s+00% Witantnasy Racatrs Betws rea 287 | Horse Flesh as Human Food.... 678 Veterinary Review, The ...... 5 eee Lies, Nigh wreag tg and Re fe ; R matopinus, Notes in Regar ; Peyetining Ps pa arke In. Horse Psychology, An Experiment Apparatus, Technique and In travaseular Injection of. Case | rrorseSickness in Whodesia. Ab- SRG ee Lae wale ae sig sie at's oe ‘ ‘ z Entero-Hepatitis or Black-Head eetcaiiits of ike hs a in Turkeys, Abstract......... 425 | ‘hesia, Disinfection of the Hands pie a Horse, Cyst of the with the. Abstract ......... 242 WANG Bie scws Wales oie ele ie ties cue Hypoderma Bovis and H. Linea- Equine Sporotrichosis in Montana tum, The Life History of...... 541 and the ‘‘ Blastomyeotie’’ Form Hypophysis in a Cow, Abscess of of Sporotrichium Schencki- the, Abstraaticoe: i) us. 240 ‘ Beurmanni, Notes on the Occur- Infectious Anemia of the Horse, rence of. Abstract .......... 569 Etiology of. Abstract....... 707 INDEX TO VOLUME LI., NEW SERIES VOL. IV PAGE Infectious Diseases of Animals, Nonspecific Treatment of...... Inflammation, Productive, of the Fowl due to Trauma. Case Re- a ie NT SE Pape te nee Intestinal Intussusception in Cat- tle. Case Report ............ Intussuseeption of Small Colon in the Horse. Abstract...... Invagination of Smal] Intestine— Necrosed Portion 15 feet long Excreted. Abstract.......... Keratitis Infectiosa in Cattle, (Keratitis Pyobacillosa) ..... Labor in Mares and Cows, Indue- tion of Premature. Abstract. . Lameness Implicating the Levator Humeri. Abstract Leukoma in a Dog. Case Report. Mammary Secretion, Some As- peets of the Physiology of.... Mammitis in Cattle, Gangrenous PERERA OG eos aes Cea a ste Mammitis in Cows. Abstract... Mange, Influence of Color in Horses on the Cure of. Ab- Sit aGk 5.0
is 426
Trauma of the Neck, Severe. Ab-
1 ee Oe oa De te eee 834
Traumatic Carditis in a Buffalo
Bull. Case Report........... 229
Trichlor - Tertiarybutyl Aleohol
Anesthesia. Abstract ........ 568
Tubereulin Testing ..........-. 532
Tuberculosis, Abdominal. Ab-
WOES iiatss 1 os « «Eee en 245
Tuberculosis in a Canadian Horse,
Observation of a Case of Pul-
monary. Abstract ........... 108
Tuberculosis in Carnivorous Ani-
OM Sa ove cede con Te eons 750
Tuberculosis of Hogs. Abstract. 431
Tumor, Interdigital Melanotic.
BONED os Sass thanikea ees 2% 245
Tympany, Gastric and Intestinal,
And Simple Aerophagy. Ab-
MRO te sak s « pice June 30th. A drop was placed into the eye and nostril at
_ 11:38, at 11:40 there was blowing through the nose, persistent lick-
ing of the nostrils, and slobbering. The eye symptoms were not as
_ severe as in the preceding tests.
4 i July 7th. Injected a drop of extract into the eye, at 5:40,
_ tears in one minute. At 6:05 the eye was watery and the con-
3 junctiva swollen, the eye partly closed, and the membrana nictitans
_ prominent.
Be Hetfer No. 15. Ti 1st. Two drops of warble extract were
BY placed on the lips of the vulva. The animal began at once to
_ switch her tail and to lick herself all over. The mucous mem-
_ branes of the vulva which previously were pale, became a fiery
Ted. The irritation lasted for about three hours.
80 SEYMOUR HADWEN
June 7th. A few drops were put into the eye and vagina.
In one minute she was scratching the eye with her foot, and lick-
ing herself all over, irritation of vulva evinced by tail movements.
The reaction was severe, slobbering and tears occurred and the ani-
mal did not return to the normal for several hours.
| June 17th. A drop of extract from an H. bovis fly was in-
jected into the eye. The heifer scratched her eye in one minute.
June 30. A drop of warble extract was put into the eye at
11:30. (Fig. 13). Tears, conjunctivitis, and bodily” irritation
followed almost immediately. A drop was also placed into the va-
gina at 11:33 and inflammation was well marked at 11:45.
Heifer No.16. June 3d. ——__
DISCUSSION
Dr. Reicuet: I would like to ask Dr. Hadwen just what he
meant by referring to some animals as immune. I could not quite
get the connection of the expression of reaction in regard to im-
munity which he made several times.
Dr. Hapwen: After an animal has been injected one finds a
degree of immunity to a reinjection. Sometimes it appears to be
quite fixed, so to speak. We found three naturally immune animals
in the course of our experiments; the injections had absolutely no
effect upon them at all. In the case of animals that had been in-
jected, we found reinjections, if they were made after a short inter-
val of time, had no effect whatsoever, at least no apparent effect.
We had one slight reaction after about a month; with others after
a longer period. We cannot give the minimum or maximum time
required.
Dr. GmtNER: I take it this is a diagnostic test;+ but I would
like to ask if you were able to prepare an agent that you could in-
stil into the eye, and keep it for long periods of time; also if there
is any therapeutic property in your injections.
.
ie
42 SEYMOUR HADWEN
Dr. HapweNn: As for the therapeutic property, I do not know
anything about that at all; I cannot tell yet. We have not done
enough work. As for diagnosis I think it is absolutely all right.
I am not at liberty to tell you exactly what happened, but
I had a talk with Dr. Ransom in Washington the other day. He
has been doing some work which will be published. Dr. Eich-
horn I think may be able to throw a little light on it because
he also told me that one of his men had done some work recently, —
since reading my first little note which was -published in our pro-—
ceedings.
Dr. GitTNER: Could you transport the diagnostic materia
and keep it for long periods of time?
Dr. Hapwen: I have not tried. I have always used living
larvae, but if the larvae are allowed to die, they soon go wrong, and
one does not know what he is doing if he uses them.
Dr. J. W. Connaway: It would seem that the diagnostic
value of this might be called into question so far as the grub was
concerned ; the sheep and the lamb showed some reaction, possibly -
from heredity. It would be a matter of how long that lamb would -
retain that property of reacting from this injection. I think pos-—
sibly even in that small lamb, along at this season of the year, it —
may have been quite badly infested with grubs in the head. I
recently made some observations along that line, and I was sur-—
prised how soon a little lamb would become infested with these
grubs, which attain a very large size. I think there is a possibil- |
ity and in the case where this reaction is shown that there may have ©
been an actual infestation. You did not make a post-mortem of —
any of those lambs? 3
Dr. Hapwen: No. I donot think there is any doubt, though, —
that the lamb was not infested, because it was far too early in the —
season for any flies to be about; if I remember correctly, we hadn’t
even seen any Tabanidae at that time and the Tabanidae come
along before Oestrus ovis.
Dr. ConNAwAY: Where was your material taken from?
Dr. Hapwen: It was obtained from the heads of sheep which
had been slaughtered. j
Dr. Connaway: From older sheep?
Dr. Hapwen: Yes. {
Dr. McGuuivray: I would like to ask Dr. Hadwen to say
what the effect of crushing the grub was while on the animal’s back. ©
Dr. Hapwen: I can tell you something about that. 1 spoke
about natural cases. The first case was of a pure bred cow which had
been confined owing to bad weather for some time. She was let
out. As a cow does after being confined, she ran about a great—
deal, and finally she went through a wire fence, and came back
through the same opening, injuring her back. In a little while I
ANAPHYLAXIS IN CATTLE AND SHEEP 43
__was called to see this cow, and I threw up my hands and said I had
never seen such a case before. Her eyes were swollen; she was
' panting; the vulva and the anus were swollen; and she was pur-
ple where the skin was white. I said I didn’t know what it was at
all. I said there must be something wrong with her heart; she
had been running too hard, she had strained it; that was all I
- could tell, and I was partly right. At that time I had not tried
these experiments.
_ - There was a second case which occurred on the farm I lived
on, of exactly the same nature. The cow had been turned out, as
_ in the preceding case, and had taken violent exercise; proving I
\ think, without a doubt, that if an animal’s back is injured and the
_ larvae are ruptured, that shock will result.
Dr. ReicHet: Do you find a large number of the older ani-
mals, non-sensitive to the first injection; or do you find any of
them non-sensitive ?
, Dr. Hapwen: ‘That is a question I cannot answer, because we
have not done enough experiments. We killed three old cows, and
_ we got reactions in eight others, and in three we did not get any.
3 One was about two years old; that was the youngest.
Dr. Goss: Have you ever injected small doses in succes-
sion to determine whether the symptoms are long, and also how long
_ salivation persists after the injection in those cows that have re-
acted?
____~ Dr. I. E. Newsom: I would like to ask if heat has any effect
upon the agents that he has used ?
' ___ Dr. Day: I would like to ask a question in-connection with
_ the injury of the grub. In connection with this cow that ran and
__—_was injured, were the tissues around about the injury crushed, or
_ was just the grub crushed? We find oftentimes in packing houses
_ where there has been some pus formed around the grubs and the
_ grubs seem to be dead. I am wondering now if there was a case of
_ anaphylaxis possibly at the time they were injured, or providing
_ the tissues had been torn about the grub, whether it would be ab-
sorbed if the tissue itself was not injured and was not allowed to
percolate through the broken down tissues.
Dr. Connaway: Did you make any bacteriological studies of
this nature? Might this not be due to some toxin development in the
_ little sacs surrounding these grubs, say in the sheep or in the case
_ Of an ox? Isn’t there a possibility that there may be a bacterio-
logical reaction there?
_ Dr. Hapwen: Regarding the repeated small injections, I
have not done that; but in the eye tests we found that we could re-
peat them very frequently and could do it every day if we liked
_ with successful results. Of course, if the injections were large
enough and injected into the body, then we would get a degree of
44 SEYMOUR HADWEN
immunity. It depends very largely upon the rapidity with which
these injections are made. In Richet’s original experiments on
anaphylaxis, he found if he took over ten minutes to inject a dose
that shock would not occur, and that he could inject a dose which
would otherwise be mortal; I mean that the dose was large enough
to kill the animal several times over if it had been given quickly.
Heat I have not tried at all because I was afraid of heat. Of
course, a lot of these things are destroyed by heat; so we did not
use it in any of the experiments. I notice in the review that Ries
gives, that they did use heat.
' About the grubs being crushed and the larvae being found
dead under the skin and the absorption; I have done a certain
amount of work on this and observed it; but this is something that
I don’t quite understand myself. The absorption of the dead grubs
is very slow apparently. I did one experiment this spring in
breaking the larvae on a ealf’s back which only gave us the re-
sults that you see described in this paper; but we were too slow,
much too slow, we took twenty minutes to break eight larvae, and
presumably the absorption was not rapid enough to produce se-
vere shock. Those grubs are lying under the skin and they will
stay there, perhaps a year longer. I have found that the bodies
of the grubs do not absorb very rapidly; I have taken them out
myself months after they had died, and you will find the skin of the
crushed body of the larvae. The larvae may be broken accidently
as in transit, as the doctor suggests.
As for the pus in the warbles, I don’t know of any work which
has been done on it. Of course the pus organisms gain entrance
from the outside, and it depends altogether, | presume on the char-
acter, the species, and the susceptibility of the animal to them. As
to the effect of the introduction of the pus into the general cireu-
lation, this would depend on what bacteria and toxins it contained.
In our experiments, though, all danger of that was, I think, fairly -
well removed, because we washed the larvae carefully in the purest
running water which we obtained from a mountain stream, and
that is, of course, all we could do; but we took very great care in
doing this, and after they were washed, an extract was made, and
then I examined smears for bacteria. The material used for injec-
tion was practically sterile; we only found an occasional germ, and
the injections also did not cause any trouble in small animals, prov-
ing beyond a doubt, that bacteria played no part in these reac-
tions at all. In the cattle during the whole course of the experi-
ments we only produced one abscess.
. eles
eat ad :
a er ene ar Pe See. ge ee em aa nee ne ee ee o
Z
Pi
NYMPHOMANIA OF MARES*
H. Futstow, Norwalk, Ohio.
I have been requested to make a report of nymphomania in
mares, and to make a special effort to describe the kind of subjects
that recover, and the kind that are not benefited by ovariectomy.
I do not know that I can enlighten you a great deal upon this
subject further than what I reported in Toronto, in 1911. I have
operated upon a great many more mares since that time, and the
results in the main have been about the same.
Nymphomania or excessive sexual desire on the part of the
mare, is of somewhat common occurrence, and when it does oceur,
is a very dangerous and disagreeable habit. Mares affected with
this troublesome affliction are a source of great annoyance to their
owners and, in fact, to anyone who has the care or management of
them.
ErioLogy. A good many theories have been advanced as to
the causative factor by different authors. Yet nothing very defi-.
nite has been proven.
Nymphomania is often caused by diseased conditions of the
generative organs, particularly inflammations, cystoid degenera-
tion, hypertrophy of the ovaries, diseases of the uterus and vagina,
- occlusion of the os uteri, new growths, atrophy and hypertrophy
_of the womb are also mentioned.
This does not constitute an independent disease, but, is only a
symptom arising from various causes. Tumors and eysts are quite
common, affecting one or both ovaries, and, no doubt there are other
conditions as well.
& I remember some time ago, removing a cystic ovary from a
_ three year old filly, that weighed 734 ounces, the other ovary
__ weighed 114 ounces. In a great many cases that I have operated
__ upon I have found one or both ovaries diseased. In a few cases I
have been unable to find any pathological changes whatever, either
_ in the ovaries, or in any part of the generative organs.
Diseased ovaries do not always produce nymphomania. I have
*Presented at the meeting of the A.V.M.A., Detroit, Mich., Aug. 21-25, 1916,
46 H. FULSTOW
habit by being operated upon, that showed no pathological con-
dition.
Heredity is an important factor which must not be altogether
overlooked. Some animals are born with a bad disposition, inher-
ited from the sire or dam, or perhaps both. I have known of cer-
tain families producing very vicious foals, both male and female. -
I spayed four fillies from one dam that were vicious and she her-
self was the same. They could do nothing with her but breed.
Three of these were completely cured by ovariectomy. From the
fourth, I afterwards removed the clitoris, and she also eth a
serviceable animal. -
Might it not be possible in some instances for the stallion to
assist in disseminating the disease, while suffering or convalescing
from some contagious or infectious disease, such as influenza or —
strangles, or, after covering some dirty, filthy mare, through car-.
rying the disease germs to a healthy vagina and from there be dis-
seminated to the other parts of the generative organs?
In conclusion, I might say that, as far as the exact cause is
known, and from my own personal observation, nymphomania is
due to some irritation of the generative system, together with, in
many instances, a mean or bad disposition.
Symproms.—These are easily recognized. The animals are
irritable and ticklish, every touch seems to annoy them. They will
kick, squeal, and strike upon the least provocation. They appear
restless, neigh often, and show a great desire to urinate, straining
a good bit in doing so, emitting only a small quantity of urine mixed
with mucus and a dirty yellowish substance. If excited, they switch
the tail at the same time and sometimes kick.
Others do not kick at all, but appear in heat most of the time,
leaning up against you when you go into the stall to feed or harness dl
them. In some subjects these symptoms are constant, while in
others, they only appear during estrum. Neither age, breed, nor
condition seem to have anything to do with it.
Some breed fairly well for a few years and others are prac-
tically worthless even for this purpose. In some of the milder
forms of this disease they are fairly useful, but, as time goes on,
they gradually grow worse, losing flesh from the irritation set up
by the diseased condition and from the continual straining and,
last but not least, from the abuse they receive at the hands of their
owners,
NYMPHOMANIA OF MARES * 47
Mopus Opreranpi.—No doubt many of you are as familiar
with the modus operandi as I am myself, but for the benefit of those
who have never performed the operation, I will just outline it ina
general way.
First.—Get as good a history of your patient as possible. Try
___ to find out how long she has been mean and when she kicks—if only
__ during estrum, or any time.
: See that she is in good healthy condition, not suffering brit
any kind of fever, nor pregnant. Ifshe has been kept up and grain
fed, it is a good plan to give a laxative and a few bran mashes. If
she has been running at pasture, she will need only starving for
24 to 36 hours. If the bowels are empty the operation is more
easily performed with less danger to the animal. -
An hour or so before operating, it is a good plan to give an
ounce or two of chloral hydrate, according to the size of the mare,
or you may give an intravenous injection of cannabis indica.
The subject should be secured in a good set of stocks, if no
stocks are available, other means must be devised, such as slings,
_ _ hippo-lasso, hobbles, ete., or in the recumbent position under gen-
eral anesthesia.
4 After your animal is in the stocks with her head pulled up,
with ropes or straps over the back and under the belly, to keep
her from kicking and lying down, have your assistant carefully
empty the rectum of all fecal matter and with warm water and soap
wash off the tail and external parts. Then, wash with a 1-1000
_bichloride of mercury solution, being especially careful to remove
all sebum from around the clitoris and just inside the lips of the
- vulva. Do not wash out the vagina unless it is dirty, and then
_ with only the mildest form of antiseptic. Strong antiseptics irri-
_ tate the mucous membrane and cause straining, besides it would
leave a good field for infection.
_____ Place a bandage on her tail and tie it, or have your assistant
hold it out of your way.
Having previously sterilized your instruments, and your hands
and arms as far as possible, balloon the vagina by means of a foun-
tain-syringe or clean piece of rubber-hose and funnel, with sterile
water to which has been added a little soda bicarbonate.
___ With the knife concealed in the palm of the right hand, pass
_ into the vagina and unsheath it. If the vagina is well ballooned,
_ place the knife just a little above the os uteri and slightly to the
48 H. FULSTOW
right or left and push it through the wall in a straight line, by a
sudden forward movement, piercing all of the coats at one stroke.
This is the most critical part of the operation.
Sheath the knife and drop it on the floor of the vagina. Then
insert your finger to see if you have pierced the serous coat. If
not, you will have to balloon the vagina again, because it will have
collapsed and there will be danger of wounding one of the iliaes.
It would be very humiliating to have her bleed to death before your
eyes as one did for the writer. After it is again ballooned, pierce
the serous coat with your knife, or, perhaps you might be able to
pierce it with your finger without ballooning, but there is danger
of tearing the serous from the muscular coat, leaving a pocket
from which you might get an abscess.
When the incision has been completed, sheath the knife and
drop it on the floor of the vagina, introduce one finger, then two,
then with fingers in the shape of a cone, introduce the whole hand
carefully rotating the hand while so doing. Immediately you are
through the opening drop the palm of your hand upon the body
of the uterus following it to its bifurcation thence each horn to the
ovary. Examine each ovary as to size and condition.
Next, remove your hand, at the same time bringing out your
knife, which you had previously dropped on the floor of the vagina.
Rinse off hand and arm, and with fingers through your ecraseur
chain pass it into the abdominal cavity, dropping it over the left
ovary, pull the ovary into the loop of your ecraseur chain so as to
get as much of the Fallopian tube and broad ligament as possible.
The operator steadies the ecraseur with his left hand while his as-
sistant tightens up the chain. The operator must make sure by
feeling that no portion of the bowel is included in the ecraseur.
Then, have your assistant work the ecraseur, crush off the ovary
rather quickly. The animal will struggle some at this time. Hold -
the ovary until it is outside the body.
With the left hand remove the other ovary in the same manner,
Rinse off the external parts and remove from stocks. The
wound made is left to nature. I have never known prolapse of
the bowels to take place.
Arrer-Care.—Tie up by the head so she cannot lie down for
the first twenty-four hours, then turn loose in a good, clean box-
stall or paddock if the weather is fine. Feed laxative feed, such
as bran mash and grass (if in season). After a week or ten days,
a cae hs
ek
att tie vate
Ta ae a ee
NYMPHOMANIA OF MARES 49 .
if no complications arise, she may go home and be put to work, and
kept at it for some time, to have a chance to forget her habits.
This report extends over a period of sixteen years and covers
something over two hundred cases. In looking over my notes I
find that at the Toronto meeting I divided them into three classes.
First—Mares that are mean when in heat only, and those that are
in heat continually, but do not kick. All will be cured by ovari-
ectomy.
Second—Mares that kick nearly all of the time, whether in
-estrum or not. Some will be cured by ovariectomy, others will be
benefited, and, in a few instances, the operation will do no good.
Third—Old mares that have kicked for years, and the habit
has become confirmed, and those that kick all of the time when not
in heat, but are gentle when in heat. These as a rule will not be
at all benefited by the operation.
The results of the operation upon the first class are generally
immediate.
In the second class, results may be immediate in a few in-
stances in young animals, but, the majority go all the way from a
few weeks to several months. One of this class, which I will re-
port, went nearly two years.
As to the third class, I generally tell the owner that I think it
___ useless to operate upon them.
» Case Reports.—I will give you the history of a few cases of
each class:
| Ciass 1—Casz 1.—Bay mare—8 years old—standard bred
_ with quite a burst of speed. This mare was clever and all right in
every way, both in the stable and in all kinds of harness when not
in heat, but during that period, kicked, switched, and urinated,
_ gradually getting worse.
‘S ‘This mare has been operated upon about two years, and the
& results were immediate. This man’s wife and children drive her
~ anywhere and feel perfectly safe. She had been acting badly for
bout three years.
_ Case 2.—Spotted mare—6 years old—in livery and used on a
mail wagon. Clever in every way when not in heat, but, during
_ estrum, could not be used at all and was growing worse. Had been
pecking about a year, but, some months previous, only switched.
_ This. mare Was operated upon six years ago. Results were im-
mediate. T met a lady driving her about two weeks after she went
50 H. FULSTOW
This same history will cover a great many cases of this class.
CLass 2—Case 1.—Bay mare—10 years old—pacer. At first,
she only kicked during regular periods of estrum, but, later, she
would kick any time. Had been mean about two-and-a-half years
and was getting worse. Was operated upon in 1914, was taken
home and put to work. Improvement was noticeable and in two
months was kind and gentle and at the present time is still all right.
Case 2.—Sorrel mare—three years old—draft breed. She
had been mean from a suckling up to the time of operation. It was
not safe to get anywhere near her, either in the barn or out. She
would chase you if you came anywhere near her in the lot.
They tried to break her to harness but had to give it up. This
mare was operated upon in the spring of 1915. The left ovary
was cystic—weight 734 ounces, the right one 1144 ounces. This
mare has been clever ever since the operation. She has been broken
to harness and works well. Owner’s statement says, ‘‘she can’t
be made to kick.’’ perc t ;
Case 3.—Bay mare rising five, 15.3 hands high, weight 1050
pounds, high bred (of the Wilks family) and showed considerable
speed when broken to harness at three-year-old.
During the winter (then coming four years) she became an
‘‘out-law’’—did about all the stunts on, the calendar, could not be
subdued, and was turned out to pasture in the spring, where she
remained until after she was operated upon, the following August.
She again ran out in the pasture until the first of October. Was
taken up and an attempt wes made to work her, but she still kicked
and switched as badly as before. The following May, she was tried
again but her disposition had made no improvement. Up to this
time she-had remained in fair flesh, but she began to lose flesh
even though she was idle, becoming quite poor. She was dealt, late
in October to a second party, who paid no attention to her, except
that she was properly cared for; again running out in pasture, she
took on flesh, becoming quite fat, and during the latter part of July
was again taken up, when she appeared perfectly docile, took her
work kindly and ever after displayed good manners, both in and
out of the harness. About 18 months after the operation she be-
came more docile, and at the end of two years was as pleasant as -
when she was three, which was fine. Since starting this paper, I
have received word that she is still fat and tangible, kind and agree-
able, showing her age but little and giving satisfaction to her
owner.
NYMPHOMANIA OF MARES 51
Case 4.—Brown mare, roadster, near 20 years old, at the time of
operation. Had been bad only about 3-4 months previous to being
operated upon. ‘She quit her kicking and squealing in the barn,
but is still a little troublesome when hitched on the street near
strange horses, the owner says that he is well pleased with the op-
~ eration.
ap CLAss 3—CAse 1.—Brown mare, cob—11-12 years old. She had
Bi been kicking and doing about all of the stunts that a horse can do
for at least five years. She was a dangerous animal either in the
e harness or in the stable. One week after the operation, she was
discharged and put to work. This mare displayed good manners,
both in harness and in the stable immediately upon returning home.
The owner’s wife drove her to town a short time after, a distance of
thirteen miles.
»- Nore. Both ovaries were hypertrophied, showing conclusive
evidence from the results obtained, and the condition of the ovaries,
that the operation was the only means by which this animal could
have been made useful.
ae
——$
DISCUSSION
Dr. Qurrman: I would like to ask Dr. Fulstow if he has ever
performed the operation of clitoridectomy for the class of cases
that has been described and how that operation compares with
oophorectomy ?
~ _—Dr. Futstow: Yes, I have performed clitoridectomy a num-
ber of times before doing oophorectomy, and it did not do any good.
In one of those cases that I did operate by oophorectomy, it did not
ure the mare; she was improved some. Later I removed the eli-
toris, and she got all right after that.
Dr. G. A. Rozertrs: There is no operation that we have been do-
g in the South that has met with as much public favor as oopho-
rectomy. It is true that there are cases that will be improved and
those that will not, and we have not had a sufficient number of them
» be able to divide them as Dr. Fulstow has, into different classes.
However, out of thirty-one that we have operated on in the last
‘three years, there was only one of them that did not respond beau-
tifully to it. One of the things that might be interesting to those
f-you who are not familiar with the southern condition—is that
re use the mule very largely down south. Out of these thirty-one
e have operated on four mare mules, with invariably splendid re-
ts. And in every case of nymphomania we have never failed in
single instance to find cystic conditions of the ovaries; we have
made some attempts, from an experimental standpoint, to try to
remove only the affected ovary, leaving the normal ovary present,
52 - H. FULSTOW
in some cases to see what the effect would be. In other cases, in
horse mares, to see by the removal of the diseased ovary, whether
that would effect a cure and the results were very satisfactory.
In the case of the four mules, the sound ovary was left. We
were positive, as far as we could tell, that the one ovary was af-
fected and the other normal, from manipulation of it. The one
ovary that we removed was larger than my fist. Unfortunately
we could not weigh it because in the attempt to remove it we had
to rupture it to get it through the opening in the vaginal wall,
but in less than four months afterwards, after the animal had com-
pletely gotten over the habit of kicking, squealing and biting, we
received a report some time ago that there was a return of the same
condition, within less than four months; that the animal was just
as bad as she ever was. On a re-operation, we found to our sur-
prise the second ovary, which at the time of the first operation was
perfectly normal, was just about in the same condition that the first
ovary was.
In every one of these mules, however, with the removal of both
ovaries, perfect results were obtained from them; and, as I said,
there was only one case in which the results were not successful.
We did operate on one mare, as Dr. Fulstow mentioned in his
classification, that was kicking all the time, it did not make any
difference what the circumstances were. It belonged to a rural
route carrier, and he gave her away because nobody could work her
at all. }
We had in our town an old gray mare that was driven to a
laundry wagon, an animal that had been for years getting worse
and worse, until finally they could not get a colored man to drive |
her at all. We had been asking the owner for a couple of years
to allow us to operate on her. Finally he said: ‘‘kill or cure.”’
~ We operated, and in a month’s time afterwards of the thirteen ani-
mals that the laundry possessed, there was not a better driving ani-
mal, of a more gentle disposition and more easy to drive than this
one. The mare was over twenty years of age at that time.
I brought the mule proposition in because mules correspond to
virgins, and they have not apparently copulated. Yet we found in
mare mules conditions similar to those found in horse mares that
caused large cystic conditions of the ovaries. In many eases the
condition was confined to one ovary, but in some cases to both
ovaries; in some instances the cystic formation was not larger
than the end of your thumb; in other cases the ovaries were as
large as two fists and could not be readily removed without rup-
ture of the cyst first. In every one of these cases from the mildest
to the most extreme, they responded beautifully to the operation
with the exception of the one case mentioned.
With reference to safety, we have been extremely fortunate, or
lucky, because of the thirty-one, we did not have a single accident
whatever happen. In some other attempts that have been made,
NYMPHOMANIA OF MARES 53
there have been some losses from hemorrhage and some septic con-
ditions following, but we were extremely lucky in the number of
animals we have operated on in having no unfavorable conse-
quences. So far, there is no operation which has given us so much
_ favor in the eyes of the public in overcoming these unsuitable con-
ditions in animals that were absolutely worthless before the opera-
tion, which rendered them perfectly tractable and as good as any
_ _ other animal after the operation.
ia Dr. Exuis: The doctor has referred to a case of mine that I re-
_ ported. I wish to say just a word because we might find some other
_ cause for a return in my case. The conditions were identical, in
one sense, that one ovary was very largely cystic, and the other was
normal; ‘but both ovaries were removed at the same time, and yet
_ we had a return. It may have been a psychical condition and it
may have been that the handlers of this mare were so determined
_ that she would not be cured of that.habit, or that vice, by the opera-
tion, that they used every test they could to try to see whether
_ she would not kick again, and she accommodated then. A mare mule
_ that I reported about fifteen or sixteen years ago, was giving milk,
Il ealled it lactation of a virgin in mules. That was one of the most
x remarkable cases of nymphomania I ever saw in a female animal.
- Dr. Rogerts: Did you operate on that case of lactation in
the mule?
BS Dr. Exuis: No, not on the mule.
i i eee a al
? Dr. Roperts: We had one some months ago that had periods
in which she would give from a pint to a quart of milk. We tried
our best to get the man to allow an operation, but we were not suc-
cessful.
a Dr. BuarrenserG: I would like to ask the gentleman who
__ operated on the mare what method of restraint was required.
_____Dr. Roperts: We had a fellow at the twitch, one at-the halter
and one at the tail. Unfortunately, we have not had an opportunity
to get the subject confined. We put a side line on over nine-tenths
f the cases. We have simply had the side line on out in a lot.
We try to keep them moving so they won’t get down. We have
attempted to use some local anesthesia. Some of them have stood
rfectly still, and others we have had to raise up off the ground in
er to keep them still.
Dr. LaCroix: I was very much interested in Dr. Fulstow’s
_ paper, particularly in the restraint that Dr. Blattenberg has just
“ _ spoken of. I believe the average practitioner who is not doing this
EOP eration, is a little timid in undertaking it. The matter of re-
raint is an important one. If, however, you administer from an
ance and a half to two ounces of chloral hydrate into the rectum
fter having an assistant empty the contents of the rectum, the re-
‘aint is not difficult. I have handled range animals, young ones
year and a half old, in an improvised chute. I have handled them
n on the ground and almost every other way. About the bal-
54 H. FULSTOW
looning of the vaginal wall, I think the unskilled operator may
have some difficulty if he depends upon that to carry out the opera-
tion successfully and conveniently. The novice, or rather the man
who is a little timid about doing this operation, would be a little
slow in his technique, and by the time he gets ready to make the in-
cision in the vaginal wall, the ballooning will have subsided. I
use, in some eases, a blunt pointed embryotomie hook. I do not
bother about injecting fluids or ballooning. By tensing the walls
of the vagina, one can make the incision very safely. In other
words, I think it is well in each instance to locate by palpation the
arteries. Locate the aorta and the iliac branches, and in this man-
ner one can readily avoid puncturing. With regard to results, IL
have not had occasion to classify them as the doctor did, but it is a
_ well known fact that in conditions that have been chronie, the re-
sults, if attained at all, do not come very fast, even several months
being not uncommon. :
Dr. Roserts: I would like to ask Dr. LaCroix if he did not
get a good deal of hemorrhage when he used chloral hydrate: We
have used it a number of times ourselves for that express purpose, —
but invariably we got so much hemorrhage that we tried to use
some other method of anaesthesia and control, and at the same time
be humane. We tried so far as we could do so to avoid that hem-
orrhage.
Dr. LaCrorx: I would say briefly that I have had no trouble
with hemorrhage. It may have occurred but I have not noticed it
and have had no losses due to hemorrhage.
Dr. Meritiat: I think you old surgeons who have done this
operation so much take for granted that everyone can do this opera-
tion with great ease; while, in fact, there are many ugly stumbling
blpcks in mare castration that the new operator meets. You are
giving an entirely wrong idea of this operation by saying that,
Zip! anybody can go in the vagina and get the ovary. To do it
is not very easy. I find that new operators often fail to find the
ovaries very easily. It is not just such an easy matter to put the
hand through the abdominal cavity and find the ovary. Sometimes
the new operator fumbles quite a long while before the ovary falls
into his hand. Can you guess the reason why? So often the great
mesentery lies between the hand and the ovary, and he hunts and
hunts and hunts, and he is pushing the ovary away from him all
the time. There is a curtain between him and the ovary. I have
met that so often myself, and I had to do some awful things in
there before I learned what was the reason. making brood mares out of some of these awful kickers, and since
_ Dr. Roberts has spoken of operations that were successful, that
opens up a means of conserving such animals for breeding pur-
poses by removing only the affected ovary. In the future, in my
) operations, I shall only remove the affected ovary. I believe that
, it is sufficient, and will.conserve a breeding animal, and undoubted-
_ ly does just as much good in restoring her usefulness as if both
had been removed.
Dr. Fercuson: The class of mares that I have operated on
has been mostly extremely vicious mares, and my technique for op-
_ erating has been to confine them in stocks, and I consider that none
- too good a confinement. They were all mares that would fight
- considerably ; and, in addition to confining them in the stocks, with
"a sling under them, and ropes over them, and hobbling them to
4 the floor, I always anaesthetize with chloral hydrate, from an ounce
_ to two ounces, according to the size of the mare. The result of
_ my experience has been along the line of Dr. Fulstow’s. A con-
_ siderable time elapsed in most of my cases before any improvement
» was noticed. One mare, in particular. was a mare that at one time
Bovad a very sore neck, and after operating on her, I cautioned the
er to be very kind to this mare for some time, and: he was kind
o-her, treated her nicely, and she was improving apparently, mak-
“ing a nice recovery from her mean disposition. He sent his man
after some baled hay, with this mare and another horse, one day,
d they got in a position where they had to do considerable back-
site, and they had no breeching on the harness, and it started this
mare up again, the irritation of backing, the pressure on the neck
‘Started her to kicking again, and it was over two years before they
d get the mare back so that she was as good as she was six
aths after the operation; but eventually she made a nice re-
; The i incision, in my experience, is the hardest part of the op-
tion. I have had the accident that Dr. Merillat referred to;
in one case that I operated on I found the ovaries without trouble.
‘epared this mare by fastening her for thirty-six hours, and dur-
at time my stable man reported that she pawed considerably.
! ted 0 on her, and about half an hour after the operation we
56 H. FULSTOW
found this mare with her feet up in the manger. We removed
her from that position. In due time she was fed a little meal.
After eating, she seemed to be inconvenienced, and we gave her a
little treatment, and she eased up in time; but after the next meal ~
she developed the same_symptom, and continued along that line for
the neighborhood of a week, or eight days. In the meantime we ~
had to relieve her rectum, and eventually she had a bad turn and ~
we took her in the country a mile and killed her and made a care- |
ful post mortem examination. I found that in removing one ovary —
I had taken the omentum, ovary and all, which caused a protru- —
sion in the bowel! and strangulation, and that would have caused —
her death. I thought, at first, that possibly that mare was af- —
flicted before the operation, that she had had that accident, but —
talking with Dr. Merillat and comparing notes, I think there is no
question but that the trouble was in removing the mesentery at the —
time of removing the ovary. a
Dr. Futstow: I would like to ask Dr. Roberts how he ean tell —
the difference between a true cyst and a Graafian follicle, when it —
is only the size of the end of his finger nail, before he takes it out
of the mare, in case he wants to leave one ovary in there for breed-
ing purposes? :
- Dr. Merinuar: You ean do that very easily. Your question ©
is how to differentiate between the Graafian follicle and a cyst? o.
Dr. Futstow: Before you take it out of the mare, how can —
you tell the difference between a true cyst and a Graafian follicle?
Dr. Roserts: I do not know that we are enabled to. Un- —
fortunately, we have not made the different forms of examination
in the two classes of animals. In our mares we have never made,—
and I regret to confess it—a rectal examination, and we should ~
have done so. We have always found the circumstances as want- —
ing something to be done, and we have always gone ahead and done” —
it. On the other hand, in cows, we have not made the vaginal ex-
amination, but we have made the rectal examination, and in the ~
cows there might be some difficulty in the first inference as to
whether it was a Graafian follicle or cyst. Invariably with the cow ~
we have always made a re-examination some time afterwards so —
that if it was a Graafian follicle, it would have had time to have —
ruptured. In a purely surface examination, I do not believe it is
possible to make a distinction between the two. On the other hand,
the Graafian follicle is so sloping and so different from the bulginess —
of the cyst, that we have considered any way we were capable of —
differentiating between them. a
Dr. Mermuar: If Dr. Williams were here, he would tell you —
just how to do that. Dr, Williams differentiates abscess, cyst,
yellow body, through the rectal wall in the palpation of the ovaries —
of the cow, and I know that he does it because Dr. Cotton, just a —
few days ago in Minnesota, checked. him up in some of his diag- —
noses on a post mortem, and he found that Dr. Williams was right. —
NYMPHOMANIA OF MARES 57
So this indicates to me that we have not developed our full possi-
bilities in palpations of the ovaries. But what Dr. Fulstow meant
was, even when your hand was on the ovary in the abdominal cav-
ity, during your operation how can you differentiate ?
Dr. Fuutstow: Yes, so that in case you want to leave this
mare for a brood mare, you could leave the other ovary in.
Dr. Roperts: We have always satisfied ourselves with the
manipulation while we were in there. If we found one ovary was
much altered, and the other nearly normal, we went on that basis.
We believe it can be done just as readily beforehand by rectal ex-
amination.
Dr. Mertuuatr: What I had in mind in referring to the unilater-
al operation was just what Dr. Roberts says. We found one ovary
enormously large, unquestionably diseased on account of its size,
as big as a baseball or cocoanut, and I should remove that only.
Dr. LaCrorx: I understand you, Dr. Merillat, to refer to
differentiation in the cow only, did you not?
Dr. Meriwuat: I did, as far as Dr. Williams’ manipulation
was concerned.
Dr. LaCrorx: You will recall there is a difference in the
density and in the thickness of the covering of the ovaries in the
cow and in the mare. In my own experience, | have not been able
to distinguish,—at least I am not satisfied with my diagnosis, in
the mare; I have not been able to readily distinguish a Graafian °
follicle from a cyst. The heavy dense tunica albuginea does not
allow much bulging, in the cases where | have tried to distinguish,
so that I cannot positively say that it is easy to distinguish between
the two conditions in the mare, in my experience. It is easy enough
in the cow, but not so easy in the mare.
