POR POEPERRUSETEBEL LOS OEREAL OOS (A AAULEELEHA LLL (i Wy eytiaady iy HUUUALEUT EEUU CUT CUT LETH LEE LyEeday te Class Gopytight N° COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT: ean a v3 - 4 1 bs > SS Tye h : Vit as 2 4 » un j @ a ’ 7 fi ‘ , e¢ a ’ af, : = - 7 d é \ \ ' 6 ’ ‘ 4 = . ‘ ’ + ¢ , ' (= 4 : i Vy ' a . * i ’ i ; + ‘ } - g i ih ‘y 7 , ’ L ¥ eA? >. se Ae a yy oy att e PM iw a2 ’ “, ‘ Ki i ‘ iy aie Th, Ai e os a) Re Meta ihite cart yy pe wae » (og Ast) VETERINARY POST- MORTEM TECHNIC BY WALTER J. CROCKER, B.S.A., V.M.D. PROFESSOR OF VETERINARY PATHOLOGY, SCHOOL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE, UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA WITH 142 ILLUSTRATICNS PHILADELPHIA AND LONDON JB. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY COPYRIGHT, 1918, BY J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY Electrotyped and Printed by J. B. Lippincott Company The Washington Square Press, Philadelphia, U.S. A, MAR 14 |9i8 ©ciA492566 RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED TO KARL F. MEYER PROFESSOR OF TROPICAL MEDICINE, UNI- VERSITY OF CALIFORNIA MEDICAL SCHOOL AND THE GEORGE WILLIAMS HOOPER FOUNDATION FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH ry gaia et} nN wn Dell PREFACE THE scientific study of pathology without proper post- mortem technic is impossible. Before a pathologic lesion can be studied it must be brought to light. To avoid the oversight of some obscure though important disease process an exact and painstaking system of technic must be de- veloped. ‘Technic is, in fact, the foundation of the science of pathology, and therefore demands deep study and much actual practice. This book is written in an endeavor to fill a gap in the American veterinary literature which has long been felt by the writer in teaching post-mortem pathology. It is with the earnest hope that it may help those who do make post- mortem examinations, encourage those who should but do not perform autopsies, and that it may facilitate the inclu- sion of the subject post-mortem pathology in the curriculi of other schools of veterinary medicine. The illustrations of technical methods in the text were prepared from original photographs of fresh specimens instead of line drawings. Good photographs more forcibly portray to the student mind the reality of the subject, and establish a closer personal association with the actual work. They provide an unexaggerated object for the student to attain to, and an encouraging stimulus to his best efforts. I wish to express my appreciation to Doctors William Mf vi PREFACE Koch, EK. A. Benbrook, C. C. Whitney, Herbert Lienhart, H. M. Martin, and Mr. Albert Herbert for their assistance in preparing the photographs, and to Doctors John Reichel, Fred Bourner, and C. S. Rockwell, and J. B. Lippincott Company for material used in illustrating the technic on cattle and hogs. WALTER J. CROCKER PHILADELPHIA, PA. December, 1917 CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE [Ie GrunwRATECONSIDMRATIONG: yh. tia mus eit acl ae eacitiislereibiensteker= Glows iter: 1 Definition, Complete Autopsy, Incomplete Autopsy, Obiect, Authority, Time, Date, Light and Weather, Place, Clinical History, Destruction of Animal, Description of Cadaver, Wit- nesses, Dress, Care of Instruments, Care of Hands, Notes, Speci- mens for Laboratory Examination, Express Companies’ Regula- tions, Mailing and Parcel Post Regulations, Diseased Tissues in the Mails, Milk or Urine. eA MOP Se NOOM oe tesa netane Groat) oaths meks aetna REE ARs aly ens as 18 Room, Large Table, Small Table, Instrument Table, Instrument Case, Desk, Tub, Basin, Shelves, Water Pipes, Sterilizer, Scales, Vise, Platforms, Refuse Cans. QUES Jet saeaiconnnonie NISHIRON OOINGYSs -G oe ha cisie Sao gtone amc sco UoopU nie gaome 22 Virchow’s Post-mortem and Cartilage Knives, Little’s Case Knife, Pick’s Myelotone, Virchow’s Brain Knife, Dissecting Scalpels, Incising Knives, Scissors, Costotome, Cartilage Shears, Bone Shears, Saws, Leur’s Double-saw Rachiotome, Rule, Ax, Chisels, Brunetti’s Rachiotome, Dexler’s Rachiotome, Side Chisel, Cross Chisel, Curved Bone Chisel, Hammer Hook, Rib Hook, Steel, Forceps, Pinchers, Graduates, Mallet, Pipettes, Cup. Ve EE XcER RNA ESeAUTNASTT ONG Mae ligt tcatseale cates tetuuces nents ughoetsfeysre tela 45 Signa Mortis, Apparent Death, Algor Mortis, The Eye After Death, Cadaveric Lividity, Rigor Mortis, Appearance of Post- mortem Decomposition, Visible Mucous Membranes, Natural Openings, Extremities, Skin. V. INTERNAL EXAMINATION OF THE HORSE........ 52 Position, Skin, Operative Technic for me Head, Meeks pad Back: Thyroid Glands, Jugular Furrow and Structures, Parotid and Submaxillary Lymph and Salivary Glands, Left Mandible, Guttural Pouches, Tongue, Larynx, Trachea and Csophagus, Decapitation, Preparation of the Head, Extirpation of the Brain, Sinuses, Nasal Passages and Septum, Teeth, Ear, Eye, Removal of Spinal Cord, Peripheral Nerves; Operative Technic for the Thoracic and Abdominal Cavities: Front Leg, Hind Leg, Xiphoid-pubie Incision, Pubic-lumbar Incision, Vacuity of the Thorax, Ribs, Omentum, Single Colon, Ligations, Small Intes- vil Vill CONTENTS tines, Epiploic Foramen, Bile-duct, Spleen, Left Kidney, Left Adrenal, Duodenum, Double Colon and Caecum, Right Adrenal, Right Kidney, Stomach, Liver, Pancreas, Pericardial Sac and Fluid, Heart and Lungs, Blood-vessels, Pleura and Peritoneum, Lymph-glands, Psoas Muscles, Ovaries and Uterus, Summary; Operative Technic for the Pelvic Cavity: Preparation, Mammary Gland or Penis, Pelvic Organs, Summary; Operative Technic for Leg and Foot: Muscles, Popliteal Lymph-gland, Stifle Joint, Tibio- tarsal Joint, Seapulohumeral Joint, Axillary Lymph-gland, Carpal Joint, Tendons, ete., Frog, Sole, Wall, Phalangeal and Navicular Joints, Summary; Operative Technic for the Musculature, Bones, and Joints: Musculature, Bones, Bones of the Legs, Os Innomi- natum, Ribs, Bones of the Head, Phalanges, Joints, Summary. VI. INTERNAL EXAMINATION OF RUMINANTS................------:-:- Skin and Position, Operative Technic for the Head, Neck and Back: Thyroid Glands, Parotid Salivary and Subparotid Lymph- glands, Submaxillary Lymph- and Salivary-glands, Right Ramus of Mandible, Tonsils, Retropharyngeal Lymph-glands, Jugular Furrow and Structures, Lymph-glands (Cow), Tongue, Larynx, Trachea, and Gisophagus, Decapitation, Preparation of the Head, Extirpation of the Brain, Nasal Passages, Eye, Ear, etc.; Opera- tive Technic for Thoracic and Abdominal Cavities: Front Leg, Hind Leg, Mammary Gland or Penis, Xiphoid-pubiec Incision, Pubic-lumbar Incision, Vacuity of the Thorax, Ribs, Omentum, Intestines, Kidneys and Adrenals, Stomachs and Spleen, Liver and Gall-bladder, Pancreas, Pericardial Sac and Fluid, Heart and Lungs, Blood-vessels, Pleura and Peritoneum, Lymph-glands; Operative Technic for the Pelvic Cavity: Preparation, Organs, Operative Technic for the Leg, Foot, Muscles, Bones and Joints. VAS in ae RANA BaxcAIMINCAUTEOIN] oY ko WWALINTES te eee oe eee ea Dorsal Position, Operative Technic for the Head, Neck and Back, Operative Technic for the Thoracic and Abdominal Cavities: Intestines, Duodenum and Bile-duct, Spleen, Stomach, Liver, Kidneys, Heart and Lungs; Operative Technic for the Pelvic Cavity, Left Side Position. VIII. InreERNaL EXAMINATION OF THE Doc AND Cat......... Position, Skin, Operative Technic for the Abdominal Cavity: Omentum and Intestines, Bile-duct, Stomach, Spleen and Pan- creas, Liver, Kidneys and Adrenals; Operative Technic for the Pelvic Cavity. Operative Technic for the Thoracic Cavity: Sternum, Heart and Lungs; Operative Technic for the Head, Neck and Back: Thyroid Glands, Tongue, Tonsils, Larynx, Trachea and Gsophagus, Nasal Passages, Brain and Cord. 117 135 CONTENTS 1X IX. INTERNAL EXAMINATION OF THE Movs, GuINEA-PIG, RABBIT, [HOWE AINTD ESTEE EDAIN TE <7 ork «in ceay ah tae GML Gen ele os cients 152 Operative Technic for the Mouse, Guinea-pig and Rabbit, Oper- ative Technic for the Fowl, Operative Technic for the Elephant. XL HCHNIG AND TRHSCRIPTION. OF ORGANS 220: 28 5ee4 a. ocd eee es we 161 Tongue, Larynx, Trachea, Gisophagus and Tonsils, Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands, Gisophagus (Thoracic Portion), Bronchi, Lungs, and Adjacent Lymph-glands, Pericardium and Pericardial Fluid, Heart, Brief Descriptive Table of Normal Heart, Spleen, Brief Descriptive Table of Normal Spleen, Stomach, Brief Descriptive Table of Normal Stomach, Intestines of the Horse, Brief Descriptive Table of Normal Intestines of the Horse, Intes- tines of Ruminants, Brief Descriptive Table of Normal Intestines of Ruminants, Intestines of Swine, Brief Descriptive Table of Intestines of Swine, Intestines of the Dog and Cat, Brief De- seriptive Table of Normal Intestines of the Dog, Liver, Brief Descriptive Table of Normal Liver, Pancreas, Brief Descriptive Table of Normal Pancreas, Kidney, Brief Descriptive Table of Normal Kidney, Adrenals, Brief Descriptive Table of Normal Adrenals, Vagina, Uterus, Ovaries and Urinary Bladder, Brief Descriptive Table of the Normal Uterus, Brief Descriptive Table of Normal Ovaries, Udder of the Cow, Penis, Seminal Vesicles, Cowper’s and Prostate Glands, Urinary Bladder and Testicles, Brief Descriptive Table of Normal Testicles, Brain and Meninges, Table of Absolute, Relative and Percentage Weights of Normal Brains, Spinal Cord and Meninges, Eye, Ear. I: POst-MORTEM PROTOCOL AND REPORT io? .2.0.05.get So eee a cue ote sepa | Definition, Pre-autopsy Data, External Examination, Internal Examination, Pathologic-Anatomical Diagnosis, Epicrisis, Ad- vantage of Construction, Suggestions on Protocol, Outline for Post-mortem Protocol, Literature Used, Appendix, Index. FIG. PAGE 1. White coat, rubber sleeves, apron and boots. Rubber gown and boots 8 DMP OStamOLteMmyLOOlin scsi a ec ero Ae ie sent ee a aan omic easkcle es mere uae: 19 3. Virchow’s post-mortem knife for general autopsy work on large animals 23 4. Large cartilage knife used in severing asternal cartilages of small animals TNC HERO WANN IMSMOUIAN. So ono cnet how oes Messed ador gud seve an aoe 23 5. (A) Butcher knife with cutting edge in direct line with the handle.... 23 (B) Pith. Very useful for destroying large animals.................. 23 6. Improper and proper ways of holding large knife in doing autopsy work 24 7. Little’s case knife for general autopsy work on small animals......... 25 Sewick’s' my elo tome :...c/ Pea bo Del ee «EUS Ge ee rahe gn cleo 25 OMAVTGHO Wes OTA enter Bees oc soyt scan 0 ood att ngadod lacy SORE Me tactic Ma's Whee 26 A OMMIDESSEC Hm RISCAICN ae Se Steeee he ocak Hy a Ae ae a alee ee RE pee ioe 26 UPR ETOOVE CITE CLOTS er eae ie teas shore ee aye ee epee 26 HOMINIS ea kanyes ees Mera esa aren aetatye ura mane sak chs tense etme) hie ates See 26 13. Monosmith’s enucleation knife for removing the eye................. 27 14. Spearhead needle and probe used in technic on eye and ear........... PA 15. Harpoon needle for removing the optic lens:...... 2... .ape), eee eee 27 ioe ivanell sbluntrand sharp NOOks: yc i:)./ 22 ce se PE oe he han ro pol owe 27 NERS LCC leer sete aee eMA a TS nach, scour toe Ooch bobcats Ae ereAS ee Eine etonete 27 18. Raspatory for scraping'soft tissue from: bones... . 22...) eels | 27 193 Champrouniere’s, bonewhisel 2%. 6 55 5.4: 2 ee 171 12 teumierentinesheanthnverbeds scares s sees e cackcsheicher Sein chee eeee 172 122) Heartunisame relative. position as im Wigs 1213. eee ae. ee eee lives 123. Heart in same relative position as shown in Fig. 122. Illustration shows HHECSECOMCL INCISIONAL bits se staat lenekstolae ten este MoT eS ee 175 124-4 Spleen: ofa HOTse ay aaiyk cect (aes ar enct eee rare hie eae, ee 178 125. After incisions have been made through the spleen.................. 178 126. Line of incision in opening stomach and duodenum................. 181 127. Double colon and eecum. Proper position for autopsy view from above 185 198. Maver’ Properly; iCised - &.2.c. og siete stele cage Bist = op -uole ceeds lel seeker tee ee 193 129. Correct position of hands and knife in opening kidney............... 197 130. Kidney opened like a book after completing incision................. 198 131) Varina, uterus,and right ovary: opened.) )a.. “ss -0ne aero ee 202 132. The udder divided into its two lateral halves....................... 205 133. Each udder-half is laid open like a book exposing cut surface of paren- chime, andimuilkcisterns’ .1424...% eee acco = rea ee) ee eee 206 134. Showing urethra, bladder, seminal vesicles, ete., laid open........... 207 135. Urethra, bladder, seminal vesicles and vasa deferentia laid open, show- ing orifices: of glands 24:5) Gas cterces! ae lo SRS eee ee 208 136. The hemispheres of the cerebrum are slightly spread apart and two longitudinal incisions made through the corpus collosum into the laterall Vemtricles.ssahc sco.3 2 sores Aeleee- coe COROT I Sika a eae a 210 1372 “Lhe lateral and fourth. ventricles opened... soneas ie biti bt a a, = en Fig. 68.—Brain removed. Left turbinated bones, part of nasal, lacrimal and maxillary bones removed. Lines of incision for extirpation of nasal septum. bone and to one side of the median line of the face, just missing the nasal septum (Fig. 65). The nasal, lacrimal and malar bones are sawed through on one side following the first line, which was made transversely in front of the orbit. The lacrimal and supermaxillary bones on one side are cut through with a heavy bone chisel or steel brick chisel following the second line, and along the nasal septum fol- lowing the third line. With these incisions completed a three-cornered piece of bone may be removed from the face, anterior to the eye and to one side of the nasal septum, with a hammer-hook (Fig. 68). Examine the sinuses and turbinated bones. INTERNAL EXAMINATION OF THE HORSE 67 After examining the turbinated bones on the side opened, cut them free with a chisel and remove them with dura tongs or rat-tooth forceps. The nasal septum is ex- posed when the turbinated bones have been extirpated (Fig. Fic. 69.—Longitudinal incision through the head after removal of the brain. 68). With a sharp knife make a vertical incision through the septum at its superior extremity, then incise the septum following its peripheral attachments in such a manner as to extirpate it as nearly intact as possible. The opposite turbinated bones may be examined through this aperture. 68 VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC When necessary the other side of the face may be opened in a similar manner. Schmey saws the head in two parts following the median line but avoids the septum (Fig. 69). TrerH.—To remove the teeth cut the alveolar walls with a brick chisel, placing that instrument on the superior margin of the alveolar wall at a point between two teeth, and then force the chisel along the dental organs to the roots. Pry up the external walls between these incisions and force the teeth out of their alveoli (Fig. 65). Ear.—Extirpate the tympanic and petrous portion of the temporal bone by making deep incisions with the chisel one inch anterior and one inch posterior to the external auditory meatus (Fig. 65). ‘Technic on the internal ear will be described with technic and description of organs. Eyr.— Enucleate the eye with small, sharp-pointed scis- sors and forceps. Grasp the nictitans membrane with the forceps, draw it out and sever it. Pass the scissors into the orbital cavity beside the eyeball and snip it free from its muscular attachments and the optic nerve. Always keep the scissors pointed toward the bony walls of the orbital cavity to avoid puncture of the eyeball. ReMovAL OF SprnaL Corp.—The spine should be opened and the cord extirpated after the legs and side have been removed, cavities eviscerated, and the head disarticu- lated at the occipito-atloidal joint. In the cervical region all the musculature should be excised from the left half of the vertebre. In the dorsal and lumbar regions from the first rib backward one should sever all broken ends of ribs close to the vertebre with an ax. This preparation com- pleted one should wash and dry the ax handle and the hands to avoid danger of the ax slipping from one’s grip. Take a position on the dorsal side of the cadaver and swing 69 INTERNAL EXAMINATION OF THE HORSE Fia. 70.—Left half of spine chipped awa cut surface of spine and int act spinal cord. y with a post-mortem hatchet Spinal cord in i , exposing spinal cord. ts meninges may now b Sternum elevated to facilit e removed with scissors 0 ate photographing r scalpel. 70 VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC the ax from right to left, almost parallel with the vertebre beginning with the left wing of the atlas. The ax handle is so held in the hands that just as the cutting edge strikes the vertebra it is rotated upward away from the spine in such manner as to remove a small chip of bone. Continue to chip in one place until the canal is opened and the cord visible, then from this point backward continue the chipping process until the entire canal is opened to the coccygeal vertebra. Pick up the cord in its meninges with forceps and with a scalpel sever all efferent nerves and remove the structure. Great care must be used in directing the edge of the ax. Should it approach the spine at a sharp angle the blade would be carried through the vertebra and the cord severed (Fig. 70). PrrIPHERAL Nerves.—Peripheral nerves must be dis- sected out along anatomical lines for examination. OPERATIVE TECHNIC FOR THE THORACIC AND ABDOMINAL CAVITIES Front Lrec.—To remove the front leg take a position on the ventral side anterior to the limb facing the cadaver. Place an incision just back of the shoulder, from the crest of the back to the sternum, cutting downward through the thoracic muscles to the ribs but not through the intercostal muscles. Next make an incision immediately in front of the shoulder from the top of the neck to the manubrium or point of the sternum. Have an assistant raise the leg upward then sever it from the body by cutting through the pec- toral muscles from the sternum to the superspinous pro- cesses (Fig. 62). Examine the axillary nerves and blood- vessels before dividing them, then cut downward deeply in such manner as to leave as much muscle with the leg INTERNAL EXAMINATION OF THE HORSE 71 and as little on the ribs as possible. The assistant should bear upward continuously during the cutting and _ finally when the leg is loosened force it completely over on the dorsal side (Fig. 63). There it should be cut free and be removed to a table where the lymph-glands, joints, tendons, tendon sheaths, foot structures, etc., may later be exposed and inspected. Hinp Lrc.—To remove the hind leg remain on the ventral side in front of that extremity. Start the first inci- sion just back of the external angle of the ilium; cut down- ward and forward toward the flank, through the tensor fascia lata, panniculus in the fold of the flank, and through the skin on the inner side of the leg close to the abdomen as far as the penis or mammary gland. The next incision is horizontal. It is made parallel to and three inches above the median line from the skin inward to the coxofemoral articulation (Fig. 62). -Place the cutting edge of the knife against the skin three inches above the median line, handle toward the tail, point toward the abdomen, and cut inward toward the coxofemoral joint, taking great care that the point of the knife does not puncture the abdominal wall. When the joint is opened the air rushing in causes a loud sucking sound. Cut through the ligamentum teres, back- ward and upward over the ischial tuberosity, then down- ward behind the acetabulum. During the incision have the leg held straight up and forced toward the dorsal side of the cadaver until it falls. To remove the leg entirely cut deeply into the musculature following a line marked by the external angle of the ilium, the acetabulum and the ischial tuberosity. Allow as much of the hip and thigh muscle to be removed with the leg as possible without cut- ting into the great sciatic ligament (Tig. 63). 