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TAM Wd ekte, a a wend a Hatt avianl yy iiinaoe nthe dint ty ite i J Phebe: \ ‘ VeMa fae Mii Lay ele a ov ome a Wiad 9 14 rh Luipaeulnene ated ree i Wage Hn Wala ne We rar hry ty abt han Wy bf Ary! oi Bes pegshos Ld / } a Bee 8") AG Raab vip eer Patt ae Di ey Rid te ata 1 Hint nl ‘ arden) UA ol ae PU aT . 3 Hit I Ab Ue OTE | Veta A \ew anit [Sate matin YG Oa ey ag, (at aid +t HOOP i eng y ty WT Ay ae ae APES ANCE SC rg uA ME) ee Feds a MaV A haiti ire Wine . ae rae) Pere ALO Oba ate LY eet ithies 4 CATE el id he LasORd Format ‘ y RaXtALh, POC RO Utils brent bs rune tT er ei Bde tA ata Alvar, NM SMU vey baat Ya ere i) ay CO OIA BEES ee iene y HEE hy ae: tat ules ages Mid a MP SERNY Ia At eT isa ter iae MP ROVE ea) “ Senet hays gb tht Wu Ore VEAL LEAD Le ate pedh Un taa ly is i Biche Ag Aad 5 DRC nn nary ay er) ery +e Ait 16 ae oan) 1h AW etedy 4 waives Me ener VA COMA ie aye ads yi Me Melon nna i ie Gide ee Tite TOO PENG Tlie. ‘ a ty AB iG @ Tytania gs fa ny wait Ceca eur) ‘ wn POM Epa Chet Oil aay 9 SNE, Uh yA Gis lp) Ase lt q ah Wath dee oem dee Wid dia doe aly UO er ra OOP vb rea) SAA sed ote an od es Va atlat DOU, DG AN Ged %/ = TS — iss —- sept al ie ae AAA AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW EDITED BY PROF. A. LIAUTARD, M.D., V.M. Central Society of Veterinary Medicine (Paris). Honorary Fellow Royal College Foreign Corresponding Member Academy af Medicine Member Veterinary Surgeons (England). Bruxelles ( Belgique), AND Prof. ROBERT W. ELLIS, D.V.S. WITH THE COLLABORATION OF Prof. W. J. Coates, M.D., D.V.S., New | J.F. a ele D.V.S., Dept. Agr., Goshen tea xt es See York-American V eterinary College. OLAF SCHWARZKOPF, Veterinarian, 3d Cav., U.S. Army, Fort Sam Houston, Texas. Prof. W. L. WiILitams, V.S., New Y ork State Veterinary College, ‘Ithaca, Nek. Prof. S. STEWART, Kansas we? Veterinary Cc ollege, Kansas Oe, iB. M. H. MCcCKILLIpP V a. Fee B. F. Veterinary Collen 6 Ch ic 0,1 1. KAupp, Me. ‘ vs. Tiscali Pathologist, Chicago. il. Prof. M. H. REYNOLDs, paeremes of Minne- sota, St. Anthony Park, Minn. Wo. H. DALRY MPLE, M. R. C.V.S., Veter- pom a Ag. Exp. Sta., Baton ese” ¥e Py aant, Vv . D.» oe, In- tor in Charge, B 5 Key kTOW A. TT.) INSLEY, M.Sc., Dv: Be Path. a: io Vv eterinary College, Kansas City, “iyseon, S.B., V.S., Prof. Comp. ok Ohio State U niversity, author of Sisson’s Vet. Anat., etc., Columbus, O. J.G. RUTHERFORD, V.S., H. ALR. C.V.S., Ex- Veterinary Director-General and Live Stock Commissioner, Ottawa, Canada. Prof. S And several others. art VOLUME XLII. NEW YORK: PUBLISHED BY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW, 509 WEST 152d STREET. | D. ARTHUR HUGHES Ph.D., D.V.M., Insp. ee Dept., U. | Joun R. MOHLER, V.M.D., Pres. American Moe rang 4 Medical Association, Wash- A, Meniuvar, Vadis e, Chicago, ll D.E. Pree hy D Veterinary School, yr nieseo Veterinary , Ex-Director of the Montevideo, Uru- Prof. Venawus A. Moore, Director, New one State Veterinary College, Ithaca, RICHARD P. LyMAN, Dean Vet. Div. Mich. Agr. College, East Lansing, Mich. C.J. MARSHALL, V.M.D., Sec’y A. V. M. A.,, Philadelphia, Pa. A. D. Metvin, M.D.C., Chief of B.A.L., Washington, D.C. Gero. H. GLover, M.S., D. V M. ag Div. Vet. Sci., Colo. Agr. Coll., Collins, Colo. S.A. GRUENER, M.V.S., Veterinary Inspec- tor, Kamtchatka, Russi ia. a je ~ Ss. Army, Chicago, Py. ioe mee, 4 ' “y ] ~ / y 7 iv / %y, / - As 0 ) q ? ky J j AS o p. a ge ves- ~ WO » 10 9. ee presen B ‘ < : at 7 Pal ra) 7) oe tere? ae 4 S77 ; i oe aol f pricking \ Mote fe Af Z, a € CbrntAer y yp Poy C8 grrtey mre @ ve Cen 77 / ’ f © LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOLUME XLII. Radial Paralysis and Its Treatment by Mechanical Fixation of Knee and Ankle— Iron Brace and Shoe for Knee and Ankle Fixation. (Berns.).... Iron Brace and Shoe Attached—Radial Paralysis. (Berns.)...... RACE PACINO (20.00 cade awe cas an cpenews sdwakes cosa eta eae Iron Brace Illustrated in Merillat’s Surgery...................... Veterinary Education Comes into Its Own in the West— ces Rees I. GARD en. vans cabs caw hb s gue wabsy. cece cee View of the front of the new veterinary buildings at lowa State SS Eee | ONE See OE Oe ee pe ee A view of the veterinary buildings at Iowa State College from EE MEE ss di vc een widens nd ich ein kad des onnade eats Instrument room and dispensary of the veterinary buildings at ee CAE Js Lah nas beets atts Baas fas bee eee SEP EE EOE OCE PREC RET ee ee ee Sel bso nics donne non de dats dad cevatbtexanuetcre EE NE DOMME MMED go cada as os! edb due Ke nk Paes & cell beeen A Cheap but Durable Shaking Apparatus................0ccceeeeeees Silver “ar saga of Iowa Veterinary Association and Reunion at mes— International Champion Pen of Barrows, Ames, I9II.............. Victor—International Grand Champion, Ames, IQII.............. International Winner Used in Government Horse Breeding Work EN BE A PR meee ta a ae OS | MO 02 ss os s0ca'osuus SaRRMES ou oo Ch cEeR Ee ia eee een Margaret Hall, the Home of the Young Woman of the College.... NR. SE ER, 2 ah A Flock of Sheep on the College Campus, Ames................. Laeek tm Slore Jedaing at Ames.': ..i5 cig csc ads. tls Race se oa Pilaria‘ Immitis in the Dog............02.ceccsusees ‘Siied aide cue eee Intra-Bronchic and Intra-Pulmonary Injections—. Fig. 1. Lungs, showing penetration of colored liquid on the surface of the pulmonary tissue, in its thickness, in intertracheo- Dr..A. Joly, Live Stock Sanitary Commissioner, Augusta,“Me......... Fixed Hog Cholera Virus—Outline of Virus-Pen Inclostire.......... nade Knuckling as a Symptom of Spavin— Impaction of the Single Colon Photograph with Text siceecceecsdeiint Oe sean cheaeimmils dys amare i PAGE Ue Ta ek ne eee 1 Wh he a9 f Mt teat tee es ; Luts Ww OP eee ae i > h . i ' f y ‘ i; 1 nD 7 " K J ial co! 4 “oat bot) ‘ tv w a INDEX TO AUTHORS. PAGE PAGE PS ) See eee ree sos |. Klein, L. Aw. isc. son fees eenien nis 25 remnmare eA S, Cio ke es tee 404 | Knoll, Dr. ..........+..+-+++e0 218 EE a en a eee Pe 70 | Le Fevre, D, D........-...++-+ 690 SE EAS Vode Rk ees KON ee as 43 | Liautard, A., 96, 99, 223, 226, 342, ee SS A Pee eee 88 346, 452, 456, 568, 570 Bell, Walter Lincoln......... 81, 446 Bergman, H. D..........++++++: 654 | McDonough, James ...........- 622 . Berns, George H.............+- 34 | McGilvray, C. D.........2.0000. 301 Biskery, Chester Lc. ..s...-s0. 6098 | McLaughlin, John A............ 523 OO Se OB See ere. 99k f: Metinem “1. : . .s posaniesacneiaaes 710 Bradley, Horace.’........:.. 217, 445 neato gre PL © 2) i) r erate C.- ic cenes, 300 sn eee 192 Cambon, F. J... ---seeerereeeees 534 | Martin, W. j...........+++: 660, 686 GOST OES E.On rar eee 25 Mase OE: So. cocked ee 589 Oa Sy, CRA See eee Tee oe 435 | Meatet D1. oo).A5. i ee 449 Christian, i 7oRad gr St eee ae Oe eee 681 Michael. L.B 576 Cochtans David: Wis sens. anceene 308 Mohler John R Cpe iSO a 233, ‘400, 506 Corlis, W. S.......2-0eeeeeeeees 211 Moore, R. SRR Pee hairs 203 ~~ Craig, (UE reer ee: ey ea 200 | Moore, Veranus A.........--.+- 167 a! ba bf isl eas as 419, 450, 544 Morel, Jules F Tere eee eee ee 206 ee ee ee 70 ‘ De Vine, John F............ 157, 353 Neth We Bos a Ws as tae ns oe 93 BNE EON. Vad «0's thas Wachee uns 218 | O’Leary, John P........ 350, 572, 706 Eichhorn, Adolph .2 0.0.02... 409 Ellis, Robert W............ 696, 698 | Pope, George W........----++- 65 Parter, Fred Wai is ossssensuss 04 Petornat, A. To. sniees ceaeanes o% 220 Flower, E. Pegram............-+ 4m} Reichel, Jobl 53% Sudeg cos sears 284 Artificial Infections ............ 254 Ascarides Suilloe in the Perito- neal Cavity .. «debe cssc«@hubee 570 Ascites, Early Development of.. 698 Atavism, an Example.......-.. 166 Atony, Nervous and Intestinal, in Cattle from Uncertain Cause: ..s eas 5 “AL > viii — PAGE , Ball, Gastrotomy with Removal ofa Better Organization for State Live .Stock Sanitary Control in a Cow: ..aicsep beaks. poere 349 MRS oxen erty aa ee es 504 | Clinical Cases «2.0525 0.8-4-0e0s% 343 Bibliography— Clinical Cases, Some...........- 342 Animal Parasites and Parasitic Colon and Rectum, Separation of DHRPASES S/ccira ce ap kos a eeoaters 714 ine, Mate occ icckeWess co otee 97 TIE, os aa vc wirnae ay sads 469 Colo-Rectal Invagination of the Pharmaceutical Bacteriology.. 470 | Dog .......-+...eeeeeseeeeees 572 Principles of Economic Zoology 715 | Comminuted Fracture of a Rib in Principles of Microbiology ... 102 @ MERE. ci oss dc ste aet cuneuenee 100 The Book of Live Stock Communicable Diseases, Some CHASOOIOUS “Sic nine so sence oeos 714 Important Factors in the Con- Veterinary Toxicology ....... 713 trol OF iss vess+deekeses er cake 167 Pe eA hc ntanphassemreshas 34 Comparative Pathology Congress, Biological Products, Standard, Echoes Of: <0 c5.00s0 0 vaeene 487 Pure and Potent’... sscess « 435 Concerning the Adrenalin Ther- Boric Acid, Toxicity of Pulver- apy in Morbus Maculosis of ized, as External Dressing.... 457. the Horse and in Parturient Borna Disease—Epizootic Equine | . Parésis of Cates ove on saeco 574 Encephalomyelitis ...........- 99 Contagious Abortion of Cattle, Breeding, Important Question in. 256 Results with the Complement Breeding Problems ............ 353 Fixation Test in the Diagnosis Brief Report Concerning Panto- Of 5 6 Sey ond sa pee 43 Oe COS PONE PRT TT eee 573 | Contribution to the Arsenical Buzzards, Anthrax of Animals Ll (CAL@ davies «ates sp Baas see 708 in Panama, with a Note on Its | “Control and Eradication of Tu-_ Probable Mode of Transmis- berculosis,” Educating the Pub- PLO x pculiatasaernia eines hina 70 Tic Cay le as Ch aes a4 de ted 157 _ Correspondence. 233, 360, 460, 576, 710 Cabs, Hansom and Other Car- | Cow, Gore from in a Mare....:. 608 riages Returning in New York. 8o | Cow, Dystokia in_a, from an Un- Calculi, Multiple Vesical, in Dog 452 | _ usual Cause, Case Report.... 221 Ce PNRM i os sans cates 176 | Curious Pathological Case...... 702 Cardiac Disease in the Horse... 343 | Cardiac Rupture in Anasarca.... 346 | Death of Mules Due to Parasites, Case, A Peculiar, Case Report.. 450 Case Resorts. sccsssevs sivenk 217 Case, Curious Pathological ee 702 | Decision of the Royal English Case of Double Iliac Thrombosis. 568 | _ Commission on Tuberculosis.. 707 Case of Early Maternity, Case 1. Diaphragmatic Hernia.......... 570 POBOEE O55 0 sinicis 6a g dys a 0k «5% 95 Mer ably ss Rupture of.. .. 700 Case of Lameness ......6s0s0505 453 | use Lipomatosis in a “Mule. . “455 Cases, Reports of........ 93, 217 Digalen, a Specific in the Treat- 334, 442, 564, 690 ment of Haemoglobinaemia of Cattle, Acetonaemia in......... 708 the Hors@isc. seogatucnaaas 573 Cattle, New Nematod in........ 6 | Dilatation, Acute Stomacal in Cattle, Yew Poisoning in....... 701 OM: amaes s saree ge eek ven Cecal Calculus—Ruptured Aneu- Dilatation of the Stomach—Duo- rism of the Inferior Cecal Ar- denal Uleer :,.¢ (05 tecmnea dee 53 tery—Intestinal Obstruction... 459 | Disease in India, Foot and Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis, For- Mouth ° 236245 eb sp ene ee st 570 age- Poisoning, or...........: 506 | Diseases of Domestic Animals, gb Cesarian Section, Case Report.. 93 Special Pathology and ‘Thera- ; Cheap but Durable Shaking Ap- peutics of ‘the... 4.0.40. A. 238 I re ee 215 | Distemper, Abdominal Localiza- Choke, Treatment of, in the tion iM. 1. io Sereda Bee owe Horse, Case Report........... 445 p TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XLII. Cholesteatomas ee 5 Chondroma, Large Ossified Cos-_ tal, Generalized to the Pleura Distemper, Equine. Bre TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XLII. ix PAGE Divided Palate, Case Report.... 94 Dr. Geo. M. Whitaker Dies Sud- SS NS ee eer” 42 Pee EADOMIA, 09). Diao eis ooo we ode 349 Dog with Tuberculosis of the PP OCATGIIM |. s's.5.4oi\0.nm viele 227 Double -Fracture of the Pre- maxila ima Horse.:s........ 225 Fee CRRA ona co Wieae ss a8 ere & 705 Draft Horses, Good; in Demand I91 Dura Mater, ‘Osteomas of the.. 458 Dystokia in a Cow from an Un- usual Cause, Case Report.... 221 Dystokia, Rare Case of in a Mare, Case: Repottsi.. ssc 449 Early Attendance in Three Cases of Severe Traumatism...... 456 Early Development of Ascites.. 608 Early Maternity, a Case of, Case ade Ry aa ae 95 Earnestness of Purpose and Pro- fessional Efficiency Recog- nized by Governor of Maine.. 558 Echinococcus Cyst in the Brain COT ee ee eee 223 Echoes of Comparative Pathol- TORE, 5.0% 50 cae banc cee 487 EpItoRIAL— American Veterinary Medical ASSOCIATION, T1913. «cae .s0 143 Army Veterinary Bill is Alive; it is on the Calendar of the | House of Representatives.. 381 Hog Cholera Problem........ 271 “Horse Plague” Subsides.... 143 Better Organization for State Live Stock Sanitary Control VTS Bae Cee eA, eee 504 Membership’s Loyalty—A. V. MuA.’s Strength jo... 2.6... 6% II Present Status of Army Vet- SUI ERIN iad s. «nla hs 0.8 621 Silver Anniversary of Iowa ‘Veterinary Association and Reunion at Ames........... 261 The Kansas “Horse Plague” 13 Turn of the Tide for a Great Victory; the Army Veteri- nary Bill Will Win........ 501 Value of Physical Examination and Clinical Diagnosis in the Control of Tuberculosis in ESE Tee ee 498 ducating the Public on the “ Control and Eradication of Tuberculosis ” PAGE Education, Veterinary, Comes into Its Own in the West..... Effect of Salvarsan on the Cause - of Infectious Abortion..:.... 352 Efficiency of Anti-Cholera Serum as a Curative and Preventive Agent.) soins 5c nrg wes welelcemehaies 200 Encephalitis from Unsuspected Stratigies .\.. i. 02 daleeeueean 703 English Review, 96, 223, 342. 452, 568, 700 English Royal Commission on Tuberculosis, Decision of the. 707 Enormous Renal Tumor of a HOV: .... .5 ceee 371 Important Question in Breed- ing ree eweewe ween wr ewer eee . Inflammatory Tuberculosis ... 614 International Congress of Comparative Pathology . International Veterinary Con- BTOBSED * o's cosine Varn clade te Intrarachidian Puncture ..... 373 Intra-Bronchic and Intra-Pul- monary Injections ......... 491 Lactic Ferments in Compara-_ tive Pathology ......4......, Lipoids 3.2 22... aaa Ey eee Lympho-sarcomas ........... ay £! Museum of the Horse........ New Cestoda of Sheep........ ¢ x ; TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XLII. PAGE EvrRopEAN CHRONICLES— New Nematod in Cattle...... 6 Practical Treatise of Horse- {BSHOCINE = «iscdnwe sau 497 Practical Warnings..........- 4 Rabies). ik. Goa daes eee 480, 618 Successful Surgical Operation 249 Suppurative Keratitis ........ 495 Thermoprecipitin in the Diag- nosis of Bacteridian Anthrax 1 Tuberculosis: sip ane td aaa 490 Wdeelnia’ 05: s unde cae aces 253 Example of Atavism........... 166 Exchanges, Abstracts from, 96, 223, 342, 452, 568 Fermentation Test, Dairy Inspectation Ferments, Lactic, in|) Comparative Pathology PEMORIMD Si ids diane coacgeneeds Fibro-Myoma of a Cow, Uterine x8 Fibro-Sarcoma of the _ Face, Radical Operation of the..... 571 Field Work Before Receiving Degree, Must Do............ 505 Fiftieth Anniversary Meeting A. V. M.A Filaria Immitis in the Dog, van Re A ae a ae a Filly, Sinus in the Abdominal ” ES ENG Ee ee 226 Fixed Hog Cholera Virus...... 55 Fluid Medicaments; a Practical Method of Administering to ET NRE Saeeae 575 Follicular Mange in Dog, Treat- ment of, With and Without Vaccine Foot and Mouth Disease in India 570 Forage Poisoning or Cerebro- Spinal Meningitis............ Forage Poisoning or So-Called Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis of Horses Use of in Solitean Cases Treated with Phylacogens, Case Report.. Fracture, Comminuted, of a Rib me G- Mares os. Fracture of the Ospedis French Review 334 APs B 99, 226, 346 ; 456, 570, 702 abil with Removal of a a kin iaih aca n'e' 9 wok ee 455 a Dog PAGE Generalized Melanosis in Horse. 347 Generalized Tuberculosis in a Calf |... cick Uivieieeeiee es Dee General Paralysis in Animals... German Review ...........: 350, 572 Glandérs* ao) 3 es cee eee Glanders, Prevalence of, Com- mon Modes of Dissemination, Control and Eradication...... 51 Glanders, Quarantine and Disin- fection in Connection with Outbreaks of Glanders: Vaccine. ::.000s swacken Gluteal Region, Peritonitis by Traumatic Suppuration of the. 467 Good Breeding Pays........... 183 Good Draft Horses in Demand. Ig1 Gore from a Cow—in a Mare... 608 Hackneys Holding Their Own in Bugle oy oun n'y axes pasenne Haemoglobinaemia of the Horse, Digalen, a Specific in the Treatment Of .3 .diwodeeeuee 573 Hansom Cabs and Other Car- riages Returning in New York 80 Heart Disease Causes Paralysis in a .Dog...s<.séschayneeee 96 Helminthiasis, Pulmonary, in the ASE ns eciscendass cake 454 Hemorrhagic Septicemia ....... 439 Hernia, Diaphragmatic ......... 70 Hernia, Recurrent Umbilical, with Chronic Pneumonia..... 97 Hog Choleta ‘sis dic. saveeua Hog Cholera in Manitoba Hog Cholera Problem.......... Hog Cholera, Serum Therapy by the. Simultaneous Method for the Prevention of............ Hog Cholera’ Serum Work— With Especial Reference ie; Disappointments .. Hog Cholera Virus, Fixed..... Hog, Long Hair on in Hot Cli- mate—Hermaphrodite Heifer, Case Report (4,4. .ssies cu see dae Holding up a Circus........... Hordenine, Sulphate of, in. “Ge nine Enteritis ...........-. 704 — Horse, Abdominal Surgery in the 224. Horse, Cardiac Disease in the. . Horsemen and Veterinarians operate to Secure ade istration Law......... Horse, , ee of the . pe: oe TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XLII. xi Horse, Piroplasmosis in the..... “Horse Plague” Subsides...... “Horse Plague,” The Kansas.. 13 Horse, Poliomyelitis in the Horse? Case Report......... 564 Horseshoeing, Practical Treatise DE Ce sede oo ah os tes oe wha cnad's Horses in the Tropics......... Human Health, Tuberculous Cow in Relation to...-........ Hundred and Fiftieth Anniver- sary of the Lyons Veterinary School Hydrochloride of Urea and Qui- nine as Local Anesthetic in Veterinary Practice .......... 454 Hydrophobia: (Rabies)......... 534 Hypertrophy, Prostatic, of Dog. 703 Ileum, Volvulus of the........ 453 Iliac Thrombosis, Case of Dou- eee aS ERE RARE SO Se .. 568 Immitis, Filaria, in the Dog, Case FOCOOEE ik EX sivas thse gee eta 450 Immobility, Two Cases of...... 458 Immunization Against Hemor- Fhagic Septicemia ....s..0ss. 409 Impaction of the Single Colon.. 693 Important Question in Breeding. 256 Infections, Artificial Infectious Abortion in Cattle... Infectious Abortion in Swine, Case Report Infectious Ostitis and Osteomy- elitis in Cattle and Horses, Ob- servations and Investigations ee COI pakis scnnce aver nes 574 Inflammatory Tuberculosis ..... 614 Ingestion of Tar Causes Ster- coral Obstruction ............ 229 In Memoriam—Paul Caspar MS Sc. urn xas te othe wo-5.8 Insects, Some of the More Im- .portant Affecting Our Farm Animals Insular Veterinary Service..... Interesting Fracture of the Os Coronae : Interesting Fracture of the Tibia in a International Congress of Com- parative Pathology .......... International Veterinary Con- gresses Interstate Live Stock Inspection 681 Intestinal Obstruction — Cecal Calculus—Ruptured Aneurism of the Inferior Cecal Artery.. 459 PAGE Intestinal Sarcoma and Endo- carditis in a Horse. 22.25...2% 455 Intestine, Small, Sarcoma of the 98 Intestines Overloaded—Colic of Exceptional Duration—Recov- ee * COW. .<% oc cnaw wea aruee eee I Intra-Bronchic and _ Intra-Pul- monary Injections ........... 491 Intrarachidian Puncture........ 373 Introduction of Air into the ere Perec Invagination, Colo-Rectal, of the ee ee ee ver Anniversary of and Re- Wiion at AMe8.«:.... Use of the Fermentation Test in Dawy idepection: ... 25.22... 65 25 Uterine Fibromyoma of a Cow. 348 Uterus, Rupture of the, in Slut— Peritoneal Resistance ........ 350 Vaccine, Anthrax .....:.......: 76 Vaccine, Glanders .............. 59 Vaccines, Protective ........... 24 WINE Sigkans cv ciabiowadav aes 253 Validol—Some Indications for Its Use, Case Report......... 447 Value of Physical Examination and Clinical Diagnosis in the Control of Tuberculosis in Cattle Veterinarian as a Sanitarian.... 428 Veterinarian Assists Medical Men Reporting Important Cases... 87 Veterinarian’s Handbook of Ma- teria Medica and Therapeutics. 239 Veterinarians Must Take Annual Obstacle Ride, Secretary of War Decides PAGE. it is on the Calendar of the House of Representatives...... 381 ‘Veterinary Congress, Interna- tiosial + ..5\ . oeieeus ceaweeee 2 496 Veterinary Department, Army.. 105 Veterinary Education Comes Into Its Own in the West..... 88 Veterinary Medical Association Meetings (Table), 131, 247, 367, 485, 600, 735 Veterinary Medical Boards, Re- ciprocity of on an Equal Basis. 206 Veterinary Medicine, Animal Breeding and Relation of Agri- oe ee ayy eae 353 Veterinary Profession of America, To: the... Sc :d0i edages 233 Veterinary Service in the PRESSES 2055. ated ently 315 Veterinary Service, the Insular.. 589 Veterinary Therapeutics, Arseni- co-Mercurial Medication in... 616 Volvulus of the Ileum.......... 453 Warnings, Practical ............ Whitaker, Dr. Geo. M. Dies Sud-. Gaal)... on 5 state 42 a nO aw on AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW. OCTOBER, 1912. EDITORIAL. EUROPEAN CHRONICLES. Paris, August 15, 1912. THERMOPRECIPITIN IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF BACTERIDIAN ANTHRAx.—Some short time ago we received from Adjunct Professor Pio Silva of the Institute of Internal Pathology, Hy- giene, Sanitary Medicine and Meat Inspection of the Veterinary School of Modena, of which Dr. Frederico Boschetti is Director, the following “Contribution to the Study of the Reaction of As- coli” (Thermoprecipitin) in the diagnosis of Bacteridian an- thrax. Peculiar circumstances have prevented its publication be- fore this. We regret the delay and hasten to repair it. “The analysis of the numerous works published until to- day on ‘ Thermoprecipitin’ Ascoli and Valenti (1), Valenti (2), Bierbaunn (3), Pfeiler (4), Roncaglio (5), Zibordi (6), Favero (7), De Gasperi (8), Granucci (9), Casalotti (10), Lebre (11), Negroni (12), Leoncini (13), Flori (14) has brought out its specificity with bacteridian anthrax. Examinations made on ma- terial made of meats, altered in various ways, or from healthy animals or from subjects affected with any disease and also the researches made with material from animals dead with simili- carbuncular diseases, have always given negative results.” * k ok “ The object of this study is to bring out the result of a new order of things relating to researches made with the 4scoli reac- 1 (o i 19)2—Mav as ~ 2 EDITORIAL. tion in applying it to the examination of sausages, made with meat from healthy pigs with that of cattle with anthrax. Be- sides, here are also recorded some controlling experiments made with material taken from animals dead with tympanitis, disease of youth, aviary pest, asphixy and upon sausages in advanced state of putrefaction, seized at the public abattoir of Modena. “The four samples of sausages examined first were made according to the ordinary manner of making the big Italian sausages called ‘ mortadelles.’ “Each of these samples contained 40 grams of healthy pork, 20 of healthy fat and 40 of muscles of anthrax beef, chopped and mixed together in small pieces. ‘To this mixture were added a small quantity of kitchen salt (2 grams), pepper (ogram. 4). Such mixture was then placed in a frying pan to dry them, during twenty-four hours, at a temperature gradually increasing, from 30° without going beyond 60°. The sausages can remain in this last temperature for about six hours. “These researches were made twice in the 15 to 30 days following the making of the sausages, with the object of seeing if such certain lapse of time had any influence on Ascoli reaction. The concentration of the extracts was always 1/25. The sera of Ascoli used were number 4, 8 and 20. “ These researches have shown that Ascoli reaction is positive even if the muscle has gone through some of the manipulations (salting, drying) necessary for the making of the ‘ mortadelles. “For me, this discovery has a very great importance, as it gives us the means to recognize if in the preparations of sausages there entered anthrax meat, a fact which as everyone knows is very difficult to establish with the usual ordinary means of re- searches. “ By opposition Ascoli reaction has always given a negative result when used: I. with the spleen and blood of a steer dead with tympanitis; 2. with those of a calf dead, asphyxiated; 3. on those of a dog dead with distemper; 4. on those of a chicken dead with pest; and 5. on putrefying sausage of Italy. “Tt is then permitted to conclude that Ascoli reaction is the - EDITORIAL. 3 most powerful, the quickest and the surest means to diagnosticate bacteridian anthrax, and that particularly it can be resorted to in the research of the bacteridies in the species of preserved meats which have been salted or dried.” * KE * The contribution of Prof. Silva is closed with a complete bibliography on the subject: I. ASCOLI AND VALENTI. Societa Italiana di Scienze Natu- rali, seduta del 6 Marzo, 1910; Biochimica e Terapia Sperimen- tale, anno 11, fascicolo 3; La Clinica Veterinaria 1910; Zeitschrift fiir Infektionskrankheiten, parasitari Krankheiten und Hygiene der Haustiere, 1910, Heft 5, 6. 2. A. Ascoxi. La Clinica Veterinaria 1911, No. 1; Comptes rendus de la Société de Biology, 14 of Feb., 1911; Centralblatt fir Bacteriologie, Parasitenkunde and Infektions; Krankheiten, Band 58, No. 2; Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift 1911, No. 8; La Clinica Veterinaria 1911, No. 4; Pathologica la Clinica Veterinaria 1911, No. 9; Biochimica e Terapia Sperimentale I9I1, farcicolo No. 2; Berliner tierarztliche Wochenschrift 1911, No. 22; Annales de Médécin Veterinaire 1911, No. 11; Zeit- schrift fur Immunitatsforschung und experimentelle Therapia 1911, Heft 1; Il Coniere dei Macelli 1911, No. 9; Giornale R. Societa d’Igiene, 1911, No. 11. 3. K. BrerBAum. Berliner tierarztliche Wochenschrift 1911, No. 12. 4. W. PFEILER. Berliner tierarztliche Wochenschrift 1911, No. 13; Il Moderno Zooiatio 1911, No. 4. 5. C. Roncacriio. La Clinica Veterinaria 1911, No. 10; Zeitschrift fiir Infektions Krankheiten, parasitare Krankheiten und Hygiene der Haustiere 1911, Heft 7; La Clinica Veterinaria 1911, Nos. 20, 21; Zeitschrift flr Immunitatsforschung und Ex- perimentelle Therapia 1911, Band 12. 6. D. Ziporpr. Il Nuovo Ercolani 1911, No. 16; Tierarzt- liche Zentralblatt 1911, No. 19. 4 EDITORIAL. 7. T. Favero. La Clinica Veterinaria 1911, No. 11; Folla Serologica, Vol. VII., No. 8. ot 8. L. Granucci.’ La Clinica Veterinaria 1911, Nos@6sae g. P. DE GaspErI. Giornale R. Acad. Veterin. 1911, No. 26; Revue Générale de Médécin Veterinaire 1911, No. 214. 10. A. CaAsALoTTiI. Biochimica e Terapia Sperimentale, 1911, farcicolo 5. 11. A. Lesre. Bulletin de la Société Portugaise des Sci- ences naturelles t. v., No. 2; Zeitschrift fur Immunitatsforschung und Experimentelle Therapia 1911. 12. P. Necroni. Biochimica e Terapia Sperimentale, anno 111, fascicolo 7. 13. IT. Leoncint. Giornale Internationale di Scienze me- diche 1911. 14. G. Frorts. Jl Moderno Zooiatio 1911, No. 12. * * * PRACTICAL WARNINGS.—I. Cocaine and Its Dangers.—Any horse that presents no apparent lesions, no painful and tender spot in some region of the anterior leg can be, generally speaking, considered as having the lameness located in the foot or in the phalanges. A long time before the use of local anesthetics this was admitted by practitioners, and the fact of the usefulness of cocaine has proved that they were right. It may be consistent, then, to say that it is, in many instances, without necessity that injections of cocaine can be resorted to so as to locate the seat of lameness, and indeed the positive results are characteristic as, after all, if some are negative and may cause an error, it may be due to an imperfect application of the anesthetic, although there are cases where the injection is negative without a proper cause to explain it, and yet neurotomy will remove the lameness. But if in some instances the injection is sometimes deceitful and can be the cause of error in diagnosis, there are others where it be- comes a useless interference and often a dangerous one, and after all if it isa most elegant and demonstrative manner of-diagnosis, one must at the same time bear in mind that it is not without in- convenience nor without dangers. EDITORIAL, 5 It is probable that these remarks will surprise many of those who have or are resorting to the injection of cocaine, perhaps in hundreds of cases, to detect or to confirm the diagnosis relating to the seat of lameness in an anterior extremity, but the warning was presented at a meeting of the Société des Sciences Veteri- naires of Lyon by Prof. Cadéac, who related three cases which, to say the least, showed a very great coincidence by the lesions presented by the animals to which injection of cocaine had been made. In the first case of a lame horse which was supposed by the owner to be lame in the shoulder, receives cocaine above the fetlock. The lameness is removed. The horse is about to be taken home to return later and be operated, when, after going on a walk 100 yards, he suddenly drops with a comminuted fracture of the first phalanx. In a second case the lameness was attributed to lesion of the elbow, cocaine is injected and the lameness is removed after wait- ing a few minutes. At the demand of the owner the test is re- newed, the animal is again free from lameness, but then after moving 50 yards on a walk, the fetlock suddenly drops and a fracture of the three phalanges is found at the post mortem. A third case presents the same history, lameness of the right anterior leg, disappearing with an injection of cocaine, followed after walking a short distance with comminuted fracture of the first phalanx. Three cases of osteitis, which might have ended by recovery, which had a fatal termination by the temporary removal of the pain which deceived the animal, made him put all his weight on his diseased phalanx with the fatal result, a crushing of the dis- eased bony tissue. Of course the three cases of Prof. Cadéac are probably ex- ceptional; I do not know if any similar ones have been recorded, but still the warning that they give is no less valuable. 2. CHronic NEPHRITIS AND Its DANGERS.—On this disease, principally in dogs and cats, where it is more commonly observed amongst our domestic animals, and on the dangers of practicing surgical operations on “ Brightic” animals, the Annales de 6 EDITORIAL. Bruxelles present an excellent article from Prof. Hebrant and his adjunct, Antoine. Bright’s disease, rarely observed in horses or bovines, is com- paratively common in dogs and cats—and probably more so in this last animal. Rarely is a veterinarian called to treat such patients except in cases of severe complications. Without enter- ing minutely in the description of nephritis, which is given by the writers who present the symptomatology and termination of the disease, the attention is called in a concise manner to five cases of animals which were submitted to surgical operations and died because of Bright’s disease while they were in the best condition for recovery. A dog had a cyst of the testicle. He is castrated. Forty- eight hours after he is found dead in his kennel. Post mortem showed lesions of chronic nephritis, no acute lesions of infection - existed. A cat is operated for a cyst of the mamme, no fever follows. Death the third day with chronic nephritis. Another cat had metritis. Hysterectomy is performed.- No fever for three days. Result hopeful. Death on the third day with chronic nephritis. No peritoneal infection. Wound of the operation was all closed. A dog is operated for perineal hernia. Three days after dog dies without fever by sclerotic nephritis. A mammary lipoma is removed from a slut. Death the fol- lowing day by nephritis. The warning is plain: never operate an adult animal within having beforehand made a chemical and microscopic examination of its urine. If albumin and casts are found, do not operate, or look for post-operating mischief. * * * New NEMAToD IN CATTLE.—Mr. M. Piettre has presented at the Académie des Sciences the relation of the observations’ he made in studying from the chemical and histological point of view the processes of calcification of the various lesions of bovines — Poa yh, EDITORIAL, 7 and principally of the frequency of calcareous deposits round the femoro-tibio-patellar joint, where on both lateral articular sur- faces on the skinned cadaver, tracts are often observed, white yel- lowish in color, more or less irregular, and which after minute dissection are the invaded lateral and capsular ligaments. The non-tuberculous nature of these deposits being estab- lished and after decalcification with picric acid, it was observed that in the middle of the fibrous tissue, more or less modified, there were many small alveoli, of various forms, empty or again filled with fine membranes, of various aspects and coloring easily with hematime. In the centre of the tendinous not calcified struc- tures, Piettre has found a granulous tissue and besides those a fine kytinous membrane, and in one of the alveoli discovered a round worm, and in others in the middle of recent lesions, free embryos rolled upon themselves. Similar alterations were found in numerous cases of investi- gations, twenty-six times out of thirty the parasites being located only in the fibrous tissue and almost exclusively in the thickness of the ligaments of the stifle joint, the external being more fre- quently invaded than the internal, or again in the tendons and fibro-cartilages of the joint and also in the tibiotarsal ligament. The cervical ligament was always free. The lesions presented by the tissues involved assume three principal forms: I. Simple dissociations of the fibrous tissues, which are pale yellow in color. 2. Small cavities hollowed in the thickness of the tendons with torn fibrous threads, some having yet their normal charac- ters and others swollen, soft and also yellow in color. _ 3. Nuclei of conjunctive tissue with inflammatory aspect, brownish or light chocolate in color, easily differentiated from the surrounding fatty deposits. In all these lesions parasites can be found in all stages of de- velopment, some alive, others dead. They are all surrounded with a cuticle impregnated with calcareous deposits. ) Raillet and Henry classify the parasite in the family of 8 EDITORIAL. Filaridoe, gender Onchocerca. Piettre has proposed for it the name of Onchocerca Bovis. There is no doubt that from the pathological point of view, and bearing in mind the importance of the disorders the parasite produces in the articular structure, the observations of Piettre may be of great value. % *% % Tue MusEUM OF THE Horse.—tThe little town of Saumur, already known to veterinarians by its military school, has now a new attraction, the only one of its kind in the world, a museum of the horse. In the old historical castle of the city, after its having been used as an arsenal, a powder store house, then a jail, existing since the thirteenth century, repaired many times, and finally classified as an historical monument, a museum consecrated to the history and glory of the horse has recently been officially in- augurated. Prepared since several years by the initiative and perseverance of the learned chief of the Veterinary Department of the School of Cavalry, Veterinary Major Georges Joly, the museum is now open. It is divided in two sections, a chronologic and a specific. In the first are represented the ancestors of the horse, the hipparion, the horse of the tertiary ages and those of the polished stone, al- ready domesticated, the solutreans that were used as food, the magdaleans that were already represented in sculpture; speci- mens of the breeds in the bronze and iron periods; the Assyrians, Egyptians, Greeks, Romans and Gallo-Romans. The horses of the Barbars, that of Attila, of Charlemagne, William the Con- queror, Duguesclin, Joan d’Arc. Finally the horses of modern times, foreigns, Arabs, Normans, Anglo-Arabs, etc., draught and saddle horses, thoroughbreds, Flying-Fox skeletons. In the specific group, numerous and rare collections are gath- ered. The complete history of shoeing, from the Solea ferrea of Romans, the many various hippo-sands of the Gallo-Romans, the EDITORIAL. 9 undulated shoes of middle-ages down to those of recent and mod- ern times. Wooden and bronze bits, the Roman bridle and the many specimens used in the seventeenth century. Then the vari- ous harnesses, all richly mounted; those of the middle age, of the Renaissance, of the Cavalcadors, of the Musqueteers, of the Mex- icans, etc., etc. And again vehicles of all epochs from the prim- itive carts down to the most recent models of the day. A large and rich library of all kinds of works on Hippiatry completes this valuable museum. Historically especially the museum of the horse at Saumur presents an unusual interest and there can be no doubt that it will prove a great means of education to veterinarians for everything relating to the horse, and also a rich nest of information for all those who will visit it. as BrBLioGRAPHY.—If one should refer to the classical work on descriptive anatomy and look on that part of the circulatory ap- paratus which relates to the lymphatic system it will certainly ap- pear to him as one which, by the description and the illustrations that are given, is of comparatively no great importance. Indeed in One which is much used on both continents, the whole subject is treated just in three or four pages and these are considering the lymphatic apparatus of equines. For the other domestic ani- mals, the differential anatomy of the thoracic duct is given and that is all. Recently, however, and especially since inspection of meat has been more or less thoroughly organized and put in practice, and that researches of lymphatic lesions have gained in im- portance, the anatomy of the whole lymphatic organism of the lower class of domestic animals and specially the food-producing animals, has been the subject of laborious work and of good pub- lications which must be of great assistance to the sanitarian. The space that has been given to the illustrated articles of Godbille in Hygiene de la Viande et du Lait, to those of Lesbre and Panisset in the Bulletin des Sociétés Scientifiques V eterinaires 10 EDITORIAL. of Lyon, and the more recent ones in the report of the Bureau of Animal Industry, by Drs. Buckley and Th. Castor, are good evi- dences of the importance of the subject; and it is therefore with great satisfaction that we are able to welcome and announce the publication of a superior work which we dare say is the only one of its kind, viz.: Das Lymphgefissystem des Rindes (the lymphatic system of bovines), by Obermedizinalrat Dr. Herman Baum, professor of anatomy in the Higher Royal Veterinary School of Dresden, published by the Berlin house of August Hirschwald, N. W., Unter den Linden 68. Dedicated to Prof. Dr. W. Ellenberger, the Rector of the Veterinary High School, the work is presented by a preface giv- ing in a concise manner the plan and object of its contents, fol- lowed by the consideration of the four chapters in which the en- tire work is divided. ; While in the first chapter generalities on the technique are given and followed by the preparations of the work and the dis- sections with remarks also on the terminology and generalities on the lymphatic glands and their vessels, afferent and efferent, in the others are separately considered the glands of the head, of the neck, of the upper part of the extremities, of the chest and its contents and finally of the abdomen and abdominal organs oc- cupying the entire second chapter. This is followed by the an- atomy of the thoracic duct and vessels, constituents and the lymphatics that belong to each gland. The entire description forms, of course, the essential part of the whole volume, which is composed of 165 pages and is illustrated by 78 figures pre- sented in 32 bautifully colored plates. German works on anatomy are always superior by their illus- trations and we have already had opportunities in these pages to allude to their correctness, their neatness and the artistic manner with which German works on anatomy have been published. Cer- tainly Das Lymphgefissystem des Rindes is fully as good as any that we have ever seen. The drawings are excellent and the col- oration of the glands and of the vessels is of great advantage for the students who read the text. The six figures illustrating the EDITORIAL. 11 lymphatic system of the head, those of the neck, of the chest with the insertion of the thoracic duct, those of the extremities and the many given of the thoracic and abdominal cavities with their contents, those of the male and female genital organs, all in fact are so characteristic, well done and plain that one may readily make himself thoroughly acquainted with the entire subject by merely careful study of the illustrations. The work of Dr. Baum is certainly unique, and one of which it can be rightfully said, that it fills a need greatly wanted. But it can also be added that ‘it does it well and that it will prove of the greatest value to the student of anatomy, to the general prac- titioner and above all, to the specialist, veterinary sanitarian, the meat inspector. * cK * ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND Norices.—La Vie Agricole et Rurale (The Agricultural Life) is a new journal which by its editorial staff and by its contents has rapidly made its way as one of the principal publications in France. The last number is altogether devoted to the horse and equine subjects. The Cape Province Agricultural Journal for May has an in- teresting article on the Anglo-Norman horse. The Agricultural Journal of the Union of South Africa con- tains the continuation of the article on the anatomy and physiol- ogy of the ostrich, by Prof. Duerden, and also from Dr. Theiler, that on facts and theories about “ Stijfziekte”’ and ‘“ Lamziete.” “The Question of Tick Eradication,” by Dr. Peter F. Bahn- sen of Atlanta, Ga., and “ The Diagnosis of Contagious Abortion in Cattle by Means of the Complement Fixation Test,” by F. B. Hadley and B. A. Beach, of the University of Wisconsin, have also been received. Ys Bale MEMBERSHIP’S LOYALTY—A. V. M. A.’S STRENGTH. The forty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association goes down into history as the most success- ful congress yet held by that organization. The fact that its 12 EDITORIAL. power for good is constantly being more strongly felt, and that its growth is not merely in numerical strength, marks true prog- ress, and presages a steady and enduring uplift for the Amer- ican veterinary profession through its powerful and wholesome influences. This strength, out of proportion, it might almost be said, to its membership, is due to the harmonious manner. in which its members support its constitution and labor faithfully both as individuals and as a whole, for the accomplishment of the high ideals upon which the association has focused its aim. This good-fellowship is indigenous tothe organization; it has grown up with it and becomes more and more inseparable from it as time goes on. Little ripples appear on the surface at times, but they do not even vibrate the great body of the majestic ship as it continues on its straight and determined course. This fact was borne in upon the members, in the manner in which the ad- ministration was supported at the recent meeting, despite dis- senting sentiments that had been disseminated during the past year. Loyalty to the cause has always been an inspiring feature that has characterized the work of members and officers alike in this organization of professional men; and that in itself is suf- ficient to hold them together and to give to the association the dignity and strength it has displayed in the regulation of veter- inary educational institutions, and the influence it has exerted upon the ethical standing of the members of the veterinary pro- fession of America. We have just emerged from one of the most successful meet- ings in the history of the association, a meeting the character of which was in many respects unlike any former gatherings, and We are entering upon the work of preparing for the next con- vention of this mighty organization, of which the character will again be different from the last, and it will require the united effort of every individual member to carry it to the successful issue that the occasion merits. It is an occasion that must prompt an inspiration in the heart of every member, and make him feel like grasping the hand of the chief executive and assuring him EDITORIAL. 13 of his hearty co-operation in the great work that the association has made him responsible for in electing him its president. With that spirit in the hearts of the members, and the excellent staff of officers elected to the various positions of responsibility, the preparation for the golden anniversary of the American Veter- inary Medical Association has begun under the most favorable auspices, and the success of the occasion is assured. SHE KANSAS “HORSE PLAGUE.” Up to the time of this writing we are not in possession of any authoritative report direct from any of the veterinarians or other scientists on the ground as to what the terrible “ plague”’ that has attacked the horses of Kansas and is killing them by the thousands, actually is; although indirect reports seem to indicate pretty clearly that it is of miasmatic origin, and is either “ Forage Poisoning,” ‘* Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis,” or ‘ Borna Sickness,” the gross symptoms of which simulate each other in a more or less degree. If it is the first named condition, we shall soon have reports to that effect, as the symptoms and pathology are familiar to American veterinarians, while the last one, so far as we have been able to learn, has not, up to the present, been recognized in this country. It is described by Friedberger and Frohner as a miasmatic infective disease, in which the contagium is not conveyed from one animal to another, but is taken up with the fodder and drink- ing water. It differs from cerebro-spinal meningitis, in that there is no inflammatory changes. It appears with greatest fre- quency in well fed horses. This malady has long been known in the kingdom of Saxony as an epizootic disease (Borna, Zwickenau, Plauen, Oelsnitz, Chemnitz). We feel quite confi- dent, however, that in the very near future, possibly before the last page of this number is printed, that the combined efforts and scientific knowledge of the veterinarians and other scientific workers from the Kansas Agricultural College and from the Bureau of Animal Industry of the United States Department of 14 EDITORIAL. Agriculture, working in co-operation with the state veterinarians and private practitioners, will not only result in a positive diag- nosis of the disease, but also in a solution of its control, in a manner characteristic of American expedition. That the condi- tion is a terrible one, we are well aware, but we believe that in the light of present-day knowledge, serumtherapy will proclaim another victory, both therapeutic and prophylactic, as soon as. the pathology of the disease has been determined ; and that in the meantime, the horse owners of Kansas and Nebraska will soon witness the checking of this scourge that is fast depleting their horse stock, through sanitary, and other preventive measures. [Addendum.] Since the above was put in type, we have re- ceived advices from the Bureau of Animal Industry of the United States Department of Agriculture, to the effect, that judging from the symptoms and post mortem lesions reported by the government veterinarians who are investigating the horse dis- ease in Kansas and Nebraska, the affection is forage poisoning or so-called cerebro-spinal meningitis. As a result of these re- ports from the veterinarians in the field, the “ Bureau ”’ has sent out a *circular letter, dealing with the cause of the disease, how it may be recognized and how it may be prevented and treated; the immediate result of which, has been a checking of the dis- ease where instructions as to change of feed have been followed. In the meantime, a complete investigation of the affection is being made, looking to the isolation of a specific organism or virus as the causative factor. | — ; THE ACTUAL REGISTRATION AT INDIANAPOLIS was 797, be- ing made up as follows: Members 341, visitors (most of whom afterward became members) 277, ladies 179; but this figure of, practically 800 registered, does not represent the actual number in attendance, as it is known that a large number of all three classes did not avail themselves of the registration privilege, and there- fore the local committee was unable to account for them. : * Published on page 128 of this issue. ORIGINAL ARTICLES. HOG CHOLERA SERUM WORK—WITH ESPECIAL REFER- ENCE TO DISAPPOINTMENTS.* By M. H. Reynotps, St. PAaut, MINN. I believe it quite safe to say that Dorset-Niles serum, pro- duced and tested according to standard and accepted methods, in proper dose and properly administered, is an established thing in veterinary medicine; that good serum properly used does give a practical protection from cholera. Abundance of statistics published by reliable men in widely separated portions of the country with different strains of hogs under all possible differing conditions of feed and care, seem to justify this statement. Our experience in Minnesota has evidently been about the same as that of cholera workers in other states—not invariably pleasant, and our results are not by any means invariably ideal. We meet strange experiences in this work, e. g., the same lot of tested serum and virus sent to two different men at about the same time, in different portions of the state, seems to give sur- prisingly different accounts of itself in actual use. One veteri- narian treats by the serum-virus method nearly a thousand healthy hogs for one man with less than two per cent. loss; the other man loses 76 per cent. of a treated herd. It is our constant policy to tell owners frankly that on a large average results by the serum-virus method are quite satisfactory and the loss small. We tell them the average loss is small, as compared with possible heavy losses from susceptible hogs in a cholera neighborhood; but we always go a little farther and tell the owner that in occasional cases, fortunately rare, the loss in an individual herd may be very heavy. We give him freely any in- *Presented to the forty-ninth annual convention of the American Veterinary Medical eezorintion at Indianapolis, August, 1912. 15 16 ' M. H. BEYNOLDS. ——_—_—_ formation he wants and then leave him to operate on his own judgment. Explanations for disappointments are usually not difficult to find if one can get full information concerning the production, test, and use of serum. In many cases unsatisfactory results fol- low when the use of serum has been delayed until the herd is generally infected. In such case the serum frequently serves to check the disease for a short time, but subsequent losses may be heavy. Bad results are liable to follow careless handling of the serum, particularly in case of bacterial contamination. A good serum may be shipped from the producing plant and be then kept for days or weeks in a warm express office or in ‘a warm office until it — undergone objectionable changes. Severe losses may be due to the use of poor, untested serum which should never have been sent out. We can only be sure of potency by careful production and conscientious test. Impotent serum in case of an outbreak may serve no useful purpose in checking the disease and the herd be worse for its use simply because of handling sick hogs. Infected hogs frequently die sooner after the catching and handling necessary for treat- ment than would have been the case had they been left alone. In such case death occasionally occurs within a few hours after the handling. Such losses would occur just the same whether the hogs were treated with serum or rain water, and would usually occur a few days later even without the handling; but the owner looks with grave suspicion on any such explanation. Or good, fresh serum may be handled and used by a careless or incompetent man in such a way as to give disastrous results when the trouble is all due to unclean surgical procedure. 7 A year or so ago I had the opportunity to visit a large herd, fortunately in a neighboring state, where our serum had been © used and unsatisfactory results reported. At the time I saw this herd, the hogs—nearly all of them light shotes—were divided into three lots. The first lot of 45 had done well; there was ap- parently nothing wrong with them, with the exception of an oc- HOG CHOLERA SERUM WORK. 17 casional small swelling at the point of treatment. The second lot of about the same size were unthrifty, some of the pigs were evidently badly out of condition; quite a number of them had marked swellings. The third lot was the most unthrifty—the worst looking lot of hogs I have ever seen. Practically every pig had a large swelling and quite a number had died. These three groups had been treated in the order as described. The work was done by a graduate veterinarian and the same serum was used throughout. I was unable to see the veterinarian. The manager of this farm, a very intelligent man, was present only during the treatment of the first lot and thought that the oper- ator had been reasonably thorough in his surgical cleanliness. After the first lot was treated the manager went into another de- partment and saw no more of the work. Information from other sources indicated that the operator had started out with clean instruments and had been careful in his skin disinfection, etc., and had grown progressively more careless and indifferent with each lot treated. About two years ago two young veterinarians, both well trained, treated by the serum-virus method about 320 hogs in 300 minutes. These belonged to a city garbage feeder whose pens and yards were in the usual condition as we see it at these places. Some 50 pigs were lost out of the 320, to the owner’s great dissatisfaction. A careful study of this interesting experi- ence showed that the first lot treated numbered 45. These had been kept in a clean pen and fed cooked garbage. There had been no loss in this group and no unpleasant results of any kind. The remaining 275 pigs were taken from filthy yards, given treatment and put back into filthy yards. The same serum was used throughout, and further, this same serum was used about the same time on our University farm with the best of results. In addition to this, we have evidence of a very satisfactory serum test for this lot of serum. Autopsies at the garbage feeder’s place showed that some of the deaths had occurred as the result of septicemia, there was evidence that some had died from garbage poison, a few had evidently died from inoculation cholera. The 18 M. H. REYNOLDS. larger portion of the loss was probably due to septic infection. Here we have one lot of serum giving first, a good test; second, satisfactory results when used in a careful way under favorable conditions on the University farm, and in the first lot of pigs treated for the garbage feeder. Later on the two young men were apparently getting tired and in a great hurry to finish. In another instance we sent serum to two different veterina- rians at about the same time. One man treated about 1,000 hogs for one man, using the serum-virus method, with less than 2 per cent. loss. The other veterinarian treated a small farm herd and lost, plainly from inoculation cholera, something over 79 per cent. of the herd, the same serum and the same virus being used in each case. Where hogs apparently well at the time of vaccination sicken with cholera in about two weeks, the trouble is due to the mistake of using poor serum with standard doses of virus or an insuffi- cient dose of good serum with a standard dose of virus. The herd merely develops cholera in two or three weeks in spite of insufficient or impotent serum. Some disappointments—possibly more than we have sup- posed—are due to the use of contaminated virus. Losses may occur as a result of careless work on the part of the veterinarian. A man may be careless about giving proper doses. He may attempt to economize by using smaller than the directed doses of serum. In other words, a man may -be incom- petent or careless in this work, just the same as in any other line of work. Unsatisfactory results come most frequently perhaps in the cases of farmers who wait too long. Dissatisfaction. for which the farmer himself is to blame comes when the farmer insists on treatment by the “ serum-only ” method of healthy, unexposed hogs after it has been explained to him, as every conscientious veterinarian must do, that “ serum- only’ treatment with healthy, unexposed hogs gives but very temporary protection. It should be made evident to owners and veterinarians just as HOG CHOLERA SERUM WORK. 19 soon as possible that anti-hog cholera serum is not something which anybody and everybody can use blindly and have good re- sults. _ I should like to start some discussion of the general ques- tions as to who should be permitted to use hog cholera serum. We have settled on a clearly defined policy which we are follow- - ing very closely. Perhaps ours is not a wise policy. This may be a debatable question, particularly in western sections, where veterinarians are not so plentiful and where there are large stretches of country with plenty of hogs and serious hog cholera possibilities and few veterinarians. GENERAL POLICIES. It seems to me there is opportunity for discussion as to the best methods of distribution of serum, especially serum produced by a state institution. In some states serum is produced under state appropriations and distributed gratis to practically anybody who asks for it and to be used by anybody who may be able to get a syringe. Other state institutions have their work started by state appropriations and are maintaining it from the sale of serum, believing that this is a much more efficient method of dis- tributing than the other. As a basis of discussion on this point I will present our Minnesota method, not insisting at all that it is the correct method or the best available by any means. Our serum is produced by the State Agricultural Experiment Station. It was started by direct appropriations from the Legislature, for buildings, equipment, etc., and for research work. The routine serum production has since been supported by sales of serum. Our serum is sent out exclusively by express C. O. D. either to owners or veterinarians, but only for use by well-trained veteri- narians so far as we are able to know and control. During the present year we have restricted still further our distribution of serum for the serum-virus method, limiting it to veterinarians in state employ; i. ¢., either sanitary board or station. This has been .a difficult and embarrassing question for us. There are good arguments for and serious objections to this particular 20 M. H. REYNOLDS. portion of our policy. There are of course plenty of well-trained veterinarians, careful men, to whom we would gladly send serum and virus if we were able to discriminate. But a serum produc- ing plant in a state institution like ours can not discriminate in any such way. If we send serum to be used with virus by care- - ful and competent Dr. A we must also send it to Dr. B who may be very careless and unsafe in his surgical method and not the man to be trusted with an agent with such possibilities of harm as virulent hog cholera serum. We adopted this policy only after careful consideration at a joint meeting of experiment sta- tion and sanitary board veterinarians. We realized at the time that we were on debatable ground, but the weight of reason seemed to be distinctly in favor of the method adopted. Bad results following use of serum which had stood perfect test; serum which had been used among University Farm hogs with results that were entirely satisfactory and used with good results by other practitioners in the state have seemed to force us into this position. On the other hand there may be many farmers having healthy herds in hog cholera neighborhoods. These farmers may be willing and even anxious to immunize their hogs and there may be no state man available for serum- virus work. Serum-only treatment for these healthy unexposed herds gives immunity that is evidently too brief to be practical and leads to useless expense and dissatisfaction in case of sub- sequent failure to protect. Such farmers who should have opportunity to have their hogs permanently protected are liable at any time to be deprived of that opportunity. If we refuse to send serum to an incom- petent non-graduate, there comes a fine opportunity for owners in general and friends of the non-graduate in particular to cry unfair discrimination, jobbery, graft. If the untrained veterina- rian is the only man available within a long distance and the state is unable to send a man, then farmers are not able to get even serum-only immunity for their hogs. The pros and cons of discussion on this point could be drawn out at very great length, but I trust that this will be sufficient HOG CHOLERA SERUM WORK, 21 to start a discussion that may clear the atmosphere and show who is right. Our station sends serum for use by trained veteri- narians only. Authorities in other states send it indiscriminately to any one who asks for it and has the price. Who is right? May one policy be right and best in one state and a reversal of this be best in another? Our general method of distribution is given fully in our Hog Cholera Serum Treatment Agreement which is signed by the owner and attendant veterinarian and another circular “ Con- ditions for Distribution of Hog Cholera Serum,” both of which are here submitted and read as follows: “HOG CHOLERA SERUM AGREEMENT. “The Veterinary Division of the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station does not guarantee the protection of hogs against hog cholera or any other diseases. Inasmuch as the vaccine is produced as an accommo- dation to owners the Institution assumes no responsibility in vaccination, excepting as to care in preparing, testing, and distributing the serum. “Figures showing actual results of several years’ work are freely given to owners, who must then decide for themselves and assume their own respon- sibility for vaccination. We are glad to advise as to method, time, etc. “Excepting in cases which plainly call for unusual action, serum will not be furnished for the serum- virus (simultaneous vaccination method) ex- cept by veterinarians in state employ. “ Owners must understand that the serum- virus or double vaccination carries some risk, which, on a large average, is small when tested serum is used in full dose carefully administered and with proper dose of virus. In an occasional herd the loss may be considerable. “The use of ‘serum-only’ is safe, but should be restricted to recently infected herds and to hogs that will be given plenty of pen exposure at the time or very soon after treatment with serum. We do not under ordinary circumstances advise ‘serum-only’ treatment of unexposed hogs, because the duration of protection thus given is usually short. After a few weeks such hogs may take the disease and die. “This Institution assumes no responsibility beyond care in production, testing, and distribution of serum. “ Anyone wishing hogs treated with Station serum must agree to these conditions and sign this statement. ME SIOTICN CS CPe EN Et a ni tins Chie OM ae Dia ches baas oD EOS Coe oe eG eno en HE IGE ee Teen re nese ere he! oe Pore = Countersigned by the veterinarian treating the hogs. SUE E ON pe ee i eae eae ee “CONDITIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION OF HOG CHOLERA VACCINE. “Injections to be made in the axilla or on the inner and upper portion of the thigh, not in the groin. “Serum may be sent only by express C. O. D., or for cash in advance, for use by responsible veterinarians, on healthy hogs, in the early history of outbreaks. Serum cannot be accepted for credit on being returned. An order must constitute a sale under all ordinary conditions. 22 M. H. REYNOLDS. _ “Veterinarians must agree to not use serum where the disease has pre- vailed for some time and the herd is already badyly infected. _». “The serum must be used in full dose as directed. Give full dose or none at all. Keep serum cool. “' “A report of vaccination must be made and signed. Blanks for such reports will be furnished. : -"“No vaccination should be done until the owner has first signed the blank (to be furnished), stating that he understands conditions and assumes responsibility. This (owner’s blank) is to be returned, together with the vaccination report to University Farm, Saint Paul, Minn.” Our schedule of doses is as follows, given in full on every bottle of serum sent out. Standard Dose of Serum. Upto 20 pounds 2022s. 10'ce.. | 100) to “150- pounds? see 30 c.c. 20: tON50) PpOUNdS, ons ees ere 15 cc... .150.tO 200 pounds..22...ce- 35° C:c. Soto 375 “pounds... ssc. sees 20 cc. ‘Over 200 pounds.:; = 40 to 60 cc. TC RtOMmtOO sDOUNUS se emierion er 25IGc “In herds where cholera has made its appearance increase these doses 50 per cent.; and for simultaneous treatment with virus for permanent im- munity, the above serum dose should be doubled. Virus Dose. Up ‘to: 20°pounds! st 0.5 cc): 1002to 200 pounds: se sere ES. 20) £0 SOO) POUNGSasteremictcreate I ec Over 2oorpounds. 33-222 2. %Se Experience has taught us that the margin between serum test dose and the dose to be given in field work should be very wide. In brief our plan for testing serum is to mix all bleedings from a given hyperimmune and use two test pigs for each such mix- ture; 7. ¢., two test pigs for each hyper. Each receives full dose of tested virus. One test pig receives 75 per cent. of serum- only dose previously mentioned. The other pig receives full serum-only dose for weight. We ask our serum to protect in the three-quarter serum-only dose. This is practically our test dose. Up to date we have been directing that for field work serum-virus method serum should be administered in dose equal to one and one-half times the serum-only dose for weight; 1. e., 50 per cent. increase over serum-only dose or double the three- quarter dose which we require shall fully protect the test pig before the serum is labelled potent. We are now getting out a new dose label and our advice for serum-virus method is use double the serum-only dose instead of one and one-half times the serum-only dose. For use in sick herds we advise an in- crease of 50 per cent. over the standard serum-only dose. HOG CHOLERA SERUM WORK. F 23 NEEDED INFORMATION. Those of us who have been in the hog cholera serum work for several years are in a position to appreciate painfully at times the fact that there are many important problems still to be worked out. We need more information concerning conditions affecting potency of serum; information; e. g., concerning the effect of light, heat, presence of red blood cells, stronger pre- servative, etc. We would like very much to know just what part, if it has any, B. cholera suis plays in the etiology of hog cholera and in the efficiency of our serum. We need very much a labora- tory test for potency. If some one would only work out a reli- able laboratory test for potency of serum, he would have the immediate gratitude of all serum workers. Such a test would greatly economize time and expense of producing and do away with the uncertainties and variabilities of individual pigs used for serum test purposes. ECONOMY OF PRODUCTION. It would be very desirable, indeed, if we could greatly reduce cost of production. Formerly we used pigs raised and selected for us by several breeders with whom we have special arrange- ments. This has given us the color, type and weight that we prefer. It has given us pigs from dams that were quite cer- tainly susceptible, etc., but it has been expensive. In our later work we have economized very considerably by using stock yards’ pigs as virus producers, but continuing the especially se- lected pigs for test purposes. This gives us virus pigs at about one-half of what we have been previously paying. There is a great waste and one which would seem to be un- necessary in the common failure to utilize the carcasses of virus producers. Some serum plants are rendering virus producers and making tankage, but I think not many. We have found that these carcasses can be quite easily cooked by steam so that they may be crushed and mixed with meal feed. Our hyperimmunes and other hogs were extremely fond of the mixture and it is Pea, we" © ~~ « presumably an extremely good feed for hyperimmunes. How- 24 . M. H. REYNOLDS. ever, there appeared a difficulty which we have not yet overcome, that of stinking troughs in warm weather. If hogs could be so carefully fed that they would clean out their troughs thor- oughly and these troughs could then be sunned and dried or possibly washed out in warm weather, it would seem that this difficulty could be overcome. Dr. A. C. Armstronc, of New York City, died at the French Hospital, that city, as a result of blood poisoning, on Tuesday, September 24. The doctor had not been well for some time, and entered the hospital for treatment a week prior to his death. PROTECTIVE VACCINES is the caption of an article in the Baton Rouge, La., Country Review, by our esteemed collabo- rator, Dr. W. H. Dalrymple, in which he sets forth the dangers resulting from relying completely upon these agents for the con- trol and eradication of diseases, and losing sight of the great necessity of sanitation in connection with their use. He cites an example of this oversight in the following paragraph: “When an outbreak of charbon or hog cholera takes place among a farmer’s stock, he loses no time in his effort to secure anthrax vaccine, or hog cholera serum, as the case may be, which, necessarily, is the proper thing to do. But what does he often do with the carcasses of the animals that, unfortunately, succumb to one or the other, or both, of these diseases? ‘The chances are, he may haul them off to some convenient spot where buz- zards, or other carrion feeders, can feast from off their germ- seething bodies and carry the infection far and wide. Or, he may dump them into some running stream so that his neigh- bors below may get a ‘ dose of the same medicine’ among their stock. We do not mean to presume, of course, that he intends it this way; but, nevertheless, infection is often spread in just such manner.” After a full and interesting discussion of the subject, the doctor concludes his article by saying: “ By all means protect the living animals, but don’t forget that the dead ones, and their surroundings, are what furnish much of the ‘seed’ for future infection.” It is these articles written directly to the animal owners that do so much toward building up the defenses and broadening the scope of sanitary science. USE OF THE FERMENTATION TEST IN DAIRY INSPECTION. * By L. A. Kiern and H. C. CAMPBELL, UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. The different species of bacteria most commonly found in milk may be grouped according to the character of curd they produce when the milk is kept at a temperature of 37° to 38° C. Organisms that ferment the milk sugar and form lactic acid produce a solid, homogeneous, jelly-like curd, with little or no fluid. Another group of species, including the bacilli of the subtilis and mesentericus group, produce a rennet-like ferment that coagulates the casein and a proteolytic ferment that digests or peptonizes it. The different species in this group produce the two ferments in varying proportions. When the rennet-like ferment predominates the curd is hard, contracted, in one or several pieces, floating or suspended in more or less fluid, which is almost entirely clear but may have a greenish or whitish tinge; it is slowly digested. When the proteolytic ferment is dominant then the curd is soft, flocculent and “mushy” or coagulation does not occur at all, but peptonization is rapid. These are the so-called “ cheesy ” or “ peptonized ” curds. The staphylococcus pyogenes and the bacilli of the proteus group also produce a “peptonized”’ curd.1. The bacteria of the coli-areogenes group produce a jelly-like curd, permeated more or less with gas bub- bles, in one or more pieces, floating or suspended in a turbid fluid, which may also exhibit collections of gas bubbles. A “flaky” or granular curd, associated with fluid that is turbid and may be whitish, yellowish or otherwise discolored, is pro- duced by a species of yeast that ferments lactose. Species representing all of these groups will be found in any sample of milk. The time of curdling will’ depend upon the number of bacteria in the milk and the temperature at which *Presented at the forty-ninth annual convention of the American Veterinary Medical Association at Indianapolis, August, 1912. 25 26 L. A, KLEIN AND H. C. CAMPBELL. it is kept, but when the milk is kept at a temperature of 37° to 38° C., the kind of bacteria present in greatest proportion will determine the type of the curd, except when the milk is very rich in bacteria. Then, according to O. Jensen, the lactic acid form- ing organisms are so numerous that they suppress the other species and a jelly-like curd is usually formed. ‘The character of the curd can therefore be taken as a criterion of the bacterio- logical properties of the milk under examination, and, further- more, as indicating the variety of fermentation or decomposi- tion the milk will undergo with age. Upon these principles was founded the fermentation test. This test, first proposed by Prof. J. Walter, of Switzerland, and subsequently improved by A. Peter and others, has been in use for years in cheese factories to detect milk unsuitable for cheese- making. It is very simple and does not require any special apparatus. In cheese factories large test tubes or bottles holding from 120 to 140 c.c. or smaller test tubes of 40 to 50 c.c. capacity are used for the milk samples. They are closed with a rubber stopper and are held at the required temperature in a water bath. In our work we have used test tubes of 50 c.c. capacity closed with a cotton plug in the usual manner for bacteriological work. This size tube is to be preferred to that usually used for bacterio- logical cultures because with the greater quantity of milk that can be placed in the larger tube the test is more reliable and the result is easier determined.2, We have also used an ordinary incubator in place of a water bath. The test tubes are washed and cleansed in the usual manner, plugged with cotton and sterilized by heating in a hot air sterilzer for 2% hours at a temperature between 150° and 160° C. It is quite important that the tubes are sterile, as any organisms in the tube would develop in the milk and might influence the result. The tubes are numbered with a paraffine pencil to corre- spond with the sample of milk and are then filled to within a finger’s breadth of the bottom of the cotton plug, closed with the cotton plug and placed in the incubator. In transferring the : USE OF THE FERMENTATION TEST IN DAIRY INSPECTION. 27 sample of milk from the vessel in which it was collected to the test tube the necessary precautions should be taken to prevent contamination. Twelve hours after being placed in the incubator the samples are examined. If the milk was fresh and normal there will be no change apparent except perhaps a clean, sour odor. “ When the cream layer is bulged upward, or there is a greenish layer beneath it, this is an indication of the beginning of fermentation or curdling.’’* If there is no change at this time, then the samples are to be replaced in the incubator and observed again in I2 hours, and subsequently at 12-hour periods, if necessary. When curdling does not occur after 12 hours then the reaction of the milk should be taken and preservatives tested for. If the milk is curdled then the character of the curd is to be noted. As was first pointed out by A. Peter,* the various curds may be classified into five types or classes, with three degrees or varia- tions for each type. He also proposed a system of symbols or abbreviations to be used in recording the results of tests. This classification and the symbols have been followed by us in the main. The types of curd and the symbols by which they are recorded are as follows: 1. Jelly-like Curd. J.,—Solid, smooth, white, jelly-like curd, with no fluid. J..—Curd same but showing very few furrows or gas holes. J.,—Curd presents furrows, gas holes or cracks, with some fluid. This type of curd indicates that the lactic acid forming bac- teria predominate, and if it is present at the twelfth hour or be- fore indicates that the original contamination with this species was excessive or that the milk was old. According to O. Jensen, however, milk very rich in bacteria will always give this type of curd because in such milk the lactic acid formers are as a rule present in such large numbers that they repress the other species. 2. Peptonized Curd. The curd may be hard, contracted and in one or several irregular pieces or soft, flocculent and mushy, with more or less fluid that is entirely clear but may have a 28 L. A, KLEIN AND H. C. CAMPBELL. greenish or whitish tinge. P.,;—The amount of fluid is small in proportion to size of curd. P.,—Increased amount of fluid. P.,—Amount of fluid large in proportion to the size of the curd. 3. Gaseous Curd. A white, jelly-like curd, showing small holes due to gas formation and in the higher degree presenting a sponge-like appearance; may be torn and a portion driven to the top; more or less fluid present, which may also show collec- tions of gas bubbles. G.,—Gas holes in the cream layer or in the curd. G.,—Gas holes numerous in the cream and curd; gas bubbles may also be present in the fluid. G.,—Curd sponge- like, containing many gas holes; may be split and a portion driven to the top; gas bubbles in fluid. 4. “Flaky” or Flocculent Curd. Curd in flakes, associated with a turbid fluid, which may be whitish, yellowish or other- wise discolored. Flc.,—Curd in fine flakes or partially homo- geneous. Flc.,—-Large flakes and considerable fluid. Flc.,— Large flakes, torn, with white or discolored fluid. Comparison of the sources of the several species of bacteria usually present in milk with the groups of species producing the different types of curd showed a striking parallel between the individual sources and the several types of curds. The lactic acid forming organisms which produce the jelly-like curd are found in greatest abundance in the milk vessels and apparatus. Of the peptonizing bacteria, the species most common in milk are those which inhabit the soil and which are brought into the stable in the dust on the dry fodder and straw and disseminated in the air of the stable when the fodder and straw is distributed. When a cow lies down upon dusty straw or upon a dusty place at pasture some of these organisms may also get into the folds and creases of the skin of the flanks and udder. The gas-form- ing organisms of the coli-areogenes group are normal inhabi- tants of the intestinal tract and are eliminated with the feces. In view of these facts we decided to use the fermentation test in our regular dairy inspection work to determine its value as a means of detecting the principal source of bacterial ‘con- tamination. Many regulations for milk control fix a maximum USE OF THE FERMENTATION TEST IN DAIRY INSPECTION. 29 limit for bacteria and when this limit is exceeded the dairyman is merely notified or an inspector is sent to the farm to endeavor to discover the cause. A test that will point out the principal source of contamination in such cases would be of great assist- ance in improving the condition. In our work the method of counting bacteria, approved by the American Public Health Association, is one of the routine tests, but in order to obtain as much material as possible we did not confine our investigations in connection with the fermenta- tion test to those instances in which the bacterial standard had been exceeded, but made an inspection at the farm whenever the result of the fermentation test seemed to make it desirable for our purpose. The result of the laboratory tests and farm inspections are given below: Milk from Dairy Farm No, 1—Fermentation test: Gaseous curd showing some peptonization at the twelfth hour. Number of bacteria per c.c., 59,200. On a visit to this farm it was found that the cows were stand- ing in two rows, facing outward, with less than four feet space between the posterior ends of the animals. Almost every cow, in switching her tail, would strike the cow opposite her in the other row. When urine or soft manure was voided by a cow in one row it splashed upon the rear parts of the cow opposite in the other row and presumably, also, upon the milker and into the milk bucket if they happened to be present at the time. Mid- way along the length of the rows of cows, and in the middle of the alley between the two rows, an iron rod 4 feet long and bent at the lower end to form a hook, was attached by the opposite end to the ceiling in such a manner as to permit it to be let down when desired. One of the stable men said this was used to hang the filled milk pails on until they could be carried out of the stable to the milk room, but at the time of the visit three filled milk pails were standing on the floor of the alley between the cows. It was in June and the cows were very busy switching at flies, and the feces were soft and abundant. The conditions certainly favored foecal contamination of the milk. 30 L. A, KLEIN AND H, C. CAMPBELL. ne Dairy Farm No. 2—The dealer receiving the milk from this farm has bacterial counts made in his own establishment. From September to December the counts ran from 4,000,000 to 1,000,000, and the dealer requested an investigation. A sample of milk from the herd was examined in our laboratory in the latter part of December, with the following results: Fermenta- tiontest, Js, P.4: Number “of bacterna per ice., 22,a00: Inspection at the farm showed that the cows and stable were kept only fairly clean. It was also learned that the dry fodder was fed before milking and that straw was used for bedding. The milking was done with machines, but the last milk had to be removed by hand. During the milking of a cow it was not uncommon for one of the teat cups to fall off into the litter, the sucking action being continued while it lay there. In several instances it was also observed that soiled hairs on the udder had been drawn down into the mouth of the teat cup. The result of the curd test having indicated the predominance of the lactic acid forming bacteria, especial attention was given to the con- dition of the milk vessels and apparatus and the methods of cleaning them. Small particles of coagulated milk were found on the inner surface of the buckets of the milking machines. The interior of the tubes and cups of the machines could not be examined, but there was good reason to believe that a similar condition existed there. After each milking, it was the custom to wash the tubes and cups with hot water from the boiler in the milk room and then place them in lime water until the next milking. The buckets were also washed with hot water. The dairyman was advised to rinse out the apparatus and buckets with cold' water before washing with hot water, and also to feed the dry fodder after milking. There was no further complaint from the dealer regarding the milk. The conditions found con- firmed the result of the fermentation test. | Milk from Dairy Farm No. 3—Fermentation test, G.s, P.,. Number of bacteria per-c.c., 4,740. Inquiry developed that the men were late in getting to the barn in the morning and the stable and cows were not cleaned USE OF THE FERMENTATION TEST IN DAIRY INSPECTION. 31 a sufficient time before milking to permit the dust to settle. This was in agreement with the indication of the fermentation test. Milk from Dairy Farm No. 4—Three samples of milk from this farm were examined at intervals of one week, with the fol- lowing results: First sample: Fermentation test, P.3, G.». Number batceria per c.c., 9,300, including many colonies of staphylococci. Second sample: Fermentation test, P.., G.,. Number bac- teria per c.c., 25,800, including many colonies of staphylococci. - . Third sample: Fermentation test, P.,, G... Number bacteria per €.c., 2,400. The farm was visited two days after the last sample was examined. It was learned that at the time the milk represented by the first sample was produced there were three cows in the milking line with a vaginal discharge, the result of a retained placenta. At about the same time some excessively acid ensilage was reached in the silo, and when this was fed to the cows it made many of them “ scour,” several so badly that they had to be treated for diarrhcea. This condition continued for some time. On the day of the visit no cows were scouring, but the stable still showed some evidence of the condition that had existed. There was also one cow with a slight vaginal dis- charge—one of the the three before referred to. Staphylococci produce a peptonized curd and it is probable that they were largely responsible for the peptonization shown in these tests, the milk being contaminated with the vaginal dis- charge. The loose condition of the bowels would favor the con- tamination of the milk with the coli and aerogenes species. The indications of the fermentation test can be regarded, therefore, as confirmed. _ Milk from Dairy Farm No. 5—Fermentation test, G.,, P.,. Number of bacteria per c.c., 361,400. Numerous colonies of streptococci on plates. When the farm was inspected the cows and stables were found to be soiled with manure. There were thirty-nine cows being milked and only one man to clean the stable and the cows, L, A, KLEIN AND H. C. CAMPBELL, Oo bo —— although he had the assistance of another man to milk. Three cows had alterations indicating catarrhal mastitis in the udder. The milk of one contained streptococci and leucocytes in large number, and in the milk of another numerous leucocytes were found. Neither streptococci nor an abnormal number of leuco- cytes were found in the milk of the other one. The condition of the stable and cows corresponded with the result of the fermentation test. Milk from Dary Farm No. 6—Fermentation test, J.., P.4. Number of bacteria per c.c., 179,000. ‘The number of bacteria per c.c. in the milk from this farm had been running below 10,000 for more than a year and an investigation was therefore made to discover the cause of an increase. It was learned that during the colder parts of the year it is the custom at this place to store the milk over night in the milk house without ice, after it had run over the cooler and been bottled. In warm weather the milk is iced after being bottled. At the time the milk tested was bottled the weather turned suddenly warm in the evening but no ice was used. After that day the milk was iced and the bac- terial count returned to the usual number. No condition in the stable or in the cows and no defect in methods was discovered that would increase the bacteria in the milk. The condition on the farm therefore confirmed the fermenta- tion test. Milk from Dairy Farm No. 7—Fermentation test, P.., J.4. Number of bacteria per c.c., 34,600. The bacterial content of this milk is usually below 8,000. On the day the milk was produced from which the sample was taken, hay was being hauled to the barn and put into the loft above the cow stable. The unloading was done at one end of the barn where there were three doors opening into the stable, and was continued during the entire time the cows were milked in the afternoon. On this day the platforms were taken up in about one-half of the stalls in the stable and new ones put in. The indications of the fermentation test were also confirmed in this case. USE OF THE FERMENTATION TEST IN DAIRY INSPECTION, 33 CONCLUSIONS. In all seven investigations the fermentation. test proved to be a correct criterion of the principal source of bacterial contami- nation and was of material assistance in discovering the cause. We are not unmindful of the fact that our cases were rather few in number and that it would be desirable to have a larger number, but we are of the opinion that the results obtained indi- cate that the fermentation test is likely to prove of great value for the purpose mentioned. REFERENCES. 1. Weigman, H., Mykologie der Milch, pp. 58 to 66. : 2. Barthel, Chr.. Die Methoden zur Unterschung von Milch und Molkereiprodukten, Zweite Auflage, p. 120. 3. Gerber, N., Die Praktische Milch-Prifung, p. 84. 4. Wyssmann and Peter, Milchwirtschaft, dritte auflage, 1907. WeppINGc Fottows CLosELty A. V. M. A. CONVENTION.— Dr. Horace Preston Hoskins, St. Paul, Minn., was married Sep- tember 2, 1912, to Miss Anna Mary Smith, in Christ Church, Se Paul. Dr. Hoskins’ friends who met him at Indianapolis little suspected the cause for his unusual happiness during the four days of the convention, which they now realize to have been pleasurable anticipation of meeting his bride after the convention was over. We congratulate the young couple and wish them all the joy and happiness that belong to the nuptial state. Motor Truck Causes PAINFUL AccIDENT—We were grieved to read in the New York World of September 7 of a painful accident to Mrs. Samuel W. Taylor, wife of the esteemed editor of the Rider and Driver. The newspaper report states that Mr. and Mrs. Taylor were in a break driving to the rail- road station, at their country home in Stamford, Conn., when a motor truck startled the horse, which was a spirited animal, and caused it to “bolt,” and on being pulled up by Mr. Taylor, lashed out with its hind feet, kicking Mrs. Taylor on both legs, shat- tering the knee cap of one of them. Mr. Taylor was about to start for Syracuse at the time, to manage the New York State Fair. RADIAL PARALYSIS, AND ITS TREATMENT BY MECHAN- ICAL FIXATION OF KNEE AND ANKLE.* By GeorcE H. Berns, D.V.S., Brooxtyn, N. Y. Attention was called to this striking and very peculiar form of lameness in horses, by Gtinther in his Myologie, as early as 1866. Moller in 1875 diagnosed it as paralysis of the radial nerve, and later on it was observed, and fully described by Frohner, Hess, Cadiot, Hell, and others. In fact, it is referred to in almost every recently published work on veterinary surgery. In Dollar’s translation of Cadiot’s “ Clinical Veterinary Med- icine and Surgery,” an entire lecture is devoted to the subject. In it he presented a beautiful clinical picture of the disease and its symptoms, and mentions external violence or mechanical in- juries to the radial nerve and the structures it supplies as its chief cause. Moller, according to Cadiot, divides his cases into three groups, viz.: complete, incomplete, and partial, and the symp- toms vary according to the degree and extent of the injury and resulting paralysis. ’ The symptoms are minutely and most accurately described by Cadiot, and I cannot do better than to use his own words: “In complete paralysis the joints of the affected limb, with the exception of the shoulder, are usually flexed when the horse is resting. In consequence of loss of power in the triceps and anterior brachial muscles, the arm is extended and straightened on the shoulder, the scapulo-humeral angle is open, and the elbow depressed. ‘The forearm is flexed on the arm by the contraction of the coraco-radialis, while the metacarpus and phalanges are bent by the action of the posterior anti-brachial muscles. The knee is carried in advance, level with, or in front of, a vertical *Read before the forty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association at Indianapolis, August, Ig912. 34 RADIAL PARALYSIS AND ITS TREATMENT, ® 35 line dropped from the point of the shoulder. The hoof is usually rested on the toe, but when advanced beyond the above mentioned vertical line it may be placed flat on the ground, the joints then being less markedly bent. When the limb as a whole is flexed, it may be brought into normal position by thrusting back the knee with sufficient force to counteract the action of the flexor muscles. “In walking, the shoulder and arm are more or less ‘ carried,’ the lame limb being moved as a whole; but as the lower portions of the limb are insufficiently extended, the stride is much short- ened. The least attempt at placing weight on the leg causes all the joints to become flexed and the shoulder and arm to sud- denly drop; the animal, feeling itself falling, instantly transfers weight to the other limb. Ata more rapid pace the animal goes on three legs, as though suffering from some exceedingly painful condition. “Incomplete paralysis may either constitute a stage in recov- ery from complete paralysis, or an independent condition. At rest the limb is held as in the preceding form, but the entire plantar surface of the hoof more frequently comes in contact with the ground. In moving, lameness is less marked, and in- stead of occurring at every step may only appear at intervals, varying in length with the degree of paralysis, rapidity of move- ment, and smooth or rough character of the ground. The limb is slowly advanced, the stride shortened, and the hoof carried or dragged along the ground. The animal stumbles over the small- est obstacle, the limb immediately becoming flexed. “In partial paralysis most of the muscles supplied by the radial retain their function, and disturbance is much less marked. As a rule, the position of the limb at rest is normal. During movement it is fully extended, the stride is of ordinary length, and the joints do not collapse when weight is placed on the fimb. Slight lameness is visible at a trot, the shoulder and arm being more or less markedly carried forward, without, however, roll- ing outwards, as in paralysis of the suprascapular nerve.” According to European writers, the disease is self-limiting, 36 GEORGE H. BERNS. 2 and in all cases, except those complicated with fracture of the first rib, the prognosis is comparatively favorable, and no special line of treatment is indicated further than rest in slings in severe cases, massage, cold douches, light blisters, and, when con- valescing, gentle exercise on level ground. While this condition is by no means of frequent occurrence, I venture the opinion that a large number of the gentlemen pres- ent have seen cases of it. When we first began to use an operating table for operations upon the feet, we used the McGee-Hodgson table, which has a very large and perfectly square top, and in order to bring the affected foot within comfortable reach of the operator it was necessary to fasten it close to the front edge of the table, extend- ing it probably twenty-four or thirty-six inches in advance of its fellow, which was secured in a natural vertical position. In this position all the flexors of the limb, and more particu- larly the triceps and anterior brachial muscles, were greatly dis- tended, and if our operation were prolonged or the animal struggled a great deal, it frequently happened that he would come off the table suffering from a mild form of radial paralysis. In casting horses with the English hopples, and keeping them in lateral recumbency for a long time, or horses cast in a stall, and unable to rise without assistance, the same thing would occa- sionally occur. We attributed this condition to functional disturbances of the muscles probably from over-distention, or a disturbed circulation from the awkward position of the limb, or prolonged inordinate pressure. We paid but little attention to them, and they all got well in time, varying from a few hours to one or two days. Since our operating table has been altered, and this extension of the limb is no longer practiced, we have no more cases of os paralysis from table restraint. In the winter of 1897 and 18098 four severe cases of radial paralysis were brought to my notice. Case No. 1—A large truck horse, owned by Mr. J. A. P., while backing a heavy load, slipped and fell. When again on RADIAL PARALYSIS AND ITS TREATMENT. 37 his feet, he was unable to place any weight upon the off front leg. He was carted home in an ambulance and I saw him shortly after the accident, when he showed all the symptoms of an aggra- vated case of radial paralysis. He was standing in a single stall, and we found it impossible to back him out, for the mo- ment he attempted to place weight upon the affected limb the entire leg would collapse, the elbow dropping to within twelve to eighteen inches of the floor, the body descending, and only by instantaneous shifting of the body weight upon the sound limb would he save himself from falling. He was placed in slings, treated as outlined above, but showed no improvement during the first two months. Then he was fired and blistered over the triceps muscles, which showed marked atrophy. In ten days he began to show a little improvement, was placed in a large box stall, and allowed to lie down. Fortunately he got up without assistance, and he was left alone for the rest of the winter, turned out to pasture in the spring, and finally recovered in seven or eight months. Case No. 2 was seen in consultation with the late Dr. R. R. Bell, about three weeks after I had placed the J. A. P. horse under treatment. His case was almost a fac-simile of mine. It was treated with hypodermic injections of strychnine in addition to the local _ treatment, and I saw him in a pasture field six months later much improved, but still lame. Case No. 3 was another consultation; call this time with Dr. Elisha Hanshew, on his own driving horse. He slipped and fell, sustained radial paralysis, and was treated for several months and finally disposed of as practically incurable. Case No. 4 occurred in my own practice. A heavy draft horse, examined by me for soundness in January, 1898, developed a radial paralysis in February as a result of a runaway accident. This, like the preceding three cases, was also an aggravated form of complete paralysis. He was treated for six weeks at the owner’s stables without apparent results, and the owner then decided to have him destroyed. but finally consented to have him 38 GEORGE H,. BERNS. sent to our hospital in an ambulance for experimental treatment at our own expense. : Having noticed the dropping of the elbow, and the enormous elongation and stretching of all the muscles situated in the scapulo-humeral angle in all these cases, it occurred to me that some benefit might be derived if these muscles could be placed in a state of rest. With this object in view, and after consider- able experimentation, I succeeded in devising the iron knee and ankle brace here illustrated. I invited Drs. R. R. Bell and Elisha Hanshew to see it tried on Case No. 4, which had arrived and was occupying a large box stall. With great difficulty the horse was brought out upon the operating floor, a distance of probably twenty feet. The entire limb was carefully wrapped in cotton, and a large pack placed in the posterior radial region; the bar shoe with the ex- tension spur was applied, and with the assistance of two strong men, one pulling the knee and the other pushing it in a backward direction, we succeeded in placing the limb in a perpendicular position, slipped the brace into its proper place, and with the aid of a stout strap placed in front of the knee, and over the brace behind the knee buckled tightly, retained the brace in position’ until it had been securely bandaged to the limb, from the fetlock to the elbow. The animal immediately seemed to realize the great support and comfort the brace afforded by placing his weight upon the paralyzed limb, and with a little assistance by pulling the leg forward and outward, he soon learned to walk into a single stall, a distance of forty or fifty feet, where a sling was placed under him. The patient, as well as his brace and bandages, was carefully watched, but as no swelling, restlessness or symptoms of dis- comfort appeared, he was left undisturbed for eight days, when Drs. Bell and Hanshew were invited to see the brace removed. The animal was backed out of his stall without any trouble, walked to the operating floor with no assistance, and when the brace was taken off, to our great astonishment and gratification, RADIAL PARALYSIS AND ITS TREATMENT. 39 he walked a distance of at least ten feet without showing the slightest sign of weakness. The leg then began to tremble and would have probably collapsed if the brace had been leit off, but after a good hand rubbing it was re-applied. The following week the brace was removed every second day, the leg massaged, and a little exercise on perfectly level ground allowed. After that the shoe was removed, the brace taken off, and the patient allowed to lie down in a box stall. He was regularly exercised, and two weeks later, four weeks from the date the brace was first applied, he was sent home and did excellent service for his owner for years after. Fourteen years have passed since we first used this knee and ankle brace, and we have employed it in probably twenty-five or thirty cases, all of which have made satisfactory recoveries in from one to three weeks; but it is only fair to add that possibly one-half of this number would have recovered without the brace. However, we made it a rule to use it in all cases of two days’ standing. It is also very probable that none of these cases was complicated with a fracture of the first rib or severe injuries to the brachial plexus. Now a few words as to the brace itself, its object, and mode of application. It was designed to fix the limb in a perpendicular position and to place the paralyzed muscles in a state of rest, without causing undue pressure upon any part. If properly applied. a space of an inch or more is left between the brace and the leg from the foot all the way to the centre of the forearm, where the brace is slightly curved in a backward direction and rests upon the fleshy bellies of the flexor muscles, which should be well padded with small cushions or pillows made of aseptic wool, and changed frequently during hot weather to prevent macera- tion of the skin from perspiration. As the connection between the extension spur of the shoe and the brace proper admits of a limited amount of motion, the patient soon learns to secure comfort by placing the limb in ad- vance of its fellow, partly turning in the toe, resting on the spur 40 GEORGE H. BERNS. of the shoe, and releasing all pressure from the posterior radial region. Straps and buckles attached to the brace would improve its appearance and probably simplify its application, but fear of severe pressure and troublesome sloughs prompt me to use ordi- nary roller bandages, which enables me to exert an equal amount of pressure upon the leg from the foot up to and including the forearm, and thus the danger of pressure necrosis is reduced to a minimum. Iron Brace and Shoe for Knee Iron Brace and Shoe for Iron Brace and Shoe and Ankle Fixation (Berns). Knee and Ankle Fixation Attached — Radial (Berns). Paralysis (Berns). Now, the interesting question arises—Why is this simple treatment so effectual ? It is a well-established clinical fact that over-distention of muscular tissue produces temporary paralysis. When we con- sider that the mild forms of radial paralysis above mentioned as having been produced while animals were kept under restraint upon the operating table, with elbow extended but slightly—and the severe cases with the enormous extension and stretching of all the muscles attached to the olecranen and situated in the scapulo-humeral angle, which takes place every time the patient RADIAL PARALYSIS AND ITS TREATMENT. 41 attempts to place weight upon the affected limb—is it not reason- able to suppose that the very violent and often repeated and con- tinued over-distention of these muscles is largely responsible for this persistent lameness? I am of the opinion that in the milder forms of this disease the trunk of the radial nerve is rarely involved, and that the symptoms are due to an obstructed circulation from pressure or functional disturbances of the muscles from over-distention. In the severe forms, I have no doubt but that the nerve itself is Merillat Method. Tron Brace Illustrated in Merillat’s Sur- gery. primarly involved, and perhaps from over-distention or pressure due to accidental causes, has temporarily lost its function, pro- ducing paralysis of all the muscles it supplies; but I am con- vinced that the muscles while in a state of complete paralysis are subjected to enormous strains, frequently repeated, which tem- porarily destroy the contractile power of their fibres and cause persistent paralysis, secondary to and entirely independent of the primary injury to the nerve. Upon this theory the value of the brace as a remedial agent is readily explained. 42 GEORGE H. BERNS. I also believe that a somewhat similar condition exists in cases of so-called femoral paralysis and dropping of the stifle, following recovered cases of azoturia, and if a brace or some other apparatus could be devised which would keep the stifle in its place and rest the muscles in the anterior femoral region, satisfactory results would probably follow and shorten the period of convalescence. Dr. Merillat, in describing his treatment of brachial paralysis, evidently recognizes the advantages of mechanically placing the affected limb in a vertical position. He shows a very neat-fitting iron brace, which is made to follow the curves of the leg. It is equipped with buckles and straps and is applied close to the limb. He also illustrates another very simple and original method of fixing the knee in brachial paralysis by the use of an ordinary saddle, back strap, crupper and breeching, and the knee of the affected leg is secured to the breeching and in this way kept in a proper vertical position. This method looks practical and seems to possess many ad- vantages over a brace, if it will keep the limb in the desired posi- tion in severe cases. I have not had a bad case since I saw the illustration, but shall certainly give it a trial at first chance. Dr. Geo. M. Wuitaker Dies SupDENLY.—Dr. George Mason Whitaker, late of Washington, D. C., an associate editor of Hoard’s Dairyman, died August 29 after an illness of but a few hours. At the time of his death, Dr. Whitaker was presi- dent of the Farmer’s National Congress, and secretary of the National Dairy Union. He was for several years attached to the Dairy Division of the Department of Agriculture in Wash- ington. He was a man of unusual culture. For fifteen years he was editor of the New England Farmer, and president, secretary, treasurer and trustee of more associations, agricultural boards and clubs than our limited space will permit us to enumerate. He was buried at his old home, Southbridge, Mass., where he was born in 1851. He was active mentally and physically up to the time of his death, and the sudden cutting off of his useful life, was a great wrench to his family and associates. RESULTS WITH THE COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF CONTAGIOUS ABORTION OF CATTLE. * F. B. Haptey, D.V.M. and B. A. Beacu, D.V.M., UNiversity oF WISCONSIN, Maptison. Since the perfection of the complement fixation test for the diagnosis of syphilis and glanders, many other diseases have been made the subject of investigation by using the blood serum as a basis. Among these, perhaps none has a wider field of use- fulness than the application of the test to the diagnosis of contagious or infectious abortion of cattle. This statement is made advisedly and with a full realization that excep- tions may be taken. However, when the prevalence of the malady and the great number of animals that are subject to it are considered the above statement has more weight. Contagious abortion is generally prevalent in all sections where dairying is engaged in, and has caused tremendous losses in certain pure bred herds in which conditions were favorable to the dissemination of the infection. The disease is most frequently seen in the bovine species. It is caused by a specific microorganism which finds the pregnant uterus a particularly favorable location for growth; and is usually characterized by the expulsion of the fetus before the period of gestation has been completed. The causal agent is known under various names. Of these bacillus abortus (Bang) seems to be the most universally ac- cepted. The organism is a cocco-bacillus 0.8 to 2 microns long by 0.5 to 0.7 wide, stains with aniline dyes, and is Gram negative. In growing the abortion bacilli blood-serum-agar has been found eminently satisfactory for a nutrient medium. A rarefied atmosphere has given better results than ordinary incubator air. The colonies are small, round, slightly convex, and smooth, simu- *Read before the American Veterinary Medical Association, Indianapolis, August, IgI2. 43 44 F. B. HADLEY AND B. A. BEACH. lating a honey-or-dew-drop. A characteristic bluish cast is ob- served by transmitted light. The pregnant uterus is a particularly favorable location for the growth of the abortion bacilli. When present in large num- bers they set up an inflammation which is perhaps most noticeable at the cotyledons. Finally the natural exchange of gases and nutrients between the mother and fetus can no longer take place, with the result that abortion or premature expulsion of the fetus occurs. It does not appear necessary to enter into an exhaustive dis- cussion of contagious abortion from the clinical viewpoint, con- sequently many interesting points to the practitioner will needs be omitted. Of particular interest may be mentioned the belief that occasionally infected cows may act as carriers of the abor- tion bacilli for many months after the last abortion, as do the so-called typhoid fever carriers of the human race. Our work with this diagnostic method as applied to the dis- ease under consideration was started in June, 1911, since which time a large number of animals from different parts of the state of Wisconsin have been tested. For a full description of the technique of manipulation and components used in the complement fixation test reference may be had to Research Bulletin No. 24 of the Agricultural Experi- ment Station of the University of Wisconsin by the writers. The test is strictly a laboratory procedure and is based upon the presence of certain specific antibodies or immune bodies which circulate in the blood of infected animals. These substances vary in quantity and quality, depending upon the period of infection. Their presence is determined by using guinea pig complement, a constituent of fresh blood, as an indicator. If the blood-serum sample under test is from an animal harboring the abortion bacilli a fixation of the complement takes place, leading to a definite and easily recognized test tube reaction. On the other hand, if no infection is present in the animal whose serum is be- ing tested the complement will remain free to act in the dissolu- tion of the red blood corpuscles. a ret COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST IN CONTAGIOUS ABORTION OF CATTLE. 45 Because it is impracticable in a paper of this kind to take up the different steps in the performance of the test, it will be as- sumed that most of you are familiar with them. We will there- fore immediately proceed to the interpretation of the reaction, which may be summarized as follows: 1. Cattle in which the serum shows a complete fixation of the complement in quantities of 0.01 c.c. and 0.02 c.c. are or have been infected with abortion bacilli 2. Cattle in which the serum gives a complete complement fixation in the quantity of 0.02 c.c. and an incomplete fixation in the 0.01 c.c. amount also are or have been infected with the abortion bacilli. 3. Cattle in the serum of which no binding is noted in the 0.OI c.c. amount and an incomplete binding in the larger amount should be considered questionable reactors and retested after four or five weeks. 4. Cattle in which the serum shows no power of fixing the complement in either amount should be considered free from the infection. A positive reaction, obtained in testing the serum from a pregnant cow or heifer, does not necessarily mean that the ani- mal will abort. We have shown that abortion is simply inci- dental to infection. All animals have a certain amount of non- specific physiological resistance, while many members of infected herds show an acquired active immunity which they have gained either from an attack of the disease or by a casual vaccination. It must be understood that there may be a considerable varia- tion in sera from different sources. In some the antibodies are not present in sufficient quantity to bind the complement, indi- cating that the animal in question has become infected recently, or that she is just recovering from the infection. In such a case a retest must be made in four to six weeks to determine positively what condition actually exists. In order that a comparison might be made between the ag- glutination and the complement fixation tests when used as diag- nostic agents for contagious abortion, a series of parallel tests 46 F. B. HADLEY AND B. A. BEACH. was carried out as per Table I, a glance at which reveals some discrepancy between the two methods of diagnosis : Table I. Comparison of the Agglutination and Complement Fixation Tests. Number Complement of Abortion Record. Agglutination Fixation Animal. Test. Test. I Never aborted sis sdciccG Sale cys sores sie siale sleloleteiete ee Ge —_— == 2 Never -abortedis jis rae. «cutie ey onoveveleleverel oterenererelereuston eieks _— = 3 Never aADOrted : oyicctec cia ote dial ovataiegenetedeyemele eters e momstelt = — 4 Never: aborted enc. cocina ters sstsretalessteieieveie sie ets oreieaicrareienciexs + = 5 INiev er. ‘Alb OT CG siisyepa tera sues suas cocoa eneweteveumcen bere er scot overt re — = 6 Nievere abontedine sitisiectercys straits elehevettreroe tern ckeraiereateeiere _ = GF INEVET SADOTTEA 2: Herd ays, erencte wrcysnes 8 helene /ouoiw eh eeiel See eis chet —_— — 8 Never “aborted crvcaed ciate nad xeesmeeiers a nctres clyen & + —= INIEVEI' AD OLTE GS a crs aue-visteralors he hetevaievonel derstelereioieie cet ore — = 10 Never (aborted s,s c:octa. tis store teil occvarlevt a ole yeltota store alte. ovsheres — — ite INGVer ADOTES GS rcgsce svete airaiecce sedate tue etetetonslavere ws tevekenerauetexe —_— = 12 Never) ‘aborted ’s Sardis case weclewiog os stakes ta bone wares —_— = 13 Nevers aborted: wjeucie oe rporche tel avausieretetoverslousrever: ienene elo verons — = 14 Never maborted es pincsiaccictee ein tom cirsteteus cre pe elena ener — = 15 INeVvier = 'abOrtedharaisctavecstiasetousite (sce tousvenc ts elacelateusksicuspeleys isis — = 16 Never) iabonted s:. ois) .icsesfcpe visvaye/srers,lvsiclersicligve eters velleters -- _— 17 INSVER NM ADORLE Ga. tavananstairicr sierereatcgsioter horns terenovouetcere aisle —- — 18 Niewier SabOrtedinrs.« sreisversveva saeterslaroiacyatoiciononecetereroleusuctorete — —_— 19 Nievier “ab ortediicts.s acim: sosraeterers aio eiereteoresron tt Rude ievetens ~- ? 20 Never, @DOrted so 6 eis: 120)s) syste Gisnevartie are) .ssepereie tone iois eleleks + se 21 NGVers AD Orte ds nce cies aye sieve one sie aveletovers erarcienele sisyeiqeiecs ~- —_ 22 INGVET AD OGLE caee errors ve lstee,cigete is Bies chietaus ences leteie evento totals + ar 23 INS VETS Tal DORE Me rareralctotst sy cle) «ct alalraeuatel s vholetohaneyeueestetorelel cits + + 24 Nevers aborted. rarct-sepatarelciersperreisheeenclereteceterctene erstenevells — = 2 Wndoubtedly: vinfectad!! Vic: cleiscie elerel iste eistenelereteleleeicjele + + 26 IAPOnted, iEWAny sCAlVieSs sein ororcncie ors eke rorelerekenalererecneneseushs — — 27 Wiaceimated! Sheihery ccc cmter ls cneteneieveisyeue eroketeisterstmclevavece + ar 28 Waceinated ihertetjays scr ceicterarercincte steusicrerereiciotaterenale erate + ae 29 Waceiniated) sheikerrarysyets tetas hele letele ssetarodsde ucteys caer sie ielaiaie + + 30 Waccinated! Uneidientirrcio.c versions ern cco eis rsueneieitcnsietete tens + ? 31 Aborted. December 2) TO Ie srcie ie olenepercistensielerae ievalelone + te 2 Aborted AupusthT,) Dortesat so nce ctetaiaia's eralccs:ty cle oe ~ ~ 33 Probablyaaborted Ati ouSty rome crscideitersininersterrsistela ? + 34 Never aborted i:\cccvarestsicvsocshetetel cholo tse vfetods, weave sole accvetoheroee + af a5 ANd) IMMERY AoE, NOS adoogdo To AocodonEGRgDONnGS + + 36 Vaccinated hetier: Wer ris cis cle sie ee ss te elene tote eine apaveneiave + + 37 GCalirott INOSRS Arnie rte clersis sfayelcievetel scksker sielenetene + + 38 aborted Neb riratayes OM wei’ Kie oie, s/ellsiellelsteteveisie cveiatele: _— + Bow TBAT eats sere oeevoys alle tehere (orsle) olay. eusisvelatevelioveyerstnrs ele enmiarete ? + (— sign indicates negative reaction; + sign indicates positive reaction; ? signifies an atypical reaction.) It is interesting to note No. 26, a young cow that aborted twin calves at the fifth month of gestation. Both tests gave nega- tive results, indicating other cause than infection for the abor- tion; three months later another complement fixation test also re- sulted negatively. Nos. 28, 29, 30 and 36 are experimental heif- ers under process of immunization by vaccination with attenuated cultures of abortion bacilli. They all gave evidence of the pres- ence of the organisms by the tests, although they had never been bred. No. 37 is the calf of No. 34; at the age of 25 days and again at three months its serum showed evidence of the presence COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST IN CONTAGIOUS ABORTICN OF CATTLE. 47 ee ee eee of the specific immune bodies and agglutinins, a point of especial importance when considering the matter of inherited immunity. The dam harbored the abortion bacilli at parturition, as we dem- onstrated by recovering the organisms from portions of the placental cotyledons. More conclusive evidence was established by preparing, from the growths, an antigen which gave a typical binding when titrated against the serum from a known positive reactor. The bull, No. 39, had been used for service in an in- fected herd for some time, which accounts for the positive re- sults with his serum. These and other comparative tests in which clinical history has been much more closely corroborated by the complement binding reaction than by the agglutination test lead us to regard the former as greatly superior to the latter as a diagnostic means for contagious abortion. However, the additional evidence which the agglutination test brings to bear upon suspicious or atypical reactors is usually sufficient so that a definite diagnosis may be made. Accordingly, it is recommended in such cases for use in conjunction with the complement fixation method. When both tests give positive results we are safe in concluding that the ani- mal is or has recently been infected. Other investigators report results which are in accord with the above statements. Among other things, it is, of course, of utmost importance to know if this new complement fixation test is accurate when applied to the same animal at stated intervals. To establish this point, consecutive tests were made on a herd of infected cattle belonging to the Wisconsin Experiment Station. The animals were of various ages and breeds and were representative of a good dairy herd. The results of these tests are given in Table IT, and are interesting, as a number of hitherto undemonstrated and important points relative to this disease are brought out, viz.: I. The persistence of the immune bodies for more than a year after abortion occurred, e. g., No. 3. 2. The fact that No. 5, a calf, did not show evidence of the immune bodies up to a year old, although she was dropped pre- maturely and was in constant association with infected animals. 48 F. B. HADLEY AND B. A. BEACH. 3. Evidence that these bodies appear gradually, indicating that a certain degree of immunity results from infection and that there is a decided probability of artificially increasing the immu- nity by the administration of vaccines and bacterins. Table II. Summary of Consecutive Tests in an Infected Herd. ' IQII IQII IQII 1912 1912 1912 1912 July ct. Dec. jae March April uly No. Abortion History Test Test ‘Test est Test Test est x iCalves\ April 205. 190i ce « cee + Sp SS = 2 Aborted August 1, IgI1I..... + + + + + ~ + 3 Aborted February 19, 1911... + + + ate a + _-—— 4 Aborted May 29, 1g911....... —_ —_— ? + + + SP 5 *Dropped March 1o, 1911..... — -- -- — ? — + 6 Calved February 19, 1912.... — r ? + + ay + 7 Aborted December 21, 1911... — ? + “- + + + 8 Probably aborted August, 1911 + + + + + + —_—— 9 Aborted years ago.......... + _ + - Hee Oi ESI ratere cue ateiaeetateinieye(atetnie aictace -——_- — — + + —_—— + re) *Injected with abortus vaccine in April, May and June, 1912. (— sign indicates negative reaction; + sign indicates positive reaction; ? denotes atypical reaction.) The practical value of this new diagnostic method may be best brought out by giving a synopsis of the results obtained in the field. Samples of blood from various herds, whose owners wished to know definitely whether or not the contagious form of abortion existed, have been forwarded to our laboratory for examination. Sometimes full details concerning the history of each animal ac- companied the samples. At other times absolutely no informa- tion was given. One veterinarian stated that he purposely omitted such assistance so as to avoid the possibility of influencing us by suggestions. When convenient, we have gone into the field our- selves to collect the serum samples, as by so doing we felt that more reliable data could be gathered. We realized that in new work of this nature too much care could not be observed if the results and conclusions were to be of scientific value. Table III. Summary of Results with the Complement Finis Test in Infected Herds.* Reaction No. of Posi- Nega- Atyp- % % Abortion History Animals tive tive ical Positive Negative Atypical No history of abortion....... 350 69 267 14 19.7 76.3 4-0 _ Kerio wn -aborters’ \ ol EQUINE DISTEMPER. 83 Dr. Frank H. Miller, New York City, as well as several labora- tories locally; but we received no material assistance until Dr. Lintz became interested in the outbreak, solely from a scientific standpoint. From Lieder Krantz, a morgan stallion, used for our Re- mount Stud, Dr. Lintz isolated a bacilli (since called Bacilli Lintz) of the colon group that proved the specific cause as well as pneumococci, which he found was the secondary invader and cause of mortality. This vaccine was used on three typical cases, one in the pri- mary phase of distemper (Wright horse), one in secondary phase or pneumococcic infection, well advanced (Backhouse horse), and one in the third, and what had been always fatal phase in this outbreak (Painter horse). The Wright horse received one vaccination of the vaccine. This with mild stimulant was only treatment administered. The Backhouse horse had several complications, most serious of which was nephritis, Hexamethylenamine (Urotropine) was given for several days. This horse received four vaccinations in a period of about fourteen days, after which time the tempera- ture had returned to normal and general condition so improved that no further medication was administered. The Painter horse showed all indications of all the tissues being seriously invaded; temperature. The improvement noted in these three cases was so marked that we were positive that the specific organism has been isolated and in accordance Dr. Lintz prepared an immunizing vaccine of a reduced number of Bacilli Lintz. Ten horses were of different physical condition, temperature and pulse every four hours were taken, one day after which we inoculated them with above vaccine. The reactions were very similar to that of mallein and three of the horses showed considerable systemic disturbance, temperature rising to 105 and 106, increased pulsation, depression and anorexia, and in general typical characteristics of the disease, two of the react- ors returned to normal condition in two days, and the third one received a curative inoculation the ‘third, and was normal the 84 WALTER LINCOLN BELL. sixth, subsequent to the original immunizing. These results be- ing so marked, we decided to immunize the balance of our mounts, about 82, and accordingly they received the same inocu- lation as the ten test horses; showing quite some reaction of about eight per cent. of the horses. The balance was very slight, if any at all. These reactors were given mild stimulants and all returned to normal within a few days after passing through a mild typical course of the disease. This absolutely checked this outbreak, and there were no more cases. Eleven months after (December, 1911), a new outbreak started amongst some of the horses that had not been in the armory during the original trouble, and many of these horses were attacked very severely. These were immediately inoculated with the curative dose, and though there was a total of 35 cases, we had no fatalities, as before all other horses were immunized, and though the outbreak started about December 7, Ig1I, every case was successfully terminated, all other animals being im- munized, and we were entirely through with this outbreak De- cember 28, 1911, and every animal in good condition. No other treatment was used, aside from intestinal antiseptics and mild heart stimulants in the more severe cases. Upon finding that we were contending with a form of dis- temper or shipping fever, I furnished some vaccine to Dr. Frank H. Wright for use in cases of usual form of distemper occurring in “ Green Horses.”’ The results were so satisfactory that he im- mediately adopted the procedure of treating all horses green purchased, by his clients, immunizing those not showing fever, and treating with curative vaccine the ones showing infection. His results were as follows: In fifty cases occurring during November and December, IQII, in one stable, not treated with Vaccine Equina-Lintz, four- teen died. In forty-eight cases in the same stable during March and April, 1912, with Vaccine Equina-Lintz, one died, which through carelessness became exposed to cold and died of enteritis, as all these ninety-eight occurred in one stable, the test seemed conclusive. — EQUINE DISTEMPER. SS Dr. Philip Weaver, Glen Cove, L. I., was supplied with this vaccine to treat a carload of horses, of which all were sick, hay- ing several dead in transit. His conclusions were that it was absolutely specific for distemper in its various phases. Though having given up general practice to specialize the treatment of pets, the success of our treatment of horses at our Armory be- came known, and I[ have been called upon several times to inves- tigate and treat distemper in some of the large stables locally, of which an outbreak occurring in the horses of the Borough De- velopment Company, January, 1911, was very interesting. There were seventy-two horses in the stables, one horse having died the day I made the original investigation. Four cases had already resulted fatally. Dr. Lintz naturally being interested in the case directed the autopsy, and took necessary material for cul- ture and examination. His results were that the identical or- ganism was easily recovered and pneumococcus here also proved the secondary invader and cause of fatality. They were of an exceptionally fine type of heavy draught horses. I treated four- teen cases, most of them of very serious phase, immunized the others and terminated the outbreak in about three weeks with no deaths and every horse ready for service. One of the largest contracting concerns purchased eighty horses this spring. These horses approximated $500 each and were the pick of the market. Twenty had already died when I was called on, one of which died the following day, and from this autopsy Dr. Lintz recovered the original bacilli (Lintz) as well as pneumo and streptococci, and accordingly prepared an autogenous vaccine which was used after the third day. The initial vaccinations having been made with organisms from orig- inal outbreaks which have been kept growing and of full potency by passing through laboratory animals. Two were dying and there was a total of thirty severe cases for treatment. The two died the following day. One was so intensely saturated that I only injected very small numbers of organisms each day and though the animal showed considerable improvement, he died the sixth day. The remaining thirty horses were successfully treated and all horses returned to normal in nine days. S6 WALTER LINCOLN BELL. One of the local sales stables became interested in the vaccine during May of this year, and the results were so conclusive that they adopted it as their standard treatment, having lost but one horse, which, during convalescence, was put in a draughty place _and a severe congestive condition developed, and the animal died the following day from intense endocarditis. Since initial use in May, 1912, this stable has treated a large number of cases. Many were severe and this was the only death. The results have been practically the same in one of the largest as well as the majority of smaller sales stables in New York City, and also in the practice of many of the veterinarians in the Greater City. There can be no doubt as to the fact that Dr. Lintz has suc- ceeded in isolating the specific organism causing equine distem- per ; not only are the above facts conclusive, but complete research work has been done and the following are the results: Aggluti- nation reactions with the serum of sick as well as those that had recovered were positive; agglutination was still present in a dilu- tion of 1-200. It is pathogenic for mice, rats, rabbits and guinea- pigs. Upon autopsy these animals showed marked parenchy- matous degeneration of all the viscera, and the same organism was isolated. It is not pathogenic for dogs. A horse was secured and this organism was inoculated both subcutaneously and intravenously. This horse was under the constant observation of Dr. Tiersen, a former Veterinary Captain of the French Army. Twenty-four hours after the intravenous inoculation of a saline emulsion of six agar culture tubes, which tubes had been inoculated with the Bacilli Lintz and incubated for eighteen hours, the horse’s temperature rose abruptly to 105. He refused all nourishment and exhibited signs of marked weak- ness and constipation. The temperature for the next three days fluctuated between 103 and 106, gradually returning to normal at the end of five days. The cardinal symptoms of the disease, namely, hyperpyrexia, slow pulse, anorexia, weakness and con- stipation, were reproduced in the experimental animal. Further proof is also found in the fact that we have also been able to control and stop severe outbreaks in stables contain- EQUINE DISTEMPER. 194) =I ing a large number of horses. In these instances a vaccine of Bacilli Lintz only was used, and such immunization held perfectly. It would be unnecessary to go into a lengthy description ot symptoms etc., of this condition, as we are all familiar enough with it in its various manifestations, but the cardinal symptoms as I have observed them in two years’ experimental work, cover- ing many cases, are, first, high temperature with little pneu- monitory symptoms; second, anorexia, often complete, constipa- tion third; intense depression and weakness fourth; and to my mind an important feature is that the temperature may be as high as 107 degrees Fahrenheit, yet the pulse will be only about 60 and strong. This covers the primary phase or distemper proper, and lasts from three to five days, gradually subsiding to normal for one to three days when the animal becomes again very sick, temperature high, then fluctuating, showing septic in- vasion, pulse higher and weaker, breathing indicates lung involve- ment, weakness exaggerated, anorexia complete and unless ani- mal possesses strong immunity and resistance, death occurs. This is due to the secondary invader, which is pneumococci in the majority of cases, but may also be complicated with streptococci. VETERINARIAN Assists MepicaL MEN ReEpPorTING IMPOR- TANT CAsEes.