Dr. MurpHey: In regard to the cow, I should like to offer
just a little comment. We have been making a study of this prob-
’ lem, to tell whether they were cysts or Graafian follicles, by dis-
- secting sections of a number. I have graduate students working
- on-that problem now. I am inclined to believe there is no distine-
tion between cysts and Graafian follicles in the early stages of the
cyst, at least. In the follicles that are undergoing degeneration,
- that have largely developed so-called atresia of the follicle, there
is no superficial distinction between them and the follicle. There
is some work that has been done recently in Louisiana. I am not
sure of the animals. There was no such distinction found. In
that particular work there were some physiological experiments
performed to determine the character. In those that showed any
atresia, or cystic condition, they have found that the fluid in the
tresia follicles and well-developed cysts, contained an enzyme or
ferment, I do not know just which term to use, but at least it had
the power of digesting protein, and that is possibly the explana-
tion of the formation of the cysts. As to the surface, we have been
unable to find any distinction. The problem was suggested, I be-
58 ‘ H. FULSTOW —
lieve, by Dr. Bemis, to find whether there was any surface differ-
ence between the Graafian follicle, or atresia follicles and large 4
cysts. So far our studies have shown there was no point of dis- —
tinction. I question some of the statements that others make in ~
regard to their ability to diagnose by surface differences.
Dr. Roperts: We would like to say also that we have done a 2
great deal of work histologically, and that we have found a cyst —
of two different forms. We have found one cyst that is not any
more than a large Graafian follicle, and again we have found a “a
large portion of our cysts as a result of degeneration of persistent —
corpus luteum, in which we have a large number of sections, show-
ing different degrees of degeneration of the corpus luteum.
Dr. CampsBeLL: I understood Dr. Fulstow to classify these a
cases into two divisions: the large one, where there was disease of —
the ovaries or other degenerative organs; and the smaller classes, —
containing an appreciable portion of the cases where he said it was —
due to heredity. I understood him to say that he found the ovaries ii
normal there. :
Dr. Futstow: That is right. I have noticed a good many
mares I treated, and I found no diseased condition whatever in a
the ovary. a
Dr. CampseLL: That being the case, I do not see where there
is the safety in your idea of leaving one ovary and removing the _
other, because you think it is good. I understood Dr. Roberts to
say that every one of his thirty-one cases were cases where there —
were diseased ovaries. Dr. LaCroix did not mention whether all
of his were diseased or not. It seems the discussion has been about
one class of cases, and the paper was read about a broader division
of it, and the essayist being right, and we know that he is, it is not — 4
going to be safe to leave one ovary in there, even if it does seem to
be normal, if the mare is a bad one; it is necessary to take them
both out. 3
Dr. Futstow: I think a good many times that mares will —
kick, mares with mean dispositions, where we haven’t any degen-
eration of the ovary, mares will kick just from irritation; and by
removing the ovaries you correct that irritation.
Dr. Merrtuatr: We do not understand that, Doctor.
Dr. Fuutstow: I said I had treated, or operated upon a good
many mares that kicked, where I did not find a thing wrong with —
the ovaries, nothing wrong with them whatever, but the irritation
set up at the time of estrum is what produced the kicking, Their
disposition was mean, and just that little irritation made them kick.
A MEMBER: They were improved by the operation, were they ?
Dr. Futstrow: They were improved by the operation, yes.
Dr. Mermuar: In a confirmed kicker, how long after the op-
eration was there any manifest improvement?
Dr. Futstow: The mare that I reported in class 3 had been df
_kicking for five years. I think she was kept about ten days and re-
NYMPHOMANIA IN MARES 59
turned home and immediately put to work, and was kind and gentle
in every way ever since the operation. This mare has been op-
erated on about a year, and she could not be used either in harness
or out of harness previously; they could not go into the stable or
. anywhere near her, and she was improved right away after being
operated on. Then some of the other class have gone for six
months, two months, and one went two years.
Dr. Merituat: That is a good point to bring out about the
spaying of mares. Practitioners often draw the wrong idea of
spaying mares by expecting immediate improvement. Some of
our cases have been improved after ten or eleven months, and a
splendid improvement too. Others have improved after three
months. I have in mind now a case of a fine chestnut draft mare
that became vicious rather suddenly, and was perfectly useless; a
splendid mare, worth easily $300, that was spayed and sold a month
after the operation because the operation was not a success, sold
for a small price. I had occasion to see-that mare three months
afterwards, and found her driving around on a single wagon, per-
fectly tractable. That is an important point in the prognosis of
the disease.
Dr. Roperts: In every case of the thirty-one we have had,
there were diseased ovaries, but we have not operated where we did
not think there was real need for it. On the other hand, I hope
that we will consider this proposition as essential, from the remarks
of the Governor here last night with reference to humanity.
With reference to the last case referred to, there was a great
long iron pipe.laid alongside of the barn where we went to operate.
The owner said, ‘‘you see that bent iron pipe? That is what I
have been using on this mule mare to get her to do the service I
want of her.’’ It was simply that there was such an irritation that
the animal was not accountable for its actions whatever. It was
simply a case of humaneness to operate on such a case. I believe
there are many animals today that are being brutally treated under
the same circumstances. This fellow said he bought her from an-
o> other man, saying, “*T will make her work or break her damn neck,
one or the other.’’ That is just the way a large number of them
q 5 do. We have in every case, excepting one, found a splendid im-
provement.
_ —Flight-Lieutenant Rochfort Grange, son of Principal Grange
of the Ontario Veterinary College, was recently wounded in the
Shoulder by a bullet. For his services at the front he has been
awarded the Distinguished Service Cross.
REMOVING RETAINED PLACENTAE BY INJECTING
PLACENTAL VESSELS WITH SALINE SOLUTION*
Dr. R. R. SHaw, Sidney, Ohio.
The problem of removing the placenta other than by the man-
ual method has been given much consideration by prominent vet-
erinarians and associations for several years. The method of
manual removal has been in vogue since veterinary science has ex-
isted and up to the present time it has not received much elabora-
tion. The method as practiced has numerous objectionable fea-
tures which are dangerous to both operator and patient.’ Among
these are infection, traumatic injury to the uterus and severe me-
tritis. The usual method is also objectionable on account of in-
sufficient arm-length.
The new method we are here offering the profession theorized
and developed by Dr. D. L. Englerth and myself is as follows :—
the technique of our method is very simple and the outfit can be
purchased at very little cost. Before describing the operation I
shall give a list of the articles that make up the apparatus:
1—quarter inch canula 10 inches long
1—rubber tube 10 feet long
1—pump and pail
2—gallons of normal salt solution.
It is important that the umbilical cord is intact and accessible
to the operator. A large radicle of the vein may be used if part of
the placenta has been removed.
The canula is introduced into either the vein or the artery of
the cord through a longitudinal incision and is held in place by a
ligature. The tube is then attached to the canula and after attach-
ing the other end to the pump the operation begins. The saline
or antiseptic solution is slowly pumped into the placental tissue,
which upon being engorged with the liquid behaves similar to
erectile tissue. As the placenta distends the liquid by hydrostatic
pressure detaches it from the uterine surface. The choroid ven-
ules become distended and rupture, permitting the solution to pass
to the uterine surface of the placenta. The villous processes are
detached and there is a uniform separation of the entire membrane.
*Read before the Northwestern Ohio Veterinary Medieal Association,
Toledo, Ohio., February 21st, 1917,
REMOVING RETAINED PLACENTAE 61
Uterine contractions are stimulated and thus aid in loosening
the attachment. After tlie membranes are completely detached a
moderate traction will deliver them.
CLINICAL Report :—October 9, 1916, I was called to see a cow
that had been in labor six hours. The delivery was affected by
traction which left the patient in a very weakened condition. I
instilled a gallon of saline solution into each vein and had a com-
plete delivery of the placenta in five minutes.
Report No. 2:—November 7, 1916, I was called to see a cow
that had passed part of the placenta leaving the remainder at-
tached and protruding. One-half gallon of saline solution was in-
stilled into the placental tissue through one of the large radicles
of the umbilical vein, which immediately detached the placenta.
Report No. 3:—My third case was a firmly attached placenta
in a cow which I found immediately after delivery. A gallon of
antiseptic solution instilled through the umbilical vein detached it
in two hours.
Peroxide of hydrogen or permanganate of potash solution may
be used instead of the saline solution. The operation is less effee-
tual where the placenta has been meddled with in futile attempts to
detach it. In such cases it may be difficult to find the cord. It is
likewise less effectual after the membrane has been weakened by
decomposition, which leaves the walls of the vessels too weak to sup-
_ port the solution. The operation is one that should be practiced
_ as soon after delivery as possible.
a os
DISCUSSION
Dr. Mermiat: The subject of retained placenta to-day I
| think is attracting more attention in the veterinary profession than
_ any other subject because of its relation to abortion disease, which
es is recognized now as.the great American scourge. That this dis-
__ ease is threatening our live stock industry is pretty well understood.
i: I believe that our best investigators on abortion disease maintain
4 that the retained placenta is one of its manifestations. When the
_ placenta does not deliver in the proper time the delay is oft times
- said to be the work of the bacillus of Bang. “An animal thus af-
: fected i is a dangerous subject because it may contaminate others.
PF? As regards the prevailing modus operandi; it is becoming
% customary in the veterinary profession to remove the placenta
a manually only when it can be detached with ease. Forcible de-
x _ tachment is not practiced at all in the good establishments where
valuable animals are involved. Our best veterinarians to-day rec-
62 R. R. SHAW
ognize the fact that the tearing away of the retained placenta is —
unwise, but the veterinarian working in his own field is handicap-
ped in that his customer when calling upon him to deliver a sub-
ject of an attached placenta is expected to remove it and if he does —
not do so he would be criticised. He therefore proceeds to do the — *
wrong thing, tearing-it away against his better judgment. Now- _
a-days many recommend it be left alone and treated with preserva-_
tives until it can be more easily detached some few days hence. ~~
Now comes this remarkable system which to me is such a sur- ”
prise that I shall suspend judgment on its merit until I hear more —
about it. If Dr. Shaw’s method is as effective as his paper seems
to indicate we have heard something that will revolutionize the old —
plan of handling after-births. Naturally he has made history. —
This system will enable us to leave the placenta alone until it is
ready to remove. If this method does not always detach it I can
see that the method will do less harm to the subject than the manual
one. I am certainly pleased that Dr. Shaw has brought this sub-
ject before you and am especially pleased to note that he has tried —
it out well before giving it publicity. i.
I cannot claim to have any broad experience in obstetrics as E
most of the knowledge about such matters I have gathered through —
these kinds of discussions in association meetings. I therefore ap- —
proach this subject very cautiously and am not expecting you to —
take my remarks too seriously. y
Dr. Mayo: I want to thank Dr. Shaw for presenting some-— 4
thing new, because I try to keep pretty well posted with veterinary
progress in recent literature, and this phase of the work has never —
been touched upon before. I also want to take issue with Dr. Mer- |
illat and his part of the statement as based on Dr. Williams’ work,
that all cases of retained placenta are indicative of abortion. I aoa
not believe it, and I want to emphasize my statement now. We — :
had retained placenta 40 years ago and I know we never had any 4
deaths from this disease. I have seen it on the range. I will ad- ~
mit that it is much more frequent with contagious abortion. You —
know when a man gets to working with some special subject and a
gets all wrought up with it, everything that comes along he natur-.
ally or unconsciously points to his theory to show that he is right —
in his analysis. aa
Dr. Mermiat: I think that Dr. Mayo has misunderstood me. —
I will try to make a corrected report about this. I said that re- —
tained placenta is generally caused by abortion disease and I still —
maintain so. Those cases on the range 40 years ago might have —
been due to some other cause, and then again they might have been —
caused by abortion. There are not many causes of metritis in our —
animals except abortion disease. It is better to suspect the re-
tained placenta as a pest than to pass it off as a triviality on any —
occasion, and I am not so sure that these animals that Dr. Mayo saw
40 years ago did not have contagious abortion. We know conta-
REMOVING RETAINED PLACENTAE 63
gious abortion to-day because we study it. We know that conta-
gious abortion does not always manifest itself by abortion. Abor-
tion phenomena represent a different condition than abortion dis-
ease. We look upon abortion disease to-day as a general venereal
disease, manifésting itself by premature expulsion of the fetus and
other symptoms, such as retained afterbirth and sterility. I am
- not insisting that all cases of retained placenta are caused by con-
tagious abortion, but that they are all caused by metritis, and that
metritis is usually due to abortion disease.
Dr. Houser: Dr. Shaw first called my attention to this meth-
‘od of removing retained placenta last October. At first I in-
a jected about 3 gallons of saline solution, then proceeded with the
old-time manner of removing it. I found the injection was a great
a help. In all cases where I have tried it I find that the placenta
was expelled in from 2 to 6 hours after the injection. I have had
from 15 to 20 cases.
Dr. Neau McNeau: Dr. Shaw told me about this system
"about a month ago and I have tried it on 7 cases with very satis-
factory results. I simply injected about 2 to 3 gallons, but I be-
lieve that it was a little too much, less would do. In our eases the
placenta came away in from 8 to 12 hours after the injection. We
sg never had to drag it away.
-_ -Dr. Apams: Tell us the difficulty of your experience in try-
ing the injection.
Dr. Neat McNeau: The vessels are sometimes very hard to
bring out far enough to insert the tube. I endeavor to bring them
back with a pair of long dressing forceps, with which I bring the
vein out where I can insert the tube.
Dr. Meriuat: Do you believe that the uterus at this time
would be light enough to be retracted with forceps?
Dr. McNeau: Yes.
Dr. Mertuuat: Have you ever used Albrechtson’s forceps to
facilitate matters?
Dr. McNgAu: I have never tried them.
s Dr. Mermuar: It has just occurred to me that frequently
the vessels would be so far back it would be difficult to find them.
__ +Dr. McNeau: Yes, I do find them in that condition quite
a often. .I, however, have not had much difficulty since I commenced
a to use dressing forceps.
_- _ Dr, Houser: Generally I work the pump myself and as soon
as I commence to get a good heavy pressure I quit. Previously I
. paca to inject 2 to 3 gallons but now I find that a gallon is plenty.
THE ETIOLOGY OF HOG CHOLERA
(PRELIMINARY REPORT)
FREDERICK PROESCHER, M.D., AND Harvey A. Sein, Ph.D.
Pittsburgh, Pa.
= te
The investigations of de Schweinitz and Dorset! 1903, and _
Dorset, Bolton and McBryde? 1905, have shown that the causative
agent of hog cholera is a filterable virus. The findings of these a
authors were corroborated by Poels* in Holland, Ostertag and
Stadie*, Wasserman’ and Uhlenhuth® in Germany, Hutyra’ in Hun- —
gary, the Board’s Laboratory in England’, Theiler? in South Af-—
rica, and by others. The virus is filterable through Berkefeld,
Heim, Pukall and Chamberland filters. According to Von Betegh??
it is retained by the ultra filter of Bechold. Uhlenhuth states that —
a part of the virus is retained by all filters, since the filtered virus 3 4
is not as potent as the unfiltered. In spite of numerous painstak-
ing investigations, the virus of hog cholera has neither been ren-
dered microscopically visible nor has it been artificially cultivated. 4
Since other filterable viruses as poliomyelitis’’, rabies’? and
variola’? can be stained and thus become visible under the micro- _
scope, and since these can be artificially cultivated with the origi- —
nal potency retained to such a degree that the respective disease
can be reproduced in animals by distant subcultures, the same meth- 3
od of procedure which leads to the discovery of the above mentioned
microorganisms was applied to hog cholera. One of us (Proe-
scher)'* has shown that filterable viruses possess characteristic —
staining properties, i.e., they can be stained only with certain
aniline dyes belonging to the thiazine family such as methylene
azure, toluidine azure and methylene violet, either as free base or as
the readily dissociated carbonate. The inorganic acid salts are not
suitable. Furthermore, the filterable viruses consist of .lipopro-
tein explaining satisfactorily their filterability by virtue of a
greater flexibility due to the lipoid component. This latter ren-
ders the virus a solvent for the free dye base whether present as
such or set free by dissociation.
Since the virus of hog cholera circulates mainly in the blood
stream, the greater part of this investigation was restricted to the
blood. Blood smears were made from the blood of six pigs in the —
advanced stages of hog cholera, and also from the blood of twenty-
THE ETIOLOGY OF HOG CHOLERA 65
eight pigs artificially infected with virus. These last pigs were
killed on the eighth day of the disease, and samples of blood were
then taken. All the pigs were examined post mortem, and the
characteristic lesions of hog cholera established.
The air-dried blood smears were fixed for half an hour, either
~ in methy] alcohol or in a 5% aqueous solution of sodium tetrava-
nadate and the fresh smears of a 5% alcoholic ammonium uran-
icitrate solution at 60 degrees C. for the same time. The smears
from the last two fixations were thoroughly washed with distilled
water and stained in a 1% aqueous solution of methylene azure
containing 1% of phenol. The smears fixed in methy! alcohol were
dried and stained as above. The cover slips were floated on the
methylene azure solution to prevent precipitation for about eighteen
hours, then thoroughly washed with water, dried and mounted in
paraffin or cedar oils.
The smears fixed in methyl alcohol showed the following: the
red cells were stained a bluish-green; the nuclei of the leucocytes
either blue or a metachromatic violet; the protoplasm of the poly-
nuclear leucocytes either colorless or a faint blue. The granula-
tion of the neutrophiles and eosinophiles were not differentiated,
while the granulation of the basophiles were stained metachromati-
cally. The protoplasm varied from a slight to a deep blue. The
| _ blood platelets were stained a very faint blue. Besides these com-
mon elements, oval or irregularly outlined cellular elements which
showed a deep blue oval nucleus surrounded by a greenish proto-
plasm, were seen. These cells varied in size from 20 to 40 micra.
They either occur isolated or in conglomerate masses. On close
study and by the use of other fixing agents which preserve the cel-
lular structure better than methyl alcohol, these cells are unques-
tionably exfoliated endothelium cells from the walls of the vessels.
The protoplasm of some of these endothelium cells include two
q well defined structures. The first occurs either as deep blue thin
a filaments about 6 to 7 micra in length, or as rods simulating bacilli
x about 2 to 3 micra in length, arranged in parallel chains which are
_ usually found in the distal protoplasm or generally distributed over
_ the cell, sometimes even in the nuclear membrane. Besides these,
_ deep blue cocci-like formations, or isolated cocci, are noted. All
these structures are undoubtedly mitochondria, a normal consti-
_ tuent of the protoplasm which is at times mistaken for either a
a ‘ microorganism or one of the developmental stages of microorgan-
66 FREDERICK PROESCHER AND HARVEY A. SEIL
isms. Our recent investigations, to be published in the near fu-
ture, show that these polymorphous structures found in the proto-
plasm are normal cell constituents which are identical with the
mitochondria first described by Benda’, who made it visible by a
complicated staining method in the sex cells. We may mention
briefly that our staining method demonstrates mitochondria in the
epithelial cells of the integument, as well as in the interstitial cells
of the testes, and renders it visible in certain pathological con-
ditions of the nerve cells. / S
The second structure found in some of the endottisliint cells
is a very small diplococcus, uniformly less than .2 micron in size —
just on the limit of microscopic visibility. These diplococci are
stained either a deep blue or a metachromatic violet. Their formis _
either spheroid or ovaloid. Some of the endothelium cells are en- a
tirely filled with these cocci which are readily differentiated from o
' the polymorphius mitochondria by their uniform morphology and — a
size. They are also found extracellular between the red cells or
attached to them as diplococci and occasionally as short chains con- i)
sisting of four to six cocci or sometimes grouped in clusters. Now —
and then the cocci are found in the protoplasm of the polynuclear —
leucocytes. At times the cocci are also seen embedded between pe-—
culiar deeply-stained, agglomerated roundish lymphocytic-like cells. .
The size of these latter is about 7 to 8 micra, exhibiting a large
nucleus and a very small barely visible cytoplasm. These cell
masses undoubtedly originate from the walls of the vessel and the
histogenic lymphocytes. The micrococci are occasionally seen with-
in the nuclei. Some of the cells undergo partial metamorphosis 4
showing pyknosis and karryorhexis of their nuclei.
The cytoplasm of the endothelium cells as well as of the large — .
lymphocytes shows peculiar cell inclusions in the form of either
dark blue or blue roundish formations similar to the Guarnieri
bodies, characteristic cell inclusions of variola. Their size varies
between 2 to 4 micra in diameter. They are either stained a uni-
form blue or show a granular structure. They are distributed
throughout the protoplasm or may be attached to the nucleus.
THE ETIOLOGY OF HOG CHOLERA 67
These cell inclusions were uniformly found in advanced stages of
the disease.*
Smears fixed by ammonium uranicitrate preserves the endo-
thelium cell in a most remarkable manner. The mitochondria and
_ the microorganisms exhibit a well defined differentiation while the
red cells and the majority of the white cells merely appear as out-
_ lines and sometimes are hardly visible. The extracellular organ-
isms are generally found in groups, due probably to the fixation.
_ The differences between the mitochondria and the microorganisms
_ are well pronounced. The inclusions in the endothelium cells are
also clearly stained.
i. The microorganisms found in the blood were also found in the
- urines of three pigs artificially infected with hog cholera. The
. fresh urine was centrifuged and smears made from the sediment.
’ These were fixed and stained as in the case of the blood. Micro-
. organisms occurred in large numbers sometimes as isolated cocci,
_ and quite frequently in rather dense agglomerations. These find-
_ ings satisfactorily explain the highly infectious nature of the urine.
’ ___ The microorganisms just described were found in the blood of
. r all the pigs examined. The method of staining, the localization
of the cocci in the endothelium cells, their uniform morphology,
their minute size which explains their filterability, the formation of
_ cellular inclusions, all properties of the known filterable viruses,
_ indicate that these microorganisms are the causative agents of hog
’ cholera. Of course, the absolute proof is the cultivation of the
' microorganisms and the production of the disease by distant sub-
» cultures. This artificial cultivation is at present under investiga-
_ tion, and we hope to report upon this phase in the near future.
‘3 The changes in the blood picture in hog cholera closely re-
_ semble those of typhus fever (typhus exanthematicus) in humans.
_ A great number of endothelium cells is found in the blood stream
_ _ *These cell inclusions are altered mitochondria. Our unpublished study
_ of the Guarnieri bodies in variola vaccine indicate that these inelusions are
' disintegration products of mitochondria. While the microorganisms multi-
_ ply in the cell a part of the mitochondria undergoes a chemical change, prob-
aby a splitting off of the lipoid component, thus giving the remainder of the
_ molecule a chromatophilic affinity for the common strains. This is confirmed
_ by the fact that unchanged mitochondria occurs within the inclusions. This
Aes may be due to the diffusion into the cell of the toxin generated by the
virus. The mitichondria, too, appears to play an important role in cell pro-
tion probably causing the formation of antibodies. It is a significant fact
_ that the amount of the mitochondria is increased during the infection.
68 FREDERICK PROESCHER AND HARVEY A. SEIL
in both. One of us (Proescher)!* has shown that the causatir
agent of typhus fever is primarily found in the endothelium cel
and also free in the blood stream. The morphology of the mier
organisms closely resembles that of those in hog cholera and a dip- —
locoecus is also present although somewhat larger in size. Th
pathological changes in hog cholera are analogous to those found i
typhus. In the peracute and acute cases of hog cholera, the dis-
ease is a septicemia with a high continua. The pathologica
changes found in uncomplicated cases are hemorrhages in the ski
and internal organs. In hog cholera, as well as in typhus, a bron.
chial pneumonia may be found. The only difference is in the in
testinal canal. In hog cholera, necrosis is occasionally eviden
which is not the case in typhus fever in humans. Another simi
larity is the necrosis of the distant organs, such as of the ear an
snout in hog cholera, and of the extremities in typhus. This sim
ilarity points to the probability that the primary seat of the disea
in hog cholera is found in the arterial capillaries. This was demon
strated histologically by Dr. E. Fraenkel*® in typhus,” showing | a
so-called periarteritis (periarteritis nodosa) of the small vessels off
the skin with a proliferation of the endothelium cells of the vessels
and a consecutive thrombosis. A careful histological examination
in hog cholera has not yet been made but the above analogy to ty- 4
phus in the pathological changes in hog cholera indicates a prob- —
able similarity of disease causation. A histological study of the —
changes taking place in the vessels caused by hog cholera is in pro- —
gress and will be reported in a future paper.
We wish to express our indebtedness for the vahidble assist-
ance given us by Dr. John Lichty, and Dr. D. W. MecAhren of the
Purity Serum Company, while engaged’ in this investigation in
Sioux City, Lowa.
REFERENCES
(1) pe Scuwernitz AND Dorset. A Form of Hog Cholera not caused by tel
Hog Cholera Bacillus. Bureau of Animal Industry Circular 48—1903. .
(2) Dorser, Boron AND McBrype. The Etiology of Hog Cholera. Bureau —
of Animal Industry Bulletin 72—1905, 4
(3) Pores. Verslag van de werkzaamsheden der Rijiksseruminrichtung. —
1904-1905, _ q
(4) OsterTaG UND Srapie. Weitere Untersuchungen tiber die Filtrierbarkeit —
des Virus der Sehweineseuche und Schweinepest. Zeitschrift fiir Infee-
tions Irankheiten, etc. der Haustiere. Vol. 11, IT and III, 1907. a |
(5) V. Wasserman. Wissenschaftliches tiber Schweinepest und Schweine-_ a
seuche, Mitteilungen des Vereins deutscher Schweineguchter, 1908,
Puate I,
Figure. 1. Smear—Hog Cholera Blood—Endothelium Cell—showing diplococei
also extracellular virus—Leitz 1/12 oil immersion—Ocular 2.
Figure 2. Smear—Hog Cholera Blood—Endothelium Cell showing diplocoeci,
mitochondria and inelusions.
Leitz 1/12 oil immersion—Oeular 2.
PuateE II.
Figure 3. Smear—Hog Cholera Blood—showing microorganisms attached to
red cells,
Leitz 1/12 oil immersion—Ocular 2.
Figure 4. Smear—Hog Cholera Blood—showing microorganisms both in the
protoplasm of a polynuclear leucocyte and also extracellular.
Leitz 1/12 oil immersion—Oceular 2.
Figure 5. Same as figure 4 but 4000 magnification.
THE ETIOLOGY OF HOG CHOLERA 69
(6) UHLENHUTH, HUBENER, XYLANDER UND Bourz. Untersuchungen iiber
das Wesen und die Bekaupfung des Schweinepest. Arbeiten aus dem
kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamt. Vol. 27, 1908.
(7) Huryra. Zur Aetiologie der Schweinepest und Schweineseuche. Ber-
liner tieraretliche Wochenschrift 32, 1906.
(8) Boarp or AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES. Annual Reports of Proceedings
under The Diseases of Animals Acts, etc. for the year 1903.
(9) THEILER. Die Schweinepest und Schweineseuche in Sudafrika. Forst-
schritte der Veterinér Hygiene, 6, 1906.
(10) V. BerecH. Zur Ultrafiltration der filtrierbaren Virusarten. Berliner
tierirztliche Wochenschrift.
(11) FLExNeER AnD NoGucui. Experiments on the Cultivation of the Micro-
organisms Causing Epidemic Poliomyelitis. Journal of Exp. Medicine,
Oet. 1, 1913.
(12) ProrescHer. Studies of Antiformin-resistant Microorganisms found in
the Brains of Animals Infected with Rabies. New York Medical Journal.
April 22, 1911,
Resistance of Street-virus to Antiformin, Ibid July 29th, 1911.
The Etiology of Rabies. Jbid January 4, 1913.
om Aetiologie der Tollwut. Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift No. 14,
A contribution to the Etiologie of Poliomyelitis. New York Medical Jour-
nal, December 9th, 1910,
Poliomyelitis and Variola. Ibid April 12th, 1913.
Azurophile Microorganisms. International Clinics, Vol. IV, Series 23, 1913.
Foot-and-mouth Disease. New York Medical Journal, February 29, 1915.
The Artificial Cultivation of Variola Vaccine Virus. Interstate Medical
Journal, Vol, 22.5, 1915.
Kunstliche Cultivirung des Variola Vaccine Virus. Berliner Klinische
Wochenschrift. 34, 1915.
(13) Benpa. Die Mitochondria Farbung. Verhandlungen der Anatomischen
Gesellschaft Bonn, Vol. 19. For further information on this subject, we
refer the reader to E. J. Cowdrey. The general functional Significance of
Mitochondria. American Journal of Anatomy, Vol. 19, 3. May 1913.
(14) Prorescuer. Aetiology des Fleck fiebers. Berliner Klinische Wochen-
schrift. 1915. 31.
(15) E. Fraenxen. Zur Fleckfieberdiagnose. Muenchener Med. Wochen-
‘ schrift. Pp. 805, 1915.
/
3 —At the twelfth annual meeting of the Ohio Valley Veterinary
Association the following officers were elected: President, G. P.
Isbel, Hopkinsville, Ky.; First Vice-President, C. F. McKinney,
Vermilion, Ill.; Second Vice-President, John J. Fasser, Salem,
Ill.; Third Viss-Prsident, C. D. Bailey, St. Elmo, Ill.; Secretary,
BC, S. Henry, Terre Haute, Ind.; Treasurer, B. F. Stahl, Oblong,
_ Ill. More than two hundred voterinketins were present and a very
successful meeting was reported.
. —Dr. dal ae formerly of Chicago, Ill., has removed to Sac-
THE ACTION AND CONTROL OF ANIMAL PARASITES
WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE
INTESTINAL CANAL*
R. P. Lyman, East Lansing, Mich.
That the veterinarian is eminently a scientist, and because
the study incident to attaining the mental and physical equipment
sufficient to secure a doctor’s degree in veterinary medicine, is
widely recognized and generally admitted to be of a highly scien- =
tifie character, has, the writer believes, as much as any other factor,
aided in the rapid uplift and public appreciation of the obligations — a
of our profession. We who have signed ourselves over (if I may
so express it) to a life’s work of controlling, eradicating and alle-
viating animal disease would fail miserably if satisfied to take the
knowledge first gained and fail to keep up with advancements in
scientific medicine or fail, further; to continuously re-equip our-
selves to meet the ever increasing demands of the agricultural and
commercial interests; no man can today be called an up-to-date
veterinarian if he lacks the energy or is incapable of being stimu- -
lated to increase his store of Imowledge and utility in his chosen — e:
field of effort.
Acknowledging our improved methods for handling animal
diseases we must not lose sight of the fact that medicine (human
or comparative) cannot even with our available information and
marvellously improved laboratory facilities be adjudged an exact
science and, consequently, the fact remains that many diseases to
which animals fall heir, plagues if you so prefer to call them, and,
indeed, the very conditions having the greatest economic impor-
tance, remain incurable or at least have such a high rate of mor-
tality as to force us to direct attention along other channels than
alleviation and cure if we would serve the best purposes. The
source of relief recognized as most efficient is preventive or control
medicine, based largely on the realization that health of one means
health to others and for our present purposes I prefer to include
diseases of parasitic origin ‘as holding an equally important place
with other common or communicable maladies of. microbian or
protozoan origin.
"Presented at the meeting of the Missouri Valley Veterinary Medical As-
sociation, St. Joseph, Mo., February, 1917,
CONTROL OF ANIMAL PARASITES E 71
In order to demonstrate veterinary responsibilities incident to—
agricultural progress let us view the question from three angles:
the value of animals, protection afforded and annual toll from dis-
eases, and do this by quoting a few figures compiled from federal
sources. First: on January 1, 1917, the total valuation of 206,-
318,000 farm animals in the United States reached a sum in excess
of $6,685,020,000 ; $664,350,000 more than for the year just preced-
ing. Applying these figures to Missouri and thus make my refer-
ences immediately applicable, if you will bear with me, I will offer
further comparative data based upon livestock and veterinary es-
timates within this your own state. Missouri farms have approx-
imately $300,301,000 invested in 9,485,000 animals, without ref-
erence to animals commercially employed, to poultry or pets.
Turning now to the second consideration: protection afforded
through veterinary control. The last official estimate I have been
able to secure indicated some 11,652 practicing veterinarians, or in
other words taking the figures above quoted this means that each
veterinarian has under his direct care something over 17,707 ani-
mals, not including pets and poultry, and responsibilities aggre-
_ gating a valuation of $101,700.91. Observe if you will the respon-.
sibilities upon our profession and as far as statements indicate
_ these figures refer to both licensed graduates and non-graduates.
_ Using this comparison and turning to your own state we discover
at last report 887 licensed practitioners, which means that in Mis-
_ souri one veterinarian is a guardian of 10,693 animals, valued at
_ $337,430. You will, I believe, admit the great responsibility upon
the profession. .
.\ Third, the direct losses from various diseases in the United
134 q States for the year ending January 1, 1916, totaled, as near as can
be estimated and it is probably low rather than excessive, the enor:
mous sum of $222,850,000, divided among the various diseases and
_ including something in excess of the conservative estimate of $15,-
3 000,000 from disturbances of known parasitic origin, without tak-
_ ing into account the indirect losses. Accepting the usual basis of
a ten (10%) per cent loss (figures used by other states for a number
| of years) we can assume there is an annual sacrifice in each state
_ of many millions of dollars due to animal disease that can be
brought under combatable control and by so doing render untold
value to agriculture,
STR rig wr retin oe nr re
— oa r — sb
i pt a a ah tan nt a te es
72 R. P. LYMAN
If we would claim efficiency as students of veterinary medicine
we must acknowledge the value of prophylaxis in combating ani-
mal disease and, moreover, as the morbid influence of parasites upon
the animal economy does not materially differ from the results
due to infectious diseases, there is apparently no valid reason why ~ 4
this phase of veterinary control should not receive attention equal
at least to that given microbian contagion; indeed, are we not
gradually coming to realize this as a necessity? Today our period-
icals seldom appear without offering something referring to para-
sitology and its relation to animal disease. We will here only at-
tempt to present this important subject through considering in a
general discussion the actions of parasites and their control, hoping p
thus to intensify the interest of others in this field of veterinary © 4
science; not a new field but one until recently rather unappreci-
ated as regards the direct effect of parasites upon the infested host,
their economic importance in food values and, equally so, their di- a
rect and indirect opportunities for transmissibility of their influ-
ence to man. The influence upon the animal economy of parasitic
invasion lacks uniformity even in different cases of infestation by
parasites whose identity cannot be differentiated, as for example
esophagostoma infestation; to some extent this can be directly at-
tributed to the resistance of the host because, though: not absent in
well nourished individuals, parasites generally flourish in debili- aa
tated bodies. A host may be extensively infested without marked
symptoms; the lesions produced may be only local, remain nega-
tive, or again an agency through which secondary disturbances
arise by bacterial contamination of the injured region. In such
instances the parasite has punctured the tissue through endeavor- a
ing to gain a stationary position because the visceral and circula-
tory movements make it otherwise impossible to feed or, again, the
tissue abrasion is either the result of their manner of feeding or
through local nutritive disturbances. The entire physique may be |
upset as is determiried by diminished activity or listlessness; y
through impairment of the nutritive carrying power of blood, char-
acterized by thifness, emaciation, later anemia and occasionally
nervous disturbances. Symptoms of nervous derangement must —
not, however, be invariably attributed to such blood impairment for, —
unquestionably, the fits or convulsions discovered in young animals
are quite frequently of purely functional nature, resulting from
local nerve irritability and reflex influences. Equally so, the re-
CONTROL OF ANIMAL PARASITES 73
searches of Weinberg would indicate that worms elaborate a hemo-
toxic substance from the region of the digestive tube which has
successfully produced convulsive fits upon experimental animals.
Elaboration of this substance undoubtedly has an influence in the
general emaciation already referred to and to the diarrhea at times
observed.
Parasites, worms especially, cause serious mechanical disturb-
ance by obstructing or narrowing the lumen of the blood vessels,
smaller respiratory tubes and intestinal canal; secondarily, this
results respectively in arterial rupture with serious and ocecasional-
ly fatal hemorrhage or in secondary embolic invasion of the body,
in pulmonary occlusion and in inflammation of bowel or peritonitis
where perforation follows the occlusion. The strongyli or scleros-
tome worms, of which we have more to say later, quite commonly
cause aneurysmal dilatation of the arteries, particularly branches
of the posterior aorta.
_ Lastly, we must not overlook the influence upon growth and
development occasioned by their tendency to appropriate and ex-
tract nutrition and disturbances incident to a migratory tendency
displayed by some, as for example ascaris enters the bile duct while
others, through this influence, reach the same organ, the peritoneum,
blood and other parts of the body.
The problem of adequate control of animal parasitism is stag-
gering in its essential details but undoubtedly has for its founda-
tion a knowledge of the life history of each parasite to be attacked.
Probably no individual can competently equip himself with this
information complete in every way and have it available for use at
all times and for all forms of livestock infestation, but even so, he
ought to have the subject well in hand through gaining familiarity
with those indigenous to his respective locality; must know and
learn how to control the source of reinfection; discover agents
best adopted to stimulate the systemic resistance against inva-
sion and, equally so, become conversant with means suitable for re-
lieving infested animals, not failing to realize that carriers and
their discharges are a constant menace to success in this effort and,
likewise, have full realization that parasites of burrowing tendency
are oftentimes inaccessible with the present available therapeutic
agents. In a general way, though location must naturally influ-
ence our method of treatment, internal treatment, when inhalation
is not indicated, resolves itself into emptying the stomach and
74 R. P. LYMAN
-
bowel and, following a twenty-four hour fast, administer the anthel-
mintic with or just previous to a laxative; following this medicine — a
by nutritious, easily digested diet, good tonics and measures to
avoid reinfection by attending especially to the manure that con-
taminates food and water. On places where parasitic infestation a
is or has long been indigenous the control measures, other than al-
ready considered, resolve themselves into repeated dosing of the
young animals, this until their resistance is increased by age.
The main object of this paper is threefold: to present evi-
dence to show that the enormous investments in livestock warrants
measures tending toward relief or control of all phases of animal - = :
disease; second, that the problem of control of parasitism is too
great to even assume to believe the practitioner can be an ever
ready expert upon all matters relating to all forms of infestation
and, third, to emphasize this latter statement by displaying details — a
incident to a knowledge of a single species. Two parts of this
thought have already been adequately considered, it now remains to
demonstrate the third and for this is selected the palisade worm,
Strongylus armatus, the most frequent parasite of the horse. Ac-
cording to Hutyra and Marek, Bollinger claimed ‘‘90 to 94 per
cent, of all horses, with the exception of foals have a verminous
aneurism.’’ ‘‘More recent investigation, however, proves that the
disease occurs in foals.’’ Craig (Ireland) states: ‘‘During the
past ten years I have found these worms in the anterior mesenteric
artery in 80 per cent of all horses.’’
