0K484 V4 J65 Jones, Lewis Ralph Vermont shrubs and woody vines a / é SAW Poputiavt Ce \Edwin B, Matzke/ Library vy i toe 5 ha * v7 ee , } ; « 5 ear ah sos fi) f Y ‘es fey afi ’ > hee ate A . rf VERMONT AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION - BURLINGTON, VERMONT BULLETIN NO. 145 VERMONT SHRUBS AND WOODY VINES ++ are 2) a3 ih whe eat ie. oe hes Vee la” Wee wh a: UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT AND STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE LIBRARY GARDEN VERMONT AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION oo BULLETIN NO. 145 OCTOBER, 1909 “Oly —EeEEEEE_ , Vermont Shrubs and Woody Vines BURLINGTON : FrEE Press PRINTING COMPANY, 1909. the Experiment Station, Burlington, Vt. nial ~~ © BOARD OF CONTROL Pres. M. H. BUCKHAM, ez-officio, Burlington. Hon. E. J. ORMSBEE, Brandon. Hon. CASSIUS PECK, Burlington. Hon. G. S. FASSETT, Enosburgh. OFFICERS OF THE STATION J. L. HILLS, Director. L. R. JONES, Botanist. F. A. RICH, Veterinarian. CASSIUS PECK, Farm Superintendent. C. H. JONES, Chemist. R. M. WASHBURN, Dairy Husbandman. A. F. HAWES, (State Forester), Forester. H. A. EDSON, Bacteriologist. M. B. CUMMINGS, Horticulturist. B. F. LUTMAN, Assistant Botanist. P. A. BENEDICT, Assistant Chemist. JENNIE L. ROWELL, Assistant Chemist. J. W. WELLINGTON, Assistant Horticulturist. W. F. HAMMOND, Expert in Horse Breeding.* STANLEY HARGREAVES, Gardener. MARY E. PATTRIDGH, Stenographer. INA RAND, Stenographer. C. P. SMITH, Treasurer. &#& Copies of the reports and bulletins of the Station are sent free of charge to any address upon application. &# Address all communications, not to individual officers, but to Pa Director’s and State Forester’s offices, chemical, horticultural and dairy laboratories are in Morrill Hall at the head of Main street; botanical and bacteriological laboratories are at Williams Science Hall, University Place; veterinary laboratories ab 499 Main Street. Experiment farm and buildings are om the Williston road, adjoin- ing the University grounds on the east. *In cooperation with Bu. An. Ind., U. 8S. Dept. Agr. BULLETIN 145: VERMONT SHRUBS AND WOODY VINES By L. R. Jones anp F. V. Rano? ILLUSTRATED BY MARY ROBINSON TABLE OF CONTENTS Key for determining Vermont Shrubs and Woody 1 OTE eh Zone cling ile of Si Ana ge Sereasency oe ern te hen Grea _- 58-62 eth. sh a eye one Vag er ai see e he Sele 63-66 MME ERAGE yoy ct gta a LO ONS. SIDES 64 SPE eC a MINPCE garth ae onc aa MARE Ed ts 65 REI IOE SVEN 3 fi. a win a icp siciealiis. «sree athek ae idl MSs 65 EC LENIN i res a csv egeka lowed cc ci unscbadninsave ofet ole des a) al dae 66-67 PAE. cc euro Ree Moe Hk ea OSes eae clodnte « 66 ay Ra ny ais te Te ote oa se AUR: GUE ae 67 Willow Family... ..... se ol COA bene mee ok: 68-74 NUE Cas wha 3 See 03, 55 en bad ded Sale EOL Te. 72 ELSE GCG | OSES ne OE PR ae om 72 SeaMReONNCINUTS Fug ig bu Exch bGA-a cate es Peed Plo oue dee 72 REMC GCL. kee Ane tc la Ae AS SECT Ck 73 Seba AMCO WING... ks sae EA as ae Ce ec eee ers 73 Me SIGE WVU YT Cn Ls bivin's v4 0s ON 5 te bbe «Sin nths 74 Deere COMMON WILLOWS: cao sated velase ns. SUT SSE 74 8 ESTORIL tere A ee 75-79 RCN a eats se re ate win SONS ee Da eee 76 SRIRRE NEUU SOG aakpae Pao ches ves ap tatoo nnn PD se 77 PREECE Se eit Sat fox de Ses os CEBEMIRU ES SHOE. 77 amen. agement, oe eevee osidenils. 