—We have had the privilege of perusing the Australasian Medical Gazette for April, 1910, and also for April, IgiI, and we find in the former a report of a case of “ Bilateral Tubal Pregnancy with Rupture on Either Side,” by T. G. Wilson, M.D., Gynecologist to Adelaide Hospital, in which Veterinary Surgeon Desmond, of Adelaide, prepared the specimens and microscopic sections, photographs of which, and of the two preg- nant tubes, taken by Desmond, are used to illustrate the article. In the 1911 number, we find a most interesting report of a very unusual condition (to the veterinary mind at least) of a tumor at the base of the brain in a woman, causing Acromegally. This case, in which Veterinary Surgeon Desmond photographed sec- tions of the brain that are used to illustrate the article, presents such interesting symptoms that we shall reproduce it in whole or in part in a future issue. It is men like Desmond that do much to amalgamate the two branches of medicine and surgery. VETERINARY EDUCATION COMES INTO ITS OWN IN THE WESI.* By F. W. Beckman, Ames, I. Veterinary education is coming into its own in the mid-west with the completion of the new $200,000 set of buildings for the veterinary school at Iowa State College at Ames. When Dean C. H. Stange and his associates open the fall term’s work in the new structure, they will be housed in the largest and most com- plete institution of its kind in this country or any other. Dr. Charles H. Stange, Dean of the Veterinary Medical School. A good many new ideas have been worked out 1n the arrange- ment of the lowa veterinary buildings. Each of the departments has been given a separate building so that its work may go on without interference from other departments. Yet they are brought closely together by a covered passageway that connects all of the buildings, both main floors and basements. With this arrangement, the head of each department can be fixed definitely with responsibility for what goes on in his department, thus facilitating administration. The buildings with their connecting *This story is furnished with the compliments of Iowa State College. 88 ; ‘ 8 Z eS Se oe a a a. ee oe VETERINARY EDUCATION IN THE WEST. 89 passageways surround a large inner court which makes possible perfect lighting and ventilation, always so important in veterinary college buildings. Every structure is lighted from all four sides and laboratories and dissecting rooms have an abundance of light and fresh air. The whole set of buildings occupies a space 339 feet by 256 feet in size, the equivalent of a full city block. There are five buildings in the entire group, three at the front and two at the rear. Sometime later a sixth building will be added at the rear to house the research and experimental work of the college. When this extra wing is completed, another $40,000 will have been invested by the state At the center of the A view of the front of the new veterinary buildings at Iowa State College showing the administration building at the center and the pathology and bacteriology laboratory at the farther side and physiology laboratory at the near side. three buildings in front is the administration building, which contains the general offices, the library, an assembly room that seats 200, a large general museum and faculty rooms. On one side of this central building is the pathology and bacteriology building, and, on the other, a building devoted to the physiology laboratories and the pharmacy class rooms. The laboratories in both structures have complete and modern equipment. In this respect they rival the best of college laboratories in the country. Especially interesting is the animal physiology laboratory. It is the most complete to be found in a veterinary college in this coun- try. It represents the last word in this branch of veterinary sci- 90 F. W, BECKMAN. ence, which is only now getting its rightful recognition as a part of veterinary education. At the rear stands the large clinic and hospital building, 163 feet by 61 feet, and the anatomy building. In the hospital build- ing there is capacity for 70 patients, including kennels for 22 dogs and other small animals. There is, also, an isolation ward for the treatment of contagious diseases. Throughout, this hos- pital building is constructed of brick, cement and steel, and every nook and corner of it may be thoroughly cleansed and disinfected. A view of the veterinary buildings at Iowa State College from the south side showing the inner court and the connecting corridors. Every stall is equipped with slings. There are three operating rooms in this structure. The largest, 65 feet by 30 feet, opens into the inner court. This is used for the examination of ani- mals as they are admitted and for minor operations and treat- ments. Adjoining it is a clinical amphitheatre and next to that is the third operating room for large animals, equipped with a hydraulic operating table. Near by is a dispensary and instru- ment room and off of that the office and living apartments of the house surgeon. Throughout this hospital building is equipped with white enamel and glass instrument cases, operating tables VETERINARY EDUCATION IN THE WEST. 91 and basins, while the small animal operating room looks for all the world like an operating room for humans. The anatomy building contains perhaps the best lighted and the most complete animal dissecting room in the country, besides an unusually large amphitheatre class room where animal car- casses may be brought for special dissection. The dissecting room is as far different from the usual veterinary dissection room Instrument room and dispensary of the veterinary buildings at Iowa State College. as may be imagined. Not many medical colleges can boast better facilities for their work. Iowa has been generous with its veterinary school for several reasons, chiefly perhaps because Iowa is a great live stock state. Dean Stange estimates that the value of all kinds of animals in Iowa at the present time is not less than $450,000,000. He esti- mates, further, that there is an annual loss of live stock from preventable disease amounting to $10,000,000 at least. These facts are responsible for the building of a school to train veteri- 92 F. W. BECKMAN. nary doctors that measures up to the need. Dean Stange had another purpose in securing a building that some visitors say 1s good enough for the care and treatment of human beings. That purpose was to give the young men who attend lowa’s veterinary school a proper idea of the dignity and importance of their work. Unconsciously, the splendid building, with its fine equipment and its strict cleanliness, must teach veterinary students that their work is worth while, that its standards should be high, that it should be dignified, that it should command the best kind of men and that it should get the very best service from them. Many veterinarians have visited the new buildings and they are unanimous in their praise of it. Dr. A. M. Farrington, as- sistant chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry at Washington, said that he thought that the building stood for the very best ideals in medicine. He added that if lowa did not graduate a new and better type of veterinarians, he would be much disap- pointed. A CorRRECTION AND A ReQuest.—Under the caption, “ THE VETERINARIAN IN RELATION TO PuBLic HEALTH,” a paper was presented to the Veterinary Medical Association of New Jersey in July, 1912, by Percival K. Nichols (veterinarian to the New York City Board of Health for the Borough of Richmond, and also to the New York State Department of Agriculture in Rich- mond County), and was published in the September number of the AMERICAN VETERINARY REvIEw, beginning page 682, giv- ing as its author, Harold E. Stearns, Arlington, N. J. This error occurred through Dr. Nichols’ paper being received with- out bearing his name on any part of it, and the fact that Dr. Stearns also presented a paper at the same meeting bearing the same title; so in looking over the program to find an author to fit the title of Dr. Nichols’ paper, Dr. Stearns’ name was erron- eously appended. We therefore ask each individual reader to make the correction in his September number by drawing a line through Dr. Stearns’ name and address and supplying that of Percival K. Nichols, D. V. S., Port Richmond, N. Y. Kindly do this now, lest you forget. REPORTS OF CASES. CESARIAN SECTION. By W. E. Net, D.V.S., Kirksville, Mo. On the tenth of June I was called to see a Boston bull terrier that was due to whelp. I was told by the owner that she had taken sick the day before. She was laboring, but the pains were of short duration, and far between. There was no delivery yet made. But on examination, I was able to feel the top of the head of one puppy; and by manipulation, the head was raised, and in a few minutes there was a delivery. So I left the patient in the care of the owner, and told him, I thought that she might give birth to the remainder without assistance. But at two o’clock I was called, and found there was no progress made. Upon ex- amination I found there two puppies presented as far as the ilium of the mother would permit. These puppies had their heads hooked over each other’s neck, and when she would labor they would both present at the same time. So I was unable to get them separated, she being too small to use instruments, as this was her first time to whelp. So about 6 p. m. I prepared to operate. She was placed on the operating table, the field for operation was shaved and cleansed, and she was given ether until 93 94 REPORTS OF CASES. completely anesthetized. A bold incision was made in her left side, absorbent cotton was placed around the opening, the horns of the uterus containing the foetuses were brought out and laid on the absorbent cotton, an incision was made in the horn, on the upper side extending to the body of the uterus. The foetuses were removed from both horns by the same opening. There were eight alive and one dead. After removing the contents of the uterus, the opening was sutured up with sterile catgut, turning the serous surfaces together, making the Lembert stitch. The organ was then replaced and the abdominal peritoneum sutured with catgut, the muscular structures and skin with linen tape. The parts were dressed with iodoform, flexible collodion, the parts covered with absorbent cotton, and a many-tailed bandage ap- plied. She came from under the anesthetic in about thirty min- utes, was given strong coffee in small quantities every hour dur- ing the night. Was irrigated the following day with a 5 per cent. -boracic acid solution, and was given liquid food. for a few days. She made a nice recovery, and six of the puppies are still living, but three died for lack of nourishment. The mother and puppies are healthy, as you can see by the picture. There was no sup- puration and the stitches were removed in four days and left scarcely a mark or scar. A DIVIDED PALATE. By Frep W. Porter, D.V.M., Tampa, Fla. I am inclosing a photo print of a calf’s head that was recently delivered by me. I have the original preserved in formaline. REPORTS OF CASES. 95 It is a complete specimen of divided palate (palatognathus). The print shows the view, looking directly into the mouth. The fig. 1 is the tongue; fig. 2, the turbinates; fig. 3, the nostrils, six inches apart; fig. 4, eyes, lids formed but not opened. Cow had been in labor some hours when I was called. Ex- amination showed a cross presentation with all four feet at the inner os. Tried to deliver by head and fore feet, but of course was unsuccessful; I could feel something that felt like a nose but incomplete. Turned foetus and made a breech presentation with- out serious difficulty. Had an astonished owner when that head came in sight. Think it unusual enough to send you a report of it. A. CASE.OF BARLY MATERNITY. 3y A. N. Towner, D.V.S., Brewster, N. Y. The accompanying picture, is of a heifer that gave birth to a live calf (calf is still living and doing well) when she was but one year and three days old. To me this was rather unusual, as | had never seen or heard of one “ coming in” so young. This calf was kept in a pen all winter with three or four others and fed milk. This spring she was turned out and ina short time showed that she was “ making bag.’ The owner did not think anything of this until one morning on going to the pasture to salt the dry stock, he found the heifer with a calf at her side. ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. ENGLISH REVIEW. By Prof. A. LiAuTAarp, M.D., V.M. OBSCURE CAUSE OF DEATH IN A Pony [Thos. A. Huband, F.R.C.V.S.|.—Pedigree yearling pony showed symptoms of sub- acute abdominal pains and treated accordingly; castor oil, colo- dyne in warm milk. The pains were relieved, but death took place within 35 hours. At post mortem no abnormal conditions were found except that the mucous membrane of the colon was ulcerated. The lesions were in outline somewhat ovoid, varying from one-third to one-twelfth of an inch in size. No perfora- tion could be found. This condition was considered as due to bacillus necrosis.—(Vet. Record.) FRACTURE OF THE Ospepts [J. F. Macdonald, M.R.C.V.S.]. —Roan van mare, six years of age, makes a false step while at work and is lame on the near hind leg. The next morning she is in great pain and unable to carry weight on that leg. The foot examined revealed tenderness about one inch in front of the point of the frog. One or two days later pus is found, followed by sloughing of sensitive lamine. The discharge lasted for some time, but-had odor of caries. Eventually the animal got well ex- cept being lame with low ring bone. Left at rest the mare was, after three months, able to do her work. She died six months later from rupture of the heart. The photo which illustrates the record shows that the fracture extended from one of the articular glenoidal cavity of the upper face of the ospedis and extended all through the thickness to the inferior face-—(Vlet. Rec.) Heart DiseEAsE Causes PaRALysis iN A Doc [J. R. Hodg- kins, Capt. A.V.C.|.—Ten-year-old terrier has just left his owner well and bright and an hour and half after he is sick, unable to stand and drags his hind quarters. A purge is given. The author sees him three days later and finds him completely paralyzed from the 11th dorsal vertebra back. Pulse is slow and regular. Tem- perature 101°F. Urine drips slow and easily evacuated by pressure. The dog is destroyed. Heart, spinal cord and prostate 96 P ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 9T gland are the only seats of lesions; pericardium normal; left myocardium showed light buff colored spot which extends through the thickness of the ventricle. Mitral valves inflamed, thickened and with granulations, one is as large as a horse bean. Tricuspid valve also diseased, but more extensively. The aortic valves are only inflamed. Spinal cord had its vessels extremely injected. The cord was soft and pulpy, the posterior part almost creamy in consistency. Portion of the lumbar cord was con- siderably inflamed. The prostate gland was enlarged.—(JIet. Record.) SEPARATION OF COLON AND RECTUM IN A Mare [Mr. C. G. Hill, M.R.C.V.S.|.—This case was reported at the Veterinary Association of South Durham and North Yorkshire. The mare foals and seemed all right until the next day, when she showed little pain. She had not passed feces and except a small tear on the vagina she seemed all right. ‘* On passing his hand into the rectum the writer entered a large sac and it was with much difficulty that he found the entrance of the floating colon. When he had passed his hand through the opeiing it closed upon it, and in withdrawing his arm the bowel closed tightly round his wrist and was drawn out through the anus”’ when it was liberated back. The mucous coat of the bowel was deep purple in colour. The mare lived for a week, had no great pain, ate some mash and grass. At the post mortem all the organs were found healthy except the colon and rectum were separated from each other; the ends of the bowels were gangrenous. It was thought that the mare when straining at the time of foaling had caused an intussusception and as time had gone on sloughing had taken place at that part—(Veter. Record. ) RECURRENT UMBILICAL HERNIA WITH CHRONIC PNEU- monia [J. J. O’Connor, M.R.C.V.S.|].—Eighteen-months-old thoroughbred colt had congenital umbilical hernia, for which he was operated by Degive’s method. Through neglect from the owner in following advice about diet and hygiene of the colt, the hernia returned and then the ring was large enough to admit the insertion of both hands. Treatment: Anesthesia, aseptic and an- tiseptic precautions taken, hernial sac is open, the left hand in the abdomen keeps bowels in, insertion of Halstead’s sutures through the edges of the ring with pledgets of gauze to prevent great tension on the sutures, another series of same sutures insert- ed through the neck of the sac, iodoform and bandage dressing OS ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. round the body. For the first 13 days temperature of the colt varied between 104° and 105° F. On the 19th day appearance of improvement. Temperature 103°. On the 21st day it went up again and then varied up to the time of death, which occurred some two weeks later. At the post mortem typical lesions of chronic pneumonia was revealed with local peritonitis having caused adhesion of the ccecum to the abdominal wall and to a portion of the ileum. — (Vet. Journal. ) INTRODUCTION OF AIR INTO THE JUGULAR [Frank Chambers, M.R.C.V.S.].—Record of three experiments made by the author upon three head of cattle, which were diseased with East Coast fever. The first received a first intravenous injection of air, 100 c.c. when the respirations increased from 38 to 58 a minute and to 61 after injections of 400 c.c. This cow received 2346 c.c. of air and died in 12 minutes. In the second case 100 c.c. increased the respiration to 58 and afterwards receiving 500 c.c., they run up to 105. It took 2500 c.c. of air over a period of four and a half minutes to cause death. The third animal was a cow, in which the injection was ad- ministered quickly and where death required 3000 c.c. of air be- fore 1t occurred.—(Vet. Journ.) Septic Merritis IN A Bitcu [R. Branford, Punjab Vet. College |.—Bitch is in a state of collapse. She had four puppies seventeen days before and a fifth had to be taken away from her. She had appeared well ever since, but was suddenly taken sick and rapidly grew worse until she is in the state mentioned. Uterus is washed and relieved of all its infecting contents and repeated injections of chinosol are prescribed. The body is wrapped in flannel wrung out with hot water. The temperature which had been up to 109° 4F, dropped the next day to 107°, to 102°, to 101° and finally, with quinine, little beef extract, milk, the animal recovered. The interest of the case rests on the sud- den onset of the symptoms of intoxication so late after pupping and the very high temperature —(Vet. Journ. ) SARCOMA OF THE SMALL INTESTINE [F. Clwe Webb, F.R.CV.S., Captain A.V.C.].—TVhis grey mare, aged 7 years, has for the last six months, up to the date of death, been suffering with frequent attacks of colics. She was very poor in condition eee ae Ys feat + EL oF * PHN twee ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, ve) © and her appetite capricious. Her abdominal pains were sub- acute and dull, being manifested by constant lying down, pawing, etc. Constipation was not a marked feature, and towards the end the colics had become more violent. Rectal examinations, renewed several times, revealed nothing which could help in mak- ing a diagnosis. Tuberculine test was also negative. At the post mortem, the body was found extremely emaciated and on open- ing the abdomen a large solid tumor was detected “ incorporated with the bowel wall about the junction of the gejunum and ileum. On section, it was found that the lumen of the bowel actually penetrated the centre of the solid-looking fibrous mass, which was the size of a cocoanut.” Examined with the microscope, it Was pronounced round-celled sarcoma. There was also a stricture of the small intestine, not suffi- cient enough, however, to interfere with the passage of its con- tents.— (Vet. News.) FRENCH REVIEW. 3y Prof. A. Lrautarp, M.D., V.M. PERICARDITIS IN THE Horse [Mr. Bouquet].—Cryptorchid, this horse is operated. One testicle only is apparent, and re- moved by covered operation. The other is deep in the inguinal region and is taken off with the emasculator, after catgut ligature of the cord. Slight hemorrhage takes place the next day and is easily controlled. The horse is doing well and ten days after is moved to another stable, where he is alone. Three days after he roars a little, refuses his food and has spells of dyspnea. His temperature is 39° 5C, respiration 32. There is a slight puffing of the head about the supra orbital depressions. Sore throat is diagnosed and proper treatment prescribed. The next day the animal is much worse and dies before the writer gets there. Post mortem made immediately shows that the operation of castration has nothing to do as cause of death. The thorax open, explained it. The pericardium contains about 15 litres of serosity, and while its internal face is covered with ecchymoses, there is ad- herence of its external face with the left pleurea. This is quite . Strong and formed of fibrous tissue slightly gelatinous and easily torn. The trouble was probably of old standing and possibly might have been relieved, if diagnosed—(Rec. de Med. Vet.) Acute StomacaL DitataTion 1n Doc [Mr. L. Naudin].— Concise note to call the attention to a lesion generally overlooked 100 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, and noted by the author only twice at post mortem of adult dogs. In both cases the conditions were exactly alike. Dog in perfect health is taken, shortly after meal, with sudden illness, shortness of actions, arrest, suffocation, death—all in about 10 minutes— nothing can be attributed as the cause of this rapid fatal ending. Post mortem made a few hours after death shows excessive swell- ing of the whole cadaver, thoracic visceras show all the lesions of asphyxia, heart in diastole is filled with black, unclotted blood. Opening of the abdomen exhibits a pushing forward of the diaphragm muscle by the stomach, enormously distended by gases. The duodenum is filled also. There is no displacement of organ nor any strangulation anywhere. Nothing, in fact, ex- cept an acute, idiopathic dilatation of the stomach, very different from the torsion of that organ.—(ev. Gen. de Med. Vet.) ALCOHOLIC ACUTE INTOXICATION IN A Cow [Mr. Leduc].— The cow is lying down in an abnormal attitude. She moves about in an automatic manner every two minutes and moaning in a peculiar manner, and these correspond to jerky expirations. The respiration is accelerated and interrupted now and then. The pulse is irregular, the eyes twisted in the orbits, there is no defecation nor micturation. The temperature is normal. It is completely impossible to make the animal get up. In the pres- ence of such severe symptoms and fearing an encephalic or meningeal affection the owner has the cow slaughtered. At the autopsy were found congestion of both lungs, with apoplectic spots in some lobules. The liver and spleen are enormous and when cut through leave escape to very red serosity. Rumen and other stomachs contain food having a very strong alcoholic odor. The small intestine has the same odor. A careful inquiry gives the information that, left loose in a farm yard, the cow had drunk from a barrel about 12 litres of the distillation of cider recently made.—(La Presse Veter.) COMMINUTED FRACTURE OF A Rip in A Mare [Mr. Vignard, Army Veterinarian |.—Surprised stealing oats after getting loose from her stall, the mare runs through a door and receives a deep wound by a hook, about its middle of the right costal region. The skin is torn, about 40 centimeters in length, and the pannicu- ° lus, serratus magnus and external intercostal muscles are involved in the tear. The roth, 11th, 12th and 13th ribs are exposed and from the 12th a splinter is torn from the outer surface, measur- ing 12 centimeters in length. The spongy substance is exposed . ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 101 and yet there is no transversal solution of continuity. The pleural cavity remains protected only by the thin layer of the intercostal muscles. After, as thorough disinfection as possible and removal of some loose splinters of bones and of the loose soft tissues, the wound was closed with stitches, except over the cen- tral portion to leave the 12th rib exposed. Boric acid dressings were prescribed and with antiseptic injections; the wound grad- ually healed in due time, the mare resuming work after a month. —(Rev. Veter.) NITRATE OF PILOCARPINE IN TETANUS [WM. Remond and Aouizerate |.— Record of two cases which were treated with suc- cess after other treatment seemed to fail and fatal end looked for. The first case was in an eight-year-old horse which, after a superficial wound of the croup, showed marked symptoms of tetanus. These progressed rapidly and the owner was consider- ing the propriety of killing him when injections of nitrate of pilocarpine were suggested. During four days the animal was kept in a dark stable and received repeated injections of pilocar- pine. Improvement soon was manifested and after a long con- valescence the horse resumed work. The second case was more severe in its development. Follow- ing a suppurative arthritis of the left stifle joint, he was submitted first to injections of tetanic serum, but as this did not seem to arrest the disease, sub-cutaneous injections of pilocarpine was re- sorted to and after eight days of treatment the animal was con- sidered out of danger.—( Bullet. de la Soc. Cent.) TUBERCULOSIS OF THE SUPERRENAL CAPSULAE IN BOVINES [Mr. P. Chaussée, Vet. Inspect.|.—Similar cases are very excep- tionally observed. A cow six years old, very thin, without mus- cular atrophy, presented lesions of tuberculosis of its lungs well marked and hematogenous ones in small numbers. The renal regions were covered with abundant vegetations and one of the suprarenal capsule, weighing 25 grams, contained a big caseous tubercle. The other capsule was more diseased, weighed 160 grams, and was also caseous. Again, in a five-year-old steer, having generalized tubercu- losis, without peritoneal lesions, there was on the left gland two caseous tubercles, entirely similar to those of the other tissues, developed in the medullary substance of the gland, while the ‘cortical portion was free —( Bullet. de la Soc. Cent.) BIBLIOGRAPHY. PRINCIPLES OF MICROBIOLOGY. PRINCIPLES OF MicropioLtocy. A Treatise on Bacteria, Fungi and Protozoa Pathogenic for Domesticated Animals, by Veranus Alva Moore, B.S., M.D., V.M.D., Professor of Comparative Pathology, Bacteriology and Meat Inspection, New York State Veterinary College at Cornell Uni- versity, and Director of the College. Over 500 pages and tor illustra- tions. 1912. Ithaca, N. Y., Carpenter and Company. This work is the outgrowth of a lecture course by the author to his student body, which has accompanied the laboratory work in bacteriology and protozoology, and has been prepared as a textbook for veterinary students beginning the study of micro- biology; whose purpose has been to point out the role of micro- organisms in nature; to give the methods of their study and iden- tification; to indicate the relation of certain species to animal diseases; to give a description of the more important species pathogenic for animals; and to discuss briefly the reaction of the tissues to microbian invasion and the theories of immunity. It is not exhaustive, but rather elementary in character. Being a teacher, the author has realized the fact that the undergraduate can only familiarize himself with a few of the essential facts and principles, and so has only given the essential principles and theories of infection; and in order that the volume may be of further aid as a key to the entire subject, numerous references to the literature are given, where the student can obtain at first hand the results of original research; and further, a list of text and reference books are appended. Chapter I is an Historical Sketch, which is extremely interesting and instructive; Chapter II deals with Bacteria and Their Place in Nature. Chapter III, Morphology of Bacteria. Chapter IV, Classification of Bacteria and the Identification of Species. Chapter V, Bacteriological Ap- paratus, and so on throughout the work, the subjects of Steriliza- tion and Disinfection, the Preparation of Media for the Culti- vation of Bacteria, the Isolation and Cultivation of Bacteria, the Examination of Cultures, the Microscopic Examination of Bac- teria and Stains Employed, Vital Activities of Bacteria, the Use of Animals in Bacteriological Examinations and Investigations, the Bacteriology of Water and Milk, the Genus Streptococcus and its Species Pathogenic for Animals, Genus Micrococcus and 102 _ BIBLIOGRAPHY. 108 the Genus Bacterium in the same sense; a Few Species of the Genus Bacterium which Are Commonly Not Pathogenic, the Genus Bacillus and its Species Pathogenic for Animals, the Genus Pseudomonas, Migula, Higher Bacteria and Fungi Patho- genic for Animals, Protozoa, their Classification and Species Pathogenic for Animals, Epizootic Diseases of Undetermined Etiology (Filterable Viruses), Specific Bacterial Products, Tis- sue Reactions and Immunity, Serum Diagnosis and Immunity and Vaccine Therapy are all respectively dealt with in the re- maining twenty chapters. The author’s clear and concise man- ner of expression and the many illustrations make the study of microbiology fascinating and its principles easily mastered. Mal- lein, vaccine, tuberculin, etc., are all discussed, both as to their preparation and use, also the agglutination test. So that Moore’s Principles of Microbiology is an indispensible volume to the veterinary students and to the older practitioner who would be in possession of the present-day knowledge of this important subject. THe New York VETERINARY SCHOOLS OpEN.—The New York State Veterinary College at Ithaca, opened September 23, and the New York-American Veterinary College in New York City opened September 26 with excellent prospects for the 1912- a ceri. RENEWED ENERGY IN THE LIVE Stock JOURNAL.—This enterprising stock paper, edited and published by Mr. T.-Butter- worth, Chicago, has always been a live one, and has always had up-to-date views on all matters pertaining to live stock, inspir- ing an increasing interest in draft horse breeding by constantly sustaining that branch of live stock industry. But in the last few months it has taken on a new dress, coming out in pale green covers, and has in other ways exhibited evidences of new life gen- erally, which have not escaped the notice of the REvIEW any more than that of its many readers who look to it for advice in the many breeding problems which they encounter daily. Be | OBITUARY. THOMAS -EARLED BUDD, D.Vzs: Dr. T. Earle Budd died at the Orange Memorial Hospital, Orange, N. J., at 4 a. m. September 13, 1912, as a result of blood poisoning; he having become infected while performing an autopsy on a cow, supposedly suffering from anthrax. The doc- tor was taken to the hospital three days prior to his death, and appeared to be improving up to the morning of his death, when he changed for the worse, and the end came rapidly. Doctor Budd was 52 years old, having been born in Pember- ton, N. J., in 1860. He was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania, and studied veterinary medicine at the American Veterinary College in New York City; from which institution he received his veterinary degree in 1892; when he at once began to practise his profession at Woodbury, N. J. After a short time, however, ill-health demanded a change of residence, and he moved to Orange, N. J., where he enjoyed a lucrative prac- tice up to the time of his death. He was deeply interested in state affairs, especially when in connection with his profession. He has filled the following official positions: Member of the Army Legislative Committee, A. V. M. A., Member of Live Stock Commission of New Jersey, Treasurer of the New Jersey State Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners, Veterinarian to the Essex County Park Commission, Veterinarian to the Essex Troop, N. G. S. N. J., Inspector of Tuberculosis of the State of New Jersey. Has always been an active member of the Vet- erinary Medical Association of New Jersey, and has been presi- dent of that organization and has also occupied the executive office of the Alumni Association of the New York-American Vet- erinary College. A few years ago Dr. Budd was sent by the State of New Jersey to Scotland to purchase Clydesdale stallions for the im- provement of the draft and work-horses in that state. He oc- cupied a high social position in his community and was highly respected and esteemed by his fellow townsmen for the upright and honorable life that he had lived amongst them; and his sudden and untimely demise has been a great shock to them. His do- mestic lifé was beautiful. He is survived by a widow and one daughter, Mrs. Victor Schwartz, to whom the hearts of the en- tire community turn in their sad bereavement. [oaks far so scans Pa | 104 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. STATUS AND PROSPECTS OF THE ARMY VETERINARY BILL. “ H. R. 16843, a Bill to consolidate the veterinary service, U. S. Army, and to increase its efficiency,” has not passed Congress during the session just ended. The Bill had been favorably reported by the Committee on Military Affairs of the House of Representatives on April 26, Ig12. There were hopes entertained by the chairman of the legislative committee, A. V. M. A., and by many of his support- ers, that the Bill might be passed by the House of Representa- tives, and that, perhaps also, it might be favorably reported be- fore adjournment of Congress, by the Committee on Military Affairs of the Senate. But the Army Service papers do not report any further prog- . tess of the Bill, so that the net result accomplished so far re- mains the favorable recommendation of the Bill by the Commit- tee on Military Affairs of the House of Representatives. Small as this result may appear to the pessimists, always with us, it is yet of the first magnitude. It constitutes the driv- ing cone for the future onward march of the Bill. Several times the Senate did pass our former army veterinary bills, but they were always blocked in the Military Committee of the House. It was, therefore, a good strategical move of Chairman Hoskins to commence his labors with that latter committee, and the suc- cess he attained there gives him a sure foundation by having Overcome the most difficult part of the work first. The House would have undoubtedly passed the Bill on the favorable recom- mendation of its Military Committee, but the turmoil of the clos- ing days of Congress undoubtedly prevented it from being taken up.on the floor of the House. ~ - This is the present status of the Bill. It is not known what plans have been made by the chairman of the legislative com- mittee, A. V. M. A., for the fight in behalf-of the Bill, during the next: session of Congress reconvening on December 4, I912. He has the situation well in hand, to use a phrase. Not his 105 106 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. phrase, but one just given to the writer by mail by one of his staunchest supporters in the campaign just ended. ‘This letter also brought the news that Dr. Hoskins had consented to remain on the legislative committee, A. V. M. A., which was doubtful. This is as it ought to be, because he is not only thoroughly ac- quainted with the situation in and around Congress, but he has also thoroughly canvassed both branches of Congress, and, above all, he has a bunch of promises of support in his hands that nobody else could make proper use of in guiding the Bill towards its’ passage. What we need now to do is to strengthen the hands of Dr. tloskins in making careful plans for the finishing campaign of the Bill during the next session of Congress. Such plans, to be transmitted into action, need the continued enthusiastic support of the entire American veterinary profession. The fight fought so far, has shown our colleagues all over the country united in effort, so full of unity, strength and will as was never witnessed before in any of our former legislative attempts. If this proof of good will and united effort is continued for just a fraction of another year, a great, general victory will be won during the next session of Congress. It is not only that the Army Veterinary Bill is at stake, but the reputation and standing of the whole of our profession, which does no more than ask for its legitimate’ right to practise our science in an intelligent manner in the United States Army. As we are right, we must win out some time, and the chances are good, in fact better than ever before, that we shall carry our point during the winter session of Ig12- 1913. This is the way the situation looks to the writer. He is not unmindful of the tremendous amount of earnest work that lies before us in trying to accomplish this work, nor does he under- estimate the tenacity that will be needed to overcome certain ob- structions that lie now, as ever before, in the way of this little Army Veterinary Bill. Their nature is well known to those who are initiated into the mysteries of the game of politics, and who understand the sentiment and established power of opposing forces. But with all these things, and the persons representing these things, facing us, we are justified in looking at the situation with hopeful optimism. With apologies for the pessimists: Here is to the victory of the Army Veterinary Bill during the next ses- sion of Congress. And I shall drink to this toast, at the proper time, in genuine beer in old Germany. OSs ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT, 107 ARMY VETERINARY NOTES. Veterinarians Walter R. Grutzman, 15th Cavalry, and Olaf Schwartzkopf, 3d Cavalry, have each been granted leave for four months, with permission to go beyond the sea, to take effect in October. Their itinerary includes visits to the Army Veterinary Schools at Aldershot, England; Saumur, France, and Berlin, Germany, and to several of the renowned European veterinary colleges. Mrs. Schwartzkopf will accompany her husband. Veterinarian Henry W. Peters, 14th Cavalry, was granted a leave of two months at his return from the Philippine service, and is now enjoying with Mrs. Peters a well earned vacation at his home state. Recently it was decided by War Department order that vet- erinarians and chaplains of Cavalry and Field Artillery need not take the obstacle rides prescribed for officers of the mounted service. This is the second time that army veterinarians have been exempted from proficiency tests in riding, and it is greatly to be regretted that this was done on the request of some of our col- leagues. We have to give instruction to officers in hippology, and are almost daily consulted on questions of conformation and capacity of horses as officers‘ mounts. An army veterinarian who can only teach the theories of hippology and who has never himself practised these theories by personal application, can only be a poor teacher and judge on these questions, and really ought not to be in the army service in mounted regiments. If we want to make for advance in the army veterinary service and become officers of an army veterinary corps, we must cease to consider ourselves qualified by just applying a little salve here, a liniment there and occasionally a hypodermic injection, as do mere medi- cine men. We must become military horsemen, which the field service demands of us by its very nature. The veterinary officers of all European armies are required to be expert riders, because their position requires the knowledge and practise of skilled and fearless riders. The time is at hand when we must be in the same class. The case of the chaplains is entirely different. No knowl- edge of horses is required of them, and their dignity suffers nothing by making poor figures on horseback if they accompany mounted troops. It is a pity that by the leniency of the War Department we are put in the category of chaplains in this respect. SOCIETY MEETINGS. AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. At the conclusion of a night letter sent from Indianapolis to fill a space left vacant in our editorial pages to receive a few advance words on the 1912 meeting from the convention city, we stated that a detailed account of the Indianapolis meeting would be published in our next issue. In addition to these few advance words editorially, we also gave our readers, in the Sep- tember REvIEw, a little over five pages of notes on the meeting —the essence of what transpired in brief—including the resolu- tions presented and adopted. It now, therefore, but remains for us to round out our report in the present number, giving it the fullness that neither time would permit nor our remaining space accommodate in the September issue. President Brenton, after formally declaring the forty-ninth annual meeting in session, 1n- troduced the Hon. Charles Bookwalter, ex-Mayor of Indianapo- lis, who welcomed the association to his city in the following ap- propriate and pleasing words: Mr. President, and Ladies and Gentlemen: I feel as though this will be a memorable day in my life. First, because I am permitted to stand in a position which should have been occupied by the distinguished ex-Vice-President of the United States, a resident of our good city, who unfortunately has been called out of town. I feel that first of all it is essential that I should apologize to you for the great descent which naturally comes from the ex-vice-president down to the ex-mayor. The chasm is so broad that it will not take the fervid imagination of a “horse-doctor ” to conceive of my performing the function this morning. However, I can only do the best possible under the circumstances. Secondly, it is a memorable day to me because I have been asked to address this morning this distinguished gathering of not less than five hundred representatives of your profession from all sections of the country, and because I have been initiated, at least in the first degree, into the presence of so many surgical instruments, which to me is an education in itself, and modesty compels me to confess that the only one, the use of which J thor- oughly understand, was the one with which I was presented. It 108 >. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 109 is a very useful instrument, in the use of which all of us have been educated, and which many of you recognize has a very broad application. For the benefit of the members of the press who are present, I would say that I was informed that it was a bottle- opener. (Laughter.) I presume that is not the proper name for it. I presume its. use is not confined to any one particular kind of bottles, but you know how it is, somehow or other the Hoosier mind always associates a thing of that sort with that particular brand. I have been educated in the use of this deli-_ cate little instrument, which is so convenient at times, and the absence of which is so embarrassing whenever an emergency presents itself. As I look out at this audience before me, I am ready to real- ize what a far reaching step forward has been taken since the days of my boyhood; and when I compare the personnel of this with the old-fashioned “ horse-doctor,” who used to visit. my father’s farm. He generally took care of the horses on our place when he was not otherwise occupied in treating the “ stalls,’”’ and he seemed to be generally recognized in the community as a sort of one-day stall himself. When I come here to-day, and find gathered in Indianapolis this great body of hundreds of men, who have dedicated their lives to this science, I am indeed forced to the conclusion that the world is progressing along other lines than those referred to by the political speakers of the present day. Indianapolis is so much accustomed to entertaining conventions that it requires one of unusual character to break a ripple on the surface, but I must admit to you that when there is gathered in our capital city this magnificent representation of this new pro- fession, it is indeed an eye-opener to all of us. When we were informed some few months ago that this national association was to hold its meeting here, the scope and magnitude of the gathering did not at any time impress itself upon our minds, but since we have seen the things which we have to-day, and heard the remarkable statements which have been made as to the progress of your great profession, we are forced to a realization of the importance of this great profession, and it becomes indeed a pleasure and delight to the people of the Hoosier capital, not only to welcome you here, but to know that you have selected our home town as the place for your gather- ing. A veterinary surgeon, in my mind, occupies a rather unique position before the American people. Some eight or nine years ago a mechanical genius of our land invented a horseless vehicle, and then arose up prophets upon all sides, none of whom have 110 SOCIETY MEETINGS. proven themselves to have been a seventh son, or to have been born with a veil, gentlemen who said that the day of the horse had ceased, and that it would only be a limited number of years before vehicles propelled by horses would be such a scarcity as the automobile was when it started to run through the streets of this city, along in 1898 and 1899, but in spite of these direful prophecies, the use of the horse remains with us to-day, and I imagine will continue to remain with us as long as these great American people continue to be an agricultural people, because agriculture is the very basis of the prosperity of our land, and agriculture without the use of the horse could scarcely be carried on; consequently, the veterinary surgeon will remain with us as long as the draft horse is a necessity in our commercial life, and as long as the pet is to be found about the household. I well understand and know how serious a matter it has become where the household has become wedded to a particular pet, and I also well understand and appreciate how serious a matter it is in a case where the household has become wedded to a household pet, and we wake up some morning and find there is something the matter with that particular pet, which requires the attention of a veterinarian. If that pet is sick, it is almost a dead race to see how quickly we can get to the telephone to summon this professional man or that man to alleviate the sufferings of that pet, which means so much to the household. I am not compar- ing a household pet of that kind to the partner of my sorrows, but the household pet in the sense of importance, and it is only given as a relative illustration to demonstrate to you that so long as the American people continue to be a people who have some natural and wholesome impulses manifested in the love of dogs and ponies, and our other domestic animals which we have about the household, just so long will there be a demand for men of this profession. Any following in life of importance, and any profession has a commercial side represented by the manufacturing side, and that in your case shows a great amount of inventive genius, skill and brains given to the careful manufacture of these beautiful instruments, such as I have seen down stairs this morning. These alone are evidences, not only that the profession has come to stay, but has come to be developed into a calling which knows the needs of the live stock interests of this country, and demands the respect of the people of this country. I am glad indeed to know that you have come to Indianapo- lis. It is a beautiful city. I trust that you all may have an op- SOCIETY MEETINGS, ga le | portunity to visit its beauties while you are present with us here during the coming week, and I want you to feel that the hearts and homes of our people are open to you, and we extend to you in the broadest sense a true, genuine and hearty Hoosier wel- come. I thank you. After the hearty applause brought forth by Mr. Bookwalter’s remarks had subsided, President Brenton requested Dr. John G. Rutherford to respond in behalf of the association, which he did in true Rutherfordian form, as follows: Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: It certainly gives me a great deal of pleasure to have an opportunity on this pleas- ant occasion to reply to so genial an address as that which we have just heard this morning from Mr. Bookwalter. I came all the way down here from Calgary, Alberta, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, on purpose to reply to the address of wel- come, which was to have been delivered on this occasion by ex- Vice-President Fairbanks of the United States, and I had heard one or two expressions of regret during the last few hours on account of the fact that the distinguished ex-Vice-President of the United States was not able to be with us, but I am sure that if any member of this body had any regret at his absence, that regret has been completely obliterated by the exceeding geniality and cordiality of this address, to which we have all listened, from Mr. Bookwalter this morning. I feel sure that if the dis- tinguished statesman had been here he could hardly have made a speech which makes us feel so thoroughly at home as the gentle- man who took his place this morning. After all, that is the most important purpose and object of an address of welcome,—to make people feel at home in the city in which they happen to be for the time being, and I am sure we have no reason to regret, but rather every reason to congratulate ourselves upon our good fortune in the selection of the ex-Mayor to deliver the address of welcome to us this morning. We reciprocate very much in- deed the friendly and cordial remarks of Mr. Bookwalter. T could not help but think as he spoke of the partner of his sorrows that if we are to be looked upon as judges, and that if his speech to us this morning is any sample of his usual manner of address, that the other would be much more appropriate to the partner of his joys, but I am satisfied that Mr. Bookwalter has much more joy than sorrow in the relation to which he re- ferred. If that were not the case, he certainly would not have been able to have delivered so genial and appropriate a talk as he has given to us this morning. He spoke of the progress of the 112 SOCIETY MEETINGS. veterinary profession, and in a few brief words contrasted the difference between the old “ horse doctor’ and the modern vet- erinarian. In fact he appealed to my personal memories in this great state of Indiana, because some thirty-two years ago I wan- dered down here from the wilds of Canada into the state of In- diana and commenced the practice of my profession in what is now one of the most prominent cities of the Hoosier State. I can fully substantiate Mr. Bookwalter’s memories because I think the facts to which he refers were going on quite extensively at about the same time as my own experience in this state. When I came to Indiana, although, of course, I owned and used the title of “ Veterinary Surgeon,” I found that nobody knew what it meant. (Laughter.) There was in the town in which I was located at that time, a gentleman who had a sign on his place of business. He was one of the old-fashioned type of “ horse doc- tors ’’ to which the Mayor referred. I need not tell you that I had rather a hard time. I was a bit of a curiosity in that Indiana town because I had a hat the style of which was not generally known in the town which I was located in, and which caused me to be looked upon with considerable curiosity in that particular part of the state. I think I had the only one of that style in the State of Indiana at that time. That was not the only peculiarity which I had. I had several other peculiarities. I remember that was only one. I used to use a tight cord to hold my unmention- ables together, and I was a bit of a curiosity on that account. When I used to walk about the street, the girls of the town used to stand and look at me. I am afraid I was considerable in ad- vance of my time in that place. (Laughter. ) One day there was an old chap, who was rather a dignified man, and who always wore a top hat and Prince Albert coat. He had once been in the East, and I suspect got his notions of dress from that quarter. He was in my office one day, and he says to me, “Doc, where did you come from, anyway?” “Well,” I says, “I came from Canada.” “ Well,” hesaysje tues is not much of a place, anyhow.” (Laughter.) He says, “I was down in Niagara Falls once on an excursion, and I saw a place across the bridge, and I said to somebody, ‘“‘ What place is that?’”’ They said it was Canada. So I went over and walked all over the dog-goned place, but there was not much to it, and it did not amount to anything, anyway.” (Laughter.) I came from Canada, and, as you can see, the old fel- low’s opinion of the place from which I immigrated was not very favorable. Between his opinion and the opinion of the towns- SOCIETY MEETINGS. 113 people, whom I have strongly suspected of looking upon me as something of a freak, I can quite strongly substantiate what Mr. Bookwalter has said this morning about the profession in his early days, and I rather think from his description of the gentle- man who came to his father’s farm, he was rather superior to the general run of veterinarians in that day. We have pro- gressed. We have gone along until we are at the present time a very substantial, a very reputable and respectable profession. We are improving. Another thing, we are able to corroborate the statement which the Mayor made this morning as to the fact that we are not going out of existence for quite a while yet, and that most of us that are in the profession to-day will probably die in it, unless we make a mistake and get into politics, either municipal or federal, in which case the end can readily be fore- seen. (Laughter. ) There is, of course, a phase of the veterinary business which Mr. Bookwalter did not touch upon, and to which he did not allude, namely, that of veterinary sanitation. That particular phase of our work, as you all know, is coming to play a very great part in the practice of veterinary medicine. We all appre- ciate very much indeed the kindly remarks of Mr. Bookwalter ' with reference to the household pet. We hope that the domestic pet will be a long time in dying out of the hearts of the American people. We fully realize the serious responsibility of being wed- ded to one woman, and, as the Mayor has very artfully intimated, it is serious (Laughter) because, as we know, no one man can very well serve two masters. I know a fellow that tried it once, and he is now serving a term for bigamy (Laughter), and I feel, as I said before, that in the matter of Mr. Bookwalter, while he made the serious step of being wedded to the woman who was invited to wed him, I am sure that he certainly felt that she was not suffering any grievance on account of being wedded to only one man. (Laughter. ) I was greatly impressed with Mr. Bookwalter’s reference to the little souvenir which he received down stairs this morning, and I felt when he told of the various uses to which that little implement could be put, that perhaps I ought to give him a word of warning, and as I was not quite sure that I would have the opportunity of giving it to him privately, I may be justified to take this big audience into my confidence, and give it to him in this public manner. I want him to avoid, if possible, the unfor- tunate mistake which a fellow made who was on a trip away from home. When he came home, his wife said to him, “ John, did 114 SOCIETY MEETINGS. you enjoy your trip?” “Oh,” he says, “it was rather of a long trip all together, but that would not have been so bad, if I had not lost my luggage.” ‘ Lost your luggage? But how did that happen?” she said. ‘Oh, the cork got loose, that’s all.’” (Laughter. ) Now then, ladies and gentlemen, we certainly appreciate to the very full the very kindly and hearty welcome which we have had this morning. I have had in common with a good many of you the opportunity of listening to a good many addresses of wel- come in various parts of this continent. We have had them of all kinds. They have all been nice and friendly, and they have all been appreciated by the members of the American Veterinary Medical Association, but I have no hesitation in saying that the address that Mr. Bookwalter has given to us this morning will stand out even among the considerable number of eloquent, friendly and kindly addresses to which we have listened in dif- ferent places in which our conventions have been held,—it will stand out by itself, as one of the best, if not the very best, to which we have ever listened. (Applause. ) On behalf of this association, Mr. Bookwalter, I desire to con- vey to you, and through you to your fellow citizens of the City of Indianapolis, our sincere appreciation of the cordial and fra- — ternal welcome which you have accorded to us, and to express the hope that the cordial relations between this association and the people of Indianapolis, so happily begun, will always remain as friendly as they are at the present moment.” To say Dr. Rutherford’s remarks delighted his audience, would be putting it mildly; as was attested by the rousing ap- plause that followed; after which the president delivered one of the most wholesome and helpful addresses that the members have listened to in some time, and it is to be hoped that the younger members to whom he delivered some sound advice, will realize the importance of his remarks. The older members showed that they fully shared his views by their conduct at the several executive sessions. PRESIDENT BRENTON’S ADDRESS. Fellow. Members of the American Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation, Visitors, and the Ladies: In again acknowledging my appreciation of the great honor done me a year ago at Toronto in electing me to the highest office in the gift of the profession in America, I do so with a full sense of the responsibility which goes with that honor. -I wish to emphasize what was said a year ago that the appreciation is all the greater on account of the i = es ee Se a een ——— TD ee eh) * SOCIETY MEETINGS, 115 honor coming upon the anniversary of my majority, on the threshold of my Alma Mater, in the land of my birth, and largely by the assistance of my associate residents in the land of my adoption. Ever since the Toronto meeting I have been trying to figure out why such an honor should be bestowed upon a humble mem- ber in the ranks, as it were, and long ago I came to the conclu- sion that it was not from any personal worth or any accomplish- ment of my own, but as a compliment to the Michigan State As- sociation, as well as a tribute to the practising veterinarians, from whose ranks a presiding officer had not been chosen for a num- ber of years. I have thought, too, that it might be for the purpose of get- ting rid of me by putting me on the shelf, as so many of the ex- presidents have dropped out of service as soon as their term of office had expired. But I want to give you a fair warning right now that something else will have to be done to prevent me from meeting my associates at each anniversary, and returning the hearty hand-clasp, and hearing the kindly expressions which make life so much worth the living. At each anniversary some fa- miliar face will be missed, for the Grim Reaper will exact his toll, and although the ranks will be filled by others, there are those who have so endeared themselves to us that their memories should ever be kept green by some permanent memorial. The Committee on Necrology will take proper notice of those who have departed this life during the past year. This association is nearing its fiftieth milestone, and how best to commemorate that event has been the study of several of the members from the East, and it seems but proper the anniversary should be celebrated at the birthplace of the U. S. V. M. A., now the A. V. M. A. The question now is, how can we make the meeting most memorable? One way is by increasing the member- ship, which should be doubled in the next year, and that could easily be done if each one would constitute himself a committee of one and send in to the secretary at least one new name, and as many more as possible of his worthy associates. In that way we would be able to celebrate our golden anniversary with a mem- bership of not less than 2,500. Let us all do our part, and even the officers, each, will have to get a hustle on to entertain the hordes which will be with them in 1913. The 1913 committee in their report will tell you how to do the rest. The forty-ninth anniversary of this association has opened . so auspiciously that I am led to believe that a wise selection as to 116 SOCIETY MEETINGS. the location was made by the Executive Committee in choosing Indianapolis for 1912, it being near the center of population and easy of access from every quarter. With what is perhaps the greatest number ever assembled on the opening day, and with a real Hoosier welcome which had been promised us by the local committee a month ago, and emphasized by the kindly and earnest words of the speaker this morning, | am sure we can already an- ticipate a very pleasant time and a profitable meeting. We have had a gradual increase in the number of applications during the past few years. In looking over the report of the meeting of the U.S. V. M. A. for 1891, the secretary’s salary, which was one hundred dollars per year, was increased to two hundred dollars. The income at that time was from seven hundred and fifty to eight hundred dollars, there being less than three hundred mem- bers. Dr. Hoskins, who was secretary at that time, spent con- siderable more than his salary attending different meetings in the interests of the parent association. He also sent out over five thousand communications of different kinds and nine hundred and fifty notices of the meeting. Then we were satisfied if the secretary's expenses did not exceed four or five hundred dollars so that there would be a balance of two or three hundred dollars in the treasury. At the present time we have a membership of approximately fourteen hundred, and the work of our secretary had been advancing during the past year and as proof of it just scan the program which has been prepared with its feast of good things for your entertainment and instruction, and a consequent increase in the duties of the secretary, and | would recommend in view of the greater importance of the coming meeting that the secretary's salary be increased to a sufficient amount to allow him to employ a permanent stenographer or assistant in the work of the office so that the same can be attended to promptly. We have an income of about $6,000 with fees and dues. The President, Dr. Huidkoper, at the time I have referred to, recommended that applicants for membership should be fixed members of their County or State Association, which is now being done, and I believe it is a wise move. r wish now to publicly thank all the officers of this associa- tion forthe many courtesies extended, and to express my appre- ciation of the work done by the members of the various commit- tees with whom my associations have been so pleasant during the past year. The Legislative Committee came under the direction of the able and energétic chairman, Dr. Hoskins, and has waged such a campaign at’ Washington in the interests of army legisla- _ > Sole gy verge SOCIETY MEETINGS. a ts b's tion that they are still in hope that the bill giving rank and recog- nition to the Army Veterinarian may become a law in the near future. That Dr. Hoskins has found out to his satisfaction where the opposition to our bill has been coming from for the past twenty years or more, and he has succeeded in smoking out the Military Department. If ever a committee’s work deserved success, the Legislative Committee does this year, and recognition in some substantial manner should be given Dr. Hoskins for his unselfish work on that committee and for the time and money expended. The Publication Committee deserve great credit for their work in getting out their reports in record breaking time. The special committee on college investigation have accom- plished a great deal with the small amount of money appro- priated, and I am very glad to state that they are ready to report a steady improvement along this line. I do not know whether the Committee on Veterinary Ana- tomical Nomenclature are ready to report, as the Chairman, Dr. Sisson, is in Europe, but I believe that an appropriation will be necessary to aid them in their work for the coming year. That serum therapy does now and will in the future play a very important part in the prevention and eradication of disease I am satisfied, and that its use with the aid of Sanitary science will within a few years’ time be the means of controlling many of the infectious diseases, but greater care should be exercised in the manufacture and distribution of the same. _ Among some of the later serum or vaccine used, I might men- tion that for the treatment of distemper in dogs, which is a boon to both the owner of our most faithful friend and the veterinarian who may have the treatment in hand. You will probably hear more later regarding the treatment of same from Dr. Ferry, who ‘succeeded in isolating the germ of that fatal malady, canine distemper. ~ The Phylacogen, or modified vaccine, which is being used very extensively by the medical profession in the treatment of various ‘diseases with very satisfactory results, is being introduced into veterinary practice, and I must say that the reports from some of our associates in the treatment of pneumonia and influenza and even in infected wounds have been quite remarkable. _T am very glad to note that through the work of one of our older members that the profession in England as well as Con- tinental Europe are awaking to the fact that something may be learned even from the Americans. T am speaking now of Brother 11s SOCIETY MEETINGS, Williams’ operation for roaring, which he introduced into Eng- land and which is being practised so largely by Prof. Hobday, whom many of you met in Toronto last year, and has been taken up by the profession in Italy as well as the other countries of the old world; and I noticed lately in some report that the Russian government had sent some valuable stallions to Prof. Hobday to be operated upon. That the profession in England have a more friendly feeling toward the profession in this country is evidenced by the reports received from over the water, and in this connection I might men- tion that in a letter received only yesterday from Prof. Hobday he expresses the hope that we may have a very successful meet- ing, and he would like very much to be with us, and he wishes me at the same time to call your attention to the International Veterinary Congress in 1914 to be held in London, and hopes that a large delegation from this association may attend that great _ meeting. I sincerely hope that a good number of us may be privi- leged to go to London at that time. The meetings of the A. V. M. A. in the various states where they have been held, as a rule, have been productive of much good, and I have every reason to believe that the Indiana Vet- erinary Medical Association will have no cause to regret the great effort they have made in order to properly entertain this immense gathering, and I sincerely hope that the profession in Indiana will feel that having this meeting of the A. V. M. A. within their border has benefited the profession in their state. I know that the profession in Michigan was greatly strength- ened by your meeting in 1900, and we will be glad to try and en- tertain you when you feel that you can again meet in the City of the Straits. Our association had a period when an unseemly struggle for official places, both elective and appointive, characterized our an- nual meeting. The getting of office for themselves or friends en- gaged time and thoughts of members to such an extent that the usefulness of this association as a scientific organization became of secondary consideration to many. So obnoxious had the po- litical methods employed become, and so great was the perversion of the time of the meeting in the scramble for office, that our association ceased to attract new members or to hold the respect and co-operation of those who had joined for purely professional purposes. So serious was the disruption of the legitimate work of the association through political methods of selecting officers that SOCIETY MEETINGS, 119 this association framed into its organic law a provision making its ex-presidents, who are no longer eligible for elective office, a permanent committee on nomination, and by resolution expressly forbid nominating speeches. Many of the newer members have no personal knowledge of the struggles to secure important places by ambitious individuals —to the very great scandal of this scientific body, and do not realize the beneficent influence of the present plan of nomination. It is very apparent to those who have long acquaintance with as- sociation affairs that our nominating committee has without prej- udice endeavored to serve the very best interests of the associa- tion in its selections, and I commend a very careful study of the excellence of this plan of selecting nominees for office to those who have become members in recent years, before they shall en- ter into what seems to be a growing discontent with the present method because of the agitation of a few who are ambitious and seek to control through political methods, regardless of the bale- ful influence of such methods. I sincerely hope that the younger membership will take counsel of their elders in this organization, that we may go on with the better and more amicable methods of selecting officers. Before closing, I wish to pay a compliment to the ladies, who have done so much, not only to increase membership in the asso- ciation, but who have made our meetings better in many ways. I am glad to see so many of them present with us to-day. (Applause. ) The conclusion of President Brenton’s address brought to a close the morning session, the first session of the forty-ninth annual meeting. The ladies having been present at this session, lunched with the gentlemen in the café of the German House, after which they took themselves off pleasure seeking, while the men sought out for themselves the particular one of the three Sections in session, that appealed to their needs or desires; as at that time First Vice-President Moore was presiding over the sec- tion on Practice of Veterinary Medicine in Room A, under the directorship of Dr. H. D. Gill, Second Vice-President Van Es was presiding over the section on Surgery, in Room B, under the directorship of Dr. W. L. Williams, and Third Vice-President Jensen was presiding over the section on Sanitary. Science and Police, in Room C, under the directorship of Dr. Charles H. Higgins. The section on practice had five excellent papers that were comfortably read and properly discussed; the section on Surgery had three papers, and the section on sanitary science 120 SOCIETY MEETINGS, had six papers, making a total of fourteen papers that were read and intelligently discussed during a half day session; a condition only made possible by the section system, and proved the efficiency of that system where the pro- gram is carefully arranged, and the sections properly handled. ‘Tuesday evening offered two attractions, a reception at the Claypool Hotel and a general session in the auditorium of the German House, where the president listened to the reports of the executive committee, to the several officers’ reports (secre- tary, treasurer and librarian), to the report of the committee on diseases, and of the delegates from the state and other local as- sociations. A surgical clinic was on each morning, beginning Wednesday, from 9 to 12, while papers were being presented to each of the sections each morning from 10 to 12, so that those who did not want to give all their morning to the clinic could attend the clinic for an hour and then attend the section they chose for the next two hours. Each afternoon, beginning Wednesday, was given to a general session, which all attended together in the auditorium. There was also a general session on Wednesday evening which all attended, at which time election of officers took place. This session lasted until eleven o’clock in the evening, and was followed by a Dutch lunch and vaudeville in the Palm Garden of the German House. Thursday evening was devoted to the annual banquet. Friday with an all-day clinic, section work in the forenoon, and a general session in the after- noon, which was concluded by the installation of the officers for the coming year, brought to a close the most successful meeting in the history of the American Veterinary Medical Association. THE CLintc After the afternoon session on surgery in room B on Tuesday, 27th, the further work of that section was conducted at the In- diana Veterinary College in the form of a surgical clinic, which began at g a. m. on Wednesday, 28th, presided over by Fifth Vice-President Roberts, and under the directorship of Dr. J. W. Klotz. The amphitheatre furnished ample seating room, and with a large and small operating room, each provided with an operating table and plenty of floor room where horses could be operated upon thrown, a tremendous amount of clinical ma- terial was used to advantage. Another very helpful feature of the clinic was the lectures that were given by the operators, be-_ fore, during and after an operation. Before the operation the SOCIETY MEETINGS. 121 indications for its performance, the dangers and complications to be encountered and avoided, and the probable results to be expected; during the operation the operators stopped at the var- ious steps in the operation, explaining what had been done up to that time and what the next step would be, etc.; after the operation an explanation as to what had been finally accomplished during the several steps, all of which was extremely interesting and instructive. Case I.—Bay gelding; malignant tumor; operator, Dr. W. L. Williams, Ithaca, N. Y. Dr. Williams explained that the subject was about 10 years old, and that for about 12 weeks it had been noted that he had had some difficulty in respiration, enough, in fact, to make an operation necessary. Besides, he could swallow neither food nor water with any degree of comfort. Examination revealed a new growth in the throat about the size of a finger, situated between the epiglottis and the tongue. The animal was destroyed, a longitudinal section of the head made, exposing the tumor and confirming the diagnosis. Dr. Williams pro- nounced the tumor malignant, probably carcinomatous. Case II.—Bay mare; fistulous tract in withers; operator, Dr. W. A. Axby, Harrison, Ohio. Dr. Axby explained upon exam- ining the case that it was a chronic condition, which had never been operated upon. but that caustic had been applied at various times. Upon further examination it was shown that the tract extended down an inch and a half behind the scapula. After laying the tracts open they were packed with gauze, with the recommendation that the parts be kept clean with an ordinary salt solution, and that bacterins be given in increasing doses every four or five days. Case IJ].—Light sorrel gelding; roarer; operator, Dr. J. H. Blattenberg, Lima, Ohio. The animal was cast and put under general anaesthesia; the throat shaved and washed, and tincture of iodine applied. Dr. Blattenberg then proceeded to perform the Williams’ operation, using the Blattenberg burr. Dr. Blat- tenberg said he was frequently asked about stitching after the mucosa had been taken out, and said, “I do not stitch.” Case IV.—Four-months-old colt; operation for knuckling; operator, Dr. John W. Adams, Philadelphia, Pa. After an ex- tremely interesting discourse on the condition and the indications for the operation, its probable results, choice of instruments em- ployed, etc., the colt was secured in hobbles and laid on its side, and tenotomy performed, with result that the little animal put the foot flat on the ground on being released. LZ SOCIETY MEETINGS. Case V.—Bay mare; roarer; operator, Dr. W. L. Williams. After an interesting talk on the operation, Dr. Williams operated on the left side, as the right side appeared to be all right, he explained. The mucosa was removed with the burr. Case VI.—Bay stallion; scrotal hernia; operator, Dr. J. H. Blattenberg. Case explained and a talk on the condition and the operative procedures contemplated, by Dr. W. A. Axby. The horse, which had been under a general anaesthetic, revived within three minutes after ammonia had been placed to the nostrils, and walked to his stall. Case VII.—Bay gelding; quittor; operator, Dr. W. L. Wil- liams. Who, after explaining that he had been asked only that morning to operate, and the foot was not as clean as he would like to have it, so he would have to operate under antiseptic in- stead of aseptic conditions, proceeded to perform the Baer opera- tion. In removing the horn over the lateral cartilages. it was found that the laminae were badly diseased, and over a large area were absolutely destroyed, the coronary band was so badly dis- eased it had to be cut away in order to get the part clean, and the lateral cartilages had nearly all disappeared, due to necrosis. At the completion of the operation, Dr. Williams stated that the case gave promise of a fair recovery, but that the coronary band would be considerably blemished. Case VIII.—Sorrel gelding; necrosis of ligamentum nuche; operator, Dr. W. A. Axby. The necrotic tissue was removed and the wound packed and sutured and the animal released appar- parently suffering no discomfort. Case [X.—Bay stallion; cryptorchid; operator, Dr. J. H. Blat- tenberg. The animal for this operation was placed in the centre of the floor of the amphitheatre, where the operation was per- formed by Dr. Blattenberg in a manner that proclaimed him a past-master at the work. Case X.—Black mare; shortened tendon; operator, Dr. L. A. Merillat, Chicago. Ill. Dr. Merillat explained that this condi- tion was due to inflammation of the carpal joint. The pain of synovial inflammation, or of ligamentous inflammation, had caused the joint to be held in a state of flexion, and to accommo- date the new position, the tendinous structure is shortened. ‘‘ The operation we are going to perform to correct this condition is known as carpal tenotomy,” he said. After the operation, Dr. Merillat called attention to the fact that the leg had taken a pretty normal position. “It is a better leg than the opposite one,” he said, “ but you will notice half an hour from now, in the stall, _? eS E ! 3 : h ‘. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1238 that the animal will find the same old position, and the application of a brace will be necessary to effect a cure.” Case XI.—Bay gelding; roarer; operator, Dr. L. A. Merillat. “ Here is a horse that will probably not be cured by the opera- tion,” Dr. Merillat said, explaining that roaring in this case was due more to damage to the trachea, than to the larynx. ‘“ This is more of a clinical case than a practical case. Having the horse under anaesthesia, we can observe this condition.” The Wil- liams’ operation was performed. Case XII.—Bay gelding; operation for kick wound on inner aspect of tibia; operator, Dr. W. L. Williams. The operator stated that he understood that the animal had been kicked, and that it had been followed by necrosis with a sequestration of bone imbedded in the tibia. Proceeding with the operation, Dr. Wil- liams found a fistula running behind the tibia, there was some necrotic tissue. After the operation, the wound was packed with jodoform. Dr. Williams stated that he had gotten to the bottom of the fistula, and consequently the case should do well. Case XIJI.—Bay gelding; nail puncture that had infected the foot ; operation, resection of flexor-pedis tendon; operators, Drs. W. A. Axby and J. H. Blattenberg. Dr. Axby gave a grave diagnosis, explaining that the operation should be performed earlier, before septic changes have become so far advanced. The doctor had very little hope during the operation from the ad- vanced necrotic condition, but upon completing it, stated there might be a chance. It was an excellent case for demonstration of tissue destruction from a nail puncture. Case XIV.—Bay mare; ovariotomy; operator, Dr. H. Fuls- tow, Norwalk, Ohio. The doctor performed vaginal ovariotomy on a five-year-old mare, with colt, the mare being a nympho- maniac. She was high spirited and difficult to control, but the operation was finally performed satisfactorily. Case XV .—Bay mare; ovariotomy; operator, Dr. H. Fuls- tow. The doctor found some difficulty to get one of the ovaries, as the mare was high-strung and the ovary was enveloped in the peritoneum. , Dr. Fulstow explained that the ovaries were very cystic. This mare was also a nymphomaniac. Case XV I.—Bay gelding; hydrocele; operator, Dr. George R. White, Nashville, Tenn. Dr. White said, ‘““This horse was sent here for operation for scortal hernia, but it is nothing more than an ordinary water sac, or water bag. It is one of the frequent sequelae to castration of the horse, but it is a very frequent sequel to castration in the mule. The presence of a water sac after cas- 124 SOCIETY MEETINGS. tration, however, reflects as much on the veterinarian’s ability as any one operation he can do.” The operation completed, the horse (which had been cast with the old Conkey casting harness, 27 years old) was released and immediately got up and walked to his stall. Case XV IJ.—Light sorrel gelding; quittor; operator, Dr. R. C. Moore, Kansas City, Mo., assisted by Dr. Geo. H. Roberts, Indianapolis, Ind. This was an exaggerated case of quittor; the operation was performed on an operating table in one of the smaller operating rooms of the college; the animal having been given two drachms of cannabis Indica in the jugular vein a short time before the operation. The operation was successfully per- formed and the horse seemed more comfortable after it. Case XVIII.—Bay gelding; roarer; operator, Dr. J. N. Frost. Animal was cast upon the floor of the amphitheatre, and the Williams’ method followed. Case XIX.—Bay mule; arthritis; operator, Dr. W. J. Mc- Kinney, Brooklyn, N. Y. This operation for arthritis in the shoulder joint was done by puncturing to the condyle of the humerus. Drainage was established and the arthritis reduced successfully. Case XX.—Bay mule; fibroid tumor; operator, Dr. Geo. R. White. This tumor was situated above the sternum in an aged mule. Two drachms of cannabis Indica was injected into the jugular vein, and the animal placed on an operating table. Two lateral incisions were made close to the base of the tumor, the adhesions divided, and the tumor, which weighed between 15 and 20 pounds, successfully removed, but the animal died before he could be placed on his feet, which was the only death that oc- curred during the entire clinic, which extended over several days. Case XXIJI.—Heifer; ovariotomy; operator, Dr. John W. Jameson, Paris, Ky. The heifer was in calf; the operation was successfully performed. Case XXII.—Heifer; ovariotomy; operator, Dr. H. M. Manly, Dayton, Ohio. This operation differed in interest from the last one only in the demonstration of the x-stitch by Dr. J. W. Klotz. Case XXIIJ.—Bay gelding; handling of float; operator, Dr. C. C. Brown, Memphis, Tenn. Dr. Brown gave a demonstration on handling a float in the mouth of a horse, also in making an examination of a horse’s mouth. The doctor came upon a split molar on the right side, sticking out into the mouth, which ea OS tied 1 hse ee) tee ah “so 1e™ pees SOCIETY MEETINGS. 125 he proceeded to remove successfully with a pair of forceps—not using any speculum. Case XXIV.—Dapple-gray gelding; roarer; operator, Dr. John W. Adams. A tracheotomy tube had been inserted in this horse’s trachea about two weeks previously. Horse was cast and chloroform administered, and the roaring operation per- formed. Case XXV’.—Bay gelding; median neurotomy ; operator, Dr. John W. Klotz, Noblesville, Ind. This operation for lameness in the knee joint was quickly and successfully performed. Case XXVJ.—Bay gelding; fistula of poll; operator, Dr. J. H. Blattenberg. This operation was performed with the horse standing on the floor of the amphitheatre, an incision being made, and drainage provided for. After the pus had been drained out, peroxide was applied and the wound packed with sterilized gauze and sutured. Case XXVII.—Bay mule; hernia; operator, Dr. J. H. Blat- tenberg. Animal was cast on the floor of the amphitheatre ; there were no adhesions, so that the operation was a simple one, and was quickly and successfully performed. There were also a number of minor operations and procedures on horses’ mouths and on small animals, without lectures, making 56 operations in all. And, besides, there were a number of cases that were not reached, which Dr. Klotz operated upon the fol- lowing Monday. Altogether, it was the most instructive clinic that has ever been held in connection with the A. V. M. A., and we believe in connection with amy association. The great success of the Indianapolis meeting was due as much to the organized system of conducting its affairs as to any other one factor, and the officers of the association and members of the local committee cannot receive too much praise for the formation of so excellent a program as was presented, and the orderly and systematic manner in which it was carried out. The disappointment of not being able to discuss the papers, which was experienced with the large program presented last year, was, so far as we know, entirely eliminated this year. The evening Sessions on two evenings materially assisting in getting off much of the routine business. The ladies were well entertained and share with the men the opinion that a Hoosier welcome is one of the most whole-souled and heartiest they have experienced, and one that will linger pleasantly in their memories for a long time to come. 126 F SOCIETY MEETINGS, COMMITTEES APPOINTED BY PRESIDENT MOHLER FOR IQI2-I3. GENERAL COMMITTEES. Executive—A. D. Melvin, Chairman; Sesco Stewart, Joseph Pucies, P. Lorrance, H. D. Gill, D. Fe vox Intelligence and Education—E. A. A. Grange, Chairman; Pierre Fish, C. H. Stange, W.-B. Craig, R. A. Archibald. Diseases—V. A. Moore, Chairman; L. Van Es, A. T. Kins- ley, K. F. Meyer, C. M. Haring. Legislation—W. Horace Hoskins, Chairman; W. G. Hol- lingworth, J. P. Turner, James Robertson, F. A. Bolser. Finance—Thomas A. Sigler, Chairman; H. Preston Hoskins, A. S. Cooley. Publication—R. P. Lyman, Chairman; R. W. Ellis, George H. Hart, J. H. Blattenburg, Ward Giltner. Necrology—O. L. Boor, Chairman; S. Brenton, J. G. Wills, A. H. Baker, A. Bostrom. Resolutions—W. H. Dalrymple, Chairman; E. H. Shepard, George A. Johnson, S. H. Ward, George B. McKillip. SPECIAL COMMITTEES. S. Sisson, Revision of Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature Chairman; I. E. Newsom, S. L. Stewart. Veterinary College Investigation—Tait Butler, Chairman; M. H. Reynolds, George W. Dunphy. Agricultural College Education—A. M. Farrington, Chair- man; Paul Fischer, James B. Paige. Advertisements of Veterinary Remedies—N. S. Mayo, Chair- man; C. A. Cary, S. B. Nelson. Directors of Section Meetings—George H. Glover, Section on Medicine; L. A. Merillat, Section on Surgery; Chas. H. Higgins, Section on Sanitary Science and Police. MISSISSIPPI STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. This association convened at the A. and M. College, Agri- cultural College, Miss., September 6, 1912, this being the sixth annual meeting of the association. Though the session covered but one day, it was of unusual interest because of the interesting demonstration and the tubercular specimens and hog cholera serum prepared at the college. The morning was devoted to a ~* a ee ee ee ee ee SOCIETY MEETINGS. 127 paper from Dr. J. A. Beavers on hog cholera and the results of serum treatment. Dr. E. M. Ranck, State Veterinarian, gave a public demon- stration of the simultaneous method of immunization of hogs against cholera. Drs. Oliver, Beavers and Ewing reported their good results with the use of this method. The afternoon part of the session was called at 1.30 o’clock, after which followed the reading and discussion of a paper by Dr. B. M. Leigh on milk and dairy inspection. It was discussed by Drs. Oliver, Ranck, Ewing, Beavers, Edwards and Ferguson. Dr. E. I. Keller then read a very instructive paper on gastric flatulence. This was discussed by Drs. Norton, Beavers, Oliver, Ranck and Roberts. Many addresses were made complimentary to the President of the College, G. R. Hightower, and the Live Stock Board of this State upon the biological work along veterinary lines made possible by urgent and persistent efforts of the Board of Live Stock Commissioners and the State Veterinarian, Dr. E. M. Ranck. Three new members were elected and received into the asso- ciation: Dr. E. I. Keller, Okolona; Dr. J. A. Barger, Greenville ; Dr. G. F. Smith, Macon. Officers elected for the coming year: President, Dr. O. M. Norton, Greenville, Miss.; Vice-President, Dr. B. M. Leigh, Meridian, Miss.; Secretary and Treasurer, Dr. W. P. Ferguson, Grenada, Miss. The next meeting will be held at the Agricultural and Me-— chanical College, Agricultural College, Miss., in September, 1913. W. P. FEercuson, Secretary. Dr. J. C. McNett DisLocatEs SHOULDER.—We read in the Pittsburgh Chronicle Telegraph, of September 23 that Veteri- narian J. C. McNeil, superintendent of the food inspection bu- reau of that city, slipped and fell down several steps, dislocating his left shoulder. We extend our sincere sympathy to the doc- tor, and hope to report him recovered in our next issue. Dr. J. J. CRANWELL, Clarksburg, W. Va., writes in renewing his subscription: “ I could not think of getting along without the Review! Yours for a successful year.” NEWS AND ITEMS. ForRAGE POISONING OR SO-CALLED CEREBRO-SPINAL MENIN- GITIS OF HorsEs.* Tue Cause or THE DisEAsSE.—During the last five months numerous reports have been received by the Bureau of Animal Industry relative to the existence of forage poisoning in various sections of the United States, particularly in Louisiana, West Virginia, Kansas, and Nebraska. It has usually occurred when a hot, dry period has been followed by rains, or during wet sea- sons, especially those which are characterized by frequent rains alternating with hot sunshine, producing a damp sultry atmos- phere. Such conditions are most favorable to the production of molds, and all outbreaks that have been investigated by the Bureau have been traced to the ingestion of unsound or moldy forage or feed, or to the drinking of water from wells or pools containing surface water drained through decomposed and moldy vegetation. The disease has been shown to be due to eating damaged ensilage, hay, corn, brewers’ grains, oats, etc. Horses and mules at pasture may contract the disease when the growth of grass is so profuse that it mats together and the lower part dies and ferments or becomes moldy. No specific organism or virus has yet been found which can be considered as the cause of this disease. How THE Dieas—E May BE ReEcoGNnizep.—The so-called cerebro-spinal meningitis of horses being an entirely different . disease from that which occurs in man, the symptoms as well as the cause are distinctly different. In the most rapidly fatal at- tacks death takes place in from 5 to 48 hours. Such cases begin with violent trembling or stupor and extreme weakness, or with staggering gait, partial or total inability to swallow, impairment of eyesight, followed by partial or complete paralysis, inability to stand, with marked delirium, during which the animal lying flat on its side becomes violent and knocks and bruises its head. In the second form of the disease the same line of symptoms may be noticed in a milder degree. Difficulty in swallowing, slowness in chewing the food and inability to switch the tail are observed. Breathing becomes heavy and noisy, and delirium may develop with stiffness of the spinal muscles or partial cramp of the neck and jaws. Death occurs in from 6 to 10 days. In the * Circular letter issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D 128 a he) RO NEWS AND ITEMS. _ 129 last or mildest form the lack of voluntary control of the limbs becomes but slightly marked, the power of swallowing never en- tirely lost, and the animal has no fever, pain, or unconscious movements. In those cases which get well the animal generally begins to improve about the fourth day and goes on to recovery. One attack does not protect against a second attack, as horses and mules have been known to have the disease two or three times. How tHe DiseAsE May BE PREVENTED AND TREATED.—The first principle in the treatment of this disease consists in a total change of feed and forage. Horses kept in the stable should be fed with sound forage and grain from an uncontaminated source, even if such feed has to be brought from a distance. . Horses that have become affected while at pasture should be removed from the field in which they have been running. The animals should be brought to the barn or corral and fed on wholesome and clean feed and forage. The water, unless from an unpol- luted source, should likewise be changed. At present this preventive treatment is the only satisfactory method known for checking the disease, as all medicinal remedies used have been unsatisfactory in the vast majority of cases. The first indication is to empty the bowels and remove the poisonous products, but on account of the difficulty in swallowing, an aloes ball or Glauber’s salt is hard to give. In fact no remedy should be given by the mouth if the throat is paralyzed, as pneumonia ere is liable to-result. Fifteen grains of barium. chlorid injected into the jugular vein, or 2 grains of eserin under the skin, if the animal is not too greatly depressed, will usually act promptly. Intestinal disinfectants such as calomel, salicylic acid, and creolin are also used. If much weakness is shown and the temperature is below normal give aromatic spirits of ammonia, digitalis, alco- hol, ether, or camphor. Rectal injections of warm water are good, and warm blankets wrung out of hot water may also be applied to the body. Subsequent treatment should consist of 2-grain doses of strychnin twice daily, or a mixture of 2 drams tincture nux vomica and one-half ounce of Fowler’s solution given at one dose, and repeated three times daily, to combat the effect of the poison upon the nervous system. Report oN Horse PLracure In NEBRASKA, FROM Dr. A. Bos- TROM, STATE VETERINARIAN. From Secretary Ferguson, of the United States Live Stock Sanitary Association, we received the following; including State 130. NEWS AND ITEMS. Veterinarian Bostrom’s report to him, which Prof. Ferguson has issued in the form of a bulletin, to the members of the U. 5. L. Se Oe: BULLETIN. “The following letter from Dr. A. Bostrom, State Vetert- narian of Nebraska, gives the most definite information we have been able to secure regarding the disease affecting horses im Nebraska and Kansas. Lincoln, Nebr., Sept. 18, 1912. “ Prof. J. J. FERGUSON, Chicago, Lil. ‘ DEAR Str—The epizootic disease among horses in Nebraska extends over two-thirds of the state. Horses take the disease in the sand hills and dry sections as well as in the low and damp sections. I know of a few cases which have been kept in the barn on dry feed for three weeks, but I know of no livery horses affected as yet, and very few horses in the large cities are af- fected. We know absolutely nothing concerning the nature, cause, treatment or prevention of this disease. “ The disease is very fatal, not more than 5% recover, and these few recoveries, in my opinion, could not be claimed to be due to any treatment. It attacks horses of all ages, but mostly young horses between two and six years old. Most of the horses die within 48 hours, a few linger for a week or more, and some die in about 12 hours. “ Derangement of the central nervous system is shown in the earliest stage, such as somnolence, stupidity, muscular tremors of the face and neck, grinding of the teeth, paralysis of the muscles of deglutition, and generally of one side of the head and neck, later muscular inco-ordination of the limbs, falling down and generally remaining flat on the side without showing any evidence of pain. Some exhibit rabiform symptoms. The visible mucous membranes are congested with petechia, espe- cially on the membrane nictitans. Temperature in the early stage is generally between 103 and 106, respiration and pulse nearly normal. Later temperature goes down, respirations increased and abnormal, pulse decreasing and at last imperceptible. “Post mortem lesions show evidence of inflammation of the brain, spinal cord and also of the meninges, hemorrhagic in- farcts in the lungs and petechial hemorrhage in the spleen, yel- lowish infiltration of the connective and fat tissues of the body. “ Hoping that this will give you the desired information, I remain, “Yours truly (signed) A. Bostrom.” re y Sy oe Ee ETN Ce aed: Beg AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW. NOVEMBER, 1912. EDITORIAL. EUROPEAN CHRONICLES. Paris, September 15, 1912. GENERAL PARALYSIS IN ANIMALS.—At any rate “ our researches in the domain of comparative pathology demonstrate that in one animal another virus besides the syphilitic can, by its localization on the nervous centers, promote a series of lesions and of symptoms identical to those characteristic of general paralysis in man.” Those were the conclusions of a communication made by Prof. G. Petit, of Alfort, before the Société de Pathologie Com- parée, after relating some of the results he had obtained and of the observations he had made in his researches on the Compara- tive Pathology of the nervous system and principally in dogs affected with distemper, in which the virus localizes itself fre- quently on the important organs that compose it, the nervous symptoms presented by the animals thus affected varying natur- ally according to the importance and the seat of the lesions and resulting from the localization of the virus, which like that of rabies has, though to a lesser degree, the property of fixing itself upon the nervous centers. And it is thus that are observed in different subjects chorea, paralysis, epilepsy, etc., or even true dementia, with or without auto-mutilation, which is general paralysis and which must be understood in the same sense as it is in man, viz.: general paralysis of intellectual functions. 133 ¢ 134 EDITORIAL, What a progress! When up to this day this disease was ex- clusively belonging to human species, here it is met with in an animal, in dog. The demonstration of the existence of the disease in dogs is based by Professor Petit on the very careful study of the symp- toms and of that of the lesions which as in man are those of diffused sub-acute meningo-encephalitis. The predominating symptom of this affection, that which veterinary clinicians have, it seems, so far not recognized or inter- preted in its true character, is the gradual loss of the intelligence. The memory is becoming obscure, the senses become blunt or abolished, and the animal is taken with indifference and automatism. The judgment may be disturbed from the start. Is not the case of the dog which beats itself to death against the iron fence which separates him from another animal which he wishes to attack, a most significant illustration? Again, the animal does not answer any more to the call of its name, he does not recognize his master; he falls into a kind of idiotism, like people affected with general paralysis. Sometimes nervous agitation or again stupor is observed. The former, at times characteristic in the clinical onset of the disease, is accom- panied with change in the character; the animal becomes surly, cross or even ugly; but most ordinarily he falls in a state of stupefied dullness that lasts to the end. Cases of auto-mutilation can also be observed. Petit has seen it in a dog and in a hyena. Both of these animals had meningo-encephalitis. Troubles of the motors may also appear from the beginning, due to either encephalic or medullary lesions. Patellar reflexes are exaggerated. ‘There are generalized shiverings. The equi- librium and the moving are often unsteady. Cerebellous hem- latrophy added to the meningo-encephalitis has provoked cir- cus motions in the animal. Special and general sensorial sensibilities are soon diminished or even abolished. The external world does not exist any more for the animal. Ocular troubles are not always present. Pu- OS = | eS ee ey a) ee al a, a4 Seal ei “_ eee ane "5 EDITORIAL, 135 pillar unevenness and myosis have been observed. Some animals bark no more, not because of the loss of voice, but by pacific dis- position. Others seem to become deaf. The evolution of the disease takes place without fever, and the cephalo-rachidian fluid reveals an undoubted lymphocytosis. Anatomically the nervous lesions are diffused, spread on the cerebrum they extend to the cerebellum, the bulb and the spinal cord; in other words, in the entire neuvrax. They are of sub- acute inflammatory nature and affect principally the pia-mater and the blood vessels; of course the clinical manifestations vary according to the extent and the severity of the lesions as well as their localization upon the segments of the nervous system. To the symptoms of cerebral order are associated cerebellous, medullary and sometimes bulbous manifestations. Taking into consideration the clinical picture that he has thus reviewed and the anatomo-pathologic investigations he has made, _ Prof. Petit considers that great analogy is sufficiently demon- strated between the disease of dog considered as it has been and the general paralysis of man, and that both are equally due to _ diffused meningo-encephalitis with simultaneous development of lesions in the central nervous structures. * * * LyMPHO-sARCOMAS.—The diagnosis of the nature of some malignant neoplasms is, according to all writers on general 2 _ pathology, the object of great difficulty, at least under many cir- _ cumstances, or only unless an histological examination comes to _ the aid of the surgeon. But even in this condition there are _ instances where this can be reached only as one of the final steps a of post mortem. To be sure, this is, generally speaking, as clinical records have already given some essential points, which help the suspecting operator. The frequent appearance of those growths in given _ regions, in special organs or tissues, etc., are sometimes sufficient to suggest their nature. And on that account any fact which 136 EDITORIAL, may bring light on the subject and permit one to be almost posi- tive as to the nature of a malignant growth is of utmost importance. And such is the case which I found in the résumé of a clinical lecture by Prof. Moussu relating to lympho-sarcoma of the neck and entrance of the chest in bovines, where the learned professor made his diagnosis presented to him by the peculiar fact that he had met a few similar cases, almost exactly alike, not only in the manifestations of the tumor, its location, its aspect, its accom- . panying symptomatology, but also by its general effect on the organism, viz.: a more or less rapid emaciation with fatal cachectic condition ending the miserable suffering of the dis- eased animal in death. Briefly recorded, the case was that of a cow, which had a tumor, which in a month had reached very large dimensions and involved the lower half of the neck. It was nearly symmetrical and localized to the pre-tracheal region. It was hard, painless, rather bosselated and gave the sensation, when one tried to move it, of a mass, not adherent to the cervical axis, but enveloping all the pre-vertebral organs, including blood vessels, nerves, trachea, oesophagus and pre-tracheal muscles. Besides this condition of the neck, there was another symp- tom, which manifested itself from the very beginning of the apparition of the swelling and seemed to belong to the pathogeny of the disease, viz.: a permanent tympanitis, which, although relieved by puncture of the rumen, returned very rapidly after every operation. All the other apparatuses presented nothing abnormal. A big local lesion and great digestive trouble were all that the animal presented, and they would prove sufficient for the learned professor to announce his diagnosis, which had been con- firmed by microscopic examination. It proved an important fact —every one will know—of course the importance of this case is brought out only because of the satisfaction that such may prove to a practitioner, clinical scientific satisfaction—nothing else, the end being always the same. Even surgical interference, impos- a4 pe "Be ~ 2a ee ss 3 *@-4 EDITORIAL, 137 sible in a similar case, might be useless, and it is probable that a medical treatment would not be different. Recently Wassermann has announced the recovery of experi- mental cancer of mice with intravenous injections of seleniate of soda and eosine. This was tried by Moussu on his cow. For three days only, as she died. The treatment was too short to expect any change in the general condition of the animal, but it removed the tympanitis. However, in another animal, affected with the same neoplasm and having also permanent tympanitis, intravenous injections of seleniate gave also spontaneous relief to the gastric troubles from six to twelve hours after the injec- tion, but between thirty-six to forty-eight hours after, the tym- panitis returned. Axsout STIJFZIEKTE AND LAMZIEKTE.—Dr. A. Theiler, in the Agricultural Journal of the Union of South Africa, of last May, has written an article bearing some relation on these two diseases of that country, referring and reviewing the present knowledge of those affections in which, like rickets, osteoma- tasion, osteoporosis and pica, the absence of phosphate of lime in the skeletal system of the affected animals has been considered as accepted and proved as the pathological cause and because similar deductions have been made also with regard to the South African diseases above designated. Practical notes, addressed to agricultural people, they have been issued after careful consultation with such publications as Hutyra and Marek’s “ Spezielle Pathologie und Therapie der Haustiere,’ Abderhalden’s ‘“ Physiological Chemistry,” and Ostertag and Zuntz’s publication on ‘“ Pica” or abnormal crav- ing in cattle. Passing then briefly and successively a review of the symp- tomatology, post-mortem lesions, etiology of rickets, of osteoma- lacia, of osteoporosis and of pica, and after relating the experi-_ 138 EDITORIAL, ments made for investigations referring to this last disease by the Prussian Government, the author presents the following con- clusions and comparisons: I. There exist several diseases affecting the skeletal system, in which a deficiency of phosphate of lime is accepted, but these diseases do not seem to be identical either in the same or different species of animals. 2. It has been proved that by feeding certain animals with foodstuffs poor in phosphate of lime, a disease of the skeletal system can be produced both in young and adult animals. 3. It has, however, not been proved that the absence of such salts in foodstuffs produce the diseases known as rickets, osteo- malacia and osteoporosis. 4. It has been shown that even the substances, of which a deficiency is considered to be the cause of the disease, can produce a disease when given in excess (phosphoric oxide), and it has been further noted that various causes must be responsible for the condition known as osteomalacia and rickets, 5. There diseases must be considered to be due to a cause directly or indirectly affecting the bony tissue whereby the metabolism of these parts becomes so affected that the lime salts are cast out as wasted products. 6. Rachitic and osteomalatic affections present themselves by general symptoms of malnutrition and indigestion, by swelling of the joints, particularly those of the distal ends of the legs, by deformation, by stunted growth, by brittleness of the bones and by softening of the bony tissue. 7. Some of the disturbances of the metabolism of the skel- etal system are preceded and accompanied by nervous symptoms, such as depraved appetite and abnormal cravings (osteomalacia and pica). 8. Comparing the descriptions of rickets and osteomalacia with the form of stiff-sickness in cattle, described by Hutcheon, ia certain resemblance can be noted. 9g. It has been shown with certainty that at least one of these diseases (with abnormal craving as the main symptom, and char- ae whe a Vin Sede ape ats: er teh BOO 4 gah cheated a et Se ys a = = — — = = = —— EDITORIAL. 139 acterized by the stunted growth of the animals) is due to toxic - substances in the vegetation of certain soils, the toxic being of a cumulative nature, and its presence in the herbage being depend- ent on climatical conditions (pica). 10. The disease lamziekte, as described by Hutcheon, has in common with osteomalacia, only the symptoms of depraved appe- tite and abnormal craving and none of the symptoms pointing to lesions in the skeletal system. 11. It has been proved that the toxic principle contained in the hay which caused “ pica’ was dependent on the growth of the grass and on certain climatic conditions; and that the toxic principles could be destroyed by treating the hay in various ways. 12. It has been proved that the supply of salts and phos- phates to prevent pica due to vegetable poisoning was of no avail. 13. It appears that the symptoms of abnormal craving can be considered to be indicative of some intoxication with vegetable matters not yet known; and it appears further that several kinds of toxins exist which are responsible for the lesions of osteoma- lacia and pica. 14. The suggestion by Robinson that the stijfziekte he ob- served in the coastal districts of the Cape was connected with the sour condition of the veldt in that part of the country, finds an analogy in the causes of osteomalacia and pica. 15. The fact that cattle show lamztekte only after they have been for some time, even many months, on a reputed lamziekte area before they began to develop the abnormal craving and still later the disease, has a certain resemblance to results with the feeding experiments of hay made in Germany in connection with pica. 16. Leaving the pathology out of the question, there is no other disease which, in its etiological features, has so many points of resemblance to lamziekte as the pica which was studied in _ Germany by Ostertag and Zuntz. * * * 140 EDITORIAL, INFLUENCE OF HEAT UPON THE YOUNG.—Investigators in pathology must have recourse to comparative experimentation to solve in many instances problems relating to human medicine. The experiments made and related lately by MM. Schreiber and Dorlencourt, concisely considered in the Presse Medicale, are another evidence of this great truth. All those who practice pediatry know of the dangers of heat on the nursing child, but differ in their opinions when comes the time to explain the noxious influence. So as to attempt to solve some points in discussion, the above named gentlemen have thought that in submitting young animals to the influence of heat, with varying conditions of temperature and feeding, they might succeed in elucidating some of the obscure points of the question. They selected for their experiments puppies just born and placed them in a Roux autoclave. In a first series of experi- ments beginning by the temperature of the room, they gradually increased it, slowly, up to 40 degrees C. Some of the pups were fed exclusively on the mammae, others were raised artificially. In a second series of experiments they tried to realize the heat strokes in placing directly the subjects in the autoclave where the heat had been raised to 50 degrees. From the series of the experiments the following general con- clusions were drawn: I. THe ErrotocicaL Pornt or VIEw— a. Heat, by its exclusive direct action, is liable to promote accidents upon young subjects and the nocive influence of the heat is so much more marked that the external temperature is higher. b. Subjects, fed at the mammae, are exposed to the accidents due to heat, as well as those fed artificially. c. Dampness of the air seems to reduce the resistance of the subjects. . Il. THe SymproMaToLocicaAL Point or V1iEw—The authors have reproduced exactly the three classical forms admitted by Dr. Lesage. a. They have succeeded in producing a heat stroke, rapidly EDITORIAL, 141 fatal. The symptoms observed were: excitement followed by depression, dyspepsia, hyperthermy above 43 degrees. They have not observed any digestive trouble. b. In dogs exposed to 20 degrees temperature they have ob- served that the heat would produce a fever and agitation accom- panied with dyspnea and loss of flesh. In most cases digestive troubles were absent. A long exposure to temperature above 30 degrees would produce a notable kind of arrest in the growth of the dog. A temperature of 40 degrees is rapidly fatal. c. Three of the dogs artificially raised, besides the preced- ing symptoms, presented some digestive troubles, such as vomit- ing and diarrhoea. III. THe THERAPEUTIC PoInt oF VIEw—The writers have noted the action evidently beneficial of immediate fresh balnea- tion, specially in cases of heat strokes. Those experiments can surely prove interesting to many vet- erinarians, as they present facts that can be advantageous to know in the point of view of raising valuable young animals. * * * BiBLioGRAPHY.—Dr. Giovanni Roncaglio, first assistant at the Institute of the Royal University of Modena, has done me the compliment of his work on the etiology, clinic and serodiag- nosis between human, bovine and aviary tuberculosis. (Rap- porti eziologici, clinici e sierodiagnostici fra Tuberculosi wmana, bovina, aviaria. ) Attached in his professional duties to the High Royal School of Veterinary Medicine, Dr. Roncaglio has dedicated his work to the director, Prof. Boschetti, as a token of his friendship and appreciation of his paternal affection, and then entered in the consideration of his subject, which he has divided in two parts. The first begins with a concise history relating to the knowl- edge of tuberculosis starting with the works of Hippocrates and gradually following it to Laennec, Broussais down to Vil- lemin, Chauveau, Perroncito and many others, arrives to the 142 EDITORIAL, discovery of the long searched microbe by Robert Koch’s dis- covery which justified his affirmation “ without the bacillus of tuberculosis there 1s no tuberculosis.” After this interesting review Roncaglio completes this first part by considering the work done at the Congress of London in 1901, that of Paris in 1905, of Washington in 1908, and after presenting the various views entertained on the duality of the microbe, referring to the long discussions between Nocard, Arloing, Koch and others, alluding to the modifications that it may be met in, according to various surroundings, and according to the different species of animals and also of cold-blooded animals, he presents his conclusions and enters into the second part. In this the author has given his attention to different inter- esting points. The deviation of the complement, the reaction of Ascoli, the passive anaphylaxis, occupy the balance of the 187 pages of these valuable contributions. The bibliographic list which is published at the end of the work and presents references to no less than 295 names, shows the lots of researches made by Roncaglio and brings before the reader of to-day the work done by many on tuberculosis, its causes, its clinical aspect, its pathology and last but not least its sero-diagnosis. shea a ae BIBLIOGRAPHIC ITEMs.—Bureau of Animal Industry: Bul- letin 144, Investigations Relative to Arsenical Dips as Remedies for Cattle Tick, by Dr. B. H. Ranson and Dr. H. W. Graybill. Circular 184, The Pasteurization of Milk, by S. Henry Ayers. Circular 197, Directions for the Home Pasteurization of Milk, by L. A. Rogers. The Rockefeller Sanitary Commission for the Eradication of the Hookworm Disease. Report of the Administrative Secre- tary, Second Annual Report, Infection in Foreign Countries. YE a a wart, 4 @ oe oy eee eT EDITORIAL. 143 Archives of Biological Sciences of the Imperial Institute of St. Petersburg, Vol. XVII, No. 2. The Agricultural Journal of the Union of South Africa, Chi- cago Veterinary College Bulletin for June, 1912, Report of N. Y. State Veterinary College, 1910-11, Country Review of Baton Rouge, with articles from Dr. Dalrymple. 7 AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION IQI3. With the date of the next annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association in New York fixed for Septem- ber I-2-3-4-5, 1913, the work of preparation for the fiftieth anni- versary of the organization of the association has actually begun, and the local committee and sub-committees from this time for- ward will be busily engaged formulating plans for the celebra- tion that is to mark the half century of veterinary progress in America. It is not possible for us to do more than announce the date at this time and to direct attention to a communication from President Mohler to the Veterinary Profession of America on page 233 of this issue, but we hope that each succeeding issue will record some step in the progress of the work of the com- mittees who have it in charge. STonot PeAGue” SUBSIDES. While the general facts in regard to the so-called “ horse plague” in Kansas and adjacent states remain as published in our October number, much interesting data accumulated by the investigators in the field has since been received, going into the minutiae as to the causative factors, possibility of infectiousness, ete.; although general reports never seemed to suggest that the condition was infectious, but seemed rather to point to the forage as the source of the trouble and the direct medium of transmis- sion to each individual. That fact was borne out by the report 144 EDITORIAL, of the Bureau of Animal Industry of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, as published in our last issue, showing that horses not on pasture did not develop the disease (recommending for that reason the taking up of horses and feeding them dry feed in the stable), and is further confirmed by the fact that the cases became perceptibly less after the heavy frosts set in (new cases practically ceasing to develop after the first week in Octo- ber), so that the “ horse plague” in Kansas may be said to have subsided. Believing, however, that a careful, conscientious, un- biased discussion of this condition in detail, by one whose opinion is highly esteemed, will be interesting to our readers, we have published a letter from one of the REviEw’s collaborators who spent sixteen days in the field investigating the disease, holding post-mortems on forty cases. This letter will be found in our correspondence department, beginning on page 234. AUTOTHERAPY INTERESTS Brirons—That the editors of The Veterinary Journal (London) have become interested in auto- therapy is evidenced by the fact that they have reproduced in their October issue the article on that subject by Dr. D. J. Man- gan, New York, published in the July number of the AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEw, and we shall look forward to expressions on its application in veterinary practice from our English con- freres in the near future. TWENTY-FIFTH ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATED AT AMES—The Towa Veterinary Medical Association will hold its twenty-fifth anniversary at Ames on November 12-13-14, 1912. The meeting will be held in the new college buildings, and a large representa- tion of Iowa veterinarians is anticipated. Not one should be absent, whether a member of the association or not, from this reunion and silver anniversary of this powerful veterinary organ- ization. This occasion is doubly important, because in addition to the fact that it marks a quarter of a century’s work accom- plished by the association, it offers to those who participate in it an opportunity of seeing the new veterinary buildings, and of realizing the importance that the State of Iowa attaches to veter- inary medicine. an Y a ORIGINAL ARTICLES. INFECTIOUS ABORTION IN CATILE.* By Warp Gittner, D.V.M., East Lansinc, Micu. Abortion, or premature expulsion of the product of concep- tion from the uterus in cattle, is a phenomenon that has been observed for many centuries. For perhaps a century it has been thought by some that the cause of abortion, in its epizootic form, is an infectious agent. This idea, of course, must have been very vague in the early days before the relationship of bacteria to infectious diseases was definitely established. I will not attempt to review the literature at this time, since that has been done satisfactorily by McFadyean and Stockman(1) up to 1909 and recently by Surface(2) in connection with the diagnosis of the disease. Suffice it to call attention to those researches that have a permanent place in marking progress in our knowledge of in- fectious abortion in cattle and its etiologic organism. In 1896, Bang and Stribolt(3) announced the discovery of their organism, which has since been called the Bang bacillus or Bact. abortus (Bang). Their work was reviewed in English by Marshall { 4) in 1899, but aside from this brief review little atten- tion appears to have been paid to this vastly important work. Ten years after the publication of Bang’s work, he reannounces his discoveries.(5) In 1902, Preisz(6) confirmed the findings of Bang both as regards the organism and its peculiar behavior toward intolerance of oxygen pressure. In 1908, Nowak(7) ‘describes a method of cultivating the Bang organism in jars in the presence of cultures of B. subtilis, the purpose of the latter being to reduce the oxygen pressure. McFadyean and Stock- man(1) reported in 1909 for the British Board of Agriculture _ * Presented as a part of the report of the committee on diseases to the forty-ninth annual meeting of the A. V. M. A., Indianapelis, August, 1912. c From Laboratory of Bacteriology, Hygiene and Pathology —Mich. Agr. College. 145 se - BEM Aes 146 WARD GILTNER. and Fisheries on this disease. They were able to find Bact. abortus (Bang) as the etiologic factor in infectious abortion in great Britain. To them also must be given the credit for sug- gesting much of the diagnostic and immunization work that has followed, such as the complement fixation test, agglutination reaction and the use of “ Abortin.” Zwick(8) in 1910 was able to establish the identity of the disease in different European countries by a comparative study of the Bang organism. MacNeal and Kerr(g) in 1910 published the first account of the isolation of this organism in America. They suggested the name Bacillus (or Bacterium) abortus. We would use the latter generic name in accordance with Migula’s classification. We have studied MacNeal’s culture and have compared it with the organism isolated by us in May, 1911, at the Michigan Agricul- tural College. We believe our organism is the Bang bacillus. We announced the finding of Bact. abortus in the Report of the Bacteriologist(10) for 1911, and in the 1911 report of the United States Live Stock Sanitary Association.(11) In this same re- port we find the work of Good(12), which also establishes the existence of Bact. abortus in Kentucky. There is also in this report an announcement of the application of the complement fixation test in the diagnosis of abortion by Larson(13) and independently by Hadley,(14) although this work seems to have been done in co-operation. Russell(15) calls attention to this work in October, 1911. Wall,(16) however, in Denmark, and probably without knowledge of McFadyean and Stockman’s work, had already in 1910 announced the value of the agglutina- tion and complement fixation tests in abortion diagnosis. In this same year, Holth,(17) also, calls attention to the application of the complement fixation test as a valuable diagnostic measure. During the present year, Larson(18) has given us another paper corroborating previous findings concerning the complement fixa- tion test as a method of diagnosis. We wish to call attention to his error in attributing to McFadyean and Stockman the Nowak method of cultivating Bact. abortus in sealed jars in the presence a SS INFECTIOUS ABORTION IN CATTLE. 147 of B. subtilis. It would seem proper to give McFadyean and Stockman credit for first suggesting the complement fixation and agglutination methods as diagnostic methods. There have also been published this year a bulletin by Hadley and Beach(19) along the line of the work previously announced by the former and by Larson, and an exceptionally well executed piece of work by Surface(2) on the complement fixation and agglutination tests. Attention should certainly be directed toward the circu- lar(20) of the Bureau of Animal Industry, which announces the finding by Schroeder and Cotton(21) of an organism in milk that produces lesions in guinea pigs resembling tubercles, fol- lowed by the demonstration by Mohler(22) and Traum that this organism is the abortion bacillus. Smith and Fabyan(23) focus attention on this feature in a very interesting article on the lesions produced in guinea pigs by Bact. abortus. One cannot avoid the conclusion that progress is being made in the solution of the problems connected with infectious abor- tion. The literature has emphasized the causal organism and the serum tests for diagnosis. Little progress has been noted in the matter of immunization and handling of the affected animal. We _ wish to call your attention to the great importance of the handling _ of the cow that has developed that conspicuous “ symptom ”’ of the infection; we refer to the act of abortion itself, which must be looked upon as only an incident in the course of the disease and not a necessary or constant feature. Our experience indi- cates that retention of the placenta is a very frequent sequel of abortion after the seventh month of pregnancy. Manual re- _ moval of the membranes is a procedure usually attended with _ difficulties and followed by a more or less severe purulent _ metritis. It can be stated with a degree of positiveness that dis- _ infection of a mucous membrane, especially a parturient uterine membrane or one observed after an infectious abortion, is an ~ impossible task. Auto-purification may, usually does, take place after weeks or months. The efforts of the veterinarian should be - directed toward assisting nature, not in placing greater burdens “upon an already seriously affected tissue. Only the mildest anti- ~~ s. - ee er re ee ie ahaa aati GG aransetiags 148 WARD GILTNER., septic solutions can be used on the genital mucosz without pro- ducing untoward symptoms, as has been pointed out by Wil- liams.(24) In the report of the bacteriologist of the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station for 1910,(25) we reported on our success with a method designed to take the place of chemical or coal;tar disinfectants in this connection. During three years we have used this method and are firm in our faith in its efficacy. Briefly, the procedure consists in preparing sour whey by inocu- lating fresh separator milk with a pure culture of Bact. bulgari- cum, and after firm curd has formed, straining through sterile cheesecloth. The whey thus secured has an acidity of about one per cent. It is injected into the uterus in quantities of about four ounces while the cervix is relaxed; after the closure of the os it is introduced far forward into the vagina. A sterile rubber tube and funnel is well adapted for this purpose. The injections may be made daily or at such intervals as the state of the case appears to demand. We have treated a large number of animals in this manner and have in no case failed to bring the arrival in a short time to an apparently normal condition. It is not un- known to find animals pass to a fatal issue as a result of the more drastic methods of vaginal injections of disinfectants, and steril- ity not infrequently results from such non-fatal procedures. Our treatment can be recommended as absolutely safe, efficient and not attended by unfavorable sequelae. The diagnosis of abortion may be discussed under the follow- ing headings: (1) Clinical diagnosis; (2) complement fixation test; (3) agglutination reaction; (4) the use of “ Abortin.” As for the determination of the true character of the affection by clinical methods, we are unwilling to give any encouragement. Clinical methods have great value, but are far too indefinite, in- tangible and in too many actual cases absolutely unreliable. One should carefully read the description of cases by Bang and by McFadyean and Stockman(1) to understand the clinical pathology of the disease. That the complement fixation test is of great value in the diagnosis of infectious abortion there can be no doubt. The recent work of Surface(2) demonstrates this INFECTIOUS ABORTION IN CATTLE. 