In 1901 Stickler discovered a difference of the mouth parts
among worms previously grouped under the name Strongylus arm-
atus and divided them into three forms. 1. Strongylus equinus,
2. Sclerostomum vulgare or S. bidentatum and 3. Strongylus arm-— 4
atus or Sclerostomum edentatum. M. Nevue Lemaire in his text
‘*Parasitologie des Animaux Domestique’’ describes the worm as
Sclerostoma equimum or Strongylus armatus.
Without dwelling further upon its nomenclature, this worm a
when mature is found in the cecum and colon where eggs are de-
posited and later expelled with the excrement. According to
Lemaire from three to eight days following their expulsion they be-
come highly resisting embryos or larvae that are subsequently in-
gested by the horse with contaminated food or water, reach the in-
testines unaltered and escape into the circulatory system where gl
they produce the aneurysms upon the visceral portion of the pos- 4
CONTROL OF ANIMAL PARASITES : 75
terior aorta, particularly the nourishing arteries of the cecum.
Later the parasite encysts itself in sub-mucous tissues of the in-
testine to pursue development, forming a nodule which presents a
central orifice into the intestine through which the worm escapes
when adult, thus may some of the nodules be found empty. Some
are believed to develop entirely in the intestines, where mature
worms firmly adhere to the mucosa.
The symptoms of this infestation depend largely upon location.
When in the large intestines, even if numerous, they seldom cause
trouble unless, at most evidences of an intestinal catarrh with wast-
ing or more rarely a secondary disturbance directly attributed to
toxemia and which occasionally results fatally, a condition to which
our attention was called during the past month.
Cireulatory obstruction is directly due to the irritating influ-
ence of the boring tendencies of the larva when attempting to adhere
to the intima to thus avoid being flushed away in the blood stream;
this irritation as already suggested continues on to inflammation
and formation of a fibrinous deposit within the vessel. Incidental
to the thrombus or aneurysm thus developed the tunie undergoes
hypertrophy with calcareous infiltration of the deposit and second-
ary or embolic formations that, in turn, stimulate circulatory dis-
turbances of varying intensity and characterized in the living sub-
ject by decreased velocity of the blood flow; by,variation between
the arterial and venous blood pressure and by anemia of the area
formerly nourished by the diseased vessel. These three changes
from the normal physiologic state of the circulatory system are in-
strumental in causing impaired nutrition, together with nerve irri-
tability and is quite generally expressed by pain arising incident to
convulsive intestinal contractions, — manifestations termed colic.
That all animals infested with sclerostome larvae, where the patho-
logie changes are sufficient to produce symptoms of pain, do not in-
variably succumb to the disturbance, can be accounted for in the re-
establishment of local nutrition, through anastomosing arteries with-
in the excluded areas or, again, because the obstructed vessels sub-
sequently dilate permitting enough blood supply to prevent tissue
necrosis and the results coincident with permanent loss of peristalsis,
viz: overdistention of the intestinal wall from accumulating in-
gesta, gas and extravasated blood. The thrombus is not always easy
to discover upon post mortem examination, varying from a diam-
eter not exceeding that of a pea, to large coagula, with free floating
76 R. P. LYMAN
prolongations, influencing dilatation and hypertrophy of the vessel
into which they project from the parent mass. Most animals infest-
ed with mesenteric sclerostome larvae show loss of condition because
the protracted disturbance causes chronic indigestion.
The symptomatology-of this type of verminous, aneurysmal or
thrombo-embolic colic lacks uniformity and cases observed vary on
the one hand from mild periodic attacks of unaccountable colicky
pains that disappear leaving a mysterious etiology, to, on the
other, those that develop acutely into continuous painful manifesta-
tions terminating fatally after ineffectual relief efforts covering a
period of from four to forty hours or, more rarely, longer. It is
probably true, however, that genuine thrombo-embolic colic seldom
has origin during rest but commences following work and because
the increased activity of blood crowds the previously impaired
vessels.
A description of the symptoms constitutes a résumé of the usual
signs of so-called colic. Starting slowly or with early excruciating
pain the animal is uneasily down and up, rolls or occasionally
throws itself wildly about, assuming unnatural positions,—decu-
bitus with all feet removed from the floor, a dog-sitting position,
down on carpus region or stretched flat upon side. In acutely fatal
cases the active symptoms of pain generally subside after an unin-
terrupted, rather protracted period of uneasiness, leaving the ani-
mal weakened, depressed and oftentimes in a semi-comatose state;
this interval of quiet, anxiety and absence of expressed pain is later
followed by signs of collapse, weak, running down pulse, muscular
tremors, unsteady gait and, finally, with a convulsive effort, the ani-
mal falls apparently lapsing into a state of unconsciousness which
only precedes death by a few moments. The protracted or subacute
types live for four or more days but do not exhibit the severe signs
of sensory and mental disturbance characterizing fulminating cases.
Sweating varies but is not usually marked. Respirations increased
as anxiety becomes more pronounced which later: is determined by
the altered expression about the eyes and dilated nostrils. The
pulse at first squirty, indicating nothing other than the influence
of pain upon the vasomotor system, soon shows increased frequency,
is weaker and the vessels, prior to fatal termination, finally become
dilated, toneless, with pulse almost imperceptible. Bloating is
quite constant but lacks definite location, a fact the trocar and canula
demonstrates without difficulty: moreover, if distention of walls
a
CONTROL OF ANIMAL PARASITES 77
of the large intestine is eased by liberating the accumulated gas from
within the colon or cecum, relief of pain is lacking. Abdominal aus-
cultation reveals a primary increase but later, as gas accumulates,
absence of the normal intestinal sounds, occasioned through inter-
rupted peristalsis as is further evidenced by irregularity of defeca-
tion; protracted cases frequently show blood and mucus coated, con-
_ stipated feces.
. Rectal exploration here as with all forms of colic holds an im-
_ portant place in diagnosis. The pelvic flexure of the colon is dis-
tended, pushing back into the posterior abdomen and pelvis giving
the rectum a crowded, contracted feeling: the distention extends
- anteriorly into the abdomen as the hand follows along the course of
this organ. The cecum likewise when dilated extends more poster-
_ iorly than normal filling the pelvic cavity and lending an influence
_ toward giving the rectum its crowded feeling during exploration ;
- this organ is easily detected by the strong longitudinal bands. On
_ the whole it may be stated that the abdominal distention, together
- with failure to discover further abnormalities on internal palpa-
tion, and the history of case without any evidence of dietary errors
_ or exposure are factors that should cause one to suspect this dis-
~ turbance, especially when these symptoms are unaccountably peri-
odic or recurrent. Toxic cases may be rapidly fatal without show-
ing any signs of pain but manifesting dullness, loss of appetite,
_ paralysis, finally loss of consciousness and death leaving the nature
i of the malady in doubt without post mortem verification.
1% The therapeutic indications are two-fold: prophylactic and
_ curative. The latter resolves itself into purely palliative meas-
ures and an anticipated high mortality. Recourse to the usual
' colic quieting preparations as chloral hydrate, ether, morphine or
| other anodynes for pain and peristaltic control measures; indeed
El the control of peristalsis is of prime importance to, if possible, pre-
vent undue accumulation of ingesta about the paralyzed area and
‘to offset the danger of torsion, displacement, ete., incident to the ir-
ular movement of the involuntary muscles of the viscera. Be-
se of these dangers the quick acting alkaloids as arecolin and
| eserin are physiologically contra-indicated. The great depression
- = and nature of the disorder calls for general and circulatory stimu-
1 at ants and the trocar and canula will frequently serve a valuable
ip peltiative purpose but once used, however, it does not by any means
y tre 2 the bowel from future distention.
SS
- - orn
i
HI
i
a
OS GA a as 5
ESRLEP SS Wee * Fs 5 0 can
ene ee wn
78 R. F. AVERY
For intestinal sclerostomiasis the treatment employed for .
ascaris will suffice but relief is far more difficult owing to the ten
dency the parasite has of firmly fixing its head into the mucous —
membrane of the walls of the cecum. Repeated doses of turpentine
are recommended by Lemaire for young anithals to aid against the
arterial complications and recently periodic administration of daily —
doses of five grains of atoxyl have been suggested for colts raised
in infested places. As the embryo gains entrance into the system
through ingestion of dirty, polluted water or contaminated pastures, —
care should be given to hygiene, recommending the use of filtered —
water on infested places, use of sulphate of iron sprinkled on pas- .
ture lands and control of feces of infested animals.
PERIODIC OPHTHALMIA* ae
Ce a J
R. F. Avery, Montour, Ia.
Periodic ophthalmia, to the majority of us, is one of the most —
perplexing problems with which we have to contend in the prac- ¥
tice of our profession. It not only presents difficulties in diag- —
nosis, but also in prevention and treatment. It is not the purpose
of this paper to try to set forth anything new on the subject but
rather to bring about a discussion, if possible, by which we may all
be benefited, and stimulate a little greater interest in the further
study and observation of periodic ophthalmia.
The material for this paper has been gathered from men from _
various parts of the country as well as my own observations. All -
reports indicate an extreme prevalence of this disease during the —
past year as compared with previous years since nineteen hundred —
and eight. I have tried to sum these reports up as accurately as —
possible under diagnosis, cause, prevention and treatment.
To those who have seen periodic ophthalmia as our text books —
say it should occur, typical cases present very little difficulty in ‘
diagnosis. Atypical cases, of which we have a history of one or —
more previous attacks, are usually recognized from the history or —
from the changes that the eye has undergone. The prevalence of —
eye trouble, with its large percentage, proving under ordinary lines a |
‘
*Presented at the meeting of the Iowa Veterinary Association, Ames, Tay 4
January 9-11, 1917. q
PERIODIC OPHTHALMIA 79
of treatment-to be periodic ophthalmia must lead us to look upon
every case with suspicion, giving our prognosis and treating ac-
cordingly. Of cases presented for treatment, there has been every-
thing from a mild conjunctivitis with photophobia to cases in which
all the vessels of the eye and its integument were congested and
the lids more or less swollen; with the anterior chamber of the eye
containing a fibrino-purulent exudate with blood clots intermixed.
The only cases where the eye alone is involved that we do not con-
sider recurrent ophthalmia, are those with simple conjunctivitis
without photophobia, or those in which the agent causing the irri-
tation is plainly in evidence. Having then given to our client a
probable diagnosis of periodic ophthalmia and usually a rather con-
servative answer as to whether the horse will lose its sight, we are
met with a variety of questions as to whether other horses will get
it from the one already affected, what causes it and how best to
prevent it. The answers to these questions have done the majority
of us more harm than the unsuccessful treatment of any number of
cases of moon-blindness; because when we tell the majority of
clients that it is moon-blindness they take it for granted that the
patient already affected will go blind, but they do expect help in
preventing its spread to other horses.
' In the discussion of the cause we will not take in heredity, for
it seems to be generally recognized that the breeding of horses so
affected gives to their offspring a predisposition to the affection.
We all probably have our own opinion as to what the actual cause
is, but we are also ready to listen to any theory that sounds better
_ than our own. An experiment that I had the privilege of conduct-
_ ing led to my own theory of its possible cause and how to prevent
| _ its spread. Three horses which were to be destroyed were used;
one horse was affected with periodic ophthalmia and was under-
| going the third attack. With a sterile syringe we withdrew a
small quantity of the fluid contents of the anterior chamber of the
_ eye affected; this material was then injected in equal amounts in-
x & to the anterior chamber of one of the sound eyes of the other two
| horses. Horse No. 1 was placed in a poorly ventilated stall without
___ light and one in which four horses had been known to go blind
_ with periodic ophthalmia. The horse was fed and taken out to
water twice daily; by the end of the tenth day the eye, into which
pone injection was made, showed it to be a typical parallel of other
4 _ cases which had proven to be periodic ophthalmia. Horse No. 2 was
80 R. F. AVERY
placed in a well lighted, well ventilated stall and allowed to run out a a
short time each day. At the end of the fourth day there was a slight
cloudiness noticeable but this had disappeared by the tenth day; —
Unfortunately both horses were then destroyed; so we were un-
able to determine whether No. 1 would have been cleared up and
had a recurrence or not. This, while it does not prove anything, ;
led to the belief that there must be some primary cause with the
exciting cause in the housing and surroundings. Basing our theory _
on the supposition that there was some definite factor which was —
communicated from one animal to another and that the surround- _
ings were the exciting cause, a little further investigation showed
that quite frequently in stables where two or more horses had been |
affected, they were horses worked in a team or standing in a stall -
together.
There were found to be everkl conditions which senna to act
as exciting causes. Three cases were found in horses that had
been driven considerable distances facing a severe wind; all
were presented the same day. Under varying forms of treat-
ment these cases all proved to be periodic ophthalmia. Most cases
were in horses stabled for considerable periods in semi or total —
darkness with poor ventilation. In two instances horses were
brought in from pasture presenting typical symptoms of recur-
rent ophthalmia. One of these was found to have been playa
across the fence with another horse almost blind in one eye. The —
other case had been by herself for two months and no cause of any
kind could be determined. Dentition apparently has very little to do 4
with this disease as there are as many mature horses affected as a
colts and young horses. ee
In stables where successively several animals had gone blind,
it was possible to stop the condition by recommending a thorough —
cleaning and disinfection of the stalls and the installing of enough _
windows to properly light the interior. In most barns the windows —
were well distributed and were used for ventilation as well as for
lighting. ‘9
The treatment, one that was recommended and used with vary: 4
ing results several years ago, seems to get favorable results in a_
reasonable number of cases. The method that we employ is the in- —
jection of compound solution of iodin into the extra-orbital adipaaat 4
tissue. The amount injected depends on the severity of the attack — 3
but usually two drams are used. The syringe should have an inch
INFECTIONS OF ANIMALS AND MAN 81
and a quarter needle and the land mark for the injection, the
center of the depression just above the eye, the needle being di-
rected downward and backward. Cases undergoing the first at-
tack clear up in about two weeks and remain clear. There is some
danger of unfavorable results where the horse is kept at work and
the light not properly excluded from the affected eye. Horses
treated during the second attack will not as a rule be affected
again but will sometimes be left with a blue eye and prove to be
the worst kind of shyers.
To sum up we may say that it is not possible to differentiate all
primary attacks of periodic ophthalmia from other eye diseases
and must, therefore, look upon all cases with suspicion. It may be
largely prevented by sanitation and isolation of affected animals.
Treatment is successful in the early stages and probably will not
do harm in any case.
“*CONTAGIOUS ABORTION’ INFECTIONS OF ANI-
MALS AND MAN”*
G. A. Roperts, North Carolina Experiment Station, Raleigh, N. C.
I am almost tempted to apologize for the selection of this swb-
ject, for having discussed it so frequently in my own State (N. C.)
I would be compelled to do so there. However, I am quite sure
that if there are a few of us over zealous concerning the extent and
magnitude of results from such infections, the majority of veteri-
__narians do not even yet begin to appreciate the full significance of
such. Much of what has been previously said will therefore bear
repeating. I have included mankind in the above title for the rea-
_ son that I am likewise convinced that many have overlooked—pur-
s prey or otherwise—the fact that like results, as in animals, occur
in mankind from similar specific infections. While what I have to
say is largely applicable to horses, sheep and swine, it is with spec-
ial reference to cattle. My excuse for presenting this subject is
because of its vital economic importance.
: A Name: Like many, yea most of our diseases, the applied name
or names are very inappropriate and a new one should be coined.
We have selected the above for its ‘‘inclusiveness’’, wishing to indi-
~ mr ah a pn a ee en a aS —
5 hh . La ata es — . 7 fla na iah ll : a
7 ew, ays Y bag ie ee ee ie ‘ Sole Baas “~~ o>! « fe
% *Read at the first annual meeting of the Southeastern States Veterinary
Bos Medical Association, December 27, 1916, Atlanta, Ga.
82 G. A. ROBERTS
cate by it that as in several diseases, many ‘‘typhoid Marys’’ show- :
ing no visible signs of disease may go unrecognized, as well as to —
note the manifold different effects that may result from a single or oa
dual infection.
PREVALENCE: It is perhaps impossible to state with any de- —
gree of accuracy, the extent of these infections, but suffice it to say
that it is very general in this and other countries. Much more _
frequent, as above stated, than thought by most of those having
made no special investigation as to its prevalence. . There are few, |
if any, specific infections more general. : is
Losses: The losses, direct and indirect, are enormous, com:
paring favorably—or unfavorably—with cholera, tuberculosis, ete., —
if not heading the list, in gross losses among dairy cattle in par- —
ticular. a
PERSONAL OBSERVATIONS: My first acquaintance with posi-—
tive cases of infectious abortions occurred some twenty years ago, —
but my first real experience with it was fifteen years ago in a pure- —
bred short horn herd in Missouri, where over ninety per cent of the ©
pregnant cows aborted, with a loss of more than one hundred calves, |
within a few weeks’ time.
Nearly fourteen years ago, I went to the A. & M. College at —
Raleigh, N. C., where we soon had enough abortions in the college
dairy herd to designate them ‘‘contagious’’. The history of abor- —
tions in that herd has been very interesting, though many have —
observed like experiences. The first year we thoroughly cleaned —
up, disinfected, whitewashed and administered phenol in various
ways. Much to our gratification the abortions soon ceased and few _ i.
others occurred until the following spring. Again we treated as 2
before, with like results. The third year, however, we were away
at the time most of the abortions occurred and no special effort was
made to control the trouble, but the abortions abruptly ceased in
a like time as they had done both years before. Since that time,
some years efforts were made as at first to control the abortions
other years nothing was done with practically the same results dur- —
ing the years not treated as when treated. However, coincidentally
or otherwise, fewer troubles have occurred since introducing few
new purchases into the herd—though cotton-seed meal has been
fed just as heavily.
irioLoGy: No doubt B. abortus in cattle plays a large part
in producing the results attributed to this form of infection, yet I
INFECTIONS OF ANIMALS AND MAN 83
shall not be surprised to learn some day that either dual infections
are common or essential (as we are finding in many other diseases)
or still other independent organisms are capable of producing some
| or all of such results. We readily admit that attributing any re-
sults, except a few abortions, to this infection is quite foreign to
earlier conceptions, yet we are likewise frank to state that while
~ there may be other causes than those associated with ‘*eontagious
abortion’’ per se, the most satisfactory explanation to my mind, for
the closely related troubles to contagious abortion, is that of infec-
tion.
AveNvES or ENTRANCE: Little by little, additional informa-
tion has been added to our knowledge concerning this infection and
its varied results. I believe that Drs. Schroeder and Cotton have
added another valuable link to our chain of knowledge in assum-
ing from their investigations, that a frequent if not most common,
| mode of infection with B. abortus into an adult body is through the
| cow’s teat.
4 Resience 1n Bopy: Adult: Schroeder and Cotton likewise
_ found evidence to believe that the normal habitat of the B. abortus
F is only in the udder and the gravid uterus, the organism disappear-
ing from the uterus shortly after parturition. That it is rarely
ever found in males.
_ ~ Fetus: In apparently normal calves from cows showing in-
fected udders, the B. abortus was found in most of the viscera, the
' blood and subcutaneous extravasations of serum.
| SyMpToMs AND DiaGNosis: The symptoms or visible evidences
_ of the infection are largely to be determined by observing some of
| the more grave possible results of the infection such as abortions,
retained placentae, endometritis, many sterilities, nymphomania and
| possibly associated infections resulting in mammitis and calf trou-
bles in the form of scours and pneumonia. While several of these
features may coexist in the herd, one of them only is likely to be
~ More predominant than the others, though at times they may be
more or less equally prevalent. As with several other infections,
_ some animals may show no visible clinical symptoms or lesions.
o All cases of infection by the B. abortus cannot be detected by
. F serological tests, however, a majority can be recognized by the ag-
Bis -glutination or the complement fixation test.
a Aportion: Nature has made wonderful provision against
84 G. A. ROBERTS
such does not occur unless under unusual circumstances. Those of
excitement and injury to cause such results.
Again, with the utter failure of so-called abortifacients
ergot, gossypium and pituitrin to produce abortions, we are natu
ally inclined to believe that the cases attributed to other drugs an
many feeds are purely coincidental.
On the other hand, to us premature expulsions are satisf
torily explained on the basis of a ‘uterine inflammation resulting |
from an infection or from a mechanical opening of the cervix simu-
lating normal parturition.
Rerainep AFTer-birtTH: Again, with the. knowledge of the —
anatomy and physiology of the placentae, it is impossible for us to —
conceive of retentions other than from inflammations resulting from 3
infection. If abortion has occurred before the fifth month, the villi —
will be very short and rudimentary hence little or no retention can 4
occur. On the other hand, the most tenacious retentions can occur a
at full term, or overtime, with the greatest development of the villi 3
and the greater amount of inflammatory products.
Sreritiry: Sterilities, temporary or permanent of the fe
male, are due with few exceptions, to ovarian trouble or alterations
of the mucous membranes, or their secretions, of the genital tract.
Two conditions of the ovaries are quite common, often resulting in —
sterility, namely: the presence of a persistent corpus luteum and
cystic degenerations. The normal function of the corpus luteum —
seems to be to inhibit ovulation and the persistent corpus luteum —
often effectively does so. The cystic ovary likewise apparently ined
hibits ovulation and often leads to nymphomania. 7
The alterations of the mucous membranes, or their secretions, —
cause destruction of the spermatozoa, prevent lodgment to a ferti-
lized ovum or gives a very insecure attachment resulting in a very —
early unrecognized abortion, but not observed as such, would be sus-
pected as sterility rather than early abortion. Here again, the ~
theory of an infection offers a plausible explanation for most of such —
conditions. a
In passing, I should like to remark that as Schroeder and Cotton — ”
seldom found B. abortus infection in males, likewise there is com- —
paratively very little male sterility among animals —ingligiig stal.
lions. a
-
CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 85
CONTROL AND TREATMENT: The control of the troubles result-
ing from such infections is to be sought largely in recognizing the
infected animals by serological tests and the employment of hy-
gienic and sanitary measures.
Treatment will depend largely upon the form of the disease re-
sulting from the infection but most of the results will be beneficially
modified by the measures applicable to treating of sterility. Most
of the ovarian troubles, if not corrected by nature in time, will only
be benefited through rectal and vaginal massaging of affected ovary,
or in some cases, by single oophorectomy. Likewise, if nature does
not correct the mucous membrane troubles, frequent mild irrigations
by aid of instruments such as recommended by Dr. Williams should
be resorted to.
—_—— oe
CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS
‘*Knowledge is born in laboratories and in the experience of the thoughtful.
i. peraione form in the journals and ‘when dead it is decently buried in
0 .
FORMALIN IN THE TREATMENT OF MASTITIS*
J. N. Frost, Ithaca, N. Y.
For our purpose we will divide mastitis into two groups par-
ticularly as to cause: first, mastitis caused by infection of various
_ forms; second, mastitis due to other causes than infection. It is
of the first group that we wish to speak.
In attempting to overcome the infection I had used the injee-
tion of boric acid solution, also oxygen gas without satisfactory re-
sults. I had tried the injection of equal parts of alcohol anl glycer-
__ in.as recommended by Schmidt of Denmark. This likewise was not
_ satisfactory and in some cases seemed to increase the infection.
In treating diseases of the respiratory and genito-urinary tract
ih 7 * we use antiseptics which, given per mouth are eliminated through
_ these tracts. Why then should we not treat infection of the udder
in the same way ? .
In reporting for the committee on therapeutics at the 1914
| _ meeting of the New York State Veterinary Medical Society, I re-
Presented at the ninth annual Conference for Veterinarians, Ithaca, N. Y.,
_ danuary 15 and 16, 1917,
86 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS
ported the good results obtained by feeding methylene blue in cases 4
of mild infection of the udder. I also used methylene blue in com-
bination with turpentine which is likewise eliminated through the
At the 1913 meeting of the American Veterinary Medical As-
sociation, Dr. Klein gave a paper on ‘‘The Therapeutics of Paren-
chymatous Mastitis,’’ in which he tells of using boric acid per mouth
and finding it in the milk in twelve hours. He also speaks of using
urotropin and finding formaldehyde in the milk in twenty-four
hours. “s
At the conference last year Dr. Moak in speaking of strepto-
coccic mastitis gave the impression that it was incurable but later
in speaking with him I was unable to find any definite line of treat-
ment which he had used. I had already cured some cases of strep-
tococcic mastitis with turpentine and methyline blue but realized — 4
that something stronger was needed.
It was then I decided to try formalin and the results were so
gratifying in the first case that I began a series of experiments
with regard to elimination and dosage. Bee
Quitman gives the dose for the cow as 15 to 30 minims and ~
advises not to continue the use over too long a period as it is sup-
posed to lessen or dry up the secretions from the gastric and in-
testinal glands and thus produce constipation or impaction.
With the idea of avoiding this we began the dosage at one dram
three times a day and alternated with one ounce of turpentine twice
daily. As this produced no bad effects we gradually. increased the a
dosage until we believe the correct dose to be one ounce daily. a
We have given 25 ¢.c. twice daily for two weeks and failed to P
see that it has produced bad effects in any way, either by loss of
appetite, constipation or impaction. This cow at the time was be-
ing fed on dry hay and grain. We have also given 50 ¢.c. at one —
time without bad effect. (ie
As to the method of administration we have given it undiluted _
in capsule. It may also be given in milk or oil. In combination —
with the latter we get the laxative effect of the oil which would be “
beneficial in treating mastitis.
E.imination: In determining the length of time after giv-
ing formalin before it was excreted in the milk we used Leach’s 3 |
hydrochlorie acid test for formalin. When one dram of formalin —
was given faint traces could be found in the milk in twenty-four
CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 87
\
hours. When 25 ¢.c. of formalin was given three hours after water
and seven hours after milking it was found in the milk two hours
afterward and continued to be present for forty-eight hours. The
_ largest amount was present from the eighteenth to the thirtieth
hours. }
We believe it advisable to supplement the formalin treatment
- with purgatives and diuretics as they increase the interchange of
blood in the udder and hasten the elimination of waste products
from the body. It is also well to use the suspensory bandage to
' relieve the weight and tension on the tissues. Then by placing
cotton inside the bandage and keeping it hot by applying water
the pain in the udder is materially reduced. When left for the
night the wet pack should be changed for a dry one to prevent the
_ chilling of the udder. In hot weather cold water may be used in
_ place of hot with equally good results.
4 In our work with formalin we have not used the above methods
except in two cases where the animal was necessarily changed
from ensilage to dry hay and in these cases salts were given to re-
_ lieve any constipation which might result.
7 In giving the results of our work with formalin, we give one
from each of the different forms with which we have been experi-
“menting.
Case 1. Cow had calved eight months previously and was
| pregnant about four months. For the past two weeks she had
given thick milk and the two posterior quarters were hard and
firm. Cultures made from the milk of this cow were sterile from
_ the fore-quarters and from the hind quarters showed a pure growth
of streptococci. The animal had been treated with home remedies
| and cow relief.
/ _—s«CGave one-half ounce of formalin and then followed by one
_ dram. dose three times daily alternated with one ounce of turpen-
ton 4 tine twice daily. Eight days later the treatment was discontinued
_ and on the ninth day cultures from the milk of all quarters were
\ sterile. Five months later, after the cow had again freshened the
bs cultures were again sterile and the animal averaged over one hun-
_ dred pounds of milk daily for forty days. —
j «Case II. Cow had calved about four months previously and
had been giving thick milk for five days. Cultures from the milk
ve pure growth of streptococci from one quarter, mixed growth
rom another, a pure growth of micrococci from the third and a
88 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS
sterile culture from the fourth. Gave one-half. ounce formalin a
followed by one dram three times daily for five days. Cultures —
made from the milk on the ninth day were sterile. e
Case III. Cow had freshened four days before and had re- —
tained placenta. Was giving bloody milk from two posterior |
quarters. Cultures showed B. coli and micrococci. Gave twenty- —
five c.c. of formalin and repeated for three days. On the sixth day —
the milk was normal. | | -
Case IV. About one year ago cow had shown a small swell- —
ing at base of teat. ‘Two weeks previous to our treatment them
swelling had suddenly increased in size and at time of treatment was”
about three inches in diameter. The-swelling was punctured with | a
a hypodermic needle and a thin straw-colored fluid escaped. ciel
tures from this revealed pure growth of streptococci. Cultures ~
from the milk of that quarter showed no growth. The abscess was
opened and packed with iodoform gauze; the wound covered with
sterile gauze held in place by adhesive tape. The second day afte
the abscess was opened the milk from that quarter became thick
Cultures from that quarter showed streptococci which had un- —
doubtedly passed up the milk canal. Gave twenty-five c.c. of form
alin and on the third day the milk was normal to all appearances —
but no cultures were made. Ten days later the milk became thick —
and cultures showed a growth of streptococci. This time twenty- —
five ¢.c. was continued daily for three days and on the fifth day the 3
milk appeared normal and cultures were sterile. , “Ss
Case V. Cow had been milking hard for a few days and the :
trouble was gradually increasing. A small amount of exudate was —
found on end of teat forming a scab. After removing the exudate —
the external orifice was found to be normal. Further examina: —
tion showed a small swelling in the teat canal, at the upper end, ~
which was producing stenosis of the teat and causing hard milking, —
Cultures from the milk of this quarter showed micrococei and B,
coli. Gave twenty-five ¢.c. of formalin and repeated in twenty: |
four hours. Also painted the base of the teat with tr. iodin and—
had the exudate on the end of the teat softened with warm antisep- —
tie solution before each milking. Four days after the owner re-—
ported that the exudate had stopped forming and the milk was”
flowing more easily. Two weeks later he reported the cow ni
ing very well. ED
Much credit is due Dr. Pickens for making and examining that y
cultures and also to Dr, Hayden for testing the milk for formalin. ;
Pf
ii
;
f P
CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 89
FORAGE POISONING*
CHARLES THOMPSON FAKE, Granville, N. Y.
The above heading I believe to be very similar to our much
abused term ‘‘colic’’, in that it is commonly used to cover a mul-
titude of evils. Certainly it has received a number of designa-
tions, among which the principal ones are blind staggers, sleepy
_ staggers, food poisoning, mould poisoning, cerebritis, epizootic
_ cerebrospinal meningitis, epizootic encephalo-myelitis, leuko-en-
cephalitis, and according to Hutyra and Marek in their last edi-
- tion, enzootic meningo-encephalomyelitis, or Borna’s disease. I,
however, sha!] confine myself to the name forage poisoning, for
_ while this term has its limitations there seems to be little data on
_ which to base any absolute name.
Hisroricau. Diseases of this character appeared in the old
- country in 1813: in America it was probably first noted by Large
_ in 1847 and by Liautard in 1867. It has prevailed enzootically in
_ various parts of the United States for the past twenty-five years,
the most extensive losses having been in the west and southwest
- The outbreak in Kansas in 1912 was the most extensive yet ex-
perienced.
OccuRRENCE. Forage poisoning generally follows abnormal
climatic conditions which tend to cause rank or quick growth of
roughages. The disease appears in sporadic, enzootic or epizootic
_ form, mostly in the fall and winter months, being most prevalent
_ following seasons of heavy rainfall.
_ . .EmoLoey. Hutyra and Marek state that this disease is caused
- by infectious substances the nature of which is not known. With
_ forage poisoning as with all other diseases of which we are not spe-
cifically sure, there are numerous causative agents named by as
“many different authorities. These agents embrace the micrococcus,
ts diplococeus, streptococcus, while the filterable virus has also been
I accused. Our knowledge of bacteriology, while not to be compared
with that of the gentlemen doing bacteriological work, is neverthe-
tess sufficient for us to realize that bacteriological examinations
ie might easily show the above mentioned organisms without proving
. _ their specific connection with the disease.
_ _ *Presented at the meeting of the Vermont Veterinary Medical Association,
ogoam 1917,
~“
90 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS
Diseased animals have been associated with healthy ones, —
watered at the same tub, and fed from the same box without con- —
tracting the disease. However, different feed was given and the —
animals thus exposed when subjected to the same roughage for a .
period of three weeks contracted the disease. The statement made .
above is based on experimental work carried on during the Kansas _
outbreak, but does not point to a contagious nature of the disease. —
I believe forage poisoning to be due to a slow developing toxemia
generated from the roughage. This statement. to.apply only to the 4
eases I shall cite hereafter from my practice. | is
Susceprisiuiry. Horses mostly are affected, less frequently
mules, but the condition is sometimes observed in cattle, sheep and a |
hogs. Age, sex, etc., have no apparent influence on the suscepti-
bility, although Hutyra and Marek state three to seven years to be *
the most susceptible age. a
Symproms. Disturbance of central nervous system, stagger
ing gait, closing of eyes, etc., excitability may be present. Con- —
gested conjunctiva, paralysis of throat and tongue are also noted. —
The temperature varies with the case, the excitable cases carrying —
high temperatures, but the ones I believe I have had have all car-
ried sub-normal temperatures, some as low as 96 degrees. The
pulse. varies with the course of the disease but unless excitable symp-
toms are present it is generally slow. Death generally occurs
in from twelve hours to six or seven days. In the latter stages of —
the disease delirium is present in some cases while in others a deep
comatose condition continues to the end. b
Proenosis. Recoveries rarely exceed 5 per cent of infected —
animals. I have had twelve cases with eleven deaths, and the last |
case not reported. fe
Course. Forage poisoning may terminate in death in from
ten to twelve hours, but as the disease progresses, the intensity of
the symptoms diminish and the later part of the outbreak may have ,
cases extending over several days with some recoveries. i
Lesions. LHarly cases that expire inside of twenty-four hours 4
show practically no microscopic lesions considering the intensity of
the symptoms. Secondary lesions in cases of long duration are
noted. Pharyngeal and laryngeal infiltration, muco-purulent dis-
charges from eyes and nose and enteritis may be present. a
Microscopic lesions are confined to the central nervous system, a
there being round cell infiltration around the blood vessels of gray i
—
CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 91
and white matter in the cord. Degeneration of motor cell centers
is also noted.
Diagnosis. Microscopical examinations are sometimes neces-
sary to differentiate this disease from other diseases of the nervous
system. It is not easily differentiated unless specific examinations
can be made microscopically.
TREATMENT. I have found no record of successful treatment.
One author says it is almost hopeless, and another that medicinal
agents have proven of little value. |
Case Reports. Dec. Ist. Farm of Merrit Barden, West
Pawlet, Vt., first animal taken Nov. 30th, died same evening. No
veterinarian called. Second animal showed symptoms night of
Nov. 30th: I saw case next morning. Called trouble forage poi-
soning: administered purgativées, and left strychnine to be given
every two hours. Animal died next morning. Two other ani-
mals in same stable showed symptoms during day or evening of Ist
of December. Third animal died December 6th, after showing
nasal discharge and purulent discharge from eyes. Third animal
taken at time of second seemed to be better for a time but did not
eat and after a few days was taken worse and died on December
12th. This animal showed pronounced nasal discharge and great
congestion of visible mucous membranes. The animals above that
were treated by me all had sub-normal temperatures, and at no time
did I find any fever.
Dec. 2nd. Farm of Jas. Montieth, North Hebron, N.'Y., call
came in A. M. Found two animals down. Both had been used
day previous and had appeared normal. Subnormal temperature
present in both cases and paralysis of hind parts very pronounced.
Urine normal in appearance, pulse slow: indications of pain very
slight. One of the above animals was dead the next morning: the
other lived two days and developed discharges mentioned in the
other cases. Third animal on this farm taken on morning of 4th
of December, the case was more prolonged but the animal died on
the 10th of December. There was a fourth animal in this stable
that did not contract the disease. Was getting a different grain
ration and was a light hay eater.
Dee. 9th. A bay gelding the property of a butcher at West
iu. Pawlet, Vt. Worked the day before and found down in the morn-
ing. Symptoms same as other cases. Died evening of 9th and was
92 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS
posted by Dr. Rich and myself on December 10th. Post-mortem
changes had taken place and our findings were of no help to us.
Another horse in this stable received same rations and has never
been sick.
Dee. 18th. A bay_mare, quite old, property of Hungarian at
Wells, Vt., presented the same symptoms above described. I was
called late in the afternoon, animal having been down all day. Ad-
vised owner that animal would probably die before morning.
Death occurred at 3 A. M. on the 19th.
Dec. 20th. Grey gelding, property of farmer ve West Gran-
ville, was used day before; found down morning of 20th; died
at 7 A. M. morning of 2st. Symptoms same as before described
Jan. 16th. Called in afternoon to see animal that was found
down in middle of forenoon. Found usual symptoms. Coma be-
came heavier toward night and the animal died the next day. This
animal belonged to a farmer, that was doing thrashing at different
farms and the grain ration was varied.
Jan. 20th. Sorrel gelding, property of farmer of West Heb-
ron. This animal showed staggering symptoms, sub-normal tem-
perature, slow pulse, would take a mouth full of hay and allow it
to hang from the mouth. Symptoms not as intense as in previous
cases. Animal bad received hay ration entirely, no grain having
been fed for two months. I have heard nothing further from this
case since I made my call. The horse was given heavy purgatives,
and stimulants advised. To date, Jan. 23rd, nothing further has
been ‘received regarding the case.
The above brief and incomplete data cover twelve cases, eleven
of which have died: the majority within twenty- four hours after
symptoms were noted. All the animals above mentioned were re-
ceiving all the hay they could eat. Part of them had had second
growth, and two at least were tied to the hay mow where they took
all they cared for. The grain ration of the first eight animals to
die came from the same mill and was supposed to be western pro-
duced grain.
- Ts? ee
CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 93
PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF HEMORRHAGIC SEP-
TICEMIA OF CATTLE BY THE USE OF BAC.
TERIAL VACCINE MADE FROM THE
CAUSATIVE AGENT
T. O. BRANDENBURG, Lakota, N. Dak.
Autumn of 1916. Seventy head of cattle shipped into the State
of North Dakota and placed with native cattle.
Three were dead when we were called, all dying with a pleuro-
pneumonia. Sixteen showed well pronounced symptoms and car-
ried a temperature ranging from 103.5° to 106.5°. Catarrhal and
pectoral forms and only a few showing slight edema.
Administered 2 ¢.c. of vaccine hypodermically, 2,000,000,000.
to each c.c. All showed improvement in a few days.
After 12 days, three developed the intestinal form of the dis-
ease and died.
A few weeks later 35 more were added to the herd from the
yards and soon began to show symptoms of the disease.
Administered 1 ¢.c. to all and only one died which was well ad-
vanced at time injection was made.
I consider the vaccine an absolute preventive if properly used
and curative in all cases which are not advanced.
Our experience shows that in order to establish a positive pro-
tection two injections are necessary about eight days apart.
We found the younger animals to be more susceptible to the
__ disease and also to the treatment. The older animals developed the
disease, apparently, more slowly but responded slowly to the treat-
ment.
All deaths after vaccination were in old animals.