78 SeeeMinsdst amelie ey), fice s-c tne cna OU ihn POL Iok, 79 *The account of the Rose family was largely prepared by Mr. W. W. Eggleston, who also read the entire manuscript and made helpful suggestions at numerous points. Use has also been made of the data accumulated by Mr. Harmon Sheldon, of the class of 1907 of the University of Vermont, whose senior thesis was upon Ver- mont Shrubs. The authors make grateful acknowledgement of their indebtedness to these gentlemen. 52 BULLETIN 145 Crowfoot Family. ..2. sss na nleac seyaht eee 80-81 Virgin's Dower yi. 9G saver 3 ee ee cee 80 Purple Clematis. us a Act de cette he tes 80 Barberry Lamujidchewwe es kG boat ack Mtoe eee 82 Common barhetty 7.45 cou, a te ani chorea ee 82 Moonsecd Family aic5 ais eo tala t pak Oates ee ee ee 83 Moohseed ois 84 NU e. ARAN Pc ee Oe 83 Laurel Panilyyns 2Sencne, tigi ikh eeu el ee eee 84-85 Spice-bushy ; setestse o. Ateay cis tes ot lode k eee 84 SNAG PHASE? FOOLY OSS cake cays. + kta. te Ses: lbeadcescs vines ue Slee 85-90 smooth: Pooseberry ....<....... «2 qed See Lone 87 Prickly ‘SOOSCDEREY. 0.0.5. « seevays,s mic oe eel eee eee eee 88 SWamip cooseberty. \..5.. ch ..kuns deueye soles ARs ER 89 Red, currant, tos by SP anes 2 a ee ce 89 Blick icurrant 25.904 ein a5. Sk ose eee 89 Movintam. ’ curtant 5.2 2k. seas aac eee go Wateh- hazel Family. occa na 2 2 ax 8 ka den eos Se go-92 Watch-hazell soe oatcstecyse ake sae oe OR Ee ae go ose. Hartly) wiretaps oadstiaone pete peek tee ee 92-122 Sand {chietny Wun.< saseay he See ae Seis Se, ese 94 Appalachian. “chetnye > 4.0 eee ea ee eke 95 Steeple’ Push. 5 ale cae ecw fe ears Ie eee 96 Meadow Sweet... is,< 7% as sc. 5 oan Le ee eee 97 Chokeberty, 2... rei .ep srs a0 scee.< Rage ane ociee Cae, Eee te 98 Black chokébetiyy ous oie ote peers cet eee ao eee 98 SOEVICEDETIY 8s ies ner a gree ae tng SU Ea a Ae 98 Rock, suadabushtq. at dteuas sh bso wens heres achat eee etree 99 Shotesshad=bush: Aen seem. Secs... eth: ae 99 Miottintamshad-bush in). 2. S95 a.) 0 eee He eee IOI Shrubby cinguefotl 207. ..42.2.<... ake ae eee IOI Whree-toothed sain vena, chases eek eee 102 Plowerinet raspberry | 00, 001 Sve. Oey ae ae 104 Red :kaspher ty. carries cape ciate acto ie iene ees eee 104 Bidele rasp petiey? 80 te tS Ae ene ee eee 107 High-bush blackberty -...... . dasaleReeeetl eh eee ee 110 VERMONT SHRUBS AND Woopy VINES 53 ERE ME MN OIACHUGTEY, gr cf ote 6 gue eo Siw! 20k wee Sosighecnje mote IIO RMPCe TMT AC IIIB pier ices aid-p einte. ank ox vs aya syne aan cles IIO STENT SE. Toy Sea Ae A 2 a ee a III REE MCR OVE Whales hos vias Wind 6 2a Whi vip efdate ea 'G EDS 0 ESV dh a cy ae es ara ee a oe 112 MET MCNRIVCLE YS cago sr M nS woes 0.5 o Adlets wpa 112 Re SCERICS© foaer iee rae a ata < wow pPo. ai cacc hil a: 6) > Pacein hs 112 IIR ILOG B86 0 Se ah Oy. Ben os sti et AL 131 NE ATION aoe, oo So cecodegaba iad vat deez tins eit aparagaseyenn ste 131 ROME 8a io. «ars 5 vie ores wove fon on ecduvivelny sydd 8 oh 132-134 OMAR TLGLS WCE Gis bass 'v'v eS aicie wis ppaxtnnyt mime 132 EN TL tase cote er act n. VSciah 6 bare sary Regbehel ede soevale aides Al * 134 0 SRE SS SR 2 eg ear mraee ee ep Ree Pee Mee oer 134 EET = Vorocch ashe nf oss = 48 eres Rig hin stem are’ dvnt 135-136 EE AEC DUGIKCHOT © 4 ed. xxv act vise Sepnca eachos wee a 135 RE Sati at RA Sr Smee af Sug eteieee blew 136 PRR Tee T