149 point beyond the shadow of doubt. He introduces many changes in the technic of great value. To say that this test is infallible is going too far. So many factors enter into the actual technic that error is not easily avoided. The test is weakened by its very complicated nature, and that it will become the universal method of determining the infection cannot be prophesied. Our experi- ence in this connection does not encourage us in believing that it will. The use of the agglutination test, like the preceding, is an adaptation of a well-known phenomenon to a new but analo- gous case. In favor of this test is its comparative simplicity. While it will always be a laboratory procedure, the factors in- volved are fewer and more easily controlled. Its interpretation requires none the less expert observation. McFadyean and Stockman(26) this year give encouraging report concerning the agglutination test. They state that one will be justified in regard- ing complete agglutination with a serum dilution of I-50 or I-100 as strong evidence of infection. The blood serum of ani- mals affected with contagious abortion may agglutinate abortion bacilli in dilutions of 1-800. As a rule, normal serum aggluti- nates at a dilution of not more than 1-10. Brull(27) states that sound animals furnish a serum agglutinating at 1-32, while habitual aborters furnish serum agglutinating at I-120 up to I-1,600. The work of Surface tends to substantiate these state- ments, but he believes that only agglutinations at a dilution of I-100 and above show positive evidence of infection. Those agelutinating at dilutions between 1-20 and I-100 may or may not be infected. Surface believes the complement fixation test to be the most reliable method and suggests checking up this test against the agglutination reaction and regarding only those that react to both tests as infected. Another important defect in these tests consists in their inability (as we understand them now) to differentiate between infection and immunity produced by the Bang bacillus. A pregnant cow may be infected and react and she may or may not abort. It is possible that a pregnant cow may react without being infected on account of the effect of a previous infection. A non-pregnant cow may react either on 150 WARD GILTNER. account of a present or previous infection. In brief, the condi- tions are so peculiar in this disease that a reaction leaves us in a most unsatisfactory and conflicting state of mind concerning its significance. Our work with these tests adds little to what we have reviewed above, and confirms our opinion based on a critical review of the literature. Regarding the last-mentioned test, we believe that something of great interest presents itself. McFadyean and Stockman(1) first made the material called “ Abortin” in much the same manner as tuberculin and mallein are made. They used a dose of about 10 c.c. and introduced it intravenously or subcutaneously. Alarming symptoms (possibly anaphylactic) followed its use by the former method in some cases, consequently prohibiting its use in this manner. By the subcutaneous method, a temperature reaction similar to that secured in the tuberculin reaction ensued in from two to six hours after the injection. The results are not clear cut in that all infected animals give a typical temperature reaction with all non-infected animals showing no temperature variation, but it certainly does give a reaction in many cases. Brull,(27) after continuing his work with this reagent, reports unfavorably on its use. In the report of the Bacteriologist for this year, we present the results of this test on thirty-three ani- mals including a number of retests. The “ Abortin” which we used was made by growing Bact. abortus, isolated by ourselves and by MacNeal, in naturally sterile horse serum, 10 c.c. + glycerinated bouillon 60 c.c. for 49 days at 37° C. Cloudiness was considerable and sediment abundant. The cultures, heated for thirty minutes in steam and filtered sev- eral times through filter paper, consequently contained many dead organisms. The material was preserved in .5 per cent. phenol by addition of one part to nine of 5 per cent. solution of phenol. It is not at all improbable that a more powerful reagent can be made capable of giving better results. We have grouped our animals under five headings: (1) No reaction, no abortion; (2) reaction, no abortion; (3) aborted, no reaction; (4) aborted, reacted; (5) not pregnant, not reacting. Unfortunately, we were unable a, INFECTIOUS ABORTION IN CATTLE. A ayil to check up our results by one or both of the serum tests. This is the line of work that should be pursued. The real value of all three tests may be determined in this way. No comment is neces- sary concerning our first group. They did not react and there is no clinical reason why they should have reacted. As for the second group (that reacted) we are under the necessity of ex- plaining why they did not abort. It is as easy to explain it in this connection as it would be in connection with the serum tests where the same things happen. Abortion is a symptom of the disease—it may be present or absent. In these cases it was ab- sent. Let us call attention to the possibility of an immunizing effect due to the injection of “ Abortin,” which may explain why our reactors did not abort. This is quite logical, and if the sug- gestion has any weight, we have here an opening to a valuable field of bacterial therapeutics. Our next group shows those that aborted, yet gave no reaction. This should not happen if we expect the test to be valuable. We may here again explain away the weakness of the test. Three of these animals failed to react, although they had aborted and had reactéd to a previous test made at a time nearer to the act of abortion. Possibly their failure to react to a second test is attributable to the effects of the previous injection of the reagent. This is the case in tuber- culin testing many times. In another animal the test was made over a month after the abortion occurred. Possibly the effects of the infection did not remain long after the act of abortion, thus leaving the animal not in a condition (of anaphylaxis?) to respond to the reagent. For the remaining animal, no suggestion can be offered as to why there was no reaction. However, it is well to bear in mind that in a herd affected with infectious abor- tion, accidental abortions may take place. Concerning the fourth group (reactors that aborted) little need be said. These animals responded to the test as one would expect. Still, we are not satisfied with the degree of thermal reaction in all cases. Nothing _ need be said concerning the last group. In comparison with the work done by others on the serum tests, our results are not so disappointing. So far as our present knowledge is concerned, 152 WARD GILTNER. we are willing to admit that the ‘‘ Abortin” test as a reliable diagnostic agent in infectious abortion has narrow limitations. In favor of the “ Abortin ” test is the possibility of its easy appli- cation by the practicing veterinarian who has no laboratory facili- ties or who has no special training in serum diagnosis. In order to make future serum tests of wide applicability, it would be well for veterinarians to learn to draw samples of blood from bovines. We have taken samples from the jugular, from the milk vein and from the ear veins. We wish, finally, to consider in a brief manner the possibilities of bacterial immunization in this disease. Nothing is more re- markable in science than the fact that Ehrlich stands out as the leader in thought along two apparently unrelated lines of im- munology and therapy in infectious diseases, viz., by anti-bacterial agencies having the specific organism of the disease as their basis and by chemical therapeutics related to the specific cause of the disease only in their apparently selective antagonistic action. Is there any hope of preventing or overcoming the infection by Bact. abortus by means of chemical agents? A well-known and highly recommended remedy widely advertised in the agricultural press has been found upon independent analyses by the United States Department of Agriculture(28) and the Michigan Agri- cultural Experiment Station chemist to be composed of “ approxi- mately 98 per cent. of water, the remainder consisting of phenols (carbolic acid), oil of cloves, and a very small proportion of what appeared to be some form of vegetable matter.” One is not en- titled to condemn a priori the use of phenol in combating infec- tious abortion. There has been a feeling in the popular mind and among many veterinarians both in Europe and America that phenol injected subcutaneously or introduced with the feed has power to prevent an infected animal from aborting. For a long time we recommended the use of and used personally on two large herds two per cent. phenol in subcutaneous injections and as large doses of 5 per cent. phenol in the feed as we felt it would be safe to use.(29) There have been times when we were en- couraged in the belief that this method was effective. But re- INFECTIOUS ABORTION IN CATTLE. 153 peated failures when the conditions for the experiment were ideal have forced us to abandon hope of success from this line of treat- ment. Nuesch(29) claims to have checked the disease by internal administration of 134 to 25 pints of one per cent. aqueous solu- tion of phenol daily in single dose. He treated both pregnant cows and those which had already aborted daily for from five to ten days, and observed no unfavorable results. McFadyean and Stockman(1) place no confidence in the efficacy of this drug. Bang(5) and McFadyean and Stockman(1) have opened up the field of bacterial therapeutics and immunity production in infectious abortion. Mohler(22) reports attempts along this line. One of the prominent biological manufacturing houses in this country is or has been engaged in exploiting this idea perhaps prematurely. Piorkowski(30) did not succeed in procuring a serum but made a soluble toxine as an opsonic precursor from the bacilli by means of catalytic procedure. Veterinarians used it with good results. Hesse,(31) using a bacterial extract, re- ports that in one case the dose of 20 c.c. was apparently too large, for the animals showed tympanites, but recovered in three days. No more abortions. In another case, 10 c.c. was injected first at the end of the second month of pregnancy, again at the fourth and lastly at the sixth month of pregnancy. No more abortions occurred. We are now working upon the hypothesis that infectious abortion is a local uterine infection, so far as the cow is con- cerned, and that immunity will be phagocytic as in many other local infections. Theoretically, phagocytosis will be stimulated by raising the opsonic index, and this should be accomplished by the injection of living or dead abortion bacteria. We attempted to immunize a virgin heifer with living cultures of the abortion bacteria. The injection subcutem of 65 c.c. of culture produced a thermal reaction beginning on the following day and lasting about three days. The agglutinative power of the heifer’s blood increased within one week from I-10 to 1-250 as a result of the injection. A second similar injection after one week of 130 c.c. 154 WARD GILTNER, of culture produced a rise of temperature up to 105° and lasting for some time. This heifer, together with another untreated heifer, was bred twelve days after the last inoculation. After about four and one-half months of pregnancy, both heifers were injected intravenously with 10 c.c. each of a typical culture of Bact. abortus incubated five days. Only a slight. temperature reaction followed in each case. No other effects of the inocula- tion were observed. ‘Three months and eight days later, or at nearly the eighth month of pregnancy, each heifer was again inoculated with 10 c.c. of a similar culture intravenously and each received 30 c.c. of the same culture into the vagina. No temperature reaction occurred. [Each animal experienced a nor- mal parturition. In this experiment the desired result was not obtained. It is probable that the culture employed was lacking in active pathogenic properties, so that the effects of the inoculation were not apparent in either normal or treated animal. Such a culture may be highly desirable in immunity production. This is a point that it may take years to determine. Workers with tuberculosis have laid great stress on the particular strain of bacillus. Judging from descriptions of the cultures isolated by the different workers, we are led to believe that there is a great variation in cultures of the abortion germ of different origin. In concluding our discussion of immunity production, we suggest that the following may be a practicable plan: Inject all non- pregnant females subcutaneously with the living culture, once, twice, or more times, using 30 c.c., more or less, of culture. Which particular strain to use must be determined in a way yet unknown to us. Theoretically, the last injection should be made a sufficiently long time before impregnation to give assurance that the germs of abortion have been eliminated from the system. All pregnant cows should be tested with “ Abortin,” not so much for its diagnostic value as for its hypothetical therapeutic func- tion. We can already foresee the difficulties arising in the em- ployment of the serum tests when we begin our immunizing work. We assume (without proof of the facts) that all animals treated as we have indicated will react to these tests regardless = INFECTIOUS ABORTION IN CATTLE. clabes of whether a satisfactory immunity has been produced. We are assuming that these injections are harmless, the assumption being based upon the observed fact that all the animals so treated by us have shown no signs of ill health although a number of them are failing to conceive. May it not be possible that these injec- tions will show a specific action toward the reproductive organs detrimental to their normal functions even as in natural infection we see a definite local specific action toward these organs in preg- nancy ? To conclude this heterogeneous array of thoughts, we would call attention to the cultivation of the abortion germ in artificial media and laboratory animals. We have been able to produce abortion in guinea pigs and in rabbits but not in white rats and not uniformly in the two former animals. In attempting to 1m- munize non-pregnant guinea pigs with living cultures injected subcutaneously and intraperitoneally, we have had unsatisfactory results and have observed, but not constantly, some of the phe- nomena pointed out by Smith(23) in this connection and by the workers in the Bureau of Animal Industry. (21) In making a comparative test with media prepared from preg- nant uterine wall, foetal membranes, fcetus and amniotic fluid separately, we were able to use the last named only with marked success. Amniotic fluid sterilized with or without addition of agar or gelatine has proven the most successful medium yet tried. The field for experimentation in this disease is great and the workers are few, but it is gratifying to see the vigor that has been instilled into the campaign from Minnesota, Wisconsin, Ken- tucky, Illinois, from the federal authorities and others in this country in addition to the work abroad. REFERENCES. 1. M’Fadyean and Stockman. Report of departmental committee to inquire into epizootic abortion. London, 1909. ; u “ 2. Surface. The diagnosis of infectious abortion in cattle. Bul. 166. Ken. Agr. Expt. Sta., 1912. d 3. Bang. The etiology of epizodtic abortion. Jour. of Comp. Path. and Ther., 1896. 4. Marshall. Review of Professor Bang’s work with contagicus abortion. Special Bul. 13, Mich. Agr. Expt. Sta., 1899. s. Bang. Infectious abortion in cattle. Jour. of Comp. Path. and Ther., 1906. 6. Preisz. Der bacillus des seuchenhaften Verwerferns. Cent. f. Bakt. Parasit. u. Inf. 1 Abt. Orig. 33, 1903. 7. Nowak. Ann. Inst. Past., 22, No. 6, 1908. 156 WARD GILTNER, 8. Zwick. Causative agent of infectious abortion in bovines. Zeitschr, f. Be munitatsf. u. Expt. Ther., Il Ref., 3 (1910) No. 7 Abst. in Expt. Sta. Rec. XXV, N 8, p. 785. See also references in Surface, p- 305. 9. MacNeal and Kerr. Bacillus of Bang, the cause of contagious abortion in cattle. Jour. Infect. Dis., Vol 7, pp. 469-475, 1910. to. Giltner. Michigan Board of Agriculture, Report, 1911, p. 155. 11. Giltner. Report of fifteenth Ann, meeting U. S, L. S. S. Assn., 1911, p. 121. 12. Good. Report of fifteenth Ann. meeting U. S. L. S. S. Assn., 1911 pp. 114-120. See also Bul, 165, Ken. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1912 (contains 51 references to literature). 13. Larson. Report of fifteenth Ann. meeting U. S. L. S. S. Assn., 1911, pp. 121- WARY 14. Hadley. Report of fifteenth Ann. meeting U. S. L. S. S. Assn., 1911, pp. 123- 15. Russell. Science, N. S. Vol. XXXIV, p. 494, 1911. 16. Wall. Ueber die Festellung der seuchenhaften Abortus beim Rinde durch Aggl. u. Komp. Zeit. f. Inf. U. S. W., Heft I, Band 10, ror1. 17. Holth. Untersuch. u. d. Biolog. des Abortusbaz. u. d. Immunit. des Inf. Abort. d. Rinder. Zeit. f. Inf: der Hausthiere, Band 10, Heft 4-5, 1911. 18. Larson. The complement fix. react. in the diag. of cont. abort. of cattle. Jour. Inf. Dis., Vol. 10, pp. 178-185, 1912. 19. Hadley and Beach. The diag. of contag. abort. in cattle by means of the comp. fix. test. Wisconsin Research Bul. 24, 1912. 20. Melvin. The bacterium of cont. abort. of cattle demonstrated to occur in milk. B. A. I. circular 198, 1912. 21. Schroeder and Cotton. Proceed. Am. Vet. Med. Assn., 1911, pp. 442-444; also Am. VET. Rev., Nov. 11, 1911, 195-206. 22. Mohler. Report of Btisenth Ann, Meet. U.S. LL. SiS. Assn, pi t25serouse 23. Smith and Fabyan. Ueber die path. Wirk. des B. abortis Bang. Cent. f. Bakt. WW. So.) W.Jecst) Abt, Bd: 61, Heft 7, 1612: F 24. Williams. Veterinary Obstetrics. 25. Giltner. On the therapeutic action of lactic acid cultures. Michigan Board of Agriculture, Report 1910, pp. 169-174. 26. M’Fadyean and Stockman. The agglutination test in de diagnosis of bovine contagious abortion. Jour. Comp. Path. and Ther., Mar., 1912, pp. 22-38. 27. Brill. Beitrag. z. Diag. des inf. Abortus des Rindes. Berl. Tier. Woch. Bd. 27, PP. 721-727, 1911. : 28. . S. Dept. of Agr., Office of Secretary, circular No. 29, June 1, 1909. Test of Robert’s so-called anti- abortion serum. 29. Nuesch. Contagious abortion in cattle. Schweiz. Arch. eae (seem) Neo. 5, pp. 323° 326. Abs. in Vet. Res., 22 (1909), No. 1097, p. 48; also in ae Sta. Rec. XXII, No. 3, Mar., 1910, p. 286. 30. Piorkowski. Lymphe gegen Seuchenhaften Verwerfen. Berl. tierarztl. Woch., 1910, No. 13, S. Rhee 31. Hesse. er Bakterien extrakt gegan seuchenhaften Verwerfen der deutschen Schutz und Heilserum gesellschaft Berlin. Perl. tierarztl. Woch., 1910 No. 13, S. 280. 124. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, MoNTH oF OcToBEr—Farmers’ Ad- vocate (Winnipeg, Can.) ; Breeders’ Gazette; Rider and Driver; Philippine Agricultural Review; Philippine Journal of Science (Memorial Number—Paul Caspar Freer); Veterinary Journal (London); Mulford’s Veterinary Bulletin; The Bacterial Thera- pist; American Journal of Clinical Medicine; North American Journal of Homoeopathy; Hoard’s Dairyman; Circular 197—B. A. L., Directions for the Home Pasteurization of Milk; Bulletin 153—B. A. L, Action of Anthelmintics on Parasites Outside of Alimentary Canal (Ranson and Hall); Circular 184—B. A. I, Pasteurization of Milk (Ayers); Bulletin 144—B. A. I., Investi- gation Relative to Arsenical Dips, Etc. (Ranson and Graybill) ; Bulletin 158—B. A. I., Roundworms of Domestic Swine (Fos- ter); Quarterly Bulletin, Iowa State Board of Health; Bulletin 227—-Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Licensed Veterinarians in Pennsylvania; Our Dumb Animals for November. EDUCATING THE PUBLIC ON THE ‘‘CONTROL AND ERADICATION OF TUBERCULOSIS,’’* By Joun F. DeVine, D.V.S., GosHEN, N. Y. I daresay some of the audience, after reading the title of my paper, are wondering what a country practitioner can have to say that would justify the time to be consumed on a subject that has been worn so threadbare as this by scientists and pre- tenders during the past decade. I realize, fellow members, the persecution of sitting on hard seats on a hot day and listening to a drawn-out discourse on ‘anatomy, physiology, pathology, molecular affinity, cell reaction, etc. I have neither the ability or desire to attempt any such im- position. One thing I promise you, and that is, that my paper will have at least the merit of brevity. We hear much of the necessity of educating the public, if we are to succeed in suppressing tuberculosis or any other plague, and I am a little inclined to agree with those who think that this is one of the very important factors. Someone has wisely said that ‘‘ The safety of a nation depends upon the intelligence of its people.” We certainly may add that “ The health of a nation depends upon the intelligence of its people.” We are also told that “ The essence of any law is the consent of the governed.” It would seem, then, that in conjunction with legislation in our efforts to control tuberculosis, the question of how the public should be educated is of much importance. I have heard lecturers and educators of many kinds attempt to educate the public on the subject of tuberculosis, some of which were objects of pity from their lack of knowledge of the first principles of physiology, bacteriology or pathology; others, again, that were so severely technical that they dismissed their * Presented to the forty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, at Indianapolis, August, 1912. 157 15S JOHN F. DE VINE. audience without driving home a single principle that could be used even as a prop by those who would be willing to assist in the work. . Let us express our views and experiences on this very im- portant phase of the question. Here are mine to start the dis- cussion; make note of them, dissect them if you please, with a hope that a safe, sane, productive plan may evolve therefrom. It is my opinion that the public needs to be honestly educated on the true nature and characteristics of the disease so far and no further than our knowledge of to-day carries us. That the layman should get this knowledge orderly arranged in his mind, coupled with the modes of infection and the portholes of con- tagion, I believe is absolutely necessary so that he may better understand the measures of suppression, the advantages and rea- sons of tuberculin and its limitations. This knowledge they - must have if they are to become permanent supporters of our faith; without it their minds are in an oscillating condition, ready to be swayed by the gossip listened to on the cracker box at the corner store or the exaggerated reports of the wonder minds gathered at the milk station in the morning spending their val- uable (?) time getting fiction out of their system, which they probably recently extracted from some farm or stock papers, the author of which is either too malicious or ignorant to write an honest and instructive article. Those of us whose work brings us in touch with this subject should make an effort at every opportunity to make known to dairymen and breeders in a plain way that tuberculosis is due to a specific organism, that this germ and this alone causes the disease, and that if we get rid of the organism we can in turn control the disease; that fresh air, sunlight and disinfectants are the factors to be taken into account in the destruction of this organism. That tuberculosis is also a communicable disease, but it differs from many of the other ordinary specific and com- municable diseases in being slow and insidious in its develop- ment, ofttimes making an early diagnosis impossible without the aid of laboratory agents. We should also point out to them the CONTROL AND ERADICATION OF TUBERCULOSIS. 159 indefinite period of incubation and making a comparison with some of the diseases they are fairly familiar with, such as scar- let fever, measles, diphtheria and the like, pointing out to them the fact that should a certain time elapse after the exposure to one of the diseases just mentioned that one could feel reasonably safe that they would not come down with the disease, but not so with tuberculosis. We should make it plain that in poorly lighted and badly ventilated stables where the germs of tubercu- losis are present in great quantities there is greater danger of infection than in a building where the conditions are sanitary, and the germs fewer in number as well as probably less virulent owing to their exposure to sunlight and air. Again, an impor- tant point is to have the layman to understand that most specific diseases run a definite course, and if the affected one recovers and the disease leaves no sequel, the individual is apt to regain normal health and be as well as they were prior to their illness; some diseases even leaving a limited or permanent immunity. This is not so with tuberculosis; when infection is once estab- lished the germs do not cause illness by toxins which they secrete, as they do, for example, in diphtheria, but being parasitic in nature they live upon the tissues of the host, which they eventu- ally destroy if their progress is not checked or arrested, as they divide and subdivide in many more. A layman should likewise understand that tuberculosis again differs from other communi- cable diseases in that its arresting or so-called cure is very un- certain and insecure. That tuberculosis bacteria may remain in a dormant or semi-dormant condition for an indefinite period or that the diseased parts may become healed, as it is termed— which consists in the diseased area becoming incapsulated by lime salt deposits or bands of fibrous tissues. That this arresting denotes resistance of the tissues over disease and that so long _as this is maintained the disease will not make further progress; but should the system become weakened in any way and these barriers broken down, the disease may light up anew and make tapid progress, often causing death by what is termed hasty consumption. When stockmen are in possession of this knowl- 160 JOHN F, DE VINE, edge it will then be easy to make them understand the dangers of feeding infected milk to young calves or the exposure to in- fection by allowing them to mingle with animals not known to be free from tuberculosis; they will then better understand why a certain percentage of the young animals that were supposed to be healthy, react when the tuberculin test is applied at the age of ten months or a year; they will likewise understand why some of those which are infected may not react upon the first test. which is so often so in young animals that have become infected during the milk-feeding period and later healed temporarily when turned to pasture in the open and fed upon healthy fodder; they will then be able to better understand the limitations of tuber- culin and when you advise them that tuberculin does not act upon the organism but rather upon the tubercular tissue and, therefore, that you would not expect a reaction during the in- cubative stage. They will likewise understand why tuberculin does not give a reaction on the so-called healed cases where the diseased areas are inclosed by nature’s process of arresting the disease. When we have explained this and the possibility of a non-reacting animal being affected with generalized tuberculosis so that the small amount of tuberculin injected will cause no systemic disturbance, their minds are then in a condition to see why only a properly trained veterinarian is capable of making a proper and reliable tuberculin test. The method of detecting tuberculosis in the living animal is at present receiving much attention, and it is fortunate that it is, because the more accurate and the more expert our knowledge becomes on this question, the more valuable can we make our profession in suppressing this scourge. The opinion seems to be gaining ground, particularly on foreign shores and also among a few in this country, that by frequent physical examinations a veterinarian skilled in physical diagnosis can detect a certain per- centage of tuberculous animals and practically all of those that are distributing virus. The experience of some of us makes it hard to accept this doctrine. The extreme susceptibility of bovine ani- mals to tuberculosis and the uncertainty as to when an infected CONTROL AND ERADICATION OF TUBERCULOSIS. 161 animal may give off virus, either in its milk or through any of the eliminating channels of the body, would seem to undo the possibility of so freeing an infected herd from tuberculosis or raising healthy calves on the unheated milk of such a herd. We have been told by some veterinarians, of whose ability and in- tegrity there can be no possible question, that they have elim- inated tuberculosis from infected herds without the aid of tuber- culin. Personally I feel that unless they have posted every animal of such a herd or submitted them to a carefully repeated tuber- culin test, that they cannot be certain that they did eliminate tuberculosis from such a herd. Let this be as it may, it is further our duty to advise the public of the merits of tuberculin in de- tecting tuberculosis until it is supplanted by something more satisfactory. It is my judgment that we are justified in stating that prop- erly prepared tuberculin, properly applied by a properly trained veterinarian, is one of the most accurate diagnostic agents known to man. ; When tuberculin is used under the above conditions and tuberculin points that tuberculosis is present, it is there every time. Where tuberculin errs, is in the cases it does not detect; it is in the incubative, the healed and the generalized cases. Prob- ably no production of man has ever come into more abuse and misuse than tuberculin unless it be whiskey. A reliable tuber- culin test cannot be carried on by a layman, students or incom- petent veterinarians. This custom, coupled with improperly pre- pared serum and the dishonest veterinarians and stockmen, to- gether with errors following its use, where the tissue had ac- quired a tolerance by previous inoculation purposely or other- wise, are the things that have put tuberculin into disrepute. I have seen cases where every honest effort was made to rid herds of tuberculosis, the test being under the supervision of a man with ability, he spending his time in his office or his laboratory and an incompetent assistant injecting the tuberculin and taking temperatures. Now, gentlemen, we cannot get rid of tubercu- losis this way; tuberculin testing does not consist in the mechan- 162 JOHN F. DE VINE. ical procedure of injecting tuberculin and taking temperatures, but to do it and do it properly and reliably it requires a certain amount of skill to make certain that the tuberculin is injected under the skin and not squirted down the side of the leg. It requires a man who can tell with reasonable certainty whether the rise in temperature is a reaction or from something else; this should be determined right then and there and not in an office or laboratory later where valuable information may be wanting; likewise the examiner should be so trained as to be able to detect such animals as are positively tubercular and give but little or possibly no rise in temperature; he should be a man that goes into his herd and stays there so that no details miss his trained eye. He should ascertain with reasonable certainty that the cattle have had no tuberculin within sixty days, and if in doubt he should fortify himself by using either the ophthalmic or the intradermal test in conjunction with a subcutaneous test; or, if unable to secure the proper tuberculin for this, he should resort to increased doses and begin taking post temperatures four or five hours after injecting, and carry them along to the twenty- fourth or twenty-eighth hour. Some will argue that we cannot afford to do this, that we would not receive compensation enough for our time; to these I would say, then do not do it; explain to your clients the reason for your precaution and that you are doing it in their interest. If you find that they are looking for a fake test, tell them they are looking for a crook and not a veterinarian; you go home and get a good night’s sleep and be ready for a big day to- morrow. I herewith append a portion of the recommendation pre- sented to the American Veterinary Medical Association in 1910 by the International Commission on the Control of Bovine Tuberculosis : “The Commission, after stating the known facts regarding the nature of tuberculosis and enumerating the principles to be observed in its prevention and eradication, recommends the fol- lowing plan of procedure: It is recognized that in several points CONTROL AND ERADICATION OF TUBERCULOSIS. 163 there are opportunities, in order to meet individual needs, to change or modify the directions herein given. I[t is understood, however, that whenever such modifications are made they should conform in the greatest detail to the principles laid down in the report of this Commission. The plan has for its purpose the conservation of the herd whenever that is possible. “The control of bovine tuberculosis involves a definite pro- cedure under two distinct and different conditions, namely: (1) Where a herd of cattle is free from tuberculosis and it is to be kept so, and (2) where one or more animals in the herd are infected and the purpose is to eradicate the disease and establish a sound herd. ‘““ PROCEDURE UNDER CONDITION ONE—The prevention of tuberculosis in cattle, free from tuberculosis, consists simply in keeping tuberculous cattle or other animals away from the sound ones; in keeping tuberculous animals out of pastures, sheds or stables where the sound ones may be kept. Healthy cattle should not be exposed to possible infection at public sales or ‘exhibi- tions. Raw milk or milk by-products from tuberculous cows should not be fed to calves, pigs or other animals. Cars that have not been thoroughly disinfected should not be used for the transportation of sound cattle. Cattle that are purchased to go into sound herds should be brought from healthy or sound herds only. ‘PROCEDURE UNDER Conpition Two—tThe eradication of tuberculosis from infected herds requires for conservation of the herd different procedures according to the extent of the infec- tion. For a guide to the control of the disease, tuberculous herds may be divided into three groups, namely : ““T.—Where 50 per cent. or more of the animals are in- fected. “ I].—Where a small percentage (15 per cent. or less) of the animals are affected. “ T1].—Where a larger number (15 per cent. to 50 per cent.) of the animals are diseased. “In eliminating tuberculosis from infected herds the follow- ing procedure is recommended : 164 JOHN F., DE VINE. “ Group I.—Herds where tuberculin test shows 50 per cent. or more of the animals to be infected should be treated as entirely tuberculous. The procedure here is as follows: “1, Eliminate by slaughter all animals giving evidence of the disease on physical examination. “2. Build up an entirely new herd from the offspring. The calves should be separated from their dams immediately after birth and raised on pasteurized milk or on that of healthy nurse cows. ‘This new herd must be kept separate from any reacting animals. “3. The young animals should be tested with tuberculin at about six months old, and when reactors are found at the first or any subsequent test, the others should be retested not more than six months later. When there are no more reactors at the six months’ test, annual tests should thereafter be made. All reacting animals should at once be separated from the new herd and the stables which they have occupied thoroughly disinfected. “4. When the newly developed sound herd has become of sufficient size, the tuberculous herd can be eliminated by slaughter under inspection for beef. “Group II—1. The reacting animals should be separated from the non-reacting ones and kept constantly apart from them at pasture, in yard and in stable. “(a) Pasture. The reactors should be kept in a separate pasture. This pasture should be some distance from the other or so fenced that it will be impossible for the infected and non- infected animals to get their heads together. “(b) Water. When possible to provide otherwise, reacting cattle should not be watered at running streams which after- wards flow directly through fields occupied by sound cattle. The water from drinking trough used by infected animals should not be allowed to flow into stables, fields or yards occupied by the sound animals. “(c) Stable. Reacting cattle should be kept in barns or stables entirely separate from the ones occupied by the sound animals. CONTROL AND ERADICATION OF TUBERCULOSIS, 165 “2. Calves of the reacting cows should be removed from their dams immediately after birth. Milk fed these calves must be from healthy cows, otherwise it must be properly pasteurized. These calves should not come in contact in any way with the reacting animals. “3. The non-reacting animals should be tested with tuber- culin in six months, and when reactors are found at the first six months, or any subsequent test, the others should be retested not more than six months later. When there are no more reactors at the six months’ test, annual tests should thereafter be made. All reacting animals should at once be separated from the new herd and the stables which they have occupied thoroughly dis- infected. “4. The milk of the reacting animals may be pasteurized and used. “5. Any reacting animal which develops clinical symptoms of tuberculosis should be promptly slaughtered. “6. An animal that has once reacted to tuberculin should under no circumstances be placed in the sound herd. “7, As soon as the sound herd had become well established, infected animals should be slaughtered, under proper inspection. “Group II].—Herds that come within this group should be dealt with either as in Group II., where the herd is separated, or as in Group I., where all of the animals are considered as sus- picious, and an entirely new herd developed from the offspring. “GENERAL PRECAUTIONS—In all cases, animals that show clinical evidence of the disease should be promptly eliminated. They should be destroyed if the disease is evidently far advanced ; if not, they may be slaughtered for food under proper inspection. “All milk from tuberculous cows that is used for food pur- poses should be thoroughly pasteurized. This means that it must be heated sufficiently to kill or to render harmless any tubercle bacilli that may be present in it. For this it is necessary to heat the milk for twenty minutes at 149° F. or for five minutes at 176° F. It is important that pails or other utensils used in carry- ing the unpasteurized milk should not be used, unless previously sterilized, for storing the milk after it is pasteurized. 166 JOHN F, DE VINE. “When diseased animals are found, the stables from which they are taken should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected. To accomplish this, all litter should be removed; floors, walls and ceilings carefully scrubbed with soap and water. Thorough clean- ing before the application of the disinfectant cannot be too strongly emphasized. After cleansing, the disinfectant should be applied. A five per cent. (5%) solution of carbolic acid, a I-1,000 solution of corrosive sublimate, or a four per cent. (4%) solution of sulphuric acid may be used. “When the stable can be tightly closed, formaldehyde gas properly used is reliable and satisfactory. “ Tf tuberculous cattle have been kept in a small yard the litter should be removed, the surface plowed, and the fencing and other fixtures thoroughly cleansed and disinfected.” When our stockmen are in the possession of the knowledge we have just enumerated, they are then quite able to understand the suggestion and advantages of these rules and, taken together, they should assist materially those who are honestly interested in weeding and breeding tuberculosis out of their herds. AN ExAMPLeE oF AtavisM—The following clipping from a recent number of The Rural New-Yorker was illustrated by the picture referred to, which showed a handsome colt with a confor- mation that might well belong to a road horse, and spotted over the entire region of thighs, croup, flanks, loins and back up to the withers. The spots seeming to represent what could readily be the size of the hand in the living subject: ‘‘ Mr. E. A. Jackson, of Madison County, N. Y., sends us the picture of colt Don Pedro, shown at Fig. 441. His sire is a black Percheron, weighing 1,300. The dam is a gray, Otego and Arabian, weighing 1,100, a very rapid walker and good worker. The mare has had several colts, but this is the first spotted one. He has evidently struck back through several generations on the Arabian side. THE NEXT MEETING OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE VETERINARY MepIcAL AssocIATION will be held at San Francisco, December bE, LOL, SOME IMPORTANT FACTORS IN THE CONTROL OF COM- MUNICABLE DISEASES. * By VeErRANUS A. Moore, ItHaca, N. Y. At the request of the chairman of the section on sanitary science I promised in an unguarded moment to discuss some of the underlying factors in the control of communicable diseases. Upon reflection it seemed presumptuous on my part to bring ‘before this body a paper on such a general and well-known topic. I am aware, however, that with all our knowledge we, as guard- ians of the health of the live stock of the country, are too often obliged to witness !the havoc of epizootic and communicable dis- eases that the judgment of the layman leads him to believe we should have prevented. Many of you hold official positions and others are advisers to executive officers who are not trained in the nature of diseases but nevertheless are charged with the responsibility of their control, and consequently veterinarians are largely responsible for the wise and for the foolish statutes, rules and regulations for controlling this class of maladies. This is a responsibility we are loth many times to assume, but in a pro- fession like ours we must be prepared to respond to all calls and to accept the consequences. It is not my purpose to dwell at length upon the well-known facts relative to epizoology, but as a basis for discussion it is necessary to mention briefly a few of the essential ones as they are now understood regarding the nature of infectious diseases. The discovery of a specific etiology for the epizootic and other infectious diseases has given to each a definite place in the organic world. They exist as do weeds; they spread after their own method or methods; they thrive where their environment is suit- able; they disappear when conditions are sufficiently unfavorable. As each of these affections has its specific cause, the life history * Presented to the forty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, at Indianapolis, August, 1912. 167 168 VERANUS A. MOORE, of this etiological factor gives all the information necessary to ascertain where in its cycle it can be most readily intercepted. This infers that we know the cause of all of these maladies. While this is not true in case of several of them the means by which their virus is disseminated is, with few exceptions, known. When approached as a biological problem, which it is, the con- trol of infectious diseases resolves itself into the acquisition and application of certain definite knowledge concerning them. The most essential is to know tthe cause; the channel through which it escapes from the infected body; its fate after leaving the body of its host; and the avenues through which it gains entrance to the uninfected. This cycle, which is as old as dumb creation, was a veritable mystery until the researches of the pioneers in micro- biology pointed the way to its revelation to man. The question that is uppermost in this discussion is: Are we as a profession doing all that it is in our power to do to reduce the losses from infection? Have we learned as we should the lessons of preventive medicine and what they mean directly to the live stock interests of the country and indirectly to ourselves ? The history of epizootics in this country shows that with several maladies the veterinary service has been efficient, while with others our progress has been lamentably slow. A little study will point out that the diseases which have been controlled in a masterly way—more so I think in our country than in any other—are contagious pleuro-pneumonia of cattle and foot and mouth disease. An inquiry into the nature of these maladies shows that they are both highly infectious and that a large percentage of the animals exposed actually become infected Again they are not indigenous and must be introduced. When that has happened our officials have taken them in hand and by the heroic measures of quarantine, slaughter and indemnity have banished them from the country. There are, however, other diseases, such as anthrax, tuber- culosis, glanders, rabies, infectious abortion, hog cholera and many more that seem to have been introduced and to have become well established and quite widely distributed within our borders. IMPORTANT FACTORS IN THE CONTROL OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES, 169 Many, if not all, of these appeared before there was sufficient knowledge of their nature to apply methods for their prevention, much less for their eradication. These have continued to spread after their own means of dissemination, often aided by the habits of animal owners, until they stand out conspicuously as a menace to the live stock industry and in some instances to man himself. In that role they present themselves to the veterinary service of the country and defiantly say: “ Stop us if you can.” The problem in conquering such enemies is centered in the acquisition and application of knowledge whereby their dissemi- nation may be checked. Why, for example, have tuberculosis, glanders and rabies spread in our very midst? Is it because of lack of knowledge concerning the mode of infection, or is it due to other causes, such, for instance, as bad legislation that we could not or at least did not prevent? It has often happened that people have looked for legislation or other official ordinances to check the spread of epizootics. Veterinarians have not infrequently made strenuous efforts to secure official aid to stop an epizootic where an early diagnosis and the application of the present knowledge of preventive medi- cine would have saved the loss. We may look to legislation for assistance, but as in a great conflagration a pail of water in the beginning will do more effective service than all the fire de- partments later on. It cannot be denied that a thorough knowledge of the nature of epizootic diseases and of methods for making an early diag- nosis are the most necessary elements in the control of such in- fections. Knowledge, however, is more easily discussed than acquired. There is a tendency now and always has been to overestimate the accomplishments possible with a little knowl- edge. Nowhere has this tendency been greater than in case of disease. The consequence has been that all too much reliance has been placed upon and often far reaching conclusions have been drawn from isolated facts which constitute mere frag- ments of knowledge and which in themselves are not sufficient to bring about the desired end. It is essential to know the cause 170 VERANUS A. MOORE, of a malady, but we have had that knowledge concerning the more serious of the common diseases of animals, such as tuber- culosis and glanders, for thirty years and yet the discussion of methods for their control is as active and as controversial as heretofore. The fact that tuberculin gave a reaction in a large percentage of cases of tuberculosis was interpreted to mean that it would cause a reaction in all cases where infection existed, a conclusion long since found to be erroneous. It was long supposed, and by many is still believed, that after an animal had recovered from an infectious disease it was safe for it to mingle with others. Because of this supposition and because an in- fectious disease may even exist in such a light form as to es- cape recognition, fowls, swine, cattle and horses apparently per- fectly sound have not infrequently been bought to the sorrow of the purchaser, who by so doing has suffered heavy losses from the disease unconsciously introduced. Again we have failed in formulating methods of control to discriminate between the highly infectious and rapidly developing diseases and those of a chronic nature, slow in development and widespread in their distribution. Thus a study of what has been attained, as well as the problems still before us along the line of control, suggest that as yet we see only in part. The first and most important factor in the control of infec- tious diseases seems to be a knowledge of their cause and the means for making an early diagnosis. Coupled with this must be a knowledge of when, in the course of the disease, the virus is eliminated from the infected. This is not so significant with the highly infectious maladies where heroic measures are ap- plied, but with such diseases as glanders and ‘tuberculosis it is very important. All cattle that reacted to tuberculin were at first considered immediately dangerous, but the researches of recent years indicate that it is not until the disease process at- tains to a certain stage that the specific bacteria are given off and the animal becomes a menace to others. This fact is the crux of the German method for controlling tuberculosis. It may not be enough in itself, but it takes us one step nearer the goal. Py te IMPORTANT FACTORS IN THE CONTROL OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES. iG The dissemination of viruses through secretions that may contain them is an important factor that has been neglected in many, if not most, localities. In this country tuberculosis has probably been disseminated through the separated milk and whey from creameries and cheese factories receiving the milk from in- fected dairies quite as much as by any other means. Russell, of Wisconsin, has demonstrated the efficiency of these unsterilized by-products in spreading tuberculosis. In Denmark the separ- ated milk is pasteurized before it is returned to the farm. Other infections, such as foot and mouth disease, are transmitted through the milk. Efforts to prevent diseases of a chronic nature have placed too much emphasis upon the infected animal itself and all too little upon the control of the secretions that are widely distributed or utilized and which are often the agents for the distribution of the virus. Recent investigations tend to the conclusion that the com- municability of the more common infectious diseases with which we have to deal is restricted to individual contact or contact with recently given off secretions, excreta or discharges contain- ing the virus. This tendency adds to the importance of a more careful study of “carriers” among the lower animals. The significance of chronic cases has long been recognized, but the importance of virus disseminators among animals that have re- covered has not been sufficiently emphasized. Specific illustra- tions of this means of spreading the virus and starting up new outbreaks are not numerous where the proof is sufficient to verify the statement. I have in my personal experience, how- ever, observed fowls that had suffered from “roup”’ or diph- theria and which seemed to be fully recovered, sold and placed in a flock of hens where roup had never been known and where within a short time nearly every fowl in the flock was suffering from an acute attack of the disease. In the last outbreak of foot and mouth disease in this country, a calf that had recovered, carried the infection to an entire herd. These facts are very suggestive and they bring very vital topics for the sanitarian and those who have to advise the buyers of animals. The teach- 172 VERANUS A. MOORE. ing from the interesting discoveries relative to typhoid and diph- theria “carriers” in the human species are no doubt applicable to several diseases of the lower animals. With certain maladies, especially tuberculosis and glanders, the virus undoubtedly gains entrance with the occult cases. It is well known that infected but apparently sound cattle and horses have often gone down with the disease after being brought into a new environment and that they have spread the death dealing virus to one or more individuals. This fact is not new and methods have been suggested to prevent it by way of applying certain tests, such as tuberculin, mallein, agglutination or other specific reactions before accepting the animals. Experience, however, has shown that these tests are not always accurate be- cause of the state of the disease at the time they are made. This causes us to look further and in our advisory capacity to sug- gest that animals must be brought so far as possible from sound herds and studs. Here again present knowledge does not always enable one to ascertain with absolute certainty whether or not the disease exists in any of the other animals. Because of the de- velopment of methods of precision there is a feeling that we must always be positive and that it is unprofessional to admit that we do not know. With material things this may be possible, but with living creatures, no man has yet fathomed all the mysteries re- garding the subtle forces of resistance and susceptibility. The limitation of known tests compels one to look beyond them. Here the point is, Have the animals been exposed? ‘To determine this requires a careful record of close observations and proper tests of a herd or stud. These should be so kept that the purchaser could determine from them whether or not he was justified in buying from this herd or stud. I have for several years ad- vocated such examinations, tests and records as a means of guaranty by the owners of the animals. The chief objection that has been raised to such a procedure has been the lack of con- fidence in the knowledge or ability of the local veterinarian to do such work. When our practitioners become efficient in sanitary work their clients will, I am bold enough to predict, possess IMPORTANT FACTORS IN THE CONTROL OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES. 173 signed records of their animals that will warrant a buyer in tak- ing or rejecting any individual. I do not wish to belittle any of the methods of precision in diagnosing occult cases, but I am strongly of the opinion that the repeated application of such tests in isolated cases is not tend- ing to the best results. These tests when properly made at the right time on all of the animals of the herd or stable are most valuable, but the singling out of individuals at irregular times and often at short intervals and subjecting them to such an ex- amination without considering the history or physical condition of the associated animals is not of so much assistance as many suppose. These infections are to be dealt with according to their various natures. The garden cannot be pronounced weed-free so long as it is not protected against seed-producing noxious plants that are thriving in the immediate vicinity. Likewise the indi- vidual animal that has been or is exposed cannot be pronounced free from infection. The dairy, the stud, the flock, are to be dealt with as units. It is in bringing about this condition that the veterinarian has a wonderful opportunity for service. With certain maladies, there are at present no means of de- tecting infection in an individual until symptoms appear. Rabies may ‘be cited as the best illustration of this class with which we have to deal. Objectionable as it is to a community, quarantine is the sheet anchor of protection here. Although isolation and quarantine are the most effective measures for preventing the spread of this group of diseases, many communities seriously oppose them. Veterinarians and physicians have not always as- sisted in this important work as much as they should. In my own state the enforcement of quarantine has often been ob- structed by professional men who with sophistry seek to expound the nature of the disease and to point out how unnecessary it is to quarantine. Again grievous errors have been made by in- cluding too small a territory and in raising the quarantine too soon. The question here seems to be the education of the people in the nature of infections. There is still too much faith in the Magic power of the ‘medicine man” and too much mystery 174 VERANUS A. MOORE, about the disease. The factor here is education and the veter- imarian is the teacher. The warning that was sounded by the great leaders, that man’s opinion is of no value unless founded on the truth of the laws of nature should ever be heeded. There is perhaps no other phase of this subject so open to controversy as that of immunization and vaccination. These have been advocated by various authorities for nearly all if not every infectious disease. Results, however, are conflicting and with few exceptions, methods of immunization have not been perfected to the extent that warrants their recommendation as a means of control. There has been such a rapid succession of immunizing procedures that it is impossible to predict the final results. Already the use of vaccines is complicating specific diagnostic tests, but after more research and experimentation definite knowledge on these points will be recorded and the true worth of the newer methods will be determined. One often feels in connection with the multiplication of these new and highly recommended procedures the truth of the lines of Schiller, “ We must have foolishness even to exhaustion before we arrive at the beautiful goal of calm wisdom.” While every encouragement should be given to the development of immunization as a means of preventing infection. it would seem to be a safer procedure, with the diseases for which it is possible, to center attention on the elimination of the virus. The feeling of safety that domin- ates one who has placed his confidence in immunization permits relaxation in reference to infection. If the method employed is not efficient it is worse than nothing. There is no half-way posi- tion. The virus must be kept away or the animals must be im- munized absolutely against it, if the desired protection is to be secured. Partial immunization or temporary resistance tends to modify not to prevent the disease. The etiology of most infectious diseases with which we have to deal and the specific methods of making an early diagnosis are sufficiently well known to enable veterinarians to guard against the usual methods of dissemination. A great deal of excellent work is being done and never before did the outlook seem so IMPORTANT FACTORS IN THE CONTROL OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES. 175 bright for complete mastery of these infections. The trouble lies in getting at the cases that escape or that are carriers of the virus and which start up the disease anew after it is thought that it has been eradicated. ‘The essential factors here are the acquisi- tion of further information concerning the period of incubation; the recognition of chronic cases; better methods for detecting arrested and occult ones and the detection and elimination of “carriers.” To this must be added a greater appreciation of the definite time in the course of a disease when its virus is given off and its powers of resistance outside of the body. When the solution of these problems has passed into common knowledge the cord of restraint will have been so tightly drawn about the viruses of these maladies that their power of destruc- tion will be known as a historical fact only. Then the enormous losses now sustained will have been saved and the suffering of dumb creation caused by these diseases and which it is our humane purpose to prevent will have ceased. THE PASTEURIZATION OF MILK, by S. Henry Ayers, bacter- iologist, dairy division of the B. A. I., in Circular 184, is treated in a manner that must interest everyone, whether believers in the process of pasteurization or otherwise. The report is generously illustrated, showing several styles of pasteurizers, coolers, bottling apparatuses, etc. A New Journat, born of the old Spirit of the Times and the Turf, Field and Farm, comes to us under the name of “ The Field Illustrated—The Journal of Outdoor America,” and, when we consider its “ breeding,” remember the two grand old papers that are responsible for its birth, we are prepared to find the very excellent paper that has recently come to us under the name given above. It is the field illustrated, and no mistake; beautiful sub- jects beautifully illustrated. Captain A. H. Waddell, former editor of the Bit and Spur, is one of its editors, and from the im- pressions received from the copy we have seen, we shall probably have something more to say about this paper later on. CANINE PRACTICE.* By J. C. Frynn, D.V.S., Kansas City, Mo. In preparing a paper on canine practice, I am fully aware of the fact that, to the average veterinarian, it is a subject, I am sorry to say, uninteresting. Some of our best practitioners, very able men, take quite an active interest in canine practice, and to these men I wish to offer an apology for the following remarks. The dog, the most staunch and faithful friend of man, when sick, is indeed the most ill-treated and abused of domestic ani- mals, and a little investigation into the cause of this treatment leads us to the doors of a great number of our profession. When the dog gets sick the owner calls up the veterinarian and asks him to prescribe, which he does in about the following manner: ‘Oh, give him a good dose of castor oil and don’t feed him for a couple of days.’’ This advice is generally given without any inquiry into the symptoms exhibited by the sick dog. The owner can only infer that one of two conditions exists. The veterinarian either does not care for his dog practice or he does not know how to intelligently treat the dog. In either case the carelessness of the doctor gives the client a very poor opinion of the real value, the proper administration — of medicine. The next time the dog is sick it must undergo the same treatment, and the owner does not even call up the doctor to ask his advice. Or, on the other hand, if he be a wide-awake fellow, he resents such advice and calls in another veterinarian. A great many times I have been told by my client that he had called in some certain doctor on a number of cases and that each time the latter’s advice was, “Oh, give it a dose of castor oil.” To take it for granted that the laity knows nothing of dis- ease and medicine, and that their pet stock can be handled in a careless manner, is a grave mistake. We lower ourselves and our * Read before the Missouri State Veterinary Medical Association, at Marshall, July, 1912. 176 oe ° a CANINE PRACTICE. 177 profession in the eyes of the public when we fail to treat the dog in the same scientific manner in which he treat the other domestic animals. ¥ have heard a number of veterinarians say that they do not care for canine practice for two reasons: First, they are afraid of a dog; and second, because it is so hard to diagnose their ail- ments. The first reason has some weight because, I suppose, we can- not altogether govern our natures, and if we are afraid, we should politely say so and not belittle our profession by telling the owner to give some little simple remedy like castor oil, sul- phur and milk, or lard. If you are afraid of a dog you had better let it alone, for the dog knows it better than you do and will bite you. In my experience I have never been bitten by a savage dog. I have been bitten a number of times but always by a dog that was afraid of me and not one of which I was afraid. In answer to the second reason, I will say, ‘Give the dog the same careful study and attention that you give the horse, and his ailments will be no harder to diagnose.” The veterinarian is not alone to blame for the lack of proper care of the sick dog. Our schools and colleges have failed to grasp the true situation and have not impressed upon the minds of the student body the necessity of a thorough training in canine practice. A proper training in canine practice cannot be secured in the limited time given to it by the schools to-day, and the graduate goes forth into the field hoping no one will ever bring a dog to him to treat. The reason we do not like a subject is because we do not understand it. If all the papers read here were in French, we would leave here thinking it a very dull meeting. In this day and age, when canine breeding has reached a condition which we may well call an art, it behooves us as veterinarians to give this important branch of veterinary science a close study, and in order that we may better serve the laity, I will present a few of the simple things with which we should all be familiar. 178 J. C, FLYNN. The first thing which should be impressed upon the dog owner is, that it costs no more to keep a good dog than a poor one, and it is a source of a great deal more satisfaction. We should also impress upon his mind that the dog is entitled to his care and protection and should not be allowed to suffer unnecessarily be- cause in dollars and cents he is not as valuable as the horse or cow. The dog, like the horse and cow, has no one but its master to look to in time of affliction, and unlike the former, he usually looks in vain. “The dog is his own doctor” is a phrase you hear every day, and a number of our profession agree to it. The dog is his own doctor, it is true in a measure, because conditions have made him such. He is not so by his own choice any more than you or I. He responds to and appreciates medical attention, and will only take care of his wounds when neglected by his master and forced to do so. Prophylaxis should be the aim of every veterinarian. You can be of far greater value to your client by preventing a disease than you can by curing one. A good bed, a clean kennel, health- ful food, plenty of pure water, air and sunshine will do more to keep dogs in a healthy condition than will the medicine case. Puppies should be kept free from worms and should be im- munized as early as possible against distemper. I have im- munized several litters of puppies as early as the fourteenth day and have found it to be quite successful and satisfactory. I find that most cases of sickness among dogs are due to the careless- ness of the owner in not keeping a clean kennel, and observing the general rules of health. The stray dog is the greatest evil to the dog man, for while in himself he is immune to most canine ailments, yet he carries and distributes more disease than any other animal, and the American Rescue League are doing a great work in finding suit- able homes for the poor, unfortunate stray dogs, in the humane destruction of them. Through their efforts, the number of disease spreaders is being annually diminished in the large cities and we should always lend them a helping hand. ’ CANINE PRACTICE, 179 The veterinarian should instruct his client in the care and handling of his dogs. It is our duty not to merely look after the sick ones, but to prevent them, in so far as good advice goes, from getting sick. To do this, it is wise to advise the owner of a matron which is about to whelp, to begin at least two weeks before date of whelping, by giving her a thorough purging and to see that she is free from intestinal parasites. This can be accomplished by the administration of santonin, I to 6 grains according to the size of the dog, or areca nut, 2 grains for each pound weight. If purgation does not follow in a few hours after the administration of areca nut, then is the time for a dose of castor oil. When puppies are born, they should be handled as little as possible. Over interest on the part of the owner to see which are males and which are females, or to find out the good points, is injurious to the pup and annoying to the matron. At the age of ten or twelve days, give the puppies about one- quarter grain of santonin, to be repeated every third day until three treatments are given. This keeps them clear of the round worm (Ascaris marginata), which is about the only worm to fear in puppies of that age. At the age of fourteen days they should be immunized against distemper. In immunizing puppies of this age, I use about one- quarter of the dose to be given a ten or twelve-months-old pup. By immunizing against distemper and giving treatment for worms every five or six weeks, keeping the puppies away from chance infection from the stray dog and giving them good, clean quarters, about go per cent. of puppy troubles is done away with. I realize that the time to which I am entitled will not allow of a lengthy discussion of the pathology and treatment of the dis- eases of the dog, so will confine myself to the mentioning of one or two of what I consider the most important. Canine distemper, being the disease that causes the greatest loss to the dog raiser and most anxiety to the doctor, I will take it up in a meagre way and endeavor to give you the important ‘points in the symptoms and treatment of this disease. 180 J. C, FLYNN. The incubation period of distemper is from five to ten days, following which time there is a period of from four to seven days in which the dog is dull and depressed; has little or no appetite; the eyes are moist and there is a thin, watery discharge from them and also from the nose; the mucous membrane of the eyes is red and the dog sniffles and sneezes and has a dry cough. ‘The bowels are sometimes loose and the feces are mixed with blood and mucus and have a very foul odor. In some cases the bowels are not affected and we have no vomiting and purging. The temperature ranges from 102.5° to 105.5° F. The pulse runs I20 to 150, respiration 30 to 4o. The animal begins to chill early in the disease and continues to do so almost throughout its entire course. I find that there is no line of symptoms that will hold good in every case on account of the great variety of dogs one contacts and the greater resisting power of some dogs than that of others. The course of the disease is from twenty-one to forty or fifty days. There is no cure for distemper and the best we can do is to treat the animal by taking care of the pathological changes which occur. If the bowels are loose, they should not be allowed to continue so until the dog is too weak to respond to treatment, but he should be put on a diet of boiled milk, in which some bismuth subnitrate, about 15 grains to a dose, should be given. If vomit- ing takes place, use malt extract with pepsin and pancreatin, about 1 tablespoonful in half a pint of boiled milk. Iron, quinine, strychnine, arsenic and nuclein as prepared by the Abbott Alka- loidal Company are beneficial in all stages of the disease. The dog should be kept in a dry, warm place with plenty of air and sunshine. Under no consideration should a bath be given. If the dog refuses food and force feeding is necessary, raw egg beaten up in a pint of sweet milk with a tablespoonful of port wine or brandy is very nourishing. This can be given per rectum in cases where you want to keep up the strength until you can check the vomiting. Some breeds are harder to nurse through distemper than others. The pointers, setters and Scotch collies seem to have less resisting power than the bulldogs, fox terriers and airdales. If the case be taken in hand in the first i ‘ ‘ eee Te ee eS et ee wd GS Pa nahi.” Sows tire ’ 4 | | | a | | CANINE PRACTICE. 181 stages and carefully attended, the death rate is small, but most of the cases brought to our notice are well advanced, and we have a difficult time in saving them. Another important disease with which we come in contact and of which the public is in constant dread, is rabies. This disease is the least understood by the laity. The true symptoms of rabies do not even excite a curiosity in the mind of the owner. If the dog suffers a heat stroke, however, or some form of epilepsy, the first thought is mad dog, and the faithful animal meets an untimely death at the hands of his excited master. It seems that the general public will never learn that the dog never develops rabies suddenly but exhibits certain symptoms that - warn one of the approach of the disease several days before he becomes violent. The various ideas entertained by the laity relative to rabies would fill a book. Some of the most prevalent ones, and the ones which we should teach our clients to dismiss, are: ‘That the dog goes mad only in dog days; that after watching a dog which has been bitten by a rabid dog for nine days there is no further danger of rabies in the case; that the dog goes mad from pain, lack of food and water, or from an injury; that the mad- stone cures rabies; that the dog is afraid of water and cannot cross a stream; that he always runs in a straight line and that he will not go out of his path to bite anyone. Tell him in big, plain words that the dog may go mad at one time of the year as well as another if he has been bitten by a rabid animal; that he may go mad in eighteen days to eighteen months after he is bit- ten; that he develops rabies only from the bite of a rabid animal ; that the mad-stone is a fairy story and the only cases it ever cured were cases in which the dog doing the biting was not rabid, or, the dog being mad, the person bitten was not infected by the bite; that the rabid dog can cross a stream of water and go as far as he likes from a straight line to bite someone; that a dog generally goes mad in from twenty-one to thirty days after being bitten; and that the general symptoms are a changed dis- position ; the animal likes to lick or gnaw some object; his eyes have a dull look; he is nervous and irritable. If he plays, it is 3 182 J. C. FLYNN. with a vigor akin to savageness; he takes particular notice of strangers and to any object which moves; his bark is not clear but has a peculiar rattle; he refuses food and water; his mouth remains slightly open and the saliva hangs in strings from his jaws. Later on he tries to eat and drink and will lap water for hours at a time. The inexperienced will think he is swallowing it, but he is not, forthe throat is paralyzed. He later becomes weak in his hindquarters and finally falls from exhaustion for death to end his sufferings. In some cases the symptoms vary widely from the above, but these are the common symptoms seen in most cases. Now that I have taken up a great deal of your time on the subject in which you are not so deeply interested as you are in some of the subjects already presented and to be presented, I will close by again appealing to you to give the faithful dog the attention he deserves. Senator Vest paid a high tribute to the dog when he said: ‘‘ The best friend a man has in the world may turn against him and become his enemy. His son or daugh- ter that he has reared with loving care may prove ungrateful. Those who are nearest and dearest to us, those whom we trust with our happiness and our good name, may become traitors to” their faith. The money that a man has he may lose. It flies away from him, perhaps when he needs it most. A man’s repu- tation may be sacrified in a moment of ill-considered action. The people who are prone to fall on their knees to do us honor when success is with us, may be the first to throw the stone of malice when failure settles its cloud upon our heads. ; ; “The one absolutely unselfish friend that a man can have in this selfish world, the one that never deserts him, the one that. never proves ungrateful or treacherous, is his dog. A man’s dog stands by him in prosperity and in poverty, in health and in sickness. He will sleep on the cold ground, where the wintry winds blow and the snow drives fiercely, if only he may be near his master’s side. He will kiss the hand that has no food to offer; he will lick the wounds and sores that come in encounter with the roughness of the world. He guards the sleep of his pauper master as if he were a prince. When all other friends CANINE PRACTICE. 183 desert he remains. When riches take wings, and reputation falls to pieces, he is as constant in his love as the sun in its journeys through the heavens. “If fortune drives the master forth an outcast in the world, friendless and homeless, the faithful dog asks no higher privi- lege than that of accompanying him, to guard him against dan- ger, to fight against his enemies. And when the last scene of all comes, and death takes his master in its embrace, and his body is laid away in the cold ground, no matter if all other friends pursue their way, there by the graveside will the noble dog be found, his head between his paws, his eyes sad, but open in alert watchfulness, faithful and true even in death.” Ho.pinec Up a Crrcus—Surely the world moves. A humane officer in Akron, Ohio, held up a circus parade in the streets, took a horse out of the procession, and sent it to a veterinarian for treatment. When the lame horse was finally removed the circus people were allowed to continue their march. That’s the sort of stuff needed in a first-class humane agent.—(Our Dumb Ami- mals.) Goop Breepinc Pays—The following clipping from the Breeders’ Gazette of October 16 demonstrates what careful breed- ing can accomplish: “ To the Gazette—History was made at George Taylor’s sale of milking short-horns, as every one ex- pected it would be. Twenty-five of the cows sold at the Cranford dispersal had attained the 1,000 gallon standard. The most sensa- tional bidding was for the seven-year-old cow Waterloo Baroness, which Sir Gilbert Greenall secured for $2,625, the highest price ever paid for a dairy short-horn in Britain. Sir Gilbert bought ~ ten cows all toil for his new herd in Ireland. The Oxford, Dar- lington, Wild Eyes and Waterloo strains were in most demand. The other chief purchasers were: The Duke of Devonshire, $1,317 for Darlington Cranford 24th; J. & H. Robinson, $1,056 for Furbelow Princess 2d; the Rev. C. L. Brocklebank, $1,050 for Furbelow Baroness; Samuel Sandav, $1,260 for Wild Eye- eright 35th; J. & H. Robinson, $1,338 for Barrington Duchess e55th; J. Ellis Totter, $1,575 for Darlington Cranford 49th; Viscount Tredegar, $1,050 for Oxford Belle 5th. “All told 187 head were sold for $77,478, or a little more taan $413 apiece.” THE NORMAL CLINICAL URINALYSIS OF THE DAIRY COW.* By Daniet J. Heaty, M.D.. BacrertoLocist, KentucKyY AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, LEXINGTON, Ky. During the study of a certain pathological condition occur- ring among dairy cows, it became necessary to determine what might be considered a normal clinical urinalysis. The problem, which presented itself, was not to determine a complete urinalysis, but one which could be used as a clinical standard, any marked deviation from which would indicate an abnormal condition of the function of the kidneys. The difficulties which are met with when an attempt is made to collect the urine for the entire twenty-four hours, and the bac- teriological and chemical changes which occur in a specimen dur- ing this period, make it very undesirable to use the twenty-four specimens for clinical purposes. The specimens used in the present work were obtained, once during the twenty-four hours, from the registered Jersey cows which form the Experiment Station dairy herd. The specimens, with the exception of four, were obtained during the period of evening milking, between the hours of four and six o'clock. At first, an effort was made to obtain the urine by means of a cathe- ter; but this was found impracticable, as the difficulty of using the instrument, the risk of infecting the bladder, and the general disturbance created among the cows at milking time, more than counterbalanced the advantage of increased rapidity with which the specimens could be obtained. The method finally used was that of waiting, with a one-litre saucepan, until a cow urinated, and then catching the urine in the saucepan. As a rule a cow will pass several litres of urine at one time, and it was the prac- tice to allow the first portion of urine to escape, and then catch * Presented to the forty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Indianapolis, August, 1912. 4 : ' : From the Laberatory of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, Lexington, Ky. 184 NORMAL CLINICAL URINALYSIS OF THE DAIRY COW. 185 what followed. The average cow will urinate once every hour or hour and a half, and with a herd of thirty-two cows there was very little delay in obtaining a sufficient number of specimens each day. A clean, 125 c.c. glass-stoppered, wide-mouthed bottle was filled with each specimen, the date, time and name of cow noted on the label. The bottles were then returned to the laboratory where they were immediately placed in the ice chest at a tempera- ture of 4 degrees C., where they remained until the following morning, at which time the analysis was made. The analysis was divided into three parts, the clinical, the chemical and the microscopical. THE CLInicAL Data—tThe clinical data included the date, the name and age of the cow, whether or not she was pregnant, and if so, the period of pregnancy, the number of pregnancies, the time since last calving, and the feed. THE CuemicaL Data—The chemical data included the color, the clarity or otherwise, and the precipitate. These points were observed while the urine stood in an ordinary urinometer. glass. The specific gravity was observed with an urinometer. The reaction was tested with litmus paper. The urea was esti- mated according to Hufner’s method, the principle of which is that urea is decomposed by an alkaline solution of a hypobromite, with the evolution of nitrogen gas, which may be collected and measured, while the carbon dioxide given off, at the same time, is absorbed by the sodium hydrate solution. The solution used was prepared in the following manner: 108 grams of caustic soda were dissolved in 250 c.c. of water, and the solution allowed to cool, and 25 c.c. of bromine were then slowly added. If the solution is tightly stoppered and kept in the ice chest it will remain good for several months. The apparatus used was that known as the Doremus urinome- ter, the sample being allowed to stand for one hour at room temperature, and the volume of gas corrected to a standard temperature. To check the correctness of this method the following experi- 186 DANIEL J. HEALY. ments were made: Seven ureometers were filled with the hypo- bromite solution, then to No. 1, 1 cc. of urine was added; to — No. 2, 1 c.c. of the same urine to which 0.1 per cent. of urea) had been added; to No. 3, 1 c.c. of urine to which 0.5. per cent. of urea had been added, and so forth. The following table gives the results: I. One cic. urine, no added urea, ==0232T Yo"Giear 2. One cc. urine + 0.1% urea = 0.396% urea: 3. One cc. urine + 0.5% urea =0.910% urea. 4, One ¢.c. tifine + 1.0% trea’ 10435 7g 5. One ec. urine + 1.5% urea =1'930% tne 6. One cc. urine + 2.0% urea ==2:4759e trem 7. One c.c. ufine + 3.0% urea == 3/514 %oeutrem The average error of the above seven determinations is an in- crease of 0.1% above the actual urea added. The ammonia was estimated according to a method kindly furnished by Dr. J. H. Kastle, of this station. The principle of this method is that free ammonia reacts with formic aldehyde to form hexamethyltetramin, thus: 4NH, + 6H.CO==N,(CH3)¢ + 6H3®: | Free ammonia does not occur in the fresh urine, but exists in | the form of salts. If the urine is previously made neutral and | then tenth-normal caustic soda added in the presence of for- malin, free ammonia is formed and reacts as fast as formed with the formalin. The titration is done in the presence of neutral potassium oxalate, which prevents the obscuring effect of am- monia on the sharpness of the end point with phenolphthalein. The following solutions are required: : I. A tenth-normal sodium hydroxide. 2. Commercial formalin, diluted one-half with water, and ' made neutral with sodium hydroxide, using phenolphthalein as _ an indicator. ; The technique is as follows: About 60 c.c. of urine are treated with 3 grams of dry basic lead acetate, well stirred and — filtered. The filtrate is treated with 2 grams of dry neutral potas- sium oxalate, and filtered, using a dry folded filter. Ten c.c. of | NORMAL CLINICAL URINALYSIS OF THE DAIRY cCOW. 187 the clean filtrate are then diluted with about 4o c.c. of distilled water, and 20 grams of dry neutral potassium oxalate and a few drops of phenolphthalein solution added. The mixture is either slightly alkaline or acid. If alkaline, a drop of dilute sulphuric acid is added, and tthen it is neutralized with tenth-normal sodium hydroxide. If acid, it is also neutralized. Twenty c.c. of the _ neutral formalin solution are then added, well stirred, and the Sac ee " solution again titrated with tenth-normal sodium hydroxide to neutralization. The reading of the second titration represents the number of cubic centimeters of tenth-normal ammonia in Io c.c. of urine. To check the correctness of the above method the following experiments were made: A sample of urine tested 0.0042% ammonia. Then to four portions of this urine of 10 c.c. each, sufficient ammonium chlor- ide was added, so that the total ammonia would be increased 0.001% : 0.01% :0.1%, and 1.0%. The following table gives the results : IO c.c. of urine, no NH, Chloride tested 0.0042% NHs3. 10 c.c. of urine + 0.0003 gram NH,Cl. tested 0.0053% NH. 10 c.c. of urine + 0.0033 gram NH,Cl. tested 0.0134% NH,. 10 c.c. of urine + 0.0332 gram NH,Cl. tested 0. 1014% NH. 10 c.c. of urine + 0. 3324 gram NH,Cl. tested 0.9965% NHs. The average error was a loss of 0.0053%. The estimation of the hippuric acid presented difficulties which at first seemed impossible to overcome. However, as the methods used for estimating both the urea and ammonia proved fairly accurate, and as these, together with the hippuric acid, would represent the total nitrogen content of the urine, the fol- lowing method for estimating the hippuric acid was used: The urea and ammonia were first determined according to the above methods, and then by multiplying the per cent. of urea by the factor 0.4666, the per cent. of urea nitrogen was determined, and by multiplying the per cent. of ammonia by the factor 0.8235, the per cent. of ammonia nitrogen was determined. Next the per cent. of total nitrogen was determined by the Kjeldahl method 18S DANIEL J. HEALY. as follows: Ten c.c. of urine was placed in a Kjeldahl flask, and 10 grams of powdered sodium sulphate and 20 c.c. of con- centrated sulphuric acid added. The contents of the flask were then digested over a free flame for two and a half hours, or until all color had disappeared. After cooling 200 c.c. of tap water were added and sufficient saturated caustic soda solution to make slightly alkaline, a small quantity of powdered zinc to prevent . lumping, and tthe ammonia distilled into a known quantity of sul- phuric acid, after which the sulphuric acid solution was titrated with a tenth-normal caustic soda solution, using cochineal as an indicator. The urea and ammonia nitrogen were subtracted from the total nitrogen and the difference calculated as hippuric acid. ‘To check the correctness of this method the following experiments were made: Tenc.c. of human urine was tested with — the following results : Two samples, calculated urea nitrogen............ is 1816% Two samples, calculated ammonia nitrogen........ 0.1077% Calculated total “nitrovens. 2... 1 eee 1.2893 % Actual total nitrogen, Kjeldahl method........... 1.24719 © Then eight samples of 10 c.c. of the same urine were taken in duplicate of two and two. To the first set 0.01 gram of hip- puric acid was added, this being equal to 0.1%. To the second ~ set, 0.05 gram of hippuric acid was added, this being equal to 0.5%, and so forth. The following table gives the results: : A 0.1% added hippuric acid. 7 Fue Total nitrogen, Kjeldahl method.... 1.2570% Hippuric acid scaleulated: .. 5... ncn. 0.1265 % zn 0.5% added hippuric acid. Total nitrogen, Kjeldahl method.... 1.2860% | Hippuric acid calculated........... 0.497494 i 1.0% added hippuric acid. , ory ne ee NORMAL CLINICAL URINALYSIS OF THE DAIRY COW. 189 Total nitrogen, Kjeldahl method.... 1.3200% Hippuric acid calculated........... 0.9321 % i 3.0% added hippuric acid. Total nitrogen, Kjeldahl method.... 1.4680% Hippuric acid calculated........... 2.8296% The above table shows this method is fairly accurate in esti- mating the hippuric acid, the experimental error being greater than is shown by this table, for the error in reading the urea per- centage will average 0.1344%, which would amount to 0.0626% nitrogen, which calculated as hippuric acid would equal 0.3004%. The presence or absence of sugar was determined by Fehl- ing’s copper sulphate method. The presence or absence of albumen was determined by heat- ing to boiling the upper portion of about 10 c.c. of clear urine contained in a test tube, and then adding, drop by drop, a dilute, one-tenth solution of acetic acid, the production of a cloudiness being considered a positive test for albumen. : MicroscoricaL Data—Fifteen c.c. of the urine were pre- cipitated in the electric centrifuge, running at 600 revolutions per minute for 10 minutes. ‘The precipitate was then placed on a microscope slide, a cover-glass placed over it, and examined with a magnification of 140 diameters. Analyses were made of 100 samples, collected from twenty- nine cows, during a period of six months. The months and the number of samples examined in each month were as follows: January: 20 samples. February: 9 samples. March: 22 samples. May: 11 samples. June: 12 samples. July: 26 samples. The samples were either colorless, 15%, or yellow in color, 85%. Thirty-two per cent. were pale yellow, 27% deep yellow, and 26% yellow. The color and specific gravity varied with the 190 DANIEL J. HEALY. season and feed. During January, February and March they — were as follows: Spice Deep yellow “17-5 see sc OE IO000-IO1O 18 Yellow TOs. cnee em eee IOIO-1020 7, Balle yellow | Sl ji 2. sa eee 1020-1030 5 Colorless Tack nic ee ee 1030-1050 1 5I | 51 During May, June and July they were as follows: Sp. G. Deep Grellow.ierimey. ese 1000-1010 28 Yellow LO UR an TOTO=1020) > 16 Palesyellows 04. 2) sae eee 1020-1030 5 Colorless A Mm, Ie 1030-1050 fe) 49 : 49 Specific gravity ran from 1000-1049 and averaged 1014. Reaction: Alkaline 82; neutral 10; amphoteric per cent. slightly acid 1. Urea from 0.04%-4.04%. Average, 1.06%. | Hippuric acid from 0.01%-4.15%. Average, 1.17%. Ammonia from none, 1.0161%. Average, 0.0009 %. Total nitrogen from 0.11 %-1.92%. Average, 0.587%. No sugar. No albumen. MicroscopicaL Data—Squamous epithelial cells were ob- served in 63% of the specimens, and irregular vegetable cells in 44%. Amorphous matter was observed in 27%, and mucus corpuscles in 21%. Spiral vegetable cells were observed in 20%, and starch granules and calcium sulphate crystals in 13% each. cay NORMAL CLINICAL URINALYSIS OF THE DAIRY COW. 191 The normal urine of a dairy cow would, therefore, present an analysis approximately as follows: Color, yellow; specific gravity, 1014; reaction, alkaline; a slight flocculent precipitate, and occasionally a heavy white precipitate of calcium sulphate; urea, 1.06%; hippuric acid, 1.17%; ammonia, a trace; total nitrogen, 0.58% ; no albumen; no sugar; microscopical examina- tion: squamous epithelial cells, irregular and spiral vegetable cells, starch granules, calcium sulphate crystals and amorphous matter. Goop Drarr Horses In DEMAND—The following clipping from a paper that states facts as it finds them, bears out our con- victions that the horse is still, and always will be, the most prac- ticable and economical form of traction, except for very long runs, when, in reality, the automobile replaces an express or freight train, rather than the horse. And the same applies to those that use it for long road runs in light work: “ About the horse market the comment is constantly made that draft horses are the best sellers. This statement has already become common- place. Anyone conversant with horse market activities would be surprised to hear any other assertion, and yet the fact remains that farmers are not producing top-notch draft horses in any considerable number. Judging by horse market receipts and a search of the countryside, farmers have a comparatively small appreciation for the advantages of breeding the largest horses. “The fear of displacement by motor-trucks has some influence on farmers, but really motor power is not displacing the class of largest horses to any great extent. Dealers assert that motor- trucks have cut no appreciable inroads into their orders for first- class draft horses. Those who require the best teams pay almost any price in order to satisfy their requirements. “ As a consequence those farmers who are attempting to pro- duce the right kind have not only the best possible present market, but very luminous prospects. An urgent demand has arisen this fall for the very best kind of draft mares. Every one of this sort would find a prompt buyer if offered for sale. Usually when one is located, inquiry reveals the fact that the owner is deter- mined to keep her.” —( Breeders’ Gazette. ) THE MALLEIN TESTS. * By C. J. MARSHALL, V.M.D., PHILADELPHIA, Pa. Pennsylvania began using mallein subcutaneously as a diag- nostic agent for glanders in 1894. From that time to January 1, 1912, the records show that this test has been applied to six thou- sand, three hundred and three (6,303) horses and mules. During the same period one thousand and thirty-three horses and mules have been destroyed on account of glanders. It has never been the policy of the board to insist on destroying animals for glanders unless physical symptoms of the disease were present. All susceptible, exposed cases were placed in quarantine and kept there till the open cases have been destroyed or safely isolated, reactors only destroyed or passed a satisfactory retest, and the stables and other sources of infection have been disinfected. It was believed to be unnecessary in cases with well-marked physical symptoms of glanders to conduct an autopsy. For these reasons we have but few post-mortem records until subsequent to January, 1912. A veterinarian is required by law to report to the board all cases of glanders coming under his observation. Agents for the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals report a good many cases. In some places the board has made them agents and given them authority to quarantine suspected cases till a qualified agent can be gotten to make a diagnosis. When a qualified, recognized veterinarian reports a case of glanders on a physical examination his diagnosis is accepted. He is then authorized to appraise and destroy the animal, place all exposed, susceptible animals in quarantine, and arrange to make a physical examination and apply a thermic mallein test as soon as possible to each animal in quarantine. Those that react positively may be appraised and destroyed or placed in * Presented to the forty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association at Indianapolis, August, 1912. 192 THE MALLEIN TESTS. 193 strict quarantine. Those that show a doubtful reaction are placed in provisional quarantine and retested in from one to two months. They are subsequently dealt with as reactors or released accord- ing to the results of the tests. Animals that have passed the test are not allowed to be sold for three months from the time the last positive case was removed, or until they have passed the eye or serum tests. In a very few cases mallein has failed to give a characteristic reaction where it was known that the animal had glanders. On the other hand well-marked reactions have been obtained on the first test, would pass satisfactory subsequent tests and show no evidence of glanders for several years there- after. A characteristic reaction is understood to be one in which there is high temperature, painful swelling at point of injection, and physical depression. In the experience of the writer this combination is seldom found. It is the exception, not the rule. With it results are positive, easily interpreted, and a mistake will seldom be made by destroying an animal that has given such a reaction. Partial reactions are most common and they are not easily interpreted in all cases, even by those who have had a wide experience in using mallein. Veterinarians as a rule in Pennsylvania have unlimited faith in the accuracy of tuberculin as a diagnostic agent for tubercu- losis, and they seldom misinterpret the results of a tuberculin test. This is not true in reference to mallein. Dr. M. Klimmer reports the recommendations made at the International Veterinary Congress, held in Budapest in 1905, in reference to the thermal mallein test. This may be found in his handbook on “ Serum Therapy and Serum Diagnosis, Vet- erinary Medicine,” Volume II., page 310 of the 1911 edition. Some facts are noted in reference to temperature, local swelling, ete., in typical and atypical reactions, and conditions are men- tioned where atypical reactions may be expected. They are as follows: The typical glanders temperature is 104° F. It should rise gradually, remain high till the second day and then fall grad- 194 Cc. J. MARSHALL. ually. With such a temperature glanders should be diagnosed whether there is swelling or not at the point of injection. An atypical reaction may be lower or higher than 104° F. A swell- ing at the point of injection 6” by 6” is considered typical and glanders should be diagnosed irrespective of temperature. A renewed rise in temperature on the secorid or third day after injection should be considered positive. In all cases a retest should be applied in from ten to twenty days. Plain mallein or retest mallein may be used for this purpose. The following conditions may reduce atypical reactions: (1) Spoiled or badly prepared mallein; (2) carelessness or in- efficiency on the part of the operator; (3) advanced cases of glanders (physical diagnosis is usually easy in such cases) ; (4) marked emaciation from any cause; (5) exhaustion; (6) ad- vanced age; (7) when antipyretics have been given. In retests or where too small a dose of mallein has been used, one is more liable to get a typical swelling than a typical thermal — reaction. Dr. Klimmer also reports the results of his personal investi- gations on four thousand, seven hundred and eight (4,708) horses submitted to the thermal mallein test. Of this number, three thousand and forty-nine reacted and one thousand, six hun- dred and fifty-nine passed the test. All these animals were killed and carefully posted. Of the three thousand and forty-nine horses condemned, no lesions were found in two hundred and seventy-two. In the one thousand, six hundred and fifty-nine animals which passed the test, eight had lesions of glanders. According to these figures, for every twelve horses that react ~ to the mallein one may be considered free from glanders. For those that pass a mallein test over two hundred might be killed before one would be found that showed the disease. The results in Pennsylvania in the opinion of the writer would justify the above conclusions. Few glandered horses will escape the thermic mallein test. With this test there 1s much more danger of killing those that are free from glanders. For this reason horses that react to the thermic mallein test, but show no fA Se THE MALLEIN TESTS. 195 suspicious physical symptoms should furnish additional proof that they have glanders before one is justified in destroying them. ‘The ocular mallein test is very useful in such cases. Those that react to the ocular test may be destroyed safely. It is considered best, however, to hold all reactors for at least two weeks and collect samples of blood from each case from the serum tests and then submit them to a thermic mallein retest. Those that react a second time or have reacted to the eye, or either serum test, should be considered glandered and dealt with accordingly. In acute glanders and other febrile diseases mallein should not be used subcutaneously on account of high temperature. It is less reliable in retests than in the original. There are numerous cases where other methods for diagnosing glanders must be re- sorted to if accurate results are to be obtained. Our board is fortunate in having recourse to the various laboratory forms of diagnosis. The laboratory furnishes indispensable service in this line. Aside from preparing mallein for the subcutaneous and ocular tests, diagnostic inoculations are made and the agglutina- tion, complement fixation and precipitation tests are carried out. The board and the profession at large have unlimited faith in the laboratory report. Diagnostic inoculations are not satisfac- tory at all times for the reason that the animal frequently dies from some other disease. When a diagnosis has been established by this method it is considered most positive. Our laboratory began using the agglutination test about 1908. Results were irregular and apparently fickle. Very little confi- dence has been established for this method of diagnosis from a practical point of view. In the past few months the results have been much better, and at present we have an abundance of confidence in the agglutination and the complement fixation Pests: While we have met with disappointments in the use of mallein we still believe that it is the most practical method for diagnosing glanders that is known at the present time. The various other methods are especially useful in assisting to establish a diag- nosis, and most useful in preventing the destruction of those that 196 Cc. J. MARSHALL. are free from glanders, when mallein cannot be used or when it fails to give a characteristic reaction. About the first of the present year we began experimenting with a specially prepared mallein used in the eye. We have records of the ocular test on two hundred and one cases (fifity- three positive of glanders). It has been used in well-marked physical cases of glanders, exposed and healthy animals, and results have been uniformly satisfactory. Like mallein used sub- cutaneously, the original test is the most satisfactory. In some cases a slight thermal reaction is obtained, which is of diagnostic value. Where a subcutaneous test is applied in positive glanders subsequent to an ocular test the eye will sometimes react. The ocular test is easily applied and readily interpreted. The elevated initial temperature does not appear to interfere with results. The following instructions are sent to practitioners in Penn- sylvania for applying an ocular mallein test: (GLANDERS. Scientific Principle—The animal body infected with glanders is hypersensitive to mallein to such a degree that this preparation given in small doses will cause at the seat of the application an inflammatory reaction; in large doses general symptoms (fever, or the well-known mallein reaction). The hypersensitiveness occurs under general conditions at the end of the third week after infection and reaches in the first month of the disease its maxi- mum. (During the further development of the disease in from six months to two years it generally sinks down to the insensi- bility of healthy animals.) During this period conditions of increased sensitiveness may be detected. Technique of the Test—The mallein (5 per cent. solution of dry mallein [‘‘ Foth”’] in saline solution) is instilled into the conjunctival sac of the eye (quantity, 2 drops). A fine camel's hair brush can be used. The other eye serves a control. Course and Interpretation of the Reaction—Immediately after the application, in practically all animals, lacrimation, red- dening of the conjunctival membranes, photophobia, etc., will be noted. This primary reaction is not specific and disappears in ees Ba ™, Per ergs Ne a THE MALLEIN TESTS. 197 the next few hours. The specific reaction begins five to six hours after the application and has a duration of thirty-six to forty- eight hours, occasionally longer. The symptoms are a purulent conjunctivitis, reddening, swelling and purulent secretion. The purulent secretion ts typical. Distinguish the following: a. Positive Reaction—Purulent secretion in varying quanti- ties ; in small quantities always to be found in the inner canthus. b. Negative Reaction—Absence of any secretion. c. Doubtful Reaction—Slimy secreta or lacrimation after twenty-four hours. : The examination is made as early as twelve hours and as late as twenty-four hours after the application. A positive reaction indicates glanders. One negative test does not permit the elim- ination of suspicion, but after three weeks’ repeated ophthalmic tests with negative results speaks against the presence of the disease in the animal tested. Doubtful reactions support suspicion. In these cases a repeti- tion of the test is recommended. The second test can be carried out in from one to thirty days. In this case a positive reaction supports the diagnosis of glanders. Should the second test be negative or doubtful, a third test should be applied in three weeks. Fever and Gencral Symptoms—Severe positive ophthalmic reactions run their course without fever and general symptoms. Latent infected animals are hypersensitive to such a degree that traces of mallein absorbed by the circulation cause a febrile reaction. It is therefore advisable to combine the ophthalmic test with a temperature test. Three temperatures are necessary— on at the time of the application and one at the time of each observation. A doubtful ocular reaction can, by the simultaneous rise of temperature from a non-febrile state of the animal, be interpreted as positive. | Sources of Mistakes—(a) The ophthalmic test should not be applied in cases of existing conjunctivitis. 198 Cc. J. MARSHALL, (b) By removing the purulent secretion (by manipulation of the stableman) a positive reaction may become indistinct. Usually in these cases a purulent secretion is found surrounding the eye. (c) A positive reaction may be simulated by a voluntary or involuntary irritation of the eye (foreign bodies, etc.). . (d) In rare cases the reaction may be atypical. It may appear suddenly and disappear in a few hours or later and could not be detected till twenty-four hours or later. Both reactions are to be interpreted as “ doubtful.” (e) In rare cases the untested eye reacts. (7) There does not exist any correlation between the degree of the reaction and the degree of the pathological lesions. The ocular mallein test conflicts in no way with the subcu- taneous test. Note—Mark the reactions as follows: P—positive, with figures I, 2, 3 as to degree of pus; 1—little; 2—much; 3—abun- dant ; N—negative ; D—doubtful. The ocular test is convenient and useful in. stables where glanders is suspected or in an animal giving suspicious symptoms. If a serum test is to be made the blood should be obtained before or not for three to four weeks after mallein is injected. The ocular test may be used before or after the subcutaneous test. It is not considered advisable to use the two at the same time because during a febrile reaction the ocular reaction fades away. Those that react to an ocular test and show suspicious physical symptoms may be appraised and destroyed at once or placed in rigid quarantine. Animals that react to the ocular test but show 10 physical symptoms should be isolated, sample of blood ob- tained and a subcutaneous mallein test applied as soon as possible. If the ocular reaction is confirmed by a reaction to the subcu- taneous test or either of the sera tests, the animal should be con- sidered glandered and dealt with accordingly. Animals that are condemned for glanders by any test, yet show no physical symptoms of the disease, should be submitted to a careful post mortem. This has been done in Pennsylvania Re THE MALLEIN TESTS. 199 since January I, 1912. There are very few owners who have sufficient faith in any test and especially so if there are no phys- ical symptoms present. The no-symptom cases must be gotten rid of if glanders is to be eliminated. There is very little chance for mistakes if the known diagnostic agents are carefully and intelligently used. NOTES ON THE TRAPEZIUM IN THE EQuIDAE.—We have perused with much pleasure a discourse on the above subject ex- tracted from the bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, from the pen of Mr. S. H. Chubb of that institution, illustrated, and believe it of the greatest interest to anatomists. In MemortrAM—PauL CaAspAR FREER.—In the memorial number of the Philippine Journal of Science we have read with much feeling an obituary on Paul Caspar Freer, M.D., Ph.D., Director of the Bureau of Science of the Government of the Philippine Islands, Dean of the College of Medicine and Surgery and Professor of Chemistry of the University of the Philippines. Dr. Freer was also founder and editor-in-chief of the above jour- nal. Although Dr. Freer died on the 17th of April last, the sor- row at his loss, in the hearts of his colleagues, is as deep now 1s it was at the time of his demise. In July, the members of the staff of the Bureau of Science, the Council of the University of the Philippines, and the members of the Philippine Islands Medical Association had a memorial meeting in honor of his memory and to give formal expression of their sorrow at the loss of their faithful and brilliant brother, who was so dear to them in life, and of such inestimable value to the interests of medicine in the Philippine Islands. Dr. Freer was born in Chicago, and at the time of his death was but fifty-one years old, and had he not been afflicted with arterio-sclerosis and acute nephritis, which carried him off, should have had his richest years ahead of him. He was a true friend to the Filipinos, and a solicitous protector of the Filipino youth, whom he encouraged to take up scientific work. His desire was to put as many Filipinos as possible in his bureau. His death causes a great loss to the cause of science in the Philippine Islands; greater than can ever be estimated. THE EFFICIENCY OF ANTI-CHOLERA SERUM AS A CURA- TIVE AND PREVENTATIVE AGENT.* By R. A. Craic, Acr. Exp, Sta., Purpuz UNiversiry, LAFAYETTE, Ino. For the past three years anti-cholera serum has been used for the protection of hogs against infection with the hog cholera virus, and in the treatment of this disease. The term anti- cholera serum as used in this paper is applied to defibrinated blood to which a preservative has been added. ‘This blood is secured by bleeding a hog that has been hyperimmunized with cholera virus, usually blood from a hog having acute cholera, by injecting it directly or indirectly into the circulation of the ant- mal. The production, distribution and use of this serum are controlled largely by live stock sanitary boards, state veterin- arians and state experiment stations. The output of the state laboratories is supplemented by commercial laboratories that are usually located near stock yards where cholera and well hogs can be purchased cheaper than from the farmer. In the late summer and fall hundreds of thousands of hogs die of cholera. In 1911 the loss from this disease was very heavy. In one county in Indiana 43,977 hogs, valued at $222,886, died, and in five other counties in the state the loss from cholera was 120,974 hogs, valued at $704,773. The loss in the six counties was nearly $1,000,000. . During the past year but a small percentage of the exposed and infected hogs were protected by vaccination or treated with serum. ‘Thousands of infected, immature hogs were hurried to market, and the loss from this source may be considered about one-half as great as that due to the heavy death rate. Numerous articles describing anti-cholera serum published in the agricul- tural papers gave the farmers confidence in this new agent for combatting hog cholera and the demand for it greatly exceeded * Presented to the forty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medica! Association, Indianapolis, August, 1912. 200 ANTI-CHOLERA SERUM AS A CURATIVE AND PREVENTATIVE AGENT. 201 the supply. Commercial firms found a ready sale for this serum. Laboratories were made larger and new companies formed. Un- trained men established laboratories and began producing serum without the advice of an experienced director. The field results were no better than could be expected. The use of serums lack- ing potency, “ fake” preparations and vaccines and “ specifics ”’ have discouraged the use of a reliable serum. In one locality in Indiana anti-cholera serum has not been used, but because of the unsatisfactory and “ fake”’ serums and vaccines with which the farmers’ hogs have been vaccinated and treated, anti-cholera serum is condemned. A short time ago a man who is a very prominent teacher of animal husbandry and who is influential with stockmen stated that his experience with the serum treatment or hog cholera was very unsatisfactory. He stated that within a few days after the treat- ment was used on the herd in his charge that the hogs began dy- ing like flies. In this case the dissatisfaction was largely due to the person in charge of the herd not being properly informed re- garding the heavy loss that may follow the treatment of an in- fected herd. The editor of the live stock department of a prom- inent agricultural paper states that in his talks with the stockmen he has found that about fifty per cent. of them condemn the serum. Many of the farmers in one state do not believe that the statistics stating the field results with serum as given out by the state authorities are true. The careless testing of serum in order to determine its _ potency, and recommending too small a dose have resulted in _ heavy loss in herds vaccinated by the simultaneous method. In testing serum, blood of known virulence and highly susceptible pigs or young hogs should be used. Stockyard hogs, or hogs purchased from two different herds, should not be used in test- ‘ing the same lot of serum, because of the variation in the sus- ceptibility of different lots of young hogs to cholera. I have ia _ My possession a letter written by a representative of a commer- cial company in which he states that they tested serum without using virulent blood test pigs or without determining the virul- 202 R. A. CRAIG. ence of the blood used. Last year a veterinarian who had trouble with septic infection in a herd of hogs that had been vaccinated sent a sample of the serum that was used to the laboratory. This serum contained strings of fibrin and septic organisms that produced fatal septicaemia in rabbits that were inoculated with it. A large number of the healthy herds in which anti-cholera serum has been used have been given protective doses. The size of the protective dose recommended by commercial companies has varied from 5 c.c. to 25 c.c. and by state laboratories and a few commercial firms from 20 c.c. to 45 c.c. for hogs weighing up to seventy-five and one hundred pounds. The 5 c.c. and Io c.c. doses recommended for immunizing hogs not exposed to disease was based on the claim that the serum produced by this firm possessed a high degree of potency. However, in districts where hog cholera prevailed, they recommended a full dose of 20 c.c. fifty pounds of body weight. If a herd of hogs has not been exposed to hog cholera, or is in no danger of becoming ex- posed to this disease, it 1s unnecessary to use serum. I have given this scale of doses for the purpose of showing the wide variation. Judging from the field results of the past year, the low doses recommended conferred little or no immunity. When a non-infected herd of hogs is given serum alone, the immunity conferred is temporary, lasting from four to six weeks. Many of the farmers who had their herds temporarily immunized the past year, believed that the hogs were proof against cholera infection for at least six months, and were greatly disappointed and discouraged when the “ vaccinated’ animals developed hog cholera. Thousands of hogs that had cost the owners from fifty cents to one dollar per head to have dosed with anti-cholera serum became sick, were shipped to market or died. This has reacted on the control work in some localities. There are many field conditions that may lead to complica- tions in the simultaneous vaccination work. The natural im- munity of a hog may be lowered by feeding, handling, etc., and certain individuals may prove more susceptible toward infection than others. I have found that hogs raised in a section of the POI ANTI-CHOLERA SERUM AS A CURATIVE AND PREVENTATIVE AGENT. 203 state where hog cholera seldom occurs make better hogs for virulent blood production than the hogs raised where hog cholera is prevalent every few years. A large number of stock hogs have been shipped into Indiana from Tennessee, Arkansas and Missouri during the last few years. These shipments are usually made during the late fall and winter. Changes in the climate. feed and handling lower the resistance of this class of hogs to- ward the disease, and this must be considered when vaccinating them. The Purdue Agricultural Experiment Station distributes serum through the veterinarians. Nearly all of the simultaneous vaccination work is done by the practicing veterinarians, and we direct the work so far as possible. Unless they are in sympathy with the work and are willing to inform themselves regarding it, mistakes are sure to occur. Vaccination methods must vary so far as the quantity of serum used, care of the hogs, etc., be- cause of the different conditions met with in the field. Poor judgment and careless methods on the part of the veterinarian may result in heavy losses. A few days ago I was informed that a veterinarian whom we have been furnishing with serum, mixed the virulent blood with the serum. This practitioner had visited our laboratory and received full instructions regarding methods. It is not advisable to vaccinate pigs weighing less than fifty pounds by the simultaneous method. If the mother is vaccinated, or infection is present in the pens, the pigs should be given a protective dose of serum, and later given permanent protection, or vaccinated by the simultaneous method. The use of blood of low virulence and careless methods used in administering the blood and serum are not uncommon causes of hogs outgrowing their immunity. Practically all of the vaccination work in Indiana is done in the permanently infected sections of the state. The use of anti- cholera serum for controlling an outbreak of hog cholera in a herd has frequently proven unsatisfactory. In order to prevent the spread of the disease in such a herd, I believe that it 1s neces- sary to take the body temperatures of all the hogs that do not show visible symptoms. All hogs having normal temperatures should be vaccinated by the simultaneous method, and if treat- ment of the infected hogs is advisable, from one-half more to twice the vaccination dose should be administered. If the above method is not practiced, a large percentage of the non-infected hogs may develop cholera later and die, as frequently occurred the past year. Hog cholera virus may remain virulent for months and a few weeks’ protection is of little help in preventing the spread of the disease. Up to July, 1912, the Purdue Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion had produced about 4,000,000 ¢.c. of anti-cholera serum. Estimating the average dose of serum used at 40 c.c. this quan- tity was sufficient to vaccinate and treat about 100,000 hogs. We have had a great deal of trouble in securing the proper reports from the farmers, as they do not seem to understand just what we want. Very often they report the entire herd instead of only the animals vaccinated and treated as shown in the report of the veterinarian. This makes the report useless to us for statistical work. We have received complete reports from more than one- fifth of the hogs treated and vaccinated. Previous to July 1, 1911, we received complete reports from 188 herds. The non-infected herds numbered 73, and contained 4,609 hogs. The loss following simultaneous vaccination was 104 head, or 2.25 per cent. Fifty-one of the non-infected herds had absolutely no loss. There were 115 infected herds number- ing 8,071 hogs. The loss following treatment was 766 head or 9.5 per cent. Twenty-five of the infected herds had no loss. For the year ending July 1, 1912, complete reports were re- ceived from 186 herds. Eighty-five herds containing 4,036 hogs had no infection at the time they were vaccinated by the simul- taneous method. ‘Thirty-seven, or 0.91 per cent. of the hogs died. All of this loss occurred in ten herds, numbering 1,272 hogs. One hundred and one infected herds, numbering 5,478 hogs, were treated. In these herds, 7o1 hogs died, or 12.8 per cent. In 89 of the infected herds there were 4,929 hogs, of which 1,529 showed infection. The loss in these latter herds was 677 RD eee a ee sina Sra y went ANTI-CHOLERA SERUM AS A CURATIVE AND PREVENTATIVE AGENT, 2035 head, showing that 55.7 per cent. of the sick hogs were saved. All of the non-infected hogs in the above herds were vaccinated by the simultaneous method. Practicing veterinarians should realize more fully than at present the importance of the hog cholera control work. We should be slow in endorsing proprietary preparations sold by agents that do not represent a reputable firm. Such persons should not be allowed to make “ demonstrations”’ before our clients, nor should we by any act or statement lead stockmen to believe that we are willing to recommend their product until we are able to prove that it is worthy of our professional approval. The average practitioner is not in position to test cholera rem- edies and vaccines, but he can inform himself regarding them by writing to the state or experiment station veterinarians. The hog cholera control work offers an opportunity for us to impress _stockmen with the necessity of passing better laws for the control of animal diseases, to build state laboratories and add to our rep- utation as veterinarians. Hackneys Hotpinc THerr Own IN ENGLAND—The fol- lowing extract from an article by G. T. Burrows in the Breeders’ Gazette of October 16th is surely encouraging, and welcome news of the assured position of this wonderful little breed of horses in its native land in the face of mechanical contrivances to replace it; and if cities in this country were not permitted to render their streets dangerous by a scandalous form of pavement, their posi- tion would be just as assured here, and their popularity as great as in England: “* Hackneys are selling just as well as ever in the old country. W. Burdett Coutts at his recent sale secured $12,179 for 48 head, or an average of a little over $225, chiefly for young stock. It is the opinion of this great breeder that the future of the high-class harness Hackney is clearer than it was two years ago. He believes the functions of motors have settled themselves. The pleasures of driving a team, a pair, or a single horse still re- main. If the best breeding strains are held onto, English breed- ers would reap both honor and reward for having stepped in to prevent the desertion of an old breed.” * * * RECIPROCITY OF VETERINARY MEDICAL BOARDS ON AN EQUAL BASIS.* By Jutes F. Moret, M.D.C., PortLanp, Ore. Considering the fact that the laws regulating the practice of veterinary medicine, surgery and dentistry in the various states differ in some instances, not so much from a medical standpoint, but in the preliminary requirements, this paper will take in view a number of states forming a group whose preliminary and medi- cal requirements are uniform or nearly so. According to the different requirements to practice the veterinary profession in the United States, I think we may classify the above in five groups: 1. Those requiring a high-school graduation, or an equivalent, prior to the taking up of the study of veterin- ary medicine. 2. Those complying only with the rules and regula- tions established by the Association of Colleges of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 3. Those having no preliminary requirements what- ever. 4. Those granting a license upon presentation of diploma. . 5. Those having no veterinary laws whatever. The object of this paper is not to make a plea for interstate reciprocity indiscriminately, but purely and simply on an equal basis. Therefore, the State Examining Board whose require- ments demand a high-school education could not exchange a license with a state whose requirements are not equivalent, ex- ception being taken where the candidate, besides having in his possession a state license issued under different conditions, would be a high-school graduate. There would be no question and no * Presented to the Association of Veterinary Faculties and Examining Boards, at the A. V. M. A. meeting, Indianapolis, August, 1912. 206 RECIPROCITY OF VETERINARY MEDICAL BOARDS. 207 reason whatever for a state board requiring an examination to reciprocate with a state granting a license upon presentation of a diploma. But there is a question when, and there should be a reason why, a state board refuses to grant a license to a graduate veterinarian whose requirements come up to the standard, who passed a successful examination before a State Examining Board, and who is refused a license to practice in a state whose require- ments are equivalent to those of the state in which a license was issued previously. If a qualified veterinarian passes a successful examination in Iowa, for instance, and is granted a license to practice his profession as a veterinarian in Iowa, can anyone state why this veterinarian is not able and capable to practice his profession in the state of Oregon or Washington, without having to submit himself to another examination, providing lowa’s requirements, if not more stringent, are at least equivalent to those of the other states? If a man changes from one college or university to another institution of a similar character, he is generally given credit for the work he has done and accomplished successfully. By doing so the college or university registering the student is not only doing justice to the matriculant, but it is giving the right recognition which the other institution de- serves, providing the latter comes up to the required standard. If our leading institutions of higher education take this stand, why should our state examining boards have any reason to differ and oppose themselves to what is generally accepted as fair and square to the student? Our state laws should make provision to that effect and recognize to its full value the require- ments in force by other state boards. The idea of compelling an old practitioner of veterinary medicine and surgery to pass a state board examination, and meanwhile consider him on the same footing as a young graduate just out of college is, to my mind, a most unfair proposition and a great injustice to the veterinary profession. If a graduate veterinarian passes a suc- cessful examination before any state board in America, if, be- sides his veterinary training, he can comply with the preliminary requirements of a state in which he wishes to register, he should 208 JULES F. MOREL. be entitled to register without any further proceedings. In the later the moral and ethical question should be considered as well. The medical profession of America has taken up this matter a long time ago and reciprocity exists between the examining boards of the various states in the Union, which allows a phy- sician having once passed successfully a state board examina- tion, to practice his profession in other states whose requirements are similar to the state in which he took the examination and subsequently secured a license. Our states should give every examining board the privilege to consider the applicant’s credentials before giving him a test and then give him an examination accordingly. The require- ments of our state boards of to-day are such that an older prac- titioner is practically incapable of answering a great part of the questions asked him, and is consequently unable to pass a suc- _ cessful examination, and in many instances is completely barred out from practicing his profession in other states, in which, from a legal as well as a moral standpoint, he should be entitled to practice. Would you expect a graduate of from fifteen to twenty- five years ago to answer correctly the questions asked to-day in histology, pathology, bacteriology, etc., while a younger graduate taking the same examination had the opportunity to familiarize himself thoroughly with these subjects, which to-day form a most important part in the curriculum of our colleges? Is this fair competition? I will agree that every professional man should keep himself up to date and devote part of his time to the study of modern medicine and surgery, but notwithstanding the fact that a great number of us are doing so, are all practi- tioners able to do so, and are they all given an equal opportunity ? No, of course not—with the exception of the practice of medi- cine, surgery and the study of modern therapeutics, he will un- doubtedly be exceeding rusty in all branches covering the cur- riculum of the first two years spent in college. | Interstate reciprocity on an equal basis would only give an equal opportunity to the veterinarians to practice their profes- sion in the different states of the Union. It is understood that ee ¥ P ' RECIPROCITY OF VETERINARY MEDICAL BOARDS. 209 the object of this paper is not to indulge in or ask for registra- tion by courtesy, for if the latter is to be taken up it must be on its merits. Registration by courtesy cannot be done on the same basis as reciprocity. Registration through reciprocity should be the object of the following considerations: 1. That all applicants for license be graduates from recognized veterinary colleges in good standing and repute, those recognized by the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2. That the applicants for license through reciprocity produce evidence that they have passed a successful ex- amination before a state examining board. 3. That the statutes of the state in which the applicant passed on examination, require a test at least equivalent to the one given in the state in which he desires to register. 4. That in all cases where an examination has been given, the applicant receives due credit for the work he accomplished successfully. 5. That the examining board of the state in which application is being made for license, in case of mutual reciprocity, has the privilege to demand, whenever deemed necessary, the papers and grades of the applicant from the state in which examination was held. 6. That no license be issued to an applicant whose license has once been revoked. 7. That no non-graduate licenses be taken under con- sideration. 8. That all states reciprocating with one another adopt a uniform pass mark. g. That all licenses be issued only on mutual reci- procity. The only solution to my mind to give the American veterin- arian an equal opportunity, after he had once produced his credentials and proven to be proficient in the practice of his pro- fession, is the creation of a National Board of Veterinary Medi- cal Examiners under the supervision of the American Medical 210 JULES F. MOREL, Association or the federal government, but as I am not wishing to deviate from the title of this paper, I will not aim to discuss this matter but will content myself with mentioning it. My object is to ask for fairness and equality, giving the old as well as the young the opportunity that we are all looking for— a fair and square competition conducted along the most ethical lines possible and the abolishment of exclusion. NATIONAL HorsE SHOW oF AMERICA—TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL EXHIBITION, NOVEMBER 16-18-19-20-21-22-23, at Madison Square Garden, New York City; $40,000 in prizes, dis- tributed amongst Thoroughbreds, Trotters, Hackneys, Morgans, Clydesdales, Roadsters, Heavy Harness Horses, Four-in-Hands, Ponies, in Harness and Under Saddle, Tandems, Saddle Horses, Officers’ Chargers, Hunters, Jumpers and Polo Ponies. Surely the old Garden will be an interesting place that week and a day, and all fashionable New York and all horse lovers in general will manage to find their way to the arena and to the stalls where equine aristocracy will “receive’’ at some time during that period. Each horse show during the year has been reported as far exceeding previous years and the one at the “ Garden” will exceed all of them. New York City veterinarians drop in at leisure moments, and find it both entertaining and educational. Many also come from a considerable distance, and find the time well spent. REvIEw KeEEps GOING ONE BETTER—Dr. Horace B. F. Jervis, of Houlton, Me., in renewing his subscription to the RE- VIEW, writes: “ Your valuable journal not only keeps up its usual high standard that it has had ever since its conception, but it goes one better all the time, and you can bet that I want a hand dealt me just as long as you continue the publication.”” The doc- tor states that they have just gotten a new meat inspection order running smoothly in his town, and hope by spring to have a new abbatoir built. He is surely to be congratulated, as it is largely through his efforts that this progressive step has been brought about. HOG CHOLERA.