—_
CHLORINATED LIME IN PRACTICE*
N. A. Krippen, Independence, Ia.
Chlorinated lime has been used for over a century as a bleach-
. { ing powder, a deodorizer, disinfectant and parasiticide, due to the
4 _ free chlorine gas that is so readily evolved, but has never come into
_ general use until Dr. H. D. Dakin of the Rockefeller Institute,
*Presented at the meeting of the Iowa Veterina Association, Ames, Ia.
January 9-11, 1917, Laer wan
94 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS
after various experiments, has so subdued chlorinated lime as to
make a neutral solution. As at first prepared it was made with
sodium carbonate and boric acid; this was later modified and now
the boric acid is eliminated altogether. The modified Dakin’s
fluid as made at the present time is as follows: (taken from the
American Medical Journal, December 9, 1916,) take 200 grams of
chlorinated lime (.25% active chlorine gas) 100 grams of anhy-
drous sodium carb., 80 grams sodium bicarb. Place the 200 grams
of chlorinated lime in a 12 liter jar with 5 liters of water; shake
the whole thoroughly two or three times and set aside over night.
In another jar, dissolve the sodium carb.and bicarb in 5 liters of
cold water and pour the contents of this jar at one gush into the
jar containing the maceration of chlorinated lime, agitate the whole
vigorously for one minute and then set aside for the carbonate to
settle. After one-half hour the clear fluid is siphoned off and
filtered through two layers of pzper, the liquid thus obtained is
then.ready for use. It should be kept in a cool place away from
the light. It will retain its potency for about two weeks. A sup-
purating wound, moistened with this solution every two hours,(care
being taken that the fluid comes in contact with every part of the
wound) is said to be sterilized in about 40 hours after which heal-
ing promptly takes place. Dr. Carrel is making use ‘of this liquid
in the American hospital in France; the British are using a modi-
fication of this formula which in my opinion is more suited to vet-
erinary practice. This compound is made up of equal parts of __
chlorinated lime and boric acid mixed together and kept in an air
tight container, for shallow wounds. The mixture can be dusted
into the wound where the chlorine gas is set free and sterilizes the
parts; or a solution can be made by dissolving 25 grams of the mix-
ture in a liter of sterile water. After being allowed to stand for
one hour, the clear fluid is siphoned off and is ready for use.
—_
PRODUCTIVE INFLAMMATION OF THE FOWL DU
TO TRAUMA.
B. F. Kaupr, Pathologist, N. C. Experiment Station,
W. Raleigh, N. C.
Hisrory. __—_
Tue Action or DigiTALis IN PNEUMONIA. Alfred E. Cohn,
M.D., and Ross A. Jamieson, M.D. (From the Hosp. of the Rocke-
feller Institute for Medical Research.) Abst. from Jour. of Exp. ‘
Med., Vol. XXV, No. 1, Jan. 1, 1917, p. 65, 79, 80.—Digitalis has
been used for many years in the treatment of pneumonia but there
is still discussion as to whether its use is advantageous.
AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON DISEASES
NONSPECIFIC TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
IN ANIMALS
K. F. MEYER
The treatment of infectious diseases with biologic products
has, until recently, been guided by the well founded conception of
an antigen-antibody reaction and by the current ideas of specifi-
city. It has been only within the last two years that attention has
been repeatedly called by clinicians to some facts which cannot be
explained on this basis. Particularly the bacteriotherapy of ty-
phoid fever in man strongly suggests that numerous unknown and
nonspecific factors are responsible for some of the splendid abortive
cures of this disease produced by the use of various kinds of vac-
cines. The importance of some of these observations for the fur-
ther development of a successful treatment of some of the infec-
tious diseases of animals is already quite apparent, and inasmuch
as the writer had an opportunity to study, during the past year,
some phases of the mechanism of this new field of immunology, a
brief report in form of suggestions is herewith submitted to the
Committee on Diseases.
The history of the nonspecific treatment of infectious dis-
ease: Aside from the well known results of vaccine therapy in
subacute and chronic local infections of a character due to the mi-
crococci, the chief field in which vaccine treatment has been very
encouraging is to be found in the bacteriotherapy of typhoid fever
in man.
During recent years various kinds of vaccines have been
elaborated. The attempted goal of this etiologic treatment of acute
infectious diseases has been to shorten the morbid process with its
symptoms, to free the blood-stream from the causative organisms, to
reduce the production of toxins, to prevent the formation of pathol-
ogic changes in the organs, or to heal those already produced; but
these vaccines used subcutaneously have not, for the most part,
given good results.
The slow action of vaccines by subcutaneous or intramuscular
application or the frequent absence of curative effects lead to the
ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 115
direct introduction of the bacterial antigens into the blood stream.
_A number of Argentine physicians (Penna, Torres, Dessy, Grap-
ioli and Fossate') reported striking pictures of complete abortion
of typhoid fever in man following the intravenous injection of
killed typhoid organisms or extracts of the same. The introduc-
tion of such vaccine preparations called forth, in a number of cases,
hyperpyrexia prescribed by chills, cyanosis, collapse and respira-
tory distress, which was followed in a few hours by a critical fall
of the febrile temperature curve to a normal level. The drop in
temperature may be accompanied by profuse sweating and marked
amelioration of the symptoms. In normal persons the intravenous
injection of typhoid vaccine may give a reaction like that in typhoid
fever, but ordinarily larger doses are required.
These observations have since been confirmed and have been in
numerous directions enhanced. Gay and his co-workers*, for ex-
ample, have found that the temperature reaction is always follow-
ed by a more or less marked hyperleucocytosis, and Jobling and
Petersen * noted a more or less marked mobilization of the serum
ferments (protease and lipase) which, in their opinion combats
the intoxication which may result from the liberation of toxie pro-
tein split products in the diseased organism. Other writers have
suggested that, following the shock the organism passes into a con-
dition of anti-anaphylaxis in which it ceases to react to the disease
producing organism or its products.
The intravenous therapy attained a different aspect, however,
when Kraus and Mazza* reported that colon-vaccine gave identical
results, while typhoid vaccine was of a marked benefit in certain
cases of pelvic infection. Furthermore, Jchikawa’® and Gay? found,
later, that paratyphoid patients recovered when treated with ty-
phoid vaccine. The specificity of the treatment was made more
questionable when Liidke® attained favorable results by the simple
use of a non-bacterial protein split produet—a deutero-albumose,
or, as Jobling’ quite recently was able to show by the injection of
secondary proteoses. Aside from these split products, observations
(1) See Kraus: Wien. Klin, Wehnschr. 1915, XXVIII, 29.
(2) Areh. Int. Med., 1916, XVIT, 303.
(3) Jour. Exper. Med. 1915, XXII, 568, and Jour. A. M. A. 1915, LXV, 515.
(4) Deutsch. Med. Webnsehr., 1914, XL, 1556.
(5) Ztschr. f. Immunitatsforsch., 1914, XXII, 32.
(6) Munch. Med. Wehnsehr., 1915, XXVIII, 321,
(7) Jour, A.M. A., 1916, LXVI, 1753.
116 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS
are recorded on the effect of salt solution, distilled water, homo-
logous and heterologous sera, ferments, leucocytic extract, colloidal
gold, ete., in the treatment of enteric fever. It seems probable that —
a number of substances when introduced intravenously are cap-
able of causing a reaction of the tissues and that this reaction, in
the majority of cases, is responsible for changes which lead to a re-
covery from the infection.
These early observations have in many cases been verified and
confirmed. On a clinical basis the following facts are well founded:
In about forty per cent. (40%) of the cases the recovery is abor-
tive and a normal temperature is established in a few hours to a
few days; in about twenty-five per cent. (25 %) a lysis with short-
ened course of the disease occurs. And only in thirty-four per
cent. (34 %) does no reaction result, the course of the infection re-
maining uninfluenced. The mortality of the treated cases is re-
duced. Complications are rare and the chances for relapses are
remarkably diminished. Acute as well as advanced cases are fav-
orably influenced by the intravenous bacteriotherapy, and only
severely complicated cases—particularly those with affections of .
the circulatory or respiratory systems should be excluded from the
treatment.
Various workers have presented different views concerning the
dangers of this form of therapy and, in the main, no one point of
view may be regarded as conclusive. Doubtless the intravenous ad-
ministration of vaccines is an heroic treatment and, according to
many writers, is not justified in every instance. Until we know
more about the nature of the shock the body has to sustain under
this treatment, it is imperative that necessary care and proper
judgment be exercised. And we are far from heralding the intra- —
venous bacteriotherapy as the ultimate goal of the modern treat-
ment of infectious diseases.
In other infections also, nonspecific products introduced in-
travenously may cause acute critical reactions, as colon vaccine in
puerperal-sepsis, typhoid vaccines in pneumonia (Mathers and
Wells: see Hektoen*), proteoses and typhoid vaccine in acute, sub-
acute and chronie arthritic infections (Miller and Lusk’®).
The nonspecific treatment of animal diseases: Thus far only
one report by P. von Szily and T. von Bessko'® on the bacterio-
(8) Jour. A. M.A., 1916, LXVI, 1591.
(9) Jour. A. M.A., 1916, LXVI, 1756.
(10) Berl, tieriirzt. Wehnsehr., 1915, XXI, 517,
ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 117
therapy of contagious pleuro-pneumonia of horses indicates that
the observations made with the nonspecific treatment of acute in-
fectious diseases in human medicine can successfully be applied
also to veterinary medicine. The two writers used ordinary ty-
phoid or cholera vaccine in doses of 5-10 cem., each cem. contain-
ing 500 million organisms. In the fifteen cases reported, the in-
_ travenous injection of these vaccines caused most remarkable re-
sults. The temperature fell in every case, either critically or by
lysis, and a marked improvement of the clinical symptoms fol-
lowed. In every respect the observations resembled those made in
typhoid fever. The findings of Szily and Bessko can only be the
result of a nonspecific reaction because the specific etiologic agent
of contagious pleuro-pneumonia of horses is as yet unknown and
only human pathogenic microorganisms were used for the injee-
tions. So far, no confirmation of these splendid results has been
made, but they clearly show that there is some experimental jus-
tification for the use of intravenous bact eHothanany in other ani-
mal diseases.
In reviewing the present literature we find among the reports
on the specific treatment of animal diseases the statement that in-
formally better results are obtained when the homologous or heter-
ologous sera are used intravenously: thus the treatment of an-
thrax and symptomatic anthrax with horse serum (Jaeger, Detre,
Leclainche and Vallee and others). In the light of the recent ad-
vances these observations find additional explanation, and the use
of colloidal metals like ‘‘collargol’’ in morbus maculosus and simi-
lar septicemias seems to have some justification.
The reports of successful cures of distemper with horse serum
or nuclein, rinderpest with bile and contagious pleuro-pneumonia
of horses with salvarsan intravenously, are all examples which
never were explained and which were, therefore, soon discredited ;
but now we know that the beneficial effect may be the result of a
reaction caused by the introduction of nonspecific substances into
the blood stream. Fischer has shown definitely that salvarsan is
only active on intravenous injection and that the chills and fever
that occur for 3 to 9 hours are necessary to produce the desired
effect. Other examples which point towards the existence of non-
specific treatment of animal diseases could be easily enumerated.
_ Veterinary medicine offers splendid opportunities for experimenta-
tion in hog cholera, mastitides, puerperal septicemia, distemper of
'
118 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS
dogs, shipping fever of horses, and so forth. With the exception
of pregnant animals, the dangers are very slight and can easily be
avoided because circulatory complications are less frequent and the
selection of the proper dose is not as important as in man. These
and other considerations prompted us to make use of the nonspecific —
treatment of a disease of dogs simulating distemper.
During the last year our experimental kennels were frequent-
ly infected with this malady and the extensive number of cases of.
this disease interfered considerably with the progress of the experi-
mental work. Prophylactic immunization with dead and living
vaccines of the B. bronchisepticus (the bacillus has, until recently
been regularly isolated from the respiratory tract of the infected
dogs) assisted only temporarily in combating the epidemic. Inas-
much as the question of the etiology of distemper and allied dis-
eases of dogs is still unsettled, and inasmuch as we were not in a
position to conduct carefully controlled experiments to determine.
the cause of this disease which clinically resembles distemper, we
were forced to find a means by which we could shorten the course
of the infection and reduce its mortality to a minimum. '
The observation of v. Szily and Bessko suggested the use of
the intravenous bacteriotherapy with typhoid or B. bronchisepti- _
cus vaccines. We have experimented with such products on more —
than twenty-five (25) dogs and have noted in a large percentage —
of cases very promising results. Some dogs were studied very
carefully, and to illustrate the reactions, the subsequent ameliora-
tion of symptoms and the recovery, a few cases are presented in
detail :
Doc 71: Fox terrier, male. Developed on December 7th,
1915, a slight nasal discharge, coughed frequently and showed a
slight conjunctivitis. In the next eight days his appetite was very
capricious, and om December 15th the animal refused to eat. For -
several days the stools were loose and sometimes mixed with traces |
of blood. The temperature fluctuated between 102.0° and 103.0°F.
The pulse was accelerated, but strong. No consolidations could |
be found on auscultation. The blood count showed a marked poly-
morphonuclear leucocytosis. On December 10th, 1915, the animal —
was treated intravenously with 1 ¢.c. Army vacciné containing 500
million typhoid bacilli. ‘The temperature and leucocytie reae-
tion are shown in Table I. On December 20th the temperature had
fallen to the normal level, the improvement was clinically well
a Creat ere ; — - —
zt a2 A = Sots SS
— ee et er ‘
r s aa Pe : ee ee ee > oe
ae . é ethene! «iN
_——
ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 119
s
pan ibaa ma
« marked. In less than ten days after the treatment, the recovery
of the dog was complete.
Dog 76, which served as a control, showed the same clinical
symptoms and temperature curve, emaciated rapidly and had to be
sacrificed on January 5th in a moribund condition.
Dog 79: Yellow and white female cur. Showed on December
1st all the signs of acute distemper. With the exception of a very
annoying cough the animal showed slight inappetence and a mod-
erate fever.
On December 2nd the dog was injected intravenously with
lee. of B. bronchisepticus vaccine (killed at 60 degrees, C.) con-
taining 200 million organisms per ¢.c., the temperature and leuco-
cytic reaction are shown in Table II. The recovery was very slow,
but on December 5th the animal had reached a low temperature
level; the general behavior and appetite were much improved, but
the cough persisted for several weeks and only on December 29th
was a complete recovery recorded.
Dog 83: This animal developed ‘‘distemper’’ about the same
time and therefore served as a control. It died on December 22nd
with lesions of extensive pneumonia and gastro-enteritis.
Dog 89: A small, black, male cur: on December 28th had
all the clinical symptoms of ‘‘distemper’’, was, therefore, treated
with B. bronchisepticus vaccine. The temperature and leucocytic
response were very slight, there was a slight amelioration of the
symptoms but the dog died twenty (20) days after the intravenous
treatment with all the lesions of a bilateral bronchopneumonia and
its complications.
Dog 91: Small, black mongrel, received in a very: sick con-
dition ; subnormal temperature; profuse purulent nasal discharge ;
leucocyte count of 14,850. Was immediately treated, December
8th, 1915, with 1 ¢.c. of Army vaccine; there was a slight leuco-
eytic response (32,200) and temperature excursion, but no amelior-
ation of the symptoms. The dog died 30 days afterwards with the
‘lesions of bronchopneumonia.
Dog 225: Small, yellow and white fox terrier, female. Suf-
fered for about a week from a severe purulent rhinitis, diarrhea
with large amount of blood, emaciation, and inappetence. Two
days previous to the injection with vaccine, a bilateral parenchy-
matous keratitis developed. The temperature ran between 39.2°
and 40.5°, the leucocytic count was 16,800. Pulse and respiration
120 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS
were accelerated but no definite consolidation could be determined.
Following the injection of 160 million typhoid organisms, a most
striking improvement in the clinical symptoms became manifest.
The temperature, after a critical rise, fell below normal, rose in the
next 48 hours slightly, but remained on a normal level after another
injection of 160 million organisms. The stools became solid in 56
hours and no blood could be detected. The animal ate heavily 24°
hours after the first injection and continued to have a very good
appetite. The general behaviour was changed, the animal was ac-
tive and attentive; the keratitis cleared up in 48 hours. Recovery
was manifest in about three days after the last injection.
Two normal dogs were injected with Army and B. bronchi-
septicus vaccine, respectively. The immediate effects were simi-
lar to those seen in the sick dogs: in one or two hours a rise in tem-
perature which reached its height within three hours of injection.
This elevation of temperature was accompanied by a leukopenia
which was followed in 18 to 24 hours by a marked hyperleucocy-
tosis. In both cases the animal vomited between the second and
third hours after the injection. The reactions were very severe in
both dogs, but were not followed by any ill effects. In some re-
cent observations three other dogs injected with peptone solutions
and vaccines, the reaction apparently favored the development of a
rhinitis with loss of appetite. We are at present unable to ex- ee
plain this observation and are, therefore, contemplating a careful
study of these conditions.
Discussion of the nonspecific treatment in dogs: The injec-
tion of heated, killed vaccines of the typhoid or bronchisepticus ba-
cillus causes in sick and normal dogs a train of symptoms which is
very characteristic and apparently due to the operation of the same
forces which give rise to symptoms following similar treatment of
man injected with the typhoid bacillus and of horses suffering from
pleuropneumonia. In a large percentage of the sick dogs this re-
action was followed by a striking improvement of the symptoms
and by critical or lytic recovery. The results depend consider-
ably on the dosage of the vaccines which provoke a severe reaction
which is characterized by a temperature excursion, hyperleucocy-
tosis and mobilization of ferments. No definite method of proced-
ure can be described in treating a given case of ‘‘distemper’’: in
some cases one injection will be sufficient to restore a dog to an es-
sentially normal condition as judged from the clinical symptoms
es EEE SO ee eo
¥ 2
aves
Sn are
is "
eee
ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 121
Eat ee ep Ce eS ee ee a
a i i lia alte a - —"
and temperature chart. In other instances it is necessary to repeat
the treatment 3 to 4 days later, particularly when the temperature
fails to remain normal. The size of the dose and the frequency of
injections must depend upon the symptoms following the first in-
jection. In about 25% of our cases the intravenous treatment was
absolutely without effect. Most of these cases failed to show a
marked leucocytic response. The temperature was frequently
influenced, but the morbid processes in the respiratory tract ap-
parently continued and, in such cases, repeated injections aside
from producing temporary effects were never provocative of an ab-
ortive cure, Several of our experimental dogs could probably have
been saved by several injections, but it was in the interést of our
study to observe only the immediate benefit of one injection. In
this connection it became evident that dogs with bronchopneumonic
__ foci and high leucocytosis are the least responsive, and in such in-
‘stances the intravenous treatment only protracted the fatal out-
come. In connection with some experiments on rabbits, we made
the observation that severely intoxicated animals show a very slight
change of serum proteins and a correspondingly slight increase in
the immune substances of the blood. It appears that the profound-
ly intoxicated body is unable to respond by a marked reaction to
the vaccines which are introduced intravenously. ,
In a few cases only did we consider it advisable to test the im-
mune substances against the B. bronchisepticus. In most instances
a decided increase of the agglutinines for the B. bronchisepticus
was recorded even after the injection of typhoid-vaccine.
The observations are too few, however, to warrant any conelu-
sions. We consider our attempts purely experimental studies, and
it is hoped that a repetition of the intravenous treatment of dog dis-
temper or allied conditions from the same viewpoints, be attempted.
ConcLusions: The successful treatment of typhoid fever, ar-
thritis, puerperal sepsis in man and contagious pleuropneumonia of
horses by intravenous injection of nonspecific bacterial vaccines
suggested the treatment of distemper or allied diseases in dogs.
_ Some very encouraging results by treating dogs with typhoid or B.
bronchisepticus-vaccines are described to encourage more elaborate
‘studies along this new line of vaccine treatment.
It would be inappropriate to draw conclusions or to make ree-
- ommendations before further carefully controlled observations have’
been made on some of the animal diseases for which this treatment
is, perhaps, applicable.
ASSOCIATION MEETINGS eee
122
fe
Tape I, a
Tem- | Leu- %%
Dog 71 Hour pera- co- Remarks J
Date ture | cytes 4
Dec. 16,1915 | 10:00 A.M. | 102.0° | 24,900 vi
Dee. 16,1915 | 10:10 A.M. — — 1 ec. Army vaccine equals 500,000,000
Dee. 16.1915 | 12:50 P.M. | 105,49 — |bacilli intravenously.
Dee. 16,1915 | 1:50 P.M. | .106.3° | 31,900 | Very depressed, vomited, muscular tremors.
Dec. 16,1915 | 4:00 P.M. | 103.0° | 35,600 &
Dee. 16,1915 | 5:50 P.M. | 102.0° —_ s
Dec. 17,1915 | 10:00 A.M. | 101.8° | 29,600 a
Dee. 17,1915 | 4:00 P.M. | 102.2° — / “a
Dec. 18,1915 | 6:00 P.M. | 102.3° —_ Y
Dee. 20,1915 | 6:00 P.M. | 101.1° | 22,300 ;
Dee. 25, 1915 —- 101.3° —_ Dog has made complete recovery.
TABLE II.
Tem- Leu-
Dog 79 Hour pera- co- Remarks
Date ture | cytes
Dec. 2,1915 | 11:40 A.M. | 102.40 8,700 :
Dee. 2.1915 | 11:55 A.M. —_— — | 200,000,000 B. bronchisepticus killed by 60°
Dee. 2, 1915 1:50 P.M. | 105.5° —_ and suspended in saline intravenously. 7
Dee. 2,1915 | 3:45 P.M. | 107.0° 8,100 | Vomited at 1 P. M.
Dee. 2,1915 | 6:00 P.M. | 105.2° —.
Dee. 2.1915 | 10:05 P.M. | 103.2° | 29,900
Dee. 3,1915 | 10:00 A.M. | 102.3° | 21,800
Dec. 3,1915 | 6:00 P.M. | 102.1° | 24,700
Dec. 4,1915 | 12:00 P.M. | 102.6° | 15,000 | Still coughs.
Dec. 5,1915 | 6:00 P.M. | 101.6° —
Dee. 6, 1915 ~- 101.6_ —
— 102.2 —_
Dee. 20, 1915 — 101.3_ — |Coughs rarely. Has diarrheic stools. oy.
— 100.0 — |Eats well and is picking up in general appea
Dee. 29, 1915 — -- — 1Dog has made complete recovery.
AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION |
REPORT OF THE ACCOUNTANT TO THE FINANCE
COMMITTEE*
Dr. E. L. Quitman,
Jhairman Finance Committee,
American Veterinary Medical Association.
Dear Sir :—
We have audited the records of the Treasurer of your associa-
tion for the period August 1, 1915 to August 7, 1916 and have com-
pared the results with the Treasurer’s printed report and with the —
records of the Secretary, with the following results:
*The report of the Finance Committee of which this was to be a part
has apparently been lost. The Editor has been unable to locate it,
ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 123
We find that the Treasurer has duly charged himself with all
funds transferred by the former Treasurer, George R. White, as |
well as all funds remitted by the Secretary representing, except as
below noted, all of the income of record of your association. All
funds have been duly deposited in the bank and have been with
drawn only on warrants issued by the Secretary and signed by the
President of the association. The warrants were further supported
by invoices or other adequate receipt and by the cancelled bank
checks duly signed and endorsed.
The report of the Treasurer does not include the income nor
many of the disbursements on account of the Journal, which are
covered by the separate report of the Editor of the Journal. The
transfer of certain funds by the treasurer to the latter to meet the
current expenses of the Journal do not, however, enter into the
Treasurer’s report.
The former Secretary, Dr. Mayo, paid direct to Miss Bertha
C. Spencer, on August 20, 1915, the amount of $200.00 which funds
did not pass through the hands of the Treasurer. The payment is
adequately vouched, however, in a later Treasurer’s Warrant cov-
ering the balance of the account for professional services rendered.
With these exceptions all income reached the Treasurer in full,
and, as stated, is properly accounted for. The following warrants
have not been returned to the Treasurer’s files and consequently
were not presented for audit. The Secretary’s records, however,
show that the warrants were duly issued and there is other satis-
_ Aastory evidence of the validity of the disbursements.
WARRANTS MISSING
Warrant No. Cheek No. Check Paid to Amount
Ot a a =
40 47 SSUES 20, LIVRON | se) cay Ga ben da kee eo a Keaes $ 8.00
44 51 eee, ae, LOMKAS~ S. Cak eae anncae a sales ee 10.00
46 53 SNE SRODORE «65:5 hss 5h.s tp Sees coaes aeons 8.00
47 54 ee Cuth here ic. os Gicalbck cy ote ademe ce be 8.00
48 55 eee: MGDONRIA (3 g's <. Aa dd wale Knee ne Ces 8.00
55 62 DT MOGNOE fk isc nb lee Bak Coe daa s a 8.00
62 69 PSUR: oe, WEED, '3.3cs ct odd tales as wee a6 6 oe 82.32
Bea OO Bs VCs AOR. ino ee ee te es wee hapa eee 35.00
94 101 MORSE Mdmiston oleae eG oa CaaS. os os 3.00
102 109 eel, FE. tear’ 625 bok woe Ce vt siwk Finns o's si 4.00
4308 110 Pe aMOIGL dc MORAOP UN Sliuics wes. baie as ssb> ss 3.00
104 111 TOTS. Ses NU MAMWOTUN 66h a atin hs barks he e+ be > 3.00
109 116 Dr. C.D. Turney. 343. PATA o Rpiitian’ sis o.ale' & 3.00
112 119 Rie Sas ey MEGAN aa Cos a i nie x5 dive ge 0's 0 2.00
113 120 Am. Vet. Review for Dr. R. W. Ellis.......... 500,00
124 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS
WARRANTS NOT RECEIPTED
19 26 Dre? As HichhOrn tesco Oo eens 2 aes i os omen $ 18.62
Supplementing our certificate and the Treasurer’s printed re-
port, we present herewith a Summary of Cash Statement which
shows in somewhat more condensed form the results of the year’s
financial operations.
We have been requested to prepare a statement of Financial
Condition, including all assets and liabilities of the Association as
of date August 7, 1916. Unfortunately, the books, both of the
Secretary and of the Treasurer, are records of cash transactions
only, and do not take into account the accrued but unpaid- assets | "
and liabilities, and our limited time does not permit of.a thorough
examination into these features. However, with the assistance of
the Secretary, we have prepared a tentative statement, which, while
not accurate, we trust will satisfy present needs.
Houuis, Turon & Porte, ;
By Frederick A. Tilton, C.P.A.
My Certificate dated July 26, 1910.
My Bond expires August 15, 1917. |
RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS
AUGUST 1, 1915 TO AUGUST 7, 1916
RECEIPTS
1915
August 30,
Balance in bank as per report of Treasurer Geo.
Bee WS oj 0 7's Foe scala ao oh Dive Coats tune $ 1,192.27
August 1-19 '
Receipts as listed in Secretary Nelson 8. Mayo’s
Cash Book No. 1:
‘
Balance from July 1916: 0)0)5 cy esse 5's ps sae 25
~ From Appiteations:.:, 2.45575 stale ho.s ca eee 448.00
FOG GUGB 7, 'j5'0\o)s 0 .s'ard «Mine igi Se mete pe en Sethe 1,564.75
From Fob. Bales)... o\svise cts sears Mean tak 8.50
August 22-Sept. 28
Receipts as listed in Secretary Mayo’s Cash
Book No 2.
From Applications :.\.\s0:s0/900. 0s diets 7 oe 41+ 112,00
From (nee): 625 005.03 0b 3 Fo ccd alee ae eels Cee 819.00
From Other GODTCOM {.'.:.)0's svbvais o'e'n 0 ad esate ere wees 1,10
Less cheeks charged by Bank, account not suffi-
. cient funds;
Aug. 25—-$8.00, Sept. 10—$8.00...........0008 16,00 2,937.60
_ ASSOCIATION MEETINGS
125
haa
September 28
_ Excess pmt. by Dr. Mayo to See’y C. M. Haring
; Amount as above—$2,937.60, less $200.00
paid to Miss Spencer, $2,737.60. The amount
paid over was $2,740.60 ...................
Sept. 12 to Aug. 7, 1916
: Receipts as listed in Secretary C. M. Haring’s
book and deposited in Berkeley Bank of Sav-
ings & Trust Company:
From Applications and Dues .................. $7,410.00
ON OUNRE WONTON i iiaiis enc de0-c e's'h sis b's ese 2.85
Less checks charged by Bank, account not suffi-
cient funds:
October 15—$3.00, Jan. 24—$3.00 and May 19—
SUMMON. eels SEMEN os it's VOR 37+ 9b asa bes vaca’ 16,00
Interest allowed by Tenth Nat. Bank, Philadelphia
account deposits by Treasurer Frederick H.
DEPT Sree, Fete Ca Oe bupig shoe oelks
DISBURSEMENTS
August 30, 1915
Paid by Dr. Mayo to Bertha Spencer on account
reporting Oakland meeting .................. $ 200.00
- October 15, 1915 to August 2, 1916
i Payments made by Treasurer F. H. Schneider on
approved ‘warrants 2.2... 0.5. eae es 8,762.37
TOTAL DISBURSEMENTS ................
ON Wee oa e's bce ass oo cokes
This balance is made up of:
Deposit in Tenth Nat. Bank, Philadelphia
as certified to by Cashier of the Bank under
date August 3,1916 .............. 0025. $1,349.06
Remittance by Sec’y Haring to Treasurer
Schneider Aug. 8 deposited by the latter in
Bank Aug. 14 as per Bank Book entry.... 1,231.55
3.00
7,396.85
4.59
8.67
11,542.98
8,962.37
$ 2,580.61
SRE
$ 2,580.61
126 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS
CLASSIFICATION OF DISBURSEMENTS
An approximate analysis of the disbursements is as follows:
Expenses of Officers and Committees ............ 0.000 0000: $ 746.62
> State Secretaries ?: Dxpenses © 5.02 6253 Poco ose wae pean cin ente 140.80
Printing, Stationery, Postage and OClerical.................. 833.87
: Secretary’s Salary, Dr. Mayo $200.00; Dr. Haring $400.00. . 600.00 ©
Expense Inspection Educational Institutions................ 436.33
Payments to apply on purchase of Review.................. 2,000.00
Refund Dues, application fees and subscriptions............ 70.00
Expense, Legislative Committee ..................... feces 500.00
Flowers: for Memorials: 27), 0006. 0 oo 5s ARP 20.00
QOiicers Bonde i335 205. ee Se a, ee ee 18.75
Copies of the Journal purchased ............-.cecceeeewees 151.00
Expense account Journal .............0cecceeeeeess NS ace 648.85
Revolving fond, Jowrmal 3. 2h es oes enol nies Seale 1,300.00
De Wish, Ga gty od Seis she oe. 5s ila ieee ae 1,000.00
Expense reporting and transcribing records of meetings...... 496.15
$ 8,962.37 |
DELINQUENT AND CURRENT DUES
DELINQUENT
The outstanding dues are distributed, approximately, as follows: (Aug. 1, 1916)
42 Members owe $15.00 each... . 22... cc esc c cee ceteeseeree $ 630.00
47 Members owe $12.00: each. 2 042 ie ee eth be ils ale 564.00
95 Members Owe @ 9.00 Oded. 6:50 25 oie as ole tecelv ow me see - 855.00
80 Members: owe $'6.00 cach... 0. een cle discenmepeenyes 480.00
61. Members owe $ 3.00 each os os... 5 ose a's ek sibs osetia ce sale ars 183.00
POTAIL:. 5 asus na ot » scee tien ee $2,712.00
CURRENT
Membership per published list in Journal of July 1916:
2,061 at: eurrent rate: BB000 G00 s\c0055'.'nes vale hue etn ete en $6,183.00
Liuk: DOG OS GGG o's bo rhe cua ts 9% > Von eee 2 aw .-+ 2,281.00
$3,902.00
STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL CONDITION
August 7, 1916
ASSETS
COadh on: Hand in’ Basle: 550.56 Fa sic o's sine pcsaeie s- Bioeth aie $ 2,580.61
Dues Receivable 1911-1912........ Fiat es Wk + ib piace’e 226.00 ?
LOTS-1918 5 sek cei eee tere PSS ibis MO
1918-1914 ...... Wants ve Dog bes ee
ID14-TOIG oes ieee vals oe be sreee 792.00
ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 127
ROMER Ss o>, cea cee A ee ms es 975.00
oe Say eRe ang Mera wa Kaa ee 3,902.00 6,614.00
Investment—Journal A.V.M.A. .....-..-.0ee cece eeeee 2,000.00
$11,194.61
LIABILITIES
Expenses of Present Convention
Committee Appropriation
Salary Appropriations
Balance (if any) due on Journal
Deficit (if any) operating Journal
_ Sundry unpaid Bills
_ Reserve for uncollectible Dues
_ Surplus (Capital)
Dr. E. L. Quitman,
Chairman Finance Committee,
We have completed the checking of the accounts of the Editor
of the Journal which were presented for audit and submit herewith
summary statement of operations, together with Balance Sheet as
at July 31, 1916.
. So far as the income is recorded in the books, we are able to
vn certify that all receipts of money are properly accounted for, but
obviously in our limited time you will not expect us to certify to
the completeness of the reported earnings which would involve the
examination of the subscription lists, the sold space, rates, ete.,
_ data concerning which, in any event, is not at hand.
7 We have checked all disbursements with the receipts, bills or
other vouchers and with the cancelled checks, and found, with a few
- minor exceptions, that all entries were properly supported.
In attempting to arrive at the financial condition of the Jour-
nal, we were confronted with the fact that the books show only the
cash transactions and do not take into account the accrued but
unpaid accounts whether receivable or payable. Further, in the
_ absence of any definite information as to the number of members of
the A.V.M.A. who are subscribers of record to the Journal and of
any action as to what portion of the dues is applicable to this
service, we have not assumed to show the amount which’ may be con-
sidered as earnings to be paid out of the General Fund.
_ Assuming the number of members of the A.V.M.A. receiving
the Journal to be 1,726 the cost to the General Treasury per mem-
128 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS
ber is found by dividing the apparent deficit for the period,
$2,289.28 by that number, and is $1.33. :
The books as kept do not conform to the approved methods of
pookkeeping and, while in this imstance all important facts con-
cerning cash transactions were ascertained, we would urge the intro-
duction of a proper system of double entry bookkeeping. In this
we could undoubtedly be of further service to you or perhaps bet-
ter an accountant could be found at the place of el gs who
could give it close attention.
Hous, Tron & Poni,
By Frederick A. Tilton, C.P.A.
My Certificate dated July 26, 1910.
My Bond expires August 15, 1917.
———
AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS INCIDENT TO THE PURCHASE
AND PUBLICATION OF THE JOURNAL
FROM OCTOBER 1, 1915 TO AUGUST 1, 1916
RECEIPTS Epitor’s TREASURER’S
Funp FunpD TOTAL
Renewals and Subscriptions $2,110.02 - $2,110.02
Advertising 2,327.76 2,327.76
Miscellaneous 116.81 116.81
Sale of Binders 23.00 23.00
Treasurer A.V.M.A. Revolving Fund 1,300.00 1,300.00
Unaccounted for 5.58 5.58
$5,883.17 $1,300.00 $4,583.17
DISBURSEMENTS
Printing Journal $3,909.05 $ 454.55 $4,363.60
Postage Pound Rates 158.42 158.42
Postage Stamps 297.46 297.46
Office Clerical 308.70 37.20 345,90
Office Miscellaneous 36.35 44.90 81.25
Miscellaneous Journal 186.35 8.13 194.48
Refunds 41.63 : 41.63
Binders 14.95 14.95
Half Tones 91.80 - 91.80
Sundry Expenses 27.89 15.82 43,21
Expenses Committee on Journal 88.75 88.75
Copies of October 1915 Journal 151,00 151.00
ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 129
Payments on Purchase of the Review 2,000.00 2,000.00
Salary Dr. P. A. Fish 1,000.00 ~ 1,000.00
$5,072.60 $3,799.85 $8,872.45
EDITOR'S FUND
Receipts $5,883.17
Disbursements 5,072.60
Balance in Bank July 31, 1916 $ 810.57
BALANCE SHEET OF THE JOURNAL JULY 31, 1916
ASSETS
Good Will, Subscription List, ete............... $2,500.00
y Oana in Bag ee es cece ee canteens 810.57
age Accounts Receivable (if any). ..............+-- ? $3,310.57
LIABILITIES . :
MG Pltrer (IE BBY Yin seis is Se a ee C8 aie’ ae ees ?
Balance on Purchase of Review .............-. $ 500.00 :
Advances from Treasuyer’s Fund .............. 5,099.85 5,599.85
__ *DEFICIT 10 months from October 1, 1915..........- $2,289.28
*To offset the seeming deficit, it should be taken into account that the Jour-
nal furnished the paid-up members of the A.V.M.A. with 1726 subscriptions,
which according to the decision of the executive and Journal committees were
to be paid for at the rate of $2.00 each, making a total of $3,452. This amount
“to be taken from the dues. As shown in the accountant’s statement $2,000, or
four-fifths of its purchase price, was also paid to the American Veterinary
> Review. . —
; Ae ge
SECRETARY’S OFFICE
1827 South Wabash Avenue, Chicago, Illinois.
Dues or 1916.
As much as the executive officers would like to retain your in-
fluence as a member, the American Veterinary Medical Association,
which is now a legally constituted corporation engaged, among
other things, in the publication of a monthly journal, is forbidden
by the United States authorities to carry on its roll members who
are in arrears, unless such members signify in writing their inten-
| __ tions to pay their dues at some future time.
Will you not please, therefore, remit the dues of 1916, and
_ thus relieve us of the very unpleasant duty of removing your name
130 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS
from the membership list? This is not an appeal for pecuniary
assistance as the association is on a sound financial footing. It is
a plea for your moral support and an appeal to your patriotism.
Did you ever think what a worthless, slipshod non-entity the
veterinary profession in America would be were it not for the in-
spiring influence of the A.V.M.A.?
Whether or not during your busy professional life you have
ever given the matter a thought it must seem plain when your at- =
tention is called to it that the day is here when the veterinary pro- ;
fession must show a strong front, and since it is only through a big
nation-wide organization that a strong front can be maintained, j
the loss of your support as a member is not a trivial matter. The 4
nation needs this organization and the organization in turn needs
you. We are to-day as a profession confronted with the neces-
sity of showing our ability to promote, protect and conserve our
greatest national resource—the live stock industry. If we fall
short in this connection others, already in the field, will do it for
us; we are at this very moment being consulted by our national
officials about our qualifications as veterinarians, our willingness
to serve our country in case of war and the number of available —
men we have; besides we are face to face with the problems of rais-
ing our standard of matriculation, of education and of ethies; all °
of which can only be accomplished by a solidly united profession, —
determined to improve its morale.