OG foie eed 950628 < ham asoneons s Mente dee 136 NIT es Need 9 iio oon Eee atacen gyn no Ms 137-141 EE itt RC. Gri CSA eM rale wie hate «seers woe ee ara ms 137 54 BULLETIN 145 summer prape.. yh ae ee eee eee 139 Pox pfape ~. S020) 22207 1 fee es eee 139 Virginia ‘creepers * vee iss css et eee 140 Teadetl creeper ht Midas cas 1 te I4I Disle“ereeper eye Boh ts eo a ae Ce I4I ock-rose Homage ra See ee eee ee I4I-142 Beach theathet i085 2920. oo Ske she ares eee eee I4I WMezer citi OmMAly® Ok G2 oS toe ba 142-143 Leatherwood -i2i.<0 9S ee ee 142 Daphne” 23 oso peo eee hae Ok ee ee 143 Oleaster Bannly 3 2 eur 3 305 caboose 2 ee ee 143 Canadian. ‘huifalo-berry: S222; a Slt es eee 143 LOO SESIVIf eC OUULY, STE. Ss eeu tne ok eet ee 143-144 Swamp, loosestrife .. $51 SSeS ee eee 143 Doswoad Family: 63S ee eee 144-151 Bloweriae ‘dos wood 745.0755 24s ess Se ee 145 Bunckbegry sei 2: fee eed © ee ee 146 Altermmate-leayed “doswodd 2.253625. 82. ee 147 Ropnd-leaved idoewood si. 2si. 455 Seater 148 Silky deswood 22 Sh eect tives eee ee 149 Red-nzier dogwood” .o;: hs tiene eee 149 Panicied dog wogd ') f2..2.2 500 2942 co te ee eee I51 Heath (amily sit on0 tas 01 eee k ee I51-173 Bearberty> 2) ito .tF eek ss 2 Se Se z53 Wintergreet (2. 35... cases. ae.oc 1s ee 153 Creeping” ‘stiowberty... 52s. >... 54.5 222 eee ESS Hucklebetty OS. er eid... os See 155 Common: highbush» blueberry ».. << .; eee eee ee 157 Black “binebercy. 3-22.26. is 4 228 ee eee eee 158 Canada thlucheriy™) s5isit05 6.2.0.2 eee eee 158 Barly low sblnebenty.-o5.-h52 fo: So7 524 BR eee 159 Date low “blsebesry.¢ £58 cad se) edd. ce ee 161 Mountain blwebemies! <> 2+ ...2544.4)2.2145 Geer oe 162 Large cranbetry od ide eis iee i eh ee ee eee 163 oiiall cranberry (6.5, 0 auc drs oe eee 164 Mountain: cranberry): ! 2207s nee bee oe ee 164 Wild” rosemary. fas 3.2 eee ee eee 165 VERMONT SHRUBS AND Woopy VINES 55 Male berry ...... i fe) 3 08 SORE ree hearer, eee 165 eae) Abs TN Ri Ran Peis ape 10's dos pre SMe WEAN Se 166 Ae ASIN eA iets at cw EP ee sdk ge Va Se ea 166 RR UEC I Pane ea ihe at OP ee Sadie tees whe gs 2b sien 169 ST ak Ei sieht ler ere G2 Ake whe py ws en's 170 Ge line iA eA Mima Ns cs Svecielayie Fike eae g 170 eG Aa IE laid DF ae tn yh Sa a 170 TOUS CRO lege ain edi ry ahs co, spk, + wien = ches es I7I ERNE kn Ba ck RON DLs Ce eteyd Welt deh Bony Uk aan» 172 cen Foner Sle teas Sek wesina mia chr dishw Bika Bia aie a 173 I Se a ai Biceais wd 8. Diasaichn: Plovags “Seco 173 Introduced shrubs (privets, fringe-tree, forsythia, lilacs) .173 NINE i ssn ag wi sap id wi ceicha wipfe g ni = pais 174-175 MIT OETA oS Ee Beck cnn gS ake «Aine pet siufe. when's « 174 SSE Seal ie ioe tine nat” 2 Ae OND pane eae 175-177 LeU 9 apclaidageeat adie inet Ecc lide Jee Si PIE eo Se 176 a I a a an nes dateie Rign, albu ale ucla lon Se 177-187 RRM aa wee BRN gk te Ye sabe Sie Kia seis 177 ERM Te ie ee nee ae sth Ala aes ayes 177 IRR C Scrrie c fle atest See GAs ha, ns aa ee BEET 178 BME TS PINTIEV SII le Ai Se ial a oi enw a rue 9 ae eee 180 RIM RTS SUCK IC™ coo) Sic oh a cia viskas hoje bie sm» shoo « oeaemeeS 181 MRM TM SICH C6 cat 2 od, orcas SAT wy Se wees, ev eaate wn Seales 181 BRIM EN ICING ao an ep Con es vid aloes sin wef eee wh 181 IRE Sie lea en as. Be tay Sho Fshetes, wm 5 vig ee 181 Sean MOMC VSMC KIE! oe) ail inf dais Sig won. Gieie a = ee 182 RTI Gr tae oe 52a 5, cites 3d sw Spiga, * Swine 184 RSE CIEE eo. Scary oop Sida wi nieree wi brcsn em Sie dy 186 NT TOT TUTE oo tle cece ott Snug she 4 oie Tam 187-194 = CEE SSS at i artes, ae re een ee Cw Ais 189 Few-flowered cranberry-bush .................0.005: 189 OS SU eae eer nt ee ee 190 - Maple-leaved arrow-wood ...........