* W. S. Cortts, V.S., Mr. Vernon, N. Y. We are all more or less familiar with hog cholera and occa- sionally are called on to investigate an outbreak among swine and to eliminate the disease from the herd, and it is up to us as veterinarians to go at it in a scientific and practical manner to get good results which are both pleasing to our client and profitable to ourselves. Personally I have had some experience along these lines and have seen some cases in difterent parts of this state, and prior to hog cholera serum becoming in vogue I had to rely entirely upon isolation, disinfection and prophylactic treatment to eradicate the trouble. Recent rescarches and experiments along these lines have proven without a doubt that the prime factor of this disease is a filterable virus, and that after it gains access to the animal, during a period of incubation certain changes take place which eventually form pathological conditions styled by the profession hog cholera.. We may have the true type of this disease or a combination from a mixed infection, in which condition I have failed to receive good results from the serum treatment. As early as 1908, Dorset, Bolton, Salmon and Smith in their experiments began to realize that the Bacillus cholerae suis, theretofore supposed to be the cause of hog cholera, was not the true prime factor of the disease, and later experiments proved beyond a doubt the inoculation of virulent blood in a healthy pig would produce symptoms of this disease; and if recovery took place these same hogs when exposed to hog cholera pigs sickened and died. Along these lines after further experiments a serum was made and used with marked success on susceptible and ex- posed pigs which was found to check the mortality. It is need- less for me to go into the morphology and characteristics of the : * Presented to the Central New York Veterinary Medical Association at Syracuse, June, 1912. - 211 212 Ww. S. CORLIS. various organisms found in hog cholera. What I wish to con- vey to you to-day is a résumé of some of the practical experience which I have had in a few outbreaks and in which I have met with a more or less marked degree of success, namely, the mode of diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxy which may help to some extent in your daily practice. Hog cholera is a disease that is disseminated more or less throughout the state and has hitherto been a loss to the breeders, and many who have had trouble in the past have learned by ex- perience, to their sorrow, that the only thing to do if the disease breaks out is to make a general clean-up, segregate the unhealthy ones and slaughter the remainder. If I am called to examine a herd of swine that shows clinical symptoms of hog cholera I inquire when the first pig died, the duration of the illness, whether or not there have been any recent introductions, and the number of deaths. I then make a thorough examination. If I do not find the following clinical symptoms I endeavor to hold one or more autopsies. Symptoms—Greenish, sticky discharge from eyes; conjunc- tiva reddened and eyes very weak to sunlight; cough not always present ; emaciation; diarrhoea or obstinate constipation; erythe- matous condition of the skin; at times discoloration of skin on ears, flanks and under abdomen; staggering gait; hogs having tendency to huddle together under the litter and, upon being dis- turbed, getting up in a listless way and occasionally moaning or squealing; and once in a while one may be found in a delirious condition. Post Mortem—Lesions depend altogether upon the type of disease and duration or length of time the disease has run, whether acute or chronic. In the acute type the intestines are involved and ulcerated and the spleen will be found to be en- gorged. Extravasations of blood will be found in the mucosa of the intestines and other parts of the body and glands; kidneys affected ; petechial spots underneath capsule of kidney which can be more readily seen by removing the capsule. If the disease runs on for a short period the ulcerations of the bowels are more Te i - Wie HOG CHOLERA. ph clearly outlined and if seen once will always be remembered; they are necrotic, raised, projecting masses, no definite outlines but generally circular and ragged, and the distribution varies slightly; generally found in the cecum and colon. At other times this disease takes on a pulmonary form with a portion of the lungs hepatized, and if long standing, by examining the outer surface of the diseased portion and pressing firmly on surface, small pus points will be quite discernible. I have seen these points without the application of any pressure. At other times I have found complication with pleuritis, with pericarditis, and with hydrothorax. I have recently had an outbreak with a secondary invasion of a necrotic trouble, setting up lesions, ulceration of the lips and digits and pit-like ulcers of the bowels, due, I think, to Bacillus microphorus. In this case undoubtedly they had hog cholera. The serum treatment was used with some improve- ments. Later this other mixed infection was noticeable and I attributed it to the disease being conveyed from a similar disease of cattle, hoof-rot, on the same farm. The ears became necrotic, ulcers and sloughing took place and digits came off in a number of instances. These were treated with very little success. As hog cholera is caused by an organism and liable to be transmitted, the chief aim is to determine the manner in which it is conveyed from one pig to another and to eliminate all pos- _ sible chances of its being carried from an infected to a non- infected herd. The period of incubation varies from 5 to 25 days. Precautionary measures should be taken in the following way: Permit no introduction of hogs from infected pens or district for six months, and have later introductions kept under _ quarantine and observation for an indefinite period; inquire at time of purchase whether or not there have been any hogs so affected of late, as a chronic form of this disease is very dan- gerous and may be a factor of conveyance; and do not permit _ attendants of diseased pigs to come in contact with healthy ones under any conditions. There are two methods of injection—simultaneous and serum 214 Ww. S. CORLIS. | have found the serum treatment very effectual in checking this disease in true form. The serum can be obtained from the New York State College at Ithaca, N. Y., in quantities on short notice and at a nominal figure. Mode of Controlling, Securing and Preparing Pigs for Treat- ment—Have attendant stand directly behind your patient; pass a small, stout rope with slip noose over and in front of the nose, when patient's mouth will invariably open; draw slack up firmly on the jaw, pass in front and hold taut. Patient will lay back on feeling the tension. Then proceed to inject the serum. Cleanse the parts thoroughly with a good antiseptic lotion (I prefer creolin), having previously sterilized your hypodermic syringe. To each 100 pounds of pig inject 20 c.c.; smaller pigs in pro- portion. Have an assistant hold a small amount of 5 per cent. carbolic solution into which needle is dipped prior to injection of each individual. Select inner side of thigh midway between stifle and hip. Pass needle into muscular tissue one-half inch, drawing fold of skin up when relaxed so that there may be no possible chance of leakage before completing your work. Select out a few check pigs, equally distribute them throughout the herd and mark them for identification where cholera exists. AT a meeting of the West Raleigh, N. C., Board of Aldermen, on October 10, they voted $45,000 for an abbatoir and rendering plant. CoLor IN Horses AND MuLres—Lieut.-Col. Charles E. Wood- ruff, chief surgeon of the Western division of the army, main- tains that gray and white horses live much longer in the tropics than darker-colored horses. Almost the only ones that survive ordinary ailments in Manila are said to be white, gray, roan and light yellow ; among these, the white horses predominate. Of 100 Chinese mules bought for the Philippine constabulary in 1903, only four lived more than seven years, and these had milk-white hair and jet-black skin. Colonel \WWoodruff says, ‘‘ There is some unknown relation be- tween color and nervousness. On review, the gray troop-horse 1s actually phlegmatic. the sorrel quiet, and the bays excitable and restless. Although, like all colors, black horses are sometimes quiet, they are believed to be the most excitable of all.”—(Our Dumb Animals. ) =| A CHEAP BUT DURABLE SHAKING APPARATUS. By B. F. Kauppr, PatnHotocist, Fort CoLLins, Coto. After making considerable effort to purchase a shaking ma- chine that would come up to my ideals, and having been told by several laboratory men that they built up their own shaking ma- chines, I determined to try the building up process myself. Dr. Burnett, of the University of Colorado, informed me that he had made use of the top of an old sewing machine in making a shaker for the use in preparing bacterial vaccines and that he run the machine thus made by water power. With this idea to start with, I determined to plan one suit- able for shaking purposes in feces examination for animal parasi- tes, for the making of antigen, bacterial emulsions in vaccine and opsonic work and in fact to generally meet the needs of general laboratory work. I purchased the top part of an old sewing machine (see cut) for fifty cents. All parts were removed except the arm shaft From the Laboratory of Patholegy of the Div. Vet. Sci., Colorado State College. 215 216 B. F. KAUPP. and needle bar. The needle bar (a) was removed and length- ened by a smith till it projected about one and a half inches above the top of the parts in which the needle bar worked (b). An X- shaped piece was welded on the top of the needle bar to which the tin receptacle (c) is riveted. A six-ounce round bottle (d) — was procured. The stopper (c) was paraffined so as to prevent leakage. A band was made to fasten around the neck of the bottle (g) and over the stopper. This is held together by aid of a screw (h). A snug fitting cap (1) with a slit (j) made in Z- shape which fits in a pin (k) soldered to and projecting from the top of the shaker receptacle. A motor 1/10 horsepower (1) was procured (second hand). This has a speed of 3,400 revolutions. The smallest pulley on the motor is 34 inch in diameter. To reduce the speed a band wheel from the under part of an old sewing machine was purchased for twenty-five cents. The balance wheel was removed and the band wheel (m) placed in its stead. This wheel has a diameter of 11 inches, and reduces the speed the desired amount. | Bacteria suspended in physiological salt solution may, if de- sired, be sealed in a test tube and packed in cotton in the shaker receptacle. The same process can be used in making antigen, etc., or the bottle with a paraffined stopper can be used as in feces ex- amination for animal parasites. 3 The entire cost of the apparatus, including the motor, was $16.50. CONTRACT GIVEN FOR WorK ON NEw VETERINARY BUILD- ING—The following clipping from the Canadian Engineer, TYo- ronto, Canada, points to another step in the progress of veterinary education in America: “ Toronto, Ont.—The Department of Public Works have awarded Messrs. Gearing Brothers the con- tracts for masonry and carpentry work on the new veterinary col- lege on University Avenue. Excavation work has been com- pleted and the construction of the foundation will begin at once. Tenders for the steel construction, brick work, plumbing and painting, etc., do not close for some time. Cost of college when completed will be over $200,000.” REPORTS OF CASES. DEATH OF MULES DUE TO PARASITES.* By Horace Brapey, D.V.S., Windsor, Mo. Last fall Mr. J. C. Sims, of near Windsor, bought up twenty- five head of mule colts and two horse colts. On the afternoon of March 7 one of them died after being sick about six hours, and another one died that night that showed no signs of illness the evening before. The third was sick the morning of the 8th of March. I was called to see this case and found it very weak and unsteady on its feet; lips pendulous, mucous membrane pale, a slight mucus discharge from bowels, no perceptible pulse and temperature 98° F. It died while I was still there. There were _ two more than we imagined a little dumpish and we gave them each one quart of lard. They both died in about thirty-six hours. They were all in good condition and the feed had been good quality corn, sheaf oats and straw with cottonseed meal, and the drinking water was from a deep well. I diagnosed the trouble as chemical poisoning due to continued feeding of cottonseed meal, and ordered the feeding of the meal discontinued. They continued to die, one about every two days. March 13 the owner “ smoked ” several—a suggestion from someone. March 14 an unregistered man from Versailles was called and pronounced it influenza and put the colts on acetanilid and potassium nitrate. In the evening of March 15, Dr. Sheldon and I posted one by lantern light, and found peritonitis, petechial spots on liver and spleen, all lymphatics dark and enlarged, in- flammation of diaphragm with adhesion of lungs to diaphragm, petechial spots on lungs, anti-mortem clot in heart extending 12 inches into anterior aorta, substance of kidneys very dark, bladder distended with dark urine, mucous coat of trachea very dark (possibly due to smoking). In the cecum there were papery pots and areas denuded of mucous membrane, a dark, green-like mucus in small bowels. In the cecum and colon were numerous parasites in all forms of development. We found some very minute ones in the inner wall of the intestines, which showed hat they were being propagated under the sub-mucosa. Others * Read before the Missouri Veterinary Medical Association, at Marshall, July, 19:2. 217 218 REPORTS OF CASES, sucking blood from the mucous membrane and millions of mature worms free, mixed with the fecal matter. We also posted an- other one early the next morning that died during the night, that confirmed the other. This one’s temperature the evening before it died was 103.2° F., and on post mortem showed a decided yellowness of all tissues. We were not able to demonstrate any parasites in the blood vessels. I sent specimens of the worms to Dr. J. W. Connoway and Dr. A. T. Kinsley and they reported the parasites to be of two varieties: the Sclerastoma tetracanthum and the Sclerastoma equinum, or Strongylus aramatus. I believe the first named were in much greater numbers. Dr. Dunn, the Versailles man, was called again and still clung to his first diagnosis and divided them and gave one-half of them influenza antitoxin and left the other half for me to treat. I prescribed Cupri sulph. # i, Ferri sulph. exc. # 111.and Sodium chloride { xxv. Mixed and placed in trough where they could have free access to lick at will. In addition, I put them on FI. ext. aloes, one tablespoonful every twelve hours until three doses were given, and one tablespoonful of iron on tongue twice a day. No more died after putting them on this treatment. The influenza (?) cases continued to die until they were put on the iron treatment. There were 14 deaths covering a period of 18 days. The length of time from the first perceptible clinical sign of disease to death was from six hours to thirty-six hours, with the exception of one that lived three days. The mortality of those that came down with the malady was 100 per cent. The entire herd were in good condition and carried a thrifty coat and were not anzmic or emaciated. I think the real cause of death was a toxemia and not a mere malnutrition, as one would expect to be produced by these parasites. SOME CASES TREATED WITH ANTIPERIOSTIN-* By Drs. Eperti and KNo.Li, Hriedenau, Germany. In conjunction with the paper by Dr. Boehme on the treat- ment of galls, exostoses, etc., with antiperiostin, we shall only briefly outline a few cases; the chemical composition, mode of * Tieraerztl. Rundschau No. 37, 1912. + ee eS ep oe ee esp i REPORTS OF CASES. 219 action, and method of application having been fully considered in the article by Dr. Boehme. Treatment with antiperiostin is far superior to other methods of applying irritants, in that the animal is ready for work within 48 hours. Not only is absorption in the deeper tissues promoted, but there is also formed a firm crust which acts like a compress. Antiperiostin has been tested in a great number of cases, and in the most varied pathological conditions; the results have been surprisingly good, and we feel fully warranted in concluding that antiperiostin is undoubtedly of the greatest merit in the treat- ment of exostoses, galls and periostitis. Our own results with it were decidedly good, and obviously this can be expected only when treatment is instituted early. In a recent periostitis, in which treatment was begun at once, the swelling subsided quickly and completely. Besides the bony enlargement there was also considerable lameness, which on completion of the treatment had also entirely vanished. In an obstinate case of shoulder lameness, decided improvement followed, though there was not an entire cure. In two cases with quite large exostoses. no en- largement was afterward palpable. In both, the hair was re- newed on the small bare patches. Spavin was not treated as the cases presented marked joint changes and could give no promise of ultimate cure. Many cases of galls were treated, and we observed a very good result in a case of extensive gall of the hock, the resorption being quite complete. One great superiority of antiperiostin over similar remedies is the facility of application, and its intense action. When we consider that firing and irritant applications always are incon- venient to use, and the animals are thereby incapacitated for work for quite a long time, we can all the more appreciate the merits of antiperiostin. Furthermore, we must remember that the ac- tion of antiperiostin begins almost at once, and renders other measures superfluous. Asi in other methods of treating spavin, it is a good prophylactic measure to sling the animals and to anoint the adjacent skin in order to avoid dermatitis and stomatitis. From its chemical composition, we would expect a very in- tense, even drastic action. Whenever strong irritants are used, the hair on the treated area may disappear after removal of the crust, and hairless granulating wounds remain which only grad- ually again become covered with hair. This result may also fol- low the use of antiperiostin. In our own cases, the hair was always renewed, though in some cases only after a long time. Dilution of the remedy (2 antiperiostin, 1 alcohol), however, 220 REPORTS OF CASES. would prevent this baldness. When necessary to promote the growth of the hair we would recommend the mixture suggested by Wachs: Re Ac: Salicylic 2 2 Aves. aS Bee 5.0 OL. (Olivie is ict 2 ah. 38 See 50.0 Bals. Pertivnd 4 eee Ie, See ee 225 ft. Ungt. TOXEMIA IN MULES FROM WEEDS. By A. T. Fercuson, D.V.S., Evansville, Ind. On August 20, at 5 p. m., I received a hurry call by telephone’ to Yankeetown, 16 miles from Evansville, to Nathan Taylor’s, a farmer, who had .35 mules in a pasture. .Dr. J. J. Burnswo8 Evansville, and Dr. Hartley, of Rockport, were already on the premises. On my arrival I found five dead and two others down ready to pass in their checks. The history from the farmer was that in the morning the animals seemed all right, but shortly after noon they were found dead; the two that were still living appeared to be in no pain whatever, the pulse was almost imperceptible, the respiration not much changed, but a marked inclination to remain in a state of coma with little or no effort to regain their feet. Post mortem on these animals revealed but little to indicate the source of the trouble; the whole of the internal organs were normal; some urine in the bladder was clear but not white; the only lesions found were three small patches of hyperinea in the large colon which were not of any consequence. The blood was conspicuous for its small amount, and of a very dark, almost black color. The stomach when opened was found to be full of undigested vegeta- tion which gave off an aroma somewhat resembling ‘that of cinna- mon. In the pyloric there was found a precipitate which re- sembled a mucus, a grayish substance that I believed was thrown off from the food eaten and picked up by the circulation, causing a thickening of the blood and thereby hindering the circulation and causing death. Previous to this there had been a heavy downpour of rain for several hours, and of course all vegetation was saturated. It is a well-known fact that some herbs eaten when the dew is standing on them, or they are saturated with moisture, become injurious when taken into the stomach, and that might possibly have had something to do with these animals dying, they being — REPORTS OF CASES. 221 out to pasture through the whole of the time it was raining, and none were known to have died before in this particylar pasture. The loss was estimated at about $1,500 to $2,000. DYSTOKIA IN A COW FROM AN UNUSUAL CAUSE. By Atonzo WEEKES, V.S., Bridgetown, Barbados, W. I. On March 14th, I was called to attend a cow, the property of Mr. Rupert McKenzie (Barbados). The animal had been suffering during the whole night in difficult parturition. At 5 a. m. I found the cow lying in the _ yard, with the head, fore-feet and shoulders of the calf out, in the correct position. The cow had been in this condition for six hours before I saw her. When ordinary methods for the calf’s removal were inef- fectual, I inserted my hand in order to diagnose the cause, and discovered the calf to be of an abnormal size in its abdominal region, and so unable to pass through the pelvis. By means of a scalpel, I opened its abdomen, and removed two sarcomatous tumors resembling cauliflowers in form, each weighing about ten pounds, and each enclosed in a membraneous e Sac. After the removal of these abnormal growths there was no further difficulty experienced in dealing with the case. This is the first case of this sort that I have met with in the course of twenty-five years’ veterinary practice, and may perhaps be of sufficient interest for publication in your valuable periodical. TONG HAIR ON HOG IN HOT CLIMATE—HER- MAPHRODITE HEIFER. By R. A. Stouts, D.V.S., Branksmier, Barbados, W. I. I enclose a small piece of skin from a hog, not having seen one like it previously. The entire body was covered with hair of such length that I thought it uncommon, at least for a hot climate, so forward same to you. _ We slaughtered last week a hermaphrodite heifer. She had two testicles in place of ovaries. 222, REPORTS OF CASES. [ Nore.—The hair on the piece of skin referred to above is three inches in length and very fine, soft and silky in texture. We have shown it to a number of veterinarians and stockmen, none of whom have identified it as hog’s hide and hair, which did surprise us much, as Dr. Stoute, who has been a constant reader of THE Review for nearly thirty years, is a man of exten- sive experience, and he regards it as uncommon.—Editor. | F. S. Brrttincs DEAp—Word has just reached us of the sudden death of Dr. Frank S. Billings at his home near Boston. Dr. Jas. A. RupoLPH, for two years meat and milk inspector dee amnderson,, 5. (C., began his duties as food inspector at Raleigh October 7. Dr. F. W. Mackie, Baltimore, Md., was operated upon for appendicitis on October 16, 1912. His many friends throughout the country will be glad to learn that the operation was successful and that the doctor is now safely convalescent. DEAN COATES OF THE NEW YORK-AMERICAN VETERINARY CoLLEGE (Division of Veterinary Medicine—New York Univer- sity ) attended the exercises 1n connection with the official opening of the new buildings of the Department of Education at Albany (CN, Y¥.). week of October 14, 1912. NEw ReEApING RooM FOR AGRICULTURAL STUDENTS—The College of Agriculture of the University of Illinois has opened a commodious reading room, where its 800 agricultural students will have ready access to the leading agricultural papers and books and periodicals on allied subjects. FUNK AND WAGNALLS CoMPANY, New York, have secured the American rights to “A System of Surgery,” edited by C. C. Choyce, dean of and teacher of Operative Surgery in the London School of Clinical Medicine, etc., etc. Published in three vol- umes; the first was ready in April, and the remaining two will be published about autumn, 1912. The price of the “work will be $21.00 per set. —'.—- ~~. ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. ENGLISH REVIEW. By Prof. A. Liautarp, M.D., V.M. ADENOMA OF THE PROSTATE AND ADENO-CARCINOMA OF THE Liver IN A Doc [Prof. Geo. H. Wooldridge, F.R.C.V.S.]. —A male fox terrier of fourteen years was getting thin and lost appetite. On examining the abdomen a firm, hard body is felt in front of the pubis. The general functions are nearly nor- mal and the dog micturates naturally. Thé growth resembles a tensely distended bladder. An exploring puncture was nega- tive. Explorating laparotomy is advised. The dog received an injection of morphine followed by chloroform. Although this Was very carefully administered, hydrocyanic acid and artificial _ respiration had to be resorted to on account of the extreme weak- ness of the dog. After thorough disinfection the abdomen was _ opened by an incision made a little on one side of the penis and the enlarged mass brought out. It proved to be a huge prostate with the much smaller bladder lying on it. The prostate was dissected out, but a small incision of the urethra could not be avoided. This was closed with sutures and the abdominal _ wound sewed; then dried with ether and collodion. The patient did well for the next twenty-four hours, but after that grew weaker and died forty hours after the operation. At the post- “mortem the process of cicatrization was found perfect. There were two tumors in the liver, one weighing 11 ounces and the other 214. The prostate mass weighed 28 ounces. The micro- ‘scopic examination of this last revealed it to be an adenoma and that of the hepatic tumors adeno-carcinoma.— (Journ. of Comp. Path. and Therap.) » Ecuinococcus Cyst IN THE Brain oF A Mare [Prof. A. Gofton, M.R.C.V.S.].—This animal was nine years old and "since four years has done her work well in a light surrey. “olie is taken to the blacksmith shop, and while being shod it is diffi- cult to raise or hold up her legs. When she goes back home, she Staggers, has several falls a) an hour later she has a sleepy ap- pearance, her head is held down, the eyelids drooping, pupils are dilated. She has little control of her legs. In the evening she 224 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. is stretched on the ground unconscious. Her temperature is sub- normal, 98° F., pulse weak and irregular. She has convulsive spasms of the muscles, principally of the limbs. The mare is destroyed. Examination of the head revealed the presence of a cyst on the left side of the brain, mainly within the ventricle, whose surface was roughened. The cyst was tense and on in- cision allowed the escape of greenish-yellow turbid fluid. By examination of the lining membrane of the cyst, small cyst-like bodies were noticed in which a number of heads or scolices of a tapeworm bearing the closest resemblance to those of taenia echinococcus, which they were indeed.—(Journ. of Comp. Path. and Therap.) TeratToLocy [W. M. Scott, F.R.C.V.S.]—\Under this title the writer, referring to the influences of emotions, relates the following: ‘“T was requested to deliver a heifer, the foetus appeared to be about six months, and beyond the fact of it being a monster — type, no further notice was taken of it. The following evening in the same establishment a similar delivery was made, another monster. Two days later another call in the same barn and again another heifer was delivered of a foetus practically iden- tical to the second. On inquiring if at any time the heifers had been hunted or frightened by dogs, the information came that two men had slept one night in a quarry, which is in the field where the heifers were kept, and that they had with them a dancing bear and the next morning the heifers were found run- running like mad things, switching their tails. These three cases of dystokia were due to monster development brought about by mental disturbances, at least so far as the author can see.—( Vet. Record.) ABDOMINAL SURGERY IN THE Horse [Prof. H. A. Wood- ruff, M.R.C.V.S.]—Aged hackney mare had colic, is off her food, temperature 102° F., and passed no dung. Her rectum had to be emptied and that organ appeared sore and very irrit- able. The animal was not tympanitic. Examination per rectum revealed a large rent on the right side of the bowel with a large collection of feces in a pouch outside the rectum. Very offensive smell and shreds of necrosed connective tissue are noticed. There is no peritonitis. Prognosis is serious and colotomy ad- vised. After due preparation, with the animal cast on off side, an incision was made through the abdominal walls, the abdominal — a a ee a ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 225 0 a a ie ee cavity open and a loop of the floating colon withdrawn. “ This was secured by passing a steel rod behind the summit of the loop through the mesentery. Rolls of sterilized gauze were used to pack the opening in the flank round about the knuckle of in- testine, and finally an opening was made into the bowel with a hot iron so as to prevent hemorrhages. A few pellets of feces were passed out through the hole and the patient allowed to recover from the anesthetic. On getting back to the stable _ enema was given in the upper part of the gut, removed great quantity of feces, whilst the lower part, including the rectum and the extra-rectal pouch, were thoroughly washed out with chino- sol lotion.” After a few days when adhesions had formed round the knuckle of bowel, this was cut off with the actual cautery and two openings were left in the flank with the skin and muscles contracting round them. Recovery went on well with exception that the passage of liquid feces, due to the mode of diet, caused some soreness of the skin below the artificial anus. Normal more solid food remedied that trouble. After five weeks the animal had made up her condition. The laceration of the rectum had healed and feces would have passed in the natural way, if the continuity of the bowel had been again re-established. This was attempted by another operation, of bringing the two ends of _ the bowel, the two artificial anus end to end. They were dis- sected clear from skin and muscles, and a short piece of each was amputated and an end to end anastomosis completed. The clos- ing of the wound of the skin that followed was rather difficult. The operation was long and the animal suffered much from Shock. She died two days after with septic infection, due prob- ably to the soiling of the edges of the wound with foecal matter. —(Veter. News.) Dousre Fracture oF THE PREMAXILLA IN A Horse [D. Forwell, M.R.C.V.S.]—Aged nag gelding refuses his food and his upper lip is twisted on one side. In opening the mouth, the “Writer finds a double fracture, one large, dividing the premaxilla down the middle between the central incisor teeth and extending for over two inches above the incisor arch. The other js smaller and between the corner and latral incisor teeth. Between the fractures food has collected. Through two holes made in the bone and palatine plates, one on the outside of the central frac- ture and the other on the outside of the small fracture, copper Wire was inserted so as to bring the bones and teeth firmly to- gether and to make this more secure a groove was cut on the 2216 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, outside of the two corners and wire fixed round them, bringing the whole firmly together. Sloppy bran mashes and crushed oats was allowed for three weeks. ‘Then grass for a little time until after one month more the wires were removed. Recovery was perfect.—(Vet. Journ.) SINUS IN THE ABDOMINAL WALL oF A Fiiiy [Prof. J. J. O’Connor, M.R.C.V.S.].—With unknown history a nice three- year-old filly was bought. She had a running sore in near flank. A sinus in the lower part of the flank discharged white, creamy pus. It extends from the lower part of the flank along the lower part of the left abdominal wall to about four inches behind the elbow. It runs a little more than one inch in depth from the skin. Free opening at the bottom of the tract, also about the middle, the cavity is thoroughly washed out and setons in- serted. Ina few days these were removed and lesions demanded no further treatment, cicatrization went on rapidly.—(Jlbidem. ) FRENCH REVIEW. By Prof. A. Liaurarp, M.D., V.M. REMOVAL OF THE MAMM# IN A Mare [IW. Huret, Army Veterinarian |.—This mare was ten years old and of rather ugly disposition. One night it is supposed that she kicked over the moving bar of her stall and she has a swelling of the right mammze which soon becomes an abscess, which was very long to treat. After some time she had resumed her work and is again laid up. The mamme is enormously large, with old and recent fistulous tracts. An operation of removal is indicated. The mare is thrown, chloroformed, put and held in dorsal posi- tion, the hind leg next to the tumor being removed from the hobble. After disinfecting, an incision 37 centimetres long is made on the median line which separates both mamme and another curve joining the first at both ends and having between them a piece of skin adherent to the tumor and maculated with cicatrices of fistula. The dissection of the tumor was then pro- ceeded with. Large veins were ligated in front, behind and be- tween the mamme, and a large vascular trunk as big as a testicu- lar cord was divided with the ecraseur. The mass weighed 1 kilog. .o20, and the cavity left open without dressing for fear that the stitches would tear the fine skin of the region with the 1 : . ——— ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 227 efforts for micturition. Two secondary hemorrhages occurred, one from an artery and from a large vein. Those were arrested and the vessels secured with double ligature and forcipressure nippers, which were left in place for forty-eight hours. The wound took two months to heal and the suppuration was very abundant. \Vhen some time after—the mare being destroyed because of suppurative synovitis of one foreleg—the cicatrization of the removed udder was found perfect and regular with skin perfectly supple without adherence or retraction.—(Bullet. de la Soc. Cent.) Doc witH TUBERCULOSIS OF THE Myocarpium [MM.L. and E. Lepinay|.—Post-mortem record of a spaniel dog, six years old, which took severe cold after exposure to dampness and rain at a day's shooting, and to which the test of tuberculin was ap- plied to confirm a diagnosis of suspected tuberculosis. ‘The test, 3 drops of diluted tuberculin injected subcutaneously, proved fatal to the dog. At the autopsy the pleura were found adherent in several places. The lungs, tracheo-bronchial glands and the base of the heart formed a large caseous mass. The lungs were filled with miliary tubercles. The heart was normal in size, with the pericardium adherent in almost its whole surface. The myo- cardium contained also caseous deposits of various size. The pulmonary artery was atheromatous. The liver and the kidneys presented also caseous tubercles of small size. The kidneys prin- cipally had cavities and miliary granulations.—(Rev. de Path. Comp.) Sus-LINGUAL AND Sus-THYROIDAL RANULA IN A Doe [Mr. G. Monbet, Army Veterinarian|.—This case, relieved by radical treatment through the mouth and cervical region, is rather in- teresting. Four-year-old pointer has on the left upper part of the neck a subcutaneous tumor not adherent to the skin and pain- less. Looking in his mouth, another is found on the left side of the lingual frenum. This is soft, fluctuating and pushing the tongue to the right. The two growths are not communicating. The dog is anesthetized and the cervical region disinfected. An incision through the skin exposed the tumor, which appears with thin walls and reddish coloration. It is isolated carefully with the blunt end of the directory and when the branches of the thy- roid cartilage are about reached, a strong catgut ligature is ap- plied and the cyst removed. It contains oily, reddish fluid. The wound was drained and closed. Then the mouth being widely 228 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. open, the tumor within was also dissected as deep as possible, removing with it a little of the mucous membrane; quite large hemorrhage occurred during the dissection. The contents of this tumor was similar to that of the other. The recovery was regular with the exception of a small collection which returned in the neck some twenty days after, and was relieved by punc- tures.—(Rev. Gen. de M. Vet.) GENERALIZED MELANO-SARCOMA IN A Doc [Prof. Petit, Douville and Germain, Adjuncts|.—Exceptionally rare in dog, this case of melanosis has a still greater importance from the fact that it was observed in a black French poodle, the most pig- mented breed of dogs. ' This caniche had on the inferior face of the tail two small, hairless, black warts which, when the animal was clipped, were cut off by the scissors of the clipper. They bled a little but never cicatrized. ‘They were replaced by two red, bleeding granula- tions which remained rebellious to all treatment and necessitated the amputation of the tail. After three months of care and varied therapeutic applications the unhealed stump is covered with gran- ulations, blackish and suppurating. A fcetid odor exists. The ischial lymphatic glands are hypertrophied. ‘The general condi- tion of the dog is bad, he has lost flesh, eats poorly, is constipated. Tonic treatment is prescribed besides special indications for the condition of the tail. Rectal examination reveals then hyper- trophy of the sublumbar and prepelvic glands. The ischials sup- purate, thick and blackish discharge. Cachexia becomes more and more marked; the dog dies. At the post mortem: Three melanotic nuclei at the base of the tail; neoplasic chain extending from the caudal vertebrz to the sacro-iliac joint. Some of those are subcutaneous, others intramuscular. In the abdomen, omen- tum and peritoneum are covered with small, black, granular de- posits. Melanosis is found in the mesenteric glands. In the intestines, in the kidneys, the suprarenal capsule, some black, others grayish. The spleen has two enormous infractus; the liver has several. In the thoracic cavity the deposits are also observed on the pleura, in the diaphragm. The lungs are lit- erally packed with them. The heart is not exempt from deposits; both auricles are principally affected. On the right ventricle there is a small nucleus, and toward the point of the heart a super- ficial blood vessel is obliterated with a black embolism clot. The nervous system alone was free from lesions. Histologically ex- ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 229 amined, these lesions belong to the fasciculated type of melanic sarcoma.— (Bullet. de la Soc. Cent.) PIROPLASMOSIS IN THE Horse [Mr. L. Kowalewsky.|.—In one case the horse belonged to a stable of eleven animals. Two were found with glanders. Of the remaining suspects one in. jured his left eye and face. The temperature was 30°. General condition good. His temperature rose to 40° and 41°, where it remained for two days. One day he was found lying down un- able to get up and he showed paresia of the extremities. Sensi- bility normal. Examination of the blood and test of Wasserman gave a positive result of glanders. Preparations of the blood by Gram’s method revealed the presence of piroplasm in quite numerous quantity. In another occasion, four cases were detected in the effective of an artillery battery. Quinine internally and subcutaneous in- jections of camphorated oil cured them. In another animal the following symptoms were observed: During eight days, at the onset of the disease, the temperature rose to 40° and higher. The animal was dull, with great general ‘depression. Anorexia complete, movements stiff, accompanied with titubation in walking. Buccal mucous anhemic, conjunctiva purplish red. Bloody tears escape from the external commissure of the lids. He also recovered with the same _ treatment.— (Journ. de Zootech.) INGESTION oF Tar CAusEs STERCORAL Osstruction. [VW 1M. Levret and Perreau|.—The history of the case was that the ant- mal was sick since five days with colic; pawing, looking at his lank, laying down carefully and rolling. He has received castor oil and pilocarpine with rectal injections without benefit. He continued in the same condition, throwing out with the injec- tions little hard feces. He makes continuous efforts. Micturi- tion is frequent, painful; only. a small quantity of urine is ex- pelled. With these same manifestations it is noticed that the animal is tympanitic; there is no pain on pressure of the abdo- men. The loins are stiff, pulse small and frequent, respiration short, accelerated, labored and irregular. There are efforts for defecation without results. The animal dies in a few hours. At the post mortem there was found, 50 centimetres from large colon, in the small cc!on full of gas, a large stercoral mass which. closed and obstructed the canal.- This mass weighed 520 grams Za ABSTEALCTS PROM EXCHANGES and showed in its centre a nucleus of tar, partly dned up. Et seems that the stable where the horse was there was also a certain quantity of tar which the horse could reach. He did reach it and died for it—(Journ. de Zootech.) ' ~% Last WorbD From WASHINGTON ON THE Epizooric IN SAS AND NeEBRASKA—Just before closing our forms we are i receipt of the following letter irom Dr. A. D. Melvin, Chief ol the Bureau of Animal Industry, which corroborates the Bun at's former report. Dr. Melvin says: “ Replying to your letter of October 15, relative to the epizootic which recently caused th deaths of so many horses in Kansas and Nebraska, you are a@ vised that within the past two weeks the disease has suddenly disappeared. During this period there was a sudden change in temperature over the territory involved, with several frosty mghts, lower humidity and cooler weather, and the disappearance nies he disease in the range horses has been attributed to these cham in climatic conditions. On many farms where the advice gi rca by Bureau inspectors, as to the removal of animals from contanmr inated pastures, was heeded, the disease disappeared as completely as where other measures were adopted in addition thereto, such a: the vaccination of animals with bacterins made from various 01 ganisms isolated from dead animals, but which up to the present time have not been proved to have any vital connection with disease. * From numerous observations made in the field it appears that either the forage or water or both were the carriers, if not th direct cause, of the malady, and all our recent investigations merely serve to substantiate the original diagnosis of forag poisoning. Many molds have been isolated from the damage forage and various bacteria have been obtained from a number of horses dead of the disease, but these have not yet been st ciently studied and experimented with to justify an conical aS to their etiological significance. A large number of horses suit able for bacteriological investigation gave negative results as fat as the isolation of organisms was concerned. 4 “Up to the present time the Bureau is not in possession « ot definite knowledge of the specific cause of the affection, but the investigation is to be pushed to a final conclusion relative to t possibility of the various organisms isolated or their toxins hz ing some causal relation to the disease.” The above report also agrees in the main with the findings of Pr ishex on pages 24, to Of af tasioene ot tae havent, ankatntageren ihc ie John Rei Reichel, ‘ilade ia which we have fea read in Mulford’s Veterinary Bulletin for October. DT] OBITUARY. GEORGE B. WELLS, D.V.M. Dr. George B. Wells died at the Winsted Hospital the last week in September, where he had been taken from his home in Canaan, the day previously, in the thirty-sixth year of his age. The doctor was taken ill suddenly on Saturday night, and his physician was summoned, who found trouble with his throat, which was swollen so badly that he could not swallow, and had difficulty in breathing. The condition continuing to grow worse, his physician took him to the hospital on Sunday, but all treat- ment failed, and he died early on Monday morning by suffoca- tion. Malignant septic infection was thought to be the trouble; the infection probably having been received while operating on a cow. Dr. Wells was born in Hancock, Mass., on February 21, 1877, and received his early education in the public schools of that place. When a young man he went to New York, where he fol- lowed a mercantile career for several years; after which he at- tended Mt. Herman School at Northfield, Mass., for two years, prior to entering the veterinary school of Ohio State University, from which institution he graduated in 1908. After graduation, he accepted a position in the government service, and was stationed at Chicago as a meat inspector, which position he held for three years, when in October, 1911, he re- signed to take up private practice at Bennington, Vt. He re- mained in Bennington until June, 1912, when he succeeded Dr. G. E. Corwin, at Canaan, Connecticut. Dr. Wells was unmarried. He is survived by his father, C. H. Wells, of Hancock, Mass., and a sister, Mrs. Sarah J. Conk- lin, of the same place. WALTER AMOS, V.S. Dr. Walter Amos died at his home in Owatonna, Minnesota, on October 6, 1912, at the age of forty-eight years. Dr. Amos was born at Guelph, Ontario, Canada, in 1864, and spent his early life in teaching school in that Province before he took up the 231 232 OBITUARY. study of veterinary medicine. He received his veterinary tuition at the Ontario Veterinary. College, from which institution he graduated in 1888; and shortly after began to practise his pro- fession in Owatonna, Minnesota, and remained there up to the time of his death. He was at one time president of the Minne- sota State Veterinary Medical Association, and was president of the State Examining Board of Minnesota at the time of his death; in fact was one of the most active and enthusiastic workers for elevation of his chosen profession in his state. Dr. Amos was of Scotch descent, and of a kind, genial disposition that made him many warm friends, who will deeply miss him from their midst. Unitep States Live Stock SANITARY ASSOCIATION.—Be- lieving that the circulation of the following letter from Secretary Ferguson of the United States Live Stock Sanitary Association, outside of the membership of that organization will do as much, as if not more good than its circulation within the membership, who already know of the greatness and the importance of its work, we reproduce it here: PLACE OF MEETING IQIZ. The Sixteenth Annual Meeting of this Association will be held in Chicago, Tuesday and Wednesday, December 3 and 4. The success of our last meeting should be an incentive to every member to use his best personal effort to make this year’s meet- ing the best ever held: Our membership is steadily increasing, but should be much larger. Every member is asked to make it his special business to send in at least one application for mem- bership before the next meeting. Old members, who are in ar- rears for dues, please remit as soon as possible. We are already at work on material for programme. Members are urged to forward programme suggestions immediately. If you know of any discovery of value during the year or anything specially note- worthy in legislation, send me the name of the man who could handle the subject at our meeting. Do not forget that the suc- cess of the meeting depends upon the effort and co-operation of individual members. Yours respectfully, J. J. Fercuson, Secretary-Treasurer. Union Stock Yards, Chicago, III. CORRESPONDENCE. TO THE VETERINARY PROFESSION OF AMERICA. The next meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation to be held in New York City, September 1-5, 1913, will be an epoch-making event in the history of our organization. This gathering will celebrate the Fiftieth Anniversary of the greatest veterinary association in the world, and should represent an index of the growth and progress of our profession in Amer- ica. The remarkable strides with which veterinary science has advanced in the past decade, and the general recognition which it has attained in its progress, go hand in hand with the growth and development of the American Association. All the measures looking towards the advancement of the veterinary profession in America have always been materially and morally supported by this Association, and one cannot help but regard it as the highest power in our struggle for greater recognition. State legislative measures concerning the betterment of the veterinary profession have been invariably advocated and aided by the Association; its stand for higher education has been of incalculable value in pro- ducing the present high standard in our veterinary colleges. The determined effort to obtain rank for the veterinarians in the U. S. Army is gradually nearing success, and this has been due almost entirely to the emphatic stand and work of the Association. Thus, it is readily apparent that the American Veterinary Medical As- sociation has been and will continue to be the pioneer in all of our struggles. “ Progress” is and will be its by-word, and we shall soon see the day when members of the veterinary profession will be honored like the members of our sister professions. The remarkable success of the American Veterinary Medical Association during its fifty years of existence can be well accred- ited to the devotion and enthusiasm of its members. They have always shown a willingness to throw themselves into any strug- gle for the benefit of the Association and profession without con- sideration of the odds against them. Most members of the vet- erinary profession are cognizant of the advantages which they now enjoy through the work of the A.V.M.A., and year after year records are broken in the enrollment of new members. It is only natural that the strength and influence of an organization 233 234 CORRESPONDENCE. are in direct proportion to its membership. There are in the United States and Canada thousands of veterinarians eligible to membership in the American Association, and with the prestige and advantages that such an affiliation affords, it is surprising that at least a large proportion of them do not avail themselves of this opportunity. It should be the duty of every member of the Association to approach his eligible colleagues and point out to them the advisability of becoming members. With such con- certed efforts it would not be at all difficult to bring our member- ship, which last year rose to over 1,400 to at least 2,000 at the meeting in 1913. In order to reach all those who may desire to join the Asso- ciation it would probably be best for each state association to appoint a committee on A.V.M.A. Affairs, as has been done by the California State Veterinary Association. Secretary Marshall or I will gladly supply such committees with membership blanks, and they could be sent out by the committee to all who are eligible to membership. The applications of those who desire to become members could then be approved by the President and Secretary of the state organization, which is now required by the rules of the American Association. This ruling will necessarily increase the membership of state associations as applicants must be mem- bers in good standing in their respective state organizations in order to obtain the required endorsement of the above-mentioned officials. In consequence the state associations should recipro- cate by assisting in the procurement of eligible members for the general body. The approved applications should afterwards be handed to the Resident State Secretary of the A.V.M.A. for transmission to Secretary Marshall. Yours fraternally, Joun R. Mouter, President, A.V.M.A. Kansas City, Mo., Oct. 17, 1912. Editor AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW, NEW YorK: Your letter of the 15th inst. received and contents noted with care. It is possible that I may be able to give you some further light on the subject of the horse plague which prevailed in our section of the country during August, September and the first part of October. I made four different trips to the field and spent about sixteen days investigating the disease, during which time I saw some 400 cases and autopsied about 40. wv“ nm CORRESPONDENCE, Briefly, this condition was primarily confined to animals that were in pastures. It seemed to make little difference whether the pastures were high lands or low lands, whether they had stagnant water in them or whether the water supply was from deep wells. This one common factor naturally led one to think that the source of the disturbance was in the pasture and the only one factor that Was common in the pastures was the food stuff, so it seemed prob- able that the food stuff contained the cause of the disease. Ani- mals kept in the territory where the disease abounded and fed on dry feed were universially exempt from the disease. The disease was attributed by some to intestinal parasites, of which strongylidae representatives predominated. There is not, I believe, any doubt but what some of these diseased animals were depressed with the large number of parasites they harbored, but in view of the fact that some of these animals contracted the disease and died and none of the parasites could be demonstrated on autopsy, it is sufficient proof that the disease was not caused primarily by parasites. The disease was thought to be influenza by some. This diagnosis I suspect was arrived at in part because of the fact that a considerable percentage of affected animals had paralysis of the pharynix and were medicated, the medicaments passing into the lung and establishing medicamentous pneumonia. Still others claimed that the disease was infectious, some holding that the gram positive diplococcus, which could be isolated from a large percentage of the cases, was responsible for the trouble, others claiming that the infection was due to a filterable virus. Up to the present time no absolute proof has been established as to the exact cause of the condition, but if the disease was due to infection, it behaved materially different than any ordinary in- fection with which we are familiar. Scores of instances could be recited where diseased animals were taken into barns or yards, where they remained through the entire course of disease or until they died and in the continuous presence of millions of flies, which were a veritable pest in the section of the country where this dis- ease abounded. Further, in many instances, horses were watered out of the same tanks and fed out of the same feed boxes that were used by horses that never contracted the disease. One in- stance was very striking: On the Missouri Pacific Railroad right- of-way, between McCracken and Utica, Kans., some 78 teams ~ were worked in grading the roadbed. These horses were fed at wagons on the right-of-way, fed dry food and in one instance 24 teams were watered at a tank from which three horses drank that died of the disease and further these three horses died within to 236 CORRESPONDENCE. rods of the above said camp, but not a single horse of the 48 con- tracted the disease. None of these 78 teams had the disease, except two that were allowed to graze. In another instance, about eight head of horses were transferred from a pasture where the horses were dying of the disease to another pasture containing several horses and in which the disease had not made its appear- ance. At the same time about six horses were transferred from the non-infected pasture to the infected pasture. Later, the exact ieneth of time I am unable to give, several of the eight horses that were transferred to the non-infected pasture contracted the ~ disease and died. Also some of the horses that were transferred from the pasture in which the disease had not occurred, contracted the disease after being placed in the pasture where the disease pre- vailed. So far as the information at hand is concerned, none of the animals in the non-infected pasture died of the disease, ex- cepting those transferred from the first pasture. Several blood inoculations. also several intra cerebral inoculations were carried out, but without producing the disease in a single instance. Of course this is not absolute proof that the disease is not infectious, but it indicates strongly that it is probably not infectious. The symptoms of the affected animals were those that are ordinarily observed in so-called sleepy staggers. Usually the first evidence of any abnormal condition was due to inappetence, or uncertain gait, however the primary symptom which occurred in animals prior to the time that any outward disturbance was shown, consisted in a rise of temperature, the temperature rang- ing from 104 to 107. This high temperature persisted for only a short time, usually from 12 to 24 hours, after which it usually ranged at about 103. Exceptions to this temperature of course would be evident in cases complicated with pneumonia. A little later the animals in a considerable percentage of cases showed difficulty in deglution. The lack of co-ordination became more and more marked, the animals in some instances leaning against barns, fences, etc., finally losing their balance and falling to the ground, after which they usually remained in a decubital position anil death, which resulted in from 24 hours to as much as seven days after the onset. Later in the outbreak the cases were mild, many of them never losing control of locomotion and regaining health in a period varying from three days to three weeks. In the autopsy one was particularly struck with the general absence of any constant lesion, excepting apparent venous con- gestion of the pia mater, which frequently resulted in an edema of — CORRESPONDENCE. 237 the meninges and brain. In some instances the case was com- plicated by pneumonia, gastritis, enteritis and nephritis, but upon obtaining the history of these cases, such lesions could invariably _ be traced to drugs that had been administered, such as croton oil, turpentine, ammonia fumes, etc. Upon close inspection of the cerebro spinal fluid it was found to be clear, but contained many cells that indicated an inflamma- tory disturbance. Likewise an examination of the brain tissue at least, in some instances, showed evidence of a small round cell in- _ filtrated into the peri vascular lymph spaces. The extent of the losses from this disease I believe has been exaggerated. In the territory where the disease was most pre- _ valent it appears that less than 4o per cent. of the horse population died. In other sections the percentage of loss was insignificant. _ The press apparently did injustice by their startling statements, likewise some drug houses did an injustice by rushing to the scene of action all kinds of drugs, regardless of the fact of their curative value. The people in Kansas particularly were almost panic stricken, due largely to the press notices and to the fact that dif- ferent diagnoses had been given out by different investigators -and they were utterly at a loss to know what to do under the cir- cumstances. Practically no new cases are now developing, at least in Kan- ses, the disease having apparently run its course, which I believe -can be explained by the fact that the causative agent has been altered through heavy frosts. It is apparent to the conservative _ obsever that this disease belongs to that class that we ordinarily term forage poisoning. Very truly yours, AT © KOENSLEY, Horse PLaGuE In New YorK—Secretary MackKellar ad- vises us that Dr. Louis Griessman, veterinarian to the Depart- ment of Health in Greater New York, will present a paper to the Veterinary Medical Association of New York City at its Novem- ber meeting (first Wednesday evening in November) entitled “New York’s Equine Plague.” It is less difficult to imagine “what disease Dr. Griessman is going to talk about, than what solution he is going to offer for its control and eradication that has not already been wrestled with many, many times. His col- leagues will therefore look forward with great interest to his solu- tion of the problem. BIBLIOGRAPHY. SPECIAL PATHOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS OF tla DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. SPECIAL PATHOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS OF THE DISEASES OF Domestic ANI- MALS, by Dr. Franz Hutyra, Professor of Infectious Diseases, and Dr. Josef Marek, Professor of Special Pathology and Therapy; both of the Royal Veterinary College at Budapest. Authorized American Edition from the Third Revised and Enlarged German Edition. Edited by John R. Mohler, V.M.D., Chief of Pathological Division, U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry, and Adolph Eichhorn, D.V.S., Senior Bacteriologist, Pathological Division, U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C. Volume I., Infectious Diseases; Diseases of the Blood and of the Hematopoietic Organs; Diseases of Metabolism, of the Spleen, Urinary and Circulatory Organs. Over 1,100 pages, 198 illustrations, and 10 plates. 1912, Chicago, Alexander Eger. This excellent work, fresh from the press, has just found its way to our desk, and, before opening its covers, we are deeply impressed by its magnificent appearance, and on perusing its contents we are able to understand the enthusiasm that has been expressed by German veterinarians in regard to this work during the past two or three years. The chapters on Malta fever, Leukemia of chickens, Dochmias’s and Oesophagostomiasis, Enzootic Cretinism in animals, serum diseases and Necrobacil- losis; Hemorrhagic Septicemia of sheep, Diphtheria and Con- tagious Epithelioma of fowels, Scurvy, Coccidial Dysentery of cattle, Enzootic Paralysis of the spinal coard in horses, Paralysis of the bladder and the Psychoses have all been rewritten and brought up to date in the third German edition of this great work, from which the American edition is translated. Essential changes were also made in the chapters on Specific Paratubercu- losis Enteritis of cattle. the parasitic diseases and skin diseases ; also in the therapeutic portions of most chapers, and when we stop to consider that this work is recognized as the most compre- hensive and authorative treatise on the theory and practice of © veterinary medicine in Germany, Austria and Hungary, and has been adopted as a textbook by all the veterinary colleges in those countries as well as in Switzerland, and that its translation into the English has been done by such American veterinarians as Mohler, Eichhorn and Fischer, its excellence as an American textbook on pathology and therapeutics, is not difficult to imagine. Infectious Diseases are divided into six groups as follows: 238 ~ q . . 7 - } ( . { BIOLIOGRAPHY. 239 Group I., Acute General Infectious Diseases, of which thirteen are described. Group II., Acute Exanthematous Infectious Dis- eases, of which four are described. Group III., Acute Infectious Diseases with Localization in Certain Organs, of which five are described. Group IV., Infectious Diseases with Special Involve- _ ment of. the Nervous System, of which two are described. Group _V., Chronic Infectious Diseases, of which eleven are described, and Group VI., Infectious Diseases Produced by Protozoa, of which three are described. Following these are Diseases of the Blood and Blood-Produc- ing Organs, Diseases of the Spleen, Diseases of Metabolism, Dis- eases of the Urinary Organs, and Diseases of the Circulatory Or- gans. The descriptions of the diseases are clear and complete, yet brevity is a marked feature of the work. Considerable space is given to glanders, however, and the newer tests are accurately described and strikingly illustrated, largely in colors. The col- ored plates illustrating nasal and cutaneous glanders, the con- junctival opthalmo reaction and the complement fixations test are excellent. Another very striking colored plate is that illustrating infectious vaginal catarrh of cattle, showing nodules on the swol- len and reddened mucosa of the vagina of a cow. Practitioners of veterinary medicine will find in Hutyra and Marek’s Pathology and Therapeutics of the Diseases of Domestic Animals, a safe, comprehensive and authorative textbook on veterinary’ medicine; right up to the very hour; and English speaking veterinarians - are to be congratulated on having an English translation of this superior German work at their command. Other countries have recognized its great value, as it has recently been published in Italian, and a Russian edition is being prepared. The publisher of the American edition deserves great credit for the superior manner in which he has executed his work; giving to the _ volume a finish and elegance in keeping with its merit. Printed _ on good paper, the type is clean and sharp, making reading easy and pleasant. We predict the popularity of this work with _ American veterinarians, equal to that in Germany. : VETERINARIAN’S HANDBOOK OF MATERIA MEDICA ON Tie eek eS, | VETERINARIANS’ HANpBooK oF MatertA MepicaA AND THERAPEUTICS, by D. H. : Udall, B.S.A., D.V.M., Professor of Veterinary Medicine and Hygiene, New York State Veterinary College, at Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. 1912. Carpenter & Co., Ithaca; N. Y. This book, in pocket form, contains information which the veterinarian needs daily yet does not always have at his “ tongue’s 240, BIOLIOGRAPHY. end.” It might be called a ready reference book and compares very favorably with the German Veterinary Calendar. Bound in black flexible leather covers and printed on excellent paper the book presents a very neat appearance. Tables of the different weights and measures with their equivalents in the Metric system are given first, followed by tables of solubilities: how much of a drug is necessary to make a given solution as I-500 or 0.2 per cent. and also how much is needed to make a saturated solution either in water or alcohol. A few representative formulas and a brief description of the more important drugs in alphabetical order with their ordinary uses and doses make up Parts 3 and 4. It is worthy of mention that the Latin name and termination as well as the common name of each drug is given. For example, “ Argenti Nitras Fusus (Lunar Caustic), 94.8 per cent. AgNo, in cones and pencils; Exteru., caustic on unhealthy granulations, ulcers, etc.” In Part 5, Treatment of Diseases, the more common ailments of our domesticated animals are considered with the latest thera- peutic indications. Much very valuable information is here col- lected in small space. It might appear on casual examination to be too brief, but where names of drugs are mentioned details as regards their use are found in Part 3. Symptoms and Treatment of Poisoning and the Administration of Medicines, per os, rectal, intravenous, etc., make up Parts 6 and 7. Obstetrical tables as period of estrum, duration of pregnancy and parturition followed by methods of determining the age of domestic animals and tables of equivalents of Centigrade and Fahrenheit Thermometric scales are included in Part 8. Veterinary Hygiene, Stable Construction and Disinfection, Physical Examination of Animals with Scheme and the Shipment of Tissues for Laboratory Diagnosis are dis- cussed in Parts 9, 10 and 11. The method of presentation of the subject matter is admir- able. It is very concise, a necessity in a book of this kind that endeavors to place in pocket form information which in many cases is contained only in large volumes. The best authors of this country and Europe have been freely consulted and the latest knowledge in veterinary practice is given. It is a book which appeals especially to the practitioner in the field who does not always have a library to consult. INTERNATIONAL LivE StocK Exposition, Chicago, Novem- ber 30 to December 7, 1912. ao sili SOCIETY MEETINGS. VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK CITY. The regular monthly meeting of this association was called to order by Dr. H. D. Gill, acting as temporary chairman, until the arrival of Dr. Berns. The minutes of the June meeting were read and approved. Dr. W. J. McKinney, chairman of the Prosecution Committee, reported that charges of practicing illegally had been preferred against an Italian blacksmith in Brooklyn The committee re- tained counsel, but before the case came to trial the defendant left the country. This report on motion was unanimously ac- cepted. The reports of the degelates to the N. Y. State and the A.V.M.A. meetings were next in order. Dr. W. Reid Blair gave an interesting report of the state meeting and stated that he considered it one of the most success- ful ever held. Dr. Berns stated that the clinic was a great success in the number and variety of operations and the abundance of clinical material. Dr. McKinney also made an interesting report on the clinical features of the meeting, especially the operation of ligating the saphena vein above the hock with the object of reducing so-called ‘blood and bog spavins. He stated that he personally had some remarkably good results from this simple operation. Dr. De Vine reported that he had performed this operation _ recently and with indications of good results. Dr. Duncan (M.D.), stated that this condition of the hock was undoubtedly similar to the varicose limbs met with in the human subject. Dr. Schlesinger mentioned a case in which he had ligated the vein, and then punctured the blood spavin. A good deal of hemorrhage resulted, which complicated matters for a time, but _ great improvement finally resulted. Dr. D. W. Cochran, president elect of the New York State Veterinary Medical Society, gave an interesting account of the A.V.M.A. meeting at Indianapolis. 241 242 SOCIETY MEETINGS. Dr. R. W. Ellis also gave a very concise report of this meet- ing and referred the members to the AMERICAN VETERINARY Review for the complete report. Dr. Ellis then made an interesting case report of a female cocker spaniel which was brought to his office for treatment. This dog at first sight, appeared to be heavy in pregnancy, but when examined it was found that this was not the case. A large tumorous mass was diagnosed, and the destruction of the animal recommended. This was done, and on opening the abdomen a large mass almost rolled out, having very slight attachments. Dr. Thos. F. Kililea (M.D.), a personal friend of Dr. Ellis, who is very much interested in specimens of this nature, made the following report on the microscopical and histological find- ines of this specimen: Macroscopically the tumor was a large spherical mass weigh- ing more than ten pounds, and apparently fibroid in character, showing at various places in the growth distinct degenerative changes, apparently colloid in character. Microscopically the tumor consists of ovarian tissue under- going colloidal degeneration. The colloidal areas present a structureless, semi-solid substance of mobile pathological mate- rial resembling glue in appearance and consistency, jelly like, firmer than mucous, and differing in its reaction from albumin. This degeneration much resembles the mucoid degeneration. The disorganized material becoming structureless, semi-solid, jelly or glue like in appearance. The fibrous portion presents the usual character of fibroma. Though fibrous in appearance the structure cannot be sep- arated into fibres. Here we have the substitution of the fibrous for the higher grade of tissue. By tissue is meant the “ aggre- gate of cells which obeys the law of growth.” The degeneration in the fibrous tissue much resembles the degeneration incident to senility. We find (in the specimen) the fibres degenerated in bundles or systems in contra-distinction to the insular or scattered degeneration. The discoloration is not due to melanosis, but to the preserv- ing agent used. Diagnosis—The subject was of advanced age, carrying a degenerated ovarian tumor. Prognosis—The neoplasm is malignant, and the rapid growth and degeneration would soon bring about dissolution. Dr. Kililea exhibited this tumor, and further sections of the Pe RE on Le » ee —----— Le oe ee a Cte << om ae ee rl srr rr eee SOCIETY MEETINGS. 243 same were made which showed very plainly the large extent of the jelly like colloid degeneration. The Doctor also cited an interesting case in a human subject. which was somewhat similar to this dog case. This subject Was operated on successfully. A hearty vote of thanks was extended to Drs. Kililea and Ellis. Dr. John A. McLaughlin then read a paper entitled ““ A New Field for Aetiological Research Opened by Schmidt’s Treatment of Milk Fever.” A new theory of azoturia in the horse. This paper was productive of a very animated discussion by the members and visitors present. The Doctor in this article asked the question, viz., what is the condition that is cured by the injection into the udder of iodide of potash solution, oxygen, air or even solutions of filthy material as any and all of these agents will abate the symptoms of parturient apoplexy even if other complications may follow the use of septic material. These conditions were discussed by Drs. McKinney, De Vine, Schlesinger, Chase, Ellis and others. Dr. Mangan cited a case of azoturia which was treated on the order of auto therapy. The urine was drawn off and col- lected, and an ounce of the same given the animal every hour until late at night. When the attending veterinarian called the next morning the horse was on his feet, and made a good re- covery. Drs. Kililea and Duncan expressed themselves as very much interested in the theory advanced by Dr. McLaughlin, and said that they would give it serious consideration in relation to cases of a similar character in the human subject. Dr. Berns suggested that the discussion of this subject be continued at the next meeting. A vote of thanks was tendered Dr. McLaughlin. Meeting adjourned. R. S. MacKE tar, Secretary. NORTH DAKOTA VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIA- TION. This association held its first summer meeting at the Agri- cultural College, Fargo, N. D., July 23, 24, 25, 1912, with the largest attendance in the history of the association. Among the visitors at this meeting were two gentlemen from 244 SOCIETY MEETINGS. the foremost ranks of our profession in this country, viz., Dr. J. W. Adams, of Philadelphia, and Dr. C. E. Cotton, of Minne- apolis. The two principal features of this meeting were. ““ A Demon- stration of the Surgical Operation for the Relief of Roaring,” preceded by an explanatory talk on the subject by Dr. Adams; and a ‘‘ Demonstration of the Types of Live Stock Best Suited to North Dakota Conditions,” by Prof. W. L. Richards of the faculty of the North Dakota Agricultural College. Both features were thoroughly enjoyed by the association. The usual banquet was held at the Comstock Hotel, Moorhead, where plates were laid for more than fifty members, their wives and visitors. After the banquet Dr. Cotton favored the asso- ciation with a few remarks in his usual happy vein. ‘“‘ Come again, Doctor Cotton!’ A rising vote of thanks was extended to Dr. J. W. Adams for the able manner in which he presented his subject before the association. Six new members were elected at this meeting, as follows: Drs. R. W. Bernhardt, J.-A. Logan, J. B. Thompson aaae Eisenlohr, C. T. McPike and P. E. Nulph. The convention adjourned at noon, Thursday, July 25, to meet at Fargo, N. D., January 22, 23, 1913. C. H. Bascock, Secretary. KEYSTONE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION; The regular monthly meeting of the Keystone Veterinary Medical Association was held October 8, 1912, at Donaldson’s Hall, Philadelphia, Pa The seating of the officers for the ensuing year, who were elected at the September meeting was the first thing on the pro- gram, viz.: President; Dro FE. K. Yunker. Vice-President, Dr. W. G. White. Secretary-Treasurer, Dr. C. M. Hoskins. Board of Censors, Drs. W. H. Hoskins, Cox, Marshall, Klein, Rhoads. The program of the evening was a talk by Dr. John W. Adams on “ Street Nails.” This was followed by the report of several unusual cases by the Drs. Hoskins one of “ Gangrene of the Tongue” of a dog, and another of a “ Proliferative Bal- lonitis ” in a dog. Cueston M. Hoskins, Secretary. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 245 MONTANA VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. The above association met in annual session in the office of Dr. M. E. Knowles, State Veterinarian, Capitol building, Helena, Mont., September 23 and 24, 1912. The meeting was opened by the address of the president, Dr. W. J. Taylor, and followed by several very interesting papers and discussions. The association voted to again support a bill in the next legis- lature to regulate the practice of veterinary medicine in Montana. Appropriate resolutions of sympathy were passed upon the deaths of Dr. Robertson Muir and Dr. T. Earl Budd. The following officers were elected for the ensuing vear: President, Dr. W. C. Orr, Dillon; Vice-President, Dr. Howard Welch, Bozeman; Secretary-Treasurer, Dr. A. D. Knowles, Liv- ingston. The mid-winter meeting of the association will be held at Bozeman, in January, 1913. A. D. KNowL-eEs, Secretary-Treasurer. SOCIETY OF COMPARATIVE MEDICINE, N. Y. STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE. The first meeting of this society was held in the college audi- torium October 4, 1912. The meeting was called to order by the -resident. After the roll call the constitution and by-laws were read for the benefit of the new members. The Dean of the col- lege, V. A. Moore, then gave a very interesting talk on the object of the society. A warm discussion on athletics followed, after which the meeting adjourned to a social evening. Refreshments were served and music delivered by the orchestra about which the fellows gathered and enjoyed the evening in singing popular songs. D. W. C., Corresponding Secretary. BeStRACT FROM ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT E. J. WALSH DELIVERED BEFORE THE NORTH DAKOTA VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. At the mid-summer meeting of the North Dakota Veterinary Medical Association, which is reported by Secretary Babcock on | page 243 of this issue, President Walsh gave an address of un- - usual interest and value. He started by. saying, “birds of one feather flock together ” ; and explained that the flocking together of our fellows, has much more in it than the mere satisfaction of seeing each other, they are impelled by the necessity of caring for common interests, which can only be safeguarded by united ef- 246 SOCIETY MEETINGS. forts. This, he says, is probably the cause of associations like theirs having come into existence. And yet he fully appreciates the social side, as he says, “in all that pertains to human life and effort, man’s social or gregarious nature, is apt to assert itself. In him the need of meeting his fellows, is a deeply-rooted racial trait; and this feature is especially well marked among those who face the same problems, and whose ups and downs are in a large measure identical.” He believes that the veterinarian is no exception to the general rule, and the man who permits him- self to be isolated from his brethren, suffers professional degen- eration, and sooner or later 1s apt to become thoroughly dissatis- fied with his life’s work. The doctor reflects that while we have a right to feel proud of things accomplished in the past, we have got to be awake to the changes that are constantly going on. He directs the attention of his brothers to therapeutics as effected by modern pathology, serum therapy and immunization against con- tageous diseases; also reminding them that this form of treatment is still in its infancy and has its limitations, and that therefore there is danger of placing too much reliance on it, and of accept- ing the O. K. of the manufacturers of vaccines, etc., as to their value in the treatment and prevention of disease, and to thereby unconsciously fall into the ways of the empiric, and lessen their resourcefulness. That the doctor fully appreciates the great value of serum-therapy there can be no doubt, and that is why he would have his brothers fully understand it, and know the pathology of the diseases they apply it to, and not content themselves to ac- cept it as a specific without giving themselves any further con- cern; because he can see, as can everyone, that such an attitude does not spell progression; and if there is not progression there must soon be retrogression; an individual like a profession can- not stand still, and as soon as he ceases to think for himself, and reason things out for himself, he must go backward. And so all through his address of more than two thousand words, President Walsh deals with the important matters that concern the veter- inary profession today, the necessity of the modern veterinarian becoming familiar with types of live stock and its breeding, clean milk production and all matters relating to sanitary science, in a manner that indicates a careful study of the subjects involved: not yesterday, nor merely for the preparation of the valuable address that he gave to his fellow members in connection with the opening of the association, but all through his professional life—his professional development—and we regret that lack of space will not permit of our publishing it in full at this time. a AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW. DECEMBER, 1912. EDITORIAL. EUROPEAN CHRONICLES. Paris, October 15, 1912. A SUCCESSFUL SURGICAL OPERATION.—In the Bulletins of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Bologna, Prof. A. Baldoin has published the resume of his successful interference in a case of purulent traumatic arthritis of the temporo-maxillary joint in a horse by the resection of the condyle of the maxillary bone, which I extract from Leclainche’s Review. The total resection of the condyle is an operation almost un- known in veterinary surgery—the only case on record is that of Vachetta, who operated in 1883, also for purulent arthritis of the joint. Partial resection of the condyle and complete of the articulation have however been already performed by Frohner, Eberlein and Baldoin. In the present case the entire resection was performed in a four-year-old mare which had purulent arthritis of the temporo-maxillary joint as sequelz of a punctured wound. A month after the accident, there was on the left temporo- maxillary joint a round swelling, as big as half an orange, warm, painful, with fibrous consistency and having a solution of con- tinuity in its center, partly closed with granulations. A probe introduced gave the sensation of rough articular surfaces. The masseter muscles, principally the left, are atrophied and the jaws . firmly closed, are opened with difficulty. The mastication is very limited, the animal feeds very poorly and is much emaciated. 249 250 EDITORIAL. Rather than try any kind of treatment Baldoin decides to operate at once. The animal is thrown, and anesthesia being considered not necessary, the region is prepared. “Two perpendicular in- cisions are made, 6 centimeters long, crossing on the center of the tumefaction. The cutaneous flaps are dissected and kept apart with sharp tenaculum. A second crucial incision is made in the sub-cutaneous tissues, namely, the infiltrated thickened con- nective tissue, a fibrous layer, the portion of the parotid covering the anterior part of the articulation, the masseter and the cap- sular ligament reinforced by the external funicular band.” Great care was taken to avoid injuring the parotid, which was raised and held back. The transversal artery and vein of the face which pass below the joint were also carefully drawn down- ward. ‘ The joint being thus exposed, the soft tissues round the neck of the condyle were isolated with probe and blunt bistouris and the condyle then cut off with shears of Liston, care being taken not to injure the internal maxillary artery nor the nervous trunks of the fifth and seventh pairs. After the section of the neck, the capsular ligament was divided as well as the posterior funicular ligament, and the articular meniscus, already partly necrosed, was cut off and removed.” The walls of the articulation and the articular surfaces were curetted, the wound was cleared off and dressed with a plug of gauze and iodoformed glycerine. There was very little hemorrhage. Im- mediately after the operation, the animal could open his mouth quite well and after five days mastication was normal. The recovery was perfect, except that the left temporo-maxillary joint is less prominent than the right. * * *k ‘The recovery has necessarily required the formation of a pseudo-arthrosis. To judge of its characters Baldoin performed the similar operation on a subject for experiment. The resec- tion was performed without difficulty and recovery perfect after EDITORIAL. 251 forty days. Three months after the horse was killed. On ex- amining the seat of the operation, a mass of connective tissue was found uniting the zygomatic arch to the stump of the neck of the maxillary, adherent to the posterior border of the coronoid process and in continuity with the surrounding tissues. The ob: jections to the operation are rather numerous, but can be easily avoided. _ The lesions to the facial nerve are almost impossible in soli- ‘peds on account of its low location. It is also impossible to in- jure the anterior auricular artery and vein or the temporo-zygo- matic nerve, which are on the outside of the operating field. But it may be possible and easy to wound the parotid, the “transversal blood-vessels of the face and the superficial temporal erve. Accidents can be avoided by the dissection of the anterior “border of the parotid which is then drawn backward and that of the blood-vessels and nerve which are pushed downward. The most serious complication is the wound of the internal axillary artery which runs inside the body of the condyle. Branches of the fifth and seventh pair of nerves may also be in- jured or again perhaps the guttural pouch in the superior portion. These accidents that are difficult to avoid when the resection is ade with chisel and hammer are yet possible with the osteotomic | Shears. The surest way would probably be to resort to the chain aw, introduced between the neck of the condyle and the internal axillary artery. For Baldoin the total resection of the condyle the best operation in all cases of purulent temporo-maxillary arthritis. It is more simple and less dangerous than the com- | plete resection of the joint and besides is followed by a more ‘rapid recovery and a less marked deformation of the region. At any rate it was a grand operation which deserved recording. yg * * x _ Lactic FEerMEeNtTs IN ComparRATIVE PaTHOLOGy.—For some time, in human medicine, the origin and pathogenic action of intestinal fermentations have been well known, and from this 252 EDITORIAL. knowledge, so clearly demonstrated by Professor Metchnikoff, a new therapy of intestinal diseases has been started, established on the principle advanced by the professor; viz., substitute to the wild flora of the intestines one of culture of other species, be- nignant or at least harmless. In veterinary medicine and present. knowledge of intestinal flora are quite complete, as far as the dog is concerned. And although we know less of that of horses, Metchnikoff has re- cently demonstrated that the intestines of the last animal con- tain in great quantity poisons of the aromatic series (iodols and © phenols) which indicate the rich condition of the toxic flora. And from these demonstrated facts it seems possible, compar- ing from man to animals, to admit that the pathogenous action of this flora in aninials is quite closely related to the symptoms | observed in a very large number of digestive troubles, in which | the functions of the apparatus are vitiated by putrefaction, by fermentation, acute enteritis, intestinal localizations in infectious diseases, such as in influenza of horses and distemper of dogs or | again in chronic cases where the infectious condition plays a | prominent part. Certainly it was interesting to know if, in animals, the neu- |) tralization of the toxic elements of the intestinal canal could be obtained with the administration of lactic ferments and the pre- 4 cious results realized in man be, with horses and dogs, similar and | as important as they are in man. 4 There is but one chemical agent which can, without danger, realize intestinal antisepsy and control its fermenting condition; it is lactic acid. And as it has been demonstrated that fermentation ~ can take place only in an alkaline media and that it can be ar- rested or controlled by lactic ferments which render the media — neutral, the indications were evident that lactic ferments must be | resorted to so as to realize the permanent acidity of the intes- tinal media and reduce the fermentation to its minima. i Among the many preparations containing the bacilli-produc- — ing lactic acid, the lactobacilline is in very high estimate in human ~ f medicine as an agent for intestinal therapy, being made with pure Pees a ee ee ee eee EDITORIAL. 253 cultures of bacillus Bulgaris, which by many observers is recog- nized as an excellent producing agent of lactic acid, and which besides has the property of acclimatizing itself readily in the intestines when in the presence of sugars. With all these points in consideration, experiments were made and recorded in the Recueil de Medecine Vétérinarie by Mr. Darrow, veterinarian of the Republican Guard in Paris. In horses 14 cases were treated, 2 for acute muco-membranous enteritis, 7 for chronic affections of the same nature, 2 for repeated colics of indigestion, 3 for intestinal suralimentation, 2 for intestinal localization dur- ing an attack of influenza. In dogs, 2 cases of intestinal localiza- tion in distemper, 2 for intestinal intoxication with unknown cause, I for gastro-enteritis. The results were in all most satisfactory, principally in chronic cases. Improvement is already observed two or three days after the treatment was begun. The lactobacilline can be given in powder (20 to 30 grammes to horses, 5 to 10 to dogs), mixed in food or electuary. It can also be used in cultures, 2 litres a day for horses, 150 to 200 grammes to dogs. Sugar, molasses, syrup must be administered at the same time. This new form of treatment for diseases of the digestive canal, which are sometimes so severe, so rebellious and even fatal, _ deserves at the hands of practitioners a fair trial. * * * Vaccinia.—Professor Cadéac has written in the Journal de _ Zootechnic a long review on this subject embracing its etiology _ and pathogeny and in which many points of interest are at length _ considered, such as: the theory upon the pathogenous agent, the _ virulent matters of the subjects affected with it, the resistance __ of the virus, the variation of its virulency, the vaccinal immunity it posesses, the serotherapy of vaccine, its relations with variola, _ the artificial infection, the pathogeny, the secondary infection, and the vaccination. This long enumeration of the various parts treated by the 254 EDITORIAL. professor tells how complete his review is, and prevents an entire reproduction. I will, however, offer our readers one of them as being probably of a specific interest and because it contains in- formation with which they may not be very familiar. * * * ARTIFICIAL .INFECTIONS.—Horses are the animais that have the maximum of receptivity for vaccinia. The inoculated vesico- pustules of the horse may appear quite often outside the points of inoculation; they contain abundant and very active lymph. Subcutaneous injections of the vaccine is sometimes tollowed with large pustular exanthemas which by their seat and character- istic together do not in the least differ from the eruption of natural horse-pox. The generalization of the consecutive infection of a local inoculation is specially characteristic to the horse, showing as it does the extreme receptivity of this animal species. The horse appears to us as the primitive source of vaccinia; he is easily in- fected by all ways. Ingestion of vaccinal pulp and tne inhalation of dried or pulverized vaccine is followed sometimes by general- ized eruption. The introduction of vaccine in veins promotes quite frequently in horses the eruption of vaccinal exanthemas, exact fac-similes of those of the natural disease. Sometimes, however, the erup- tion is vesicular or vesico-populous, like that which succeeds to the inoculation of variolic virus in veins. The absorption of the virus through lymphatics is followed, after eight or ten days, with an eruption identical to that which results from natural in- fection. The deposit of virus on a wound, a cutaneous excoria- tion or that of a mucous, is like a local inoculation, the preface of the apparition of one or several pustules. Infection in the testicle gives to the pulp of that organ a vac- cinal activity noticed from the third to the seventh day. Donkeys offer to vaccine a receptivity nearly equal to that of horses. The ass-pox has often been observed. Bovines are a little less susceptible than equines, in this way, that eruption does not generalize. EDITORIAL, Loo The pustules of the cow-pox follow the cutaneous inoculation of the natural or artificial cow-pox, of the horse-pox or of the human vaccine (retro-vaccination). As many vesico-pustules as there have been inoculations made will appear and all are um- bilicated. The subcutaneous injection of vaccine gives rise to an oedematous infiltration without any eruption. The injection of vaccinal lymph in the galactophorous canals is followed after two or three days by a moderated fever, swelling and painful teats; the milk becomes purulent and bloody toward the ninth day; it is virulent the fourteenth; the local pain is due to the develop- ment otf vesicles on the walls of the galactophorus canals. Young animals are considered as having a greater receptivity than adults, but it has not been proved why. The venous injection of vaccine does not give rise in the calf to general accidents. Indigenous heifers of Soudan are not very sensitive; but buffaloes in Saigon are. Sheep contract the sheep-pox vaccinia by inoculation, but they are not very good media; appearance of the pustules is slow and they remain small, assume a populous form and often dry be- fore the secretion takes place. Goats take the goat-pox by inoculation; they are excellent vacciniferous; the pustules have all the characters of the classic vaccine. Lama contract vaccine; the eruption is slow. The transmis- sion from Jama to lama reduces the virulency of the infectious agent. Camels are excellent vacciniferous animals. Swine are an uncertain media of culture. Dogs take vaccinia easily, whether human or animal. Sub- cutaneous or intravenous injections give immunity without erup- tion appearing. Rabbits are also susceptible to vaccinia. They have typical pustules with hyperlukocytosis between the third and fifth day. The best way to inoculate is to apply fresh or glycerined vaccinal pulp on the skin just when it has been shaved, and is yet irritated by the shaving. The vaccine, not very virulent, is inactive when inoculated in 256 EDITORIAL, the skin, but it cultivates on the cornea. Receptivity in rabbits varies. Guinea-pigs are very susceptible; its immunity is temporary. Chickens take vaccinia by inoculation of the skin of the thorax or that of the gills. The lesions consist in papulo-pustules trans- missible in serum from one chicken to another. Monkeys are also susceptible and can be used as animals for experiment. Man has less receptivity than horses and bovines; epidemics of vaccinia are unknown in human species and accidental inocula- tions are also rare. * * * IMPORTANT QUESTION IN BREEDING.—At one of the last meetings of the National Agricultural Society Mr. G. Barrier, the Inspector of the Veterinary Schools of France, presented a valuable paper upon the importance of the general improvements in breeding by the qualities that a mare ought to possess before ' being selected as a brood mare. The several articles which have appeared in the Review and as an addition to the suggestions made by some of our correspondents, Dr. Schwartzkopf, among the first, justify me in sending the resumé of Mr. Barrier’s com- munication. “1. In the sexual act, the mare gives out a germ which unites its hereditary energies to those of the stallion’s germs. She offers, besides, to the fecundated egg a shelter where it will gather all the materials for its first development, almost always the director of the ultimate growth. “2. The ovule or female germ, possesses in power all the morphology, the energy and the heredity of the mother; the sper- matozoid, or the male germ, those of the father. The uniformity between the two germs sums up their properties, which unite in the product ; their unevenness promotes their concurrence and has on the contrary a tendency to separate them. “3. With equal hereditary power, the mother thus, in the — 2 ae i) Ol -l EDITORIAL, creation of the product and in consequence for the improvement of the breed, is as good as the father. “4. The hereditary power is closely related to the ancient- ness of the breed or of the family and at the same time to the rac- ing aptitudes of each of the generators. “5. It is then as indispensable to take in careful considera- tion the origin and the racing aptitudes of the brood mare as those of the stallion, if one wishes to reckon on the value of her an- cestral and her individual heredity. “6. If the two generators are well conformed and belong to the same breed, the product will benefit of the morphology and of the energy of both, but nearer to the one which will have an ‘individual preponderating heredity. In such case the maternal influence then always comes to attenuate or increase that of the father; hence the necessity to select the mother as strictly as pos- sible, in the sense of the characteristics best adapted to the breed. And besides she must be ample, compactly built, robust and healthy, as long as it models and feeds the product. “7. Jf the generators, always well confirmed, are of differ- ent breeds, the product will not participate of their morphology and their energy, only if there is between them affinity of forms, of moticity and of the analogous exigencies of climate, soil, rais- ing and care; in the contrary case, the separation of the char- acters of the two breeds will appear in the product and the process of the raising will increase. “Unlikeness of the generators is one of the most dangerous risks of a crossed product. “8. If (which is frequent) the brood mare does not belong to a breed well confirmed, the uncertainty of the hereditary trans- mission is then carried to the extreme, the value of the product is altogether problematic. “The operation will soon become disastrous, as by forcing to the highest degree the separation of the characters, it increases the failures of the production and hence the miscalculations and losses. “o. The impregnation of the mother by a first gestation, the 258 EDITORIAL. tetagony, does not rest on observations or indisputable experi- ments, but only on facts of superfetation or of atavism. “In the present state of science it can not be considered as proved. On the contrary, everything seems to show that the first copulation has no more influence than the others and that it only affects the present and not the future of the mare. “to. Theoretically, the breeding of horses would lose less if the idea that the stallion is all and the mare only a simple recipient for the semen to fructify, was not so firmly taken in consideration.” The importance of the above remarks will not escape veterin- arians who practice in breeding districts where their good advice on the subject can but help to raise the importance and standing of their profession. % * * BipitioGRAPHY.—I have received from Publishers Carpenter & Company, of Ithaca, N. Y., a new book from Dr. V. A. Moore, the learned director of the New York State Veterinary College. The work’s title is Principles of Microbiology and is a treatise on bacteria, fungi and protozoa pathogenic for domestic animals. The author who holds the important chair of comparative path- ology, bacteriology and meat inspection has dedicated his work to all the students who have been studying in his laboratory, and have stimulated him in bringing it out for the needs of beginners in the study of microbiology. It is often said for new books coming out that they are just making their appearance at the proper time and that they will fill a wanted need. Certainly the same remark will apply to Principles of Microbiology and if veterinary students of Pro- fessor Moore will benefit, there can be no doubt that any one who will follow this special study will learn much in reading it. It is not a large book, it is not one that goes into the entire sub- ject of microbiology, but yet see how plain its value is presented in the preface. “Its purpose is to point out the place and role EDITORIAL. 259 TT of micro-organism in nature, to give the methods for their study and identification, to indicate the relation of certain species to ani- mal diseases, to give a description of the more important species pathogenic for animals and a brief discussion of the reaction of the tissues to microbian invasion and the theories of immunity.” And yet the author says the work is not exhaustive, he might have added that it contains ALL the essential and important ele- ments which without them the student would find himself much embarrassed. The volume is made of nearly 500 pages, it has 101 illustra- tions, well gotten up, easy reading and its contents are divided into 25 chapters where, after a historical sketch and numerous generalities, including the place in nature of bacteria, their mor- phology, classification and identification of species, the bacteriolo- gical apparatus, preparation for cultivation, examination of cul- tures, stains and so forth, the reader is brought to the considera- tion of Chapter XV and XVI, which treat of the coccaccce and their genders, stryptococcus and micrococcus. In the four fol- lowing chapters we read of the bacteriacce with the bacillus, the bacterium, the germs pseudomonas migula and the higher bac- teria and fungi pathogenic for animals. Protozoa and _ their pathogenic species, the diseases due to filterable viruses, the con- sideration of bacterial products, tissue reactions and immunity bring the reader to the end by a glance to serum diagnosis and one to immunity and vaccine therapy. By this concise enumeration of the contents of Principles of Microbiology one can readily judge that Professor Moore has done a good work and that all those, students or practitioners, who will study them will open for them the doors to a most fas- cinating and important branch of medicine. *% as k BIBLIOGRAPHIC ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—The “ Braxy’’ Type of Sheep Disease in Australia, by Professor Gilruth, D.V.S., M.R.C.V.S., of Melbourne University. A reprint from the 260 EDITORIAL. “ Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science,” where the author gives a detailed account of his investigations, experiments, etc., etc., relating to the presence, causes, symptoms and pathogeny of “a group of diseases of sheep which exists in various parts of the world, which though not absolutely identical are so closely allied that they may be dealt with under one gen- eral term ‘ Braxy,’ the old-established British name.” From the Bureau of Agriculture of the Government of the Philippine Islands, under the direction of Archibald R. Ward, B.S.A., D.V.M., Chief Veterinarian, I have received Bulletin No. 20, Experiments on the Efficiency of Antirinderpest Serum, by the Chief and the Acting Assistant, Frederick William Wood, D.V.M., with the general conclusions: “ The foregoing experi- ments seem to show that antirinderpest serum does not prevent infection with rinderpest. On the contrary, animals injected with serum and exposed to rinderpest soon contract the disease and pass through a more or less modified attack. We have shown that the blood of animals is infective during the attack. If by passive immunity is meant an artificial condition by means of which the severity of an attack is lessened, we grant that such exists, but deny that there is a passive immunity of a kind that prevents invasion by the virus of rinderpest.” Bulletin No. 20, Notes on the Muscular Changes Brought About By Intermuscular Injection of Calves with the Virus of Contagious Pleuro-Pneumonia, by Dr. William Hutchings Bayn- ton, D.V.M., pathologist, under the direction of the Chief Veterinarian, with four illustrations. Bulletin No. 21, Study of the Normal Blood of Carabao, by the same authors, researches made at the veterinary laboratory. Alpha Psi Directory, complied by H. Preston Hoskins, V.M. D., of St. Paul, Minn. This is the first edition which had its issue retarded because of the difficulties to obtain all the in- formation needed, and it is only by hard work that the present National Secretary of the Council, Dr. Hoskins, has succeeded in getting the work in proper shape for publication. The officers of the Council of the Alpha Psi Fraternity thank EDITORIAL. 261 all those who have assisted in compiling the necessary material for this edition, but certainly they deserve themselves great com- pliments for having brought before the members of the Society the interesting contents before us. Already a number of Chap- ters are in working order, and many familiar names we can find in the Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon. Founded by the veterinary students of Ohio State University in 1906 in order to promote a stronger bond between the veterin- ary colleges of North America, it counts already 747 members, 120 honorary, 370 graduates, 237 active, represented in Chapters named by the eight first letters of the Greek alphabet. ~ As the profession will grow older in North America, so will the Alphi Psi fraternity grow bigger and with it greater intimacy among veterinarians and their Alma Mater. Ack SILVER ANNIVERSARY OF IOWA VETERINARY | ASSOCIATION AND REUNION AT AMES. November 12, 1912, marked the opening of the first session of the twenty-fifth annual meeting of the lowa Veterinary Asso- ciation, which was in the form of a jubilee, in celebration of the silver anniversary of the association, which was organized in Ames in 1887, and of the opening of the splendid new buildings of the old veterinary school of lowa State College. It was a great triumph for this pioneer veterinary school of the West (the foundation of which was laid by Professor Stalker in 1878) to be in a position to take care of the silver anniversary meeting of the powerful veterinary organization of which Iowa boasts; and it was an equally great triumph for the veterinarians of Iowa to find such a splendidly equipped veterinary school in the state of which they are justly proud, the “ Hawkeye State,” their own fertile lowa. And, to add to the jubilee spirit, it was also ‘ home _ week,” and as the week advanced alumni from the various schools of the institution other than the veterinary school began arriving on the campus, in anticipation of the football game that was to 262 EDITORIAL. be played on the closing day of the week between the * Cyclones ” of the Iowa State College and the ‘‘ Hawkeyes” of the lowa State University on the campus of the former institution. It was under these auspicious conditions that the Iowa Veterinary Association opened the first session of its silver anniversary meet- ing, and was welcomed to the city by the citizens of Ames through Mr. J. Y. Luke, of the Commercial Club, who gave the International Champion Pen of Barrows, Ames, IgII. members of the association and their guests a very cordial wel- come indeed and some encouraging advice. President Raymond A. Pearson being unavoidably absent, attending a conference of agricultural college presidents, at Atlanta, Ga., Dean Edgar Wil- liams Stanton of the Division of Science, who has given nearly half a century of his lifetime to the lowa State College and whose enthusiasm is only equaled by his love for the college (the Veterinary school occupies a large and a warm corner in his hezrt) welcomed the association to the college and told its mem- EDITORIAL. 263 bers he wanted them to feel that it was their own, to come into whenever they desired and to use it for their own benefits in any way that they could. To those whose great privilege it has been to meet that whole-souled gentleman, Dean Stanton, the hearti- ness of the welcome and the warmth it brought into the hearts of those to whom it was given will be readily appreciated, as it seemed to be by Dr. S. H. Johnston, Mayor of his home town, Victor—International Grand Champion, Ames, 1911. who responded for the association in a humorous manner. The rest of the day was given up to the reports of some very im- portant committees, and the reading and discussion of a paper on “Serum Therapy by the Simultaneous Method for Hog Cholera,’* by Dr. E. A. Buxton, of Vinton, Iowa. The discus- sion of this very interesting paper on a subject, the importance of which may be imagined when we remember that the author of the paper stated that the loss to farmers in the state of lowa *Publisned on page 331 of this issue. 264 EDITORIAL. from this plague during the past year was about fifteen million dollars, was opened by no less an authority than Dr. W. B. Niles, of Ames, who, with Dr. Dorsett, produced the Dorset-Niles hog cholera serum known to the profession on both sides of the At- lantic. The discussion soon became general, in which the members manifested unusual interest and seemed about equally divided in their opinions as the better results from the simultaneous method and that in which the serum alone was used. State Veterinarian International Winner Used in Government Horse Breeding Work at Ames. ‘ Gibson favored the “serum only ’’ method, and expressed it as his opinion that where it failed it was due to the presence of pleuro-pneumonia in addition to hog cholera, in which case he believed that no treatment would avail. He advised the veterin- arians to be careful and methodical in work of that kind, to use enough serum and not try to do so many in a day that they could not attend to the necessary antiseptic precautions. The evening session, which was opened with music by the EDITORIAL, 265 Iowa State College glee club, proved a most interesting and profitable one from a literary viewpoint. Dean Stange of the veterinary school gave an address upon encephalomyelitis in horses, in which he reviewed the literature upon the disease, both European and American, also presenting the symptoms according to his own observations, all of which were extremely interesting and instructive. Dr. Bergeman presented a paper on therapeutics, discussing more particularly the effects of four important drugs; the hour had grown so late by the time Dr. Agricultural Hall. Bergeman had finished his subject, that discussion of it had to be foregone. Wednesday dawned bright and cheery after the rain that had persisted all day Tuesday, with nearly two hundred veterinarians registered, and after disposing of considerable committee work, unfinished and miscellaneous business, Dr. J. W. Griffith, of Cedar Rapids, presented a paper on sanitation, in which he urged a closer supervision of milk production for cities. In- structive papers on surgery were then presented by Drs. H. E. Bemis, F. R. Ahlers and F. J. Nieman, which with some further committee reports, took up the forenoon. At 1:30 Prof. W. L. Williams, of Cornell University, began his stereopticon lecture on sterility, which was very much appreciated. Dr. Williams’ 266 EDITORIAL. lecture was followed by a paper on peritonitis, by Dr. Wm. Drinkwater, and one by Mr. Geo. Judisch, professor of phar- macy-at the veterinary school, on “ Materia Medica—Progress and Problems.” The papers for the day were brought to a close by Dr. F. R. Copeland, who described an acute disease among cattle with nervous symptoms which was very interesting. The election of officers which: placed Dr. D. H. Miller, of Council Bluffs in the office of chief executive, Drs. W. A. Hetk, West Liberty, and G. A. Scott, Waterloo, first and second vice-presi- Margaret Hall, the Lome of the Young Women of the College. dents, respectively, and reinstated Dr. C. H. Stange as secretary, and the election of more than sixty new members to the associa- tion, completed the second day’s work. The evening was devoted to a banquet held in Margaret Hall, the home of the young women of the college, and given to the association and its guests by the Iowa State College and the citizens of Ames, at which more than two hundred of both sexes sat down. The food for the entire banquet was prepared and served by the young women of the college, students of home economics, and we feel assured that no better food or prettier service was ever given at any banquet, and the hall in which it EDITORIAL. 267 was served was a perfect flower show, so beautifully had it been decorated for the occasion. Another one of the uncommon features at a banquet of a veterinary association was a quartette, of which Dr. J. I. Gibson, of De Moines, was the leader, and his deep bass delighted the hearts of all present. One or two selec- tions were given between each of the addresses; the one nearest to Dr. Gibson’s heart being “ Iowa,” during the singing of which his face expressed great pleasure. Dr. H. E. Bemis proved a splendid toastmaster and preceded each of his introductions with Central Building. a humorous story. It was midnight when the festivities were brought to a close. Thursday was given up exclusively to a surgical and diag- nostic clinic, at which Prof. W. L. Williams did an operation for roaring, spayed a mare and mended a split ear on a pony. Dr. Bemis did a tracheotomy, Dr. Malcolm operated on an um- bilical hernia, Dr. Miller on a cryptorchid, Dr. Nieman did a repulsion of the fourth molar and Dr. Stewart (Iowa) operated on a fractured rib. There was also a diagnostic clinic of cases of lameness, small animals, and, of great importance, hog 268 EDITORIAL. cholera subjects, over which post-mortem lectures were given by Drs. Niles and Dimock, which were very interesting and very instructive. That, in brief, is an outline of the silver anniversary meeting of the Iowa Veterinary Association; minutiae and statistics will be furnished by Secretary Stange and published in a subsequent issue when received. But we cannot leave the beautiful campus without a look at its many excellent buildings, so before we go farther let us peep into some of the corners of the veterinary buildings we have not yet seen. One of the wonders of the veterinary school is its dean. The manner in which he man- aged to play the dual role of dean of the veterinary faculty and Secretary of the Iowa Veterinary Association the three days of the meeting was remarkable. He seemed to manage to keep in touch with his office and with the meeting in session at the same time. You walk into the assembly hall and you find him sitting on the platform beside President Sayers, recording the proceedings; you walk into his office and you find him standing beside his desk dictating to his stenographer, and while doing so he extends his cordial hand and welcomes you with a friendly smile. But you do not want to intrude too much upon his time, of which you know he has none to spare and you wander back into the building and suddenly find yourself in a large dissecting — room with several horses on their feet suspended by hooks and chains, so that the superficial muscles can be dissected in the standing, position. Over to one side you see an iron door in the floor which reminds you of those seen in the large killing floors of the abbattoirs, and your curiosity leads you to the floor below, where you find a rendering plant for the disposition of all the offal from the dissecting room; these were two things © not’ described in the account of the college given in the October number of the Review and you are glad you found them. Other features that interest you are the large operating rooms, the operating table and the ‘“ Rech-Marbaker,’ horse ambulance standing in readiness. But time presses and there is much to be seen on the campus that overlooks twelve hundred acres of col- EDITORIAL. 269 lege lands dotted with flocks and herds. So you journey up to the central building, in which the president, registrar and deans Ames. College Campus, A Flock of Sheep on the of some of the schools have their offices, it is the administration building, and you are impressed with its beautiful appointments 270 EDITORIAL, as you are pleasantly received in the several offices. Morrill Hall next holds your attention. You then go over to Agricul- tural Hall, the main building of which contains the offices and recitation rooms of the agricultural, engineering and veterinary departments, in addition to which there is also an annex, afford- ing large and commodious rooms for drafting, reading, etc. Then you are desirous of seeing Margaret Hall, used exclusively for home economics work, and the home of the young women of the college. Your first visitation to it was at night, and you saw Class in £tock Judging at Ames. only the entrance and the beautifully decorated banquet hall, but now you are impressed with the beauty of the exterior. But you are desirous of seeing some of the stock and to know some- thing of the breeding work at Ames, so you go down into the stables and on your way pass a flock of sheep. You pass through the cattle barns where you see fine specimens of Shorthorns, Black Angus, Herefords and many others, out into the horse barns, where you find “ Dappel Tom,” an imported eight-year- old Shire stallion, weighing 2,200 pounds, and another imported EDITORIAL. PAT (Al Shire stallion, “ Marman,”’ five years old, not quite so heavy. The first one was imported as a three-year-old, and the second one as a two-year-old. These horses are used to cross on Per- cheron mares, and they are crossing Percheron stallions on the Shire mares. From here you pass out into the sheep pens where you see splendid specimens of Shropshires, Hampshires, Oxfords, Cotswolds and Southdowns; and continuing on you come to the hog yards, where you find that breeding is not being neglected, for you encounter some Hampshires, Berkshires, Po- land Chinas and Duroc Reds. And just as you turn to leave the hog yards, standing on a knoll, you look across a little valley to a group of weanling colts in a paddock, in which are represented Clydes, Belgians and Shires, and you realize the advantages that such surroundings offer to veterinary students, and what oppor- tunities they have of becoming proficient in stock judging. Then on to the dairy building, where you meet Professor Mortensen, who initiates you into the mysteries of how to make butter, cheese, ice cream, etc., by the latest machinery and with the least number .of bugs per c.c. And so, although you have been compelled to hurry, you have gained an impression of the great work that is being carried on at that time-honored institution, the Iowa State College; and you can understand why all the men that you have met in your own profession that came from there are above the average. The facilities are there and a spirit of earnestness and honesty of purpose pervades the atmosphere. God bless old Ames! THE HOG CHOLERA PROBLEM. The problem of the prevention and control of hog cholera is so important and so perplexing, and therefore of such vital in- terest to rural veterinarians, that the Review has given freely of a great amount of space to its discussion and elucidation dur- ing the last few years, and invites short to-the-point articles discussing this many-sided question. For until it can be def- initely determined as to whether the serum-only method or the 272 EDITORIAL. serum-virus method offers the greater immunity against the dis- ease and the greater protection to the hog owner the full value of either method will not have been realized. For so long as the profession is not in a position to be a unit on that, as any other question, its clientéle must of necessity continue in an un- settled state of mind. That there is not uniformity of opinion is not because the matter is not receiving attention; for it is receiving the very earnest attention of some of the brightest minds in the veterinary profession to-day; but as in all great problems, two sides are always presented; and if carefully pre- sented and honestly met sufficient light must eventually be shed to remove the last shadow of doubt as to the safe and sane method to be adopted. In our October number we published the views of a recognized authority on the subject, Prof. M. H. Reynolds, of Minnesota, and in our November number an article by no less an authority than Prof. R. A. Craig, of Purdue Uni- versity, while in our present number we have articles on hog cholera by Drs. C. D. McGilvray, of Winnipeg, Canada; F. M. Starr, Odessa, Missouri, and E. A. Buxton, Vinton, Iowa. We would suggest the reading of all these articles carefully and mak- ing a mental comparison of them with your own experiences, and then the brief compiling of the vital points as you see them, printed in the Revrew’s pages, would make interesting and valu- able reading for your professional brothers. fiesurgam, It is with profound sorrow that we announce the death of Mrs. Samuel Brenton, of Detroit, Michigan, on November 23, 1912. Every member of the American Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation sympathizes with its latest past-president, Dr. Brenton, in his sad bereavement; a sympathy shared by all veterinarians and their wives throughout the country; as the sweetness of character of this good wife and mother had endeared her to all whose privilege it was to know her. ORIGINAL ARTICLES. ooo A REPORT OF OVER THREE YEARS’ EXPERIENCE WITH THE SCHAFER PHYLACOGENS IN THE TREAT- MENT OF INFECTIONS IN HORSES* By F. M. Sawyer, M.D.C., BAKERSFIELD, CAL. Although I have long realized from the great yariation of the clinical symptoms in different cases of the same disease that many of the commoner infections are mixed rather than pure infections, the use of the phylacogens in the beginning seem emperical to me. However, I had great confidence in Dr. Schafer, whom I have long known, and besides I knew that for some months he had been obtaining wonderful results in the human field with exactly the same preparations, so I felt no hesitancy in using them on horses. Now that men of authority in the medical and veterinary world have taken up the use and study of the phylacogens, I am content to await their decision as to the true explanation of their effect rather than to attempt to justify my use of the phylacogens by offering an explanation of how they act therapeutically. I am actuated in making this presentation, however, because my long experience has convinced me that I can cure conditions surely and promptly with the phylacogen, which formerly were very resistent to treatment and not infrequently ended seriously. In this report the writer to facilitate discussion presents his cases in two groups—“ field cases’’ and “ hospital cases.” The former group includes cases treated at considerable distance, in which daily observation, daily treatment and records were not practical and where there was very little experienced help to carry out adjuvant treatment. In most of these cases two or three doses on consecutive or alternate days brought about cure * Fourteen cases in connection with this report are published on page 334 this issue. 273 274 F. M. SAWYER. or such improvement that the animal required no further atten- tion. For this reason the discussion of the field cases is mainly a statement of the general facts noted. The latter group includes only cases treated in the hospital or at the owner’s place, if close enough at hand to permit daily visits, treatment, and keeping records. The discussion of these cases brings out more of the special points and the case histories appended are selected from among this group. At first I gave the phylacogens intravenously, but soon founda I also had to give them subcutaneously; with an animal easy to handle and godd facilities for operating and warming the phy- lacogens I give the dose intravenously; with an animal difficult to handle, poor facilities for operating and warming the phylaco- gen, I give the dose subcutaneously. I would add that in giving — a subcutaneous injection I use a 1-inch needle and simply thrust — it in obliquely—this very often gives a partial intramuscular — injection. | I have never seen a sudden death follow immediately after — injection, or even within three or four hours, except in terminal — cases. This occurred a few times early in the work; now I never | inject a terminal case without explaining to the owner the possi- bility of the animal dying in the reaction. The decision then | rests partly with the ownér as to whether the remedy shall be © given or not. At first the reaction obtained with the intravenous injections were very striking; rapid breathing, staring coat, staring eyes, trembling and muscular rigors came on rapidly in about that order and always accompanied by rapid, weakened pulse. In about half the cases sweating followed the symptoms. These symptoms were due to the large dose and at times no doubt to © the phylacogen being too cold. In four cases prolonged rigors and convulsions occurred, but none of these cases terminated fatally. When first seen these symptoms caused me some worry, but after seeing quite a number of cases, I soon learned that they were not serious. These reactions, however, led to the reduction | in dose, slower injection, greater care of the needle and syringe, and the warming of the phylacogens to body temperature. SCHAFER PHYLACOGENS IN TREATMENT OF INFECTIONS IN HORSES. 275 The reaction with the subcutaneous injections are practically all local. At the site of injection there occurs in six to twenty- four hours a variable amount of swelling which may be painful or tender and persists for twelve to forty-eight hours—a rise of temperature occasionally followed by sweating are the only symp- toms of general reaction I have noted. I have never seen rapid breathing, trembling or rigors following subcutaneous injections. The appended tables give the list of conditions treated, num- ber of cases of each kind treated and results obtained. They cover the period from June, 1909, to November 1, 1912. I would explain that in both tables under the heading of Distemper I have included only the catarrhal form of influenza, which affects colts and young horses, in which running from the nose, watery eyes, laryngitis and more or less glandular swelling are the most con- stant and predominant symptoms. Under the heading Influenza I have included all other forms of influenza. TABLE OF FIELD CASES. Cure req. Cure req. CONDITIONS. Number Prophyl- not more not more Deaths. PHYLACOGEN USED. of Cases. actic. than 3. than 6. Distemper......... 250 100 120 25 5 Mixed infection; distemper. ibfuehe (ob 150 25 95 25 5 Mixed infection; in- fluenza after April 1, 1911; pneu- monia. Poor condition..... 50 3 50 Se ae Mixed infection. PSCESS Gn Sasi) eae os 25 Sot 25 nik fr. Mixed infection. Wotal..s.... ++. 475 125 290 50 10 TABLE OF HOSPITAL AND NEARBY CASES. Cure req. Cure req. Cure req. CONDITIONS. Number not more not more more Deaths. PHYLACOGEN USED. of Cases. than 3. than 6. than 6. Distemper... 6c 6 3. 12 4 8 a sh Mixed infection; distemper. inte. 7 25 5 11 2 if Mixed infection; in- fluenza; after April 1, 1911, pneu- monia. Surgical infections. . 12 12 a +e Lata Mixed infection. IPAmBINItIS....... «. «.«« 12 12 43 ‘*e ue Mixed infection; also pneumonia. Poor condition..... 5 5 a Sf Rea Mixed infection. AZ OUIEIAg |) 652% 6. 5.. 4 3 il 3 aes Mixed infection. Navicular disease... 1 Pneumonia. | | | oo | sa]: DG ail 2 See eeaeaaes Fd 41 20 276 F. M. SAWYER. DISCUSSING THE TABLE OF FIELD CASES. It will be noticed that this includes 475 cases. This may seem a large number, but as veterinarian for the Kern County Land Company the writer had opportunity in 1909 and 1910 (when distemper and influenza in a severe and malignant form were much prevalent) for treating three bands of horses, each number- ing upward of fifty head, and on numerous occasions bands of five and the head were injected on successive or alternate days. From this it will be seen that the estimates given are really con- servative, and this is also the explanation for the estimates appearing in round numbers. Considering the Conditions in Detail. 1. Distemper—250 cases (1): Of this number I considered 100 cases as having been treated prophylactically, as they pre- sented no symptoms at the time of injection. These received but one dose and were not reinjected unless they developed symp- toms; less than ten cases needed a second dose and this despite the fact that no attempt was made to isolate them from those animals which presented definite symptoms. One hundred and twenty cases required not more than three doses, and 25 cases re- quired more than three, and not over six doses to be entirely cured. Five cases terminated fatally. These were all cases of the irregular type, in which internal abscess was the complicating feature. 2. Influenga—150 cases (2): Of this number I considered 25 as having been treated prophylactically—they were treated the same as the distemper cases, none of these developed symptoms. Ninty-five head required not more than three doses, and 25 re- quired more than three, and not over six doses to be cured. Five cases terminated fatally—these were all cases of the irregular type in which pneumonia occurred as an early complication. I wish to add here that none of this group which developed pneu- monia got well, and this in spite of the very best possible at- tention. Gy ka this group of cases I used Mixed Infection Distemper Phylacogen. 2) In this group I used Mixed Infection Influenza Phylacogen early in the week— after April Ist, 1911, I used Pneumonia Phylacogen. SCHAFER PHYLACOGENS IN TREATMENT OF INFECTIONS IN HORSES. 277 3. Poor Condition—5o cases (3): This is a rough estimate, I feel sure there were more cases. None of these required more than three doses. I followed the routine of giving one dose (usually 15 c.c. intravenously) and following with a second dose (usually 30 c.c. intravenously) if necessary at the end of seven to ten days. I consider the results in this class of cases very wonderful. Early in the work I noticed that no matter for what condition I gave the phylacogen the animal, after being cured, was invariably much improved in general strength and picked up noticeably in weight, so constant was this that after five or six months’ experience I began to give the phylacogen to horses that were in poor general condition and could not pick up in weight. 4. Abscess—25 cases: In this group I include only very large abscesses; here I followed the plan of supplementing the surgical treatment with one or two doses of mixed infection phy- lacogen, and invariably obtained such rapid healing that the phy- lacogen had to be credited with the result. None of these cases received over three doses. Right here let me add that in any condition where there is localized pus formation the phylacogens can produce a cure only if proper surgical drainage is made. This explains why in diseases complicated with internal abscess no cure can be brought about by giving phylacogen. In these cases one gets a typical reaction with a rise and fall of tempera- ture, and even relief of pain, but it will be noticed that in such cases the temperature never goes quite down to normal (it may go very nearly to normal) and in a few hours (six to eight at the most) begins to go back up to where it was before the ad- ministration of the dose. The pulse here usually stays rapid and weak, instead of getting slower and stronger as is the case when cure follows—the animal gets rapidly weaker and the phylacogen if persisted in under such conditions adds materially to the burden of the beast. Summary of Field Cases. , Admuinistration—Not more than one-third of the cases re- ceived intravenous injection. This included the older and better (3) In these cases I used Mixed Infection Phylacogen. 8 10) F. M. SAWYER. horses, which also received adjuvant treatment when necessary. The balance received subcutaneous injection—these included suckling colts, yearlings and young animals. Site of Injectton—In intravenous injection, the jugular vein 1s used. I usually alternate from side to side, choosing a point about 114 inches away from the previous injection. Subcutaneously, I usually give it in the neck, except in suckling colts where I give it just back of the shoulder. Dose—In the beginning I gave 15 to 60 c.c., whether given intravenously or subcutaneously, except in young colts, where I gave 714 to 30 c.c. Since March, rg11, I give 7%4 to 30 cc, , except to colts; these I give 5 to 15 c.c.. In the subcutaneoms method it has been and is my custom to give the maximum dose from the first, while in the intravenous method I start with the minimum and gradually increase the dose as necessary. Reaction—As above stated, the reaction with the intravenous method were severe early in the work. Since January, 1910, the usual reaction symptoms which I obtain are uneasiness, increased rapidity of breathing, urination, occasionally trembling with star- ing coat; in a few cases the animal lies down. In the subcu- taneous method the reaction is practically all local. Interval—In this class of cases 24 to 72 hours. This was due to the number of injections and the attending circumstances. It was the aim to inject these cases every 24 hours, but if this was inconvenient for any reason the injections were often postponed 24 to 48 hours, making the interval as above stated. Results—It will be noticed that there were deaths only among the distemper and influenza cases—in both of these groups they were all cases in which the animal when first seen had irregular symptoms. Those of the distemper group were complicated with abscess formation internally; those of the influenza group were complicated with pneumonia. In quite a number of these cases the conditions were verified on opening the animal after death. Ten deaths in 400 is a very low percentage, considering the severity and malignancy of the distemper and influenza prev- alent at the time, and the number of colts and young horses SCHAFER PHYLACOGENS IN TREATMENT OF INFECTIONS IN HORSES. 