—————
CONCESSION IN RATES TO THE ANNUAL MEETING
The Central Passenger Association which includes all of the
railroads east of the Mississippi and north of the Potomac have
made a concession of 2¢ per mile for our annual meeting at Kansas
City, the selling dates being August 17th, 18th and 19th, and the
return date has been set at August 29th. The Southeastern Pas-
senger Association, which covers the same territory south of the
Potomac, although at first refusing our request, has agreed to re-
consider its action at a meeting of the representatives of the differ-
ent railroads to be held at New Orleans, April 18th. Iam sure from
one of the letters last received from the secretary of this asso-
ciation that a favorable action may be expected, and that our
southern members will not again be discriminated against in this: |
connection, With the assistance of Dr. Burson, state secretary for
Georgia, we have endeavored to show the railroad officials of this
ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 131
section of the country that a help to the A.V.M.A. will in turn help
them.
As regards the Pacific Coast we have been promised ‘‘ Back
Easr’’ excursion dates for August 16th and 17th, although the
official action in this connection will not ‘be taken until sometime
during April. If we should be successful in having these dates
| fixed, low rates will be assured from every part of the country.
CORRECTIONS
In the March issue of the Journal, through an error of ours,
the name of W. Horace Hoskins was omitted as secretary-treasurer
"i of the Salmon Memorial Committee; that of M. H.. Reynolds as
secretary of the International Commission on Bovine Tuberculosis ;
and that of, M. P. Ravenel as a member of this commission. The
Army Veterinary Service should replace the title of Army Organi-
zation. L. A. MERILLAT.
NEW YORK CITY VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
-Ocroser Meeting. The first regular monthly meeting of this
association following the summer recess was held October 11th,
1916. A clinical program was very successfully carried out dur-
ing the afternoon at Berns Veterinary Hospital, 74 Adams Street,
Brooklyn, N. Y. Dr. John Adams, professor of surgery at the
University of Pennsylvania was present and took an active part in
the surgical clinic. The following cases were presented for ex-
amination and operation. 1. Horse—Bone Tumor, size of fist on
upper maxillary bone, just above incisor teeth, pushing upper lip
up out of shape—presented by Dr. E. Hanshew as an interesting
condition. -Two incisor teeth missing and they may be the nucleus
of this growth.
2. Horse—Healed quittor, six months after operation—pre-
i _ sented for examination by the Berns Veterinary Hospital.
3. Horse—Quittor. Two weeks after pers oie karan by
the Berns Veterinary Hospital for examination.
4, Horse—Quittor—inside of off hind ‘foot conptinaiea with
bi quarter crack. Presented by Dr. E. B. Ackerman, operated by |
Dr. R. W. Gannett, assisted by Dr. Schuppan. The Bayer method
as described by Dr. W. L. Williams was modified, in that the an-
terior portion of the V-shaped incision was continued in the laminae
132 oie ASSOCIATION MEETINGS
up to but not through the sear tissue filling the fissure in the coro- :
nary band at the seat of the quarter crack. The entire lateral
cartilage was removed. It showed extensive necrosis. To prevent
a recurrence of quarter crack the isolated portion of the coronary
band, posterior to the above mentioned fissure, was excised, The
horse walked home directly after the operation.
5. Horse—Lame, forward-hitting on heel like old founder
case—looked as if he might have dropped sole and seedy toe but
this was not the case. Presented for diagnosis, probably a kera- — a
phyllocele caused by calk pound, Presented by the Berns Veteri-
nary Hospital.
6. Horse—-Paraphymosis—presented for operation by Adams
Method. Had improved so much under treatment that operation —
at ‘ug time was considered unnecessary.
. Femoral Paralysis and Atrophy following an attack of
wiceete Seven months standing.
8. Another of the same of one months duration—both of these ~
cases are improving but not much difference in the two for the length
of time after the disease and shows how slow the improvement is
for the first few months and how rapidly recovery takes place after
they pass a certain stage. The first case was treated by injecting
rectified turpentine in tissue but found to be of little value. These
cases were also presented by the Berns Veterinary Hospital.
9. Horse—Very large forearm involving elbow joint. Bony,
opened—discharge of bloody serum. . Probably osteo sarcoma.
Prognosis: very unfavorable, recommended destruction. Pre-
sented by Berns Veterinary Hospital for diagnosis. |
10. Horse—Granulomata of Eyeball. Growth from sclerotic
coat of eye. Probably involves inner coats. Had been removed
but returned. Very likely of a cancerous nature. Removal of en-
tire eyeball will be the only cure. Presented by Dr. R. W. Ellis
for diagnosis and operation.
11. Pony—Brought from New York in Ford Touring Car.
Slough of the right hind hoof, whole hoof coming off, no cure; de-
struction recommended—destroyed. Post-mortem showed fracture
of the os-pedis. Presented by Dr. L. Griessman for diagnosis and
operation, y
12. Horse—Fistula of withers, After operation—presented by
Dr. Magee.
—— ae ee
ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 133
13. Horse Lame—Right front foot. For diagnosis. Navi-
cular disease or low ring bone. Concensus of opinion was the lat-
ter. Presented by Dr. Stark for diagnosis.
14. Horse—Suspected roarer—presented by Dr. Ackerman for
diagnosis and operation if necessary. Exercise proved him to be
a roarer and Prof. John Adams operated.
15. Horse—Cold abscess—presented by Dr. Ackerman. Not
operated on for lack of time.
16. Bull dog. Hodgkin’s Disease, pseudo leukemia, progress-
ive hyperplasia lymphatic glands, associated with anemia.
17. Bitch. Paralysis—for diagnosis and operation or what-
ever necessary. Diagnosis: Pus in the Fallopian tubes, diseased
ovaries, ete. Diagnosis by Drs, Gill and Blair—operated on by Dr.
Gill.
18. Puppy. Swallowed seven-inch hat-pin head first, came out
through neck. Operated on by Dr. Gannett who opened the eso-
phagus.
19. Head and viscera of a bullock showing lesions of general-
ized actinomycosis. These specimens were saved for the meeting
by Drs. Danziger and Krocher, Veterinary Inspectors for New
York City Health Department.
There were several other interesting cases left that were not
examined or discussed for lack of time. The members and guests
then adjourned to the Hotel Bossert where an excellent dinner was
served and enjoyed by all. President Goubeaud opened the post-
prandial part of the program by introducing Dr.-T. E. Smith as
toastmaster. Dr. Smith, after a few well chosen remarks, intro-
duced Dr. John Adams as the principal speaker of the evening
- who made an interesting and instructive address. The doctor gave
some interesting experiences of his own career as a veterinarian and
said, in part, that it is essential that a surgeon must be familiar
with the general principles of anatomy and cultivate mechanical
dexterity. Recommended the use of a few instruments. Also
urged the veterinarians to be honest in all their dealings and there-
by command the respect of their clients and the public as a whole.
Dr. J. G. Wills, Chief Veterinarian, Department of Agriculture
___ and President of the New York State Veterinary Medical Society
also made a brief address and said that these gatherings of veteri-
narians are important not only for the exchange of views and dis-
cussion of interesting cases and conditions but, for the social spirit
134 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS
engendered and the friendships made. Said that the membership
of the State Society should be greatly enlarged as only about one-
quarter of the legally registered veterinarians in the state are mem-
bers.
Dr. Smith, before introducing the next speaker, spoke of the
election of a delegate to the A.V.M.A. and Dr. Ellis, when called
upon to speak, followed up Dr. Smith’s remarks by suggesting that
it would be well to decide on a representative veterinarian from this
district. Re
Dr. H. D. Gill spoke of the experience gained in the years of
his practice and said as years pass, one realizes the need of friends.
Urged that we organize properly and work together. Dr. W. Reid
Blair also made a few remarks. Dr. George H. Berns gave some in-
teresting accounts of his practice in Brooklyn since 1879 when he
first started to practice at the same address as the Berns Veterinary
Hospital still occupies. Said at that time there were only one or two
other qualified practitioners in the city. A rising vote of thanks
was extended to Dr. Adams, Dr. Wills and the Berns Veterinary
Hospital for their efforts in making this meeting one of the most
successful ever held by this association. Fifty-six members and
guests were present at the dinner. It was announced that the
Massachusetts Veterinary Society would hold a large meeting on.
October 18th and as many as could do so were urged to attend.
The president was empowered to appoint a committee. The pro-
gram committee also announced that Dr. V. A. Moore of the New |
York State Veterinary College was expected to address this associa-
tion at the November meeting.
NOVEMBER MEETING
The regular monthly meeting of this association was called
to order by the president, Dr. Goubeaud, in the lecture room of the
Carnegie Laboratory at 8:45 P. M.
Drs. Cochran and Gannett gave a brief report of the work and
financial condition of the prosecuting committee. Gave a brief re-
port of a recent case in which evidence had been obtained but ow-
ing to a technicality the judges dismissed the defendant.
Dr. Gill suggested that the veterinary law be referred to the
State Educational Department and the Attorney General.
Dr. Gill then asked for a report regarding the complaint made
against Dr, Kingston as employing a non-registered assistant.
~
aye Se SL oe ee
Re
ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 135
Dr. Gannett stated that such complaint had been made to the
commissioner and referred to Dr. Gill.
Dr. Kingston who was present stated that he is a member in
good standing of this association, and employed a man to do nurs-
ing work under his personal direction. Also said that under the
circumstances he felt that he should have been notified before any
action was taken.
Dr. A. G. Hall of Earlville, N. Y. was then introduced and
gave an interesting talk on ‘‘Some of the Common Diseases of Cat-
tle.’ The doctor mentioned some of the common udder troubles
met with in dairy cattle. Hoof rot was also mentioned and is
treated with clear carbolic acid and alcohol is then applied. TIodin
is also used. Highly recommends placing lime at the sill of the
door where cattle enter the stable.
Pneumonia is treated along the same lines as in the horse. In
uterine troubles such as inflammation of the uterus and slight cases
of peritonitis inject two or three ounces of sulphuric ether.
In eases of retained placenta does not recommend the removal
of the same. Oil of savin in two dram doses is administered night
and morning. lIodoform in capsules is introduced into the uterus.
Sulphuric ether is also used. Garget in its incipient stage is de-
tected by the use of fine mesh screen on milking pail. Recommends
dipping teats in mild antiseptic solution.
_ In eases of acute mammitis good results have been obtained
by applying a bran sack stuffed with cotton and kept wet with hot
water.
In the control of tuberculosis the doctor also recommends the
use of the individual manger and drinking cup.
Dr. Way announced that Dr. G. A. Knapp of Millbrook, N. Y.
had expected to be present and read a paper but had been un-
a _ avoidably detained. , However, Dr. Knapp had forwarded the man-
uscript and Dr. Way read his paper which was entitled ‘‘Experi-
ences in the Control of Infectious Diseases in a Large Herd.’’
This was an excellent paper and dealt in detail, giving facts,
dates and figures of his experiences in one of the largest herds in
the state. .
Dr. V. A. Moore, Dean of the New York State Veterinary Col-
lege, then gave an excellent address on ‘‘Diagnosis, Control and
Eradication of Infectious Diseases.’’
Dr. J. G, Wills was requested to open the discussion of the
;
136 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS
papers and said, in part, that he had been in close touch with the
work done by Dr. Knapp and thoroughly agrees with him that
segregation is a necessity in the control of infectious and contagious
diseases.
Individual mangers-and drinking cups cannot but help to cut
down the danger of infection. Also spoke very highly of Dr.
Moore’s paper.
_ Dr. Gill also stated that he was much re ane interested
to have listened to such excellent papers.
Among others who entered into the discussion were Drs.
Berns, De Vine, Chase, and Blair.
The association tendered a vote of thanks to the contributors
to the program of the evening and the secretary was, on motion, in-
structed to acknowledge Dr. Knapp’s paper.
The program committee announced that at the December meet-
ing a discussion of the cases operated on at the October meeting
would be held. Ropert 8. MacKeuar, Secretary.
>
THE NORTHEASTERN INDIANA VETERINARY
ASSOCIATION
The regular meeting and annual clinic of the Northeastern In-
diana Veterinary Association was held at Muncie, Indiana, Febru-
ary 13th.
The afternoon was given over to the clinic which was held at
Dr. Boor’s hospital. A number of operations and demonstrations
were performed ; among these, demonstrating the single rope method
of raising an animal, by Dr. C. C. Dobson; radical operation for
poll evil by Dr. Boyd and Dr. Hadley; operation on dog, by Dr.
Leach; operation on a broken shoulder on a OPS, by Dr. Boyd;
ovariotomy, by Dr. Boyd.
After the clinic a fine dinner was served at the Delaware Hotel.
The meeting was called to order in the same hotel by Dr. Stoker,
president. The minutes of the last meeting were read and ap-
proved. A motion to revise the mailing list and by-laws was car-
ried. A paper by Dr. F. A. Bolser read by Dr. Rogers on differ-
ential diagnosis of hog cholera, resulted in much interesting dis-
cussion, and many important points were brought out. Paper by
Dr. Boor on proposed legislation was read and heartily endorsed
by those present.
ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 137
Applications received: Drs. C. C. Allen, Selma; Claud Weber,
Oakville; C. C. Sheiler, Eaton; F. A. Moore, Gaston; J. C. Rod-
gers, Anderson; C. C. Dobson, Muncie, all of Indiana.
Motion to adjourn and the next meeting to be held at the
Wayne Hotel, Ft. Wayne, Ind., March 13th.
R. H. Boyp, Secretary.
THE SAGINAW VALLEY VETERINARY MEDICAL
ASSOCIATION
The registered graduate veterinarians of Saginaw and. Bay
Counties met at the West Side Business Men’s Association rooms,
Saginaw, Mich., March lst, and the Saginaw Valley Veterinary
Medical Association was formed.
It is the intention of the members to get the veterinarians of
the surrounding counties to come into the fold and help make this
a real association.
Dr. G. W. Dunphy, State Veterinarian and Dr. H. M. New-
ton, Federal Veterinarian in charge of hog cholera control in Mich-
igan were the instigators of this meeting and were both present to
assist in framing things up.
The association is formed for the purpose of advancing the
interests of the profession generally and to promote a closer rela-
tionship among the valley veterinarians. It will co-operate with
the County Agents and State Live Stock Sanitary Commission in
the control of contagious diseases.
The officers elected were: President, Dr. William Brooks, Sag-
inaw; Vice-President, Dr. G. W. Cronkite, Saginaw; Seeretary-
Treasurer, Dr. M. P. Hunt, Frankenmuth.
Board of Directors: Dr. H. D. Monroe of Pinconning for one
year; Dr. George H. Carter of Saginaw for two years; and Dr.
_ Dueey of Merrill for three years. >
Executive Committee: Dr. J. H. Donald of Bay City; Dr.
_C. M, Culbert of Chesaning; and Dr. John Russell of Saginaw.
Another meeting of the association will be held in Saginaw in
two weeks at which time by-laws will be adopted and a permanent
organization perfected. M. P. Hunt, Secy.-Treas.
KEYSTONE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
The regular monthly meeting of the Keystone Veterinary
Medical Association was held on Tuesday evening, March 13th,
‘1917, at Philadelphia, Pa. Large attendance.
138 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS
The program for the evening was as follows:
The Physical Examination of Dairy Cattle for Tuberculosis
by Dr. Victor G. Kimball.
The Veterinarian and the Agriculturist by Dr. D. E. Hickman.
The Remedy Comes from Within by Dr. Charles H. Duncan
of New York—Discoverer and Founder of Autotherapy.
These subjects were thoroughly discussed by several of the
members. . C. S. RockwE 1, Secy.-Treas.
THE NORTHWESTERN OHIO VETERINARY MEDICAL
ASSOCIATION
The meeting was called to order by President Hover. The
minutes were read by Secretary Hershey and approved. The re-
port of N. D. Backus as chairman of the auditing committee was
accepted.
The following officers were elected: President, Dr. Harry
Fulstow, Norwalk; Vice-President, Dr. W. E. Meyer, Fostoria;
Secretary-Treasurer, Dr. C. E. Hershey, Tiffin.
After an interesting address by the president the following ©
program was given:
Poisoning by Castor Oil Bean 2... .. 2% fsa. oe > ies F. A. Young
Colic—lte Complications. ois ogi eh eke A. C. Schafstall
Removing Retained Placentae by injecting Placental Vessels
with Saline Solution.) .3¢05. 355 ¢00).4'5 3 sae ee R. R. Shaw
Some New Therapeutic Suggestions .................. N. 8. Mayo
Ooplorectomy ‘of BOWS =.) sis cir dies oye scan ene eee C. L. Jones
The paper on the Milk Supply of Small Towns which was to
have been given by Dr. Sheets was not presented but the subject
was discussed by Dr. Merillat.
The address of Dr. Adams of Philadelphia was devoted to the
paralysis of the penis; quittor; poll evil and roaring. The papers
brought out good discussions and much interest was manifested.
Nine new members were elected. At the suggestion of Dr.
Gibson, it was voted that the next meeting be held at Detroit with
the Michigan Association.
At the banquet an address was given by Dr. R. C. Longfellow
of Toledo. After-dinner speeches were also made by Drs. Mayo,
Adams, Merillat and Newton.
ee Le ee ee ee ae en
COMMUNICATIONS
“*SERVICE”’
Editor Journal of the American Osticinary) Medical Association,
-- [thaea, N. Y.:
After reading the editorial on ‘‘Service’’ in the March issue
of the Journal of the Americal Veterinary Medical Association,
I can not refrain from commenting on the same, especially since, in
my opinion, a professional or scientific publication is not the proper
channel for discussions as contained in that editorial.
No one can take exception to anyone showing favoritism in
the Great War. It is the privilege of all to have feelings in the
matter and even to express them. Furthermore, with the sever-
ance of the diplomatic relations and the possibility, or even prob-
ability, of our country going to war with Germany, every American
should be impressed with the duty he owes to his country. It is
likewise perfectly proper and patriotic to urge those who ought to
be reminded of these obligations, and for a veterinary journal to
stimulate the members of the profession to contribute their bit in
one field or the other.
But these ought to be and should be the limitations of a pro-
fessional or scientific journal.
The writer of the editorial in his introductory statement has
amply expressed himself with regard to the turn of events and his
subsequent discussions are entirely superfluous and unealled for.
It is gratifying that to date the professional and scientific publi-
cations of the neutral countries and even those of France, Austria
and Germany, have properly abstained from any inferences as to the
political and other conditions of the war, and confined themselves
to the professional and scientific topics which developed in the
course of events.
It would have been proper for the writer of the editorial to con-
fine himself within such limits and abstain from definitions of pa-
triots, traitors, etc. Such information we obtain from the daily press
and from political magazines and as a matter of fact they are the
proper medium for that sort of reading matter.
If the writer had started his article with the third paragraph
on page 798 it would have been a very appropriate editorial for
the critical times that are confronting us. But it is regrettable
that he allowed himself to be swayed by his enthusiasm to the detri-
ment and against all-propriety of the official organ of the American
Veterinary Medical Association. We are not yet at war! At
least we were not at the time the editorial was written and we might
some day regret that we published the editorial in question.
In conclusion permit me to state that in making this comment
I have not been prompted by any pro-German sympathies. I am
an American by choice and in need I am ready to offer my services
to my adopted country.
March 7, 1917. Very truly yours,
a, A. EIcHHORN,
140 COMMUNICATIONS
[The writer of the editorial on Service, although of German
descent, is an American before he is an editor. He believed, and
still believes, the editorial dealt with facts and that it is not ‘‘regret-
table’’ for any scientific or professional man to possess patriotism
or to demonstrate it. |
POSITION IN COLOMBIA
Editor Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association,
Ithaca, N. Y.:
The following is a copy of a cablegram left with me by the sec-
retary of the Colombian Legation in this City:
‘“*Tt is very urgent consulting Department of Agricola if it
would be possible to find an expert veterinarian with enough ex-
perience that may come to tropical climate as professor with resi-
dence there. Please wire terms and conditions of contract.’’
(Signed) Minister of Agriculture of Colombia.
I was unable to suggest to that Government the name of a vet-
erinarian to fill the position which they have. Whoever replies
should have a knowledge of Spanish as that is the language of the
country. Evidently it is the expectation of that country to estab-
lish a veterinary school. I would expect that this position would
carry a salary of $5,000 in gold including transportation. As this
information may be of some value to some of your readers, I am
transmitting it in order that you may carry it in your next issue.
Very truly yours, A. D. Metvin, Chief of Bureau.
ANOTHER ‘‘SIR KNIGHT”? ADDED TO THE PROFESSION
Editor Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association,
Ithaca, N. Y.:
In the recent list of honors conferred by King George, of Great
Britain, is one of more than passing interest to the Veterinary Pro-
fession generally, and more particularly perhaps to those in this
country who have been devoted to the upbuilding of our own Army
Veterinary Service. The writer refers to that of K.C.M.G, (Knight
Commander of the Order of St. Michael and St. George) conferred
on Hon. Major-General Robert Pringle, Director-General of the
British Army Veterinary Department. But while it is the latest,
it is by no means the only, honor given him by his Sovereign for
_ meritorious service rendered.
Sir Robert Pringle has had a distinguished career in the ser-
vice of his country. He joined the British Army Veterinary De-
partment in 1878, and later saw much service in India and else-
where. In the Afghan War in 1879-80 he served with distinction
and was awarded the medal. In the Wazeree Expedition of 1881
he was mentioned in despatches, and he took part in the Zhob Val-
ley Expedition in 1884. He was commended for an exhaustive re-
port on the treatment of camels in India. In 1900-1901 Pringle
— =
COMMUNICATIONS 141
_ served in South Africa, was again mentioned in despatches, and was
awarded the medal and three clasps. If we are not mistaken, it
_ was after his service in South Africa that he received the D.S8. O.
_ (Distinguished Service Order) medal. In 1902 he was promoted
\ to Veterinary Lieut.-Colonel. In 1907 he rose to the rank of Vet-
_ erinary Colonel; and in 1909, was made a C.B. (Companion of
_ the Order of the Bath) ; and some little time before the present
_ war broke out, he attained the highest position in the service, viz.,
_ that of Director-General, with the rank of Major-General, which
' he has held up to the present time, with its heavy burden of re-
_ sponsibility, and which has no doubt merited for him this later dis-
- tinguished honor of Knighthood.
4 We in this country do not take much stock in titles such as
_ those referred to, for the reason, perhaps, that we do not fully
- realize what they stand for; but to the British officer, in whatever
_ branch of the Service he may be, they really mean a great deal, as
they are conferred on those only who have rendered some real
_ service to their country.
Sir Robert Pringle is a man of about 62 years of age, and a
_ “Secot,’? whom the writer has known since early boyhood. Al-
_ though in active service at the present time of course, he is a mem-
_ ber of the Council of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons,
London. |
ea Naturally the writer is proud not only of the early companion-
_ ship, but of the distinguished veterinary career, of the new Knight,
_ which has been recognized by so many well-merited honors having
been conferred on him for valuable services to his country; and we
believe the profession, generally, will join in wishing Sir Robert
- many more years of usefulness, and, afterwards, happiness in his
| retirement. W.H.D
THE COUNTY AGENT
: 2 Editor Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association,
Ithaca, N. Y.:
a From time to time veterinarians in different parts of the coun-
_ try have protested against the activities of the county agent. Un-
_ doubtedly they have been justified in most instances, for the men
engaged in the work are often inexperienced and lack the proper
training.
____ In one county in Ohio the authorities were fortunate in select-
ing a man to act as agent who combined the training of the veteri-
-narian with that of the agriculturist. That he has been success-
ful is shown by the following article by John Gould which appeared
in a recent number of Hoard’s Dairyman:
__ ‘There has been and even now is, much discussion pro and con
bout the efficiency of the county agent. Many claim the office is
_ hot paying its keep, but in this county, (Portage county, Ohio),
142 COMMUNICATIONS
there is little criticism and Dr. Miller seems very popular, notably
among the dairymen who dominate fully half of the county. This
county was the very first in the state to establish what is now a
very general custom, and was very fortunate in securing an agent,
who, both in theory and practice, was a most successful farmer as
well as a veterinarian of large practice. From the start, the doctor
has been wide-awake in promoting the dairy interest of his clients.
As adviser of the County Improvement Association he selected
quite a score of bulls of the- dairy breeds and placed them in suitable
locations for the free use of the dairymen. Great stress was laid
upon dairy rations, what were the most suitable and economical,
where they could be purchased, and their composition.
‘‘The idea of dairy association was made prominent, notably
in the selling of products and the buying of feeds, showing the
value of co-operative effort over individual helplessness. To this
end he was instrumental in forming some three cow testing clubs,
and when the recent conflict was ripe between the dairymen and
the city milk dealers, he was a very large factor in forming four
auxiliaries of the Northern Ohio Dairymen’s Protective Associa-
tion. The doctor has also given many public and private demon-
strations of the Babcock test, besides visiting many dairy farms
and giving much advice and in the selection of dairy cows. He has
talked alfalfa from end to end of the county as a great ration to
save buying so much high priced protein, as also silo building-and
how to grow mature crops for it. He has held each year an insti-
tute in every township in the county. He organized a fertilizer
club in every town and this has resulted in a yearly buying of
2.500 tons of fertilizers by the club at a saving of over $4 per ton.
He was also instrumental in the buying of untold carloads of lime
at reduced rates, because as well as the fertilizers they were paid
for at the car door instead of being ‘‘timed and noted’’ for future
payment. For three years Dr. Miller has kept ‘‘something doing”’
all the time, from boys’ clubs to girls’ contests, with a score of
other items, but none more important than his work for the dairy
industry of the county; and it is no more than a duty and a pleas-
ure to note and comment upon them for the Dairyman.’’
This case illustrates very clearly the desirability of introdue-
ing more agricultural work in the curriculum of the veterinary
college, also more veterinary work into that of the agricultural
college.
oaeinary faculties should realize that the position of county
agent, although a new field for veterinary graduates, is one that in
the future is bound to expand. It seems to the writer that these
faculties should anticipate the demand for men adequately trained
in the science of veterinary medicine and the art of agriculture, and
provide combination courses of study especially designed to fit the
needs of such men.
Yours very truly, F. B. Haptey,
Professor of Veterinary Science,
REVIEWS
A PRACTICAL MEDICAL DICTIONARY
/
| THOMAS LATHROP STEDMAN, A.M., M.D.
_ Fourth Revised Edition. Illustrated. William Wood & Co, New York, N. Y.
| Si This work with a short appendix on weights and measures,
symbols, etc., contains 1102 pages. That medicine is a progress-
__ ive science is shown by the fact that nearly two thousand new words
here make their appearance, since the last edition was published
two years ago. Although the term medical might be inferred by
3 many to limit the use of the work to physicians, the author has
considered it in its broadest sense to include veterinary medicine,
as well as dentistry, chemistry and biological science in general.
To veterinary students a work of this kind is well nigh indis-
pensable. To the progressive veterinary practitioner it is equal-
ly indispensable; for in recent years veterinary science has made
it a rapid progress and new terms as well as new methods have been
introduced.
a In some dictionaries it has appeared that conciseness of the
definition has been sought rather than clearness, with consequent
_ dissatisfaction to the consultant. In the present work clearness
has apparently been the main object although conciseness has not
__ been ignored. There are numerous plates, figures in the text, lists,
__. éte., which add much to convenience of reference. The work is a
__ eredit to both author and publisher. . P. A; F.
MICROBIOLOGY; A TEXT BOOK OF MICROORGANISMS >
GENERAL AND APPLIED
Edited by Charles E. Marshall and written by twenty-five contributors.
186 Illustrations and 1 colored plate. Second edition revised and enlarged.
P. Blakiston’s Sons and Co,, Philadelphia, 1917. XXIV + 900 pp.
Price $3.00 Net.
This volume consists of a series of systematically arranged
articles on wisely chosen topics in microbiology prepared by many
writers. As stated’ by the editor, the primary purpose of this text
book is to place in the hands of college students an elementary,
technical treatise of the subject matter included. The scope of the
book is wide as will be indicated by the appended table of con-
tents. The preparation is somewhat unique in that the editor has
144 REVIEWS
secured men recognized in their respective fields to prepare the
different chapters. On this account the book is supported through-
out by the prestige of special angen and on that account it is of
exceptional value. :
It is divided into three parts. I. Morphology and culture of
microorganisms. II. Physiology of microorganisms. JII. Ap-
plied microbiology.
Part I contains 6 chapters on bacteria, molds, yeasts, invisible
viruses and protozoa.
Part II contains 3 chapters on nutrition and metabolism as
follows: Food of microorganisms; products of metabolism; and
mechanism of metabolism. It has 5 chapters on physical influences
such as moisture, temperature, light and other rays, electricity and
mechanical effects. Two chapters on chemical influences first,
those producing stimulation of growth and second those causing in-
hibition of growth. The fourth division of this part contains an in-
teresting chapter on symbiosis, metabiosis and antibiosis.
Part III takes up the general role of bacteria. There are 2
chapters on the microbiology of air; 2 chapters on the microbiology —
of water and sewage; 4 on the microbiology of soil; 4 on the mi-
crobiology of milk and milk products; 11 on the microbiology of
special industries; 5 on the microbial diseases of plants; 1 on the
microbial diseases of insects; 3 on the microbiology of the diseases
of man and of domesticated animals; and one on the control of in-
fectious diseases.
A book in which such a wide variety of subjects is discussed,
each by a specialist, cannot help but be authoritative and, on the
other hand, we cannot expect that so many topics can be extensively
elaborated in so short a space. The book, therefore. is of unusual
value to the student in general bacteriology or to those who have
this wide interest in the subject and it is for such that it is designed
rather than for those who are taking up any particular line as a
specialty. The authors have very successfully set forth the funda-
mental knowledge and the guiding principles of microbiology to
fit into and to prepare one for special work in any of the special
fields into which microbiology has penetrated.
One finds in this book many subjects that are rather briefly
discussed but on the whole it is doubtful if any author could bring
so much valuable information, on so large a number of topics, into a
shorter space. As a text for beginners in bacteriology it is rather
Se en ee eee Te
e ~,
Pr ee te eed Pe ad Ca en Pe a ee Ra eT ed
— ll
— se aw et ie SS! le iS oe
a
tein)
REVIEWS 145
' large but for advanced students or as a reference book on the gen-
| eral subject for those who are engaged in special lines of bacteri-
ological work, it is to be highly commended.
There are a number of statements concerning which there may
be differences of opinion. As a rule, however, the subject matter is
well chosen and presented in a clear and concise manner, A care-
fully selected list of references to the literature on the researches
in the various subjects discussed would have added much to its
’ value for advanced or professional students. The illustrations are
good and instructive. V. A. M.
ee —_+—
DISEASES OF THE DOG
FRANK TOWNSEND Barton, M.R.C.V.S. (Captain A.V.C.)
The MacMillan Co., New York, N. Y. Price $1.50.
This is a book of 247 pages divided into 19 chapters. Among
the various chapters are those on: aids to the treatment of sick
dogs, including administration of medicine and doses; canine phar-
macy; detection of disease; diseases of the different systems of the
body and one on wounds and their treatment.
The author has covered considerable ground in a popular man-
mer but has not endeavored to make every owner a ‘‘doctor’’.
Concerning this the author states in the preface—‘‘ Diseases of the
Dog and Management is primarily intended to serve as a first aid
for those who have the charge of dogs either in health or sickness.
It is not always convenient to obtain professional assistance, but
when such aid is within reach it should always be obtained as speed-
ily as possible, as unskilful treatment, no matter however well di-
rected, frequently leads to disappointment and much useless suffer-
ing to the patient. .... There are minor ailments and accidents
which can be effectively dealt with by the novice, and the author
~ has endeavored to incorporate in this work the needful instructions
3 ~ for hartying out the elementary principles of canine medicine and
_ surgery.’
ee. The author has kept pretty well to his purpose and frequent-
o ly recommends the employment of a veterinarian. The book may
i _ be interesting to veterinarians but must not be considered as a text
on the subject. H. J. M.
SEA
NECROLOGY
JEAN BAPTISTE AUGUSTE CHAUVEAU
1827-1917
An Honorary Member of the American Veterinary Medical
Association.
FRANCIS DUNCAN
Dr. Francis Duncan of Ithaca, Michigan, died at his home Jan-
uary 5, in his forty-seventh year, after an illness of long duration.
Dr. Duncan was born in the province of Ontario in 1870. He was
a graduate of the Ontario Veterinary College of the class of 1895.
After a period of service as an inspector with the Canadian gov-
ernment, he settled in Ithaca, Mich. A wife and four children
are left to mourn his loss.
Dr. Duncan was a member of the Independent Order of For-
esters and of the Masonic Order. He became a member of the
A.V.M.A. at the Detroit meeting in 1916.
MISCELLANEOUS
—The next meeting of the Kentucky Veterinary Medical Asso-
ciation will be held at Shelbyville, Ky., June 20 and 21.
—Dr. Thomas P. Haslam, for three years assistant professor of
Veterinary Medicine at the Kansas State Agricultural College in
charge of research work, has resigned to take charge of the manu-
facture of blackleg and some other biological products at the Purity
Biological Laboratories at Sioux City, Ia.
—Dr. Richard H. Power, veterinarian of the 5th Field Artil-
lery has been transferred from Camp Fort Bliss, Tex. to Fort Riley,
Kansas.
—Dr. H. V. Cardona has removed from Chicago, Ill. to Milbank,
So. Dakota.
—Dr. F, N. Davidson has removed from Buhl, Ida, to Tecumseh,
Nebraska.
—Dr. J. M. Twitchell has removed from Nashville, Tenn. to
Center, Colo.
—Dr, P. C. Guyselman has removed from Monte Vista to Mont-
rose, Colo.
MISCELLANEOUS 147
—Dr. A. R. Galbraith has sold his practice at Garfield, Wash-
ington and will locate at Pendleton, Oregon.
—The next meeting of the North Carolina State Veterinary
Medical Association will be held at Charlotte, N. C., June 26 and 27.
—It is reported there are fourteen vacancies for Veterinarians
in the U. S. Army under the legislation of last year. The next ex-
aminations will occur on July 2.
—Dr. Raymond C. Reed, formerly at the Experiment Station at
Newark, Del., has gone to the Maryland College of Agriculture at
College Park, Md., as head of the Department of Animal Industry
and in charge of the Control work for the State Demet of
Agriculture.
—Dr. H. C. Johnson has removed from Adel to Linden Ia.
—Dr. W. C. Van Allstyne, Veterinarian of the 10th Cavalry is
‘stationed at Ft. Huachuea, Arizona.
—Dr. G. E. Corwin has removed from Hartford to 87 North
Whittlesey Ave., Wallingford, Conn.
—Dr. F. S. Jones of the Rockefeller Institute of Medical Re-
* search, Princeton, N. J. and Dr. J. T. Arnold of New York have
returned from Patagonia, So. America, where they have been en- -
gaged for some months in studying a disease of sheep.
—The marriage of Dr. C. A. Roig of Poughkeepsie is announced.
—The new officers of the Indiana Veterinary Association are
a Dr. A. F. Nelson, President; Dr. J. W. Klotz, Treasurer and Dr.
G. H. Roberts, Secretary.
—The Veterinary Medical Association of the Veterinary College
of George Washington University held a banquet in February at
2 the Continental Hotel, Washington, D. C. Among the speakers
were Rear Admiral ©. H. Stockton, J. A. T. Hull of Iowa, Dr. C.
‘ W. Stiles of the U. S. Public Health Service, and G. M. Rommel of
the Bureau of Animal Industry. Dr. J. P. Turner officiated as
toastmaster.
—LeGau Prorection Against Hoa CuHouera. A case of par-
ticular interest to farmers, veterinarians, and dealers in live stock
. % _has been on trial during the past two weeks in Pennsylvania before
Judge Stewart and a jury in the Northampton County Court. On
March 25 and April 15, 1916 the defendant, H. C. Kramlich, an
extensive dealer in live stock at Northampton, Pa., offered 850 hogs -
¥ at public sales. Shortly after the sales, agents of the Pennsylvania
State Livestock Sanitary Board found a number of the hogs dying
Bi 7 4 from hog cholera on seventy-two farms of purchasers in Northamp-
148 MISCELLANEOUS
ton and Lehigh Counties. The losses aggregated about 400 head in-
cluding swine previously owned on the farms which became in-
fected from animals purchased at the sales.
The Board promptly vaccinated a large number of hogs which
had been exposed to this infection. Investigation conducted by
the State Veterinarian showed that the hogs were infected with
cholera when Kramlich shipped them from Cumberland County,
Pa. to his sales at Northampton and ordered prosecution under
the livestock law which forbids the sale of animals affected with a
transmissible disease.
The case was bitterly contested and attracted the attendance
of a large number of farmers and livestock dealers throughout the
two weeks’ trial. It resulted in a victory for the Board as the
jury returned a verdict of guilty. The cost in the case will be
heavy as there were about eighty witnesses in attendance, includ-
ing a number of veterinarians who gave expert testimony. The
purchasers may bring suit against Mr. Kramlich to recover their
losses.
The Board is determined to protect the farmers and livestock
interests in Pennsylvania from unscrupulous or careless dealers
who spread dangerous diseases among animals. This case was the
first of its kind under the livestock law and it is believed that much
good will result from a conviction.
—VivisectTion. The following resolution has been sent by a
committee of the Silver Bow County Medical Society of Mon-
tana to their representative in Washington:
Be it resolved by the Silver Bow County Medical Society that
we reaffirm our belief in the great and lasting value of the advance-
ments in medicine and surgery accruing from animal experimen-
tation :
That we condemn an act on the part of our representative in
Congress which may tend in any way to lessen the quantity or
lower the quality of this kind of work by scientists in the United
States Department of Agriculture and the Public Health Service.
In an additional statement attention is called to the great bene-
fit that has been and is being derived from the use of preparations,
involving animal experimentation, in such maladies as black leg,
contagious abortion, tuberculosis, ete. Also that animal experi-
mentation is necessary, in many instances, in protecting the health —
of animals and man against epizootics or epidemics that may be
introduced into this country from foreign sources.
JOURNAL
OF THE
American Veterinary Medical Association
Formerly American Veterinary Review
(Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass'n)
PIERRE A. FISH, Editor ITHACA, N. Y.
Executive Board
F, TorRANCE, 1st District; W. Horace Hoskins, 2d District; J. R. MoHLEr,
3d District; C. H. STANGE, 4th District; R. A. ARCHIBALD, 5th
District; V. A. Moore, Member at large and Chairman.
Sub-Committee on Journal
F. Torrance, J. R. MoHurEr, R. A. ARCHIBALD
The American Veterinary Medical Association is not responsible for views or statements
published in the JouRNAL, outside of its own authorized actions.
Fifty reprints, without charge, if requested in advance, will be furnished to authors of
original articles accepted for exclusive publication.