72 VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC The following muscles are cut through in removing the hind Jeg in this manner: tensor fascia lata, panniculus of the flank, gracillus, sartorius, pectineus, adductors, semi- membranosis, quadratus femoris, obturator externus, rectus femoris, capsularis, psoas major, illiacus, obturator inter- nus, semitentinosis, biceps femoris, and the gluteal muscles. XrpHorp-PuBpic Inciston.—After the left fore and hind legs have been removed dissect the penis or mammary gland away from the abdomen and lay it behind the right hind leg (Fig. 63). Do not cut through the penis, and in stallions do not cut the spermatic vessels if the urogenital tract is to be removed intact. Next make an incision through the skin and subcutis on the median line, from the pubis to the xiphoid cartilage (Figs. 63, 71). If the in- tegument has previously been removed, draw a line with the sharp edge of the knife along the superficial surface of the abdominal muscles between the points indicated to be used as a guide. Press against the sternum with the thumb to locate the xiphoid cartilage. At a point one inch posterior to it make an incision two inches long. This cut is difficult to make without puncturing an intestine, especially if the cadaver be bloated. Stand back of the right foreleg with the left side against the ventral surface of the cadaver. Hold the knife in the right hand with a full hand erip, as though to cut bread. Place the curved portion of the cutting edge near the point against the median line of the abdomen just back of the xiphoid cartilage and press it into the muscle only an eighth of an inch or less (Fig. 71). Remove the knife and inspect the incision. The fibres will tear at the point of incision in direct proportion to the degree of gas pressure within the abdomen. Place the forefinger of the left hand in the incision and attempt 73 INTERNAL EXAMINATION OF THE HORSE Fig. 71.—Left hind leg removed. Mammary gland Separated from the abdomen and laid back over the right hind leg. Incision through the skin and subcutis only, on the median line of the abdomen, from anterior margin of udder to xiphoid region completed. Convex cutting edge of the knife, not the point, now in proper position to cut through the abdominal muscles in making the primary Opening into the abdominal cavity. 74 VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC to enlarge it. Again apply the knife cautiously and with very little pressure until the tissue can be felt to yield a little, when the knife is again withdrawn and the finger inserted. ‘This precedure is carefully continued until the finger, not the knife, first passes completely through the abdominal musculature, then the finger should be forced Fig. 72.—Insertion of first two fingers of left hand in abdomen after making incision indicated im Bre! wu: through the peritoneum. The point of the knife should never be forced through the abdominal wall at this point first, as a puncture of the intestine invariably results. After the index-finger has been inserted, the opening should be enlarged so as to admit the second finger also. Insert the first two fingers of the left hand, turn the backs toward INTERNAL EXAMINATION OF THE HORSE 15 the xiphoid cartilage, bend the fingers to make an angle with the apex formed by the knuckles; place the ends of the first two fingers against the peritoneum of the abdom- inal wall one on either side of the median line (Fig. 72). Hold the knife in the right hand, cutting edge toward the pubis. Place the point in the opening about half an inch, Fig. 73.—Proper position of hands and knife in beginning the xiphoid-pubic incision First two fingers of the left hand are inserted in the opening made in the abdominal wall in the manner indicated in Fra. 72. The knuckles of the first two fingers protect the intestines from the knife. The point of the knife, with cutting edge outward, is inserted between the fingers and two inches of the belly wall incised by a quick outward incision. Thisis continued to the pubis. between the first two fingers of the left hand close to their base (Fig. 73). Cut slowly through the abdominal wall from the xiphoid cartilage to the pubis along the median line, keeping the knife in this position. The knuckles of the first two fingers of the left hand are so pressed against the intestines during the incision as to protect the latter 76 ~ VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC from the point of the knife, thus preventing puncture of an intestine, escape of the fecal matter into the peritoneal cavity, and possible masking of lesions. When the knife is very sharp and the autopsist experienced, the first finger of the left hand may be inserted in the incision, back of the ensiform cartilage, together with the knife, and the end of the finger placed on the back of the knife so that it pro- trudes over the point to prevent it puncturing an intestine. In this position the incision through the abdominal wall from sternum to pelvis may be made with one long, smooth motion of the arms. | Pusic-LUMBAR Incision.—When the intestines are distended with gas, portions of the small gut, the free end of the double colon, or the point of the caecum may protrude after the xiphoid-pubic incision has been made. When practical, draw the free portion of the double colon out of the abdomen to lessen the tension and facilitate the next incision (Fig.75). The pubic-lumbar incision is made from the pubis upward in front of the external angle of the ium to the lateral processes of the lumbar vertebra immediately posterior to the left kidney (Fig. 62). Great care must be taken in this operation to prevent puncturing’ an intes- tine. Stand in front of the right hind leg, face toward the ventral surface of the cadaver. Grasp the abdominal wall six inches anterior to the pubis with the left hand, placing the thumb in the xiphoid-pubic incision. ‘Take the knife by the end of the handle with the right hand in such man- ner that the blade is at right angles to the forearm, cutting edge away from the autopsist, point upward. Grasp the handle firmly with the third and fourth fingers and thumb and extend the first and second fingers straight out from the hand (Fig. 74). Carry the handle of the knife into INTERNAL EXAMINATION OF THE HORSE ries the abdominal cavity close to the pubis, butt foremost, cutting edge against the upper lip of the xiphoid incision, point of the knife outside of the abdomen extending toward the right shoulder of the autopsist (Fig. 75). Draw the belly wall tight with the left hand and cut through it toward the lumbar vertebra, in front of the external angle of the ilium, with that part of the blade closest to the handle, keeping the point entirely out of the abdomen (Fig. 75). The butt of the knife handle and the first two fingers should extend straight out from the hand and precede the cutting edge of the knife, forcing the intestines away from the abdomi- nal wall in such manner as to prevent their being cut. ‘The spermatic cord of the male should not be injured, but should be Fig. 74,—Proper manner of holding knife when making pubic-lumbar incision. First two fingers are dissected from the in- renee euler thus ayeliive aeciiontal masios guinal canal and OE of a gut and contamination of abdominal contents. gether with the testicles be placed in the pelvic cavity to be removed later during the exenteration of that region. After the xiphoid-pubic and pubic-lumbar incisions have been completed the free end of the double colon, the caecum and the small intestines will usually fall out of the abdom- inal cavity if they have not previously been drawn out (Fig. 76). Should they not protrude of their own accord apply steady, gentle traction to the free end of the double colon until it can be withdrawn, after carefully inspecting the VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC 78 09 Ajzodoad oytay Sutpjoy puey yysts ‘[7em je "FL ‘DIyy 09Q ‘oUTISOJUT UB BUI}ANO 4YNOYIIM WOISTOUL SITY} oyeur urmopqe 0} woNoRI} Burk{jdde puvy yjoyT. ‘pozorduroo j[ey Uorstour sequinj-orqng “Aj1ARo oq} ut worjIsod Itay} jo UO} BVULUIBXO Joye gyno UMBIpP wunowod puBe UOl[Oo 3[qnod *peye[duioo UOISTOUL o1qnd-pioydry —"Gy “SI 79 INTERNAL EXAMINATION OF THE HORSE Fia. 76.—Left hind leg taken off. Prepuce and penis separated from abdomen and external surface of pubis and laid back of the right hind leg. Lines of incision through the shaft of the ilium and pelvic symphysis for removal of part of os innominatum to examine pelvic structures in situ. Lines of incision for extirpation of triangular piece of abdominal wall posterior to xiphoid cartilage. Xiphoid-pubie and pubic-lumbar incisions completed. Small intestines, double colon, and cecum protruding in usual manner, 80 VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC topographical relationship of the viscera exposed by placing the free flap (operculum) of the abdominal wall up over the ribs (Fig. 77). Vaculty or THE THoRAXx.—After the free portion of the double colon has been withdrawn from the abdomen and forced backward toward the pubis as far from the ensiform cartilage as possible (Fig. 77), so that the ax will not punc- ture it when the ribs are cut, the autopsist should place his right hand in the abdominal cavity with the palm against the diaphragm to test the vacuity of the thorax. When the abdominal surface is concave and tight the thoracic surface must be convex. This is the physiological position and indicates that the thorax isa vacuum. When the abdominal surface of the diaphragm is convex it indicates that air, gas or liquid is in the thoracic cavity. Air may enter the pleural cavity through an external wound or following rupture of bronchi, alveoli and the visceral pleura. Gas may form in the thorax from the action of bacteria either before or after death. In cases of hydrothorax, according to F. Smith, gallons of fluid may be contained in the thorax and not force the diaphragm into such a position that the abdominal surface will be convex, while Kitt maintains that quantities of fluid in the thorax will arch the diaphragm toward the abdomen. = NS > knife (Fig. 83). Ovaries AND U'rErus.—These organs may remain in situ until the organs of the pelvic cavity are removed. Fig. 89.—Aorta, mesenteric and iliac blood-vessels properly opened. SUMMARY OF THORAX AND ABDOMEN Position: Place horse, ass, or mule on the right side. Skin: Remove the skin only when desirable com- pulsory. Foreleg: Place a long, deep incision before and behind the leg, raise it up and sever it close to the body. Hind leg: Start an incision back of the external angle of the ilium, cut through the tensor fascia lata, through the skin on the inner side.of the leg, into the coxofemoral joint, 104 VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC backward over the ischial tuberosity, then sever it close to the body. Penis or mammary gland: Dissect the penis or mam- mary gland from the abdomen and lay it over the leg. Do not cut through the penis. Xiphoid-pubic incision: Make an incision through belly wall along the median line from the xiphoid cartilage to the pubis, protecting the intestines with the fingers. Pubic-lumbar incision:. Cut through the abdominal wall from the pubis to the lumbar vertebre, forcing the butt of the knife into the abdomen first and protecting the intes- tines with the two fingers of the right hand. Position of organs: Note the position of all organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Observe the external appearance of all thoracic and abdominal structures. Foreign material: Determine the quantity and charac- ter of fluids and foreign substances in the thorax and abdomen. Diaphragm: Feel of the diaphragm to determine the vacuity of the thorax. Intercostal puncture: Puncture the thorax between the sixth and seventh ribs and determine whether air enters or escapes from the cavity. Preparation of ribs for section: (a) Draw a line with the sharp edge of a knife from the inferior end of the first rib to the xiphoid cartilage. (b) Remove pectoral muscles from the inferior portion of the thorax. (c) Extirpate a piece of abdominal wall back of the xiphoid cartilage along the border of the ribs. (d) Clear away the musculature from the superior end of the ribs from the first to the seventh inclusive. INTERNAL EXAMINATION OF THE HORSE 105 Clear away the musculature of the back from the seventh to the last rib for a space six inches above the line of the back. Ribs: Cut through the ribs from the xiphoid cartilage to the inferior end of the first rib and from the superior end of the first rib to the last rib. From the seventh costa back- ward to the last rib place a line of incision a few inches above the vertebre. Test incision of ribs: Press downward in the ribs with the heel of the hand along the incision made with the ax to see if all ribs have been severed. Diaphragm: Have an assistant hold the ribs up with a hook, then cut through the diaphragm from the last rib to the xiphoid cartilage close to its costal attachment. Remove side: Push the entire side upward and allow it to fall back of the spine to the floor. Thoracic contents: Observe the presence of foreign bodies or liquid material in the thorax and note the position and character of thoracic viscera. Omentum: Tear away the omentum with the fingers. Ligations: Apply four double ligatures to the intes- tines six inches apart after squeezing the intestinal contents in either direction from the point of ligation: (a) on the small colon at its entrance to the pelvis; (b) on the small colon at the rectoduodenal ligament; (c) on the jejunum close to the rectoduodenal ligament; (d) on the ileum at its entrance to the cecum. To ligate an intestine double a stout piece of twine 12 inches long. Force the loop under the gut. Bring it up on the opposite side. Push the two free ends through the loop and draw this slipknot tightly around the intestine. Divide the free ends and carry them around the gut in 106 VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC opposite directions, finally bringing them to the top again where they are tied with a surgeon’s knot. Small colon: Divide the gut between the ligatures, cut through the mesentery close to the body and remove small colon. Jejunum and ileum: Arrange jejunum and ileum in proper order on their mesentery and cut between the liga- tures. ‘Trim the intestines from the mesentery by pulling on the intestine with the left hand and cutting through the mesentery close to the gut with a knife held in the right hand. Start at the jejunum and pull and cut at the same time. In this manner six feet of intestine may be removed at each incision through the mesentery without injury to the gut, if the intestine has been arranged evenly and freely. Epiploic foramen: Follow the posterior vena cava back- ward and hook the finger into a slit formed principally by the pancreas, portal vein, and posterior vena cava. Bile-duct: Seize the stomach by the left extremity, force it upward toward the spine, and examine the duct which extends from the liver to the duodenum. Spleen: Separate and remove the spleen from the stomach and right kidney by severing the suspensory liga- ment and the gastrosplenic omentum. Left kidney: “ Shell” the left kidney out of its peri- renal fat with the fingers and cut through the ureter and renal blood-vessels close to the organ. Left adrenal: Remove the left adrenal by slowly tearing it away with the fingers. Duodenum: Pass the left hand between the stomach and great colon. Follow the duodenum to the rectoduodenal ligament with the left hand. Seize the duodenum where severed from the jejunum and draw it backward under the INTERNAL EXAMINATION OF THE HORSE 107 great colon and vessels to the stomach. Then place it over the lungs where it will not be injured in removing the large intestine. Great colon and cecum: Separate the pancreas and colon with the thumb of the left hand, holding the stump of the small colon in the right hand. ‘Tear away all other attachments with the fingers except the large arteries. Place a knife under the large mesenteric arteries and cut upward, leaving as much of the anterior mesenteric artery with the aorta as possible. Right adrenal: Tear this organ loose with the fingers. Right kidney: Remove the right kidney in the manner employed to extirpate the left renal organ. Stomach: Push two fingers through the diaphragm on the right side of the cesophagus, pull that structure back six inches, ligate and sever it. ‘Tear the other attachments loose with the fingers and remove the stomach and duode- num together. Liver: Leave the liver until the evisceration of: the thorax has been completed, then circle the diaphragm close to the ribs with a knife and remove liver and diaphragm together. Pancreas: Remove the pancreas with the liver. Pericardial sac and fluid: Wash pericardium, knife and hands to prevent soiling of the pericardial fluid. Incise pericardium vertically from base to apex and examine the color of the fluid. Grasp apex of the heart and lift that organ out of the sac, then estimate or measure the quantity of fluid and replace. the heart. Heart and lungs: Cut forward through the posterior mediastinum to the arch of the aorta, upward through the aorta at this point, and forward above the heart through 108 VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC the anterior mediastinum. Draw the apical lobe of the right lung out of its position to avoid injuring it. Cut through trachea and other structures entering the thorax from the neck. Incise the inferior pericardial and mediastinal attach- ments. Kink the left wrist and draw it along the anterior face of the diaphragm to catch the blood-vessels and nerves which connect with it and sever them when located. Grasp the blood-vessels between the heart and lungs close to the heart, balance the lungs on the forearm and carry the organs to the tub. Blood-vessels: Open the aorta, mesenteric and _ iliac arteries with an enterotome. Pleura and peritoneum: Cut downward through the belly wall from the pubis to the ribs and flush out the inside of the blood-vessels, thorax and abdomen with water. This better facilitates examination of the pleura, peritoneum and the ribs. Lymph-glands: Incise the lumbar, internal and exter- nal iliac lymph-glands. Psoas muscles: Incise the psoas muscles vertically in lines a half inch apart. Ovaries and uterus: Allow ovaries and uterus to remain in the abdominal cavity until the pelvic cavity is exenterated. OPERATIVE TECHNIC FOR THE PELVIC CAVITY PREPARATION.— Begin at the external angle of the ilium and cut away all the musculature from that bone to the internal angle, then backward to the ischial tuberosity. Re- move all the musculature down to the sacrosciatic ligament. Mammary GLanp or PENts.