279 affected. I have included the prophylactic cases in the total of cures, because in my experience when distemper and influenza get into a band of colts and young horses very nearly all get it before the disease is stamped out. DISCUSSING THE TABLE OF HOSPITAL AND NEAR-BY CASES. This lists but 71 cases. I have included only such cases as were treated in the hospital or near by where it was practical to see and treat the animal every 24 hours and keep a record of the treatment and clinical condition. Considering the Conditions in Detail. 1. Distemper—t2 cases: Of these, four cases required not more than three doses and eight cases required more than three doses and not over six doses to be cured. In this group of cases there were no deaths. All of these cases were of the severe form and some were brought in for treatment after being worked for a number of days while they were sick—this accounts for the greater number of doses necessary. Many cases were lost at this time before the phylacogen treatment was instituted. 2. Influwenza—25 cases: Of these, five cases required not over three doses, 11 cases required not over six doses, and two cases required upward of six doses to be cured. All of these cases were of the severe form, and some were brought in for treatment after being worked for a number of days while they were sick. This accounts for the greater number of doses neces- sary. Seven cases terminated fatally. These were all cases which presented pneumonia symptoms when first brought in for treat- ment. 3. Surgical Infections—t12 cases: This includes four large abscesses, three infected punctures, four infected lacerations and one bursal infection. In these cases I routinely gave only three injections and invariably was rewarded with rapid healing. Cases which ordinarily run from three to four weeks usually get well in from ten days to two weeks. The animal is early relieved of pain and is able to work much sooner. 4. Laminitis—12 cases: None of these cases required over 280 F, M. SAWYER. three doses to be cured. ‘The results in these are very prompt, and the condition seems entirely overcome—no tenderness re- mains and the animals can go to work on the fifth or sixth day. In five of these cases ] have had opportunity for subsequent observation and there has been no recurrence. Of special interest is the fact that the last two cases treated made a very prompt striking recovery with pneumonia phylacogen which I gave be- cause I was out of mixed infection phylacogen. 5. Poor Condition—s cases: None of these cases required more than three doses. All were treated intravenously with two doses mixed infection phylacogen, at a seven to ten-day interval. This is a condition which I recommend for the serious considera- tion of the veterinarian; many horses can be much increased in value by this treatment. 6. Azoturia—4 cases: Three of these cases received five doses; one case received five doses. In all of these cases I gave the phylacogen as adjuvant treatment, expecting thereby to con- trol the infective complications of the urinary and enteric tract— all of the cases received the regular approved medicinal treatment besides. In these cases I gave the mixed infection phylacogen subcutaneously in doses of 15 to 60 c.c. 7. Navicular Discase—1i case: This required eight doses and was given pneumonia phylac. I was actuated to treat this case with phylacogen because of the rather prompt and complete re- — sults obtained in two previous cases of severe laminitis, both of — which received pneumonia phylacogen because I happened to be ~ out of the mixed infection phylacogen. After the second dose the animal was much relieved of pain, and after the fourth dose — seemed entirely free from pain. Because of the special interest I have appended this case history in detail. SUMMARY OF HOSPITAL CASES. Administration—Before April 1, 1911, about one-half of the cases received intravenous injection. Since then practically all have been treated intravenously. Site of Injection—As given on page 278. Right here I wish SCHAFER PHYLACOGENS IN TREATMENT OF INFECTIONS IN HORSES. 281 to say that in the intravenous method the care of the needle and syringe is the important thing. There is more danger in inject- ing a small drop of oil or a small shred from a syringe plunger, or a small blood clot than from any amount of air that could be injected with a syringe under usual conditions. The following is my routine for taking take of the needle and syringe: After making an intravenous injection, I carefully rinse the needle and syringe barrel with cold water which may or may not be sterile, I then rinse in 95 per cent. alcohol, which removes all the water and allows the syringe and needle to dry without rusting. I always replace the wire in the needle. They are then ready to be put away until needed again, when all must be boiled before using. This method is especially effective in keeping a needle smooth in- side—a very important point in avoiding small blood clots in the butt or shaft of the needle. In opening the phylacogen container I use three or four ply of gauze saturated with 65 per cent. alcohol, with this I remove the rubber cork, laying the same down carefully in the gauze; I then withdraw with the syringe the amount of phylacogen I wish to use through the needle, after which I carefully replace the cork, holding the same with the gauze saturated with alcohol—this prevents contamination of the phylacogen as effectively as is possible under the ordinary circumstances with which the veterinarian meets in his work and the remainder can be kept for several days and used at will. Dose—I now give 7% to 30 c.c. whether given intravenously or subcutaneously. In the subcutaneous method I usually start with the maximum dose and continue it throughout. In the intravenous I start with the minimum dose and increase as neces- sary. The rapidity with which I increase the succeeding dose depends entirely upon the degree of reaction obtained with the preceding dose—with no reaction or very mild reaction I double the dose and give it 24 hours later—with a moderate reaction I increase the dose one-half and give it 24 hours later—with a strong reaction I repeat the dose and give it 24 hours later. In very young colts I have found 15 c.c. a very effective subcu- taneous dose. 282 F, M. SAWYER. Reaction—Of late the usual symptoms of reaction which I obtain with the intravenous method are uneasiness, increased rapidity of breathing, staring coat, urination and occasionally trembling and lying down. With the subcutaneous dose the re- action is practically all local. It is my custom to explain to the owner what symptoms may be expected after an intravenous dose; I also inform him that considerable swelling follows the subcutaneous dose. This reassures the owner and often saves considerable time. Interval—In this class of cases it is invariably 24 hours. Results—It will be noticed that there were deaths only in the influenza cases. Seven deaths in 25 cases seems a high mortality. However, these cases were all cases in which the animal was brought in late for treatment and presented symptoms of pneu- monia—three of these cases had been worked up to the time they were brought in for treatment. In all of the cases it was evident that the animal had very little resistance left when brought for treatment. 1 considered all these cases terminal cases, and in each instance explained to the owner that the animal had little or no chance for recovery and that I was giving the phylacogen as a last resort. It will be noticed that 13 of the 18 cases which were cured required six doses or upward. This is explained in the same way; 7. ¢., the animals were brought in late for treat- ment. From My Experience I Conclude That—The phylacogens are safe therapeutic agents to administer. I point to the large num- ber of cases, 546, injected without a single death that could be directly attributed to the administration of the phylacogen and to the occurrence of alarming rigors and convulsions in less than 10 cases. The phylacogens are practical for use in the regular routine work of the veterinarian—both in his outside work and in hospi- tal work. The phylacogens are economical in cost. They cost less than serums. Because of rapid cures obtained, they cut down loss by hastening the animal’s return to work. They cut down cost by { : 4 ‘ SCHAFER PHYLACOGENS IN TREATMENT OF INFECTIONS IN HORSES. 283 shortening the time during which the animal needs the attention of a caretaker. They improve the general condition of the ani- mals, as they usually gain in weight and strength after a course of phylacogen. The phylacogens are reliable therapeutic agents. I point to the fine percentage of results obtained in my experience and the period of time—over three years—through which they have con- tinued to give good results at my hands. I consider this very convincing. In closing, I will suggest that the veterinarian, to acquire ex- perience and gain confidence in his “ working stroke,” begin the use of phylacogens by administering them subcutaneously, and at first only to hospital cases or cases sufficiently near that daily observation and treatment is practical. I can assure any veter- inarian who believes that the bacterial preparations have a place in therapeutics, that the phylacogens are the very best of this class of remedies and their intelligent use will give him good re- sults far beyond his expectations in many refractory and serious conditions. During the period when Dr. Schafer was making the Phylacogens in his laboratory, in Bakersfield, Cal., it was his custom to keep up his cultures of the various organisms used in making the Phylacogens by obtaining fresh growths whenever opportunity was atforded by outbreaks of infection in both veterinary and human field; so it was quite, natural that he availed himself of cultures from the horses suffering from distemper ‘and influenza, so that he could add these two factors to the basic Mixed Infection Phyla- cogen, thus conforming to the idea of giving a predominant factor to the phylacogen, intended for treating a condition known to have a predominating causal organism. The names Mixed Infection Distemper Phylacogen and Mixed Infection Influenza Phylacogen were therefore necessary at the time to designate and differentiate these two from the other phylacogens—pneumonia, erysipelas, etc. My thanks are also herewith extended to the veterinary biologic and research department of Parke Davis & Co. for the courtesy of cer cae and supplies of phylacogens, which enabled me to continue my work after Dr. Schafer discontinued making the phylacogens in Bakersfield. PotENT Twin Butts.—On page 723, issue of October 9, I read with interest G. T. Burrows’ article on the free martin heifer, especially the translation from Spiegelberg. In Dean Daven- port’s “ Principles of Breeding” (note at bottom of page 176), the same statement is found (quoted from Geddes & Thompson’s “ Evolution of Sex’). I remember that a Short-horn cow owned by Conrad Welch, then a resident of Fulton County, Indiana, -gave birth about 1892 to twin bull calves, both of which were _ afterward used as sires in the neighborhood, so I know perfectly ‘normal twin bulls may be born.—John T. Montgomery in Breed- ers’ Gasette. ARTERIOSCLEROSIS EPIDEMIC IN SHEEP. By Frep Torrance, M.A., D.V.S., Ottawa, CAN. Translation of an Article by Prof. Jose Lignieres, in the Revista Zootecnica for August, 1912. In 1898 I published the result of my first studies which was observed to be contagious among cattle, horses and sheep belong- ing to certain districts in the Argentine Republic. In the bovine species the disease was known before my ar- rival at Buenos Ayres, and called by the name of “‘ Enteque,” an improper term, which signified “etisis” or extreme weakness (flacura), and also made itself known by the spongy ossification of the lungs which served to characterize it. I showed that the pulmonary lesion was not the principal one and that it should be looked for in those arteries which are always attacked by lesions of arteriosclerosis more or less generalized. These lesions are often met with in the arteries when the spongy ossification of the lung does not exist at all. I have been able to follow the disease from its inception when not existing in the calf of eight or ten months, and the intestinal disturbances, which exist in the majority of cases in an infectious chronic enteritis. In the animals affected by this diarrhoea, and which resist the disease, are found lesions of the arteries, in the beginning discerned on the common aorta; they presently extend and become hard and can become generalized throughout the — arterial system and as far as the pulmonary artery. When the arterial lesions are important, you may find lesions of spongy ossification in the lungs. The arterial and pulmonary lesions of “ Enteque”’ are gener- ally preceded by digestive disorders, so that there is reason to believe that these disorders indicate as their origin an intestinal infection. I showed that the horse is also attacked by the disease, but I 284 a ; : ARTERIOSCLEROSIS EPIDEMIC IN SHEEP. 285 have never met in it the spongy ossification of the lungs, even when the arteriosclerosis was considerable. In the sheep chronic arteritis is also found, but no pulmonary disturbance. Only recently have I observed it in a genuine out- break of “‘ Enteque”’ among a large flock of Lincoln sheep in the Province of Buenos Ayres in the region of Castelli. I published in the Revista Zootecnica for the month of Octo- ber, 1910, a brief note in which I made known for the first time the possible existence of lesions of spongy ossification in the lungs of sheep. To-day I am giving greater details concerning this disease of sheep in order to discuss the cause to which it is attrib- uted by Dr. Fedorico Sivori in his treatise published in the General Review of March 1, 1912, under the title of “La Mancha in Sheep ” (Mancha==stain or spot). I cannot have any doubt regarding the identity of the dis- ease studied by Dr. Sivori with that which I have observed since our investigations were carried on in the same period and in the same country district. Symptoms.—In the sheepfolds attacked the animals appeared to be in good condition, except some which seemed to be weak and anemic. It is not difficult to know the sick ones. It is only necessary to hurry them up a little to see, in following, that some of them lay behind or stop, with their flanks very much agitated, and the dejected look of animals whose breathing is difficult. These ani- mals are sometimes found to be in an excellent state of nourish- ment, and do not appear at first sight to be suffering from an infection. They eat and drink perfectly. It is an important point to notice that natural death may come on even during sleep (rest), suddenly and sometimes pain- lessly, as in the case of carbuncle, a disease with which, by some people, this has been confounded. Also, accidents, sometimes fatal, can be produced. For this it is enough to frighten the sheepfold to oblige all the animals to run. Then the sick ones stop suddenly, some fall to the ground and die as if delirious. 286 ~ FRED TORRANCE. Lesions.—A fter death, those animals whose digestive tubes are found full of food, swell up immediately. Sometimes a foamy serum, red in color, flows through the nostrils, which tends still more to confuse the disease with carbuncle. If the skin is drawn out, the subcutaneous capillaries are found gorged with coagulated, highly colored blood, some pale, forming in the conjunctive tissue numerous arborizations (1). Especially in the case when the autopsy has been delayed, the tissues of the side on which the body has been stretched out on the ground, are found to be infiltrated with a red serum or with gelatinous oedema. In different parts are found very dark “placas” (2) lit. stars). forming spots or stains on the skin which are almost black. Hence, the name of “ Mancha” (spot or stain). The muscles, like the blood, keep their normal tint or are pale, infiltrated with serum, according to the state of nourish- ment or of anzemia of the animals. In the serous cavities, peritoneum, pericardium, pleura, there is frequently met a quantity, sometimes a considerable quantity, of serum of a bright lemon or reddish color. Generally, the digestive tube is found congested, full of gas, and the bloody arborizations are very visible. The red infil- trated mucus is easily drawn out. The spleen, the liver and the kidneys are also often very congested, but, contrary to what occurs in the case of carbuncle, the spleen presents more or less its normal volume. The lungs are always found infiltrated, edematous, con- gested and even hepaticized in different parts. In some cases there is situated in them a quantity of small bodies, hard and elongated, in the shape of needles, which break (crack) easily between the fingers, and formed by a true spongy ossification. The vain of the neck contains blood which reddens in the air and coagulates. The aorta is hard and thick and inelastic to the touch. At the opening are met at its base lesions of arterio- sclerosis, at times enormous, like those which I am showing in the attached illustration. These lesions by themselves explain ARTERIOSCLEROSIS EPIDEMIC IN SHEEP. 287 the accidents occasioned by violent and prolonged movements. Death is produced by asphyxiation due to oedema or congestion ‘of the lungs. I should note that these congested lesions of the viscera are observed in the case of death, but they are not discovered if the animals slaughtered are still healthy in appearance. A fact of importance consists in the finding, in some sheep- folds attacked by the disease, or lesions of tuberculosis with the Bacillus Preisz-Nocard, a disease rather generalized in the Argen- tine. In other cases these lesions do not exist (in any manner, as we see it further off). In the sheepfolds attacked, the disease is observed in the males as in the females, but never in lambs under this form. It lasts some months, causing the death of several animals daily, almost always in winter. I saw a flock of 6,000 head lose 700 between May and October, Ig1o. Here is the result of an experiment which demonstrates the gravity of the disease, its duration, the possibility of diagnosis, the production of sudden death even in a state of complete rest, and, finally, the variable aspect of the secondary lesions and the constancy of the lesions or arteriosclerosis. On October 17, 1910, there arrived at the laboratory five sick adult sheep, sent from an owner in Castelli, where they were selected for our experiments. These animals were immediately placed in small corrals. In all of them the auscultation revealed grave cardiacal disorders and the percussion proved mastitis or sub-mastitis, almost wholly in the lower part of the breast. Three of them were found in a good state, the other two were weak and anemic. One stayed on the ground, unable to rise, with discordant breathing. The practitioner bled one to make a study of the blood and serum; then killed it. Here are some of the observations of the autopsy. The sub- cutaneous conjunctive tissue is humid; in the muscular inter- stices is a transparent serum; there was even found fat in rolls with serum. The blood is rather pale, but the muscles preserve dark tint. 288 FRED TORRANCE. In the peritoneum is found about a litre of clear liquid. The digestive tract was found almost empty of food owing to the fast of the journey and the change of diet which the animals suddenly underwent in going from a green to a dry pasture. The mucus of the digestive tube had in different parts scattered red plaques. ‘The spleen was of its normal volume; the liver and kidneys showed nothing out of the ordinary, nor did the lymphatic glands. In this case the bleeding had impeded the formation of congestions which characterize the lesions in those animals which succumb naturally and has not produced intestinal fermentations. In the thoracic cavity were found ten litres of rather limpid serum, slightly yellowish (jaundiced). In the lungs were some hard spots, hepaticized. Their edge was compact, homogeneous, granulated and “violaceo.” There was no spongy ossification in the pulmonary tissue. The anterior and posterior aorta, as far as the lumbar bifur- cation, present very marked lesions of arteriosclerosis. The pul- monary artery is normal. The following days the other animals became accustomed to the dry diet; they appeared to improve. On the 26th of December, 1910, one of them died, nothing being noticed the evening before. The animal was swollen. I discovered on the side on which the body was lying plaques of a dark red tint. In the intermuscular conjunctive tissue was seen a great quantity of serum of a reddish tint; there was no fat. In the peritoneum, pleura, and pericardium was found a good deal of red serum. In the oedematous lungs were found some lesions of spongy ossification; the aorta contained chronic hard arteritis. The spleen is soft with its volume scarcely increased ; the kid- neys and the liver congested. The open digestive tube from one end to the other showed some colored plaques in the mucus of the large intestine. On the 12th of May, tgrI, another animal died without any appearance of disease. It was well nourished, its blood was a ARTERIOSCLEROSIS EPIDEMIC IN SHEEP. 289 dark color, the muscles normal in color and containing a little serous infiltration in the tissues. The liver, the spleen and the kidneys were very much con- gested. In the serous cavities was a serum that was scarecly red; in the lungs was observed generalized oedema, spongy ossi- _ fication; in the arterial vessels were marked lesions of arterio- sclerosis. The intestines were found filled with food, the small intestine arborized by the capillaries; to the touch the intestinal wall was found rather infiltrated, the mucus highly colored. The 2d of July, 1911, the second last animal died. The even- ing before it seemed to be very well. A colored foam was flow- ing from the nostrils. The animal was found in a good state of nutrition without anemia. There was especially noted in the thoracic cavity a great quantity of lemon-colored serum; there was also in the peritoneum a little yellow liquid. The small intestine, as in the preceding animal, was found very much congested; the spleen, with its normal volume, was dark in color; the liver, the kidneys were found gorged with blood. In the oedematous lungs were distinct lesions of spongy ossi- fication. The lesions of arteriosclerosis were very pronounced. As in the other cases, there were serous infiltrations of the tissues. The blood is a dark color and coagulates well. Finally the last animal died suddenly July 8, 1911, with the same lesions as the preceding. In every case were made bacteriological investigations and numerous inoculations, but that part of my investigations which refers to the etiology of arteriosclerosis is still in coure of study. I limited myself to saying only that when the animals die the blood is almost always sterile, as also the viscera, and, in the meantine, when describing the dead animals, that the microbes found are sometimes numerous and belong to different species. The Bacillus Preisz-Nocard has not been met with in any of the five animals whose history I have just finished relating. I have only met it in other cases when co-existing with purulent lesions of pseudo-tuberculosis. 290 FRED TORRANCE. ~ What is the cause of the disease in sheep and of its principal characteristics which I have sketched ? In his work, Dr. Fedoric Sivori, Professor in the Univarie of La Plata, maintains that it 1s a case of an acute intoxication due to the toxin of the Bacillus Preisz-Nocard, and since en- titling his memoirs “‘ La Mancha in Sheep,” a name which he him- self recognizes as unsuitable on account of the confusion which it caused, he proposed the name of “ Sheep Toxinemia of the Bacillus Preisz-Nocard.” There is, according to this professor, a connection between this discease and the Red Disease studied in France by Carre and Bigoteau, and caused, according to these authors, by the toxin of the Bacillus Preisz-Nocard. If the treatise of Dr. Sivori had not appeared in France, there would certainly not yet have been any publication by me con- cerning the disease which occupied us. It has seemed to me that I should not dismiss without discus- sion the thesis of Dr. Sivori, taking chiefly into account his criticism of my works on the “ Enteque.”’ What especially occupied the attention in Dr. Sivori’s treatise was that he arrived at the conclusion of the preponderance of the Bacillus Preisz-Nocard, although only once has it been isolated in the body of sick animals. For that there was made an injec- tion of 22-c.c. of the serum from the pleura of sheep No. 3 into the thoracic cavity of a healthy sheep and 20 c.c. under the skin. The animal died after 14 days. At the point of the subcu- taneous injection there was found to have formed a purulent, caseous spot, as also in the pleura and in the lung at the level of the inoculation. It is clear that the product injected into the sheep referred to came from an animal accidentally attacked with pseudo-tuber- culosis. But it is not therefore demonstrated that the microbe of this disease is met with in every case. The other experiments of the author prove, on the contrary, that the Bacillus Preisz-Nocard does not always exist in the ) ARTERIOSCLEROSIS EPIDEMIC IN SHEEP. PSM carcasses. and that its presence in the last case was not only a coincidence. In fact, on Page 244, Dr. F. Sivori writes: ‘“ Regarding sheep which have died from “La Mancha”’ we notice imme- diately. after death blood, serum of the sero-sanguinary oedema, disturbances of the “ esplancicas ” cavities. The aerobic and anaerobic cultures do not permit the isola- tion of the specific agent of the disease. The blood of a sheep, examined immediately after death and injected with doses of 3 c.c. in the peritoneal cavity of a guinea- pig, does not give any result. The pleural serum examined under such conditions and in- jected in doses of 4 c.c. beneath the skin of a guinea-pig causes simply a little oedema which disappears at the end of 48 hours without any ulterior result. The injection of 40 c.c. of the same serum in the pleural cavity of a healthy sheep gives no result. It is not necessary, then, to invoke my own experiments to demonstrate that the disease in sheep exists without the slightest trace of the Bacillus Preisz-Nocard. Dr... Sivori has also made a statement which is of importance. On Page 255, he claims (?) with reason that sheep containing abscesses caused by the Bacillus Preisz-Nocard, are not more sensitive to the toxin of this microbe, which can be injected with impunity, even in doses of 3 c.c.,-which will a “testigo”’ in 40 hours. But, then, how has this toxin power to kill in spontaneous “Mancha” sheep which contain abscesses with the Bacillus Preisz-Nocard as those which “ senala” different times in their autopsies? The long duration of the disease is also opposed to his hypothesis of a toxic fulminating action. I recorded that the sheep brought from Castelli to the laboratory at Buenos Ayres died, one after two months, another after several months, and the two last after nine months. Their death was sudden and the lesions were identical with those which were found in the animals which died in the infected areas. . I could give other reasons too, but it seems to me useless. to 292 FRED TORRANCE. pursue the subject. Neither the Bacillus Preisz-Nocard nor its toxin have any connection with the epidemic among sheep in Castelli (1). From a clinical point of view, it seems to me very easy to explain the delirious death of the sick animals as a consequence of the enormous lesions of arteriosclerosis. ‘The oedema, the serums, are the result of the impeded circulation, as well as the congestion and the oedema of the lungs, which cause the rapid asphyxiation and death. To get at the actual cause of arteriosclerosis constitutes the object of investigations which have not yet ended. I can unhesi- tatingly say that I am convinced that it is due to a microbic affection of intestinal origin. Conclusions —The epidemic among sheep of the district of Castelli (Argentine Republic), described recently by Dr. Fedoric Sivori under the name of “ La Mancha,” or Sheep Toxinemia with the Bacillus Preisz-Nocard, and compared with the Red Water of Senors Carre and Bigoteau, cannot be attributed to this microbe, because it has been totally lacking in the majority of cases, and also because the disease, in view of its delirious (fulminante) type which can be seen in a first examination, 1s, on the contrary, a chronic affection lasting several months, and even several years. The hard, and often generalized lesions of arteriosclerosis found in all the sick animals, explain perfectly the phenomena observed and especially the delirious death. Investigations are still necessary to determine the real cause of those genuine epidemics of arteriosclerosis whose origin ap- pears to be intestinal affection. Nani an Gees at the first opportunity to examine the new and original method of diagnosis of the infections with the Bacillus Preisz-Nocard brought out recently by Senors P, Forgeot and E. Cesari. Marriep.—Mr. Charles Lamson Kelley was married on No- vember 14th to Miss Kate Louise Beckley. daughter of Dr. and Mrs. Edgar Miles Beckley, Meriden, Conn. We wish the young people all the joy that wedlock brings. THE NATURAL AND ACQUIRED QUALIFICATIONS OF A SURGEON. * By Dr. R. C. Moore, PRESIDENT OF THE KANSAS City VETERINARY COLLEGE. The qualities of the surgeon are subject to at least two divi- sions: First, into those traits or qualities derived from ancestors either near or distant, inborn natural ability or that inheritance of the Creator that adapts one for a certain thing or calling in life; second, those qualities acquired during life, by training and practice. Dr. W. J. Mayo, the noted surgeon of Rochester, Minn., has well said, “‘ Our spoken language recognizes the truth in the word ‘calling.’ May not this be the way the Great Creator calls men to do his work in the various walks of life?” History proves conclusively that to man has been given the power to meet every condition of life. No matter how great the necessity, some one has been found with the essential qualities to meet it, and in these individuals we find developed those traits or natural qualities that enable them to succeed in that particular thing, where others would have failed. This does not dispute the Divine Power of direct intervention, but proves the plan of human agency, so truly, “ Man’s extremity is God’s opportunity.” This principle is surely as true in the minor details of life as in the great crises of the world. To become a surgeon it is not only necessary that the indi- vidual possess the natural ability to do surgical things, but it is also important that he should possess the qualities of a man in the broadest sense of that word. A man of strong character, sober, industrious, with broad philanthropy, keen perception, a determined will, a kind heart and uncompromising integrity, and one who honors truth for truth’s sake. Possessing “ the heart of a lion, the eye of an eagle, and the hand of a woman.” ~ Presented to the Forty-ninth Annual Meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, at Indianapolis, August, 1912. 293 294 Rk. C. MOORE. The true surgeon has in mind only the welfare of his patient. Kindness should be his motto, and firmness to follow his convic- tions his password. The man who is cruel, unsympathizing and heartless, no matter how skilled, has no more right with the sur- geon’s knife than the crudest workman has with the sculptor’s chisel. No true surgeon will cause the slightest unnecessary pain, yet with all h eis governed by judgment rather than sympathy. A nervous individual is not calculated for a surgeon, as he 1s always subject to unnecessary errors. Deliberation of action is essential to the end that everything needful be done and no tissue be unnecessarily injured. If methods are not precise, needful things are likely to be omitted. Courage is also an important factor. At times the surgeon must assume great responsibilities, and if he has not the courage to assume these promptly, the result may be disastrous. Prompt- ness is of equal importance. No doubt many animals die for want of prompt surgical interference, as often a few hours will carry the patient beyond the possibility of successful surgical assistance. A fearless disposition, steady, kind, firm, and a commanding way is of vast importance in veterinary surgery. Our patients usually recognize fear and timidity in those handling them, and are apt to take advantage of it. Likewise our clients and the by- standers are quick to note this defect and prompt to publish it to the surgeon’s discredit. The owner and attendants of our equine patients are usually good horsemen and are often ready, . and perhaps “ rightly so,” to criticise the lack of the same in the veterinarian. I would not underrate careful, deliberate prepares but emergencies arise that must be met promptly, and it is then that the surgeon must have the courage to act immediately and do the best he can under the circumstances. One should not fear criticism, for if he is satisfied that he did the best he cu that satisfaction is better than pleasing a multitude. It is true that our country is fairly alive with surgeons. . Is it true that they are successful? How many of them do things simply as they are taught to follow step by step some previous THE NATURAL AND ACQUIRED QUALIFICATIONS OF A SURGEON, 295 instructor and when something out of the ordinary presents itself they are conspicuous for their lack of ability to devise a method of treating it? beware of the charlatan in our profession; whether he is an undergraduate or the possessor of a veterinary degree, if he fol- lows the steps of a quack, he should have the brand. He who professionally, or otherwise, commits an act that tends to lower the professional or moral standing of the veterinarian, strikes a blow at every member of our profession. We should not be too free to condemn, for it must be remembered that mistakes extend even to the President’s chair, but to uphold a premeditated, non- professional, dishonest act or to shield one guilty of such, is scarcely less detestable than to commit such an offence. Is the judgment of the surgeon not too often influenced by mercenary consideration? Industrial economy enters more largely into our professional work than it does into that of our brethren who are charged with the welfare of human kind. Asa rule, the animal is bred, reared and cared for to be of service or pleasure to its human owner. The right of the owner to use such animals for his pleasure or profit, even to the taking of its life, so long as he does not treat it cruelly, has not been seriously questioned. Recognizing this right, it would be the duty of the veterinarian to recommend the humane destruction of the patient whenever in his judgment, his skill as a surgeon cannot restore the animal to a condition of reasonable service or pleasure to its owner. Too often operations are undertaken where the very nature of the case indicates so long a period of convalescence, or of so doubtful a termination that the treatment would be unprofitable to the owner, also the animal would suffer pain without profit and the surgeon lose his reputation and his client. Public sentiment favoring humane treatment of defenceless animals is rapidly increasing all over the civilized world, and none should be more interested in its advancement than the veter- inarian. So when a veterinarian causes serious or prolonged pain in the performance of surgical operations without the use 296 R. C. MOORE. of anaesthetics, either general or local, he brings criticism upon himself and his profession. We are living in an advanced age of surgical success, and more is expected of us to-day than ever before, and we should ever be mindful that the requirements of man are in proportion to his opportunities. The one who does not give the best he has is unworthy. He owes it to himself, his client, and most of all to his patient, that every avenue of possible pain and danger be safeguarded. The acquired qualifications of a surgeon should perhaps out- number his natural ones, but they would be of little value did he not possess at least a reasonable share of the latter. It has been said that “ surgeons are born, not made.’ While this statement is the essence of truth, it may often lead to grievous error, for sometimes an apparently small amount of natural ability will develop to magnificent proportions under proper influence, supported by a determined will and ceaseless energy. Surgery is an art and may well be classed as a fine art and students of the arts who become masters usually spend long periods of service under competent instructors. Why should he who would become a surgeon be exempted from such teaching? The fundamental principle in the cure of disease is a correct knowledge of the conditions, hence the first acquired qualification for a surgeon is ability as a diagnostician, and to attain this one should begin at the lower round of the ladder. He first becomes familiar with all tissues of the living animal, including their form, structure, relation and action; second, he gains a substantial knowledge of disease, including its cause, anatomical changes it may produce and the effect of such changes on other organs. As the cure must depend upon the removal of the cause, he must know what effect the removal of that cause will have upon the individual. If this is not understood, the animal may suffer need- less pain and inconvenience. When these things have been care- fully considered and the competent surgeon has reached a con- clusion that a certain operation is necessary for the good of the animal and welfare of its human owner, he should then have the firmness of purpose to carry out that operation to its complete ae ee “THE NATURAL AND ACQUIRED QUALIFICATIONS OF A SURGEON, 297 termination. The owner should be fully acquainted with every possible danger, and when he with this knowledge consents to the operation, the case should be fully in the hands of the surgeon who should enforce his rights to complete the operation regardless of the whims of the owner. A steady nerve, deliberate action, exactness of location and precision as to methods are all essential. The surgeon should be an untiring worker. No matter how well one has mastered his anatomy, physiology, pathology, bacter- iology, etc., unless the memory is often refreshed, that clearness of relation so essential to successful surgical procedure is lost. The laboratory offers the best opportunities for this much needed review, but it is not the only opportunity. I fear too few of our practitioners of veterinary medicine and surgery, either general or special, avail themselves of the almost unlimited opportunity offered for careful autopsies. How many of our brothers practicing human surgery would consider the opportunities of holding autopsies that we neglect as most favorable for their advancement, did not law and custom prevent? Not only are we thus privileged to ascertain the path- ological lesions that caused the death, but to refresh our minds on the normal structure as well. These are not all the advantages which are at our pleasure for we are favored with an almost un- limited opportunity to practice the various surgical operations on the cadaver. Someone has said in discussing the training of the human sur- geon “that the boy so destined should be taught the principles of evolution, natural science, the general laws of plant and animal life, and especially comparative zoology, elementary physics and chemistry, and at the same time his hand should be trained by animal dissection.” In addition to his school, college and hospital training, he should have several years’ experience as a general practitioner, as the importance of correct diagnosis in surgery cannot be overestimated. This is true in veterinary surgery as well as in human practice. There is perhaps no better way to become familiar with pathology and morbid anatomy than in the general practice of medicine, particularly is this true if the autopsy is not neglected. 298 R. C. MOORE. We are told that “ Cleanliness is akin to Godliness.” Surely nowhere is this more true than in surgery. Perfect cleanliness is so closely related to asepsis that the mentioning of one causes one to think of the other. If perfect asepsis is maintained throughout the operation and subsequent treatment, little short of destruction of vital organs is likely to produce death. A great deal of truth is contained in the statement that “ anti- septic surgery is largely a matter of habit.” If a man is untidy and careless about his person, clothing and habits, when not en- gaged in operations, he will not be likely to make the radical changes necessary to be clean during such operations. If one fails to observe asepsis in minor things, he will scarcely be able to apply it to the major ones. An uncontrolled temper is a great detriment to the veterin- arian. Many things in the handling of animals tend to irritate and provoke outbursts of temper on the part of the surgeon. When not controlled these seriously interfere with subduing the animal, rendering the operator nervous and unfit for his task as well as displeasing all present. Temperate habits are also essential He who indulges in strong drink to excess should never be trusted with the surgeon’s knife. Overindulgence in anything that tends to lower the vital forces soon undermines the health, wrecks the nervous system, and renders the individual unfit for any service, especially for a surgeon. ‘The final making of the surgeon is of three parts; viz., first, experience; second, experience, and third, experience.” _. Special- ization in the practice of medicine and surgery is fast growing in popularity. The one who does the same thing over and over, day in and day out, year after year, must surely become more pro- ficient than the one who only does it occasionally. The ideal can seldom or never be attained, but the nearer we approach to it the better. Some operations require the cultivation of some one or more of the special senses, as, for example, the castration of the equine cryptorchid requires a well-developed sense of touch, which is at- POLO LALLA PS ee TES Rt ee UP eee oo —s "adie THE NATURAL AND ACQUIRED QUALIFICATIONS OF A SURGEON, 299 tained in a high degree only by frequently performing this opera- tion. The clear thinker, who has had long and careful experi- ence, preceded by sound education, bases his conclusion on the broadest possible knowledge and if he has developed a high de- _ gree of manual dexterity, he will come the nearest being our ideal $ surgeon. The veterinarian should understand his legal as well as his moral obligations to his client. It is well to know what to do, but _ often better to know what not to do. Malpractice not only con- sists in doing the wrong thing, but often in neglecting to do the right thing. The surgeon is not responsible for a failure to cure if he follows the prescribed methods and uses reasonable precau- tion. Animals to be operated upon must be restrained and such efforts are always subject to accidents for which the operator is neither morally nor legally responsible if he has used reasonable care and precaution. New and untried methods in the practice _ of veterinary medicine and surgery should be tried carefully, re- membering that not only one, but sometimes many tests are neces- _ sary to prove efficiency. It is in the use of the new methods that _ we often take the greatest risk. This might be due to a lack of familiarity with the thing or the method. Again, we might be liable for malpractice because we failed to use the comparatively “new methods, provided they had been used enough in general _ practice to prove their worth. To illustrate the surgeon’s legal responsibility I will quote _from the opinion of the Supreme Court of Colorado rendered in -a case of surgery on the human kind that would seem to apply - equally as well to veterinary practice. _ “Tn the absence of a special contract the law implies that the surgeon employed to treat an injury contracts with his. patient (client) : 4 “First—That he possesses that reasonable degree of learning and skill which is ordinarily possessed by others of the profession. * Second—That he will use reasonable and ordinary care and diligence in the exercise of his skill and the appli- 300 R. C. MOORE. cation of his knowledge to accomplish the purpose for which he is employed, and ‘“ Third—That he will use his best judgment in the ap- plication of his skill in determining the nature of the injury and the best mode of treatment. He is not respon- sible for want of success unless it results from a failure to exercise ordinary care, or from want of ordinary skill. If he possesses ordinary skill and exercises ordinary care in applying it, he is not responsible for a mistake of judg- ment.” From the foregoing opinion it will be seen that the legal as well as moral requirements are not for impossible things, but rather than one possess all the knowledge and skill he claims to possess, that he use reasonable energy and diligence in applying the same to the end that he does his whole duty to his patient and his client, and honor to himself and his profession. Dr. Kaupp LEAVES CoLorapo—Dr. B. F. Kaupp severed his connection with the Colorado Agricultural College on Novem- ber 1, and after a vacation of two weeks spent in Texas and Missouri, reported to the Abbott Alkaloidal Company in Chicago as per previous arrangement. Dr. Kaupp’s work will be that of research pathologist for the — Abbott company, a work for which he is eminently qualified by training and experience. Dr. Glover expresses regret in the loss of Dr. Kaupp, who has for over four years manifested a more than common zeal and devotion for his work in Colorado. We congratulate the Abbott Alkaloidal Company in securing the services of Dr. Kaupp and we also congratulate Dr. Kaupp in that he is now enabled to devote his entire time to a work for which he is especially adapted. Dr. I. E. Newson, who has been in charge of the department — of anatomy at the Colorado Agricultural College for the past — four years, has taken the place made vacant by the resignation — of Dr. B. F. Kaupp. Dr. A. W. Whitehouse will have charge — of Dr. Newson’s classes for the balance of this year. HOG CHOLERA IN MANITOBA. * By C. D. McGiivray, M.D.V., WINNIPEG, CANADA. The occurrence of hog cholera in urban and suburban dis- tricts in certain sections of Canada, and the non-appearance of the disease in the rural districts, has shown a striking connec- tion between such outbreaks and the feeding of swine upon un- cooked kitchen refuse and garbage and points strongly to such material being a medium conveying infection and starting fresh outbreaks. In the province of Manitoba, with the conditions of which I am familiar, hog cholera has only made its appearance on rare occasions. Dunbar reported an outbreak which occurred in the vicinity of Winnipeg during 1886 and Stevenson an outbreak near Carman in 1899. Since the latter time it has not made its appearance until August, 1911, when it was found to be in existence among pigs kept on premises in the district immediately surrounding the city of Winnipeg. __ Almost simultaneously with the outbreak at Winnipeg, other outbreaks were reported in the vicinity of certain other urban centres in Western Canada. Efforts were immediately directed toward the control and eradication of the disease from these districts and to ascertain and determine the source of infection. Searching inquiry failed to bring forth any evidence or in- _ formation as to the infection having been introduced by fresh _ hogs brought into such districts and no possible history was ob- tainable of the infection having been thus introduced. i A rather curious and striking feature was that on all premises _ upon which the disease first manifested itself, the hogs thereon __ were being fed upon uncooked swill, kitchen refuse and garbage Fs * Presented to the forty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical _ Association at Indianapolis, August, 1912. 301 302 C. D. M’GILVRAY. obtained from hotels and restaurants. On other premises, in the © | same districts, where the hogs were not being fed upon kitchen refuse and garbage, the hogs were found to be healthy, and re- mained so unless, and until, becoming infected by either direct, or indirect contact, or intermediary means from premises where the disease had already manifested itself. In the latter cases in- formation was obtainable that infection had been introduced by such means. Dr. J. G. Rutherford, late Veterinary Director General for Canada, in his report for the year 1910 refers to the possibility of outbeaks of hog cholera being started in suburban districts among swine being fed on uncooked garbage. Our experience and observations in connection with outbreaks of the disease dealt with in Western Canada strongly indicates and supports the theory as to fresh outbreaks originating in many cases from such sources. The outbreaks dealt with by us in the district surrounding the city of Winnipeg furnished strong circumstantial evidence in support of this theory, while other outbreaks subsequently dealt with at Kenora, Rainy River and Fort Frances in Western Ontario furnished even more striking illustration and convincing proof thereof. In connection with the outbreak at Winnipeg, which was of a serious nature and of large extent, we found the disease to be in existence on 62 premises. In order to eradicate the disease it was necessary to slaughter 2,219 swine which were acutally diseased or had been in close contact with diseased pigs, during a period extending from September to December, inclusive. During this time we also visited an additional 212 premises and inspected thereon 2,190 pigs, which were kept under close observation and inspected again at regular intervals covering a period of three months. In the case of the outbreak at Kenora, it was reported to us, during October last, that some disease was causing serious losses among hogs on the premises of a Mr. H————. Upon investi- gation it was found that the owner of these hogs conducted a HOG CHOLERA IN MANITOBA. 303 a 4 hotel at Kenora and was feeding the swill and kitchen refuse from the hotel to hogs being kept on his farm premises some five _ miles distant. 4 The symptoms shown by these hogs, as well as post-mortem _ lesions, were characteristic of hog cholera. No fresh hogs had _ been introduced on the premises for over one year prior to the t 4 i ; 4 time of the outbreak and there was no apparent possibility of them having come into contact with any other hogs for a like _ period. Hogs were also found to be affected on three other premises _ which were separate from each other by several miles, and upon ‘ which the swine were being fed uncooked swill or kitchen refuse obtained from the hotels in Kenora. The disease manifested itself on these premises almost eal f _ taneously, without any possibility of infection having been intro- - duced, either by direct or intermediary means, or any other source _ determinable. i 4 On further examination of all premises upon which hogs were being kept in the vicinity of Kenora, which were kept under ob- _ servation and inspected at regular intervals, covering a period of over three months, it was found that the disease only existed on _ premises upon which the hogs were being fed uncooked kitchen “refuse or garbage, or on premises where garbage fed hogs had been introduced. Of the outbreak in Kenora, on four premises 146 garbage fed hogs were found to be affected. On two other. premises, on which the disease was found to be in existence among 17 hogs, the Bource of infection was traceable to the introduction on to the | _ premises of hogs which had been obtained from one of the parties whose hogs were being fed on hotel kitchen refuse. The hogs which were thus obtained were the first to show evidence of the disease and the history obtained was that the other hogs on the premises had been entirely healthy until the introduction of the hogs referred to. _ Hogs were also inspected at 13 other premises in the district ‘of Kenora, which had not been fed upon uncooked garbage and 304 C. Di M’GILVRAY. were kept under close observation for a period of three months, and again subsequently inspected after a further period of six months and remained entirely healthy. Needless to state during this period, due precautions were exercised to prevent any possible infection being introduced from any infected premises. Our experiences in dealing with the outbreaks in districts sur- rounding the city of Winnipeg were similar to those at Kenora. The disease first manifested itself on premises on which the hogs were being fed uncooked kitchen refuse and garbage and then spread from such centres to other premises in the same district. The history in all cases was so convincing as not to be lightly overlooked. During the month of July of the present year, outbreaks of hog cholera were reported as occurring at urban points in the Western portion of Ontario, at Fort Frances and Rainy River, and, upon investigation, some rather interesting features were observed. A careful inspection was made of all premises in the districts upon which hogs were being kept. In all 82 premises were in- spected with the following results: On 59 premises, 345 hogs were inspected which were not be- ing fed on uncooked swill or kitchen refuse. These were found to be healthy at time of examination and showed no evidence of disease. | On two premises, upon which the hogs were not being fed un- cooked kitchen refuse, the disease was found to be in existence. In these two cases, however, history was obtainable of the infec- | tion having been introduced by animals obtained from other premises where hog cholera was detected. On 21 premises we found that the hogs thereon were being — fed uncooked swill and kitchen refuse obtained from hotels and — restaurants. On ro of these premises we found the disease to be | in existence, 58 pigs were found to be affected, while 60 others | had died a short time prior to inspection. On the remaining II premises, upon which were kept 77 hogs, the disease was not in — evidence at the time of inspection. HOG CHOLERA IN MANITOBA. 305 It will, therefore, be seen that out of 21 premises upon which hogs were being fed uncooked kitchen refuse and garbage, cholera was found to be in existence on 10 of these, while on 61 premises, upon which hogs were not being fed such refuse and garbage, the disease was only found to be in existence upon two premises and, in each case, a history was obtainable of the infection having been introduced by hogs coming from premises upon which they were being fed garbage and the disease had manifested itself. Close inquiry was made in connection with all of these out- breaks as to the possibility of the infection having been intro- duced by other hogs having been brought into the districts, but no information was available indicating such a source of infection. The question might arise as to why the feeding of hogs upon uncooked kitchen refuse and garbage may give rise to the disease. In this connection it was invariably found by us that hotel refuse and kitchen garbage being fed to hogs contained quantities of pork products, especially pork cuttings and sausage. In connection with our investigations as to the possible source of infection, we directed inquiry as to where many of the hotels and restaurants (from which was obtained the garbage being fed ‘to hogs) had procured their supplies of pork products. As a result of our enquiries it was invariably found that these products were of a similar brand and origin, being obtained from the same firm which imports very large quantities of American pork prod- ucts. It was also observed that coincident with the appearance of these outbreaks, large quantities of pork products were being imported by this firm. The distribution of these products to ertain widely separated points was followed almost simultan- eously, or in rapid succession thereafter, by outbreaks of the dis- ease. It would, therefore, appear quite probable that the meats in question had been infected. __ The disease appeared in both the acute and chronic types, and the symptoms and post-mortem lesions were characteristic of the disease. At the beginning of the outbreak the acute type was most in evidence and more marked in severity, becoming less so with the lapse of time. This no doubt depending upon the viru- 306 C. D. M’GILVRAY. lence of type or strain of infection appearing to become weakened or attenuated with the lapse of time. The characteristic symptoms in evidence were: Sluggishness, Capricious appetite; gumming or adhesion of the eyelids; accel- erated breathing, associated with cough in some cases; the ap- pearance of reddened or purplish blotches on the skin, especially around the region of the ears and neck and the under surface of the abdomen and inner thighs. The bowels in some cases were constipated, while in others.diarrhcea was present. Progressive weakness, uncertain gait, terminating in loss of power of the hind limbs, was frequently noticeable. In the acute cases the animals rapidly succumbed to the dis- eases, hogs ranging from two to six months in age seemed to be more severely affected and more rapidly succumb than those older. In the chronic cases, as the course of the disease became pro- longed, progressive weakness and emaciation supervened. Post-mortem lesions were chiefly in evidence affecting the lymphatic glands, lungs, heart, kidneys, spleen and intestines. The lymphatic glands were usually observed to be markedly red- dened and enlarged. The lungs showed many small ecchymosis and large pneumonic areas, dark red in color, consolidated, and sharply defined from the healthy lung. Ecchymosis was also ob- served on the heart surface. The kidneys were usually darker in color than normal and presented numerous petechia (turkey egg appearance). The spleen in many cases was greatly enlarged, although in a few cases, it appeared smaller than usual. Where the disease had been of short duration, as in acute cases, petechia and ecchymosis were noticed on the outer surface of the intestines and on the inner surface areas of the mucosz often appeared con- gested, inflamed and more or less swollen. In chronic cases somewhat similar lesions were observed as in acute cases, together with the characteristic ulceration of the intestines, noticeably around the region of the ileo-czcal valve, as well also as thickening of the mucosz in other parts of the intestines. . Reference has been made to a serious affection of swine other —_— es HOG CHOLERA IN MANITOBA. 307 than hog cholera, although simulating that disease, as a result of them being fed on kitchen refuse containing certain alkalies. No doubt the feeding of such refuse containing certain al- kalies may be harmful and the cause of serious affections and losses among pigs. However, any affection caused by such al- kalies would not be of a contagious nature as was the case in the outbreaks herein referred to, which were essentially highly con- tagious and characteristic of hog cholera. The result of our investigations and inquiries showed a close and striking connection between the existence of the disease and the nature of the feeding, furnishing very strong circumstantial evidence in support of the belief that many fresh outbreaks of hog cholera are started in urban and suburban districts by feed- ing hogs upon uncooked kitchen refuse and garbage containing infected pork or pork products. BEGINNING WITH THE SESSION OF IQI4-15 the entrance re- quirements at the School of Veterinary Medicine at the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania will be two years of high school work, cover- ing at least eight units as follows: English at least 2, algebra at least 2, history 1, other subjects 3. Candidates for'admission who cannot present high school certificates will be required to pass ex- aminations in English, algebra, history, physics and one language, French, German or Latin. Dr. McGitvray RECEIVES APPOINTMENT.—We learn from the Farmers’ Advocate and Home Journal, Winnipeg, that Dr. C. D. McGilvray has been appointed to succeed Dr. Fred Tor- rance as head of the Veterinary Science Department of Mani- toba Agricultural College. Born in Glasgow, Scotland, he came to Canada in his boyhood days. His veterinary training was received at Toronto, with a post-graduate course at Chicago. He has been in the Canadian West for 26 years, having practised in the Binscarth district before taking the position of representative of the Dominion Veterinary Branch at Winnipeg in 1905. Being acquainted with the West and having a thorough knowledge of all branches of veterinary work, he is a good successor to Dr. Torrance, now Veterinary Director-General at Ottawa. STIFLE LAMENESS. * By Davin W. CocuHran, D.V.S., NEw York, N. Y. Gentlemen. At the request of the chairman of the Commit- tee on Practice (Dr. H. D. Gill), I have prepared a paper to be read and discussed at this meeting. The subject which I have chosen is on lameness associated with pathological conditions of the femero-tibial-patella articula- tion, commonly called the stifle joint; the lameness being a symp- tom or manifestation of some physical lesion, either isolated or complicated, affecting one or several parts of this apparatus. I know of no subject in veterinary literature of which there is so much diversity of opinion. It is a condition which pre- sents many variations, due to its anatomical complexity. It is formed by the articular surfaces of three bones, forming two distinct joints, the femero-pattella, and the femero-tibial. They form an imperfect hinge joint, while the patella itself offers the greatest movement of any bone, in the whole body. This joint is strengthened through the medium of inter-articular meniscus, a fibro fatty cushion, inter-articular, and surrounding funicular ligaments, together with the insertion of tendons of | muscles, surrounding the parts reinforcing these bands. Diseases affecting this joint do not offer any classification, but for general purposes a division may be made as follows: 1. Dropsical, 2. Nervous, 3. Arthritic, 4. Traumatic, 5. Spasmodic, 6. To diseased conditions of Boney Structure. Under the Division of Dropsical Conditions——There is a hydrarthrosis or hydrops-Artisculorum. This is an effusion of a fluid into the joint; it exists without the symptoms of inflam- atory process being present. It is in reality, however, associated with some structural change within the lining membrane of the joint. This articulation is supplied with three synovial capsules, * Presented to the forty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, at Indianapolis, August, 1912. 308 STIFLE LAMENESS. 309 one to the femur-and patella, and two others connecting the condyles of the femur and the facets of the tibia. The dilata- tion of these capsules forms a soft tumor. It rarely causes any lameness except when it assumes large proportions. Then there may be limited motion of the Stifle, or we may also have a hy- groma, a serious bursa or cyst. It is sometimes hard to differentiate between a pre-patela hygroma and a femero-tibial patela-hydrarthrosis, as both may exist together. The hygroma may deform the parts, but seldom produces any lameness or inconvenience to the animal. The Nervous Lesions ——That condition exists which may be pathognomonic, as well as the sequale of azotuma, where in one case we have it results in loss of power, and in the other an atrophy of muscles about the stifle joint, due to suspended innervation. There is a great loss of function in which no treatment, whether external or internal seems to be of any benefit. Exer- cise of own volition by the animals at pasture gives favorable results. The Arthritic Form.—Under this heading, I will mention gonlitis. This diseased condition is characterized by chronic inflammation, and by degenerative changes involving the struc- ture of the articulation and resulting in rigidity and atrophy of the muscles attached from the external angle of the illeum to the femero-tibula-patella articulation. The tensor vaginz is very tense and rigid. The stifle is very prominent. This condition may be unilateral or bilateral. In the unilateral form, the horse stands with the limb flexed, does not care to support the body weight on it, stands with the pastern in extreme flexion, the anterior face of the foot rests on the ground surface, the plantar surface is exposed, he often holds his foot clear from the ground. This hoof is smaller than its fellow. There is a drying out of the foot, a closing in of its sides, the heels growing high, the shoe is well worn at the toe. In the bilateral form, there is uneasiness in both legs, a con- 310 DAVID W. COCHRAN. stant shifting from one foot to the other, the foot is alternately held free from the ground surface, the back arched, accompanied by atrophy of the muscles of the patela region. When started off his movements are short and stilty; the motion of the stifles are limited. Horses affected with gonlitis are very hard horses to shoe. In the unilateral type, we start by shoeing the lame leg. The hoof is brought as near as possible to the shape of a normal foot. The foot is shod with a shoe elevated at the heel; the toe of the shoe is flat. The application of the shoe to the foot is accom- panied with a leather sole, tar and oakum packing, to keep the foot moist and to prevent drying out. The trouble now com- mences when the foot of the sound leg is to be shod. ‘The shoer will have to lift this leg with main strength and hold it. When he has it up from the ground surface, very often the horse will not stand on the lame leg. The whole weight of 'the horse is on the shoer’s back, the lame leg is suspended in the air. If the shoer attempts to shift the weight, the horse will in most cases fall on the floor. In the bilateral form, we have this trouble with both legs. The treatment of these cases are counter irritants, either vesi- cants setons or the actual cautery. Some horses get sound tem- porarily. Some not at all. Results are not always favorable. In a post mortem of one of these cases, there was found blood stained synovia, partly coagulated. The cartilage of the patela was discolored, but smooth. The condyles and the trochlea were arthritic, with some eroseons and small exastoses, on the external condyle. The Traumatic Form.—Traumatism is just as liable to this joint as any other in the horse. Sprains and wounds must ap- pear occasionally. Here there may be a true luxation of the patella as the result of an injury due to accidental causes. The dis- placement of the patella may be the result of laceration of liga- mentous structure, or an elongation of ligamentous structure. I have seen horses with elongated tendinous structure and at each step taken, there could be heard distinctly a clucking sound. ee * on Mage STIFLE LAMENESS, 311 Another form of traumatism to which I would principally call your attention is rupture of the.cord of the flexor-metatarsi. It has its origin at the inferior extremity of the femur in the fossa, excavated between the trochlea and the external condyle, and terminates in two branches. A large one lies in front and is at- tached to the superior portion of the principal metatarsus, the other deviates outward and is attached to the anterior surface of the cuboid bone. This rupture is due to a violent effort on the part of the ani- mal either to move a heavy load or to a powerful struggle to avoid a threatening fall. The symptoms are, the animal walks with difficulty, the leg hangs on the hock, and there is a buck- ling of the tendo achillis in extension, no flexion at the hock. In motion the leg is drawn upward and backward. The rupture of the premetatarsal may take place at various points of its length. Sometimes at its femoral insertion or at its metatarsal insertion. When the rupture of the cord takes place in the tibial region, the ends immobilized by muscular layers between which they are enclosed, readily cicatrize. Where it takes place at the superior extremity, it is a more serious case; in order to effect a cure the parts must be made immobile. We must try to prevent motion in order to hasten cicatrization. If an animal thus affected is forced to walk, the femero- metatarsal cord not transmitting to the canon bone the flexion of the femur, there is a loss of function. The canon bone is not flexed but hangs powerless. The phalangeal column hangs vertical. The tendo achillis, no longer subject to the counter action of the flexor muscles, is flabby and bent towards its inser- tion on the os calcis. There is a loss of co-ordination and the leg dangles from the hock, if compelled to move. When at rest the aspect is changed ; no matter how serious the symptoms while walking, they now have changed. The leg which a moment ago was powerless, now participates in support of the body weight, with the foot solid on the ground surface. Treatment.—Secure immobility, apply counter irritation at the superior and inferior extremity of the cord. Absolute rest. Prognosis favorable. eat DAVID W. COCHRAN. The Spasmodic Form.—Cramp, is defined as a spasmodic, tonic contraction of muscles. +The etiology of cramp is ob- scure. There is much diversity of opinion as to the exact cause. It is generally admitted that it may result from muscular, nery- ous, or vascular lesions, although most of the observations re- ported in veterinary literature under the title of cramp relate to a ‘* pseudo luxation of the patella.” I have seen horses with cramp of the muscles of the anterior extremity. The symptoms of pseudo luxation of the patella are shown when an attempt is made to back the horse from his stall. He refuses to budge. When forced to back, one foot seems fixed to the floor, the leg is rigid. If moved forward, the leg, still rigid, drags along behind its fellow on the anterior face of the hoof. The plantar surface is exposed and turned backward. All joints in this leg are flexed, except the hip. When compelled to walk in this condition, movement is accomplished with exer- tions and great distress. It occurs in the standing animal only, and can only be discovered when forced to move. The Primary Lesion.—The location and the manner in which this articulation is so effectually locked, is a subject of much diversity of opinion. Causes.—The causes of pseudo luxation of the patella are generally obscure. It often follows in horses that have been laid up on account of some debilitating disease. It comes as the sequela of a long rest. Some authorities contend there is a luxation outward, some inward, some contend that it is a fixation of the patella caused by cramp of the muscles, which are focused to the tendinous attachments to the patella. Others say that this dislocation is due to the anchoring of the patella upon the upper end of the internal hip of the femoral trochlea, the part being well fitted by its peculiar formation to prevent the patella from sliding back over the rim. It becomes fixed in its new position by the irregular and violent contraction of the muscles involved in the abnormal tension. It seems impossible that such a state of rigidity can exist, as in some cases for a few hours, and in others for days, yet in STIFLE LAMENESS. 313 none of these cases do we ever find any inflammation as a sequele, or any pathological change, in any part of this joint. Treatment.—lf we agitate this animal with a whip or go through any manual procedure, either massage or pressing the patella in and out or up and down, by drawing the leg forward with a side line or by the application of a stimulating liniment along the course of the tendo achillis, the symptoms disappear. We never see it in a horse at work, no matter how hard the labor. Some practitioners resort to a surgical treatment, that of deso- tomy of the internal patella-tibial ligament, known as the Bassi operation; others to a resection of the Triceps Femoris at their lower border. Good results are recorded. This surgical procedure seems to be the inverse of any phy- siological or mechanical theory. The patella normally lies above the condyles of the femur when the femero-tibula joint 1s ex- tended; and during flexion, it lies in the inter-condyloid fossa, more on the external than upon the inner. If these surgical operations are right and give immediate results, what will be the results when these ligaments have again united ? Dr. W. L. Williams on this subject has shown with the aid of a mechanical appliance, by which the patella was made stationary above the internal lip of the trochlea, that we do not get exten- sion backward, but extension forward. Diseased Condition of the Bony Structure——In young ani- mals of rachitic diathesis, there is a tendency to luxation of the patella. A predisposing cause being softening of the bones from impaired nutrition, there is a spongoid condition resembling de- calcified bone. The periosteum stretches very easily, it becomes thick and inflammatory due to strains of ligaments. There are diseases of osseus structure in horses of advanced age, namely, that of osteomalacia, and osteoporosis. We have in these forms also strains of ligamentous structure on the periosteum, causing inflammation and swelling and elongation of tendons. These conditions are often confined to certain districts, and arise from malnutrition or bad hygienic surroundings. A change of diet and good hygienic conditions favor recovery. 514 DAVID W. COCHRAN. In conclusion, I wish to give credit for many of the references in this paper to Chaveau’s Anatomy, Dr. Liautard’s articles on lameness, and also to the very elaborate papers on this subject by Dr. W. L. Williams and Drs. L. A. and E. Merrillat, which were published in the AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEw. b “Beat Iowa” was the slogan of the Iowa State College at Ames, referring to the football game that was to be played between that college and the lowa State University, on the col- lege campus at Ames, Saturday, November 16 last; and that the contest was waged purely in the spirit and for the purpose for which it was intended (7. ¢., to stimulate athletic training), is evidenced by the sportsmanlike sentiments expressed in a letter from Mr. Crittenden Ross, student of the School of Veterinary Medicine, from which we have taken the liberty to quote with- out Mr. Ross’ knowledge or consent, and trust we will be par- doned for doing so. Mr. Ross says: ‘‘ The score was Iowa 20, Ames 7, after a hard fought battle. Our boys were not equal to the occasion; and, although it grieves us somewhat, I believe that Iowa earned the game.” Those are manly sentiments, and we predict a “ future” for their author, and to whatever heights he may attain, he will reach them by honorable methods and honest competition. Tue TENNESSEE VETERINARY MepIcAL AssocraATIon held a most interesting meeting at Morrill Hall, University of Ten- nessee, Knoxville, Wednesday and Thursday, November 20-21. Among the interesting educational features was an illustrated lecture by Prof. E. C. Cotton, Assistant Entomologist of the Agricultural Experiment Station, on the “ Life History of South- ern Cattle Fever Tick’’ and “ Sex Determination ’”’ by Prof. A. A. Schaefer, Assistant Professor of Zoology, University of Ten- nessee, also illustrated. The clinic at the hospital of Drs. Jacob- and Shaw and the visit to the University Farm under the direc- tion of Prof. C. A. Wilson, of the Animal Husbandry Branch, were very much appreciated. AN ARTICLE ON Epizootic EQUINE ENCEPHALO-MYELITIS (Borna Disease) by Prof. C. H. Stange, Dean of Division of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State College, will be published in our January issue. THE VETERINARY SERVICE IN THE PHILIPPINES. * * d ) | By ArcHisALD R. Warp, CHIEF VETERINARIAN, BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE, GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. { ; y } ; In the Review for January, 1912, on page 542, there appears _a report of Special Committee on Insular Possessions » (A.V.M.A.), signed by Dr. N. S. Mayo, Chairman. The same _ report is published in the Proceedings of the American Veter- inary Medical Association for 1911, with my name along with those of other members of the Committee. Inasmuch as I am the only representative on the Committee from these Islands, it might well be inferred by the reader that I share responsibility for the opinions expressed. As a matter of fact I was not priv- ileged to contribute to the report nor comment upon the same before publication. The report emphasizes conditions in the Philippines, and I infer that it specifically deals with matters here, for I know of no other Insular Veterinary Service,.outside of that in Hawaii, which consists of not over half a dozen veterinarians. In any event I shall comment upon the recommendations of the re- “port so far as the proposed scheme would affect the largest In- sular Veterinary Service in the possessions of the United States. I dissent from the opinion that there is small inducement for entering the Insular Service here. The pay was described as not large. The Veterinary Division of the Bureau of Agri- culture starts in men at $1,600 per annum, and there are twenty- three positions carrying this salary. Opportunities for promo- tions exist in the form of fifteen positions carrying $1,800, seven at $2,000, three at $2,250, two at $2,500, and one at $4,000. Besides receiving half pay during the time consumed in travel- ing to the Philippine Islands, and reimbursement for traveling expenses en route, employees receive twenty-eight days a year j * This article was received in the Review office about the last week in April, 1912, and delay in publication until this time was entirely unintentional, it having gotten in some ‘Way mislaid at the time of its receipt and has just turned up. 315 3816 ARCHIBALD R. WARD. for vacation or sick leave together with thirty days a year of accrued leave to be spent out of the Islands, all on full pay, and travel across the Pacific is not counted against this leave. Besides this, traveling expenses and subsistence are paid by the Government when men are away from official station, and it is safe to state that most of the men live at Government ex- pense three-quarters of the time. The veterinarians of the Bureau of Agriculture receive on an average six hundred dol- lars a year reimbursement for travel, subsistence and lodging. The financial inducement for well-educated veterinarians to enter the service here is, in my estimation, liberal. The Committee report states that ‘ promotion is slow, and there is little of it.’ In this connection I have examined the records of promotion of all men in active service with the Vet- erinary Division of the Bureau of Agriculture on July 1, 1910, and since that date. During the period covered by the services of these men, two have advanced from $1,600 to $2,500 in an average period of two years and ten months, two to $2,250 in two years and seven months, nine to $2,000 in two years and three months, and eighteen to $1,800 in one year and nine months. Five have left the service after an average period of two years and three months without earning promotion. Fif- teen men are serving at present at a salary of $1,600, and among these the eldest in the service has been in the employ of the Government for two years and ten months. Thirteen of these have served less than sixteen months. Let us compare these conditions with those obtaining in other veterinary organizations with which we are all familiar. In the Bureau of Animal Industry a veterinarian is appointed at $1,400 a year. His residence may be New York, and he may be ordered to report at San Francisco, paying his own expenses, and his salary begins only when he reports for duty. The best that he can hope to do is to obtain an increase after two years’ service, but, as a matter of fact, these promotions have been deferred for lack of funds. Employees receive fifteen days each of annual and sick leave on full pay. THE VETERINARY SERVICE IN THE PHILIPPINES. 317 Former Quartermaster’s Department veterinarians have given me the following information: Veterinarians in the Quar- master’s Department of the Army are appointed at $1,200 per annum, with no allowances except when traveling, and there is no increase in pay nor retirement. Single men sometimes re- ceive quarters, but this is not the rule. Commissary privilege with ten per cent. increase is allowed, but this is of little benefit to a single man. | Army veterinarians undoubtedly receive more salary and perquisites than those in the Philippine Civil Service. The dis- advantages of the Army Veterinary Service have been put before the attention of the profession by writers more familiar with the facts than myself. The statement is made that “ the risks to life and health are considerably greater than in this country, and there is no retire- ment or pension if the ‘ grim destroyer’ fever ‘ gets’ you.” This is certainly an alarming condition if true. In connection with this matter I have scrutinized the annual report of the Bureau of Health for the Philippine Islands, for the year IgII, for verification of the assertions. This Bureau is directed by an officer of the United States Public Health and Marine Hospital Service, a fact that guarantees the authenticity of figures regard- ing health conditions here. I find that the death rate for Ameri- cans in the Government employ throughout the Islands is 8.87 per 1,000 for all causes, and the average age at death 32 years. The death rate in the states included in the registration area of the United States, is 16.4 per 1,000. The exceedingly low death tate in the Philippines is due to the fact that Americans in the Government employ are young men. The death rate, consid- ering their age, is similar to that in temperate climates. I find that in Pennsylvania, in 1907, the death rate for ages 25 to 34 was 7.9 per 1,000, and in Liverpool, England, for 1909, for ages 30 to 40 was exactly the same. There is no justification afforded by mortality statistics or my personal observation to warrant alarming statements about any infections characterized by febrile symptoms, for I am not certain what disease is meant by the expression “the grim destroyer, fever.” 318 ARCHIBALD R. WARD. With reference to petty local politics, I believe that the vet- erinarians in the Philippines are as free from this sort of influ- ence as in similar work elsewhere. Live stock owners in the Philippines are as ready to protest against and evade quarantine as are stock owners in the United States. However, this atti- tude has no influence in restraining the Bureau of Agriculture from carrying out a policy considered appropriate for existing conditions. The report recommends that the Insular veterinarians should belong to the Army, inasmuch as our Insular possessions are administered by the War Department. This reason might be advanced for placing in the United States Army Justices of the Supreme Court of the Philippine Islands or any other civil gov- ernment employee. The proposal to turn over the control of veterinary matters in our Insular possessions to the Army suggests a number of queries. Would Congress alter its policy of not spending money on the civil government here? At present the Philippines cost the United States nothing for civil administration, and any change would involve far-reaching consequences. The report states “ The members of this corps should be young men of strict integrity, high ideals, thoroughly trained in their profession and particularly in regard to tropical diseases of animals, and they should also have one modern language.” Ignoring the inference that our present corps does not possess the desirable qualifications first enumerated above, I should like to know where in the United States there could be obtained men trained “ particularly in regard to tropical diseases of animals ” with or without a modern language. The Bureau of Agriculture of the Government of the Philippine Islands has trained “a few veterinarians in the long, hard school of experience to deal with tropical animal diseases in an intelligent manner.” This has been necessary because no men so trained were to be had in the United States. The establishment here of the College of Veterinary Science of the University of the Philippines will in time relieve the situa- SS a, gy an 7% ee ee THE VETERINARY SERVICE IN THE PHILIPPINES. 319 tion. The entrance requirements necessitate graduation from a Philippine high school requiring four years of work, and the veterinary curriculum embraces five years of nine months each. This standard is equivalent to requiring an American high school education and four years of veterinary instruction for gradua- tion. The proposal to link with an invading Army organization a veterinary corps for the protection of the live stock of the occu- pied country is an altruistic conception quite beyond the pres- ent stage of the usages of war. As a matter of fact, the pro- tection of live stock can receive attention only after pacification. The duties of the members of this corps are described as that of “ protection of the Army horses and also the live stock of the occupied country.” This is a rather ambitious program. If he is an Army veterinarian, how can he remain and give the country the benefit of his expert services “after the need for an Army has passed ?” What reason is there for the assumption that there is no definite central supervision at present, and what basis is there for the belief that this would be improved under the Army? Cer- tainly the status of the Army veterinarians today does not war- rant it. By their own testimony, a chief veterinarian is one of their imperative needs as a means for putting “the Army vet- erinary service on a professional, effective and economic basis.” The desirability of a tour of service at home is suggested. How would these men be employed? There are positions for forty-four of them now in the employ of the Government of the Philippine Islands, more than in the Army. The accrued leave system in force here at present abundantly provides for extended vacation at home. The report shows that it was prepared without the advantage of all of the sources of information available and probably at the eleventh hour. CoMMITTEE MEETING fiftieth anniversary, A. V. M. A., was held November 30. NEW YORK’S EQUINE PLAGUE.* By Lours GriessMAN, D.V.S., New York, N. Y. In reading the Old Testament one will come across texts on disease, and among them is mentioned glanders. This disease, in the days before Christ, is described in Hebrew as Satis Hotem Luofen, translated, means horse with a discharge from the nose. Abraham, who was the possessor of numerous live stock, men- tions the death of horses by this form of plague. In the fourth century, Apsyrtus describes one form of glan- ders (Farcy) as Elephantiasis. And in the fifth century, Vege- tius mentions this disease, until we get to the thirteenth century, when Rufus gives a fair history and some symptoms. In the fifteenth century Ruini also writes about glanders, and in the sixteenth century a quaint old German by the name of Winter Von Adler Flugel had a queer idea concerning this disease. His idea was that there were two forms “ white” or “ stone glan- ders,’ which, in his opinion, was curable, and “ yellow,” which gave forth an offensive odor and incurable. From the sixteenth to the eighteenth century numerous writers and investigators wrote on this subject, and in the nine- teenth century Schutz and Loeffler, who investigated glanders, found the bacterium. mallet. Nature of the Disease.—In the strict sense of the word it is a contagious disease, and it is necessary that both the profession as well as the public have an exact idea of its character, under what conditions it exists, the source of infection, its spread, and most important, the sanitation and prevention. A contagious diséase is one which finds its origin within the organism of a given animal species, and extends from such an infected animal to other animals of the same species, or to animals of other species which possess more or less susceptibility to infection. * Presented to the Veterinary Medical Association of New York City, at its November, 1912, meeting. 320 NEW YORK’S EQUINE PLAGUE. oul Glanders occurs in the horse, ass, mule, and is transmissible to man and all domestic animals, except the cow; still sheep and goats have been found to be infected where they were kept in the same stable with diseased horses. The disease has been pro- duced by inoculation in dogs, cats, prairie-dogs, white bears, lions, mice, guinea-pigs and rabbits. Glanders may be spoken of as acute or chronic, according to the seat of same, as nasal, pulmonary, cutaneous and lymphatic. Acute glanders may terminate in fifteen days, while the chronic form may continue for years. Dieckerhoff reports a case which existed for a period of seven years. The chronic or latent form of glanders, in my opinion, is more dangerous, while in acute glanders it is very often recognized by the horse owner and is clearly manifested. Manner of Infection—May be directly or indirectly, by means of harness, blankets, watering pails, fodder, stable flies, wounds, digestive tract or respiration. The last two are the most frequent ways of infection, and we must bear in mind the great public nuisance—the watering trough. This nuisance by all means should be abolished and some sanitary method advocated in its stead. The return to the old water pump would be better, where each driver would use his own pail. It is a known fact that the glander bacilli is found in the dirty watering trough, due to the infecting nasal discharge from glandered horses, while the ac- tivity of the germ can be retained for a period of one to three weeks. This disease is common among horses that are kept in narrow, damp, ill-ventilated stalls in basements or cellars, yet is found to occur in the best hygienic stables; also in old wooden shanties, where the walls are saturated and no sewer connection. All these conditions do not help to prevent the disease, but increase same. Proper legislation would be the means of abolishing these infected cellar stables. It is a known bacteriological fact that the bacilli dried for three months or longer may retain its biological activities, be- coming reactivated in the presence of its necessary pabulum. 322 LOUIS GRIESSMAN. The impression on man’s mind of the contagion was first set in the seventeenth century by Solleysel. In 1734 Gaspard Sau- mer gave strict regulation as to the disinfection of stables wherein glanders existed, such as the burning of cribs and racks, the re- moval of the plaster, etc. Seven years later Gersault first sug- gested the immediate slaughter of the diseased horses and the isolation of suspicious cases; and in this era we find that horses are permitted to live for days before slaughter, due to some sort of delay on account of State laws, in effecting the condemnation by the State, the appraisal, and then the slaughter. All this . could be done in a single day. Often horses have died while waiting for the appraiser to appear on the scene and, gentlemen, these last remarks are in reference particularly to clinical cases where there is no question as to diagnosis. In this respect a branch office could be established in a large cosmopolitan city of this kind, with a deputy commissioner with full powers or some other person in his stead to hasten or expedite the disposal of these cases. We have in this State about 600,000 horses or more, about one million cows and a million of dogs. By proper legislation a yearly tax of one dollar for each horse, fifty cents for a cow, and one dollar for a dog could be fixed on the individual owners, and each year the State would have this additional income for a fund, which approximately would be $2,500,000, and the same turned over to a live stock sanitary department and systematically testing and registering each horse and cow, and licensing and enforcing the muzzling of dogs; to give certificates of health on the horse and cow, also taking into consideration the public health as to the food it eats, the milk it drinks, and doing away with rabies at the same time. Under this system the sale of the horse could not be consummated without a certificate of health. This live stock sanitary bureau could investigate, indemnify the owner for his loss, and institute proper means for the eradication of elanders, going from one end of the State to the other. The cases of reported recovery of glandered horses, if any, are so few and the probability of a cure so questionable we must take into consideration a possible error in diagnosis. NEW YORK’S EQUINE PLAGUE. 323 With preventative inoculation as a cure by means of vaccine, it is my opinion that it cannot be properly done by mitigated cul- tures artificially grown of the specific bacilli, and in order to get a specific vaccine, experiments should be carried out in s¢me cther animal less susceptible, in which it does not prove fatal, where we might get a given virulence, and still producing a protective form; this probable method on the same lines and theory of Jenner in Variola. Improper stable management I believe, to be one of the most prolific causes of this contagion. A continuous supply of fresh air is always necessary for the maintenance of life. The stable of the gentleman is lofty and roomy, the horse is not crowdcd and here the disease is not so often found as in the case of tke horse dealer where almost daily a different horse is put into the same stall. The danger from exposure to infection can scarcely be avoided by those horses that travel a great deal and put up over night in a transient stable, where often nightly a different horse has been stalled. It is remarkable how some horse owners seem to dread the law when they are informed by their veterinarian that one of their horses is suffering with glanders, and the same must be reported to the proper health authorities. Also we hear and re- ceive the abandoned glandered horses on the highways where they are left during the night by the owner or his agent, who has no regard for the law. Ventilation and cleanliness of stables must stand side by side, proper sewerage and drainage and the daily removal of tle manure. I have submitted several questions to myself. What is to be done with the so-called sleeper or carrier that looks too good to be slaughtered? Is he not detrimental to the other horse in the same stable? Some of these under present conditicns are per- mitted to live and work under a provisional quarantine. Is this quarantine enforced, in which instructions have been given to water separate and keep him isolated from the other horses? This quarantine from my observation is good in theory, but in 324 LOUIS GRIESSMAN. reality not faithfully performed. An instance—a huxter, or one- horse expressman or liveryman, who permits anyone to drive the animal on the public streets; let us follow him, and in the course of the day’s work what happens; when on the road, the animal is dry and must be watered. ‘The first saloon in front of which there is a watering trough the driver stops, as such troughs are placed there as an inducement for the driver to stop to water the animal, and at the same time for the driver to replenish his thirst with some liquid stronger than water. In this instance there is no proper quarantine. But what do we know of glanders that exists in our stables in hundreds of instances that kills the poor working horse as well as the millionaire’s trotter, that though it progresses slowly nevertheless kills, these are facts, and what are we to do to over- come them. In conclusion I would make a plea for co-operation between the veterinarians of the Department of Agriculture, those of the Health Department with the attending veterinarian, so as to avoid false impressions in the minds of the owner. That the destruction of glandered horses should not be per- mitted on the public highway by means of the bullet, but be de- stroyed by some other means in a bloodless manner. The reason is obvious for such reform. Your slaughtering of one infected animal here and there is not going to stop the spread of this contagion. Early recogni- tion, the co-operation of State and city authorities, and the dis- posal of these infecting animals, who to date have not responded to modern scientific treatment, appeals to me to be the rational of judgment. Missourt VALLEY VETERINARY ASSOCIATION will hold its big winter meeting in Kansas City towards the end of January, and will be well attended. Tentatively the dates are January 22, 23, 24, 1913. A final announcement will be made in our next number, and the dates above either confirmed or corrected. MY EXPERIENCE fee ANTI-HOG CHOLERA SERUM. * By F. M. Starr, D.V.M., Ovessa, Mo. Hog cholera appeared as an epidemic throughout Missouri during the season of 1911, which was a very dry one, and the disease is supposed to be brought on from the drying up of stag- nant pools of water. The disease is still with us in an endemic form, but has lost its virulence to a great extent since its first appearance. The loss in dollars cannot be estimated, as the death loss is not the greatest, for as soon as hogs became sick they were im- mediately pushed off to market, pigs from thirty pounds up to all the brood sows were sold at a sacrifice. Hogs for home con- sumption were almost unattainable, and many a poor renter went without his winter’s meat. All hogs marketed were poor and not fit for market, which meant a great loss. Some think the faulty corn was the cause of the disease, but the disease appeared many months before the crop was matured. There is some dispute as to the nature of the disease. My experience has led me to think. it genuine hog cholera, but symptoms in various herds differ, and in referring to our best authors it is hard to make a differ- ~ entiation. 5 Nd i eel mis Tie ea ee CP My experience with anti-hog cholera serum for its treatment has been excellent in most cases, which helps to make a diagnosis, as we would not get the results if it was not hog cholera. When a serum is made from the sick hogs of our own country it is the only way we can expect to get a serum that is adapted to off- set the infection which our hogs are carrying, and if we get re- sults the serum should have the credit. Without its use the loss was from 80 to 90 per cent. One bunch of hogs I especially remember for its virulency was a bunch of fifty shoats which averaged about seventy-five * Presented to the Missouri Veterinary Medical Association at Marshall, July, 1912. 325 $26 F. M. STARR. pounds, which I was called to see. They were so badly infected I decided to let them alone and in three weeks every one of the fifty shoats had died, which was a fatality of 100 per cent. This same client had one hundred and seven head on an adjoining farm which was also infected. We gave them the simultaneous method and lost twenty-five head out of the hundred and seven, also some hogs had died before the treatment and some of the worst infected ones we did not vaccinate, so we had a loss of less than 25 per cent., which looks better than 100 per cent. Owing to the expense of the serum it is hard to get the best results, as no client that I have had will stand for the double dosage of the serum. The proper way to get results in an in- fected herd (and in only one herd have I had this pleasure, and without any loss) is to give the serum treatment and in twenty days give the simultaneous treatment. This is for an infected herd. It looks imprudent to use the simultaneous treatment on an infected herd, but I would rather have my loss at the begin- ning and all at once, than to have them reinfected in four or five weeks and begin to die, which gives you a dissatisfied client who gives serum a black eye, of which I have had such experi- ence. ‘I do not think sanitary police measures will give results as stock hogs are allowed to roam over a farm, so a sanitary plot of ground would be hard to obtain and if so the hogs could be in- fected by its being carried by attendants, dogs, birds, crows and pigeons. The use of serum is just in its infancy and a great deal is to be learned about its use, some is more potent than others, so dose may be too small. The physicians are getting better re- sults from the use of diphtheritic serum, as they use it imme- diately upon diagnosis and in larger doses than when they first commenced its use. The longer we wait to use a serum the less chance we have to counteract the fast forming toxins. Hogs with a temperature not higher than 104° Fahrenheit I have had good success with the simultaneous treatment by cutting my doses of virulent blood to half the amount, and I find if hogs eat shelled corn they are fit subjects to vaccinate. I have no success MY EXPERIENCE WITH ANTI-HOG CHOLERA SERUM. 327 in treating sick hogs with serum, but find it prolongs their life three or four weeks. But I have had some success with sulpho- carbolate compound tablets used in all drinking water and slop. Farmers will vaccinate only when they have the disease tn their own herd, or their neighbors, which does not give the simultan- eous method a fair test. When hogs are once vaccinated the spring pigs should be also vaccinated at the time when the last - that were farrowed have reached about the weight of fifteen pounds. This method will always be cheaper as the dose will always be smaller, and if all farmers would keep up this method for a few years the disease might be eradicated. When you vaccinate a client’s hogs, vaccinate all or none at all, as the unvaccinated hogs may contract the disease if not isolated. Where sows are with pigs, do not use the simultaneous method as they will abort, and if sow is suckling pigs, just use serum. If pigs are vaccinated and sow also with the simultaneous method. I know the milk contains some virus which with the virus from vaccination is too much for the pigs and causes their death and sow dries up in her milk. I know this is not from the want of milk, as I have had pigs that were eating well and large enough to wean, die. The sow should receive the serum alone, which does not affect the milk. Hogs after vaccination should be fed very little and, better still, let them have nothing but grass during fever stage. I have noticed some reactions from vaccination that shows that serum is not of the same potency, some vaccinated P bunches will show no reaction whatever from its use, while others _ will look as though they were having the genuine disease, eyes pt full of a sticky discharge, cough, weakness of posterior ex- € tremities ; they lie back in their beds, eat very little, but in fifteen or twenty days come out in good condition. The reaction is so _ intense it is not pleasant for the practitioner as the client has to be Y kept pacified. b On November the thirteenth I vaccinated ninety head of _ shoats in which I had very discouraging results as you will see by “my chart, hogs appeared healthy, and to be certain I took several ¥ temperatures, which were normal. In ten days the hogs took a we get oe 4 at et > 328 F. M. STARR, SIMULTANEOUS. _ Date Name. No. Infected. Loss. Move. Orlgir: "Geor Havenenrmrns.. cress. one 40 No (sold) o Now <@..1ort | sO) Filler. J duseises eid otienic aor 60 Yes 30 Nowe £0, LOM: ilo. INeith terre ..c: acute 72 No 28 Novae atom Wall iiohnsone snc ses eee: 9 Yes 2 INovadish ont Bedsandmeees etree 90 No 36 NOx WA one We MClinsei wacsdnotescdaser 73 Yes 25 Novy; a4; Torts GPL Brangockiaieta: lea teoe 43 Yes 20 Nav. 0S, MROTIs oy. is Amgecson-. ict ramens 24 Yes 5 Novy. 15; cOrn E1aeemitin oe ae ee ears 21 Yes S Novels ont. (GeomsWee Siiithis =e eerte 46 Yes 4 INO WA UGbtig LEKNS. Joleen Sseoyey4s0sbee 105 No 5 Novi18,, 1911.) TE Anidesson 3. Shes tienes 21 No fo) INOy.)27; IOLT... VemasGODDis it. entree ne et 16 No I Bebe 2p 1G1 2.0 AesOs WVMITE Sot oes eee. « 62 Yes 18 Apr eT elOT2-w ale wD eniniss ae pete sere ae 13 Yes fe) May -14-.TOTS: \ Lanner BOS: ann. css asc 42 No oO Hrine 20, TOL Ie Sanders 5 7)50n Gee eek one 116 No fe) Haily: On tore. OA; I. RODINSON > cthenicecienn- 48 No o Jaly 10, 1012) Shons. & Wakeman >.:..-.... 34 Yes fo) AOtALS edhe ee eerie lee 1,750 256 _—————— Percentage -OlmlOSSmy:cccrerscistd a0 © seieise ois ore, emo ee 17 2-5. SIMPLE TREATMENT. Date Name. No Infected..~ Loss. July? 10, Tere. (OS Eo oke = 2) shocks Sore te ce 60 Yes 20 Jraly-et2 RO tb.: Witeietinet 7o% india aroceions 15 Yes 6 Septcis orm Rabe olisher, scat... oe cere ae 42 Yes 10 Sepinig;, ton CA banietineer. veneer 13 Yes Gf, Septery tort: “Hagan Gare. oi. ciecalsb sia x 20 No fe) Sepe20, TOL (Wi WWwewis: 2: asctes «cts he 27 No fo) Oete lo; worn, 1. salem ek wae, \ekiseeb es 12 No oO Oct, t2) 191, Lowery ony: imp sine seek 34 No 12 Dee: T2orl) Els “Wersew sneer oes cerns 56 Yes 35 ate: 5 RORS. A ie eS aches Remi oa cdl 17 Yes x jan. “35, Tote; “PO sAnderson pee ea ahs alee 12 No fo) Jans sip nore) Wa Drake Sree en ates 34 Yes 20 Janae, sore) wav vB eal? 2 irs Ryne oo rie eau 80 Yes 10 Jans? 25, 1o12:' P;. Anderson — cares css. sc 6 No oO. Apr. 11y/dor2.+< Jem Desinis: situs belek sees ees ee eee 28. MY EXPERIENCE WITH ANTI-HOG CHOLERA SERUM. 329 SIMULTANEOUS. Date. Name. No. Infected. Loss. Mere re. torr. Pearcy & SOK i. )...0¢. 008. 131 No 3 ieimeey, StODY.. 1») Vamer 2.05.09 242 «dhatuee 20 No (sold) o meee. 16, A, EF. Robinson %...<...>.-.. 60 Yes a Memeo eto lr. PK. “Uracey-... sere. ose esas 150 Yes 5 momen tout.) A, Laggtalin ) oc 6. capac see aes 2 Yes 30 MoOveneerorn. —). Wanteter’ 'es oit.c0 2 ete ss a's 26 No oO Rives etorn, Danner Bross jyisegs seek 68 ‘Yies oO CV EEE A seTOU Us css. JOLY. 5s srejetestoc.c.,eras/s slealsle 83 No fe) MoveeO: Torr. Marterson Bros. 3.....0..2.. 66 No O Meameeitett.: |. Vatmeter: )...\shs. idee & 12 No fe) ice Ae TOE. I WMAShet cs crs. cnc sles oot « 34 Yes 8 vee eerorie: ). CriGopbiey; vais cui. we decile 17 No oO MigvamOmLOltas Ele Elaippmean .)4j0% cin ier she oe 66 Yes 30 ee vO peculiar disease which I think was septicemia. They became blind, bled at nostrils, foamed at the mouth, became paralyzed, had convulsions and skin was bluish purple over entire body. The hogs lived but a few hours, thirty-six died out of the ninety. I believe that serum, must have been infected. In vaccinating I think we should disinfect parts where needle is introduced, wash parts clean with cotton, when dirty throw away and take a clean piece. Do not puncture more than once if possible, and if hog moves so that needle has to be withdrawn, change to a new field, do not puncture in the same location. 1 have had very little trouble from infection at point of injection. I always pinch the skin when I withdrew my needle so there is no escape of serum or virulent blood, then wipe off with anti- septic. If client has a dipping tank I like to run the hogs through the tank as fast as they are vaccinated, if the weather is warm. November 14th I was called to vaccinate seventy-five head, found them all sick. We picked out twenty-four of the best looking ones, their temperature ranged up to 104 degrees Fah- renheit. We vaccinated them with simultaneous treatment and lost five out of the twenty-four. We used Hog Cholera Specific on the remaining fifty-one and lost every one. We were very sorry we did not use the double method on all, and more than likely have saved 25 per cent. of them. 330 F. M. STARR, December 12th I administered serum to fifty-six head, of which twenty head were sick. One old sow, which appeared healthy at time of treatment, died in two days, there was no swelling at point of injection and all of the well hogs showed a decided reaction from the serum. I lost thirty-four out of the fifty-six. October 12th I gave the simple treatment to thirty-four head which were not infected. In ten days after the vaccination the owner placed two in a neighbor’s pen of sick hogs and in about fifteen days they contracted the disease and died of cholera. He does not have much faith in the single treatment, but thinks the simultaneous treatment is a success if there is no cholera among hogs. I have since vaccinated seventy-five head for him with no loss. I feel I have good success with the use of the simultaneous treatment when it was used during the greatest epidemic our part of the country has ever had. If serum is properly used, and the virulent blood very cautiously used and properly destroyed when | left over, and especially kept out of the hands of the laity, such an epidemic as we have just experienced should never occur with such great loss. In my part of the country every liveryman, auctioneer and castrator were all over the country using the simul- taneous treatment, which is ridiculous to think of. Thus I have given you a few of my experiences in the use by the serum and simultaneous method of 2,191 head with a loss of 381 head, when cholera was raging in the form of an epidemic. HicH Honor For A DISTINGUISHED VETERINARIAN.—TLhe following, clipped from one of the British dailies by the senior editor, will be of interest to the many readers of the REviIEw who had the pleasure of meeting Professor Hobday on the occasion of his visit to America in 1911: ‘‘ Veterinary Surgeon to the King—Master of the Horse’s Office, Royal Mews, Buckingham Palace, October 30. The King has been graciously pleased to appoint Mr. Frederick Hobday, F.R.C.V.S., to be an Honorary Veterinary Surgeon to his Majesty.” SERUM THERAPY BY THE SIMULTANEOUS METHOD FOR THE PREVENTION OF HOG CHOLERA. * By E. A. Buxton, D.V.S., Vinton, Iowa. Never in the history of lowa was the farmers great industry of hog raising threatened with such complete destruction as at the present time. I think the monetary loss in the hog industry alone from cholera in this State far exceeds all other diseases of the lower animals combined. A fair estimate of the loss of hogs from cholera, their feed and care in the last year would approx- imate a loss of fifteen million dollars to the farmers of this State. This condition is not confined to Iowa alone, but nearly all of the corn-raising States of the Union are likewise affected. It is this great monetary loss to our clients, the farmers and swine raisers, that has prompted me to bring the subject of serum therapy before the veterinarians here assembled that we might by careful study and discussion be better enabled to demonstrate to the thinking swine raisers of our State, who have spent years in building up a fine herd of hogs, that it is unnecessary for them to lose the results of all of their work and care in a single week, but that by immunizing their hogs while well they can be able to save them and thus save great loss. | In bringing this subject briefly before you I can only give my experience in the last eight months with hog cholera serum. It must be conceded that the most scientific method used for the permanent prevention of hog cholera is the serum simultaneous method. It can not be claimed that this method is always sure. It has some drawbacks. One of these is the apparent suscepti- bility of some herds to inoculation. This danger wherever found is among weak, poorly cared for and unthrifty hogs. The main consideration in these experiments is one of virulence. It is a well-known fact that we have found virus of a high virulence _ * Presented to the twenty-fifth annual meeting of the Iowa Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation at Ames, November i2, 1912. 331 332 E, A. BUXTON. that will give positive results. On the other hand, virus of a low virulence will give sometimes slight results and even no results at all. The most exhaustive and careful experiments conducted with close observation has served only to show that by using good potent serum and a virus from hogs in acute stages of cholera with the temperature of 107 degrees or higher that there was no question of positive results, while the per cent. of loss in healthy herds may be a little greater, the results will be far more satisfactory, as the hogs will be rendered immune during their natural lives. I think the use of weak virus accounts for so many failures to produce permanent immunity and is the chief cause of many outbreaks of cholera in two or three months after treatment. After giving the serum therapy many years of care- ful study, I decided the simultaneous method for the prevention of hog cholera was the most feasable and beneficial method. In order to get the swine raisers interested in that method, I made public demonstrations to test the efficiency of hog cholera serum. I invited the public to witness these demonstrations. I immun- ized healthy hogs by the simultaneous method, placing them in infected pens where sick hogs had been kept and died and post- mortems held, I then injected virulent cholera blood into healthy hogs to make them sick, put them together with sick cholera hogs in the pens with the immunized hogs, subjected them to the most severe tests possible. As fast as a hog which had not been treated died, I permitted the immunized hogs to eat up the de- ceased ones and never experienced a loss by death of a single immunized hog. I have found in my experience during the last eight months, covering the treatment of seventeen thousand hogs, that during the extreme hot weather the per cent. of loss of hogs that had been exposed three days before being immunized was much greater than in cooler weather. I have several herds of hogs that were immunized early in the spring and that I have been in repeatedly during the season vaccinating the pigs that were farrowed at different intervals, where little pigs that were treated early were less than three days old. I have several hogs that after being vaccinated for sree Tipe eee iat ee ee an So. ae whi ee ee SERUM THERAPY FOR THE PREVENTION OF HOG CHOLERA. 303 months have been put in infected herds throughout the country that had cholera in the worst form. I have herds where dead cholera hogs were fed to immunized hogs that were vaccinated months before and in none of the above cases have I had a loss of a single hog from cholera in any of the experiments made. What I desire to show by the foregoing illustrations is that the immune is permanent. That if it was not permanent the above illustrations would show deaths from cholera. It is by these numerous demonstrations held in different parts of my own country that I have satisfied myself and convinced all interested persons in the swine industry that their hogs were permanently immune. In my experience in immunizing hogs ' for over two hundred different farmers in Benton County I am pleased to here state that there has not been one outbreak of cholera in any of the herds where the simultaneous method was used and the hogs recovered from the treatment, although many have been exposed in different places during the past eight months. It is my profound conviction that by using a potent serum manufactured from virulent virus, produced from hogs with cholera in the acute stages of the disease, together with a good strong virus in the simultaneous treatment, we will have all the therapeutic action in producing immunity that the founders of the serum claim for it. Not only investigating men of our profession but the owners of hogs are beginning to realize that the time to treat hogs is while they are healthy. If so treated the percentage of loss in a healthy herd rarely exceeds 3 per cent. I need not call your atention to the large percentage of de- struction in hogs when cholera gets a grip on them. FLASHED Upon THE Canvas DurING Pror. CHITTICK’S TALK AT THE AMES BANQUET.—* Sunshine is nature’s disinfect- ant. Sanitary instruction is more important than sanitary legislation.” REPORTS OF CASES. FOURTEEN CASES TREATED WITH PHYLACOGENS: By F. N. Sawyer, M.D.C., Bakersfield, Cal. Case 1—Subject, chestnut colt, five months old; first seen October 2, 1909. Temp. 104.8, pulse 60, resp. 26; was running at the nose, had some laryngitis and slight swelling of the glands of the neck. Colt was very quiet and off feed for three days. Diagnosis, distemper. October 2, 1909, gave 10 c.c. mixed infection distemper phy- lacogen subcutaneously. October 3, 1909, large swelling at site of injection, less run- ning of the nose, glands less swollen. Nine a. m., temp. 101.6, pulse 45, resp. 18. Colt seems brighter, has taken some feed. Gave 10 c.c. mixed infection distemper phylacogen subcutan- eously. October 4, 1909, 9 a. m., temp. 100.2, pulse 40, resp. 18. Colt is bright and lively, no running at the nose, glandular swelling all gone, visible membranes normal, colt feeding naturally. October 5, 1909, 8 a. m., temp., pulse and resp. normal Twelve noon colt discharged. Case 2—Subject, a brown colt, seven months old; first seen February 10, 1910. Temp. 105, pulse 55, resp. 24; running of the nose and eyes, laryngitis with some cough, glands of the neck much swollen, visible membranes very red; quiet and listless and off feed for the past four days. Diagnosis, distemper. February 10, 1910, gave 10 c.c. mixed infection distemper phylacogen subcutaneously. February II, 1910, 10 a. m,, temp. 102.5, pulse 50, resp. 22. Colt is brighter, visible membranes less red, less running of the nose, glandular swelling much less. Gave 15 c.c. mixed infection distemper phylacogen subcutaneously. February 12, 1910, 10 a. m., temp. 100.2, pulse 40, resp. 18. Colt is lively and brighter, appetite good, visible membranes nor- mal, glandular sw elling all gone, no cough or running at the nose. February 13, I910, 10 a. m., temp., pulse and resp. normal. Colt discharged. Swellings moderate at the site of injections. 334 » Ie REPORTS OF CASES. 335 Case 3—Subject, chestnut colt, one year old; first seen April 9, I910. Temp. 104.8, pulse 58, resp. 26; much running at the nose and eyes, laryngitis with cough, glands at the neck much swollen and indurated, visible membranes very red, quiet, listless and off feed for four days. Diagnosis, severe distemper. April 9, 1910, gave 10 c.c. mixed infection distemper phy- lacogen subcutaneously. April 10, 1910, 8 a. m., temp. 104.2, pulse 55, resp. 22, arlimal seems a little better. However, there is no improvement in the glandular swelling or color of the visible membranes and the animal is not eating. Gave 10 c.c. mixed infection distemper phylacogen subcutaneously. April 11, 1910, 8 a. m., temp. 103.2, pulse 46, resp. 20. Two of the glands are soft and fluctuating, visible membranes less red, there is less cough and laryngitis. Incised the two soft glands and evacuated pus. Gave 20 c.c. mixed infection distem- per phylacogen subcutaneously. April 12, 1910, 8 a. m., temp. 101.2, pulse 4o, resp. 18; colt is much brighter, appetite better, visible membranes very slightly red, the other glandular swellings nearly gone. Gave 30 c.c. mixed infection distemper phylacogen subcutaneously. April 13, 1910, 9 a. m., temp. 100, pulse 38, resp. 18; colt lively and bright, appetite good, glandular swelling all gone, visible membranes normal, no dose. April 14, 1910, 9 a. m., temp. 100, pulse 38, resp. 18, owner took the animal home. Case 4—Subject, roan horse, four years old; ordinary draft. First seen April 20, 1911, temp. 104.6, pulse 60, resp. 30; visible membranes very red, eyes watery, laryngitis with cough; is con- ' stipated, has been quiet and off feed for three days. Diagnosis, influenza. April 20, 1911, gave 15 c.c. pneumonia phylacogen intraven- ously, followed by moderate reaction in 10 minutes, during which the pulse was 70, resp. 36. April 21, 1911, 7a. m., temp. 102.4, pulse 50, resp. 24. Horse seems slightly improved, appetite poor, has no cough, visible membranes less red. Gave 15 c.c. pneumonia phylacogen intra- venously. Seven p. m., temp. 101.4, pulse 50, resp. 22, is much brighter, running of the eyes nearly gone, visible membranes less red, is eating a little. Reaction from dose slight, pulse 60, resp. 32. April 22, 1911, 7 a. m., temp. 101, pulse 45, resp. 20. Horse is much better, appetite good, visible membranes nearly normal, 336 REPORTS OF CASES. no running of the nose or eyes. Gave 30 c.c. pneumonia phylaco- gen intravenously with moderate reaction, pulse 56, resp. 26; 7p. m., temp. 100, pulse 40, resp. 19: April 23, 1911, 9 a.:m., temp. 100.2, pulse 38, resp, 16¢ane noon owner took the animal home. Case 5—Subject, bay mare, six years old; light draft. First seen June 12, IQII, 10a. m., temp. 104.6, pulse 62, resp. 30. Vis- ible membranes much injected, slight running of the nose and eyes, laryngitis with some cough, tendency to purpuric swellings of the front legs, is constipated, has been off feed for four days. Diagnosis, influenza. June 12, I9II, gave I5 c.c. pneumonia phylacogen intra- venously, followed in 20 minutes by strong reaction, pulse 74, resp. 40, animal trembled, urinated and laid down; 7 p. m., temp. 103.6, pulse 55, resp. 26. June 13, 1911, 8a. m., temp. 102.6, pulse 50, resp. 22; seems slightly better, there is less running from the nose and is eating a little. Gave 15 c.c. pneumonia phylacogen intravenously, fol- lowed in 30 minutes by mild reaction. June 14, 1911, 8 a. m., temp. 101.8, pulse 48, resp. 2257 ais brighter, no running from the nose and eyes, appetite better, vis- ible membranes less red. Gave 30 c.c. pneumonia phylacogen intravenously, followed in 20 minutes with strong reaction, pulse 64, resp. 30, animal trembled and laid down. June 15, 1911, 8 a. m., temp. 100.2, pulse 40, resp. 18, is bright and lively, appetite good, visible membranes normal. June 16, temp., pulse and resp. normal, 12 noon owner took the animal home. Case 6—Subject, a gray horse, eight years old; ordinary draft. First seen June 20, 1911, temp. 104.2, pulse 58, resp. 28, visible membranes very red, animal is weak, running from nose, constipated, urine very red; has laryngitis with cough. Diagno- sis, influenza, severe; prognosis, doubtful. June 20, 1911, gave 10 c.c. pneumonia phylacogen intraven- ously, reaction -moderate; 6 p. m., temp. 103.2, pulse 50, resp. 26. Animal seems less distressed, has had several large bowel movements. Gave 10 c.c. pneumonia phylacogen intravenously, reaction very slight. June 21, I91I, 9 a. m., temp. 102.2, pulse 46, resp. 22. Horse is brighter, less running from the nose, less cough, urine clearer, animal is eating a little. Gave 15 c.c. pneumonia phylacogen intravenously, reaction moderate; 8 p. m., temp. 104, pulse 40, ry. ‘ REPORTS OF CASES. 33 resp. 20. Gave I5 c.c. pneumonia phylacogen intravenously, very slight reaction. Prognosis, favorable. June 22, I91I, 7a. m., temp. I01.2, pulse 38, resp. 20. Animal seems bright, running from the nose about gone, no laryngitis, no cough, appetite better, visible membranes nearly normal, urine is much clearer. Gave 30 c.c. pneumonia phylacogen intraven- ously, very strong reaction; 8 p. m., temp. 100.6, pulse 40, resp. 20, appetite better, bowel movement free, urine clearer. June 23, I911, 8a. m., temp. 100.2, pulse 40, resp. 18. Ani- mal is bright, appetite good, head and throat symptoms gone. Gave 30 c.c. pneumonia phylacogen intravenously, reaction moderate. June 24, 1911, temp., pulse and resp. normal, 12 noon owner took the animal home. Case 7—Subject, a blue roan mare, six years old, driving horse. First seen July 19, I91I, 10 a. m., temp. 102.8, pulse 54, resp. 22. Both front feet very painful and sore, horse hardly able to walk, constipated, off feed. Diagnosis, laminitis, first attack. July 19, I91I, Il a. m., 20 c.c. mixed infection phylacogen intravenously, reaction moderate. fol 20, TO11, 0 a. m., ‘temp. 100.4, pulse 45, resp. 18. Less pain, is able to move around in stall with but slight evidence of pain. Has had three or four large bowel movements, is eating; 20 c.c. mixed infection phylacogen intravenously, reaction mod- erate. July 21, i911, 9 a. m., temp. 100, pulse 40, resp. 16. Animal moves around stall without pain, is bright, appetite good. No dose, orders rest for three days more. July 24, 1911, owner drove horse. October 5, 1912, horse had been working steadily, has had no further recurrence. Case 8—Subject, brown stallion, eight years old, driving horse. First seen August 20, I9g1I, temp. 103, pulse 56, resp. 20. Both front feet very painful and tender, can hardly move for pain. Is constipated and off feed. Diagnosis, laminitis, first attack. August 20, I9II, I2 noon, 20 c.c. mixed infection phylacogen intravenously, reaction moderate. August 21, 1911, 8 a. m., temp. 100.2, pulse 44, resp. 18. Feet very much less painful, can move around in stall with slight evidence of pain. Is brighter and is eating some. Gave 20 c.c. mixed infection phylacogen intravenously, reaction mild. 338 REPORTS OF CASES. August 22, 1911, 8 a. m., temp. 99.4, pulse 4o, resp. 16. Moves around stall without pain. Rest for three days additional ordered, no dose. Animal is bright and is eating. August 25, 1911, owner is driving horse. November 1, 1912, has had no recurrence; has worked steadily since. Case 9g—Subject, black horse, four years old, draft type. First seen September 5, 1911, about 4 p. m., temp. 104.6, pulse 58, resp. 24. History, September 2, 1911, while turned out re- ceived a 6-inch barbed-wire cut just back of the right shoulder; September 4, I911I, pus began to accumulate and the adjacent soft parts were much swollen. Just back of the right shoulder is a deep cut from which considerable pus is draining, the soft parts are swollen and the swelling extends to the shoulder. The animal is having considerable pain and puts but little weight on the leg. Visible membranes red, appetite poor, animal is trem- bly and sweating. Diagnosis, severe infection of wire cut; prog- nosis, doubtful. September 5, I91I, 4 p. m., incised lower corner of wound to insure good drainage, ordered I per cent. Kreso solution for antiseptic wash, gave I5 c.c. mixed infection phylacogen intra- venously, reaction moderate. September 6, I9I1I, 9 a. m., temp. 102.2, pulse 50, resp. 20. Has less pain, there is less swelling and discharge from the wound which is tinged with blood, is eating a little; gave 20 c.c. mixed infection phylacogen intravenously, reaction mild, Kreso solution continued. Prognosis, favorable. September 7, I9II, 10 a. m., temp. 100.4, pulse 48, resp. 18. Free from pain, very little swelling of the soft parts, discharge much less, is thin, and serous, necrotic tissue sloughing off. Gave 30 c.c. mixed infection phylacogen intravenously, reaction mod- erate. September 8, I911, 9 a. m., temp. 100, pulse 44, resp. 16. No pain, no swelling, very little clear discharge from the wound which looks very healthy, ordered wound kept clean, needs no further treatment. September 12, 1911, animal working. Case 10—Bay mare, Io years old, light draft. First seen September 20, I91I, temp. 103.8, pulse 60, resp. 26. History September 16, 1911, was kicked on the left flank. There was large swelling and bruising of the skin with considerable sore- ness. September 19, 1911, the swelling seemed very soft and the animal was sweaty and off feed. There is a large soft mass REPORTS OF CASES. 339 10 inches across on the left flank; there is fluctuation, no appetite. Diagnosis, large abscess; prognosis, favorable. September 20, 1911, made a 6-inch incision in the lower part of mass, evacuated a large quantity of pus. Washed out with 1 per cent. Kreso solution. Gave 20 c.c. mixed infection phylaco- gen intravenously, reaction moderate. September 21, 1911, 9 a. m., temp. 100.8, pulse 45, resp. 20. Drainage from abscess, thin pus with blood and small in the amount, no pain, is eating. Gave 30 c.c. mixed infection phy- lacogen intravenously, reaction moderate. Kreso wash con- tinued. September 22, I91I, 10 a. m., temp. 99.6, pulse, 42, resp. 18. Discharge very scanty and serous. There is much sloughing of necrotic tissue, no pain, appetite good. September 23, 1911, 9 a. m., thin clear discharge, wound looks healthy, ordered wound kept clean, needs no further attention. September 25, 1911, animal working. Case 11—Chestnut horse, six years old, driving. First seen October 8, 1911, temp. 104.2, pulse 58, resp. 26. History, Octo- ber 4 or 5 while running in lot was snagged with a sharp stick on the right shoulder. It was swollen and sore, but didn’t get bad until October 8. Found a puncture wound on the right shoulder about 3 inches deep. There is much green pus draining away, and the surrounding soft parts are much swollen, the ani- mal is in pain, uneasy and perspiring, no appetite. Diagnosis, infected punctured wound, with septicaemia ; prognosis, doubtful. October 8, 1911, no incision necessary, washed out with 1 per cent. Kreso solution. Gave 20 c.c. mixed infection phylaco- gen intravenously, reaction moderate. October 9, 1911, 9 a. m., temp. 101.8, pulse 48, resp. 20. Has only slight pain, discharge lighter in color with streaks of blood. Surrounding swelling much less, is eating a little. Gave 30 c.c. mixed infection phylacogen intravenously, reaction strong. Or- dered Kreso wash continued. October 10, I9II, II a. m., temp. 100.8, pulse 46, resp. 20. No pain, discharge more serous and much less in amount, very little swelling, appetite fair. Prognosis, favorable. Gave 30 ¢.c. mixed infection phylacogen intravenously, with moderate re- action. October 11, 1911, 9 a. m., temp. 99.8, pulse 38, resp. 17. No pain, no swelling, discharge very scant, appetite good, Kreso con- tinued. October 12, 1911, temp., pulse and resp. normal. No dose, wound ordered kept clean. 340 REPORTS OF CASES. October 16, animal at work. Case 12—Gray horse, ten years old, large draft. First seen September 6, Ig11, temp., pulse and resp. normal. History, since September, 1910, has been in poor condition, has been able to work most of the time but is thin, at times seems weak and al- ways sweats easily, has lost weight in spite of good care, careful feeding and occasional short courses of tonic. September 6, 1911, owner brought animal in for examination, I could find nothing wrong. Appetite fair, has occasional con- stipation or diarrhoea, but most of the time bowels are normal. Gave I5 c.c. mixed infection phylacogen, followed by moderate reaction in which the pulse was 56, resp. 24. Later in the day owner took animal home. I advised the owner to work the ani- mal lightly for two or three days and to bring him back in seven to ten days if there was no improvement. At the end of two weeks the owner brought in two other animals in the same condi- tion and said: ‘“‘ Inject these two, the other horse is doing fine.” Case 13—Black horse, seven years old, light draft. First seen October 10, IgII, temp. 103.4, pulse 55, resp. 24. Visible membranes red, is very weak, sweats easily, muscles of the back corded, urine scanty and quite red, bowels constipated. Diagno- sis, azoturia; prognosis, fairly good. October 10, I9II, gave 15 c.c. mixed infection phylacogen subcutaneously plus 1% grain arecoline. . October 11, 1911, 9 a..m., temp. 102.8, pulse 54;) respieaee Horse is slightly better but continues weak and sweaty, appetite poor, is passing more urine. Gave 15 c.c. mixed infection phy- lacogen subcutaneously. October 12, 7 a. m., temp. 102, pulse 50, resp. 20. Is a little more improved, back muscles less corded. There is less weak- ness of the loin and hip muscles, urine lighter colored and is passing more; is still sweaty. Gave 30 c.c. mixed infection phy- lacogen subcutaneously. October 13, 1911, 8 a. m., temp. 100.6, pulse 44, resp. 20. Animal is much brighter, appetite is improved, is stronger. Cord- ing of back muscles gone, urine and bowels normal. Gave 30 c.c. mixed infection phylacogen subcutaneously. October 14, I9II, 9 a. m., temp. 100.2, pulse 40, resp. 16. Animal is bright and strong, appetite good. October 16, 1911, animal discharged. Case 14—A sorrel driving mare, seven years old. First seen January 15, 1912, temp. 102.6, pulse 50, resp. 20. Animal can hardly walk on account of pain in both front feet, both front ———— REPORTS OF CASES. 