Vor. LI., N. S. Vor. IV. May, 1917. No. 2.
Communications relating to membership and matters pertaining to the American Veter-
inary Medical Association itself should be addressed to Secretary L. A. Merillat, 1827 S.
Wabash Ave., Chicago, Ill. Matters pertaining to the Journal should be sent to Ithaca, N. Y.
AMERICA
“Our Father’s God, to Thee
Author of Liberty,
To Thee we sing:
Long may our land be bright
With freedom’s holy light;
Protect us by thy might,
Great God, our King.”
RETRENCHMENT
War not only involves, as a portion of its plan, a system of
entrenchment against an aggressive enemy, but a system of re-
trenchment as regards luxurious and wasteful methods of living.
The latter fact is driven home to us by a recent statement from
the U. 8S. Department of Agriculture which accuses this nation of
wasting $700,000,000 of food stuffs. This vast amount refers to the
human population. If the animal population were considered, it
___is probable the amount would be still further increased. In our
___ present situation it is well to be reminded of our faults and to con-
150 EDITORIAL ;
sider how much good our wastage would have accomplished for
other nations, some of which are suffering for the necessities of life.
‘‘In emergencies it may be necessary for some patriots to un-
yoke the oxen and leave the plow standing in the furrow, but the
lasting support of the nation requires efficient patriots to keep the
plows going. The soil supports the corn; corn supports animals;
corn and animals support an army ; and ‘armies fight on ther
bellies’.”’
We do not know what the future has in store for us; but we
do known that it is better to be ‘‘safe than sorry’’ and that in order
to be safe retrenchment is necessary. We owe it not only to our-
selves but to our allies who have hitherto, and are still bearing the
brunt of the strife in the battle for international law—and democ-
racy. Under the present circumstances waste is indefensible. Es-
pecially now, but at any time, it is better to inculcate thrift, rather
than waste, as a social standard. :
The animal census (estimated) by the Department of Agri-
culture shows that although on January 1, 1917 there was an in-
crease in mules (46,000), milch cows (660,000) and other cattle
(1,037,000) ; there was a decrease in horses (33,000), sheep (142,-
000) and swine (313,000).
The loss by disease shows a slight increment of decrease as
compared with the ten year average. Veterinarians may, perhaps,
derive some slight degree of comfort from this, but it points to a
method by which the veterinarian, although not enlisted, may do
his bit for his country and feel that every animal he saves from
disease or death, every suggestion and act of cooperation with breed-
ers in increasing production, is adding to the resources of his coun-
try and the maintenance of its population. ise AB
EXAMINATION OF VETERINARIANS FOR THE
U.S. ARMY
The Surgeon General of the Army announces that examina-
tions for appointment in the Veterinary Corps of the Army, will
be held on Monday, May 7th and sr 4 July 2, 1917, at points
to be hereafter designated.
Application blanks and full infor mation concerning these ex-
aminations can be procured by addressing the ‘‘Surgeon General,
U. 8. Army, Washington, D, G,’’
4 EDITORIAL +e 151
The essential requirements to securing an invitation are that
the applicant shall be a citizen of the United States, between 21
and 27 years of age, a graduate of a veterinary school legally au-
thorized to confer the degree of ‘‘D.V.M.”’ and shall be of good
moral character and habits.
Successful applicants will be immediately appointed (so far
as the number of vacancies will permit) to the grade of Second
Lieutenant, at an entrance salary of $1,700.00 per annum, with
quarters, light and fuel. °
In order to perfect all necessary arrangements for the exam-
inations, applications must be in the possession of the Surgeon
General at least two weeks before the date of examination. Early
attention is therefore enjoined upon all intending applicants.
There are at present 21 vacancies to be filled and on July 1, 1917
there will be 11 additional vacancies.
—_——_————
THE VETERINARY CORPS :
In accordance with the Act of June 3, 1916, establishing a
17 _ Veterinary Corps for the Army, those in the service have recently
received their commissions. It is the plan of the War Department
at present to hold an examination for applicants for the Army Vet-
erimary Corps in the early part of July. Upon a declaration of
war an examination can be called at any time. Persons eligible
for candidates for the regular Army Veterinary Corps are native-
born citizens, between the age of 21 and 27 years. They will be
required to pass a satisfactory examination as to character, physi-
cal condition, general education and professional qualifications.
The men already in the Army Veterinary Service will form a
nucleus for an organization. With the candidates that may be
drawn from the young men of the country it will be possible in
time to build up a desirable, efficient service. In case of emerg-
ency, as appears possible at the present time, it will no doubt be
“necessary to enlist the services of veterinarians in civil life beyond
the age limit, and those who have demonstrated their ability to do
: _ work and are more than 27 years of age. It will not be possible,
therefore, for them to enter the regular Army service. The spec-
ial committee on Army Veterinary Service has just learned with
much surprise and embarrassment that there is no provision made
; in the Act of June 3, 1916 for a Reserve Veterinary Corps. A pro-
152 o EDITORIAL ry
vision was made for reserve veterinarians. They would receive
the pay and allowance of a second: heutenant, but no rank. They
must be graduated from a recognized veterinary college or uni-
versity and must pass a satisfactory examination as to physical
condition, general education, professional qualifications, ete.
On March 2, 1917, a bill known as Senate Bill 8329 was intro-
duced by Senator Watson which provides for plans for army re-
organization. It is understood that this plan is backed by the War
College, and while it did not pass the 64th Congress a similar pro-
vision will be introduced in the Special Session. ‘The Seis
are the provisions made in it for the Veterinary Service:
Sec. 17. THe Mepican DepARTMENT.—The Medical Depart-
ment shall consist of one Surgeon General, who shall be a permanent
officer with the rank of major- general during the active service
of the present incumbent of that office, and thereafter with the
rank of brigadier general, who shall be chief of said department ;
a Medical Corps; a Medical Reserve Corps within the limit of time
now fixed by law; a Dental Corps; a Veterinary Corps; contract
surgeons, as now authorized by law; the Nurse Corps, as now pre-
scribed by law; an enlisted personnel and a temporary personnel.
The permanent commissioned personnel of the Medical Corps
shall consist of forty-eight colonels, one hundred and six lieuten-
ant colonels, six hundred and forty majors and one thousand, one
hundred and two first lieutenants, all appointed as now prescribed
by law.****
There shall be three hundred and forty-eight veterinarians
and assistant veterinarians for duty with the over-sea garrisons,
the frontier forces, and the training forces, at the rate of two such
officers for each regiment of Cavalry, one for every three batteries
of Field Artillery, and one for each battalion of mounted Engineers
and for duty with the Quartermaster Corps ‘as inspectors of
horses, mules, and meats; and the President is hereby authorized,
by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to appoint the
additional number of assistant veterinarians authorized,
Candidates for appointment as assistant veterinarians shall
have the qualifications and shall pass the examinations now pro-
vided for by law, with reference to rank, pay, and allowances;
and the President is authorized to appoint such number of re-
serve veterinarians as may be required to tend public animals
pertaining to the Quartermaster Corps as now preseribed by law,’’
OO
EDITORIAL 153
It will be seen by this section that there are still no plans for
a Veterinary Reserve Corps. It is proposed to amend this section
as follows:
Section 17, line 7, after the words ‘‘ Veterinary Corps’’ in-
sert the following:—A Veterinary Reserve Corps. Section 17,
line 26, after the word ‘‘Allowances’’ strike out the balance
of the line, also what follows, and insert in lieu thereof the
following :—F or the purpose of securing a Reserve Corps of Vet-
erinary officers for military service as temporary officers in the
regular Army, the President is authorized to issue commissions
to citizens of the United States who are graduates from a reputa-
ble veterinary school under such restrictions and with the same
rank as is given to officers of the Medical Reserve Corps.
Veterinarians should realize under present conditions that un-
less they are eligible for the regular Army Veterinary, Service
there is very little opportunity to serve the country in a profes-
sional way. An effort is being made to induce veterinarians to
join the American Red Star Relief. This is a desirable organiza-
tion and can do a great deal to assist in caring for horses in war.
It is to be understood, however, that this organization is not a
part of the United States Army and a veterinarian working for
it will have no rank or standing in the army. It is possible that a
large number of veterinarians may join this organization, It is doubt-
ful, however, if the representative American veterinarian can serve
his country as well in this way as he could in the regular Army Vet-
_ eriary Corps or in a Veterinary Reserve Corps, if one is estab-
_ lished. We should make every effort to induce our young men
_ to enter the regular Army Veterinary Corps and try to build up
_ a representative army veterinary service. For the present emer-
gency we should endeavor to provide a strong veterinary Reserve
Corps made up of the best men in the profession. There is much
_ work for us to do. The Federal Bureau of Animal Industry and
_ those having charge of animal industries in the various states
_ should do everything possible to conserve our animals and animal
products and encourage animal husbandry. On account of the
high prices of meat, leather and all animal products, there is a
_ great tendency on the part of farmers to dispose of their animals,
_ which can only result in a shortage in the future and this short-
% age will be most felt when they are most needed. The best men
_ in the veterinary profession can render a very valuable service
154 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES
to the country by assisting in purchasing animals, inspecting
meat, controlling the diseases of animals in the army and civil
life and looking after wounded and sick horses in war. Unless
Congress can be persuaded to provide for an Army Veterinary
Reserve Corps, the veterinarians above the age limit in civil life
who desire to serve their country in case of war had better join
the infantry, artillery, or some other branch of the service.
C. J. M.
EUROPEAN CHRONICLES
Bois Jerome.
ON THE CHEMOTHERAPY OF TUBERCULOSIS—This is the sum-
mary of an article published in the Journal of Experimental
Medicine. ge
Since Ehrlich and Hata called attention to the chemotherapy
of syphilis, many works have been published on that of tubercu-~
losis. It has been proved that some aromatic substances of the
anilic series; mercury, or compounds of copper, gold, silver, and
the cyanides have an inhibiting action on the development of the
bacillus of Koch.
After several preliminary experiments, the author of the
article, Geksabouro Koga (Tokio), has prepared a compound of
copper and cyanide, with chemotherapeutic action, which he has
tested in animals infected with human tuberculosis bacilli,
At first, he resorted to a solution of cyanide of potassium,
the mode of preparation of which he does not give, and ealls it
liquid A. This killed in doses of Cgr .005 for 100 grams of weight
in guinea pigs and of 0.025 per kilogram in rabbits.
A control Guinea pig died with generalized miliary tubercu-
losis eleven weeks after the injection of tubercle bacilli; but
the pigs treated by the cyanide increased in weight, when killed
after the death of the control. Although one presented numerous
bacilli in the lungs, liver and spleen, others showed only a few
bacilli and even practically none in these organs. Therefore
there was a manifest arrest in the tuberculous lesions.
The author also injected tubercle bacilli of human type in
the anterior chamber of the eye of rabbits and guinea pigs. He
observed that the control animals presented a generalized ocular
re
EUROPEAN CHRONICLES 155
tuberculosis with pulmonary metastasis, while in the treated ani-
mals all the irido-corneal lesions would cicatrize and the lungs
remain healthy.
_ Then the author conceived the idea of studying comparatively,
the effect of various preparations upon the tubercular lesions.
For this, he used his preparation A, another B, which contained
a half smaller proportion of cyanide than liquid A, the chloride
of copper, tuberculin without albumin, and the iodotuberculin.
He found that of all these preparations, the chloride of cop-
per and tuberculin with albumin were the least active, liquid
B, and the iodotuberculin were more efficacious, particularly
preparation A.
Noticing that the latter was more active than liquid B, he
prepared another solution containing more cyanide hoping to in-
- erease the effect of solution A. With this, he made an aqueous
solution at 1-1000 which he called liquid C.
He then again prepared a double compound of cyanide of
copper and potassium. An aqueous solution of this at 1-2000 be-
came liquid D, which was fatal at the dose of Cgr .001 per 100 grams
for guinea pigs and of 1-200,000 for mice. This was called cyano-
cuprol.
The sub-cutaneous injection of 1 ¢.c. of liquid D, once every
five weeks was ordinarily accompanied with an increase of weight,
and improvement of the macro and microscopic lesions.
The effects were not constant: while arrested in some animals,
the lesions remained refractory in others.
Examining, with the microscope, the cyanide of copper and
potassium, it was found that there were formed three varieties of
crystals. Experiments proved that only one of these had an effi-
cacious effect on tuberculosis.
Liquid D, prevented the development of the tubercle bacilli
in culture on glycerine, when it was mixed in the proportion of
1-1000. A solution of 1-150,000 prevented the development of
_ the bacilli in cultures on gelose-serum.
a The best results were obtained in animals with the intra-
qi venous injections of 1 ¢.c. of liquid D per kilogram of weight, every
eight days.
In a general way the macro-and microscopic actions of the
% _ drug on tuberculous lesions can thus be summarized: A single
__ injection has no effect; but after repeated injections there was
156 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES
noticed a diminution of the congestion and of the leucocytie infil-
tration round the lesions, the phenomena of degeneration de-
crease and new connective tissue appears around the lesions. At
the same time, the number of bacilli diminish and finally the
microscopic examination fails in detecting any.
This examination is not absolute proof of sterilization. Emul-
sions made with the lungs, liver and spleen of the treated animals
and presenting no visible bacilli, were injected in the abdominal
cavity of guinea pigs. In some of these, lesions of tuberculosis
made their appearance and were evidences that absolute steriliza-
tion was not present in the animals treated.
The author promised further information on the specific
treatment of tuberculosis and in a subsequent article the results
that he obtained are referred to as follows:
The last preparation used by Koga is the cyanide of potas-
sium and copper or the cyano-cuprol.
He has used it in pulmonary tuberculosis, cutaneous, renal,
suppurative vertebral and from the cases in human subjects he
records 28 recoveries and improvement in 21.
By recovery is meant: increase in weight, temperature be-
low 37°, no physical signs, no bacilli in the sputa, where they
were numerous before treatment and the ability of the patient to
resume his ordinary occupations.
From the observations of Koga, it appears that the cyano-
cuprol has a curative action upon some pulmonary and surgical
tuberculous lesions and that chemotherapy of human tuberculosis
has entered a new phase.
a N=
ARTICULAR GrRAFTING.—Although this operation may not find
common application in veterinary surgery, the subject is of suffi-
cient interest and importance from a surgical point of view
to justify consideration of the analysis made of the writings of
Doctor 8. Veronof of the department of physiology in the College
de France.
The author has successively and progressively made a special
study of: 1st, the grafting of complete small articulations; 2d,
the semi-articular grafting of large joints and finally, 3rd, the
grafting of complete large articulations.
In the present article only the results of the experiments of
Fe
EUROPEAN CHRONICLES 157
the first series are considered, viz: those with metacarpo-phalan-
geal articulations.
All the experiments were carried out on large sized dogs and
they consisted in making a metacarpo-phalangeal joint take the
place of another. This was done upon the same paw, so as to not
incommode the animal and left him with the use of his three legs.
To fix the graft, metallic sutures were omitted because of the
traumatic action on the bone, causing a rarefying osteitis which
promotes the separation of the graft. Fixation was made only
by catgut suturing of the prolongation of the periosteum left on
it and on the extremities of the bone upon which the grafting was
made. The subcutaneous tissues were afterwards sutured on the
graft so as to hold it tightly and sustain it.
Six dogs were operated in this manner; with all, the articular
graft has given an excellent functional result. Radiography
showed the grafted piece well united with the metacarpus and
phalanges between which it had been placed, after resection of
the original articulation.
Three months after the grafting, the articulation was found
‘moveable, the dog walked and ran without the slightest lameness.
Three of the dogs were killed respectively after six, five and
a half and five months and the histological examination was then
made. It was observed that the grafted articulations were largely
covered with blood vessels and bled freely when they were cut
off: they had kept their motility, the bony extremities of the new
joint were united solidly to the diaphysis of the metacarpi and of
the phalanges. The histological examination showed the ear-
tilages transformed partly into connective tissue. Even after six
months this transformation was not completed.
_ The condition of the graft after one year differed considera-
bly from that of the dog examined after six months. While in
the latter the layer of covering cartilage was isolated from the
bone underneath by reticulated connective tissue, on that after
7 one year, there was a continuous layer of cartilage.
As to the change on the bone in the articular grafting, it was
OER SOE FER EE RLY,
“i hed RE Pe) 2b Re ET DS I I, PER OE 2 naira — ns - 2
2 0g = ee he Viet net ge pate ee oS os
2 sy i li ‘ = ‘3 WT aD to a I BO ok om Fh = — ere. eae 4
Les a iui exe Do vote = air te Bo rae. ss ee are “
ott ae Ming a
is
=
ae noticed after one year that the bony cells of the graft had under-
ae gone an almost complete degeneration and that the substance of
a the graft was entirely resorbed. Yet a new bone had been formed
es - by the periosteum and the layer of osteogenous cells assisted by
_____ the marrow of the bone.
wlgieeett:
rae"
eis
158 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES
INTERESTING Morvo-Farctnous AFFECTION.—In the Recueil
of last November, Mr. Bringard has recorded a very peculiar case
which is full of interest and valuable information. It has brought
out several clinical points: showing that in the same animal dis-
temper can develop and run its course along with the existence
of glanders, and that the old classical statement must now be ig-
nored, that if enlarged lymph glands of the intermaxillary space
degenerate into abcesses, ulcerate and heal, the subject is not a
glanderous animal. The case also shows that the simultaneous
evolution of glanders and distemper disturb in a very marked
manner the reactions of mallein. If the said reactions are some-
times interfered with by distemper, they yet furnish important
indications to the one who knows how to understand them. For
instance, in the case recorded the following indications would
have been sufficient to establish the diagnosis, as may be seen by
the description of the case which is summarized as follows: reac-
tion not very marked but identical in the two palpebral injec-
tions, the right and the left, followed in the subcutaneous test by
a slight but manifest and undoubted hyperthermia with excessive
sensibility of the edema at the point of injection; then the per-
manent febrile condition which also added to the information ob-
tained by the mallein. ‘
Here is the history of the case:
‘*A Canadian horse arrived from America with the report
that he had been exposed to glanders. After a few days he re-
ceived an intradermo palpebral injection. His reaction was con-
sidered doubtful, because he was in a full crisis of abundantly
suppurating abéesses of the maxillary space. A second malleina-
tion was made on the other eye with similar results, and identical
' yeaction. Four days afterward, when the febrile condition seemed
to subside, he had a subcutaneous test, which gave an unsatisfac-
tory result, the local reaction only was quite suspicious, a wide
and painful swelling but no lymphatic cords as is commonly ob-
served in glandered subjects. The hyperthermia was only 0.5°
The subject was placed under observation, After six days all
the symptoms of distemper had disappeared and the intermax-
illary abcesses were all healed. During that time a small cu-
taneous abrasion near the stifle joint instead of cicatrizing, showed
a lymphatie cord which passed towards the flat of the thigh and.
had several buds on its course. These suppurated and healed.
EUROPEAN CHRONICLES 159
On the left shoulder there appeared another lymphatic arboriza-
tion, which passed away after a few days. Numerous little tu-
mors had also made their appearance on the ribs, neck and withers.
They were of various sizes but differed from farcinous buds by
the great thickness of their walls and their contents, which was a
white creamy pus deeply situated. Bacteriologic examination
showed only the presence of the streptococcus of distemper and no
trace whatever of the bacillus of glanders.
Was it indeed a single peculiar case of distemper? Another
bacteriologic examination was made. This time with the pus from
one of the lymphatic buds instead of one from the cutaneous as
before. The bacilli of glanders were then identified in a positive
manner. The disease assumed a more rapid and characteristic
course, chancres made their appearance on the septum nasi and
the horse was killed,
The postmortem revealed most extensive lesions of pulmo-
nary glanders. Lymph glands of the thorax were hypertrophied
and purulent and the farcinous buds were also characteristic but
contained pus analogous to that met with in distemper. Both dis-
eases were certainly developed in the same animal.
aT
VALUE OF INTRADERMO-PALPEBRAL MALLEINATION—Evidently
with all the praise that has found its way in all the veterinary
publications available in our day, the value of the mode of mal-
leination by the intradermo-palpebral injection, it would seem
that no more can be said. But why not? If the testimony of a
high authority comes to amplify the results obtained. by others.
Major Frederick Hobday, F.R.C.V.S., of the Army Corps,
has published in the Veterinary Journal a manifest which adds
to those already known and he refers to the fact that a trial of
the method has been made of over two million doses. This has
permitted him to draw conclusions similar to those already ex-
pressed by many others.
He says: its advantages over the subcutaneous cervical method
are specially noticeable in time of war and where exceedingly
large numbers of horses have to be speedily tested. In the first
place it is of great advantage to reduce the bulk of material car-
ried or sent about and it is easy to see that 5,000 or 10,000 doses
of two minims each occupy less room and are of less weight than
5,000 or 10,000 doses of 18 minims each,
160 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES
Then again, the result is much more readily seen for it is
only a matter of a few minutes to inspect 200 or 300 horses when
one has only to glance over the eyes. Swelling in the region of
the eyelids is so much more perceptible than a swelling in the
subcutaneous region of the neck.
Thirdly, the test itself is a more delicate one than the sub-
cutaneous neck method in that, the reaction is more violent and
more rapid. No temperature testing is required and the saving
of time and trouble in this respect is enormous.
Fourthly: The cost of a dose of the intradermo-palpebral
mallein is about one-eighth of that of a dose of the neck mallein.
Fifthly: It is much easier of application and can be done
much more readily—a consideration of importance when doing
hundreds of horses daily.
After eighteen months of personal experience on thousands
of animals, the above points were verified and the method was the
one preferred.
The final question advanced by Prof. Hobday covered by his
high authority is simple. It is the best method to use with a large
number of horses, as at the present time, a time of war. The con-
venience of transport, the dosage, the convenience of the admin-
istration, after one has given a few doses, the great advantage of
visibility for the subsequent inspection and the more marked re- P
action to be obtained in the delicate tissues which surround the
eye, and the fact that there is no need to take temperatures, gives
to the intradermo-palpebral method a superiority over any other
method which has up to the present day been brought before the
profession.
The opinion seems to be universal.
Sal fe
VAccINATION FOR Epizootic Bovine AxBortion—The Veteri-
nary Record has published from the Board of Agriculture the
following extract relating to epizootic bovine abortion, which will
interest our friends in America, who may have opportunities of
applying measures against this disease. ;
There are two methods of dealing with epizootic abortion onee
the disease exists in a herd, (a) by picking out and isolating the
healthy, (b) by vaccinating all the cows and heifers before they
become pregnant.
In the first mentioned method, blood is taken from each of
—— ee 9
2 VERT Rg ETS
\
‘
,
;
EUROPEAN OHRONICLES 161
the pregnant animals and examined by the agglutination test.
All negative reactors, that is to say, the presumably healthy cows,
are removed to clean buildings and separate assistants and at-
tendants are provided. This method is only applicable if an owner
is in a position to provide the necessary arrangements for com-
plete isolation, and the proportion of initial infection is not too
high. If both these conditions do not obtain the method cannot
be considered nor is it likely to give good results if the disease
has been in existence for some months.
The second method, vaccination, aims at artificially render-
ing the animals sufficiently resistant to the disease to enable them
to carry their calves to full time, notwithstanding the presence
of natural infection in their surroundings.
If left unvaccinated in the midst of infection, the various
members of an infected herd as a rule become resistant and abor-
tion is then confined almost entirely to heifers and other new ani-
mals brought in. Before this occurs, however, very considerable
losses in calves and milk are usually experienced.
, Vaccination also aims at reducing these losses by rendering
the animals resistant before they become pregnant, and by es-
tablishing a high degree of resistance in the herd in a time shorter
than that required for the natural process to operate.
The vaccine—antiabortion A—is composed of exceptionally
rich cultures of living bacilli, obtained by cultivating them in a
particular way. The immunizing dose is a large one (50 e.c.).
This vaccine should not be referred to as ‘‘serum’’, as this
apart from being incorrect, causes misunderstanding on the part
of stock owners. There is no serum which is of any use against
abortion. Vaccines consisting of dead bacilli are sometimes ad-
vertised for sale as preventive and curative remedies for abor-
tion. Such vaccines were first tried by the Board on some hun-
dreds of animals, under the name of ‘‘antiabortion B’’ and this
method of injecting dead bacilli besides being troublesome and
expensive, owing to the repeated injection, was found to be use-
less for curative and preventive purposes. Results can only be
expected from the use of living vaccines and it is advisable to ask
for an assurance that the vaccine, if it be purchased, consist of
living bacilli, unless it is specially stated to be so.
Before resorting to vaccination the objects and requirements
of the method should be fully explained to the stock owners so
162 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES
that he may be sure its adoption will suit his business. The fol-
lowing may be noted:
1—Animals already pregnant must not be inoculated, other-
wise they may abort. :
2—There is no curative or preventive treatment for pregnant
animals.
3—After a non pregnant animal ore been vaccinated, it
should not be served until a period of two months has elapsed.
This period is to allow for resistance to establish. itself, and for
the active bacilli to be got rid of from the system.
4—Full time calvers in infected herds may be vaccinated as
soon as they have cleansed and recovered from the calving.
5—If the injection is carefully carried out there should be
nothing more than a small and temporary local swelling at the
site of inoculation. There may be a slight drop in the: amount of
milk for a few days.
. 6—Antiabortion A is issued free of charge on appnaiien .
through a veterinary surgeon. A short form of application is to
be filled by the owner of a herd giving the history in relation to
the abortion.
9—‘*Turning to the Bull’’ is very troublesome on a number
of farms. A small proportion of cows which have aborted may
remain sterile owing to lesions resulting from the abortion dis-
ease. Turning, however, when it prevails in a farm, appears to
be a different disease altogether. Sometimes it prevails at the
same time as abortion, in others turning is prevalent when abor-
tion does not exist. Information as to its existence on premises
for which vaccine is desired should be made known by the veteri-
narian.
peas ate at
SUMMARY FROM RECENT PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED
AND BIBLIOGRAPHIC ITEMS*
JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY AND THERAPEUTIOS—Specifie serum
treatment of wounds—Sheep scab—LHarly history of veterinary literature and
its British development.
Verexinary Recorp—January. The diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease—
(O) Post mortem lesions.
Verexinary News—January. An unusual ease—Vaccine therapy in prac-
tice,
VerexinAky JourNAL—Stricture of the pylorus in eattle—(O) Treatment
of gangrenous mammitis in cattle,
EUROPEAN CHRONICLES 163
La CLINICA VETERINARIA—Dee. Contagious abortion in mares.
REVUE GENERALE DE MEDECINE VETERINAIRE—Dec. Contribution to the his-
tory of glanders—(X) Treatment of cartilaginous quittor.
REVUE DE PATHOLOGIE CoMPAREE—(X) Fight against bovine tuberculosis.
RECUEIL DE MEDICINE VETERINAIRE—Epizootic lymphangitis—(X) Fili-
form drain in veterinary medicine—Loco horse disease—Incubation of epi-
_ zootie lymphangitis—(O) Torsion of the uterus in slut, hysterotomy.
BULLETIN DE LA SocreTE CENTRALE—(O) Pseudo tuberculosis of swine—
(O) Fatal renal hemorrhage in steer—(X) contribution to the treatment of
tetanus. ;
ANNALES DE L’INstTITUT PasTEUR.—Dee. (X) Bacterian flora of war
wounds—Preparation of the cord catguts—Origin and distribution of urea in
nature, :
BrsiiocRaPHic Norice—A case of anthrax with plates by Drs. G. G. Reinle
and R. A. Archibald.
University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Announce-
ment for season of 1916 and 1917.
Bureau of Animal Industry—(X) Report of the Chief—Cireular 173, The
sanitary construction and equipment of abattoirs and packing houses.
Reprints from the Journal of Agricultural Research—Immunity Studies on
Anthrax Serum, Drs. A. Eichhorn and W. N. Berg and R. A. Kelser of the
Bureau of Animal Industry.
Diagnosis of tuberculosis by complement fixation with special reference to
bovine tuberculosis by A. Eichhorn and A. Blumberg.
The use of energy values in the computation of rations for farm animale
by H. Prentiss Armsby.
_ Observations on 2800 pigs inoculated with hog cholera virus by Dr. H.
Preston Hoskins.
A. LIAUTARD.
*Titles marked ‘‘X’’ will be summarized. Those marked ‘‘O’’ will ap-
pear as abstracts.
—Dr. Dunean MecEachran has received an honorary diploma
from Macdonald College, Quebee. Dr. McEachran was born in
Scotland in 1841, being a member of one of the oldest families in
Kintyre. He came to Canada in early life and established the
Montreal Veterinary College of which he was Principal and Pro-
fessor of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery. He has written num-
erous bulletins and reports on professional subjects, and is the au-
thor of ‘‘The Canadian Horse and His Diseases’’. He now owns
and operates a large farm, ‘‘Ormsby Grange’’ at Ormstown, Que.
_ —The graduating exercises of the class of 1917 of the Kansas
City Veterinary College were held at the College Auditorium
April 11.
STUDIES IN FORAGE POISONING—IV.*
RoBerT GRAHAM AND L. R. HIMMELBERGER
Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station,
Laboratory of Animal Pathology,
Lexington, Ky.
The sporadic occurrence of diseases resembling forage poison-
ing in horses, mules and cattle while consuming various feed. stuffs,
has been reported from practically all parts of the United States
since 1867. The history and description of an outbreak of a dis-
ease among horses and mules observed on the Griffith stock farm in
‘central Kentucky, and of subsequent feeding experiments with an
oat hay obtained from this farm, to large and small animals
(i. e. horses, mules, sheep, goats, swine, rabbits, guinea pigs, chick-
ens and white rats), have been reported. The feeding of the oat
hay to horse and mule stock resulted in muscular incodrdination
and prostration, invariably terminating in death, but the other ex-
perimental animals were apparently non-susceptible. The course
of the disease, together with the anatomic alterations observed on
autopsy, prompted a diagnosis of forage poisoning.
In our feeding experiments death in horses and mules, pre-
ceded by symptoms analogous to those manifested by afflicted ani-
mals in the original outbreak, occurred as a result of feeding the
grain threshed from the oats, the oat straw, and a foreign ma-
terial found in the oat forage subsequent to threshing—composed
principally of chicken fecal excreta. Water which had percolated
the oat grain when consumed by experimental horses for a period ~
of days, with wholesome feed, resulted in death. Blood transfu-
sions from affected horses to healthy horses, mules, cows, sheep,
swine, goats, guinea pigs, white mice and rabbits, furnished evi-
dence that the disease could not be transmitted by this method.
The feeding of the original unmodified oats in question to the ani-
mals enumerated, with the exception of horses and mules, was fol-
lowed by apparently no change in health. It was definitely proven
_ that the agent responsible for the disease was incorporated in the
oat hay, though the feeding of this forage ad libitum to some horses
for a period of two to four days, followed by wholesome rations,
produced no apparent ill effects.
"Presented at the meeting of the A.V.M.A., Detroit, Mich., August 1916,
Puate I.
The oat hay and oat kernels which produced death when fed to horses.
166 ROBERT GRAHAM AND L. R. HIMMELBERGER
The mechanics of the invading poisonous principle incor-
porated in the oat hay, as observed in experimental horses, sug-
gested hypothetically a cumulative action affecting the motor and
respiratory centers; further, that the fatal agent incorporated
therein is, as far as we have been able to ascertain, estranged from
etiologic factors responsible for toxemia-like conditions encounter-—
ed in other animal infections wherein blood transfusions as well
as body organs and body excretions from affected animals serve to
propagate the infection. All attempts to transmit the disease arti-
ficially from affected horses to healthy horses, as mentioned: above,
and by the feeding of various tissue from affected animals—i. e.
the liver, spleen, brain and intestinal contents—disguised in whole-
some feed, resulted negatively.
Attempts to isolate and cultivate a pathogenic microorganism
from affected animals, particularly from the nervous system, which
might bear some relation to the disease subsequent to artificial
cultivation and inoculation into apparently susceptible animals
(horses and mules), were not attended with success. A coccus-
like organism isolated from the cerebro-spinal fluid of -one af-
fected animal proved non-pathogenie when injected into healthy
horses, guinea pigs and rabbits. Plantings from the liver, heart
blood, and spleen of horses that had suffered from the disease, were
made immediately after death on corn agar, plain agar and serum
agar and ineubated under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, re-
sulting occasionally in the isolation of colon-like bacilli and vari-
ous saprophytic bacteria, while in some instances the plates re-
mained sterile. The plating of blood drawn aseptically from af-
fected horses in a moribund condition was suggestive that no patho-
genic microorganism commonly prevailed in the blood stream be-
fore death which could be cultivated upon the media employed.
The true etiology of forage poisoning is a subject of great un-
certainty. Hutyra and Marek speak as follows :?
‘*Bacteriological investigations have, therefore, not as yet
given any perfectly satisfactory results, although it is probable
that Siedamgrotzky and Schlegel, Johne, Ostertag, Streit, Grimm,
Christiani, Mareq and possibly also Wilson and Brimhall, were
dealing with the same organism which had in some way varied its
characters somewhat. Further investigations are necessary to
decide whether the cause of so-called Borna disease is always pres-
ent in cases of cerebro-spinal meningitis in the horse, and whether
it plays any part in the production of the disease in other species,
Puate II.
No. 1. An animal showing the dull, depressed attitude from eating the
poisonous oat hay.
No. 2. Same animal two hours later.
No. 3. The same animal three hours later, which illustrates the rapid
progress the disease makes after the preliminary symptoms are manifest,
168 ROBERT GRAHAM AND L. R. HIMMELBERGER
at least in a proportion of cases. The observations of Prietsch,
Walther, Prdger and Wilson and Brimhall appear to indicate that
this is the case. A solution is also required to the question as to
what relationship exists between the organism described by Johne
and others to the Diplococcus intracellularis of the human subject.
According to Johne the-two may be distinguished by the fact that
the organism which occurs in the horse may be present in the cen-
tral nervous system without causing lesions but simply an intox- —
ication. According to Ostertag there is no connection between the |
two organisms. Christiani, on the other hand, was unable to find ©
any differences between the streptococcus found by him and the —
Diplococeus intracellularis of Weichselbaum. There is a possi-—
bility that epizootic cerebro-spinal meningitis in the lower animals
is not an etiological entity, and as the Diplococcus intracellularis —
and the D. pneumoniae occur in man, each may be responsible for
epidemics of the disease in the human family.”’
A portion of literature regarding the etiology of forage poi-—
soning is devoted to a discussion of the common moulds. Mohler’,
Klimmer and others from various observations suggested that for-
age poisoning might be closely related to mouldy feed; Haslam*
regarded moulds as a possible factor in some outbreaks; Buchanan?
isolated Monascus purpureus (Went) from a silage which resulted
in death when fed to horses; Healy and Garman‘, as well as the
authors, isolated a similar mould from feed associated with a simi-
lar disease in horse and mule stock in Kentucky. The mould
theory seems most plausible but experimental feeding and inocula-
tions with certain moulds suggest that their relation to this dis-
ease is insignificant. Brown and Ranck’ eall attention to the
poisonous property of the sclerstia of Claviceps paspalt, a visible
fungus growth occurring on a*wild grass ‘‘paspalum’’ in Missis-
sippi. We have not observed this particular mould in our studies, —
in fact no visible mould contamination was noted on the oat hay
which formed the basis of our work. Monascus purpureus (Went)
was isolated from the forage in question and artificially propa-—
gated for the purpose of feeding and injecting horses. |
The theory of toxin or poison-producing organisms as a cause
of this disease is supported by post mortem findings in fatally
afflicted animals in many forage poisoning outbreaks, but some of
the moulds isolated from apparently poisonous forage seem to pos-
sess limited toxic power as cultured under artificial conditions,
suggesting that the fatalities in animals resembling forage poison-
ing might be dae to microdrganic life other than moulds, or pos-
Puate ITI,
Characteristic facial expression of
vitus in forage poisoning as a r
animals preceding permanent decu-
esult of feeding an oat hay.
170 ROBERT GRAHAM AND lL. R. HIMMELBERGER
sibly to an agent even more remote. In this connection, negative
results were obtained by feeding Monascus purpureus (Went) ® iso-
lated from the oat hay to experimental horses. Intravenous in-
jections of the sterile filtered growth products of this mould were
not productive of toxic symptoms. Guinea pigs, white rats and
rabbits gave like negative results. :
Further bacteriological examination of the oats in question re-
sulted in the frequent isolation of organisms of the B. coli type.
The intracellular protein poison ascribed by Vaughn and Novy® to
various bacteria, including pathogenic and non-pathogenic varie-
ties, suggests the possibility of certain bacteria multiplying on for-
age, followed by disintegration and release of cell contents. In
this connection it is evident that the harvesting and storing of
forage for winter feeding, as well as other factors, would militate
against the growth of strictly aerobic bacteria and result in bac-
teriolytic changes.
The prevalence of B. coli on small American grains, as noted
by Rogers, Clark and Evans,'® suggested the remote possibility of
some varieties of B. coli possessing virulent properties, and prompt-
ed the cultivation in large quantities of similar organisms isolated
from this forage for feeding experiments with horses over certain
periods of time, disguised in wholesome feed. We were unable to
obtain evidence that B. coli species as isolated from the forage in
question and grown under artificial conditions, were primarily in-
volved in the disease observed as the result of feeding the original
oat hay.*? In some horses the feeding of these organisms over peri-
ods of time produced a dull attitu@s, indifferent appetite, and
often a diarrhea. It was suggested in our experiments that B.
coli species existing on forage in sufficient quantities might be a
factor in such disturbances as malnutrition. The intra-jugular
injection of colon-like organisms as isolated from the oat hay, into
horses, was followed in most instances by manifestations of intox-
cation, the symptoms of which generally disappeared in a few
hours. Experimental horses receiving daily intravenous injec-
tions apparently developed a tolerance.
In continuing the bacteriological study of this forage, numer-
ous platings in varying dilutions and on different media (such as
oat agar, serum agar, et cetera), were undertaken primarily to
ascertain a more complete knowledge of the bacterial flora of the
forage. During the course of these studies a bacillus was isolated
ena
pte
eee
A AMI tN Rt RST PRI
PLATE 1V.
172 ROBERT GRAHAM AND L. R. HIMMELBERGER
from the oats which possessed pathogenic properties when admin-
istered to horses. The cultural characteristics of this bacillus have
been mentioned in a previous publication, as follows:
MorpHowoey :—Staining Properties: Bacillus, .4 to .5 of a
micron wide and from 1 to 2 microns long, occasionally longer,
with rounded ends. In newly isolated cultures it resembles a
coccoid bacillus. It oceurs singly, chains of two bacilli being
rarely found. It is motile, possessing flagella. Spores are pro-
duced, as demonstrated by heating a broth culture to 80°C. for
fifteen minutes and subculturing, as well as by staining reactions.
