvester Kosteletzsky, goat’s-beard.

Herbaceous Plants

Phegopteris polypodioides Fee, beech-fern.

Asplenium angustifolium Michx., narrow-leaved spleenwort.

Cystopteris bidbifera (L.) Bernh., bulb-bearing fern.

“ fragilis (L.) Bernh., fragile fern.

Cryptogramma Stelleri Prantl, slender cliff-brake.

*Pilea pumila (L.) Gray, clearweed.

Parietaria pennsylvanica Muhl., pellitory.

Saxifraga pennsylvanica L., swamp saxifrage.

*Arabis br achy car pa Britton, rock cress.

“ laevigata Poir., rock cress.

Impatiens biflora Walt., spotted touch-me-not.

Aralia racemosa L., wild spikenard.

Solidago latifolia L., broad-leaved goldenrod.

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VI. THE RIVER CLIFF ASSOCIATIONS

With the exception of a few poorly developed limestone cliffs along
the Des Plaines River and its tributaries there are no rock cliffs in the
immediate Chicago region. High limestone cliffs are to be seen on the
Mississippi at Savanna, 111., while at Starved Rock Park are cliffs con-
sisting of rather easily eroded sandstone which permits the rapid develop-
ment of mosses and seed plants but is unfavorable to the growth of
lichens. Among the mosses several species of Polytrichum (e.g., P.
juniperinum and P. piliferum) are prominent. In even slightly protected
situations a layer of sandy soil soon accumulates, hence it is not sur-
prising that upon level and gently sloped areas a vegetation similar to
the oak associations of the sand dunes {q.v.) soon becomes established.
Many of the plants in the following list are quite as characteristic of
river banks of clay as of the rock cliffs.

Trees and Shrubs

Pinus Strohus L., white pine.

Thuja occidentalis L., arbor vitae.

* Juniper us virginiana L., red cedar.

Populus tremuloides Michx., American aspen.

“ grandidentata Mich., large-toothed aspen.

*Ostrya virginiana K. Koch., hop-hornbeam.

Car pinus caroliniana Walt., water-beech.

Rihes Cynosbati L., prickly gooseberry.

*Fhysocarpus opulifolius Maxim., nine-bark.

Crataegus tomentosa L., red haw.

“ spp., haws or thorn apples.

Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medic., service-berry.

Prunus virginiana L., chokecherry.

Pyrus arbutifolia L., chokeberry.

Ptelea trifoliata L., hop tree.

Rhus glabra L., smooth sumach.

* “ typhina L., rough sumach.

“ Toxicodendron L., poison-ivy.

Ilex verticillata (L.) Gray, northern holly.

Celastrus scandens L., climbing bittersweet.

Vaccinium pennsylvarticum Lam., blueberry.

“ canadense Kalm., blueberry.

*Lonicera Sullivantii Gray, Sullivant’s honeysuckle.

^Viburnum prunifolium L., plum-leaved haw.

Herbaceous Plants

Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring.

Poly podium vulgar e L,, polypody fern.

Pellaea atropurpurea Link., purple cliff-brake.

Pteris aquilina L., common brake.

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Camptosorus rhizophyllus Link., walking fern.

Panicum dichotomum L., prairie-grass.

Cenchriis trihuloides L., sand-bur.

Poa compressa L., wire-grass.

Fesluca octojlora Walt., fescue-grass.

Ilordeum jubatum L., squirrel-tail grass.

Carex Muhlenbergii Schkuhr.

Cerastium nutans Raf., chickweed.

Talinum teretifolium Pursh, flame flower.

Heuchera hhpida Pursh, alum-root.

Ranunculus fascicularis Muhl., early fascicled buttercup.

Aquilegia canadensis L., columbine.

Draba caroliniana Walt., spring draba.

Vida caroliniana Walt., pale vetch.

“ americana Muhl., American vetch.

Amorpha canescens Pursh, lead-plant.

Oxalis stricta L., yellow wood sorrel.