341 legs are very stiff and sore. Animal has a ring bone on the right hind foot (has had both these conditions for two years to my knowledge). Appetite poor, constipated. Diagnosis, navi- cular disease. January 15, 1912, gave 15 c.c. pneumonia phylacogen subcu- taneously. January 16, 1912, 9 a. m., temp. IOI, pulse 48, resp. 20. Ani- mal seems about the same, is perhaps a little less stiff. Gave 15 ¢.c. pneumonia phylacogen subcutaneously. January 17, 1912, 8 a. m., temp. 100.6, pulse 44, resp. 18. Is brighter, appetite improved, seems less sore, moves around a little in the stall. Gave 30 c.c. pneumonia phylacogen subcu- taneously. January 18, 1912, 9 a. m., temp. 100, pulse 40, resp. 16. Ap- petite good, can move about less stiffly, has surely less pain. Gave 30 c.c. pneumonia phylacogen subcutaneously. January 19, I912, 9 a. m., temp. 99.8, pulse 42, resp. 17. Animal is much improved, is less stiff, moves around in stall freely, both front feet still tender. Gave 30 c.c. pneumonia phy- lacogen subcutaneously. January 20, 1912, temp. 99.8, pulse 40, resp. 16. Is bright, appetite good, can walk without pain, right front foot only slightly tender. Gave 30 c.c. pneumonia phylacogen subcutan- eously. January 21, 1912, temp. 100, pulse 38, resp. 16. Is still more improved. No tenderness in either front foot. Can walk with- out stiffness or lameness. Gave 30 c.c. pneumonia phylacogen subcutaneously. January 22, I912, temp., pulse and resp. normal. Gave 30 ¢.c. pneumonia phylacogen subcutaneously. Ordered three days additional rest, after which light work for a week. Animal dis- charged. SILVER WeppinGc—Dr. and Mrs. George H. Glover cele- brated the twenty-fifth anniversary of their wedding day on November 19, last, and we are sure that the entire veterinary _ profession throughout the land wish them joy and hope that they will celebrate their golden wedding together. The humerous doctor said in a recent letter, referring to the approaching anni- _versary, “ fifty years or bust,” and we sincerely hope he reaches ee his goal. ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. ENGLISH REVIEW: By Prof. A. Liautarp, M.D., V.M. SOME CLINICAL Cases: [W. R. Davis, M.R.CV.S.J— Rhododendron Poisoning.—Vhirteen young cattle and thirty sheep broke through a fence and got into a field where there was a number of rhododendrons. The animals ate a considerable quantity of them, and some exhibited symptoms of poisoning. They staggered about, falling and rising; their eyes were star- ing and glossy. They slabbered, foamy saliva hanging about the mouth. Some vomited greenish material. Others had gnashing of the teeth, straining and diarrhoea. Only one animal died. The others were treated with oil, linseed gruel and bicarbonate of soda. They recovered. Uterine Eversion in a Mare.—A short time after foaling and. having received proper attention, a thoroughbred mare is roll- ing about with the uterus extruded. The animal is sweating, greatly excited, in pain, throwing herself down, rolling over and straining. The mare standing up, a twitch was put on her lip, the near fore leg held up, while two other assistants supported the womb and raised it as high as they could. The organ being held up and well washed with antiseptic, it was gradually pushed back in position and a West’s clamp put on. There was no bad symptom afterwards. Difficult Parturition in a Mare.——A thoroughbred mare is unable to foal. Two forelegs and part of the head of the foetus are projecting beyond the vulva. The foreleg of another foal is felt on examination. Hobbles were immediately applied and chloroform administered. As the parts were dried, the uterus was injected with large quantity of mucilage of tragawurth. With some little difficulty both foals were successively pulled out, the chloroform having rendered all the manipulations much easier.— (Vet. Record.) OPEN STIFLE JotnT [Lieut. A. N. Foster, A.V.C.|.—Seven- year-old bay gelding received a kick and is lame on the off hind leg, with a punctured wound on the outside of the off stifle. 342 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 343 There is a cutaneous cut, one inch and a half long, and blood- stained synovia is escaping freely. The treatment was as fol- lows: Hair clipped, region disinfected, wound carefully and thoroughly syringed with sublimate solution (1 to 100), closing of the wound with four pin sutures and dusting with boric acid powder; laxative and soft diet. There was much swelling and pain at first, but the temperature remained normal and the appe- tite good. There was discharge between the stitches for a few days; then it gradually subsided, and the horse was discharged after a few days with only a slight stiffness of the joint, which a blister and a run to pasture for a month would help to remove. —(Vet. News.) CarpiaAc DIsEASE IN THE Horse [E. Wallis Hoare, F.R.C.V.S.|—Record of a very interesting case which ended fatally and is related as the two acts of a drama. First Act—Horse convalescent from cold is about being pur- chased, but in no condition to be galloped. Nearly a month after he is brought back to be tested, but he was scarcely fit for a gal- lop, having yet accelerated respirations, a slight cough, a drop- sical swelling of the sternum and on the sheath and a tempera- ture of 101° F. Advice is given to take him home, but before he had gone but a short distance he staggers, nearly fell down, and on examination exhibited evidences of marked cardiac dis- order. He was placed under treatment of a combination tonic, iodide and nux vomica, and gradually improved in the condition of the circulatory apparatus. After a while the owner (dealer) insisted to take him home. The horse was sold afterwards, hunted and reported perfectly sound. ~ Second Act.—Several months after, the writer was requested to attend the same horse (but did not recognize it at first). He presented the exactly same symptoms as before, and on the evi- dence given the advised destruction was carried out, ending the drama. Post mortem: Heart enormously enlarged. Fluid in pericar- dial cavity. Heart was spherical in shape and weighed 24 pounds. The left side was excessively thick. The mitral thickened had its surface covered with calcareous projection; the edges were thick, also the chordoe tendinoe. The tricuspid had the same lesions. The stomach showed catarrhal gastritis (Veter. Record. ) Cirnica Cases [J. H. Parker, M.R.C.V.S.].—A nasty stake which injured a Shire gelding in the right groin, close to the 344 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. penis, in the position that the testicle would have occupied if the horse had been entire. Casting the animal was necessary. It then was easily pulled out from a hole three feet six inches (?) deep, the length of the stake. It ran upwards and backwards as far as the middle of the left thigh. Considerable swelling took place and required several punctures with small trocar. Recov- ery was comparatively simple and short. Cystic Calculi—Four-year-old, wire-haired fox terrier bitch had passed six stones per urethra, varying in size from a pea to that of a bean. She was chloroformed. The bladder was full of stones, sixteen in all. The urethra was blocked with one. There were two as big as a golf ball. The mucus was thick- ened and bad color.—(Veter. Record.) Frprotysin [Henry Taylor, F.R.C.V.S.|.—Aged horse had sprained his hock. The joint was swollen and very hard. Iodine liniment failed in reducing the enlargement. Stronger binodide of mercury was then applied, but not to the benefit of the horse, which, although not very lame, was unable to flex the hock even to a kick, such was the condition and amount of tissue. Fibrolysin was then obtained. Five injections were made at 3, 4, 7 and 8 days apart, in the gluteal muscles, alternate sides being used, and in addition massage of the hock with weak iodine ointment. No bad result followed from the injections. The swelling of the hock diminished, the movements became freer, and finally both joints looked about the same.—(V eter. Record.) ABSCESS OF THE STOMACH WALL AND OrsopHacus [Wm. Willis, M.R.C.V.S.].—Aged mare has been dull in working and refused all food and drink. Temperature 102° F. She has had blowing fits during the day. The neck muscles are cramped. She takes handfuls of food, chews it some and drops it. Opening of the mouth with gag to examine the teeth set up movements as if she were about to vomit. Impaction of thoracic oesophagus is suspected. Arecoline is injected and followed by a second dose, as she then only drank quite freely after a period of saliva- tion. For two or three days she seems to feel better. Then some swelling appeared at the base of the neck, round the entrance of the trachea into the chest, temperature ran up to 105° F., and finally the mare died on the eighth day of her sickness. Post mortem: All abdominal organs healthy, except the stomach. The oesophagus was surrounded by a dark, dirty foul ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 345 effusion in the thoracic portion and on the cervical alongside the oesophagus and trachea there was connective tissue which seemed destroyed. The stomach showed a large abscess of its wall near the entrance of the oesophagus and seemed continuous with the lesions of this organ.—(Veter. Jour.) Notes oN A Case oF Tetanus [D. V. W.|.—Brown Arab filly, two years old, got a slight abrasion of the skin on the withers and from it got lockjaw. She is taken to dark loose box, and trephined on the cranial cavity, where 50 c.c. anti- tetanic serum are injected. Two ounces artificial Carlsbad salts in drinking water. A second injection is made the next day. During the night the mare falls and is unable to rise. The next morning she is much worse. Fifty c.c. antitetanic serum are injected by a new trephined spot on the cranium. Some i1m- provement noticed in the afternoon. Tallianine is injected into the left jugular. Animal comfortable for the next two days. One pine of normal saline solution is injected in jugular. Two drachms of calomel in gruel. The day after, condition is worse, and collapse is feared. More Tallianine is injected with excei- lent results. Injections renewed for several days. Convalescence at last set in and recovery after five or six weeks. The case had been complicated with eversion of bladder on two occasions, but made ultimately complete recovery.—(Veter. Jour.) INTERESTING FRACTURE OF Os CoRONOE [Prof. Hobday, F.R.C.V.S., and D. Dudgeon, M.R.C.V.S.]—Well-bred Shire gelding got cast in the stall, off hind heel being caught in the loop of the head collar in such a way that the head was drawn back to the right side and the hind leg extended forward. There is only slight bruise of the heel. A few days after he becomes lame on that leg. He got over it after a few days and returned to work. Two days later is very lame again—abscess formed round the fetlock and front of the coronet. Treated, the animal does not improve, and an exploratory incision reveals the pres- ence of a fracture communicating with the front of the pedal bone, with piece of loose bone. The horse was destroyed. The fracture was such that the interior of the os coronoe appears to be as if “ scooped out,” and the abscess apparently started from that, progressing downwards until the pedal joint became in- volved.— (Ibid. ) 346 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. FRENCH REVIEW. By Prof. A. Liautarp, M.D., V.M. CARDIAC RupTURE IN ANASARCA [Mr. C. Blain, Army Vet- erinarian |.—Five-year-old mare had given birth two weeks be- fore to a healthy small mule. She has now lost her appetite, — her milk, and has swellings of the four extremities. The animal — is depressed, has temperature 39° C., the conjunctiva are covered with petechia. The vulva is swollen, red, painful and the seat of a muco-purulent discharge. Anasarca due to metritis is diag- nosed. The uterus is injected with solution of permanganate, a purge, digitalis and acetate of ammonia are prescribed. As the swelling is increasing, ergotine is injected. Antistre stococcic serum not being at hand. After the second injection there is marked improvement. TPP = ale ga Ey, aint ~~: THE LIMITATIONS OF THE TUBERCULIN TEST. 385 sider its nature, and, again, certain points in the mode of action of tuberculin have been pointed out only comparatively recently. From a somewhat extended experience with the tuberculin test as an instructor and member of an experiment station staff and as a member of a state live stock sanitary board, it seems to the writer that the practitioners and stockmen have been led astray in regard to the test. The stockman has been led to be- lieve that it was a means of detecting the presence of any and all tubercular animals, a belief which has been shared by the pro- fession in great part. They have read statements that the test is a wonderfully accurate diagnostic agent, as it is, and the point has been emphasized by figures showing the results of post-mor- tem examinations made on reacting animals. The government has said that 98 per cent. of the animals that have reacted to the tuberculin prepared by the Department of Agriculture and that have been examined after slaughter have shown lesions of tuber- culosis. The state authorities of Pennsylvania have stated that only 8 out of 4,000 reacting animals slaughtered in that state failed to show lesions on slaughter. The writer does not ques- tion the accuracy of these or other similar statements, although, when the only discoverable lesions are stated to be calcareous de- posits in the intestines, one might be justified in having a little doubt about the correctness of the diagnosis in all cases. The harm of such statements as to the accuracy of the test is that the converse is believed to be true by the average reader ; i. ¢., that all cattle in whose bodies tubercle organisms are to be found react to the test. If this is true, then the testing of a herd by an able practitioner, the removal of the reacting animals, and the thorough disinfection of the stables should result in a healthy herd; or at least a retest followed by the removal of the reacting animals and disinfection should give a healthy herd. Many practitioners in attempting to eliminate the disease from a herd extensively infected have had experiences that have not agreed with this theoretical result: The disease has been found to per- sist after years of conscientious effort on the part of the veterin- _ arian and the owner. The latter, if not in full sympathy with the 386 'E. G. HASTINGS. test, thas been led by his experience to denounce it as a fake. If his faith in the test was more firm, he has been led to seek the cause in inefficient testing or poor tuberculin, both possible fac- tors. The veterinarian with his faith in the accuracy of the test has been led to seek the cause of persistence in faulty disinfection, again a possible factor. Both seek to lay the blame at the other’s door. The result has often been that the owner has abandoned the task of obtaining a healthy herd from a diseased one by the use of the tuberculin test. A concrete example of this was given in the Breeders’ Gazette within the last few months in an article detailing the experience of a man in charge of a herd belonging to one of the state institutions of Illinois. The discouragement and abandonment of the task is to be traced to the fact that he had been led to expect results that in the light of present knowl- edge he could not reasonably have hoped to attain. If his ex- pectations had been more in accord with probable results, he would not have became discouraged. In order to demonstrate the belief of one veterinarian at least that testing and removal of reactors should result in a healthy herd, the statement made by Dr. G. S. Baker, quoted in the Pro- ceedings of the American Association of Medical Milk Com- missions, IQII, is here given: ‘‘ When the work (the elimination of tuberculosis from herds producing certified milk) was started in California, it was supposed that all that was necessary to do was to test the original herd, exclude the reactors, and disinfect thoroughly.” A Wisconsin herd has been diseased for at least ten years. Repeated tests have been made, the reactors removed, and yet the disease persisted. An expert’s aid was enlisted. This expert ad- viser has made a public statement that he believed the persistence of this disease was due to faulty disinfection, from which it may be inferred that he did not believe that the test itself could be a factor concerned. It has been related to the writer that some practitioners will guarantee the results of their tests, a witness to their belief in the accuracy of the test. Such statements and such belief can explain THE LIMITATIONS OF THE TUBERCULIN TEST. 387 the introduction of the following bill in the legislature of Wiscon- sin in the session of IQII. “No permit shall be granted to any person to apply the tuber- culin test to any cattle, other than his own, until such person shall have given a bond to the state of Wisconsin in the penal sum of two thousand dollars, conditioned that he will pay to the owner of any stock so tested by him and determined and found by him to be affected with tuberculosis and condemned to be slaughtered under the United States supervision on account of such determination the actual value of the said stock in excess of the amount allowed to him as now provided by law, and, in addi- tion thereto, damages to the extent of twenty-five per cent. of the actual value of said stock, in case it shall be found upon the said government test that the said stock was not so affccted by tuber- culosis.”’ It is very certain that had this bill been enacted into law no veterinarian with any detailed knowledge of the tuberculin test _ would have continued to apply it. These statements are included to emphasize the point that in the minds of many men, laymen _and veterinarians, the tuberculin test has been considered to have few, if any, limitations. If an animal is killed after having given a reaction to tuber- culin, and on post-mortem examination no lesions or only minute Ones are found, many are only too glad to find therein ground for the condemnation of the test. A number of cases have been _ brought to the writer’s attention where tubercular animals have been discovered to be present in the herd shortly after a test had ' been made and the reactors removed. In a recent article in this journal Dr. S. H. Gilliland has pre- sented the results on the elimination of tuberculosis from a herd by means of the Bang method and vaccination. The results of the consecutive tests are presented in Table I. It will be noted that two and one-half years were required to remove all tuber- cular animals from this herd, and this under quite ideal conditions ‘in most ways. The manner in which the disease was reintro- duced will be referred to later. 388 ; E. G. HASTINGS. Taste I. ResuLtts or Consecutive Tests oF A HERD FROM WHICH THE ReactincG ANIMALS WeRE REMovepD AFTER Eacu TEsT. Animals Animals Per Cent. of Date. Tested. Reacting. Reactors. iay ONS e is. cit. crak eer een, cae Dee aera 160 42 26.2 ‘tHE, “TOO5: 24.2 AS Roe wae ce cee 120 13° 10.8 November, TOORMCI. xen Rate c.ahucmteae 137 a 5.1 EX PELL e TOQOOY stopsye sins siete Rte ATEN roe eRe 1 13 8.4 November: GiQoomsn Pe er a eee 137 5 3:6 Ap fil OO 7. +5 cee. raee cerns eee ene tena 201 ro) 0.0 October *1907" ete eee ee 131 oO 0.0 April 908m ae. jie cet ust Aasokopateriols: a cha wholeon hs 145 2 1.4 INGVember MlQ0G Goa etera eros outer e 169 3) 1.8 IA EI) A1QOG): Tal een. lan te coe I5I (e) 0.0 Mays TOTO ph cteectec nee ees eee I5I 5 Siew Nine? VOUT Wren datcntcrercic Cane epee 160 4 OS That the tuberculin test has certain limitations, it seems to the writer, has never been sufficiently appreciated by the veter- inarians or stock owners. This lack of appreciation is largely due to the fact that the subject has never been presented to them in a proper way. With an appreciation of the limitations of the test a veterinarian would no more guarantee the correctness of his test as showing the absence or presence of tuberculosis than would a surgeon the results of an operation for appendicitis. Tuberculin is the product of a specific organism, the tubercle — bacillus. The organism is allowed to produce the maximum amount of growth in glycerine bouillon, which is then heated together with the growth for a number of hours to the boiling point of water. The subsequent operations in the preparation of tuberculin are designed to free it from the dead organisms and to reduce it to a form in which it will keep well. Tuberculin — thus contains the by-products of the growth of the organism and such materials as can be extracted from the cells by a hot aqueous solution of glycerine. Some principle or principles contained therein when introduced beneath the skin of a tubercular animal cause a disturbance of the bodily functions. This disturbance includes a greater or less thermal reaction, and since this can be easily measured it is the thing used to determine whether an animal is diseased or not. ae: The technique of the test is known to every practitioner. It ” a =k. 1.4 2.0 rs 1.6 0 OS AS Seer 1/0 1.8 1.6 ray After Injection Hours. A. 7 8 9 10 II 12 1 ae 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 * —_. > ST . Meee) 2-2 2.0 2.6 3-8 4.8 5.2 4.2 3.8 2.8 3.0 2.6 2.2 2.4 1.8 2.2 1.8 . ween 2-0. 2.0 2.8 3.5° 4.7 .5.4. 5.6 3.9 3.2 8-5 3.0 2.2 2.0 7.8 Te Sar «iS eee and within fourteen to twenty hours the temperature usually reaches normal. In Table II. are presented. the temperature records of animals giving a perfectly typical positive reaction. Taste III. Variations 1N THE TEMPERATURES OF HEALTHY ANIMALS. ; Temperature of Animal. Temperature of Animal. Hour. No. I No. II Degrees F. Degrees F. Se eee 99.1 08.6 Ds ex vic cc cou cc aces 99.0 99 ES eae 100.0 98.8 EE 100.0 100.0 1 Es ne a el a 100.6 100.9 ES SG eee 100.8 IOI.2 5 Title py eae 101.6 101.8 On 102.0 102.3 7 a a 10t.8 101.7 SUR dc sk ees oe IOI.5 101.7 A 101.2 IOI.4 ae 101.2 IOI.2 he elt SA IO1.0 IOI.4 Soe eee 100.9 IOI.2° PIPE 5 Sc he ce oe ae oe IOT.3 101.6 Mmendnicht ....0.0.....5% IOI.0 I0T.0 ° 2. eS ee 100.8 100.8 RE anal Aa 101.0 IOI.2 |. he 100.8 TOL.5 ? 2S eee 100.8 IOT.4 MIE yee ors sees eee a ve oe IOT.4 IOI .2 ES 101.4 101.8 RUMERMINA cao) 2:3, <'ss <)es as se wo ae IOI.4 IOI.9 CS Stet 2% ches ce 101.6 101.8 390 E. G. HASTINGS. For the sake of brevity, the temperatures have been abbreviated, 102.2° F. is written 2.2, etc. In the case of a healthy animal, the temperature readings after the injection should be much the same as before, since no dis- turbance is produced by the tuberculin. The test is thus ap- parently a most simple one; but there are many disturbing fac- tors. The great fluctuations of the temperature of the individual animals is one. In Table III. are given the temperature of two animals for twenty-four hours. It is to be noted that the range of temperature is over 3° F. in each animal. In order to determine whether the tuberculin has produced a thermal reaction, it is necessary to compare the ante-injection temperatures with the post-injection. The question at once arises as to what degree of variation shall be taken to indicate a reaction fever and the presence of tuberculosis. Many methods of inter- preting the records have been proposed and are in use. The maxi- mum before may be compared with the maximum after injection, a rise of from 1 to 1.5° F. or more being looked upon as indicat- ing a positive reaction. Again, the maximum after injection may be compared with the average before, a difference of 2° F. or more indicating tuberculosis, or the greater reliance may be placed on the temperature reaching a specified minimum, at least of 104° F., after injection, with normal temperatures before. This variance in ideas indicates that there is no line above which an animal can be said to have reacted or below which it can be classed as healthy. The inevitable conclusion is that the inter- preter of temperature records is between the devil and the deep sea. With any method he will remove healthy cows with all or most of the tubercular or else he will leave all the healthy cows in the herd together with some tubercular, and remove only a part of the tubercular; the former will be the result of too low a standard, the latter of too high a standard. In Table IV. are pre- sented the maximum temperatures before injection and the maxi- mum after injection, together with the extent of the reaction and the results of the post-mortem examination of a number of ani- mals. The figures are taken from the results of the tests of a THE LIMITATIONS OF THE TUBERCULIN TEST. 391 Taste IV. MAxIMUM TEMPERATURES BEFORE AND AFTER THE INJECTION OF TUBERCULIN OF TUBERCULAR AND HEALTHY ANIMALS. Before After Degree of Result of Animal. Injection. Injection. Reaction. Post-Mortem. | «92 102.2 102.6 0.4 Healthy Le 101.8 102.8 1.0 Healthy ea ee 102.6 104.2 1.6 Healthy PE Siac yahons, o oreo 0 eco 102.2 103.4 Bee Healthy NE cits vs vas ve 101.6 104.0 2.4 Healthy SE eae 102.6 103.8 1.2 Healthy 0. 2 Se ee 102.3 104.6 2.3 Tubercular . op =e 102.4 104.8 2.4 Tubercular Ee 102.5 103.0 0.5 Tubercular oe eee 102.0 104.2 2.2 Tubercular LEE Se 103.6 103.8 0.2 Tubercular MER crhavisihs aisss oe 104.6 102.2 19 howrstaliter 2.205 pi Ss 3 deo eds OV eae a oe Seen ..106.6 104.0 at hoursvattens.a--cticc nonce ae oma ciara a 105.0 105.0 22 NOWES GREET o— io0 ste otha rae een NR tte no ee 105.4 106.0 ' Deir te. oe ~~ THE LIMITATIONS OF THE TUBERCULIN TEST. 393 It will be noted from the temperature records that if the test _had been closed at the sixteenth hour one, and probably both, cows would have been considered healthy. Thousands of tests have been made by practitioners in this country in which but three, two, or even one, post-injection temperature was taken. z The typical reaction fever lasts but a few hours. Records such as are shown in Table VII. are sometimes met. The ques- Taste VII. Persistent REACTIONS IN TUBERCULIN TESTS. Before Injection Pr, M. —— ey! 4 6 8 ES ra 2.8 3c aaa 2 After Injection ours. 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 I 6-§ 7-2 7-5 5-6 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.4 5.8 5.4 6.0 5.0 5-4 5.5 §.6 5.4 2. 4-9 4-9 6.4 5.8 6.4 7.1 6.6 6.2 5.8 6.3 6.2 5.8 6.8 6.8: «6.2.5.8 tion at once arises is not the fever in these cases due to some other cause than tuberculin? Again, a secondary reaction, such as is shown in Table VIII., may be met, a very decided departure from Taste VIII. Seconpary REAcTIONS IN TUBERCULIN TESTS. Before Injection P.M. Jat Ee SS i ee Se ee eee 2 | 6 8 oS ES Ge 2 1.8 1.6 1.0 SEEM tel= «5. a Dee ate qo eta aie 1.6 2.8 2.4 2.2 After Injection ours. law te ~ + N the typical reaction to tuberculin. Someone must determine whether such records are to be classed as indicating a positive reaction to the tuberculin. The stockmen and practitioners are very likely to consider that some other cause for the continued fever must be present and that the animal should simply be looked upon with suspicion and be retested. The animals, the temperature records of which are given in Tables VIL. and VIII, were slaughtered and found to be tubercular. Hence there is but 394 E. G. HASTINGS. little doubt but that these were true but atypical reactions. Such records are constantly met with in practical work. Tapte IX. Resutts or CONSECUTIVE TESTS OF REACTING ANIMALS. — == Animal. May, Oct., Sept., May, Oc: Sept., Post Mortem 1907. 1908. Oct., 1908. Tubercular Tubercular Tubercular Tubercular Healthy Tubercular Tubercular ++] 1111 It must also be recognized that not all infected animals react to tuberculin. During the period of incubation, which may be at — least two months in duration, the animal does not respond to the test. After infection, the struggle between host and parasite begins, a struggle in which first one, then the other is gaining. The disease may continue to progress until death ensues, or it may progress for a short time and then go backward, even to complete recovery. More often in the bovine the disease be- comes dormant, the lesions become encapsulated, but within the lesions the tubercle organisms remain alive for months and years. During a period of diminished vitality, the disease may become progressive again. While the disease is dormant in the animals, it is believed that no response to tuberculin is to be noted. Such animals are now classed as “ ceased reactors.” The period of persistence of this phase of tuberculosis and the non- reaction to tuberculin during this time is well shown in cases gleaned from a recent article by Dr. Rutherford. It will be noted that a number of the animals gave the last positive reaction in October, 1905, and yet were found tubercular on slaughter in October, 1908. Still others have ceased to react and have then again given positive reactions. Since these animals were kept in a diseased herd, it might be considered that they had become reinfected. If such a reinfection is possible after a natural in- fection, it would seem that vaccination does not promise much in the, way of practical success. In Table X. are presented data taken from an article by Dr. Results of ; Ft rt f THE LIMITATIONS OF THE TUBERCULIN TEST. 395 V. A: Moore. The ninety-six animals had been purchased from a locality in which tuberculosis was especially prevalent. At the time of purchase none reacted to the test. After purchase the TapLE X. RESuLtTs oF CoNSECUTIVE TESTS MAapE On ANIMALS THAT Dip Not React At TIME oF REMOVAL FROM A DISEASED HERrpD. Animals Date of Test. Tested. Reacted. a ye It ye ae Aas eit A Re 06 31 IE Cty fire winches ats Go wha vem seas ans ¢3 ch 65 8 es Slt wise Wit hw pte 4 RAN Oe oe eg A 57 I5 ES re aa te: Be Rad Sa bee ee 42 15 Ea ne ee er ee 27 3 a li uh ata te Ae gla bt 2 2 CIOS che di cia. Seve elé NK ad «Mee dagpeS. Ose fa% 22 I IN Fase Be cert is oh wiv ip ne dbs ae Va wees Sep 21 I ES PR. Rr TR eee ea oct Phat ok et aa eeri ede 20 I animals were kept ies such conditions that infection, except from their own number, was impossible. The presence of ani- mals in the incubation period, or having the disease in a dormant form at the time of purchase, would explain the persistence of the disease. The development of open cases between the semi- annual tests would explain the continued spread of the disease, so that at the end of four years but nineteen healthy animals remain. It has long been known that some animals in advanced stages of tuberculosis do not react to ordinary doses of tuberculin. It is not believed, however, that such cases are numerous enough so that they need be considered as an important factor in the prac- tical handling of the disease. These difficulties which are encountered in the separation of healthy from tubercular animals, especially in the case of herds extensively diseased, by means of the tuberculin test has led the live stock sanitarian to assert that in the fight against tuberculosis the healthy herd must be considered as the unit, not the healthy individual. The same points led the commission appointed by the American Veterinary Medical Association to report as one of its recommendations that herds over 50 per cent. of the members of which gave positive reactions be handled, as far as eradication 396 E. G. HASTINGS. of the disease is concerned, as though all the herd had reacted. If the non-reacting part of such a herd is removed, among them | are almost certain to.be some infected animals that will serve to continue the disease in the non-reacting part of the herd after separation. As the per cent. of infected animals decreases the importance of this factor diminishes, until in the case of a herd containing but few reacting animals it becomes an easy matter to eliminate the disease, while in the case of a badly diseased herd, especially if it is a large one, it becomes a task demanding patience, faith, and usually years of effort. The fact that the disease may become dormant and again progressive has led the sanitarian to consider an animal that has once reacted to the test as one that should never be placed in a healthy herd. The danger of relying on a retest rather than on the first test is shown in case of the two cows previously men- tioned. The temperature records have been presented in Table VI.; those of the retest, made about three months after the orig- inal test, are given in Table XI. Tap_E XI. TEMPERATURE RECORDS OF PROCEDA AND FRANCELMAR ON RETEST, FEBRUARY, IQ09. Proceda. Francelmar. 5 BGs oss reais rds a piaee Oo lehie teas Cala acm ephe 102.4 102.4 PA AD a ware iere des HOO Ras Pe ESCO a aes eer eee 102.0 102.1 Olas metas A ent ee coe ne eee 99.4 IOI .2 Tiki. SEAS. eh act eee er enc) ae re a 99.4 100.4 TSAO MOMS Aes ee ee oe cel ects oe ee eR oe ee 100.4 100.8 a an Oe eae URN Rea See RTe Mette Paes Meo enniote Storrs 100.6 101.0 BOD s TED ssii ao oerocd eo cecls wid ayk ae Bae a ee ane ei eae 102.2 IOI.4 Injection of Tuberculin. : Guhioitsaltets,. jhvise iat eet ablas oleic Oe one eae 102.6 100.6 MT NOUTSat ters echt, Con hic ster aeeroan oaks Cees RATER 102.4 101.4 V3 OMESAALLET. 2. Wate one Re Shoe Os ok Reoeeoie eae 100.6 IOI .O Fs NOUES: ALLER suloyaiens a chai hee cence eas cas wivtolo tio eae IOI.2 102.07 7 HOUES TALCET scnic kth Sate «REO. Seg cee eager 103.0 102.2": LO MOMUnS eAeGer swine eres he erotics Sen aR 101.2 101.4 BT OUTS TATLeE Neh ere Ce eae ene ea de 103.0 101.6 2ahours atter--cr. oe sil ag Seg Poh tavect frevayret nae pal Shek pea 102.63 '- 20 eee : It will be noted that neither have given a positive reaction. Tests were made in April, 1909, and May, 1910, at which times aw the animals did not react. Late in the summer of 1910 both “~~ began to show symptoms of tuberculosis; they were slaughtered’ ~ “aie a THE LIMITATIONS OF THE TUBERCULIN TEST. 397 and found to be extensively diseased. Their return to the herd is the undoubted reason for the second reinfection of the herd as shown in Table I. In the greater majority of cases animals give an undoubted positive or negative answer when the tuberculin test is applied. ‘In probably about 15 per cent. of the animals examined the test is in error. By far the greater numbers of errors are due to the non-reaction of tubercular animals. This 15 per cent. is what has led many to doubt the value of the test. This feeling can be overcome only by a full recognition of what can and what can- not be expected from the tuberculin test when it is used to elim- inate tuberculosis from a diseased herd or to prevent its intro- duction into a healthy one. The stockman must decide for him- self whether it is wise for him to make use of this test with those limitations which have been discussed herein. This decision will be influenced by what the stockman thinks is the economic im- portance of the disease, a subject on which no one has any ade- quate knowledge. It is the belief of the writer that tuberculosis causes losses far in excess of any estimates that have been made by the Bureau of Animal Industry. In private conversation with a man slaughtering cattle for local consumption (not in Wisconsin), who draws his supply largely from cows turned off by the dairymen of a market milk district, it was asserted that over one-third, and probably one-half, of the animals slaughtered were tubercular. The statements made, which could probably be duplicated by the majority of local butchers, emphasize the need of local meat inspection. Such animals are turned off by the farmer because, in many cases, they are unthrifty. The farmer thinks the cause of the unthriftiness is an inevitable one, and hence does not. consider it as a preventable loss. Contagious abortion causes losses to which the farmer is awake. Tuberculosis causes greater loss as far as the individual animal is concerned because it destroys in great part the beef value of the animal, while abortion does not. The loss suffered is the difference between what is received for the . animal and her value as a milch cow in either case. 398 E. G. HASTINGS. One could imagine the success that would attend the sale of a lot of horses if the would-be purchaser knew that 50 per cent. were likely to be afflicted with an unsoundness that could not be recognized on a physical examination, but which was likely to ruin the animal as a work horse. Yet the spectacle is constantly presented of the purchase of animals from herds extensively diseased by men who know, or should know, the danger in such a procedure, even though such animals do not react. There is no doubt but that by the intelligent use of the tuberculin test, with all of its limitations, any herd can be freed from tuberculosis and the disease be prevented from entering a healthy one. The handling of a herd from the standpoint of tuberculosis is the problem of the owner, and laws can do little, education can do much more, but to be effective the information imparted to the farmer and breeder must be the truth and the whole truth as far as present knowledge goes, and not statements that are not upheld by experience, and which cannot be proven. PENNSYLVANIA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL. ASSOCIA- TION.—Through the courtesy of Secretary Reichel we are able to announce that this association will hold its thirtieth annual meeting in Harrisburg on January 21 and 22, 1913, contrary to the usual custom of holding the annual meeting in Philadelphia and in March. The meeting will be held during the week of the meetings of the Pennsylvania Livestock Breeders’ Associa- tion and the Pennsylvania State Dairy Union. Aside from a good program which is now shaping itself, good reports are expected from the following committees: Com- mittee on Medicine and Surgery, J. W. Adams, chairman; Com- mittee on Milk and Meat Hygiene, L. A. Klein, chairman; Committee on Legislation, W. H. Hoskins, chairman. Mem- bers of the profession in Pennsylvania and surrounding states are cordially invited. Details of the meeting are being attended to by the following local committee of arrangements: T. E. Munce, chairman; J. H. Oyler, R. M. Staley, E. L. Cornman and R. C. Gross. EPIZOOTIC EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS (BORNA DISEASE).* By C. H. Stance, DEAN Division oF VETERINARY MEDICINE, Iowa STATE COLLEGE, During the month of August, 1912, there appeared among the horses of southwestern Kansas a disease presenting symp- toms resembling forage or mould poisoning, 7. ¢., a severe affec- tion of the central nervous system. From the point of origin the disease spread in an easterly and northeasterly direction to the major portion of Kansas, across Nebraska and into South Dakota on the north, and into Iowa and Missouri on the east. It required only about two months’ time for the disease to spread to this extent and destroy about 30,000 or between four and five million dollars’ worth of horses, it being fatal in over go per cent. of the cases. Aside from the economic importance of devising some method whereby this disease may be controlled, it is of great scientific interest to determine the clinical symptoms, the pathological changes and, if possible, the etiology of this so-called Kansas horse disease, in order to determine its relationship to Borna disease, or epizootic equine encephalomyelitis, which is quite common in Europe, being known since 1813. Liautard is re- corded as having observed sporadic and enzootic outbreaks in North America in 1869. In 1894 the disease acquired a wide distribution and a very virulent character especially in and about Borna (therefore the name Borna disease), in the eastern part of the province of Halle, Germany. A considerable number of outbreaks of mould poisoning have * Read before the twenty-fifth annual meeting of the Iowa Veterinary Association, at Ames, November 12, 1912. Note—The above figures relative to the number and valuation of horses destroyed have been estimated as nearly as possible. 399 400 C. H. STANGE. been investigated by the writer in the past five years, and while there is great similarity between the clinical symptoms of mould ’ poisoning and the recent outbreak, there are, nevertheless, some very important differences in reference to the appearance and spread of the disease. ; In all outbreaks of forage poisoning with which I have had experience and which literature records, we have practically all animals affected that partook of a certain mouldy food or of water from one source. This food or water in my experience has always been visibly affected by some fungus. ‘This is notably true of silage, and feeding experiments with horses have sub- stantiated our theory as correct. For more detailed informa- tion concerning a part of our work I refer you to my report as chairman of the Committee on Disease and Treatment, made before. this Association four years ago, a part of which 1s as fol- lows: “It remains to be shown whether all cases of cerebro- spinal meningitis are due to the same cause and resemble Borna disease.” “‘ It is apparent that mouldy food and water has caused several outbreaks in this country.” Since making that report other outbreaks have been investigated, and there is no longer a question but that mouldy food may and does cause poisoning accompanied by severe nervous symptoms and is highly fatal.” An important feature of these outbreaks is that they were restricted to localities where certain conditions or fungi existed, and that practically all horses fed on the affected food were afflicted. This is in marked contrast to our recent outbreak, which sometimes affected one of a dozen animals kept under similar conditions and on the same food. In other cases it affected practically all the animals, including those at pasture as well as those that received no green food outside of possibly corn fodder or in some cases alfalfa hay of this season’s cut- ting; also the disease was not restricted to any particular locality in which certain climatic or other conditions existed; neither did it follow any stream or streams of water, but spread across two states into three others in a direction opposite to which it would be expected to follow if the season, i. ¢., climatic or vegetative — Sef ra eal oa — eve yooa | i eae aaa 2 or ss eadeshie ihe emirate 7 EPIZOOTIC EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS (BORNA DISEASE). 401 “conditions were responsible for the causé (in this instance it . oe have spread in a southerly direction). - Borna disease usually begins with disturbed appetite, depres- sion and drowsiness. Very soon other symptoms appear and in _ about the following order. In reference to the digestive tract, most of the cases show increased or decreased appetite, eructation, difficulty in swallow- ing, icterus of the mucous membranes, disturbed defecation and abnormal consistency of the feces, sometimes accompanied by ~ colicky symptoms. ‘ In the nervous system we notice varying drowsiness, at times excitement, occasionally increased sensibility, more fre- quently, however, decreased sensation and attacks of dizziness. In addition there may be various nervous disturbances in some cases, shown by epileptiform attacks, madness, uneasiness. tend- ency to stumble or lie down. ‘Abnormal movements may be seen in practically all cases, usually incoordination, and very frequently animals move in a circle. A groping gait is sometimes seen. About one-half of the cases suffer a disturbance of the sense of localization and attention, and consequently are prone to collide frequently with objects. Quite often as a result of touching or during an attempt to lead the animals they go backwards, of their own accord, until stopped by some solid object. There is a marked predisposition toward the existence of muscular spasms. They may appear in all grades, from fibrillar contractions to convulsions. The most frequent are the mild contractions, causing gnashing of the teeth. Very frequently there is a curvature of the neck toward the side. Moreover, the contraction of single muscles produces the most variable symp- toms. For example, elevation of the lips or commissure of the mouth, trismus, dilatation of the nostrils. Prostrate animals may show swimming or paddling motions of the extremities. Paresis and paralysis may affect certain regions singly or be combined, producing functional: disturbances, and are found in practically every case. The dysphagia may be due to infiltration, 402 Cc. H. STANGE. paresis or paralysis of the pharynx. The frequent disturbance in the nerves supplying the tongue, lips and muscles of mastica- tion and deglutition, interfere with the nutrition and consequently cause emaciation. Paralysis of the muscles of the back and hind quarters, also the extensors of the limbs, cause stumbling and inability to rise, which hastens death. The eye is frequently affected; icteric discoloration of the conjunctiva, or congestion, or a combination of the two, is seen in most cases. Pale or livid color or swelling is seldom seen. Keratitis is occasionally seen following traumatism. A fixed gaze, rolling, or oscillation of the eye-balls, are symptoms that may be seen in patients with affected eyes. Decreased pupil- lary reflex and unequal dilatation of the pupil is occasionally ob- served. In about 5 per cent. of the cases there is blindnes due to amaurosis. The circulatory apparatus is also frequently affected, indi- cated by increased frequency of the pulse, which in other cases may be sub-normal. The pulse in a very few cases may be weaker than normal. During the course of the disease the respirations show various changes. Most frequently respirations are increased, but may be decreased. Ina very small percentage of the cases, difficult, noisy respiration is seen. Respirations may be purely abdominal or wholly costal in type. About one-half of the cases show slight rise in temperature, which rarely goes above 103 degrees. The nutrition does not always suffer as a result of the disease, and great emaciation is seen in about 25 per cent. of the cases. Exa- mination of the urine is negative, with the exception of those changes common to constipation, fever and retention of the urine. Examination of the blood reveals a normal erythrocyte count and a slight leucocytosis. According to Schmidt’s experience 6.3 per cent. made a com- plete, 3.6 per cent. a partial recovery, but most of the cases die in from one to two weeks. Considering the nervous disturbance according to the centers affected, we have the following conclusions: Depression, which ee EPIZOOTIC EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS (BORNA DISEASE). 403 ES Se eee eee is one of the first symptoms, sometimes displaced by excitement, - must be due to an affection of the cortex of the cerebrum, as this is the seat of consciousness. In most cases it is probably affected in localized areas. In diffuse affections, consciousness js per- manently destroyed. The close connection between the cerebrum and the pia mater almost precludes involvement of the latter. The abnormal sensation, which may be increased or decreased, is partially due to disturbed consciousness: however, in some cases it is purely reflex, in which case it-indicates usually a patho- logical involvement of the spinal cord. Dizziness is seen in destructive processes of the pons or the cerebellum, also in affections of the labyrinth of the ear, and finally in severe disturbances of consciousness. Epileptiform attacks outside of those produced reflexly are usually due to irritation of the motor centers. Muscular spasms may be produced reflexly from the spinal cord, but probably originate in the medulla which contains the spasm center. Irre- sistible movements are due to irritation or diseased process in the sub-cortical layers. The walking or paddling movements per- formed while the animal is down are of cerebellar origin. The ataxia which consists of faulty movements is a result of certain groups of muscles being no longer coordinated. They may be due to spinal, bulbular, cerebellar or cerebral involvement. Paralysis is usually due to a localized affection, and the larger this area or the nearer it is to a point where the motor fibers come together, the more muscles are paralyzed. The above detailed symptoms point definitely to the presence of diseased centers in the substance of the cerebrum, cerebellum medulla oblongata and the spinal cord, as well as in the cerebral cortex, while the meningitis which is usually localized is only of secondary importance. The question now arises whether or not the other symptoms harmonize with this affection of the central nervous system. The temperature may be influenced by an affec- tion of the brain or medulla, by the spasms, or toxins acting on the heat centers. The pulse, which usually varies with the body temperature, may also be affected by disturbance of the vagus center and intra-cranial pressure. 404 ' Cc. H. STANGE. Especially difficult to explain are the digestive disturbances. They were formerly supposed to represent the primary symptoms. - This, however, is a mistake, as they are very closely associated with the nervous affection. The disturbed appetite is a result of altered consciousness; furthermore by the involvement of the muscles of mastication, lips and deglutition. The latter also causes the disagreeable odor from the mouth and the coated tongue. The other changes are due to disturbances of peristalsis, secretion and circulation of the gastro-intestinal tract. These motor functions are very easily influenced by the vagus, which may destroy digestion entirely, when the medullary center is involved. The icterus may be of catarrhal origin, resulting from ob- struction or on the other hand follow hemolysis. Borna disease, therefore, must be regarded as a disease of the cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla and probably also the spinal cord. The cerebrum seems to be most severely affected, while the meninges may escape entirely or show simply localized areas. Pathologically, Borna disease is an acute, disseminated, infil- trative, non-suppurative meningo-encephalitis and miyelitis of lympho-cyctic type and principally of a mesodermal (vascular) character (Joest and Dengen). Histological examination of the pia mater shows a slight meningitis of mononuclear type, insignificant, however, as com- pared with the changes in central nervous system. The vessels of the nervous tissue of the brain (and to a cer- fain extent spinal cord) show a pronounced inflammatory infil- tration of the adventitia and to a certain extent the peri-vascular lymph space. The cellular infiltration consists chiefly of lympho- cytes, in addition some polyblasts and various other cells, but very few or no polymorpho-nuclear leucocytes. In addition to this perivascular infiltration we also found areas of degeneration varying in size, but the largest scarcely visible to the naked eye. These areas appeared as unstained fields, and where the process was most advanced, the tissue structure could not be recognized. In other sections the process was in the initial stage and could ee ee Ne ee nee EPIZOOTIC EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS (BORNA DISEASE). 405 only be recognized by a failure to stain properly. Therefore, when the actual condition is considered, the disease should be called epizootic equine encephalomyelitis. A clinical diagnosis is not always easily made, because the clinical picture is not always well defined, especially during the first few days. The symptoms of special importance are those of a nervous character, which indicate, in addition to an affection of the brain, involvement of the cervical and spinal cord. These are muscular spasms, including fibrillar contractions, spasms of the neck, difficulty in swallowing, yawning, gnashing of the teeth and trismus. Also hyperesthesia and ataxia. On the other hand, disturbances of consciousness, staggering, swaying of the hind quarters and involuntary movements may be seen in ordinary meningitis. Furthermore digestive disturbances and icterus must be included in a typical picture. The condition of the tempera- ture, respiration and pulse is not significant in the diagnosis. The epizootic character of the disease is, however, significant In those cases that do not show the usual symptoms, it very readily becomes atypical, and a diagnosis may become difficult. According to Schmidt, there can be no doubt but that the disease is infectious, but is not transmitted from animal to animal. In regard to the etiology-I venture to say that the relation of the cocci and the diplococci that have been described in this connec- tion has not been sufficiently well established to be accepted as true factors. Culture media, carefully inoculated with material from subarachnoid fluid, brain tissue, lateral ventricles, mucous membrane of ethmoidal cells and heart blood, remained sterile, with the exception of one tube inoculated from the lateral ven- tricle of a brain, which, however, is not significant on account of the fact that the brain was carried from Nebraska to Ames before the inoculation was made. Neither did microscopic exami- nations of the fluids, from which cultures were attempted, reveal variations from the normal. According to the investigations of Joest and Dengen, there are intracellular bodies frequently found ‘In the ganglion cells, which may be of animal origin. The theory of Ostertag and others that the infectious agent may be found in 406 Cc. H. STANGE. the water and in the ground, and may be carried to the animals with the food stuffs, seems plausible. The idea, however, that the catarrhal condition of the digestive tract affords the port of entry for the causative factor needs to be demonstrated, because, although the affections of the gastro-intestinal tract are early symptoms, nervous symptoms appear simultaneously, or in a very short time. It is reasonable to suppose that if the catarrhal con- dition of the digestive tract predisposed to the infection that there would be a period of time elapsing between this and the nervcus symptoms. In other words, a period of incubation. In all probability, the affection of the digestive tract is but a part of the symptoms complex of the disease in its development. Ac- cording to investigation of Joest, the olfactory nerve may act as a port of entry for the infectious material. \Ve must remember the possibility that the earth may be a potent factor in distributing the infectious agent, as it may be taken up by the wind in the form of dust, and in this way taken into the nasal cavities by the horses. This, it seems to me, might explain also why horses in the rural districts are most frequently affected, while, if the food acted in the capacity of carrying the infection, outbreaks in the city would be more frequent. In Schmidt's experience over 80 per cent. of the horses affected came from the rural districts. Also most of the cases were seen in the months from March to September. He suggests that the cold weather reduces the pathogenic properties of the infectious material. So long as the actual cause is not known, the agency of the dust and the wind must be considered, inasmuch as the recent outbreaks spread from southwestern Kansas in a northerly and northeasterly direction with our prevailing winds over the states of Kansas, Nebraska and into South Dakota and Iowa. The age seems to have but very little influence. The same is true of the sex. The only predisposing factor seems to be that horses are kept in rural districts. The most important factors to be considered in the treat- ment of this disease are hygienic and dietetic in nature. Of 415 typical cases treated by Schmidt, the greatest percentage of CE eee EPIZOOTIC EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS (BORNA DISEASE). 407 recoveries was obtained by observing dietetic indications, with cold applications to the head, massages, bleeding and purging, but he states that this line of treatment was very frequently ap- plied with no apparent beneficial results. He also, in addition to 35 different lines of treatment with drugs considered specific for nervous affections, tried the serum of horses that had recoy- ered. This he did, admitting the fact that a natural immunity is not developed as a result of an attack and did not receive ap- parent relief in a single case. It is, so far as we know at the present time, possible to ascribe curative properties to no drug. Considering the pathological changes, it is difficult to imagine a drug that could possess these properties. Prophylaxis is very difficult, so long as the cause and mode of infection are not known; even granting that the inhalation theory is correct, it would be very difficult or impossible to devise a method by which horses in our rural districts could be protected. Even the withdrawal of all kinds of green food and newly made hay is practically impossible with a large majority of our equine population. While we can no longer debate the question as to whether mouldy fcod may cause poisoning in horses, with symptoms sim- ilar to those described above, we, nevertheless, cannot assume for a moment that it is the one and only factor that may produce a disease presenting similar symptoms. This is especially true because of the fact that the symptoms are of a nervous character. Clinically and pathologically, we have been unable to distinguish the disease which invaded our central western states with such disastrous results, and which has scarcely died out from the dis- ease described in Europe and commonly known as Borna dis- ease. So long as the etiology remains in doubt, there will be more or less discussion as to its exact nature and will be confused with sporadic outbreaks of forage or mould poisoning, to which it is related in my estimation only in that it presents a smiliarity in symptoms. Therefore I repeat the suggestion made at a con- ference of veterinarians at Lincoln, Nebraska, in September, that the recent outbreak be known as epizootic equine encephalo- 408 C. H. STANGE. myelitis. This would be at least in accordance with the. patho- logical anatomical features so far observed. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Joest and Dengen, Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, 1911, p. 508. Hans Streit, Berliner Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, 1903, p. 577: Johannes Schmidt, Berliner Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, 1912, pp. 581 5 597. Hutyra and Marek, Spezielle Pathologie und Therapie der Haustiere, Bd. II. THE Missourt VALLEY VETERINARY ASSOCIATION.—In our December number, on page 324, we announced the meeting of the above association at Kansas City, and gave the tentative dates as January 22-23-24, promising to confirm or correct the same in our present number, those being the dates as nearly as the secre- tary of the association could approximate them at that time. We are now in a position to state the correct dates, which are, Jan- uary 21-22-23, 1913 (beginning one day earlier than formerly announced), and to give our readers a little inkling as to the program they may look forward to, as follows: “ Surgical Treat- ment of Bone Spavin,”’ R. R. Dykstra; discussion opened by J. S. Anderson, F. P. Brownand H. E. Bemis. “ The Recent Horse Plague,” A. Bostrom; discussed by John R. Sprague, K. W. Stonder, B. F. Kaupp, C. H. Stange, B. A. Robinson and ACY, Kinsley. “ Embryological Operations, Ete.” J. V. LaGromesiai cussion by J. E. May, J. H. McLevey, Roy Lovell, Geor ‘Jun- german, D. H. Miller and W. A. Heck. “ Contagious Abor- tion,’ B. F. Kaupp; discussed. by H. F. Palmer, M. H. Reynclds and J. I. Gibson. Amongst many other features of the clinic will be demonstrations of “‘ scabies’ in different animals. Many other papers and the “ Question Box” will surely round out a most excellent program. A banauet will be held at the Coates House on one of the evenings, and entertainment will be fur- nished for the ladies. CONFERENCE FOR VETERINARIANS AT ITHACA.—The annual conference for veterinarians at Ithaca will be held this year on Thursday and Friday, January 9 and 10, at the New York State Veterinary College. Director Moore extends an invitation to every veterinarian in the Empire State to be present and participate. APPRECIATES THE WIDE SCOPE OF THE REvIEW.—An Ohio subscriber writes: “In my estimation the REvIEw is indispens- able to the practitioner, teacher and laboratory expert.” IMMUNIZATION AGAINST HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA.* By Joun R. MouLer ann Ano_pH E1cHHORN, WASHINGTON, D. C. The term hemorrhagic septicemia was first applied by Hueppe, in 1886, as a collective name for all those diseases which were caused by the ovoid bacterium, the Bacillus bipolaris septi- cus. The designation of Hueppe included chicken cholera, rabbit septicemia, hemorrhagic septicemia of cattle and swine plague as the original group. Later investigation proved that there are a number of other infectious diseases in animals, which, directly or indirectly, are etiologically identified with the Bacillus bipolaris septicus. Thus, this organism was found to be responsible for the buffalo disease (so-called Barbone), infectious pneumo-en- teritis of sheep and the infectious pleuro-pneumonia of calves. This enumeration of diseases does not embrace all affections in which this germ is involved, as there are other infectious mala- dies, such as influenza of horses, catarrhal pneumonia of calves and distemper of dogs, in which the ovoid bacterium is held to be an important factor. Its association with the latter diseases, however, has not yet been satisfactorily established ; nevertheless it is known that some of the pathological changes observed are caused by this micro-organism, and at least it must be considered in these instances as a secondary invader. All species of domestic animals are susceptible to the infection, although the pathogenic action of the organism for a certain species is usually higher than for other species, and under certain conditions may even be absent; nevertheless it is known that under appropriate conditions the organism may gain in virulence and become a typical pathogenic agent for any of the species. Thus it has been observed that after an outbreak of hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle, hogs have become affected with swine plague * Presented at the meeting of the United States Live Stock Sanitary Association, Chicago, December, 1912. 409 410 JOHN R. MOHLER AND ADOLPH EICHHORN. on the same premises, and likewise the disease in sheep has de- veloped subsequent to an infection of hogs. It is therefore apparent that the group of these diseases is caused by the same germ, which possesses only a variance in virulence for the different species of animals. This fact is also substantiated by the morphological and biological characteristics of the germ. These ovoid bacteria live as saprophytes, but under the in- fluence of certain conditions they become parasitic, in which state they sometimes attain a very high virulence. After some genera- tions they gradually lose their parasitic nature and return to their original saprophytic state. As parasites, in their passage through the animal body, they show certain characteristics, as a result of which they are known as a variety of the Bacillus bipolaris septi- cus. Thus, as a rule, the diseases of the different species of ani- mals are caused by these specific varieties, viz., the hemorrhagic septicemia of cattle by the B. bovisepticus, swine plague by B. suisepticus, chicken cholera by B. avisepticus, the disease in sheep by B. ovisepticus, etc. These varieties, however, have a common saprophytic origin, which justifies their being grouped into one family, and all dis- eases caused by micro-organisms with the following characteris- tics should be included in this group: Ovoid bacteria without motility, gram negative, polymorphous with involution forms. They do not liquefy gelatine and do not coagulate milk, nor change its reaction. The bouillon cultures have a peculiar odor. On acid potatoes they form no visible growth, and in pancreatic bouillon no indol is formed; they are usually erobic, but may grow anerobically. They produce no spores and have no flagel- le. They possess a greatly varying virulence, which is usually very high. These specific characteristics are invariable, and the absence of any of those enumerated would exclude the organism from the hemorrhagic septicemia group. The group relation of the organisms of this family is also sub- stantiated by the following observations: Chickens may be im- munized against chicken cholera with cultures of the rabbit septi- IMMUNIZATION AGAINST HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA, 411 cemia organism with the same satisfaction as with the attenuated cultures of chicken cholera (Kitt). Likewise Jensen immunized chickens against cholera with the bacteria of calf septicemia. Mayr and Kitt immunized rabbits against swine plague and chicken cholera with sera of the latter diseases. Perroncito pro- duced a fatal septicemia in calves with inoculations of the swine plague organism. Galtier found swine plague bacteria infectious for sheep, goats, calves and horses. Voges has even succeeded in producing a disease as fatal as cholera in chickens by feeding them swine plague bacteria. Further it has been proven that, in spontaneous outbreaks, hogs may become affected with the virus of chicken cholera. Finally, Lignieres, in his exhaustive experiments, proved the virulence of the hemorrhagic septicemia organism for all domestic animals, in which the most varied clin- ical picture may result from the infection. These, together with the findings and observations of other investigators, have established the close relationship of the differ- ent varieties of organism of this group. Moreover, through this knowledge it has been possible to prepare a polyvalent vaccine from the different varieties, which gave satisfactory results in the combatting of outbreaks and which 1s still being recommended -and employed in various localities. Immunization against various forms of hemorrhagic septi- _cemia has engaged the attention of numerous investigators since the time the causative factor was identified. Pasteur was the first to work out a method for immunization against chicken cholera, which, however, failed to come up to the desired expectations. He employed for the immunization an attenuated culture of the chicken cholera organism. The attenuation was accomplished by exposing the cultures to atmospheric conditions for a certain length of time. He found that cultures subjected to these condi- tions lost their virulence to a certain degree if they were then cultivated at body temperature. The material obtained from this attenuation was then used for the immunization against chicken cholera. The failure of this method in practice can be attributed _ chiefly to the fact that cultures exposed to this method of attenua- — 412 JOHN R. MOHLER AND ADOLPH EICHHORN. tion will not in all instances produce a uniform product, and © therefore it can be readily understood why in some instances — great losses were sustained from the use of such vaccine. Later, other investigators prepared vaccines for the immuni- zation of the different varieties of these diseases, and while the results were encouraging, they have not in all instances succeeded ~ in their purpose. Lignieres’ method appears to have been the | most satisfactory, and its utilization in practice has also been probably more extensively adopted than any of the other methods. The method of attenuation he employed consists of growing the cultures of the respective organism at 42 to 43 degrees C. and preparing from the cultures grown at this temperature two differ- — ent strengths of vaccines. The weaker vaccine is grown for five days at this temperature, whereas the stronger vaccine for the second injection is grown for only two days. Kitt was the first to establish that the attenuated vaccine pre- pared from one of the varieties of the germ.may also prove | effective against other varieties. The proof of this fact is of | very great importance in the control of the disease, since it may not make material difference whether the vaccine used originates | from the bacteria of the particular variety it is desired to im- | munize against or another variety. Thus it is possible to immu- — nize chickens against cholera with the vaccine prepared from the ~ organism producing rabbit septicemia. | On the other hand, it must be recognized that immunization — against a disease of this group cannot invariably and uniformly be successful with vaccines from another variety of the disease, — and it should therefore be considered that the best results can only be expected when the vaccine is prepared from the organism — of the same variety. Hence, in all cases where it is possible to employ an autogenic vaccine, such should be used. ‘The prepara- tion of the polyvalent vaccine is highly recommended by | Lignieres, and according to his experience it may be used with satisfactory results in practice. The polyvalent vaccine is pre-— pared from a mixed culture of the hemorrhagic septicemia or- ganisms, originating from sheep, cattle, dogs, horses, hogs and 2 IMMUNIZATION AGAINST HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA. 415 chickens. The culture is grown under the attenuating influences _ of a high temperature, as described above. The practical appli- ; cation of the polyvalent vaccine is at the present time receiving _ the recognition of certain workers in the control of the disease among various species of animals. ‘ The serum immunization against these diseases has also been investigated quite extensively. Potent sera can be prepared which will have an immunizing effect against the respective disease, but the application of this method of immunization in practice has not proven practical, since a serum inoculation produces only a 7 passive immunity, which conveys to the animals a resistance that _ Temains for only a relatively short period. In consideration of the laborious task of preparing a horse to furnish the potent immunizing serum and also the length of time which this preparation requires, one can readily see the ad- vantage which would be derived from a vaccine in preference to an immune serum. This feature was particularly emphasized in a recent experience, where it was necessary to immunize ani- mals within the shortest possible time, in order to prevent further losses from the disease in a buffalo herd. In the following report our experience with vaccine immuni- ‘zation against hemorrhagic septicemia is described, and in con- sideration of its success, further applications of this method in outbreaks of hemorrhagic septicemia among other species seem advisable. HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA OF BUFFALO (BARBONE). During the month of December, 1911, the Department of Agriculture received information from the Department of the Interior of the existence of a fatal disease in the buffalo herd in the Yellowstone National Park, with the request that an expert be sent to make an investigation of the disease. Dr. E. J. Cary, veterinary inspector of the Bureau of Animal ‘Industry, was detailed to carry out the investigation at the park. In all, twenty-two animals died between December 3 and Decem- ber 15, young animals especially being victims of the disease. The symptoms, and particularly the post-mortem findings, were 414 JOHN R. MOHLER AND ADOLPH EICHHORN. confusing, and it was therefore deemed advisable to forward some of the tissues for diagnosis to the Pathological Division. The bacteriological examination as well as test inoculations proved an infection with hemorrhagic septicemia as the specific micro-organism (Bacillus bipolaris bubalisepticus) was isolated from all tissues, and test animals which were inoculated with ma- terial from the specimens died of typical hemorrhagic septicemia, the specific organism being also recovered from the blood of these animals. This disease of buffalo, known also as barbone, was first rec- ognized in Italy, in 1886, while three years later its presence was established in Hungary. No previous outbreak of barbone has been recorded in this country. In Russia, Egypt, Indo-China and the Dutch West Indies the disease occurs frequently in en- zoctic form, and in the latter place over 11,000 buffaloes suc- cumbed between 1888 and 1891. It usually appears as a disease of the soil in marshy pastures where large numbers of buffalo are kept. Its appearance in such a remote and isolated place as the Yellowstone Park, however, is difficult of explanation, although the bacilli are known to be widely spread in nature and to occur not infrequently in the digestive tract and air passages of healthy animals. As a result of certain unknown conditions, which might include those influences that weaken the resistance of the tissues, as exposure, starvation, anemia, etc., the bacill: become virulent and produce characteristic lesions. It is not an uncommon experience with hemorrhagic septicemia to have it appear periodically in certain localities, without any apparent con- nection to which the introduction could be traced. The appear- ance of the disease in sheep reported by Ward in Minnesota might have some bearing on the disease in Wyoming, but if so it would probably be through birds of prey such as buzzards and hawks. The authorities in charge of the buffalo herd at the Yellow- stone Park were immediately notified of the nature and cause of the infection among the animals and preventive measures were recommended for controlling the spread of the disease. At the IMMUNIZATION AGAINST HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA. 415 Same time it was deemed advisable to undertake the vaccination of the entire herd with bacterial vaccines prepared from the re- covered organism. For this purpose two vaccines were prepared of different strength. The vaccine for the first inoculation was prepared by growing the organism five days at 42.5° C., while the vaccine for the second injection was cultivated in the same temperature for only two days. For the preparation of vaccine Erlenmeyer flasks of pepton bouillon media were inoculated with the organism after it had been cultivated for several generations on agar, and the bouillon cultures were then placed under temperature conditions stated above. The straight attenuated culture after thorough shaking was used for vaccinations in some of the animals, while others received the same vaccine to which one-half of one per cent. of carbolic acid had been added. This was undertaken in order to determine whether the preserved vaccine possesses the same im- munizing qualities as the unpreserved material. Two varieties of the hemorrhagic septicemia organisms were utilized for the preparation of vaccine, the one strain represent- ing the germ isolated from the buffalo disease in the Welloystone National Park, while the other was a variety of hemorrhagic septicemia of cattle isolated from animals which died of that _ disease in Colorado. The vaccines prepared from these two _ varieties were tested for their potency on laboratory animals and also on sheep, a comparison of the action of the two different vaccines being carefully made. The virus isolated from the buffalo disease was especially virulent for rabbits. Inoculations of these animals with I c.c. ‘of a suspension of salt solution containing only one-fifteenth of a loopful of bouillon culture killed the animals in from 12 to 18 hours, while one-twentieth of a drop of blood from rabbits dead from the disease was fatal to other rabbits in less than 24 hours on subcutaneous inoculations. The virus of the cattle variety was not as virulent, although test animals succumbed to subcutaneous inoculations on the third day, showing on post- mortem examination the characteristic manifestations of the _ disease. 416 JOWN R. MCHLER AND ADOLPIT EICHHORN. Both strains of vaccines were employed in parallel tests on a group of rabbits and also at the same time on sheep. For im- munizing purposes subcutaneous injections of the vaccines were given to the animals at ten-day intervals. For the first vaccina- tion the more attenuated, and for the second vaccination the less attenuated vaccine was injected. The injections invariably were made subcutaneously on the inside of the thigh. The dose for the rabbits was .2 c.c. per injection, while the sheep were given .7 c.c. of each vaccine. Likewise another series of animals was tested, using the same amount of a vaccine which was preserved with 0.5 per cent. carbolic acid. On the sixth day following the second inoculation the im- munized animals were given a subcutaneous injection of the pure culture of the organism. Those which were immunized with the buffalo variety were injected with the virulent culture of this organism, while the others received the cattle variety. At the same time check animals which were not immunized were employed for each group and these were injected with the same quantity of virulent culture as given to the immunized animals. The immunized rabbits failed to show any indication of disease from the injection of the virulent culture, while the control ani- mals succumbed in the usual time. The same results were noted in the sheep, although one of the immunized animals showed a slight elevation in temperature which, however, subsided after one day. On the other hand, the control animals of this group | succumbed to the infection with typical symptoms and lesion of the disease. The fact that the animals immunized with the carbol- ized vaccine showed the same immunity as those immunized with the straight attenuated cultures is an interesting feature of this experiment, and while this condition appears at first hand to indicate the advantage from the use of the preserved vaccine, subsequent complement fixation tests undertaken on these im- munized animals showed that those animals which were immun- — ized with the straight vaccine gave a partial fixation of the complement for a much longer period than those which were immunized with the carbolized vaccine. 4 IMMUNIZATION AGAINST HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA. 417 The results of these tests further substantiate the view that the vaccines of one of the varieties of the organism are potent against diseases produced by the other varieties of the germ. Thus rabbits and sheep were successfully immunized with the vaccines prepared from the Bacillus bubalisepticus and the Bacil- lus bovisepticus. After obtaining these favorable results the vaccine was sent ~ to the veterinarian entrusted with the vaccination of the buffaloes, and instructed to vaccinate all animals of the herd by the same procedure at ten-day intervals. One cubic centimeter of the vac- cine constituted a dose for each animal. Following vaccination, the herd was carefully observed and no immediate effects were noticed from the vaccination, and up to the present time there has been no indication of the recurrence of the disease among the buffaloes. In the progress of the preparation of the vaccine experiments were also conducted in the laboratory to determine whether the complement fixation test could be applied for the diagnosis of the disease, and also for the purpose of determining the relative degree of immunity conferred upon the vaccinated animals in artificial immunizations. An antigen was prepared from the original organism recovered from the outbreak among the buf- “falo in the form of a shake extract. The hemolytic system con- sisted of sensitized rabbit serum (amboceptor), guinea-pig serum (complement), and washed sheep corpuscles. The test was em- ployed with sheep serum and rabbit serum of artificially infected “animals, and the results proved entirely satisfactory. A complete fixation was obtained in all instances when applied to 0.1 c.c. | Of serum of infected animals, while the controls showed no fixation whatsoever. _ After the vaccination of the sheep and rabbits, blood serum was obtained from these animals and tested with the complement fixation test. The results in these instances also showed a fixa- tion of the complement, although not as complete as in the in- fected animals, nevertheless showing that the animals responded ‘after vaccination with the production of immune bodies. This q 418 JOUN R. MOHLER AND ADOLPH EICHHORN. reaction has been noted even three months after the vaccination, and the testing of the blood will be continued from time to times in order to determine the length of the period in which the ani- mals possess immune bodies subsequent to vaccination. . The utilization of the complement fixation test in the diagno- | sis of hemorrhagic septicemia, and also its value in determining | the relative immunity established by vaccination, is of great im- | portance, not alone in this disease, but also in the possiblity of ' its utilization for other diseases. PHYSICIANS AND VETERINARIANS A UNIT IN PREVENTIVED Mepici1ne.—The following letter from past-President De Vine of the United States Live Stock Sanitary Association, express- ing approval of and perfect accord with the sentiments expressed! in “the address of his successor, Dr. Ravenel, seems to so clearly demonstrate the views that each personally advocates, the one being a veterinarian and the other a physician, that we have taken, the liberty of reproducing it. Dr. De Vine says: “President Ravenel’s address was extemporaneous and his remarks_ were chiefly concerning the relation of bovine to human tuberculosis and | the great importance of bovine tuberculosis as a public health problem. He cited the findings of the Royal Commission in which it was clearly shown that bovine tuberculosis is transmitted to mankind, even the pulmonary form in exceptional cases; also the very valuable report of Dr. Park on the same | subject. In fact his remarks up to this point were practically identical | with the subject as I gave it in my annual address this year at our State meeting (New York). He further pointed out the necessity of the union | of the medical and veterinary professions on health problems and stated that at | the last meeting of the National Society of prevention of tuberculosis, of which Dr. Ravenel was President, that resolutions were passed inviting members of the veterinary profession to join the society and take part in the program; he also advocated the union of the professions under one Federal head to deal with national health problems. Z| —* meneeee ae ee ee a “Following Dr. Ravenel, Dr. Geo. B. Young made a short and sincere |} address of -welcome showing plainly his knowledge and sympathy of the | work we are engaged in. Dr. Bahnson the Southerner, who can make more ! faces telling a story and do it right than any man I ever saw, responded 4 in his usual w ay by putting facts so that they sounded as pleasing as fiction ft until he reached the statement which to most Northerners was startling _ when speaking of Southern cattle fever; he said the cattle tick cost the | Southern States $15,000,000 by death and approximately $100,000,000 by — loss of commerce with other states annually, and that with our present knowledge of the life and methods of destruction of the tick, that eradica tion could be made possible and positive for the expenditure of a quarter — of the amount of the annual loss, if war against the ticks were waged in- | telligently and persistently for a few years. He says that the presence of — the ticks is entirely due to the indifference of the people and the lack | application of regular dipping of the cattle which is now. the key of solution.” SOME OF THE MORE IMPORTANT INSECTS AFFECTING OUR FARM ANIMALS.* By W. H. Datrympte, M.R.C.V.S., Louistana State UNIVERSITY. The subject is such a comprehensive one that it would be a physical impossibility to more than scratch the surface, so to speak, in the time usually consumed in an ordinary paper, and even then I am afraid I will have to boil the subject-matter down to the limit of a synopsis, rather than anything approaching an exhaustive treatise, as, within the past decade or two, insect life has been found to play a much larger part in the transference of disease than was hitherto even dreamed of. Many years ago I personally had gained the impression that as time went on it would be found that insects, especially flies of different kinds, were responsible for the conveyance of many of the communicable diseases, but which at the time had, perhaps, not been suspected, or at least the suspicion had not gained very wide publicity. Perhaps I was led to this impression through my conection with anthrax in the lower Mississippi valley and its widespread character in certain seasons, particularly those in which tabanids, or horse-flies, were exceptionally numerous. True, the horse-fly had been credited with the causal agency of this disease, but the erroneous idea prevailed that the disease originated wholly with the fly and that it was the sole cause of the ailment rather than the mechanical transmitter of the bacter- ium anthracis. Our impression at that time, with regard to insect transmis- sion, seems to have been more or less verified in the numerous diseases that are now known to be dependent for their spread ‘upon flies and other dipterous insects, either as mechanical trans- mitters or as obligate hosts of some of our most important dis- ease-producing organisms. * Paper presented at the thirtieth anniversary of the Illinois State Veterinary Medical Association, Chicago, December 6, 1912. 419 420 W. H. DALRYMPLE. I do not wish you to get the impression that it is my desire to pose as a professional entomologist. You are all well aware that this branch of science is one to which an individual must devote his entire time, in fact his life, in order to become at all proficient. Consequently, while I have been able to embody some of my own personal experiences and observations in the makeup of this paper I have been forced to draw copious draughts from the fountain of knowledge acquired by those who have made a special study of insect life in its different phases. It is not my purpose to go into a systematic grouping of parasitic insects, as this would occupy much more time than I have at my disposal, nor do I think it at all necessary in a paper of this kind. I believe that the selection of one or two of the more important orders, with a few of their families, will be all that we will be able to cover at this time; and the first which I propose to discuss is the order diptera, which includes flies, gnats, mosquitoes and pseudo-ticks. The insects of this group are readily distinguished by their having only one pair of wings, the second pair, common to other insects, being represented by a pair of rudiments or modified structures called halteres or balancers. In many of the parasitic forms, however, the wings are en- tirely wanting, as in the sheep tick (melophagus ovinus), ete. They have suctorial mouth parts, and in the forms attacking the various animals these parts become readily adapted to pene- trating the skin in order to reach the small blood-vessels. The larve are fleshy grubs, or maggots, or slender worms adapted in the different families to widely different conditions of existence, but in nearly all cases requiring some degree of moisture. In this respect they range all the way from the entirely aquatic mosquito larve to the forms which mature in comparatively dry situations in earth, or even upon plants. The pupe are, in some cases, formed by the simple contrac- tion or hardening of the larval skin, and in disclosing the imago may either split on the dorsal surface or in a circular manner, so — IMPORTANT INSECTS AFFECTING OUR FARM ANIMALS. 421 that a cap is separated from the head end, leaving a round aper- ture through which the adult emerges. While comparatively few are parasites in the strict sense, the group includes many of the most troublesome of the insect enemies of live stock. Muscide is the family of diptera to which our common fly belongs, and I have thought it might not be out of place to briefly consider that pest, to both man and beast, as well as a carrier of disease germs of no mean ability—the common house fly (musca domestica ). It is claimed by entomologists that the egg-mass of the female house-fly will contain about 120 ova, and that a single fly will lay four such batches of eggs. The life cycle of this fly is ten days, and in the latitude of Washington, D. C., for example, according to Dr. L. O. Howard, Chief of the Bureau of Entomo- logy, the generations will number twelve or thirteen in a single season. In the longer warmer seasons, such as we have in the more southerly part of the country, the number of generations are, no doubt, considerably increased. We are all familiar with the great prominence this pest has _ gained in recent years in connection with the transmission of some important disease of the human family, such as typhoid fever, dysentery, infantile diarrhoea, etc. However, in the case of animals, apart from its irritating and annoying effects, it may not have been reckoned at its true value as a transmitter or carrier of some of our most fatal infections. Only recently at the Louisiana station we have been able to verify, to some extent, at least, the veracity of this statement during the course of some experiments with possible carriers of anthrax infection. Dr. Harry Morris, assistant veterinarian and bacteriologist of the station, when posting a guinea-pig that had died of anthrax, observed a common house-fly feeding upon the viscera in the abdominal cavity of the pig. Having a petrie _ dish with agar medium convenient, he succeeded in getting the fly on to the culture medium in the dish; and after incubating this for a period of 24 hours, there could be seen colonies of 422 W. H. DALRYMPLE. anthrax organisms at every point the fly had touched with its feet. Here then was a case of infection by simple mechanical trans- mission. But another test was made of a somewhat different character. A fly that had been fed virulent anthrax culture in a large wide-mouthed bottle was transferred at intervals into three other sterile bottles in order to prevent contamination, and from the side of the last bottle a single fly-speck was carefully transferred to fluid agar, shaken up and further transferred to a sterile Petrie dish. This was incubated for 48-hours, with the result that the entire field was covered with anthrax colonies. From the above-mentioned tests it may readily be inferred. how the common house-fly may not only be the mechanical bearer of this death-dealing infection on its feet and the hairy under- surface of its body, but carry in its dejecta and deposit, when nature calls, the organisms of this disease, which is often so fatal to both man and beast in various parts of the country. And if this is possible in the case of anthrax, may it not also be so in hog-cholera and other diseases of animals that have not as yet been fully investigated in this connection? In dealing with this fly it is necessary, of course, to get at its breeding places and endeavor to destroy it in the egg and larval stages. It breeds chiefly in horse manure, although it may — be found in trashy places about yards, in closets, ete. This would suggest, therefore, the treatment of manure, when practicable, with some effective inexpensive insecticide, such as chloride of lime, its removal at the earliest possible moment, sanitary cleanli- ness generally, and the screening of stables, when that can be accomplished. Another representative of this family is the stable-fly, biting or stinging fly (stomoxys calcitrans). To the uninitiated, this fly so closely resembles the common house-fly as to be considered one and the same, only they (the uninitiated) are at a loss at times to understand why this fly should get fits of biting or stinging. This, however, is an error, as the two are quite distinct. IMPORTANT INSECTS AFFECTING OUR FARM ANIMALS. 423 This is a well-known species, is widely distributed, and is a familiar pest in many countries. It is said to have been described by Linnaeus in 1761. Its bite is severe, a great amount of an- noyance is caused by it to our domestic animals, and it is fre-_ quently very troublesome to people working in the vicinity of where it abounds. In fact, it was announced by Prof. M. J. Rosenau, of Harvard University, at the recent International Congress on Hygiene and Demography in Washington, D. C., that he had apparently succeeded in transmitting poliomyelitis, or infantile paralysis, from sick to well monkeys by the bite of this fly. Dr. Rosenau concluded from his experiments that after the virus of poliomyelitis is taken into the body of the fly by biting an infected person or animal some time must elapse before the fly is capable of transmitting the disease, and that the period which must elapse is probably less than 21 days. It would seem that this fly appeared in great numbers in different parts of the country during the present year and oc- casioned considerable damage. Mr. Bishopp, assistant in the Southern Field Crop Insect Investigations in Texas, kindly fur- -nished me a memorandum of some of its depredations. It seems to have appeared in great numbers in the north-central part of Texas and certain parts of southern Oklahoma, also in Kansas and Nebraska. It is difficult, says Mr. Bishopp, to estimate the loss chargeable to this outbreak. The loss due to the death of cattle, mules and horses was by no means inconsiderable, prob- ably 300 head would be a conservative estimate, the greater num- ber being among cattle. Many of the deaths, however, were only indirectly due to the fly, among which might be mentioned run- aways caused by the irritation of the bites. One of the most im- portant indirect losses was caused by the inability of the farmers to make fall preparation for their winter wheat at the proper time, as it was frequently impossible to work their animals in the fields during the daytime. In the case of dairy cows, the great loss was due to the reduction of the milk supply. This reduction ranged from 40 to 60 per cent. in many herds. And there was also a corresponding falling off in the weight of animals every- where throughout the afflicted districts. 424 W. H. DALRYMPLE. Prof. Herbert Osborn, of Ohio, and others state it is es- pecially charged against this species that they have been the means of transmitting anthrax and possibly other diseases among cattle. This author also mentions that this fly is not confined to stables or other quarters of domestic animals, but occurs fre- quently in shady places, groves, and in dwellings, especially in cloudy weather. It is claimed, however, that the species has been reared with others from horse manure, and it may be con- sidered as established that the eggs are laid in manure, and the larval stages passed there, requiring greater or less time for their development, a number of generations being produced each year. The prompt disposal of stable accumulations would, there- fore, assist greatly in reducing the numbers of this pest. For if, as Dr. Rosenau states, the virus of poliomyelitis has to remain in its body for a length of time before it is capable of trans- mitting the disease; and the further fact, according to Curry, in Manila that it is the principal agent in the transmission of the trypanosome of surra, it is possible that we have in this fly a carrier which is much more dangerous than has hitherto been suspected. ; Another important member of the family Muscide is the horn-fly (hzematobia serrata). This is one of the worst of the European biting flies that attack cattle, but nothwithstanding the large number of impor- tations of live stock from that continent to this during nearly three centuries it was only discovered and reported to the U. S. Bureau of Entomology in the fall of 1887 as occurring near Camden, N. J. The following year it appeared in Maryland and Virginia, and by 1891-1892 it was found over the continent from Canada to Texas and from Massachusetts to the Rocky Moun- tains. In 1897 it was carried with cattle from the Pacific coast to Honolulu, and from there spread to all the islands of the Hawaiian group. During the past summer this fly has been exceptionally abundant in the Gulf States and, presumably, in other sections of A I A Pend ie RS Ayan Fear Ca Ate = ay A te REVS ca EE SCR a yr ae eat oy hoes piily: 4 IMPORTANT INSECTS AFFECTING OUR FARM ANIMALS. 425 the country, and the damage done has necessarily been propor- tionate to the numbers of the insect. Being a blood-sucker, the chief damage is occasioned as the result of irritation, preventing proper feeding and the normal assimilation of food and, in consequence, the loss of flesh or les- sened milk production. There is also, of course, the actual loss of blood, which may be quite considerable when these flies are abundant, as they have been the past summer. And we in Louis- jana are somewhat suspicious that during outbreaks of anthrax they may, as mechanical transmitters, be factors in the spread of this infection. Except when these insects are in great abundance they seem ‘to have a preference for dark-colored cattle, or the dark portions of the same animal that may have both dark and light patches, such as the Holstein. This is no doubt due to mimicry, or the natural instinct to protect themselves by taking advantage of the color of their surroundings being similar to their own. When feeding, the horn-flies generally attack the sides of the chest and other parts where it is difficult for the animal to reach with head or tail; and when disturbed on one side, they move over to the other, and keep this up until they become satiated, and the animal frequently worn out by its almost constant efforts to rid itself of the pest. In the resting stage, the flies frequently cluster around the base of the horn, in horned cattle—hence the name, horn-fly. According to Marlatt, the egg-laying habit of this insect was not easily discovered, and is somewhat peculiar. The eggs are laid singly, and usually upon their sides on the surface of wet cow manure. So far as is known, they are laid upon no other substance, and never upon old droppings. The moment the man- ure is dropped, a swarm of flies dart from the animal to the manure and remain there a few seconds, or a minute at the most, during which time many eggs are deposited. Egg deposition is chiefly during daylight, and most abundant during the warmer morning hours. The larve upon hatching descend into the manure, remaining, 426 W. H. DALRYMPLE. however, rather near the surface. The puparium, or pupa, is found in the ground underneath the droppings. The time elaps- ing from the egg to the adult is from 10 to 17 days, and in the latitude of Washington, according to Marlatt, there are probably seven or eight generations annually, with more in the South, and continuous breeding in tropical regions, like the Hawaiian Is- lands. Studies of the winter habits of this insect would indicate that hibernation takes place either in the adult stage or in the pupa below the surface of the ground. It seems to have been established by the Bureau of Entomo- logy that some of the natural enemies of this fly have been dis- covered. However, the simplest practical method of control, so far as we are concerned at the present time, would seem to be the destruction of the larvze and pupz in the cattle manure by direct measures, the protection of cattle by suitable repellents, and the actual destruction of the adult flies. Since using the alkaline arsenical solution for the destruction of cattle ticks in the South, it'is found that great numbers of these flies hang on to the animals and are killed in the ordinary process of dipping in the vats. But while myriads of adult flies are destroyed in this way, dipping for tick destruction is only practiced every 14 to 21 days during the season, leaving too great an interval between to be of the greatest practical service. Con- sequently, some additional method should be adopted that could be practiced at short intervals, or a system of dipping with in- secticidal materials that would serve the purpose without injuring the cattle. There are various mixtures recommended to be used as sprays, and the old standard insecticide, kerosene emulsion, still seems to be one of the best for this purpose. Under range conditions, however, the ordinary dipping vat is being so modified with high splashboards, etc., as to form a fly- trap, so that when the animal plunges in, the flies which escape immersion go to the upper part of the vat, and are killed by the spray made by the animal when it plunges into the solution. IMPORTANT INSECTS AFFECTING OUR FARM ANIMALS. 427 Some other methods are in vogue, such as driving the cattle through a large cylinder, through the sides of which a powerful gasoline pump causes sprays of an effective insecticide to strike the animals from all quarters and thoroughly wet them. These latter methods, of course, destroy adult flies in great numbers, but wherever practicable the other, and very important method of destroying the maggots and pupae in the fresh drop- pings should not be overlooked, in order that greater headway may be made in the control of this pest, which is costing the country so much in the aggregate. Some years ago the screw-worm-fly, chrysomyia macellaria, was a veritable plague in the Gulf States. However, since about 1891 or 1892 we don’t seem to have been troubled with it to any extent as a severe pest to our farm animals. While its habitat is given as from Canada to Patagonia, the greatest damage from it has been within the tropical and sub-tropical belt. During the years of its greater prevalence, not only animals but human beings also suffered from its ravages. The fly lays a mass of some three or four hundred eggs on the surface of wounds, which, in a few hours, hatch into larve, and these make their way directly into the wound where they feed on the surrounding tissues until full grown, when they come out, drop to the ground where they pupate, and later the adult fly emerges. Any fresh wound, however small, seemed suff- cient to attract this fly at the particular period mentioned. The greatest sufferers seemed to be the young creatures, such as foals, calves, etc., while their umbilical stumps were still in a raw state, and the openings still unclosed. Eggs were laid on these struc- tures, and in a few hours the larve had gained the abdominal _ cavity, with enormously fatal results. (To Be Concluded in the Next Number.) Dr. JAs. CAMPBELL, one of the old-time readers of the RE- VIEW, located at Henderson, Ky., has recently been called to his maker. THE. VETERINARIAN AS A SANITARIAN.* By Dr. E. Pecram Ftower, D.V.S., BAton Rouce, La. The qualified, progressive practitioner of veterinary medicine to-day occupies an enviable and unique position in the world of science. As graduates of modern veterinary colleges, maintaining a curriculum that includes courses in pathology, bacteriology, meat inspection, milk and dairy inspection, quarantine and hygiene, subjects that are of especial importance to sanitarians, in addi- tion to thorough courses in anatomy, physiology, medicine and surgery and the related collateral sciences, the veterinarian is peculiarly fitted as a sanitarian and public health officer. The number of veterinarians employed as sanitary officers for the various states of the Union are legion, and have accom- plished much indeed in the preservation of the health of animals in their respective states and indirectly of the people. Other veterinarians have rendered efficient sanitary service to many towns and cities in the capacity of milk and meat inspectors, but the principal benefits obtained by city milk and meat inspection alone have been in the general improvement of sanitary condi- tions, and consequently the maintenance of human health. A considerable part of the health in general of the live stock of our country, and indirectly of the health of the people, must be attributed to the qualified, energetic, wide-awake local veterinary practitioner, who effectively protects his community from the ravages of contagious and infectious diseases of live stock, com- municable to man. There are many diseases of the lower animals that are also common to the human family, such as anthrax, glanders, rabies and tuberculosis, and the veterinarian is indisputably best quali- fied to identify these diseases in the animal and to properly quar- * Presented to the Louisiana Veterinary Medical Association, at New Iberia, October 2, Tore. 428 ' ee 4 Pe gee THE VETERINARIAN AS A SANITARIAN, 429 oe ee ee eee eee antine, destroy, disinfect and prevent the spread of such dis- eases to man. Anthrax, a disease affecting practically all mam- mals and extremely prevalent in our state annually, is transmis- sible to man by inoculation through wounds or abrasions, caused or produced generally from handling infected animals, or skin- ning carcasses that have died of anthrax. There have been nu- merous fatalities in various sections of our state during the past several years from this dire malady. Glanders, a disease which chiefly affects horses and mules, is also communicable to man. Only three weeks ago I was called to the parish of Winn to inspect a markedly suspicious case of glanders in a small bay mare, the owner of which had only a few days previous died of an acute case of glanders. This animal was found affected with a chronic case, and had there been a trained veterinarian adjacent to this community, or earlier avail- able, his attention would undoubtedly have been directed to her condition. The resulting diagnosis and complete control of the situation in its incipiency, by the proper adoption of sanitary regulations by one versed in comparative pathology, would have been the means of obtaining one human life from death’s toll. While our Live Stock Sanitary Board requires the reporting of infectious diseases by any citizen who may be aware of its existence, failure to do so is often the case through ignorance of the law, or perhaps of a lack of due responsibilty. Rabies, a disease common to the domestic animal and man. and mainly transmissible by means of the saliva and other secre- tions, can by the surveillance of the vigilant veterinarian be efficiently controlled in its incipiency in his community. The proper adoption and enforcement of sanitary regulations, which are too well known to the trained sanitarian to expatiate upon here, together with co-operation from the municipal authorities, are the means whereby serious outbreaks of this disease are prevented or suppressed. That tuberculosis is transmissible to man from lower animals is now a recognized fact. At the recent meeting of the seventh International Tuberculosis Congress, held in Paris during the 430 E. PEGRAM FLOWER. early part of the current year, the opinion of prominent investi- gators connected therewith and so expressed, indicate that bovine tuberculosis is transmissible to man, especially children. That ten per cent. of the cases of human tuberculosis proceed from infection by bovine tuberculosis. That the majority of cases of human tuberculosis proceeds from contagion be- tween human beings, and that it is necessary to maintain and even increase the precautionary measures already taken against bovine tuberculosis. The wide publication of these inves- tigations should awaken health authorities and the general pub- lic to the need of more effective regulations and of scientifically trained veterinarians for their enforcement. It seems superfluous to argue the need of municipal meat and milk inspection. The many instances of meat poisoning from the ingestion of putrid fish and meat, outbreaks of typhoid fever, scarlet fever and other diseases, transmitted through the medium of milk, together con- stitute, in my opinion, an irrefutable argument for efficient mu- nicipal food inspection that cannot be denied. Milk and dairy products are now extensively used as human food; from one- sixth to one-fifth of the food consumed by the people in the nation is derived from the dairy cow. There is probably no one more adequately informed than the trained veterinarian respecting a knowledge of milk: the source of its contamination and the changes which it undergoes after leaving the animal. In addi- tion to this definite knowledge of the diseases of cattle, of stable sanitation, of milk from the standpoint of a laboratorian, he is © in a position to command attention and respect from the dairy- man. If he is tactful, an attitude of mutual helpfulness and co- operation can readily be established by endeavoring to make the work essentially educational, and not a police supervision with harsh orders and mandates that court the opposition rather than the willing acquiescence and co-operation of the dairyman. To instill enthusiasm in the efforts of the dairvman by endeavoring to demonstrate that a fairly superior quality of milk is possible from a meagre equipment, by a change of methods and condi- tions, especially where the desire is evinced to try, will be in the end productive of lasting success. oe Rninds a's ir tel ee acltiestetabaheted ain en er Pt ee 6 iS sesneeinn ileal igisl shite, biindnseaetraesaetn plainndibahautactaipdiasaial okt ee THE VETERINARIAN AS A SANITARIAN. 431 Milk-borne typhoid fever is charged from statistics with about one hundred thousand cases of this disease annually in the United States. It is an indisputable fact that scarlet fever and diph- theria are readily and dfiten transmitted through milk, and it is also a fact that through milk-borne endemics these two diseases pay a heavy mortality toll annually. The conservation of the health of the people is now a problem receiving the universal attention of the best authorities in every civilized nation, and the interest manifest in this consideration by the veterinary profession relates to the control and eradica- tion of the various infectious diseases of animals and to the safe- guarding of the milk and meat supply. The evolution of the modern practitioner of veterinary medi- cine, of the sanitarian trained in comparative pathology, from the old ‘* Hoss Doctor ”’ of several years ago, up to the present scien- tific standard, has been comparatively slow, but nevertheless re- markable. Now, in the place of such characters of the old régime have appeared well-educated gentlemen, who, by their upright- ness, fair dealing, courteous attitude and unimpeachable charac- ter, have convinced the public that the profession deserves and must obtain a more exalted position in the public mind. The public has been fast to recognize the justness of this position and has accordingly advanced our practitioners to a position far su- perior to that occupied a decade ago, and will continue to advance us just as fast as we demonstrate that we are entitled to it. To the man who specializes in comparative medicine, the humane service that he renders in alleviating the sufferings of our dumb animals, and his economic value in preserving the life and usefulness of man’s most faithful and efficient servant, the horse, from diseases not due to specific infection, is sufficient in itself to have earned for him the gratitude due a real benefactor of both man and beast. Legislation relative to veterinary require- _ ments and privileges is annually being enacted in the majority _ of the states, and as the lines are gradually more and more closely drawn, the poorly trained man finds himself woefully in a class unto himself. The value placed on a preparatory education is lone ee 432 E. PEGRAM FLOWER. also increasing at a surprising rate in every line of work, and we may safely assume that the business-like, intelligent farmer is fast discerning the distinction between the man thoroughly trained for his profession and one who has jumped high and blindly, or who has taken a short cut to a professional degree. The sanitarian in his rural practice in the past has been much handicapped by lack of legal or state regulations prescribing pen- alty for their enforcement. Consequently, there has not been the amount of necessary attention devoted to this particularly impor- tant line of work regarding live stock sanitation as there could have been. To-day, however, with a most excellent law avail- able for the regulation of contagious and communicable diseases of live stock, placed in the hands of your Live Stock Sanitary Board for their enforcement, there is a mutual interest of co- operation evident between veterinarians, the parish authorities, the parish and state health boards and the Board. After many years of toil and effort, with, however, attending disappointments, to have effected a state law for the control and eradication of contagious diseases of live stock, those gentlemen who have worked so indefatigably toward this end (and I refer especially to our prominent colleague, Dr. Dalrymple) were at last re- ) warded by seeing the passage of Act 274 at the hands of the Cen- | tral Assembly of 1908, creating the Live Stock Sanitary Board. i For the first two years following its passage, however, there could be but little accomplished, due to an entire absence of appropria- tion. The following General Assembly, two years since, allowed an appropriation for eradication of the fever carrying cattle tick, and the production of hog cholera serum, but absolutely no pro- vision for control or sanitary work. The past General Assembly, only recently convened, were, by importunity, entreaties and forcible arguments from representative live stock owners and agriculturists over the state, prevailed upon to vote an appropria- tion for this work. This available fund, though, while not princely, amounting to approximately twenty-five thousand dol- lars per year, has nevertheless enabled us to assume charge of several situations without delay, where apathy or procrastination wy THE VETERINARIAN AS A SANITARIAN. 433 would have been serious. It has been the custom of the Live Stock Sanitary Board to deputize as its representatives and in- spectors those qualified veterinarians adjacent to the locality of reported outbreaks of probable pathogenic maladies, when such action is deemed imperative. These veterinary inspectors, as representatives of the Board, and endowed with the same official power as the executive officer of the Live Stock Sanitary Board while in the discharge of such duties, are in a position to promptly and peremptorily adopt requirements suitable to the exigencies in the premises necessary to control, suppress or eradicate the prevailing infection. When the duties of the various parish officials, as prescribed by law, in connection with enforcement of these regulations, are explained and demonstrated, there have been, with but one or two exceptions, complete co-operation and material assistance rendered on their part. The old adage that an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure has special appli- cation in sanitary medicine. The veterinarian with his training in comparative medicine should be naturally an efficient sani- tarian in the maintenance of health of the domestic animal, and as such is accordingly in a position to conduct an available cam- paign educationally, throughout the rural districts where agricul- tural interests and live stock abound, while in the discharge of his erstwhile professional daily duties. Our work must go forward by three parallel and seemingly important lines: First, combating disease wherever found and by every known agency; second, fortifying the body by its nat- ural defences and other agencies; and third, waging a relentless warfare against pathogenic micro-organisms. I do not wish you to infer from the foregoing discussion of this subject that the veterinarian alone is the only one capable of officiating as a public health officer, or that he alone should be responsible for the preservation of the health of the public. The various phases and conditions, in which the veterinarian is and should be a factor, have been argued, but the conservation of the health can be brought to the highest standard by the co-operation of the veterinarian and the physician. Each has his particular 434 E. PEGRAM FLOWER. field, and while they are essentially combined ultimately in the great question of prophylaxis, freedom of consultation and dis- cussion of paramount issues with each other will be of untold benefit. Having been shown that many of the diseases of animals are transmissible to the human, and that there are many diseases and diseased conditions that originate in the domestic animal or in the products of these animals, it seems only evident that veteri- narians should act in the capacity of sanitary officers, especially as milk and meat inspectors, and that every well-regulated board of health should have among its members one or more veteri- narians. KANSAS VETERINARY ASSOCIATION.—Secretary James H. Burt, of the above association, wishes to say to the veterinary profession of Kansas, through the Review, that everything is being arranged for an excellent meeting at Topeka on the 7th and 8th of this month, and the profession of the state should come out in a body. A Bie Mute.—tThe following clipping from the Breeders’ Gazette of November 13 is an example of what can be produced in the shape of a mule by proper selection of mare and jack. The mule stood 17 hands high, was smooth and shapely, and weighed 2,010 pounds at the time the man who raised it sold it for $500 as a four-year-old. ‘‘ The famous big mule which was destroyed in a fire in Trenton, Mo., last summer weighed in good condition 2,010 pounds at four years old. The dam was a Shire mare weighing 1,600 pounds, and the sire was a 16-hand big-boned Kentucky jack weighing 1,200 pounds. At one year old the mule weighed 1,400 pounds, and gave evidence at that time of great stretch of frame and immense size at maturity. At two years old the weight was 1,675 pounds. The third summer this mule was worked on the farm, and continued in the harness until sold at four years old to the Missouri Auction School. At three years old the weight was 1,790 pounds, and at four years old 1,890 pounds’) Aaa —— 5 > STANDARD, PURE AND POTENT BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS.* » By C. A. Cary, D.V.M., State VETERINARIAN, SECRETARY OF STATE LIvE Stock Sanitary Boarp, Ausurn, ALA. The multiplicity of biological products that may be found on the market causes the public to open its mouth, buy, devour, suf- fer, get relief, or get no action, paying the price regardless of results. Even the general medical profession becomes now and then disgruntled, if not disgusted, with the great list of semi- patent biological products that smack of sweet and easy quackery. | _ All that is required is a little pressure of the hypodermic syringe, and the mysterious biological product will do the rest. But why _ this variety of products that are said to be the same? The dif- ‘ ferences or variations in purity and potency are due to the care, _ honesty, ability and facilities of the maker of the biological products. : For instance, take the history of tuberculin and its record _ of twenty-two years has been a variable and checkered one be- _ cause of its commercial value and variety of makers. Some of : the erroneous records made by using it as a diagnostic agent, not ; to say anything about its use as a curative agent, have been due _ to impotent tuberculin that was forced on the market before it was standardized or tested. Again, look at anthrax vaccines. Doubtless the indiscrimi- _ nate sale of anthrax vaccines to the laymen, and possibly to pro- af fessional men, has been the means of disseminating anthrax, espe- : _ cially where the germs were not properly attenuated. In all cases j where such vaccines as anthrax are to be used, there should be no possible doubt about the strength or degree of attenuation, and then they should not be placed in the hands of the inexpe- _ rienced and technically ignorant. In fact, the use of anthrax vac- _cines should never be permitted until a positive biological diagno- = * Presented to the forty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical _ Association, at Indianapolis, August, 1912. 435 436 ©. A. CARY. sis has been made by a competent expert. The Alabama Live Stock Sanitary Board has a regulation demanding that a positive diagnosis of anthrax be made by some recognized state authority or by the Bureau of Animal Industry before anthrax vaccine can be used even by professional men. The well-known outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease is said to have been brought about by the mistaken use of contaminated and infected smallpox virus that was used by a commercial fac- tory of biological products. If accurate records could be secured, it would be very interest- ing, if not astonishing, to find how many failures, mistakes, actual, serious infections and impotent results have obtained from the indiscriminate manufacture, sale and use of nearly all bio- logical products. Why should such a hazardous, heterogenous state of most important affairs be left the variables and unknown quantities in commercialism, when there are ways and means by which the medical profession and the public may be protected, without unduly restraining commercial trade. The best way out of this perplexing difficulty is to place manufacture and sale of all biological products exclusively into the hands of government. Public good, public welfare and public health demand it. Some assert that such a procedure would lead to paternalism. But the results to be obtained are solely for the good, the welfare and the protection of the public; and conse- ~ quently the end justifies the means. Moreover, the means or method is also correct and in every way right. The law regulates quarantine, the manufacture and sale of poisons and such drugs as cocaine, morphine, opium, strychnine and arsenic; why not biological products that are used in the treatment and protection of animals? There are many good reasons why the government should manufacture and regulate the sale of all biological prod- ucts. The government can secure the best experts, whose salaries need not depend upon commercialism. Here some one may claim that politics would influence the work of the expert. The same can be said of the commercial manufacturers of biological prod- ucts. They have been known to play political hands. Moreover, me ee ae ys. STANDARD, PURE AND POTENT BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS. 437 the biological workers at Washington have had almost an unlim- ited tenure of office. Again, governmental authorities can secure the best materials and facilities, and can thus as near as possible make a constantly standard biological product. Another plan would be to have the government and the vari- _ ous states make the biological products. In some things, like hog _ cholera serum, this plan might work equally as well, and in some ways better than to have the government make all the serum. Yet it might mean as many kinds of serum in purity and potency as there are states. However, there can be co-operation of states, and then the standard could be uniform. There is still another way of controlling the output of bio- logical products. It is the one that is now in force regulating the manufacture of biological products used by the human family. The manufacturers obtain a license from a government depart- ment, and this department periodically tests the products of licensed houses and thus forces them to make standard products. This method has greatly improved the products used in human ‘Medicine. Yet there are loopholes and defects. The government _ department tests only a few of the products made by the private or commercial house, whereas, if the government or state were " making it, every “batch” or combination of “ batches” would be tested. In January, 1912, the Alabama Live Stock Sanitary Board, at the writer’s request, promulgated a regulation which required the manufacturers of the biological products to be sold in Ala- a to obtain the endorsement of the Bureau of Animal Indus- Some of the B. A. I. men looked upon this favorably, but the Secretary of Agriculture said that there was no federal law and no money to enforce control over the making of biological products. Dr. Melvin wrote me that there was an attempt being made to have a law passed giving the Bureau of Animal Industry a license control over the making of veterinary biological prod- cts. It is to be hoped that it, or some other good federal law, will be passed and put into effect at an early date. I do not wish to imply or to assert that much good has not 438 CG: AIO ARY: ; been done by the manufacturers of biological products. In fact, they have done a great deal that could not have been accomplished without their work, but some of them—1in fact, nearly all of them —have pushed the commercial idea to such an extent that they are advertising and selling products in a way that is not commend- able, not to say anything about the medical or scientific aspect of the work. In fact, if the best houses now in existence would eliminate the semi-patent medicine advertisements and the “quack” testimonials, and then standardize their products ac- — cording to some fixed government standard, they would certainly improve and be second only to the actual government manufac- ture of the products. Dr. JoHN F. WINCHESTER, OF LAWRENCE, MAss., repre- sented his city at the “ National Conference of Housing,” held in Philadelphia December 4 to 6, 1912, and we find his name — heading a list under the caption “ Many Noted Speakers ” in the ~ Philadelphia Record of December 5. Dr. Winchester, who occu- — pied the unique position of being the only veterinarian who par- ticipated in the conference, which had for its purpose the better- ment of the housing conditions of the poor in the cities, was the | official representative from the Department of Health and from the Department of Charities of the city of Lawrence, and his © report to Alderman Robert S. Maloney, Director of Public Health and Charities, on his return home, was right to the point in regu-— lation Winchester style. a A ibe 4 & VETERINARY SURGEON BREEDS PERCHERONS.—On December ~ | 20 we were honored by a call from Dr. W. T. Patton, of Coutts, Alberta, Canada. Dr. Patton, who for a number of years served } under Dr. John G. Rutherford in the “Health of Animals — Branch” of the Canadian Department of Agriculture, resigned from the service some time before his chief resigned, to take up the breeding of percherons on his ranch at Coutts, Alberta. : The doctor reports the outlook for draft-horse breeding as ex-7 cellent, the markets being good. After a couple of weeks in the ~ American metropolis, he will return to his ranch, which demands _ his careful attention. j HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA.* By S. H. Warp, St. Paut, Minn. Mention of this peculiar disease of cattle and sheep is rarely ‘seen, even in the most recent text-books. Hutyra and Marek, perhaps, give the most concise account of the disease, yet there are points met with in our autopsies which differ materially from those given by these authors. The specific organism was isolated from cattle by Wilson, of Minnesota, and from sheep by Beebe, of Minnesota, hence there is no doubt as to the causative factor. Numerous outbreaks occur in Minnesota, and undoubtedly in other states, and it is very possible the disease may be confused with anthrax, which it closely resembles. The most virulent outbreaks occur among cattle during the months while animals are on pasture. In sheep the disease, while by no means as prevalent as in cattle, appears frequently enough to cause severe losses to owners. Two great peculiarities are noticed; first, the extreme viru- lence of the disease for a short time. Ten or twenty per cent. of the herd will die perhaps within twenty-four hours, with no further loss, although animals may be kept in the same pasture and under similar conditions. The second peculiarity is that outbreaks are far removed from each other, with no history or possibility of exposure, and no recurrence of the disease on the premises. Outbreaks are seen on high, sandy land, as well as in low lands. Some are of the opinion that outbreaks are more frequent on the higher sandy lands. Weather and pasture con- ditions seem to have no bearing upon outbreaks. Symptoms of the acute form in mature animals are that it is usually ushered in by a general dullness, temperature about nor- mal, cessation of appetite, rumination and milk secretion, bloody diarrhea, and sometimes a frothy, pinkish discharge from nos- _ ~ Read before the sixteenth annual meeting of the U. S. Live Stock Sanitary Asso- ‘ciation, Chicago, December, 1912. 439 440 S. H. WARD. trils. In the chronic form usually met with in the late winter months, especially when cattle are poorly kept, we find that about the only symptoms exhibited are the cessation of appetite and a paralysis of the hind extremities. In young animals the acute type is manifested by totally dif- ferent symptoms. In these cases we have animals staggering, running into objects, bawling as with fright, falling over, legs drawn up to body, and eyes rolling in the sockets. Sheep.—tn these animals we have had occasion to see but three outbreaks, each, however, being of the acute type—animals dying within twenty-four hours after first noticed. As a rule there is a slight mucous discharge, accelerated respiration and marked dullness. Autopsies—Hemorrhages in all the serous and mucous mem- branes. Hemorrhages are seen in the subcutaneous tissue and between the muscles in various parts of the body. In cattle there is frequently seen a gelatinous infiltration un- der the skin. The spleen, especially in sheep, is seen to have large, wine colored areas. In other cases the hemorrhagic areas are much smaller. The condition of the spleen in cases coming under our notice is at marked variance with the findings of Hutyra and Marek, who state “the spleen preserves a normal appearance,” Treatment.—Nothing in the way of treatment can be sug- | gested, owing to the rapid course of the disease. A recent article on the “Treatment of Rinderpest and Hemorrhagic ~ Septicemia with Permanganate of Potash,” by Major C.K Walker, of the Indian Civil Veterinary Department, published in the September issue of the Journal of Comparative Pathology and Therapeutics, says the result of this drug in the treatment of | hemorrhagic septicemia seems to be hopeful. The ordinary dose for medium-sized cattle may be stated to be 2 drams, and calves may receive 14 to 1 dram. It is evident from the table that accompanies the article that — the cases met with in India are more of the chronic type, as most — of the cases quoted are from two to five days in duration, while _ the cases met with in Minnesota result in death in an exceedingly — i Re ea nik Syne w HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA. 441 _ short time, making it extremely doubtful if even intravenous in- jection of this drug would accomplish very much. As to control measures, it is obvious no restrictions on in- fected farms can be put into operation, as the disease does not spread, and after attacking a certain number of animals no further loss is experienced, nor has the disease continued on the premises. NINTH ANNUAL Report MINNESOTA LIVE SrocK SANITARY Boarp.