It is stained by the ordinary aniline dyes, though often unevenly
with a tendency to grouping in the field. Gram negative. The
optimum temperature is 35° to 37°C. Aerobic, satisfactory growths
not being obtained under strictly anaerobic conditions.
CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS:—Agar Plate: Small pinish-
white colonies make their appearance in twenty-four hours as
surface and frequently subsurface colonies in poured plates.
Surface colonies increase in diameter after two or three days’ in-
cubation, and are oval or round, occasionally spreading over the
surface. Rosette figures may be observed. Subsurface colonies
remain small. Under magnification of fifteen diameters they are
of a yellowish amber color. Not sensitive to variations in alkalin-
ity or acidity of culture medium.
Agar Slant: A thin growth along the line of inoculation is
quite visible in twenty-four hours; isolated colonies at a distance
from the line of inoculation are also common. As the growth be-
comes heavier it may show echinulate formations along the line
of inoculation, more marked at the base. A whitish or amber
tinge is observed in older cultures and the growth may be
continuous and compact, with a wrinkled surface. Growth of a
butyrous-like consistency in young cultures. An unpleasant odor
is sometimes detected in old cultures.
Gelatine Stab: The growth on the surface is abundant, de-
veloping faintly along the line of inoculation. Slight liquefac-
tion observed after one week.
Litmus Milk: Peptonization.
Gas Production in Sugar Broth: No gas formed in maltose,
raffinose, saccharose, rhamnose, dextrose, inulin, lactose, and man-
nite broth. No appreciable acid formed.
Indol and Nitrite Production: Indol production. could not
be detected in Dunham’s solution. Nitrates not reduced.
ParnHoGEeNnesis. Approximately forty experimental horses
were artificially exposed to this bacillus. The results of feeding
the original oats to small laboratory animals suggested that they
would not be suitable for determining the pathogenice character of
microérganic growth isolated from the forage,
mae ee
7.
REI EEF
Soe
waits
} Se
“2
Ae
STUDIES IN FORAGE POISONING 173
*A bacillus possessing similar cultural characters was isolated
from an ensilage in a later outbreak wherein fatalities in cattle
were reported. For convenience the bacillus isolated from the oat
hay will be designated in this paper 0-1 or 0-1 culture, and the ba-
cillus from the ensilage N-1 or N-1 culture, to accord with the lab-
oratory index. .
SuscEPTIBILITY OF Horses: A single intravenous injection of
0-1 culture from an agar slant in normal salt solution frequently
caused manifest discomfort. Following the injection the animals
presented a dull and stupid attitude and yawned frequently.
Sometimes twitching of the muscles in the neck and gluteal region
was observed, which occasionally culminated in pronounced clonic
spasms in the posterior extremities, during which the animal would
almost fall to the ground. In some animals respiration was in-
creased. The manifest nervous symptoms appeared in most instances
in from five to sixty minutes following injection and gradually
subsided in a dull, stupid appearance in six to ten hours. Subse-
quent to intravenous injection difficult deglutition and mild sal-
ivation were observed in some horses. Daily injections resulted
in symptoms of varying intensity and peristaltic action became
greatly diminished. Marasmus was apparent from daily injec-
tions, and prostration and death followed in three to fifteen days.
Animals in a recumbent position were unable to rise and usually
died in a few hours or days. Similar daily injections in eattle,
sheep and goats were frequently followed by increased respiration,
stupor, incodrdination and emaciation. An experimental calf weigh-
- ing 100 lbs. became paralyzed in the posterior extremities eight days
subsequent to four daily intravenous injections of 0-1 culture washed
from agar slants. During the interim this animal appeared normal.
Cattle, sheep and goats were not as susceptible to daily intravenous
injections of this bacillus as were horses and mules, in our observa-
tions. In illustration of the effects observed from daily adminis-
trations of 0-1 culture washed from agar slants, see Horse B.M.,
Chart No. 1.
Horse No. B.M. Treatment: From October 30th to Novem-
ber 9th, this animal received daily intravenous injections of 0-1
culture from agar slants in salt solution. (No injections were
given on November Ist and 7th.) The cultures used varied from
“Attempts to isolate a similar bacillus from a third forage which proved
poisonous to horses resulted negatively.
174 ROBERT GRAHAM AND L. R. HIMMELBERGER
four to twenty-four days old, and those showing the most luxuriant
growth were selected each day.
Syndrome: The symptoms manifested by this animal during
the course of the experiment may be summarized as follows:
pharyngeal incodrdination; muscular tremor following injection,
subsiding in a few hours; stupor; weakness; marasmus; in-
ability to stand; marked decrease of peristalsis; permanent decu-
bitus; coma and death.
ANATOMIC ALTERATIONS: Brain and lungs congested; a few
petechial hemorrhages in pericardium, myocardium and endocar-
dium; no macroscopic changes observed in the liver; limited areas
(2 to 5 em.) of the mucosa of small intestine congested with sub-
mucous hemorrhages; kidneys soft and friable; body and vis-
ceral lymphatics apparently normal. The post mortem lesions
were not as pronounced or as extensive as the clinical manifesta-
tions suggested.
Cuart No. 1.
Horse B.M. Received intravenous injections of 0-1 culture from
agar slants in salt solution.
Ti No. Agar Symptoms noted following
rand sigs Slants Temp. | Resp. | Pulse injection
Oct.
30 2:00 p.m./3 in 20 ¢.c.| 99.5 Muscular tremors; depression.
Nov.
1 | 9:00 a.m. 99.8 Awkward mastication; seemed dull
2.00 p.m. 97.6 and drowsy; decubitus.
2 |11:00 a.m./4in 25c.¢.| 99.8 Difficult deglutition; slow mastica-
tion of feed; dilated rectum. Fifteen
minutes following injection yawned
frequently; muscular tremor; sleepy,
dull appearance; slight salivation and
2:00 p.m. 100.4 66 | chewing; nasal discharge.
3 |11:15 a.m.|1lin 50¢.¢.| 99.0 | 18 | 48 | Dull and stupid; museular tremors.
4 |10:25 a.m.\3in40¢c.| 99.4 | 18 | 48 | Appetite indifferent; swelling in jug-
ular furrow at point of injection;
, * |slight museular tremor,
11:00 a. m.|8 in 60 ¢.¢.| 99.0 | 28 | 48 | Decreased appetite.
5
6 |11:00 a.m.|6in95¢.¢.| 99.4 | 22 | 48 |Dull attitude; muscular tremor; in-
dications of pharyngeal incodrdina-
tion.
8 | 1:30 p.m.|2 in 60¢.¢.| 99.0 Weakness more pronounced; muscular
tremors.
9 (10:00 a.m.\5in100¢.¢.) 99.1 | 24 | 30 |Decubitus following injection ;mus-
cular tremor; would grasp viciously
at hay and hold it in mouth; moving
feet in semi-circle, accompanied by
labored breathing; followed by normal
respiration when in a comatose state,
Death at 5 p. m.
STUDIES IN FORAGE POISONING - 276
Uscuinsky’s Prorern-FreE Meprum. In guarding against
complications involving the medium which might occur following
intravenous injections in experimental animals, 0-1 and N-1 bacilli
were planted in Uschinsky’s protein-free medium*. The sterile
uninoculated medium was administered intravenously under asep-
tic precautions to a control horse daily in doses of 500 to 1,000 c.c.,
as indicated in chart below:
Cuart No. 2.
Horse D. H. Received intravenous injections of Uschinsky’s
Protein-free medium,
Date Quantity Injected
December 13 500 ¢.c.
14 500
15 500
20 1,000
28 1,000
30 700
January 8 1,000
10 to 24 500 daily
No observable effect was noted as the result of these injections,
other than mild edema in the jugular furrow resulting from needle
punctures, suggesting that this medium might be used intravenous-
ly in limited quantities without complications.
STERILE FiurraTe oF Active 0-1 CuLTrurRE 1x USCHINSKY’s
PrROTEIN-F'REE Mepium. Single intravenous injections of 0-1 eul-
ture filtrates, four to eleven days old, were followed by manifest
symptoms, which subsided in a few hours, while daily injections
terminated in muscular incodrdination, decubitus, coma and death.
Daily injections of similar filtrates in cattle resulted frequently in
stupor, altered respiration and marasmus, In most instances
horses withstood daily injections for eight to fifteen days. Sterile
filtrates of 30 to 60 day old cultures produced similar symp-
toms and death. Variation was noted in the intensity of the symp-
*Uschinsky’s protein-free medium: To one liter of water, add—
Fe Ne marae are" 3.4 grams
Sodium chloride ............ 5.0 grams
Caleium chloride .......... 1 gram
Potassium phosphate ....... 1.0 gram
Ammonium lactate ......... 10.0 grams
Magnesium sulphate ........ 2 gram
When these ingredients were thoroughly dissolved, 40 ¢.c. of glycerin were
edded. After sterilization by the usual method, this medium was allowed to
ineubate for several days at 37°C. before injection.
176 ROBERT GRAHAM AND L. R. HIMMELBERGER
toms preceding recumbency in experimental horses, yet horses re-
ceiving daily injections of the sterile filtrate became permanently re-
cumbent and presented clinical manifestations similar to horses
fatally affiicted as a result of eating the oat hay. A small number
of experimental horses_in our observations possessed a tolerance to
intravenous injections of similar filtrates in synthetic media, which
enabled them to survive when the injections were discontinued,
though in a weakened, debilitated condition. Other experimental
horses became prostrate in a few hours following. the second to
fifth daily intravenous injection, terminating in death in a few
hours or a few days. During the interim the animal lay in a semi-
conscious state, moving the feet rapidly in a semi-circle or resting
quietly. The effect in experimental horses of the sterile filtrate of
0-1 culture grown in Uschinsky’s medium is illustrated in Horse
No. 43.
' Horse No. 43: Treatment: From December 14th to 28th
this animal received daily intravenous injections of active 0-1 sterile
culture filtrates in Uschinsky’s medium, as indicated in Chart 3.
Syndrome: Symptoms manifested subsequent to injection
_ consisted of yawning; altered respiration; dull, languid attitude;
staring expression of the eyes; difficult mastication; salivation ;
incodrdination of the voluntary muscles; marasmus; and eventu-
ally decubitus, prostration and death. The clinical symptoms ob-
served in several experimental horses injected with the sterile fil-
trate during the last few hours of life, were not unlike those ob-
served in horses which had become fatally affected from eating the
original oat forage. The initial intrajugular injection of the fil-
trate had a laxative effect on the bowels, while subsequent daily in-
jections seemed to decrease peristaltic action.
Anatomic Alterations: Abrasions and bruises on head and -ex-
tremities inflicted in recumbency. Congestion of the brain; gela-—
tinous infiltrations of the muscle and fascia of the laryngeal region ;
catarrhal condition of the mucous membrane of the nasal passages,
with a few scattered petechial hemorrhages; hypostatiec congestion
of left lung; thoracic lymph nodes edematous; hemorrhagie in-
filtration of myocardium; hemorrhages on auriculo-ventricular
valves; gelatinous infiltration about coronary arteries.
Mucosa of stomach and small intestine covered with grayish
catarrhal exudate. The peritoneal surface of the cecum was dis-
colored as the result of congestion of the mucosa, Hemorrhagic
“ut pout
g, LYSUTYOS!) UT SNITLONG T-O JO sozeaqTY optaoys Jo uoryoelur snousavsyut ATrep Jo
j[uset & sB sngIqnoep yuouvutIed Surpooord sossoy Aq podvrdstp opnyyyy
een eee
178 ROBERT GRAHAM AND L. R. HIMMELBERGER
enteritis was diffuse, with well defined submucous hemorrhages in
this organ. The large colon externally appeared normal, but in-
version and removal of semi-solid contents disclosed enteritic areas
and submucous hemorrhages.
The gross lesions_observed in this animal are of particular
interest in that a toxin-like substance contained in the sterile fil-
trate apparently exerted a selective action on the mucosa of the
cecum and colon, when introduced intrajugularly.
Cuart No. 3.
Horse No. 43. Received intravenous injections of sterile culture
filtrates of 0-1 in Uschinsky’s medium.
| a
: | Quanitity Mater-
Date Time ” ial injected
Dee. 14 lp.m. |400¢e¢. 4 days old) Muscular tremors; yawned; altered respi-
ration; dull, languid attitude; muscular
twitching of the lips; mild salivation.
Dee. 15) 10a.m. |400¢.c. 5 daysold| Altered respiration; dull, alternating
with restlessness.
Dee. 16) 10a.m. |400¢.c. 6 days old| Altered respiration; depressed but re-
mained standing; yawned, followed in
one-half hour by dull, sleepy appearance ;
chewing without food in mouth.
Dee. 17; 10 a.m. |400¢.c. 7 days old) Uneasy following injection; chewed but
did not salivate; walked unsteadily; very
dull.
Dee. 18} 10a.m. |400¢.c. 8 days old| Dull, alternating with nervous attitude.
Dec. 19|.10 a.m. |400¢.c. 9 days old|Masticated food freely.
Dec. 20) 10 a.m. |750¢.c. 10 days old| Chewed but did not salivate; incodrdina-
= tion; would start eating and stop sud-
denly.
Dee. 21) 10a,m. |750¢.e. 11 days old|Dull; chewing; quivering in shoulder mus-
cles and extremities; pharyngeal paresis.
Dee. 22) 10a.m. |300¢.c. 5 days old| Uneasy following injection.
Dee. 23) 10 a.m. |500¢.c. 6 days old|No immediate symptoms. In about two
hours salivated and trembled.
Dee. 24) 10a.m. |500¢.c. 7 days old|Salivated; muscular tremors; dull appear-
ance; incodrdination.
Dee, 26) 10a.m. |500¢.e, 8 days old] Temperature 99.3. Very weak; decubi-
* Itus; very dull and quiet following injee-
tion.
Dee, 27 Decubitus; mucous discharge from both
nostrils; unable to get up; masticated
but swallowed with difficulty; moved
feet as if running.
Dee, 28 Decubitus; nasal mucous discharge;
feet as if running.
Coma and death at 10 a, m.
Symptoms noted following injection
Brora Cuvrures or 0-1 AND N-1 ApMINISTERED PER OREM.
The administration of 1,000 ¢.c. of 0-1 broth culture, approximately
one month old, in wholesome feed, was frequently followed by a
STUDIES IN FORAGE POISONING 179
dull, tired attitude. Incoérdination and weakness of a transitory
nature were noted between the seventh and thirteenth days. We
were unable to continue these experiments in some instances be-
cause of the fact that many experimental horses refused feed to
which 0-1 culture in this medium had been added. Horse -No. 42
was given 500 ¢.c. 0-1 broth culture night and morning disguised
in wholesome feed. During the interim of the seventh to twelfth
day this horse was stupid and languid. 150 ¢.c. of sterile 0-1 fil-
trate on synthetic media were administered intravenously on the
twelfth day. Following the injection the stupor was profound and
muscular tremors in the region of the withers, gluteus and extremi-
ties were noted. The pronounced nervous symptoms subsided in a
few hours after the injection and the animal continued to appear
tired and stupid. Broth cultures were continued, in wholesome
feed, though the animal ate slowly and sparingly. On the fif-
teenth day this horse was suddenly afflicted and evidenced a marked
incoérdination of the posterior extremities and became permanently
recumbent. Respirations were increased, but the body tempera-
ture was quite normal until death, which was preceded by a state
of coma alternating with prolonged periods of restlessness and mov-
ing of the feet as if running.
Cultures employed in feeding experiments were approximately
thirty days old, and some horses were allowed a complete ration of
wholesome feed after evidencing mild transitory symptoms, follow-
ing which they apparently recovered.
In illustration of the effect of a six months old culture grown
in ¥% per cent. Liebig’s beef extract (no peptone), Horse No. 71
was allowed wholesome feed, and to the drinking water from 1,000
to 2,000 c.c. N-1 culture were added each day. During the first
eight days this animal appeared normal. On the ninth day the
animal was decumbent, breathing naturally, but incapable of re-
, gaining a standing posture. A nervous appetite prevailed through-
out the day and small quantities of hay were eaten. Hay was
held in the mouth while the animal lay in a state of coma. At
_ other times the feet were moved as if running and respirations
__were increased. On the tenth day the animal regained a standing
position, but displayed marked incodrdination and appeared dull
and exhausted. On the eleventh day the animal was permanently
is _ recumbent, and death followed on the thirteenth day. During the
bia “interim between the eleventh and thirteenth days the animal re-
180 ROBERT GRAHAM AND L. R. HIMMELBERGER
mained in a condition of coma, except at intervals when the feet
were moved vigorously. A laxative condition of the bowels was
noted during the last forty-eight hours of life.
i ~ CuHart No. 4.
Horse No, 71. Received N-1 culture approximately six months old in %%
Liebig’s beef extract in drinking water.
; Temperature
Date Quantity oa aso. Symptoms
1916 ‘
June 1 | 1000 ce. 100.4 100.7
June 2 / 1000 cc. 100.2 100.6
June 3 | 2000 ce. 100.9 99.7
June 4 | 2000 cc. 100.1
June 5 | 2000c.e. 99.8 100.4
June 6 | 2000 cc. 100.3 98.5
June 7 | 2000 c.¢. 100.5 100.0
June 8 | 2000 c.c¢. 99.6 99.0 |Decubitus. Pharyngeal paresis.
June 9 | 2000 c.c. 99.4 100.1 |Decubitus. Eating hay.
June 10 | 2000 ce. 100.4 98.5 |Standing; eating hay; incodrdination
June 11 |} 2000 cc. 97.6 98.5 |Permanent decubitus; marasmus.
June 12 | 2000 ec. 100.0 100.6 (Permanent decubitus; marasmus.
June 13 Death.
Anatomic Alterations: Meningeal vessels injected ; lungs con-
gested; heart mildly hemorrhagic; a few small areas of mucosa
of small intestine, about 4 em. in diameter, mesentery injected ;
kidneys hyperemic.
BrorH Cuutures oF 0-1 aNp N-1 ADMINISTERED PER RECTUM.
The refusal of certain horses to consume appreciable amounts of
artificial cultures disguised in wholesome feed, prevented to an ex-
tent satisfactory feeding experiments and made rectal administra-
tion necessary. In order to determine the effect of administering
0-1 broth culture per rectum, daily enemas were administered to
Horse No. 57. This animal received cultures approximately thirty
days old daily for six consecutive days. On the seventh day the q
animal was found in a recumbent position, continuing until the
tenth day when death occurred. This animal received wholesome
feed during the first six days of the experiment, but while in a re-
cumbent position but little feed and water were consumed. The
body temperature as recorded from day to day indicated no appre-
ciable alteration.
The sudden pronounced symptoms observed in this animal
further suggested the poisonous properties of this bacillus to horses,
as administered per rectum. Daily enemas of 0-1 broth cultures”
STUDIES IN FORAGE POISONING 181
were not attended with fatal results in all experimental horses;
in fact some animals evidenced only mild transitory effects. A
control horse (8. B. B.) was given daily enemas of 1,500 ¢.c. sterile
broth for twelve consecutive days, with an approximate loss of
300 ¢.c. per day, without noticeable effects. In all experimental
animals the quantities administered in the form of daily enemas
were given in two and three doses, two to four hours apart.
Cuart No. 5.
Horse No. 57. Received per rectum 0-1 on beef broth
approximately one month old.
Temperature. Quantity
Date a.m, p.m. | Adm Loss Symptoms
1916
Feb. 23 99.8 | 900 ¢.c, | 300 ¢.c. | Appetite normal.
Feb. 24| 99.0} 98.3} 900 e.c. | 300 ¢.c. | Appetite normal.
Feb. 25) 984) 98.3 | 900 ¢.¢, | 300 ¢.c. | Appetite normal.
Feb. 26) 100.7 | 100.0 | 900 ¢.e. | 300 ¢.¢. | Appetite normal.
Feb. 27/ 100.2} 99.8} 900 ¢.¢. | 300 ¢.. | Appetite normal.
Feb. 28) 99.4| 98.0| 900 c¢.¢, | 300 ¢.c. | Appetite normal.
Feb. 29) 98.6) 99.0 | 900 ¢.c. | 300 ¢.¢. | Deeubitus. Unable to stand.
March 1) 97,1} 99.0} 900¢.c. | 300 ¢.c. | Ate a little hay. Deeubitus. Coma.
March 2] 99.4] 98.1 | 900 ¢.¢. | 300 ¢.c. | Ate a little hay. Deeubitus. Coma.
March 3| 98.6| 99.6 |1800¢.¢e. | 300 cc. | Ate a little hay. Deeubitus. Coma.
March 4| 99.3! 99.0 |1700 ce. | 300 ¢.c. | Ate a little hay. Deeubitus. Coma,
March 5 Died during night.
Anatomic Alterations: Meningeal vessels congested; lungs
congested; a few punctate hemorrhages on the subpleural surface ;
hemorrhages on the heart; areas of congestion of the mucosa of
cecum and colon, with submucous hemorrhages. The mucosa of
small intestine was covered with a catarrhal exudate, which on be-
ing removed revealed small areas of congestion (2 to 6 em.).
Discussion: Administration of 0-1 culture per rectum to
Horse No, 57 was not accompanied by manifest symptoms until
the seventh day, when the animal was found in a prostrate condi-
tion. During the first seven days the animal appeared normal.
_ The course of death in this animal resembled, in a measure, the
_ abrupt clinical manifestations observed subsequent to feeding the
original oat hay. It is of interest that the anatomic alterations ob-
served on autopsy were more intense in the cecum and colon, sug-
gesting a selective action.
Similar fatal results-were observed subsequent to enemas of
N-1 culture grown in 1% per cent. beef extract and of N-1 culture
in alfalfa decoction, Not all experimental horses succumbed as the
PuatTe VI.
Animal No, 57 received daily per rectum 900 ¢.e, 0-1 culture in beef broth
approximately one month old, for six consecutive days, followed by a pros-
trate and moribund, condition. :
No. 1. Section of small intestine, showing areas of congestion in the mucosa.
No, 2, Section of colon, showing submucous hemorrhages,
2
STUDIES IN FORAGE POISONING 183
result of daily administration of 0-1 and N-1 cultures per rectum,
but a stupid appearance, incodrdination and mild transitory effects
were frequently observed.
STERILE Finrrares «Ny Uscuinsky’s MepruM ADMINISTERED
INTRAVENOUSLY SUBSEQUENT TO FEEDING THE BACILLUS PER OREM
or Recrum. Following single injections of an active cultural fil-
trate in Uschinsky’s medium to experimental horses, manifest
nervous symptoms were frequently observed, which gradually sub-
sided in depression.
Some of the horses that were given 0-1 and N-1 cultures in
broth per orem or per rectum did not succumb, nor did they show
symptoms which would prompt a continuance of the experiment.
It was noted, however, that following intravenous injections of the
sterile filtrates of active 0-1 and N-1 cultures in synthetic media,
a condition resembling anaphylaxis often resulted in experimental
horses that had previously received 0-1 and N-1 cultures in broth
per orem or rectum. In some instances there was no interim be-
tween the last administration of 0-1 or N-1 broth cultures and the
initial injection of the sterile filtrate. For example, in one horse
the bacillus was fed for twelve consecutive days. On the twelfth
day the’animal received an intravenous injection of the sterile
cultural filtrate on synthetic media, which was followed by death in
a few minutes. Similar results were observed in Horse No. 48
after receiving the silage from which N-1 was isolated and watery
extract of same to drink from December 30th, 1915, to January
10th, 1916. From January 10th to 27th this animal received
wholesome feed, together with cold watery extract of the silage to
drink, On January 27th, 400 ¢.c. N-1 sterile cultural filtrate, six-
teen days old, were injected intravenously. Immediately follow-
ing the injection the animal manifested muscular incodrdination,
fell and died in approximately ten minutes from respiratory arrest.
Similar fatal results were observed subsequent to the admin-
istration of N-1 sterile filtrate (fourteen days old) to a horse that
had been fed daily per orem 750 e¢.c. N-1 broth cultures for a
period of about thirty days, there being no interim between the
feeding of the broth cultures and the intravenous injection of the
sterile filtrate.
The sudden death observed following the intravenous injection
of the sterile filtrates in synthetic media in horses that had pre-
viously been fed this bacillus, is suggestive of the presence of a bac-
184 ROBERT GRAHAM AND L. R. HIMMELBERGER
terial protein. However, similar phenomena could not be demon-
strated in guinea pigs, nor were we able to produce fatal results in
horses by administering a single injection of a sterile cultural filtrate
intravenously as a sensitizing dose and allowing a period of time to
elapse before the second or toxic dose was given. Chemical tests of
ninety day cultural filtrates by Dr. Buckner failed to reveal the
presence of true protein.
The phenomena observed in our experiments resembling hyper-
sensitiveness as the result of feeding 0-1 culture followed by the in-
jection of an active cultural filtrate of the bacillus on synthetic
media, are at variance with true anaphylaxis, as similar experi-
ments with small laboratory animals resulted negatively, suggest-
ing a selective anaphylactic phenomenon. The interpretation of
the fatalities in horses resembling anaphylaxis is further compli-
cated by the toxic effect produced by single injections of the sterile
cultural filtrate and also by the fatal results observed from daily
intravenous injections of the sterile cultural filtrates of N-1 and
0-1 in Uschinsky’s medium.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SMALL ANIMALS. Preliminary feeding of
the forage from which 0-1 was isolated suggested the non-patho-
genicity to small animals of microdrganie growth present on the
oats. In order to determine the pathogenicity of 0-1 and N-1 eul-
tures several methods were employed to expose these animals. The
ensilage from which N-1 was isolated could not be fed to small lab-
oratory animals and therefore its effect upon small animals could
not be determined.
SMALL.ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS. SERIES A. Experiment No. 1.
Two guinea pigs were injected subcutaneously with 5 ¢.e. each of
0-1 sterile filtrate grown on synthetic media, daily for ten days.
No harmful effect from injections was noted. The general health
of the animals remained normal, with maintenance of body weight.
Expervment No. 2. To determine if animals could be sensi-
tized to the filtrate, two guinea pigs were injected with .01 c.c.
each of 0-1 filtrate on synthetic media. After ten days these ani-
mals were injected with 10 ¢.c. of the sterile filtrate. Following
the second injection no harmful effect was noted.
Experiment No. 3. Two guinea pigs were fed for fifteen days
0-1 broth cultures. No observable symptoms resulted.
Experiment No. 4. Two guinea pigs were injected subecu-
taneously with 5 ¢.c. each of 0-1 culture grown on meat broth, with
no noticeable effect.
Experiment No. 5. Two guinea pigs were injected daily for a
period of ten days with .01 ¢.¢, 0-1 sterile filtrate on Uschinsky’s
Se ee eee ta
RS
open i:
STUDIES IN FORAGE POISONING 185
medium subcutaneously. After an interval of twelve days follow-
ing the final daily injection, 10 ¢.c. 0-1 culture filtrate on synthetic
media was administered intraperitoneally. A control pig treated
with the sterile medium gave no evidence of distress, while slight
uneasiness which subsided in three or four minutes was observed
in the pigs receiving 0-1 cultural filtrate.
The above results indicate the non-pathogenic character of
0-1 bacillus to guinea pigs.
Series B. Experiment No. 1. Two rabbits were injected in-
travenously with 5 ¢.c. each of 0-1 sterile filtrate, grown on synthetic
media, daily for ten days. No symptoms manifest other than dis-
comfort from needle puncture,
Experiment No, 2. Two rabbits received .01 ¢.c. each of 0-1
sterile filtrate on synthetic media, intravenously. After ten days each
peers 10 ¢.c. of 0-1 culture, intravenously. No symptoms mani-
est.
Experiment No. 3. Two rabbits were fed for fifteen days 0-1
broth culture. No noticeable effect resulted from feeding.
Experiment No. 4. Two rabbits were injected with 5 ¢.c. each
of 0-1 broth culture intravenously. No noticeable effect.
The results in rabbits and guinea pigs would indicate the non-
pathogenicity of this organism and its products to these animals.
Similar experiments were conducted with N-1 cultures, with like
results. The negative results observed in feeding the original oats
from which 0-1 bacillus was isolated to guinea pigs and rabbits,
are in further evidence of the non-pathogenicity of this bacillus to
small animals.
Serres C. Subcutaneous injections of 0-1 cultures were made
in chickens and white rats and intravenous injections in domestic
swine, with negative results. The fact that hypersensitiveness is
not established by a small sensitizing dose of active cultures of 0-1
filtrate suggests that bacterial products contained in the filtrate are
not of a true protein nature. The variance in technique employed
by Anderson and Rosenau’* in producing anaphylaxis with bac-
terial proteins suggests that it is more difficult to demonstrate this
phenomenon with bacterial proteins. Holobut'* developed a tech-
nique of sensitization with bacterial proteins which is considered
more reliable than methods previously employed, consisting in the
administration of several daily minute sensitizing doses, followed
by a toxic dose after an interval of several days. This technique,
in our experiments, was not productive of a fatal anaphylaxis.
In some guinea pigs mild transitory effects were noted following
the toxic dose, which subsided in about five minutes. Chemical
examination of a similar filtrate used in animal experiments was
made by Dr. G: D. Buckner of the Experiment Station, with nega-
tive results*, as follows: no ppt. formed on heating; Millon’s re-
*The biuret test with the sterile filtrate was positive; however, this method
is not accepted as an accurate indicator of the presence of true protein,
186 ROBERT GRAHAM AND lL. R. HIMMELBERGER
action negative; xanthoproteic reaction negative; solid MgSo,, no
ppt.; mineral acids, no ppt.; phospho-tungstic acid, no reaction ;
guinea pigs injected at intervals gave niegativé results for the pres-
ence of protein.
Summary. During the course of experimental studies in con-
nection with a definite outbreak of forage poisoning, wherein an
oat hay proved to be quite uniformly poisonous to horses and mules,
various types of microdrganisms were isolated from the forage. A
spore forming, Gram negative, aerobic bacillus designated in this
paper as 0-1 and 0-1 culture, proved to be pathogeni¢ as admin-
istered to horses and mules, less so for cattle, sheep and goats,
while guinea pigs, rabbits and white mice were apparently immune.
(A bacillus possessing characters similar to 0-1, designated in this
paper as N-1 and N-1 culture, was isolated from a silage in a re-
mote outbreak of forage poisoning among cattle.)
Small laboratory animals, guinea pigs, and rabbits, did not
prove susceptible to daily injections or feeding of this bacillus, or
the filtrates of same, nor were we able to produce the anaphylactic
shock in these animals or manifestations of a true anaphylaxis
with the sterile filtrates of 0-1 and N-1 cultures in Uschinsky’s
medium, further supported by negative chemical tests for the pres-_
ence of true protein. ikach
Daily intravenous injections of this bacillus, as well as daily
intravenous injections of the sterile filtrates of the bacillus in
Uschinsky’s medium, to horses, resulted in increased respiration,
partial paresis of the pharyngeal muscles and the muscles of the in-
testinal wall, incodrdination, prostration and death. Prostration
and death occurred subsequent to the daily administration of the
bacillus per orem and per rectum, while other experimental horses
similarly exposed over a longer period of time manifested only a
transitory effect. The clinical manifestations observed in some ex-—
perimental horses as the result of daily intravenous injections,
rarely subsequent to feeding per orem and rectum of this bacillus,
and more constantly following the daily intravenous administra-
tion of sterile cultural filtrates in Uschinsky’s medium, presented
a striking resemblance to the symptoms evidenced by horses at the
time of and subsequent to prostration, as a result of eating the oat
hay. Comparison of symptoms in forage poisoning are not exact
and must be accepted with limitations, as the clinical manifesta-
tions observed in this disease are not constant in character, though
such nervous derangements as pharyngeal incobrdination, paresis
STUDIES IN FORAGE POISONING 187
of the bowels, prostration and permanent decubitus, together with
gross anatomic alterations as observed on autopsy in some experi-
mental horses, are suggestive.
Sudden death resembling anaphylaxis subsequent to intra-
venous injections of the sterile filtrates in horses that had previously
been apparently sensitized by feeding the bacillus per orem and per
rectum, and in one instance by feeding the forage from which the
bacillus was isolated, suggested the occurrence of a hypersensitive-
like condition as the result of ingestion. In this connection hyper-
sensitive animals might suffer fatal intoxication as a result of
abrasions in the enteron or other factors which would tend to pro-
mote rapid absorption. The hypersensitive-like condition ob-
served in horses is suggestive of a selective action not applicable
to small animals, yet the poisonous character of the filtrate per se
for horses is not disregarded in this connection, as indicated by a
single intravenous injection in horses, and by a possible’ cumulative
or ‘ascending like effect’’ from daily injections, terminating in
incobrdination and death. It is contributive to our. knowledge of
this outbreak that sterile filtrates of the bacillus described herein,
subsequent to daily intravenous injections in some experimental
horses, proved pathogenic and: capable of exciting clinical manifes-
tations somewhat analogous to affected animals in the original out-
break as the result of feeding on the oat hay.
REFERENCES
GRAHAM AND HIMMELBERGER: Proceedings of the U. 8S. Live Stock Sani-
tary Association, 1915, and Journal of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, Feb, 1916,
ie
2. Huryra AND MareK: Pathology and Therapeutics of the Diseases of Do-
mestic Animals, Vol. II, p. 610.
3. Monier: Bull. 65, U. 8S. Bureau of Animal Industry, Feb. 14, 1914.
4. HastamM: Bul. 173, Kansas Expt. Station, Sept. 1910.
5. BuCHANAN: Mycologia, Vol. II, No. 3, May 1910.
6. GARMAN: Bul. 159, Kentucky Eapt. Station, Jan, 15, 1912.
7. Brown anp Ranck: Tech. Bul. 6, Mississippi Expt. Station, Feb. 1915.
8. HIMMELBERGER: Journal of Comparative Pathology and Therapeutics,
Sept. 1915.
Ne 5 A Protein Split Products in Relation to Immunity and Disease,
1913.
10. ce By CLARK AND Evans: Journal of Infectious Diseases, Vol. 17, No.
; 3
ay: ta AND HIMMELBERGER: Journal of Bacteriology, Vol. 1, No. 1, Jan.
916.
12. RosENAU AND ANDERSON: U. S. Pub. Health and M.H.S. Hyg. Lab.,
Bul. 86, 1907.
13. HoLosut: Zeitschr. f. Immunitdtsforsch., Vol. 3, 1909. (12 and 13 cited
by Zinsser in Infection and Resistance, 1914, p. 411.)
LOCAL ANESTHESIA IN ANIMAL DENTISTRY*
H. E. Bemis, Ames, Ia.
For some time it has been the thought of the author of this
paper that some improvement in methods used in animal den-
tistry would be welcomed by members of the veterinary profes-
sion and therefore I beg your consideration of the contents of this
paper as one step in that direction. We do not claim any origi-
nality in this method as it has been used for some time in human
dentistry but to my knowledge has never before been adapted to
animal dentistry.
The method used is really that of ‘‘nerve blocking’’ or con-
ductive anesthesia of either the entire infra-orbital nerve or the
mandibular alveolar nerve as may be desired. The infra-orbital
nerve gives off alveolar or dental branches. The _ posterior
branches pass through small foramina in the tuber maxillare and
supply the posterior molar teeth and maxillary sinus. The middle
branches are given off in the infra-orbital canal, and constitute the
chief nerve supply to the cheek, teeth and the maxillary sinus.
The anterior branches supply the canine and incisor teeth. The
dental branches of the mandibular nerve are detached from the
nerve within the mandible and are arranged like the correspond-
ing nerves of the upper jaw.—(Sisson.) The benefits to be de-
rived from such a method are obvious. The animal is relieved
of the excruciating pain occasioned by dental operations upon
any of the teeth and is at the same time conscious. The danger of
inhalation of blood and purulent material is therefore reduced to
a minimum. The operator, on the other hand, is relieved of the
necessity of constantly administering or watching a general an-
esthetic which at best is very difficult of administration during
dental operations.
The anesthetic used by us has been alypin in 5% solutions.
Alypin is a synthetic product, a derivative of the benzoyl group
which occurs in the form of a white crystalline powder readily
soluble in water, sterilizable by boiling and apparently nontoxic
for horses in reasonable doses. We have injected as much as 10
cc, of a 10% solution in an average sized horse without visible
toxic effects. The alypin should be dissolved in Ringer’s solution,
———
“Presented at the meeting of the A.V,M.A., Detroit, Mich., Aug, 21-25, 1916,
ANESTHESIA IN ANIMAL DENTISTRY 189
a sterile normal salt solution made from distilled water and ean-
taining a trace of calcium chloride as follows:
Sodium chloride ...... 0.5 R
Caleium chloride ..... 0.04
Potassium chloride .... 0.02
Aqua destillata ........ 100.
According to Fischer the normal salt solution inflicts the
least possible injury upon the tissues and the calcium salt adds
to its penetrating powers. To prolong the action of the anesthetic
add a few drops of adrenalin chloride 1-1000.
The animal may be controlled in stocks in the standing posi-
Fig. 1. Showing points of injection near the eye and postcrior to
the mandible under the ear.
tion while the injection is being made, but thorough control upon
the table or upon the ground is much to be preferred as there is
danger of breaking the needle. Furthermore, dental operations
for which anesthesia is necessary, should be performed only after
the animal has been thoroughly controlled so as to minimize the
danger of fracture of the teeth or jaws.
The object of the operation is to inject directly upon the in-
fra-orbital nerve or the mandibular alveolar nerve as the case
may be, a sufficient amount of anesthestic to ‘‘block’’ the sensa-
tion of these nerves at the points where they enter respectively,
the maxillary foramen and mandibular foramen. For this pur-
190 H. E. BEMIS
pose it is necessary to be provided with a hypodermic syringe and
a No. 20 guage needle about 10 ¢.m. in length.
For injection of the infra-orbital nerve, select a point on
the side of the face opposite the lateral canthus of eye and just
inferior to the facial crest, being careful to keep above the trans-
verse facial vessels. The field being carefully shaved and steril-
ized with tincture of iodine, penetrate the skin with the sterilized
needle, keeping the point directed upward and forward so that it
will follow the posterior border of the zygomatic process and drop
Fic, 2. External aspect of mandible. Intersection of lines to
locate mandibular foramen,
into the pterygo-palatine fossa just posterior to the. tuber maxil-
lare. Push the needle in until it strikes the perpendicular portion
of the palatine bone in the region of the maxillary foramen, a dis-
tance of 6.5 to 7.5 em., depending upon the size of the animal. Fol-
lowing this technique, it is possible to avoid puncture of the vena
reflexa which lies just posterior to the point of injection. Having
placed the needle, inject 4 to 5 «ec. of 5% solution of alypin pre-
pared as above. Withdraw the needle slightly as the injection
proceeds. Anesthesia should be established after ten to twelve
minutes and should last twenty to thirty minutes after being es-
tablished.