“ violacea L., violet wood sorrel.

Poly gala Senega L., Seneca snakeroot.

Taenidia integerrima Drude, yellow pimpernel.

Dodecatheon Meadia L., shooting star.

Asckpias verticillata L., verticillate milkweed.

Verbena angustifolia Michx., narrow-leaved vervain.

“ stricta Vent., hoary vervain.

Scutellaria parvula Michx., small skullcap.

Linaria canadensis (L.) Dumont., toadflax.

Pentstemon hirsutus Willd., hairy beard-tongue.

Orobanche uniflora L., cancer root.

Houstonia caerulea L., bluets.

Myosotis virginica (L.) BSP., white forget-me-not.

Specularia per Joliata (L.) A. DC., Venus’ looking-glass.

Campanula rotundifolia L., harebell.

Solidago nemoralis Ait., goldenrod.

Aster ptarmicoides T. & G., upland white aster.

Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards, everlasting.

Brauneria angustifolia Heller, purple coneflower.

Achillea Millefolium L., yarrow.

VII. THE FLOOD-PLAIN ASSOCIATIONS

From the nature of their physiography there are many species com-
mon to the climax mesophytic forest {q.v.) and the fairly mature flood
plain. The earlier stages of the latter are characterized by a number of
rapidly growing trees and a herbaceous undergrowth of great luxuriance,
in which the broad “shade leaf” is seen at its highest development.
Nowhere is the development of climbing and twining plants so abundant.
The different stages in the development of the flood-plain vegetation
are not distinguished in the following list of species. In the list are

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included plants of depressions in the uplands that give rise to swampy
conditions, while many plants of the water’s edge will be found in the
list of aquatics {q.v.). Swampy depressions in the morainic uplands
are common throughout the moraine deposits, and some of the best
examples of flood-plain associations may be seen along the Galien River
at Three Oaks, Mich., along the Illinois River at Starved Rock Park,
along the Des Plaines River at Riverside and River Forest, and along
the Chicago River at Edgebrook.

Trees and Shrubs

*Salix nigra Michx., black willow.

“ amygdaloides Anders., peach-leaved willow.

“ longifolia Muhl., sand bar willow.

Populus deltoides Marsh., cottonwood.

Juglans cinerea L,, butternut.

“ nigra L., black walnut.

Cary a cordiformis K. Koch., bitter-nut hickory.

Quercus macrocar pa Michx., bur oak.

“ palustris Muench., pin oak.

“ bicolor Willd., swamp white oak.

Ulmus fulva Michx., slippery elm.

“ americana L., American elm.

Celtis occidentalis L., hackberry.

Morns rubra L., red mulberry.

Menispermum canadense L., moonseed.

Platanus occidentalis L., sycamore.

Clematis virginiana L., virgin’s-bower.

Benzoin aestivale Nees., spice bush.

Ribes Cynosbati L., prickly gooseberry.

“ jloridum L’Her., wild black currant.

* Crataegus punctata Jacq., punctate haw.

* “ mollis Scheele., red haw.

“ spp., haws or thorn apples.

Pyrus coronaria L., American crab.

Primus serotina Ehrh., wild black cherry.

“ americana Marsh., wild plum.

Gleditsia triacanthos L., honey-locust.

Cercis canadensis L., redbud.

Gymnocladus dioica (L.) Koch., Kentucky coffee- tree.

Amorpha fruticosa L.

Zanthoxylum americanum Mill., prickly ash.

Rhus Toxicodendron L., poison ivy.

Evonymus atropurpureus Jacq., waahoo or burning bush.

“ obovatus Nutt., strawberry-bush.

Staphylea trifolia L., bladdernut.

*Acer saccharinum L., white maple.

“ Negundo L., box-elder.

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Vitis cordifolia Michx., frost-grape.

“ vulpina L., river-bank grape.

Psedera quinquefolia (L.) Greene, Virginia creeper.