—With the compliments of Dr. S. H. Ward, secretary and executive officer, we have received the above-named report for the year ending July 31, 1912, neatly bound in cloth, wine color, with gold lettering, and containing a concise and compre- hensive report of the Minnesota live stock sanitary work, cover- ing tuberculosis, glanders, rabies, hemorrhagic septicaemia, an- thrax, blackleg, contagious conjunctivitis, malignant and catarrhal fever of cattle, corn-stalk disease, cerebro-spinal meningitis, etc., etc. Two very important and useful features of this little bro- chure are the “ Directory of Minnesota Breeders of Pure-Bred Cattle, Whose Herds Have Been Tuberculin Tested Under Di- rection of the Live Stock Sanitary Board” and the “ Require- ments of States Covering the Importation of Live Stock.” Hoiiwway EpItTioN 1912, BREEDER’s GAZETTE received, and we are impressed with its beauty and its high quality. The front _ cover page is graced by a beautiful head of a draft horse, and the supplement water-color, entitled “ Imposing on Good Na- ture,” is pretty enough to be hung upon the wall of any room. In addition there are many interesting illustrations distributed throughout the number, and following Mr. Alvin H. Sanders’ “In Hoc Signo Vinces,”’ there are a great number of articles of more than ordinary interest from the pens of prominent men. Among others of especial interest to veterinarians is one entitled “Motor Trucks Supplementing But Not Supplanting Draft Horses,’ by James E. Poole, and another entitled “ Scien- tific Shoeing of the Draft Horse,’ by Prof. Joseph Hughes, M.R.C.V.S., of the Chicago Veterinary College. Altogether it is a very excellent number. REPORTS OF CASES. INFECTIOUS ABORTION IN SWINE. By M. H. Reynotps, St. Paul, Minn. So far as reports in current American veterinary literature are concerned, this must be a very rare disease among American swine. The writer does not remember of seeing any mention of it in our current literature. Standard works on veterinary prac- tice merely mention it casually as a possibility. This outbreak is being reported for the purpose of giving it permanent record and in the hope that it may lead to the collection of further in- formation concerning its prevalence and the possible seriousness © of this disease. ; Before giving the details concerning this outbreak, it should be explained that this occurred on a well-managed stock farm. The farm superintendent is an unusually careful, capable man, a graduate of an agricultural college, and thoroughly practical. Under date of April 20 I received a letter from one of our agricultural college graduates, an experienced farmer and a very intelligent man, inquiring as to whether there was such a thing as infectious abortion among swine. [rom this letter, subsequent correspondence and personal conversation, the following has been gathered and verified : Farm A—Fleven brood sows were involved; six between one and two years of age and five yearlings. The boar was put with them on December 15, 1911. The sows were fed bundle corn with ordinary table refuse, but no dish-water. They had some potatoes, with a limited amount of bran and ground feed, with continuous access to a mixture of wood-ashes, sulphur and salt. Two or three weeks before farrowing time the sows were sep- arated. Each one was given an individual pen. The feed was changed to a slop of milk, water, bran, ground oats and corn. One week after this separation, the first sow farrowed eleven pigs, all alive, fat, in good condition, but premature. They were small, without hair, estimated from two to three weeks premature ~ 442 REPORTS OF CASES. 448 in birth. They all died soon after birth. The pigs were buried, and the sow was isolated. Sow No. 2 farrowed three days later I1 pigs, apparently at about normal term, all alive; all saved. Sow No. 3 farrowed the same day in pen next to sow No. I. She had 13 pigs, about normal size, but without hair. Eight died at birth, 5 living. These sows, by the way, all are pure Duroc- ‘Jerseys and dark red in color. The premature pigs were all with- out hair and the skin pure white. Sow No. 4 farrowed three days later than the preceding, twelve pigs: three born dead, 9 alive, but died soon after birth. This sow was next to a sow in pen No. 2. The sow died soon after farrowing. Examination post mortem showed one very -small pig about the size of a rat, evidently dead for some time, and one other dead unborn pig that was, as the superintendent described it, “turned in the womb, preventing birth.” Sow’s bladder was ruptured. Sow No. 5 farrowed the same day as sow No. 4, in pen next to No. 3. Nine pigs, all alive, but died immediately after birth. Pigs small, without hair, evidently a few weeks premature. These sows were in good breeding condition, not excessively fat. There does not appear anything in the feed, care or sur- roundings of this herd in any way to account for the trouble, with _ the exception that the pens are floored with lumber from the floor of an old cow stable, but investigation indicates that there had never been, so far as known, any abortion among the cows kept in the stables. The hog pens had never been previously used for hogs. I immediately wrote to the superintendent (a personal friend), calling attention to the possibility of serious importance in the trouble among his swine, and suggested that, if possible, ‘precaution be taken to avoid dissemination, in addition to some advice for the local management of this individual herd. We were not able to secure any material for laboratory work on account of time that had elapsed between the last losses and the first report to us. Under date of May 161 received another communication from the superintendent, Mr. D., from which this further in- formation was secured. Sow No. 6 had farrowed since the pre- “vious report with about the same results. She gave birth to 14 pigs, all alive, without hair, evidently premature. All died within a few hours, except two. This sow was two years old and the mother of the other five sows. 444 REPORTS OF CASES. Mr. D., foreman Farm A, reported on September 6 that two of the first five aborting sows had recently farrowed full litters, all normal. Sows and pigs doing well. These sows farrowed August 24 and August 29. The boar used in this herd was purchased in the southern part of the state from a farmer who had raised him. He was farrowed in the spring of 1911, and therefore something less than a year old at the time the sows were bred. The farmer from whom the boar was purchased reports that he had never had abortion among either his hogs or cattle and had brought no out- side hogs onto the farm for two years, excepting one young boar which he bought from the Farm A, whereon the five sows aborted ; 7. ¢c., the two farmers practically exchanged boars. Un- der date of July 16, the superintendent of Farm A stated that a sow belonging to a neighbor, who used the boar belonging to Farm A, farrowed on July 14 six pigs, all mature and normal in every way. On July 15 another sow, bred to the same boar by this neighbor, farrowed, with everything normal and right. July 15 another sow farrowed for this neighbor. Pigs sired by boar in question. Everything normal. Note that these sows belonging to the neighbor were bred after the Farm A sows were in pig and before any of them had aborted. The infection in this case does not seem to have been transmitted by the boar. The superintendent of Farm A has been unable to get any in- formation, giving a reasonable suspicion of abortion among cattle on this farm where he is now superintendent. The superintend- ent reports in this communication of May 16 that a neighbor own- ing eight brood sows had had the misfortune of abortion in one of the sows, which farrowed about twelve days before normal term. The pigs were similar to those as described: small and without hair. ‘The superintendent, having an experimental turn of mind, has bred two aborting sows to the same boar which served them last December, with a view to watching results. Of 68 pigs farrowing by the six sows, only 17 were living at the time of the report. We are promised material for. laboratory and inoculation work, in case of trouble occurring again at the next farrowing time. It is unfortunate, of course, that we were unable to secure materials for such work from the outbreak which I have reported. A careful study of feed, feeding, methods and surroundings, type of hogs, climatic conditions and general management does not appear to give any reasonable ground for suspecting that these abortions were sporadic rather than of the infectious type. REPORTS OF CASES. 445 TREATMENT OF CHOKE IN THE HORSE. By Horace Braprey, D.V.M., Windsor, Mo. Choking in an animal always frightens the owner and causes him to seek assistance without delay, and he urges a prompt, quick call. While the veterinarian, unless armed with some- thing different for treatment than that laid down in the text- books, periodicals and journals, will delay making the call as long as possible, in the hope that the horse will be relieved before he arrives. During my early practice, cases of choke in the horse were the one great dread of my practice, but fortunately a large percentage have been relieved by nature before my arrival. These cases are usually rightly diagnosed by the owner or attendant, and the acci- dent is generally understood as to the causes, the location of the obstruction, physiological and anatomical construction of the organs involved, so it is my intention only to give to you a rem- edy that I have discovered that will dislodge the obstruction and make these cases desirable. [I say I discovered this, for I have never heard of it being used by anyone, and studied it out myself. The old lines of treatment, such as running the animal and jump- ing him over fences and drenching with oils, etc., are dangerous. The use of the probang does not always dislodge the obstruction, and, no matter how cautiously used, frequently injures the tissues and later proves fatal. The operation of passing the stomach tube down to the ob- struction, cutting down onto the esophagus and tying a cord tight around the esophagus anterior to the obstruction and forc- ing a water pressure on the obstruction, as advocated by some inventors of stomach tubes, would not meet with the approval of the owner of a valuable horse, even if it was good surgery. Dr. J. A. McCrank’s method, as given in an article in the De- cember, 1910, Review, of placing the patient in a box stall, away from noise and visitors, with a bucket of water in the manger and leave him to the mercy of nature, would hardly satisfy the owner, and be service for which he would be pleased to pay a reasonable fee. I have seen eserine recommended, but have never tried it. The drug that I use for choke in the horse is apomorphine hydro- chloride. The smallness of the dose gives this drug the advantage of being inexpensive, and it is free from irritating properties and may be used hypodermically. The subcutaneous dose is YZ to 4 grain. Its action is expectorant, sedative, and produces relaxa- 446 REPORTS OF CASES. tion and increase of secretion. Following are some cases in illustration: Case 1: Subject small, branded western mare, ten miles in country and at night. At that time Dr. R. L. Allen and I were partners and made this call together. It was in the fall, and she was running on short pasture and being fed green fodder in the evening. In her ravenousness, she had undertaken to swallow a small nubbin, husk and all, without chewing it, which lodged in the cervical region of the esophagus and could be felt by manipulation. She had not been educated above her western dis- position, and objected very seriously to manipulation, and when we placed the mouth speculum on her, preparatory to passing the probang, she became furious and whipped us all out of the yard. This was an opportunity for me to try my new remedy, and I told Dr. Allen 1f he would tell my wife that I had died brave, that I would venture to give a hypodermic injection of twelve 1/20-grain tablets of apomorphine. Just 13 minutes after the injection she was relieved and ate corn blades. Case 2: Small, aged, emaciated pony, with very few teeth, brought to my place at 8 o’clock in the morning. When I saw him coming, frothing at the nostrils, head lowered, ears drooped, dejected appearance and staggering gait, I thought I had a case of rupture of the stomach. After examining the pulse, I changed my opinion and, on inquiring into the case, learned that on ac- count of the absence of teeth to properly masticate hard food, that he was being fed on roasting ears, and that he would just break these up and swallow them in large pieces. For the eve- ning feed the day before he had been fed twelve ears and had gotten away with only about one-half of them, which indicated that he had been in this condition all night. I passed the probang and came onto an obstacle in the thoracic region which could not be dislodged with safety. I then gave thirteen 1/20-grain tablets of apomorphine, and in thirteen minutes he was eating erass. Case 3: 1,200-pound aged mare, while being worked gather- ing corn, had swallowed a large husk, which lodged in the lower third of the cervical region. A 34-grain dose of apomorphine, hypodermically, brought relief in a few minutes. The owner re- marked: “ By George, I never would have thought of unchoking a horse in that way!” Case 4: Average-sized, aged mare. Had been choking three days. Apomorphine, 34 grain, was injected, and one hour after my REPORTS OF CASES. 447 drank one gallon of water and ate some corn. Ate some the fol- lowing day, but died three days later. The owner posteéd this case and found that the foreign body had passed on into the stomach, and inflammation had set up where it had been lodged, which caused death. Case 5: Large three-year-old jack, supposed to be choked on cob; 34-grain apomorphine g given. Was able to eat in a short time. VALIDOL—SOME INDICATIONS FOR ITS USE. (Valerianic Acid Menthylester, C»H»O.CO. C:H» + 30% C»H»OH.) By Wa trtTER LINCOLN Bett, D.V.S., Brooklyn, N. Y. CHEMICAL AND PuHysICAL PROPERTIES.—Validol is a men- thylester of valerianic acid with 30 per cent. of free menthol. It is a colorless, crystal-clear liquid of the consistency of glycer- ine, having a refreshingly cool and very faintly bitter taste. Its odor is mild and pleasant, distinct from either that of valerian or menthol. It is decomposed by alkalies, insoluble in water, readily soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether or oils. PHARMACOLOGICAL CHARACTER.—The product is a non- poisonous, non-irritant and perfectly harmless analeptic, antihys- teric, carminative and stomachic, possessing the therapeutic prop- erties of its two components to a marked degree. Being entirely free from the nauseating odor of valerian and the irritating acrid- ness of menthol, it is well tolerated by the most sensitive patient. It forms an excellent vehicle for additional quantities of men- thol, rendering possible the administration of this most valuable analeptic in very large doses and in a most pleasant form. _Some two years ago this preparation was brought to my attention and I have carried out a careful and thorough trial of same and have adopted it in an extensive practice, specializing in the treatment of smaller animals, and have found the therapeutic indications to be; first, as a restorative in conditions caused by shock of any kind; second, as a gastric sedative in vomiting or acute gastritis, and third, in debility consequent upon canine dis- temper. Here it is also of undoubted value owing to the mentholic effect upon the intestinal tract, where this condition (distemper ) undoubtedly first manifests itself. This, as well as the sedative action of the valerianic acid upon the central nervous system, 448 REPORTS OF CASES. places validol in the first rank as a therapeutic agent, especially in those extremely highly nervous breeds of dogs, in which chorea so frequently follows distemper. Another class of cases in which validol is of essential use is those forms of rheumatism we are so frequently called upon to treat in pets that are much confined to the house. In these cases the local use is indicated as well as the internal administra- tion, and I have found it particularly efficacious in rheumatisms of the cat. I append two of the cases in which I have secured very suc- cessful results with validol : . Case 1.—Bull terrier, nine years old, had always enjoyed good health and was in condition until 1910, when the bowels became impacted by reason of the non-digestion of a chop bone which was carried to near anal end of rectum, where it became lodged. This condition had undoubtedly persisted for some days when I saw animal, as the odor from the mass indicated. I broke it down with force of water from a fountain syringe (well raised above body height) and blunt curette. There was naturally ex- treme nausea present and much auto-intoxication. These con- ditions were very successfully combated with five drops validol in capsule every four hours for eighteen hours, after which time vomition was controlled, general condition much improved and above dose was continued three times daily for several days. This same dog later had several attacks of “lumbago” and these were shortly terminated with same dose of validol every four hours until acute symptoms abated, after which it was given three times daily for several days. A small amount was also rubbed in over lumbar muscles twice daily and undoubtedly ren- ered good service. Case 2.—Persian cat, adult, had litter of kittens six weeks previous; about this time developed a very acute general rheu- matic condition, particularly affecting the lumbar region and causing complete inability to walk or even crawl. Much pain when moved, bowels torpid, feverish. Treatment: Aloin grains one-twelfth every hour for six doses, when bowels showed sufh- cient effect, and from start the cat was given three drops of validol in capsule every four hours, followed by small amount of sugar and water solution each time; small amount of equal parts vali- dol and olive oil rubbed in over lumbar region twice daily, and the animal made a very satisfactory recovery. Dosage.—Internally, two to fifteen drops, according to age and breed of animal; best given in a little sugar-water or capsule oe bets at oe POL LS ERECT RES BA Pe MG eee ie REPORTS OF CASES. 449 a followed by some dilutant, repeated as necessary. ‘Externally, as an inhalant or diluted with equal parts olive oil and rubbed in indicated places. RARE CASE OF DYSTORIA IN THE MARE. By D. J. Meanor, B.S., D.V.M., Selma, Ala, March 22, 1912, I was called to attend a case of dystokia in a bay mare weighing about 1,000 pounds. On arriving I found the mare down in a cotton field. She had been working at the plow and was taken out on showing signs of the approaching parturition. The owner informed me that the mare had been in labor for about two hours. She was in extreme pain, and being much ex- hausted, her expulsive efforts, while quite frequent, were very _ weak in force. After being told that no attempt had been made to remove the foetus I at once made examination. This revealed an anterior presentation with dorsosacral position. Both forefeet were in the vagina. A right lateral deviation of the head and neck were the cause of the dystokia. It was observed to my surprise that a live foetus was being dealt with. As quickly as possible preparations were made for a delivery. The mare being in lateral recumbency on her right side, it was not necessary to change her position. A cord was passed over both forefeet and the entire foetus repulsed. This allowed the head and neck to come within reach. The mouth of the fetus was grasped and the head and neck placed in proper position. Traction was now applied to the cord, _ while the hand guided the head and a quick delivery was effected. | The foal was indeed a very weak one and special effort was used to keep up respiration. The foal was dried and placed on a _ blanket, and the mare was given strychnine subcutaneously. . The foetal membranes did not pass out with the foal and _ were found to be so firmly adhered to the uterine walls that it _ was decided to remove them later. The owner was instructed to let me know if the mare was unable to rise after an hour or two. I heard nothing, however, _ and the next morning on arriving at the farm I found that the mare had cast her membranes and was being followed by a fine colt. 450 REPORTS OF CASES. It seems that the preservation of the life of this foal is to be accounted for by the membranes remaining intact, thus insuring nourishment while the mare was in labor, and by the fact that no forced extraction or crude methods had been attempted. FILARTA, IMMITIS“ IN “LE DOG, By W. H. Datrympte, M.R.C.V.S., Baton Rouge, La. The accompanying photograph illustrates the presence of the Filaria immitis in the heart of an aged pointer bitch, in the prac- tice of Dr. E. Pegrim Flower, of Baton Rouge. Definite history and particulars in relation to the case cannot be given, beyond the fact that the animal was in a dropsical condition, as it oc- curred many years ago, but thought the photograph sufficiently good to be worthy of reproduction in the REVIEW. Ay PRCULIAR (CAS By J. V. Hitts, D.V.M., Gowanda, N. Y. An aged bay gelding, affected with heaves, had been unable to sw leas water or eat anything for 24 hours, when the writer ene pe > REPORTS OF CASES. 451 was called. Temperature and respiration were normal, and the animal constantly attempted to eat and drink, but with no success. Examination of mouth and throat with speculum revealed noth- ing. Neither was there any soreness or swelling anywhere. I passed a rubber hose down his oesophagus easily; and as he had not drunk for 20 hours, I pumped two large pails of water into him through the hose with the injection pump, adding a little castor oil to the water. After withdrawing the hose I gave the horse % grain strychnine sulph. hypodermically, and pre- scribed mild liniment to be rubbed on the throat, informing the owner that I considered it nearly a hopeless case, and advised that if he was no better by the next day to destroy him, as, in addition to everything else, his age and the heaves were against him. This was in July. A month later I saw this horse and his mate hauling a load of gravel, and then learned the following from the owner: He told me he would not swallow anything, but he had poured milk and water into him for two days, when he went down and could not get up. He kept pouring water and milk into him, and put a poultice on his throat. It was 10 days before he could get up again, when he recovered quite rapidly and was soon able to eat again. The owner censured me for advising him to kill the animal, saying the trouble was sore throat, which I told him em- ‘phatically was not the case. I am stating this as near to the facts as I can learn them from my observations and from the owner ; and if anyone has had a similar experience, kindly answer ‘through the Review. The horse has not had another attack since. INDIANA STATE BOARD OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EXAMIN- ERS holds its next meeting at the State House, on Tuesday, Jan- wary 14, 1913. Candidates may obtain particulars by addressing Dr. O. L. Boor, secretary, Muncie, Ind. . Dr. WARREN L. THAYER MArRIED.—On December 7, 1912, Dr. Warren L. Thayer, class of 1897, McGill, was joined in wed- lock with Miss Minnie E. Munson, of Worcester, Mass., where the happy couple will reside after their return from a short trip to the South. The Review invokes its blessing. ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. ENGLISH, REVIEW. By Prof. A. Liautarp, M.D., V.M. MULTIPLE VESICAL CaLcuLi IN Doc [Henry Taylor, F.R.C. @& V.S.].—Retriever dog exhibited all the symptoms of blocking of — the urethra by urinary calculus. He is operated, and with the mis- chievous stone, eight others, smaller, are removed. The dog does well for about ten days, although his urine is a little tinged with blood. He has another obstruction, is operated a second time and thirty more calculi came away with the first rush of urine. ‘The animal does not seem to do well and the owner had ~ him destroyed. The postmortem revealed the fact that the spleen contained several lympho-sarcomatous tumors, the kidneys were. cirrhotic, the bladder contained ninety more calculi, besides a quantity of sabulous matter like gravel. Several calculi were embedded in the mucosa. The subcutaneous tissues in the region © of the operation were sodden and green as if the urine had in- filtrated and had a decomposing action.—(Vet. Record.) UnusuaL ABSCESS IN ABDOMINAL WALL [By the same].— Filly is found one morning with pus oozing from what appeared to be a small abscess in the muscles of the flank just inferior to | right stifle. As no improvement takes place under ordinary treat- ment, and as by probing a tract running downward under the skin was detected, a seton was introduced after making a de- — pendent opening. No improvement, discharge remains the same. — As the trouble exists since over six weeks, the mare is cast, the — tract fully incised in its whole length and the tissues underlying being found much discolored and unhealthy, black and infiltrated, necrotic in fact, they are all excised, leaving but a very delicate © | thin layer for the abdominal wall. Fearing its possible rupture, — as the animal would rise, much care was applied to guard against it. Recovery was looked for after this, but white granulations had developed and complete cicatrization apparent, there re- mained for weeks after, a small sinus and discharge. The ani- — mal being cast again, the cicatrizing wound was carefully ex- | amined and finally a probe was inserted into a fine tract, which required a minute dissection before the knife penetrated into the _ 452 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 453 cavity of an abscess, situated on the inside of the abdominal wall _and was about the size of an orange. The entrance to the cavity was enlarged, drainage established and disinfecting dressing _ with lysol or izal completed an uneventful recovery. It is unusual to find an abscess so deeply situated. The filly never had _strangles—(Veter. Record.) } ' A Case or LAMEnEss [Capt. W. H. Taylor, A.V.C. ].— Eight “years old past, this bay gelding becomes lame—there is no his- ‘tory previous to it. The trouble is located on the off fore leg ‘with slight enlargement of the pastern joint. Treatment is ap- ‘plied without benefit to the patient and the lameness becomes so “severe that it was decided to kill the gelding. At the post-mor- tem examination the articular surfaces of the pastern joint were found extensively diseased, with a piece of bone, the size of a haricot bean, being almost loose by an ulcerative process. The Os corona had an ulcer corresponding to it. In boiling the bone “the small piece fell off from the principal part of the suffraginis, ‘on the lower third of which was a well developed exostosis.— a *t. News.) ap ee DILATATION OF THE STOMACH—DUODENAL Utcer [E. lWal- lis Hoare, F.R.C.V.S.].—Gray cart gelding, with exception of © attacks of colic, has been in perfect health. One morning the is found shivering, has slight salivation, respiration accel- erated, frequent efforts to micturate, lays down and has some “Aifficaty to rise. Visible mucosa are pale, pulse quick, tempera- re normal. Flatus at intervals. Later on, he has eructations | ind oesophagal regurgitation; few grains of oats are in the nasal discharge—then he has a haggard expression of countenance, panitis and the pulse is almost imperceptible. Terebene and linseed oil are given. Animal is much distressed, groans, lays, struggles and dies. -Postmortem shows stomach much enlarged and looking like the rumen of an ox. There is only moderate ount of gas, but enormous amount of fluid. In the duodenum a well-marked ulcer is found extending to the peritoneal coat and surrounding the opening of the bile duct.—(Vet. Record.) Side VOLVULUs OF THE ILEUM [By the same].—First, aged geld- ‘ing after a day of slow work is taken home in evening and eats his food. Next morning he is found in pain, much marked about head and quarters. He receives a cold drench. He soon has a aggard expression, sunken eyes, sweating, abdomen hard, tym- rgd , 454 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. panitis, looked toward the flank. He has no violent colics and- passes small quantity of hard feces. Chloroform gives a little relief but this is only temporary and death takes place in the | evening. Autopsy—Abdomen much distended. Volvulus at the | termination of the ileum with 14 feet of the intestine much in- | flamed and distended with foetid blood. Stomach full of ingesta, ” pains and sat on his haunches for leis periods. He lies down, © attempts to roll and then sit on his haunches. The position seems to give him the most relief. Chloral brought some relief and | was given at intervals. Death took place after several hours of | suffering. {| Postmortem.—Intricate twist was found in the ileum toward the distal end. It resembled a double knot and could not be dis-— entangled even after removal from the body.—(Jbid.) PULMONARY HELMINTHIASIS IN THE Ass [A. W. Noel Pil ters, F.R.C.V.S.|.—This history of the patient, a yearling don- key, was that it had been bought about three months before and had gradually lost flesh. Frequent attacks of violent coughing with expulsion of frothy material from the nose were also noticed. After an illness of two months he died. Postmortem— Several worms were found protruding from both nostrils, 200 |} specimens were in the turbinated bones, many were also in the | passages leading to the posterior nares. The larynx was crowded | but the trachea contained only four worms. At the bifurcation | of the bronchi the parasites were so numerous as to blockade the — lumen almost entirely. Sections of the lungs showed the pres- ence of worms. There was one in the oesophagus and two in the stomach. Fero strongylus vulgaris were in the small colon. Un- der microscopic examination of the lungs many ova of strong- ylus and immatured forms were exposed.—(Vet. Record.) HYDROCHLORIDE OF UREA AND QUININE AS LocAL ANES-7} THETIC IN VETERINARY Practice [Prof. Geo. H. Wooldridge, | F.R.C.V.S.]|—The author records four cases to illustrate its” usefulness; in one, for the amputation of the dew claws of a fox | terrier, in two others for the removal of large mammary tumor and in the fourth for shoulder tumors in a horse. The opera- — tions were successful, and the professor writes as conclusions: _ “Tt will thus be seen that hydrochloride of urea and quinine is | quite an efficient local anesthetic in the strength of I per cent. to 14 per cent. Its action, however, appears to be very limited in ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 455 xtent, and does not spread far from the seat of injection. It does not appear to possess any hemostatic action, but can be effectively used in combination with renastyptin or other supra- enal preparation. Compared with cocaine it is less toxic and much cheaper. It is slower in action; an interval of at least half in hour should be allowed between injection and incision, but its action is more durable. In fact, it has been claimed that some anodyne effect persists for several days.”—(Vet. Journ.) _ INTESTINAL SARCOMA AND ENDOCARDITIS IN A Horse [IV. Lothian, M.R.C.V.S. ]—Thoroughbred mare, always in good ealth and good worker, is turned out after hunting season. ” She s observed dull one morning and on examination her heart Seems to be the chief seat of the trouble. Cardiac tonic and stimulants were prescribed, but the mare died two days later. Postmortem revealed croupous peritonitis and ‘along the large intestine a number of large lumps in the bowel substance about the size of one’s fist and most numerous about the diaphragmatic flexure of the colon.” These were round-celled sarcoma. The heart showed a small warty growth affecting the right tricuspid alve, different in character from the bowels.—(Vet. Journ.) DirFusE LipomarTosis IN A MuLeE [Capt. H. A. Stewart, 1.R.CV.S., AV.C.|.—Mule has a weak thready pulse, respira- ions about normal, temperature 102° F. anorcexia, slight diar- 1cea and inclination to lie down. She braces up some under reatment for short time, and dies without a struggle. Postmor- .—Abdominal organs are covered with modulated fatty Nasses, between the folds of the mesentery there is a fatty tumor weighing 40 to 45 pounds. The liver was in chronic venous congestion and had several small lipomata on its surface. Ante- 1ortem clot was found in the left auriculo-ventricular opening.— (Ibid. ) GASTROTOMY WITH REMOVAL OF A Batt [Prof. Fred. Hob- day, F.R.C.V.S.|.—Eighteen-months well-bred bulldog swallows a rubber ball. He has vomiting, principally after taking food or after any excitement. Radiography is applied to confirm the condition of his stomach and the result was the demonstration eyond all possibility of doubt of the presence of the ball in his stomach. Laparotomy was performed and recovery perfect. The diet was carefully carried out; no food per mouth for four days, ectal meat suppositories every four hours, teaspoonful of water 4 456 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. at same intervals. On the fifth day bovinine was allowed three times a day and kept up with gradual increase. Then Brand’s essence of beef. Meat was allowed only after the eighth day. (Ibid. ) FRENCH REVIEW. By Prof. A, Liautarp, M.D., V.M. EARLY ATTENDANCE IN THREE CASES OF SEVERE TRAU-) mATISM [Mr. Bonnigal].—First—Horse receives with an iron skiver a big laceration of the skin, on the median line of the abdomen, 15 centimeters from the xyphoid sternal cartilage. At- tended to four hours after the accident. The abdominal walls are perforated, three fingers can be introduced in the abdomen and the sternal curvature of the colon is felt by them. Antiseptic treatment with tincture of iodine, pressure made by the skin, tight bandage over. Dressing with iodine renewed daily. No bad reaction, moderate suppuration, recovery in two weeks. Second—Seen two hours and half after receiving the injury. The horse has dropped on the handle of a fork which, penetrated into the sheath, broke in two pieces, one probed its way near the anus and is pulled out that way, the other part of the handle drawn through the sheath. The tract between the two orifices | cannot be traced with probes. Antiseptic injection reveals its presence. One injection of iodine is made and followed after, — three times a day, with cresyled solution. Scarcely any reaction, | little pus, convalescence on the fifth day. : Third—Heavy draught horse, gets a deep punctured and lacerated wound of the croup. The entrance is near to the coxo- | femoral joint. It runs so that the sacrosciatic hgament is run } through. Feces can be felt in the rectum, which seems un- © harmed. The wound is plugged with gauze dipped in antiseptic solution of iodine. The dressing is renewed for five days and continued with cresyled injections. On the sixth day defecation | and micturition are getting painful. Rectal examination re- | vealed the presence of a purulent collection which is squeezed out | by the healing surface of the wound. Treatment is kept up. Discharge continues for four months and finally recovery fol- | lowed. This case was seen an hour after the accident. Con- i clusion of the author: with attendance applied early, one may © hope for success in cases even that are most dangerous in ap- pearance.—(Presse Veter.) ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 457 Toxicity oF PULVERIZED Bortc Acip as ExTERNAL Dress- ING [Mr. Charmoy, Adjunct Professor].—In September, 1906, there appeared a very important recommendation of the safe use of pulverized boric acid in the treatment of wounds, to which the Review alluded in a later Chronicle. Professor Charmoy has tested the value of the same treat- ment and in several articles where he reviewed the subject he gives the record of his observations carried as experiments in eight cases where the results were entirely different and, of course, his conclusions not in accordance with those previously mentioned. Applied in dogs, the professor states: ‘1. Boric acid in powder, used in dogs, as external application on wounds is toxic at a dose varying between 2 gr. 5 and 3 gram. for each kilogram of the animal, when he is in satisfactory condition of health. “2. The toxicity is much greater with animals already af- fected with chronic disease, especially nephritis or skin affection. “3. The symptoms of the intoxication, though varying in animals and according to the dose, are characterized at the start by dullness, difficulty of locomotion, slight acceleration of the great functions; afterward by vomiting, diarrhcea and lowering of the temperature; at the end by complete muscular resolution, sometimes blood in the feces or vomits and by albuminuria. Death occurs in hypothermy and coma. “4. Death seems due to the rapid evolution of acute nephritis and nervo-muscular paralysis.” Boric acid in powder is not a harmless drug and at no matter in what dose its use ought not to be generalized—(Rec. de Med. Vet.) PERITONITIS By TRAUMATIC SUPPURATION OF THE GLUTEAL Region [Mr. Augustin, Army V eterinarian ].—Ten-year-old horse, harnessed to iron ploughing machine, runs away, falls and two teeth of the instrument enter in the gluteal and posterior crural region, making wounds 15 centimeters deep. The wounds are irregular, bleeding abundantly; their edges are ragged. A free incision unites the two tracts and a proper treatment pre- scribed. A very severe reaction takes place, enormous swelling is found and abundant suppuration follows. The traumatic fever is intense and lasted eight days, after which it subsided. The condition of the animal is bad and he is found dead in the morn- ing. The post mortem revealed lesions of very acute pelvi-peri- tonitis, with two litres of fluid in the peritoneum. The dissection 458 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. of the wounded region exposes two tracts, one running through the mass of the semi-tendinosus and biceps femoris muscles to reach behind the femoro-tibial joint. The other passing upward, back of the coxo-femoral articulation through the small gluteus and entering the pelvis through the great sciatic notch, where it infected the parietal sheath of the pelvic peritoneum.—( fev. Gen. de Med. Vet.) OSTEOMAS OF THE DurA Marer [Dr. Marchard and Prof. G. Petit]|—In a communication made by the professor some {ime ago on the pathogeny of ossifying spinal pachymeningitis of dog he concluded in saying that: 1. The pathogeny of osteoma of the dura mater in threads or in plates like that of most osteomas in general is unknown. 2. Contrary to the classical opinion, those osteomas which result from a slow and altogether metaphysical transformation of the fibrous tissue do not correspond at all to a pachymeningitis. 3. Again contrary to what has always been said they do not, in the immense majority of cases, have any morbid action what- soever. . As evidence, a case is reported of a dog affected with paresis of the hind legs by myelomalacia of vascular origin where osteo- mas of the dura mater were detected at the post mortem. The dog had only a slight paralysis of the hind legs, and presented on the dura mater osseous plates, principally abundant in the lumbar region. They had no part in the pathogeny of the ner- vous troubles which were due to lesions of the spinal cord, where centers of myelomalacia, degeneration of softening were detected by lesions of the blood vessels.—( Bullet. de la Soc. Cent.) Two Cases oF IMmositity [MM. Rousseau and Chicou|.— Immobility 1s often diagnosed only at the last stage of the disease. The authors suggest that a diagnosis could be made before by close attention and by the peculiar history of the case. From the two cases recorded it appears that the characters of the two animals pointed out at prodromes of the final ailment. They are considering that ugly horses, those that have a tendency to run away, that are nervous, irritable or even those that have the habit of pulling backward when tied up in their stall, all are sub- jects which may prove in the end to become immobile. At the post mortem of the two cases reported one had an abscess of the dura mater and two globular neoplasms in the lateral ventricles developed in the choroid plexuses; they were ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 459 cholesteatomas of the cerebral choroid plexuses. In the other horse the pia mater was hyperemic, and the cerebral ventricles somewhat dilated, contained 25 c.c. of arachnoid fluid —(Rev. Veter. Milit.) INTESTINAL OBsTRUCTION—CECAL CALCULUS—RUPTURED NEURISM OF THE INFERIOR CEcAL Artery [Mr. Magnier].— Nine-year-old mare has had several attacks of chronic enteritis. One day she is sick again, has intermittent colics which disappear rapidly. She has them for one week and shows symptoms of intestinal obstruction. Treated, she improves and then has an- other attack more severe, and finally dies with evident intestinal hemorrhage. Post Mortem—Cecum black and ecchymotic, has a ruptured aneurism at the origin of the inferior cecal artery; in the cavity of the cecum there is a bezoard calculus weighing 2 kilog. 450 ‘gram.; the large and floating colon showed lesions of chronic enteritis. During life the mare assumed the dog or sphinx laying down position, she gaps repeatedly and almost continuously; when she was to be mounted by her rider she tried to bite him and moaned when he sat in the saddle, she could not gallop on the right, to- ward the last of her life she always laid on the left side—(R. Veter. Mil.) Dr. G. A. Kay, B. A. I. service, has been transferred from South Omaha, Neb., to Lincoln, that state, and made ‘“ Inspec- tor in Charge”’ at his new post. We congratulate the doctor on his promotion. Tue Turkey Buzzarp As A CARRIER AND TRANSMITTER OF Anta Diseases is the title cf bulletin No. 71 issued by Dr. George R. White, State Live Stock Inspector of Tennessee, to the farmers of that state. A FRIEND IN NEED.—An Iowa subscriber writes: ‘‘ I need the REviEw in my business, it aids in time of trouble.’’ CORRESPONDENCE. HORSES. IN FHE St ROries: Fort Wm. McKINLEY, Pizat, P. J., November 6, 1912. Editors AMERICAN VETERINARY REvIEwW, New York: Replying to an article which appeared in the August REVIEW, under the heading ‘‘ Horses in the Tropics,” let us search a little deeper than the color of the skin for the cause of nervousness. The writer unconsciously touches the keynote when he says, “On review the gray horses are actually phlegmatic, the sorrels quiet, the bays excitable and restless, while the blacks are the worst of all.” The reason is plainly not due to the coloring, but to the breed- ing. Fully go per cent. of the grays are grade Percherons, phleg- matic in type, gentle and quiet, and a disposition to take life as easy as his surroundings will permit. This will hold good whether he is in a hot or a cold climate. A large percentage of the sorrels have a trace of Morgan (the ideal family pet for a lightweight horse), quiet and gentle in disposition, though with more life and spirit than the Per- cheron, yet easily controlled; or from the hackney, who, while high stepping and proud, are easily managed and sensible. And lastly the browns and blacks, “the most excitable and restless of all.” The reason for this is easily found. With the exception of the heavier horses, which I will speak of later, the majority of the bays and blacks are grades, either from the standard bred or the thoroughbred, the two most vicious, excitable and unman- ageable breeds of horses we have to contend with in the army. This temperament of the thoroughbred is well known and con- ceded by all standard works on horse breeding. The remaining gray horses (other than the Percherons), used in the army, are largely of Arabian blood. Those foaled in the states are usually from some imported Arabian stallion, and those used in the Philippines come from Australia and are a mixture of Arabian and thoroughbred, or to a lesser extent the native Australian pony. The well-known high-strung, nervous temperament of the 460 CORRESPONDENCE. 461 Arabian and his descendant, the thoroughbred, is too well known among horsemen to require further comment here, and those who breed back to the white color of the Arabian show up as nervous _and excitable as do the bays and blacks of equal amount of Arabian blood. Yet, if the color theory held good, we would find the grays phlegmatic, and the bays and blacks excitable and restless, which is not the case. With but few exceptions (which is bound to occur in all breeds) the horses of one breed, regardless of color, all seem to possess about the same disposition. Now let us take up the horses of the field artillery. In Bat- feries “A,” “ B” and “ C,” First Field Artillery, for which I am at present attending veterinarian, there are about twenty gray horses in about five hundred, the remainder being bays, browns and blacks. Now, if this “ unknown relation between color and nervous- ness "' held good, we should expect to find the grays phlegmatic, and the bays and blacks excitable and nervous. But here again we would be disappointed, as the bays and blacks are as quiet and sluggish as the grays, thus pointing away from “ tropical influence on color” and toward the breeding. The artillery horse is primarily a draft horse, and he averages from 150 to 250 pounds heavier than the cavalry horse. Conse- quently his breeding must be different, in order to attain greater weight. We find occasionally a few grade French and German coach horses, while probably one-third are Percheron grades, but the majority are Clydesdales, noted the world over for their gentle disposition, and the effects of the tropics have failed to work any change in them. Occasionally we get a few Clydesdales in the cavalry when the cross-breeding has produced a horse sufficiently light and active to do cavalry work. These horses are known among the men as ** Chubbies.” They are short and blocky and of splendid disposition. While not quite so active and quick at drill, they have wonderful staying qualities on hard marches and short rations. Now, as to the reason for the gray horse living longer in the tropics, we can also include the bays and blacks, who are grades from Percheron or Clydesdale blood. When the Percheron or Clydesdale starts out for the day’s march, he quietly settles into his task with as little outlay of unnecessary energy as possible, and if not reined in too tightly 462 CORRESPONDENCE. will try and pick his path, and when halted for rest and readjust- ment of equipment he immediately begins to search for something to eat. It may be only a few green leaves or weeds, or a bunch of dead grass, but it 1s astonishing how much it seems to refresh him and keep up his strength. On the other hand take the grade thoroughbred. ‘The first thing, he proceeds, with varying success, to buck his rider off, throw his pack out of balance and adjustment, which is a sure “saddle-sore getter.” In his fight with his rider he is worked into an excited condition, and starts down the road with his forefeet in the road and his hind ones in the ditch, or vice versa, and prances (‘‘ jigs,” the soldiers call it) till he has expended his last ounce of strength and energy (and also that of his rider), and then he gives out before the march is finished. I have seen horses exhaust themselves in this way and have to drop behind the column and be led the last five or ten miles of march, and then repeat the same process several days in succession. This is the reason why the gray horses have a longer life than those of the lighter weight breeds, and this same rule will hold good in the northern states, where the tropics are not a — deciding factor. Another reason (among army horses) is this: I have before me the sick records of the Seventh Cavalry horses while at Fort Riley, Kansas. The horses of Troop M were all grays, with the exception of seven or eight, which were blacks. The sick report for the year 1910 showed a total of 90 cases, while Troop G, a bay troop, composed largely of grade thoroughbreds, had a sick report of 166 for the same period. Troop M averaged one new case every four and one-eighteenth days; Troop G averaged one new case every two and one-fifth days. Troop M’s average period of sickness per horse was 15 days; Troop G’s average period of sickness per horse was 22 days. Giving for Troop M a daily sick report of three and five-sevenths horses ; Troop G, a daily sick report of ten horses. I am submitting these figures to show that the gray horse is less liable to disabilities, regardless of what climate he is in. Eliminating the saddle-sores from the records of both troops, which were about equal, the percentage of other sicknesses and — injuries was still larger in favor of the grays. The general average of the age of the gray troop was con- siderably larger than in the bays, and therefore they had had more years of service in which to accumulate chronic saddle- CORRESPONDENCE. 465 eee ee LE eee sores. Even with this handicap, they compared favorably with the bays. The diseases of the feet, which form no small part of the disabilities of the army horse, are corns, canker, thrush and navicular disease, due largely to the army horse being kept con- stantly shod all the year. In Troops M and G the percentage of corns were about equal, but, due to the hoofs of the gray horses being slightly larger and more flat, the heels broader, the frog larger and therefore with more frog pressure on the ground, the percentage of canker, thrush and navicular disease was largely in favor of the grays. The gray horse’s feet being flatter, theoretically he would be more predisposed to laminitis when on the hard roads. This was not borne out by experience, however, due, probably, largely to the grade Percheron traveling low, thus avoiding the concus- sion incident to higher action, and also to his natural disposition to take better care of himself. The injuries, self-inflicted and those inflicted by their mates, form the greater portion of the sick records, and is largely in favor of the grays. This will not seem strange after observing the horses loose in the corrals. The gray horse, after his work is finished and he is turned into the corral, will hunt up a bit of rope, a broken halter shank, an old grooming cloth, or some such object, and go away by himself and nibble and play with it for hours, or if the flies are bad, he will hunt up his mate (nearly all horses choose a corral mate), and they will range “ alongside,” but headed in opposite directions, so each can switch the flies off the neck and shoulders of the other, which each cannot reach with his own tail. Go to the corral of the bay horses, and instead of resting when they get the opportunity, they are racing back and forth, biting and striking, and as for switching flies, they seem to prefer the use of their teeth and nails. There are more injuries self- inflicted and by their mates than in “line of duty.” And there are more injuries to treat at evening stables (provided the horses have been loose in the corral) than after returning from morning drills. For 1910, Troop M’s sick record shows, injured by other horses, 2; Troop G’s sick record shows, injured by other horses, ei. Those injuries are usually severe, are penetrating wounds, and therefore usually deeply infected, and account for the longer average sick period. 464 CORRESPONDENCE. I believe that color plays no important part in the long life or the ability to stand the tropics, only insofar as it becomes characteristic of a certain breed, and that the breeding and not the color is the deciding factor. From observations I am of the opinion that if we have a cross between a black or brown Percheron stallion and a mare of no special breeding, resulting, as they frequently do, in a roan or a bay, that they will be as quiet and long lived as those bred from the gray stallion. At the present time there are bay horses in the Seventh Cavy- alry, now at Fort McKinley, that show Percheron and Clydesdale blood. The records show that those horses came over here from the States with the first expedition mounted. Some of them are over twenty years of age and are still doing duty with their gray brothers that came over at the same time. I wish to distinctly emphasize the fact that in this article I am not advocating the purchase of any particular type of horse for the army. That is entirely another question. The point for consideration in this article was, What influence, if any, has color on the temperament, stamina and long life of the horse in the tropics? Very respectfully, W.C. Van AtustynE, M.D.C., V.S., Veterinarian, Seventh Cavalry, Philippine Islands. IS THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL Asses CIATION A NATIONAL ORGANIZATION IN FACT AS WELL AS. IN NAME? Editors AMERICAN VETERINARY REviEw, New York: The question we have frequently asked ourselves during the past few years, and more particularly since the close of the In- dianapolis meeting, is, “‘ Is the American Veterinary Medical As- sociation a national organization in fact as well as in name, or does it truly and adequately represent in a national capacity the veterinary profession, with its vast membership, on this great continent?” We would like, with your kind permission and co-operation, to discuss this problem with a view of getting an expression of opinion from your journal and from its readers. The first phase of this important question, that strikes us most ee CORRESPONDENCE. 465 forcibly, is the comparatively small membership. It would appear in view of the large number of veterinarians in the United States, Canada and our insular possessions, that the percentage of A. V. M. A. members is so small as to be almost insignificant. Does it not seem possible and probable that there is some influence or element at work that is responsible for the anemic condition of our membership roll? Is it not reasonable to ask why it is almost necessary to anesthetize a man before he will affix his name to an application blank? Another question prompts itself to the effect that it would be most interesting to know what the A. V. M. A. has accomplished in the past few years, as a national organiza- tion, for the benefit of the veterinary profession and for the public at large. The constitution of the A. V. M. A. states that the purposes of the association are, to promote good fellowship; to elevate the standards of veterinary education; to cultivate medical science and literature; to enlighten and direct public opinion regarding veterinary problems of state medicine; to protect the medical interests of the veterinary profession and present to the world its achievements. Have any of these purposes or objects been accomplished, or have they been carried out to the extent anticipated by the found- ers of the association? Are we to consider it incumbent upon us to carry out these constitutional provisions, or are we to look upon Article II. of the constitution to be in the nature of a bluff? Perhaps some of these provisions have been carried out in part, but what has the national association accomplished more than has been or is being accomplished by any little unpretentious state association composed of half a hundred members? In discussing some of these problems, we propose to be en- tirely frank in the premises, hoping to be able to encourage others who, we trust, will avail themselves of your kind offices to enter into the discussion in a similar spirit. Perhaps the main obstacle which has been and is hampering the progress of the A. V. M. A. is the fact that its affairs are manipulated and controlled by a small coterie of men who, geo- graphically and professionally, represent but a small portion of the American continent. Perhaps we may go farther and ven- ture to say that the national organization is controlled and ma- nipulated by a few men, whose numbers can be estimated upon the fingers of a normal hand. We frankly admit that we are most willing and ready to do homage to any individual or indi- 466 CORRESPONDENCE. viduals who are big enough to control a national organization and its policies, even if their views do not harmonize with ours, but at the same time we feel that the methods enlisted in gaining and maintaining such control should be, in the case of the A. V. M. A., carefully analyzed. The writer, among others, believes that any one who has attended the meetings and has studied the internal workings of the A. V. M. A. must have been struck with the character of the politics pursued by a certain element, in order to control and dominate its policies almost since its inception. To a student of such matters the affairs of the national organization seem to be in the hands of a political trust, who do not hesitate to resort to any kind of tactics to accomplish their objects. In other words, they appear to work on the assumption that the end justifies the means. If attempts, which have been frequent in the past few years, are made to overcome these conditions, such attempts are frus- trated by methods that are despicable and dishonorable, to say the least. If new or young blood is offered for injection into the body politic, for the purpose of stimulation and perhaps rejuvena- tion, it is attacked by scurrilous innuendos and insinuations to such an extent that a self-respecting aspirant for political honors at the hands of the association is debarred from further participa- tion, as he would naturally prefer to relinquish his candidacy and deny himself such honor rather than be exposed to unrighteous vilification, fostered as a result of intrigue and mendacity on the part of those who oppose for selfish reasons his candidacy. All this goes to show that there is an influence or an element at work that will stop at nothing, no matter how despicable it may be, to gain their ends. It is believed that those who attended the Indianapolis meet- ing will agree with us that the manner in which the affairs of the association were administered was not only pathetic, but deplor- able. The scene depicted during the evening, when the order of business was the election of officers, had much to recommend it as a prize exhibition of buffoonery. The entire session was an exhibition of improper conduct on the part of the temporary presiding officer, who resorted to or indulged in repartee and parliamentary usage of a very questionable character. The tem- porary presiding officer on that occasion was presumably acting according to instructions, and it reminded the spectator of noth- ing so much as steam-roiler politics, which would not be out of CORRESPONDENCE. 467 place at a political ward gathering, where a slate was the order of the day. ~ Can we wonder at the standing of the A. V. M. A., when such scenes can be enacted during what is supposed to be a gathering of dignified and scientific men, whose purpose is or should be the advancement and elevation of the profession and the promulga- tion and dissemination of knowledge for the future benefit of mankind. Can we expect men to travel hundreds or perhaps thousands of miles for scientific enlightenment when such condi- tions continue to prevail? When the California delegation reached the Middle West before the Indianapolis meeting, it was approached with a tenta- tive proposition to the effect that the profession on the Pacific _ Coast be requested to join with the profession in the Middle West to secede from the A. V. M. A. and form another organization, national in character. It is, perhaps, unnecessary to say, the Cali- fornia delegation refused to consider such a movement and stated emphatically that it would stay with the now national organiza- tion until the last gun was fired. Furthermore, it stated that it proposed to do everything within its power to make the present A. V. M. A. representative in character and a national organiza- tion in fact as well as in name. One of the reasons given by the profession in the Middle West as an excuse to secede, and one of the main reasons why a division seemed advisable, is to the effect that under the present conditions _ the West or Middle West has no voice, nor representation as far as the administration of the affairs of the A. V. M. A. is con- cerned. We believe that the contention of the Middle West is correct, and we feel that those of us from the far West are to some extent in a similar position; at the same time we believe that this entire question resolves itself into one of adjustment of the affairs of the national society, so that every section of the -eountry will have some voice in its administration. ~ We hold that the reorganization of the national association is the solution of the problem. Let us reorganize upon modern and progressive lines, and let us do away with the antiquated, medieval or obsolete constitution and by-laws that permit a few individuals to dominate and control. matters for their own ag- erandizement. Let us infuse some new blood and other things that stand for modernity and progress, and let us frown down upon anything and everything that savors of chicanery and iniquity. 468 CORRESPONDENCE. — Why not, Mr. Editor, reorganize the A. V. M. A. on such a basis that a component society of each state, province or terri- tory would be represented according to its membership, one dele e- gate for every so many members or fraction thereof? Such rep- resentatives to form a house of delegates and constitute the ad- ministrative body of the association. ‘Thus every section of the country would be represented and be entitled to participate in all business deliberations, and at the same time, which is the most important feature of all, the scientific and literary program of our meetings would not be interfered with by business or politics. A house of delegates, as suggested above, and a secretary whose entire time would be devoted to association matters, would mean an enormous increase in our membership and at the same. time would have a tendency to cement a union between the various sections of this great continent that could only result in ines- timable benefit to the profession in general and the public at large. The California State Veterinary Medical Association has appointed a standing committee for the purpose of inaugurating a campaign whose ultimate object is to assist in the upbuilding of the A. V. M. A. to the point of efficiency where it must be. recognized as one of the most important scientific organizations in existence, and, with a view of stimulating improvement, and reorganization if necessary, the committee, through its chair- man, the writer, desires to announce that it is particularly desir cus that other state associations will join in such a campaign and attack this problem with it. ; R. A. ARCHIBALD, ; Chairman Committee on American Veterinary Medical Associa- tion Affairs. A Correction.—As the result of a typographical error the word goneitis, fourth word, sixth line, page 310, December RE- VIEW, occurring in Dr. Cochran’s article on “ stifle lameness,” was spelled gonlitis. The printers mistook the script e for an ], and it was missed in the proofreading. Tue CHrIstMAS NUMBER OF THE FARMER’S ADVOCATE, Winnipeg, has just reached us, and certainly is a credit to its publishers. We regret that it did not reach us while we still had room to express our appreciation of it fully. BIBLIOGRAPHY. IMMUNITY. IMMuNITY—MeEtHops or DrAGNosis AND THERAPY AND THEIR PRACTICAL AppLicaTIon, by Dr. Julius Citron, Assistant at the University Clinic of Berlin, Medical Division, translated from the German and edited by A. L. Garbat, M.D., Assistant Pathologist, German Hospital, New York. 27 illustrations, 2 colored plates and 8 charts. Philadelphia, P. Blakiston’s Son & Co., 1912. $3 net. Immunity is a work designed to serve a purely practical pur- pose, in familiarizing the student and practitioner with the meth- ods of serum diagnosis, which, on account of their growing clin- ical significance, are constantly stimulating greater interest in all branches of medical science. The German author, while giving instruction on the subject, realized that it would be of great help to both the medical student and the physician to possess a short text-book which would review in a purely critical form the vari- ous methods of immunity diagnosis; and as the two systems of Kolle and Wassermann and R. Kraus and Levaditi, which are the standards on the subject in German medical literature, are large and expensive, being more suited to the specialist, it was the aim of the author to produce a work in a more concise and more simple form, adaptable to the general practitioner who wishes en- lightenment on the subject, rather than to go into an exhaustive study of it. The chapter on vaccines has been slightly revised and elab- orated to conform more closely with the most recently advocated methods of Sir A. E. Wright, otherwise the American author has found no need to alter the original text, except that occasionally some features, thought to be of especial interest to the English- reading public, have been inserted. And while the book was espe- cially written for medical students and practitioners, we are sure that the chapters on anti-rabic vaccination of man, tuberculin diagnosis, agglutination (macroscopic, microscopic and group), the method of complement fixation with the Wassermann-Bruck’s modification and the technique for the determination of the op- sonic index, will be just as interesting to the progressive veterina- rian as to the physician. The author also alludes to the place attained by mallein as a diagnostic of glanders in veterinary medi- cine. Colored plates, showing the Pirquet reaction and the oph- thalmo-reaction: for tuberculosis in the human, are very clear and very striking. The paper is good; the type clear, and, in fact, the publishers have spared no detail in making the work one that any physician or veterinarian may be proud to possess. 469 470 BIBLIOGRAPHY. PHARMACEUTICAL. BACTERIOUOGHE PHARMACEUTICAL BACTERIOLOGY, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO DISINFECTION AND STERILIZATION, by Albert Schneider, M.D., Ph.D., Professor of Pharmacognosy, Histology and Bacteriology, California College of Phar- macy; Pharmacognosist, United States Department of Agriculture; with 86 illustrations. Philadelphia, P. Blakiston’s Son & Co., I912. $2 net. Pharmaceutical Bacteriology should find a welcome place in the library of all progressive veterinarians, most of whom are in reality practicing pharmacists. Comparatively speaking, the science of bacteriology is not new, but its introduction into phar- macy is of very recent date; and yet, the pharmacist should have a fair knowledge of general bacteriology, in order that he may realize what important relationships bacteria bear to medical and veterinary practice. He should know what pharmaceutical prep- arations and what medical substances are likely to be attacked by bacteria, and what changes they are capable of producing in such substances. This little volume is the product of the progress incident to the recent growth and development of the professional side of pharmacy, and the object of the author has been to adhere strictly to the subject from the standpoint of the pharmacist, with only enough treatment of general bacteriology to make clear the col- lateral relationships, especially as it pertains to medical bacte- riology. And yet, when one glances through the work, the im- pression that all the bacteriology that a practitioner can ever ab- sorb or apply is contained in the little work, seems evident. And as a matter of fact, it is the practical side of bacteriology that is presented. Following the introduction and the general morphol- ogy and physiology of bacteria, comes their range and distribu- tion, then bacteriological technic, bacteria in the industries, giving the function of bacteria in agriculture, in milk and in the dairy- ing industry, rotting bacteria, cider making, etc.,; immunity, natural and acquired, Ehrlich’s side-chain theory, toxins and anti- toxins, agglutinins, precipitins, lysins, opsonins, etc. The manu- facture and use of sera and vaccines, and a thousand and one practical applications of pharmaceutical bacteriology. Disinfection ‘and sterilization receive especial attention, and altogether Schneider's Pharmaceutical Bacteriology is an essen- tial to the up-to-date, progressive veterinarian or physician. As in the former work by the same author, material and workman- ship have not been spared in its production. el) arrests pegs. ua . By 4 + . : } J RADY OBITUARY. WILLIS. WARD. CURRY, D.V:S. Dr. Willis Ward Curry died at Oradel, N. J., on December 7, 1912, suddenly, from hemorrhage of the lungs, in the fifty- third year of his age, although the doctor’ s health had been fail- ing for some time. _ Dr. Curry was born at Mahopac Falls, Putnam County, N. Y., April 29, 1860; his parents (both deceased) having been Peter B. and Elizabeth R. Curry. The doctor received his early edu- cation in the public schools of Putnam County (N. Y.) and the Albany State Normal School. On reaching manhood, his love for animals prompted him to take up the “study of veterinary edicine, and he entered the American Veterinary College, New York City, from which institution he graduated in 1888 and served in the hospital as House Surgeon under Prof. Liautard ; | afterward accepted appointment in the B. A. I. service, stationed at Jersey City, and finally, in 1890, entered into general practice “in Hackensack, N. J., where he enjoyed a successful practice and the confidence and respect of the community up to the time of his failing health some months ago. Dr. Curry was married in _ June, 1890, to Elizabeth Courtney Shackelton, of Hackensack, _who survives him. KIND EXPRESSIONS OF SYMPATHY ACKNOWLEDGED. Complying with a request made by Arthur S. V. Brenton that the Review publish the details relative to the sudden death of his mother, in view of the fact that the family has been overwhelmed ‘with letters and telegrams, which in the depth of their grief they ‘feel unequal to answering, yet desire to thank their many friends for their expressions of sympathy, we give the following details, Yextracted from her son’s letter of December 13, 1912. Mrs. Brenton, though robust in appearance, had been ailing for about 471 472 OBITUARY. ten years, and about six years ago her physician pronounced her case diabetes mellitus, for which condition she had been treated and dieted ever since; and it was her thorough and intelligent comprehension of her condition and her care and strict dieting that kept her in such apparently good health, despite her malady. She hhad frequently expressed how well she enjoyed the A. V. M. A. meeting at Indianapolis after her return home from that city, but seemed to dread the approaching winter, and was about to make arrangements to go south during the cold weather, when she was stricken down. She had overexerted herself in the early part of the week in which she died, but did not seem to evince any bad effects from it until the middle of the week, when after an automobile ride with her son, Dr. Willis L. Brenton (during which she expressed great delight and enjoyment, meeting many friends during the ride), on returning home she became sud- denly very weak and had to be lifted from the car. She soon recovered from this weak spell, however, and began attending to the preparation of supper. That was on Thursday evening, and the following morning the weakness returned, and she made vain attempts to tell about her ride of the afternoon before, but was so weak she could not finish out a connected sentence. She con- tinued to grow weaker until about two o’clock in the afternoon, when she was put to bed, when she soon sank into a comatose state, from which she never aroused, but passed to her Heavenly Father the following noon (Saturday, November 23), sur- rounded by the members of her family and her physician at her bedside. She was buried in Grand Lawn Cemetery with Epis- copal services on Tuesday, November 26, 1912. Mrs. Brenton was born in Geelong, Australia, fifty miles from Melbourne, and came to this country when a girl of sixteen. Had she lived until December 1, 1912, she would have reached the thirty-second anni- versary of her marriage to Dr. Samuel Brenton, which occurred in Jackson, Mich., in 1880. Besides her husband, she is survived by three children, Arthur S. V. Brenton, Dr. Willis L. Brenton and her daughter, Mrs. A. P. Schiffer. Dr. E. M. Herrin, of Edwardsville, Ill., an old subscriber. to the REvIEw, died in May last, but it was not until his subscrip- tion expired that the Review learned of his death. Hence the late notice. SOCIETY MEETINGS. NOTES ON THE RECENT MEETING OF THE UNITED STATES LIVE STOCK SANITARY ASSOCIATION AT CHICAGO. The yearly gathering of this truly representative body, in- cluding stock breeders as well as sanitarians from almost every state in the union, which convened at the Hotel Sherman, Chic- ago, December 8, 1912, seems singularly appropriate as to time and place, occurring as it does simultaneously with the annual International Live Stock Show, which represents the sum total of human achievement in the science of stock breeding, as does the yearly meeting of this great sanitary organization bring forth all that has yet been revealed in that branch of veterinary science devoted to live stock sanitary control. The association was welcomed to Chicago in a brief but force- ful address by Dr. Geo. B. Young, Health Commissioner of the city, who said, in substance, that control over live stock sanitary matters would be accomplished in proportion to the degree in which public opinion was aroused thereto, and referring to the inability of the city of Chicago to demand milk from tuberculin tested herds owing to the anti-tuberculin laws of Illinois, stated that in his belief it would be difficult in Illinois in the future to enact any legislation adverse to sanitary progress, simply to en- hance the political fortunes of any candidate for public office. Dr. Peter F. Bahnsen, of Georgia, who later was elected president of the association, responded in his inimitable manner which is so fully appreciated by his large host of friends. The address of the retiring president, Dr. M. P. Ravenel, of Wisconsin, embodied data gathered from the reports of the British Royal and German Imperial Commissions on Tuberculo- sis; and, together with his own authoritative opinions, demon- strated still further the danger, especially to children, of bovine infection. The figures are omitted here, but they are startling. Dr. Ravenel, who is an ex-president of the National Asso- ciation for the Prevention of Tuberculosis, stated that one section of next year’s meeting of that body was to be given over to veter- inarians, and also that the meetings of the Philadelphia Path- 473 474 SOCIETY MEETINGS. ological Association were open to veterinarians. He stated that inasmuch as the two professions overlap, veterinarians should be members, and vice-versa, the society meetings of the two profes- — sions being open to members of le FORAGE POISONING OR CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS. 507 Maryland, New Jersey, West Virginia, Oregon, Kansas, Ne- braska, Colorado, Missouri and Iowa. While this year the brunt of the disease seemed to fall on Kansas and Nebraska, other states have been seriously afflicted. In previous years, for in- stance, in 1882 as well as in 1897 the horses of southwestern Texas were reported to have died by the thousand, and in the following year the horses of Iowa were said to have “ died like rats.” However, Kansas seems to have had more than her share of this trouble, as a severe outbreak that extended over almost the entire state occurred in 1891, while in 1902 and again in 1906 the disease recurred with equal severity in various portions of the state. Nomenclature.—There have always been considerable discus- sion and criticism regarding the different names which have been given this malady, and various terms have been applied accord- ing as each author in past outbreaks has considered certain symp- toms or lesions as the paramount feature of the affection. Thus the disease has been termed cramp of the neck, head disease, mad staggers, sleepy staggers, etc. Through the recent investigations of Grimm, Schmidt, and others, it has been quite definitely es- tablished that ‘ head disease,” Borna disease and cerebro-spinal meningitis are one and the same, and Hutyra and Marek have accepted this opinion and incorporated it in their Special Path- ology. While at first the Borna disease was considered as a form of cerebro-spinal meningitis, the work of Johne and Oster- tag (1900) indicated that it was an independent disease because they failed to find any inflammatory changes in the central ner- vous system. Accepting this view, Friedberger and Frohner have separated the two diseases in their Theory and Practice, basing their differential diagnosis chiefly on the absence of in- flammation in the brain and cord of Borna’s disease. However, since the publication of this excellent work in 1904, Oppenheim, Dexler, Schmidt and others have shown conclusively that in- flammatory lesions are present in the central nervous system, although Dexler has pointed out that in some cases it is necessary to make a systematic examination of a number of slides to dis- 508 J. R. MOHLER. cover the inflammatory changes. As a result the more recent writers have adopted the viewpoint that the two terms, Borna disease and cerebro-spinal meningitis, are synonymous. When this disease appeared with such severity in certain sections of the United States last summer there were a number of persons who claimed that it was the Borna disease appearing in the new world for the first time; others diagnosed it as a new horse disease, as influenza, parasitism (due to the palisade worm), paralysis similar to poliomyelitis (infantile paralysis) of man, epidemic cerebro-spinal meningitis of man, and equine malaria from the fact that mosquitoes were prevalent and the horses were in lowlands. Fortunately for our profession, these erron- eous diagnoses while participated in to a certain extent by some veterinarians, were usually the opinion of physicians, chemists, bacteriologists, who were not veterinarians, and others of limited veterinary experience. However, the vast majority of veterinary practitioners recognized the disease as their old torment, cerebro- spinal meningitis, staggers or forage poisoning. The latter name came into the literature of the disease as a synonym in 1900 following the investigation of an outbreak by Pearson. He was able to reproduce the disease in experiment horses by feeding them on damaged ensilage, and by giving them water to drink which had percolated through this silage. Doubtless influenced by the frequent absence of macroscopic lesions of the central nervous system, and by the analogy between this disease and meat poisoning of man, Pearson proposed the name forage poisoning which has been more or less in favor ever since. There are certain objections to this term, principally from the fact that it may suggest a form of poisoning produced by vege- tation that is specifically poisonous, such as lupines, loco, lark- spur, etc., or by ordinary forage that is poisonous of itself. This, however, was not the intent of Pearson, for by his analogy to meat poisoning it is evident that he did not wish to convey the impression that all forage was poisonous any more than all meat is poisonous. But when meat becomes contaminated with pathogenic bacteria, such as the Bacillus enteritidis, Bacillus FORAGE POISONING OR CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS. 509 botulinis, etc., such meat is dangerous to man in the same manner that ordinary forage contaminated with certain unknown infec- tive agents becomes dangerous to horses and produces forage poisoning. In other words, the forage is the carrier and not the primary factor in the disease. On the other hand, this term had a direct advantage in being readily understood by our clients and in conveying to the laymen’s mind that an absolute change in feed is essential. After years of study and experimentation it is the consensus of opinion of practically all workers that the disease can be controlled effectively only by a total change of feed and forage, in other words, by preventive measures and not by medicinal treatment. That there is direct connection be- tween the ingestion of green forage, exposed pasturage, newly cut hay and fodder, and the development of the disease is quite obvious, and that the ingestion of such forage when contaminated is the most important factor is equally obvious, as almost 100 per cent. of the cases in Kansas and over 95 per cent. of the cases in Nebraska of which we have any record were main- tained all or part of the time under such conditions. Even such negative history is not always dependable, as the owner on one farm informed me positively that the dead horses had eaten nothing except old hay and grain, but when I noticed the closely cropped grass in an adjacent pasture, he innocently remarked _ that he always turned the work horses into the pasture over night. In fact in some sections it has been termed the “ pasture disease.”’ Other names which have given to this affection are epizootic _encephalomyelitis, meningo-encephalitis and meningomyelitis, enzootic cerebritis, leuco-encephalitis, etc., but personally I prefer the old-fashioned terms cerebro-spinal meningitis for the scienti- fic term and blind staggers for the lay term. That the symptom 4 of staggering is one of the most common manifestations of the disease is shown by the clinical observations of Schmidt who has made a close study of 415 cases, 377 of which developed staggering symptoms while standing or walking. The only _ symptom which occurred more frequently was the loss of appetite 510 J. R. MOHLER. appearing in 410 animals, while the symptoms next in promin- ence were grinding of the teeth which was observed in 349 cases, and difficulty in swallowing which occured in 335 cases. Etiology.—Unfortunately no specific bacteria, fungus, virus, or other toxic principle has yet been found which can be con- sidered as the cause of cerebro-spinal meningitis in the horse. It is quite true that bacteriological investigation has given us a number of different organisms by an equal number of different investigators, each of whom has thought his particular organism to be the causative agent of the disease, but the fact remains that the four rules laid down by Koch have not been met with suff- cient regularity to make the results satisfactory to the disinter- ested worker. [Further investigations are necessary to decide which, if any, of the reported organisms is the true cause of the disease. ‘That the disease may not have an etiological entity has been suggested by Weichselbaum, Hutyra and Marek. This would seem quite probable if all the claims for the following dif- ferent etiological factors were to be accepted. For instance, Siedamgrotsky and Schlegel incriminated a micrococcus as the cause of the disease. On the other hand, Johne found diplococci in the cerebro-spinal fluid which he termed diplococcus inter- cellularis equi. Again Ostertag recovered streptococci in short chains from the blood, liver, urine and brain of affected horses. These organisms he termed Borna streptococci. Harrison, of Canada, isolated a streptococcus from the brains of horses af- fected with cerebro-spinal meningitis which was quite similar to Ostertag’s, although it differed in forming capsules, staining by Gram’s method, refusing to grow well on gelatin and in proving virulent for laboratory animals. In Minnesota, Wilson and Brimhall have also incriminated a diplococcus as the cause of cerebro-spinal meningitis of horses, cattle, sheep and pigs, and proved it to be the diplococcus pneumonia of Frankel. They likewise claimed to have isolated the micrococcus intercellularis meningitidis of Weichselbaum from the central nervous system of a cow showing symptoms of spinal meningitis. This latter organism is also reported to have been found by Christina in ti —_~ ale FORAGE POISONING OR CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS. 511 primary sporadic meningitis in the horse and in a goat. The remarkable part of all the above investigations is that each author considers his particular organism as the etiological factor of the disease and the majority of these writers believe they have succeeded in producing the disease in horses by the inocula- tion of these differing agents. Some of these positive results are readily explained by the large quantity of turbid fluid in- jected under the dura. The inoculation of 5 and Io c.c. doses of a heavy emulsion of any organism is likely to produce a head- ache in a horse or elephant for that matter, and the irritation set up by such a foreign material will necessarily produce exuda- tion with accompanying mechanical pressure, so that it is not surprising to read in the post-mortem notes of some of these cases that the meninges bulged through the opening on cutting through the bones of the skull. Schmidt, of Dresden, is of the opinion that the nature of the infectious principle is not settled, and believes that the cocci and diplococci which have been ascribed as causative factors will in the future be deprived of their path- ogenic relationship. Grimm, working in Zwick’s laboratory in Berlin, isolated streptococci from horses affected with head dis- ease or staggers which were not essentially different from the Borna streptococci of Ostertag. Owing to the regularity with which these cocci were taken from the brains of horses with “head disease,” cocci which Grimm states possessed slight, if any, properties necessary to make them causal factors of dis- ease, the question arose whether the same microorganisms are not also found in the brains of healthy horses. Grimm ob- tained the heads of 10 horses which were killed at the Zoological Garden for the animals, and which were by examination found to be free from any indication of cerebro-spinal meningitis. In the brains of these healthy horses he found cocci (staphylococci and streptococci), although cultures were made within a few hours after death, and at least one strain has shown many similarities to the streptococcus found by Ostertag. These re- sults are very similar to the results of the Bureau. In horses which have died of forage poisoning it is not a difficult task to ol2 J. R. MOHLER. recover various forms of cocci, in fact too many forms to make them all of etiological significance, while in those cases which have been killed in the late stages of the disease it is of common occurrence to have all the culture media inoculated with the various tissue remain sterile. On the other hand, we found micrococci, diplococci, streptococci and staphylococci so fre- quently in the brains of horses which have died of dourine, swamp fever, influenza, etc., that we have come to consider these organ- isms as representing an agonal invasion from the intestines with- out causal connection with any definite disease. Like Grimm, we have found some of these same cocci in the brains of horses that died of forage poisoning, and we have also recovered other species, all of which have been inoculated into experiment horses by various methods, including intravenous, subcutaneous, sub- dural and intralumbar injection as well as by spraying the nasal mucous membrane, with the result that two horses died following a nasal douche and a subdural injection respectively of a pure culture of two different cocci. The post-mortem on the former showed death to have been due to a strangulated intestine, while the second animal died suddenly without evincing any character- istic symptoms, although extremely nervous. Post-mortem ex- amination showed an absence of any pathological lesions pos- terior to the brain. The dura mater was inflamed and distended with a yellowish exudate. The veins and capillaries of the cere- brum were dilated and engorged with blood while the third ven- tricle contained a cholesteatoma the size of a walnut. While the same organism which was injected was recovered from the brain tissue other horses injected with the recovered culture have con- tinued to remain in a healthy condition. With the view of ob- taining additional information regarding the significance of these various cocci to the disease in question, an antigen was prepared from a culture of each organism and tested against the blood serum obtained from affected horses in the field for complement fixation and agglutination as in glanders. In no case was a positive reaction to these tests obtained by the use of any of the antigens prepared from the different cocci isolated from diseased ny Senate see ae FORAGE POISONING OR CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS. 513 horses. In this connection it may be noted that from the num- ber of affections of the horse produced by coccoid organisms, this animal appears to be particularly susceptible to their action. In two outbreaks of forage poisoning investigated by Moore of Cornell, one gave him negative results from a bacteriological standpoint, while in the other pure cultures of the colon bacillus were obtained from the brain. Another cause has been suggested for this disease in the find- ing of nuclear inclusions by Joest and Degen in the nerve cells of the hippocampus. These inclusions are similar to the Negri _ bodies of rabies, and are rounded or oval in shape, staining in- _tensely with eosin. A large number of brains from affected horses have been examined in our laboratory for these bodies, but thus far with negative results, although the same technique applied to the brains of rabid animals brings out the Negri bodies with great clearness. There remains one widely accepted theory as to the causation of the disease which must be given consideration, namely, fungi on the feed. While most investi- gators have obtained negative results when feeding experiment animals upon moldy feed, some few have reproduced the disease by such feeding. Thus Mayo reports that a colt fed experiment- t ally upon some of the moldy corn, which was held responsible for _ the serious outbreak in Kansas in 1890, developed the disease and died on the twenty-sixth day. Again the Kansas outbreak of 1906 was said by Haslam to have been produced by immature ears of corn infected by molds, although the exact mold was not discovered. By feeding horses upon this immature corn badly ‘infected with molds, typical fatal cases of staggers were produced in four out of seven horses. Haslam also records the fact that “severe losses of horses have occurred in other states when the "grasses in the pastures become moldy. Klimmer commenting upon the negative results obtained in experiments with moldy feed asserts that the numerous losses occuring from the feeding of such material indicates the probability that the experiments “were not sufficiently extensive from which to draw conclusions, and believes that the use of such feed should be discouraged. t j i 514 J. R. MOHLER. Among other writers who have attributed the disease to toxic fungi are Michener, Trumbower and Harbaugh. The latter investigated the serious outbreak of this disease which occurred in Virginia and North Carolina in 1886, and claimed that every case of the disease could be traced directly to moldy feed. This theory of toxic fungi is not antagonistic to the facts in many of the best observed outbreaks, and knowing that fungi vary greatly in growth and in the elimination of various products under different climatic conditions, we may explain the irregu- larity of the symptoms as well as the occurrence of the disease under what may appear to be identical conditions. Thus Ceni, of Italy, states that molds are capable of producing poisons, but only at certain stages of their growth, and at other times they are entirely inactive. A case of this character was investigated by the Bureau several years ago in an outbreak among the army horses at an encampment in Pennsylvania. Many horses had died of cerebro-spinal meningitis as a result of eating moldy baled hay, and as soon as the hay was eliminated the deaths ceased. Other horses in the vicinity not fed upon this hay failed to contract the disease. At the suggestion of State Veterinarian Marshall the bales were opened and exposed to the sun for three or four weeks, after which time this hay was fed sparingly at first and later in usual quantities without producing any ill effect. Forage poisoning, therefore, seems to be an autointoxication rather than an infection and due to certain chemical poisons or toxins formed by organismal activity. These toxins may be present when the forage is taken into the body or formed in the gastro-intestinal canal and therefore the disease is a specific form — of autointoxication. The nature of the substance which causes these harmful changes or the poisonous bodies that are formed remain unknown. On account of this very old and very plausible theory so often advanced that the disease is due to toxic substances existing in damaged grain and fodder, a number of species of fungus were isolated during the past year from damaged corn and forage and grown on a sterilized corn medium or alfalfa infusion in FORAGE POISONING OR CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS. 515 an effort to produce some toxic substance that would create dis- ease when fed to horses. The pure cultures were allowed to grow for periods of one month’s duration, in flasks containing 250 cubic centimeters of the nutrient medium and the contents of one flask was fed each day for a period of 30 days along with a suffi- cient quantity of sound corn and hay to make a normal ration, but no symptoms have thus far developed in the experiment animals, although only about one-half of the number of pure cultures isolated have thus far been used in this experiment. It is possible that laboratory conditions alone cannot be made to parallel sufficiently close those which exist naturally in the growing plants and that toxic substances which might be pro- duced in a natural state would not be generated in a corn meal medium in the laboratory. The by-products of the growth of both fungi and bacteria on corn and forage should certainly receive more consideration in future work. In view of the above information it must appear to the unbiased mind that the cause of forage poisoning remains an obscure and puzzling problem. Occurrence.—Like cerebro-spinal meningitis of man, forage poisoning occurs in sporadic as well as enzootic and epizootic forms. The sporadic cases occur either in different localities from the epizootic outbreaks or in such sparse numbers as not to amount to an enzootic. Thus the outbreaks are quite variable in extent and severity. Sometimes it becomes very widespread, causing heavy losses, as in the recent outbreak in Kansas and Nebraska, while at other times there are only sporadic cases. Liebener believes that the development of the cause of the dis- ease in Germany is favored by the rainfalls and warmth of the earth during summer and autumn. No conclusive evidence has ever been presented to indicate that the disease is ever trans- mitted directly from one horse to another. Sick animals have been placed alongside of susceptible horses in the same stable without conveying the disease to the latter and healthy horses have been placed in stalls previously occupied by animals which died of the disease, and have eaten from the same mangers with- out previous disinfection, but in no case has the disease been 516 J. R. MOHLER. = = transmitted in this manner. In the recent outbreak it was quite noticeable that livery and other work horses were not affected so long as they were fed on clean, dry: forage, although they were constantly exposed to the disease by coming in contact with diseased horses. For instance, Dr. Busman, who was in charge of the Kansas field force of veterinarians, reports a case where horses were kept in adjoining corrals separated only by a wire fence. ‘Those on one side were fed on green forage and recently cut cane and died from the disease, while those on the other side were fed dry feed and not one became sick. He also reports a similar occurrence in a livery barn where the horses had been fed on clean, dry feed without sickness, but when fresh cut bottom-land hay was substituted for the former feed the horses became sick within a few days. Another similar instance was reported by Davison, in charge of the field force in Nebraska, in the case of a farmer who owned a work team that was strictly barn fed. While attending the State Fair at Lincoln these horses were turned out on pasture for two days and both horses came down with the disease on the fourth and fifth day respectively after being taken off the pasture. It is such cases as these which have incriminated the forage and caused the disease to be known as “ pasture disease”? in some localities. Indeed some veterin- arians report that all the animals affected had been on pasture, or having been removed from pasture, had been fed on recent cuttings of alfalfa, prairie hay, cane or kaffir corn, while no cases came under observation where the animals had been on dry feed all summer. A long period of dry weather followed by rain- fall with considerable humidity and heat seems to favor the development and dissemination of the disease. The period from August I to October 1, 1912, presented exceptional climatic con- ditions in western Kansas and southern Nebraska, and it was observed that crops cut and cured before this date could be fed with impunity. During the first week in August a heavy rainfall started in Kansas and nearly twice the usual amount was re- corded, mostly falling during the night and soaking in. This was followed by very high temperatures, the seventeen days from I i ol al oD een Be a -I FORAGE POISONING OR CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS. 51 August 23 to September 9 being the hottest series of days on record in Dodge City. There were also more than the usual number of cloudy or partly cloudy days with high relative humid- ities. The dew point was reached early at night and the deposit of dew was abundant, which is uncommon in that section. High humidities certainly continued throughout the day among the grasses near the soil. These grasses, which usually cure into hay on the root, became dotted with both parasitic and sapro- phytic fungi. Water holes, draws and buffalo wallows remained filled with water throughout most of the period. During the latter part of September frosts occurred accompanied: not only by cooler weather but with lower humidity which are the signi- ficant factors in the subsidence of the disease, and after the first week in October the disease practically disappeared. Since then many owners have placed their horses back on the same pastures used during the serious stages of the disease and there has been no ill effects noted. This would indicate that there are good rea- sons to believe that the forage is no longer in condition to pro- duce the disease and hence its use is safe, as in the case of the Pennsylvania baled hay previously mentioned. Somewhat similar conditions of climate obtained in Nebraska during the prevalence of the disease, but on September 25 a killing frost was recorded followed by several light frosts and a reduction in the relative humidity. After this time the disease rapidly subsided and finally disappeared. There is not much question but that some of this infected forage has been baled and shipped to various points, and it is therefore not unlikely that sporadic cases of the disease will appear in these sections under favorable climatic con- ditions. In this connection, attention should be called to the marked prevalence last summer and fall of the disease of cattle known as mycotic stomatitis which simulates the foot-and-mouth disease of Europe and is caused also by contaminated forage. This disease first appeared in Florida and spread over Georgia, North and South Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Virginia, Mary- land and into Pennsylvania. The climatic conditions were evi- dently appropriate for the development of the causative agent Demet 51S J. R. MOHLER. on the forage, and as soon as the animals were brought out of the pastures and stall fed, the disease immediately subsided. Symptoms and Lesions.—In most of the cases disturbance of the appetite, depression and weakness are the first manifesta- tions observed, although all the symptoms vary within wide limits. This feature of the disease has been so ably presented by Reichel in the October number of Mulford’s Veterinary Bulletin, by Campbell in the October number of the Journal of Veterinary Medicine, and Kinsley in the November number of the AMERI- CAN VETERINARY Review, that I shall pass over the subject briefly. Very soon the real symptoms of the disease appear. There is trouble in swallowing, drooping of the head and sleepiness which may give way to excitement and attacks of vertigo. An impairment of vision is noted with loss of co-ordination, result- ing in a staggering gait or reeling while standing. There is muscular twitching, cramp of certain muscles, chiefly of the neck and flanks, and grinding of the teeth. Sometimes colicky pains are noted. If in an open space, the animal will walk in a circle, sometimes to the right, at other times to the left, and will try to push through any obstacle with which he comes in contact. In the stable he will press his head against the stall or rest it on the manger. Sometimes he will crowd backwards or sideways until he gets in a corner and remains there. If the tempera- ture is taken at the beginning of the disease it will be found to be from 103 to 107 degrees Fahrenheit, but within 24 hours the temperature gradually falls until it reaches normal and then be- comes subnormal. The pulse is from 40 to go and weak, while the respirations are fluctuating from normal to as high as 48 per minute. There may or may not be drooling of saliva, depend- ing on the extent of the paralysis of the pharynx. The animal is often down on the second or third day and may or may not get up when urged to do so. While down he will go through auto- matic-like movements of pacing or walking, resulting in accelera- tion of the pulse and respiration. At this time the legs are held out stiffly and parallel to the ground. The hind legs of many FORAGE POISONING OR CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS. 519 of these animals that have gone down are paralyzed and there is loss of sensation of the skin of these parts. The expired air is extremely: fetid and there may be a croupous-like deposit of the throat which has caused the name “ putrid sore throat.” The conjunctiva may show injected blood vessels-or petechiae on a yellowish tinted background. Coma or somnolence may be _ marked in those animals going down within the first few days. Those which remain standing may become violent or delirious, but ordinarily the horse is tractable and easily managed. Death usually occurs in from four to eight days, although in the acute form death may follow within 10 or 12 hours after the first symp- toms are observed, while in the chronic cases the disease may last two or three weeks. The prognosis is very unfavorable, as 85 to 9O per cent. of the affected animals died in the beginning of the outbreak, but later the cases became milder with a consequent drop in the mortality. On post-mortem the amount of lesions observable to the naked eye is in marked contrast to the severity of the symptoms noted. The pharynx and larynx are inflamed in many cases, and some- times coated with a yellowish white glutinous deposit, extending at times over the tongue and occasionally a little way down the trachea. The lungs are normal, except from complications fol- lowing drenching or recumbence for a long period. The heart _is usually normal in appearance, except an occasional cluster of petechiae on the epicardium, while the blood is dark and firmly coagulated. The mucosa of the stomach indicated a sub-acute gastritis, while occasionally an erosion is noted. An edematous, gelatinous infiltration is observed in the submucosa of such cases. The first few inches of the small intestines likewise may show slight inflammation in certain cases, while in others it is quite severe; otherwise the digestive tract appears normal, excluding the presence of varying numbers of bots, strongylus vulgatus -and a few other nematodes. The liver is congested and swollen in some cases, while it appears normal in others. The spleen is, as a rule, normal and at times the kidneys are slightly congested. The bladder is often distended with dark colored urine, and oc- 520 J. R. MOHLER. casionally a marked cystitis has been observed. The adipos: tissue throughout the carcass may show a pronounced icteric appearance in certain cases. On removing the bones of the skull the brain appears to be normal macroscopically in a few instances, but in most cases the veins and capillaries of the meninges of the cerebrum, cerebellum and occasionally the medulla are distinctly dilated and engorged, and in a few cases there are pronounced lesions of a leptomeningitis. An excessive amount of cerebro- spinal fluid is present in most of the cases. On the floor of the lateral ventricles of several brains there was noted a slight soften- ing due to hemorrhages into the brain substance. There is always an abundance of fluid in the subarachnoid spaces, ventricles and at the base of the brain, usually of the color of diabetic urine, and containing a limited amount of flocculi, but in a few cases it was slightly blood-tinged. The spinal cord was not found in- volved in the few cases examined. A comparative microscopic examination of the brains of horses which died in Kansas, New Jersey, Maryland and Vir- ginia this year with those of horses from previous outbreaks showed the same characteristic perivascular round-cell infiltra- tion, especially in the olfactory lobe and the hippocampus. The piameter showed an increased amount of connective tissue with dense round-cell infiltration which extended into the adjacent cortical portion of the cerebrum. The capillary blood vessels were engorged with cells and their walls were greatly infiltrated. Limited areas of leucocytic infiltration and small hemorrhages in the brain tissue were not infrequently observed. No cellular inclusions in the ganglionic cells were detected after prolonged examination. Treatment.—One attack of the disease does not confer 1m- munity. Horses have been observed which have recovered from two attacks, and still others that recovered from the first attack but died as a result of the second attack. Inasmuch as a natural immunity does not appear after an attack of cerebro-spinal meningitis, it might be anticipated that > se mn Oe is ok esyy any ene FORAGE POISONING OR CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS. 521 serum of recovered cases would possess neither curative nor pro- phylactic qualities. Nevertheless experiments were made along these lines with serum from recovered cases, but without any positive results. Similar investigations have been conducted by others in Europe with precisely the same results. With the tend- ency of the disease to produce pathological lesions in the central nervous system, it seems scarcely imaginable that a medicinal remedy will be found to heal these foci, and even where recovery takes place there is likely to remain some considerable disturb- ance in the functions, as blindness, partial paralysis, dumbness, etc. Indeed when the disease once becomes established in an animal drugs seem to lose their physiological action. Therefore, with all the previously mentioned facts before us it is evident that the first principle in the treatment of this disease is preven- tion, which consists in the exercise of proper care in feeding only clean, well cured forage and grain and pure water from an un- contaminated source. These measures when faithfully carried out check the development of additional cases of the disease upon the affected premises. While medicinal treatment has proved un- satisfactory in the vast majority of cases, nevertheless the first indication is to clean out the digestive tract thoroughly, and to accomplish this prompt measures must be used early in the dis- ease. Active and concentrated remedies should be given prefer- ably subcutaneously or intravenously owing to the great diffi- culty in swallowing even in the early stages. Arecoline in one- half grain doses intravenously has given as much satisfaction as any. After purging the animal the treatment is mostly sympto- matic. Intestinal disinfectants, particularly calomel, salol and salicylic acid have been recommended and mild antiseptic mouth washes are advisable. Anti-pyretics are of doubtful value, as better results are obtained if the temperature is high by copious cold water injections. An ice pack applied to the head is bene- ficial in case of marked psychic disturbance. One ounce doses of chloral hydrate per rectum should be given if the patient is violent or muscular spasms are severe. If the temperature becomes sub- ay) J. R. MOHLER. normal the animal should be warmly blanketed, and if much weakness 1s shown this should be combatted with stimulants such as strychnine, camphor, alcohol, atropine, or aromatic spirits of ammonia. During convalescence the usual tonic treatment is indicated. Many of the so-called “ cures” made their reputation at the time the outbreak was abating and when non-interference was proved to be equally effective. One of the most unpleasant developments of the outbreak this year was the great amount of ‘faking’ which seemed to be the only contagious feature con- nected with the disease. All kinds of drug specifics, serums and vaccines developed like mushrooms and were exploited in almost every community devastated by the disease. Many tainted dol- lars were obtained from the suffering horse owners who grasped at every newly advanced treatment like drowning men clutching at straws. One aged farmer who had a very fair idea of the disease himself said to the quack who had injected streptococcus, diplococcus, pneumococcus and several other bacterins into his horse: ‘ Well, you have used all the kinds of remedies I ever heard of on old Nell but one and now you might as well inject her with cowpox vaccine.” In Nebraska, blackleg vaccine was reported to be used as a preventive on at least 1,600 horses and nearly 1,500 of them are said to have died as a direct result of the vaccine. ‘This feature is now being investigated by the government. Dr. Munn, of Kearney, Neb., had apparently good success from the use of diphtheria antitoxin as a prophylactic agent and not a single animal developed the disease out of over 500 injected. It may be with this treatment as with others that the good results were due to the fact that the disease was on the wane before treatment was commenced, but no other line of treat- ment gave as good apparent results. Dr. Kaupp also reports in the Breeders’ Gazette that only one horse died of goo inocu- lated with a diplo-streptococcic bacterin he prepared, but the in- jections were made so late in the outbreak that its value is still problematical since thousands of horses in the affected area at this period failed to develop the disease, although they had re- ceived no preventive treatment whatsoever. A NEW FIELD OF ETIOLOGICAL RESEARCH OPENED BY SCHMIDT’S MIRACULOUS TREATMENT OF MILK FEVER IN COWS.—A NEW THEORY OF AZOTURIA IN THE HORSE.* - 3y JoHN A. McLaucuuin, D.V.S., New York, N. Y. In the last few years a treatment has been discovered for milk fever in cows that infallibly cures that once fatal malady. It is probably the greatest discovery in therapeutics of this or any other age. Milk fever was (and is when not treated in this particular manner) the most generally fatal of any disease which attacks any species of animal, including man himself. The mor- tality previous to Schmidt’s discovery was approximately one hundred per cent; now the recoveries are approximately one hun- dred per cent. (I believe the exact figures are ninety-eight per cent.) It is a genuine specific; its results are marvelous and be- wildering. This is not the experience of one individual; it is the experience of all. A treatment that is so uniformly successful under all circum- stances must be extraordinary indeed, and too far out of the common to be relegated to the ordinary sphere of therapeutic measures ; it must reach far beyond, deep into the very nature of the disease itself. I firmly believe could we but follow whither it leads we would find its termination in the very origin of milk fever itself, and the secret which has for so many centuries baffled all investigation would be ours at last. In this paper I propose to follow the treatment whither it leads as far as my light per- mits; if I fail in solving this riddle of the sphinx, I will be con- tent, believing I have attempted its solution along those lines in which the riddle will be eventually solved. * Presented to the November, 1912, meeting of the Veterinary Medical Association of New York City. 523 524 JOHN A. MC LAUGHLIN. The history of this specific is as follows: A veterinarian named Schmidt conceived the idea that milk fever originated in the mammary gland. (The correctness of this idea marks Schmidt as a really great man, and I wish to do him reverence right here.) Schmidt originated a treatment, which has been modified somewhat, but has remained essentially the same in principle. It consisted originally of an aqueous solution of iodide of potash, one dram to the quart, injected into the mammary gland through its ducts. Schmidt’s idea was that toxins origi- nated in that gland, passed into the general circulation, producing the phenomena we name milk fever, parturient apoplexy, ete. Schmidt's mistake was in thinking toxins were formed in the gland, and that iodide of potash was the curative agent. It was soon found that any medicinal agent in solution was equally as efficacious as iodide of potash. Then oxygen was tried, and occupied the field for a short time. Oxygen was supposed to be superior as a germ destroyer and antitoxin; being a gas, it pene- trated further into the ducts, even into their finest ramifications. The practical results seemed to justify its therapeutical applica- tion, for it proved a specific, but alas for its reputation as a superior therapeutical agent when another veterinarian, who was also a great man but a‘sorely perplexed one, forgot his oxygen tank one day, and in his extremity used a bicycle pump. The bicycle pump, forcing just common, ordinary, atmospheric air © into the tubes, proved quite as much of a specific as oxygen. After this various syringes were patented or “patent applied for,’ which proved specific also. These syringes were all arranged with the idea that the air entering the ducts should be aseptic. (The aseptic part, I make free to say, was a failure.) It soon became apparent that asepsis had no part in the treatment, and its simplicity seemed to add mystery instead of enlighten- ment. A few months ago another veterinarian, whose name, I regret _ to say, | forget, conceived the idea (diametrically the opposite — to that conceived by Schmidt), that it was not a matter of germs, or toxins, or anything he could imagine, but that the disease yl INRA sya 5 acai OE TM Lp Ve Mas yh er oes NS - 7 1" = ow | 4 4 | , A NEW FIELD OF ETIOLOGICAL RESEARCH. 525 could be cured by almost anything. He tried some experiments along lines the very reverse of asepsis: he injected solutions, or rather, mixtures, into the udder containing stable sweepings which he swept off the floor—cow manure, sour milk, filth, ete— in every instance curing the cow. In one experiment he removed a portion of the cow’s skull and found the brain very anemic; he then dilated the ducts and the blood returned to the brain and there was quite a hemorrhage. He killed this cow. It was cer- tainly bold and original experimenting and it deserves high praise. From this short synopsis of the history of the treatment of milk fever I think three points are made apparent: First, that the disease originates in the mammary gland; second, that local treatment cures it; third, that the results of the treatment do not depend in the slightest degree on the medicinal properties of the ingredients used, one agent being quite as efficacious as another, even when that other is as injurious a substance as cow manure, urine, or other filth. Suppose we now take a typical case and apply Schmidt's treatment. A cow is quite suddenly attacked; when we arrive she is down, completely paralyzed and unconscious, cannot even swallow—in fact she is dying. A milking tube is inserted into the duct of each teat, and atmospheric air, oxygen, or a solution of iodide of potash, or some other medicinal agent, or a mixture of some agent that is the opposite of medicinal, like cow manure, urine, stable floor sweepings, sour milk, etc., is propelled with considerable force into the ducts. Ina few hours, usually two to four, this dying cow is on her feet as well as ever. This clinical history of a typical case of milk fever simply accentuates the wonderful results of the treatment, but it does not tell us its etiology. I have said, however, the treatment held _ the secret in its grasp, and I now propose to follow whither it leads. The air, oxygen, or solutions or mixtures mentioned, has entered the ducts; it is forced far into them, to their terminal endings in their finest capillary ramifications. And then where? 526 JOHN A. MC LAUGHLIN. In my opinion no further. Beyond the tubes is a slight amount of connective tissue, then the lacteal cells, then the blood vessels. If it enters the cells or blood vessels, then are my endeavors to solve the problem, to grasp its secret, futile, for if a mixture of cow manure, urine or other filth can, by entering the circulation. cure milk fever, or 1f curing, would not produce other and serious trouble, then am I astray in the very beginning of my investiga- tion. A slight amount might enter the connective tissue, but no further, and this small amount must be injurious, retarding in- stead of advancing recovery. J am convinced the treatment does not pass beyond the tubes. I have now followed the treatment whither it leads, from its beginning to its terminal. I first proved it was local, that it was confined in its influence to the mammary gland; now I have narrowed this sphere of influence to a part of the mammary gland. Within this small area does Schmidt’s treatment infallibly cure milk fever; within the lacteal ducts does it perform this. modern miracle of therapeutics. Has it yet given up its secret? Have we yet discovered the nature of milk fever? I think so. Positively we are in possession of one fact (else all that has gone before is error). Milk fever is intimately connected with the lacteal tubes. Pursuing our study from this point onward, we find ourselves immediately confronted with two alternatives: First, it is caused by something in the tubes but foreign to them; ~| or second, something is wrong with the tubes themselves. Between these two alternatives I choose to discard the former and accept the latter. I discard the former because I cannot imagine a mixture containng filth of all sorts ivariably curing a fatal malady by its action in the tubes any more than I can % imagine it curing the same malady by its action in the circula- — tion. To believe so would be destructive of every recognized theory in medicine. If it is a germ, filth could only cultivate and multiply it; if an abraided surface, it would assuredly set up ~ sepsis; there is nothing I can imagine that might exist within the — tubes, or, for that matter, without, that such treatment would | benefit in the slightest degree; therefore I discard it without any reservation whatever. A NEW FIELD OF ETIOLOGICAL RESEARCH. on tw =1 I accept the second alternative as unreservedly as 1 discard the former, and my reasons for accepting it are as follows: The tubes, as we are aware, are but passive factors in the production of milk, but because passive are none the less important; they receive the milk after it is manufactured; if they should by an accident or some other cause be unable to receive the milk, the lacteal cells, having no outlet for their product, would necessarily be arrested in their function of producing milk, and simulta- neously cease removing those products from the blood from which they manufacture milk, with the result that these products in the blood, still being produced, would accumulate in the circulation. I express my conviction that an accident has happened to the tubes, that the accident is of such a character it could be dupli- cated if the cow herself was a man-made machine and the ducts the only outlet; that it is purely mechanical in its nature and no more a disease than a broken leg, and the symptoms no more the result of a micro-organism, a toxin, or an auto-infection, than are the evolutions of a “ winged ”’ bird as it falls to earth; that it is an accident that might happen to any set of tubes made of soft tissue inside the body or outside; that they have simply re- fused to open; that all the phenomena occurring, including its generally fatal results, are due to a very simple cause—a simple closing of the tubes. The question which now confronts me is, what causes the tubes to close? As far as I can conceive, it may be due to three causes: First, over-distention; second, pressure from the en- gorged blood vessels; third, a glueing together of their walls by some plastic material after they have been emptied by the act of milking. Back of all these and all other reasons, however, is the overwhelming fact that the mammary gland of the domesticated cow is an abnormal gland. Intended by nature to supply milk for one calf (occasionally two), it is bred wholly for commercial ‘purposes, and has been so bred for centuries. It seems strange that with such a history it has never been conceived that the gland might happen with an accident, either such as I have de- scribed or some other, as the horse bred for racing may rupture 528 JOHN A. MC LAUGHLIN. a tendon by simple extension, an impossible feat for an under- bred one to perform. I have now followed the treatment to its terminal and the disease to its beginning; both meet at the same place. The treat- ment found itself confronted with closed tubes; these tubes it dilated ; the cause being removed, the lacteals resumed their func- tion of removing the toxic products which had accumulated in the blood, and did their work so well that in a few hours the all but fatal toxeemia was removed and the cow well. I have now followed the problem in all its intricacies, and have made every point clear, all but one—the nature of the treat- ment and its essence. Let me ask a question—two, in fact: First, what are you doing when you are dilating the ducts with your gas or air; of what are you thinking as you see the gland grow and grow to enor- mous dimensions and the skin becoming more and more tense; are you not thinking on the same lines as a person who is blowing up a football, or a boy who 1s blowing up soap bubbles? That is its nature. Are you not always thinking, can it stand more, and saying to yourself I think it can, I think it cannot, and whenever it is a failure it is the timid one who fails? That is its essence. That was always my thought long before I got the idea in my head that simple dilation constituted the cure. We all seem to know instinctively just what the cure consists of, and often when the air escaped in spite of my efforts to prevent it by the usual method of ligating the teats I dilated them again, and if neces- sary, again. The trouble seems to be that the treatment is entirely too simple; it certainly stands unique in that particular, and to ac- cept it at only its face value seemingly threatens destruction to all preconceived ideas on the subject of therapeutics. Even more difficult of acceptance was the inference that the disease must prove even more innocent in its nature than its treatment. It meant revolution. I must admit it staggered me until I got used to it, but when a veterinarian cures milk fever, a disease that has successfully resisted every therapeutical agency since the dawn of medicine by injecting cow manure and other filth into a cow’s eS we A NEW FIELD OF ETIOLOGICAL RESEARCH. 529 udder, the time for revolution is ripe. I believe it is here now. As far as the discussion of milk fever is concerned, this paper might end, but the thought urges me on, the thought that Schmidt’s discovery does not end with its explanation of the etiology of one disease—rather it is but a beginning. I myself believe it has opened up an entirely new field of etiological re- search; that we have by an accident stumbled upon a fertile but fallow plain filled with wonderful discoveries for the future in- vestigator, a field based on the idea that a single gland in the body may be subject to the same disabilities as a particular part of a machine made by man; that it may get out of order in the self-same manner that accidents may happen to it, some slight, some serious, and some severe enough to put the whole machine suddenly and entirely out of commission. There are many diseases that are still enshrouded in mystery that may possibly be explained on this theory. We are still very much at sea regarding the nature of such diseases as Graves’, Addison’s, Hodgkin's, Bright's, diabetes, rheumatism, gout, etc. ; sudden deaths often occur in the midst of apparently good health, which cannot be explained by heart failure, apoplexy, ptomaine poisoning, acute Bright’s, or acute indigestion; nor are those slighter ailments, designated as headache, nausea, nervous, fbilious, “that tired feeling,’ the blues, etc., explained satisfac- torily by a “ disordered liver” or “ stomach,” constipation, etc. To-day epilepsy is considered to be a derangement of the nervous system; yesterday milk fever was so considered, with even more justification. It would be less surprising to find epilepsy having -a simple origin than it was to find that milk fever had. But the subject grows beyond me. I began this paper at Dr. Cochran’s request meaning simply to pass tribute to a member of the profession whose discovery, I believe, constitutes an epoch in medicine, and to draw a parallel between milk fever and azo- turia. As I said, the paper has grown and grown, and it was with difficulty I kept even within the bounds I have; I hope, how- ever, that it has not made the paper less clear, nor befogged the new theory I am advancing of azoturia in the horse. 530 JOHN A. MC LAUGHLIN. In studying this latter disease, I propose advancing along the lines pursued in the study of milk fever. Azoturia has many analogies to it: the attack is sudden; it occurs (usually) under supreme activity of certain organs (not the mammary, of course) ; 1s very fatal; recovery is often rapid and complete; there is no organic lesion as a primary cause, and its etiology is as much in the dark as ever. As milk fever has always been connected with the period of lactation, when the mammary gland is in supreme activity, so azoturia has been connected with a period of supreme activity of digestion. The theories advanced are a hyper-nitrogenous con- dition of the blood, a defective liver, auto-infection, and in our extremity we have even requested the laboratory to discover a micro-organism. I agree that azoturia is due to a hyper-nitrogenized condition © of the blood, also that this hyper-nitrogenized condition of the blood is due to a defective liver. J propose to give my reasons for considering the liver the guilty gland, and to specify the defect. | The liver is the first to receive the blood from the intestines, it all passes through its tissues, it has the lion’s share in blood metamorphosis. This is the one and only reason I hold the liver responsible. The special defect is with the bile ducts, and the nature of the defect—the same accident I have described as hap- pening to the lacteal ducts, the same reasons given as producing closure of the lacteal ducts—hold good for closure of the bile ducts, excepting, of course, the emptying by milking. The ducts may possibly collapse normally in the intervals of digestion, and it may be that the absence of a gall bladder has some bearing on the matter. I would like to add, parenthetically, that I know of no reason why this accident could not happen to both ducts at other times than those of supreme activity. To me there is a great analogy between the role played by the liver and that played by the mammary gland; the liver, as I have just stated, is the first to receive the blood for metamor- phosis; the mammary gland receives it last.’ (In this respect it Ps. A NEW FIELD OF ETIOLOGICAL RESEARCH. 581 is analogous to the kidneys.) The function of the liver may be said to be to feed the tissues, the function of the mammary to feed the calf. The liver, while producing blood metamorphosis, incidentally produces bile, and the mammary, while producing milk, incidentally produces blood metamorphosis, but though the processes are reversed yet are they the same, and an accident to the bile ducts would produce the same results in the liver as an accident to the lacteal ducts would produce in the mammary. I wish now to refer back for a moment to the two theories of azoturia I am partly in accord with; I wish to call attention to an exaggeration, if not a misinterpretation, of a physiological fact, and to accentuate my point of departure. It is universally admitted there is a lack of correlation be- tween the different parts of the animal body (there must be) ; its exaggeration or misinterpretation is that this lack of correla- tion is extreme. These two theories are built on this error. Both theories may be summed up ina few words: the increased activity of intestinal absorption overcomes the system, is one; it Over- comes the liver, is the other. That is, a perfectly normal system or a perfectly healthy liver (by way of a note here, I may add it is usually young and healthy horses that are affected) is over- come by a perfectly healthy set of cells in the intestinal villi. It sounds paradoxical. It is where I part company with these two theories. There is no proof of such lack of correla- tion in the system (but how many theories and what numberless diagnoses are advanced on the same misconception). Admitting there is great activity of intestinal absorption, how can we accept the inference that there is not an adequate increase in the system, or in the liver. These theories practically say that one set of cells (which cells, though part of the same system) can produce nutritive material so rapidly that it is impossible for the rest of the system or the liver to keep pace with it, in fact are so laggard that a condition of azoturia is induced in twenty-five minutes How prodigal of energy nature was in one case, and how nig- gardly in the other. When we consider that this difference of activity is the difference between parts performing the same func- 337) JOHN A. MC LAUGHLIN. tion, and intended by nature to work in harmony, the misin- terpretation of the physiological fact mentioned seems almost like asserting that in an automobile race the hind wheels of the same car may crash into the front ones. I think without further proof both theories would be disproved by the fact that some severe cases of azoturia recover quite rapidly, but we have further proof, the proof that Schmidt’s treatment gives us in milk fever, where we found the cow all but dead from toxic blood, yet the mammary cells rose so nobly to the occasion that in a few hours the blood was normal. Before closing I would like to say a word on the treatment of azoturia. According to my theory the only scientific treatment would be to dilate the bile ducts; this being impossible, it must be treated on general principles and along the lines pursued in uremia. In fact, I recognize a great analogy between that disease and the two I have been discussing, and if I might be permitted I would coin new names for these two to show their relationship to it. Azoturia I would call bilemia, and milk fever I would call lactemia, and as ureemia demands all possible means of ridding the system of the accumulating and accumulated toxins, so I would advise in bilemia the stimulation of the kidneys, the bowels, the skin, and in addition, the use of those medicinal agents which may combine chemically with the toxins, or act as physiological antidotes. As all treatment must in the nature of the case be empiric, each practitioner's experience is worthy of note. In my own I have found but three drugs which I thought influenced the disease favorably; they are aloes, sweet spirits of mitre and aconite. I have found hot blankets of benefit. In my own practice I have never bled a horse, but I had the privilege of seeing Dr. Cochran bleed about fifteen with a recovery of about seventy-five per cent. (Iam speaking from memory). Expressing my opinion, I would say bleed extensively, if necessary replacing the lost blood with salt solution, and even repeating the operation. Bleeding acts in two ways: it removes the toxic blood from the system and lessens the pressure on the ducts from the engorged capillaries. A NEW FIELD OF ETIOLOGICAL RESEARCH. 