—Dissect the mammary gland away from the pelvis and remove it from the position back of the leg where it was placed after dissection from INTERNAL EXAMINATION OF THE HORSE 109 the abdomen. If the animal be a male dissect the penis from its attachment along the pelvis, taking care not to injure it at the ischial arch of the pubis. Draw the penis straight back until it extends in a direct line from the floor of the pelvic cavity. If the animal has not been skinned place an incision completely around the penis and anus through the integument, holding the penis straight back to prevent injury to it. Should the animal be a female place an inci- sion around the vulva and anus. The object is to remove all the organs of the pelvis together and separate them after they have been excised. In males when the urogenital system is to be removed intact the kidneys attached to the ureters, and the testicles attached to the spermatic vessels are taken out together with the rectum, urinary bladder and penis. In females the kidneys, urinary bladder, rectum, ovaries, uterus and vagina are removed together. Petvic Orcans.—To excise the pelvic organs, hold the external genitals and rectum to one side, after the incision has been made around them through the skin. Dissect the organs free from their peripheral attachments to the walls of the pelvis, holding the cutting edge of the knife closely applied to pelvic bones to avoid injury to the organs. To aid in reaching the anterior attachments cut carefully around the sacrosciatic ligament from above, and remove it from its position between the ischium and sacrum. From this opening one may readily reach and sever all attachments of the pelvic organs. One may also work from the abdom- inal opening by changing his position. In class-work other students are working on the ventral side of the cadaver and one must exenterate the pelvis from the posterior aspect. When all organs have been loosened remove and place them on the table. 110 VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC Exenteration of the pelvis may be facilitated by removal of the acetabulum and two inches of the branch of each bone which contributes to its formation. 'To accomplish this saw through the shaft of the ilium, acetabular branch of the ischium, and transverse branch of the pubis two or three inches from the cotyloid cavity. One may also saw through the shaft of the ilium, and saw or cut through the pelvic symphysis with the ax, then remove the piece of pelvis thus freed (Figs. 76, 83). SUMMARY OF PELVIC CAVITY Preparation: Excise all musculature from the upper side of the os innominatum down to the sacrosciatic liga- ment, within the triangle made by the external and internal angles of the ilium and ischial tuberosity. Mammary gland or penis: Remove the mammary gland or dissect the penis from the inferior aspect of the pelvis. Draw the penis straight back. Place an incision around the external genitals and the anus through the skin. Pelvic organs: Carefully remove the sacrosciatie liga- ment and then work the pelvic organs loose from their peripheral attachments through this opening and from the incision around the genitals and anus. Pelvic organs in situ: Saw through the shaft of the ilium and pubic symphysis, and remove side of pelvis. OPERATIVE TECHNIC FOR LEG AND Foot Muscies.—The heavy musculature of the hind leg, when that extremity is placed in a horizontal position, should be cut in parallel planes and examined (Fig. 83). INTERNAL EXAMINATION OF THE HORSE 111 PopiitrEAL LymMpuH-GLaAnd.—Make an incision from behind forward toward the femorotibial articulation. The popliteal lymph-glands may be located immediately back of the origin of the gastrochnemius muscle. STIFLE Jormnt.—F lex the joint and start an incision around the-anterior surface below the patella. Cut through the joint capsule, lateral, patellar, and crucial ligaments, lay the articulation open and separate the patella. TIBIOTARSAL J OINT.—T’o open the tibiotarsal joint hold the foot backward, place the cutting edge of the knife against the anterior face of the joint and cut directly through the capsular and other ligaments of the articula- tion and the tendons of the perforans, perforatus, and gas- trochnemius. Remove the portion of the leg below the tibiotarsal joint and place it on a table (Fig. 88). SCAPULOHUMERAL J OINT.—Cut into the posterior face of the joint, sever all ligaments, and lay the joint open. AXILLARY LymMPH-GLAnD.—These glands are found at the junction of the external thoracic, subcapsular, and brachial veins. The cubital lymph-glands lie behind the biceps muscle on the brachial vessels and the median nerve. They should be incised in many places. CarpaL Jornt.—Draw the foot forward and start the incision on the posterior face of the articulation. Cut through tendons and ligaments and sever the leg at the joint (Fig. 88). Trenpons, Erc.—lIf the skin has not been removed be- low the carpal or tarsal joints, lay the leg upon its anterior surface and make an incision down the median line of the posterior surface from the tarsal or carpal joint to the frog. Place a circular incision around the foot just above 112 VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC the horny wall. Lay back the skin from the margins of these incisions and remove it. Separate the perforatus and perforans from the tarsal or carpal joint to the frog, and after the frog and sole have been removed follow the perforans to its attachments to the os pedis. Open and inspect the tendon sheaths and bursz. Frog.—Chisel around the outline of the frog, seize it by the base with a strong iron pinchers, pry downward to- ward the point and remove the structure (Fig. 90). Fic. 90.—Lines of incision for ablation of Fic. 91.—Lines of incision for sawing the wall horny sole and frog. of the hoof. SoLr.—Make an incision around the sole with the chisel, following the white line. Saw through it vertically and horizontally, thus dividing its surface into four parts. Place a chisel in the middle of the sole and pry up the corner of | one quarter, then seize it with the pinchers and bend it toward the periphery of the sole until it is completely separated from the foot. Remove the other parts of the sole in the same manner (Fig. 90). INTERNAL EXAMINATION OF THE HORSE 113 Watu.—Turn the leg over so that the anterior surface is uppermost. Saw through the horny wall vertically in three places in such manner that the wall will be divided into four equal parts. With a knife separate the horny and fleshy leaves of the wall at the coronary band. Make this separation in the middle of one of the equal divisions of the wall and only deep enough to afford a grip for the pinchers. Insert the pinchers and pry downward toward the toe until that portion of the wall is released. Remove the other sections of the structure in the same manner. Examine the horny and fleshy leaves. A vise or an assistant should hold the foot while the frog, sole and wall are being excised (Fig. 91). PHALANGEAL AND NAVICULAR JorInTs.—After the sole and wall have been removed, cut the perforatus and per- forans from their inferior attachments. Remove the navic- ular and sesamoid bones and the lateral cartilages, then disarticulate the phalanges by severing their ligaments. Examine the bones carefully for exostoses, fractures, etc., and remove a small portion of periosteum with the cross chisel. SUMMARY OF LEG AND FOOT Incise the muscles of the hind leg in parallel horizontal planes. Examine the regional lymph-glands. Daisarticu- late the stifle, tarsal, seapulohumeral, and carpal joints. Open the principal tendon sheaths and burs and separate the perforatus and perforans tendons. Remove the frog, sole, and wall of the foot. Excise the navicular and sessa- moid bones and lateral cartilages. Finally disarticulate the phalangeal joints. 8 114 VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC OPERATIVE TECHNIC FOR MuscuLaTuRE, BONES AND JOINTS Muscu.ature.—As a general rule muscle tissue, like the organs, should be so incised that the part may be recon- structed as nearly as possible. The incisions should be long and clean and be made with a sharp knife. This leaves a smooth surface to be examined. A dull knife makes a ragged incision and short incisions produce a wavy surface for inspection. Virchow says that a clean incision made in the wrong place is better than a ragged incision made in the right place. As the technic on head, neck, back, thorax, abdomen, and pelvis is being effectuated, the muscles should be examined. They should be sliced in parallel vertical or horizontal lines. For examining any particular muscle for metaplasia, rup- ture, etc., it must be dissected out along anatomical lines. Bonrs.—In every autopsy one of the long bones con- taining yellow bone-marrow should be sawed in two parts longitudinally or split with an ax. Another should be sawed crosswise in several places. This facilitates examina- tion of the thickness of articular cartilage and condition of bone-marrow. A few ribs should be sawed through for examination of red bone-marrow. Bones or Lrcs.—To examine bones for fractures it is necessary to free them from muscle tissue. This procedure depends upon the location of the bone. 'To remove the bones of the legs, cut through the musculature down to the bone parallel to the direction of the long axis. Then re- move the muscle from all sides, and cut all attachments. Os Innomrnatum.—After the musculature has been removed from the upper side of the os innominatum, one should seize the external angle of the ilium with one hand INTERNAL EXAMINATION OF THE HORSE 115 and the ischial tuberosity with the other and so alternately pull and push that crepitation may be readily heard or felt if fractures be present. For the examination of the right side of the os innominatum, sever the spine in the lumbar region with the saw; turn the posterior part of the cadaver on its left side, disarticulate the right hind leg at the coxo- femoral joint; remove muscles from ilium and ischium and examine the osseous structures. Rrps.—Removal of the upper side of the cadaver, and washing out the thoracic cavity after evisceration exposes the ribs for inspection. A few ribs should be sawed through for examination of the red bone-marrow. Bonkts oF THE HeEap.—During the technic on the cranium, nasal passages, and sinuses, the bones are so in- cised as to facilitate a close examination of their structure. The mandible should be sawed through laterally when there is any obvious enlargement present. PHALANGES.—These bones should be disarticulated during the technic on the foot, then sawed in two vertically. Jornts.—Joints to be examined are disarticulated. This procedure depends upon the anatomical position and should be followed out by cutting downward through all structures to the joint, then severing all ligaments and lay- ing the joint open. ‘Tendons over the joints should be examined before they are incised. The fluid of the articu- lation and the articular surfaces should be closely inspected. SUMMARY OF MUSCULATURE, BONES AND JOINTS Musculature: For the examination of muscule tissue in general, long, smooth incisions should be made either ver- tically or horizontally. For special examination individual muscles should be dissected out for examination. 116 VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC Bones: In every autopsy at least one long bone should be sawed through longitudinally for examination of the yellow bone-marrow, and a few ribs severed for the inspec- tion of the red bone-marrow. ‘To examine any particular bone remove the surrounding muscle tissue, sever its articu- lar attachments and saw through it in several places. Joints: Joints to be examined are disarticulated by cut- ting through all surrounding structures down to the joint, then severing all articular ligaments, and laying the joint open. CHAPTER VI INTERNAL EXAMINATION OF RUMINANTS PosITION AND SKIN OF CaDAVER.—Following a careful external examination, which should be conducted in the same general manner with all animals, the ruminant is placed on the left side (Fig. 92) and the skin and legs together removed from the upper or right side. The skin may be completely removed or for convenience and expedi- tion the right fore and hind legs may be thrown off with the integument of the upper half of the cadaver when the commercial value of the hide has to be considered (Fig. 93). The position of the ruminant at autopsy is the reverse of that of the horse for anatomical reasons. When the cow or sheep is placed on the left side the rumen is undermost, and as the right side of the cadaver is removed the aboma- sum, duodenum and other intestines are brought uppermost and are accessible for ligation and inspection. OPERATIVE TECHNIC FoR Heap, NEcK anp Back Tuyrow GLaNnps.—After the skin has been removed, or before, if its commercial value is not to be considered, place an incision on the median line of the neck just back of the larynx down to the rings of the trachea (Fig. 92). Insert the fingers to the side of the latter, seize, withdraw, and sever the thyroid glands. PAaROTID SALIVARY AND SUBPAROTID LYMPH-GLANDS. —Immediately below the ear and back of the maxilla the parotid salivary gland may be examined. The subparotid lymph-glands are partially covered by the upper anterior Ly VETERINARY POSI-MORTEM TECHNIC 118 “V1 YQIM peaower you Foy pury puw sof yysII oy IN ‘yo uaye4 used Sey UPS oy} 19}J@ 10 ‘poavs oq 0} JOU SI UDJS oY} WoyM WoTsfouy TOF soury ‘Asdoyne ye yueUTUINI jo uontsod yoo0Q—'Z6 “PTT INTERNAL EXAMINATION OF RUMINANTS _ 119 border of the parotid salivary glands. After both have been examined remove the latter. The left parotid struc- tures may be inspected after the head has been removed. Prescapular lymph gland mammary lymph gland; Fie. 93.—This view shows the skin of the right side together with the right fore and hind leg dissected back from a single ventral median, incision from the chin to the anus. The legs and skin of the right side are next thrown over the dorsal side of the animal and the autopsy conducted without injury to the hide which may be removed later. This is done only when the skin must be preserved for its commercial value. It saves the time and labor of the autop- sist which would be consumed in skinning the entire cadaver or the right legs. The udder is separated from the abdomen and lines are shown for the xiphoid-pubic, pubic-lumbar incis- ions and sternal as well as part of dorsal thoracic incisions. SUBMAXILLARY LYMPH- AND SALIVARY GLANDs.—The submaxillary salivary glands may be located in the inter- maxillary space opposite the angle of the Jaw, and the sub- maxillary lymph-glands lie between the sternocephalicus 120 VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC muscles and the submaxillary salivary glands. There are two in number, quite small and sometimes difficult to find (Fig. 94). Ricgut Ramus or Manpiste.—F or the examination in situ of many structures of the head and neck the right ramus of the lower jaw is removed and the jugular furrow ie | Tnferion Force Je Fea Middle cervical 1. gs. F | | . ; Retropharyngeal 1. gs. Superior cervical 1. g. Submaxillary 1. gs. Atlantal 1. Tonsil Fig. 94.—Skin of the right side of the en and neck removed and thrown over the dorsal side. The right fore leg was taken off with the skin of the body and the scapula pro- trudes above the neck. The skin of the right side of the head is supported on the right horn. The right ramus of the mandible has been removed. Tongue, larynx and trachea have been freed from the head and neck. Tonsils and lymph glands are exposed. Right jugular vein, carotid artery, and vagus have been separated and laid back. Analogous structures on the left side are exposed by turning head and neck over. laid open. The right part of the mandible is taken off by passing a knife under the bone from the temporomaxillary articulation to the symphysis, freeing it from all attach- ments between these points. The next incision is made from the temporomandibular articulation to the commissure of the lips downward to the teeth. A piece of lip two inches long is excised over the dental space and the mandible sawed INTERNAL EXAMINATION OF RUMINANTS _ 121 through just above the symphysis (Fig. 92). The right ramus of the lower jaw is now held in place only by the temporomandibular articulation. Grasp the right side of the mandible just back of the point at which it was sawed through, pull upward and backward, disarticulating the jaw at the temple. Tonsizs.—Cut through the soft palate with a knife, break both great cornua of the hyoid bone with a bone for- ceps, and rotate the larynx slightly upward. On the outer surface of the pharynx just anterior to the epiglottis on either side there is a bean-shaped organ of yellow color about the size of a small walnut. By placing the finger on the inner side of the pharyngeal wall opposite this organ the tonsillar sinus can be located. The tonsil is sometimes mistaken for a lymph-gland but on section it presents lobu- lations while the lymph-gland does not (Fig. 94). RETROPHARYNGEAL LyMPH-GLANDsS.—After locating the tonsils, place the hand above and back of the larynx, break down the loose connective tissue, locate and withdraw both retropharyngeal lymph-glands from the same opening (Fig. 94). JUGULAR FuRROW AND StTRUCTURES.—Lay open the jugular furrow by placing an incision through the super- ficial cervical muscles an inch above the jugular groove, from the right wing of the atlas to the first rib. Separate and examine the jugular structures (Figs. 92, 94). Lympu-cianps.—The atlantal lymph-gland is disc- shaped and lies just under the lateral wing of the atlas. The anterior cervical lymph-glands lie along the carotid artery below and posterior to the atlantal gland. 'The middle cervical glands are small and lie on the lateral supe- rior surface of the trachea at about the middle of that organ, 122 VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC close to the cartilaginous rings. The posterior cervical or prepectoral glands lie between the first two ribs at their superior extremities (Fig. 94). Toncur, Larynx, TRACHEA AND CHsopHAGus.— These structures are extirpated together. ‘To remove them grasp the tongue, raise it upward, and sever its inferior attach- ments with a knife. Complete the incision through the soft palate, and, since the cornua of the hyoid bone have been _ previously broken, draw the larynx upward and outward, cutting downward behind it until it is entirely free from the neck. Continue cutting back of the trachea to the first rib, then sever the trachea, oesophagus, vessels and nerves close to the thorax, and place the ablated structures on a table to be properly opened and_ in- spected later. DecaPitratTion.—To re- Fua, 95.—Incisions to be made in removing MOVE the head, raise the chin upward and cut through the muscles back of the angle of the left ramus of the jaw toward the occipito-atloidal joint. Disarticulate the head at this point and place it on a table. PREPARATION OF THE Herap.—If the skin has not been removed it can be quickly taken off by placing an incision down the median line of the face and dissecting laterally from its edges. To free the left ramus of the jaw from the head, place an incision from the corner of the mouth to INTERNAL EXAMINATION OF RUMINANTS _ 123 temporomandibular joint down to the teeth; grasp the man- dible at the interdental space and pull laterally until the jaw is disarticulated at the temporomaxillary joint. Place the head upon the upper teeth and remove all musculature (Fig. 95). EXTIRPATION OF THE Brarn.