*Tilia americana L., basswood.

*Fraxinus americana L., white ash.

“ nigra Marsh., black ash.

“ qnadrangulata Michx., blue ash.

Sambucus canadensis L., common elder.

Viburnum Lentago L., sweet viburnum or black haw.

Herbaceous Plants

*Onoclea sensibilis L., sensitive fern.

“ Striithiopteris Hoffm., ostrich fern.

Osmunda Claytoniana L., interrupted fern.

“ regalis L., royal fern.

* “ cinnamomea L., cinnamon fern.

Elymus virginicus L., wild rye.

*Arisaema triphyllum Schott., Indian turnip or Jack-in-the-pulpit.

“ Dracontium Schott., green dragon.

Symplocarpus foetidus Nutt., skunk cabbage.

Uvularia grandiflora Sm., bellwort.

* Allium tricoccum Ait., wild leek.

“ canadense L., wild onion or garlic.

Erythronium americanum Ker., yellow adder’s tongue.

* " albidtim Nutt., white adder’s tongue.

Trillium recurvatum Beck., wake-robin.

Polygonatum biflorum Ell., small Solomon’s seal.

“ commutatum Dietr., great Solomon’s seal.

Smilax herbacea L., carrion flower.

“ hispida Muhl., cat-brier.

Dios cor ea villas a L., wild yam.

Urtica gracilis Ait., nettle.

*Laportea canadensis (L.) Gaud., wood-nettle.

Pilea pumila (L.) Gray, clearweed.

Parietaria pennsylvanica Muhl., pellitory.

Asarum canadense L., wild ginger.

* Polygonum virginianum L., smart weed.

Polygonum scandens L., climbing false buckwheat.

Silene virginica L., fire pink.

“ stellata Ait., starry campion.

*Claytonia virginica L., spring beauty.

Ranunculus septentrionalis Poir., early buttercup.

“ recurvatus Poir., hooked buttercup.

* “ abortivus L., abortive buttercup.

Clematis virginiana L., virgin’s bower.

I so py rum biternatum T. & G.

Caltha palustris L., marsh marigold.

Caulophyllum thalictroides Michx., blue cohosh.

Dentaria laciniata Muhl., toothwort.

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Cardaniine bulhosa BSP., spring cress.

* “ Douglasii Britton, spring cress.

Geum canadense Jacq., avens.

“ Virginianum L., avens.

Desmodium grandijlorum DC., tick-trefoil.

Apios tuberosa Moench, groundnut.

Amphicarpa monoica Ell., hog peanut.

Floerkea proserpinacoides Willd., false mermaid.
Impatiens bijiora Walt., jewel weed.

Hibiscus Moscheutos L., swamp rose mallow.

“ militaris Cav., halberd-leaved rose mallow.
*Viola cucullata Ait., blue violet.

* “ sororia Willd., blue violet.

“ pubescens Ait., yellow violet.

Circaea lutetiana L., enchanter’s nightshade.

Aralia nudicaulis L., wild sarsaparilla.

*Sanicula marilandica L., sanicle.

Osmorhiza Claytoni Clarke, sweet Cicely.

“ longistylis DC., sweet Cicely.

*Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC., honewort.

Heracleum lanatum Michx., cow-parsnip.

Chaerophyllum procumbens Crantz.

Angelica atropurpurea L., angelica.

Lysimachia Nummularia L., moneywort.

*Steironema ciliatum Raf., fringed loosestrife.

Asclepias phytolaccoides Pursh, poke milkweed.
Convolvulus sepium L., bindweed.

Ipomea pandurata L., man-of-the-earth.

Cuscuta Gronovii Willd., dodder.

* Phlox divaricata L., blue phlox.

Polemonium replans L., Jacob’s ladder.

Hydro phyllum macrophyllum Nutt., waterleaf.

“ virginianum L., waterleaf.

“ appendiculatum Michx., waterleaf.

Ellisia Nyctelea L.