The injection of the mandibular alveolar nerve is a more diffi-
cult matter. Possibly a better technique may be devised later,
Sea ee eee ee ee
on
Ts .
ANESTHESIA IN ANIMAL DENTISTRY 191
The mandibular foramen lies practically opposite the point of in-
tersection of a line dropped from the center of the supra-orbital
process to meet a line extended backward from the tables of the
mandibular teeth. These structures can be palpated from the out-
side and the approximate location of the foramen determined for
the guidance of the needle in direction and depth. To reach the
nerve after our present method, select a point on the posterior
Fic. 3. Inner aspect of mandible showing nerve and its relation to teeth.
border of the mandible about 3 cm. below the temporo-maxillary
articulation.
After thorough preparation, penetrate the skin at this point
and allow the needle to lie in the depression between the wing of
the atlas and the base of the ear. Depress the point of the needle
until it passes by the inner border of the mandible. Advance the
needle to a depth of 7 to 8 cm. in the direction already given it,
192 H. E. BEMIS
keeping the point as close as possible to the inner surface of the
mandible, but as the nerve lies medial to the accompanying artery
and vein, the needle does not need to follow the bone closely. Fol-
lowing this method, the needle should parallel the nerve for a dis-
tance of 3to4em. Distribute 4 to 6 ¢.c. of a 5% solution of alypin
along this length and a good anesthesia should result.
This method was first adapted by us to animal dentistry in
the spring of 1915 and reported in September of the same year.
It has been used during the year upon about ten clinical cases and
a larger number of experimental cases. In a few cases the results
have not been entirely satisfactory but most cases have shown un-
mistakable signs of relief from pain and some have shown remark-
able results even giving no reaction to the blows of mallet and punch
during repulsion. The method has been reported upon favorably
by Dr. L. A. Merillat of Chicago and Dr. A. J. Treman of Lake
City, lowa.
The method will be of the greatest value only if it ean be made
successful in the hands of the practitioner and come into general
use. We hope that the description of the technique when accom-
panied by the cuts which will appear with the publication of the
article, will lead many to try its value and report later.
The author wishes to acknowledge the helpful suggestions of
Dr. H. 8. Murphey and the work of student assistants Max McLeod
-and G. W. McNutt.
*
REFERENCES
LocaL ANESTHESIA. Prof. G. H. Wooldrige, Vet. Record, July 22, 1916.
Loca ANESTHESIA. Carroll W. Allen. ;
LocaL ANESTHESIA in Dentistry. Guido Fischer.
Vet. ANATOMY. Sisson.
BEITRAGE ZUR KLINISCHER CHIRURGIE 1910.
Further Contributions to the Application of Local Anesthesia and Suprarenin
Anemia, H, Braun.
—_———_—
DISCUSSION
Dr. Merituat: The use of an anesthetic on the dental nerves
in animals is entirely new, and was first done by Dr. Bemis. I had
a great deal of correspondence about this procedure, and I have
not yet found any one who has ever heard of nerve blocking in
animal dentistry before. This operation, I think, has proven its
feasibility as well as its effectiveness in doing what it is intended
to do. A few weeks ago I had occasion to apply it in two cases
before the students of the University of Saskatchewan. One opera-
tion required the chiseling of the anterior part of the mandible
Sp LL EAR I OO MEE ie
SHIPPING FEVER IN A SALES STABLE 193
to remove a sequestrum, and every one present conceded that the
animal suffered absolutely no pain. The chiseling proceeded with
the patient lying out, and there was no evidence at all in the move-
ments of the patient that it was suffering in the least. This seems
a very remarkable procedure, something that should be universally
adopted by veterinarians who practice surgery.
a
AN EXPERIENCE WITH DIFFERENT TREATMENTS
FOR “SHIPPING FEVER” IN A SALES STABLE*
WitiiaM J. Lentz, V.M.D., University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pa.
Although the term ‘‘Shipping Fever’’ is a comprehensive one
for such contagions as, influenza, strangles, or distemper, conta-
gious pneumonia, etc., | employ it because it adequately expresses
_ conditions existing in sales stables, being by custom applied to any
of a number of illnesses which may develop in horses after being
shipped. So many difficulties arise in connection with the differ-
ential diagnosis of these several febrile diseases in sales stable
work, that we not only come to regard them all in a general way,
under the term ‘‘shipping fever’’, but our treatment likewise is
apt to become somewhat routine. Only to a limited extent can we
_ expect to treat the individual, and the veterinarian who undertakes
sales stable or similar work, has a somewhat different situation to
face than that met by most veterinarians. It is therefore quite
possible that some treatment which in my hands was of little value,
may have given you good results. It is because of the very general
manner in which the situation is viewed, that the dealer and the
veterinarian, as well, are constantly on the lookout for something
with merit, a panacea, that is, which will apply to all eases, and
because of the losses sustained in spite of all recommended treat-
~ ments, will, like a drowning man, clutch at a straw. This is why
so many different treatments have been tried only to be discarded.
It is not the purpose of this paper to discuss the etiology of influ-
enza, contagious pneumonia, strangles, etc., but to bring to your
attention the results of my findings, as to the relative value of diff-
erent medicaments, sera, bacterins, ete. used by myself during a
*Presented at the meeting of the Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical
Association, January 23-24, 1917.
194 WILLIAM J. LENTZ
period of about ten years, at one of the large sales stables in Phila-
delphia.
I will first call your attention to Tallianine:—Hundreds of
cases were treated with it. The results were not satisfactory. .
Nuclein, or Nucleinic Acid Solution:—This at one time I —
bought, I might say, by the quart, using it intravenously, intra-
muscularly and subcutaneously with no ill effects, but at the same
time with no marked improvement in the individuals receiving the —
injection. It is recommended chiefly to produce leucoeytosis, but
for this purpose I prefer olive oil and camphor. e
‘‘Influenza Antitoxin’’, so called, at about $1.50 per ounce, —
was given a fair and impartial trial, regardless of the price. The
amazing results reported from this, from antistreptococcie serum, ~
and from the other ‘‘anti-sera’’, procured from horses recovered —
from influenza, with and without pneumonie complications, have —
not been confirmed by me. An epitome of my experience along —
these lines is as follows:—I have repeatedly bled normal. horses, 7
those recently recovered from influenza and pneumonia, and those —
in which an attempt had been made to produce a hyperimmunized —
serum, and have used such serum alone, or combined with .56% car- —
bolie acid or trikresol, in from 10 ¢.c. to 400 ¢.c. dosage. Anti- :
streptococcic serum was also used in from one to three ounces at —
each injection and on many cases, because I certainly expected —
much of it in the treatment of strangles. My conclusion is that —
sera have very little value in from 10 ¢.c. to 60 ¢.c. dosage when —
employed in treating horses already sick. However, in that it is —
assumed that animals recovered from pneumonia, influenza, ete., —
have acquired an immunity, for a time at least, and their blood —
contains anti-bodies, their serum should therefore possess immuniz-—
ing properties. Never having used such ‘‘sera’’ in a prophylactic —
sense I am unable to draw from my experience, but in conversation |
with some veterinarians, am led to believe, that one to two ounces of
such a serum may be of value in this connection. In a curative —
sense, however, I feel that one ounce does not begin to be sufficient. —
Take for example, a horse weighing approximately 1500 pounds;
one-fifteenth of his body weight, (100 lbs. or 50 quarts), is blood. —
It is reasonable to suppose that the blood of such an animal, when |
presenting most of the symptoms of influenza, would contain the —
morbific agent in large amount, and it is ridiculous to suppose that
one ounce of an anti-serum would be sufficient to neutralize about
SHIPPING FEVER IN A SALES STABLE 195
fifty (50) quarts of virus laden blood. The cost of treatment with
such purchased sera I found was therefore almost prohibitive.
After the injection of about 250 ¢.c. of serum, procured from even
acclimated horses (ambulance horses), although after such injec-
tion there was no appreciable fall in the temperature, the condi-
tion of the influenza patients appeared improved. The pneumonic
cases and those with the enteric form of influenza did not, how-
ever, show any improvement. The improvement appeared to be
more apparent when the serum was combined with carboli¢ acid
than when used alone. The large amounts of serum necessary to
bring about improvement in the animal, the time consumed in the
preparation of the serum, the cost of purchased serum, the possi-
bility that the improvement was due to other treatment the ani-
mals received, ete. led me to discontinue my experiments along
these lines,
I will next refer to my experience with bacterins or vaccines.
Have used the recommended products of most of the biological
houses, practised autogenous vaccination, carried out the Dunean
idea of auto-therapy, etc. on animals already ill, with disappoint-
ing results. My attempts to immunize animals against the so-called
**secondary invaders’’ was not fruitful of results. Have gone so
far as to have had horses injected before loading on cars to be
shipped East. Of course, I realize that it would be impossible to
say that such animals had not previously been exposed to infec-
tion, inasmuch as they were purchased at one of the shipping
centers. For the treatment of influenza a proper bacterin is not
available because the etiological factor is not known. Even if a
specific organism was isolated, I am inclined to think that a bae-
terin made from it would be of doubtful value, because from my
clinical experience with bacterins I am led to believe that they
should not be employed in acute febrile conditions, because I feel
that a bacterin might be said to function somewhat as a blister,
that is, just as a blister is employed to light up a chronic inflamma-
tion and make it an acute one, just so with a bacterin, and if used
_ in an acute condition will add fuel to the fire. I also believe that
in sub-acute and chronic conditions it is bad practice to inject a
bacterin more than once in every four or five days, if the so-called
‘‘negative phase’’ develops after its injection, and also that if a
bacterin is injected for several days consecutively, and no reac-
tion is set up, that the bacterin cannot contain the organism re-
196 WILLIAM J. LENTZ
sponsible for the disease, and its employment in this fashion, may,
I believe, set up a proteid poisoning. I recall one instance in which
I am convinced death resulted from this cause. Somewhat in
contradiction, however, I have on a few occasions used phylacogens
with what seemed to mea beneficial effect. These were protracted
pneumonic cases and but one dose was employed in each instance.
Mallein in 10 ¢.c. dosage was used on three different carloads
of horses because I was informed that horses receiving it, because
of some state regulation, appeared to develop influenza only in
a mild form. The first carload were injected immediately after
unloading. Four horses of this load were unsold and remained at
the sales stable until the following sales day, one week later. These
four were therefore observed for ten days and did not during that
time show any symptoms. The balance of the load having been
sold about three days after unloading, it was impossible to say
whether they became ill or not, but we assume that none died,
otherwise the management would have been so informed. The see.
ond load received the mallein before they were loaded to be shipped
East. Twelve horses of this load remained in apparent good health.
for at least three weeks after they were sold. This I was able to
ascertain because the horses were sold to one firm in the immediate
vicinity of the sales stable. The third load received the mallein
before loading and when unloaded the temperatures were all normal
except three, one of which had a temperature of 102.5°, one 104°
and the other 105°. These three subsequently presented influenza
symptoms. They all recovered, however, with no complications.
Next salvarsan was most gratefully welcomed not only because
it was claimed to be a specific for contagious pneumonia, but also
because it is said that salvarsan in watery solutions, possesses a
distinet bactericidal power, and in ordinary doses renders the
blood markedly bactericidal. I therefore used it, I admit, somewhat
promiscuously not only on two cases of pneumonia but also on one
case of purpura, one of strangles and three of influenza with the
following results: The pneumonia and purpura cases died. The
strangles and influenza cases recovered but their recovery was
slow, and the animals seemed to lose considerable weight in each
instance. This loss was particularly apparent in one of the influ-
enza cases in which a second injection had been made. This case
was one of two horses selected because of their similarity in weight,
conformation and symptoms of influenza presented. One was used
SHEA ER Sapaal
Amiga ERT 2g a ers gee aNA ee aerate SS oe
2 SER BES PERE STR IRR eI Eee: lt
ea
SHIPPING FEVER EN A SALES STABLE 197
as a control. Both recovered but the one receiving a dose of sal-
varean and then a few days later a second dose, became emaciated,
abdomen was tucked up, skin inelastic, ete., and was not in con-
dition to sell fer two months and even then sold at a loss, whereas
the control was in good selling condition in about three weeks time.
The salvarsan experiments were discontinued for several reasons:
First, because of the cost; second, I learned that the pactericidar
power acquired by the serum after intravenous injections of sal-
varsan lasts but a short time and seems to reach its maximum
about one hour after its administration; third, learned that it was
only recommended in the treatment of contagious pneumonia:
fourth, the possibilities of its contra-indication in horses that may
have been fed arsenic for fattening for market. Have used the
iodin treatment as advocated by a Frer.ch veterinarian, that is one
(1) dram of iodin crystals in capsule, every three (3) hours, with-
out result. Have employed, with no benefit, such agents as ar-
gyrol, protargol, pyoktanin, carbelic acid, creosote, etc. injected in-
travenously.
Time will not permit me to give my experience with all of the
different drugs and combinations of drugs tried from time to time.
The so-called ‘‘shipping fever’’ remedies to be used in a general
way and recommended and sold as specifics to the management
were also tried. Have tried ont the recommended ‘‘shipping
fever’’ prescriptions of some veterinarians, such prescriptions us-
ually containing antipyretics in combination with stimulants. Have
also practised homeopathy. Suffice it to say that such general treat-
ment could not be expected to produce the desired resu!ts and when.
ever it was possible to treat the individual case, the results were
vastly superior and the procedure was somewhat as follows: in
those cases in which the disease is ushered in by a severe chill, if
tne patient 1s seen early .uough, large doses of alcohol, spirits of
camphor, nitrous ether and potassium nitrate are administered for
the relief of the rigor, to increase the action of the skin and kid:
neys and to quiet the circulation, preventing internal congestion
of vital organs. As a rule, however, the patient is not seen during
this early period bui during the febrile stage. Acetanilid is fre-
quently employed as an antipyretic by veterinarians but often
combined with heart stimulants because it is assum +d that acetani-
lid has a depressant action on the heart. Such combinations as
acetanilid and digitalis with this idea in mind are ridiculous, how-
198 WILLIAM J. LENTZ
ever, because the effect of acetanilid is almost immediate, whereas
digitalis will not act for twelve to twenty-four hours. I have not
found that acetanilid depresses the heart and consider it the best
antipyretic we have, but its value is limited in these several con-
tagions of the horse. It is not the elevated temperature that causes
one worry, but the congestion does. A temperature of 105 to 106
degrees Fahrenheit is not distinctly dangerous but it is the continu-
ation of this temperature which is harmful. The mere existence
of a high temperature is not to be regarded as a condition to be .
overcume by drugs. If the fever becomes excessive and prolonged
so that there is danger of the patient suffering from a true hyper-
pyrexia, an antifebrifuge like acetanilid is indicated, but 1 am in-
«lined to think it is even better to resort to cool sponging. bs
The condition of passive congestion which develops in some
cases, calls for an exercise of the therapeutic measures that will not
add to the already exhausied condition of the patient, therefore,
any measure of a depleting character I have tound to be distinetly
harmful. Bleeding, in pulmonary congestion, should not ‘be re-
sorted to except in certain individuals, as it will increase the ex-
haustion. I have found aconite a useful remedy in acute conges-
tion. Counter-irritants in pulmonary congestion I have found to
be of value only in the first twelve hours, harmful after.
A marked depression, often followed by collapse, frequently
develops, associated with a pulse that is very rapid, running, feeble
and easily comipressed. Digitalis would now seem to be indicated,
but in my experience with it, it did not seem to take hold of the
circulatory apparatus, and act upon it as it should. I have found
strychnine infinitely preferable, im large repeated doses. This
should be given hypodermatically and if collapse is imminent, by
the mouth also. Sometimes the blood vessels are so atonic that a
combination of strychnine and belladonna or atropine is of marked
value as a vaso-motor stimulant. The diarrhea which sets in in
some cases and is sometimes referred to as a symptom of the enteri¢
form of influenza, I believe to be a symptom of collapse; the nery-
ous system being shattered, a vasomotor puralysis is the result, the
blood vessels of the intestines are relaxed and leaking. This is a
very serious condition and I have used all antidiarrhea remedies,
with absolutely no effect. Atropine and strychnine gave the best
results. The intravenous injection of normal saline solution with
the idea of supplying the liquid lost and preventing embarrassment
SHIPPING FEVER IN A SALES STABLE 199
of the heart, I found was of value only when there was no conges-
tion of the conjunctiva and decidedly harmful when so employed.
Large doses of strychnine are not to be used continuously, but only
for a few days, at the psychological moment, so to speak, as a whip
to the nervous system. The patient should be carefully watched
and the strychnine discontinued, otherwise the over-whipped sys-
tem may fag out.
I feel that, in a sense, it is well to regard these adynamie dis-
eases of the horse as toxico-septicemias and we should, therefore,
aim to raise the resistance of the animal thus preventing compli-
cations, guard against the waste and destruction of tissue, aid in
the elimination of toxins, support the exhausted septic heart, pro-
mote leucocytosis, supply force to an exhausted system, ete. With
this in mind, up until about a year ago, I made use of the follow-
ing, with better results than with any line of treatment previously
used. Unfortunately the prohibitive war prices made a discon-
tinuance necessary. Alcohol in from two to four ounces diluted,
was administered every three to four hours, not only to quiet, by
stimulation, the nervous and circulatory systems but chiefly as a
temporary imparter of power, to prevent the destruction of tissue
by being itself converted into heat and force, to maintain the gen-
eral nutrition and strength of the patient through the crisis. Cod-
liver oil and creosote, or preferably guaiacol, fifteen minims of
creosote or one dram of guaiacol to the ounce of oil, one to two
ounces as the dose every three or four hours, were employed.
Codliver oil combines the virtues of both a food and a medicine.
It is generally recognized that codliver oil is useful in all condi-
tions of low nutrition with wasting. It undoubtedly raises an ani-
mal’s resistance and certainly must have some influence on the con-
stitution of the blood. It has been asserted that codliver oil con-
tains alkaloids which are stimulants to the circulation and nutri- —
tion, also the kidneys. Creosote is employed, chiefly with the idea
of arresting the development of microorganisms, and is of value as
a germicide, as a stimulant expectorant, and may also do good by
preventing intestinal fermentation, checking the cough, ete. I have
also had some very gratifying results with the camphor and olive
oil treatment. These agents are injected subcutaneously, prefer-
ably, over the anterior pectoral muscles in from four to eight ounces
of a mixture consisting of one dram of camphor to four of olive
oil, Some difficulty may ‘be experienced in causing the camphor to
200 N. S. FERRY
be dissolved in this quantity of oil but if the oil and camphor are
combined and permitted to stand for some twelve to twenty-four
hours, the camphor will usually be dissolved.
In writing this paper I have endeavored to confine myself
strictly to what is implied by the title, not only with the idea of
presenting a practical paper but also in the hope that others may
profit by my experiences.
DESICCATED ANTHRAX ANTIGEN FOR IMMUNIZA-
TION PURPOSES
N. 8. Ferry, Detroit, Michigan.
Pasteur’s anthrax vaccine has been used, wherever anthrax
has prevailed, since it was first brought to the attention of the vet-
erinary profession, although it has long been known to be an ex-
ceedingly unstable and unreliable product. According to Wash-
burn, (Farmer’s Bulletin No. 784, United States Department of
Agriculture), ‘‘In the Pasteur method of vaccination there are,
however, disadvantages which must be duly considered. To ob-
tain satisfactory results from the use of Pasteur’s vaccine it is of
primary importance that the product be active. Experience has
proved that this type of vaccine, if subjected to unfavorable con-
ditions, may deteriorate within a short time after its preparation.
Since the enactment of legislation giving the United States De-
partment of Agriculture control of the manufacture of veterinary
biological products going into interstate trade, periodical tests have
been conducted with anthrax vaccine prepared by various manu-
facturers, and in many instances the vaccine proved inert within
3 months of its preparation. In other cases it remained potent for
a year. When exposed to warm temperature and light it deter-
iorates very rapidly, and when it is remembered that the products
of manufacturers may be stored under unfavorable conditions in
branch houses and in rural drug stores, the loss of value can be
readily explained.’’
It seems to be requisite, for the successful vaccination of ani-
mals against anthrax, to artificially produce a slight attack of the
disease. This procedure raises the resistance of the tissues of the
animal sufficient to prevent the live virulent microorganisms from
ANTHRAX ANTIGEN FOR IMMUNIZATION PURPOSES 201
finding lodgment and thus producing the disease in the natural
way. The organisms in Pasteur’s vaccine do not remain in a suffi-
ciently virulent condition, as a rule, to produce this artificial im-
munity, so that investigators, realizing this fact, have endeavored
to devise other methods of preparing the antigen for vaccine pur-
poses. The very fact that the anthrax bacillus is a spore-bearing
organism very readily lends itself to the solution of the problem,
as it is known that the spores at times retain their virulence for
years under circumstances that would prove detrimental to organ-
isms in the non-spore or vegetative stage, such as Pasteur’s vac-
cine. Experiments have shown also that when the anthrax organ-
ism is acted upon by the proper amount of heat it gradually loses
its virulence and, thus attenuated, will retain its modified strength
in the spore stage. The method that is employed for this attenua-
tion is that first proposed by Pasteur and used for his vaccine. A
broth culture of the anthrax bacillus is allowed to grow under the
influence of a temperature of 42.5°C. and, at varying intervals, is
tested for virulence on rabbits, guinea pigs and white mice. A
suspension of the organism just virulent enough to kill a white
mouse but not a guinea pig is designated as vaccine No. 1 and one
that will kill a guinea pig but not a rabbit is vaccine No, 2. With
this method of procedure it is a very simple matter to standardize
a spore vaccine to any strength.
According to Eichhorn, (Bulletin No. 340, United States De-
partment of Agriculture), Zenkowsky in Russia, Detre in Hungary,
Nitta in Japan and others, have had successful results with spore
vaccines, and for that reason and also as a result of experiments
carried on by the U. 8. Bureau of Animal Industry, a spore vac-
cine has been proposed by them to replace, in this country, the
Pasteur vaccine, using for the spore vaccine the same standardiza-
tion tests as for Pasteur’s vaccine. In the preparation of this spore
vaccine the following method is given by Eichhorn: ‘‘For the
purpose of producing a spore vaccine it is desirable to use a pep-
tone-free agar media and after inoculation with the attenuated
culture to grow the organism at a temperature of 37.5°C. for 4 to
7 days by which time an abundance of spores will have formed.
The growth is then washed from the slants and collected in a sterile
flask and heated to a temperature of 60°C. for one-half hour, to de-
stroy — forms of the organism. A measured quantity
of this suSpension can then be plated out in the usual manner and
202 N. ‘s. FERRY
the spore control of 1 ¢.c. of the suspension be established.’’ He
also says, ‘‘In consideration of the keeping qualities of the spore
vaccine, large lots can be prepared without fear of deterioration.
In the bottling and storing of the same, however, proper care should
be taken to prevent contamination.”’
In preparing material of an antigenic nature, especially for
vaccine purposes, experience has taught us that deterioration due
to light, heat, chemical action, autolysis, bacterial contamination
and other conditions, is a factor with which one must constantly
contend, and a factor best controlled by refrigeration. For thera-
peutic immunization on a practical basis, however, refrigeration is
out of the question, and desiccation has of late proven a satisfac-
tory substitute.
While the spore vaccine in suspension used in Russia, Hungary
and Japan and advised in this country by Eichhorn and others has
a distinct advantage over Pasteur’s vaccine, it also has its faults,
and it is very evident that the ideal vaccine would be a spore vac-
cine in a desiccated form. This sort of a vaccine would embody all
of the advantages of both the spore vaccine and Pasteur’s vaccine.
With this thought in mind experiments were undertaken by the
author to determine, if possible, the practicability of a vaccine.
The desiccated spore vaccine in question was prepared in a
similar manner to the spore vaccine in suspension, with the excep-
tion that the growth of the anthrax bacillus was scraped off the
agar, incorporated with a sterile diluent in a proportion suitable
to fulfill the tests required for its standardization, and dried at
room temperature.
This vaccine was first tested in the early part of last year and
upon repeating the tests one year later, with the same vaccine
which had, in the meantime, been kept at room temperature, it was
found that there was no deterioration in its virulence. This
showed conclusively that it is not even necessary to keep the desic-
cated vaccine at refrigerator temperature as is advised for the
ordinary spore vaccine in suspension.
There is also a question of vital importance to owners of cattle,
especially when the animals are raised in large numbers, relative
to the form in which the desiccated material is presented and the
way in which it is to be administered. This is an extremely prac-
tical question and upon which rests, in a large measure, the useful-
ness of the vaccine. If it is made necessary to dissolve this dried
FERMENTING PROPERTIES 203
+
‘ft
a
- a
vaccine in water before it can be injected, the method will have de-
feated its own purpose. To round up several hundred head of
cattle, many of them in a wild state, with the intention of injecting
them with a liquid vaccine by means of a syringe and a frail needle,
is a difficult task. This is recognized as a great disadvantage to
Pasteur’s vaccine and the spore vaccine in liquid form, which is
being used at present. The spore vaccine, should not only be desic-
cated, but it should be so prepared and standardized that it can be
injected in the dry state in proper and safe proportions. This can
readily be accomplished by moulding the dry spore vaccine into
either the pellet or thread form, preferably the pellet, which in-
sures the most convenient and the safest method for handling and
injecting.
A STUDY OF THE FERMENTING PROPERTIES OF
BACT. PULLORUM (RETTGER) AND BACT.
SANGUINARIUM (MOORE)
8. A. GOLDBERG,
Department of Pathology and Bacteriology, Ithaca, N. Y.
The organisms Bact. pullorum and Bact. sanguinartum are the
causes of two important, closely allied diseases of fowls. Recent
work on the relation of these organisms seems to indicate that they
are closely allied species if not identical.
This investigation has been attempted in order to determine
the action of the organisms on the various carbohydrates. Titra-
tions were made at various intervals of time extending over a per-
iod of thirty days.
The following biological characters of these two organisms
have been described :
BACT. PULLORUM BACT. SANGUINARIUM
Morphology. Non motile rods with Non motile rods with slightly rounded
slightly rounded ends. 1-3.5 mi- ends. 1-2 microns long. Marked
erons by .3-.5 microns. Marked Brownian movement.
Brownian movement.
Staining characters. Stain readily Stain readily with ordinary bacterial
with ordinary’ bacterial stains. stains. Gram-negative, peripheral
Gram-negative, uniform stain. No stain. No spores.
spores,
204
S. A. GOLDBERG
Agar plate. Raised shiny convex
greyish white colonies 1-2 m.m. in
diameter at end of 48 hours.
Agar slant. Moderate raised dull
granular growth. ¥
Gelatin. Finely granular growth
along line of stab. Does not spread
markedly on the surface. Media
not liquefied.
Potato. Very slight or no growth.
Milk. Slight acidity. No coagulation
or precipitation of casein.
Litmus milk. Slight acidity. No co-
agulation.
Destrose and mannite bouillon. Acid
and gas or acid and no gas.
Lactose and saccharose bouillon.
Slight alkalinity.
Maltose bouillon. No change.
Raised, shiny, convex, greyish white
~ golonies. 5-8 mm. in diameter at
end of 48 hours.
Abundant, raised, shiny smooth
growth.
Finely granular growth along line of
stab. Does not spread markedly on
surface. Media not liquefied.
Growth more marked.”
Gradually increasing alkalinity and
finally saponification of the media.
Alkalinity. No saponification.
Acid and no gas,
Slight alkalinity.
Acidified.
Toxim production is identical and differences in immunolo-
gical reactions have not been found.
(Smith and Ten Broeck).
Material. The strains of Bact. pullorum were obtained as fol-
lows:—No. 1 was isolated in 1918. No. 2 was isolated in 1911.
Nos. 3 and 4 were recently isolated from chicks received in this lab-
oratory for diagnosis. No. 5 is an atypical strain isolated in 1911.
The strains of Bact. sanguinariwm were obtained as follows :—
No. 1, known as Bact. Fowl Typhoid III, and No. 2, known as Bact.
Fowl Typhoid IV, were obtained from Dr. Theobald Smith. No.
3 was obtained from Dr. Taylor.
Methods. Beef broth was made sugar free mn the action of
B. coli. Vo this was added 1% peptone and 5% NaCl. The
carbohydrates were added in quantities sufficient to make 1%.
To determine gas production Smith’s fermentation tubes were
used. For acid production ordinary test tubes were employed.
The titrations were made by N—20 solutions of NaOH and HCl
respectively, phenolphthalein being used as an indicator.
In the accompanying tables, the figures indicate the number of
cubic centimeters of N-20 NaOH used to neutralize 5 ¢.c. of the
media. A minus sign preceding the number indicates the number
of cc. of N-20 HCl used to neutralize 5 ¢,c, of the media. The —
FERMENTING PROPERTIES 205
column marked check indicates the reaction of the media after 2
days’ incubation previous to inoculation. The tubes were titrated
in duplicates in each case.
The gas production was determined in four fermentation tubes
of each carbohydrate and the average amount of gas recorded.
The action of the various strains of the organisms were uniform
in the different carbohydrates with the exception of amygdalin.
In this case Bact. sanguinarium strains 1 and 2 were inoculated
into a different supply of the media than the other strains.
This latter medium turned to a greenish tinge after steril-
ization and the amount of acid produced was very small as com-
pared with the other strains of bacteria. In order to check these
results, this medium was inoculated with the other strains of the
organisms and the results obtained were identical with those of
Bact. sanguinarium 1 and 2. These latter strains were inoculated
into a few tubes of the original medium, with results similar to
those of the other strains of organisms on this medium.
Bact. pullorum 5 is an atypical strain which did not produce
gas in any of the carbohydrates used. It is in this respect simi-
lar to the original Rettger strain. The other strains of Bact. pul-
lorum produced gas and marked acidity in dextrose, mannite, ga-
lactose, levulose, arabinose and mannose. In these carbohydrates
all the strains of Bact. sanguinarium, studied, produced marked
acidity and no gas. In isodulcite the first four strains of Bact. pul-
lorum produced gas and marked acidity while Bact. sanguinarium
produced only slight acidity at first, the amount of acidity gradu-
ally increasing on prolonged incubation.
In dulcite the strains of Bact. sanguinarium produced marked
acidity and no gas while the first four strains of Bact. pullorum
produced slight acidity and gradually turned alkaline on prolonged
incubation.
In dextrin results similar to those in dulcite were obtained ex-
cept that the acidity was not so marked.
Tn lactose, saccharose, starch, sugar free broth, adonite, salicin,
inulin, raffinose and erythrol, all the strains of Bact. sanguinarium
and the first four strains of Bact. pullorum produced slight acidity
and gradually became alkaline after prolonged incubation.
In glycerin and xylose there was produced slight acidity at
first and increased acidity after prolonged incubation. Xylose
showed a marked increase in acidity after sterilization, before in-
oculation, and the medium turned to a brownish color,
—
206 S. A. GOLDBERG
Smith and Ten Broeck suggest that these organisms may be
a species in the making. They said that they cannot affirm at
present whether any strains of Bact. sanguimarium produce gas
when freshly isolated, or whether certain freshly isolated strains
of Bact. pullorum do not produce gas.
Taylor described a recent outbreak of fowl typhoid in which
the causative organism produced acid and no gas in dextrose and
mannite. This freshly isolated strain of Bact sanguinartum, ap-
parently, resembles those strains of Bact. sanguinarium that have
been kept under artificial cultivation for a considerable length of
time.
One year from the date of this work an attempt was made to
determine whether there was any change in the gas production of
the various organisms. The work was repeated with dextrose,
mannite and galactose, and the results obtained were identical with
those of the year previous.
The atypical strain, Bact. pullorum 5, differed markedly from
the other strains of Bact. pullorum studied. It produced acid in
milk in twenty-four hours and coagulated milk in twelve days. In
this coagulum the whey was not separated from the curd. It did |
not produce gas in any of the carbohydrates used and it produced
more marked acidity than the other strains of Bact. pullorum. It
is so markedly different from the other strains that it is doubtful
whether it should be considered as a strain of Bact. pullorum.
Conclusion. The preceding data show that the principal dif-
ferences in the strains of Bacterium pullorum and Bacterium san- .
guinarium studied, lie in the fact that Bacterium pullorum pro-
duces gas in various carbohydrates while Bacterium sanguinartum
lacks this power in any of the carbohydrates used. This differ-
ence appears to be constant. Judging from the present classifi-
cation of species of bacteria, this difference in gas production as well
as their different actions on milk, maltose, dulcite, dextrin and iso-
duleite seem to indicate that these two organisms are two distinct
species of bacteria.
As this paper was going to press, there appeared an article on
the subject by Rettger and Koser. In general, their results cor-
respond with those in this paper. In addition they find that
these two organisms differ as regards their reaction to the methyl
red test when applied to cultures grown in 1% Maltose,—bouillon
FERMENTING PROPERTIES 207
Bact. sanguinarium being methyl red positive and Bact. pullorum
negative.
The lesser gas production obtained by them may be explained
by the fact that beef extract bouillon was used as a basis instead
of meat infusion bouillon.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT. The author wishes to take this oppor-
tunity to express his thanks to Drs. V. A. Moore and C. P. Fitch for
obtaining the material and for valuable suggestions which helped
to make this work possible. .
REFERENCES
Jones, F. 8. Bacillary white diarrhea in chickens. Proc. Am. Vet. Med.
Assoc,, 1912, p, 379.
Moors, V. A. Principles of microbiology. Ithaca, 1912, pp. 275 and 288,
Rertcer, L. F. AND Harvey, 8. C. Fatal septicemia in young chickens or
‘‘white diarrhea’’. Journ. Med. Res., Vol. XVIII (N. 8. Vol. 13), p. 277.
Retrcer, L. F. AND Koser, 8, A. A comparative study of Bact. pullorum
(Rettger) and Bact. sanguinarium (Moore). Jour. Med. Res., Vol. XXXV,
No. 3 (N.S. Vol. XXX) p. 443.
\ — SmrrH, T., AND Ten Broxck, ©. A note on the relation between Bact. pullorum
(Rettger) and the Fowl Typhoid Bacillus (Moore). Journ. Med. Res.,
Vol. XXXI (N. 8. Vol. 26), (1915), p. 547.
TayLor, W. J. An outbreak of Fowl Typhoid. Journ. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.,
Vol. XLIX (N.S. Vol. 2, No. 1), (1916), p. 35.
Tables showing titration of 21 different media for a period of 30 days,
. indicating the comparative acidity and also gas production of various
strains of Bact. Sanguinarium and Bact. Pullorum.
MASE | ck | a oy | uy | dy || hy | ay | | 8 ty
Sang. 1/No 1,2,1.2/4.2,4.2|3.9,4.0|3.8,3.7|3.9,3.9| 4.1,4.1| 4.3, 4.2] 3.6, 3.5] 3.6, 3.7
Sang. 2|No 1.2,1,2|3.9,3.8|3.5,3.4|3.7,3.9|3.8,3.7| 3.8,3.7] 3.9, 3.9] 3.5, 3.5) 3.5, 3.2
Sang. 3|/No 1.0,0.9}3.9,4.0)4.1,4.1/4.2,4.3|4.14.2] 4.7/4.6] 3.2, 3.3| 3.6, 3.6| 3.6, 3.6
Pul. 1)/Bubble /1.0,0.9/4.1,4.2/4.2,4.3/4.3,4.2/4.3,4.4| 4.8.4.9] 4.6, 4.5| 3.7, 4.0| 4.6, 4.7
Pul. 2/1.5 em. |1.0,0.9/2.8,2.8)3.1,3.113.4,3.2|3.5,3.3| 3.8,3.9| 4.2, 4.3] 4.5, 4.8] 5.0, 4.9
Pul. 3|Bubble |1.0,0.9|4.7,4.6/4.7,4.8|4.6,4.6|4.5,4.7| 5.4,5.6| 4.6, 4.6] 4.2, 4.7| 5.2 4.6
Pul. 4/15 em. |1.0,0.9/4.7,4.7/4.7,4.8|4.4,4.7|4.8,4.8| 5.0,5.0| 5.4, 5.4| 5.0, 4.7| 5.3, 4.9
Pul. 4\No 1.0,0.9|6.5,7.0|6.4,7.2|7.7,7.8|8.0,8.0| 8.6,8.5| 7.0, 7.3| 7.6, 7.4| 8.1, 8.6
B. Sang. 1/No 0.5,0.5|1.0,1.1]0.9,1.0}0.6,0.8]0.7,0.8] 0.2,0.3|-0.2,-0.1] 0.0, 0.3] 0.5, 0.9
B. Sang. 2/No 0.5,0.5/1.1,1.0/0.9,0.9(0.7,0.8/0.1,0.9| 0.7,0.7| 0.3, 0.4] 0.7, 0.8} 0.5, 0.6
B. Sang. 3|No 1.0,0.9|1.4,1.4)1.4,1.3]1.2,1.2|1.2,1.2} 0.2,0.1|-0.1,-0.2| 1.0, 0.8] 1.1, 0.8
B.Pul. 1|/No 1.0,0.9}1.5,1.6)1.4,1.5|1.5,1.6|1.6,1.2| 1.2,1.1/ 0.8, 1.4] 1.1, 1.1} 1.7, 1.9
B.Pul. 2/No 1,0,0.9|1.3,1.3/1.5,1.3/1.4,1.3/1.4,1.5| 1.0,1.0|-0.2, 0.2] 0.4, 0.3|-0.7, 0.1
B. Pul. 3/No 0.6,0.7|0.9,0.9|0.9,1.0/0.8,0.9|0.8,1.0| 0.9,0.1|-0.1, 0.1) 0.3, 0.2) 1.2, 0.2
B.Pul. 4/No 0.6,0.7|0.8,0.9|0.8,1.0/0.9,0.9/0.7,0.9| 0.5,0.4| 0.4, 0.2/-0.1, 0.0) 0.5, 0.4
B.Pul. 5|No 1.0,0.9|4.7,4.6)5.2,5.4|5.4,5.3|5.7,5.1| 5.7,6.2| 6.5, 5.9| 5.0, 5.0| 5.1, 4.6
ASA Hod Poy od
GAaSSSse-
(Soe ta al sa ON
at ore iA GaAS
Coosocsa&ns
Hrasoost
Shop reg al 2 of
eeeqseta
OD OD SH SH tS IO
De! aS ae, ee ee
Ce oe oR
o- ap ymin oo, RNR 2
maommooowf
Ben Or We eae OO BTC
“1D © 1 Oo) HCO
Ce ee
wodaedes
a a Raw Re Fe
ee PR re. a ee
RAaAamnaona
i. OO Oa en i a ae
OY SES eS ee ee Se
Bek a >: Seg ee ees Sar
Ce ee ee
ei. le a WE et
COP Hol ot eo ok
MONININ MANA sH
coooococor~
Pe OT ey Oa
Ae OotNOAN +
Ea ek) TR ee
1a Bn Aig eas
na RnR RNR
ee ee A Ce ee
OD OD OD