—To remove the calvarium of the cow, sheep or goat, place the saw horizontally against the head, after the skin and muscles have been removed, Fria. 96.—This shows relation of incisions to horns and occipital condyles. and make an incision around the base of the skull imme- diately below the horn, from the foramen magnum to a point over the nasal septum approximately an inch above the eye (Figs. 95, 96). The line should be between the base of the horn and the external auditory meatus (Fig. 97), and extend inward to the cranial cavity. Place a similar incision on the other side of the head. The next incision is made with a saw between the horns, downward on the median line 124 VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC Fig. 98.—Halves of calvarium spread apart exposing brain and frontal sinuses. INTERNAL EXAMINATION OF RUMINANTS 125 of the head, through the occipital prominence into the cranial cavity, from the foramen magnum to a point over the nasal septum (Figs. 95, 96). There is little danger of injuring the brain, as the saw would pass between the hemi- spheres of the cerebrum if it should penetrate a little too deeply. The calvarium may now be divided in halves by prying the horns apart (Fig. 98) with the hands or tapping them with a mallet (Martin). The meninges may be in- cised and the brain raised out of the cranium with the fingers. Nasa Passaces, Eyr, Ear, Erc.—The sinuses of the head, nasal passages, nasal septum, teeth, eye, ear, and spinal cord are handled in the same manner as those of the horse (Fig. 95). OPERATIVE TECHNIC FOR THORACIC AND ABDOMINAL CAVITIES Front Lre.—Place an incision back of the foreleg from the crestline of the back to the sternum, down to the intercostal muscles, and a second incision immediately in front of the leg from the top of the neck to the manubrium of the sternum (Fig. 92). Raise the leg upward with one hand and sever it from the thorax, permitting the prescapu- lar lymph-gland to remain with the limb (Fig. 93). Re- move the leg completely from the cadaver and place it on a table. Hinp Lee.—Make an incision from a point immedi- ately back of the external angle of the ilium forward through the tensor fascia lata, then downward and _ back- ward under the leg, horizontally three inches above the median line of the pubis or mammary gland (Fig. 92). Raise the incision over the ischial tuberosity, then lift the 126 VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC leg upward and cut directly into the coxofemoral joint. Continue incising past the joint through the thick muscles of the haunch. The precrural lymph-gland may be removed with the leg (Fig. 93). Mammary GLanp or PEnis.—Dissect the mammary gland together with the supramammary lymph-glands away from the abdomen by applying traction on the udder and cutting through its connective-tissue attachments until it is entirely free from the body (Figs. 92, 93). If the animal be a male, dissect the penis free from the abdomen and lay it over the leg to be removed upon evisceration of the pelvic cavity. XipHor-Ppusic Incision.—To open the abdominal cavity and remove the right side, an incision must be made from the pubis to the xiphoid cartilage through the abdom- inal wall following the median line (Fig. 93). Great care must be exercised to avoid puncturing the intestines and soiling the viscera. Stand with the back against the left hind leg of the cadaver if the latter be on a table, place the left hand against the cadaver to steady one’s own body, then with the knife held in a full hand grip in the right hand press the cutting edge, near the tip, against the median line of the belly six inches anterior to the pubis and cut gently. Do not attempt to penetrate the entire thickness of the wall with one incision, but remove the knife and test the depth of the incision and the thickness of the wall with the forefinger of the left hand many times so that the finger, not the knife, is the first to penetrate the cavity. Enlarge the opening so that the first two fingers of the left hand may enter, turn the knuckles toward the intestines and the tips of the fingers against the inner aspect of the abdominal wall one on either side of the median line. With INTERNAL EXAMINATION OF RUMINANTS 127 the intestines thus protected turn the back of the knife toward the cadaver, insert one-half inch of the point, cut outward and forward, enlarging the incision by half an inch. Continue this process carefully until the sternum is reached. Pusic-LUMBAR Incision.—When the xiphoid-pubic incision has been completed, grasp the knife in the right hand point upward, cutting edge away from the autopsist’s body. Extend the first and second fingers straight out from the hand holding the knife by gripping the handle with the third and fourth fingers and the thumb. Now force the butt of the knife into the peritoneal cavity at the posterior end of the xiphoid-pubic incision close to the pubis, and cut through the belly wall, from the median line to the lumbar region anterior to the external angle of the ilium. The first two fingers should precede the cutting edge of the knife to protect the intestines from injury (Fig. 93). One should avoid injury to the spermatic cord in the male, and later open the inguinal canal and lay the cord and testicle in the pelvis to be removed later during the evisceration of the pelvic cavity. Vaculty oF THE THoRAX.—To test the vacuity of the thorax feel of the diaphragm and determine if it be convex toward the thorax. Next puncture the intercostal muscles between the fifth and sixth ribs. ‘To accomplish this make a stab puncture one-half inch long, withdraw the knife quickly and insert the finger. The air rushing into the thorax imparts a cold sensation to the back of the finger if the thorax be a vacuum. Rrss.—Prepare the ribs for incision so that the right side may be removed by taking the muscles off the inferior border of the thorax. Next make a line with the cutting edge of the knife from the inferior end of the first rib to the 128 VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC xiphoid cartilage (Tig. 93). Wash and dry the hands and the ax handle to prevent the latter from slipping, then cut each rib, following the line made with the knife, using only two inches of the corner of the ax. Start with the first rib and cut from right to left toward the xiphoid region. When near the ensiform cartilage moderate the force of the blows so that the stomach may not be injured. Great care should be used to prevent opening the pericardial sac when the ribs are being severed, otherwise it would be impossible to estimate the character and quantity of fluid present. Assume a position on the dorsal side of the cadaver, trim the musculature from the angle made by the ribs and the superspinous processes, then cut through each rib from the last to the fifth, three inches from the superior attach- ment to the spine, and from the fifth to the first inclusive, close to the superior attachment (Fig. 93). ‘To remove the side cut the diaphragm close to the ribs, from the right kidney to the sternum, seize the ribs with a hook close to the xiphoid cartilage, and raise the side upward and back- ward, freeing it from the cadaver. When the thoracic and abdominal cavities have been opened one should carefully note the relative position of organs, presence of fluids, clots, gas, foreign bodies, ete. No organ should be disturbed until its relationship with other organs has been fully determined. OmentuM.—The omentum is carefully stripped free from the stomach with the fingers. InrEesTrnEs.— When the side is removed the abomasum rolls out of the abdomen immediately posterior to the ensi- form cartilage and the duodenum extends almost vertically toward the spine across the viscera. Two double ligatures are placed on the duodenum eighteen inches apart, one on INTERNAL EXAMINATION OF RUMINANTS 129 either side of the point where the bile-duct joins the gut (Fig. 99). Each of the ligatures constituting the double ligation is placed six inches from the other, after the intes- tinal contents have been forced in either direction. To apply a ligature, as described in ligation of the intestines of the horse, one should double a stout string eighteen inches long. Force the loop end under the gut and bring it up on the opposite side. Push the two free ends through the loop Bile duct - Fic. 99.—The right fore and hind legs and the right side, have been removed expos- ing thoracic and abdominal cavities. The abomasum has dropped out of the abdomen just posterior to the xiphoid cartilage and the duodenum passes upward on the rumen, past the liver toward the spine. The bile duct extends from the gall bladder to the duodenum and lines indicate the points of ligation and incision of that gut. and draw the slipknot tightly around the intestine. Divide the free ends of the twine and carry them around the gut in opposite directions, bringing them to the top again where they are tied with a surgeon’s knot. When the ligations have been made the intestines are incised between the double ligatures, and a piece of duode- num is left with the liver to be removed when that organ is extirpated. Thus no intestinal contents are allowed to 9 130. VETERINARY POST-MORTEM 'TECHNIC soil the viscera and possibly mask lesions which may be present. Another double ligature is applied to the rectum at the inlet of the pelvic cavity, and the gut incised. Thus in all three double ligatures are applied to the intestines of the ruminant and one to the cesophagus which will be described later. The cecum and small intestines gravitate into the flank when the side is removed. ‘The colon is arranged in coils between the layers of the mesentery. To detach it, tear loose the connective-tissue attachments of that gut and the duo- denum with the fingers, gather the mesentery in the hands close to its superior attachments, then pass a knife under the mesentery and its vessels and cut upward. ‘Thus loosened, all the intestines will usually slip out of the abdo- men together between the leg and the stomachs. After the intestines have been removed one may separate them by starting with the duodenum and cutting them free from the mesentery, then laying them out on the floor. The mesentery should be stretched out and the mesenteric lymph-glands exposed for further technic and examination. KIDNEYS AND ADRENALS.—Enucleate the right kidney from the perirenal fat with the fingers and sever the renal blood-vessels and ureter by passing a knife under them and cutting upward. Daissect the right adrenal free with the fingers. It is exposed when the kidney has been extirpated. The left kidney and adrenal are removed in a similar man- ner. The renal lymph-glands are left in place but exposed by stripping the fat away from them. STOMACHS AND SPLEEN.—The extirpation of the stom- achs and spleen appears very difficult to the student at first, because of the bulk of the rumen. All the attachments of the stomachs may be readily broken with the fingers by INTERNAL EXAMINATION OF RUMINANTS 181 applying a little energy. A double ligature is placed on the oesophagus immediately posterior to the diaphragm, then it is incised by cutting upward transversely through it. The stomach with the spleen still attached may now be rolled out of the peritoneal cavity. The spleen should be carefully dissected from the stomach and placed upon a table. LivER AND GALL-BLADDER.—The liver, together with the gall-bladder and piece of duodenum, may be removed at this point by severing the hepatic attachments to the diaphragm, or one may leave it until the thoracic cavity has been eviscerated and then take it out with the diaphragm by cutting through that structure along its periphery. PancrEAS.—The pancreas should be left with the liver. PERICARDIAL SAC AND F'Lurp.—Wash the hands, knife and pericardium to prevent soiling the pericardial fluid. Place an incision from the base to the apex of the heart through the pericardium. Draw the edges of the incision apart and observe the character of the fluid. Raise the heart out of the sac by lifting the apex upward, remove, and meas- ure the fluid and examine the inner aspect of the sac for foreign bodies. Replace the heart and examine the pos- terior outer surface of the sac for the same purpose. Heart anp Lunes.—The heart, lungs, bronchial, and mediastinal lymph-glands and thoracic portion of the vesophagus are extirpated together as in the horse. The first incision.is made through the posterior mediastinum from the diaphragm to the arch of the aorta. Cut upward through the aorta and forward through the anterior medias- tinum. Draw the apical lobe of the left lung backward from under the right apical lobe with the left hand, then cut downward through the trachea, cesophagus, blood- vessels and nerves entering from the cervical region at their v2 VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC entrance to the thorax. Cut through the pericardial attach- ments to the sternum. Next crook the wrist and pass it along the anterior face of the diaphragm from above to below, and seize the posterior vena cava and branches of the vagus which are then severed. The cesophagus may be drawn into the thoracic cavity by application of slight traction. 'To determine if all attach- ments have been severed pass the hand around the periphery of the heart and lungs. 'To remove the thoracic organs pass the left hand between the heart and lungs palm toward the heart. Grasp the connecting structures between the thumb and fingers, raise the hand to a vertical position, balance the lungs on the forearm and carry them to the tub or table. Bioop-vEssELS.—Open the aorta and iliac arteries with an enterotome, cutting close to the vertebrz so that the vessels will lie open. PLEURA AND PERIroNEUM.—Cut downward through the muscles of the left flank to permit drainage of the cavi- ties. Flush the abdomen, thorax and opened blood-vessels with water, then examine the pleura, peritoneum, ribs, vertebrae, blood-vessels, and inguinal structures. LympuH-GLaAnps.—The intercostal lymph-glands are found at the superior extremities of the intercostal spaces. The sternal lymph-glands are situated at the inferior ex- tremities of the intercostal spaces and in the fat of the peri- cardial apex. The lumbar lymph-glands form an irregular chain along the abdominal aorta. The renal lymph-glands are bean-shaped and are found near the points where the kidneys were removed. The internal iliac lymph-glands are five or six in number at the origin of the iliac arteries. The largest iliac glands are about two inches in diameter, rather flat on the sides, and disc-shaped. They are situated 133 INTERNAL EXAMINATION OF RUMINANTS Internal iliac Lumbar Renal lymph-glands lymph-glands lymph-glands Adrenals Fic. 100.—Pelvic, abdominal and part of thoracic cavities after evisceration, showing adrenals and lymph-glands. 134 VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC one on either side of the pelvic inlet. The external iliac lymph-glands occur near the point of the hip. The swper- ficial inguinal lymph-glands in the male are situated back of the sigmoid flexure on either side of the penis. These glands are called the swpramammary lymph-glands in the female and are situated at the base of the udder at its pos- terior margin. There are no deep inguinal lymph-glands (Fig. 100). OPERATIVE TECHNIC FOR THE PELVIC CAVITY PRrEPARATION.—Remove all musculature from that triangular space between the external and internal angle of the ilium and the ischium down to the sacrosciatic liga- ment. Dissect the penis from the pubis so that it may be extended backward in a direct line with the floor of the pelvis. Saw through the shaft of the ilium, cut through the pelvic symphysis with the ax, then remove the portion of the pelvis thus freed. After examining the organs in situ place an incision around the anus and external genitals, holding the penis straight back if it be a male, and cut around the periphery of the pelvic organs, keeping the cut- ting edge of the knife toward the pelvic bones to avoid injury to the soft structures, until all are freed. Orcans.—If the animal be a female, the ovaries, vagina, uterus, bladder, and rectum are removed together. If it be an entire male, the seminal vesicles and adjacent glands, bladder, and rectum are extirpated together with the penis and testicles, placed upon a table, and later opened and examined. The operative technic for the leg and foot, muscles, bones, and joints is practically the same for ruminants as that applied to the horse. CHAPTER VII INTERNAL EXAMINATION OF SWINE Dorsat Postrion.—Post-mortem technic for the ex- amination of swine is very similar to that used on the dog and cat. Small swine are placed in the dorsal position and very large animals of this species are placed in the left-side position to facilitate the location of the rectoduodenal liga- ment and removal of intestines. When the dorsal position is used, an incision is made down the ventral median line through the skin and fat to the sternum and abdominal muscles, from the point of the chin to the anus, avoiding the genitals, as in the dog (Fig. 101). From this median incision lay back the skin and fat from the thorax, at the same time separating both forelegs from the body so that they lhe flat on the table at right angles to the cadaver. Cut into the coxofemoral articulations and lay the hind legs outward from the body. This position of the legs main- tains the cadaver in the dorsal position. Complete removal of the skin in either position is unnecessary (Fig. 102). OPERATIVE TECHNIC FOR THE Heap, NEcK AND Back Extirpation of thyroid glands, tongue, tonsils, larynx, trachea and cord, and the opening of nasal passages is the same as in the dog and cat. To remove the brain, which is deeply situated in the pig, remove skin and muscles from the head after disarticulation of the occipito-atloidal joint. Enucleate the eyes and make a verticle transverse incision with the saw through the centre of each orbit to the cranial 135 136 VETERINARY POST-MORTEM ‘TECHNIC cavity. ‘The two lateral incisions are made as in other ani- mals from the foramen magnum anteriorly above the zygo- matic crest to meet the transverse incision. With the ham- Fia. 101.—The incision Fic. 102.—Skin and legs have been laid back from median is made just through the incision indicated in Fic 101. The cadaver now remains in skin, then skin and legs dorsal position unassisted. The abdomen is first opened by are laid back from the one median and two lateral incisions. The sternum is then body together. removed by two lateral incisions. mer-hook the calvarium may now be lifted off and the brain removed with the fingers and scalpel after the meninges have been incised longitudinally. INTERNAL EXAMINATION OF SWINE 137 OPERATIVE TECHNIC FOR THE THORACIC AND ABDOMINAL CAVITIES The peritoneal cavity is opened by making an incision through the abdominal muscles from the xiphoid cartilage to the pubis, after the penis has been dissected from the belly and laid back over the anus. Transverse incisions are made through the belly wall along the posterior border of the ribs (Fig. 102) and the flaps of the abdominal wall laid outward (Fig. 103). Two lateral thoracic incisions are made and the sternum removed (Figs. 102, 103). Intrestrn¢s.