Phacelia bipinnatifida Michx.

Mertensia virginica Link., Virginia cowslip or bluebells.
Teucrium canadense L., American germander.
Scutellaria lateriflora L., skullcap.

Stachys palustris L., woundwort.

Lycopus virginicus L., bugle weed.

Sicyos angulatus L., bur-cucumber
Echinocystis lobata T. & G., wild balsam-apple.
Campanula americana L., tall bellflower.

Lobelia siphilitica L., great lobelia.

Eupatorium purpureum L., Joe-Pye weed.

Silphium perfoliatum L., cup-plant.

Ambrosia triflda L., great ragweed.

“ artemisiifolia L., common ragweed.

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Rudhcckia laciniata L., wild goldenglow.

Ilelianthus tuhcrosus L., Jerusalem artichoke.

Cacalia atriplicifolia L., Indian plantain.

VIII. THE LAKE CLIFF ASSOCIATIONS

The shore of Lake Michigan, north of Chicago, exhibits a series of
high clay cliffs cut in the moraine. These differ in slope according to the
character of the soil and in their vegetation according to whether or not
they are being attacked by waves at the present time. The earliest
plant associations consist of the antecedent vegetation which has slumped
from the upland together with shrubs and perennial herbs with means
of rapid vegetative propagation which enable them to compete with
the unstable substratum. Only the plants peculiar to the pioneer
stages of the succession are included in the following list, as those of the
beach and the mixed oak forest differ very little from corresponding
associations upon the sand dunes {q.v.). The ravines opening upon the
shore have the vegetation of the lake cliffs upon their exposed slopes
and that of the mesophytic forest {q.v.) and flood plain {q.v.) upon the
more protected areas.

Trees and Shrubs

Finns Strohus L., white pine.

Juniper us virginiana L., red cedar.

“ communis L., common juniper.

Thuja occidentalis L., arbor vitae.

Salix discolor Muhl., pussy-willow.

“ glaucophylla Bebb, glaucous willow.

Populus tremuloides Michx., aspen.

“ grandidentata Michx., large-toothed aspen.

“ balsamifera L., balsam poplar.

Corylus americana Walt., hazelnut.

Ostrya virginiana (Mill) K. Koch., hop-hornbeam.

Carpinus caroliniana Walt., iron wood.

Betula alba papyrifera Spach., white birch.

Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medic., service-berry.

Rosa blanda Ait., wild rose.

“ humilis Marsh., wild rose.

Prunus virginiana L., chokecherry.

Acer Negwndo L., box-elder. z

Rhus typhina L., staghorn sumach.

“ glabra L., smooth sumach.

" Toxicodendron L., poison-ivy.

Ceanothus americana L., New Jersey tea.

Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt., buffalo-berry.

Elaeagnus argentea Pursh, silverberry.

Tilia americana L., basswood.

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Cor mis paniculala L’Her., panicled dogwood.

“ stolonifera Michx., red-osier dogwood.
Viburnum Lentago L., black haw.

“ Opulus L., cranberry tree.

Herbaceous Plants

Equisetum arvense L., common horsetail.

“ hyemale L., scouring-rush.

Poa compressa L., Canada blue-grass.

Elymus canadensis L., Canada rye grass.

Potentilla Anserina L., goose-grass.

“ canadensis L.

Melilotus alba Desr., sweet clover.

Astragalus canadensis L., milk vetch.

Vida americana Muhl., purple vetch.

“ caroliniana Walt., pale vetch.

Lathyrus ochroleucus Hook., pale vetchling.

Poly gala Senega L., Seneca snakeroot.

Gentiana quinquefolia L., stiff gentian.

Apocynum androsaemifolium L., dogbane.

Asclepias syriaca L., common milkweed.

Aster laevis L., smooth aster.

“ multijlorus Ait., many flowered aster.

Solidago arguta Ait., plume goldenrod.

Helianthus divaricatus L., sunflower.

L., black-eyed-Susan.

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