533 Always remember azoturia is a self-limited disease; when ab- sorption from the villous structure ends, the disease begins to recede. At the last meeting I ended this paper with several questions ; acting on the knowledge received from that discussion, I have taken the liberty of leaving all of them out this time and formu- lating a new one. I thought it would confine the discussion to the point at issue better. This is the question: What other pathological condition than the one I have mentioned (a simple closing of the lacteal tubes) can exist in a cow’s udder, that Schmidt's treatment will infallibly cure? News NOTES ON THE FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF A. V. M. A.—In a recent communication from Secretary Marshall of the A. V. M. A., he enclosed the following copy of a letter received from the New England Passenger Association : * DEAR StrR—In connection with your application for reduced fares for the Fiftieth Anniversary Meeting of the American Vet- erinary Medical Association, am pleased to advise you that the lines in this association, excepting the Bangor and Aroostook R. R., Dominion Atlantic Railway & Steamship Lines and East- ern Steamship Corporation, have concurred in the tender of the Trunk Line Association and authorized reduced rate on fare and three-fifths, certificate plan basis, from the points named in the ex- planatory circular enclosed. Fee of twenty-five cents will be charged for each certificate vised. If any further detail 1s re- quired in connection with fares from this territory will appreciate your advice. Very truly yours, ““M. L. Harris, Secretary.” The following lines constitute the New England Passenger Association: Bangor & Aroostook R. R., Boston & Albany R. R., Boston & Maine R. R., Canadian Pacific Ry., Central Ver- mont Ry., Dominion Atlantic Ry. and Steamship Lines, Eastern Steamship Corporation, Maine Central R. R., N. Y., N. H. & Hartford R. R., Quebec Central Ry., Rutland R. R. No other passenger association had been heard from to date, January 18. Tue Ricut MAN IN THE RicHt PLace—Dr. Walter G. Hol- lingworth, at the request of Commissioner of Agriculture Huson, eedesed the Stallion Registration Law propieny at the New York Breeders’ Association meeting, Utica, January 22. HYDROPHOBIA (RABIES).* By Dr. F. J. Campon, NEw ORLEANS, LA. When asked by your J. Arthur Goodwin some few weeks ago for a paper, I consented to place my services at your disposal. While, however, I found willingness to oblige came readily enough, I discovered that the choice of a suitable subject came only tardily. Therefore, I decided to pen a few notes under the heading Hydrophobia. ‘“ Hydrophobia’”’ and “ Rabies’ the same disease; the former is derived from the Greek word, meaning dread of water. Consequently, as we find only in the human subject the dread of an attempt to drink water, the term ‘““Hydrophobia”’ is properly used in such a case. A rabid dog will repeatedly attempt to drink water, even though the act in- duces a spasm of the deglutitory muscles. ‘ Rabies,’’ meaning rage or madness, applies more especially to the disease as we find it in the maniacal form in the lower animals. The relation of water to the disease in the lower animals, chiefly dogs, is very much overrated. A dog never develops rabies from a lack of water—a common fallacy. A dog may be overheated during the hot summer weather; in addition it may not have sufficient water to quench its thirst, but these con- ditions alone cannot cause the disease. Invariably, whether the disease exists in man or animal, the history will point to a pre- vious subjection by a diseased animal, for the transmission from animal to animal is necessary for the maintenance of the dis- ease. Its occurrence is not limited to the hot weather, as was believed until recently ; moreover, it should not be confused with a disease known as fits, common among dogs. This disease ‘) are two different terms for * Presented to the Louisiana Veterinary Medical Association, at New Iberia, October, 1912. 534 ol HYDROPHOBIA (RABIES). 53 differs from rabies in that it is of short duration, from thirty minutes to two hours. A rabid dog, on the contrary, is sick from three to seven days. A second part of differentiation be- tween the two diseases is that rabid dogs seldom froth at the mouth; they may drool as a result of deglutitory paralysis, in which there is a drooping of the lower jaw, where, as in fits, there is profuse frothing accompanied by generalized clonic con- vulsions. Again, a rabid dog invariably dies as a result of this disease; on the other hand, one with fits often recovers. The latter disease should not be confused with rabies if the history is carefully investigated, and this confirmed by negative animal inoculations and absence of Negri bodies. The number of cases of rabies in Kansas City during the winter of Ig09 and I9IO tends to disprove the ‘‘ Dog Day” theory. The records of the Pasteur Institute for the winter showed an increase of about thirty-three per cent. in the number of cases over the summer months; these conditions, it should be added, were exceptional and largely due to the occurrence of an epidemic. Ordinarily we have only sporadic cases, yet veritable epidemics may occur as the result of negligence on the part of those whose duty it is to protect and preserve the public health. All mammals are subject to the disease; it is, however, con- fined chiefly to dogs, owing to the fact that they naturally attack their own species. Although the canine by nature follows this rule, in the excitement stage it goes to the other extreme and bites even its own master, not to mention numerous horses, cattle, hogs, etc. The most vicious breeds are, of course, the most dangerous and do the most damage. About ninety per cent. of the cases are due to rabid dogs; the next most important factor in spreading the disease in this country is the cat, which 1s responsible for about four per cent. of the cases; the remaining six per cent. are due to horses, cattle, wolves, etc. In some coun- tries, as in Russia, the wolf contributes a high percentage of cases. Hydrophobia is an acute inoculation disease communicated to man by the saliva of an animal suffering from rabies. It is 536 ¥. J. CAMBON. due to a definite specific virus which is transmitted through the saliva either by the bite of a rabid animal or by the saliva com- ing in contact with a wound already existing. The normal habitat of the virus is the nervous system, and it retains its viru- lence only temporarily when introduced into any other system of organs. The fresh fixed virus injected into the blood stream does not usually cause the disease; morever, its injection by the intramuscular route does not give a high mortality, about fifty- nine per cent. If moderately thick homogeneous emulsions in collodion sacs are introduced into the peritoneal cavity, it is found that the virus is destroyed in six hours. The virus rap- idly loses its virulence when not in its normal habitat; it 1s read- ily destroyed by heat and desiccation. In short, laboratory ex- periments prove that it cannot exist “in nature.” When in- oculated into a wound, this virus must come in immediate con- tact with a broken nerve trunk in order to survive and repro- duce itself. If it gains entrance to the nerve trunk it is protected from the antagonistic action of the blood and lymph streams; it slowly extends to the cord and brain. Here a favorable media exists; the virus grows rapidly and the characteristic toxic symptoms are produced. In considering the danger of infection from a wound in- flicted by a rabid animal we find it advisable to classify the patients according to the following: (1), Location of the bite; (2), severity of the wound; (3), the degree of cauterization; (4), the lapse of time before reporting for treatment; (5), the stage of the disease in the animal at the time the wound was inflicted. It may not be amiss to mention the great importance of the proper cauterization of the bite in dealing with the disease. The free use of fuming nitric acid is a satisfactory method of cauter- ization. The penetration of the acid makes it a valuable cauter- ization agent, but even when this procedure is carried out, about 10 per cent. of the experimental animals die. It is advisable, after sufficient application of the.acid, to wash the wound freely with sterile physiologic salt solution, thus removing the acid and se HYDROPHOBIA (RABIES). 537 preventing unnecessary destruction of the tissue. If nitric acid is not to be had, full strength phenol may be used. It is, however, eminently important that this cauterization agent be washed from the wound by the free use of absolute alcohol. This procedure prevents subsequent ulceration which is so common when the alcohol is neglected. The two agents, nitric acid and phenol, destroy the virus by virtue of their cauterizing action; yet in high dilution, neither has a disinfectant action on the virus. In fact, a one per cent. solution of carbolic acid is an excellent preservative for this par- ticular virus; for instance, an emulsion of rabid brain made up in a one per cent. phenol solution, or any of its numerous derivations, will preserve the virulence for several weeks. In formaldehyd solution, on the other hand, we have a specific disinfectant for the virus. The specificity of the antiferment action of formaldehyd on rabies virus is easily demonstrated by laboratory experiments. Formaldehyd in as high a dilution as 0.025 per cent. will destroy the virus in a short time. In the treatment of wounds inflicted by rabid dogs, the use of a 5 per cent. formaldehyd solution applied to the wound for twelve hours is preferable to the cauterizing action of nitric acid or phenol because of the specific disinfectant and penetrating action of the former. Especially should this preliminary preventive measure be instituted in severe lacerated wounds, for in such wounds the degree of infection is high. The immediate treatment should not be neglected even after the lapse of a couple of days; more- over, under the latter condition, the wound should be opened and thoroughly scrubbed. If every wound, especially severe ones on the head, be thoroughly cauterized, and this immediately followed by anti-rabic treatment, the mortality would be nil among those bitten. As to the time of exposure, it can reasonably be said that a wound on the hand after a delay of three weeks is quite as dan- gerous as a bite on the head exposed only a few days. The cumulative action and extension of the virus along the nerve 538 F. J. CAMBON. . trunk to the central nervous system during the interval of ex- posure should always be borne in mind. Therefore, it is quite as necessary to prescribe an intensive form of treatment to a patient bitten slightly on the extremities with a prolonged ex- posure as it is to one with a recent head wound. It is quite safe to say that the virus is not transmitted by the bite of a rabid animal until two days previous to the appear- ance of the first symptoms. ‘The early symptoms, however, are often very obscure and so slight that they are not recognized. So it is with some difficulty that a decision is reached in advising patient bitten slightly on the extremities with a prolonged ex- ment. If a dog which is naturally not a vicious kind suddenly bites without provocation, it should be tied securely and kept under close observation for at least seven days. Should the dog develop symptoms of rabies during its confinement the bite should be considered dangerous. An investigation of such a case will usually reveal the fact that the external cause inciting the dog to bite was not sufficient to cause the same act in the dog when normal. Occasionally the only recognized symptom in the early stages is a tendency to bite, but such cases, if kept under observation, develop well defined symptoms within a few days. The first symptoms in rabies are those of mild or marked excitement, nervousness, irritability and often a tendency to stray away from home. This stage of the disease has a duration of about two days, seldom more than four days. As the dis- ease progresses, the excitement becomes more marked, and un- less this is cut short by generalized paralysis, the dog becomes furiously rabid. In this condition the dog is uncontrollable, it has hallucinations, and may, without provocation, bites its own master. Partial paralysis marks the onset of the second stage of the disease. The paresis may be unilateral, or it may be limited to the hind extremities or the lower jaw. If there is paralysis of the posterior extremities the dog walks with a humped back and an apparent stiffening of those parts. Later they become weak and tremulous, and it is with difficulty that the dog walks. The droop- a HYDROPHOBIA (RABIES). 539 ing of the lower jaw is a diagnostic sign, although it is not pres- ent in more than about thirty per cent. of the cases. The unt- lateral paralysis is characterized by a turning of the head to one side, and a tendency to cross the fore paws. As this condition becomes more pronounced the animal is inclined to, and may run or walk ina circle. During the second stage the voice may change; it is at first low and muffled, finally it becomes difficult to evoke and is a succession of low pitched howls coming from far back in the throat. As the paralysis of the cheeks, mouth and lower jaw becomes more evident the power to bark is completely lost. Although few rabid dogs eat and drink without discomfort, yet we find in the majority of cases repeated attempts will be made without success. In some cases, solid substances may be swallowed without discrimination, and on post mortem, when foreign material is found in the stomach there is sufficient evi- dence to arouse suspicion of rabies. Food may be held in the mouth for a short time and then dropped, a condition which may occur in advanced paralysis of the deglutitory muscles. As was stated in the opening paragraph, the rabid dog has no fear of water; a dread of water is, however, characteristic of hydro- phobia in the human subject. The dog may not be able to swallow; despite this fact it will make many attempts, succeed- ing only in emptying a dish of water by splashing the water over the sides in the eager attempt to lap it up. The owner of this dog usually makes the statement that it could not be rabid because it drank one or more dishes of water. When the paralytic stage appears early in the course of the disease the dog is usually morose but not aggressive; under such conditions we have the so-called dumb rabies. This type, how- ever, is not as common as the maniacal form, in which there is a condition of furious rage, in the diagnosis of which there can be no mistake. This is the most common diagnostic feature of rabies in dogs. In this state of delirium.the animal runs amuck, furiously attacking all animals, including man, and even its own master. It may travel as far as forty miles, leaving in its path 540 EF. J. CAMBON. numerous bitten animals which in turn may act as spreaders of the disease. The stage of paralysis lasts from one to four days, after which the third stage appears with complete loss of equilibrium. This period of paralysis varies from a few hours to two days. Finally, from two to seven days after the appearance of the first symptoms, death results from complete paralysis of the respira- tory center. The only method of treatment found so far, to be of any value in this disease is prevention. The prevention of rabies infection resolves itself into two procedures. (1) The destruction of all ownerless and vagrant dogs, and the muzzling of all dogs that appear upon the streets or in public places; thus preventing the propagation of the virus. It is of interest to learn that rabies has been so completely eradi- cated from Great Britain by the enforcement of the muzzling regulations that the pathologists of that country were obliged to send to this country for material from which to make a study of the Negri Bodies when the discovery was made that the latter bore a most intimate relation to the transmission and develop- ment of rabies. (2) The preventive inoculation known as the Pasteur Treat- ment, by which an immunity is produced by the subcutaneous injection of the virus of rabies in an attenuated form, beginning with the mildest virus and gradually going to up to one which possesses nearly or full virulence. In the preparation of material for the preventive treatment, rabbits are inoculated with “ fixed virus,” a term given by Pas- teur to virus, that is so exalted in virulence by successive in- eculations (100 rabbits), that it will produce the death of these animals in six or seven days. Beyond this point no increase of virulence can be obtained, hence the name, “ fixed virus.” The spinal cord is removed aseptically from rabbits killed by the in- oculation of fixed virus, cut into three pieces and suspended over a solution of caustic potash in a dark chamber. Here the cords are kept in the dark at a constant temperature of 23° C. for four- a HYDROPHOBIA (RABIES). 541 teen days. Emulsions of the dried cord are prepared in sterile salt solution or broth and injected every day, or sometimes more frequently during a period of fifteen to twenty-one days. As a rule, the most attenuated material (14-day cord) is injected first, and this is followed by virus of gradually increasing strength. The method is ‘essentially one of active immunization, and involves a race between the action of the attenuated virus and the virulent virus, introduced by the bite of the rabid animal. It follows therefore that the preventive treatment must always be ‘begun at the earliest possible moment after the bite. _ While the anti-rabic vaccine has been extensively used for the last twenty-four years for the prevention of rabies in the human, it 1s of comparatively recent date that it has been used in veterinary medicine. Its use by veterinarians has been made possible by its preparation in a form that can be sent to the practitioner at a point remote from the laboratory. Such a. vaccine is of inestimable value in the control of rabies, and it is of considerable economic importance to the live stock in- dustry. During the month of March, rg1t, Dr. Nisbet, of the Ameri- 'can Biologic Company, of Kansas City, gave several animals bitten by a rabid dog the Pasteur Treatment. (The dog during the inoculation was found by miscroscopic and subdural inocu- lation to be rabid.) The treated animals did not contract rabies, while on the other hand, an untreated cow, bitten the same day by the same dog which bit the treated ones, died four weeks later of rabies. Dr. Nisbet also supplied data on nineteen other cases as fol- lows: Nine dogs, eight horses, one mule and one cow which were treated with anti-rabic vaccine supplied by H. M. Alex- ander & Co. Three of the 19 cases died of rabies; one dog died on the thirteenth day; one horse was destroyed after the treat- ment was completed because symptoms of rabies became evident, and the cow developed rabies one day after the treatment was completed. The dosage for the before mentioned ten cases was the same as given by Dr. Nisbet, but twenty-four doses were 542 F. J. CAMBON. given instead of twenty-one. Judging from the fact that the fatal cases developed rabies after treatment was completed, or near the end of the treatment, it seems advisable to use a more intensive treatment, that is, the doses given should be of a less attenuated cord. Record of treatment administered to horse at Kansas City College of Comparative Medicine from March 6 to 23, I9gII, inclusive. Each dose consisted of one centimeter of cord emul- sified in five cubic centimeters of sterile salt solution. — Z = = Number of Dose. Proposed. Age of Cord Number Injections Given and Dosage. of Cord. Each Day. INCH GieodbospoooooUbe 3- 6-11 A.M. 5 cc. of 8 days 2233 E 1st day 10 A.M. INOW 2 ae iorarine's aisleteyeust 3- 6-11 A.M. 5 cc. of 7 days 2070 t 1st day 3 P.M. INH his anebans OO Con 3- 6-11 A.M. 5 cc. of 6 days 2070 1st day 6 P.M. ING FP Mixa cade Done 3- 7-11 A.M. 5 cc. of 5 days 2233 B 2d day 10 A.M. ISIN IGS Aw aaeo nomaoed 3- 7-11 A.M. 5 cc. of 4 days 2070 t 2d day 6 P.M. ING: @o.dauioo.c0len 03 bao 3- 8-11 A.M. 5 ce. of 3 days 2233 D 3d day 10 A.M. INGER ~“Sfaw ao bdot so doo 3- g-11 A.M. 5 cc. of 2 days 2071 J 4th day 10 A.M. ING Mga Sivaierevets ei eeiclorekons 3-10-11 A.M. 4 cc. of 2 days 2070% 5th day 10 A.M. INGH POG cinanitetlertesee 3-10-11 A.M. 4 cc. of 2 days 2071 G 6th day 10 A.M. ING Sip iO ate is ep cos sakesersle ihe 3-12-11 A.M. 4 ce. of 5 days 2072 D 7th day 10 A.M. Noe TTesh a chet toeie ee herons 3-13-11 A.M. 4 cc. of 3 days 2072 D 8th day 10 A.M. INS eRU Zia aioe oe eve eeietorens 3-14711 A.M. 4, cc. of 2 days 2072 D oth day 10 A.M. INO aIgelewioas sete miemiars 3-15-11 A.M. 4 cc. of 5 days 2072 D 10th day 10 A.M. IGEN LA er acaisiaya claraersithe 3-16-11 A.M. 4 cc. of 4 days 2072 D 1ith day 10 A.M. In@\s ASUSR AL ero Otaiiab OO. by 3-17-11 A.M. Ace: of 3 days 2072 D 12th day 10 A.M. NIGER, BtSision oly Sinan oc 3-18-11 A.M. 4 cc. of 3 days 2072 D 13th day 10 A.M. ING eeB RL it sarah level .obal oroterers 3-19-11 A.M. 4 cc. of 2 days 2072 D 14th day 10 A.M. INCOME EL Gittins eines exc tetsvexeirie 3-20-11 A.M. 4 cc. of 4 days 2072 E 15th day 10 A.M. ING el Onters ss cueysiersicls cele 3-21-11 A.M. 4 cc. of 3 days 2072 E 16th day 10 A.M. DINO 22 Otsicleloleverevoreisisveotele 3-22-11 A.M. 4 cc. of 3 days 2072 E 17th day 10 A.M. IN OS Me2 Warr clageyareia wueyele rey ave 3-23-11 A.M. 4 cc. of 2 days 2072 E 18th day 10 A.M. Laymen will ask, “ Where did the first case come from?” It is useless to discuss this question. Science is unable to solve the question of the origin or the end of things. Rabies is never spontaneous. A dog may be exposed to con- ditions that are directly contrary to his habits of life, such as cold, heat, abuse, bad food, no food, too much food, yet he will never develop rabies unless infected with it. It is always the result of a bite or infection from a rabid animal. If we are to follow the teaching of scientific investigation, we are led to the conclusion that rabies is transmitted to man and to beast very largely through the bites of rabid dogs, and that the dog carries it from one locality to another. This being the case, the question of the control and eventually the eradication of rabies HYDROPHOBIA (RABIES). DAS resolves itself into the single and not over difficult problem of the elimination of the homeless, wandering dogs, and the care- ful watching and better care of the others. Whether this will be brought about by a general enactment of the chain and muzzle ordinance that has been so successfully enforced in other coun- tries, or by a special dog tax, or by some other means, | am not prepared to say. As a member of this association, I do earnestly recommend that we, either as a body or as individuals, take a firm stand on this question. We owe such action to our fellow men, also to the animals we are trying to save, and above all, to the faithful friend of man, the dog. The period of incubation is quite variable, depending on the site of the wound, which is almost always a bite, the amount of virus introduced and its virulence. In general it may be said for all animals that the period of incubation seldom exceeds sixty days, the average period as given by Ravenal is as follows: Man, 40 days; dog, 21 to 40 days; horse, 28 to 56 days; cats, 14 to 28 days; pigs, 14 to 21 days; goats, 14 to 21-days; birds, 14 to 40 days. In rabbits inoculated subdurally with the brain from rabid animals, I found the period of incubation to vary from twelve to sixty-two days, and the duration of the disease to range from a few hours to three days. AT A CONFERENCE ON GLANDERS, called in the Second As- sistant Commissioner’s office, in New York City in January, Commissioner Huson stated that 1,631 cases of glanders had been destroyed by his department during the fiscal year beginning October, 1911, and ending October, 1912; and out of that num- ber 1,260 had been in New York City and Brooklyn. The object of the conference was to get an expression from the veterinarians and horse owners leading to an amendment of the agricultural law relative to the control of that disease. Detailed report in next issue. Dr. F. I. Pocopa, Troop M, Fifth Cavalry, Schofield Bar- racks, Honolulu, H. I., has been transferred with his troop to Fort Huachuca, Arizona. SOME OF THE MORE IMPORTANT INSECTS AFFECTING OUR FARM ANIMALS.* By W., H. DALRympLe, M.R.C.V.S., Louistana State UNIvERSITY. (Concluded from January number.) The flies, however, seemed to pass from us, in plague-like numbers at least, and although present more or less all of the time, we do not now hear of any great damage being done by them. Eggs are said to be laid not only in or on fresh wounds, but also in decaying vegetable matter, carcasses, etc., so that it would appear this fly is somewhat omnivorous in its taste, and this may account, in some measure, for its attacking fresh wounds when other classes of its food become scarce or difficult to obtain. The usual line of treatment was to apply to or pack the wounds with some effective agent to destroy the larve or mag- gots, and, if possible, repel attacks of the fly. Belonging to the family oestridz are the bot-flies, some of the species being extremely destructive in various ways. You are all, doubtless, quite familiar with this family of dipterous insects, and I will only touch upon some of the more important phases of their life history and the damage occasioned by them. The mouth parts of this group are either rudimentary or entirely wanting, so that the flies can neither bite nor pierce the animal's skin. According to Verrill, the eggs of the gastrophilus equi, the horse bot-fly, contain more or less perfectly developed larve when laid, and when they are mature, or have been a few days attached to the hair, they burst open and allow the young to escape almost instantaneously when moistened. Thus, when the * Paper presented at the thirtieth anniversary of the Illinois State Veterinary Medical Association, Chicago December 6, 1912. 544 at IMPORTANT INSECTS AFFECTING OUR FARM ANIMALS. 545 horse licks itself or its companions, the warm moist tongue hatches the eggs, and the young larve are transferred to the stomach, where they fasten themselves to the lining membrane by two hooks. It has been said that the grub or bot spends about eight months in the alimentary tract, six weeks in the pupal stage out- side of the body, and after the fly emerges from its pupal case it occupies the remaining ten weeks of the twelve months proceed- ing with the business of providing for another generation of bots. But in addition to the gastrophilus equi there are other bot flies affecting the horse; viz., the gastrophilus hemorrhoidalis or red-tailed bot-fly, and the gastrophilus nasalis or * chin-fly.” Their habits are similar to the equi. There are certain distinguish- ing characteristics, however, as to color and size and the tendency to attack the neighborhood of the lips and nose within easy reach of the tongue. As a matter of prevention, the indications would necessarily point to preventing the fly from laying her eggs by suitable repel- lents; the use of a solution, such as carbolic acid, some of the coal tar dips, kerosene, etc., to destroy the eggs attached to the hair, or shaving the eggs off with a sharp knife or razor. In case of stabled animals, ordinary good grooming will generally serve to remove any eggs present, but with horses, colts, etc., at pasture the case is different, as the animals may, in some cases, not be seen for considerable periods. However, it may be possible, during the late summer and early fall, to have this class of stock examined at short intervals, of a week or two, and the eggs removed or destroyed, which may be accomplished in the manner and with the materials just suggested. It is difficult to recommend any single, definite line of action that may be considered par excellence. However, a working knowledge of the life history and habits of the insects may often suggest methods that will prove more or less effective in many cases. . - As to remedial measures, well, all sorts have been recom- 546 W. H. DALRYMPLE. mended. Those which happen to be administered at or about the time the bots are leaving the digestive tract in considerable numbers, and of their own accord generally get the credit of being “‘specifics.”’ So far as my information goes, the bi-sulphide of carbon seems to have given the most satisfactory results in the removal of the oestrus larve. It was Perroncito, I think, who was the first to report on the use of this agent in this connection. It is recommended to be given to adult horses in gelatin capsules con- taining 10 grams each, and 8 grams for colts. One capsule is given an one-hour intervals until three have been administered, and the last capsule followed 12 hours later by a purgative. Passing to the bot-fly of cattle, sometimes called warble or wolf-fly, the interesting announcement was made by Dr. Cooper Curtice some years ago, and which seems to have been verified since, that the larve reached the backs of the animals through the mouth, and by way of the oesophagus, which was quite a discovery, and indicated that our common form was not the oestrus bovis of Europe, but oestrus lineata, or heel-fly, likewise, however, European in distribution. The larva is said to occupy several months in getting to the skin, while the development after reaching this location is more rapid. The losses from warble-flies may be considered from three points : 1. Loss on hides perforated by the grubs, subjecting them to discount or rejection in the markets. 2. Loss in milk and beef supply, caused by fretting and stampeding, due to the presence of the flies when depositing their eggs. 3. Loss of vitality and weakened condition, and con- sequent loss in milk or beef, due to the presence of the warbles in the back, and possibly the sores occasioned by them. It is difficult to obtain an accurate estimate of the sum total of these losses, but as the result of many inquiries and testimony IMPORTANT INSECTS AFFECTING OUR FARM ANIMALS. DAT from numerous sources, the late Miss Eleanor Ormerod, the British entomologist, estimated the loss in England at $5 per head for cattle. What the aggregate amount in this country would be, it is hard to say, but it would certainly run away up into the millions of dollars. Prof. Herbert Osborn states that omitting the creature’s comfort as a matter of mere sentiment, and considering the question from the practical standpoint of money returned, it requires only the very modest estimate of the loss of $1 per head to the cattle of the United States to show a loss of about $36,000,000 sustained by the country on the basis of the census of 1880. But in 1910 there were something over 69,000,000 milk cows and other cattle in the United States which, at $1 per head, would make the loss from the ravages of the warble-fly total up the enormous sum of, approximately, $69,- 000,000. The remedial measures recommended are several; viz., those to present the deposition of eggs, those to destroy the eggs and young grubs, and those to kill the larve after passing under the hide. I am firmly of the opinion, however, that if the standard arsenical solution was systematically used all over the country as it is with us in the South for the destruction of cattle ticks it need not be many years before the country was practically free of these expensive parasites. It is our experience that in sections where dipping in this solution has been practiced regularly and systematically for a season or two, cattle are practically free of these grubs, wolves, or warbles, in their backs. The last of this group which I[ will mention, briefly, is the sheep bot-fly—oestrus ovis. The older authorities claimed that this fly laid its eggs in the nostrils of sheep. Later observers state, however, that the living larve, or maggots, are deposited, and that this point may now be considered as well established, except, perhaps, when the flies are fortunate in finding their victim without delay, eggs may be deposited, but in such cases they doubtless hatch immediately after deposition. The larva at once begins to work its way up the nostrils and 548 W. H. DALRYMPLE. nasal passages, and frequently reaches the sinuses. It attaches to the membrane by two small hooks and feeds upon the mucus. When ready to assume the pupa form, those grubs that are able to do so pass down to the ground where they quickly bury them- selves. They remain in this dormant stage for about 40 or 50 days, or more, according to weather conditions, when each fly pushes open a little round cap-piece at the head-end, and thus arrives at maturity. The grubs found in the head may range from two or three to quite a considerable number. I have, myself, taken forty-two of these larvee from the head of a sheep that had died from parasitism of a different nature, however. The prevention of the deposition of the young larve is gen- erally the point aimed at, and various means are resorted to to accomplish this end. One that is quite common is to bere two- inch auger holes in a log, fill the holes with salt, and smear tar around the upper edge so that the sheep, in obtaining the salt, tar their own noses, which acts as a repellent to the flies. Valuable animals may be trephined to remove the grubs from the sinuses. I am rather inclined to the opinion that the country butcher- ‘pen 1s a great harborer and breeder of these flies, and that if sheep's heads, which are often thrown away as offal in such places, were carefully destroyed, to destroy the larve that may pass from them to the ground to pupate, it might materially re- duce the number of these flies in each locality. Another source of great annoyance to certain classes of live stock, and which it is believed is also responsible for the trans- mission of some of the important infections, is the family taban- idze, to which the horse-flies belong. The members of this family are large, some of them being among the largest of the order diptera, and the females are pro- vided with powerful mouth-parts, by means of which they inflict painful bites upon horses, cattle and other animals. Their flight is very strong and rapid, and is attended with a buzzing, tor- menting noise. a air eke. IMPORTANT INSECTS AFFECTING OUR*FARM ANIMALS. 549 Such of the larve as are known are either aquatic or live in moist earth, and are carnivorous. ‘But notwithstanding the abundance of the insects, comparatively little has been done to- ward determining the early stages of the species. Being carnivorous, and predatory upon snails, injurious in- sects, etc., the larve of the tabanids have sometimes been classed as beneficial, which may compensate, in some degree, for the bloodthirsty habits of the adult females. They are, unfortun- ately, so far as the animal is concerned, not open to successful attack in the larval stage. Tabanids are widely distributed—species occurring in all parts of the world. Up to about 1896 it was said that 1,300 or more species were known, of which 150 were credited to North America. Since that time, however, the number has been con- siderably added to, cver 300 having been catalogued so far. The circumstantial evidence with us in the South is strong enough to force the conviction that these flies are wide distribu- tors of anthrax infection, as it seems to be in seasons of their greater prevalence that this disease is most abundant. Powerful repellents are recommended, or nets, in the case of animals that are being used. A thin film of kerosene over pools of stagnant water, frequented by the flies, will destroy large num- bers of them, which was recommended some years ago by Porch- inski, a Russian entomologist. But the greatest relief will come through clearing, draining, and the cultivation of the land areas which at present form the breeding places of these animal pests. Just a word about buffalo gnats, family simultide. There are several species of buffalo gnats, and the injuries caused by them are among the most serious resulting from insect attack on domestic animals. They are small black flies, with a humped thorax and the head bent under, somewhat resembling the buffalo, and from which, I presume, they received their name. The early stages are aquatic, and the larve of the southern buffalo gnat (simulium pecuarum) is carnivorous, and probably others have a similar habit. 550 “W. H. DALRYMPLE. These gnats evidently emit a poison when biting, and a num- ber of remedies have been tried to counteract it, but without any uniformity of effect. Aqua ammonia externally, and, internally, ammonium carbonate and whisky, have been used with fair re- sults, at the same time keeping the animal in a cool, darkened stable, and also immersion in the cold water of running streams. Burning smudges attached to the hames is a method frequently adopted when the work stock are in the field. While it has not been absolutely shown that these gnats are responsible for the transmission of disease—except their pre- sumed connection with the transmission of pellagra—their habits of feeding upon so many different varieties of animals, as well as man, make it possible for them to act as carriers of infec- tion. Being aquatic, or semi-aquatic, in the early stages of their development, it would seem that attention should be given to their breeding places, and the attack directed toward their de- struction in the immature forms. My paper is already considerably longer than I had hoped to make it, but I think it would ill-become me—from the tick-in- fected section of the country—to close without making brief allusion to the “ margaropus annulatus,”’ the common cattie tick, or fever tick, which has been and is costing the country so much. The cattle tick is not a dipterous insect; in fact, is not a true insect, like those we have just been discussing. That is, it does not have any wings, “but it gets there just the same.” It be- longs to the order acarina, and the family ixodide, and is the most important tick attacking cattle in North America. As there is a large amount of available literature concerning this pest, it seems unnecessary to go into detail regarding it. Suffice it to say that the eradication of this tick from the south- ern states is, perhaps, the greatest agricultural and industrial problem before the people of that section of the country to-day. That is can be accomplished is evidenced by the large amount of territory already cleared of ticks and in the free area through the co-operative effort of federal and state authorities, aided IMPORTANT INSECTS AFFECTING OUR FARM ANIMALS. 551 by the dipping vat and the standard arsenical solution. Or, as some of our poetic veterinary inspectors have rhymed it: “The dipping vat’s the famous trick To eradicate the cattle tick.” It is a practical proposition and only needs money to make it an absolute success. And the more money appropriated by Con- gress and the different states affected for this work the sooner will we have a tick-free country, with the most profitable markets free and open to the product of every section of it, without let or hindrance. This will not only benefit the southern section in having an open market, but it will open up a vast rich cattle-raising country which will have to depend, for some time to come, upon the northern breeder of pure-bred animals to supply the demand for improved breeding stock, and it will also open up a rich field for a largely increased number of members of the veterinary profession. The last Congress appropriated $250,000 to cover the federal government’s assistance in this work, and it is the desire of those interested in this great uplift for the South to make an appeal, through every available and appropriate channel, to the present Congress to increase the amount to $400,000 for the coming season. I do not know of any investment that Congress could make that would give to the country such valuable returns, and if not out of place here, I would like to suggest that the Illinois State Veterinary Medical Association pass a resolution recommending that Congress appropriate at the present session $400,000 to further facilitate the work of tick eradication in the infected area of the country. KENTUCKY VETERINARIANS Hotp SuccessFUL MEETING AT LEx1ncton—Too late for publication in this number, we re- ceived from Secretary Robinson, of the Kentucky Veterinary Medical Association, a report of a very successful meeting at the State University, which we will publish in our next issue. MATERIA MEDICA— PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS.* By Gerorce JupiscH, Proressor oF PHARMACY, Iowa STATE COLLEGE, Ames, IA. The days of faith and mystery are, very happily, passing into medical history. Competent and careful practitioners no longer accept authority without the facts. Chemical analysis and phar- macologic investigation have confirmed or condemned the reputa- tion of many an agent employed in the healing art. The therapeutic nihilist is rapidly passing away because in- vestigation and experimentation, laboratory and clinical, have proven the potency and value of many drugs. Some years ago the medical profession insisted that prescrip- tions or proprietary compounds should be pleasing to eye and palate. This desire for pharmaceutical elegance, associated with “mixture’’ exercised some subtle aia the ancient idea that a fluence, caused the market to become flooded with many more or less useless products. That influence has left its mark on our present pharmacopoeia. Practitioners employing their highly exploited and wonderfully compounded products were disap- pointed with results and “ therapeutic nihilism ’’ was the natural outcome. Pharmacology is lighting the way to rational medicine. It enables us to separate the grain from the chaff. Being able to select the useful and reject the less useful or useless it seems high time that the veterinary profession adopt the system proposed by a committee of the American Medical Association. This com- mittee suggests, and the suggestion will doubtless be adopted, that only the most useful drugs be included in the materia medica or pharmaco-dynamics course. In this way the student would acquire a thorough knowledge of his remedial agents, whilst at * Presented to the twenty-fifth annual meeting of the Iowa Veterinary Association, at Ames, November 12, 1912. 552 MATERIA MEDICA—PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS. yay] “present, being obliged to give consideration to a large number in order that he may pass state and other examinations, he has little more than a conversational knowledge of them. We all know that the average doctor limits himself to 20 or 25 drugs, in fact, very few employ that number. Why befog the student’s mind with a long list of diuretics, diaphoretics, etc., when two or three will meet all indications? Why teach slightly efficient when we have highly efficient products? Whilst thinking of effi- ciency and potentiality let us devote a few moments’ considera- tion to “ new products,” “less toxic,” “ more efficient ’’ products than the old standards. A bee without a stinger is a drone. A toxic drug, or one producing unpleasant symptoms, when pre- sented in a new form that will not produce those symptoms has _been partially or completely robbed of its efficiency. Iodides are iodides, salicylates are salicylates and if admin- istered in an assimilable form will produce their characteristic effects. If they do not produce these symptoms they are lacking in iodine or salicylic acid contents. Ethpharmacal products having value and lauded by enter- prising manufacturers will, upon close investigation, prove to owe their virtue to an old and time tried drug. You will observe that the formula, if printed on the package, mentions drugs with which you are unfamiliar. In order to add to the mystery and the more thoroughly befog the doctor, the full botanical names are usually expressed. If the product, by way of illustration, happens to be a blister you will, upon strict search, find that the really active and valuable ingredient is your old friend red mer- -curic iodide. Why pay an extravagant price for a product that you can prescribe or dispense at a nominal figure? It is the doctor’s duty _to restore his patient to health as quickly, as safely and as cheaply 7 as the nature of the case will admit. The following is a partial quotation from a letter published in the last number of The Journal of the American Medical Associa- tion. “It seems as if there were a large percentage of the pro- fession waiting for some salesman to come along and hand him 554 GEORGE JUDISCH. green or pink pills, telling him that they are good for almost — everything, from nephritis to the vomiting of pregnancy, and — explaining how much more cheaply than the other fellow he can sell to you—————_._ It seems as if the average physician could not say ‘no’ to these semi-patent medicine agents, and this ac- — counts for the number of thrifty proprietary houses which are ~ supported by the ‘ gullible doctor.’ If the average man will — just ‘mix a few brains’ with his prescription work and not — depend on the inert proprietary drug, but insist on his prescrip- — tion being filled with drugs from a reputable house, 1 feel sure that more of us would have much faith and better results in our drug therapy.” No new drug has, within the last year, illuminated the medi- cal sky with its achievements, yet there is progress to report. © There is as much advancement in ascertaining that a drug is inert — as there is in adding a new one to our already long list of remedies. Within the last year Dr. Hatcher, if my memory serves me rightly, an eminent pharmacologist, reported his phar- macologic investigations of cactus grandiflorus. In order that his research might be as free as possible from errors, he re- quested a botanist of high standing to collect a quantity of the plant. It was carefully preserved, extracted by competent men _ and the alcoholic extract administered, hypodermically, to cats, — dogs and guinea-pigs. He also, at the same time, injected into a control animal a hydroalcoholic liquid containing the same ~ percentage of alcohol as the extract of cactus grandiflorus. The © kymographic readings were identical. He then prepared an ex- tract, in vacuo, so as to eliminate the alcoholic influence. If my © memory serves me rightly the quantity of solid extract injected into a cat was 6 drams. Proportionate quantities were used in the same way on other animals with uniform results; absolutely no influence on the heart. This product was introduced into medicine about thirty years ago and it was claimed by some that it possessed all the heart tonic properties of digitalis without any of its disadvantages. Dr. Hatcher’s careful and thorough pharmacologic investigation has proven it worthless and, as Dr. MATERIA MEDICA—PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS. 5590 Hatcher in his article stated, is interesting only in the fact that it is absolutely worthless. A product quite generally employed in human medicine with favorable results that might prove of value in veterinary medi- _ cine is hexamethylenamine, also known as hexamethyltetramine, urotropin, formin, aminoform, cystogen. This product is found on the market as a white crystalline powder and is obtained by the action of formaldehyde upon ammonia .6CH2 Nq4. It is freely soluble in water and the slightly bitterish sweet taste is im- perceptible if properly administered, dissolved in 8 to 16 ounces of water. Prof. A. Nicolaier, of Berlin, introduced this product into therapeutics and recommended it as a urinary antiseptic, and it heads the list in that class of remedies. Formin, at body temperature, is gradually decomposed in the stagnant fluids of the body, formaldehyde being liberated. The decomposition is more rapid if the fluid, as urine, is acid in reaction, but it exer- cises a decided bactericidal influence if decomposition does not occur. It is alkaline in reaction, but in some way, not as yet - ‘understood, causes an alkaline urine to become acid. Cases have been reported of its administration before operation on the brain with decided benefit due to its antiseptic influence on the cerebro- spinal fluids. Dr. Zak was impressed with the scanty bacteriologic findings in the rusty sputum of a pneumonic patient who had been given hexamethylenamine in the treatment for another affection. The same writer found that the drug is eliminated in the saliva and bronchial secretions. Dr. Crowe states that the following conditions may be favor- ably influenced by the administration of formin. Infections of the genito-urinary tract and typhoid bacilluria. Infections of the bile ducts and gall bladder. Infections of the cerebrospinal system as epidemic meningitis, meningeal infections following injuries or infectious processes elsewhere in the body. Infec- tions of the respiratory tract, including infections of the parana- sal sinuses and ears, acute rhinitis and some forms of bronchitis. Casper injected formin under the skin of a rabbit and found 556 GEORGE JUDISCH. formaldehyde in the blood. This is the only experiment on ani- mals that I have been able to find, but the drug certainly is worthy of a thorough trial by veterinarians. Sulphocarbolates——At the last meeting of the society the sulphocarbolates were highly recommended as intestinal anti- septics by several members. At the time of the discussion it seemed to me that these products were credited with a value they do not possess and I decided to inquire into the subject. The three sulphocarbolates usually employed are those of potas- sium, sodium and zinc, the latter two being official in the U. S. P. They were, at one time, employed in a limited way as in- testinal antiseptics in human medicine, but were soon abandoned as ineffective. I quote the following from Dr. Torald Sollman, Professor of Pharmacology and Materia Medica in the Medical Department of Western Reserve University: “ The great toxicity of phenol, its very pronounced local irritant action, and its rapid absorption, all lessen very greatly its therapeutic value, and active search has been made for compounds devoid of these undesired properties. The following methods have been tried. By substitut- ing an acid radicle for an H in the CH’ of the phenol relatively non-toxic compounds are produced. Such are the phenolsul- phonates. This combination is, however, useless, since it de-— troys the antiseptic power as well.’”’ Dr. Arthur R. Cushny, Pro- fessor of Pharmacology in the University of London, has the following to say regarding sulphocarbolates: ‘The sulphon group lessens the toxicity in the same way as carboxyl and the sulphocarbolates or para phenol sulphonates are therefore less poisonous than carbolic acid. The sulphocarbolates of sodium and zinc have been used as external antiseptics, and the sulpho- carbolate of sodium has been administered to arrest fermentation in the stomach. The zinc salt possesses some astringent action and has been used with good results as an injection in gonor- — thea. The sodium salt is probably excreted in the urine un- changed.” Dr. H. C. Wood, Jr., Associate Professor of Phar- macology, University of Pennsylvania, in Wood’s Therapeutics : ‘Both the sodium and zinc salts sulphocarbolates are official in r MATERIA MEDICA—PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS. 557 the U. S. P. The sulphocarbolates were introduced some years ago as intestinal antiseptics, for which purpose it was evidently expected they would possess the antiseptic virtues of carbolic acid and the innocuousness of the sulphocarbolates. It has been shown, however, by Withers that they are not possessed of any direct antiseptic power. More recently it has been claimed for them that they are decomposed in the intestinal tract with the liberation of carbolic acid, but we know of no experimental or scientific evidence tending to show the truth of this belief, and their value is extremely doubtful.” You will observe that au- thorities are agreed that the sulphocarbolates are not decom- posed in the intestinal tract, the chemical bond between the sul- ' phonic acid and base being a strong one. It is my understand- ing that the usual dose for a hog is 30 grains or % dram. For _ purpose of argument we will say that the product is decomposed and grant for the time that absorption does not take place. The _ decomposition would result in soda sulphate and phenol. Thirty _ grains composed of equal parts of the sulphocarbolates of potas- sium, sodium zinc would, upon decomposition, liberate 11 52/100 grains of phenol. According to Fred Smith’s Veterinary Phy- ' siology the average bowel capacity of the pig is 5 9/10 gallons. This would if absorption did not occur and the phenol were uni- formly distributed throughout the intestinal tract result in .o15 of a grain to each fluid ounce. Bacteriologists tell us that a solution of 1/400 of phenol - exercises some influence on bacteria, but weaker solutions do not. _A solution of .o15 of a grain of phenol to one fluid ounce will result in a solution of approximately I in 30333. Sulphocarbolates were highly recommended for hog cholera at last year’s meeting. You will observe from the foregoing that if decomposition did occur the resulting antiseptic action would be a negligible quantity. We must remember, however, that hog cholera virus is unusually resistant to antiseptics. Uhlenhutt reports the following results from numerous experiments with ‘hog cholera virus: 5/10 per cent. solution of phenol did not mdestroy the virulence of the virus after twelve days. A I per pean PO 5S GEORGE JUDISCH. cent. solution did not affect the virulence in four days and a 25/10 solution did not affect the virus in three days. In an- other experiment it did not affect it in thirteen days. He then employed a 3.3 per cent. solution with negative results. In view of these facts the original conclusion that sulphocarbolates are worthless as intestinal antiseptics must stand. EARNESTNESS OF PURPOSE AND PROFESSIONAL EFFICIENCY RECOGNIZED BY GOVERNOR OF MatNne.—Dr. Achilles Joly, of Waterville, Maine, has recently been appointed Live Stock Sani- tary Commissioner of that Commonwealth by Governor Wil- liam T. Haines, and it is needless to add that the appointment meets with the hearty approval of the Maine veterin- arians, as Dr. Joly is highly esteemed by his colleagues, who on three different occasions have elected him president of their state organization, of which he was one of the founders in 1893, and has held about all the offices in it at one time member of the A. V. M. A., and repre- sents his state in that organization as resident state secretary. He has always been an active worker along the lines of sanitary medicine, is a member of the Pe | Central Maine Anti-Tuberculosis So- Live Stock Sanitary Commis- ciety, of Sidney Grange, and Patrons sioner. Augusta, Me. of Husbandry. His ambition for the uplift of his profession in his state found vent in the active part taken by him with his fellows in organizing the State Board of Veterinary Examiners, and in his services as secretary of that board during the past eight years since its organization. The ReEvIEw congratulates Dr. Joly on the recognition of his worth shown him by his state after twenty-three years as a veterinary practitioner there, and congratulates still more the veterinary profession and live stock owners of the state of Maine in having ~ Dr. Joly to direct so important a branch of agriculture. Dr. Joun McCartney, for some years assistant to Dr. E. B. Ackerman, Brooklyn, has located in Middletown, N. Y. or another. The doctor is also an old — FIXED HOG CHOLERA VIRUS.* + By JoHN REICHEL, GLENOLDEN, PA. Hog cholera is at present correctly classed as one of the in- visible-virus diseases. Little has been added to the work of Dorset, Bolton and McByrde (1) in which they proved the speci- ficity of the virus. Aside from knowing that it is invisible, filter- able, demonstrable only by injecting suspected material into sus- pectible hogs, easily destroyed by heat and unusually resistant to some of the well-known disinfectants we have no clue to its real nature. The work of Dinwiddie (2) presented at the forty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association encourages the hope that the tissue-element, the red blood cor- puscles, of the hog may perhaps be demonstrated as the host of the specific cause. Judging from the natural outbreaks of the disease the varia- tion in the virulence of virus is a very important characteristic, upon which preventive measures including the success in the immunizing and curative treatment with hog cholera serum largely depends. In preparing virus or virulent blood for 1,181 hyperimmune hogs, 1,964 supposedly susceptible hogs were in- jected subcutaneously with from 2 to 5 c.c. doses of virus, and only 144 or 7.3 per cent. resisted infection. The 1,720 or 93.7 per cent. all developed the disease in less than 40 days. The virus hogs were kept in regulation virus pens, 8 by 10 feet, elevated 18 inches from the ground on four legs, waterproof * Read at the meeting of the United States Live Stock Sanitary Association, December 4o 1912. 7 Published in the Journal of Infectious Diseases, January, 1913. (1) Dorset, Bolten and McByrde, B. A. I. U. S. Dept. of Agric. Bulletin No. 72. (2) Dinwiddie, Report of the 49th Annual, Meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 559 560 JOHN REICHEL. metal lined floor, slant roof, both sides solid, small nar- row drop door for ventila- in back, with door and two window in front. Each pen is equipped with a wooden feeding trough and card holder to accommodate a card for each hog, )) Tie pens are placed in two rows of five each, from 4 to 5 feet apart. The two rows are separated by a fenced alley approximately 10 feet wide. The group of pens in turn is — surrounded by a fence which prevents all communication from pen to pen except by Ouriine or Vrrus- Pen Enctosure. the doorway of each pen. Although 19 strains are listed in Table No. 1 not all of the strains were continually passed through susceptible hogs. No more than six were passed through hogs in the virus pens at any | one time. The table records 13 separate, but not consecutive months. In fact a number of the strains listed were acquired several years ago, and when not passed through hogs during any one month the “ seed” of the strain was kept in sealed bulbs at a low temperature, the month was not counted in the tabulation. — A strain passed through hogs during a number of separate but not consecutive months was injected into not less than one lot of hogs | each month and during that month the strain may have been passed through two or more hogs. Although the hogs were injected for the chief object of producing virus or virulent blood for the injection of hyperimmune hogs every effort was made to - increase the virulence of the strains and to keep them pure, so — that the stronger would not supplant the weaker. All the hogs : for the production of virus were purchased by one who was thor- ‘ | FIXED HOG CHOLERA VIRUS. 561 ee Ee ‘Taser Novas Passage of Hog Cholera Virus Through Susceptible Hogs. Pears ah ans bee Se i ha ees g Source. 42 52 PE Be sa G2 52 BE GE Ze Se ee ES i. SitsO (OD) Va On oo so Eee Rot a ES GS. eee. aS > es SS oS oS ge we ne 8S ZA fe Ba ae be ee ee FAG) 200 «5A GAD 937) tT eee po Us Vi. North Dakota.. {9.5 10-9 7-7 7-5 11-5 17-8 7-6 9-7 11.3 of 21 5 49 36 30 12 10 17 16 Vz. Minnesota .... 7.2 8.8 9-3 5-4 7-I 7-7 7-1 TO.6) 6.7 : 43 (yagi 76°), 261 ", Z0 4 8 3 V3. Pennsylvania .. 19.4 Asse Fels On 50-4 7-219 <9 1063 : 6 6 7 9 8 8 5 3 6 V4. Pennsylvania .. 14.4 8.6 6.4 5-9 5-5 9-2 8 6.6 5.6 8 83 6 I 12 6 Vs. North Dakota.. 12.1 12.2 19-5 15 9-9 G2.600re2? 17.5 ; 6 2 De cee 2 RE RIO: “aie Geiss TreG SS 922) 10-2 (6256-6 5.2 . 4 V7. Pennsylvania .. 7-7 I 9 V8. Minnesota .... Si 738 ‘ Bre <5 Vo. Minnesota .... SP 623 . 7. Vio. Minnesota... 6.8 29.~—=s 28 18 31 16 Vir. Delaware ... 40.1 27.1 10.3 11.2 9-4 E 5 4 : Wie! 10) 0 Seer Tac2= Ss 25 G4 s moe 16 25 4 59 Tr S— 179° (121) 120) 37 Ree atin ea's.2 «=r a0cTo2i62 2025 30 36.2 Lee ey A 5 19-2 11.4 20.4 14.1 21-3 & 3 ° Vi14 Pennsylvania . 22.3 El. Sou jet ice ISagiGdS 2.5. Sos) 9.2) Feo 15 5 : W16. New Jersey .. 14.2 20 oi V17. New Jersey .. 10.2 Vi8. Missouri .... 6.5 se in ahs =x ss ad om ea 4 ar ar 25 Vig. Missouri .... 9.6 He he ce Ag Se Le hd ae ee axe Sve se eS eal * Number of susceptible hogs injected. : é + Average number of days in which hog cholera was developed before killed for virus or died. 562 JOHN REICHEL. oughly familiar with our needs. That they should be corn-fed and from hog-cholera-free sections of the country where chief requisites, that susceptible hogs were supplied is known by the fact 93.7 per cent. succumb. If, as happened several times, there was reason to believe that the hogs were infected upon arrival, no ‘* seed’ was saved to carry the strain from the suspected lot. Upon the arrival of a lot of hogs for the virus-pens, each hog was injected with from 2 to 5 c.c. of the seed-virus, and placed in the virus-pen assigned to the strain. The pens were not cleaned during the time each lot of hogs were kept in them. Grain was fed twice daily and water placed in the feed troughs without entering the pens. Temperatures, however, were taken daily and recorded. This was usually entrusted to one man who went from one pen to the next. Therein lies the possibility that infection was carried from one pen to the other, but a careful study o: the tables show that any increase in virulence was gradual. Moreover the care exercised in selecting the strain for “seed” reduced to a minimum the possibility that a weak strain was supplanted by a stronger. According to this the 19 strains had their origin in natural outbreaks in 8 States. The top figure in each square opposite the number of each strain includes the number of hogs injected during each month; the lower figure gives the average number of days from the time the hog was injected until the disease had sufficiently developed for us to kill the hog for virus or viru- lent blood. Sudden deaths, before the hog was bled, are in- cluded as hogs killed. With the exception of virus No. 1, the strains show a gradual increase in virulence, and we believe that we have had some of the strains under observation sufficiently long for us to regard them as having attained the maximum virulence possible—in other words, that these strains have or are rapidly approaching what Pasteur, working with rabies virus, called a “ fixed virus.” These strains are capable of producing the first symptoms, loss of appetite, occasionally reddening of the skin, and temperature- rise on the fifth or sixth day, with death on the seventh or eighth FIXED HOG CHOLERA VIRUS. 563 day as a direct result of the injection subcutaneously in 2 to 5 c.c. doses. The hogs killed in less than 5 days, included in the table, were probably of the small class infected before arrival. It is interesting to note at this time that fixed rabies virus will bring about symptoms of the disease in rabbits following subdural injection on the sixth or seventh day, and death on the eighth or ninth day. The period of incubation of fixed strains of the so-called invisible viruses may be quite similar in length. The virus or virulent blood collected from 1,720 hogs was entirely used up in hyperimmunizing 1,181 hogs, of which only 6.7 per cent. received one or more intraperitoneal injections, and 2.7 per cent. one or more subcutaneous. All the injections were made intravenously except in the percentage referred to, when intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injections were alone pos- sible. Virus propagated in the manner outlined above and injected intravenously will yield a uniformly potent serum, as has been proved by the accepted standard test of injecting 6 susceptible pigs each weighing not less than 50 pounds with 2 c.c. doses of virus, fixed virus being invariably used; 2 are then injected with 15 c.c. and 2 with 20 c.c. doses of the serum under test, and 2 are left untreated with serum, to serve as controls or checks on the virulence of the virus used and the susceptibility of the pigs. The virus used should kill the controls in at least 21 days, while the serum should save pigs treated. Dr. RUTHERFORD ON THE JUDGES’ STAND.—In scanning the pages of the January number of Bit and Spur, we were pleased to observe a striking likeness of our good friend Dr. John G. Rutherford, standing in an easy, happy attitude upon the judges’ stand at the Ottawa Hunt Club race meet. The doctor was the center figure of a little group, with His Royal Highness the Duke of Connaught on his right; Mr. T. C. Bate, on his left, and Dr. R. E. Webster, M.F.H., to the right of the Duke. REPORTS OF CASES. POLIOMYELITIS “IN THE HORS He By JoHN F. WINCHESTER, Lawrence, Mass. On the 13th of October, 1912, a dog owned by Mr. E. A. K. made the acquaintance of a skunk. For a few days before this he did not act natural. He was about five years old, very fat, had been in the family since a pup. The dog officer was called on the 14th and found him weak in the hind legs, but would stand and walk, although he did not have full control of the legs. Would respond to the call of the owner. No salivation, no snapping, not vicious, swallowed normal. When placed in the wood-shed, he did bite the door jamb and barked. When urinating he squatted like a pup. Did not in any way act excited, and did not rest when lying down; was uneasy. The officer informs me that there were no symptoms to cause him to suspect rabies. When the officer gave him cyanide, he held the dog’s mouth open with his bare hand. The officer was sent for, as the owner thought the dog had been poisoned, and the odor of the skunk was very marked. After disposing of the dog, the owner was anxious to know if a disease in a dog could be transmitted to the horse. The officer said such could occur if the horse was bitten, especially if the dog had rabies. This opinion led to an examination of the horse, which was frequently loose in the yard, and barb wire was on the fence, and they found a scratch about the center of the upper lip, and superficial. The scar was about one inch long, and the owner considered this due to the barb wire. The horse in question began to manifest symptoms that were first noticed soon after the dog was killed. Mr. and Mrs. K. told me they were not sure that the dog bit the horse, which confirmed what the officer had told me. This interesting case forms part of a report to the Director of the Department of Public Health and Charities of Lawrence, Mass., by Dr. John F. Winchester, in the capacity of Inspector of Animals of that city; and seems to point to the importance of microscopical examinations of the central nervous system, where clinical symptoms seem to indicate derangement of the nervous system.—T[Ep.] 564 REPORTS OF CASES. 565 As described by the owner to me, the horse would drive side- ways, stagger, was languid and at times excited. These symp- toms continued up to and including the week of November 3, 1912, when, in addition to the above, he would snap his teeth, salivate and drag both hind feet. About one week before the horse was shot he was newly shod, and then the toes of both hind-feet were worn so much as to attract attention. The last week of his life the symptoms remained the same, although more marked, especially as regards the wearing of the toes of both hind hoofs and shoes. The owner informs me that he would carry his head high and, when left near a post, would rub his face. He drove him for the last time on the 15th of November, and then took the precaution to tie him, the first time in three years. This day he rubbed the side of his head severely and bit the rope in two. The following day he became very excitable, hitting his head against the side of the stall, and was unsafe to approach or care for. REPORT FROM THE PATHOLOGICAL LABORATORY, MASSACHU- SETTS GENERAL HospITAt. Report of Microscopical Examination of Paraffin Sections from the Cerebral Cortex, Cerebellum, Medulla and Cervical Cord of a Horse for Dr. J. F. Winchester.—Sections from the medulla show much cellular infiltration of the adventitial lymph spaces of many of the blood vessels, and also aggregations of cells about some of the large nerve cells. Degenerative appear- ances in the nerve cells are not well marked. Sections from the cervical cord also show cellular infiltration of the adventitial lymph spaces of the blood vessels, both in the gray and white matter, and also striking lesions in the gray mat- ter, especially in the anterior horns. These lesions are in the form of foci of cellular infiltration, occupying areas several times the diameter of a large nerve cell. In the midst of these foci, nerve cells may be seen. In one of them a large nerve cell is present, showing hyaline changes, an irregular outline, and in- dentations produced by the cells which surround it. The cells infiltrating the adventitial lymph spaces and agere- gating about the nerve cells and in the foci in the cervical cord are of several kinds. Most of them cannot be distinguished from small lymphocytes ; some have resemblances to plasma cells; some are larger and apparently represent the polyblasts of Maximow. 566 REPORTS OF CASES. Their nuclei are often fragmented. No polymorpho nuclear leucocytes can be positively recognized. Sections from the cerebral cortex and cerebellum show no definite lesions. No signs of meningeal inflammation observed in any of the sections. Negri bodies so characteristic of rabies are not to be found in any of the nerve cells. It is impossible to make a definite diagnosis from these find- ings. While lesions similar to these have been described in rabies, they have been shown not to be diagnostic of that dis- ease, but to occur in other diseases as well, especially in the acute stages of poliomyelitis. The absence of Negri bodies points strongly against rabies, but does not absolutely exclude it. The similarity of the lesions in these sections to those found in poliomyelitis is very striking, and the possibility should be seriously considered that this is a case of that disease in a horse, although the spontaneous occurrence of it in this or any other animal is not yet recognized. (Signed) JAMEs Homer WRIGHT. TRAUMATIC “PERICARDEITS: By Bruce M. Wattace, D.V.M., Bergen, N. Y. On the morning of June 5th I received a call to come and see a cow, which the owner said was off her feed. It was only a short distance from town, so I was not long in getting there. On arriving I found a fine specimen of a Holstein cow, 8 years old and weighing about 1,000 pounds, standing in a stanchion, with the nose resting on the floor; respiration 25, temperature normal, pulse 60 and intermittent. A swelling was noticed be- tween the rami of the inferior maxillary bone, and also a swell- ing of the dew-lap, which would pit on pressure. Auscultation over the heart revealed a gurgling sound. Appetite was just fair, and the animal in good condition. The case was diagnosed as one of traumatic pericarditis, telling the owner that treat- ment was useless, and that the cow could then be used for food. He doubted my diagnosis and wanted her treated. 1 complied with this request, giving 114 pounds magnesia sulphate, applied mustard to the sides and put the patient on a good tonic. I again advised the owner to butcher her, informing him she would be dead in four weeks. She lived five weeks, and I asked ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, | On of air must be used freely in conjunction.—(Miinch. Tierarst- liche Wochenschrift, 1911, No. 18.) A PrRactTIcAL: METHOD OF ADMINISTERING FLuID MEDICA- MENTS TO THE Horse [By Combaret].—The administration of fluid medicines to the horse is always a tedious process, and very trequently the animal refuses to swallow the fluid, so that the greater portion is lost in running out the sides of the mouth. The author describes the method which he has adopted for many years, and which has given him entire satisfaction, as fol- lows: The head of the horse is fastened in the usual manner ‘and held at a proper elevation. The operator stands upon an object of sufficient height to enable him to pour the fluid into the mouth from one side, the neck of the drenching bottle is placed over the tongue; when a sufficient quantity of “fluid is in the mouth, and when the horse will not swallow, an assistant pours a small quantity of clean, luke-warm water into the nasal chamber. The water coming in contact with the sensitive nasal mucuous membrane immediately produces a reflex action which results in the involuntary sw allowi ing of the liquid in the mouth. This manipulation is to ‘be repated until the whole dose is swal- lowed, and not a drop is lost in consequence. It is important to note that only a small quantity of water is to be used for nasal irritation—about three or four teaspoonfuls. As soon as the animal has swallowed the contents in the mouth, the trickling of the water into the nasal chamber should cease immediately. —(Berliner Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, No. 12, 1912.) ANNUAL SMOKER OF VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF New York City.—-The popularity of these annual gatherings with veterinarians of Greater New York and surrounding states has pretty clearly demonstrated the need of relaxation of that kind by men closely confined to the exacting duties that their call- ing demands of them. So that at the last meeting President Mc- Kinney appointed a committee to arrange for such a function; and we are advised by Chairman MacKellar that it is to be held on Wednesday, February 19, in the “Beef Steak Garret,” Reis- senweber’s, Fifty-eighth street and Eighth avenue. Excellent talent has been secured, and a good time is-assured. Tickets may be procured from Drs. R. W. MacKellar, 351 West Eleventh street: Maffit Smith, 43 West Ninetieth street, or C. Rhorer, 128 West Fifty-third street. CORRESPONDENCE. NERVOUS AND INTESTINAL ATONY IN CADIS FROM UNCERTAIN CAUSE. WoRMS IN PROTEID—HYPERSENSITIZING?. Editor AMERICAN VETERINARY REvIEW, New York: I would be very much pleased for your opinion of a disease among cattle I’ve had in 1911 and 1912, latter part of August and September, about the same time both years. History. 1%911—One farmer, pasture low land with several swamps and timber; one crude oil well and one gas well in pas- ture, not operated ; lost three cows and one bull. Called in Assist- ant State Veterinarian and B. A. I. employee; concluded to call it malaria from stagnant water, although were watered night and morning from well, but had access to the stagnant water. Food all examined and apparently best. Flies and mosquitoes worst I ever saw. I912——Same farmer lost two or three and treated three or four others successfully. Same condition as 1911, only flies and mosquitoes worse. One neighbor lost two, same symptoms, not treated; also low land. Another farmer, high lands, hilly pas- ture, running spring water, lost six so far; last two treated unsuccessfully. Looked carefully for ticks several times; none found. This farmer on hills bought several head from neighbors also on high lands but none from stock yards. Symptoms—Pulse 90-130; temperature, 100-101%° F.; peristalsis ceases ; no intestinal nor gastric fermentation ; anorexia sets in only from 24 to 48 hours before death. Examining the herd in pasture, would find the pulse to be the first symptom, some apparently well with pulse 90. Marked anzemia of all visible mucous membranes, as in a fatal case of hemorrhage, be- coming paler as case progresses. After pulse reaches 100 and anorexia present, they die in from 6 to 24 hours. About two- Note—The Review editor being confirmed in his opinion by one of the collaborators engaged in cattle practice, that the symptoms described in the above query were out of the ordinary, submitted it to one of the profession’s highest authorities, whose answer, following Dr. Michael’s inquiry, will be found most interesting and instructive reading, and furnish an abundance of food for thought. 576 —— ee ee ee a ere ee oe oe —— an a on co =I CORRESPONDENCE. thirds treated while still eating and pulse not over 85 would recover, with full doses of quinine, digitalis, nux, and Spts. Fru- ment. Post-Mortem Lestons—Subcutaneous and visceral regions in an anemic. condition; lungs normal; liver slightly more yellow than normal, and litle softer ; gall bladder enlarged, filled with very thick, flaky gall; spleen soft and pulp darker in color; in- gesta normal except in abomasum a little dryer than normal; kidneys normal; bladder and urine always normal. Circulation: Heart muscle blanched; patches of ecchymosis on pericardium; left ventricle and auricle filled with large, tough, reddish clot extending into blood vessels for about 18 inches; right ventricle and auricle filled with dark, tough clot. At ends of clots an amber jelly-like mass not so tough; these clots cut about like normal liver. Bones normal, brain and meninges bleached. Post mortem held about six hours after death. Might it be some protozoa inoculated by flies or mosquitoes ? Yours very truly, Dr. L. B. MicHAEL, Collinsville, Il. REMARKS BY PROFESSOR LAW. In a second letter from Dr. Michael he gives the following additional points: The oil and gas wells were on one farm only; the disease occurred on three farms. A large lead smelter works is operated 3 to 6 miles from the farms, and near this, several horses and cows have died from the arsenical fumes. The farmers haul no manure from the city, therefore this source of lead may be excluded. Cattle are the only animals affected. Dr. M. does not believe they go near the wells. Sex and condition seem to make a dif- ference. As cool weather set in the disease disappeared. Emaciation is not evident. Pulse rapid, 90+ from the first. Breathing is only accelerated in the very last stage. There is no uneasiness, pain, nor anorexia at first. Necropsy shows very extensive blood clots. Dr. M. estimates from this that one-fifth of the peripheral blood supply had been "used up in this way before death. There was no microscopical examination made of anything. There was a complete absence of peristalsis, yet the abdomen 57S CORRESPONDENCE. felt normal on palpation. One farmer gave 6 pounds Sodii sulphas to a patient with no result. To two cases in the advanced stage Dr. M. gave physostigma-pilocarpin compound without effect. Both died about two hours after. It may be well to here deal shortly with different supposed causative factors: Ist. Arsenical Poisoning—Vhis in certain chronic forms has been found to be associated with fatty degeneration and muscular atony or even paralysis. But beside the distance from the lead smelter (3 miles and upward), arsenic is discredited by the fol- lowing considerations: (a) The Collinsville disease is confined to cattle, whereas the arsenical precipitate would have affected other herbivora on the same pastures and especially on such as were closer to the smelter; the Collinsville disease is confined to a month of the hot season instead of continuing through the year, or the season of pasturing, as with an arsenical precipitate; the Illinois disease rapidly develops to a fatal acuteness following its first manifestation, whereas the arsenic from the smelter would have rather caused a slowly advancing affection as the poison accumulated ; in the two successive years (1911 and 1912) the malady has been shown in the hot autumn months only, and in 1gt2 after the heavy rains of August, when the poison should have been largely washed off from the vegetation; finally, the symptoms don’t agree with those of acute arsenical poisoning which usually eventuate in mucous gastro-enteritis and diarrhoea as stated by Dr. M. Lead Poisoning—This is more probable than the last, as plumbism causes spasms and even paralysis not only of voluntary muscles but even of the involuntary muscles of the bowels, womb, etc., and is habitually productive of obstinate constipation as in the Collinsville affection. The same objections may be made to lead poisoning as to arsenical poison from the smelter. Dr. M. is positive that no city manure has been put on the lands, so that we must apparently discard the idea of paint, paint-pot scrapings, sheet lead, oil cloth, leaded papers, etc., which might be admitted through sucha channel. There remains the lead and cotton waste packings from the oil and gas wells, though these have not been operated for some time. The paint used in such joint packings is not altered by time nor exposure, and it is no uncommon thing to find that it has been turned under by the plow one year and plowed up and left on the surface one, two or three years later, so that the cattle chew and swallow it to their own undoing. Cattle, especially cows, have a special penchant for chewing non- a CO Fe) ee ae CORRESPONDENCE. 579 alimentary matters, so that apart from the sweetness of certain lead compounds (acetate), they are exposed to plumbism above other'domestic animals. Dr. M. does not think the cattle went to the wells, but evidently the way was open for them to go if they chose, and it would be rather surprising if they never did. The probability that the lead was the toxic factor is, however, much diminished by the fact that the disorder occurred in two suc- cessive years on three farms, whereas the suspected wells were only on one of them. If the fences were good, this seriously dis- credits the wells as a source of the poison. There is the further drawback that, when lead poisoning proves so rapidly fatal as in the cases before us, there are usually such marked symptoms of nervous disorder (dullness, stupor, clonic spasms, bellowing, delirious dashing about, pushing against a wall or other ob- stacle) as can hardly be overlooked. But it is such a common experience that the lead has been introduced in an unsuspected way that, in any future cases, a careful examination should be made of the contents of the stomachs and analysis of these, the liver and spleen, so as to exclude this possibility and narrow the inquiry down to other channels. Narcotics—Among narcotic plants we have a long list, in- digenous or acclimatized, which should be looked for in the pas- tures where animals suffer. I may name crowfoot, milkweed, sneezeweed, aconite, veratrum, larkspur, poppy, belladonna, hyo- scyamus, thornapple, lobelia, conium. maculatum, cicuta virosa, potato tops, sunned (green) potatoes, lily of the valley, yew, poison ivy, poison sumac, spurge and narrow-leaved laurel, etc. Poisonous ryegrass or darnel is always injurious, but many of the grasses and legumes are likely to be dangerous only when ripening. Thus ripening ryegrass has long been associated with staggers in horses and cattle in Europe; the same is shown to a lessened degree in the different small grains, millets, and no- toriously so in vetches, lupins, peas and various trefoils. Forage Poisoning; Cryptogamic Poisoning—This brings us to the question of analogy with the Kansas equine enzootic of the past year (1912). It is true that horses only suffered in Kansas, and cattle only in Illinois, but the two outbreaks agree perfectly as to date of appearance and time of prevalence, in that they both followed a wet spell, prevailed during the hot weather, and subsided abruptly on the onset of cold. Both involved the nervous system and showed a remarkable intestinal atony, and both are said to have been attended by extensive ante-mortem blood clots and consequent embolism. Horses suffered more 580 CORRESPONDENCE. from cerebral disorder, while cattle had early circulatory excite- ment and rapidly advancing anemia. Forage poisoning appears to have been extensively prevalent in adjoining states as lowa (Dimock) and Nebraska for years past. It is a convenient name under which may be included a number of different forms of poisoning due to various diverse factors. Even if we change the name to Cryptogamic poisoning, it helps little in this respect, as the cryptogams growing on or in forage are multifarious, and the ‘Heneneation of sn with its posuleane symptoms, remains an important desideratum. Besides, it is a common experience that the pathogenesis of a cryptogam often varies according to its stage of growth, to the environment in which it has been grown, to the abundance or paucity of light and air supplied, and to the food, etc., of the victim. It follows that it may vary accord- ing to the genus or species of animal upon which it operates, and to the constitution, condition, food, etc, of such animal. The com- plexity of the subject, the imperfection of the knowledge as yet in our hands, and the discrepancies in the records of observations on particular cryptograms, make the field an uninviting one; yet it is well to know that two reports on the action of the same cryptogam, which seem to be mutually contradictory, are not to be taken as indicating that the pathogenesis described in the one is to be absolutely rejected. It may mean only that the condi- tions have been different in the two, and that in identical con- ditions the results would have been the same. The difference in results may indeed be of the highest value to the careful investi- gator as opening up new truths through a study of the varying conditions. In this, too, we find an explanation of the notorious fact that a spreading disease carrying a rapidly advancing de- struction like the Kansas equine affection will promptly undergo arrest and rapidly disappear without obvious cause. The recent Kansas outbreak reminds me forcibly of an ex- perience which I had in the Sunflower State in the early ’80’s. The whole country was suddenly startled by the report of an out- break of foot-and-mouth disease in southeastern Kansas. I was at that time chairman of the U. S. Treasury Cattle Commission, but was well satisfied by the published reports that the trouble was the old and well-known gangrenous ergotism. I did not feel justified in spending government money in personally visiting the afflicted state to investigate a delusion that must very soon col- lapse like the bubble it was, and show its own insubstantiality. But the delusion spread rapidly and gained impetus as it ex- tended. The state veterinarian and a veterinary commissioner ; > 4 % ‘ 4 CORRESPONDENCE. 581 from Canada agreed that the malady was the genuine foot-and- mouth disease. The Governor quarantined the affected herds, other states were preparing to lay an embargo on all Kansas ruminants, Kansas live-stock industry was threatened with tem- porary ruin, the enormous domestic trade of the country bade fair to be seriously injured, and the next step could not fail to be the exclusion of American live stock by outside nations. I felt now that the mistake was becoming a national calamity and that I could no longer resist the renewed and increasingly urgent re- quest of Judge French, Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, that I should go west to the seat of trouble at once. I accordingly went and found, as I expected, a very imposing exhibition of gangrenous destruction of distal parts. Whole herds were affected so that infection had been a plausible explanation and too easily and universally accepted. Some had necrotic sores around the coronets which had been sunk in the black mud of the spring thaws; others had the hoofs separated and either shed or semi-detached from the quick which showed the beginnings of the necrotic processes; others were sloughing, or had already sloughed off the digits at the fetlock, or the limb through the lower or upper metatarsal region; others were shedding the withered tips of the ears or tail; others had small necrotic sores on the lips or buccal mucosa. But at no point were there the large vesicles, covered by cuticle and with serous contents, as in foot- and-mouth disease, and in no case did sheep or. swine suffer though kept in the same muddy yards with the stricken cattle. Horses, when affected at all, showed only the small necrotic sores on the buccal mucosa. There was no room for doubt that the pub- lic scare was the result of an error, but the error had got the start of the truth, it had already secured the ear of authority, of the general public, and of an antagonistic trade competition. Truth was placed in a woeful minority and the errorists were very con- fident in their position. It was evident that a demonstration was necessary to carry conviction not only to the general public, but even to the veterinarians who had fallen into the mistake. I there- fore inoculated sheep, swine and new-born (sucking) calves, and, after two days’ interval, obtained no trace of infection or in- flammation. at the points of inoculation. The demonstration having been successfully accomplished, report was made to the Governor, the quarantine raised, and, with attention to the need- ful instructions as to food, the “ foot-and-mouth disease’ in Kansas was definitely ended. In the genuine foot-and-mouth _ disease invasion in 1908, mistakes of the same kind were common 582 CORRESPONDENCE. and inevitable. In New York, in counties far outside the real area of infection, cases of mycotic stomatitis were reported as the infectious disease which, if accepted, would have subjected a great part of the state to quarantine and the live-stock industry to very heavy losses. In Delaware County, Pa., I stood beside the open trench dug to receive the carcasses of a considerable herd, which had been condemned as suffering from the pesti- lential disease because they bore on their mouths these spots of mycotic gangrene. In this case the condemned animals had come from Baltimore, West Virginia and Ohio, and if the error had not been corrected, and the stock saved from destruction, the con- templated act would have logically entailed the quarantine of the States of Maryland, West Virginia and Pennsylvania at least, and untold losses upon the American live-stock industry. Cryptogamic Poisoning is the result of different non-flower- ing plants in different cases, and as such plants are often toxic, they are common objects of suspicion. Many, however, like the common field mushroom and its edible allies, are, when fresh, justly estemed as food. Our common yeast is almost indis- pensable to our modern civilization. Yet even this produces its narcotic alcohol and irrespirable carbon dioxide. The monasces purpurens, growing in silage exposed to air, has proved fatal to horses (Buchanan). Blue mould has been the supposed cause, on many occasions, of mycotic stomatitis and intense cerebro- spinal disorder. Bitting found it especially lethal when compli- cated with fusarium. The other moulds at the period of their full strength, fed in spoiled grain, are credited with the loss of hun- dreds of thousands of dollars yearly. Ergot has been already referred to. Smuts under given conditions are similarly incrim- inated. Space would forbid a fuller list of these. Though not always equally poisonous, the specimens named and others of the same family groups are always to be dreaded when conditions favor toxic action and receptivity. Bacteria Poisoning—Bacterial ferments and their products in grain and fodders are chargeable with similar troubles as those just laid to the charge of cryptogamic invasion. ‘They have the same uncertainty in successive cases, often reaching a great potency, with a high mortality which may be maintained for a time and then suddenly disappear. The pathogenicity may also be dependent on the nature of the food furnished in the seed in- vaded, on the variation in the supply of air or sunshine, on the state of the weather, wet or dry, on electric disturbance, on the presence of other bacteria and their products, and on the suscep- <2 a hee VE a CORRESPONDENCE. 583 tibility of the animal exposed. It will be most interesting to notice the coccus which has been advanced as the cause of cerebro- spinal meningitis or the Borna disease in Europe. Coccus, Diplococcus or Streptococcus of Borna Disease—This has been found in many outbreaks in Europe and America in the subarachnoid fluid of affected animals. It may be found as a gram positive monococcus, 0.6 m. in diameter and less frequently as a diplococcus (Siedamgrotzky ), or, again, as a streptococcus with 6 to 9 cocci in the chain (Ostertag). It grows readily on a gelatine plate, forming a sharply circumscribed colony, the size of a linseed, raised in the centre, and of a dirty grayish white; also in bouillon producing turbidity with a flocculent appearance beneath. Cocci have been found in the blood as well (Johne) and in other domestic animals showing similar symptoms. It has been largely accepted as the essential factor in the disease and attempts at immunization by sera have been resorted to. The apparent temporary success of such a measure can mean no more than does the, habitual, sudden subsidence and disappearance of the malady in the entire absence of such a resort. This charac- teristic feature of the disease is far better in harmony with the introduction of a poison from outside than with the modification of a bacteridian poison in the body. If the observer comes to the question with a preconceived opinion in favor of bacteridian infection as the essential cause, he finds much to accord with the idea. But is the mere presence of a germ absolutely conclusive? Does similarity of the germ in two different outbreaks prove the identity of the two germs? Does a wider acquaintance with the disease sustain or lessen confidence in the constant and essential potency of this germ factor? In answer we may quote, Ist, the difference in physical or evolutionary structure of the germ found in different outbreaks—a monococcus (Siedamgrotzky, Schlegel), diplococcus (Johne, Marcq, Wilson, Brimhall, Christian, Weich- selbaum, Ostertag), micrococcus (Wilson, Brimhall), strepto- coccus (Ostertag, Streit, Grimm). If it is claimed that all are spherical and that the distinction depends on the promptitude of separation of the individual cocci (before or after the forma- tion of the chain), it must still be conceded that this difference of form constitutes a clear distinction, and it is for the advocate of identity to show why in the same temperature and environ- ment (circulating blood, cerebro-spinal fluid) there should be these different forms in different outbreaks. It is not due to a difference in genus of the victim, is it then to a difference in the blood and spinal fluid from food, water, concurrent disease, 584 CGRRESPONDENCE. peculiar individual metabolism, special quality or amount of secretions, or to the presence of another germ (as when Bacillus acidt lactict enhances the potency of Bacillus anthracis). 2d, There is a wide difference as to the certainty of the asserted propagation of the disease by giving or inoculating the alleged germ in successive outbreaks. It has been assumed that infec- tion is introduced casually in food or water, but this is but an inference, there is no experimental demonstration of such a re- sult. Hutyra says the disease is not transmitted directly from animal to animal. As regards susceptibility, he places the horse first, followed by the sheep and at a greater distance by the ox, while swine and dogs prove resistant. Susceptible animals are not readily infected when the germ 1s administered by the mouth, nose, alimentary canal, subcutem or even intravenously, but much more frequently when injected under the dura mater. In the last- named method there is the risk of mechanical injury or complex infection. 3d, Hutyra further assures us that an animal recov- ered from an attack has no immunity against a future invasion. This agrees much more perfectly with a simple poisoning (cryp- togamic or chemical) than with a bacteridian infection. If estab- lished, it would put artificial immunization out of court, for, how- ever the animal system becomes habituated to and tolerant of poisons, this tolerance does not rise to the degree of obviating entirely the toxic action of an excessive dose. It certainly for- bids us to accept the theory that the sudden cessation of new cases is due to a tolerance induced by a first attack. It turns the observer back to seek, in cryptogamic or other poison, the ex- planation of the sudden destructive outbreak, and its equally sudden ending. 4th, If the theory of bacterial infection must be accepted, its advocate must explain the absence of the disease through the great heats of summer and until the end of July or August, and no less its disappearance in September, before the really cold weather has set in, in the latitude of Kansas or southern Illinois. 5th, If he should appeal to rain as well as cold, he must show how a microbe, living and multiplying in the animal body with a blood temperature of 99° to 102° F. constant all the year, is to be affected by outside conditions. In Germany cases are reported in January and February, rising to large numbers in May and June and gradually decreasing through the third quarter of the year. This is on a latitude much higher than that of Kansas, Missouri, lowa or Illinois. 6th, Flies and other preda- tory insects may be invoked as carriers of the germ, but these do not delay their yearly advent until August and do not cease their attacks in September. CORRESPONDENCE. 585 Protogoa—Dr. M. questions whether a protozoon carried by insects may not explain the Collinsville disease? Located as this place is on a line of rail, a short distance east of St. Louis, it would not be surprising if the fever tick bearing the Piroplasma biguninum should have been dropped in the pastures. The dis- ease occurred at the right season, produced the requisite anaemia in the victim, was sufficiently fatal, and subsided after a heavy rainstorm which habitually interrupts the activity of the tick and might seal its fate and arrest the disease if followed by cold. But there was an absence of ticks on the cattle; there is no evidence of engorged spleen nor enlarged liver; the high temperature of Texas fever is wanting; the remarkable intestinal atony and con- stipation are not characteristic of Texas fever, nor is the coagula- tion of the blood before death. Another protozoan disease of cattle known to exist in this country is the chronic Texas fever associated with the round Anaplasma marginale in the blood, but the absence of Southern cattle and of the ticks virtually decide against this, even if the Collinsville disease had been more chronic and less fatal. The Trypanosoma Americana is common in American cattle, but so far no visible illness nor fatality has been found to attend its presence. Next to these should be named Coccidiosis, but severe cases of this are usually seated in the bowels and give rise to a red diarrhoea, exactly the opposite of the condition in the Collinsville disease. Cattle have been so often exposed to the malarial parasites affecting man without any evil result that we may dismiss the question of this at once. Blood-Sucking Worms—Dr. Rogers, of Manhattan, is strongly of the opinion that the Kansas horse disease is the result of the wandering larve of the Strongylus armatus (Sclerostoma equinum) and the resulting clots and embolisms of the arteries. The worms have been found in the blood and coagula in the arteries of the brain and lungs as well as of the abdomen. But he fails to note that these larval worms are found everywhere where the mature worms abound, yet a long experience with such verminous epizootics of the most severe and destructive types has failed to show elsewhere outbreaks with the symptoms and lesions of the Kansas disease. One swallow does not make a summer, and one or ten cases of arterial brain embolism, even if larve are found in some of the clots, will not prove that 20,000 or 30,000 horses died within two months from the wanderings of these larve into the brain and lungs. We have seen high-class breed- ing studs affected with severe strongliasis, where emaciation, anemia, stunted growth, cachexia, rachitis, marasmus, and even 586 CORRESPONDENCE. verminous colics were common, but they developed no such con- tinuous line of cases showing the nervous and pulmonary attacks of the Kansas victims. In a pure parasitism of this kind, is it conceivable that all cases in Kansas should take on this form, while everywhere else they take on other symptoms? Something in addition to the parasites must be found in the Kansas cases to explain the interesting anomaly. Whatever this superadded pathogenic factor in the Kansas outbreak may turn out to be, we may rest assured that such a factor was present. The symptoms and lesions recorded have from the first suggested one or other of the cryptogamic poisons, and it would not be surprising if this should be the final verdict. Proteid Poisoning—Dr. Rogers’ arraignment of the strongles, however, suggests to us another probable explanation in which the blood-sucking and migrating worms may bear a prominent pathogenic part. Modern medicine has made us familiar with anaphylaxis. It may be shortly stated that this implies a poison- ing by a proteid foreign to the animal exposed, but a dose of which has been taken a certain number of days before and has aroused an extreme sensitiveness to a second dose of the same agent. Such alien proteids introduced through the healthy stomach or other intact mucous membrane undergo a form of digestion that makes them safe and wholesome; to hypersensitize the system to a second dose, the proteid must have been injected unchanged into the tissue or circulation (lymphatic or hematic), and thus have escaped the protective action of the cells of the mucosa. Here, then, 1s where it seems possible for the worms to prove a baneful or deadly factor. In sucking the blood, each of the myriads of worms plunges its circle of buccal lancets through into the capillary vessels, and when it has finished its meal it leaves a row of many fine bleeding points. Multiply these many hundreds or thousands of times and we have ample entrance channels for the solution of dangerous proteid. Add to this the many holes through which the larval worms have penetrated the mucosa to find a home for their development in the submucous cysts, the serous cavities and the blood vessels. Not only does each larval worm make an entrance channel for the inimical pro- teid, but it may further carry the proteid with it on and above all in its body. The proteids may be from different sources, they may be from the fodder, from injurious plants mixed with the fodder, from cryptogams and ferments (bacterial and otherwise), parasites of the food, or of other vegetable or even animal origin. Nothing can be more deadly than such proteids when enabled CORRESPONDENCE. 587 to operate anaphylactically. The bland white of egg is one of the most potent. The proteids of hempseed, flaxseed, castor bean, Brazil nut, cocoanut, pea, vetch, wheat, barley and maize, respectively, each produce a most deadly hypersensitiveness to a second dose like itself. It need not be added that this has not been proven to be the true explanation of either of the diseases dealt with above. But as we have been dealing with theories, which are confessedly as yet but speculations, it cannot be out of place to advance one speculation more, which may form the basis for future investi- gation. The new speculation has at least the merit of a sound scientific basis in a known truth. It has the additional recom- mendation that should it be borne out by observation and experi- ment, it would explain the delay of the outbreak until the in- criminated proteids had reached the stage of growth and metab- olism at which they could operate as deadly anaphylactics, and no less the sudden suppression of the malady when the same metabolic products had passed beyond the stage when they could operate with deadly effect. Just as the seeds of certain gram- inez in maturing reach a stage at which they cannot be safely fed, yet later become again perfectly wholesome, so the sensitiz- ing poisons may be most deadly at a given stage, and become later comparatively harmless when that stage has been safely passed. Once proven the application of this to the Collinsville cattle disease is obvious. The different symptoms and lesions may be explainable on the basis of distinct forms of proteids introduced. Then the entrance channels for these may be formed by different plood-sucking or migrating worms—the hook-worm, uncinaria radiatus, strongylus radiatus or filicollis, cooperia curticei, pec- tinata, punctuata and onchophora, the whip-worm, cattle filaria, cysticercus bovis and tennicollis, esophagostoma, and, though outside the worm family, the embryo gad-fly and the bilharzia. Apart from the worms, infection atria may be found in tuber- colous ulcers of the mucosa, vomice, invasion by acid-fast bacilli or by coccidia with attendant abrasions, and all kinds of wounds by sharp-pointed bodies in the food. The mind should be open to the great variety of dangerous proteids, and no less to the fact that in case of recovery from an anaphylactic shock an immunization has been established against that particular proteid by the formation of its anti-bodies. James Law, Ithaca, N. Y. | | 588 CORRESPONDENCE. AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION:® Kansas City, Mo., January 14, 1913. Editor of the AMERICAN VETERINARY REvIEwW, New York: In an open letter in the January, 1913, number of the AMER- | ICAN VETERINARY REVIEW, page 464, over the signature of one R. A. Archibald, and reinforced with the apparent authority | and responsibility of a very important office, namely, “ Chair- — man Committee on American Veterinary Medical Association Affairs,” the readers of the REVIEW are invited to join with the author of the letter in a discusssion of the affairs of the A. V. | M. A., using the pages of the Review as a forum. ‘To those who have little or no knowledge of the association’s affairs, the numerous affirmations and innuendoes contained in the letter will naturally be construed to mean that the A. V. M. A. is not de- | voting its efforts to the purposes set forth in the portion of the © constitution quoted, and that the author of the letter is such a — loyal and faithful member that he will not listen to proposals of | secession (it is regrettable that the names of the proposers of secession were omitted from the letter), but has set himself to | the task of leading the association out of the clutches of a design- ing few (not more than four) who have been using this organ-— ization for selfish purposes. This organization of over 1,500 hundred veterinarians is composed of sturdy practitioners, state | board examiners, state veterinarians, federal officers, executive heads of departments of public service, college professors, editors, | etc. Oh! The monstrous four! The predatory coterie! The despicable and mendacious grafters! The call is for volunteers to help unhorse this mighty few. Those who are really acquainted with the affairs of the Amer- ican Veterinary Medical Association are astonished at the rapidity of its growth in members, and are proud of its achieve- | ments along the various lines of its several activities. Only the | chairman of the aforesaid committee is blind to the splendid and general goodfellowship manifest at every annual meeting. | Brotherhood and true fraternity permeates and dominates all the association’s doings. The members from British Columbia, Man- | itoba, or Quebec are as cordially greeted and as heartily ap- | plauded as the member from California, New York or Illinois. — The association certainly exemplifies international goodfellow-— ship. The fulfilment of the other announced purposes of the 9) association are as patent to the unbiased observer as the one just 7 | discussed. CORRESPONDENCE. 589 True, the ideals have not been reached and we trust will ever lead the membership to greater achievements, and if the afore- said Chairman and one or two others, well known to the mem- bership, will put aside their active political aspirations and de- vote their energies to the promotion of Article II. of the Con- stitution quoted in this aforesaid letter, their good works will be duly rewarded. When they learn that office in scientific bodies should seek the man, rather than the man seek the office, they will get themselves into harmony with true fraternalism, true fellowship among members of the profession. If the young blood alluded to in the CHAIRMAN’S article is made up of those who are applicants for membership, that they may become “ self-respecting aspirants for political hon- ors,” regardless of their compliance with the accepted code of ‘professional ethics, there can be no doubt that the Association will better fulfil the purpose for which it was created without their inclusion in the membership. The plaint of the CHAIRMAN is born of failure to control Association affairs by political tactics, undertaken in utter dis- regard of the distracting and blighting effects experienced by the Association through such tactics heretofore, and which methods the Association put aside in 1905, by adopting the present meth- ods of nomination to fill offices. The Association will put the present method aside as soon as a still better method is found. The harsh and uncomplimentary language used in this letter concerning the presiding officer was made without taking into account his, the CHAIRMAN’S, somewhat recent violations of the Association’s code of ethics and consequent blasting of his immediate opportunity for high office. The old saying about glass houses and throwing stones is applicable. Let the good brother get right and keep right, and we will jointly help make the A. V. M. A. grow more rapidly toward the ideal. (Signed) H. JENSEN. THE INSULAR VETERINARY SERVICE. BLACKSBURG, Va., January 6, 1913. To the Editor of the AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW: __. I was much interested in the criticisms by Dr. Ward in the December Review of the report that I made as chairman of the Committee on Insular Veterinary Service to the A. V. M. A. annual meeting in 1911, and his glowing account of the splendid 590 ; CORRESPONDENCE. v: opportunities, financial and otherwise, that the Bureau of Insular | Affairs now offers to veterinarians in the Philippines. I regret — that the published report of the A. V. M. A. for 1911 omitted my verbal remarks made preliminary to the report I presented, as I stated that the report presented was mine alone, and I only was — responsible. My friend Dr. Ward is correct when he assumes that the report was made at “ the eleventh hour and without all available information.” I had waited a year for the valuable information that Dr. Ward possessed, and not receiving anything from him until it was too late to get a letter to the Philippines and a reply, I made the report referred to, a report that I still maintain was substantially correct at that time. In the summer of 1909 on my return from five years’ service in Cuba, I went to Washington at the request of the Bureau of Insular Affairs to consider with them the acceptance of the posi- tion which Dr. Ward now so ably fills. I declined to consider the place for two of the reasons given in my report, insufficient pay and unsatisfactory political conditions that existed among the American civil officials in the Philippines. I got my information from the published reports and from the members of the Bureau of Insular Affairs and other civil employees who had seen service in the Philippines and in whose conservative judgment I had con- fidence. Later when I was visited by one of the high civil officers of the Philippines he fully confirmed the absolutely unbiased | opinion that I had previously formed. I rejoice with Dr. Ward | that this serious hindrance to veterinary progress there has been eliminated, although one of the officials who was said to be a stumbling block is still in the service there. Dr. Ward has un- doubtedly converted him from the error of his ways. The question of adequate remuneration is one of opinion, and, taking the figures given by Dr. Ward, I still hold that for foreign tropical service the pay is not adequate. At the time I mention it was very difficult to get veterinarians even without special qualifications for that service to enter. They are un- doubtedly swamped with able men now. As to promotion, Dr. Ward states that there are 28 positions with five vacancies in two years. Surely the vacancies did not occur from death in such a health resort as the doctor pictures the Philippines, so we must assume that they retired to live on the wealth they had saved from the salaries he mentions. It was unfortunate that I used the quotation “ grim destroyer fever.’ It was one of the unfortunate errors that my awkward CORRESPONDENCE. 591 pen is frequently committing. I assumed that it would be un- derstood as a figure of speech. There is one statement in Dr. Ward’s criticism of my report that is correct and to which I agree and that is that my report was “altruistic.” There was not the slightest idea of personal gain in making the report. It was made solely in the hopes that it might be of benefit to others. The report that Dr. Ward attempts to criticise was really a plea for a properly organized army veterinary service. As our insular possessions, Porto Rico, Canal Zone, Hawaii and the Philippines, are administered by a bureau of the War Department, I believe that the veterinary work could be better and more logically administered by a properly organized army veterinary department than it now is in the haphazard way. I cannot say plan, for there is none at present in force. I am fond of the tropics and have visited many different countries and lived in the tropics longer than has Dr. Ward, and probably under as favorable living conditions. I know how ex- pensive life is there and how great is the isolation. The risk from febrile and intestinal diseases is greater there than in the tem- perate zone in spite of Dr. Ward's statistics, and there is no re- tired pay in case of disability. I hope that nothing I have written will be interpreted as reflecting in any way on the ex- cellent work that I believe my friend Dr. Ward is doing in the Philippines. We need many such men in our insular service and I hope that the ideal conditions pictured by Dr. Ward will attract many to this service that in the past has been begging for quali- fied men. With such conditions as now appear to exist we shall expect splendid results from the Philippines. N. S. Mayo. Cottonwoop, Minn., January 6, 1913. Editor, AMERICAN VETERINARY Review, New York: This comes from a constant and careful reader of the REVIEW. A magazine such as yours, that brings to us the cure and treat- ment of ailments from European and American scientists and veterinarians, is certainly a great help to the practitioner, whether he be engaged in the business for a long or a short time. For we never are too old to learn and a beginner may be initiated with great advantage, especially so when the information comes from a reliable source. A back-number veterinarian will never dare to make a statement or a suggestion. 592 CORRESPONDENCE. Now I have in mind to have a short chat with Dr. Horace Bradley. I agree with him that we are taught many ways to cure a disease or an ailment in a text-book, but when carried from the dead leaf into practice, that treatment sometimes fails. Do we not have Dr. S. H. Ward’s statement in January issue that “there are points met with in our autopsies which differ ma- terially from those given by these authors (Hutyra and Marek)? Further on under “ Autopsy,” on page 440, Dr. Ward says, “ the condition of the spleen in cases (not one) coming under our notice is at marked variance with the findings of Hutyra and Marek, who state ‘ the spleen preserves a normal appearance.’ ” Of course there is no thought to dispute the reliable writings of these authors. But the way I always figure it in my mind in all cases, whether veterinary medicine or otherwise, is “ have the other fellow’s advice as a passive and use your own judgment as an active means.” In other words, to use the common parlance, “use your horse common sense.” After all this preface my chat with the doctor commences. Dr. Bradley, I like your way of treating choke in animals. I like it just because it requires not much work and is very simple. I had an opportunity in the June issue of this paper to write of treat- ing azoturia with KNOs. This KNO: treatment applies also for laminitis. I have used this treatment frequently and it has seldom failed. Now for choking. Apomorphine has been used with great advantage, and subcutaneously, as it is more quickly absorbed that way. Its action is expectorant and sedative, and produces relax- ation and increase of secretion. If I understand the doctor right, in a case of choking all we need is relaxation and increase of secretion. Won’t hot, very hot compresses of H:O on the oesophagus render the same serv- ice? I do not mean to discard the apomorphine treatment, as in all probability the next time I am called to a case of choke I may use it. But I have used more than once the hot water treatment, and a gentle downward manipulation with the fingers on the gullet, and never failed. If Dr. Bradley labels his treatment No. I. I shall label mine No. II]. A few cases in which No. II. treat- ment was used with great advantage: Case 1.—A bay mare, a family horse and a pet to the children, swallowed a corn cob that was lodged in the middle of the cer- vical portion of the oesophagus. The mare would shake her head in all directions in a spasmodic way, some glairy liquid ran from the nostrils, the cervical muscles would contract so as to CORRESPONDENCE. 593 clearly show the direction of the fibres. The jugular furrow was _ obliterated. The fluid would occasionally flow down and I was summoned ina great hurry. Being desirous of locating the cob, ‘I requested the owner to hold the halter and I laid my right arm around the neck and with my left hand got hold of both nostrils and interfered with respiration for about half a minute. Did this three or four times. Water by that time was gotten and the “mare was greatly relieved after ten minutes’ application, and the children were singing “ Hosanna” when they saw their dear pet drinking water and eating. Case 2.—A gelding choked. Hot water and extension of neck as much as possible, so as to enable one to push down the foreign body, brought prompt relief. These two cases are a few months old. The horses are doing their daily duties as if never anything had happened to them, but I treated a case about two weeks ago and I do not know the outcome as yet, as the farmer lives many miles from me and has no ’phone. I was afraid some oats had entered the trachea in that case. Respectfully, S. J. Atcaray, D.V.M. MICHIGAN VETERINARIAN BANQUETED By HIs COLLEAGUES. —Dr. Cummings, of Port Huron, Mich., was tendered a banquet by his professional friends in Michigan at the Hotel Richter, in Detroit, on January 7. He was induced to go to Detroit on a pretext by his friends and was thoroughly surprised and de- lighted. He was presented with a beautiful leather chair as a testimonial of the esteem in which he is held by members of the state association. Dr. Brodie, of Pontiac, presided, and im- promptu toasts were responded to by nearly every man present. Dr. Cummings has practised veterinary medicine in Michigan since 1870. The following were present at the banquet: Drs. Brenton, Hawkins, Joy, Veldheuis, Krey and Morrison of De- troit; Drs. Dunphy and Wilson of Rochester, Mich.; Dr. Wil- kinson, of Holly; Dr. Brodie, of Pontiac; Dr. Gibson, of Adrian; Dr. Baldock, of Birmingham; Dr. Cavell, of Northville; Dr. J. B. Stevens, of Yale; Dr. M. J. Smead, of Port Huron; Dr. Black, of Richmond. ERTS OBITUARY, WILLIAM DOUGHERTY, V.55 Drs. Dr. William Dougherty died suddenly at his home in Balti- more, Md., on the morning of January 2, 1913, in the 69 year of his age, having been sick but five days. The cause of death was fatty degeneration of the heart. Dr. Dougherty was born in Gortin, Tyrone County, Ireland, in 1844, and came to America when quite young, and entered the U. S. Army as Director of Transportation in the Quartermaster’s Department, located in New Orleans. On leaving the service he went to Lakewood, N. J., where he was successfully engaged in the stable business until 1870, and afterward trained race horses until he finally en- tered the New York College of Veterinary Surgeons, from which he graduated in 1874, receiving the degree of V.S., and two years later graduated from the American Veterinary College, receiving the degree of D.V.S., at which time, 1876, he went to Baltimore and began practice, continuing the same up to a few years before his death, when he retired. During his years of retirement he traveled considerably; had made several trips to Europe, always spending some pleasant days in Paris with his tutor and life-time friend Professor Liautard. Dr. Dougherty was one of the loyal veterinarians that always put his profession first, and by his life and business methods did much to uplift it. Being an old and faithful member of the A. V. M. A., he was well known to veterinarians everywhere. He was a charter mem- ber of the Maryland Veterinary Medical Association, and dur- ing his membership occupied the several offices in the organiza- tion. Dr. Dougherty was a widower at the time of his death, having lost his wife (who was before her marriage Miss Matilda Sproul, of Philadelphia) in 1899. The doctor is survived by a nephew and niece, who reside in Massachusetts. His genial presence will be missed by his host of friends at the A. V. M. A. meetings, as well as by his fellow veterinarians in Maryland. At a meeting of the Maryland Veterinary Medical Association on January 14 a committee was appointed to draft resolutions of regret on the death of Dr. Dougherty. Some of his close friends in the profession acted as pall bearers at his funeral. Among whom were Drs. H. A. Meisner, Joseph P. Grogan, Frederick L. 594 2 ee ee OBITUARY. 595 Filber, C. L. Mackie, H. F. Mackie, Daniel R. Hoffman, Joseph M. Heagerty and Horace A. Hedrick. FIELDEN. LEST, JR3AM.D.C. Dr. Fielden Lett, Jr., died at his home in Seymour, Indiana, from the result of an injury to the spine received more than four years ago in falling from a hay-mow; which, despite the best medical care, rendered him powerless below the waist at the time, and he remained so up to the time of his death. Dr. Lett was married to Miss Pearl Hudson, in 1900, while a student at the Chicago Veterinary College. On graduating from that institu- tion, in 1902, he began the practice of his profession at Seymour, Indiana, and enjoyed a lucrative practice up to the time of his injury in August, 1908; the four long years since which time, until he was called to his Maker, have found his faithful wife always at his side, never faltering in her unfailing love and care for him. His jolly disposition that made him many friends in his college days remained with him during the long period of helplessness, and a smile and a handshake was ever ready for a calling friend. Up to the time of his injury he was an active member of the Indiana Veterinary Medical Association, and was a faithful attendant at its meetings. He is survived by his par- ents and two sisters, as well as the widow, to whom the sym- pathy of the veterinarians of Indiana and his class-mates of the Chicago Veterinary College, 1902, are extended. Business House CELEBRATES FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY.—In the closing week of 1912 The Farbwerke-Hoechst Company cele- brated the fiftieth anniversary of its establishment, and it is inter- esting to know that, from a small beginning, the concern has grown until, at the time of reaching the half century mark, it has twelve thousand people in its employ. Tue names of the followmg veterinarians are included in the membership of The Society of American Bacteriologists: J. W. Connaway, Columbia, Mo.; C. F. Dawson, Jacksonville, Fla. ; P. C. Fitch, Ithaca, N. Y.; Ward Giltner, East Lansing, Mich. ; John R. Mohler, Washington, D. C.; V. A. Moore, Ithaca, N. Mx R. C. Reed, Newark, Del.; John Reichel, Glenolden, Pa.; E. C. Schroeder, Washington, D. C.; W. J. Taylor, Bozeman, Mon. ; Leunis Van Es (Agricultural College), N. Dak., and A. R. Ward, Manila, P. I. SOCIETY MEETINGS. VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, NEW YORE CITY, DECEMBER MEETING. The regular monthly meeting of this association was called to order by the Vice-President, Dr. R. H. Kingston, the Presi- dent, Dr. Berns, being absent on account of illness. The minutes of the October and November meetings were read and approved, also the minutes of the special meeting of November 18, 1912. Dr. McLaughlin, chairman of the committee appointed to investigate the case of Mr. Benj. H. Mount, who was supposed to be infected with glanders, reported as follows: Mr. Mount had his second finger of his right hand affected, said to be due to a cut received while dressing an abscess on a horse which was shortly afterward destroyed as a positive case of glanders. This finger when seen by the committee was considerably swollen, the skin being white in appearance, thick and two slight openings, one at each end, from which pus issued very slightly. From one of the openings Dr. Schlesinger took two specimens to grow cultures. About three inches above the wrist on the inside of the arm there was a pustule. This pustule was healing. Around the pustule and running around the arm was a discoloration of the skin. This discoloration was not present, according to Mr. Mount, until after he had been treated at the hospital, and ap- peared to be the result of some irritant application. A rash extended over the arm in the shape of a great many small, brownish red colored spots. There was no swelling in the arm, although it was stated that there had been a great deal of swelling. The shoulder was complained of.as being sore, and it looked somewhat larger than the other, but the soreness was explained to be due to the driving of an automobile, his sore finger caus- ing the exercise of unused muscles in the shoulders. 596 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 597 The axillary gland was normal, but Mr. Mount said it had been swollen. The left hand had a sore, which was thought to be due to some local irritation. This was on the index finger. On the wrist there was a pustule which was slightly moist but healing. Mr. Mount said that the finger had caused him great pain, but now the pain was comparatively slight. He assured the committee that he felt fine, and he appeared to be in perfect health. Hevalso stated that he had been very much frightened, but now he had no fear. The committee concluded that the patient did not exhibit any positive symptoms of glanders. This report was on motion received. Mr. Mount was then presented by Dr. C. L. Antony (M.D.), who had the dressings removed from the finger and the patient stripped to the waist.. Dr. Antony stated that the lesions on the right hand have the appearance of a burn, but are not in a heal- ing condition. Guinea pigs, inoculated, have developed no signs of glanders. Smears show nothing; no fever. Dr. Schlesinger stated that guinea pigs, inoculated 31% weeks ago, gave negative reactions. Dr. Blair asked if blood specimens had been taken for the sera tests. Dr. Antony stated that up to the present time this had not been done. The patient was examined by the members and visitors pres- ent with a great deal of interest. Dr. Killilea (M.D.) examined this case and stated that he would recommend the use of mallein, and suggested that it would be an excellent thing if the patient could be placed in the Rockefeller Institute. Dr. Moffitt Smith cited a case of human glanders, which was discharged from one of the local hospitals as cured, but in a short time suffered a relapse, was returned to the hospital and died. Dr. H. D. Gill gave an interesting account of a case of glanders in a horse in which the temperature and respiration were abnormal. Reacted to the blood and mallein tests. Tem- perature reduced to 1or° F.; discharge from nostril stopped. Week elapsed, and two typical farcy buds developed on the hock. On post mortem extensive lesions were found. The doctor stated that invariably when glander lesions are found externally they will also be found internally. Also cited another case in which post mortem was held, and 598 SOCIETY MEETINGS. the condition of the lesions found indicated that healing was taking place and recovery would have probably resulted. Dr. E. B. Ackerman also mentioned several interesting cases of glanders that he had come in contact with. Held post-mor- tem examinations on two cases that had external farcy lesions, but no visible internal lesions. Dr. Ellis asked if a horse in which the glander lesions had healed was a safe animal to keep? It was the general opinion that such an animal would be safe: Dr. McLaughlin cited a case of positive clinical glanders in a horse owned by a druggist which was cured and worked for years afterward. The secretary mentioned three cases of glanders in human subjects which had come under his personal observation, all of which resulted fatally. Dr. R. W. Gannett stated that six years ago he was supposed to be infected with glanders, but the sera tests proved negative, and symptoms and lesions cleared up. Dr. Gill asked Dr. Killilea (M.D.) if in his opinion a human subject may be infected with glanders, and not show any posi- tive symptoms, and if any symptoms are present if it is not pos- sible that they may clear up. Dr. Killilea said that without doubt local lesions may occur and clear up. A general discussion of this subject then took place. A unanimous vote of thanks was tendered Drs. Antony and Killilea. A list of veterinarians which Chief Veterinarian J. G. Wills, of the Department of Agriculture, requested corrected was then read by the secretary and changes of addresses noted, also those known to be deceased. Dr. R. W. Ellis, chairman of the committee on glanders reso- lutions, read the resolutions adopted by this association, and sub- mitted to the Commissioner of Agriculture for his consideration. This report was accepted and a vote of thanks extended to the committee. This being the annual meeting, the reports of the officers and committees were then called for. Dr. McKinney, chairman of the prosecuting committee, gave a brief account of the work done by this committee, and stated that he would render a detailed report of the finances at the next meeting. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 599 The Secretary and Treasurer’s report was on motion duly accepted. : The next order of business being the election of officers for the ensuing year, resulted as follows: President, W. J. McKinney; Vice-President, R. H. King- ston; Secretary and Treasurer, R. S. MacKellar. Dr. McKinney in his usual inimitable way thanked the asso- ciation for the honor conferred in electing him President, and asked for the co-operation of every member during the com- ing year to make it a successful one. No further business appearing, the meeting adjourned. R. S. MacKE rar, Secretary. VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK CITY, JANUARY MEETING. The regular monthly meeting of this association was called to order by President-elect McKinney, January 8, 1913, at 8.45 p. m. The minutes of the December meeting were read and ap- proved. Dr. McKinney, chairman of the prosecuting committee for 1912, reported a balance of $243.95 in the prosecuting fund. The president then made a few pleasing and appropriate re- marks eulogizing the veterinary profession; also strongly ad- vocated the use of anesthetics in both major and minor opera- tions. The following appointments were then announced: Board of Censors—Dr. D. W. Cochran, chairman; Dr. C. E. Clayton, Dr. J. E Crawford, Dr. H. D. Gill and Dr. W. Reid Blair. Judiciary Committee—Dr. R. H. Kingston, chairman; Dr. D. J. Mangan and Dr. P. Burns. Prosecuting Committee—Dr. Charles Jamieson, chairman; Dr. Moffitt Smith and Dr. L. Griessman. Dr. John A. McLaughlin, of New York City, then read a paper entitled ‘‘ Outlines of a New Physiology.” This paper was productive of quite an animated discussion, in which some of the members expressed themselves as directly opposed to the theories advanced by the essayist. On motion regularly made, seconded and carried, the discus- ‘sion of this paper was discontinued. 600 SOCIETY MEETINGS. Dr. R. W. Gannett, of Brooklyn, N. Y., then read an inter-¥ esting paper on “ Fistulous Withers and Poll Evil.’”’ The doctor cited several cases where extensive operations had given very | good results after other treatments had failed. Dr. Ryder, in discussing this subject, mentioned a black mare — which had a cicatrix of at least three years’ standing on one side of the neck.