—The colon and cecum of swine lie princi- pally on the left side and therefore when the cadaver is placed in the dorsal position these structures appear at the autopsist’s right, and the small intestines at his left. To locate the rectoduodenal ligament push the small intestines to the right, find the rectoduodenal ligament close to the left kidney, apply a double ligature to the colon (abdominal rectum) and duodenum, then cut through both intestines between the double ligatures (Fig. 103). Draw the intes- tines upward and sever the mesentery and vessels close to the lumbar muscles, then remove small intestines, colon and cecum together. When one wishes to find evidences of hog cholera with- out completing an autopsy the ileocecal valve should be located and examined first, as that structure presents ulcer- ous lesions if any be present in the cadaver. The colon of the hog is arranged in coils which are firmly held together in such manner as to make the colon simulate a bee hive. The cecum, which is eight to twelve inches in length by three to four inches in diameter, is at the base of this struc- ture where the diameter of the lumen of the colon is the greatest. ‘The ileum enters the cecum obliquely and is of 138 VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC quite small calibre. ‘To locate the ileocecal valve, grasp the colon at the apex of its spiral structure of coils or that point corresponding to the apex of a bee hive and lift it : Y” Stomach Liver Duodenum Small intestines Rectoduodenal ligament ; Rectum Cecum Colon U. bladder ‘4 bee eee AN ioe Be een opening abdomen and thorax by making incisions indicated in Fra. a ‘he intestines are pushed to the autopsist’s right, out of the left side of the abdomen, the rectoduodenal ligament exposed, duodenum and abdominal rectum ligated and incised on either side of it as indicated, and the small intestines, colon and cecum removed together and separated later. Rectum is removed with pelvic organs and duodenum with the stomach. upward. With the other hand examine the entire circum- ference of the base of the structure until the ileum is located at its entrance to the cecum. Penetrate the ileum with an INTERNAL EXAMINATION OF SWINE 139 enterotome and follow it through to the ileocecal valve (Fig. 104). DvopENUM AND BILE-puct.—The duodenum is opened with an enterotome and the ampulla of Vater exposed. Squeeze upon the gall-bladder until bile flows into the intes- tine, then open the bile-duct to the gall-bladder with a sharp-pointed scissors. lleoceecal Valve Colon Cecum Teum Terminal part of colob Fic. 104.—When the ileo-cecal valve is of particular interest, the colon, cecum and part on the ileum are separated from the small intestines, the cecum opened and the valve exposed. SPLEEN.—The spleen of the hog is long and narrow. It should be severed from the stomach and removed. StomacH.—Draw the stomach back from the dia- phragm, squeeze the oesophagus to prevent the escape of stomach contents, then sever the oesophagus and remove the stomach, duodenum and pancreas together. Liver.—Place the hand back of the liver, draw it away from the diaphragm and cut downward through attach- 140 VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC ments and blood-vessels, freeing the organ from the abdom- inal cavity. KipNrys.—Raise the kidneys upward and sever their attachment close to the lumbar muscles. Heart And Lunes.—To open the thoracic cavity cut through the diaphragm at its attachment to the sternum, after exenteration of the abdominal cavity, then with knife or cartilage shears cut each asternal cartilage immediately above its costal articulation (Fig. 102) and expose the viscera (Fig. 103). Determine the character and quantity of fluid if any be present in the thorax. Place a longitudinal incision through the pericardium and examine the character and quantity of pericardial fluid. ‘To extirpate the thoracic viscera grasp the cesophagus and trachea anterior to the heart and cut through them and the vessels and nerves entering the thorax from the neck opposite the second rib. Raise the heart upward, forcibly stripping the mediastinum from its attachments, and remove heart and lungs together. OPERATIVE TECHNIC FOR THE PELvic Cavity Excise all muscles from the pelvic symphysis and cut downward through the symphysis with knife or chisel into the pelvic cavity. In young animals the pelvis may be spread apart with the hands, in old animals a piece of the floor of the pelvis two inches wide may be taken out with a saw. ‘To remove the pelvic organs, place an incision through the skin around the penis or vulva and anus, hold- ing the penis straight back, then sever the peripheral attach- ments of the pelvic organs from the inside of the pelvis and remove them together. INTERNAL EXAMINATION OF SWINE 141 Lrrr Sir Posirion.—To open the thoracic and ab- dominal cavities with the cadaver lying on the left side fol- low the same technic as used on ruminants. When the right fore and hind legs and the right side have been taken off, the colon will be located under the other viscera and the small intestine will be uppermost. The rectoduodenal ligament may be located close to the left kidney and the intestines ligated and quickly removed. Extirpation of other organs is accomplished in the same general manner as in the dorsal position. CHAPTER VIIi INTERNAL EXAMINATION OF THE DOG AND CAT For class-work one student preferably, and not more than two, should be assigned to the autopsy of a small ani- mal. When two students are assigned to a case together one should do the cutting and the other act as his assistant, holding the cadaver while the skin is being removed, weigh- ing organs, and handing instruments to the autopsist. If two students attempt to cut at the same time injury is pos- sible to either. Posrrion.—The cadaver is placed in the dorsal position tail toward the autopsist and is maintained in that position until the exenteration of all cavities has been effectuated (Fig. 105). If the cadaver be too large it may be turned with the side toward the autopsist, anterior extremity to the left, with the animal still maintained in the dorsal position. Sxin.—Place an incision through the skin on the median line from the tip of the chin to the rectum, avoiding the penis. Make a second incision on the opposite side of the penis through the skin (Fig. 105), raise the organ up- ward, and dissect it free from the abdomen, then lay it back on the tail so that it is in a direct line with the floor of the pelvis. Use great care to prevent cutting into or through the penis (Fig. 106). At right angles to the median incision cut sroueh the skin on the inner aspect of each posterior limb to the tarsal joint. To remove the integument begin at the point of the jaw and from either margin of the median incision dissect 142 INTERNAL EXAMINATION GF DOG AND CAT 143 the skin away from the cadaver down to the back, cutting the forelegs free from the thorax so that they lie flat upon the table. After the skin has been removed from the inner Fig. 105.— Median line of incision through the skin from which skin and legs are laid back from the body. Penis to be ee back over the tail. Fra. 106.—Skin and legs laid back from body, penis drawn back over the tail. Xiphoid-pubic and two xiphoid-lumbar i incisions are made to open the abdomen. Two lateral thoracic incisions to remove sternum, One short median incisionin neck to remove thyroid glands and two internal mandibular incisions to draw out the tongue, coxofemoral joints opened. half of each hind leg cut into both coxofemoral articulations -and lay the hind extremities flat upon the table. The ante- rior and posterior limbs now placed at right angles to the 144 VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC body maintain it in the dorsal position and facilitate further technic. If the animal be a female remove the mammary glands with the skin (Fig. 106). OPERATIVE TECHNIC FOR THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY To open the abdominal cavity make a xiphoid-pubic in- cision through the abdominal wall (Fig. 106). Start the incision with a small stab puncture immediately posterior to the sternum. Insert the first two fingers of the left hand, spread them apart, and raise the abdominal wall upward away from the viscera. With the organs thus protected cut through the abdominal muscles between the fingers along the median line to the pubis. If any fluid be present exam- ine it by spreading apart the edges of the incision. Next remove the fluid with pipette or cup and determine the quantity. To expose the abdominal viscera make an in- cision on either side from the ensiform cartilage along the posterior border of the ribs to the back (Fig. 106) and lay the flaps of the belly wall outward on the table (Fig. 107). OMENTUM AND IntrEestTINES.—The exenteration of the peritoneal cavity is begun by raising the omentum upward and trimming it away from the stomach. Seize the colon at the pelvic inlet, squeeze the contents in either direction, apply a double ligature two inches apart (Fig. 107), place a knife under and cut upward through the gut. Grasp the duodenum at the posterior end of the pancreas, apply a double ligature and sever in the same manner. When the intestines are empty or the contents of firm consistency, ligation may be omitted. To remove the intestines, gather them in the left hand, raise them upward from the lumbar region as far as possible, then sever the mesocolon and mesenteric vessels. INTERNAL EXAMINATION OF DOG AND CAT 145 Brix-pucr.— Before the stomach is extirpated that por- tion of the duodenum remaining attached to it is opened Fic. 107.—Tongue and larynx drawn back. Sternum removed. Flaps of abdomen laid back. Omentum laid over cadaver’s left side. Points of ligation and incision indicated on duodenum and rectum. Liver partly overlaps stomach. Heart and lungs slightly displaced posteriorly. with a sharp-pointed scissors to the point where the great curvature of the stomach begins, and the ampulla of Vater is exposed. To determine if there be any obstruction in the 10 146 VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC bile-duct squeeze upon the gall-bladder until the bile flows freely from the intestinal opening of the structure, then open the bile-duct from the duodenum to a point near the gall-bladder with the sharp-pointed scissors. STOMACH, SPLEEN AND PANCREAS.—Remove _ the stomach by seizing the oesophagus with the thumb and forefinger of the left hand close to the diaphragm, draw it back and cut through it, continuing to hold the stomach end of the oesophagus to prevent the possible escape of liquid contents of the stomach. Break through the gastric attachments with the fingers and remove the stomach, spleen, pancreas and duodenum together. Livrer.—Place two fingers of the left hand between the liver and the diaphragm, draw the liver back and cut downward through its attachments and the posterior vena cava. KipNEYs AND ADRENALS.—With the thumb and fore- finger palpate the fat immediately anterior to the kidneys until the adrenals are located. Raise adrenal and kidney upward and sever their attachments close to the lumbar muscles. In females the ovaries may be detached from the lumbar position but left with uterine horns to be re- moved later with the uterus. OPERATIVE TECHNIC FoR PELVIC Cavity Cut all muscle away from the pelvic symphysis until it is clean. ‘Then cut downward through it with a knife if the animal be young or with a chisel if the bones be hardened with age. Insert two fingers of each hand in the pelvic inlet and pull laterally until the pelvis is separated an inch or more at its symphysis. The pelvic organs may be re- moved together and separated later. Draw the penis INTERNAL EXAMINATION OF DOG AND CAT 147 straight back and place an incision through the skin com- pletely around the anus and penis or in the female incise the skin around the vulva. Free the organs from their peripheral attachments to the pelvis by cutting around them with a knife, using care to keep the cutting edge toward the pelvic bones to avoid injury to the soft struc- tures. Ovaries, uterus, vagina, bladder and rectum in the female, and penis, testicles, prostate and Cowper’s gland, bladder and rectum in the male are extirpated together. OPERATIVE TECHNIC FOR THE THORACIC CAVITY STERNUM.—To remove the sternum incise the dia- phragm at its peripheral attachment to the sternum. Cut each asternal cartilage with the curved blade cartilage shears immediately above its costal articulation (Fig. 106). The cartilages may be readily severed with a knife if the animal be young. Examine the articulations of ribs and asternal cartilages for the rosary appearance of rickets. Determine character and quantity of fluid if any be present. Heart anp Lunes.—In ablation of the heart and lungs grasp the trachea and cesophagus immediately anterior to the heart and sever them at their entrance to the thorax. Next draw the heart and lungs upward and forcibly tear the mediastinum completely free from its spinal attachment. OPERATIVE TECHNIC FOR THE Heap, Neck AnD Back Tuyromw Gianps.—Make a short incision through the sternohyoideus muscle on the median line of the neck down to the tracheal rings just posterior to the larynx (Fig. 106). Lay the muscles back from the trachea on either side of the incision thus made and remove the thyroid and parathyroid glands. 148 VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC Toncugt, Tonsits, LAryNx, TRACHEA AND CisoPHa- Gus.—Excise the muscles in the submaxillary space close to each ramus of the lower jaw, from the mandibular sym- physis to the angles of the rami (Fig. 106). These inci- sions must be made completely through the muscles into the oral cavity and should meet exactly at their anterior extremities in order to free the tongue from the mandible. After completing the incisions described, insert the forefin- ger of the left hand between the tongue and mandible and draw the tongue out of the oral cavity between the rami of the lower jaw. Hold the tongue back and cut through the soft palate and great rami of the hyoid bone, then draw tongue, tonsils, larynx, trachea and cesophagus upward and backward toward the thorax (Fig. 107), removing them together from the cadaver. Nasa Passaces.—Place the cadaver in the ventral position, remove skin and musculature from the head, and cut away the soft portion of the nostrils. Saw transversely across the face at the base of the nose in front of the eyes. Place the sharp edge of the side chisel against the anterior orifices of the nasal passages and cut backward to the trans- verse incision. In small animals the nasal passages may be opened with cartilage or bone shears. In following the incisions described the frontal sinus and the cribiform plates of the ethmoid bone are exposed ( Fig. 108). Brain AND Corp.—To take out the brain and cord together, complete the removal of the skin from the cadaver and excise all musculature from the head and back (Fig. 108). Break off all the superspinous processes with the bone shears and then with the same instrument nip through the vertebra between the internal angles of the ilium until the meninges of the cord are exposed. If the animal be INTERNAL EXAMINATION OF DOG AND CAT 149 young and the bone not too hard one may open the entire canal and cranium with the bone shears, which have short, thick, straight blades. To do this place the point of the left blade in the canal above and to the right of the cord, cut, and at the same time twist the handle upward to the right. | j Fre. 108.—Figure at the left shows the skin and musculature removed from nose, cal- varium and top of spine, preparatory to removing the nasal bone, calvarium and top of spinal canal. Figure at the right shows nasal bone, calvarium and top of spinal canal removed ex- posing nasal passages, brain and spinal cord. Then place the right blade in the canal above and to the left of the cord and twist to the left. By continuing this process the entire upper half of the spinal canal may be removed and the cord exposed. When the foramen mag- num is reached the calvarium may be removed by nipping to the right and left with the bone shears, following the base 150 VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC of the skull on either side. It may also be removed by placing the point of a small side chisel in the foramen mag- num and cutting the bony wall, following the same line forward just above the zygomatic crest on either side and across the parietal bone anteriorly to meet the two lateral incisions. With considerable practice one may become quite expert at removing the calvarium with a small hatchet without injury to the meninges or brain. The same three lines are followed, one on either side of the parietal bone above the zygomatic crest from the foramen magnum for- ward to the temporal part of the frontal bone and one across the parietal bone to join the two lateral] incisions. On small animals these incisions may be effectuated by three slight blows with a sharp hatchet. When the bones of the spinal canal are very hard, as in old animals, a curved rachiotome is used to remove the cord. One must pene- trate the canal with the bone shears or saw through it trans- versely near the posterior end, then introduce the probe end of the rachiotome into the canal above and to one side of the cord, place the cutting edge against the bone and strike sharply on the head of the rachiotome with a wooden or rawhide mallet. An incision approximately an inch long is made, then the instrument is transferred to the opposite side of the canal and a like incision made. By continuing this process the upper half of the spinal canal can be re- moved and ,the excision of the meninges and cord be accom- plished with forceps and scalpel (Fig. 108). After the calvarium has been removed the meninges may be examined, incised longitudinally, and the brain lifted out by careful manipulation with fingers and a scalpel. When rabies is suspected one should be cautious in working about the teeth, brain and cord. If the head is to be sent INTERNAL EXAMINATION OF DOG AND CAT 151 to a laboratory for examination, excise it close to the thorax to facilitate location of the ganglia. The ganglia nodosum and the superior cervical ganglia of the sympathetic nerve are those most frequently examined. ‘To locate them lay open the jugular furrow and follow the vagus and sympa- thetic nerves, which are encased within a common sheath, to the base of the cranium. Cut the ganglia across at the point where the nerves emerge from the cranium, and remove them. A single or double blade rachiotomy saw may be used to remove the cord. CHAPTER IX INTERNAL EXAMINATION OF THE MOUSE, GUINEA-PIG, RABBIT, FOWL AND ELEPHANT OPERATIVE TECHNIC FOR THE Mouse, GUINEA-PIG, AND b] RABBIT Tuer small animals are stretched out in the dorsal position and secured by pins run through the feet, or by twine or small chains attached to the legs and margins of the pan or post-mortem board. An incision is made Fic. 109.—Sternum freed by two lateral thoracie incisions and laid over the right side. Heart and lungs exposed. Abdominal flaps turned back. Spleen drawn straight out to the left side of cadaver. Intestines drawn to the right side. Liver, stomach and left kidney exposed. Testicles visible on either side of base of the tail. Uterus masculinus lies above the testicles and resembles the two horns of a ram. through the skin along the median line from the tip of the jaw to the anus, usually after wetting the hair with 5 per cent. carbolic acid solution. The skin is laid back from this incision on either side and the forelegs freed from the thorax. The abdominal cavity is opened with a longitudinal 152 153 INTERNAL EXAMINATION Fra. 110.