-.02-eee ee eeees IQI MI ALTO WOOO yet! - isa e dunia tg eee eS oss 192 Deere CUREOW WO. ooc tna. Ves riankind dsp hes agen 192 SE RGM hers 0 Vs, Soy pA odd Les ser ae aes Sele al Os 192 OE RRC et tion thea at koa ir rae fy A es die < ep Pee @ xe 193 56 BULLETIN 145 INTRODUCTION It is now just ten years since this station issued bulletin 73, Yhe Trees of Vermont. Three years later bulletin 94 appeared on Vermont Grasses and Clovers. ‘The present publication is the third in the series having a like general aim. It includes an ac- count of the native shrubs and woody. vines, with briefer men- tion of such introduced species as are of especial interest. Like the earlier publications it is primarily addressed to readers who have little or no botanical training, but who wish to learn the names of these plants as well as the main facts relative to their occurrence and characters. In this connection especial attention has been given to any matters of human relation such as edible qualities, poisonous nature, ornamental values, etc. In numer-. ous cases pains has been taken to record facts concerning the use of these plants made by the Indians or the early settlers, for such purposes as dyeing and basketry. These things are of sufficient historical and educational worth to justify the space thus given to them; but, in addition, it seems probable that the revival of interest in the handicrafts, which is coming with in- dustrial education, is prophetic of a return to the usage of some of these things. Certainly it is a wholesome thing for all of us to be reminded of such matters of early woodcraft. This bulletin does not bear so directly as have the earlier ones of the series upon problems of practical agriculture and forestry, although it is clearly pertinent to such problems. It is the needs of the boys and girls of Vermont farms and villages and of their teachers in the rural schools that have been uppermost in mind in the preparation of these pages. Every such school ground has a natural setting of shrubs and vines; every road- side leading to it is fringed with natural growths that rival in aesthetic charm the finest plantations of the city parks. It is pitiful to realize that for the children educated in this environ- ment the names and values of these things are a sealed book. What are we to say of progress in our educational methods when the school boy, yes and his teacher too, have not only less knowl- VERMONT SHRUBS AND Woopy VINES 517 edge about these matters, but what is more lamentable less in- telligent interest in them, than did his grandparents or even the Indian boy who once played in these same valleys. Quite apart from any mere practical applications of the information to human problems it is worth while to make any contribution possible to a change of attitude toward nature study, and one of the most important advance steps toward this goal will be made when each questioner realizes that there is within his reach the means of securing reliable answers to his inquiries. With