—Autopsy of a guinea pig. Sternum laid over the right side, Testicles above penis. Uterus masculinus, anterior to testicles, intestines to the left side of cadaver. Penis drawn backward, right horn extending over the right abdominal flap, 154 VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC incision through the belly muscles from sternum to pubis, and transverse incisions along the posterior border of the ribs to the back. The thoracic cavity is opened by incising the asternal cartilages above their costal articulations with Fic. 111.—Autopsy of a rabbit. scalpel or scissors and removing the sternum. Exenteration of the various cavities is often unnecessary, but when de- sired may be accomplished, following the technic of the dog and cat (Figs. 109, 110, 111). INTERNAL EXAMINATION 155 OPERATIVE TECHNIC FOR THE Fownu Saturate the fowl with 5 per cent. carbolic acid or creo- line solution and remove the feathers from the ventral surface. Place the cadaver in the dorsal position, disarticu- late the legs at the coxofemoral joint, and lay them out- ward from the body. Disarticulate the wings at the cora- coid-scapulohumeral jomt. Open the abdomen with a longitudinal incision from the point of the sternum to the anus and transverse incisions along the posterior border of the ribs. ‘To remove the breast and open the thorax incise the diaphragm at its peripheral attachments to the sternum, cut forward through the ribs with a knife or scis- sors, and disarticulate the sternum at the glenoid cavities. When removing the breast be careful to avoid injury to the ingluvies or crop (Fig. 112). After examination of the organs in situ the entire digestive canal may be extirpated intact. ‘To accomplish this make a longitudinal incision through the skin on the median line of the neck, from the point of the mandible to the thorax, and carefully dissect the integument away from the ingluvies or crop (Figs. 112, 113). Cut through the skin and muscles close to the inner side of the mandibular rami, draw the tongue and larynx out of the oral cavity, cut through the hyoid bone, and draw the tongue, larynx and oesophagus backward. Dissect the ingluvies free from the neck, then detach the oesophagus, proventriculus or true glandular stomach, gizzard or muscular stomach, and intes- tines from their positions and excise the rectum. The en- tire digestive tube may be placed on a table, the intestines disengaged from the mesentery and the entire tube opened with a sharp-pointed scissors. The spleen is oval or nearly round and easily detached. The testicles of the male are 156 VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC quite large and quickly located. The liver may be freed from the diaphragm in the usual manner and the kidneys, Fic. 112.—The incision on the median line of the neck is made first. The cervical structures are exposed and the crop dissected free from the breast and drawn forward. The coxofemoral joints are laid open by incisions between the legs and body. The abdomen is opened by one median and two lateral incisions and the flaps turned back. The lateral incis- ions are continued forward through the ribs to the coracoid-scapulo-humeral joint, and the sternum removed. which are deeply situated between the ribs, may be dis- sected out with the handle of a scalpel. The ovary of the female often contains many ova and must be carefully INTERNAL EXAMINATION 157 manipulated to prevent injury to it or may not be removed at all. The oviduct should be taken out and opened the Sternum removed Crop Heart Liver Muscular stomach Cloaca Duodenum Small intestines Ceeea Fic. 113.—After making the incisions indicated by the red lines in Fie. 112. the crop is freed from the breast, wings and legs spread out from the body, flaps of the abdomen laid back, sternum removed, organs examined in situ, intestines drawn out of the abdomen and arranged as indicated and the crop is laid over the right wing. The cavities are then eviscerated. same as an intestine. ‘The trachea, lungs and heart are extirpated together by pulling upward on them and sepa- 158 VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC rating the lungs from the back to which they are attached, by using the handle of a scalpel. Remove a femur and Tongue Larynx First part of esophagus Oviduct | Trachea Ingluvies or crop Colon : ; Second part of esophagus » Duodenum Cerca . Pancreas Rectum Glandular stomach Muscular stomach 2 Lungs ; : Ovary Heart 9% i e— Spleen [oe Kidneys Fic. 114.—Unopened organs of a chicken after evisceration. Digestive tract is intact, other organs separate. Jejunum and ileum extend from caudal end of pancreas to ceca. Structures are later opened and examined in the usual manner. Liver break it transversely to expose the bone-marrow (Figs. 113, 114). The following anatomical peculiarities should be ob- INTERNAL EXAMINATION 159 served: Chickens have no lips, teeth, epiglottis or laryngeal vocal cords. ‘The trachea is composed of complete carti- laginous rings. The last ring is slightly dilated and a mem- branous layer is shown at the origin of the bronchi, the vibration of which produces sound. 'The lungs normally adhere to the arch of the thoracic cavity. The female usually has but one ovary, the other atrophying while the fowl is young. ‘The ovary presents many ova in various stages of development. The oviduct is large and flexuous with an wnfringed opening near the ovary. The yolk enters the oviduct and within the oviduct becomes sur- rounded by an albuminous covering and later by a protec- tive calcareous shell. The chicken has a proventriculus, succentrie ventricle or glandular stomach, a muscular stomach or gizzard, and two ceca. The spleen is red in color and round, oval, or dise-shaped. OPERATIVE TECHNIC FOR THE ELEPHANT An elephant should be placed on its right side at autopsy to facilitate the removal of the intestines. After the skin has been removed the abdomen should be opened with xiphoid-pubie, pubic-lumbar incisions through the belly muscles as in the horse. The intestines may be removed together after incising the duodenum and rectum, and may be separated later. The other abdominal viscera may be ablated as those of the horse. As the skeleton is valuable, the ribs are not cut through to open the thorax. The exen- teration of that cavity is accomplished by removing the diaphragm. The elephant is not a ruminant and does not have four stomachs. The digestive apparatus is very similar to that of the horse. ‘The lungs of the elephant present no lobes 160 VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC except a right and left. ‘These are pyramidal in shape, with the base anterior. The stomach simulates that of the dog more than that of the horse. ‘The left sac is not covered by flat, white epithelium continued from the oesophagus as in the horse, but like the right sac is entirely covered by pink mucus secreting velvety tissue. The liver is bilo- bate, presenting a right and left lobe. The elephant, like the horse, has no gall-bladder. The kidneys are divided into lobules which are not as prominent as in the ox but are very distinct on section. CHAPTER X TECHNIC AND DESCRIPTION OF ORGANS THE foregoing discussion of the internal examination of different animals deals with the exenteration of cavities after examination of the relationship of organs, presence of fluids, foreign bodies, etc. In the autopsy room students working on the various parts of the large animals should first eviscerate the cavities and remove certain parts, follow- ing the technical methods above described, using not more than one hour of the time allowed for the work. The second hour or remainder of the period should be used in preparing the organs for examination by the application of further technic, and in carefully and systematically describing each structure and lesion. The students of each group should open and describe the organs extirpated by them. When all parts have been prepared, one of the students who was assigned to the head and neck should begin a description of the respiratory tract, starting with the nostrils, nasal pas- sages and sinuses, and following the system to the thorax. He should not miss any anatomical part of the respiratory system. All other students should give strict attention to his description and make mental notes to be used later in the general discussion to follow. When the respiratory organs have been described as far as the thorax, one of the students assigned to that part should take up the work and describe the remainder of that system, together with the visceral and parietal pleura. When these descriptions have been completed the student should make a pathologic-anatomical diagnosis on each individual structure described or state that in his opinion 11 161 162 VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC the part presents no pathological alteration. The vascular system should then be described by the alternate student on the thorax and abdomen. He should describe the blood as it flowed from the axillary vessels when the foreleg was excised, the pericardium, heart, spleen, large blood-vessels and their principal branches, and render a_pathologic- anatomical diagnosis on each. After completing the description of the respiratory and vascular systems, the second student on the head and neck should take up the digestive system including salivary glands, from the lips to the thorax, where one of the students assigned to the thorax and abdomen should continue to de- scribe the digestive tube to the rectum, including the acces- sory organs of digestion, and conclude with a pathologic- anatomical diagnosis of each structure. The first student assigned to the pelvis should describe the rectum and anus and render diagnosis. "The second student assigned to the pelvis should next describe the genito-urinary system, be- ginning with the kidneys and terminating with the external genitals. He should also describe the adrenals at this time. A diagnosis should follow the description. 'The alternate student assigned to the head and neck should describe the thyroid and thymus glands, eye, ear, and the brain and cord together with their meninges. The students assigned to the ductless glands, skin, subcutaneous and intermuscular connective tissue, blood, muscles, bones, joints, tendons, and pododerm, should next describe those structures and diag- nose pathological conditions found. The organ lymph- glands should be described with their corresponding parts. After all descriptions have been completed and a patho- logical diagnosis made on each structure, a general discus- sion should be held and the instructor so interrogate the TECHNIC AND DESCRIPTION OF ORGANS 163 students as to stimulate them to logical deductions based on the description of lesions found. ‘They should try to deter- mine the primary and secondary lesions and the effect of those lesions upon the physiological function of the imme- diate and distant organs, the pathogenesis, and finally the cause of death. . If the autopsy is done in the field, one should follow the same general system of description, diagnosis, conclusion and note taking. That is, he should begin at the head and describe the respiratory system to its termination, next the blood-vascular system, lymphatic, digestive, urogenital, and nervous system, eye, ear, ductless glands, skin, muscles, bones, cartilages, tendons, and pododerm. By following this routine one is not apt to overlook any organ or part that may be of vital importance, which will surely be the case if he is not systematic. The description of an organ, whether mental, written, or given orally before a class, should consist of a syste- matic routine in which some or all of the following points should be considered, 7.¢., position, size, weight, shape, color, odor, consistency, incision, incision fluid, cut-surface and contents. One should avoid the use of the word normal and wnaltered as they create a disposition to slight the work and make one a poor observer. Even if the part, more especially the viscera, be normal one may describe it in very few well-chosen words, which may readily indicate that no pathological alteration is present. If an autopsy does not call for the inspection of certain parts which are obviously not involved, one should state that those parts were not examined. The word normal may be accepted in a report from an experienced pathologist in whose judgment and knowledge one may place implicit 164 VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC confidence, but the beginner should consider himself pre- sumptuous to use it. One must have much experience at the post-mortem table to be able to accurately determine the difference between that which is normal, that which is pathological, and that which presents the varying stages of post-mortem decomposition. A CoMPARISON OF SomE BritisH AND Merric Units Degrees Fahrenheit =9/5 C° +32. Degrees Centigrade= 5/9 F° =32. Capacity- ci 1 inch = 25.4 millimetres 1 foot =304.8 millimetres 2.54 centimetres. 0.48 centimetres. oi ue we dl IU sieT x0 Utara ce a Asai srele Ss oben 91.44 centimetres. 1 mile = 1609.3 metres 1.609 kilometres. eng thee emilee seme ace Syste cr 8 kilometres (nearly). 1 metre = 1000 millimetres 39.37 inches. 1 centimetre = 1/100 metre 0.39 inch. 1 kilometre = 1000 metres 0.62 mile. To convert millimetres into inches, X .039. Converse, 25.4. To convert metres into yards, X 1.09. Converse, X .914. I i ll 1 grain=0.064 grammes = 64.8 milligrammes. 1 ounce (avoir.) = 28.35 grammes= 457.5 grains. 1 pound (avoir.) =453.60 grammes = 1 kilogramme (approx.). Me citi, Gi se etpeeus ae cis wuersveraieastenane = 50.8 kilogrammes. Wierolitar py lta sara sicpermccs ty oteracyevstetoheasteucts1s =1016. kilogrammes. 1 kilogramme = 1000 grammes = 2.2 pounds (avoir.). lil orramime sae sewers wep raesercis leks a = 15.432 grains. 1 milligramme=1/1000 gramme = 0.0154 grain=1/165 gr. (nearly). To convert grammes into ounces X 0.0352. Converse, X 28.35. To convert kilogrammes into pounds, X 2.2. Converse, X 0.454. 1 fluidounce 28.4 cubic centimetres. 1 pint 568.0 cubic centimetres. 1 gallon 4.54 litres. 1 peck 9.08 litres. 1 bushel 36.32 litres. 16.38 cubic centimetres. Capacity .41 cubic inch 28.33 litres. 1 cubic foot Io we i we te dl 1 litre =1000 cubic centimetres=1.76 pints (imperial) =61 cu. im. 1 cubic centimetre =0.061 cubic inch=1 gramme of distilled water at its greatest density. 1 cubic metre = 1000 litres = 35.3 cubic feet. To convert litres into pints, X 1.76. Converse, X .568. To convert litres into gallons, X 0.22. Converse, X 4.543. To convert litres into cubic feet, X 0.03532. Converse, X 28.33. (After F. Smith.) METRES 8 ed =} =n = = ile) 5 MILLIMETRES 8 9 4 5 wn & 0) iS) A _ Fia. 115.—Representation of certain familiar objects, with scales in millimeters and inches, useful for comparison in describing the size and form of lesions found at post-mortem. (After Cattell). é a vite, Centigrade. Fahrenheit. 70 60° ° ° ° ° 53) zs 9 jo} a) v ba) 100° 90° 20 ° 9 ia 80 Ice wee Water boils TOOT HNVTATUNUNNUOUTTHONONONUNTGNGGUOONONUONONRUANQUOGNOUANOOOONONOOOQOOONOOUUOTOQOOOOURGGOOGOOVOOOQANOONOUOAUUGGNORORNUGUONOUOOUURGEGO LAO UOAL (UU UHH ARM o Nu ~~ % ) “ R " 2/0° 200 = 190 - 180 /70- 160° 150°. 140° 130 - 120 HO /00- 90 80 60 50 40 t to N = Q 9} &% N © y + 19 N ~ | | | | HVOATEUUUTTEGVUTAVOANTRONOUTOECARENAUUUGOOEAOTEOAAUAVENNREONUAAOREOERAOASNERESREOOUOVROUEERTAQOOOEAREEERTASOOOO RHP RRGEY SUCUUUEETUUNUHERSOUCHENECUUUEERRNUUONORORENANEOGESEOUNUOORHNRNOUHOOGERRNOREEABURNORGDEOOBEERD (F. Smith.) Centimetres 15 Scale for accurate measurement. Fie. 116. t) N = Inches 6 166 VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC In describing structures one may compare the size of Fie. 117.— Tongue, larynx, trachea and ceso- phagus. Isthmus of the fauces incised and flaps laid to the sides, exposing rudimentary tonsils. Larynx, trachea and ceso- phagus opened on the dor- sal median line, exposing mucous membranes, vocal cords, and openings to laryngeal ventricles. an organ or lesion with certain well- known objects, such as a pin’s head, hen’s egg, man’s fist, child’s head, ete., but should not too frequently state that an organ is a little larger or smaller than normal (Fig. 115). Exact measure- ments should be given in centimetres (Fig. 116) and metres and weights de- termined in grammes and kilogrammes. When possible the gross weight of a cad- aver should be obtained before the autopsy is begun to be used in comparison with organ-weights. Toneur, Larynx, TRACHEA, (sopHacus AND £‘Tonsits.—Extend these structures upon a table with the tongue pointing toward the autopsist. In- cise the tongue longitudinally in several places, then pass a knife under the isth- mus of the fauces and cut upward imme- diately anterior to the epiglottis, exposing the tonsils. In the dog and cat the tonsils are eliptical and quite prominent; in the cow the tonsillar sinus is exposed and may be followed through to the tonsil which is located outside of the fauces. The tonsils of the horse are rudimentary and lie at the base of the tongue where many crypts are visible. They are about two inches long and one inch wide, showing many depressions like a Peyer’s patch. The cesophagus is opened by TECHNIC AND DESCRIPTION OF ORGANS 167 passing the probe end of an enterotome into the anterior orifice and cutting through the dorsal wall of the entire cervical portion. After the mucous membrane of the oesophagus has been examined, pass the enterotome into the glottis and cut through the dorsal surface of the larynx, and continue the incision through the cervical portion of the trachea. Spread the larynx and trachea open and examine the thyroid, cricoid and arytenoid cartilages, vocal cords, ventricles, annular cartilages, and mucous membranes (Bigs 117), THYROID AND ParatHyroi GLANDs.—The parathy- roid. glands lie on the anterior surface of the thyroid glands of the horse, dog, and cat, and near the posterior end in the cow. They are closely applied to the thyroids and are removed with them. To incise the thyroid gland hold it between the thumb and first two fingers of the left hand narrow edge upward. Cut downward through the organ, severing it in halves. The thyroid gland of small animals may be placed upon a table and incised longitudinally. (HsopHacus.—The technic of the cervical portion of the oesophagus was described with that of the larynx and trachea with which it was removed. The thoracic portion is opened with an enterotome in the same manner, when the technic is performed upon the heart and lungs, as that part of the oesophagus is extirpated with these organs. Broncul, Lunes, and LyMpuH-GLAnps.—To separate the heart from the lungs grasp it by the apex, hold it up- ward, and sever the large blood-vessels. After the heart has been severed from the lungs, place the latter upon a table with the dorsal aspect upward, trachea toward the autopsist. Insert an enterotome in the trachea and cut 168 VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC through the dorsal surface to the bronchi. Lay open the bronchi in the same manner. ‘The visceral pleura, which 1s normally smooth and shiny, should be carefully observed for adhesions, white patches, and other changes. Next palpate the lungs thoroughly for nodules, areas of consoli- dation, etc. Turn the trachea away from the autopsist and cut each lobe of the lung into sections by making longi- tudinal incisions an inch or two apart through the entire thickness of the lung. Scrape the surface of the cut sections with the sharp edge of a knife and if foam can be collected upon the blade lung cedema is indicated. After this test has been made grasp each section between the thumb and fingers at the anterior end of the lung and slide the hand along to the posterior end of the section. Should any nodules be present they may readily be felt as the thumb and fingers pass over them. In most cases of glanders one need only to pass the hand over the visceral pleura and apply slight pressure to determine the presence of nodules which feel like shot of various sizes embedded in the tissue. When the lung presents a firm consistency a very small piece of it should be excised with a sharp-pointed scissors and placed in a glass of water. If the piece sinks some form of pneu- monia or atelectasis is indicated. When the lung is soft but small fountains of mucus can be expressed from the cut surface a small piece of tissue should be excised at those points with sharp-pointed, fine scissors and tested in water. The bronchial lymph-glands may be located anterior to each bronchus at its origin from the trachea in the obtuse angle made by the trachea and each bronchus. The anterior mediastinal lymph-glands are located in the ante- rior mediastinum along the trachea and the posterior glands TECHNIC AND DESCRIPTION OF ORGANS 169 are situated in the posterior mediastinum along the dorsal wall of the cesophagus and in dogs between the bronchi in the acute angle made by those tubes at their origin. These glands should be cut longitudinally into thin sections Chie. 118). Fig. 118.—Lungs after opening trachea and bronchi and making parallel longitu- dinal incisions through the parenchyma. Each section is passed between the thumb and fingers in examination for nodules. Bronchial lymph glands are in the obtuse angles and mediastinal lymph glands in the acute angle of the tracheal bifurcation. PERICARDIUM AND PeEricarpDIAL FLuip.—The opening of the pericardial sac and care of the pericardial fluid of large animals was described in the discussion of evisceration of the thoracic cavity. The heart and lungs of small ani- mals are removed without opening the pericardial sac. Be- fore performing the technic on the heart of small animals, a sharp-pointed scissors is passed through the pericardium near the apex and a vertical incision made toward the base 170 VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC of the organ. Care should be taken not to contaminate or lose the fluid until its quantity and character can be determined. Heart.—The heart may be opened with autopsy knife, scalpel, enterotome or sharp-pointed scissors, depending Fra. 119.—No. 1 in series. Proper position of the heart at autopsy. Right side toward the autopsist’s right. Apex proximal and base distal to the autopsist. The first incision is made through the wall of the right auricle and ventricle from the base toward the apex at the right of the coronary sulcus. A similar incision is made through the wall of the left ventricle and auricle to the left of the sulcus. upon the size of the organ. Place the heart of a large ani- mal upon the table, apex toward the autopsist, right side of the heart to the autopsist’s right and the left side to his left. The right ventricular wall is thinner than the left and the apex of the heart is formed by the left ventricular wall. TECHNIC AND DESCRIPTION OF ORGANS 171 When placed in this position the terminal portion of the coronary artery lies almost vertically from the base to the apex of the ventricles and directly over the edge of the median septum. The first incision is made longitudinally parallel to and one inch to the right of the coronary artery from base to apex through the wall of the right ventricle Biscuspid valves Median septum Tricuspid valves Fie. 120.—No. 2 in series. Right and left cavities of the heart opened after completing incisions indicated in Fre. 119. Tricuspid and bicuspid valves exposed. (Fig. 119). One should hold the knife in a full hand grip to make this incision and cut downward through the right ventricular wall, taking care to cut no deeper than the thickness of the wall. When the wall of the right ventricie has been incised from base to its lower end near the apex, turn the knife with the cutting edge upward and force the point under the tricuspid valves at the superior end of the incision. Cut upward through the tricuspid valves and 172 VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC continue the incision through the auricular wall in a direct line with the incision just made through the wall of the ventricle. Next lay the right auricle and ventricle open, cut the cord tendine and examine the contents. Wash out the auricle and ventricle with water and examine the tricus- Fig. 121.—No. 3 in series. The entire heart as seen in Fria. 120 is here inverted. The right side is now toward the autopsist’s left and the left side toward his right. The incision at the left is continued upward along the median septum through the right eS riticuae wall to the pulmonary artery and that structure opened exposing pulmonary semilunar valves Fie. 122. The incision at the right is continued upward along the median septum through the left ventricular wall which is laid to the right and the aorta opened, exposing its semilunar valves IG pid valves, column carne, parietal endocardium, and venous openings into the right auricle (Fig. 120). To open the left ventricle make a similar parallel inci- sion one and one-half inches to the left of the coronary artery from the base of the heart to the apex (Fig. 119). One must cut deeply as the left wall may be two inches thick. Semilunar valves of the pulmonary artery TECHNIC AND DESCRIPTION OF ORGANS 173 With this incision completed turn the knife with the cutting edge upward, force it under the biscuspid valves and cut upward through them at the superior end of the incision just completed. After incising the bicuspid valves, con- tinue the incision through the wall of the left auricle in a ; Fic. 122.—No. 4 in series. Heart in same relative position as in Fie. 121. The first incision (left) in Fic. 121 has been completed, right ventricular wall laid outward to the left and pulmonary semilunar valves exposed. direct line with the left ventricular incision. Lay open the left auricle and ventricle and proceed as with the right side of the heart (Fig. 120). In opening the pulmonary artery and aorta for exam- ination of their semilunar valves, next turn the heart com- pletely over so that the right side is at the autopsist’s left 174 VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC and the left at his right (Fig. 121). With the left hand grasp the thin right ventricle wall, which is now at the autop- sist’s left, raise it upward and observe the junction of the wall with the median septum. With a knife or enterotome cut through the wall of the right ventricle close to and to the left of the septum from the inferior end of the incision, upward toward the base of the heart (Fig. 121). When close to the pulmonary artery withdraw the knife and invert the artery at its origin just enough to observe the points at which each cup of the semilunar valves joins its neighbor. Cut between the two cups so as to keep each intact, then cut through the wall of the artery and lay it open. Wash the inside of the artery and examine valves and intima (Fig. 122). To open the aorta grasp the apex of the heart with the left hand and raise it upward. With a knife cut vertically through the left ventricular wall close to and to the right of the septum (Fig. 121) until the wall is almost completely free from it. Raise the bicuspid valve upward and expose the aortic opening. The points at which the cups of the aortic semilunar valve join each other are visible without inverting the aorta. Insert the knife in the aortic opening with the cutting edge upward. Place the cutting edge close to the handle on a point between two cups of the valve and cut upward a quarter of an inch, then keeping the knife firmly in the incision cut outward to the right, avoiding injury to the semilunar valves of the pulmonary artery which lie directly above those of the aorta when the heart is in this position, and expose aortic semilunar valves (Fig. 123). Examine the origin of the coronary artery, aortic semi- lunar valves, thickness of the aortic wall, and the intima. TECHNIC AND DESCRIPTION OF ORGANS 175 With small scissors open the entire coronary artery. Incise the myocardium with long smooth incisions, examine sur- face of cut sections, and press the thumb into the muscle to determine the consistency. The heart of small animals may be opened, following Aortic semilunar valves , Fig. 123.—No. 5 in series. Heart in same relative position as shown in Fre. 122. This illustration shows the second incision (right) described in F1a. 121 completed and the left ven- tricular wall laid to the right, median septum rotated to the left and aorta opened exposing its semilunar valves. the same lines, but small, sharp-pointed scissors should be used, and the heart may be held in the palm of the hand. Various hydrostatic and pneumatic tests are used in determining the competency of the valves, but their value is not now considered of such importance as it once was. An incision is first made into the left auricle, and any CC Se a UIT “UMOIG YSIPpoy *‘TBomo0g ‘yYqSI0M Apoq *yu00 wed 9) BD “yTeus ApPAT} ROY “4qystom Apoq oy} | [Bysoo aang | ““"UMOI YSIppory *peqojou pue juniq xode ‘e[nqo[s 4soully jo “yueo Jed [ BD | ‘OBLIB[ ATPATVBIOYY, | ‘a5 [IQ1R9 Wie) CNS -oddo xedy ‘qt1 pig o31soddo eseg ULIT *poyqojou pue jyun,q xedy “qysIeM Apog ‘queo red ¢'Q-F') BO “opin pues qioys APAryeyeyy “anbry{ -qO SIXB BUOT ‘oDRT -yivo ptoydrx 04 qu pig wlory UINTA4S 04 | peyoe44yB UNIpPlBollad WHAT [eomog "BY GZ 01% BO daays 50q ad “qopo yey | uoeyotyo 10 Aljef guesino Asdoyne yy |**** *syuequoD HP iovnehanogonow eno cous obeogs.o Naagaade do IOpO S.060 Sith SOG o.oo PMO OS. woe De OC oc tat |’ Kouaqstsu0g peeee ie Se cea: | OO OT 6 pe RE OS OID O52 OED OM ELI OKOLS yo | OV NO AYO LES | “yY43I0mM Apod ‘yuoo Jod G'Q BD | *3¥g vo WYZIOM Apo jo ‘yuao Jod T VD |**'*** “4UBIOM BOO nO G'0) BO S|[BM 9POIINe “URI “UID g BO SV eL LCTs SULOT/ HE OR AY, Giga LGN ‘Wd TT BOW Y yysueT “Wo QT BO ‘VT ajsue7 “mo gg vo wN4das rR] “OWjUOA UIBIG “WO ZeRO AY [BM UBIq “UlD G BO “A “TT |[BM “WIRIGZ ‘UD SE BO BADOIS ‘UID GG BOA ‘YURI: “Wd g BO"A “109 48 ‘mInoIT ‘UD ZT ‘T weIq ‘Ulo GT vo'°A Y YQYSIORZ BO OSU JB ‘UIBIC] “UID JT BO ‘UIST BOA YT IYSIOFY “Wo O/-OF xode 0} oseq UIOIf JUDO FT AAOOID “100 4B “WINDIIQ «Wd ZZ BO ‘osoy 94} UT URYy. JaMOL 9AOOIS AIVUOIOD 4B “UIBIC, “Wd GZ BO -Ivu puB JosUo] AJPAT}EIAY | xode 09 VAOOIS ArvUOIOD WOT YYSUOT |* °°" * * * OZIG ‘casey derp 0} 9SO]D WINUIAIS JO JUaUIBS 4sRT ‘Bun, Aq polsAod apis yYySNT aaoqe xody ‘sq 449 ‘WIG ‘UIP ‘pe ‘OpIs 4jo, UO [TBM oloR10yy ayisoddo pue A[[es1op peayooiip ose g | YIM gyorquoy ‘squ yyG ‘YIP “4J9T 09 09 SUAJY-se1y} pues yYysU oY} ‘pg oytsoddg 1 ‘osioy ul ueyy OY SUIJY-OMT, “QJo] 94} 0} puw ‘prem | aue[d UBIpo JO 4Jo] 0} OOP | -YoRq ‘prkeMUMOP PojoodIP sIxe Buoy |***** ‘uoNIsOg xO aS1O} S10} 0B] I LUVaf{ IVWHON AO ATAVY, DAMLdIHOSsaAd UEC BRS | TECHNIC AND DESCRIPTIGN OF ORGANS Lave post-mortem clots are carefully removed from the left chambers through it. Another incision large enough to admit the nozzle of a half-inch tube is made into the ven- tricle near its apex and in the line of that required for laying it fully open. The tube is joined to the bellows and air driven intermittently into the ventricle by means of it, the aorta having been meanwhile closed. The valve will be seen to open and close, according as the air is aspirated or driven out of the bellows. A like procedure is adopted for the demonstration of the tricuspid. ‘To test the aortic ralve, the incision before described as necessary to lay open the left ventricle is continued up as close to the valve as possible without injuring it. The tube is tied into the aorta, and the action of the valve is watched from below. The same method is used to test the competency of the pulmonary artery valve (Hamilton). The same general procedure may be used with water, excluding the bellows. A slice of the apex is cut off, open- ing both ventricles so that water may be poured into each ventricle separately to test the auriculoventricular valves after the large arteries have been closed. In testing the semilunar valves the arteries should be trimmed down so that the valves are visible, then the vessel filled with water and the action of the valve noted from below after opening the ventricle. SPLEEN.—Take the measurement of the spleen of the horse in centimetres along both legs of the right angle and the hypotenuse (Fig. 124). Make several incisions longi- tudinally through the organ and measure the thickness (Fig. 125). On cut section the spleen pulp, Malpighian corpuscles, trabecule and capsule are examined. The spleen of other animals is incised and inspected in the same 12 Fie. 124.—Spleen of a horse. Dotted lines for measuring the organ on both legs of the right angle and the hypotenuse of the triangle. Solid lines for incisions through the organ, Fig. 125.—After incisions have been made through the spleen, exposing cut surface for exami- nation of trabeculx, pulp, and Malpighian corpuscles. Brier DescriptivE TABLE of NoRMAL SPLEEN Factors Horse Ox Sheep Hog Dog Fowl Position......| In. left parachron- | Left face of rumen.... Dorsal curvature of| Left side of stomach. .| Left side of stom-| To right of stom- drium on great cur- rumen, ach, ach on limit of vature of stomach. gizzard. Size........--| Length ca 50 cm.| Ca 50X15X3 cm.... Ca 13X10X2cm......| Ca 45X10 cm. in Varies with size of | Hazelnut. Width ca 25cm. Hy- large animals. animal. potenuse ca 56 cm, Thickness ca 3 cm. Weight.......| Ca 1-1% kg......... Cl dkSil leone nccocoul Ce tars oonsas AN rere oat Tchr e pron Ione. oor Brey 2. ee aapetcll| Rated alice overs stedarovenenets Shape........| Cleaver...........- Elliptical............| Somewhat triangular.|/Long and narrow, Tongue-shaped...| Oval, round or tongue-shaped,cross disc-shaped. section triangular. Color ........| Grayish blue or purple] Grayish blue........ Grayish blue..... See lepluishtrediasnmeniten | Wichtmeden tion Peo. Consistency...| Soft and yielding... .| Soft.......-...++.+- Saye Spe eee INTs AG plognhe 5.4 ocd Oba (UMUngo CoC mmIoOrs.D Soft. Gor aera Contents.... 180 VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC manner and the length and maximum width at each end taken in centimetres. The cut surface of a normal spleen is flat, pulp brownish red, Malpighian corpuscles invisible or only very faintly visible, trabeculee visible as a meshwork of fine white lines, and the capsule is adherent and tough. In passive con- gestion the cut surface is convex, pulp black and jam-like, trabeculae and Malpighian bodies invisible. Local areas of passive congestion simulating hemorrhagic infarcts consti- tute multiple spleen tumors. They are oval or round, blue or black swellings the size of a walnut or larger and on sec- tion are black and jam-like. In follicular hyperplasia of the spleen the pulp is brownish red, trabecule visible, and Malpighian corpuscles are distinctly visible, as numerous, elevated, tapioca-like, round white bodies in the pulp. The spleen is usually congested in the course of nearly all septi- cemias and following chronic diseases of the heart, lungs and liver. It is enlarged in leukemia, pseudoleukaemia and amyloid degeneration. It may undergo atrophy from chronic interstitial splenitis, or show simple, or brown atrophy, tumors, ete. SromacH.—The stomach should be opened with an enterotome by incising the wall on the great curvature from the cesophageal opening to the duodenum. When the latter structure remains attached to the stomach the incision should be continued through it to the terminal ligation and the openings of the bile and pancreatic ducts should be examined. The contents of the stomach are removed and separated and the mucous membrane thoroughly washed and closely inspected (Fig. 126). With ruminants one should use an enterotome and open TECHNIC AND DESCRIPTION OF ORGANS 181 the abomasum on its great curvature, beginning at the duodenum and continuing through the natural opening into the omasum. When this opening has been examined sever the omasum in halves with a knife. Next pass an entero- tome through the opening from the omasum to the reticu- Fic. 126.—Line of incision in opening stomach and duodenum lum, incise the wall of that structure and lay it open. ‘The contents should be removed and the mucous membrane in- spected for foreign bodies. The opening from the reticulum is next located and the rumen opened by a transverse inci- sion through its wall. The contents of the rumen and the mucous membrane are then closely observed. *xo UL |SB 9ULBY *xo UI SB OUIBG *xoO Jo yey} OF Teruats *Zu0[| “ud g° we [1ded BSoonyy "xo Jo “UOJ “mIOy | ‘Woy |\asoyy 04 “HAqg | T8AO | HA | -1to0¥g | relUIg "xo ul ueyy 19318 ATOATY -e[9Y “‘seIyT] | ‘ary |S01}IT ‘so14T] “soI4T] 2 ®)/-19'0| > %O | 6-8 DO] ST ¥%O "xo Jo yey} 0F Ie[tunis [vie -ues Ul uinseul| wins | umn aul -OqY | -BUIQ |-0130y mournay Laas dosys ‘g0uR -isodde ul ayt-dnos vag “yjos esoonyy *[B110} BUI pooj Arp Aires ‘use1s = =uMOIG peveingy ApaUry ‘ysnol Bsoonyy ‘ping Aypedroung “Ysnol Bsoonyyy Ayd ute dJaaau ‘sao1} -Ird ‘!poojy osiv0op ei ea er ere? “q38ep Iaqje woos Go sjeed ‘ysnol esoony DODCUGATOUOOA OO SOO} O000c ey CoG) | PoDODO0G-00G0 FB.00T0l!99009600 Arayoyq) ‘arqerjd T[es ‘uly sireyno -snut ‘Ysn04 BSO13g **£QUOYSISTOD *yuid SOOEEEEE oy (stay ro ry seeeeerodeyg i i rr sree aBTOM sere eee (A4I -08ded) aZIg 4yJo] JO [1B Setdno0g |** *** aoTIs0q £10408] “UMOIQ ‘ABIB stiv[nosnur ‘AutYys yuid esoonyy | Yep Bsoonyy | UMOIq wsooOny ‘UMOIg BsOONPY | pus 414M BsOlIg Sploj uezop = _|s|[BA [B19}e] pus “ysty ® Bo Sjueas |[Bslop 0} payoey ‘UID G°Z-T S][Bs -a1d =Bs00 -48 SP[OF OOT OF 129 ‘pequioo Ny “seg -UI paprtArp Bsoo Aouoy Bsoo ‘Buoy wo T ei [tded Io wiro0jwdg | -ny ‘[eproydyyy | -nypy =“ wtoJTAA | vsoonyy “UllojloRg “SYOBULOF}S [[B jo yua0 tod Og BO ‘SoIu] OOT B92 O38 “IsAV Sol} OFS -—09T e818] ‘S914T] ‘qyuao dod » (-4u90 (490 O9T-OZ@I wWntpout (‘4u90 Ied SIH] FL BO | 1odg) serqt] OT BO | tod ¢) sor} OT BO | ‘seq}t]T OT TPS | OOT) S131 006 BO *uInIpieo -110d Bea ocd ‘mound F-g ouv[d uvip ‘yey 3B our jo ows [B1} *‘Squ WITT -our JO 4feq 0% suv[d uvIpeul 1aA0 -u9A 4YSII ‘THOT ‘436 “G38 yeq pus ys ‘apis 4J9T spue}xe pus eords aytsoddvu ‘gaz 2q1soddo 03 yey wseiyd | uo stay ‘“waviyd uas{ds 4da0x9 ioog jeu | ouv[d uetpout jo -BIp Jo soBjins -BIp Jo wainio jo uamopqe jo Jey -IUlOpqB UG | 44S 03 AjeIUY | aAvoU0D UO SeTT | 41¥d4Jo]04 8940"I7 V7 unseulogy UInNsBUl(d) UIN[NOTVOYy usuINy peurquiog xO daaHS GNV XQ AO SHOVWOLS TVYNHON AO ATAVY, GALLdITeHosaq] Aaa Brier DESCRIPTIVE TABLE OF NORMAL STOMACH nn EEE EEEnEEEnEENnEEIEEEEEREEEEEEEREREREEREEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE Factors Horse Dorsal part of abdominal cavity behind the diaphragm and liver, mainly to the left of the median plane. Position...... | Size (capacity) | Relatively small. Ca 8-10 litres........... Weight ANSTO ahlasa ou alle Os avaberaine AY.5. SR oe one oro Shape.........