this in view keys have been prepared with so little refer- ence to the more obscure or minute botanical characters that it is hoped careful observers may identify an unknown plant. The method of using the “keys” will probably be evident to most; yet lest any reader should be puzzled, an explanation of their use is given at the bottom of the next page. The matter of discriminating between related species has been simplified and the pages made clearer as well as more attractive by illustrations. In the arrangement of families and the choice of botanical names, the usage of the Gray New Manual of Botany is fol- lowed. Where the names of earlier standard works or of other modern texts, including the Britton Manual, differ from this, the synonymy is entered in parentheses. For many of the English names the usage of the Britton Manual has been followed, and where local custom departs from that of the botanical texts the aim has been to recognize it. Our associates in the preparation of this bulletin, Mr. Rand and Miss Robinson, worked upon the details during their Junior and Senior years as the students at this University. It is but justice not only to acknowledge their conscientious collaboration but also to record the fact that this was largely a labor of love inspired primarily by their interest in the work, the satisfactory completion of which is their chief recompense. The writer wishes here to record his own appreciation of their assistance as well as that of Dr. Ezra Brainerd, who has advised in the treat- ment of the blackberry group and read proofs, and of Mr. W. W. Eggleston, who has made suggestions throughout and written much of the chapter on the difficult rose family. L. R. Jones. 58 BULLETIN 145 KEY FOR DETERMINING VERMONT SHRUBS AND WOODY VINES’ PREPARED BY F’. V. RAND 1. Vines, i. e. stems climbing, creeping or trailing; not self- SUpPPOLbINE st se ocee blake SS a Mae EO ATA EO Domi cio ois Sarre en 2 Shrubs, i. e. stems erect or reclining ............. oVelle atage tht 11 Climbin=" over) SOMe Supports! Vee ie akeeak cee ikte seteiere ere Stems trailing or creeping on the ground ................ Climbing by.” twinine “stems' (22k). .2 ocee ae acti eee eee Climbing by tendrils situated opposite the leaves.......... Climbing by roots produced wherever the stem touches a PLOPEE TSUPDPONE M25. eet CARA Sa Oe Er ont Poison Ivy, p. 128 3. Climbing by leaf-stalks ene support....Virgin’s Bower, p. 80 3. Climbing by simply growing over the support. Climbing Nightshade, Solanum, p. 147 4. Leaves opposite, i. e. 2 at each joint or node of the stem. Glaucous Honeysuckle, p. 180 4. Leaves alternate, i. e. one at each joint or node ............ ere 5 5. Leaves pinnately veined, margins toothed. Bittersweet, Celastrus, p. 132 5. Leaves palmately veined, lobed, with margins otherwise en- Oe erecnie ce Fe Serena Meee tan See Moonseed Vine, 83 6... PIUCAVES “SIMPIE. 22 5 ooh cbystecucefers 2.6.0.4 tee even borers enero Grape, p. 137 6. Leaves) compound: i5.