| U-shaped sac, convex ventrally............ Color.........| Serosa white and shiny, muscularis pink, sub- mucosa white, mucosa of esophageal region white, cuticular ridge gray. Cardiac gland region yellow, fundus reddish-brown, pylo- rus reddish gray. Consistency...| Serosa tough and smooth. Mucosa of eso- phageal region smooth and firm. Cuticular ridge granular, fundus and pylorus soft. Odor.........{ Peculiar odor of hydrochloric acid, sour milk or sour tobacco. Contents......| Mucosa covered by thick gelatinous, firmly adherent coat of mucin like white of egg. Hay 1-2 hours in stomach is finely chopped, almost dry, yellow where gastric juice has acted green elsewhere. After several hours contents are liquid green mixed with par- ticles of hay. Quantity may be small, yel- low, viscid and show gas bubbles. Oats in stomach present creamy fluid, later frothy yellow fluid. Pig Parietal surface against liver, gall bladder and diaphragm, visceral surface against intestine mesentery and pancreas. Great curvature against diaphragm, spleen and abdominal floor. Relatively large. Ca 5-8 litres.......... Pe ee ee ee ie Pyriform. lorie region folded. Mucous membrane of cardiac region 0.5 mm. thick, of fundus 3 mm. thick. Serosa white and shiny. Muscularis pink. Mucosa of esophageal region 3 cm. to left and 8 em. to right of esophageal orifice is white. Cardiac gland region gray. Fundus region mottled brownish red. Pyloric region pale pink. Serosa tough. Mucosa of esophageal region smooth and firm. Cardiac region, fundus and pylorus soft and glandular. Mucosa of esophageal and py- Dog Back of liver. Ventral surface on abdominal floor almost midway between xiphoid cartilage and pubis. Relatively large. Ca 0.6-8 litres. Average 3 litres; 100-250 cc. per kg. body weight. Pyriform. Fundus portion large ead rounded, pylorus small and oval. Serosa white and shiny. Muscu- laris pink. Cardiac mucosa, small zone at cardiac opening pale. Fundus region reddish brown. Py- lorus pale pink. Serosa tough. Mucosa soft. 184 VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC INTESTINES OF THE Horse.—The small intestine is separated from the mesentery at the time it is removed. It should be opened with an enterotome, washed, and laid out with mucous membrane upward. ‘The duodenum re- mains with the stomach and is opened at the time that organ is prepared. ‘The double colon and cecum are laid upon the floor and unfolded. The cecum is laid to the right of the colon, apex toward the loop end of the later. ‘To open the great colon and caecum insert an enterotome in the terminal end of the colon and cut through the wall of the fourth portion or stomach-like dilation of that structure, toward the ligamentous bands which hold together its two great lengths. Continue the incision a little above the liga- ment to the loop end of the colon, thus completing the inci- sion through the fourth and third portions. At the loop turn back and cut close to the igamentous band through the wall of the second and first portions of the colon. Cut through the cecocolic opening. Incise the wall of the cecum, beginning at the great curvature of the head and continuing down the side to the blind point of that struc- ture. Insert the enterotome into the stump of the ileum and cut through it into the cecum exposing the ileocecal valve (Fig. 127). Lay back the intestinal walls from the incisions and expose the contents. When the contents have been observed grasp the margin of the incision through the wall of the great colon and raise it upward gently, allowing the contents to fall to the floor. Later scrape the remaining ingesta from the gut with a knife blade and wash the mucous membrane of the colon and cecum, then lay the structures out on the floor with the mucous membrane upward. An attendant should be present during the procedure and re- move the ingesta to a refuse can and flush the floor with TECHNIC AND DESCRIPTION OF ORGANS 185 Fra. 127.—Double colon and cxcum, origin of single colon and termination of ileum at the point it enters the cecum. Lines of incision for opening them. Proper position for autopsy viewed from above. 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Fra “+++ TonIs0g 8103087 oul] -BXTV “S]TBq [809} Uoo1d -MOTI[9OA Wig sjue} ‘eUTTBYTY ‘“salqqnq -uoo‘lopuleul | 883 YIM poxtul dnos ‘sqTe@q |-ay ‘“uofoo | vad yorq) ayy yaed 189 9 f | od1e[joyred | YF ‘“JowmIY AT}qSTIs uMOoIq | Yip Url se | qed pig ‘axt-dnos Io MoTJah | oules sjue, | vod qed pug “way -YSIppey | -Woo yoo} 4st | A[itey pooy y1ed 4sT "[eoog | c++" Teoag [ost eee es BOT ‘oureg |i sss tommug| tests sts -oureg ‘ABIZ BS00 Ny ‘xurd eed ste] “NOsny, = ‘“o}TYM YS -N[q Io a41Y MA B801Ig ‘spuvq oo143 sey qied Yip ‘SuOT{RT -nooes ouAT[BoT0RId pusq 9u0 sey 4yied pig ‘suotenooes jo SsMOI fF Sueur ‘Oy sep spueq Inoy sary yiedyseT |'saorepnooes suotjiod [vIjuaA “WOTOD | JjosMOI OM] | ‘83Ied INO} ayeuUI 04 [T?usexT] | pue spusq | paplosszied joljeied gied 48]/0M} smoyg;/oM J, ‘[wompurltAD oul] ~eXTV “pmy aytt-dnos vod udse1d ‘Aq4yorjy Jo UMOIG A19}B A Veteeree Tagg ‘arqeryd pue qjoourg “AvIB esoonum yurd STIe[nosnut ‘OPIYM BSOIBG “soyonod pue Sploy Moys S[[BM ‘[eorm0D ‘*aureypy °° +: oureyTy tere Teed [ooo ase yy ‘umnunfot ueyy 92148 “Hd 889] [18M *snae -qdose axI] “A194 pe,o1i4s -usseul uo -u0d 9eqny, | peploy ‘eqny, REESE OCT T TC 5.0.0 0.0.0 00 UsTyMVy, ee Oe re aed ‘snl -ojAd wlory ‘uo CT Bo Jeq4e504 winueponp Jaqyua sjonp o1jeoioued pure e114 § “eqny ‘pimp ur pepued -sns snonu jeseu ay] wn -00f JO UIO} 944 UTUTUIN]B pee} -1dieid surrey -uod ping Aqyory ‘AUNTS ‘MOTTO X ‘a1qu -[d ][eM‘AZOATOA pue jos soo -Nut ‘aqIyM BSO18g “yuid YStMo][aA wBsoo -nur‘yurd ste[no -Snul ‘oy M BSO1IG “***s9m09q}U0D “10po * AoUoysIsuo— F888" *I0109 es -odeqg 188 VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC water as soon as the intestinal contents have been exam- ined. ‘The rectum should be dissected from the vagina and opened with an enterotome. INTESTINES OF RumMINANTS.—The intestines of rumi- nants are first separated from the mesentery. ‘This is most satisfactorily accomplished with a knife. Grasp the duo- denum with the left hand and raise it upward from the floor. Witha knife in the right hand cut downward through the mesentery close to the intestine until the separation is complete. The loops of the colon may be torn free with the fingers. Spread the mesentery out flat upon the table and incise the mesenteric lymph-glands. To open the intes- tine insert an enterotome in the duodenum and cut through the mesenteric side of the gut to the cecum. Open the cecum to its blind end and then open the colon. The rectum is dissected from the vagina and opened in the same manner. The intestinal contents should be carefully examined, then the mucous membrane washed with water from a hose or by passing the gut through a tub of water. When thor- oughly cleaned it is laid out upon the floor with the mucous membrane upward for further observation. The intestinal ‘anal of sheep is about twenty-six times the length of the body. INTESTINES OF SwinE.—As with ruminants the small intestines are separated from the mesentery, opened, washed and laid out flat with mucous membrane upward. The mesentery is spread out and the mesenteric lymph-glands incised. In structure the colon appears to be first doubled, then arranged in spiral coils, forming a wide base and a narrow apex which is formed by the loop of the double colon (Fig. 104). 'To disengage the coils dissect out the loop end Factors Position..... SIZO) es SHADE EEO Weight Colortna. ear Consistency . Odor Contents... . Small intestine To right of median plane on right side of rumen. Ca 40 m. (130’) long. Ca 5-6 cm. (2’’) diameter. Entirein- testinal canal 20 timeslengthof body. Tube.. Serosa White andshiny. Muscularis grayish pink. Mucosa pale _ grayish pink. Serosatough. Mucosa soft. Wall pliable. Contents mawkish .. Thin, slimy, greenish- fluid. Brier DescriptivE TABLE or NorMAL INTESTINES OF THE Ox Duodenum Forward to visceral surface of liver. Forms 8. curve un- der right kidney. Passes back nearly to ex. angleof ileum. Turnsforward along side of terminal part of colon and joins jejunum under R. kidney. Ca 1 m. (3-4’) long. Tube. Bile duct en- ters ca 60 cm. (2’) from pylorus. Pan- creatic duct enters ca 30 cm. further back. Jejunum and ileum Arranged in close folds on right face of ventral sac of rumen, Jejunum (124’) long. eum 1 m. (ca 3’) long. Tube. 38 m. ll- > Cecum Begins opposite lower part of llth rib. Extendsup and back against right flank. Blind free end near orin the pelvic inlet. Ca 50-60 cm. (20- 24’’) long. Ca 10- 12 cm. (4—-5/’) diam- eter. Holds 9-10 litres Long blind sae no sacculations. Seros Whitea. Muscu-~ laris grayish pink. Mucosa gray. Contents fecal odor. . Pea soup-like fluid. . j Colon Rectum Arranged in double | elliptical coils at- tached to each other by connective tissue, between the layers of the mesentery, to the right of the ru- men. Ca 10 m. (35’) long. Ca 5 em. (2’’) diam- eter. Hold 25--30 | litres. Tuber Coleda sane Same as cecum. Contents fecal odor., . Pea soup-like fluid... Pelvic inlet to anus. Ca 15-25 cm. (6- 10’) long. Tube. Same. Ox greenish brown pultaceous feces. Sheep small, hard, round greenish brown feces. 190 VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC of the doubled colon at the apex, then cut through the mesentery around the coils between each layer down to the base. After the coils have been cut free from each other lay the doubled colon out straight and with the fingers or a knife separate the two lengths of gut, beginning at the free extremities which previously constituted the base and con- tinuing to the loop which was formerly the apex of the coiled structure. The colon may now be laid out straight and opened, washed and prepared for examination as other intestines. The cecum takes its origin at the point where the diameter of the colon is the greatest. The enterotome should be passed through the ileum into the cecum, thus opening the ileocecal valve. INTESTINES OF THE Doc AND Cat.—The intestines may best be removed from the mesentery without the use of knife or scissors. Grasp the duodenal end of the intestines between the thumb and fingers of the right hand, and the mesentery opposite this point with the thumb and fingers of the left hand, then apply traction gently and pull them apart. Nearly the entire intestine may be separated from the mesentery at the first application of traction. Lay the intestine out on a table and open it with an enterotome, cut- ting through the side of the mesenteric attachment to avoid injury to the lymph. follicles which le opposite the attach- ment of the mesentery. Open the cecum with a sharp- pointed scissors. Scrape off the bulk of intestinal contents, then pass the entire opened intestine between the first two fingers of the left hand held with the first finger upward and the palm toward the body. In doing this draw the gut away from the autopsist and maintain the mucous mem- Small intestine Position... Colanseenne Consistency . Odors: Contents.... Arrangedin close coils and lie on left side and floor of abdo- men, from stomach to pelvis, some against right flank. Ca 15-20 m. (50-65/) long. 2-4 cm. in diameter. Mubewcoileduyaee eet Serosa gray or white. Muscularis grayish pink. Mucosa gray or pink. Serosa tough. Mucosa soft. Walls pliable. > Brier Descriptive TABLE or NorMAL INTESTINES OF SWINE Duodenum Ca 60 em. (2’) long. Mesentery 1-6 em. long. Bile duct enters 2.5-5 em. (1—2’’) from py- lorus . Pancreatic duct 10-15 cm. (4—- 6’’) beyond it. Jejunum Ca 15-19 m. (ca 16-21’) long. Me- sentery 18— 20 em.(7-8/’) long. Ileum Cecum Upper part of right flank, blind end close to pel- vic inlet. Ca 20-30 cm. (8-12’’)long. 8-10cem. (3- 4’’) diameter Cylindrical... Colon Inright flank attached by mesentery tosub- lumbar region. 4-5 m. (15’) long. Ca 8-10 em. (3-4’’) at cecum decreasing to 4-5 cm. (1.5—2’) in diameter. Tube arranged in three double spiral coils. Has appear- ance of bee hive. Rectum Pelvic inlet to anus surrounded by fat. Ca 10-15 cm. (4-6’’) long. Tube. Contents offuusive. Like human feces. *Sa00fF 4QSI[ IO yiep ‘prey Io 4yog | ‘wig Jo ay, Aj4ng | ‘oureg ‘aqny ‘SNUB O} JO[UT OIATOg “***sjue}uo0o ZuryUayg *19}} BU [B0ey yoR[q Io UMOIG ‘uveid ‘MoljaA Avid “y1oys AIO A | | “moon | -osaun Aq Wolsol Inq -uinjqns 0} peyoriyy Ajdure AyyensQ *“paqstm] pus jeoupuyAy “BuO ‘ud QOT-8 B®) Baye qysI1joyiwd | Joddn jo ap | -plu ysulesy wn ay uolop | qandBy | wna] uinuntar ‘yoeq ayyiny ‘ud G-Z joNnp 948 -alouved Arossa00V ‘sngoj[Ad wiody “u10 8-G Jeyje50} ulnuU -aponp Jojuea sjyonp ajIq pu oMWeelouReg “yorp uo spuedeq ‘pmp-mmos Auivalo IO YSIMOT[I A “IOpoO 9[qReoia -esIp 9ABy s}zuajUO* ‘oTqetyd ye “430s esoonul ‘Ysno04 Bsoleg ‘yuid ystsvis esoonyy ‘Aulys pue qjyoours ‘aqyIyM BSOIEg eee Teo Tau Lp AG) “Apoq jo yyy SOUIT} CG |BURO [BUT}Se} -Ul JO YSU] VITQU ‘suo] (ET) “WU F BO “yoRuloys pue IdAl[ Jo yorq usulop -qe jo ysoum sotdno0GQ urnuepong SOUT}SOJUL [BUG "**"squaju0g EERE TY 9) * AQUa\sSISUO_) uolntIsod 90(] AHL dO SANILSHLN] TVWYON dO GIAV], GAlLaMosaq squg TECHNIC AND DESCRIPTION OF ORGANS 193 brane upward. Observe the mucous membrane and Peyer’s patches before and after the gut has been drawn through the hand. Spread the mesentery out upon the table and incise the mesenteric lymph-glands. Fria. 128.—Liver properly incised. It is then inverted and incisions made in the large blood- vessels and bile ducts. Liver.—The liver is separated from the diaphragm when these structures are extirpated together and laid upon a table with the anterior or convex side upward. The thick- ness is measured by placing a rule in a vertical position 13 “WIL IPERS uly} SeBpY “ayviIpenb pue PN YN Tae 0 Fed Spermatic cord .....--+---++++:: Ep crec ices ater on Inguinal canal .....---+++++>: Wimmstlseus seta ace sere pea Mesticlestse: cri ee ane WE SLA a eee Serokuml cater nae oan fe eeuiel (s) eles a) «ee Ie a oe SS Pets) coteauer sierodewelin deherretios tate etree) CEREBROSPINAL SYSTEM Brain: Tneisvors: Himes pa serctens | 2 + ox tere CUteGuUnGAaGel oes scien ete Suiniiei sree.) asa iay ie: Various parts .....----+-+-+> STAN iho A occas Cerebral meninges .....----+--> BAe apnoea Spinal cord .......--+-++-++:: Re pane Spinal fluid ........---+---+--: eens ace Spatial MENA ES! Terrence i + ager spencers ts Peripheral nerves .....-----+++ e) 0) 8) 6) ©) 46) eur) 8. 8) © 224 VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC OrGANS OF SIGHT AND HEARING Eyes: Eyes: Palpebre or eyelids: IETS.) cio lefis. + ene Re ee SuUperiOtesne tere eet 4 Vitreous body... 2. ere Tnberronie tetoute sue are ose, Retina (5: Jesse ae canteen Mer tlaemeret nese cuaye esters 8 aes seer Optie: papilla (= = a5... @omyumetivar nm cy ce Choroid’ ‘coat’ ":..% 1. 3.5 ne Conese cin ere teks Seu Optiemerve ici. cherie Bath SGler ae ey eek oe ct net hake % slaus. oe Aqueous humor ..........-.-. Far: ber Sie yay, ORS ROR ees ere Auricula > or ic...2:2/: 3 ere aoe Granula inidis: 0.0 32. SoS External auditory canal ..... rps eter cietersis ebay sl eye Tote ele Middle ear. .% 4 oseee Giliary, muscles) <) 71.6 -1-- Internal ear” .3654:1- «aye oe Ductiess GLANDS Auch aie 46 an cap siewraoe Sa locke Pituitary 2-2. )0.22% = .«:~1s sie eee UU arora eicke'o os cid eee a on Bineak? 605.3% eaten. eee ‘ Parathyroid) ja...) |e -re ie ie Adrenal “i. 2 Bases toss eee Bones, Muscies aND ACCEssoRY STRUCTURES Subcutaneous connective tissue Hoof : Intermuscular connective tissue. . Wallis ob. send oe eee IMGInS CHES Pe ceva tes tase Hee chotors = crete eae Periople™: 4.3 0.55 | EASTON» akGEhs ange oie Oiceetee te 4, Fer oreeen Coronary band ; ../.)-—hee Aerd OMS eyes a eis eos ops eee = Horny ‘lamine® +...) sree ese ee er ai ce et nits Sa Eleshy: amine: 7.0322 ee ac Tendon sheaths or vagina ten- Sollee ii. Ai wesiee at tae te Cee ‘ UTM eee cee ccs et ays eel lowe et one Frog “urs 3 ssi . ete heen ARH rs) -<.c Rere ee Oaeee teac en : Lateral’ cartilages 3.43 1 YOR TYE Cig op RES MSR Coca ...+ Museum specimens and numbers. Histologic specimens and num- bers eeoeeeweoeoeoe se eee eee ec 6 es te POST-MORTEM PROTOCOL AND REPORT 225 PATHOLOGIC-ANATOMICAL DIAGNOsIS le 14. 2 ae 3. 16. 4. Wie Oe Ss 6. 19 F 20 8. ail Q. Doe Oz 2S lilt 24. U2: Zo Gye 26 Epicrisis Signature. LirerAturRE UsEep Kirr: Pathologische Anatomie der Haustiere. Kirr: Die anatomische Untersuchung des Gehirns unserer Haustiere. Scumey: Sectionstechnik der Haustiere. Carre.i: Post-mortem Pathology. Czoxor: Lehrbuch der gerichtlichen Tierheilkunde. Dexter: Zur Praparationstechnik der Organe des Zentralnerven systems. ZscKOKKE: Sektionstechnik und Protokoll. Bucu: Praktikum der pathologischen Anatomie Sross: Anleitung zu den Sektionen und Praparierubungen an unseren Haustieren. Nauwerck: Sektionstechnik. 226 VETERINARY POST-MORTEM TECHNIC Ortu: Pathologisch-anatomische Diagnostik. CrieMeENT, A. W.: Veterinary Post-mortem Examinations. Busse: Das Sektions-Protokoll. Vircuow: Die Sectionstechnik im Leichenhause des Charite Kranken- hauses. Frank: Die Vornahme von Sektionen bei unseren Haustieren, insbeson- dere bei Pferden. Sisson: Veterinary Anatomy. ELLENBERGER UND Baum: Vergleichende Anatomie der Haustiere. Cuauveau: Comparative Anatomy of the Domesticated Animals. LetisERING UND Mutuer: Vergleichende Anatomie der Haustiere. Smiru, F.: A Manual of Veterinary Physiology. Monter anp Eicuuorn: A Text-Book of Meat Inspection by Edel- mann. Pickens: Report of the New York State Veterinary College at Cornell University, 1914-15. Martin: Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere. Hamitton: Text-book of Pathology, vol. i, p. 9. WapswortH: Post-mortem Examinations. INDEX Abdomen of dog, 144 summary of technic of horse, 103 technic of horse, 70 of ruminants, 125 of swine, 137 Adrenals of dog, 146 descriptive table of, 201 of horse, left, 91 right, 94 of ruminants, 130 technic of, 200 Algor mortis, 45 Autopsy, 1 authority for, 5 complete, 1 date of, 5 dress for, 7 incomplete, 2 light for, 5 notes on, 10 object, 2 place for, 6 position of cat, 142 of dog, 142 of horse, 52 of ruminants, 117 of swine, 135 room, 18 table, 18 time for, 5 witnesses of, 7 Back of dog, 147 of horse, 56 of ruminants, 117 of swine, 135 Basin, 20 Bile-duct of dog, 145 of horse, 90 of ruminants, 129 of swine, 139 Blood-vessels of horse, 101 of ruminants, 132 Bones, 114 summary of technic, 115 technic of, 114 Brain, absolute weight, 209 of dog, 148 descriptive table, 209 extirpation of, horse, 63 relation to body weight, 209 to cord weight, 209 of ruminants, 123 technie of, 209 Bronchi, technie of, 167 Cadaver, cooling of, 45 description of, 7 external examination of, 45 Cadaveric lividity, 46 Cecum of horse, 92 Chisel, Championniere’s bone, 27 cross, 29 Esmarch’s bone, 27 McEwen’s, 27 side, 30 bo bo i= technic of, 212 of horse, 59 . . . ne 99 Spleen, descriptive table of, 179 of ruminants, 122 of dog. 146 technic of, 166 2, of horse. 90 | Tonsils of dog, 148 measurement of, 177 of ruminants, 121 of ruminants, 130 technic of, 166 : INDEX 233 | Trachea of dog, 148 Vacuity of thorax of ruminants, of horse, 59 to of ruminants, 122 _ Vagina, technic of, 200 4 . ya) | fe = 3 ° 5 : Pa technic of, 166 Valves, aortic semilunar, 175 Tub, 20 | bicuspid, 171 hydrostatic tests of, 177 Udder, technic of, 204 pulmonary semilunar, 173 tricuspid, 171 Urinary bladder, technic of, 208 Vises il Uterus, descriptive table of, 208 of mare, 103 Wall, 113 technic of, 200 | Weather during autopsy, 5 La te ee t a St alll} Bons: u a 4 ih mi yt A 7 } | 1 A “4 ow