¢4:mc6ee-\c: «2 sees Virginia Creeper, p. 140 1Since the method of using a ‘‘key” like the above may not be clear to all, a word of explanation is added. Its purpose is to aid in determining the name of any strange Vermont shrub or woody vine. Suppose the unknown plant before you is a woody vine as character- ized in the first line under “1” at the head of the ‘key’; you should then pass down to ‘2.” Next note its habit; if its stems tend to climb over the support rather than to trail or creep on the ground you should pass on to ‘3’ below. Here you must decide between the five types described. Suppose it climbs by roots produced wherever the stem touches a proper support such as the bark of a tree, you have the Poison Ivy and should turn to p. 128, for fuller description. If, however, it climbs by the leaf-stalks clasping the support, it is the Virgin’s Bower and is described on p. 80. If, on the other hand it has tendrils, you must pass on to “6,” where, according to character of leaf, you learn that your vine is either a Wild Grape or a Virginia Creeper, 18. 19. 19. 20. 20. 21. 21. VERMONT SHRUBS AND Woopy VINES 59 Menvene Oi nlO en OCGleECGlaita sch cs ciste ec sisiak slates plies Githe acid siers 8 CVC COMDOUMOL -cfeidacsiit she) ws\a sim .ce ce 00,0 3,0 0 oie Dewberry, p. 111 Leaves saw-toothed, teeth bristle-tipped, aromatic. Wintergreen, p. 153 MELUC OMAR OLT AS 5 SLOW. Glcei eich olerlatetave cle cl cfotetol packs, a Slaves Cpe ole a/b e'e's 9 Leaves with margin distinctly revolute, i. e. rolled backward. 10 Leaves with margin not revolute...... Arbutus, Mayflower, p. 166 PVM PArOMALIG “WHITCs 2 occ s es c.c ee sic Creeping Snowberry, p. 155 ETT HOG AS UO V.Cee ec crctarsial cole =, cicjaronevertichats sofa, 0 ere: ete as6.8: easels: ove, ala Leaves linear-oblong; fruit black....... Black Crowberry, p. 124 Leaves oval, ovate, or obovate; fruit reddish....Cranberry, p. 163 ERENT TVET ELT UUDSY pe iecepceccl<, Gest patarateie tecaiw avere oabecela eyereidinne eeldeatetc 13 NS ea IEE DIS fate chee a cave ahd resus ec isior eT aja cea dd oka halal one ww AiR are 15 WOLVES MUCCIGUOURM Ss ccits cco seis 0s erelsens Mountain Currant, p. 90 WV ONIGVOLET CONS o nicisia nc cerns eed sited cid ced discard Gai aye cute cee « «bios 14 Teaves scale-like or awl-shaped .................. Juniper, p. 64 PCRVOREROU AS ADOVE ma <'a'c-cjaia’s (oieis ie alsa oicie. clctes ore 0's. 6 Bearberry, p. 153 MeAves: 1OVerercen: VOM. -POrsistON Ge ac «dss cisc. oe s'ereyeta Grass oole be are 16 EER CLEC LE UOU RH a chores ste. coin ere ohare easy! ered ne Ote © clare oie talaralevereievsle 23 Meaves I-12 hincn LON ss. = sae es ac Hudsonia, Beach Heather, p. 141 leaves much. more: than 1-12 inch Jong... 5.55.5. cle cee ile Meavesenou Over 1-02, INCH. DEFOAG) \.,.;0) eis Semis Sle afats Hale Seaebiw » 18 Penved= DUCHY OVETINl=12:eINChis DOA 115.15) is sho ic sos oevele oe clave 12 Leaves awl-shaped, needle-pointed; mature fruit a bluish SORES aren cl ad al ofetel Fela selon! tales Bitoni cic eine teers Juniper, p. 63 Leaves flattened, not sharp, borne in a hemlock-like spray; mature fruit a red berry........ Ground Hemlock, Yew, p. 65 Leaves densely brown-woolly below......... Labrador Tea, p. 170 PROSE OLE AS « ANOVCY? yak ractel sac siti nia tele sickens ara,ctn bie hides a ats 20 Flowers in a long one-sided spray............ Leatherleaf, p. 166 PG LERMTSESS ITO GAS ATL LIOVEs uate n: cia, c. a: bicce bees os- ss eehieinee tee eee 26 Fruit (capsule) having 3 large inflated cells...Bladder-nut, p. 134 Eta DOLLY: Gir cee cette aie sielereee ers teten cb okel sts Common Elder, p. 184 Leaves without stipules; flowers small, greenish..Sumach, p. 124 eaves with Stipules ons: <4